Byte Magazine Volume 07 Number 11 - Graphics

This book was produced in EPUB format by the Internet Archive.

The book pages were scanned and converted to EPUB format automatically. This process relies on optical character recognition, and is somewhat susceptible to errors. The book may not offer the correct reading sequence, and there may be weird characters, non-words, and incorrect guesses at structure. Some page numbers and headers or footers may remain from the scanned page. The process which identifies images might have found stray marks on the page which are not actually images from the book. The hidden page numbering which may be available to your ereader corresponds to the numbered pages in the print edition, but is not an exact match; page numbers will increment at the same rate as the corresponding print edition, but we may have started numbering before the print book's visible page numbers. The Internet Archive is working to improve the scanning process and resulting books, but in the meantime, we hope that this book will be useful to you.

The Internet Archive was founded in 1996 to build an Internet library and to promote universal access to all knowledge. The Archive's purposes include offering permanent access for researchers, historians, scholars, people with disabilities, and the general public to historical collections that exist in digital format. The Internet Archive includes texts, audio, moving images, and software as well as archived web pages, and provides specialized services for information access for the blind and other persons with disabilities.

Created with abbyy2epub (v.1.7.0)

Powerful.

DPU card with error-correctingmemory and controller cards

68000-Powered

Once again you get a big stride forward with Cromemco.

This time it's our new DPU Dual Processor Unit. It givesenormous power to Cromemco computer systems such asour System One shown here.

Compares with mainframes

With the new DPU you get the almost unbelievablypowerful 68000 processor and its 32-bit data-handlingcapabilities combined with its 16 Megabyte address space.

In other words with the System One/DPU combinationyou get a small machine that's the equal of superminis andmainframes in some areas.

8-Bit and 68000 software

The dual part of the DPU refers to its on-board Z-80Aprocessor. With this you have access to existing CP/M*software.

for tomorrow

But besides being compatible with this wealth of existing8-bit software, the System One/DPU has available a wholefamily of new 68000 system software. This includes a widerange of high-level software such as our 68000 Assembler,FORTRAN 77, Pascal, BASIC, COBOL, and C.

Beyond all this there's a version for the 68000 of ourwidely admired CROMIXt Operating System. It's likeUNIXJ but has even more features and gives multi-taskingand multi-user capability. In fact, one or more users can runon the Z-80A processor while others are running on the68000. Switching between the Z-80A and 68000 is auto-matically controlled.

The System One itself is a bus-oriented machine that hasoptions for color graphics, for 390K or 780K of floppystorage, a 5 MB hard disk option, communications capabil-ity, and multi-processor capability using our I/O processorcard.

Powerful new micro.Powerful software.

System One CS-1H

3102 Terminal

Highly expandable

With the System One/DPU combination, you gettremendous expandability. Right now you can have up to 2MB of RAM storage. You get this with our new MemoryStorage cards and our Memory Controller. The Controllerfully supports the 16 MB storage space of the 68000, allow-ing you vast future expansion capability.

Further, the memory has built-in error detection andcorrection, a feature normally found only in much morecostly systems.

Present customers can field-upgrade their Cromemcosystems to use the DPU and still be able to run their presentsoftware using the Z-80A on the DPU. It's one more

instance of Cromemco's policy of providing obsolescenceinsurance for Cromemco users.

Low priced

With all this performance you might not be ready for thelow price we're talking about. With 256K of RAM and 780Kof floppy storage, the price of the System One/DPU is only$5495. That's hard to beat.

So contact your rep now. He'll fill you in on the manymore features that this outstanding and powerful machineoffers.

'CP/M Is a trademark of Digital ResearchTCROM1X is a trademark of Cromemco. Inc.JUNIX is a trademark of Bell Telephone Laboratories

|TM

a Cromemcoincorporated280 BERNARDO AVE., MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040 • (415)964-7400Tomorrow's computers today

Circle 133 on Inquiry card.

MULTIPROCESSINO/INTEl.LIOENTI/O

I/O INTERFACES

COLOR GRAPHICS

4)|!

11.MBYTE

HARD DISK

DRIVE

EXTENSIVE

SOFTWARESUPPORT

What Cromemco computer cardcapability can do for you

The above diagram shows in a func-tional way one of the most completelines of computer cards in the industry.

Look it over carefully. It could be wellworth your while.

These are all cards that plug into ourS-100 bus microcomputers.

You can also assemble them into acustom system in convenient Cromemcocard cages.

MULTI-PROCESSING ANDINTELLIGENT I/O

The range of capabilities and versatilityyou can draw upon is enormous.

In processors, for example, you have achoice of CPU's including our extremelyuseful new I/O Processor. This can beused as a satellite processor to do off-lineprocessing, multi-processing, and to formintelligent I/O. It opens the door to awhole new group of applications andtasks. Ask us about it.

HIGH RESOLUTIONCOLOR GRAPHICS

Again, you can have beautiful high-resolution color graphics with our colorgraphics interface. You can select fromover 4000 colors and have a picture witha resolution at least equal to qualitybroadcast-TV pictures.

You have an unprecedented selectionof memory including our unusual 48Kand 16K two-port RAMs which allowhigh-speed color graphics.

LOTS OF STORAGE

These days you often want lots of diskstorage. So you can select from our diskcontroller card which will operate our 5"and 8" floppy disk drives (up to 1.2megabytes). Or select our WDI interfaceto operate our 11-megabyte hard diskdrives.

POWERFUL SOFTWARE ANDPERIPHERAL SUPPORT

There's much more yet you can dowith our cards. And, of course, there's aneasy way to put them to work in our 8-,12-, and 21-slot card cages. Our PS8power supply makes it simple to get thesystem into operation.

Finally, Cromemco offers you thestrongest software support in the industry

G

Cromemco"

incorporated280 BERNARDO AVE., MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040

Tomorrow's computers today

Circle 134 on Inquiry card

with languages like FORTRAN, C,COBOL, ASSEMBLER, LISP, BASIC andothers. There is also a wide choice fromindependent vendors.

To top it all off, you can draw from asubstantial array of peripherals: ter-minals, printers, color monitors and diskdrives.

There is even more capability thanwe're able to describe here.

NOW AT HALL-MARKANDKIERULFF

For your convenience Cromemcoproducts are now available at Hall-MarkElectronics and Kierulff Electronics. Con-tact these national distributors for im-mediate product delivery.

CROMEMCO COMPUTER CARDS• PROCESSORS — 4 MHz Z-80 A CPU, single cardcomputer, I/O processor • MEMORY — up to 64Kincluding special 48K and 16K two-port RAMS andour very well known BYTESAVERS® with PROMprogramming capability • HIGH RESOLUTIONCOLOR GRAPHICS — our SDI offers up to 754 x482 pixel resolution. • GENERAL PURPOSE IN-TERFACES—QUADART four-channel serial com-munications, TU-ART two-channel parallel andtwo-channel serial, 8PIO 8-port parallel, 4PIO4-port isolated parallel, D+ 7A 7-channel D/A andA/D converter, printer interface, floppy disk con-troller with RS-232 interface and systemdiagnostics, wire-wrap and extender cards for yourdevelopment work.

(415)964-7400

EVfi

Volume 7, Number

November 1982

Features

30 The Third IMCGA and the Future ofComputer Graphics by Alexander Pournelle / An

overview of the state of the art in computer graphicsas gleaned from a day at the fair.

48 Tronic Imagery by Peter S^rensen / A

behind-the-scenes look at the development of thecomputer-generated graphics in Disney Studio's filmTron.

78 Build the Circuit Cellar MPX-16 ComputerSystem, Part 1 by Steve Ciarcia / Any peripheraldevice designed to be installed in the IBM PersonalComputer can be plugged into this 8088-basedsystem.

118 Problem Solving with Logo by WilliamWeinreb / Find out how a complex design can bebroken down into surprisingly simple components.

1 74 Build a Video Digitizer by Michael

Keryan / Capture any video image for processingby your computer.

194 Computer Animation with Color

Registers by David Fox and Mitchell Waite / Thecolor registers on the Atari 400 and 800 giveprogrammers amazing animation capabilities,even in BASIC.

216 Victor Victorious: The Victor 9000Computer by Phil Lemmons / A detailed look at athird-generation microcomputer that really gets downto business.

256 An Interview with Chuck Peddle by Phil

Lemmons / The chief designer of the Victor 9000discusses microcomputer design, marketing, and theindustry's future.

272 JETSET by Eugene Szymanski / You'll thrillto the highs and lows of this simulated flight game.It's the fourth-place winner in the BYTE GameContest.

336 The Game of Rat and Dragon by TruckSmith / You really put your game-playing skills to thetest in this chase in which dragons pursue a ratthat's after some cheese. As your skills improve thepace quickens. It captured third place in the BYTEGame Contest.

379 An Introduction to the HumanApplications Standard Computer Interface,Part 2: Implementing the HASCI Concept by

Chris Rutkowski / Details of an easy-to-use,consumer-quality computer console,

386 A Short History of the Keyboard by Phil

Lemmons / The widespread use of keyboards asinput and control devices for microcomputers hasgenerated renewed interest in an old problem.

394 User's Column: Terminals, Keyboards,and How Software Piracy Will Bring Profits toIts Victims by Jerry Pournelle / The columnistanswers a few letters and passes on some interestingobservations from readers.

416 Inexpensive Transducers for the TRS-80

by William Barden Jr. / A practical look at thedevices that put real-world interfaces to work.

448 A Graphics Primer by Gregg Williams /

Microcomputers can create quite a variety ofgraphics.

474 Interactive 3-D Graphics for the Apple il

by Andrew Pickholtz / Understanding the theory ofperspective helps you to represent three-dimensionalobjects on a two-dimensional screen.

508 Microvec: The Other Type of VideoDisplay by Billy Garrett / Vector displays produceimages far sharper than "high-resolution" rastertypes.

Reviews

138 The Graphics Magician by Peter Callamaras148 Cambridge Development Lab's High-Resolution Video Graphics System by James R.DeKock

164 Executive Briefing System by Peter Callamaras324 Colonial Data Services' SB-80 by Arthur Little

Nucleus

6 Editorial: Deus ex Machina

of the Technological Age14 Letters529 Software Received532 Ask BYTE534 Event Queue

539 Clubs and Newsletters

540 BYTELINES548 Books Received553 What's New?

605 Unclassified Ads

606 BOMB, BOMB Results

607 Reader Service

Page 48

Page 138

Page 148

Page 194

m

Editor in ChiefChristopher P. Morgan

Managing Editor

Mark Haas

Technical Editors

Gregg Williams, Senior Editor;

Richard S. Shuford. Curtis P. Feigel.

George Stewart, Arthur Little.

Stanley Wszola, Pamela Clark, Richard Malloy;

Phillip Lemmons. West Coast Editor; Steve

Ciarcia, Mark Dahmke, Consulting Editors;

Jon Swanson, Drafting Editor

Copy Editors

Beverly Cronin, Chief;

Faith Hanson, Warren Williamson, Anthony J.

Lockwood, Hilary Selby Polk, Elizabeth Kepner,

Nancy Hayes, Cathryn Baskin, Tom McMillan;

Margaret Cook. Junior Copy Editor

Assistants

Faith Kluntz, Beverly Jackson. Lisa Jo Steiner

Production

David R. Anderson. Assoc. Director;Patrice Scribner, Jan Muller, Virginia Reardon;Sherry McCarthy. Chief Typographer;Debi Fredericks, Donna Sweeney.Valerie Horn

Advertising

Thomas Harvey, Director;Marion Carlson, Rob Hannings, DeborahPorter, Vicki Reynolds, Cathy A. R. Drew, LisaWozmak; Jacqueline Earnshaw, ReaderService Coordinator; Wai Chiu Li, Advertising/Production Coordinator; Linda J. Sweeney

Circulation

Gregory Spitzfaden, Manager;Andrew Jackson. Asst. Manager;Agnes E. Perry, Barbara Varnum,Louise Menegus, Jennifer Price.Sheila A. Bamford;James Bingham. Dealer Sales;Deborah J. Cadwell. Asst;Linda RyanMarketing

Wilbur S, Watson, Marketing Coordinator-Timothy W. Taussig, Marketing ProductionCoordinator

Controller's Office

Daniel Rodrigues, Controller;Mary E. Fluhr. Acct. & D/P Mgr.; KarenBurgess. Jeanne Cilley. Linda Fluhr,Vicki Bennett, L. Bradley Browne,Vern Rockwell

Traffic

N. Scott Gagnon, Scott Jackson,Kathleen Reckart

Receptionist

Jeanann Waters

Publishers

Virginia Londoner, Gordon R, Williamson;

John E. Hayes, Associate Publisher;

Cheryl A. Hurd, Michele P. Verville. Publisher's

Assistants;

Officers of McGraw-Hill Publications Com-pany: Paul F. McPherson. President; ExecutiveVice President: Gene W. Simpson; Senior VicePresident-Editorial: Ralph R. Schulz. VicePresidents: R. Bernard Alexander; Kemp Ander-son, Business Systems Development; Harry L.Brown. Special Markets; Robert B, Doll. Circula-tion; James E. Hackett, Controller: Eric B. Herr,Planning and Development; H. John Sweger,Jr.. Marketing.

Officers of the Corporation: Harold W.McGraw Jr.. Chairman and Chief ExecutiveOfficer; Joseph L. Dionne, President and ChiefOperating Officer; Robert N. Landes, Senior VicePresident and Secretary; Ralph J. Webb.Treasurer.

In This Issue

This month we're proud to present the Circuit Cellar MPX-16 computeisystem, designed and developed by Steve Ciarcia. In this exclusive three-panarticle, Steve will discuss all the design aspects of his IBM-compatible computerbased on the Intel 8088 microprocessor. Our cover photograph (© 1982 byJonathan Goell) shows the MPX-16 as a single-board computer composed ofthe processor, the memory, parallel and serial interfaces, a disk controller, andexpansion slots. We hope you'll enjoy Steve's most extensive technical projectto date. Our theme this month is graphics, and we have some interestingfeatures. "Tronic Imagery" is a behind-the-scenes look at the development ofthe computer-generated graphics in Disney Studio's epic film Tron. GreggWilliams provides an introduction to computer graphics in "A GraphicsPrimer," and Alexander Pournelle takes us on a tour of "The Third NCGA andthe Future of Computer Graphics." In "Build a Video Digitizer" MichaelKeryan shows you how to construct a video "frame grabber," and in"Microvec: The Other Type of Video Display" Billy Garrett describes how toconstruct an inexpensive vector graphics display. Andrew Pickholtz discusses"Interactive 3-D Graphics for the Apple II." And we have reviews of the Vic-tor 9000, Cambridge Development Labs graphics board. The Graphics Magi-cian, and the Executive Briefing System. Plus more Game Contest winners, theUser's Column, and our regular features.

BYTE is published monthly by BYTE Publications Inc. 70 Mam St, Peterborough NH 03458. phone (603]924-9281. a wholly-owned subsidiary of McGraw-Hill, Inc. Office hours: Mon-Thur 8:30 AM - 4:30 PM, Friday8:30 AM - Noon. Eastern Time. Address subscriptions, change of address. USPS Form 3579. and fulfillment ques-tions to BYTE Subscriptions, POB 590, Martinsville NJ 08836. Second class postage paid at Peterborough, N.H.03458 and additional mailing offices. USPS Publication No. 528890 |ISSN 0360-5280). Canadian second classregistration number 9321. Subscriptions are S19 for one year. S34 for two years, and S49 for three years in theUSA and its possessions. In Canada and Mexico. S2I for one year. S38 for two years, S55 for three years. S43 forone year air delivery to Europe. S35 surface delivery elsewhere. Air delivery to selected areas at additional ratesupon request. Single copy price is S2.95 in the USA and its possessions, S3.50 in Canada and Mexico. S4.50 inEurope, and S5.00 elsewhere. Foreign subscriptions and sales should be remitted in United States funds drawn ona US bank. Printed in United States of America.

Address all editorial correspondence to the editor at BYTE, POB 372. Hancock NH 03449. Unacceptablemanuscripts will be returned if accompanied by sufficient first class postage. Not responsible for lost manuscripts orphotos. Opinions expressed by the authors are not necessarily those of BYTE. Entire contents copyright © 1982by BYTE Publications Inc. All rights reserved. Where necessary, permission is granted by the copyright owner forlibraries and others registered with the Copyright Clearance Center |CCC) to photocopy any article herein for thebase fee of S1.00 per copy of the article or item plus 25 cents per page. Payment should be sent directly to theCCC. 21 Congress St, Salem MA 01970. Copying done for other than personal or internal reference use withoutthe permission of McGraw-Hill is prohibited. Requests for special permission or bulk orders should be addressed tothe publisher.

BYTE* is available in microform from University Microfilms International. 300 N Zeeb Rd. Dept PR. AnnArbor Ml 48106 USA or 18 Bedford Row, Dept PR, London WCIR 4EJ England.

Subscription questions or problems should be addressed to:BYTE Subscriber Service

P.O. Box 328Hancock, NH 03449

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

/ 1

\

~/~

\\

^^

■0 Mil 1

s

^^^^

rr ■ £'

^

r~"'" '

^\^

""«EAT>«*

V I HIM HU

AT

15

l*"^ ******

""■H..

The system builder's best choicefor color graphics is a CS5000color system from SCION. Its basiccomponent is MicroAngelo", thesingle board graphics displaycomputer that has revolutionizedmonochrome display capabilitywith low cost 512x480 pixelgraphics resolution and 40 lineby 85 character text capacity.When MicroAngelo boards are combined, they createhigh resolution color graphics that have a unique ad-vantage. The displayed image is a combination oftransparencies. So you can add, modify or deleteimages by transparency rather than as an entire image.

SCION'S Series CS5000 builds an imase with up to 8 bitplanes, each generated by a MicroAngelo board. Youselect the assignment of those bit planes to transpar-encies. Each transparency can display 2n-1 colors wheren is the n umber of bit planes it uses... 2 bit planes wouldmake a three color transparency, 8 bit planes wouldmake a 255 color transparency. Once each transparencyhas been defined, your host can work with it inde-pendently, generating and modifying its graphics andtext without interacting with the others. The indepen-dent transparencies are combined by the Color Mixerboard which also assigns one of 16.8 million possiblecolors to each color of each transparency.

Your computer talks to the SCIONColor System in SCREENWARE™,SCION'S high level display firm-ware language. SCREENWAREcommands are used by the com-puter in each MicroAngelo bitplane to generate graphics andtext primitives. User interface ismade simple with prompted sys-tem set-up using SCION's ColorPak.

MicroAngelo based color graphics systems are easy touse. Just plug the boards into your Multibus or S-100host. Or use the freestanding work station configurationwith its RS-232 interface. In each case,you get high reso-lution color graphics for such a low price you can'tafford to design your own.

Think SCION for your graphics display needs.Think MicroAngelo. Call us at (703) 476-6100.

System shown is a Model CS5050S.*A trademark ol Intel Corp.

if the image is important.

12310 Pinecrest Rd./Reston, VA 22091(703) 476-6100 TWX: 710-833-0684

Circle 404 on inquiry card.

Circle 154 on inquiry card.

THINK AHEAD

THINK IBM PC

MILESTONE- - $395. Manual alone -$30.

"Critical Path" network analysis program for schedulingmanpower, dollars and time to maximize productivity.Interactive project management program that runs underCP/M-86™. MILESTONE can be used to track paper flow,build a computer, check a department's performance, orbuild a bridge. MILESTONE can be used by executives,engineers, managers and businessmen.

• Produce PERT charts in minutes.

• Find critical tasks that can't be delayed.

• Investigate tradeoffs between manpower, dollarsand time.

• Give plans to others using a printed project schedule.

• Change results and immediately see the results onthe screen.

• Balance time, manpower and costs.Requires CP/M-86.

THE MICRO LINK II" - $89.

A communications program that conducts keyboardconversations, sends and receives electronic mail andexchanges any file (up to disk capacity). Saves all orselected parts of transmission to disk. Requires IBM PCDOS and asynchronous communications card or CP/M-86.

BIBLIOGRAPHY" - $125.

Compares citations in a manuscript with the entries inyour own card catalog and constructs a bibliography ofall entries cited. Entries are added to the catalog usingyour text-editor. Each catalog entry has a keyname (e.g.,author and year of publication), followed by bibliogra-phic information of any length and format. BIBLIO-GRAPHY constructs a bibliography of all works cited-alphabetized or numbered, with annotations included orexcluded. Also copies entries from catalog to footnotesin the manuscript, or replaces citations in the manuscriptwith numbers. BIBLIOGRAPHY can handle references tomeet the requirements of virtaully any professional jour-nal, publisher, or style manual. Requires WordStar, Spellbinder, PeachText, SuperWriter, or other word proces-sor, and CP/M or IBM PC DOS.

More Software

Product/Manual Alone

GRAMMATIK

$ 75.

n/a

Requires IBM PC DOS

ASTRODODGE

$ 39.95

n/a

Requires PPG monitor

DATEBOOK

1295.

$30.

Requires CP/M-BB

CARDFILE

S 89.

n/a

Requires CP'M-86 or IBM PC DOS

FOOTNOTE and PAIR

$125.

n/a

Requires CP M-B6 or IBM PC DOS

FIELD COMPANION

$295.

$30.

Requires CP'M-86

PLAN80

$495.

$45.

Requires CP'M-86

THE RANDOM HOUSE

$ 50.

n/a

PROOFREADER

Requires IBM PC DOS

Prices quoted do not include destination charge*, ■•lei tax, or dealerinstallation and training. When ordering specify operating system. Weaccept MasterCard, Visa and American Express.

For More Information See Your ComputerDealer or Contact Vs Directly.

SOFTWARESOFT1/V1REDIGML/fURKETING

DIGITAL MARKETING™

DIGITAL MARKETING CORPORATION

2670 CHERRY LANE "WALNUT CREEK" CALIFORNIA- 94596(415) 938-2880 • Telex 1 7-1852 (DIGMKTG WNCK)

Dealer Inquiries Invited

TRADEMARKS CP/M-B6-Digital Research. Inc Milestone and Oalebook -OrganicSoftware Cardlile Foolnote Bibliography - Pro'Tem Software. Inc The Micro Linkll-WorrJcrafl. PfanBO- Business Planning Systems GrammatiJf.The Random HouseProofreader - Aspen Software

Editorial

Deus ex Machina

of theTechnological Age

by Chris Morgan, Editor in Chief

It's tempting to think of the microcomputer as the deus ex machina of thetechnological age. The term, literally "god from a machine," is a theatricaldevice first used by Greek tragedians to tie up the loose ends of a plot by intro-ducing, always in the nick of time, an external means to solve the characters'problems. For example, in a modern plot, a rich relative might die near the endof the play and bequeath enough money to the main characters to solve theirfinancial woes. The technique is looked upon with disfavor by theater criticsas an easy way out for the playwright. Yet when applied to today's microcom-puter age deus ex machina has a positive ring to it. The microcomputer solvesmany problems of modern life in unexpected but satisfying ways —the essenceof the deus ex machina.

The microcomputer, for example, eases many of the monumental logisticalproblems of information management, data processing, and communications,to name several of the more obvious. Its diminishing size and cost coupledwith an increase in computing power and memory capacity make the micro-computer seem like a panacea from the gods. Going one step further than themicrocomputer in convenience and transportability is the expanding class ofcomputers referred to as portable computers.

A fast-growing and attractive subset of microcomputers, portable com-puters are enjoying a new-found popularity. The early ones had about themthe air of the underdog. When the first portable models appeared several yearsago, they seemed incredibly limited; their capabilities were few and primitive.But in the intervening time their price/performance ratio has increaseddramatically. It reminds me of a similar situation that took place in the audioworld in the early 1960s.

At that time North American Philips quietly introduced a new tape-recording format called the cassette, designed to be used in small, portabletape recorders solely for "low-fi" applications such as dictation and noncriticalmusic recording. No one had great expectations for the format. Its savinggraces were its portability and convenience. Since then, as you know,technology has catapulted the quality of the lowly cassette to the point whereit offers serious competition to long-playing records and open-reel tape.

The saga of the portable computer is simply a more spectacular manifesta-tion of the same trend. To illustrate, I'd like to discuss Hewlett-Packard's newHP-75C portable computer, the first of a series of portable computers to comefrom that company. Consider its features for a moment: 10 by 5 by IVi inches;26 ounces; battery operable for several weeks on a single charge; a fast BASICwith 147 commands built into the operating system; CMOS circuitry thatstays on constantly to retain data and programs between sessions; fullQWERTY-style touch-typing keyboard with all keys user-definable (a la the

6 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

We're Expanding Your

Personal Computer

With Reliable Hard-Line Thinking

Let's cut through all the "compu-babble" about hard-disk systems with some hard-linethinking.

If you own an IBM-PC*, Apple II* or TRS-80* Model III, and want to expand to a hard-disksystem, you want some fairly basic things from Winchester technology:

• More storage capacity than your presentsystem

• Faster retrieval and storage of information

• Accurate processing with reliable hardware andsoftware

PERCOM DATA was pioneering critical, reliable data separation functions for microsystems long before many of today's companies even began. PERCOM DATA'S solidindustry reputation is your promise of hard-disk performance, from a drive with speci-fications equal to or superior to your own system.

PERCOM DATA 5Va inch PHD's™ are your easy, hard-line answer. These units areavailable in 5, 10, 15 and 30 megabyte models. The First Drive unit has a micro-processor-based drive controller, permitting you to add up to 3 more hard-disk PHD's.And PHD series prices are more than competitive, whether your system is an IBM-PC,Apple II, or TRS-80 Model III.

So, if you're ready to expand your system, do it with PERCOM DATA'S PHD. Ourhard-line thinking of more than half a decade means you get a reliable, high-qualityPERCOM DATA peripheral, backed by the PERCOM DATA Performance Promise.

Take a hard-line of your own today! Call one of our Sales Consultants for moreinformation and specifications or for the name of your close-by PERCOM DATA Dealer.

PERCOM DATA'S Hard-Line Hotline is 1-800-527-1222

PEFQCM QATA

CORPORA

O N

Expanding Your Peripheral Vision

DRIVES

NETWORKS

SOFTWARE

11220 Pagemill Road Dallas, Texas 75243 (214) 340-70811-800-527-1222

"IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines

'Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

'TRS-80 is a registered trademark of Tandy Radio Shack Corporation

Editorial.

Photo 1: The Hewlett-Packard HP-75C portable computer.

HP-41C); a 32-character, liquid-crystal display (LCD)that serves as a window on a 96-character line, withcharacter descenders; a hand-pulled magnetic-card readerthat reads or writes up to 1.3K bytes per card; built-in16K bytes of RAM (random-access read/write memory)that can be increased to 24K bytes; three software-module plug-in ports in the computer that accept 8K- or16K-byte ROM (read-only memory) modules (With three16K-byte plug-in modules, the 48K-byte built-in operat-ing system, and 24K bytes of RAM, the HP-75C's maxi-mum memory is 120K bytes!); the ability to store pro-gram files, data files, and appointment files in RAM —allsuch files can interact with one another; a built-in real-time clock; built-in HPIL interface loop (HP's new two-wire serial interface loop for battery-operated con-trollers); built-in appointment modes with alarm; limitedproduction of musical tones; and a range of off-the-shelfsoftware for engineering applications, mathematics andstatistics, electronic spreadsheets, and graphics presenta-tions. The base price for the 16K-byte RAM unit is $995.(The C in HP-75C stands for "continuous memory.")Think about these features for a moment. They weren't

even available in a portable computer five years ago atany price! As the first of a series of portable computersfrom Hewlett-Packard, the HP-75C is only the beginning.No official details are available yet about future modelsin the 70 series.

Hewlett-Packard makes a distinction between "hand-held" and "portable" computers, the former referring tothe HP-41C and its future kin (rumor has it that an HP-42C is in the works), the latter to the 70 series. In HPparlance, a hand-held computer is one you can literallyhold in one hand. Portable, on the other hand (no pun in-tended), refers to a small, transportable computer onwhich you can touch-type. The design goal of the HP-75C was to make a computer as small as possible onwhich touch-typing is still feasible.

After browsing through the thorough instructionmanual for the HP-75C (it's up to the company's usualhigh standards for documentation), I auditioned themachine and was impressed. The keyboard is indeedsuited for touch-typing —although marginally so for ex-tended sessions. I wouldn't want to use the HP-75C forserious word processing. But then, it wasn't designed forthat purpose. Its strong points are its portability andbuilt-in BASIC (which is 10 times faster than theHP-41C's RPN), both features that will make the machinepopular with engineers and technicians who work awayfrom the office. This machine would have made theperfect "electronic slide rule plus" for me in my engineer-ing school days. My guess is that future machines in the70 series will have much larger LCDs and more "typable"keyboards.

The company, incidentally, is encouraging outsidesoftware vendors to develop software for the HP-75C. Aswell, several peripherals have been announced for themachine, including a digital cassette drive, a video /TVinterface to let you display up to twenty 32-character lineson a TV screen, two printers, a digital multimeter, andtwo video monitors. To come in early 1983 are a plotter,a modem, an HPIL to RS-232C converter, and an HPIL toHPIB converter.

Computer Solutions

We sell SemiDisk

for S-100 IBM Personal Computer

TRS-80 Model 2

Computing has entered a new era: The SemiDisk eral No longer are you tied down by the speed of floppies or Winchesters. Your

computer can operate many times faster with a SemiDisk. And with our self installing software it couldn't be easier. Just plug in and hold

on! No kidding! Special pricing: $1595 for 512K Byte and $2495 for 1 meg Byte.

Specifications: For information contact:

TYPE: Semiconductor Disk Emulator computer Solutions

CAPACITY: 512k or 1Mb Robert Pinkham

POWER REQUIREMENTS: 0.6A (512k) 0.9A (1Mb) P.O. Box 931

BATTERY BACKUP: 10-12V Unreg. (optional) Hillsboro, OR 97123

(503) 640-5665We also offer sales information on S-100, Computer TRS-80.

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 113 on inquiry card.

Wet UnTrack With

Tensigw

The Mean MachineFtomIBi

OEM's, system integrators and dealers! Join us inthe winners circle with our high performance equipmentand the best discount schedule and dealer plan in the industry.Call or write:

With the reputation of the fastest 8 bit microcom-puter on any race course, IBC has designed its 16 bitcomputer entry for world class competition. The all newENSIGN™ multi-slave processor architecture hasperformance that rivals the largest and most expensive16 bit mini-computers and small 32 bit mainframes at afraction of their cost. The ENSIGN supports up to 32 usersusihg the OASIS-16™ or UNIX™ operating systems. Eightbit IBC Cadet owners can easily upgrade their system toan ENSIGN configuration as both systems share acommon cabinet, disk drives

OUTSIDE THE USA77T

WITHIN THE USA

nlegrated Business Computers

IOC/ DISTRIBUTION

21592 Marilla Street 4185 Harrison Blvd., Suite 301

Chatsworth, CA 91311 Ogden, UTAH 84403

(213) 882-9007 TELEX NO. 215349 (801) 621-2294

UNIX is a trademark of Bell Laboratories, ONYX is a trademark of ONYX Systems Inc.; OASIS Isa trademark of Phase One Systems; ALTOS is a trademark of ALTOS Computer Systems.

Circle 207 on Inquiry card.

and power supply.

IOC

anux

ALCOY

Microprocessor Type

68000

Microprocessor Speed

8MHz

OASIS-16 Operating System (Max Users)

32

UNIX Operating System (Max Users)

32

Disk Speed I/O (MB/Sec.)

81

Seek (Mllll Sec.)

35

Main Memory (Max)

8MB"

Disk Storage (Max)'

1,000MB

"Using Standard Supplied Disk Controller

" "2 MB Available Now 8 MB Available 1st Quarter 1983

■"'Not Supported

wl

*w <& m

0 f # / #*

TV

BUFFERED PRINTER CONTROLLER

is now available for your IBM-PC*

WHAT'S ASPOOLER

It allows you tocontinue to useyour PC whileyour printer isprinting. Forexample, in lessthan a minute64,000 charactersare sent to theSPOOLER, but youno longer have to waitthe 20 minutes it takesfor your IBM-PC Printerto finish printing.

WIZARD-SPOOLERFEATURES:

• 16K bytes of "characterbuffering" optionallyexpandable to 32K or 64K bytes.

• A transparent computer-to-printer link compatible withIBM DOS, most IBM softwareand expansion boards.

• Automatically maximizes printerspeed.

• Low power consumption, cooloperation, minimum load on thepower supply.

• Built-in Buffer Self-Test.

• Full 2-year warranty.

• Backed by the world's#1 independentmanufacturer ofperipheral

Controllers. (V\, / . Two versions of

the Wizard-Spooler

are offered:

Parallel Only version $289.

Parallel/Serial version $349.

Distributor and Dealerinquiries invited.

Circle 478 on Inquiry card.

W^W'SM-

SUBSIDIARY OF WESPERCORP

WjttA 3188 Pullman Street,

Costa Mesa, CA 92626

(800) 854-8737

(714)850-1666

Editorial.

I took the machine with me to a recent meeting of theNew York Audio Society, where I knew I'd find severalHP-41C users, to get their first impressions of the HP-75C. (I'm a confirmed audiophile, and I'm wonderinghow many BYTE readers are similarly addicted to audio.)First impressions from the HP-41C users were positive. Iwas somewhat surprised because 41C users tend to befanatical in their devotion to their machines, generallylook askance at algebraic notation versus reverse Polishnotation, and prefer the powerful assembly language ofthe 41C. Nonetheless, they were taken by the machine. Ilook upon this as a good omen.

Speaking of HP-41C fanaticism, probably the best-organized and most active special-interest group in per-sonal computing is PPC, which spelled out reads 'ThePersonal Programming Center is for People Program-ming Calculators." Interested readers can contact thegroup at 2545 West Camden Place, Santa Ana, CA92704. PPC has done some remarkable work over theyears, including designing a custom ROM for the 41Cthat does more things than I have space to list here. I ap-plaud the group's efforts and hope interested readers willcontact it to find out more about PPC.

The HP-75C is not for everyone, but it does a lot forthe money. I'm curious to see future products in Hewlett-Packard's 70 series.

1982 SIGGRAPH

This month's theme is computer graphics, in prepara-tion for which several BYTE staff members and I attendedSIGGRAPH, the ACM's annual conference sponsored byits special-interest group for computer graphics. Nearly19,000 people attended this year's conference held thispast July in Boston.

The conference has rapidly become one of my favoriteannual computer gatherings. SIGGRAPH attracts manyinteresting people, and the organizers work to keep theconference from becoming overly commercialized. Thetone remains that of a true symposium, with dozens oftechnical papers presented and day-long classroom ses-sions held. The emphasis is decidedly on education.SIGGRAPH evenings, on the other hand, are reserved forthe pure enjoyment of computer graphics. We attendedthe evening sessions on films and video and enjoyed themimmensely. I urge all those BYTE readers with an interestin computer graphics to attend next year's SIGGRAPHconference. For information, contact SIGGRAPH '83Conference Office, 111 East Wacker Drive, Chicago, IL60601, (312) 644-6610. ■

I

uperBrain II

TM

INTERTEC DATA SYSTEMS SUPEWRAIN.

'■"•' I ■' 7 * / * J -' J

8 + 1~ ¥.»■••? "

V

Sum ma Cum Laude!

Just three years ago, Intertec stunnedthe microcomputer industry when itsSuperBrain™ desktop computer gradu-ated with honors . . . outperforming allthe others by achieving the best price/performance ratio in its class. Today,that scholastic achievement remains un-challenged. At least until now. . .

Announcing SuperBrain II"'. . . ourlatest microcomputer marvel that's des-tined to be the "Most Likely to Succeed"in the Class of '82. With thousands ofSuperBrains in use worldwide, it's nosurprise that SuperBrain II users havegiven our new model the highest honorsyet. Standard features include a powerful64K of internal memory, a CP/M* oper-ating system, a 24 line x 80 columndisplay on a 12-inch non-glare screen, afull-featured ASCII keypad with operatorconvenience keys, twin Z80 processorsand dual RS-232 communications andprinter ports. But SuperBrain II out-smarts its Class of 79 counterpart by

■Repstered trademark of DiRita! Research ^Microsoftis a trademark of Microsoft Corporation.

offering leaner pricing, more features andbetter overall system performance. NewSuperBrain II features include a faster,enhanced disk operating system, a li-brary of new visual attributes includingreverse video, below-the-line descen-ders and impressive graphics capabilitiesand Microsoft' BASIC — all included atabsolutely no extra cost!

SuperBrain II's internal circuitry hasalso been completely redesigned and isnow computer tested to ensure optimumfield reliability. Plus, there are four newSuperBrain II models from which tochoose, offering disk storage capacitiesfrom 350K bytes to 10 megabytes! But,best of all, prices start as low as $2,495,including software!

Of all the single-user microcomputersavailable today, our SuperBrain II iscertainly in a class by itself. Not onlydoes it outprice and outperform its com-petitive classmates, it's also backed byour comprehensive customer protection

programs — depot maintenance, ex-tended warranties, a satisfaction guaran-tee and a factory sponsored users group.All in all, the SuperBrain II™ representsthe most incredible microcomputer valuewe've ever seen (or probably ever willsee) in a long, long time.

Contact your local dealer or call orwrite us at the address below for moreinformation on our full line of single andmulti-user microcomputers. Ask for ourSuperBrain II "Buyers Guide" and findout why so many microcomputer buyerswho insist on quality and value . . . insiston Intertec.

3

=intertecCdata

=SYSTEMS

2300 Broad River Rd. Columbia, SC 29210(803) 798-9100 TWX: 810-666-2115

Circle 227 on inquiry card.

SEASON'SGREETINGS

HARDWARE

FRANKLIN CALL

ALTOS CALL

IMS CALL

VIC 20 CALL

HAYES

CHRONOGRAPH 224

MICROMODEM II 289

SMARTMODEM 224

1200 BAUD SMARTMODEM 589

MICROSOFT

Z80 SOFTCARD 279

ENHANCER II 119

C. ITOH

PROWRITER 100 CPS 489

PROWRITER 120 CPS 639

PROWRITER 15" 789

F10-55 CPS 1799

F10-45 CPS 1449

IDS

PRISM PRINTER 80 789

PRISM PRINTER 132 1689

OKIDATA

MICROLINE 80 359

MICROLINE 82A 489

MICROLINE 83A 739

MICROLINE 84A 1179

SOFTWARE

(T/M * IBM

MICROPRO

* WORDSTAR 279

* SUPERSORT 154

MAILMERGE 89

* DATASTAR 239

* SPELLSTAR 149

* CALCSTAR 189

MICROSOFT

BASIC COMPILER 299

BASIC 80 279

COBOL 80 559

MACRO 80 139

muSIMP/muMATH 199

MULTIPLAN 219

ASHTON-TATE

* dBASE II 529

FOX & GELLER

A QUICKCODE 249

v dUTIL 68

SORCIM

SUPERCALC 189

FORCE11

MATHSTAR 99

ISA

SPELLGUARD 189

OASIS

WORDPLUS 149

MICROSTUFFCROSSTALK 117

SOFTWARE

APPLE

VIS1CORP

*VISICALC 184

*VISIDEX 184

VISIPLOT 158

A VISITERM 79

* VISITREND 239

VISIFILE 184

DESKTOP PLAN II 184

A DESKTOP PLAN III 184

MICROPRO

WORDSTAR 224

SUPERSORT 119

MAILMERGE 79

DATASTAR 189

SPELLSTAR 129

CALCSTAR 139

MICROSOFTTASC APPLESOFT

COMPILER 149

TIME MANAGER 119

FORTRAN 80 149

COBOL 80 539

A.L.D.S 99

SORCIM

SUPERCALC 189

ISA

SPELLGUARD 189

OASISWORDPLUS 149

CALL TOLL FREE:1-800-523-9511

IN PA:

1-215-868-8219

TfC T

SEASON'S GREETINGSTO

vX

THE M1CROHOUSE MANUFACTURERS

• ALTOS

• AMDEK•ANADEX

• ASHTON-TATE•BAYAD

• CALIFORNIA COMPUTERS

• C. ITOH

• COMSHARE TARGET SOFTWARE

• DENVER SOFTWARE

• EAGLE SOFTWARE

• ELEPHANT

• EPSON

• FORCE II

• FOX & GELLER

• FRANKLIN

• HAYDEN

• HAYES

• INTEGRAL DATA SYSTEMS

• INTERACTIVE STRUCTURES

• INNOVATIVE SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS

• INFORMATION UNLIMITED SOFTWARE

• MAXELL

• MICROPRO

• MICROSOFT

• MICROTEK

• MORROW

• MOUNTAIN COMPUTERS•M&R

• MICROSTUFF•NEC

• NOVATION

• OASIS

• OKIDATA

• PERFECT SOFTWARE

DEALERS INQUIRIES INVITED

• PEACHTREE SOFTWARE•QUADRAM

• SANYO

• SCITRONICS

• SILICON VALLEY SYSTEMS, INC.•SORCIM

• SORRENTO VALLEY ASSOCIATES•SYNETEX

• SYSTEMS PLUS•TCS

•TELEVIDEO•VENTEL

• VIDEX

• VISICORP

• WABASH

• ZENITH

MICROHOUSE

1444 LINDEN ST./P.O. BOX 498, BETHLEHEM, PA 18016

12 BYTE November 1982

PRICES AMI) AVAILABILITY SUBJECT TO CHANGE

Circle 296 on inquiry card.

HOLIDAYPACKAGES

CALL US ABOUT YOUR FREE GIFT WITH PURCHASE

Letters

Digital Shifts Royalty Policy

In his May 1982 BYTE User's Column,Jerry Pournelle criticized Digital ResearchInc. for charging run-time library licens-ing royalties for programs written in thatcompany's compiler languages (see"Supercalc, Spelling Programs, BASICCompilers, and Home-Grown Account-ing," page 226). The article was apparent-ly written prior to February 16, 1982,when Digital Research announced it haddropped these licensing requirements.

Independent software vendors (ISVs)no longer have to pay royalties to DigitalResearch for selling programs written inthe company's compilers. In addition,ISVs who have already paid royalties maycredit these amounts to future purchases.

The languages affected by this liberal-ized policy are PL/I-80, Pascal/MT + , theCBASIC Compiler called CB-80, andthese languages' 16-bit counterparts. Inaddition, this policy applies to other run-time library products from Digital Re-search, including its programmer produc-tivity tools, Access Manager and DisplayManager.

The three languages originated fromthree different companies: PL/I-80 fromDigital Research, Pascal/MT+ from MTMicrosystems, and the CB-80 CBASICCompiler from Compiler Systems. Eachhad its own licensing policy, so droppingthe licensing requirements allows DigitalResearch to deal more fairly and consis-tently with its customers.

Dan Fineberg, Account Manager/Digital

Research Inc.Franson & Associates800 Charcot Ave. #110San Jose, CA 95131

Enhancements to AIDS

George Wolfe's review of the AIDS(Assisted Instructional Development Sys-tem) that appeared in the August 1982BYTE (page 408) was a well-written andaccurate assessment of the program'scapabilities. As a result of the review, wehave initiated two major changes in theprogram.

First, high-resolution graphics can nowbe used with the program. The graphicdisplays are easily accessed through anembedded control command that can ap-pear anywhere in a lesson. Also, the dis-

plays themselves can be created throughany means at the user's disposal.

Second, the time necessary to loadquestions has been reduced considerablyso that students can spend more time onthe lessons themselves. We feel this im-provement is of great importance to edu-cators, as it increases actual student time-on-task when using the computer.

One other development will be of in-terest to BYTE readers: AIDS is now mar-keted nationally by Zweig Associates, adivision of Skillcorp Publishers. We aresupporting the program through a net-work of independent dealers and are in-itiating an innovative user-exchange ser-vice.

Michael N. Milone Jr., EditorSkillcorp Publishers Inc.203 Eighth St.Honesdale, PA 18431

Association Promotes

Computers and the

Humanities

As the president of ACH (Associationfor Computers and the Humanities), Iwant to praise BYTE for the July 1982 is-sue on Computers in the Arts andSciences. Over the years, considerablework has been done in the arts and hu-manities without receiving much pub-licity. I want to inform the readers ofBYTE about an organization in this area.

ACH was founded to promote comput-ing in the humanities, which includes thearts as described in the phrase "Arts andSciences," as well as the humanistic areasof the social sciences and the fine and per-forming arts: dance, sculpture, music, arthistory, etc. ACH sponsors a major bien-nial conference, the ICCH (InternationalConference on Computers and the Hu-manities). The next one, ICCH/83, will beheld from June 6 to 8, 1983, in Raleigh,North Carolina. In addition to paper ses-sions and exhibits of equipment and soft-ware, we plan to hold juried exhibits incomputer-assisted art and music. Anyoneinterested in attending or contributing toICCH/83 should contact Sarah K. Bur-ton, ICCH/83, POB 5308, North CarolinaState University, Raleigh, NC 27650.

Anyone who would like further infor-mation about joining ACH should contactme at the address below or send $15

(U. S.) to Harry Lincoln, Treasurer,Department of Music, State University ofNew York, Binghamton, NY 13901. ACHmembers receive a discount subscriptionrate of $15 (U. S.) for the journal Com-puters and the Humanities.

Mary Dee Harris Fosberg,

Associate Professor, Computer ScienceDepartment of Mathematical SciencesBox 35

Loyola UniversityNew Orleans, LA 70118

Never Say Enough

I read with great interest and enjoymentProfessor Don Karl Rowney's article "TheHistorian and the Microcomputer." (Seethe July 1982 BYTE, page 166.) The effortsand advances in using computers for thesocial sciences are praiseworthy, and Pro-fessor Rowney is entirely correct when hesays that there is much to be done, parti-cularly in the areas of documentation andproduct information.

However, he misses the fundamentalaspect of the microcomputer revolution.Not only does the microcomputer decen-tralize the means for solving problems,but it decentralizes the means for arrivingat those means. Professor Rowney statesthat he has no plans to learn a computerlanguage: "Having already studied Rus-sian, French, German, Latin, Hebrew,and Greek, I think enough is enough!"

This is the first time in my life I haveever heard an academician state that hebelieves that there is such a thing asenough knowledge. But beyond that, byrefusing to take the few hours that itwould require for such an obviously intel-ligent person to learn a computer lan-guage, Professor Rowney misses a goldenopportunity to gain insight into the work-ings of the computer. If he would, hecould possibly come up with new methodsof solving problems that might not occurto trained programmers, and he wouldunquestionably be able to communicatewith programmers efficiently.

I urge Professor Rowney and others insimilar positions to learn something ofprogramming, not to leave it to profes-sional programmers.

Lee Amon, Corporate Data Analyst

The Center for Professional Advancement

POBH

East Brunswick, NJ 08816

14

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

When We

3&A

sm

Announced Sage ii;

8 bit Computers

Bit The Dust.

195 North Edison Way, Suite 14

Reno, Nevada 89502

(702)322-6868

' UCSD p-System is a trademark ol the Regents ot the University ot California COM PUTERDistributed in United Kingdom byTDI Ltd.. 29 Alma Vale Rd.. Clifton, Bristol. BS8 2HL, Tele 44-272-742796Distributed in Northwest U.S. by Anacomp. 12838 S.E. 40th Place. Bellevue. WA 98006, Tele 800-426-6244

16-BIT, 8 MHZ,

68000 MICROPROCESSOR.

The new Sage II doesn't lookexactly awesome. Some folks evenmistake it for a disk subsystem.

But the fact is, 8-bitmicrocomputers don't stand achance against it. Minicomputersare shaking in their boots. Andeven a few mainframes arerunning scared.

Because the Sage II is basedon the incredible 68000.

UPT0 512K,

NOT COUNTING DRIVES.

With its 24-bit address bus, theSage II can address 16 megabytes.

The stripped down versionfeatures a mere 128K RAM.

On top of that, you can addanother 384K of "RAM DISK" (on-board RAM that looks like a super-fast disk to the operating system).

Then come the real disk drives,Your choice of 40 or 80 track, 320Kto 1.3 megabyte, 5-1/4". A 10Kprogram loads in half a second.

p-SYSTEM* OPERATING SYSTEM.

This optional, interactive operatingsystem makes it possible to useprograms currently running on8-bit computers.

It supports Pascal, FORTRAN77, BASIC and 68000 MacroAssembler languages and a hostof utility and applications programs.

MORE FOR THE MONEY.

Prices for the Sage II start at just$3,600 with one disk drive and128K RAM.

No other computer in history hasoffered so much performance perunit price.

Call or write us today for thewhole story.

Circle 339 on Inquiry card.

Letters.

ArchaeologistsDig Microcomputers

Ned and Lou Heite's article in the July1982 BYTE presents some useful programsbased on a sound set of ground rules (see"Breaking the Jargon Barrier," page 76).Nevertheless, they present a misleadingrepresentation of the status of computersand microcomputers in archaeology.What is not mentioned anywhere in thearticle is that the Heites are obviously try-ing to reach and, perhaps, even character-ize historical archaeologists, particularlythose who work in colonial archaeologyon the Atlantic seaboard of the UnitedStates, where pipestem dating and meanceramic-formula dating are most appli-cable. The nonarchaeologist reader oftheir article could be led to believe thatmost archaeologists are put off by com-puters and rely exclusively on main-frames, if they go near a computer at all.This is far from the case for prehistoric ar-chaeologists, at least.

Some form of quantification (usuallyfrequencies and trait lists) has beenaround archaeology for many years. Useof statistics, including complex multi-variate statistics, increased rapidly in the1960s (presumably as computer time be-came more available) and exploded in the1970s (simply check the pages of the ma-jor archaeology journals for the last 15years or so). Archaeologists are just begin-ning to turn to the use of microcomputers,but their use is bound to increase as uni-versity computer dollars become scarcerand as more and more archaeologists areemployed outside universities.

Legislation enacted since 1974 mandatesconsideration of the impact of construc-tion projects (reservoirs, pipelines, trans-mission lines, power plants, etc.) upon thearchaeological resources of the construc-tion site. This legislation has spawned awhole new breed of contract archaeolo-gists, often employed in the private sec-tor, to provide clients with archaeologicalservices that will place them in compli-ance with the regulations. This breed ofarchaeologist is doing archaeology and isoften heavily reliant on microcomputersfor word processing (report turnaroundafter field work is sometimes almost un-realistically short), database management,data analysis, and, in smaller firms, foraccounting, bookkeeping, etc.

Unquestionably, many prehistoric ar-chaeologists do not use statistics, mini-mally quantify their data, and are in-

timidated by both computers and the peo-ple who know how to use them. It is alsothe case that many archaeologists, par-ticularly younger ones (and at age 35, Imay well be in the transition generation),have become familiar with statistics andcomputers as part of their graduate educa-tion and routinely use both in their work.This group is buying microcomputers andeven taking them into the field (I wrotethis from a field camp using a word pro-cessor on an Apple), then returning to theoffice to store and analyze data and pro-duce reports (or even do all this while stillin the field).

I don't know what meeting it was whereonly 7 of 700 conference registrants at-tended the microcomputer session. Istrongly doubt, however, that we can in-fer that only 1 % of the archaeologicalprofession is interested in computing.

As microcomputers become more pop-ular, better understood, and less expen-sive, and as software becomes more readi-ly available (frankly, archaeologists aremore users than programmers), I predictthat the next microcomputer session at anational meeting will be attended by amuch larger percentage of the conferees.

Donna C. Roper102 North Durand St.Jackson, MI 49202

Praising the Write Tools

I enjoyed Wayne Holder's article "Soft-ware Tools for Writers" (see the July 1982BYTE, page 138). His plans to create acomputer program that uses the tech-niques outlined in Richard Lanham'sRevising Prose especially caught my eye.Dr. Lanham, the executive director of theUCLA Writing Programs, realizes thatcomputers can provide much needed as-sistance for overburdened writing instruc-tors and, more importantly, can offerwriters new ways of seeing their writing.BYTE readers might like to know that Ihave already written a Revising Prosecomputer program, which students atUCLA have used for several years.

The program, called Homer, does manyof the things that Dr. Lanham's book sug-gests writers should do. It isolates preposi-tions and forms of the verb "to be,"counts words and sentences, draws sen-tence-length graphs, and even scans textfor abstract words (which Homer calls

woolly words) and possibly nominalizedverbs (e. g., action rather than act). It alsodisplays the analyzed text in several in-teresting formats.

Though UCLA students and staff usual-ly use Homer on our IBM 3033 or our IBM4341, a microcomputer version also exists.It's written in UCSD Pascal and runs onan Apple II. Charles Scribner's Sons (pub-lishers of Revising Prose) has made ten-tative plans to distribute the program. (Avideotape version of Revising Prose isalready distributed by Charles Scribner'sSons.)

Mr. Holder's interest in software toolsfor writers deserves praise. I hope to seemore from him and others in the future.

Michael E. Cohen, Software ConsultantUCLA Writing Programs371 Kinsey HallUniversity of CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA 90024

No Key to ShiftyQWERTY's Solution

In his letter to the editor in the JulyBYTE, C. W. Green observes that the tra-ditional QWERTY typewriter keyboard isinefficient (see "Getting Rid ofQWERTY," page 31). Its original efficien-cy was mechanical—if the keys for lettersthat are frequently used in combination inthe English language were struck in fastsequence, there would have been a me-chanical scramble. The layout was effi-cient for fast typing on a mechanicaldevice. Letters frequently combined inEnglish had to be separated on the key-board by letters that seldom appearedtogether.

Unfortunately, generations of typistshave gotten used to QWERTY. I doubtthat their influence has anything to dowith the retention of the keyboard designfor computers. When computing started,the number of people trained in typingwho used computers was probablyminimal.

As personal computers penetrate officesand homes, they are still being used bypeople who have no typing skills, butbecause of the computer's proliferation,the opportunity to change the keyboard(to what?) has probably been lost already.

Touch-typing is a skill that is not par-ticularly dependent upon the layout of thekeyboard. However, the French have

16 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Teletek's SBOIJust Met Its Master

SYSTEMASTER® masters the S-100bus and SBC-1 slaves!

Teletek's SYSTEMASTER® singleboard computer is not only astand-alone computer, but is alsothe master controller for runningmultiuser/multiprocessor systems.

SYSTEMASTER® becomes the heartof a powerful and fast network ofindividual user processors whenused with Turbodos or Micro Mikesoperating systems — up to 16users. RS-422 capability is avail-able when parallel ports are con-nected to Teletek's PSC board.

Teletek's SBC-1, a board designedfor use in high performance multi-processing systems, features 64k or128k of on board RAM, 64k RAMCache Buffer for each user withTurbodos, and 2k FIFO. SBC-1 isthe logical choice for use withSYSTEMASTER®.

SBC-1 andSYSTEMASTER

A powerful combinationfrom the S-100 manufac-turer that always bringsyou the best.

TELETEK

9767 Business Park DriveSacramento, CA 95827 (916)361-1777Telex 4991834 TELETEKDealer inquiries invited.

©Teletek 1982

Circle 446 on Inquiry card

If you use a WordProcessor, you need

QRAMMATlk

Beyond Spelling Checking

Grammatik can find over 15different kinds of common errorsmissed by simple spellingcheckers alone, includingpunctuation and capitalizationerrors, overworked and wordyphrases, and many others. UseGrammatik with Aspen Software'sspelling checker Proofreader,featuring the Random HouseDictionary®, or with your currentspelling checker for a completedocument proofreading system.

Read what the experts say:

"The perfect complement to aspelling checker."

Alan Miller. Interface Age. 5/82

"A surprisingly fast and easy tool foranalyzing writing style andpunctuation."

Bob Louden. InfoWorld, 12/81

"Anyone involved with wordprocessing in any way is encouragedto get this excellent program."

A.A. Wicks. Computronics. 6/82

"A dynamic tool for comprehensiveediting beyond spelling corrections."

Dona Z. Meilach, Interface Age. 5/82

"A worthy and useful addition to yourword processing software."

Stephen Kimmel. Creative Computing, 6/82

Works with CP/M®,IBM-PC®, TRS-80®

Grammatik $75.00Proofreader $50.00

Order directly from AspenSoftware, or see your local dealer.Specify your computer systemconfiguration when ordering!Visa, Mastercard accepted.

Random House is a registered trademark of RandomHouse. Inc. Other registered trademarks: CP/M: DigitalResearch - TRS-80: Tandy Corp. - IBM: IBM --Proofreader, Grammatik: Aspen Software Co.

Aspen Software Co.

P.O. Box 339-B Tijeras, NM 87059(505) 281-1634

Letters ■

learned that a keyboard in ABC order isno more useful for nontypists than anyother layout. It probably doesn't mattervery much what the keyboard is, as longas people learn touch-typing on some-thing standard.

Incidentally, the numeric organizationof a push-button telephone and of a calcu-lator are different, and that doesn't seemto bother too many people.

Ellen Moss Poler78 East Second St.New York, NY 10003

As C. W. Green pointed out in his let-ter in the July BYTE, the Sholes QWERTYkeyboard is not the best—in fact, it wasdesigned to be the worst. The blessedDvorak keyboard speeds typing, reduceserrors, and is easier to learn—so they keeptelling me. How wonderful!

In a craze of improvement last spring, Iyanked off all the keytops on my OhioScientific Challenger IP and put themback on in Dvorak's arrangement. It'sgreat! Too bad I'm too lazy to burn in anew monitor ROM (read-only memory)—but most new software I write can readthis new keyboard.

For input systems using light pens orproximity switches, Edward B. Mont-gomery has found an even better arrange-ment that allows common sequences ofletters such as "the," "and," "-ing," "-ion,""with," etc. to be entered in one smoothsweep of a pen, stylus, or finger. The fullstory is told in the March 1982 issue ofComputer magazine.

The Dvorak keyboard was meant foruse with touch-typing. Otherwise, it is nobetter than Sholes. But touch-typing usesboth my hands! I like to use my left indexfinger to keep track of where I am in alisting or table. Until I grow a third arm, Itype with one hand.

But if I type with one hand, I must lookat the keytops. The keyboard has toomany keys for one hand, so I must watchmy fingers. Montgomery's system also re-quires looking. My eyes have better thingsto do.

So why not invent a completely newtype of input device, not just rearrangethe characters of a standard keyboard,but find a better mechanical system? Onethat can be operated easily with one handand without looking. One that is comfort-able to use. I cannot, however, imagine

what such a device would be like.

Daren Wilson

POB 197

Union Lake, MI 48085

A number of devices are available thatallow one-handed entry of ASCII (Amer-ican Standard Code for Information Inter-change) characters. They generally consistof six buttons; four operated by thefingers and two by the thumb. These but-tons produce 64 ASCII characters direct-ly. A new device has just been introducedin England called the Microwriter, fromthe London-based Microwriter Ltd. It,too, uses six keys, but follows a newcoding based on a character's shape. Thecompany is currently seeking a distributorin the U. S. . . M.H.

Call for Articles

I hereby enter a plea for BYTE todevote an issue to that most neglected ofcomputer topics: maintenance and repair.

In the October 1981 BYTE, I describedour computer at the Poricy Park NatureCenter in Middletown, New Jersey (see"Bridging the 10-Percent Gap," page 264).We have a straightforward system forbusiness, and we run North Star DOS(disk operating system) and BASIC. Thesystem serves our purposes very well.

Our computer is essential, and it's usedover 3 hours per day, 5 days a week for,say, at least 750 hours a year. Since weobtained the computer in the fall 1979,we've had one floppy-disk head crash, anew memory board fail after 6 months,and the original memory fail after 3 years.Three hardware failures in 3 years, notbad. Or is it? We don't know. In addition,every few months some disk block can'tbe read, requiring the use of the backup orsome other technique to get it going again.

Our staff members are not computer ex-perts, and they can't recover bad diskblocks, let alone fix the memory. Wewould gladly pay for a program to salvagea bad disk (e. g., copy all files that areokay), but I've not seen one advertised.North Star won't talk to customers any-more, not even to give advice; it insists wego through dealers. Our dealer moved toArizona, but, thank heavens, he gives ex-cellent mail and phone service.

Is our experience typical? Who repairscomputers? Are service contracts avail-

18 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Display Manager

The competitive edge in applications development.

You can significantly reduce development time andprovide better application programs with Display Managerfrom Digital Research. Display Manager lets you inter-actively design displays faster than ever before, and ensuresthat whatever features your CRT supports can be used bythe program, automatically. Since Display Manager sup-ports most CRT attributes, including flashing, reversevideo, underlining, and highlighting, your program is moredramatic and easier to use, no matter what CRT you use.You can even test a prototype application without a lotof costly and laborious coding. In short, Display Manager

Circle 156 on Inquiry card.

DIGITALRESEARCH

saves time, provides CRT independence and saves memory.

Display Manager works with Digital Research's com-mercial programming languages, Pascal/MT+,™ PL/I-80,™and 03-80,™ the CBASIC" Compiler. Combined withDisplay Manager, they add up to the most powerful pro-gramming packages you can buy. So try Display Manager,the advanced productivity tool that makes your CP/Mcompatible programs better than the competition's. Formore information, call Digital Research, (408) 649-5500

or (408) 649-3896, or write to 160 Central Avenue,

Pacific Grove, CA 93950.

Europe

Vector International Research Park

B-3030 Leuven, Belgium, 32 (16) 20-24-96

Telex: 26202 VECTOR

Far East

Microsoftware Associates

6 Floor A.Y. Building, 3-2-2 Kitaaoyama

Minato-ku, Tokyo 107, Japan, 03-403-2120

Telex: 2426875

Circle 421 on inquiry card.

FOR TRS-80 MODEL I OR IIIIBM PERSONAL COMPUTER

MORE SPEED

10-20 times faster than interpreted BASIC.

MORE ROOM

Very compact compiled code plus VIRTUAL MEMORY

makes your RAM act larger. Variable number of block

buffers. 31-char.-unlque wordnames use only 4 bytes in

header!

MORE INSTRUCTIONS

Add YOUR commands to Its 79-STANDARD-plusInstruction set!

Far more complete than most Forths: single & doubleprecision, arrays, string-handling, clock, graphics (IBMlow-res. gives B/W and 16 color or 200 tint color display).

MORE EASE

Excellent full-screen Editor, structured & modular

programming

Word search utility

THE NOTEPAD letter writer

Optimized for your TRS-80 or IBM with keyboard repeats,

upper/lower case display driver, full ASCII.

MORE POWER

Forth operating system

Concurrent interpreter AND Compiler

VIRTUAL I/O for video and printer, disk and tape

{10-Megabyte hard disk available)

Full 6080 or 8038 Assembler aboard

(Z80 Assembler also available for TRS-80)

Intermix 35- to 80-track disk drives

IBM can read, write and run M.3 disks

M.3 can read, write and run M.1 disks

FORTH

THE PROFESSIONAL FORTH SYSTEMFOR TRS-80 & IBM PC

(Thousands of systems In use)MMSFORTH Disk System (requires 1 disk drive. 32K RAM)

V2.0 for Radio Shack TRS-80 Model I or III $129.95*

V2.1 for IBM Personaf Computer (80-col. screen) $249.95*

AND MMS GIVES IT PROFESSIONAL SUPPORT

Source code provided

MMSFORTH Newsletter

Many demo programs aboard

MMSFORTH User Groups

Inexpensive upgrades to latest version

Programming staff can provide advice, modifications and

custom programs, to fit YOUR needs.

MMSFORTH UTILITIES DISKETTE: includes FLOATING POINTMATH (BASIC ROM routines plus Complex numbers, Rectan-gular-Polar coordinate conversions, Degrees mode, more): apowerful CROSS-REFERENCER to list Forth words by blockand line; plus fTRS-80) a full Forth-style ZS0 assembler(requires MMSFORTH V2.0.1 drive &32K RAM) $39.95*

FORTHCOM: communications package provides RS-232driver, dumb terminal mode, transfer of files or FORTH blocks,and host mode to operate a remote FORTHCOM system (re-quires MMSFORTH V2.0. 1 drive & 32K RAM) $39.95*

THE DATAHANDLER: a very fast database managementsystem operable by non-programmers (requires MMSFORTHV2.0, 1 drive & 32K RAM) $59.95"

FORTHWRITE: fast, powerful word processor w/easy key-slrokes, Help screens, manual & demo files. Full proportionalw/tabs, outdenting. Include other blocks, documents, key-board inputs, & DATAHANDLER fields —idea! for form letters(requires MMSFORTH V2.0, 2 drives & 48K RAM) .... $175.00*

MMSFORTH GAMES DISKETTE: real-time graphics & boardgames w/source code. Includes BREAKFORTH, CRASH-FORTH. CRYPTOQUOTE. FREEWAY (TRS-80), OTHELLO &TICTACFORTH (requires MMSFORTH V2.0. 1 drive & 32K RAM) $39.95*

Other MMSFORTH products under development

FORTH BOOKS AVAILABLE

MMSFORTH USERS MANUAL - w/o Appendices $17.50*

STARTING FORTH - best! $15.95*

THREADED INTERPRETIVE LANGUAGES - advanced,analysis of FORTH internals $18.95*

PROGRAM OESIGN & CONSTRUCTION - Intro, to structuredprogramming, good for Forth $16.00*

FORTH-79 STANDARD MANUAL - official reference to79-STANDARD word set. etc $13.95'

FORTH SPECIAL ISSUE, BYTE Magazine (Aug. 1980) - A col-lector's item for Forth users and beginners $4.00'

* - ORDERING INFORMATION: Software prices Includemanuals and require signing of a single computer license (orone-person support. Describe your hardware. Add $2.00 S/Hplus $3.00 per MMSFORTH and $1.00 per additional book;Mass. orders add 5% tax. Foreign orders add 20%. UPS COD,VISA and M/C accepted; no unpaid purchase orders or refunds.

Sena SASE lot free MMSFORTH informationGood dea'ers sougni

Get MMSFORTH products from yourcomputer dealer or

MILLER MICROCOMPUTER SERVICES

61 Lake Shore Road, Natick, MA 01760

(617)653-6136

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Letters^

able? What are the mean times betweenfailures for memory? disk drives? proces-sors? And how about advice for pur-chasers, such as to forget the 64K-bytememory card and, instead, split memoryon at least two boards so that one candiagnose the other.

There must be lots of people or busi-nesses like ours who have established theirsystem, and whose main interest is not inexpansion or new software, but in keepingthe system running. How about some ar-ticles for us?

Paul T. Brady91 MarcshireMiddletown, NJ 07748

Praise and Advice

Many years ago, we received a compli-mentary subscription to a new magazinecalled BYTE. Not only was the namestrange, but the publication dealt with asubject matter that was a little over ourheads. The subscription lapsed, and theissues which we saved sat on a shelfgathering dust. We threw them out tomake some room about three years ago.

Our business, which deals in the salesand service of professional land-mobileradio-communications equipment, wasthriving, and we were reading about allthe new affordable business computingsystems that were becoming available. Wedecided to do some research into thefeasibility of using a computer in our of-fice. But where do we start?

At that time (about two years ago), Iremembered the magazine with the funnyname and recalled that it spoke aboutcomputers. One thing led to another, andwe have been subscribers ever since. I cankick myself, however, for throwing outthose original issues.

We continue to read BYTE each month,picking up more and more knowledgeabout the fascinating world of computersfrom both the articles (which still are a bitover our heads) and from informationthat we receive through the use of theReader Service cards.

Finally, we bought a system comprisedof an IMS 8000SX computer, an IBM3101-10 display terminal, and an OkidataMicroline 83 printer. These particularitems were selected because we saw themwork, and each seemed to do an excellentjob of what it was designed to do.

Although we were extremely pleasedwith our new system, we learned that wewould literally have to teach ourselveshow to use it. For some reason, all of thehardware manufacturers assume that thepeople who buy their products are com-puter professionals, but this is far fromthe case.

Thank goodness we had learned enoughfrom reading BYTE, and we were for-tunate enough to have purchased thesystem from one of BYTE's advertisers(John D. Owens and Associates), who waspatient enough with us to get us started onthe right track. Otherwise, we might stillbe staring at the machine.

We were eager to start running someapplications programs on our new equip-ment. While a software consultant wasadvising us about various accounting pro-grams, we decided to get one of the elec-tronic spreadsheets to play around with.But which one7

Once again, BYTE came to the rescue,this time in the form of Jerry Pournelle'sexcellent articles, which I thoroughly en-joy and look forward to. It seems thatJerry has the knack of writing a reviewthat doesn't really sound like a review; itsounds more like a story that he is tellingsome friends. He makes for very enjoy-able reading.

In any case, I recalled a recent article inwhich Jerry mentioned Supercalc fromSorcim, so we decided to give it a try. Thefirst thing we found out was that our IBM3101 terminal was not listed as one of theterminals supported by this program, buta quick call to the folks at Sorcim showedthat they really knew their product well,and they were eager to help. The fellowwe spoke to said "no problem," and heproceeded to tell me the few steps thatallowed us to configure the software torun with our terminal. After a fewmoments, everything was working! Thesense of frustration that we felt earlier wasstarting to evaporate, and we werefollowing the well-written users manualthat Sorcim provides with Supercalc.

That evening, we configured our firstset of sheets with the program. We havebeen enjoying it ever since. I think I'mreally going to like this program.

It's a shame that there aren't some clear-ly written users guides that can help afirst-time user learn what to do after plug-ging the equipment into the wall. We aresure that the more popular microcom-puting systems, such as Apple, RadioShack, etc., provide such user guides, so

Circle 470 on Inquiry card. >

QfimfflQK&SQOlfflBttl I

897 N.W. Grant Ave. • Corvallis, Oregon 97330 • 503/758-0521

1,

Never having to type the word

"CATALOG," or trying to remember

how to get from one part

of a program to another!

If you could do these functions, and many

more like them, at the STROKE of a SINGLE

KEY, would you? We thought you would! So,

we invented the Enhancer ][ and the Function

Strip. More than just another lower case

adapter, the Enhancer ][ is an intelligent

keyboard processor. Now characters, strings

of data, commands and statements can all be

stored in your Enhancer ][ for immediate recall

by pressing JUST ONE KEY!

Features that you would expect only on larger

systems now can be yours. EASILY! For

instance, wouldn't you like auto-repeat, and hi-

speed repeat? How about a type-ahead buffer?

Even user-definable function keys are available

for greater input flexibility.

The Videx Enhancer ][ and Function Strip; it

really is the Dawn of a New Era for Apple ][™.

Suggested Prices

ENHANCER ][ 149.00

FUNCTION STRIP 79.00

Package Deal 215.00

Letters^

why can't other companies do the same? Itwouldn't have to be too technical, butmerely some basic information about howto format disks, what the various oper-ating system commands do and how touse them, how to copy and back up files,and so forth. It would also be a fine ideato mention some good practices to follow,such as making plenty of backups oftenenough and how to find out whether ornot you are going to run out of disk spacewhen you would least want to.

In short, we feel that the field of elec-tronics, computers, and, in particular, in-formation handling is a very dynamicone. The manufacturers should realizethat there is tremendous potential in theform of first-time users, if they can comeout with documentation that is boththorough and understandable.

Please keep up the good work and highquality of BYTE magazine. I look forwardto receiving it every month for years tocome.

Jules K. Neuringer, PresidentPortronix Communications Inc.2106 Bath Ave.Brooklyn, NY 11214

Maybe Smoke Got in His Eyes

I read BYTE avidly each month and en-joy it greatly. I cannot resist being one ofthe many (probably) who will write to saythat the music pictured in photo 1 (page447) of the July 1982 issue is not "Homeon the Range," but a modification of thefirst phrase of "On Top of Old Smokey."(See "Tuning Up the 1802," page 442.)This, of course, does not detract from theinterest and utility of Art Makosinski's ex-cellent article!

John B. SchaeferDepartment of PhysicsGeneva CollegeBeaver Falls, PA 15010

Another Name to Drop

As Karim Alim expressed in his letter inthe August 1982 BYTE, I, too, have en-joyed Jerry Pournelle's User's Column.(See "What's the Story, Jerry," page 30.) Ido not, however, share Mr. Alim's con-

cern about not being able to afford theequipment that Mr. Pournelle uses (if hewrote about the machines I can afford,BYTE readers would grow bored withreviews of 10-year-old portable type-writers).

With regard to Mr. Pournelle's name-dropping: I hope that someday Jerry willdrop my name to his friend Adam becauseI covet owning one of Adam's computers,so I have no objection whatever to Jerry'sname-dropping. I also realize thatcoveting is a bad thing for someone in myprofession to do, but honest is honestl

Keep up the good work, Jerry! Mentionmy name the next time you see your oldbuddy Adam.

Roland M. Brown III, PastorRodgers Forge UnitedMethodist Church56 Stevenson LaneBaltimore, MD 21212

Post-WarrantyService Applauded

I read BYTE magazine with what mightbe described as religious fervor, and I'venoticed that the Letters section has recent-ly carried several entries discussing manydisturbing aspects of manufacturers' war-ranties. I would like to describe a verypositive experience that I had with amanufacturer and service center.

About 7 months ago, I purchased anIDS (Integral Data Systems) 560. Theprinter performed well for about sixmonths, when suddenly the quality of theprint deteriorated. Naturally, I found thisdisturbing because I had only used theunit for, perhaps, the equivalent of 40hours of continuous use and the standard90-day warranty had long since expired. Icalled IDS on its toll-free customer assis-tance number and spoke with a technicianwho patiently walked me through severaltests. Though we isolated the problem tosome degree, we were unable to rectify it,so the technician suggested I take the unitto a factory-authorized service center forfurther diagnosis and repair.

I called the service center and set up anappointment to bring the unit by for"walk-in" service on a Sunday. Theowner-serviceman quickly identified theproblem as a faulty print head and hereplaced it. He informed me that the listprice for replacement was about $200, but

he also noted the unit obviously had notbeen used very much and that, in his opin-ion, the failure was probably due to amanufacturer's defect. He volunteered tocall IDS and request that the work becovered under warranty. IDS agreed withhis assessment over the phone.

Needless to say, I am quite pleased. Ithink both IDS and the service centershould be acknowledged for their excep-tionally flexible and fair treatment. I amhopeful that they will set a standard forthe personal computer industry.

Cortis Cooper237 BurleighBangor, ME 04401

Maintenance Concern CoversCanadian Computers

In reference to Lewis A. Whitaker's ex-cellent article "Maintenance Alternativesfor Personal Computers" (June 1982BYTE, page 452), may I offer some infor-mation on a third-party maintenancealternative for BYTE's Canadian readers?Because the maintenance companies men-tioned in the article (TRW, Dow Jones,and Sorbus) do not operate to any degreein Western Canada, BYTE readers may beinterested in knowing that professionalcomputer service is available from Data-tech Systems in nine major cities acrossCanada. Datatech has been in the com-puter business since 1963 and offers bothfield and depot service on a wide varietyof computer products.

Steve Glover, Field Engineering

RepresentativeDatatech Systems Ltd.1095 McKenzie Ave.Victoria, British Columbia V8P 2L5

No Sale—No Support

This is in response to the letter by Mr.William D. Maudlin of Broadcasting/Recording Productions regarding the deci-sion by Apple Computer to discouragemail and phone discount sales of its prod-ucts. (See "No Discount—No Sale," July1982 BYTE, page 31.)

22 November 1982 <§ BYTE Publications Inc

/•*/*T/r/tr/r

•■I

(topd news for micros/sterrcompute- userkl Mffl offers

printers v^ith excellence im p'ice aid

rnarice|. TheI5C featurefort panPrintMate

en mcdel AZ.

and

50

614 b jffer

ding

spperipr

strong

starcptifeatjrejs tjhai di

frbrr

ntMate

E MQSir AEMWCED PRINTER

a factory irjistjillejdceypc

models have an exdep

onal expansion

two

wi

150 mode A

grd.ph

ffe

it^ competitieijfoimer

'A

e lac or/ equ ppec

pectively.

PrintMaie'1'

and

tiate

:h

and persqnaotr v/ide

ncl

50

:ional

d cbth

:he

The 7x9 dot

irole 312 on inqu'ry card

based en

50 eharac-logic seeking

PrintMate

arid Mdespread acceptance of theexcellent PrintMate'lfl150 is baseiji c)nqutsltandhgluser FeaturesFlIGFI SYSTEJM THRUPUT— Iters per second adveneec'rjapact printing w th an ac:el^ra|tejl pjrints|ew rctejand t jrrarourd makesIJSOja aigh speec performer.WIDE CARRIAGE VERSATILITYMa^;r,| I 50's v/ide carnage candate print] lines frcim 1 36 to 123in length find cm easily hdncile forim;3 to I!) inches wide and as I'png as 31inch :s.LARGE SELECTION

of

suffer

rivals

A bold claim? Ttjie

■

PrihtMa

'Softswitci

I6K buffermodels B

ith

■"rihtAWe'1''

set o

fq

or t capabilities,

ad

'ar ced

PitinBMAte

th;

damageperfc

on

aZK

an|d50

The?

charactei sfrorr

e an>3F

matrix allows

PRINT CAPABILITIES

user

Pri

se ecion

ntrlno

head

1x4) serif font

10. Ithe I

ality printingSoftswitch

Th>; PrintMateS\Aitckpl" frochanging formszontal and vecharacte' set.

"is

I IN uk CI

nr I 7 chA-Artf*rK rpi

or I 7 chaadets per

display

nt

t 10 characters pet in

FRONT

I 50 A node

paiel

erigth, print density, loii

tioal abs,A pimple '

rintMate

a pleiis;ntSoftSwiteh'1

PANEL

keypad

■jaud

ScftSwitch

every d

The

inchprfsvijdejs cjocjumerch

CONTROL

fo

rate and

ISOto ih e

respo

the ppefratjing njode ^oiji havenc.s tocoifirn.can t|urrPrin

n its

yo

et,

'SoftSw tcfi

selected andevery entry w th:ion. With the

aff the prin:erpevcn ilin^lug itV\ateT' 150 vyill detainnon-volatile memory,nay l}e added to the PrintMate'1EXPANDABLE PRINT BUFFERI 5p motle s A2 and B2 have pinstalled I6TC buffet. Bon the 4I<model Al ancjl the stahdarc 2I<BHarp optionally expandec in in|to !l6]K. JTht ririntrvlate™ I 50'i ebuffer! allows application ex:ersspeed interleaved printirg .inclgreatly improving tpe!hcst compformance in applications that areDOWNLINE LOADABLE FONTSpowerful microprocessor basedset of the PrintMate™ I 50 allowscharacter set to be developed

custom: host:or¥iputer and dowhldaded to any IpritAt

utet

pr

:9of-

'Xiernallk'

ss.

einty

E rrocjelsrjri ntMatefactoryjfferbufler mpd^lcrementsxpandedfor highsling.; per-bound.

nt

The:otjnman|d

ath

Mate

CRAPHICS

bilit es

P

ajle dotsrescilulion fci>rPrintMate

Turr

imp enheihtefclsjp do tedqatiqnsi pad

CJStom graphs

Spe|cia izid(ielin

easifronh

nnti

Mate

soecarrbilitia:tion

mg

CONSIDER

message

qovynl ne

adv.

ed

carriage

I 50

of

all4f

yDu

and;The

perfbrme' that

microsystem oprices jegirmrtgthe PrhtMaie'in h-nciioi and

t|Pper

characte

ed

gra3h

an-computei

tabl

c edited

ced

ri;ty

friemclyrint/\\£it)e'

jn

20

THEIEATMRF1S

ofers

loadable characrer

ard;uch as Ibgi

pictute graphip

foi

so ma ayosls: grfph

Onlyways

ICS

display font!

logicof

seek

form

se:s;rig!: 1

5 and

SpftSv\

itch

50

s the respor)sivpdrfectll/ rrliates with yourpersonal computer. Withs evident that

model Ovith a 4I< or larger t>uTae sKncarcl g'aphits capa-PrjntMate M 1 5C> nrocels alio'

di>'id jal y address

giving eixdep'fa'ohal

d spejcial cnatacters

AjPPjLlCAtlONS PjAC;KAGJES

pfiic; and display lonts ^ir be

Vk'itli aa extensive line pfnd maintaiaed AP-^ACages ptpvidir.g ;peci|lized

pt $9 3550 \i tr>ece

print ng d

Print

to

high

r

v\r[i

appli-fohts

may

P4per capa

inter

)e

rectly

ge t you

arint

nch wide

uperior

performer

The Printer People

4\inpi

442($Salt

Micro Peripherals, Inc.

Drive017

Phone

Lake

$oqith CeCity1,

ntury

UTr800-82

84 1

1-

8848

TM

ARE YOU STILL

THOUTA MKROBUFFER?

■

' w I

CLEAR

COPY

PAUSE

WHY?

USING YOUR COMPUTER

TO DRIVE YOUR PRINTER

IS A WASTE OF TIME.

While your printer is running, yourcomputer is tied up . All you cando is twiddle your thumbs untilthe program is finished.

MICROBUFFER ALLOWS YOU

TO PRINT AND PROCESS

SIMULTANEOUSLY.

You just dump your printing datadirectly to Microbuffer, whoosh!,and continue processing.

Microbuffer accepts data asfast as your computer can sendit. It first stores the data in itsown memory buffer, then takescontrol of your printer.

It's that easy.

THERE IS A MICROBUFFER

FOR ANY COMPUTER/PRINTER

COMBINATION.

Microbuffers are available inCentronics-compatible parallelor RS-232C serial versions.

FOR APPLE II COMPUTERS,Microbuffer II features on-boardfirmware for text formatting andadvanced graphics dumproutines. Both serial and parallelversions have very low powerconsumption. Special functionsinclude Basic listing formatter,self-test, buffer zap, andtransparent and maintain modes.The 16K model is priced at $259and the 32K, at $299.

FOR EPSON PRINTERS, Microbufferis $159 in either an 8K serial or a16K parallel version. The serialbuffer supports both hardwarehandshaking and XON-XOFFsoftware handshaking at baudrates up to 19,200. Both inter-faces are compatible with Epsoncommands including Graftrax-80and Graftrax-80+. Both are user-expandable to 32K.

ALL OTHER COMPUTER/PRINTER

COMBINATIONS are served by thein-line, stand-alone Microbuffers.(Pictured here, twice actual size.)

Both serial and parallel ver-sions are expandable up to 256K.

The serial stand-alone will sup-port different input and outputbaud rates and handshake pro-tocol. The 32K model starts at$299, $349 for 64K, and 64K add-ons (for up to a total of 256K) arejust $179.

SIMPLE TO INSTALL

Microbuffer II is slot-independent.It will fit directly inside the AppleII in any slot except zero.

Microbuffer for your Epsonmounts easily in the existingauxiliary slot directly inside theEpson printer.

The stand-alone Microbuffer isinstalled in-line between virtuallyany printer and any computer.

MICROBUFFER FROMPRACTICAL PERIPHERALS.

When you think of how muchtime Microbuffer will save,can you afford to not have one?

PRACTICAL PERIPHERALS, INC.™31245 LA BAYA DRIVEWESTLAKE VILLAGE, CA 91362(213) 991-8200

Circle 364 on Inquiry card.

Letters i

I would like to applaud Apple for sup-porting its authorized, full-service dealers.On several occasions, I have lost a sale toa discounter only to have the customercome back to me when his or her discountdealer failed to provide any post-sale ser-vice. My customers do not seem to mindpaying a fractionally higher price initiallybecause they realize that in the long run, ifanything goes wrong, I'm here to help.

I would also like to thank Mr. Maudlinfor saving full-service Apple retailers thetime which would have been wasted on acustomer who seems to find getting a dis-count more important than getting goodservice.

Finally, I would like to say to the full-service retailers of the product that Mr.Maudlin did purchase that if he comes toyou for service, tell him to go see thedealer who sold him the equipment.

Randy Piscione, Sales Representative

Light Computer Centre

1 Yorkdale Rd.

Toronto, Ontario, M6A 3A1

Canada

Letter Off Base

The July 1982 BYTE included a letterabout the Base 2 Inc. printer from VictorUng (see page 16). The letter implied thatBase 2 Inc. could be contacted throughAdvanced Computer Products. This is toinform BYTE and its readers that Ad-vanced Computer Products Inc. is not,and never has been, associated with Base2 Inc.

Tom Freeman, Vice PresidentAdvanced Computer Products Inc.POB 17329Irvine, CA 92713

Gimme That OldBASIC Language

You can keep your Pascal, keep yourAda, keep your C because if I can havethe BASIC described by Thomas Kurtz,I'll be a happy man. (See "On the Way to

THE MULTI-USER FRIENDLY MEMORY BOARD WITH

□256 KilobytesD6 MHZ with no waitstates—most processors

□ Designed to operate in anyS-100 System IEEE or Non-IEEE

□ 16-bit addressing option:Powerful Macrotech Mem-ory Mapping (M3) bank se-lect architecture allowseach 4K block of the 16 bit(64K) logical addresses tobe dynamically translatedto any4K block of the 256Kon board physical memory.

□ 24-bit direct addressingoption

□ "Educated" cycle controlmodule generates all tim-ing on board asyn-chronouslyior maximumaccess speed and uniformoperation

□ Comprehensive technicalmanual with complete in-stallation guide and sourcelistings for MP/M II'"* and"Virtual Disk" solid statedisk applications.

□ DMA operation fully sup-ported in strict accordancewith IEEE 696 standard.

□ 8/16 data transfer protocol

□ Parity error detection

□ Multilayer board and bussignal filtering for noise-free operation.

□ Full one year warranty

If you wish, send a check or moneynrder lor $1,379 (In California add 6%sales lax where applicable).Manual available at S2H.no eachrefundable with order.

'Registered Trademark of Digital

Research Corp.

OEM & Dealer Inquiries Invited

MACROTECH International Corp.,

22133 CohassetSt., Canoga Park,

California 91303

(213)887-5737

In the U.K. call "0621" 828-763

Standard BASIC," June 1982 BYTE, page182.)

That, however, brings up this question:how soon can we expect to see the newstandard BASIC implemented? Obvious-ly, Professor Kurtz's committee has nocontrol over that, but I wonder if BYTEcould poll IBM, Apple, Tandy, Com-modore, etc. to find out when thesemanufacturers expect to release standardBASIC implementations for their com-puters.

Steve Switzer

108 Lequer Rd.

Port Washington, NY 11050

Stick by Ads

Dr. Alan Wilcox recently imploredBYTE to carry only advertisements thatare directly related to computers and com-puting. (See "Stick to Computers," Au-gust 1982 BYTE, page 34.)

Great. I can hardly wait to see thesubscription price rise as BYTE tries tomake up the lost revenue.

I don't care how many pages of adver-tising appear in each issue of BYTE, orwhat products the ads are pushing. If areader doesn't like an ad, he can simplyturn the page.

Michael Truffer, PublisherSkydivingPOB 189Deltona, FL 32725

Program TakesUp CPM's Slack

Steven Zimmerman and Leo M. Con-rad's article describing CPM (Critical-Path Method) and introducing a BASICprogram to solve scheduling problemswas, for me, very timely. (See "Program-ming the Critical-Path Method inBASIC," July 1982 BYTE, page 378.) Ihave modified their program to run on theIBM Personal Computer and am presentlyadding an input/output section moresuited to my applications. To test the pro-gram, I have used, as data, the sampleCPM that appears in "The ABCs of theCritical Path Method," by Levy, Thomp-son, and Wiest (Harvard Business

26 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 259 on inquiry card.

Review, September 1963). I heartilyrecommend this article to those just learn-ing CPM. The program ran flawlessly, butit lacks a feature that I have incorporatedand present here for BYTE readers (seelisting 1).

The Slack Time calculation performedby the BASIC program is the same vari-able as Total Slack cited in the HarvardBusiness Review article. This number isthe total amount of time an activity mayslide without forcing a delay of the overallproject-completion date. Such a number isuseful when tight control can be kept onthose activities that follow the delayed ac-tivity.

However, in the real world, delayingthe start of an activity often affects its costand its duration (due to availability ofmanpower, for example). What the pro-ject manager needs is a figure that in-dicates how much an activity may slidewithout impacting the Early Start Time ofsubsequent activities. This number isdescribed in the Harvard Business Reviewarticle and is known as Free Slack. Bydefinition, it cannot exceed Total Slack

Listing 1

60 DIM A$(D%,2),A(D%,14),SV(12)

1301 REM FREE-SLACK VARIABLE CALCULATONS

1302 FOR 1 = 1 TO M% .

1303 MIM = 99999

1304 FOR 1=1 TOM%

1305 IF A(I,2) = A(J,1) AND A(J,8)<MIM THEN MIM = A(I,8)

1306 NEXT I

1307 IF MIM> 99998 THEN A(I,14) = 0 ELSE A(I,14) = MIM-A(I,9)

1308 NEXT I

1320 PRINTCODE DESCRIPTION USED EARLY EARLY LAST

TOTAL FREE"1330 PRINT" TIME START FIN START

SLACK SLACK"1385 PRINT USING C5$;A(I,14);

LASTFIN

and, most often, it will be less than theTotal Slack.

By making just a few changes to theZimmerman and Conrad BASIC pro-gram, Free Slack calculations can beadded to the already powerful schedulingtool. The revisions are shown in listing 1.

When applied to Zimmerman andConrad's test data, running a normal timeanalysis yields some interesting Free Slacktimes. For instance, activity F appears tohave a Slack Time of 39.7 weeks. Yet the

Free Slack figure reveals that a slide ofonly 23.7 weeks can be allowed withoutaffecting the Early Start times of activitiesM and O. This is not an attempt to provethat either slack-time calculation is themore important. However, having bothcalculations available certainly increasesthe utility of the CPM program.

Chip Getter

21 Bayberry Lane

New Rochelle, NY 10804B

%%*

- Bell 212 compatible—1200 BaudFull duplex120 CPS over any standard phone line

Microprocessor design has invaded the modemworld, Our new 1200 baud modems pack Bell 212compatibility into 10 integrated circuits by farthe lowest parts count of any 212 modemavailable, the extremely low parts counttranslates directly into long life, outstandingreliability and low production costs savingspassed on to you in a lower price.

The Micro Link 1200 features originate andanswer capability. The Auto Link 1200 includesthese features plus auto-answer. Both unitsare FCC certified for direct connection to thephone lines via a standard RJ11C phone jackand include RS232, Self-Test, and a one yearlimited warranty.

Take advantage of higher technology at lowercost. Call for full product specifications andpricing today.

Micro Link 1200 $449* Auto Link 1200 $499*

*Suggested list price, quantity one

U.S. ROBOTICS INC.

I035 WEST LAKE STREET, C

(3I2) 733-D497

The Ultimate

for the

ComboPlus

Maximum 6 Functions (with memory)

• 64K-256K Parity Memory • ClockCalendar (std.) • IBM Compatible AsyncPort (opt.) • IBM Compatible Printer Port(opt.) • SuperDrive™ included (disk >emulator prog.) • SuperSpoof included // -(print spooler prog.)

urtrw.-Mtiftt

I'.'UMIU

v&p-im-iz.zv

£

muimwir

7»-10MZ;2t

Async #1-

t

Printer ,Async #2-^

ftffffl.

&m»

1

optionto512K s

xmrr

•

64K-256KMemory

o-

: -r1»

i

)

f(

'2M

"ptZ-ik

'

"ftXP

Other products available for IBM PC: 1) Bisync Emulation Package;

2) Advance Communication Card (Async, Bisync, SDLC, HDLC); 3) Expansion ParityMemory (64K-256K); 4) Disk++ (memory, Async & disk host adaptor); 5) OriginalMemory Combo; 6) Async Communication Card (1 or 2 ports); 7) Wire Wrap Card13.1"x4");8) Extender Card; 9) Emulation.

IBM is the registered trademark of International Business Machines.

i

dd-On Cards

>C are Here!

I/O Plus

*v

n f r r .• 5 t r r

Tm9

i!!i:;^!M.M!

mm

IfS^"

-■»■■'«-

See Us At BoothNumbers 584-586

111 i 11

ifiimif

Maximum 6 Functions (nomemory) • Clock Calen-dar (std.) • IBM Compati-ble Async Port #1 (std.) • IBMCompatible Async Port #2(opt.) • IBM Printer Port• SuperDrive included(disk emulator prog.)• SuperSpool in-cluded (printspooler prog.)

1

^v.:to?§ui*^

Ml «/U£Wa4««4?

Maximum 8 Functions »64K-512K*Parity Memory • Clock Calendar (std.)• IBM Compatible Async Port #1 (std.)• IBM Compatible Async Port #2(opt.) • IBM Compatible Printer Port'j.\ (opt.) • *512Kwith MegaPak'" option• SuperDrive included (disk emula-tor prog.) • SuperSpool included>' (print spooler prog.) • Splitmemory addressing • Patent■ ' Pending.

Circle 5 on Inquiry card.

Nov. 29-Dec. 2, 1982

Las Vegas Convention CenterLas Vegas, Nevada

R€S€RRCH INC.

2691 Richter Ave., Suite 104

Irvine, California 92714

Telephone: (714) 540-1333

Dealer inquiries welcome.

The Third NCGA and the Futureof Computer Graphics

A survey of the current state of computer graphics.

Drafting Dan never materialized,but a lot of his relatives did.

For those of you who haven't readRobert A. Heinlein's Door into Sum-mer, Drafting Dan was a cross be-tween a typewriter and a draftingboard. And since I've never been verygood at drawing except with a Tsquare, I've always been interested insomething that could do what Draft-ing Dan did. As a result of this, andbecause I'm also interested in film-making, another industry that'sbecoming increasingly computer-dependent, I was especially eager to

Alexander Pournelle

c/o Workman & Associates

112 Marion Ave.

Pasadena, CA 91106

attend the third annual meeting of theNational Computer Graphics Associ-ation (NCGA) in Anaheim last June.Basically, I went to see what thenormal BYTE reader might go for:upgrades for my personal computer,a California Computer Systemsmachine named Helen. I had taken

the first step when I'd bought a $99surplus monitor a month earlier. But Icouldn't afford a Microangelo graph-ics board from Scion or any of theother boards for the S-100 bus, suchas those from Cambridge GraphicsLab or Digital Graphics. I did,however, have faint hopes that some-one would unveil a cheap add-ongraphics system. And there wasanother economic justification: I'maddicted to Atari's arcade gameTempest, and I'd like to save myquarters.

Unfortunately, it took only about

A picture generated on a Raster Technologies graphics terminal. You might see similar computer-generated pictures used asbackgrounds in Revenge of the Jedi (the next Star Wars episode). George Lucas has invested heavily in computer graphics. (Photocourtesy of Raster Technologies.)

30 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

HowtheTl'SS-Hmakesshort workof long problems*

Whenever you can solvecomplex problems quickly andaccurately, you're ahead of thegame. And that's exactly what theTI-55-II does for you. By givingyou 112 pre-programmed functions(like definite integrals), it allowsyou to take short cuts withoutlosing accuracy. You'll accomplisha lot more in less time whichmeans increased efficiency.

With our TI-55-II you cantackle problems you thought couldonly be solved with higher-pricedprogrammables. You're not onlygetting the standard slide rulefunctions but also statistical capa-bilities. This way you can workout linear regressions, permuta-tions and combinations, just toname a few.

The TI-55-II also gives youenough programmability to elimi-nate a lot of repetitive key punch-ing. Our Constant Memory™keeps programs and data on tap,even when the calculator is turnedoff. So once you've entered aformula, you can simply put in thevariables to get your solution. TheLiquid Crystal Display shows your

answers in standard, scientific orengineering notations — clearlyand precisely.

We also help you get themost out of your calculator withthe Calculator Decision-MakingSourcebook. It gives you step-by-step examples of the besttechniques used for solving mathe-matical, scientific and statisticalproblems. And we've included aspecial section on how to programyourTI-55-II.

So next time you're facinganother time-consuming |~Toproblem, cut it down to v tF)size with theTI-55-II. ^T

TexasInstruments

© 1982, Texas Instruments Incorporated.

Circle 449 on inquiry card.

(Data Acquisition and Instrumentation Systems Inter;

To automate your lab—

Exciting new capabilities can blossom in your lab—whenyou automate it with the DAISI family of data acquisitionperipherals for your Apple Computer.DAISI interfaces, from Interactive Structures, turn your econom-ical Apple into a personal electronic lab assistant. DAISI prod-ucts are designed to read instruments and sensors, controltemperature and pressure . . . with reliability and precision,Here's a rundown on some DAISI interfacesAM3,12-Bit Analog Input System—$550

■ 16 input channels ■ 20 microseconds conversion time,AI02, 8-Bit Analog Input System—$299

■ 16 input channels ■ 70 microseconds conversion time,AO03, 8-Bit Analog Output System—$195-$437

■ up to 8 independent channels ■ range and offset adjustable.

DI09, Digital Interface with Timers—$330

■ timing and interrupt capability ■ direct connection to BCDdigits, switches, relays.

Don't settle for garden variety equipment for your laboratoryapplications. Get the best—at a great price. Pick a DAISI!

«s

Call us for the DAISI dealer near you.

Interactive Structures Inc.

146 Montgomery Ave.Bala Cynwyd, PA 19004(215)667-1713

All DAISI interfaces comecomplete with cable, in-structional diskette andcomprehensive manual.

20 minutes to see everything I couldafford. Out of the 162 booths, veryfew were offering affordablemachines. But I thought I might aswell get my money's worth, and I sawthe rest of the show because I may beable to buy something next year;prices seem to be about ready toplummet.

The show's focus was high-pricedmachines and high-budget com-panies; there was little interest in con-sumer graphics. Most of the equip-ment for sale started at $15,000 andwent quickly upward.

Some of these systems were expen-sive vector systems, but the focus ofthis article will be on raster-based col-or graphics. (Raster scanning drawspictures like your television does; anelectron beam scans hundreds ofhorizontal lines from left to right.Vector graphics can draw actuallines—horizontal, vertical, ordiagonal—wherever one is wanted.)

Blueprints Today; Art Tomorrow

Drafting Dan's relatives use a CRT(cathode-ray tube) instead of a draft-ing board. They are known collec-tively as CAD/CAM machines, shortfor computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacture. Airplanes, in-tegrated circuits, and cars are alldesigned with "eraserless easels" thesedays; it was a billion-dollar businesslast year. New CAD/CAM machines,plotters, and printers took up a lion'sshare of the show. And they're still abit too expensive for most personaland small-business uses. Even theApple-based drafting machine wasabout $15,000. But that's going tocome down; my father's first com-puter, Ezekial, cost $13,000 five yearsago. Ol' Zeke can be duplicated forabout $5500 these days.

The major costs of computergraphics are easy to separate: mem-ory, CRT, output, processor, andsoftware (roughly in order of price).The mechanical parts have remainedhigh-priced—as my dad puts if,"Silicon is cheap, but iron is expen-sive." Old machines have graduallybeen replaced by smarter new ones.The plotter and printer are the oldest(and most mechanical) hard-copycomputer output devices. A few new

32 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 225 on inquiry card.

«**■

MM

What if

■m

I run out of memory?

//

Most people do run out of memorywith only 18K VisiCalc* workspace.But you can expand your Apple II*to 177K VisiCalc memory! Youcan also get 80-column display,lower case letters, and hard disk

support—all without buyinga bigger computer.

The Saturn expansion system forVisiCalc consists of a preboot dis-kette, one or more plug-in RAMboards, and an optional 80-columndisplay board. You can put theSaturn boards in any slot. And withall that memory, our software letsyou save files on more than onediskette.

Each Saturn RAM board includesadditional software for other pro-gramming applications. So yourBASIC, PASCAL, and CP/M pro-grams get an extra bonus.

Ask your computer dealer formore details about the Saturnmemory expansion systems. Seehow much bigger and better yourmodels can become!

"VisiCalc is a registered trademark of VisiCorp. Apple II isregistered trademark of Apple Computers, Inc.

SJ7W&1StySTSTftS

INC.

RO. Box 80503990 Varsity DriveAnn Arbor, Ml 48107

1 (313) 973-8422

Circle 401 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1962

33

•Ill

MEDICRL & SURGICAL INTENSIVE CfiRE UNIT

SEPTEMBER 1981

I Chj

MEMORY MERCY TOWN ChlIF GENERAL COMMUNI TV LAND CITY COUNT"!LANE BE COMM HOSP HOSP HOSP HOSP CiIST

EZTJ

45|

- _

.

imniH""—

40 1

OCCUPANCY PERCENT

mi

35

~2

-.=;

] ...

I

1"5

1PI

PRID HOURS ' PATIENT DA

356

150

18a

REVENUE PATIENT DAY

DIRECT EXPENSE ,' PATIENT DA'i

Figure 1: Color offers opportunities for informationally dense diagrams. This is one of the standard graphs offered by Infographics.(Graph courtesy of Infographics Inc.)

devices, like the copier/plotter andmicroprocessor-based miniplotter,have reduced prices. Multipen plot-ters are slow to make solid colors,and color copiers are still expensive.Everyone may like color, but few canafford it.

Color Output for the Masses

Two companies, Infographics andComshare Target, announced acolor-output service from your data;both use the Xerox 6500 laser printerto generate the final images. Thecompanies are after different mar-kets: one is starting a chain of "graphshops"; the other is selling an Apple-only software package that worksover the phone.

Infographics offers transparencies,slides, and prints from your data. Itworks like this. You bring your roughdata to the salesperson/data-entryperson at a local retail store, and youselect colors and graphs from the ex-amples, resisting the more garish col-or combinations. The salesperson

enters your data and sends it to theprinting center, where it's printed andmailed to you (see figure 1). In-fographics offers only pie and barcharts, with data entered manuallythrough a menu-driven CP/M sys-tem. Unfortunately, it can't take diskfiles. Normal turnaround is about aweek. Infographics is negotiatingwith a printing house to offer colorseparations with as little as a 48-hourturnaround.

The other company, ComshareTarget, has a service that starts withan Apple II display assembly/trans-mission program for $175. Called theImage Maker, this package helps youconstruct bar, pie, or line graphs.Although you can use most othergraph packages to make your graphs,you still need the Image Maker tosend them. When you're satisfied,you send your images to Atlanta overa modem, where they are run off asslides, transparencies, or paper copiesand mailed to you. Comshare Targetoffers image enhancement for the Ap-

ple's low-resolution pictures at no ex-tra cost. (This company also sells the$50 "visiclone" package called Plan-nercalc.)

Both services run about $10 a slide,though the cost goes much higher forrush delivery. I think several morecompanies will offer similar servicessoon, although no one would sayanything.

Yes, you can still take pictures ofyour monitor for slides, but theresults are the same as ever. Bad col-or, long exposures, improper fram-ing, and graininess will keep youfrom getting good pictures unless youhave a $4000 monitor and $5000worth of graphics equipment. Eventhen, you won't get results as good asthe commercial services offer. Setup,development, and getting the roomdark enough are also problems forhomebrew systems; if you must havegood pictures, these services areworth it.

The new Videoslide 35 from LangSystems is another alternative; it's a

34 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

A WORD TO THE WISE.

r^^

j^-iv • l'-:, 1

fvi

1

i

^CZK 33C3 ^3^3^3 De ^^^ft ^^HJC1 . IKS' EXZi VSCi^Kl WS

■

^j^^^j^

1 ' iH

^^B

m

Hr1

iiM

HHH

lu Hniimtn «nt uim

i i

iI1

■

zi.i M

■■■■

hi ui fig ft* fit

cmmmKKIm, t

nuu

- krlutKIl

INI lllllni, .'■( I|U rnliy ti.li-if) |V NK

Itl «|lll-tClttlt

Rill ifilMrrrm

mi nitw,

■ m hub wmm wasm warn son

No one gives you more in an economically engineered

smart terminal than Wyse.

These days there's little room forwaste of the corporate dollar. Andthese days the WY-100 smart terminallooks even better when you compareit to the other guys.

You definitely get more from Wyse— the leader in low-cost, high-per-formance, economically engineeredsmart terminals.

To begin with, you get a greatlooking terminal that features diecast aluminum packaging and takesup a minimum of desktop space.

You also get a terminal with anuncanny way of pleasing people. Itcomes with an easy-on-the-eyesgreen phosphor screen. And a fullytilting/rotating display and detachedkeyboard. (After all, one person'sjust-right-tilt is another's not-quite-right-tilt).

When the workload seems impos-sible, horizontal and vertical splitscreen capabilities with independentscrolling allow you to be in two placesat once.

There's more. You get program-mable function keys and transparentprint. Plus 128 characters with upperand lower case, line drawing andgraphics, and a keyboard with 105keys — including cursor pad, specialmode and function keys.

Of course, all of this wouldn't meanmuch if you couldn't count on Wysequality. That's why each WY-100 isput through an extensive on/offtesting program.

On top of that, WordStar® and otheremulations are now available fromyour distributor. Which means youcan automatically get 32 of WordStar'smost commonly used multi-key com-mands fully-implemented on our func-tion keys for faster, easier use.

We think you'll be quite impressedwhen you compare the WY-100 toother terminals in its class. But don'ttake our word for it. Call or write ustoday. We'll send you detailed infor-mation on why the WY-100 smartterminal gives you more. A lot more.

pr

2184 Bering Drive, San Jose, CA 95131(408) 946-3075 TLX 910-338-2251

In the East, call (516) 293-5563.

WordStar is a registered trademark of MicroPro, Inc.UL and FCC approved. fe 1982 Wyse Technology, Inc.

Circle 487 on inquiry card.

See us at Comdex, booth #5156.

BYTE November 1982 35

35mm camera pointed at a smallCRT, designed to make screen copiesfrom nearly any low- to medium-resolution raster system. It producesbetter slides than you can get with aDealin' Electronics bargain CRT andyour Instamatic. It was so new that acamera hadn't been decided on. Aspokesperson said that it would beone of "all the usual suspects."Businesspeople with confidential datamight buy one of these rather thanrisk the services. The Videoslide 35 is

built and shaped like a big brick, willretail for about $2500, and will takethe new Polaroid instant films.

The VT-100 Battle

Most of the machines I saw at theshow were designed almost as stand-alone systems with on-board micro-computers and disk drives. Althoughthe heavy computation still falls onthe host, these machines do much ontheir own. With the number ofnongraphics terminals already on the

• • • TECHNICAL SALES & SUPPORT STAFF • • *

WE OFFER A WIDE RANGE OF CRTs, PRINTERS, GRAPHICS EQUIPMENT, SOFT-WARE FOR ALL SYSTEMS. EACH SYSTEM COMPLETELY TESTED, INTEGRATED,READY FOR PLUG-IN OPERATION WHEN YOU RECEIVE IT. WE TAILOR & CON-FIGURE SYSTEMS TO MEET YOUR BUDGET AND NEEDS. WE WELCOME YOURREQUEST FOR TECHNICAL INFO BY PHONE OR LETTER.

CAD-GRAPHICS 16: Architects • Designers • Engineers • Create, store and editdrawings. Use arrays, zoom, windows. Completely interactive hardware/softwarepackage includes 990016 bit microcomputer, high resolution graphics display, digitizer,plotter. Does the work of a $200,000. system for 810,200. CP/M® optionally available.

IMS 2 yr. warranty on boards! SX systems w/8" or 5Vi" drives, optional 10, 20, or 40

MB Winchesters, built-in tape back-up, Z-80 S-100 bus. 5000 system with integrated

screen now available. On site service for NY quad-state area.MULTI-USER IMS: MPU/slave cards give each user CPU, 64K, 2 serial ports.TURBODOS: Single or multi-user. Spectacularly FAST CP/M® compatible Operating

System. Cuts link/edit time in half. Z80 Code interrupt driven. Up to 6X faster than

CP/M; up to 35% increased disk capacity. For IMS, CCS.

FOX & GELLER, the producers of QUICKCODE and D-UTIL, are enthusiatic users ofIMS multi-user systems with TurboDOS supplied by John D. Owens Associates.

CROMEMCO: 68000/Z80 dual processor systems starting at $4,670.

Also, new Z-80 personal computer w/integrated screen, Model C-10 $1,695.

VICTOR 9000: 8088 business system, 128K RAM. 132 x 50 line screen. Dual 5Vt" drivesw/2.4 MB capacity. Higher res graphics than IBM PC. . . .$4,995. Price includes bothCP/M® 86 and MS-DOS. Interactive business software and word processing offered.

MASTER MAX: Z80 single card computer, 4 slot, S-100, w/dual8" driver- $2,540.

See details in this issue of BYTE, page 318.

LOMAS DATA 8086 SYSTEM: Complete Lomas card set in TEI 12 slot mainframe,

dual Shugart 801s, assembled & tested $3,720.

Options: Double sided drives, 8087 & 8089. CP/M® 86, 86-DOS, Winchester interface.

SEATTLE 8086 SYSTEMS Featuring 86-DOS, the IBM PC Operating System.

SYSTEM L8MHZCPU, 64K Static RAM, in TEI mainframe $2,695.

SYSTEM II: with 128K Static RAM $3,550.

MAX BOX DISK DRIVE SUBSYTEM mfg by John D. Owens Assoc. Dual drivecabinet w/regulated power supply, fan, complete internal cabling. Ready to plug in.W/2 Shugart 801 $1,275. W/2QUME DT-8 dble sided drives $1,605.

S-100 BOARDS OR BOARD SETS: Godbout, Systems Group, SD Systems, SSM,Tarbell, Morrow and others. Discount prices.

Prices subject to change without notice Write or call for product listing

JOHN D. OWENS Associates, Inc.

12 Schubert Street, Staten Island, New York 10305212 448-6283 212 448-2913 212 448-6298

market, though, it's no surprise thatadd-on graphics kits have beendeveloped for some familiar ter-minals.

Probably the most hotly contestedterminal market in graphics today isVT-100 upgrade and emulation. ThisDigital Equipment Corporation ter-minal has been regutted, retubed,revised, and replaced by no fewerthan five companies—if you alsocount the original manufacturer. In-cluded in this group are Data Type,Digital Engineering, ID Systems, andSelanar. Visual Technology producesa VT-100 emulator. The companiesclaim their monochrome graphicsboards ($1000-$1500) can all be in-stalled by sliding in a circuit card.The color modifications require youto send the terminal in for a new pic-ture tube, but allow colorful letters,graphics, and symbols. None of theboards are compatible, so be carefulin upgrading your VT-100 terminal.

A few other terminals, mostnotably the Televideo 900 series, alsohad upgrades on display, but therewas none of the fierce competition ofthe VT-100 upgrade battle.

Consumer Graphics

As microcomputers and memoryget cheaper, the price of the averagegraphics system has gone down.Since no end to the price reductions isin sight, today's high-end is probablynext year's personal. Most people atthe show seemed to think that "JoeBasic" had no more need for high-density graphics than he did threeyears ago for home video recording;fortunately, some companies stillhave vision. Who would havethought that a cheap, low-densitycolor-graphics system—named after afruit—would sell almost 400,000units a year?

Yet I have to agree with those whothink the Apple and the IBM PersonalComputer are dead ends. Neither hasexpandable screen memory; both aretoo dependent on single manufac-turers. The personal graphics stan-dard of the future does not exist yet.

One real surprise at the show: In-telligent Systems Corporation, thepeople who brought you the first8080-based color-graphics system

36 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

these many years ago, is still around.It still supports the Intecolor 8000series, but says it was not a greatcommercial success. This companyalso exhibited a new CP/M-basedcolor-graphics system, the IGS.

Scion had a new Screenware Pakfor a newly revised Microangeloboard; it also showed the Mighty-angelo, a stand-alone graphics/textterminal designed to talk to a hostmachine, and a high-quality monitor.Don't expect to see the Mightyangeloin ads soon; it's designed as an OEM(original equipment manufacturer)machine. Replacements for theMicroangelo using the 8086 or 68000microprocessors might appear byspring.

One significant drop in the price ofa good picture has occurred: Amtronwas showing off its "under $3500"very-high-resolution monitor havinga bandwidth of 50 megahertz—morethan eight times greater than that of ahome television set! This is very goodnews indeed, for no one else offersanything similar for less than twicethe price. Amtron's announcementmay trigger a real price war, loweringsystems prices.

If You Have to Ask,You Can't Afford It

A rule of thumb I discovered at theconvention: anything in a desk startsat $50,000. A few people are trying tocombat this, though. The Electro-Optical Information Systems "dino-saur killer" graphics/frame grabbersystem, based on a Godbout Com-pupro S-100 box, starts below$11,000. (A frame grabber stores oneTV image for later processing.)

Conrac, longtime maker of moni-tors, seemed to be running scared ofthe Japanese manufacturers. Ratherthan its usual one new product ayear, it's shooting for two or more.The Japanese meanwhile showed nosystems (yet), but they did show new"bottles" (as picture tubes are knownin this business).

No replacements for the CRT weredisplayed, though many were talkedabout. Few people seemed to thinkthat CRTs would die. With all thenew flat screens on the horizon, Idon't think replacements can be ruled

out. If CRTs are simplified orsuperseded, the cost of high-qualitygraphics will fall drastically.

The biggest crowds at the conven-tion were around Genisco's Space-graph, a very expensive 3-D-likedisplay. I think 3-D will be useful,though it may take a while (a while,in this business, is defined as longerthan to the next NCC). Geniscoachieves the 3-D effect with a movingmirror. It's a good way to study ob-jects. The system's major fault is

translation to paper, but hologramsshould solve that. No holographicoutput devices yet; maybe at the nextshow.

Trading picture density for colorsis a big thing. It allows you to havebig, less colorful pictures, or smaller,richly detailed ones. The AED512graphics terminal from AdvancedElectronics Design allows three pixel(picture element) densities: 512 by512, with 256 colors; 1024 by 512, 16colors; or 1024 squared, 4 colors. It's

• S-100, PERIPHERALS, DATA COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. *

IBM 3270 USERS - Teletype Model 45

Cluster controllers, terminals, printers.Bisync or SNA/SDLC protocol, local orremote connect. Up to 32 devices on onecluster. Cost effective! Fast delivery!

TTY 40/2 USERS:New 4420 cost-effective replacementavailable. Purchase or lease.

MICROANGELO GRAPHICS

SUBSYSTEMW/LIGHTPEN ...$2,300.

Without light pen $1,930.

Graphics card alone $ 975.

Color systems from 4 to 256 colors.Basic color system (4 colors) . . . .$2,330.

MICRO-CAD: Interactive graphic soft-ware for Z80 C/PM. For engineers,designers, architects. Create, store andedit drawings. Use arrays, zoom, win-dows. Display on MicroAngelo.

HOUSTON INSTRUMENTS

PLOTTERS Standard & Intelligent models

w/surfaceareas of &l/i"xll" to ll"xl7".

DMP-2 ...$ 935. DMP-3 ...$1,195.

DMP-4 ...$1,295. DMP-5 ...$1,455.

DMP-6 ...$1,685. DMP-7 ...$1,865.HiPadDigitizer $755.

TELETYPE Model 4320 AAK .Model 43ASR, 8 level, 1" tape

• • •

. $1,140.

.$2,595.

COLUMBIA DATA IBM PC look-alike.

More features, lower prices. Completely FPC hardware & software compatible &interchangeable. Write for details.

IDS PRINTERS

PRISM 132 color $1,795.

PRISM 132 black $1,395.

PRISM 80 color $1,615.

PRISM 80 black $1,255.

MAINFRAMES, S-ioo.

TEIMCS112 $680.

Paradynamics 18 slot $720.

ECTlOslot $395.

SEMIDISK for S-100 systems. Allowshigh speed access to files normally storedon diskette.512K $1,795. 1MB $2,695.

EPSON MX 80 $515.

MX80F/T ... $555. MX100 . . . $755.

HAYES MICRO MODEM 100 .... $359.

Smartmodem. $251. Chronograph. $224.

PMMI S-100 Modem $349.

PER SCI: Model 299B $2300.

COMMUNICATIONS SOFTWARE

Micro to terminal to micro to mainframeto modem. HAWKEYE GRAFIX . .$500.

IBM PC USERS • • •

SEATTLE RAM PLUS w/FLASH DISK

64K RAM + SERIAL I/O $380.

128K RAM + SERIAL I/O $500.

192KRAM + SERIAL I/O $620.

256KRAM + SERIAL I/O $740.

64K Chip Kit $120.

Each RAM card has RS232 serial port.Boards socketed for easy upgrade. Flashdisk allows high speed access to files nor-mally stored on diskette.

MICROSOFT RAMDrive Allows high

speed access to files normally stored ondiskette.

64K $420. 128K $590.

192K $760. 256K $930.

WE EXPORT

Overseas Callers: TWX 710 588 2844Phone 212 448-6298 or Cable: OWENSASSOC

8080/8086 EMULATOR runs CP/M®on IBM PC. All I/O runs at operatingsystem speed $200.

AMDEK COLOR II MONITOR $810.

CORVUS HARD DISK SYSTEMS6.7MB ...$3,035. 11.3MB ...$4,745.20.5MB $5,695.

PERSYST: MULTIFUNCTION BOARDRAM + 2 Serial + 1 parallel.... $492.

MICROBYTE IBM-1 Five slot expansion t

chassis $805. p

IBM PC add-ons, peripherals & soft-ware. . .Too extensive to list. Please callfor up-to-date listing.

JOHN D. OWENS Associates, Inc.

SEE OUR AD ON FACING PAGE

November 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc 37

Figure 2: Anti-aliasing is a way of making edges look less rough. This is accomplishedby illuminating the jagged parts at lower intensities so that they blend into thebackground. The top figure, which depicts a line without anti-aliasing, looks muchrougher and unnatural than the bottom one, which has it. The Jupiter 7 graphics ter-minal is significant because it does this automatically.

Photo 1: Computer graphics are used most frequently in designing integrated circuits.This image was produced on a Jupiter 7 graphics terminal. The blue grid is for referenceand can be removed by a keyboard command. (Photo courtesy of Jupiter Systems Inc.)

also relatively inexpensive (under$20,000, currently).

In the computer world, a "stan-dard" seems to be established in onlytwo ways: some very large companysells a whole bunch of something, ora number of small companies sell afew very similar things. Every once ina while this rule is broken; such is thecase with the Jupiter 7 graphics ter-minal from Jupiter Systems.

The Jupiter 7 is surprising. It's plug-compatible with the AED512, whichmeans a standard has been estab-lished—without either manufacturerselling very many units. And it hasbuilt-in anti-aliasing (see figure 2 andphoto 1) and two joysticks. Like theAED512 and most of the other bigsystems, it also has expandable mem-ory; you could start with a smallerdisplay and buy upward later on.Jupiter Systems is one of those"grads-to-riches" stories deemed im-possible because of the economy; thecompany literally did not exist twoyears ago. A good example of Amer-ican ingenuity at work.

Another new company, RasterTechnologies, was started a year agoby two Rensselaer Polytechnic In-stitute graduates and now has a fullline of medium-priced raster-screenmachines. It will probably expanddownward soon; its founders realizethe size of the marketplace. SteveCoit of Raster Technologies said itbest when he remarked to me that"the Polaroid Colorpack II of thevideo world is coming."

One of the really amusing develop-ments at the show was the number ofCP/M-compatible systems. Nearlyeveryone, big or small, had CP/Mavailable. I guess the graphics worldneeded a standard, and they chose themost popular. I had thought thatUnix, the much-hallowed system forbig machines, would have cleanedup, yet no one but DEC had a singlemachine running it.

One conclusion I reached beforethe show was over: even more thanother parts of the computer world,graphics people live out of eachother's pockets. The computers, mostperipheral devices, and even many ofthe software packages were the samefrom one booth to the next. So many

38 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 454 on inquiry card.

TTii

IS WITHIN YOUR REACH.

Hr,M=K* sintrlair- inoa

IBffilSffiBSBiEBCBHiHI

FLQ7 UNPIOT HEM HUN PA»IO RETURN If INPUT POKE PRIM"

fflCBGBCBEEIBnilllGini

SIN COS T*n INT UNO STflS CMBS CODE PEE* tab

NEW SAVE DIM CQR GOTO GOSUfi LGA^^ u£T^^ iiLT^—,

fflEEfflffifflEBMHIHIHI

FOR JUST $99'?

TIMEX

Sinclair- iaaa

Now Timex brings you a real com-puter at an unreal price with thesesophisticated features:

• Unique "one-touch" entry of keywords like RUN, LIST, PRINT elimi-nates tiresome typing.

• Full range of mathematical andscientific functions accurate to nineand a half decimal places.

• Graph drawing and animated dis-play facilities.

• Multidimensional string and nu-merical arrays.

• 2K RAM expandable to 16K with

•Suggested retail price.

the optional accessory RAM number 1-800-248-4639 formodule. the Timex computer

• Cassette LOAD and SAVE with dealer nearest you.named programs.

• Advanced 4-chip design: micro-processor, ROM, RAM, plus MasterChip.

• Ability to imbed Z80A machinecode within BASIC programs.

• Full data address and controlbusses access provided.

• Powerful data string-slicingmechanism.

The power of the computer is I TIMF Y fOMDI ITFQQwithin your reach today Visit your I ' "Ylcyv v,v"iru jCl*Jlocal retailer or call our toll-free THE POWER IS WITHIN YOUR REACH

Photo 2: These two images, "Before" (left) and "After" (right), show how NASA uses computers on planetary missions. "Before" is anenhanced picture of Saturn from Voyager I. "After" was created by Dr. Jim Blinn as a precursor to the Voyager II mission to Saturn;this frame from the short film MIMAS — Voyager II Saturn shows Saturn rise as the spacecraft passes near a moon. Saturn wascreated from Voyager and Pioneer mission photos; the moon is random mountainous terrain on a spherical model. The images inMIMAS were produced on an Evans & Sutherland Picture System II connected to a Digital VAX computer and photographed with a16mm movie camera. (Photos courtesy of jet Propulsion Lab/NASA and the author, from Dr. Blinn's ]PL terminal.)

companies were doing the same thingthat several people at the showwondered aloud what kept them all inbusiness.

Real-Time Images

Computers have caused revolu-tions in many disciplines; computergraphics is just starting to. Thegraphics designer who works with acomputer-based layout machine willnever go back to scissors and gluevoluntarily; the animator who isshown how much computers can helpwill want a machine. Hollywood hasstarted using computers in special ef-fects, as seen in Tron (see "Tronic Im-agery" by Peter Sorensen on page48), Star Trek II, and other films.

Surprisingly, no one had even thesimplest game to show off theirequipment. One possible reason:most of this equipment was producedin such a headlong rush that little orno time was left for applications.They will soon realize that games area good way to pull customers intotheir booths; and games on thesegraphics machines could be pretty im-pressive. Most games I've played arevery poor approximations of reality.The line drawings are jagged, and thecolor displays are washed out andblocky. Also, I tire of tactical twist-and-shoot games. I'd like to write

some of my own games software.

The New York Institute ofTechnology (NYIT) and its graphicssubsidiary, Computer Graphics Lab,were talked about in the November1980 BYTE. The cover of that issueshowed a scene from their film TheWorks, a computer-animated feature-length movie, which was supposed tobe out in about two years, i.e., now. Isaw all of The Works at the show; itwas about 30 seconds long. Moneytroubles, I was told. They werehawking a "complete computergraphics animation system" for videotape; when prices go down, you mayown one.

Two of the people who worked onTron have formed their own effectshouse, a company called Digital Pro-ductions. Financed by Ramtek, alarge graphics company, they set upshop in Hollywood a few monthsbefore the show with a Cray-1, theworld's largest general-purpose com-puter, and are ready to generate im-ages for the movies. This isn't the on-ly company doing this, but it is cer-tainly the only effects house with thatmuch processor. They should pro-duce some eye-popping stuff formovies as soon as next year.

Proof that "getting a bigger ham-mer" (or more computing power)produces better images was obvious

at the Ikonas booth where there was acomputer-generated picture of a glasssphere sitting on a table. This pictureis a few years old, but it's amazingnonetheless. The table had a checker-board tablecloth that was reflectedand refracted through the sphere; thesphere even had a shadow; it wasbeautiful. One of the people at thebooth said it probably took one totwo hours on a VAX (a super mini-computer) to generate that singleframe. (Photo 2 shows another imagegenerated on a VAX.) Now you seewhy Digital Productions bought aCray-1.

Forecasts for the Future

I came to a conclusion at the show:I'm going to wait before buyinganything. The future holds the prom-ise of large price drops. I learned agreat deal at the show about personalgraphics, small-business graphics,and the future. Coupled with what'sbeen old hat in science fiction forabout 30 years, I'll make some predic-tions for what's ahead.

The companies to watch: JupiterSystems, Raster Technologies, andFlorida Computer Graphics. Theywill probably expand downward intothe low-priced business market,which most of the big companies ig-nore as too small. Of the manufac-

40 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

BEHIND EVERYGOOD SINCLAIRIS A MEMOPAK

If you own a Timex-Sinclair 1000 orZX81 computer, you should have aMemopak behind it. From increasedmemory to high resolution graphics,Memotech has a Memopak to boost yoursystem's capabilities. Every Memopakperipheral comes in a black anodisedaluminum case and is designed to fittogether in "piggy back" fashion to enableyou to continue to add on and still keep anintegrated system look.

Printer Interface-^ s' Memopak RAMHigh Resolution Graphics

Order at no risk

All Memotech products carry our 10day money back guarantee. If you're notcompletely satisfied, return it in ten daysand we will give you a full refund.And every Memotech product comes with asix month warranty. Should anything bedefective with your Memopak, return it tous and we will repair or replace it free ofcharge. Dealer inquiries welcome. To orderany Memotech product call our toll-freenumber 800/662-0949 or use the ordercoupon.

CORPORATION

7550 West Yale Avenue

Denver, Colorado 80227

(303) 986-1516

TWX 910-320-2917

1 Mail to: Memotech Corporation,1 Code: BYT-n

7550 West Yale Ave., Denver, CO 80227 1

'Price Qty. total

1 MKRAM

$179.95

1 32KRAM

109.95

I 16K RAW

59-95

(Centronics Parallel Primer Interface

104.95

\ RS232 Printer Interface

139-95

' High Resolution Graphics

144.95

| Shipping and handling

4.95

$4.95 1

* All prices quoted in U.S. dollar*

lax** ;

. ** (.olorado residents please add sales taxO Check D MasterCard □ Visa

Total

Pvn

Name

■ Address

1 Cilv

State Zip 1

Memopak 64K RAM The 64K RAM extends thememory of your Sinclair by 56K to a full 64K. Itis directly addressable, user transparent, isneither switched nor paged and accepts suchBASIC commands as 10 DIM A (9000). TheMemopak 64K turns your Sinclair into apowerful computer suitable for business,recreational and educational use. No additionalpower supply is required.

Memopak 32K RAM The 32K RAM Memopakoffers your Sinclair a full 32K of directlyaddressable RAM. Like the 64K Memopak, it isneither switched nor paged and enables you toexecute sophisticated programs and store largedata bases. It is also fully compatible withSinclair's or Memotech's 16K RAM to give you afull 48K of RAM.

Memopak 16K RAM The Memopak 16K RAMprovides an economical way to increase thecapabilities of your Sinclair. And at the sametime, it enables you to continue to add on otherfeatures with its "piggy back" connectors. It iscompatible with the Sinclair 16K or a secondMemopak l6K or Memopak 32K to give 32K or48K of RAM respectively.

Memopak High Resolution Graphics The

Memopak HRG contains a 2K EPROM monitorand is fully programmable for high resolutiongraphics. The HRG provides for up to 192 by 248pixel resolution.

Memopak Printer Interface The MemopakCentronics Parallel or RS232 Interfacepaks enable your Sinclair to use a wide range ofcompatible printers (major manufacturers'printers available through Memotech atsignificant savings). The resident software in theunits gives the ASCII set of characters. BothMemopak printer interfaces provide lower casecharacter capabilities. The RS232 Interface isalso compatible with modems.

New products coming soon Memotech willsoon be introducing four new Sinclaircompatible products: a high quality, directconnection keyboard, a digitizing tablet, a 16KEPROM and a disk drive. Watch for our futureadvertisements.

For More Information

High-resolution monitors ($3500):

Chromatics Inc. (68000-based

The following is a list of the more in-

systems)

teresting exhibitors at the National

Amtron Corporation

2558 Mountain Industrial Blvd.

Computer Graphics Association meet-

5620 Freedom Blvd.

Tucker, GA 30084

ing. Of course, the prices of most of

Aptos, CA 95003

(404) 493-7000

these systems are a hit high for

(408) 688-4445

personal-computer budgets, but these

Electro-Optical Information

prices should drop soon.

Graphics modifications for the Digital

Systems (low-priced image

VT-100 and Televideo terminals:

processing)

Personal-computer graphics boards for

710 Wilshire Blvd., Suite §501

the S-100 bus:

Data Type Inc.

Santa Monica, CA 90401

2615 Miller Ave.

(213) 451-8566

Cambridge Development

Mountain View, CA 94040

Laboratory

(415) 949-1053

Florida Computer Graphics

36 Pleasant St.

1000 Sand Pond Rd.

Watertown, MA 02172

Digital Engineering

Lake Mary, FL 32746

(617) 926-0869

630 Bercut Dr.Sacramento, CA 95814

(305) 321-3000

Digital Graphics Systems Inc.

(916) 447-7600

Intelligent Systems Corporation

935 Industrial Ave.

225 Technology Park

Palo Alto, CA 94303

Digital Equipment Corporation

Norcross, GA 30092

(415) 856-2500

129 Parker St.Maynard, MA 01754

(404) 449-5961

Scion Corporation

(617) 493-4885

Jupiter Systems

12310 Pinecrest Rd.

2126 Sixth St.

Reston, VA 22091

ID Systems

Berkeley, CA 94710

(203) 255-1526

4093 Leap Rd.Hilliard, OH 43026

(415) 644-1024

Add-on color-slide machine:

(614) 876-1595

Raster Technologies Inc.9 Executive Park Dr.

Lang Systems Inc.

Selanar Corporation

North Billerica, MA 01862

1392 Borregas Ave.

437-A Aldo Ave.

(617) 667-8900

Sunnyvale, CA 94086

Santa Clara, CA 95050

(408) 734-3332

(408) 727-2811

The very best in graphics (starting at

$300,000):

Graphics by mail (color-graphics ser-

Visual Technology Inc. (VT-100

vice):

emulators)

Evans & Sutherland (raster- and

540 Main St.

vector-based systems)

Comshare Target Software (Apple

Tewksbury, MA 01876

580 Arapeen Dr.

only)

(617) 851-5000

Salt Lake City, UT 84108

1935 Cliff Valley Way

Atlanta, GA 30329

Manufacturers with mid-priced

Ikonas (raster-based systems)

(404) 634-9535

graphics terminals ($10-20,000):

POB 20011Raleigh, NC 27619

Infographics (retail outlets)

Advanced Electronics Design

201 Shipyard Way, Suite E

440 Potrero Ave.

Newport Beach, CA 92663

Sunnyvale, CA 94086

(714) 675-4385

(408) 733-3555

turers currently in the personal-graphics market, Scion seems morelikely than Cambridge Graphics Labor Digital Graphics to lower priceswhile raising densities.

The production of manuals andtechnical reports is one of the bestuses for computer graphics. Largercompanies and newspapers alreadyuse big computers for this. At leastone service already offers completely

automated typesetting as an adjunctto printing: Wordplay (in LosAngeles) charges $6 to $8 an hour forword processing and $0.10 to $0.50 apage for output. In the future, bookswill be easier to produce; the highcost of typesetting (largely due toretyping) will fall rapidly when thecustomer can provide a disk. It isusually far cheaper to reorganize textthan to retype it.

Someone will synthesize a trulycommon graphics control language, Ihope. (Several were represented atthe show, but no standards yet.) Thefall in memory prices will allow very-high-density graphics machines in afew years.

With the S-100/IEEE-696 bus nowadopted as a standard, familiar S-100houses will bring out new graphicsboards. We will see 64K-byte memo-

42 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 220 on inquiry card.

Actual SizeUnretouched Output

COLOR THAT PEAKS FOR ITSELF

EXPLORE THE WORLD OF COLOR OUTPUT WITH Dot Plot™ grTHE PRISM PRINTER™. When it comes to color sheet and lei

graphics, output quality used to be a function ion Cassette

of price. That is, until Integral Data Systems in- processing atroduced the revolutionary new Prism Printer. and more.

The modular design of the Prism Printer now All Prism 1

allows you to upgrade by modular components, correspondeiincluding the ability to produce brilliant color with our excl

output at a fraction of the cost of any other Mode™, and *

color printer /plotter available today. speed printii

Prism Printer "paints" in strong, vibrant colors Mode™. In adto help display the ups and downs of complex which enable

data quickly, point out changes, show trends, Apple II™ an

and make your point unforgettable, because If you're lc

color communicates. You can produce output quality, at a

quality such as you see in this beautiful ble, chi

graphic representation of the oceanfloor made at Woods Hole Ocean-ographic Institution.

And whether your outputrequires color or not, that's onlyone facet of Prism Printer's up-gradable flexibility. In addition toPrism Color™, there are otheroptional modules for virtually anyapplication you can think of—

PRISM PRINTER™

Dot Plot™ graphics, Auto Sheet Feed for single-sheet and letterhead applications, it's compan-ion Cassette Feeder for high volume word-processing applications, special character sets,and more.

All Prism Printers offer as standard featurescorrespondence-quality output in a single passwith our exclusive overlapping-dot MaiseyMode™, and dual-speed capability for high-speed printing of 200 cps with our SprintMode™. In addition, we offer software packageswhich enable you to print color graphics fromApple II™ and the IBM™ Personal Computer.

If you're looking for a new high in your outputquality, at a lower price than you thought possi-ble, check out the Prism Printer now at

your local dealer. Color that peaks for

~^\ itself, from the innovator in imaging

\ technology, Integral Data Systems.

J^J Integral Data Systems, Inc.

A Whole New Spectrum of Imaging Ideas

Milford, New Hampshire 03055

Telex: 953032

Toll-free 1 (800)258-1386

NH, Alaska and Hawaii, (603) 673-9100

ry chips, and the new 16-bit micro-processors will drop in pricedrastically. I foresee at least one newS-100 graphics board for $1500-$2000rivaling the complete 9-boardMicroangelo graphics system ($9175).It'll take a lot of small companies bycomplete surprise.

New stand-alone graphics ter-minals using the RS-232C interface atlower prices (probably made-overZenith Z-19 terminals and such) andseveral budget-priced (below$20,000) complete computer-animation systems will be unveiledby next year's show. The prices foradd-on color printer/copiers will fallto consumer levels within two years.

Software is going to get muchfaster. Rumors of a drop of twoorders of magnitude in processingtime have been floating about for awhile now. This software shouldcause quite a flap at the next NCGA.Such developments will be added intopersonal graphics soon after they aremade public.

A CP/M-based picture-handling

standard should appear by spring,with provisions for various terminalsand languages. At least one graphics-handling chip, not designed for anyparticular system or company, willappear and make homebrew hay-wires easier. (Since this article waswritten, this appears to have hap-pened with the NEC graphics-handling chip.)

The Far Future (2-5 Years)

A standard for computer mail, textonly, will settle within two years. Itwill use normal phone lines andtransmit at 300/1200 bps (bits per sec-ond). The monochrome-mail graph-ics standard should follow. It maylook suspiciously like current fac-simile. Provisions will be made fortelevision display; at least one TVmanufacturer will announce the ter-minal, TV, frame grabber, VTR,graphics generator, and electronic-mail machine all-in-one console soonthereafter. A color-mail standardmay have to wait a new TV standard,or one of the videotex standards

could be adopted as a color-mail stan-dard.

It is my fervent hope (but notprediction) that a higher-densitytelevision standard can be reachedwithin the next five years. Movies,graphics, and electronic mail wouldbenefit from mass acceptance of adense display. The biggest problem isthe same as for current color TV:compatibility. Just as all black-and-white TVs had to receive color broad-casts, the argument will be made thata current-day set should be able toreceive the new standard. Unfor-tunately, this would mean anothergeneration of lousy sound andabysmal images.

Not more than five years hence, thehome-computer animation machinewill be the typewriter of the amateurmoviemaker. Script and cartoon willbe made on your home computer,saved on your home VTR, and thensent off to your local cablecaster.More than anything before, homecomputers point a way towardgreater individual artistry. ■

The Context MBA is available now at:

California

Computer Cily/Brea 714/996-0800Computer City/Santa Ana 714/549-7749CompulerLand/Almaden 408/267-2182ComputerLand/Belmonl 415/595-4232Compulerland/Burlmgame 415/348-7731ComputerLand/Fremont 415/794-9311ComputerLand/Glendale 213/246-2453Compulerland/Hayward 415/538-8080ComputerLand/Newport Beach 714/975-0953ComputerLand/Pasadena 213/449-3205ComputefLand/Reddmg 916/241-7922ComputerLand/Sacramento 916/920-8981ComputerLand/San Diego 714/560-9912ComputerLand/San Diego North 714/434-7001ComputerLand/San Fernando Valley 213/716-7714ComputerLand/San Francisco-Fmanctal 415/546-1592ComputerLand/San FranciscD-Markel Street

415/864-8080ComputerLand/San Francisco-Van Ness 415/673-6640ComputerLand/Sonoma 707/528-1775CompulerLanrJ/Soulh Bay 213/371-7144ComputerLand/Stockton 209/473-1241ComputerLand/Thousand Oaks 805/495-3554ComputerLand/Ventura 805/656-7711ComputerLand/West Covma 213/960-6351ComputetLand/Wesl Los Angeles 213/559-3353Computer Plaza/Santa Barbara 805/687-9391Gateway Computer Center/Cernlos 213/865-4444Gateway Computer Center/Hunlmglon Beach

714/895-3931Connecticut

CompuierLartd/Danbury 203/748-2300ComputerLand/Fairlield 203/255-9252ComputerLand/HaMfoid 203/561-1446ComputerLand/New Haven 203/288-5162ComputerLand/Stamford 203/964 1224Delaware

ComputerLand/New Castle County 302/738-9656

Georgia

ComputerLand/Atlanta 404/237-0102

ComputerLand/Smyrna 404/577-2449

Illinois __^^_

ComputerLand/Arlington Heights 312/870-7500ComputerLand/Champaign 217/359-0895ComputerLand/Downers Grove 312/964-7762ComputerLand/Joliel 815/741-3303ComputerLand/Lake County 312/949-1300ComputerLand/Napefville 312/369-3511CompulerLand/Niles 312/967-1714ComputerLand/Northbrook 312/272-4703ComputerLand/Oak Lawn 312/422-8080ComputerLand/Peoria 309/688-6252ComputerLand/Schaumbufy 312/843-7740Main Street Computer Co /Decatei 217/429-5505IndianaComputerLand/Mernllville 219/769-8020

The Computer Room/South Bend 219/277-1600General Microcomputer/South Bend 219/277-4972Iowa

ComputerLand/Des Moines 515/270-8400Kaniai _

ComputerLand/Lawrence 913/841-4611ComputerLand/Leawood 913/341-5335ComputerLand/Overland Park 913/492-8882ComputerLand/Topeka 913/267 6530Maine

ComputerLand/Portland 207/774-1309M attachment

Business Data Systems/Hanover 617/878-7888

ComputerLand/Boston II 617/482-6033

Michigan

ComputerLand/Ann Aiboi 313/973-7075

CompuleiLand/Grosse Pointe 313/772-6540

CompuleiLand/SouIhlield 313/356-8111

Computer Mart/Ann Arbor 313/665-4453

Computer Mart/Fhnt 313/234-0161

Computer Mart/Kalarrwoo 616/329-1000

Computer Marl/Lansing 517/351-1777

Computer Mart/Livonia 313/540-3928

Computer Mart/Tri-Cities 517/790 1360

Computer Mail/Troy 313/649-0910

The Computer Room/Grand Rapids 616/949-2802

The Computer Room/Kalama/oo 616/343-4634

Minnesota

ComputerLand/BloominglDn 612/884-1474

ComputerLand/Hopkins 612/9338822

ComputerLand/Minneapolis 612/333-3151

Missouri

ComputerLand/Gladstone 816/436 3737

ComputerLand/Independence 816/461 6502

ComputerLand/St Joseph 816/364-4498

ComputerLand/West County 314/227-8088

Nebratka

Abacus Inc /Omalia 402/345-6020ComputerLand /Omaha 402/391-6716New Hampihire

ComputerLand/Nashua 603/889-5238

New Jersey

CompulerLand/Cheny Hill 609/795-5900

ComputerLand/Morristown 201/539-4077

ComputerLand/Princeton 609/882 1400

New York

ASD Office Systems/Pougtikeepsie 914/473-9400

ComputerLand/Nassau County 516/742-2262

ComputeiLand/New York Cily 212/840-3223

ComputerLand/Suffolk County 516/499-4484

ComputerLand/White Plains 914/328-0144

Dalel Systems/New York 212/921-0110

FulureDala/Ncw York 212/732-3905

Moms Decision Systems/New York 212/742-9590

ComputerLand/Durham 919/493-5402Ohio

Micro Center/Columbus 614/481 8041

Oregon

ComputerLand/Multnomah County 503/295-1928ComputerLand/Salem 503/371-7070CoipputerLand/Porlland 503/620-6170Penmylvania

CompulerLand/Oresher 215/542-8835

ComputerLand/Hamsburg 717/763-1116

ComputerLand/Lehigh Valley-Allenlown 215/776-0202

CompulerLand/Paoli 215/296-0210

Computer Land/Philadelphia

Tennettae

ComputerLand/Knoxville 615/693-8225

Tun

Computer Concepts/Beaumont 713/892-3992ComputerLand/Dallas 214/363-2223ComputerLand/Fort Worth 817/292-7114ComputerLand/Houston Bay Area 713/488-8153ComputerLand/North Dallas 214/235-1285ComputerLand/San Antonio 512/654-4886ComputerLand/Southwest Houston 713/977-0909ComputerLand/Tyler 214/581-7000ComputerLand/Houston Westwood 713/270-1200The Right SluH/Austin 512/454-8721Utah

Personal Business Computers/Cedai City 801/586-2648Personal Business Computers/Sal! Lake City

801/466-4839Virginia

Computer Land/Char lotiesville 804/973-5701ComputerLand/Richmond 804/741-3502ComputerLand/Tyson's Corner 703/893-0424CompulerLand/Woodbndge 703/491-4151Wathinglon

CompulerLand/Beilevue 206/746-2070CompulerLand/Federal Way 206/838-9363CompulerLand/Lynnwood 206/774-6993ComputerLand/Renton 206/271-8585ComputerLand/Seattle 206/223-1075ComputerLand/Tacoma 206/383-4951ComputerLand/Vancouver 206/695-1540

Wathinglon, DC

CompulerLand/Washington DC 202/835-2200

Wiicontifl

ComputerLand/Madison East 608/273-2020

ComputerLand /Milwaukee 414/466-8990

Canada

Computer Marl/Windsor 519/966-5757

44 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 125 on inquiry card.

The Context MBA turns the

IBM Personal Computer into a powerful

management tool.

i*sS$V

«

The Context MBA is a remarkable new softwarepackage that transforms the IBM Personal Computerinto a powerful management tool. C-MBA combinesspreadsheet, graphics, word processing, database andcommunications functions in one totally integratedprogram.

C-MBA was developed specifically for managers,not computer experts. Because it's easy to learn anduse, you can produce results in hours that used totake days or even weeks.

Helps Managers Review, Analyze and Report

Review Information: Tie into your company'scomputer, a financial information service, electronicmail network or virtually any other computer system.C-MBA saves information and lets you retrieve, exam-ine, edit or print it with a few keystrokes.

Analyze Alternatives: Use the electronic spread-sheet to create realistic business models simply andeasily. With the drudgery removed you can work theproblem to the best solution instead of to the point ofexhaustion.

Report Results: Compose, edit and print reports,letters and business graphs. Make revisions yourself,faster than you can explain them to your secretary.Because C-MBA is an integrated system, it's easy toincorporate data from your spreadsheets into your text.

C-MBA Integrates Five Powerful Functions

Modeling: Create a giant spreadsheet of figuresand text. Change one number and every effected fig-ure is recalculated. Search or sort models to quicklyfind the information you want.

Business Graphs: Build pie, high/low, bar, line,area and scatter graphs of data in your spreadsheetIjsing simple graphing commands. Thanks to C-MBA'sunique design, graphs change automatically as youupdate the spreadsheet.

Word Processing: C-MBA's executive word proc-essor makes concisely edited reports easy to prepare.A few keystrokes let you automatically insert tables ofnumbers or graphs from your spreadsheet anywherein your report.

Database: A vast electronic library makes storingand finding information easy and natural.

Communications: C-MBA includes a data com-munications and conversion function which allowsinformation from mainframe computers to be used inyour models or databases. You can even use C-MBAfor electronic mail.*

The C-MBA is sold only by selected computerretailers who have completed special training coursesto help managers get the most fromthe program. AndC-MBA features exceptionally clear, highly detaileddocumentation.

IBM is a trade mark of IBM* Version 1 of the C-MBA will notinclude communications. Version 1 owners will receive a freeupgrade to version 2 which will include communications. TheMBA is currently available for the IBM Personal Computer andrequires two disk drives and 256k of memory. Versions for othersecond generation personal computers are under development.

©COPYRIGHT 1982 CMS. INC,

Context Management Systems

Management Software for Personal Computers

23864 Hawthorne Boulevard

Torrance, CA 90505

(213) 378-8277

Telex: 181149 WEST LSA

SOURCE ID TCA 442

Circle 126 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982

45

Our "almost wholesale"

prices just g2% lower.

lake an additional 2% off

our listed prices, until December 24.

16KRAM KITS 13.95

Se! of 8 NEC 4116 200 ns Guaranteed one year.

DISKETTES

ALPHA DISKS 21.95

Single sided, certified Double Density 40 Tracks,with Hub-ring. Box of 10. Guaranteed one year.

VERBATIM DATALIFE

MD 525-01. 10. 16 26 50

MD 550-01, 10, 16 44.50

MD 557-01. 10. 16 45.60

MD 577-01, 10. 16 34,80

FD 32 or 34-9000 36.00

FD 32 or 34-8000 45.60

FD 34-4001 48.60

DISKETTE STORAGE

5% '■ PLASTIC LIBRARY CASE 2 50

8" PLASTIC LIBRARY CASE 3.50

PLASTIC STORAGE BINDER w/ Inserts....9.95PROTECTOR 5'/<" (50 Disk Capacity)....21.95

PROTECTOR 8" (50 Disk Capacity) 24.95

DISK BANK 5V4" 5 95

DISK BANK 8" 6 95

NEC PERSONALCOMPUTERS

Call Alpha Byte for our low NEC prices.

ALTOS COMPUTERSYSTEMS

Call Alpha Byte for our low Altos prices.

ATARI COMPUTERS

SIGNALMAN MODEM 85.00

ATARI 800 659.00

ATARI 400 (16K) $CALL

ATARI 810 DISK DRIVE 445.00

ATARI 850 INTERFACE 169.00

ATARI 410 PROGRAM RECORDER 75.00

EPSON CABLE 35.00

MEMORY MODULE (16K) B9.95

JOYSTICK CONTROLLER 10.00

PADDLE CONTROLLERS 19.95

STAR RAIDERS 35.00

MISSILE COMMAND '.....35.00

ASTERIODS 35.00

PACMAN 35.00

CENTIPEDE 35.00

INTEC PERIPHERALSRAM MODULES

48K FOR ATARI 400 199.00

32K FOR ATARI 800 85.00

PRINTERS

RIBBONS FOR MX-80 8.95

RIBBONS FOR MX-100 24.00

C-IT0H F-10 40 CPS PARALLEL 1390.00

C-IT0H F-10 40 CPS SERIAL 1390.00

C-IT0H PROWRITER PARALLEL 480.00

C-ITOH PROWRITER SERIAL 590.00

EPSON MX-80 W/GRAFTRAX PLUS SCALL

EPSON MX-80 F/T W/GRAFTRAX PLUSSCALLEPSON MX-100 W/GRAPHTRAX PLUS SCALL

EPSON GRAFTRAX PLUS 60 00

COMREX CR-1 PARALLEL 839.00

COMREX CR-1 SERIAL 859.00

COMREX TRACTOR FEED 109.00

IDS PRISM 80 859.00

IDS PRISM 80 W/ COLOR/OPTIONS 1599.00IDS PRISM 132 W/ COLOR/OPTIONS.1799.00

NEC 8023A 485.00

NEC SPINWRITER 3530 P RO .1995.00

NEC SPINWRITER 7710 S. RO .2545.00

NEC SPINWRITER 7730 P RO 2545 00

NEC SPINWRITER 7700 D SELLUM 2795.00

NEC SPINWRITER 3500 SELLUM 2295.00

OKIDATA MICROLINE 80 389.00

OKIDATA MICROLINE 82A 460.00

OKIDATA MICROLINE 83A 700 00

OKIDATA MICROLINE 84 1170 00

OKIGRAPH 82 49 95

OKIGRAPH 83 49 95

MICROBUFFER IN-LINE 32K 299.00

MICROBUFFER IN-LINE 64K 349.00

MICROBUFFER 64K EXPANSION MOD,.179,00

CORVUS

FOR S-100, APPLE OR TRS-80MOD I, III

Controller,Case/P S ,Operating System.A & T

5 MEGABYTES.. . 2755.00

10 MEGABYTES 3699 00

20 MEGABYTES 4299 00

MIRROR BACK-UP 700.00

THE CUSTOM APPLE 24 95

BOOKS

THE CUSTOM TRS-80 24.95

MICROSOFT BASIC FASTER 8, BETTER..24.95CUSTOM I/O MACHINE LANGUAGE 24.95

APPLE HARDWARE

APPLEMATE DRIVE 287.00

SUPER CLOCK II 129.00

VERSA WRITER DIGITIZER 259.00

ABT APPLE KEYPAD 119.00

SOFTCARD PREMIUM SYSTEM 579.00

MICROSOFT 2-80 SOFTCARD 260.00

MICROSOFT RAMCARD 125 00

VIOEX 80x24 VIDEO CARD 260.00

VIOEX KEYBOARD ENHANCER II 129.00

VIDEX ENHANCER REV 0-6 99.00

VIDEX FUNCTION STRIP 74.00

M & R SUPERTERM 80x24 VIDEO BD. 315.00

APPLE COOLING FAN 44.95

T/G JOYSTICK 44.95

T/G PADDLE 29.95

T/G SELECT-A-PORT 54.95

VERSA E-Z PORT 21 95

MICRO SCI A2 W/CONTROLLER 510 00

MICRO SCI A2 W/O CONTROLLER. 419.00

MICRO SCI A40 W/CONTROLLER 479 00

MICRO SCI A40 W/0 CONTROLLER 409.00

MICRO SCI A70 W/CONTROLLER 629.00

MICRO SCI A70 W/O CONTROLLER.. 549 00

THE MILL-PASCAL SPEED UP 270.00

PROMETHEUS VERSACARD 180 00

LAZAR LOWER CASE + 59.00

MICROBUFFER 11} 16K W/GRAPHICS .259.00MICROBUFFER lit 32K W/GRAPHICS..299.00

SUPERFAN II 62.00

RANA CONTROLLER 114.00

RANA DRIVES 360.00

SNAPSHOT 119.00

GRAPPLER+ 145.00

7710A ASYNCHRON SER. INTERFACE.149.007712A SYNCHRON SER. INTERFACE. .159.00

7742A CALENDAR CLOCK 99 00

7728A CENTRONICS INTERFACE 105.00

APPLE VISION 80-80 COL CARD 329.00

APPLE 8" DISK DRIVE CONTROLLER. .549.00HAYES MICROMODEM 289 00

MONITORS

AMBER 12" 179.00

NEC 12" GREEN MONITOR 179 00

NEC 12 ' COLOR MONITOR 399 00

SANYO 12" MONITOR (B & W) 249 00

SANYO 12" MONITOR (GREEN) 269.00

SANYO 13" COLOR MONITOR 469.00

ZENITH 12" HI RES GREEN MONITOR. 124.00

AMDEK COLOR 1 365.00

AMDEK RGB COLOR II 859.00

AMDEK RGB INTERFACE 169 00

COMREX 12" GREEN MONITOR 165.00

MOUNTAINHARDWARE

CPS MULTIFUNCTION BOARD 199.00

ROMPLUS W/ KEYBOARD FILTER 179.00

ROMPLUS W/O KEYBOARD FILTER 130.00

KEYBOARD FILTER ROM 49.00

COPYROM 49.00

MUSIC SYSTEM 369.00

ROMWRITER 139.00

APPLE CLOCK 252.00

A/D + D/A 299 00

EXPANSION CHASSIS 580.00

RAMPLUS 32K 149.00

S-100 HARDWARE

Alpha Byte is your new S-100 head-quarters! We've expanded our line ofS-100-coinpatible hardware. Here's just afew of the lines we carry:

CALIFORNIACOMPUTER SYSTEMS

2200A MAINFRAME 459.00

2065C 64K DYNAMIC RAM 539.00

2422 DISK CONT & CP/M' 359 00

2710 4 SERIAL I/O 279.00

2718 2 SERIAL / 2 PARALLEL I/O 269.00

2720 4 PARLLEL I/O 199.00

2810 Z-80 CPU 259 00

QT COMPUTER PRODUCTS

18 SLOT M/F W/P.S 430.00

12 SLOT M/F W/CUTOUTS FOR 2-5% "500 0012 SLOT M/F W/CUTOUTS FOR 2-8" 600.008 SLOT M/F W/CUTOUTS FOR 2-8" 550 00

STATIC MEMORY SYSTEMS

"LAST MEMORY" BOARD 64K 500 00

"LASTING MEMORY" PROM PROG 299 00

ADVANCED MICRODIGITALSINGLE S-100 BOARDCOMPUTER

SUPERQUAD 1 ASYNCHRONOUS 724.00

SUPERQUAD 2 SYNCHRONOUS 745.00

COMREX

"THE TIMEPIECE" S-100 CLOCK. . 125 00

SIERRA

COMPUTER PRODUCTS

S-100 PROM PROGRAMMER A/T 240.00

S-100 PROM PROGRAMMER KIT 195.00

S-100 PROTOTYPE MODULE SEMI KIT..90.00

Other S-100 manufacturers include MountainHardware, Cromemco, SSM. Compupro, withmore being added Watch lor our December adfor Christmas specials. It you don't see it here,call us — we'll gel it at our every-day low prices

MODEMS

NOVATION CAT ACOUSTICS MODEM....135.00NOVATION D-CAT DIRECT CONNECT....156.00

NOVATION AUTO-CAT AUTO ANS 219.00

NOVATION APPLE-CAT (300 Baud) 310.00

NOVATION APPLE-CAT (1200 Baud) 605 00

UDS 103 LP DIRECT CONNECT 175.00

UDS 103 JLP AUTO ANS 209.00

HAYES 100 MODEM (S-100) 325.00

HAYES SMART MODEM (300 BAUD)....227.00HAYES SMART MODEM (1200 BAUD) .540.00

HAYES CHRONOGRAPH 199.00

LEXICON LEX-11 MODEM 109.00

SIGNALMAN MODEM W/RS-232C 85.00

TERMINALS

TELEVIDEO 910 639.00

TELEVIDEO 912C 745.00

TELEVIDEO 920C 830.00

TELEVIDEO 950C 995.00

ADDS-V1EWP0INT 599.00

HAZELTINE ESPRIT 510.00

VISUAL-50 GREEN 690.00

TRS-80 MOD IHARDWARE

PERCOM DATA SEPARATOR 27 00

PERCOM DOUBLER II W /DOS 3.4 159.00

TANDON 80 TRK DISC DRIVE W/P.S. .345 00TANDON 40 TRK DISK DRIVE W/P S 289 00

LNW DOUBLER W/DOSPLUS 3.3 138.00

LNW 5/8 DOUBLER W/DOSPLUS 3.4...171.00MOD III DRIVE KIT W /DRIVES 875.00

IBM DISK DRIVES

Alpha Byte's add-on drive kits for the IBM-PC —each kit includes installation instructions1 Tandon TM100-1 Single head 40 Irk.195.001 Tandon TM100-2 Double head 40 trk269 00

46 BYTE November 1982

Circle 18 on inquiry card.

IBM HARDWARE

SEATTLE 64K RAM + 370 00

OUADBOARD 64K . 464 00

64K MEMORY UPGRADE . ...80 00

ALPHA BYTE IBM MEMORYEXPANSION BOARDS

256K W /RS-232C ... .349.00

256K W /RS-232C & SUPERCALC 529 00

S12K W/RS-232C 599 00

512K W /RS-232C & SUPERCALC 749 00

HARD DISKDRIVE SPECIAL

5V»" Winchester, cabinet. PS controller,assembled and tested Attaches to your Z-80 CPUsystem in minutes Runs on Northstar. Heath/Zenith. TRS-80 Mod II. Apple w/ CP/M' . CCSand others Hardware must be Z-80/CPM"system The included self-installing software at-taches to your CP/M" system 6-month warran-ty No effect on your present lloppy disk systemIncludes all cables and installation instructions

10 MEGABYTES. 2370 00

20 MEGABYTES 3180 00

ISOLATORS

IS0-I 3-S0CKET

IS0-2 6-S0CKET

53.95.53.95

BARE DRIVES

TANDON 5V4 INCH

100-1 SINGLE HEAD 40 TRK 195 00

100-2 DUAL HEAD 40 TRK 269.00

100-3 SINGLE HEAD 80 TRK 250 00

100-4 DUAL HEAD 80 TRK 369.00

TANDON THINLINE 8 INCH

848-1 SINGLE SIDE 379.00

848-2 DUAL SIDE 490 00

MICRO PRO

APPLE CP/M®

WORDSTARS 199.00

SUPERSORT't 109.00

MAILMERGE't 60.00

DATASTAR't 162 00

SPELLSTAR't 10900

CALCSTAR-T 109.00

MICROSOFT

APPLE

FORTRAN- 150.00

BASIC COMPILER" 315.00

COBOL- 550.00

Z-80 SOFTCARD 299.00

RAMCARD 139 00

TYPING TUTOR 17.95

OLYMPIC DECATHLON 24 95

TASC APPLESOFT COMPILER 145 00

IBM SOFTWARE

PEACHTREE SERIES 4 269 00

VOLKSWRlTER 145.00

WRITE ON . ... 90 00

EASYWRITER II ...247 00

HOME ACCOUNTANT+ 105.00

VISICALC / 256K 189.00

WORDSTAR 285.00

MAILMERGE 79.00

Call lor additional IBM software prices.

APPLE SOFTWARE

MAGIC WINDOW 79.00

MAGIC SPELL 59.00

BASIC MAILER 59.00

DB MASTER 169.00

DB MASTER UTILITY PACK 69.00

DATA CAPTURE 4.0/80 59.95

PFS GRAPH 89.95

PFS (NEW) PERSONAL FILING SYSTEM.85 00

PFS REPORT 79.00

Z-TERM* 89.95

Z-TERM PROV ... 129.95

ASCII EXPRESS.... 63.95

EASY WRITER-PRO 199.00

EASY MAILER-PRO 79.00

EXPEDITER II APPLESOFT COMPILER 73.95

A STAT COMP STATISTICS PKG . 129 00

SUPER TEXT IILISA 2 5TRANSCEND IIPEACHTREE SERIES 4/40SCREENWRITER IIDICTIONARY

129 0059 95

115 00

269 0099 00

. 79 00

mu MATH/mu SIMPmu LISP/mu STAR

200 00165 00

CONTINENTAL SOFTWARE

G/L . .

A/R

A/P

PAYROLL.

PROPERTY MGMT

THE HOME ACCOUNTANT

FIRST CLASS MAIL

VISICORP

DESKTOP PLAN II

VISIPLOT

VISITREND/VISIPLOT

VISlDEX

VISITERM

199 00199 00199 00199 00399 0059 9555 00

189 00158 00229 00189 0079 00

TRS-80 GAMES

INVADERS FROM SPACE 17.95

PIN8ALL 17,95

MISSILE ATTACK 18.95

STAR FIGHTER 24.95

SCARFMAN 17 95

TRS-80 SOFTWARE

NEWDOS/80 2 0 MOD I.Ill 139.00

LAZY WRITER MOD I.II 165.00

PROSOFT NEWSCRIPT MOD I III w/labels99 00SPECIAL DELIVERY MOD I.Ill 119 00

/ TRA SPECIAL DELIVERY MOD I III 199 00TRACKCESS MOD I 24.95

OMNITERM SMART TERM MOD I.Ill 89 95MICROSOFT BASIC COMP FOR MOD I 165 00LDOS 5 1 MOD I.Ill 119.00

FRANKLIN ACE

1000 1595.00

RANA DISK DRIVE 449.00

RANA DRIVE

CONT. CARD 135.00

C.ITOH 8510

PRINTER 795.00

%

MICROBUFFER 32K 299.00

NEC 12" GREEN

MONITOR 200.00

VERBATIM DISKS 45.00

LIBRARY CASE 5.00

J3523-

Now$2352

VISICALCVISIFILES

!00I 00

CP/M® SOFTWARE

We carry CP/M* sollware in alt popular disk

formats. Call for availability and price.

THE WORD-SPELL CHECK 69 00

d BASE II 429.00

SUPER CALC 189 00

SPELLGUARD 230.00

P & T CP/M1 MOD II TRS-80 175.00

COMMX TERMINAL PROG 82 50

C BASIC 2 96 00

PASCAL Z 349 00

PASCAL MT+ 439 00

PASCAL/M. 205.00

SYSTEM PLUS-

G/L.A/R.A/P.P/R 1799 00

CONDOR I 579.00

CONDOR II 849 00

DIGITAL RESEARCH

MAC 89.00

SID 69 00

ZSID 97.00

PL/ 1-80 439.00

SUPERSOFT

DIAGNOSTIC I

DIAGNOSTIC II . .

C'COMPILERUTILITIES I

UTILITIES II

RATFOR

FORTRAN

APPLE GAMES

PERSONAL SOFTWARE

CHECKER KING 21.95

GAMMON GAMBLER 21.95

MONTY PLAYS MONOPOLY 29.95

BRODERBUND

GALAXY WAR 20.95

ALIEN TYPHOON 20.95

APPLE PANIC 23.61

MIDNIGHT MAGIC 27.26

SPACE QUARKS 24.95

AUTOMATED SIMULATIONS

INVASION ORION 20.95

STAR WARRIOR 31.35

TUES. MORNING OUARTERBACK 25.95

CRUSH.CRUMBLE AND CHOMP 24.95

THE DRAGON'S EYE 20.95

TEMPLE OF APSHAI 31.35

HELLFIRE WARRIOR 31.35

RESCUE AT RIGEL 23.36

MUSE SOFTWARE

ROBOT WARS 32.95

THREE MILE ISLAND 31.61

A.B.M 19.46

GLOBAL WAR 20.95

CASTLE WOLFENSTEIN 23.36

ON-LINE SYSTEMS

WIZARD AND PRINCES 27.26

MISSILE DEFENSE 27.26

SABOTAGE 20.95

SOFT PORN ADVENTURE 23.36

THRESHOLD 31.16

JAW BREAKER 23.36

CROSSFIRE 24.95

TIME ZONE 77.96

H/R FOOTBALL 32.95

H/R CRIBBAGE 20.95

PEGASUS II 23.36

SIRIUS SOFTWARE

SPACE EGGS 23.36

GORGON 31.16

SNEAKERS 23.36

EPOCK 27.26

BEER RUN 23.36

HADRON 29.95

PULSAR II 23.36

EDU-WARE

PERCEPTION PKG 19.95

COMPU-READ 24.95

COMPU-MATH ARITHMETIC 39.95

COMPU-MATH FRACTIONS 34.95

COMPU-MATH: DECIMALS 34.95

COMPU-SPELL (RED DATA DISK) 24.95

COMPU-SPELL DATA DISKS 4-8, ea 17.95

MORE GREAT APPLEGAMES

COMPUTER OUARTERBACK 31 16

TORPEDO FIRE 49.95

THE SHATTERED ALLIANCE 49.95

POOL 1.5 27.26

ULTIMA 31.16

RASTER BLASTER 23.36

FLIGHT SIMULATOR 26.61

INTERNATIONAL GRAND PRIX 25.95

SARGON II 28.95

SHUFFLE BOARD 29.95

FIREBIRD 24.95

SNACK ATTACK 23.36

THIEF 24.95

ROACH HOTEL 27.26

JABBERTALKY 24.95

THE WARP FACTOR 31,16

COSMO MISSION 23.36

WIZARDRY 37.95

ZORK 1 28.00

ZORK II 28.00

DEADLINE 3900

Call our Modem line forweekly specials.

. 69 00.89.00179 0059 0059 00.89 00239 00

MICROPRO

WORDSTAR

285 00

SUPERSORT

160 00

MAILMERGE

95 00

DATASTAR

. 220 00

SPELLSTAR

150 00

CALCSTAR

19500

MICROSOFT

BASIC 80

249.00

BASIC COMPILER

299 00

FORTRAN 80COBOL 80..MACRO 80.. .

359 00419 00185.00

IPUTERPRODUCTS

To order or for information call

(213)706-0333

Modem order line: (213)883-8976

We guarantee everything we sell for 30 days — no returns after 30 days. Defective softwarewill be replaced tree, but all other software returns are subject to 15% restocking lee andmust be accompanied by RMA slip. No returns on game software, unless detective.

We accept VISA and MasterCard on all orders; COD orders, up to $300.

Shipping charges: $3 for all prepaid orders, actual shipping charges for non- prepaids; $3for COD orders under 25lbs. ($6 for over) plus a $4 surcharge; add 15% tor foreign, FPOand APO orders. Calif, add 6% sales tax, L.A. County add 6'/i>%.

Prices quoted are for stock on hand and are subject to change without notice.

31245 LA BAYA DRIVE, WESTLAKE VILLAGE, CALIFORNIA 91362

Circle 18 on inquiry card.

CP'U is a reg irademark 01 Digital Research 'Requnes Z-80 Soflcaid TReg trademark of Micro Pro Iniernanonal Corp fTrademark ol Practical Peripherals. Inc

BYTE November 1982 47

tmam^^^

TRONICIMAGER?

Peter S0rensen

c/o Cinefex

POB 20027

Riverside, CA 92516

"It will remind you of somethingyou have never seen before!" is whateveryone working on Tron says witha mischievous twinkle in the eye. Ob-viously, the statement is an in-joke ofsorts. But in spite of the fact that itseems to describe an impossibility,there is some truth to it. The visualpyrotechnics in Tron have been usedonly briefly before in features—spec-tacular effects developed by the samevisual physicists whose laboratoryhas been that of contemporary televi-sion commercial design and produc-tion. Thanks to them, every person inthe world with access to a televisionset is a connoisseur of sophisticatedmotion graphics techniques. But

About the Author

Peter S0rensen is a Los Angeles-based com-puter graphics consultant who has designedand directed special effects for film and video.He is currently designing computer scenesimulation for a French science-fiction movie.

This article is excerpted from a longer workpublished in Cinefex, POB 20027, Riverside,CA 92516. We'd like to thank its editor andpublisher, Don Shay, for making it available to

Triple-I's glistening representation of themaster control program's exterior.

before Tron, only scant examples ofthese techniques had found their wayinto the cinema.

With the current rage in videogames and home computers, Tron is atimely fantasy. Inspired and guidedby writer-director Steven Lisberger,the plot revolves around the premisethat a separate universe exists in thesoftware of computers which isparallel to our own space-time. Thestory concerns the life-and-deathadventures of a master programmerand video game champ named Flynn(Jeff Bridges), who gets transferred in-to that alien electronic world andmust discover a way out. The soft-ware environment is populated by en-tities that are the alter egos of "users"in the real world, including AlanBradley (Bruce Boxleitner) whoseprogram's name is TRON—mightiestof the electronic warriors—and theunscrupulous Dillinger (DavidWarner), whose surrogate is the evilSark. The software characters are allaglow with electricity that coursesthrough the patterns of circuitry ontheir costumes. They drive or flymany kinds of vehicles which havealso been programmed into the com-puter—some of which were originallyintended for video game use, such asspeeding light-cycles, battle tanks,and flying antigravity Recognizers.

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 49

Flynn puts these all to good use atvarious times as he is pursued andhunted by the enemy. Eventually,Flynn and Tron take a solar sailer,flying on a beam of light, with theever-nasty Sark close on their heels inhis gigantic, levitating aircraft car-rier. Their goal is to get to the MasterControl Program—or MCP—the ulti-mate villain in the film, in order tomake it release Flynn back into thereal world.

For the special effects industry,Tron is a double-barreled break-through in that it makes use of twovery exciting new tools for the specialeffects kit—computer generated im-agery and back-lit, enhanced live-action. Because of this, there seemslittle doubt that Tron is destined totake a prominent place in theHollywood history books, markingthe beginning of a new era, par-ticularly with respect to its computergenerated imagery—or CGI. Nodoubt, later on in this decade we willlook back on the achievements ofTron's electronic imagery asprimitive, pioneering efforts. Butwhile these new imaging techniquesare in some ways rough around theedges, they are the kinds of pioneer-ing breakthroughs that open up newworlds, and against which subse-quent efforts are measured.

"I think," said Harrison Ellenshaw,"that Tron will do for the computergraphics industry what Star Wars didfor motion control." Ellenshaw is theassociate producer on the picture andcosupervisor of special effects. "Thenumber one thing that appealed to mecoming on the film is that it's anoriginal, and it's unique, and it's not acopy. Four out of five films inHollywood are copies of somethingelse." Supervisor of effects RichardW. Taylor, whose personal touch canbe seen throughout Tron's electronicworld, reinforced and elaborated fur-ther. "There has never been a filmthat's used this particular collage oftechnologies. This film really runs thegamut of techniques because we're ac-tually combining two opposites, inthat, on the one hand, the computersimulation is an extremely newtechnology and is replacing verylabor-intensive types of work, and on

the other hand we are doing the back-lit compositing of the actors, whichinvolves handpainting of hundreds ofthousands of eels and as many as 40hand-flopped passes under the anima-tion cameras per scene."

Everybody working on the film hasvoiced the opinion that the credit forthis movie goes to Steven Lisberg-er—"an energy ball," as one personput it. They also point out that hepersisted with Tron despite thecustomary proclamations that itcould never be done. That WaltDisney Productions' new manage-ment perceived the possibilities andput up $17 million for the film is noaccident, because the studio has beenaware for quite a while that it wastime to get back into the pioneeringspirit—and this is a pioneeringmovie.

". . .if you design for

the computer,sometimes you limityour contribution."

"I spent about two years doingresearch on the story, and there werean incredible number of drafts. Oneof the most difficult things aboutwriting Tron was the fact that it was atotally alien environment, wherewhatever ideas one wanted to gener-ate one had to think up from scratch.When you've got a fantasy world,you find that it's incredibly excitingto be able to invent everything; butafter awhile it can almost become anoverwhelming task when you realizethat every single aspect of the en-vironment has to be generated. But Iwas really intrigued with the dualityof the two worlds in the film. There'sthe real world where the 'users' live,and there's the theater of the elec-tronic world. The whole concept isbased upon the idea that for each oneof us there exists a body of informa-tion in the electronic dimension.Whether you're in there through yourdriver's license, or whether you're inthere because you're writing elabo-rate computer programs, somewherein there is you—on the other side.

And the notion is that the two entitieswant to communicate and be in touchwith each other. But that's not alwaysthe way computers are designed.They can sometimes be more orientedtowards a dictatorship, where youcan't reach your information unlessyou go through some master controlprogram who decides when you canintercommunicate with the electronicworld.

"I explored just about every way todo the film that you could thinkof—video composition, bluescreen.We storyboarded the film many timesand eventually arrived at the tech-niques we're using. It was always ourintention to take advantage of thecomputer scene simulation capabili-ties, and I had kept abreast of ad-vances in that area for two or threeyears prior to the writing of the pic-ture. The whole idea was not to go tothe computer companies and say: 'Wewant you—if you're so good withyour computers—to generate a dogfor us. Can you do that?' Well, ofcourse, they can't. But we did knowwhat they could generate. And thewhole notion is that the things theydo—the high-tech vehicles, props andlandscapes that they're capable ofputting out—lend themselves perfect-ly to our video-game land.

"The thing that's interesting to meis that the whole notion of computershas been incredibly barren of anyvisuals. I consider myself a visual per-son, and it was amazing to me thatit's so literary and so filled withnumbers. The first instance that I sawof high technology starting to orientitself to a visual side was throughcomputer games—which is a perfectmarriage. Computer games sort ofcreate a bridge for people to ap-preciate the other capabilities of com-puters."

Although this film is very much thepersonal expression of StevenLisberger's vision, nevertheless, thestylization and designing of the ef-fects, the sets, the vehicles andcostumes has certainly been a groupeffort. And of special note for havingbeen involved in just about everyaspect of the design and the look ofTron is veteran art director and ef-fects specialist, Richard W. Taylor.

50 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

"I was asked by Steve to handle theback-light techniques and to pulltogether a group of people who knewthose technologies, and to invent away of organizing that technology fora full feature-length film rather than a60-second commercial. Initially whenI got involved with the project it was

in the computer simulation area,because very early Steve came to In-formation International Inc. (Triple-I) when he was forming this projectup, and at that time the characters inthe electronic world were going to behand-animated. But he definitelyknew that he wanted to use com-

puters to do the environments. Whenhe originally contacted Triple-I, hewanted a rough test of the computersimulation. The test definitelyshowed the potential. It showed thatit could be done. And it was at thattime I started getting involved inhelping organize the overall film."

5yd Mead created the vehicular concepts for Tron, including the tank and light-cycles, which were then computer generated byMAGI—one of four computer imaging companies involved in Tron.

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 51

Soon after Lisberger secured thebacking of the Disney organization,he brought on some top-notch designconsultants to create vehicles, setsand costumes that would give Tronan especially sophisticated look. Heborrowed Moebius (Jean Giraud)from Heavy Metal to design costumeswhich would take advantage of theback-lighting technique; got airbrushmaster Peter Lloyd to design andcolor many of the architecturalbackgrounds; and brought in SydMead, the dean of futuristic design,to create most of the vehicles andmany of the sets for the film. "Stevenalmost gave them a blank slate," saidHarrison Ellenshaw. "He told them:This is the story. Go nuts and designit!' So they did. That's very rare in afilm. And much of what Syd,Moebius and Peter came up with hasactually been used. We've used 90percent of it, and very little of it gotwatered down or changed."

Syd Mead has been paintingcarefully thought-out visions of thefuture since the 1950s—and those vi-sions have literally helped shape thepresent. He has consulted for manymanufacturers, including Ford,American Motors, Volvo (the nextgeneration of its cars is being in-

fluenced by his suggestions) and theLancia Delta's interior. The Norelcoshaver currently on the market isbasically his design. Rather recentlyhe has been in demand for motionpicture work, starting with Star Trek,then Blade Runner, and nowTron—with more to come.

"I was originally hired by Steveand Don to do vehicular concepts forTron. That included Sark's aircraftcarrier, the light-cycles, tanks—andthe solar sailer, which eventuallyMoebius took over. Once I had gonethrough those and Steve started to seewhat I was giving him, I moved intosome of the terrain ideas—the can-yons that the light-cycles racethrough, the game arenas, and thegraphics on the game arenas. I alsodid interior sets for Yori's apartment,Sark's headquarters, the tank, thesolar sailer and the binocular-like in-side of the Recognizer. For the citycomplexes, Steve wanted somethingvery different, and so we decided tosort of sink them into the terrainlevel—rather than have them builtup—which produced a very sinisterlook to the whole thing. For Sark'sheadquarters we wanted a miniaturearena—which I put on a plat-form—and then Sark's headquarters

is sort of jutting out, a semicircularfixture that revolves around theperimeter of this pit.

"Steve became fascinated with thelook we were getting in the terms ofsolid—sort of solidified—graphicswhich matched the computer capabil-ities and the look of the electronicworld that he was after. He didn'twant to bias me to designing for thecomputer capability. He wanted totake an idea and then confront thecomputer people and see what they'ddo with it. I've worked with com-puter people—having been a consul-tant to Phillips Electronics, inHolland, for 11 years—and I alreadyknew that if you design for the com-puter, sometimes you limit your con-tribution."

Mead's intuition for what thingswill be styled like a decade hence iswhat corporations are looking forwhen they hire him. "What they hireme to do is to provide sort of an 80percent accurate guess about wherethey might be going. This can be aselaborate as working with their labpeople and visualizing an accom-plished engineering concept ormarketing idea. Mostly this is fortheir internal consumption — toenlarge their visual vocabulary 5 to

The light-cycles tear off across the game grid to engage another team of opponents. At this point, the sequence becomes computergenerated, with the high-speed light-cycle footage generated by MAGI.

52 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

10 years ahead of what their produc-tion designers are working on. Thatalso alerts management and cor-porate heads to get ready for whattheir design people might start towork on. Design staffs tend to getvery insular, and design directors thatI've worked for hire me deliberatelyto offset that sort of incestuous in-breeding."

Tron is an example of a film thathad its effects well planned out fromthe beginning. Still, many peoplewere skeptical that it was too am-bitious an undertaking. "That's whySteven had to do a test before thestudio bought the show," explainedEllenshaw.

"We shot on the animation standlike it was an optical printer, in thesense that we were hand-drawing allthe mattes that were required—frame-by-frame, cel-by-cel—and theywere all shot with back-lighting onthe animation stand. Certainly, someof this could have been done on theoptical printer. You could have shotsome of it bluescreen for example, butthat would have been far morelimiting. Considering we have 53minutes worth, it was actually fasterto do it this way. I'd hate to think ofdoing 53 minutes of opticals!

"The 53 minutes of the electronicworld was shot first in 65mm, onDouble-X black-and-white film. Thereason for the large format is to main-tain quality. You take a piece of65mm negative that has beendeveloped and you put it into aphotoroto—which is nothing morethan an enlarger—and you enlargeeach frame onto a 12Vi- by 20-inchpiece of kodalith transparency film.You process it with continuous-tonechemistry, and what you get out iswhat appears to be a black-and-whiteeel with a photograph on it. That isthen taken and a contact print ismade of it on the same kind offilm—but it's processed this time withhigh-contrast chemistry, so what youget is a high-con reverse of the first.Now, if there's a person in the scene,you have to produce a body matte tohold that person out from thebackground. When you make thenegative enlargement, the black linesthat were the circuit designs on thecostumes become clear, so we couldlight them up; but the black behindthe characters also became clear, sowe had to make what we call acircuit-reveal, and to do that youhave to paint out all that clear areabehind the characters. Then you have

to make a matte for the face and thereverse of that—a face-reveal—whereeverything is black but the face. Andthere we just add a little more ex-posure to the face, to make the face alittle lighter than the body. When youput this on the animation stand, youcombine photo elements with at leasttwo eels. For example, when you dothe backgrounds you always have tohave a body matte over it. When youexpose the circuit on the costume,you put down the high-con and thecircuit-reveal. Then you run throughthe one element, shooting it, and youback up the film, run through anotherelement, back up the film, etc.—asmany as 25 passes on one piece ofVistavision film. We never wentsmaller than Vistavision. Since therelease prints are in 35mm Panavisionand 70mm, we shot in Vistavision tomaintain quality.

"It's really beautifully simple. Thecomplexity comes when you thinkabout the volume of work. We have75,000 frames of live-action in theelectronic world. That means wehave 75,000 continuous tones, 75,000hi-cons, 75,000 body mattes, 75,000circuit-reveals. Forty percent of thetime we have face-reveals and facemattes; 15 percent of the time we

Racing along at breakneck speed, the cycles slice into right angleturns without even slowing—but if an opponent fails tomaneuver a turn, or collides with the trail left by anothercyclist, he is destroyed.

Unable to avoid the converging trails of his opponents, an ill-fated light-cyclist is smashed to atoms.

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 53

Robert Abel and Associates employed its vector graphics system to produce a computerized cityscape for Tron's opening title se-quence.

have eye-reveals. And we've got 700backgrounds to worry about—someof which are set pieces that you mayhave to generate separate elementsfor, some of which are computer gen-erated, some of which are painted. Ifyou took all of the elements—notcounting backgrounds—that we usedon the film, and stacked them 5 feethigh, that row would be 58 feet long!I had to figure that out just to see howmuch room we would need to storeit."

Working closely with RichardTaylor was technical effects super-visor John Scheele. Like everyone elseon the Tron project, he described theexperience not only as a uniqueevolutionary development in itself,but also in the context of the Disneyenvironment. "Our challenge as aproduction was to come into thisstudio, with its tremendous history inpioneering animation photography,with all this massive camera equip-ment at our disposal, and get it con-verted over to computer control andto a whole new set of standards.

Steve had spent six months in earliertests just to prove to Disney that theprocess would work, and now thechangeover had to be really pushed.On top of this was the constraint oftime, working against a summerrelease when none of us could ac-curately predict how soon the effectscould be wrapped up. Normally,Disney would allow four years tocomplete an animated film; but Tronhas been thought of more as a live-action feature, even though eachframe of the electronic world is in-dividually handled and rephoto-graphed. Nobody had actually donethis particular process before—espe-cially on a mass scale—and we didn'twant to compromise the quality inpressing to meet the deadline. So myjob has also been to expand the pro-duction base sufficiently to get theshots composited, and still leave timefor reshoots and fixes of problemscenes. At least we weren't trying tojam the shots through opticalprinters. The whole collage of ef-fects—photo eels, inked overlays, ef-

fects animation, backgrounds andcomputer generated plates—were alldesigned to be assembled on theanimation stands to avoid that bot-tleneck.

"One of our key problems from thestart was to find a way to modulatethe intensity curves of the effects dur-ing the picture, so that the viewercould stay with it without burningout his eyeballs! It's one thing to grabsomebody's attention for 60 secondson TV; but that kind of visual blitzwould just be too much over 50 to 60minutes of composited film. So one ofthe thrusts of the effects design was tocreate a dramatic tension in how weturn it on, tied into the story structureand action. Steve made up a map ofascending and descending curves—something we could orchestrate theeffects to—and carefully chose whento pull out all the stops. To ac-complish this, we had to create asystem—with programmer PeterBlinn—for light animation that couldmarry up to the camera stands. Wehad computer controlled stepper

54

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

motors on the camera drive and adissolve shutter that allowed us tocreate intricate curves and waves ofexposure."

The important contribution ofBlinn's was the development of acomputer program that varied the in-tensity of light for the glowing back-lit effects, freeing the camera peoplefrom having to adjust the f-stops on aframe-by-frame basis. "I was workingon graphics on a Cal Comp plotter atMidocean, using analytic geometry invarious incarnations. That experiencein sinesoidal curves helped me towrite a program that controls light in-tensity from one frame to the next ina sinesoidal way, so we can choreo-graph the lighting in a scene. It savescamera work because they just haveto enter a few numbers before theystart the shot and then not worryabout it after that—it just clicks offthe proper exposure, rounded to thenearest thousandth of a second."

The drawbacks of conventionalcompositing have inspired researchinto other ways of compositing im-ages, including digitally with a com-puter—scanning the film elements sothey are converted to an electronicsignal, manipulating and keying theimages into each other, and finallyscanning them back onto film againwith a laser or a high-resolutioncathode-ray tube. But that technol-ogy is still in the experimental stages."Tron could have been done entirelyon a digital film printer," said Har-rison Ellenshaw, "and we wouldn'thave had to blow up the eels andthere would've been no reason tohave inking and painting. The filmprinter could have taken care of thematting. It would've been expensiveto build; but whatever it cost, you'dget that back in one picture. Troncould have saved so much money,and then they would have had abeautiful film printer—and the nextpicture would be gravy! Anybodywho has a digital film printer willhave a path well-beaten to his door.It's going to take some hard work,and then woosh!—all the opticalprinters go into the museums!"

A digital film printer was out of therealm of possibility for Tron,however. "In designing this film and

Digital Effects produced the "Bit, " an electronic companion to Clu, which floats aboutand answers yes-no questions by metamorphosing back and forth from an octahedronto a spiky sphere.

Computer image choreographer Bill Kroyer previews a series of frames at a Chromaticsvideo terminal linked up via telephone to MAGI's master system located across the con-tinent in New York. The images, though low in resolution, allowed Kroyer andassociate Jerry Rees to preview an in-progress shot within minutes of its completion anddirect any desired alterations before the scene was played out in high resolution.

the process to composite it," RichardTaylor explained, "we had togeneralize things down to a series ofgivens that limited the amount oftesting. The idea was to get thingsresolved, get the designs, techniquesand equipment defined, find the rightpersonnel, get the common vocabu-lary of the technique embedded ineverybody's DNA—and then go forit."

Tron was also a very complex proj-ect logistically, principally because of

the frame-by-frame back-lit specialeffects work involved. In order tokeep everything smoothly coor-dinated, a computerized frame-by-frame bookkeeping system of sceneswas employed. Shelley Hinton, assis-tant scene coordinator to JohnScheele, was responsible for keepingthe system up-to-date. "I had to keeptrack of every scene in the film—itsfootage, the elements involved, andwhat was happening to them withineach department. I put together a

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 55

Unique among digital imaging companies,MAGI forms its computer generated sub-jects by adding together or subtracting out"primitives"—geometric solids in a widevariety of shapes and variable sizes whichare preprogrammed into their computerfor ready assembly into whatever shape isdesired.

Triple-I uses blueprints to digitally encode the shape of any given object into its com-puter. Once that has been done, the computer has a three-dimensional representation ofthe object in memory and can conjure it up from any perspective. [Opposite top] Theunderlying database for the solar sailer as encoded in the Triple-I computer. The solarsailer passenger module displayed in vector form on a video screen. [Opposite bottom]The completed solar sailer, with its constituent polygonal facets smoothed out and itscoloration defined.

master log for the entire film, frame-by-frame, and kept track of it in aword processor. I'd get informationfrom the editors and they'd tell mehow long each scene was and what itconsisted of; and from that informa-tion everyone would know what theywere dealing with—whether the scenewas to be shipped overseas for inkand paint application, and so forth.The data was also vital to MichaelFremer who was doing the sound ef-fects electronically, since any changesthat the editors or directors madewere reflected in the log's daily up-date. Once a week I made a printoutof about 24 pages and sent everybodya xerox, just to keep them informedof the changing length of the scenesand of the shooting schedule. Itbecame an organizational mainstay,and everyone in the department re-ferred to it. Without it, there wouldhave been chaos. We started out withcharts that were penciled in andchanged by hand; but the word pro-cessor was really the most efficientway, because everything could be

kept on the floppy disk. If we'd beendoing it by hand, it would have beena mammoth task—it would havetaken a whole team working full-time."

While the back-lit effects in Tronstand out as the most obviously novelthing about this film, the computergenerated imagery may go by theaverage viewer relatively unnoticed.Many will probably think the com-puter generated scenes were ac-complished with miniatures, stop-motion or even eel animation. Butpeople familiar with those techniqueswill immediately be aware that an en-tirely new technique—unlike any-thing else—is being employed, andthat one thing after another is beingdone that would be impossible by anytraditional method. With computergenerated imagery, it is possible tohave an object change its shape with ametamorphosis effect—called "inter-polation" by the computer people. Orit is possible to "really blow-out thepoint of view of the camera," asRichard Taylor put it. "We move it

through objects and fly from micro tomacro positions." And simulated ob-jects can be made to move in any wayat all—unrestricted by pylons ortrack length the way models on mo-tion control systems are. Creatingscenes with CGI is like having at yourdisposal a flawless airbrush artistwho can paint thousands of paintingsa day with photographic realism, get-ting perspective and shading ab-solutely perfect—and without anydiscontinuities in the dimension oftime, either.

The computers that do this workmust be programmed with formulason the nature of light, optics and thegeometry of perspective. They takeall that, and more, into considerationwhen they generate the scenes a direc-tor has asked for. Though it's an in-credibly complex subject to get into,essentially it's very simple. You tellthe computer what the shape is of theobject you want to animate, its color,its motion and where the light is com-ing from—and from there, the com-puter just calculates what that image

56 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

would be, point-by-point across thepicture, and displays it line-by-line ona cathode-ray tube, similar to theway a TV picture is generated, onlyslower and with higher resolution.Said Harrison Ellenshaw: "Once youget into it, even a layman such asmyself—and I certainly knownothing about programming—canunderstand the basic process and howit's accomplished. Then you can getit. But it's difficult to explain Kleenexto an aborigine."

It does not take a crystal ball,

however, to see that this technology,still in its earliest formative stages,will eventually become one of themost important developments in thehistory of media—not only for itsability to do the impossible in termsof special effects, but because even-tually it will be possible to substitutesimulated scenes for locationshooting and expensive sets in allkinds of productions. And while atpresent it is very difficult for com-puters to generate images of organicthings like plants and animals,

research into those areas is advancingrapidly. So it's just a matter of timebefore there will be entire softwarezoos and botanical gardens availableto work with, just as there is present-ly a rapidly growing inventory ofvehicles and architecture.

Some of the first computer gener-ated scenes completed for the moviewere of the light-cycles. When effectsanimator Dave Stephan (who does allof his work by hand) saw them, heechoed everyone's initial reaction ontheir first exposure to CGI: "Whenthose cycles turn the corner, skiddingand tilting and rushing towards thecamera, I thought: 'Wow, that's greatstuff!' I wanted to see more of it; Iwanted it to last all day."

Richard Taylor was involved withthe CGI work from the time Lisbergerfirst came to Triple-I to explore thepossibilities for using digital scenesimulation in Tron. "Other than theback-lit part, my responsibility ex-tended to the computer simulationdesign and coordination, so that it fitinto the whole process and so thateverybody had a common vocabu-lary. This film is really the first full-blown use of computer simulation asa regular production tool. It's not justone little vignette—we did a lot offootage.

"I looked objectively at the filmacross the board, and it was im-mediately apparent that no one of thecomputer simulation companies wasgoing to be able to handle the load.Each has its own hybrid system, andnone of them shares common soft-ware or techniques—each one has itsown way of looking. Plus we decidedthat we wanted to composite this filmin Vistavision, and none of theseplaces—other than Triple-I, whowere starting to work in Vistavisionwith the digital film printer—didVistavision film recording. All of thecompanies had to convert to Vistavi-sion and to our alignment system. Wehad to create a system that everybodyagreed upon; and then we had tocreate our own field charts, anima-tion exposure sheets and everythingelse right down the line. It was justlike building the whole thing fromscratch. Everything from the labelson our boxes to the way we define the

November 19B2 © BYTE Publications lnc 57

names of objects and elements is allunique to this particular film. So 1looked at the computer work to bedone on the film and decided thatwe'd have to break it up among twoor three companies. Then, stylistical-ly, I tried to decide, by the kinds oftechniques the different groups had,who should do which parts. As aresult, Triple-I dealt with the part ofthe film that used the more complexcraft and images, and MAGI (Mathe-matical Applications Group Inc.)dealt with some of the more elaboratechoreography. The load was equallyshared and both companies did asuper job. MAGI did the first half ofthe movie and Triple-I did the latterhalf, because there's a very specificstylistic point where thingschange—from the solar sailer on out.They're leaving the game grid andheading off to the MCP's domain,and the simulation gets more andmore real as you get closer to theMCP.

"With MAGI's system it is quiteeasy to choreograph the object, andwe got motion tests from them veryquickly. There are some limitationsto the nature of the objects that theycreate. As a matter of fact, as a resultof doing Iron, they've improved a lotof things in their systems, because Iasked that they implement somethings like depth-cluing; and theydidn't have transparency. We chal-lenged them to implement and theyresponded.

'Triple-I's system is different inmany ways. MAGI computes thescenes off to tape and then the tapeplays the Celco film recorder. Sowhen it's actually filming it's verydependable. Triple-I has a uniquehybrid system. Everything that is ashaded picture goes through one cen-tral processor and plays that off to ahigh-resolution film recorder. But ithas to process everything linearly,which means that you have to go

Information International's Larry Malonecalls up the face of the master control pro-gram on his computer display terminal.Per Syd Mead's design, the MCP wasfashioned in the shape of a cylinder—re-volving and changing colors as its moodshifted.

58 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

through motion tests, set the look ofkey frames and shoot production onthat system; and so its dependabilityhas everything to do with how it willrun. If it breaks, their productivitystops. So part of their improvementwas to make their equipment moredependable so they could run withoutglitches. In computer simulation thatis the biggest problem—even the bestsystems have glitches, or some otheroccasional artifact.

"Part of my responsibilities inhandling the simulation was toeducate everybody in the film to thepotentials that were there—to makesure that if we were going to make acamera move that we'd do somethingyou wouldn't normally do with tradi-tional miniatures, to keep peoplethinking in terms of what simulationcan do that's different than tradi-tional filmmaking. The thing I kepttrying to emphasize was to use com-puter simulation for its uniquequalities and not to imitate someother reality. Really try and makeboth the design of the objects andchoreography unique to thattechnology."

In order to generate the 15 minutesor so of digital images needed forTron, the two primary CGIfacilities—MAGI and Triple-I—werekept working full-time on the projectfor the better part of a year. In addi-tion, two other companies suppliedcameo CGI scenes—Robert Abel andAssociates, who produced the open-ing title sequence and the transition tothe electronic world; and DigitalEffects Inc., who did the "Bit," a littlegeometric sidekick that floats aroundaccompanying the hero in the tankbattle sequences.

Scene coordinator Deena Burkettwas in charge of the scenes in which itappears. "The Bit is a character whofloats around inside the tank withClu—Jeff Bridges. And Clu talks tothe Bit while he's driving aroundfighting bad guys. The Bit is alwayschanging back and forth between twogeometric shapes that mean 'yes' and'no.' To answer questions he stopschanging for a moment—the octahe-dron shape means 'yes' and the spikyshape means 'no'—but most of thetime he's floating around just mum-

Both Triple-I and MAGI produced computer generated still photographs for use asbackgrounds in some of the back-lit sequences. While MAGl's generally had to beenlarged from Vistavision format and airbrushed, Triple-I's—which could be playedout in a larger 4 by 5 format—were able to be used without modification. For a se-quence in which the MCP—in polygonal facet form—communicates with Sark aboardhis carrier, Triple-I generated a series of 16 slightly different background plates whichcould be enlarged onto kodalith eels and then alternated from frame to frame, usingstandard eel animation techniques, to suggest that the character was speaking.

bling to himself. Originally, the Bitlooked something like a billiard ball,but as time went on we realized thatit's hard to make a sphere show ex-pressions. The final design for the Bitwas worked out by Richard Taylorand animator John Norton, who waswith the Bit from the beginning whenSyd Mead first came up with theidea."

Along with all his other duties,Richard Taylor designed the Tronlogo and opening title animation thatwas done at Robert Abel's. "I felt thatwe needed a symbol for this film thatwas a new-looking logo. Syd Meadand I designed the typeface; andwhen we were all happy with it, Istoryboarded the title sequence. Hav-ing worked at Abel's and knowingtheir capabilities and having greatrespect for them, I wanted to do somework there. I knew there were certainthings they could do that would justfit perfectly into the style of themovie. So when I storyboarded theopening title sequence, I didn't try tofit a square peg into a round hole. I

didn't want them to invent too manynew things—I just wanted to nail it.You do these things as directly aspossible because you don't have theluxury of fiddling around with everylittle detail when you're doing afeature of this size."

Syd Mead, on the other hand,prefers to intentionally ignore theneeds of the computer graphicssystems when he designs things forthem to generate, because he feelsthat it's important to force the com-puter (and its programmers) into newareas of stylization. Having paidscant attention to the computer'sneeds, Mead expected it might wellhave difficulties with his designs."The surprise was that the tank wentthrough very smoothly, because it'sessentially a rectilinear solid withrounded edges and MAGI has a pro-gram that they can apply to the edgeswhich just sweeps off the corners witha constant radius. The light-cycles,on the other hand, were very dif-ficult—matching what is essentially arounded blade shape onto a ball

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 59

which is the front wheel. One of theproblems with generating computersimulated scenes is that the morecomplex the 3-D structure is, themore expensive it is to create it. So indesigning for these systems one triesto avoid the kind of complex 3-Ddetailing that is currently popular inminiatures. We didn't want to get in-to designing 3-D niches, nooks andcrannies. The problem was to getvisual texture without getting reallyvery complicated. So, I introducedflat, optical-scanner-like bar graph-ics—the kind you find on packages inthe supermarket—as the answer. Iknew they would be familiar to theaudience. We used them in the chan-nels. They infer a right-left bias to thechannels, presumably for the benefitof the vehicles."

Just as the back-lit portions of Tronwere so complex that they requiredseveral scene coordinators to sharethe creative and organizational work,so also the 15 minutes worth of com-puter generated scenes required twopeople functioning as CGI choreog-raphers, to plan the action and settingfor those scenes. Starting with thevehicles and objects designed by SydMead and the others, and workingclosely with Steven Lisberger andRichard Taylor, were two young ex-plorers of visual dynamics with im-pressive backgrounds in eel anima-tion—Jerry Rees and Bill Kroyer.Their highly developed sense of mo-tion and the other subtleties that gointo classical animation made themwell-suited to the task of choreo-graphing the action in the synthesizedenvironments created by the digitalpainting machines. Kroyer, who wasthe animation director of Animal-ympics, was with Tron from the verybeginning. Before that, he hadworked for several years doinganimated commercials, and for awhile he was with Disney, workingon The Fox and the Hound. It wasthen that he met Jerry Rees, who hadearlier worked on Pete's Dragon andThe Small One, and who had beendoing top-quality animation since hebegan at Disney's as a teenager.

"Tron is setting some precedentsthat will be springboards for a lot ofspin-off developments," Rees predict-

ed. "Computers are so exciting—thehorizons are endless. I think they arethe most significant thing that's comealong, because with them there arefewer steps between the artist and thefilm. It seems like the artists are get-ting closer to the final product withthis new technology."

Because the Tron project was sobig, the studio was forced to bringseveral large trailers on the lot foradditional work space. Kroyer andRees worked in one of these tem-porary studios, where they had theirdesks, some basic drawing tools, andmost importantly a computer displayterminal that hooked up with the bigcomputer at MAGI—located acrossthe continent, in Elmsford, NewYork.

With computers, there

are fewer steps

between the artist and

the film.

"The terminal was a Chromatics9000," Bill Kroyer explained,"hooked up by a phone modem thatreceived binary signals over thephone lines from a modem on thecomputer at the MAGI facility. Theircomputer generated the binary blipsthat the images consisted of; and withthe phone hook-up it sent those blipsto us and our Chromatics reproducedthe digital picture. We couldn't doany programming on the Chromat-ics—it functioned just as a monitor toreceive and view the animation com-ing from MAGI. We could change thespeed of the animation and view it indifferent ways, but we couldn't ac-tually create the scene.

"To plan a scene, Jerry and Iworked out the basic action of a se-quence with storyboards. We'd goover it with Steve, and then breakdown the scenes into animationframes. We'd do rough storyboardsof all the main poses within the scenesso that the computer operators couldunderstand the look we were goingfor and the action. But we'd give amuch more detailed description of thescene by outlining the speed of the

objects, the architecture, the environ-ment, the lighting, color and texture.We defined everything in thescene—every movement, every colorand every action we completelywrote out in terms of distance, direc-tion and time. The computer opera-tors were then able to take all thosethings and translate them into cold,hard numbers. After that, their com-puter would send our computer alow-resolution test, generated withjust 80 scan lines of resolution. Thetests looked kind of blocky, but wecould see enough to tell if the staging,action and timing were what weasked for. It's a very inexpensive wayto look at the scene because the com-puter doesn't have to generate severalmillion pixels as it would have to doon a high-resolution picture. Since itis such a very low resolution and thecomputer is generating so few pixels,it is possible for it to send those fewpixels over the phone line fairlyquickly, so we could view the testsalmost immediately on our terminal."But we didn't have this displayterminal system when we started onthe movie. In those days, MAGIwould photograph the tests on black-and-white film, send them to usthrough the mail; we'd view them,call MAGI on the phone and react tothem; MAGI would then film a cor-rection, send that to the lab, get itback, send it to us; and then usuallyat that point we would be ready to gofor a 'hero,' or high-resolution. So fora typical scene we might have four orfive days between the initial test andthe okay for final high-res. But withour Chromatics, they'd put theirphone in the modem device and im-mediately send us the low-resolutionscene. It'd usually take about an hourfor our terminal to receive andtranslate the blips into all the frameswe needed. Then we'd punch a buttonand view the scene, and we'd callthem back and react to it. We'd givethem the corrections, and then they'dimmediately program the correctionsand send us the scene again. So in amatter of four or five hours we'd havea chance to see and respond to thescene twice—which was usually all ittook for us to go for a hero. As aresult, we cut our time down from

60

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

The ultimate under $1000 printing machine.

SKgp«*N*

Theone machine solutionto every application.

For word processing, plottingand just plain printing.

Save the expense of a costly daisywheel. Eliminate the limited capa-bility of cheap matrix printers. Andget plotting in the process!! Get theall new, advanced MT160 multi-functional micro printer. You'll beamazed that such a small printercan house so much horsepower.

Capability? You name it, thisprinter's got it. A resident ReportPackage puts you in the WordProcessing world... letter qualitycharacters, proportional spacing,margin justification, auto center-ing. A resident Graphics Package

lets you plot whatever your microwants to portray. The standardprint mode lets you generate re-ports fast—speeds up to 200 linesper minute. Also, print eight diffe-rent resident character widths.There's more. Clip-on paperhandling attachments let you usefan-fold forms, letterhead, cutsheets or continuous roll paper.The control panel has a "menuselect" for machine configuration.When you look under the hood,you'll see what is meant by "solidconstruction." And the MT 160 is

plug compatible to your micro.

In short, the MT 160 is theepitome of engineering excel-lence. And it should be. Afterall,Mannesmann Tally is the technol-ogy leader in matrix printing.

MANNESMANNTALLY

8301 South 180th St.Kent, Washington 98032Phone (206) 251-5524

IN DISTRIBUTION NOW!

SYSPRINT: (214) 669-3666WAYBERN: (714) 554-8200US PLUS: (203) 234-0444

Circle 263 on inquiry card.

PGI DISTRIBUTION: (602) 967-1421HALL-MARK: (214) 341-1147WESTERN TECHNOLOGY: (303) 779-6644TEK-AIDS INDUSTRIES: (312) 870-7400

BYTE: (415) 783-8272

WESTERN MICRO SYSTEMS: (408) 725-1660

MANNESMANN TALLY CANADA: (416)661-9783

>U SAVE WHEN WE BUY FOR YOU

YOUR AGENT. We are a commercial buyingJpany. Our fee is one-fourth of what we save you off list price.

We offer:

• Better prices • Full service and support

• Exporting • Access to 500 manufacturers

• Leasing • Assembly, integration, testing

prices shown include our fee. These are just a few ofThe products we can buy for you:

Alpha Micro 1000 VW

S 5,960

IBM Personal comp.

CALL

Alpha Micro 1030

12.047

Baby Blue

CALL

Alpha Micro 1051

17.634

Davong5meg.H.D.

1.575

AlspaAC1-2/SS

2.320

Seattle boards

CALL

Altos 8000-10

5,850

IBC Cadet

4.211

Altos 8600-10

7.586

Micromation

CALL

Altos Series 5-15D

2,182

Morrow

CALL

Altos Series 5-5D

4.372

NEC 16 bit system

CALL

Apple2 + 48K

1,208

NEC 8000 64K PC system

2.266

BMC20B

5.422

NorthStar Advantage

2,695

Calif. Comp. Sys. 300-1A

4.414

NorthStarAdv. H.D.5

4.395

Compupro/Godbout

26% OFF

NorthStar Hor.64K 8-16

CALL

Sys. 816/A

4.050

Onyx 5001 MU-6

7.350

Sys. 816/C

6.630

Onyx 8000 MU-10

7.900

Cromemco System 1

2.946

Sanyo 1000

1.540

Cromemco System 2

3.400

Seattle System 2

3.251

Cromemco 68000 System 1 4.395

TelevideoTS-802

2,600

DECVT-180xx

3,344

TelevideoTS-802H

4.545

Dual

12.636

TelevideoTS-806

5,200

Dynabyte

26% OFF

Vector 2600 %o

3.895

Eagle II

2.350

Vector 3005 V1 £^ectorj) M ^

5.495

Epson Computer

CALL)

CALL

NEC3510

CALL

NEC7710R/0

2.325

Brother, parallel, daisy

853

NEC 7720KSR

2.685

C.ltohF-10. daisy

1.350

NEC/Sellum1,16K,tractor 2,595

C. Itoh Prowriter II

699

Qume 9/45 full panel

1.865

Diablo620. daisy. 25cps

1.260

Qume 9/55 full panel

2.180

Diablo630. daisy

2.098

Smith Corona TP-1. daisy

681

IDS Prism 80

740

Tally

CALL

IDS Prism 132 column

1,430

Texas Instr.TI 810

1,245

DISK DRIVES, MODEMS, ETC.

Amdek Color II term. 694 Houston Instr. DMP-2 841

Ventel 212 + modem 765 Houston Instr. DMP-4 1,195

CorvuslOmeg.H.D. 3,825 Houston Instr. DMP-7 1.693

DEC VT-lOOterminal 1.390 Morrow 20 meg. H.D. 3.650

Mastercard. VISA at 3% handling tee Prices subject to change wilhou!notice. Minimum tee $150 15% restocking charge

EXPORT SERVICES available. We are

buying agents for overseas computer dealers

and distributors. International Telex 470851

THE PURCHASING AGENT

1635 School Street. Suite 101. Moraga. CA 94556Call Toll Free 800-227-2288 In California (415) 376-9020

five days to five hours. It reallyspeeded up the whole process andallowed us to have a more efficienttime flow and scheduling. And fromthe creative point of view, it wasmuch more stimulating to be able towork on something and get that donebefore moving on to the next step,rather than having to be working onseveral scenes at once.

"We were also able to get one high-res picture at a time—in about nineminutes. The system could give us upto a thousand black-and-white pic-tures to view in motion; but when itcame to full-color, high-resolution,we could only get those singly. So wecouldn't see color motion. But wecould see color stills, so we were ableto check and see that the shadows andcolor and all those things were cor-rect."

John Norton, who worked for themost part with hand-drawn effectsanimation, had an opportunity tokeep an especially good overview ofRees and Kroyer's choreography,since their territories overlappedsomewhat. "One of the interestingthings about Bill and Jerry," he said,"is that they're both Disneyanimators. And in laying the movesout for the computer, they were put-ting in a lot of organic movement—ease-ins and ease-outs, anticipationand follow-through. You'll noticethat in the scenes with the light-cycles. At first they're confined to agame-board arena and move mechan-ically there—with all this right-anglemovement. But once those light-cycles break out of the arena, there'sthis really nice shot of them takingthis beautiful curve, banking andturning as they escape. I don't thinkcomputer animation is going toreplace conventional animation. It'sjust another tool for the animator. Ithink it may someday replace some ofthe labor—ink and paint and in-between. But the animator willalways be there using this new tool. Itonly takes a minute after seeing thecomputer stuff to know that it's hereto stay. And I love the metamor-phosis effect. The Recognizer Idesigned has these two arms it canmerge together into one big pogostick, which it then uses to stomp on

62 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 372 on inquiry card.

Circle 194 on inquiry card.

Franklins ACEKXH)Runs With The Best!

VisiCalc®, DB Master®, Desktop Plan®—they areall running on the Franklin ACE 1000. Cash flow,budgets, word processing or data base manage-ment, business or pleasure, the ACE 1000 runswith the best.

The Franklin ACE 1000 is hardware and softwarecompatible with the Apple® II. Franklin users canchoose from an enormous selection of programs—programs that run better on the ACE because itincludes 64K of RAM, upper and lower case,VisiCalc keys, a numeric pad and an alpha lock key.

Run with the best. Call or write today for the nameof your local authorized Franklin dealer.

V

I,

Franklin ACE is a trademark of Franklin Computer Corporation.Apple is a registered trademark ot Apple Computer Inc.VisiCalc and Desktop Plan are registered trademarks ot Visi Corp.DB Master is a registered trademark ol Stoneware. , -

COMPUTER CORPORATION

7030 Colonial HighwayPennsauken, NJ 08109609-488-7700

^-*1111

3/\S?c-3£dFour-4-oo

things." (There's a very definite old-time cartoon flavor to some of thisnewfangled stuff, to be surel)

Bill Kroyer and Jerry Rees plannedthe CGI scenes on the West Coast forproduction at MAGI's facility in NewYork, from which the scenes weretransmitted back to the terminalKroyer and Rees used for their ap-proval. Larry Elin was the person atthe MAGI end of the transcontinentaldata link-up—in charge of the pro-duction team there which includedNancy Campi and Chris Wedge.MAGI's process, called Synthavision,is unique among CGI productionmethods. "In our software," Elin ex-plains, "there exists what you couldthink of as three-dimensionalvolumes. These are preprogrammedprimitive shapes that are already inthe computer. There are spheres,cubes, cones, ellipsoids—those aresome of the simple ones. There arealso free-form bodies like hyperbolicparaboloids. It's a lot like buildingwith blocks. Everything that we buildin our system is built from these sim-ple shapes. They can be added to eachother or subtracted from each other,made larger or smaller and their pro-portions changed in any way, makingit possible to make complex-lookingthings. This process is called com-binational geometry—or solidsmodeling."

All other digital imaging systemsuse a different method based uponforming the objects out of lots of littleflat surfaces, like the facets of agemstone, and thereafter calculatingthe light that strikes these polygonalfacets and how much of it reflects intothe theoretical camera lens. But itturns out that one of the most time-consuming aspects of that kind ofsoftware is the time it takes for thecomputer to figure out which objectsand parts of objects are naturally hid-den from the camera's view. "One ofthe good things about the Synthavi-sion method is that we don't havehidden lines to sort out. So thecalculation time is really small com-pared to the time required when youbuild a picture out of polygons. Theproblem solves itself with our ray-tracing process."

For the folks at MAGI, it turns out

to be a lot simpler to trace the lightbackward from the imaginarycamera, rather than to calculate allthe light that might or might not becoming towards the camera. "We ac-tually fire rays from the camera at thescene, one ray for each pixel. Soeverything naturally takes care of itsown hidden lines because the firstthing you hit accounts for that par-ticular pixel. At some point along theway it'll hit something, and then thecomputer figures out at what angle ithit it. That angle's relationship to thelight source will determine what graylevel that particular point of colorshould be." In effect, what is out ofsight is out of mind for the MAGIcomputers.

The founder and president ofMAGI—oldest of the CGI opera-tions, dating back to 1966—is Dr.

MAGI has a unique

method of working

with geometric

primitives.

Phillip Mittelman, who is a physicist,not a programmer. "We were in thebusiness in the first place to docalculations involving nuclear radia-tion transport; and so everything wewere doing had to do with trackingrays through things. The companywas working on these radiation prob-lems, and the techniques we devel-oped were something where youdescribe the real world in terms ofthree-dimensional objects. We'd traceradiation—neutrons and gammarays—through this three-dimensionalworld; and we observed that if wetraced light rays around, instead ofneutrons and gamma rays, we would,in effect, simulate photography. Andthat's the basis of our whole idea—atrue simulation of photography." Inessence, MAGI evolved their uniquemethod of working with geometricprimitives because when they weredealing with radiation the objectsthey were concerned with had tobehave as though they were solid ob-jects—it was not sufficient to justconcern themselves with the surfacesof things. Now, of course, solidity no

longer matters in their computations,but the legacy of their early work liesin their hidden-line-free way of doingthings.

"At one time we showed our workto some people and they said, 'Mygosh, you've solved the hidden-lineproblem!' We said, 'What's a hidden-line problem?' We were quite naive.We were totally independent and outof touch with the world of picturemaking that was going on in Utah,and places like that, where they weremaking images the more commonway, with polygons and so forth."

"You don't have to be a program-mer to use the Synthavision system,"Larry Elin explained. "In fact, all ofus on the production team come fromfilm, art and animation backgrounds.The work we do is very much analo-gous to motion control systems, ex-cept that instead of using real modelsand real cameras, we're just generat-ing the pictures based on instructionsthat we give to the computer. In effectwe build these models, but we buildthem digitally into the computer.Then we define the motions that wewant these things to go through. Andthe same for the motions that wewant the camera and the aim pointand light sources to go through. Sowe build models, but we don't buildreal models—we build mathematicalmodels. And we program motions,but we're programming the motionsfor these mathematical models—notfor things dangling from the ceilingon wires or anything like that. In away, we are akin to stop-motionanimation, but we're not limited byreal solid objects. We're dealing withthings that are really just ghosts! Sowe describe these things and motionsto the computer, and the computer isable to calculate what these pictureswould really look like if everythingwere just the way we described them.

"The first step in our process is tobuild whatever it is that we want toanimate from these simple shapes.The next step is to put the objects allinto the scene together—in the placesin three-dimensional space where wewant them to start when the scenebegins. Then we put in the movementcommands, using our 'director'slanguage.' The next step is to select

64 November 3982 © BYTE Publications Inc

f^kJLm

Sophisticated program development editingwith useful word processing features andpowerful TECO commands and macros.

I ^V ^^"^ CP/M

^ CUSTOMIZABLE

FULL SCREEN EDITOR

Performance

Fast and easy 'Whatyou see is what you get' editing of files up to one disk in length. Completely replaces ED and reduces yourediting time by 90%. Includes search and replace, text move and copy, complete file handling and printing. Insert a specified linerange of another file anywhere in the text, and change disks while editing. Unique automatic indenting for use with Pascal, PL/1,'C'and others. Special features for assembly language and Cobol. Even if you already have a good word processor, VEDlT'sprogram development features, powerful command structure, and exceptional speed will greatly increase your productivity.

User Oriented

Fully adapts to your system with a menu driven customization for keyboard layout, CRT selection and more. Includes a statusline with cursor's line and column positions, an 'Undo' key and recovery from full disk conditions (you can delete files or changedisks). VED1T is significantly enhanced twice a year and you can opt for our popular and inexpensive update option. And we offerdirect technical support you can count on, including custom patches for new CRT terminals.

Text Buffers, Macros

Ten buffers can hold text, macro commands or complete files. These may be edited, loaded and saved on disk. Macros performrepeated or complex editing operations. (Perform 40 search/replace on 20 files automatically, for example.) Buffers allowextensive 'cut and paste', including portions from multiple files.

Word Processing

Includes word wrap, adjustable margins, reformatting of paragraphs, word and paragraph functions, and printing withimbedded printer control characters. May be used stand-alone or in conjunction with most text output processors.

Hardware Support

CRT version supports over 40 terminals including the VT-100. Utilizes 'smart' terminal capabilities for fast screen updating.Your keyboard layout can use any function and cursor keys. Memory mapped version offers high speed, flexibility and supportsbank select (SSM VB3). Startup command file can initialize programmable function keys, VEDIT parameters and more.

Ordering

Please specify your microcomputer, video board or theCRT terminal version, 8080, Z80 or 8086 code and diskformat.

VEDIT - Disk and Manual

For8080orZ80 $150

ForCP/M-86orMSDOS $195

Manualonly $18

Xerox 820 • Apple II Softcard • TRS-80 II and 1SuperBrain • Zenith Z89 • DEC VT180 • TelevideoNorthstar • Cromemco • Altos • Vector • MicropolisMP/M • CP/M-86 • MP/M-86 • MSDOS

IBM Personal Computer and IBM Displaywriter

VCOM - Z80 CP/M disassembler produces labels, ASCIIstrings and cross reference. Exceptional speed. .. .$80

CP/M-86 for IBM Personal Computer offers horizontalscrolling, screen line editing, CRT emulation, filetransferwith MSDOS and hard disk support $285

NEW Terminal and file transfer communicationprogram for IBM PC, IBM Displaywriter and otherCP/M-86 and MSDOS systems $70

CP/M anil MP/M are registered trademarks of Digila) Research, Inc. Apple II is a registered trademark of AppleComputer, Inc. Softcard is a trademark of Microsoft. TRS-80 is a trademark of Tandy Corporation. IBM Persona/Computer is a trademark of International Business Machines, Inc.

1955 Pauline Blvd., Suite 200Ann Arbor, Michigan 48103

(313) 996-1299

CompuWi&w

PRODUCTS, INC.

Circle 121 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982

65

Circle 361 on inquiry card.

INTEGRATED ||BUSSING

EEE-488BUS

with the

i>

P&T-488INTERFACE

BUS

Inexpensive S-100 computerscan now communicate with theIEEE-488 instrumentation bus.The P&T-488 meets the IEEE-488 1980 standard for control-ler, listener, & talker.Interface software allows sim-ple communication with the488busfrom Basic, Pascal and otherhigh level languages. Interfacesoftware is available for CP/M®,North Star, or Cromemco.Special features include aninteractive busmonitor programand a functional self-testprogram.

Price for (1) PaT-488 with softwareand 18" cable, assembled and tested:$450 (domestic price) FOB Goleta, CA.

MS

I'ROU'L

PICKLES & TROUT

P.O. BOX 1206, GOLETA, CA 93116(805) 685-4641

*CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research

some key frames to look at—to makesure that all the commands we've fedinto the computer are really makinghappen what we want it to do. So wetest the input by calculating some keyframes. Once those frames arecalculated we can look at them on a1000-line screen terminal; and fromthere it's easy to determine whetheror not we need to make some changesin our input file. The next step is tocalculate what we call a pencil test (aterm appropriated from conventionalanimation, which refers to test filmsof the animation in its earliest pencil-drawn stages) which is a low-resolution, black-and-white linedrawing animation of the scene.Usually we can do this in a very shortperiod of time. Most of the scenes inIron were an average of about three-and-a-half seconds long—or about 84frames—and we could calculate 84frames in about an hour. Then weviewed them at speed on the monitor.At that point we could modifymovements. If we didn't like the waysomething was moving, or if wethought something was moving tooslow, we could make those changes.Then it was time to let the Disneyanimators, like Bill and Jerry, seewhat we'd done. So we'd transmit thesame pictures we'd been looking at onour monitor over the phone lines totheir monitor in California. Thenthey'd tell us whatever modificationsthey wanted us to make. Once it gotto the point where we all liked whatwe had, then we'd compute andphotograph the scene at high-resolution— in Vistavision for-mat—and that was the finished filmthat we delivered to Disney. Ourhigh-resolution would be theequivalent of 1800 lines if it were on35mm.

"We also provided pictures whichwere used by the Disney painters asguides so that they could paintbackgrounds for use with the back-litlive-action. They'd paint an exactduplicate of what the computer scenelooked like, because then they couldshoot it on the animation stand,which saved them from having to gothrough opticals."

In contrast to MAGI's combina-tional geometry and ray tracing,

almost all other CGI companies usemethods similar to those employedby Information International. Triple-I's approach works best for creatingcomplex objects with elaborate color-ing and simply stunning surfacecharacteristics. Their engineer, BillDungan, spoke about some of thefeatures of the system: "We have aprogram that was written by CraigReynolds for his master's thesis atMIT, called ASAS—Actor/Scrip-tor/Animation System—and it's withthat program that we choreographour scenes. Not only do we controlmovement, but we also control col-ors, lighting and all our parameters.You can animate everything in-dependently and change colors allover the place. What comes out ofthis is the format for our shading pro-gram, which is called TRANU—theNew Transparency Algorithm —which has had codes added to it overthe years by many people, like JimBlinn, Frank Crow and GaryDemos—who did a lot of things—andI think it actually started at Utah,where so much of the early work wasdone."

Triple-I's method of making objectsis quite different from the building-blocks approach used by MAGI."The first thing that happens is thatArt Durinski encodes the blueprintsof an object using a digitizing tablet.The blueprints have the object madeout of polygons. If the object hascurves, they are approximated withlots of these little polygons which willbe rounded off later. Then—whenour program reads that in—each ofthe polygons will have colors as-signed, and the algorithm converts allthe vertices of the polygons into thecoordinate space. Then, when you'vegot a lot of polygons in there, thecomputer has to figure out whichones are in front. It does this in scan-line order—left-to-right, top-to-bottom—and at each scan-line it triesto figure out which one of thepolygons, being cut by each point oneach line, is in front."

Triple-I commonly uses twomethods to round off all those flatpolygons into smoothly shadedcurved surfaces. "There's Gouraudshading, which will do a linear gra-

66 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Microsoft's RAMCard with RAMDrive

takes the whir, click and wait

out of the IBM PC.

Solid State Disk. When you add the Microsoft™RAMCard to your IBM® Personal Computer, youalso add RAMDrive, which lets you usememory as you would normally use adisk. That gives you "disk access'that's typically 50X faster thandisk. Without the whirring,clicking and waiting of mechanical data access.

Fast and easy. You simplydesignate a portion ofmemory as "disk." RAMDrivetakes it from there, instructingthe program to go to RAM ratherthan disk whenever data access isneeded. The result is faster, smoother,no-wait computing.

64K to 256K. You can start small, but think bigStart with 64K and add Microsoft RAMChips™in 64K blocks. Or, buy the full 256K now. Either wayyou get both RAM and "disk" capabilities. All in asingle slot.

A complete subsystem. The RAMCard packagecomes complete with the memory board (64K,

IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corp.Microsoft. RAMChips. RAMCard. and RAMDrive. are trademarks ofMicrosoft Corporation.

Circle 299 on inquiry card.

128K, 192K or 256K), documenta-tion, a diskette which adds

RAMDrive and, a full one yearwarranty.

More tools for IBM. Microsoftwrote PC-DOS, the standard operat-ing system for the IBM PersonalComputer. And Microsoft is first inproviding a full range of languages,applications programs and utilitiesfor the IBM PC. The addition of RAMCardwith RAMDrive is our way of saying thatMicrosoft will continue to offer more andbetter supported tools for the IBM PC.

See for yourself. Ask your Microsoft orIBM PC dealer for a demonstration of bothmain memory and disk features of the MicrosoftRAMCard with RAMDrive. It's solid state memoryyou can also use like a disk. And it takes the whir,click and wait out of the IBM PC.

BETTER TOOLS FOR MICROCOMPUTERS

/HICftpSOfT

^T Microsoft Corporation ^^

V 10700 Northup Way ^ V

Bellevue. WA 98004

BYTE November 1982

67

dient across the polygon. Then there'sPhong shading, which will inter-polate a 'normal' across it, and thecomputer computes the directionwhere the surface-normal is pointingwith respect to the light source andthe observer, to get the gray value. Ifwe're working on an object that's gotsmooth curves like a sphere—andwe're making that out ofpolygons—what we do is we averagethe polygon normal around a pointand come up with a normal for avertex. Then we use where theobserver eye-point is, and where thelight sources are (relative to the ob-ject) to figure out where the highlightsshould be."

Thus it is that the object is givenform and solidity by virtue of itsrealistic shading and highlights.That's self-shading, which is quite adifferent matter from calculating theshadow that the object will cast onthe floor or on other objects in thescene. "The shadow-casting programwas implemented by Frank Crow.First, from the light source's point-of-

view, the boundary edges of the ob-ject are figured out. From there, itmakes invisible polygons that definethe volume where the cast shadow is.Then, when you're working on anygiven point in the picture, if the pointbeing calculated enters that volumeand strikes a surface, the computerknows that surface is in shadow. Butif it goes through and exits thevolume out the other side, it knowsthat there's no shadow on anything itstrikes there.

"As for transparency, when youlook at objects in the real world andsay, 'What makes them do that?' youfind out that there are actually severaldifferent kinds of transparency.There's one transparency that is thecolored-filter approach, which iswhen, for instance, you have a blueobject and you put a red filter in frontof it, you get black. The other type oftransparency is like if you have a blueobject and you have a red beam oflight crossing in front of it—you'restill going to see the blue, but it willbe averaged in with the red. It

depends on what it is you're trying tosimulate, which may be a combina-tion of both effects." A good exampleof the latter type of transparency isthe diaphanous sail of Iron's solarsailer.

"We're getting to the point in com-puter graphics where we can make alot of things look totally real. Wedon't want it to look like it's done bycomputer, obviously. We want toreach the point where you cause peo-ple to suspend disbelief." The fact isthat Triple-I already has the ability todo that with certain kinds of things,which prompted Dungan to quoteArthur C. Clarke's third law: '"Anysufficiently advanced technology isindistinguishable from magic'Now—right now—computer graph-ics is magic. In computer graphics wecan do things that are impossible. Wecan have objects levitate or pass rightthrough one another, and we canhave metallic objects interpolatingtheir shapes. You just couldn't do thatany other way. I would say the futurein computer graphics is going to be

PortaSys™byProtoSys

•A dedicated controller* A development system • Fast,easy programming with on-board tiny basic interpreter

• Large memory capacity up to 36K onboard-480K ex-pandable capacity •All memory selectable for 4K by 8RAM, 2716 EPROM (5V), or 2.732 EPROM • All expansionlines available on gold plated edge connectors & buffered•3 onboard programmable I/O ports (24 I/O lines)

• RS-232 with baud rates switch selectable from 110-9600BPS'Low power consumption • Firmware controlledEPROM programming with optional Eprom Zapper™

MAINFRAME

■

Z8 CPU Card (4.5 in x 6.75 in.) ... PR-1000 $195.00

Mainframe (8%W x 31/<iH x 914D) PR-1001 ..... $149.00

Eprom Zapper™ w/firmware ... PR-1002 $ 79.00

Optional Zero Insertion Socket $ 8.00

Calif. Res. add 6.5% tax, and $5.00 shipping

Apple'"

Computer

RS-232Terminal

PC-2 PocketComputer

"TRS-80,MModel I & II

TRS-80™ ColorComputer

P.O. Box 23698 • San Jose, CA 95123 . (408)226-2131

VISA'

68 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

'TRS-80 is a reg. trademark of Tandy Corp.

Circle 371 on inquiry card.

SHARED WINCHESTER DISK!

Now, Up to FOUR IBM Personal Computers Can Share the Same PC-MATE Winchester Disk System.

Give each Personal Computer a complete logical devicefor total READ/WRITE freedom, or they can all share adevice for READ Only applications.

All PC-MATE WINCHESTER/5'" and WINCHESTER/10™disk systems now feature the new ultra fast GT DMA diskcontroller. This new controller not only provides superiorperformance, it can serve as the base unit for the SharedDisk Facility.

The WINCHESTER/5™ is $2995 and WINCHESTER/10™is only $3995. Each additional PC to share the disk needsonly a PC-SHARE"' adapter at just $495.

An Expansion Chassis, Five or Ten Megabyte WinchesterDisk, Superior performance and Disk Sharing are just afew reasons why the PC-MATE'" Winchester Disk Systemshould be your next step.

ALLnONE

PC-Mate'" by TECMAR, thefirst and only complete lineof expansion options for theIBM Personal Computer,now brings you the ultimateexpansion product, theALLinONE'" Board.

EXPANSION FOR THE IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER.

Memory, Serial, Parallel, Clock/Calendar with Battery and more!!!

«-£*-' "^S-

r>^»j

ALLinONE™ gives you memory, 64, 128,192 or 256K bytes, a Serial Port, and aParallel Port, Clock/Calendar with batterybackup and circuitry for an optionalProgrammable Array Logic chip.

Ready to use, ALLinONEcomes complete with theDB25 connectors on Serialand Parallel Ports, Softwareto set system Time andDate, and the popularRAMSPOOLER™ utility toallow printing as a back-ground task.

Put all of these featurestogether with these prices,and you really have itALLinONE'"

$565. - 64K Bytes $735. ■ 128K Bytes $875. - 192K Bytes $975. - 256K Bytes

Tecmar is currently shipping over thirty differentexpansion products including Memory, WinchesterDisks, Communications Interfaces, Laboratory/Scientific/-Industrial products and more!

For IBM Personal Computer Expansion,The Next Step TECMAR.

Call or write for product specifications and the name of your nearest participating Computerland and other fine PC-Mate Retailer internationally.

Tecmar Inc.

PERSONAL COMPUTER PRODUCTS DIVISION23600 Mercantile Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44122Telephone: (216) 464-7410 Telex: 241735

Circle 443 on inquiry card.

Circle 457 on inquiry card.

SUP6RBRRIN

The super performing, superreliable microcomputer fromIntertec Data Systems featurestwin double-density 5W driveswith 350K or700K of disk storage- expandable to 10 megabytes.A CP/M* Disk Operating System,64K of dynamic RAM and more.

SSUP6RPRIC€

Because we're a nationwidedistributor of SuperBrain,CompuStar, and the CompuStar10-Megabyte Disk StorageSystem, we can offer theabsolute lowest prices inthe business.

fSUP€RS€RVIC€Better yet, we offer you agreat deal of service and supportbecause we want your businesstomorrow as well as today.

• We'll burn-in your SuperBrainfor 72 hours beforewe deliver it

• We'll help with installationand configuration

• We'll repair equipment at ourservice center and replacemodules when necessary

• We'll fill your software needsor help you develop your own

• We'll match your SuperBrainwith a super printer

For more information call 609-424-4700or 21 5-629-1 289. To order call toll-free800-257-5217. In NJ call 609-427-4700.

miiwiiiiift

Y 2 Keystone Avenue' Cherry Hill. NJ 08003

* Registered trademark of Digital Research Inc.

SuperBrain and CompuStar are trademarks

of Intertec Data Systems.

J

j= intertecEdatas systems.

magical; and I think Iron is going tobe the busting loose point."

Very important to the visual con-tinuity of Tron is the hand-doneeffects animation, produced underthe supervision of Lee Dyer. It seemsas though few people outside of thefield even know that effects anima-tion exists.

There are some 15 minutes of ef-fects animation in Tron, but you haveto keep your eyes open to see it,because most of the scenes last but aninstant. "The effects in this film arevery geometrical compared to tradi-tional animation effects. Stevendidn't want anything done that waslike anything previous to this picture.That was hard. But I think we'veachieved it in many ways—like theinteractive lights on the characters,for example, when the disks areplayed and so forth. The interactivelight we did keeps the bodies from be-ing flat. And we also throw shadowson the floor—for three or four framesmaximum—just enough to give di-mension to the picture. When Tronraises his disk, it looks like there's alight bulb behind the disk creating thelight on his body; and yet, that effectis totally animated. The second yousee a live-action character, you knowthe scene is not computer-generated.Flynn is zapped into the computerworld using effects animation.

"In the first scenes with the racinglight-cycles, there were brief transi-tional shots where we had to paint thebikes by hand around the live-actioncharacters. Then, with our scenedone, the computer animation of thebike race begins. But the nice thingfor me about this is the fact that theanimated special effects are so closeto the computer animated effects thatyou can't tell them apart. When yousee them cut together, the marriage isvery good—it isn't distracting to gofrom one type of animation to theother. It's the first time, I'm sure, thatthis has ever been done. And eventhough I've been in effects for over 22years, this has really been a learningexperience for me."

Working closely with Lee Dyerwere John Norton and his assistantDave Stephan. Norton was responsi-ble for designing the computer-

generated Bit character—in associa-tion with scene coordinator DeenaBurkett—and the Recognizer flyingmachine generated by MAGI. Butmost of his work on Tron is hand-done eel animation, stylized to looklike CGI.

Additionally, Norton designed andanimated, by hand, a spider-likemechanical creature called the "gridbug." "Computer people talk about'bugs' in computer systems, and Ialways felt that we should dosomething with bugs for the film. So Icame up with this grid creature thatlives inside the computer and eatsthings. Bill worked them into thestoryboards, and at first we decidedto do them with computer simulationat Triple-I; but it came back to me todo, because they were too busy. So Idid about 15 feet of film that was shotback-lit on the animation stand to tryto make it look as much like CGI aspossible. The idea was that thesecreatures camouflage themselves aspart of the electronic grid; and thenthey appear, sort of rising up out ofthe grid to menace you. First there'sjust one who appears, looks aroundand runs off. Then we cut to a longershot of a whole herd of these bugsgalloping off and out of the scene."

When all the whiz kids from theland of video commercials arrived atthe land of Disney, there was intenseculture shock for both sides. To JohnScheele, the mighty Disney animationequipment seemed to symbolize thegap that had to be bridged. "TheDisney method has come to includelittle peculiarities that are unique onlyto itself. The pegs on their camerasare set apart differently from theAcme standard; the field centers aredifferent; the cameras are all just a bitodd from what you see elsewhere.And because this studio is its ownworld, those little things have neverchanged and are totally woven intothe system. Somebody—and not evenArt Cruickshank can rememberwho's to blame—tried to draw aninch on the original field chart, and itcame out 0.954 inch instead. Thatwas back in the Thirties; and eversince, that's been the 'Disney inch.' Sonow Triple-I and MAGI have thisstrange field chart encoded into their

70 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

God knows,

we've tried

everything else

So maybe wearingthe rubber nose willconvince you that we'vegot our fun-loving side, too.

Okay, so maybe it is our fault.

We've worked hard to provethat we're the right distributorfor your CP/M business/utilitysoftware.

We know that when youneed any serious programs, youcall us.

When you want odd formatsthat nobody else is likely to have,you call us.

And when you don't like thediscounts or the backorders orthe service you get from otherdistributors, you call us.

That's terrific, and we love youto pieces for it.

But how about computergames?

Circle 414 on inquiry card.

Does "Software Distributors"just pop right into your head?It should.

We know that games areserious business, and that if youdon't have them, you can't sellthem. So we've filled our shelveswith games for Apple, Atari, theTRS-80 and more. Games fromAvalon Hill, Broderbund, Gebelli,Microsoft, On Line, Sirius,whoever—just name it andit's yours.

All with the same deep dis-counts, the same great deliveryand the same friendly service

as we re givingyou on yourCP/M software.So if you're readyfor your first reallygood experience with adistributor, give us a call.

Software Dis-tributors, 10023Jefferson Boule-vard, Culver City,CA 90230.

We're not not just playing atgames.

SOFTWAREDISTRIBUTORS

213-204-6620 • 800-252-4025 (CA)Telex 182362 ATT: Soft USA Culv800-421-0814 world-wide

BYTE November 1982

71

Circle 176 on inquiry card.

CHOOSE...

An Apple Desk

A compact Bi-Level desk ideal for the Apple com-puter system. This 42" x 29Vi" desk comes with ashelf to hold two Apple disk drives. The top shelf foryour TV or monitor and manuals can also have anoptional paper slot to accomodate a printer. It isshown here with the optional Corvis shelf which willhold one Corvis disk drive. The Corvis shelf is avail-able on the 52" x 29'/2" version of the Apple desk.

A Universal Micro Desk

The Universal Micro desk accommodates the S-100type microcomputers. The desk is available in foursizes: 17.75 inch, 19.06 inch, and 20.75 inch wideopenings with 24 inch front-to-rear mounting space.The fourth size is a 20.75 inch wide opening with a26.50 inch front-to-rear mounting space.

A Mini Rack

Mini racks and mini micro racks have standard vent-ing, cable cut outs and adjustable RETMA rails.Choose a stand alone bay or a 48", 60", or 72" deskmodel in a variety of colors and wood tones. Acustom rack is available for the Cromemco.

A Printer Stand

The Universal printer stand fits the:

Centronics 700'sDec LA 34NEC SpinwriterLear Siegler 300's

Diablo I WW's & 2300'sT.I. 810 & 820Okidata SlimlineAnadex 9500's

Delivery in days on most styles in stock. Dealersinquiries invited.

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMSFURNITURE

COMR4N<d

17129 S. Kingsview AvenueCarson, California 90746Telephone: (213)538-9601

systems, too, and that guy is still get-ting his way!

"The biggest problem was thatDisney's animation stands hadn'tbeen updated since Fantasia! Theyhave such incredible craftsmenhere—nothing is made that won't lastthrough the ages. The camerastands—especially the multiplanes—are like monuments and memorialsto Walt, Ub Iwerks, and everyonewho's worked there. And it's ashame, on that level, to even messwith them. There's a real reverenceand care for the equipment andphysical spaces here, as well as for thepeople and traditions; and that's beena special pleasure for me. There'skind of a mutual attraction that'sgone on—people who've known eachother and worked together andfigured this stuff out, and who'vebeen waiting for a chance like this toreally put it all together on the screen.It's a pretty incredible blend of talentsand personalities—people who'veworked at Abel's, at Gehring's, onStar Trek. It's the best team thatcould be brought together for theproject. And these areas—the back-liteffects and computer imagery—havenever been a part of Disney's in-houserepertoire until now, so we're reallycontributing something to the studio.To their credit, Disney recognized thepotential of this film and these tech-niques, and have let a whole newbrood inside its walls—one thatdidn't work its way up the ladder.That's caused some inevitable fric-tion. But the studio has always beensupportive, and it's a healthy situa-tion to have some new blood. Andwe're obviously excited to be able towork here at Disney, where it allstarted."

How well people react to change intheir environment has a significantimpact on their quality of life. Theconfrontation between computergenerated imagery and the proudtradition of animating by hand is afascinating one that has just nowheard the bell sound for round one."It's like making the adjustment tohyperspace," said Bill Kroyer. "Thebig irony is that the older guys likeEric Larson, Frank Thomas, and OllieJohnston will love this computer

generated stuff. They're ready to seesomething new happen, and theyalways have been. The thing aboutthe Disney studio is that the old-timeguys were very innovative, becauseWalt was always demanding of themto move on to new things. Theyalways complained that once theylearned how to do something, Waltmade them do something totally dif-ferent on the next film. When youlook at the old Disney animatedfilms, the styles change completelyfrom one to the next. We found thatthe old guys had a real love of in-novation and an open-mindedness.But when Walt died that bravery ofinnovation stalled here at the com-pany. Once he was gone, they tried tostay within the parameters as theywere then. The whole mentality was:'We do what we do best—whichmeans that we keep doing what we'vebeen doing.' But what you ended upwith was a situation where you hadyoung people coming in who knew allabout the meaning of animation andwhat it was trying to achieve and itspotential; and they found that theyweren't going to be allowed to in-novate at all here, but only to keeprepeating what had been done.

"Jerry Rees and I came here withdreams to do Disney-quality anima-tion, not to redo Disney-qualityanimation. But we found ourselvesboxed in until this project camealong. Now we are able to apply allthe things that the Disney animatorshave learned over 50 years—that wehave inherited from their experi-ence—and show that the entertain-ment principles that they struggled tolearn can be applied to the totally dif-ferent computer medium. And we feelespecially great about the fact thatwe're doing it at Disney, and thatDisney is the first to benefit."

Shelley Hinton reflected on theDisney studio's past—its ups anddowns, and where it's heading: "Tronrepresents a timely turnaround. Ihave a mental image of the studioafter Walt died—with it being left tohis cohorts to protect from thevultures and coyotes that could cometo pick the place apart. Opportunistsmight have tried to take advantage ofa studio without its founders. So I im-

72 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 389 on inquiry card.

RCA says "A board in the handis worth two in the bush."

Why wait for National?RCA has over 70 Micro-boards right now. At afraction of the price.

Lately, National Semiconductor hasbeen making a lot of noise about their lineof CMOS board-level products. But con-sider these facts:

RCA introduced the first CMOSMicroboardsin1979.

Today, we offer more than 70 provenMicroboard products including compu-ter boards based on the world's best-selling CMOS microprocessor series,the RCA 1800; development systemspriced as low as $699*; and the indus-try's most versatile industrial chassis line.

National offers only 13 products.

Delivery? Off-the-shelf from RCAdistributors.

Furthermore, our Microboards speakyour language, whether it's BASIC 1,2or 3, Micro Concurrent PASCAL"PLM-1800 or MACROASSEMBLER.

National Semiconductor System

Board

Priced

CIM-802CPU.2.0MHZ

Memory, PIO

CIM-201 UART-2 required . .

$546...716

CIM-41112BitA/D(No 8-Bit Available)

... 952

CIM-311 Power I/O Interface

(requires DIB board)

CIM-230 DIB Interface

394... 286

CIM-602 8-CardChassis ...

... 295

CIM-610 Voltage Regulator(onlysupplyavailable) . ..

... 952

(NSC OEM Resale Schedule Juno 7 1982

$4,141

But here's the true acid test. If youwant a CMOS microcomputer systemwith these functions:

• 8-Bit Microprocessor • 2 SerialI/O Lines • 8-Bit A/D • Interface to24 OPTO 22 Modules • Chassis andPower Supply.

The bottom line is, RCA has thelower system cost.

The RCA system takes up lessspace (4 boards vs. 6) and is one-fourththe price. Compare your own system

RCA Microboard System

Board

Price

CDP18S602 CPU.2.5 MHZ

Memory, PIO, UART $299

CDP18S641 UART 175

CDP18S658 8-Bit A/D 199

CDP18S662PIOOPT0 22

Interface 225

MSI8044-Card Chassis 130

CDP18S023Microsupply 25

$1,053

and see for yourself.

So if you're ready to get on the CMOSbandwagon, talk to the people whoinvented CMOS and whose Micro-boards can be found in thousands ofsystems at work solving real-worldproblems.

Send for our new comprehensiveproduct line guide and price list.

Contact any RCA Solid State salesoffice, representative or distributor.Or call (800) 526-3862.

•Optional U.S. distributor resale. Prices are l.o.b. New York. "Tradename ol Enertec, Inc. RCA Solid State headquarters: Somerville. NJ. Paris. London. Hamburg. Sao Paulo. Hong Kong.

I

i

I

f

Si

'5

co

Circle 95 on inquiry card.

INTELLIGENT

PRINTERINTERFACE

Free Your Computer from theMundane Task of Printing

SooperSpooler

«

o

V

o

m

Imagine being able to use yourcomputer seconds after beginning anextensive printout.

Visualize your printout with pagebreaks, page numbering and titles,margins of your choice, indentedcarryover lines, on any size paper!

Appreciate the time and money youwill save by not waiting for yourprinter.

SooperSpooler, a buffered printerinterface, maintains control over yourprinter while you go on using yourcomputer for more productiveactivities. Eliminate waiting while yourprinter pecks through a longdocument. SooperSpooler acceptsinformation from your computer at upto 3000 characters per second andfeeds it to your printer as fast as it canhandle it—without using any of yourcomputer's memory or time!

SooperSpooler features include:

• 16K Memory (62K. optional)

• Buffer Status Readout

• Space Compression

• Pagination

• Single Sheets

• Headers and Page Numbering

• Indentation on Carryover Lines

• Self Test Routine

• Features also Software Controllable

• Plugs into Most Computer Systems

• 16K Parallel I/O Unit—$349.00!

• Serial I/O Option—$95.00

• 46K Memory Option—$159.00

TM

SooperSpooler by Compulink—The missing link that gives yourmicrocomputer mainframe printing.

COMPULINK

CORPORATION

1840 Industrial CircleLongmont, CO 80501 (303) 651-2014

Send for brochure

Dealer inquiries welcome

Call for information: 800-525-6705

agine it was necessary for the sur-vivors to examine the tried and prov-en elements—the high standards andidealism that had built the Disneylegacy—and maintain them as thestatus quo. This evolved into theDisney Formula' that's become sofamiliar. The flip side of that, though,is that these same guidelines becameconstraining boundaries." So a placethat had been a Mecca for innovationand creativity appeared to stagnatefor a decade or so, and much of thepublic became disenchanted with theDisney product. But eventually itbecame obvious that it was impossi-ble to stop the clock. "They've beenthrough that period; and now thereare new people, new minds, and newideas to add to a strong foundation.Those who have been here awhilereally represent the heart of thestudio, and there is a lot to be learnedfrom them. It seems the right time forthe combination of old and new. Theprevalent attitude at the studio is oneof optimism. They're ready to say:'Let's move forward. We've survivedthe deaths of Walt and Roy and we'recontinuing to grow. Let's take a lookat what we're founded upon and ap-ply it to the present and future.' NowI'm looking forward to some reallyprogressive new projects here—to be-ing a state-of-the-art company—be-cause that's what we're based on."

The concluding remarks of mostTron workers almost inevitably in-clude some thoughts about the prom-ise that the new tools used on the filmhold. To the common man, com-puters have come to symbolize themost dehumanizing aspect of technol-ogy—and not without some justifica-tion—but these are just tools, not tobe blamed for the uses to which theyhave been put. Only recently has thepublic begun to realize that com-puters can be made to do beautifulthings. Coming from the center of thecomputer graphics explosion, Rich-ard Taylor said philosophically: "I'mcontinually asked if computers aregoing to replace people in the arts. Alot of people seem to think of them asa threat. The thing is that computersare not a threat. I think they're just asevolutionarily natural as a tree.When consciousness evolves into

matter, eventually machines are. aresult of that evolution. The digitalwatch on your arm is as natural as theflowers in your garden. Apparently,when consciousness evolves, it startsinventing wheels, fire and easier waysto do things. Eventually, it makesmachines—and computers are justone of the more recent evolutions.

"Computers are like anything else.It's the way man uses them. I think acomputer is really just an instrumentof expression—like an organ or apiano. It's how you play it that even-tually resolves what value it has.They don't replace people and I don'tthink they should be intimidating topeople. It takes people to play them;and it takes imaginations to give themvalue. They certainly aren't going toreplace animators or musicians.They're just here to help us expressourselves more clearly."

Steven Lisberger had similarthoughts. "There is this fear peoplehave that eventually actors are goingto be replaced by computer charac-ters. I don't think it is valid at all. Theonly thing that the technology is go-ing to do is provide the actors withnew places to go and new ways to gothere. I myself have a fear oftechnology taking the humanness outof our lives and creating a barrier be-tween people. The notion in the filmis that, if anything, the technologyshould make people more accessibleto each other, rather than creatingfrustrating walls between us. I have adream that with computers eventual-ly films will become interactive, andthat eventually they will be designedwhere audiences can participate in thepicture. Depending on how involvedor skilled they are, the audience couldactually affect the outcome of themovie. If you had a really hot au-dience, the good guys would win; ifyou didn't, the bad guys would win.The audiences' reactions would deter-mine which way it went."

"The nice thing about computergenerated animation," Larry Elin con-cluded, "is that there's really no endto the possibilities for it. The technol-ogy is literally a fetus. Tron is goingto be thought of as the maternityward of computer graphics in enter-tainment. "■

74 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

SOLUTIONS arefree and easywith theASSOCIATE"

mJk ' ' ■ '' i i * i i i i i i ill

I Mi J t till* it lit* 1 1 t

"SS2S"

The ASSOCIATE is a field proven desktop microcomputer with manyfeatures: 64K memory plus 2K PROM; 720K bytes of floppy diskstorage; Z80A 4Mhz processor; DMA disk controller, interrupt controllerand timer; unigue anti glare screen; typewriter style keyboard,numeric keypad and 10 function keys; and 2 RS232C ports. Optionalparallel, IEEE 488, and RS449 ports give added flexibility. Theremote or integrated hard disk option offers you needed growthcapability.

Your SOLUTIONS are supplied FREE. The CP/M operating systemprovides access to thousands of software programs. We start you outwith FREE wordprocessing by Spellbinder, FREE business planningby Microplan, FREE accounting and FREE testing programs; anexcellent combination for a total business system. To make it easy touse we have programmed the 29 programmable keys and addeda quickly readable keyboard template for each SOLUTION, OtherSOLUTIONS and templates are available such as dBASE II, MBASIC,SuperCalc, WordStar and more. You may even program the keysand design a template to match your own chosen software.

You may select FRIENDS to assist your ASSOCIATE such as printersfrom Qume, Ricoh and NEC. Ribbons, printwheels, and disks are alsoavailable at low cost. With nationwide service and repair fromGeneral Electric you have a total package which is hard to beat. Andthe price; well, it's an unbeatable $3,450. Don't wait! Contactus today for a dealer near you and bring SOLUTIONS to your business orpersonal computing needs. Data Technology Industries, 701AWhitney Street, San Leandro, CA 94577 (415) 638-1206,TWX 910-366-2072.

Data Technology^ Industries'"

li

SOLUTIONS, ASSOCIATE and FRIENDS are Trademarks of Data Technology Industries, Spellbinder is a Trademark of LEXISOFT. Inc.; Microplan is a Trademark ofChang Labs; CP/M is a Trademark of Digitol Resedrch; WordSfdr is d Trademark of MicroPro; SuperCalc is a Trademark of SORCIM; dBASE II is d Trademark ofAshton-Tate; MBASIC is a Trademark of Microsoft.

Circle 143 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982

75

The Panasonic portable computer

We've improved the way

Extended Basic Compiler/Interpreter, SnapFORTH and Microsoft Basic.®The Panasonic portable computer also has a wide range of specificsoftware programs for your specific problems, such as:

The Scientific Calculator—An incredibly powerful tool that solves mathematical problems for thescientist, engineer, and professional wherever they go.

Portabudqet — It's your portable persona! financial manager. It gives you up-to-the-minute personalcontrol. It allows you to be your own record keeper, savings advisor, accountant, bill manager, creditand charge account guide, investment counselor, portfolio keeper, and tax assistant. Overall, ithelps plan your personal financial life, portably

Portacalc —Gives you the portability and the flexibility to automatically analyze numerical problemswherever and whenever they arise. You can assess "what if" alternative business problems,comprehend key variables in business, and dynamically analyze problems on engineering projects.

Portawriter — It allows you to write, edit, and format information. And, you can telecommunicate theinformation from wherever you are. Whether you're in the boardroom, hotel room, or even on a golfcourse, Portawriter gives you full editing and formatting capability for notes, reports, letters, newscopy, tables, lists, forms, orders, you name it.

Porta log — It is an easy, precise tool for time-billing professionals without a minute to lose. Whetheryou're on the road or in the office, you can log time, compile bills, generate billing reports, and trackthe work of your highly paid employees. Portalog gives you improved timekeeping productivity.

Telecomputing 2™ —It lets you telecommunicate with your data base. You can establishcommunications between headquarters and field forces. Exchange files and programs betweenremote stations. Access timesharing services and store data in a large computer's mass storage.You can also upload and download program data.

with a wide range of new software,you solve problems.

Portaflex—A master program that allows you to create solutions for applications, such as:

□ Inventory Control —Analysis and control of inventory while you're on the job.

□ Order Entry—A customized system for any sales order entry. It offers you productivity, and theadvantage of faster order entry.

□ Field Service — Retrieve, diagnose, and analyze your field service data wherever you are in the field.

□ Auditing and Accounting —Custom auditing and accounting, anywhere you are in the field.

□ Estimating —Versatility for flexible bidding and estimating at your job site.

Software Development Tools for the Customizer—Create your own custom programs and burnthem into your EPROM so your program is recorded in nonvolatile form.

Simply take a desk top microcomputer,* insert the software development discs, create your ownprogram, de-bug that program, compile the program, then "burn-in" your problem-solving EPROM.

♦Presently offered for Apple II Plus.

Hardware Specifications —

The Panasonic portable computer offers 6502microprocessor (1 MHz) technology.

o It offers 4K or 8K internal nonvolatile RAM

□ 48K internal ROM

□ Built-in Ni-Cad rechargeable battery pack

□ External AC adapter/recharger

a 26-character liquid crystal display

□ 65-key completely redefinable keyboard

Introducing Peripherals for Additional Solutions —

Modular peripherals let you customize your system.

□ Multiple RS-232C serial interfaces

□ Asynchronous modem with cassette interface(110 or 300 baud)

□ 40-character microprinter (thermal dot matrix printing)

□ 8K or 16K RAM memory expansion packs

n X-Y four-color plotter (up to 80 characters per line)

□ TV adapter (32 characters X16 lines with colorand graphics)

The Panasonic portable computer. It's improved the way you solve problems. Because we believeits portable modules and multiple software applications can vastly improve your productivity. And thatcan be an important solution to your profit problems.

The portable computer from Panasonic. We've improved the way you solve problems.

I UuC Panasonic. It's changing the way the world uses computers.

Please send me more information.

Panasonic Company, Hand-Held ComputersOne Panasonic Way, Secaucus, New Jersey 07094

Name (PLEASE PRINT).Title & Company

Dealer Inquiries Invited

«l Type of Business.MAddress

uuu '■; City.

.State.

-Zip-

Phone Number (

Panasonic.

just slightly ahead of our time.

Circle 352 on inquiry card.

Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar

Build the Circuit CellarMPX-16 Computer System

Part 1

Any peripheral device designed to be installed in the IBMPersonal Computer can be plugged into this 8088-based system,

Let's see. What's next? A computer-controlled bird bath? An early-warn-ing radar transponder? How about asatellite-tracking system? Somethingsimple.

After this series of articles is over, Iam going to write about uncompli-cated construction projects for awhile. You'd think that after doing 50or so projects over the past four yearsI'd have learned to recognize whenuncontrolled invention was gettingthe upper hand, as it did in thismonth's project.

I was caught up in the fervor thatresulted from the introduction of theIBM Personal Computer. As I hadalready written two articles on theIntel 8088 microprocessor used in the

Copyright © 1982 by Steven A. Ciarcia.All rights reserved.

IBM and IBM Personal Computer are trade-marks of International Business Machines Cor-poration.

Steve Ciarcia

POB 582

Glastonbury, CT 06033

IBM machine, I quickly decided tojump on the bandwagon and pur-chase the first IBM PC (as it's calledby its owners) that I could get myhands on. I've found myself in agree-ment with the prevailing opinion thatthe IBM PC is a solid design and wellsupported, but it's relatively expen-sive to upgrade.

The design of the

MPX-16 had to be a

team effort.

Somewhere along the way I had theabsurdly ambitious idea of presentinga Circuit Cellar construction projecton building a full computer systembased, like the IBM PC, on the Intel8088 microprocessor. (After all, I'vedone many microprocessor projectsbefore.) And somewhere furtheralong the way I decided to do it.

Design Concepts

Certain questions had to be ad-dressed, of course. Should I try for a10-chip design or splurge and make it20 chips? What kind of expansion-busscheme should the system use? Whatabout supporting software? Could Idesign a small 8088-based computerand call it a development system?

The initial stages of design movedvery quickly, and in a few weeks Ihad put together a prototype of a64K-byte 8088-based trainer or devel-opment system. It was a compactdesign with limited input/output(I/O) capability but with relativelylittle expansion potential, lacking anexpansion bus. It could have servedwell as a Circuit Cellar project. How-ever, owning a so-called developmentsystem has come to mean that you areon your own: you won't get muchsupport for either software or hard-ware. If the project was to have anyreal significance, support had to beavailable, and the burden of provid-ing support would have been mine.

78 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Photo 1: The Circuit Cellar MPX-16 single-board computer system, which uses the latest technology to provide lots oflow-cost computing power. The five-layer printed-circuit board contains 120 integrated circuits including most commonperipheral-device interfaces; furthermore, any peripheral-device card intended for use with the IBM Personal Computercan be plugged into one of the 1/O-expansion slots. There are nine slot positions, but only five sockets are installed initially.

There was only one answer: com-patibility. The project would have tobe compatible with peripheral-deviceexpansion boards and software de-signed for some popular computersystem. The logical choice, given thatI intended to use an 8088, was tomake my project compatible with theI/O-expansion bus of the IBM Per-sonal Computer. (The only real alter-native was the S-100 bus, but some-how in my fervor the IBM PC routeseemed more natural. S-100 fansshould look up reference 1.) Conse-quently, IBM PC memory and I/O-expansion boards, available fromnumerous sources, could be used toexpand this new computer.

But in making this choice, I opened

Pandora's box. I was already commit-ted to producing the article, but mak-ing my little prototype bus-compat-ible with the IBM PC was like fittingthe Queen Mary into a bathtub.Scratch one prototype; start thinkingabout the "system board."

Ten minutes later, I realized thatthis would have to be a team effort. Iwould need assistance in developingthe design, the documentation, andthe software, so I enlisted help from afew friends and other engineers toform the design team.

At that point, team (or rather,committee) dynamics came into play.If you give a committee 3 squareinches of empty space on the printed-circuit board, they'll want to increase

performance by packing 10 more in-tegrated circuits into it. Essentiallythat's what happened to my littletrainer board. Not only would theresulting system be bus-compatiblewith the Personal Computer, but itwould overcome some of the expan-sion weaknesses of the IBM machineby incorporating many peripheraldevices as part of the basic design. In-stead of a board that could be ex-panded into a system, this new com-puter would be a complete systemthat had been shrunk to fit on a singleboard.

Design Characteristics

The result of our effort is called theCircuit Cellar MPX-16 Computer

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 79

1. 5-MHz Intel 8088 main processor

2. optional Intel 8087 numeric copro-cessor

3. 256K-byte on-board-user-memory ca-pacity, with parity

4. two RS-232C serial input/output ports

5. three parallel input/output ports

6. on-board controller for either 5'/4-inchor 8-inch single- or double-densityfloppy-disk drives (up to four)

7. supports the CP/M-86 operating sys-tem directly, with BIOS in EPROM

8. nine expansion slots (five connectorsprovided), bus-compatible with IBMPersonal Computer

9. sockets for 64K bytes of 24- or 28-pinEPROM

10.four independent DMA channels11. sixteen levels of vectored interrupts

Table 1: Features of the MPX-16 com-puter system.

System, shown in photo 1. Consistingof a single 9- by 12-inch five-layerprinted-circuit board containing 120integrated circuits (ICs), the MPX-16is completely compatible with the ex-

pansion bus of the IBM PersonalComputer and contains the followingfeatures: provision for an optionalIntel 8087 math coprocessor, 256Kbytes of RAM (random-access read/write memory), serial and parallelI/O ports, floppy-disk controller, ex-pansion slots, and support for DigitalResearch's CP/M-86 operating sys-tem. (A more detailed list of featuresappears in table 1.)

The MPX-16 constitutes a com-plete, single-board computer system,using the latest technology to providelots of low-cost computing power. Itis designed to utilize all the expansionperipherals that are available for theIBM machine, and because it has somany capabilities built in, you don'thave to use up expansion slots forsimple jobs like interfacing a printer.Programmers, however, will un-doubtedly want more memory. Tomeet this demand, additional mem-ory boards can be plugged in to pro-vide the system with one full mega-byte of user memory. A hard-diskdrive can be added easily, and an

8087 mathematics coprocessor can beinserted to multiply the system's rawcomputing power by a factor of 10 to100.

The MPX-16 is designed initially touse CP/M-86, but it will ultimatelyaccommodate Microsoft's MS-DOSand any other software that does notuse unique features of the IBM Per-sonal Computer. The greatest dif-ference is this: as a stand-alone sys-tem, the MPX-16 communicates withthe user through a serially interfaceddisplay terminal instead of through amemory-mapped video display andseparate keyboard. The BIOS (basicinput/output system) module ofCP/M-86 is contained in a set ofEPROMs (erasable programmableread-only memories) on the board.

The MPX-16 is almost complete ona single board. In addition, you needmerely a power supply, a serial ter-minal, and one floppy-disk drive. Tostart operation, you just turn on thepower, insert a CP/M-86 disk, andstart the bootstrap operation. For thesake of appearance, though, you may

INDUSTRIES, INC.

In Texas Orders

Questions & Answers

1-713-392-0747

22511 Katy FreewayKaty (Houston) Texas 77450

To Order1-800-231-3680800-231-3681

SAVE BIG DOLLARS ON ALL TRS-80* HARDWARE & SOFTWARE

TRS-80 BY RADIO SHACK. Brand new in cartons delivered. Save state sales tax.Texas residents add only5% sales tax. Open Mon.-Fri. 9-6, Sat. 9-5. We pay freight and insurance. Come by and see us. Call us for areference in or near your city. Ref: Farmers State Bank, Brookshire, Texas.

WE OFFER ONREQUEST

Federal Express (Overnight Delivery)

Houston IntercontinentalAirport Delivery (Same Day)

U.P.S. BLUE (Every Day)

References from people who havebought computers from us probablyin your city

' TRS-80 is a Registered Trademark of Tandy Corp

ED McMANUS

0

0

0

In stock TRS-80 ModelII and III

0 No Tax on Out of Texas Shipments!

^W : ^^

10% 15%

OR MORE

Reserve Your Model 16 Today

Telex 77 4132 (Fleks Hou)

WE ALWAYSOFFER

0 NO extra charge for Master Cardor Visa.

0 We use Direct Freight Lines. Nolong waits.

0 We always pay the freight andinsurance

0 Toll free order number

0 Our capability to go to the giantTRS-80 Computer warehouse 5hours away, in Ft. Worth, Texas,to keep you in stock.

JOE McMANUS

80 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 267 on inquiry card.

■v*

J

&

i

m

V

i

\

THE SOLUTION IS IN THE VBISCRIES.

No matter what kind of problemsyou're trying to solve with an IBMPersonal Computer, there's a programin the ever-expanding IBM VisiSeries™line that will give you the solution.Faster, better, smarter.

Take our IBM VisiCalc* program.It's *\ in the business. Because it takesthe work out of working with businessnumbers. The IBM VisiCalc programis the powerful "electronic worksheet"that speeds planning and budgeting.You can ask "what if?" and see theanswers immediately. So you cananalyze the impact of decisions beforeyou make them.

Our IBM VisiTrend/Plot™ programmakes it easy to analyze data and seethe results in easy-to-understandcharts and graphs.

With our IBM VisiFile™ programyou can organize, maintain and moreeffectively use the information yourbusiness needs.

Is a lot of your workday taken upwith scheduling projects and estimat-

ing costs? OurlBMVisiSchedule™program will help you do it better,with a lot less work.

And for helping you manage yourvaluable time, organize your personalinformation, nothing could be of morevalue than our IBM VisiDex* program

Our IBM VisiCalc Business Fore-casting Model™ package will giveyou vital financial informationabout your business.

And our IBM Desktop/Plan™ programwill speed and auto-mate all your financial and businessplanning.

Put the IBMVisiSeries programs to workon your IBMPersonal Computer. Do itby December31,1982 andget three

programs for the price of two!

Get all the details from yourVisiCorp retail computer dealer. Orwrite Customer Services, VisiCorp,2895 Zanker Road, San Jose, CA 95134.

The IBMVisiSeries From

© 1982 VisiCorp. IBM is a trademark of International Business Machines Corporation.

Photo 2: The Gerber Scientific Instrument Company PC-800 CAD (computer-aided design) machine used to lay out the MPX-16's five-layer printed-circuitboard.

8155H-2I/O + TIMER

c

MAIN PROCESSOR(CPU)

8087NUMERICPROCESSOR(NDP)

LOCAL BUS

MASTER

8259A

PIC

8288 AND

BUS-INTERFACE

COMPONENTS

SLAVE8259APIC

c

BUS-ARBITRATIONLOGIC

8284 AND

SYSTEM-TIMING

LOGIC

SYSTEM BUS

l/0-EXPANSION

CHANNEL

CONNECTORS

c

8237A-5.8225,8253,8251, 8272I/O DEVICES

DATA-BUS-INTERFACECOMPONENTS

0

SYSTEMMEMORY(ROM AND RAM)

RESIDENT DATA BUS

1

Figure 1: Simplified, high-level block diagram of the Circuit Cellar MPX-16 computersystem. The abbreviation "PIC" stands for "programmable interrupt controller."

want to wrap up the whole thing in asuitable enclosure; one should beavailable by the time you read this.

Pragmatic Considerations

Obviously, it is impossible todescribe the construction of such apowerful computer in detail in asingle article. Even dividing it intothree parts, as I plan, will be a diffi-cult task; it will take us three monthsto print schematic diagrams of the en-tire computer in the magazine. I'll tryto be as explicit as I can concerninghow the circuitry works, but youmust understand from the outset thatthis is no beginner's project.

The condensation of informationhere is counterbalanced by the sup-port available from The Micromint,where you can get assembled andtested systems, blank printed-circuitboards, and complete documentationcontaining all the circuit diagramsplus much more detail than can be in-cluded in these brief articles.

Finally, before I start the details, I'dlike to say something about theMPX-16's circuit board. Printed-circuit boards are available forbuilding most recent Circuit Cellarprojects, and this project is no excep-tion. The only departure from thenorm this time is in the complexity ofthe board.

The MPX-16 contains 120 IC pack-ages. To keep its size manageable, wehad to use a multilayer printed-circuitboard instead of the relatively simpledouble-sided boards used in smaller-scale projects. With the aid of aGerber Scientific Instrument Com-pany PC-800 CAD (computer-aideddesign) machine, shown in photo 2,we eventually arrived at a 9- by12-inch board with five layers of con-necting traces. This is significantbecause multilayer boards cost about10 times as much as standard double-sided boards. But even with an expen-sive circuit board, I believe that theMPX-16 has unbeatable performancefor its cost.

MPX-16 Overview

The functional organization of theMPX-16's onboard components is il-lustrated in two levels of detail.Figure 1 shows a simplified, high-

82 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

SOLUTION

There Is a revolution going on in computer programming. Decreased hardwareprices have opened up the need for thousands ot new application programs.New users are not as willing to accept the "canned" package solutions to theirsoftware needs, but traditional programming languages make customizationsimpractical.

A totally new concept is needed.

O'Hanlon Computer Systems, Inc. is now offering a sensible solution to fillingthe micro-computer users' needs.

The SENSIBLE SOLUTIONTM Relational Data/Procedural Language is aninnovative approach to micro-computer programming.

Not just another relational data base, the SENSIBLE SOLUTIONTM is acomplete programming language. Comprised of a series of plain English com-mands, even the computer novice can learn to construct complex applicationsin minutes.

SENSIBLE SOLUTIONTM programs are so compact that one page of its sourcecode is equivalent to ten pages of BASIC language programming. Shorter pro-grams and English language commands make program creation, modificationand debugging a snap.

Features such as:

Automatic screen and data file creation

Multiple screens in one program

Multiple key, multiple file B-tree data file handler

Virtually unlimited program size even in 64K RAM

Runs on CP/MTM, MP/MTM, MSDOSTM, DPC/OSTM, TurboDOSTM and

Biiaggifgaal

MmmOSTTM operating systems

Multi-user record and file locking on multi-user systemsINQUIRETM quick report utilityREPORTERTM Multi-file report generatorEasy to follow English language source codeProgram compiler-protecting source and increasing speed$695.00 for language with INQUIRETM. REPORTERTM and Compiler$345.00 tor Runtime only. INQUIRETM and REPORTERTM includedmake the SENSIBLE SOLUTIONTM me most powerful and versatile program-ming language available.

Not everyone wants to be a programmer, so as part of the Scomputer solutions. O'Hanlon Computer Systems. Inc. has used its extensiveapplications experience to develop the following application packages. Allaccounting applications are sold with source code for easy modification:

SENSIBLE BOOKKEEPERTM Bookkeeping For Small Businesses.

This, easy to install and operate, bookkeeping system for small businesses or

home includes General Ledger. Accounts Receivable and Accounts Payable.Price $495.00

SENSIBLE MANAGEMENTS interactive Business Management SystemsMore extensive than SENSIBLE BOOKKEEPERTM, these business manage-ment systems provide complete interactive accounting, including GeneralLedger. Accounts Receivable. Accounts Payable. Payroll. Inventory Control,Order Entry and Purchase Order Entry for a variety of businesses such as:Wholesale Distributors. Point-of-Sale Retailers, Accountants. Attorneys.Medical Clinics. Manufacturers Representatives. Etc..Price $895.00

SENSIBLE PLANNERTM Electronic Spread Sheet

The SENSIBLE PLANNERTM Electronic Spread Sheet is a further enhance-ment to the SENSIBLE approach to software solutions. This powerfulbusiness management tool Is fully interactive to the data files created bythe SENSIBLE SOLUTIONTM Relational Data/Procedural Language, allow-ing the user to pull actual data from accounting or other files without theneed for double entry.Price $295.00

SEE US AT OUR COMDEX BOOTH 4404

i|i§§

fVtr A TVJT f^lV Circle 330 on inquiry card.

C () M P 1' T E R S V S T | M 5 11058 Main Street, Bellevue, WA 98005 (206) 454-2261

• CP/M & MP/M is a registered Trademark of Digital Research Corp. • MSDOS is a registered Trademark of Microsoft • DPC/OS is a registered Trademark of Action Comp. Enterprises • MmmOSTis a registered Trademark of Televideo • TurboDOS is a registered Trademark of Software 2,000

Figure 2: Complete, detailed flow diagram of the MPX-16 system. (The diagram is continued on page 86.)

84 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

SYSTEM CONTROL BUS

. 1

f F

J J SYSTEM CONTROL BUS

20 BIT SYSTEM ADDRESS BUS | | ^ || 20 BIT SYSTEM ADDRESS BUS

8 BIT SYSTEM DATA BUS

■>s

1

8

I

PARERR

8 BIT SYSTEM DATA BUS

->

SYSMEMRD

SYSMEMWR

r

1

1

1

RESDATO-7

SYSA11-SYSA19 n

MEMORYDECODELOGIC

EN

74LS245

DATA

BUFFERDiR

PARITYCHECK/GENLOGIC

ROW/COLADDRESSMULTIPLEXE

\, )

*

Y

8.5-8

8

"

'

n

n

RAM

ADDRESS

,\

.3

i

20-0

ROMSE

r'|PROMSEL2

J

l±

PROMSEL]

_3_2

1 *"

PROMSELO

16KX 8ROM

ROMO

1

DATA

I

1

u p-

BUS

i

2

(_)

64K X 9

DYNAMICMEMORYARRAY

BANK 0

SYSMEMRD 1

1 *

)

14

ORAMSEL

1 ,

DMACKO

i r^

II

i

i

SYSMEMRD

DYNAMIC -RAM

CONTROL -. LOGIC

RA5X

■■■*

CASX

SYSMEMWR

—

-b-8

DMACKO

OMARQSTO

20-C

74LS245

A B

OIR EN

8 BIT RESIDENT DATA BUS

RESDATO-7

")

(

1

•^

D

PB0-PB7PC0-PC4

PC6.PC7

PC5PC4

8255A-5

PARALLELI/O

PAD - PA7

P

OPEN) COLLECTORBUFFER

MACK2

cyctflon

~~ ^ SYSIOWR

<

SYSRES

V

S

BUFFERENABLELOGIC

CSPIOO

cQms

Y5I0WR

ENNMI

CSINTRO

_ ENIOC

J15

CENTRONICS

PRINTER

CONNECTOR

1 SVSA9

DBEN

J

SP/EN

r . 74LS32

SYSA1

CSPlOl

CONFIGURATION

SWITCHES

SW1-SW8

' \

DBEN

>2

1 s

74LS10

1

, SYSTEM

X CONTROL BUS

P

V

p II * ♦

Ff

V RESDATO-7

1 B

TXR)

8251AUSART

RXCTXCCLK

SIC

OTXROY

SIOORXRDY 8

.

J

SYSAO

CSSIOO

TXD

CHO

RS-232C

BUFFERS

J14

SERIAL

CHO

I/O

CONNECTOR

SYSIORD

rTd

rts

SYSIOWR

20-cI

n

DTR

( )

CTS

DSR

J

TXD

CHI

RS-232C

BUFFERS

J13

SERIAL

CHI

I/O

CONNECTOR

;

RXD

SYSAO

8251A

USART

t

RTS ^

u.

CSSIOl

DTR fc

( .)

SYSIORD

CTS

5Tr

SYSIOWR

TXC TXRXC R>

U

RDY [

SIOIRXRDY

SIOITXRDY

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 85

SYSTEM CONTROL BUS

20 BIT SYSTEM ADDRESS BUS

8 BIT SYSTEMSYSA16-SYSA19

RESDATO-7

74LS173DMA PAGEREGISTERS

RESDATO-7

kl

74LS245ADDRESSBUFFER

^

8 2 3 7A - 5

DMA

CONTROLLER

DMARQST/ACK/HOLD

READ/WRITECONTROLS

74LS373ADDRESSLATCH

SYSA8-SYSA15

RESDATO-7

SYSTEMCONTROL BUS

BMHzOSCILLATOR

WRITE CLOCK

GENERATION

LOGIC

, 74LS243J DATA

TRANSCEIVER

R/W CONTROLS

=P

20

N CONNECTOR:(IBM PCCOMPATIBL

62 PINI/O

ECTORS

8272FLOPPYDISKCONTROLLER

DATA WINDOW

PLO DATA

RECOVERY

LOGIC

PRESHIFTO

WRITE

PRE-COMP

LOGIC

WRITE DATA

WRPROT/2 SIDE

FLTRE5/STEP

LOW CUR/DIR

MULTIPLEXER

WRITE PROTECT

TWO-SIOED

FAULT RESET

LOW CURRENT

WRITE ENABLE

SIDE SELECT

HEAD LOAD

FDCRESET

74LS139DECODER

DRIVE SELECTO

DRIVE SELECT1

DRIVE SELECT2

DRIVE SELECT3

HEAD LOADO

HEAD LOAD1

HEAD LOAD2

HEAD LOAD3

RESDATO-3

CSFDCMOT

74LS173LATCH

MOTORONO

MOTORON2

&afym

jh

5 1/4"

DRIVE

34-PIN

CONNECTOR

J12

8" DRIVE

50-PIN

CONNECTOR

Figure 2: Continued from page 85.

86 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Osborne brings you the comparisonIBMand Apple don't want you to see.

Other computer companies dazzle buyerswith an array of options and add-ons thatmakes the final price hard to determineand makes the computer hard to buy,complex to assemble, and verydifficult to carry.

We believe in making personalcomputers that are easy to learn anduse. And that starts with makingcomputers easy to buy.

The Osborne 1™ Personal BusinessComputer. One simple price, $1795,buys it all.

And it all comes in a portable caseyou can take with you wherever youwork. Because once you go to work withan Osborne, you won't want to work

any other way.

For your nearest dealer, call (in California)800 772-3545, ext. 905; (outside California)call 800 227-1617, ext. 905.

$1795. Complete. Including Software.

COMPUTER CORPORATION

OSBORNE 1™ IBM PERSONAL®

Computer with 64K RAM, two floppy drivesA,keyboard and CRT:

■

Serial communications:Modem Connection:

IEEE 488 Instrument communications:

BASIC interpreter":

Business BASICE:

CP/M® Control Program:

Word Processing^

Electronic Spreadsheet":

Carrying Case:

TOTAL PRICE1:

$1795■■■■■MMINCLUDED

INCLUDED

INCLUDED

INCLUDED

INCLUDED

INCLUDED

INCLUDED

INCLUDED

INCLUDED

$1795

$3240B

EXTRA COSTEXTRA COSTEXTRA COST

INCLUDEDEXTRA COSTEXTRA COSTEXTRA COSTEXTRA COSTEXTRA COST

$4000-4700

APPLE IP

$3120cEXTRA COSTEXTRA COSTEXTRA COST

INCLUDEDEXTRA COST

F (see below)

EXTRA COST

MMMMMBMEXTRA COST

EXTRA COST

$4000-4700

A. The Osborne 1™ includes two built-in 100K byte floppy disk drives. The IBM" and APPLE II" drives provide approximately 160K bytes ofstorage. B. From the IBM Product Center Personal Computer Price Schedule. C. From the Apple Computer Suggested Retail Price List.D. The Osborne includes MBASIC* from Microsoft. E. The Osborne includes CBASIC*, a business-oriented BASIC language from DigitalResearch.™ F. The Osborne includes CP/M*, the industry-standard control program from Digital Research. The list of software packageswhich will run with CP/M is considerable. IBM offers CP/M 86 (a version of CP/M) at extra cost. There are optional hardware systems whichallow the Apple II to run CP/M; the Apple II control program is highly comparable to CP/M. G. The Osborne includes WORDSTAR" wordprocessing with MAILMERGE8—products of MicroPro™ International. H. The Osborne includes SUPERCALC™, the electronic spreadsheetsystem from Sorcim Corporation. I. Exact price comparisons cannot be presented, because the software and hardware options chosen tocreate the "equivalent" of the Osborne 1 Personal Business Computer vary in price. The range indicated was computed using price listsfrom IBM and Apple. Documentation of the computations are available on request from Osborne Computer Corporation. Trademarks:OSBORNE 1: Osborne Computer Corporation; SUPERCALC: Sorcim Corporation; Digital Research: Digital Research, Inc.; Registered Trade-marks: WORDSTAR, MAILMERGE: MicroPro International Corporation of San Rafael, CA; MBASIC: Microsoft; CBASIC, CP/M: Digital Research,Inc.; IBM: IBM Corporation; Apple, Apple II: Apple Computer Corporation.

Circle 341 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982

87

SYSTEM CONTROL BUS

k

<R1601 S51K

IN4H8 '

CIO1MFTANT

—| ^> *(4)

XTAL1

14.31818MHzOR 15.0MHz

JT

*t-z'i nT\ SYSRDY/WAITIC25 | 8 J?

ic3o nr^>-

*(2)'

R26

IK

C9

9-35pF

_ X1RES

F/C

CSYNC

ASYNC

RDY2

RDY1

AEN1

X2

CLK

RESET

READY

IC348284A

>L>=

S4.7K 74LS326l 10

IC2074LS04

~^£y—fj>

RN4 J4.7K<

'i«0

IC5674LS32

IOCHNLERR

3>

*(3)

ICS8 | 5 _>-

IC5574LS08

IC53 | ION-

ICS Qi> SVSA0

,(4) IC7o[I7> SIQ0B'tR

I \ SIOlRXRt

*(4] IC71 |l4>

i s. SIOOTXRl

*(4) IC70 Q5j> "

*(4)lC7l[g> S""TXR

»u)ic7»[r> PR""RD♦i5)ic2i|Tr> FDCINT

,in>

IC628259A

IR1 D2

D3

IR2 D4

IR3 OS

D6

IR4 07

IRS SP/EN

IR6 INTA

IR7 INT

CASO CAS1 CAS2

,[n>

IC6 |"l9^^-*(4) IC61 [TT>-

*(2) {

o-o-

X

CLK

RESET

READY

IC368088CPU

QSOQSl

3 SO RQ/GT1

LOCKA19A18A17A16A15A14A13A12AllA10

AD7A06AD5AD4AD3AD2AOlAO0

If

- SY5IORD

• SYSIOWR

■ SYSCLK1

■ SYSCLK2

- SYSRDY

- SYSRES

■ SYSCLKO

■ SOSl_S2

R17

4.7K

R18

4.7K

~7h

11 SYSDATO

10 SYSDAT1

~7h

IC358259A

SP/ENINTA

k

*(SECTION#) DENOTES CONNECTION TO INDICATEDPIN OR SIGNAL ON OTHER NUMBERED CIRCUIT SECTIONS.

RQ/GTO BUSY

QSlQSO

CLK

RESET

READY

IC37

8087NPX

A19A18A17A16A15A14A13A12AllA10

AD7AD6AD5AD4AD3AD2AD1AOO

SYSTEM DATA BUS

- A19

■ A18

■ A17

■ A16

■ A15

■ A14

■ A13

■ A12

■ Ml

- A10

- AD7

■ AD6

■ AD5

■ AD4

■ AD3

■ AD2AD1

- ADO

SYSDATOSYSDAT1SYSDAT2SYSDAT3SYSDAT4SYSOAT5SYSDAT6SYS0AT7

Figure 3a: Half of section 1 of the schematic diagram of the MPX-16; the second half of section 1 appears as figure 3b on the next twopages. Sections 2 through 5 of the schematic will appear in December's and January's articles. Many connections to other sections ofthe schematic are indicated in this figure by the notation *(n), where n is the section number; IC numbers in the other sections are

88 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

srsiORD ■

SYSIOWR ■SVSCLK1 ■SYSCLK2 ■SYSROY ■SYSRES -SYSCLKO ■LOCK •

50 -

51 ■

52 -

A19 -A18 -A17 -A16 -A15 -A14 -A13 -»12 -All -A10 -

A9 ■

AS ■

AD7 •AD6 ■AD5 ■ADA ■AD3 'AD2 -AD1 —iADO t

A17

TUT

rO1

IC6374LS14

'(«0

IC4474LS373

IC3874LS373

7D

SD

>OK

IC5074LS373

>CK

oc

IC4374LS245

A3A4A5ASA7ASD1R5

AT

IC518288

CENSO

si

S2

INTA

DT/R

ALE

MRDC

AMWC

IORC

AIOWC

CLK

SYSTEM ADDRESS BUS

JT

3 IC4974LS24

D

IC4674LS24

SYSMEMWR

^T>J

MZ)0-

IC5674LS32

IC3074LS10

■ SYSIORD

■ SYSIOWR

■ SYSCLK1

■ SYSCLK2

■ SYSROY

■ SYSRESSYSCLKO

■ LOCK

?

• so

■ si

SYSA19SYSA18

- SYSA17

■ SYSA16

■ SYSA15

■ SYSA14

■ SYSA13

■ SYSA12

- SYSA11

■ SYSA10

- SYSA9

- SYSA8

- SYSA7

■ SYSA6

- SYSA5

■ SYSA4• SYSA3

- SYSA2

- SYSA1

■ SYSAO

TO DMACONTROLLER

RESOAT4

SYSOATOSYSDAT1SYSDAT2SYSDAT3SYSDAT4SYSDAT5SYSDAT6SYSDAT7

RESDAT7RESDAT6RESDAT5RESDAT4RESDAT3RESDAT2RESOAT1RESOATO

SYSOATO -SYSOAT1-SYSOAT2 -SYSOAT3-SYSDAT4-SYSDAT5-SYSDAT6-SYSOAT7-

SYSDATO

SYSDAT1

SYSDAT2

SYSOAT3

SYSOAT4

SYSDAT5

SYS0AT6

SYSDAT7

given where appropriate. Here are shown the main processor, numeric coprocessor, interrupt controllers, clock generator, bus con-troller, bus latches, bus transceivers, and miscellaneous components. A table of power connections will be published in the December1982 BYTE.

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 89

SYSTEM CONTROL BUS

SYSDATOSYSDAT1SYSDAT2SYS0AT3SYSDAT4SYS0AT55YSDAT6SYS0AT7

Figure 3b: Second half of section 1 of the schematic diagram of the MPX-16. Here are shown the direct-memory-access controller;control-signal latches, registers, and transceivers; and various logic gates. Note the large number of bus lines for addresses, data, andcontrol signals. Sections 2 through 5 of the schematic will appear in December's and January's articles. Many connections to other

90

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

SYSDATO-SYSDAT1-SYSDAT2 -SYSDAT3 -SYSDAT4-SYSDAT5-SYSDAT6-SYSOAT7-

■ SYSOATO

■ SYSDAT1

■ SYSDAT2■SYSDAT3-SYSDAT4-SYSDAT5

♦ 12)' *(3)

sections of the schematic are indicated in this figure by the notation *(n), where n is the section number; IC numbers in the other sec-tions are given where appropriate.

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 91

^r~7

"oonynGr^*^

Photo 3: Prototype of the MPX-16 being tested for compatibility with the l/O-expansion bus of the IBM Personal Computer. A Quadram Quadboard (an ex-pansion card for the IBM PC that contains 256K bytes of memory, a serial port,a parallel port, and a real-time clock) is inserted in one of the MPX-16's slots. Itworks!

Photo 4: Engineer Jim Norris of Owl Electronic Laboratories tests the MPX-16prototype.

level block diagram, while figure 2 onpages 84, 85, and 86 contains a fullflow diagram for all parts of thesystem.

We'll look at each constituent sub-system separately, beginning with theprocessor and coprocessor; arrange-ment of data, address, and controlsignal buses; clock signals; the NMI(nonmaskable interrupt); and theDMA (direct memory access) subsys-tem. Section 1 of the schematic dia-gram, which appears as figures 3aand 3b on pages 88, 89, 90, and 91,contains most of these subsystems,although I do mention some thingsthat will show up in schematic-dia-gram sections to be published in parts2 and 3 of this series.

Intel 8088 Processor

The new 16-bit microprocessors aremore powerful than their 8-bit pre-decessors. Not only do they operateat faster speed, but the 16-bit chipsmanipulate numerical quantities inlarger chunks, directly address morememory, and offer the programmerexpanded instruction sets. But alongwith the greater capability comes anew set of computer-design con-siderations.

An alternative to complete com-mitment to 16 bits is embodied in theheart of the MPX-16: the powerfulIntel 8088 microprocessor. The 8088uses a 16-bit internal architecture andinstruction set and possesses a1-megabyte memory-addressing ca-pability and a 64K-byte I/O-address-ing capability, but communicatesthrough an 8-bit external data bus(sort of like putting its data flowthrough a funnel). The 8088 has acommon internal architecture andcomplete software compatibility withthe pure-16-bit Intel 8086 micropro-cessor. As a result, the 8088 providesan excellent way for designers, engi-neers, hobbyists, and students to easeinto the world of 16-bit computing bytaking advantage of its 8-bit-compat-ible bus structure.

The 8088 can be used in low-costsystems that employ a few multi-plexed-bus support chips such as theIntel 8155 (2K-bit static RAM withI/O ports and timer), 8755A (16K-bitEPROM with I/O ports), and 8185

92 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 469 on inquiry card.

When You Catch Your

First Glimpse of Victory,

You'll See Microcomputer Power

The World Has Been Waiting for

Victory Computer Systems, Inc.invites you to join us, now,

on the horizon of

microcomputer technology.

You will receive an introduction

to strikingly elegant architecture

that unleashes ultimate power

and speed from the

world's most advanced

microprocessor designs.

Your first glimpse of Victory

awaits you at Comdex,in Amsterdam and Las Veg?c

VICTORY

COMPUTER SYSTEMS INC.

(408) 379-6200

Ultimate Power from Microcomputer Technology.

iiaiii

f Comdex Europe Booth #612Comdex Las Vegas: Booth #3072

c

MEMORY INTERFACE

BUS-

INTERFACE

UNIT

ft

)

C'BUS

<^>

ES

CS

SS

li

I cvr/^i/T-jstA/ i ■' ■ ;■■

EXECUTIONUNIT

INSTRUCTIONSTREAMBYTEQUEUE

CONTROLSYSTEM

A-BUS

H

AH

AL

BH

BL

CH

CL

DH

DL

SP

BP

SI

Dl

^2.

V

<~>

ARITHMETIC/LOGiC UNIT

FLAGS

Figure 4: Functional block diagram of the Intel 8088 microprocessor. Its pipelined archi-tecture, shared with the 8086, increases speed by overlapping the execution of instruc-tions with memory-access operations.

(lK-byte static RAM). That was theapproach I took in my previous arti-cle series (see reference 2, listed onpage 114). But the power of the 8088can best be exploited when it serves asthe nucleus of a fully expanded sys-tem, using its full address space andcoprocessing capabilities.

The 8088 microprocessor can beset up to interact with other com-ponents in the system in either themaximum or minumum mode. Cer-tain control and status signals differbetween the two modes. The selectionis made by connecting the MN/MXpin on the 8088's package to groundor to +5 V (volts). In the minimummode, the 8088 functions as a stand-alone processor, interacting with pe-ripheral devices somewhat like the8-bit 8085 processor. In the maximummode, other integrated circuits per-form certain specialized functionssuch as bus control, numeric dataprocessing, and input/output control.In the MPX-16, the 8088 is configuredfor maximum-mode operation.

WHAT'S

ECC (Error Correction Code) is a poly-nomial derivative which is used to detectand correct errors. In simpler terms, thismeans that the computer will detect andautomatically correct data errors sometimes generatedspuriously in the equipment.

ECC?

VR Data's HARD DISK III has this feature.If your system will abend or die during adata error or if you must always have thecorrect data for your functions, ECC is anecessity. This feature has filtered down from the largercomputer systems and is now used by manufacturers ofsuperior micro computer products.

Imagine a 5 meg Winchester Hard Disk with the following features:

FOR *1899. Complete

• ECC—onboard buffer

• FCC approval—Heavy Duty Power Supply

• Automatic power on with system

• Heavy duty linear power supply

• Gold plated contact on all connectors

• Heavy gauge aluminum chassis

• 115/230 VAC 60/50 HZ Standard

• State-of-the-art controller

• 2 pass forced air cooling system

Interfaces to: Radio Shack TRS 80 Model I • Radio Shack TRS 80Model III • IBM Personal Computer • Others to be announced

ONLYFROM

\IR

data

777 Henderson Boulevard N-6 Folcrofr, PA 1903212151461-5300 18001315-8102

94 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

CASHFLOWPROBLEMS?

Up

■

To

ITS NICE TO KNOW SOMEONEWHO HAS THE SOLUTION.

MicroAge is your SolutionStore . . . that means atMicroAgeComputerStoreswe have a wide selectionof time-saving computer-ized business systemsdesigned specifically tosolve the daily cash flowrft, problems every business-man faces.

MicroAge has computer-ized business systems thatquickly and affordably allow you to regain con-trol of your critical accounts receivable... at lastmaking it possible for you to carry out effectivecollection procedures on a consistent basis.MicroAge has accounts receivable programpackages to automatically display and updateaccount information; prepare trial balanceincluding a balance-due and delinquency aging

report, and take care of dozens of other tasksthat eat into your time and profit!

Computerized business systems from the Micro-Age Computer Store are available in the $5,000to $15,000 range, to suit the individual budget ofyour small business or professional practice.MicroAge backs up every system with personal-ized service, warranty service and repair, instal-lation, systems consulting, even customer train-ing. Visit the MicroAge Computer Store in yourarea soon with your business problems, and letus help you with the solution.

MicroAge

co/upuTer srore

"The Solution Store" SM

Circle 281 on inquiry card.

VISIT THE STORE IN YOUR AREA:

Anchorage, Alaska(907) 279-6688

Phoenix. Arizona(602) 265-0065

Pleasant Hill, California(415)680-1489

Santa Ana. California(714)558-7789

Norwalk. Connecticut(203) 646-0851

Danbury. Connecticut(203) 797-1623Greenwich, Connecticut(203)629-8171

W. Palm Beach, Florida(305) 683-5779

Orland Park. Illinois(312)349-8080

Indianapolis, Indiana(317)849-5161

Salina, Kansas(913)823-7596

Lexington. Kentucky(606) 278-0304

Minneapolis. Minnesota(612)338-1777

St. Louis, Missouri(314)567-7644

Omaha, Nebraska(402)339-7441

Albuquerque, New Mexico(505) 883-0955

Rochester. New York(716)244-9000

Columbus. Ohio(614)868-1550

Columbus. Ohio(614)451-8080

Oklahoma City. Oklahoma(405) 728-1837

Tulsa, Oklahoma(918)250-9502

Allentown, Pennsylvanic(215)434-4301

Nashville, Tennessee(615)327-9669

El Paso, Texas(915)591-3349

Houston. Texas(713)440-7547

Houston, Texas(713)270-9647

Hurst, Texas(817)284-3413

Milwaukee. Wisconsir(414)257-1100

Toronto. Canada(416)487-5551

Coming Soon:

Houston, TexasMontreal. CanadaPhiladelphia. PennsylvaniaJacksonville, FloridaCherry Hili, New Jersey

FOR FRANCHISE OPPORTUNITY INFORMATION CALL (602) 968-3168

try out the in-stock selection of

Heath/Zenith microcomputers,

peripherals, accessories

and software.

Now available at your nearby HeathkitElectronic Center, or through the Heathkit

mail order catalog.

You get more with a Heath/Zenith per-sonal microcomputer system! We offer:

-1 .M.JI 1 1 I II II | M 1 1 |

Microcomputer

If 1 ■ Qualify you can denoti

wllhaname'

H | ■ A powerful ryiy orrordabtopr)

oucanlrtern ola

CO

Ml ■ An abundance of bui'n

h^ _M pfog-amj fowl's^ your■^ L needs

A Jl ■Backedbyana-tonwk*■ lij oniHo servfce nofwk

" -/VIA* LEU

£ ■ 1yv^^

j

"'

r-t,

1. Proven, high-performance hardware: Thousands ofour microcomputers are proving themselves daily, in the field

2. Vast software library: Three operating systems(including CP/M), languages, word processors,an electronic spreadsheet, versatile utilities and the500-program Heath Users' Group software library.

3. Self-instruction courses: Evaluation and program-ming courses from Heath kit/Zenith Educational Systems.

4. Service support: Before and after the sale -consultation by phone, carry-in service.

slaw

Test run one of our microcomputersat any of the more than 60 convenientHeathkit Electronic Centers in the U.S.

•j i

:'!£-.

■

'"A

*f

*\

.V

■

Heathkit

ELECTRONIC CENTERS &

IRK

-j';,

See the white pages of your telephone booktor store locations and telephone numbers.

m

Circle 204 on inquiry card.•Units ot Ventechnology Electronics Corporation in the U S

Or if you prefer, send to the address below for a

FREE catalog:

Heath Company In Canada: Heath Company

Dept. 334-954 1480 Dundas St. E.

Benton Harbor. Ml 49022 Mississauga. ONT L4X 2R7

Please send my free catalog, describing your complete lineof microcomputer products!

Name.

Address .

CP-214

State-

Zip-

Expand your IBM PC

(PC)2's Add-In Winchester Disk System is housed within theIBM chassis and is easy to install directly into the floppy slot,reducing desktop space. Also available in 12 and 18 M Bytescapacity. When you order our PCM-100-2 our DS-DISK softwareis offered at no extra charge.

Memory Expansion Board

(PC)2's Expansion Board offers 4 TIMES the amount of memoryoffered by IBM. P.C. Configurations can be set at 64K, 128K,192K and 256K Bytes. Board can be easily upgraded in 64Kcapacities. Upgradability is the key!

Asynchronous CommunicationsController

1 or 2 line capability on one card.

Totally compatible with IBM software and diagnostics.

Combination Memory/AsynchronousController Board

(PC)2 high capacity memories are combined on one board withsingle or double ported asynchronous communicationscontrollers to create the (PC)2 Combination Memory Expansion/Asynchronous Controller Board. (PC)2 Combo Boards are fullyupgradeable in 64K increments up to the 256K byte boardcapacity and are configured with support for one or twoRS-232C Ports.

Larger quantity pricing is available. For further details call (PC)2 Today.

Phone or Write Now! (408) 749-9313

(PC)2, 510 Lawrence Expressway No. 678 Sunnyvale, CA 94086

Postage and Handling included within continental U.S.A.

One year warranty on all board products.

MasterCard, Visa, Checks and C.O.D. accepted.

PLUG COMPATIBLES FOR PERSONAL COMPUTERS

Architecture of the 8088

The internal architectures of the8088 and 8086 processors are iden-tical. A diagram of their internalstructure is shown in figure 4. The8088 contains two logical functionaldivisions—the bus-interface unit(BIU) and the execution unit (EU)—with a logical pipeline between themthat provides an instruction queue.

The 8088 uses instruction queuingto increase computing speed. A4-byte instruction queue holds con-tents of the four bytes in memory thatconsecutively follow the instructionbeing performed by the executionunit. These four bytes of instructionsor data are brought into the processorbefore they are to be executed; there-fore, when the EU is ready to executethe next instruction, frequently it orthe data required is contained alreadyin the queue. Only when the EU needsto access nonconsecutive addresses(or during a few combinations ofespecially fast-executing instructions)will time be consumed for memoryfetches. By not tying up the memorybus as often as its nonqueuing 8-bitpredecessors, the 8088 makes the busavailable for use by other powerfulsupport devices. The overall result isincreased efficiency and faster pro-cessing.

The execution unit is where the ac-tual processing of data takes place in-side the 8088. It is here that thefamiliar arithmetic and logic unit(ALU) is located, along with theregisters used to manipulate data,store intermediate results, and keeptrack of the pushdown stack. The EUaccepts instructions that have beenfetched by the BIU, then processes theinstructions. It next returns operandaddresses to the BIU, processes theoperands, and then passes them backto the BIU for storage in memory.

The role of the bus-interface unit isto maximize bus-bandwidth utiliza-tion (that is, to speed things up bymaking sure that the bus is used to itsfull capacity). The BIU carries outthis assignment in two basic ways:first, by fetching instructions beforethey are needed by the EU and storingthem in the instruction queue, andsecond, by taking care of all operand-fetch and -store operations, address

98 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 354 on inquiry card.

Apple Polishing.

New software for your Apple'IEOnly from Quark.

Now you can add three new Quark softwareproducts to your Apple III.

Advanced programs which offer you the technicalsophistication you need. With the simplicity ofoperation you want. All at intelligent prices.

Case-in-point: Catalyst™. With this hard diskprogram, you'll only have to boot your system once.Which means you may not have to touch anotherfloppy disk all day. And the price, to coin a phrase, isuser-friendly. Only $ 149.

You'll also be delighted with Discourse'"A spooler that saves you a lot of time. Because itlets you use your computer while you're printingother reports. Plus, you can queue up to 14documents. The price is $ 125.

And if you need an automated appointmentcalendar, the answer is Quark's new Vigi[™.No matter what your Apple III is doing, Vigilwill alert you to the next event on your busyschedule. The price is attention-getting, too.just $95.

Your dealer wants to show you these excitingnew programs today. And while you're there, besure to ask for our free brochure: ApplePolishing.

Or write us directly.

You'll discover how to put Quark's unique line ofsoftware to work for you. And then your Apple IIIcan really shine.

• Apple is a registered trademarkof Apple Computer, Inc.

Quark

1433 Williams, Suite 1102 Denver, CO 80218(303)399-1096

Circle 380 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982 99

8088 REGISTER MODEL: (8080 REGISTERS SHADED)

I

07 0

AX

AH

AL

BX

BH

BL

CX

CH

CL

DX

DH

DL

SP

BP

SI

Dl

15

0

{

0 D

T|8|Z|

*

N

1 C

15

CS

ES

(A)

ACCUMULATOR

(HL)

BASE

(BC)

COUNT

(DE)

DATA

(SP)

STACK POINTER

BASE POINTER

SOURCE INDEX

DESTINATION INDEX

(PC)

INSTRUCTION POINTER

(PSW)

STATUS FLAGS

CODE SEGMENT

DATA SEGMENT

STACK SEGMENT

EXTRA SEGMENT

Figure 5: Programmer's model of the 8088's fourteen 16-bit registers. The shadedregisters are the 8080-register subset, that is, the registers that are common to the 16-bit8088 and its 8-bit predecessors.

h—V

64 KB

SEGMENTREGISTER FILE

SS

DS

MSB

LSB

) CODE SEGMENT

XXXXOH

>STACK SEGMENT

> DATA SEGMENT

EXTRA DATA SEGMENT

OOOOOH

Figure 6: Memory organization in the 8088. Memory segmentation is used to address upto 1 megabyte (1,048,576 bytes) in segments of 64K bytes. The 8088 creates a 20-bit ad-dress by combining a 16-bit offset value with a segment-boundary value stored in one ofthe segment registers.

relocation, and bus control. (Theseactions of the BIU leave the ELJ free toconcentrate on processing data andcarrying out instructions.)

Figure 5 shows the programmer'smodel of the 8088's fourteen 16-bitregisters. The shaded registers are the8080-register subset, that is, theregisters that are common to the 8088and its 8-bit predecessors.

The general registers, also calledthe HL group because they can besubdivided into high and low bytes,include the accumulator (AX), baseregister (BX), count register (CX), anddata register (DX). The two bytes inany of the general-purpose registerscan be operated on separately; for in-stance, the AX register can be ad-dressed as a 16-bit register, AX, or thehigh-order byte can be addressed asthe register AH and the low-orderbyte as AL. The same holds true forBX, CX, and DX.

Another group of registers is thepointer and index (or P and I) group.This set contains the stack-pointer(SP), base-pointer (BP, an extrapointer into the stack), source-index(SI), and destination-index (DI) regis-ters. Generally speaking, these regis-ters hold offset addresses used for ad-dressing within a segment of mem-ory. They can also participate, alongwith the general-register group, in thearithmetic and logical operations ofthe 8088.

The 8088 uses memory segmenta-tion to address this large memoryspace efficiently; it deals withmemory as a set of four 64K-byte seg-ments simultaneously defined (possi-bly overlapping) within the memory-address space, which is organized as alinear array of 1,048,576 bytes, ad-dressed as hexadecimal 00000through hexadecimal FFFFF. The 8088creates a 20-bit address by combininga 16-bit offset value with a segment-boundary value stored in one of thesegment registers. Figure 6 showshow this works.

Each of the 16-bit segment regis-ters, the code-segment (CS) register,the stack-segment (SS) register, thedata-segment (DS) register, and theextra-data-segment (ES) register, con-tains a value that can be combinedwith the 16-bit offset address speci-

100 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

S-100 STATIC MEMORYBREAKTHROUGH

Finally, you can buy state-of-the-artS-100/IEEE 696 static memory for yourcomputer at an unprecedented savings.

Memory Merchant's memoryboards provide the advanced features,quality and reliability you need for thekind of operational performancedemanded by new high-speedprocessors.

Completely Assembled.

These memory boards are not kits,nor skeletons — but top-quality, high-performance memories that are shippedto you completely assembled, burned-in,socketed, tested and insured with one ofthe industry's best warranties.

Superior Design & Quality.

Memory Merchant's boards arecreated by a designer, well known for hisproven ability in advanced, cost-efficientmemory design. Innovative circuitryprovides you with highly desired featuresand incredible versatility.

Only first-quality components areused throughout, and each board isrigorously tested to assure perfect anddependable performance.

No Risk Trial.

We are so convinced that you willbe absolutely delighted with our boardsthat we extend a no-risk trial offer. Afterpurchasing one of our boards, you mayreturn it (intact) for any reason within 15days after shipment and we will refundthe purchase price (less shipping).

NEW S-100 PRODUCTS COMINGSOON:

* DUAL8/16BITCPU BOARD

* 128K 8/16 BIT STATIC RAM

* 256K 8/16 BIT DYNAMIC RAM

Circle 277 on inquiry card.

FULL TWO-YEARWARRANTY.

48K PARTIALLY POPULATED $519.32K PARTIALLY POPULATED $409.

r

64K RAM, MODEL MM65K16S

• 64K x 8-bit

• Speed in excess of 6 MHz

• Uses 150ns 16K (2K x 8) static RAMS

• Ultra-low power (435 Ma. max. —loaded with 64K)

• Bank Select and Extended Addressing

• A 2K window which can be placedanywhere in the 64K memory map

• Four independently addressable 16Kblocks organized as:

— Two independent 32K banks or

— One 64K Extended Address Page or

— One 48K and one 16K bank for usein MP/M1 (option)

• Each 32K bank respondsindependently to phantom

• 2716 (5V) EPROMS may replace any orall of the RAM

• Field-proven operation in CROMEMCOCROMIX*andCDOS*.

• Compatible with latest IEEE 696systems such as Northstar, CompuPro,Morrow, IMS, IMSAI front panel, Altairand many others.

OEM and DEALER inquiries invited.

The reliability of our boards,through quality-controlled production andproven performance, has enabled us toextend our warranty to a full two years.That's standard with us, not an option.This includes a 6-month exchangeprogram for defective units.

Shipped direct from stock.

All Memory Merchant's boards areshipped direct from stock, normallywithin 48 hours of receipt of your order.Call us at (415) 483-1008 and we may beable to ship the same day.

16K RAM, ModelMM16K14

C

5 memory™/////merchant

14666 Doolittle Drive

San Leandro, CA 94577

(415)483-1008

16Kx8Bit 16K STATIC RAM $169.

Bank Select & Extended AddressingFour independently addressable 4K

blocksOne 4K segment equipped with 1K

windowsUses field-proven 2114 (1K x 4) RAMSLow Power (less than 1.2 Amps)Runs on any S-100 8080, 4 MHz Z-80 or

5 MHz 8085 system.

Prices, terms, specifications subject tochange without notice.

•Cramix and CDOS are trademarks ol CROMEMCO.1 MP/M is a trademark of Digital Research

16

FILE: C

'

AX

R1R2R3R4R5R6R7R8

BX

CX

DX

SI

Dl

BP

SP

I

IP

FLAGS

79 78

DATA FIELD64 63

TAG FIELD1 0

SIGN

EXPONENT

SIGNIFICAND

cs

DSESSS

CONTROL REGISTER

STATUS REGISTER

INSTRUCTION POINTER

DATA POINTER

Figure 7: Programmer's model of the 8088/8087 coprocessor combination. The 8087adds eight 80-bit registers to the architecture and 68 operations to the instruction set.The 8088/8087 combination can operate on BCD (binary-coded decimal) numbers up to18 digits long without round-off errors and perform arithmetic on 64-bit integers.(Figure provided courtesy of Intel Corporation.)

fied by the instruction operand toform the 20-bit address. For instance,the 16-bit value in the code-segmentregister first has four low-order zerobits appended; it is then added to the

low-order 16 bits of the offset ad-dress. When the 8088 fetches an in-struction or data byte from memory,it comes from the location at the ab-solute address thereby formed.

BYT*W**TtR

DAISY WHEELPRINTER

$795

shipping

FEATURES

• Typewriter operation with nothing to disconnect • 10, 12 or 15 characters perinch switch selectable • Portable with carrying case • Entire interface mountedinternally in the Olivetti Praxis 30 typewriter • Underlining • Cables available formost computers • Service from Olivetti dealers • Centronics compatible parallelinput • Built in self test • Cartridge ribbon • 2nd keyboard switch selectable.

TER

125 NORTHVIEW RD., ITHACA, N.Y. 14850(607) 272-1 132

The memory is thus divided intofour segments: the code segment,where instructions are stored; thestack segment, where the pushdownstack is located; the data segment,where data to be operated on isfound; and the extra segment, a64K-byte data area assignable for anydata-storage use. Which code-seg-ment register is used to form the ad-dress varies according to what pro-cessor instruction is being executed.

The 8088 has both relative and ab-solute control-branching instructions.When all branch instructions within agiven segment of memory are speci-fied in relation to the instructionpointer and the program segmentdoes not modify the value of thecode-segment register, that programsegment can be relocated dynamicallyanywhere within the entire addressspace simply by moving the code, up-dating the value of the code-segmentregister, and resuming execution.

The 8087 Numeric Processor

The Intel 8087 numeric processorextension (NPX) is an integrated cir-cuit designed for use with the 8086 or8088 (serving as the central-process-ing unit, or CPU) to form a high-performance numeric-data-process-ing system (called the iAPX 86/20NDP or iAPX 88/20 NDP in Inteljargon). Its use is optional in theMPX-16.

The 8087 is designed to coordinateits functions with other processors ina coprocessing or multiprocessing en-vironment. As a coprocessor, the8087 adds 68 machine instructions tothe system; these operate on its eight80-bit floating-point registers, whichfunction alongside the 8088's registerset. The 8087 is designed to handlevery large numbers; its internal tem-porary-storage format for floating-point quantities is 80 bits: 1 bit forsign, 15 bits for exponent, and 64 bitsof mantissa. A programmer's modelof the resulting architecture is shownin figure 7.

Capable of executing arithmetic,trigonometric, exponential, andlogarithmic instructions, the 8087conforms to the proposed IEEE (In-stitute of Electrical and ElectronicsEngineers) floating-point standard

102 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 63 on inquiry card.

Circle 210 on inquiry card.

frr

Eureka!

Fve found

*

>J ;

v

ElKOifliE^FACE^ for your Apple.'

Microelectronics - the gold of our time -

promotes progress and growth. Yourcomputer should also take part in thisprogress and not become out-dated - forthis reason EUROINTERFACES from IBSexists.

Insist on our offer for better computerperformance.

INTEMEX - the series for steadilyincreasing performance. Storage andmicroprocessor on one single card, e.g.,8 bit: 6809 (2 MHz) with 64 kb-RAMand 16 bit: 68000 (8 MHz) with128kB-RAM.

INTEMEX cards with Z-80 CPU (6 MHz)and 6511-l/Q processor being developed.

EUROINTERFACES

Please request informationregarding the Standard series.

INTEMEX-serie

6809 with 64 kB

68000 with 128 kB

z-80 with 64 kB

6511 with 64 kB.

AD/DA wandler 12 bit - 25 us.

RAM-cards

256 kB on one single card.

i3* COIilPUiE3iECmi-C

IBS Computertechnik3591 Quail Lakes Dr. No. 21Stockton CA 95207USA

IBS Computertechnik

OlperStraBelO.D-4800 Bielefeld 14Phone: 05 21/4440 32West-Germany

Cilec Informatique et electronic

18. Quai Saint Nicolas ■ F-67000 StrasbourgPhone: 881111/37 31 • France

Data Processing Systems J. van Dissel

Vlierstraat12 • NL-8171 BC Vaasen ■ Netherlands

B-2400 MOL • Belgium

MIKETRONIX

Sechsschimmelgassel ■ A-1090WienPhone: 02 22/343696 ■ Austria

Computer World

St Raadhusgade 6 ■ DK-64OOS0nderborgPhone: 04/4341 42 ■ Denmark

Data Design AG

Leinbachstr. 99 ■ CH-8041 ZurichPhone: 4 81 75 35 ■ Switzerland

and provides 100 times the perfor-mance of the 8088 working alone. It'sa real number cruncher.

The 8087 uses its own instructionqueue to monitor the 8088's instruc-tion stream, operating only on thoseinstructions intended for it. When anumeric instruction appears in thecode, it is treated as an "escape" fromthe normal sequence by both the 8088CPU and 8087 NPX; the NPX pro-cesses it while the CPU finishes itscurrent task. Concluding that, the

CPU either does nothing (if the NPXrequires no further data) or itcalculates an address and reads a byteof memory which is used by the NPX(the CPU ignores this value in its owncomputations).

The 8087 is only an extension pro-cessor and cannot run by itself. Itneeds a separate CPU to operate thedata, address, and control buses,which provide it with instructionsand operands. Once the NPX hasstarted its operation, the CPU may

USER-FRIENDLY

•frl

WITH THE

>7< r " =3l 1

pvvith user prompts at all levels of command entry, theJti-Tech Modem II makes data communications from yourDple n* or II plus* easy on even a bare bones computer,id the keyboard dialing makes communication at 110 or) bps simple.

Compatible with other smart modems and Bell 103-typeequipment, the Modem II is crystal controlled, needs no serialinterface card, provides auto-dial and auto-answer and has abuilt-in speaker to monitor call progress. That means accuracy!For more information on the Modem II or the MT212A n™ (a1200/300 bps full duplex modem for your Apple 11), call or write.

MULTI-TECH

Multi-Tech Systems, Inc.

82 - Second Avenue SENew Brighton, MN 55112(612)631/3550

Trademark of Apple Computer, IncSee us at COMDEX booth no. 2718

continue executing the main programwhile the NPX "crunches." Thisparallel operation of the NPX andCPU can continue until the NPXneeds to reference memory. Onlythen will the processor give the NPXaccess to the bus (the main processormay, however, continue to processinstructions from its instructionqueue). A special request/grant line,RQ/GT0, is used to pass control ofthe buses shared between the NPXand the CPU. The relationship be-tween the CPU and the NPX is similarto the master/slave scheme used inless complicated computers, while theprotocol is somewhat like hold andhold-acknowledge signals, althoughmore complicated. (Additional pro-cessors or coprocessing devices can beattached to the NPX/CPU combina-tion through another signal line,RQ/GTl, although no provision forthis has been made in the MPX-16.)The amount of time that the pro-cessor actually waits to get back onthe bus is very small. If it were not fora few stolen memory cycles, the co-processor's operation would be essen-tially invisible to the host processor;it's a small price to pay for the greatincrease in performance for numericcomputation. As a comparison, eventhough it's quite a powerful micro-processor, the pure-16-bit 8086 takesabout 20 milliseconds to compute asquare root, using a floating-pointsubroutine. Eliminating the sub-routine and using the 8087 instead,the result can be calculated in lessthan 40 microseconds (the speed-up issimilar for the 8088). Such speed is anundeniable asset to high-level lan-guages such as BASIC and Pascal.They not only run faster, but thememory space devoted to floating-point subroutines is saved.

MPX-16 Bus Structures

The MPX-16 system supports twomajor signal-bus structures, the pro-cessors' local bus and the global sys-tem bus, as you can see clearly in thesimplified block diagram of figure 1and somewhat less clearly in the de-tailed diagram of figure 2. Most of thesignals in the MPX-16 pass on one ormore of the several buses.

The local bus is shared by the 8088

104 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 314 on inquiry card.

For top quality performance fromyour computer, use the flexible discsknown for memory excellence. Now, buya specially marked box of 10 Memorex®534" mini flexible discs and we'll send youan additional mini disc FREE.

tions. So for business, word processing,or personal computer applications,Memorex mini discs are sure to do thejob. And we back them with a full yearwarranty to prove it. So see your local Memorex distribu-

Features like our uniquely sealedjacket and protective hub ring make our

discs last longer. And a soft inner linercleans the ultra-smooth disc surface

tor or dealer or call (800) 538-8200(In California (408) 987-1893) today. Buy

while in use. It all adds up to better per-formance and reliability^

a box of 10 flexible 5K" mini discs.Thensend the coupon in the box to Memorex

Our proprietary high density mediaid-1Q0%-e4T-or-free cefication guarantee reliable performancein all single or doufe4e-density-applJca

for your free mini disc. It's that simple,ifeajjreat wayJo-impr-Ove-youL

memory and get a big bonusjn computerperforaanc

A Burroughs Company

Dealer inquiries invited

Ircle 276 on inquiry card

) 1982 Mfemorex Corporation

Memorex i; a registered trademark of Memorex CorporaticOffer end? December 31,1982. Offer good only in U.S.A.

CPU and the 8087 NPX (if it is in-stalled), either of which can be thelocal-bus master. The system bus canbe driven either by the local busunder the control of the 8288 bus con-troller or by the 8237A-5 DMA con-troller.

The local bus consists of 8 multi-plexed address and data lines (ADOthrough AD7), 12 address lines (A8through A19), and 3 status and con-trol lines (SO, Si, and S2), which areconnected with the global system busthrough three-state buffers. Severalother signals, including system clocksignals and reset lines, are directlycommon with the system bus. Thelocal bus can be controlled by eitherthe CPU or the NPX, both of whichhave on-chip arbitration logic todetermine which processor has con-trol of the bus.

The CPU acts as a host processor tothe NPX coprocessor. For example,when the 8087 NPX requires use ofthe local bus to return the result of anoperation, it notifies the CPU byplacing a series of handshaking sig-

nals on its bidirectional request/grantarbitration line RQ/GTO . A ready/wait control line is used to lengthenbus cycles on the local bus, whichmay be necessary to meet the access-time requirements of slow memoryand peripheral devices, or to accom-modate a DMA cycle already in prog-ress on the system bus.

The system bus consists of 20 sys-tem address lines, 8 bidirectional sys-tem data lines, and several systemcontrol lines. The system data busdrives the system-board memoryarrays and the I/O-expansion con-nectors and is buffered again to pro-duce a "resident" data bus to whichmost of the on-board peripheral de-vices are attached. The system con-trol bus consists of all timing signals,bus-cycle-control signals, interrupt-request lines, DMA-request/ac-knowledge lines, and system-bus-arbitration-control lines.

Control of the system bus is deter-mined by a sequential-logic system-bus-arbitration circuit. The bus isalways being controlled either by one

of the two coprocessors via the localbus and the 8288 bus controller (withthe 88AEN control line active), orby the 8237A-5 DMA controller (withAENDMA active). The simple bus-arbitration circuit isolates the localbus from the system bus wheneversystem-bus access is given to theDMA controller for direct access tomemory by one of the peripheraldevices. For the DMA controller togain access to the system bus inresponse to its HOLD request, a"locked" 8088 instruction (whichmust have continuous bus access forthe 8088) must not be in execution,and the local bus must be in an idlestate. The LOCK signal is alsoactive during interrupt-acknowledgesequences, preventing the occurrenceof a DMA cycle in the middle of theacknowledge sequence. Since neitherof the coprocessors is involved in thisbus-request/grant-arbitration se-quence, a low input to the RDYl lineon the 8284 clock generator is used toforce continuous wait states to be in-serted in the local-bus timing cycle

♦♦♦ ANNOUNCING ♦♦♦

What's Where in the APPLE...PLUS...the All

William F. Luebbert's Revised Edition of

The original What's Where in theAPPLE? provided more informationon the apple's memory than wasavailable anywhere else. Now theRevised Edition:

• Guides you — with a numerical Atlas and analphabetical Gazetteer — to over 2,000 memorylocations of PEEKs, POKEs and CALLS.

• Gives names and locations of various Monitor,DOS, Integer BASIC and Applesoft routines andtells you what they're used for.

• Enables you to move easily between BASIC andMachine Language.

• Guides you through the inner workings and hiddenmechanisms of the Apple.

New Guide to What's Where

the famous Apple Atlas

The Atlas and The All New Guide are

available in one 256-page Wire-O-Bound book for only $24.95

If you own the original What's Where in theApple? you will want THE GUIDE to comple-ment your edition. This 128-page, Wire-O-Bound version contains all new material to beused with the memory map and atlas for $9.95Ask for it at your computer store

Use the Coupon to Order Direct from MICRO

or

Call Toll Free Today 1-800-345-8112

(In PA 1-800-662-2444)

All Apple users will find this book helpful in understanding their machine, and essential for mastering it.

Please send me:

What's Where in the APPLE...PLUS... .

"the All New Guide to What's Where

.THEGUIDE <j

Add $2.00 surface shipping for each copy,Massachusetts residents add 5% sales tax.

Total Enclosed $_

$24.95$ 9.95

i Check I I VISA I] MasterCard Acot #

Expires

Name

Address

City State Zip

MICRO INK, 34 Chelmsford St., P.O. Box 6502, Chelmsford, MA 01824

B118283-347

106 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 287 on inquiry card.

How To Sell More Software

No. 5 in a series ofsoftware marketing bulletinsfrom PromptDoc, Inc.

THE PromptDoc

Manual Maker

You know better user manuals sell more software, buthow do you make better user manuals? How do youidentify just the right details to motivate prospective

users to buy? How do you organize these details into asequence that makes sense to first-time users while itprovides ongoing reference to veterans? How do youformat and package a manual so it's attractive enough toget attention yet clear enough to be readily understood?And, how do you do all this at a pace that keeps upwith your product release schedule? The PromptDoc®Manual Maker is the answer.

Introducing Computer-assisted Writing

Imagine a software product that prompts you throughthe process of planning, outlining and writing a usermanual and even supplies boilerplate introductory andtransitional text. Envision reducing your user manualpreparation process to this:

1. Select boilerplate chapter files

2. Edit chapter tables of contents

3. Pause while computer builds a skeleton manualin Preformatted CP/M® text files

4. Use your word processor to edit the skeletonmanual into a working draft

5. Tell computer to build a Table of Contents;publish review draft

6. Revise, polish and publish manual as instructedby documentation

Compared to your current process that may soundmore like a software maker's dream than a real product.It's a dream ail right—a dream come true called thePromptDoc® Manual Maker. It's the only product of itskind.

Consider These Benefits

Improved productivity—with PromptDoc® you cangain as much as 40% on typical manual writing jobs.

Project control—with prestructured modular chapters,writing tasks can be segmented without losing continuity.

Manual uniformity—by product, by product line, bycompany.

Quality assurance—the boilerplate files help assurecompleteness and usability; the PromptDoc® Writer'sGuide gives publishing instructions.

Proven performance—based on the PromptDoc®methodology, the structures and outlines have beenproved in myriad applications for the past four years;now we've tailored it specifically for the commercialsoftware vendor.

Reasonable Price

$245 for software and two manuals, $45 for manualsonly (add $5.00 for shipping and handling). This productwill begin paying for itself the minute you start using itand continue making you money each time you publisha manual. What could be more reasonable?

CP/M® Compatible;Uses Your Word Processor

Now available for use with WordStar® and other wordprocessors on the Apple® II with the Softcard® and onstandard 8" CP/M® systems.

See Your Dealer For aDemo or Use TheCouponNow

You know a better way tomake better manuals canenhance your competitiveposition. Why wait anotherminute? Seeyourdealerfora demonstration or completethe coupon now and mail it toPromptDoc®, 833 WestColorado Avenue, ColoradoSprings, CO 80905. Or, ifyou'd rather not wait for the

mail, call (303)471-9875.

PromptDoc

Prompt Doc is a registered trademark of Prompt-Doc, Inc. Apple and Apple11 are registered trademarks of Apple Computer Inc. Softcard is a registeredtrademark of Microsoft Corporation. CP/M is a registered trademark ofDigital Research, Inc. WordStar is a registered trademark of MicroProInternational Corporation.

I need the Prompt Doc Manual Maker now! Send a copy to:

Name

Address.

.Telephone ( )_

D 8" CP/M

Configuration: □ Apple II CP/M

□ Send manual only.

□ My check is enclosed for $

□ You may charge my VISA

Account #

Amount $ Expiration Date.

Signature

□ UPS C.O.D. Master Card

D I need more information. Send it to the address above.Dealer inquiries invited.

Circle 370 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982

107

SYSCLK1I C34- 12

SYSCLKOI C34-- 8

SYSCLK2IC34-2

DMACLKIC28- 8

_T\

J~\

\

\

J \ / V

TYPICAL CLOCK PERIODS (ns)

SYSCLKO

SYSCLK1

SYSCLK2

DMACLK

CLKL

CLKH

CLKL

CLKH

CLKL

CLKH

CLKL

CLKH

15.0MHz CRYSTAL

133.3

66.7

33.3

33.3

200

200

105

95

14.31818MH; CRSTAL

139.7

69.8

34.9

34.9

209.5

209.5

111.5

98

Figure 8: Timing diagram showing the relationship of the four major system clocksignals. The table shows clock-high and clock-low periods for both the 14.31818-MHzand 15.0-MHz crystals in nanoseconds.

until access to the system bus hasbeen restored to the local bus.

Reset and Clock-GeneratorCircuits

The power-on reset pulse and allmajor system clock signals for theMPX-16 system and I/O-expansionslots are generated by an Intel 8284clock generator and driver (IC34 infigure 3a). The 8284 is designed toprovide the optimum clock signal,with a 33 percent duty cycle, at thevoltage levels and transition times re-quired by the 8088 CPU (IC36) andthe 8087 NPX (IC37).

The 5-MHz 8088 used in theMPX-16 must operate with a clockrate between 2 and 5 MHz. (The8088-2 version can run at 8 MHz.)The standard MPX-16 operates at afrequency of 4.77 MHz, which isderived from a 14.31818-MHz crystaloscillator. This crystal frequency pro-vides compatibility with IBM Per-sonal Computer color-graphics adapt-ers, which use the 14.31818-MHzOSC clock output of the 8284 to pro-duce a 3.58-MHz color-burst signal.The variable trimmer capacitor C9 isused to make minor adjustments inthe clock frequency. An optional15-MHz crystal can be substituted tooperate the MPX-16 at its maximumclock rate of 5 MHz.

The 8284 divides the 14.31818-MHzoscillator frequency by 3 to providethe 33-percent-duty-cycle CPU clock,SYSCLKO. This clock signal is usedby many parts of the MPX-16, includ-ing the 8087, the 8288 bus controller,the system-bus-arbitration circuit,and the I/O-expansion channels.SYSCLKO is also used to provide aclock signal (DMACLK) for the8237A-5 DMA controller. SomeSchmitt-trigger inverter sections(IC24, which will appear next monthin section 2 of the circuit) lengthen thelevel-high duration of SYSCLKO sothat the clock requirements of the8237 will be met. Deriving theDMACLK signal from SYSCLKO hasthe obvious advantage of maintainingsynchronization between the localbus masters (the 8088 and 8087) andthe alternate system-bus master, theDMA controller (the 8237).

In addition to the processor clocksignal, the 8284 provides a periph-eral-device clock signal, which is one-half the frequency of the processorclock and has a 50 percent duty cycle.The oscillator clock, SYSCLKl, is notused on the MPX-16 circuit board butis routed to the I/O-expansion con-nectors.

The peripheral clock, SYSCLK2, isused to drive the timer input of the8155H-2 component (IC47, which

will appear in January in section 4 ofthe circuit). The 8155's timer output isused to generate periodic memory-refresh requests for the dynamicmemory on the system board, usingthe DMA controller (which we'lldiscuss further presently). The rela-tionship of the four major systemclock signals is illustrated in figure 8,which also contains a table of clock-high and clock-low periods for boththe 14.31818- and 15.0-MHz crystals.The 8284 clock generator is alsoused to generate the power-on resetpulse, SYSRES, which is active high.When power is first turned on, therising supply voltage activates theSchmitt-trigger input pin RES on the8284, which has approximately 0.25V of hysteresis; as a result, theSYSRES pulse remains active until avoltage level of 1.05 V is reached onthe RES input. The resistance/capacitance time constant set by R16and C10 provides the necessaryminimum reset pulsewidth of 50 /*s(microseconds). The 1N4148 diodeDl provides a discharge path for C10when power has been removed.

Nonmaskable-Interrupt Logic

The nonmaskable interrupt (NMI)input of the 8088 CPU is used forhandling parity errors in the system-board memory and I/O-channel errors,which are typically also parity errorsoccurring in expansion-memorymodules.

Although the NMI signal is non-maskable once it gets to the 8088,logic is provided to externally maskthe signals that would normally gen-erate an NMI, if desired. Two inputlines, PC4 and PC5, of the 8255A-5PPI (programmable peripheral inter-face, IC60, to appear in section 4 ofthe circuit) are used as active-lowenable signals. The ENNMI signaleither enables or prevents NMIsignals from reaching the 8088.

One source of interrupts is thePARERR signal, which is generatedby the system-board circuit that cal-culates parity values for memory anddetects errors. The second source ofinterrupts is the IOCHNLERR signal,which comes from the I/O-expansionslots. The latter signal can be maskedby the ENIOC control line in such a

108 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

SONICS

DELIVERS:

,«*§?

SDSYSTEMS.

SONICS MICRO SYSTEM'S PLEDGE TO THECUSTOMER IS:

1. PROFESSIONAL TREATMENT

2. FULL TECHNICAL SUPPORT

3. DELIVERIES FROM STOCK

4. BOARD/SYSTEM LEVEL REPAIRS

BOARD LEVEL PRODUCTS

SBC 200

EXPANDORAMIIEXPANDORAM IIIVERSA FLOPPY II

VDB 8024

MPC-4

SINGLE USER SYSTEM

SBC 200, 64K RAM, VERSA FLOPPYMULTIUSER SYSTEM

MOBO'1905

SBC 200, 256K RAM, VERSA FLOPPY II,

MPM, COSMOSSD SYSTEMS COMPATIBLE "TURBODOS" « 350

WITH DOCUMENTATIONSINGLE USER "DISC-LESS" SYSTEM • • »1770 • • •

WITH CP/M 2.2

Z-80 STARTER KIT

MODEL 200 64K RAMSOFTWARE BANK SELECTRAM + ROM DISC

WITH CP/M 2.2

'345« 443* 848'375'465'495'299

'475

'1050

SONICS

MICRO SYSTEMS INC.

1500 N.W. 62ND STREET • SUITE 508 • FT. LAUDERDALE, FL 33309 • 1-800-327-5567

In Florida call: 305-776-7177Clientes Latinoamericanos seran atendidos por nuestro departamento internaclondl (en espanol), bajo la

gerencia de la LCDA. Joan Voyles.

Circle 418 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982 109

OUR PRICES

WILL GET YOUR

ATTENTION.

OUR SERVICE

WILL KEEP IT.

SOME OF OUR PRODUCTS:

TELEVIDEO COMPUTERS

TS-801 ComputerTS-802 Computer/

TerminaTS-802H Computer/

Terminal

LIST SELL3295 2065

3495 2835

5995 5045

NORTHSTAR COMPUTERS

LIST SELL

ADVANTAGE

ADV-2Q-64K

HORIZON

HRZ-2Q-64K

HRZ-1Q-64K-HD5

3999 Call

3599 Call6695 Call

ZENITH DATA SYSTEMSMONITOR

LIST SELLZEN-VM-121

12" Green Screen

Monitor 160 110

Ask us about other fine ZenithProducts

TELEVIDEO TERMINALS

910 Terminal925 Terminal950 Terminal

LIST SELL

699 585

995 745

1195 945

TELEVIDEO SOFTWARE

TELE SOLUTIONSWordStar PlusCalcStarPackaged ForTelevideo

LIST SELL

790 . 500

PRINTERS

LIST SELLOkidata82A 719 490

Okidata 83 A 1195 740

We also handle NEC, Epsonand Smith-Corona. Call forprices and availdbility.

*H4*

MICROPRO SOFTWARE

WordStar

Apple WordSlar-

16 SectorSpellStarMailMergeDataStarSuperSortApple MailMerge-

16 SectorCalcSlar

LIST SELL

495 275

375 235

250 155

250 100

295 205

250 165

Call

145 116

PLUS MANY OTHERFINE PRODUCTS:

EEZ

TTT^T

sEEE

Sj*ii

Don't let anyone tell youthat service and prices area trade-off. We're proof youcan have both.

Our service begins evenbefore you call. Becausewe've taken the trouble toselect the most reliableequipmentand productsfor sale.

We'll discuss your needs,and help you make theright decision. Then we'lltest and configureequipment to be sureit's compatible with

CALL TOLL FREE:

800-854-7635

your system. We'll eveninitialize your software.

Our repair parts stock andtechnical expertise will helpyou keep your system up,and hold maintenancecosts down.So go ahead and be

amazed byour lowprices, butremember: the best isyet to come.

Prices change daily-call for current pricing.

In California call714-562-7571

8775 Olive Lane, Suites I & J. Santee. CA 92071

way that only system-board parityerrors will cause an interrupt. TheNMI input of the 8088 CPU is edge-sensitive but must remain active-highduring two consecutive CPU clockcycles to guarantee recognition of theinterrupt.

The NMI condition is predefined tobe a "type 2" interrupt for the 8088,the highest-priority hardware inter-rupt. Since the vector (control-branching) location has been pre-assigned to locations hexadecimal00008 through 0000B, no interrupt-acknowledge sequence is needed in aprogram.

DMA Controller and BusArbitration

Direct memory access has longbeen known as a way to improve theperformance and I/O speed of a com-puter system by allowing I/O devicesto directly transfer data to or fromsystem memory without processor in-tervention, but until recently it hasrarely been found in microcomputersystems. However, more widespreaduse of DMA has been made possibleby semiconductor manufacturers,which have developed new ICs thatmake DMA much more easily pro-vided. The MPX-16 employs one suchintegrated circuit, the Intel 8237A-5DMA controller (IC48 in figure 3b onpage 90).

Four independent channels of20-bit-address direct memory accessare supported by the MPX-16 system.Two of the DMA channels are avail-able on the I/O-expansion bus to sup-port high-speed data transfers be-tween external peripheral devices andmemory. A third channel, used bythe floppy-disk-drive controller, isconnected to the I/O-expansion busfor compatibility with the IBM Per-sonal Computer.

The fourth DMA channel is used toprovide the periodic refresh signal forthe on-board dynamic-memory array,as well as any expansion memoryboards, in which each row address ofthe dynamic-memory chips must beaccessed. During system initializa-tion, the TIMER OUT output of the8155H-2 is set up to trigger a dummyDMA transfer approximately every15 fis. The DMA channel is pro-

110 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 41 on inquiry card.

VISUALGRAPHICS TERMINALS

For those waiting forlush-resolution at low cost.

High quality graphics doesn'thave to be expensive. The newVISUAL 500 and VISUAL 550terminals emulate the Tektronix*4010 but cost only about half asmuch. And they have 768 x 585resolution for sharp text andgraphics display on a large 14"screen.

Both the VISUAL 500 andVISUAL 550 are compatiblewith standard business, labora-tory, and scientific software in-cluding PLOT 10,™ DISSPLAfTELL-A-GRAF? SAS/GRAPHand DI3000/GRAFMAKER.

Auxiliary Port supportsprinter/plotters and data tablet.

Advanced graphics-featuresinclude: Resident vector draw,point plot, rectangle draw, multi-ple linestyles and patterns withrectangle pattern fill. Rasterscan technology provides fastdata update and develops abright display image.

Powerful alphanumeric oper-ation is also provided, displaying80 characters by 33 lines withseparate display memoriesfor alpha and graphics modes.The VISUAL 500 providesswitchable emulations of theDEC VT52f Data General D200Lear Siegler ADM-3A,

and Hazeltine 1500 terminals.The VISUAL 550 is a blockmode terminal which compliesto the ANSI X3.64 standard.

VISUAL 500 and VISUAL550... the latest in the industry'sfinest line of video terminals.

Call or write for details.

Service available in principalcities through Sorbus ServiceDivision of Management Assis-tance Inc.

VISUAL 550

$2,695

Buffered Editing Terminalwith ANSI X3.64 Standard

VISUAL 500 $2,495 list

Character Mode Terminal with Emulations

Circle 473 on inquiry card.

See for yourself

Visual Technology Incorporated540 Main Street, Tewksbury, MA 01876Telephone (617) 851-5000. Telex 951-539

grammed for a memory-read cycle; itautomatically increments the row-address counter for memory aftereach refresh cycle.

When no DMA requests are pend-ing, the DMA controller is in an idlestate (Si) and can be programmed bythe CPU. If a DMA channel requestsservice for a peripheral device andthat channel has been enabled by thesystem software, the DMA controllersends the signal DMAHLDRQST(DMA hold request) to the system-

bus-arbitration circuit and enters theactive state SO. The 8237 remains inthe SO state until it has received thesignal DMAHLDACK (DMA holdacknowledge) from the bus-arbitra-tion circuit, indicating that it has beengranted control of the system bus.

At this time the system-bus-arbitration circuit isolates the localbus from the system bus by activatingthe control signal 88AEN. When thissignal becomes inactive again, the8288 bus controller (IC51) places the

Now; f or the IBM: The

FinalWord!

The only word processing software package youll ever needHo

■Oh

low could anyone call their word processorThe FinalWord? Take the best features of the most popularword processors, combine them andadd a few more in one text editor/ «formatter and you'd be off to a fi »,.**Bgood start. Then, write the program I/ax-SS^Horrfin C to allow user customiza- f|tion and make it capable of U

supporting any printer on the tfc~--_.market and you'd be ahead of jeverybody else. If you went one 'step further and made your wordprocessor transportable from one terminal toanother you'd have—The FinalWord.

Supports multiple printers: The FinalWordallows you to produce high-speed draft copies on oneprinter, and letter-quality on another. It also means you'llnever need another version just because you bought anew printer.

User-installable on different hardware:With The FinalWord you can upgrade your system and stillhave a familiar screen display. And since we've writtenThe FinalWord in C, new versions are available almostas soon as new computers.

Features that put you in control: Look atwhat you get with The FinalWord: automatic generationof Table of Contents, Index, footnoting and chapter/sectionnumbering; enhanced command sets (delete/move aletter, word, sentence, paragraph, page); multiple buffersand windows, deletion recovery, true proportional spacingand more. And because we wrote The FinalWord to beeasily reconfigured for different systems, our price canbe lower.

The .

Features

FinalWord

WordStar

Full-Screen Editing

Yes

Yes

Direclory Access while Editing

Yes

Yes

Simultaneous Printing while Editing

Yes

Yes

External Commands while Editing

Yes

Yes

Video Highlighting

Yes

Yes

Automatic Footnotes

Yes

No

User-Defined Commands

Yes

No

Multiple File Editing

Yes

No

Deletion Recovery

Yes

No

Supporls Multiple Printers

Yes

No

Crash Recovery

Yes

No

Dynamic Include Files

Yes

No

Suggested Retail Price

$300

$495

The FinalWord (or (he IBM personal computer requires 64K, IBM DOS,

and a printer or communications adapter; otherwise. The FinalWordrequires a 56K CP/M system and any video terminal with cursorpositioning character sequences. II is presently available in 8" standardformat (or the TRS-80 Model II. Veclor Graphics and Altos Systems.There are compatible versions (or Ihe HP-125. Xerox 820.Cromemcn.Micropolis and Dynabyte Systems, and there are 51 ■-." versions lor theHeath/Zenith Z-89. Northstar. Apple and Superbram Coming Soon:The FinalWord for the DEC Personal Computer.

The FinalWord is available through leading

retailers, Westico, and Discount Software, or directly from:

Mark of the Unicorn, Inc.

PO BOX 423

Arlington, Massachusetts 02174(617) 489-1387

Dealer and OEM inquiries invited.

n

Mark of the Unicorn

system-bus command-line buffersinto a high-impedance state and dis-ables the 74LS245 data transceiverIC43. In addition, the 88AEN signalplaces the system-bus-addresslatches, IC50, IC38, and IC44, into ahigh-impedance state so that thelocal-bus master can drive the localbus during a DMA cycle without af-fecting operations on the system bus.

After one system-clock cycle fol-lowing the arrival of the hold-acknowledge signal, the AENDMAcontrol signal from IC24 enables theDMA bus-interface components. Oneof the 74LS373 latches, IC43, drivessystem address lines SYSA8 throughSYSA15. The eight low-order addresslines, SYSAO through SYSA7, aredriven by lines AO through A7 on the8237 through a 74LS245 transceiver,IC49 (shown in figure 3a on page 89).The data-flow-direction input of IC49is controlled by the AENDMA sig-nal such that data flow is from IC49to the system address bus when aDMA transfer is in progress.

During processor memory trans-fers, the AENDMA signal is high,and address information flows fromthe system address bus through IC49to the 8237. The four high-ordersystem-bus-address lines, SYSA16through SYSA19, are driven by three4-bit latches (IC40, IC41, and IC42).These latches are loaded by either theoperating system or application soft-ware and allow each DMA channel tooperate in a separate 64K-byte sectionof memory if desired. Since DMAchannel 0 is used for memory refreshand only the eight low-order addresslines are significant, the latch forDMA channel 1 is used to drive theupper four address lines for bothchannels 0 and 1. The three addresslatches are enabled when both theAENDMA signal is active-low andthe appropriate acknowledge signal isactive.

Once the transfer of a single bytehas been completed, the DMA con-troller turns off the DMAHLDRQSTline. As a result, the DMAHLDACKsignal goes inactive almost im-mediately. On the next clock cycle,the system-bus-interface componentsand 8288 bus controller are reac-tivated by a low state on the 88AEN

112 November 1982 © BYTE Publicalions Inc

Circle 266 on Inquiry card.

Surprising Symmetries inDesign and Letterforms ..

hy0WS»

fflliOAUJ

"Kim is the Escher-of-the alphabet.He has created a new art-form thatblends beauty and ingenuity, and hasmade it so clear to us that we can try itourselves . . . . ' /ssac Asimov, Author

Inversions

A Catalog of Calligraphic Cartwheels by Scott KimForeword by Douglas HofstadterBack word by Jef Raskin

The striking designs that grace the pages of ScottKim's new book appeal to us as both viewers andreaders, for words themselves are the subject of hiscalligraphic creations. With imagination and care, Kimbends, shapes, and sculpts words into novel and in-triguing works of art. Inversions is more than ashowpiece, though, as the author details the theoriesand techniques that lie behind his art and drawsparallels to related perceptual exercises in music,linguistic wordplay, and even mathematics.

ISBN 0-07-034546-5128 pages; softcover$8.95

"Scott Kim has perfected a personal art form —one with

grace, elegance, subtlety, and surprises."

Douglas Hofstadter, author

Godel, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid

"Scott Kim's Inversions ... is one of the most astonishingand delightful books ever printed."Martin GardnerScientific American

A New Frontier BetweenSight and Sound ...

sure to dazzle and delight anyone to whom writing is

dear

m

The New York Times Book Review

"Here in this beautiful book JohnWhitney marries art to moderntechnology. Scenes that previously wewould have strained to imagine,Whitney can now show us."

Jearl Walker, Scientific American

Digital Harmony by John Whitney

On the Complementarity of Music and Visual Art

Digital Harmony is the art of music made visible.Already acclaimed for pioneering the striking visual ef-fects in 2001 and Star Wars, author John Whitneyhere establishes a new art form in representing themagic of music through computer-generated colorgraphics. The author also delves into the technicalitiesof his work, offering to share his methods with otherswho would explore this field of vast artistic promise.Digital Harmony is the vanguard of what is sure to beone of the most exciting art forms for years to come.

ISBN 0-07-070015-X240 pages; hardcover$21.95

"Digital Harmony is a peek into the future when com-puterization will bridge the gap between art, science, andself-understanding. I loved it."

Seymour Papert

Author, Professor Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Prepayment required plus $1.00 postage and handling fee,

per book.

BYTE Books 70 Main St. Peterborough, N.H. 03458

Circle 68 on inquiry card.

line, and the DMA bus-interface com-ponents are disabled by a high stateon the AENDMA line. After the88AEN signal goes active-low, the8288 does not drive the control busuntil at least 105 ns (nanoseconds)and not more than 275 ns have elapsed,if a local-bus master has a bus cyclepending. A section of the 74LS10three-input NAND gate IC30 andsome flip-flops (in section 2) guar-antee this by delaying the 84AENsignal by two clock periods from thetime the 88AEN line goes low.

The DMAHLDRQST signal goesinactive after the transfer of eachbyte, even if the channel requestingservice has not dropped the request.This provides at least one machinecycle between successive DMA trans-fers.

To Be Continued

Since it may take you a month todigest this much information, I'll stopthe first installment of this series here.(Besides, I don't want to take up thewhole magazine, though I couldeasily do it in describing this complexproject.)

Next Month and Thereafter:

In Part 2, I'll concentrate on theMPX-16's memory section, interruptlogic, and l/O-expansion bus (in-cluding a detailed definition of eachsignal). The third installment willdiscuss the serial and parallel I/Oports, floppy-disk-drive controller,and operating-system BIOS, plus anyother facts needed to summarize theproject. ■

To receive a complete list of Ciarcia'sCircuit Cellar project kits available from theMicromint, circle 100 on the reader serviceinquiry card at the back of the magazine.

Editor's Note: Steve often refers to previousCircuit Cellar articles as reference material foreach month's current article. Most of these pastarticles are available in reprint books fromBYTE Books, McGraw-Hill Book Company,POB 400, Hightstown, NJ 08520. Ciarcia'sCircuit Cellar, Volume I, covers articles thatappeared in BYTE from September 1977through November 1978. Ciarcia's CircuitCellar, Volume II, contains articles fromDecember 1978 through June 1980. Ciarcia'sCircuit Cellar, Volume III, contains the articlesthat were published from July 1980 throughDecember 1981.

Acknowledgments

Thanks to Jim Norn's, George Martin, andLinda Spencer of Owl Electronic Laboratoriesfor their contributions to the design.

Thanks to Mark Dahmke and Gordon Heinsfor their help with the documentation.

Thanks to Bill Morello and his staff atTechart Associates for their careful work indrawing the schematic diagrams.

References

1. Cantrell, Thomas. "An 8088 Processor forthe S-100 Bus." Part 1, September 1980BYTE, page 46; Part 2, October 1980BYTE, page 62; Part 3, November 1980BYTE, page 340.

2. Ciarcia, Steve. "Ease into 16-Bit Com-puting." Part 1, March 1980 BYTE, page17. Part 2, April 1980 BYTE, page 40.Reprinted in Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar,Volume II. Peterborough, NH: BYTEBooks, 1981, page 171.

3. Ciarcia, Steve. "The Intel 8086."November 1979 BYTE, page 14. Reprint-ed in Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Volume II.Peterborough, NH; BYTE Books, 1981,page 120.

4. Component Data Catalog. Santa Clara,CA: Intel Corporation, 1981.

5. IAPX 88 Book. Santa Clara, CA: Intel Cor-poration, 1981.

6. IAPX 86,88 User's Manual. Santa Clara,CA; Intel Corporation, 1981.

The following items are available from:

The Micromint Inc.917 MidwayWoodmere, JVY 11598(516) 374-6793

(for technical information)(800) 645-3479

(for orders only)

1. MPX-16 single-board computersystem: assembled, tested, and burned-in. Includes 64K bytes of RAM,CP/M-86 operating system on 5'A-inchfloppy disk, CP/M-86 BIOS in EPROM,MPX-16 Technical Reference andUser's Manual. Requires power supplyand 5'A-inch floppy-disk drive.

Single-quantity price $1895.

2. MPX-16 single-board computersystem, as above, but with 256K bytesof RAM installed.

Single-quantity price $2135.

3. MPX-16 single-board computerwith 64K bytes of RAM.

In OEM quantities of 100...$1200 each.

4. Complete MPX-16 disk-basedsystem: includes MPX-16 single-boardcomputer, assembled, tested, andburned-in, with 256K bytes of RAMinstalled, CP/M-86 operating systemon 5'A-inch floppy disk, CP/M-86BIOS in EPROM, power supply, one5'A-inch floppy-disk drive, connectingcables, MPX-16 Technical Referenceand User's Manual. (Enclosure soldseparately.)

Single-quantity price $2895.

5. Unpopulated (blank) printed-circuit board for the MPX-16 computersystem: five-layer, screened, andsolder-masked. Includes CP/M-86BIOS in EPROM, MPX-16 TechnicalReference and User's Manual.

Single-quantity price $300.

6. Digital Research CP/M-86 User'sManual (three-volume set), sold sep-arately $60.

7. MPX-16 Technical Reference andUser's Manual, sold separately. . .$50.

8. Enclosure for MPX-16 circuitboard call for price.

When it becomes available for theMPX-16, Microsoft's MS-DOS operat-ing system may be optionally substi-tuted for CP/M-86.

The MPX-16 is available to OEMs inlarge quantities either as a circuit boardor as a complete system with floppy-disk drives and enclosure. Call TheMicromint for prices and delivery in-formation. Sellers reserve the right tolimit the number of units sold to asingle customer.

For orders within the continentalUnited States, please include $10 forshipping; overseas orders please in-clude $30.

Residents of New York please in-clude 7 percent sales tax.

114 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

The MultiMode Printer withThe Magnificent Fonts

aoQBaaac

Qantex 7030

MultiMode PrinterOffers Flexibility

The"Beautiful"Font

ti

^0

cvtf

ass?

\$

\0

mi

i<0*y

$<m

Circle 373 on inquiry card.

... At a Sensible Price—$1,995 (Qty. 1)

"Flexibility" means instantaneous call up of any of this trend-setting machine's many features whether for word processing,data processing, graphics or forms generation. Using either of thetwo built in interfaces, an external keyboard or downloadingfrom your computer, you can program the Qantex Model 7030 todo more.

Compare the "Beauty" of our printed letters for the word process-ing fonts which include Cubic, Trend, Spokesman, Courier, Italics,Script, OCR-A, APL, Scientific plus downloaded fonts from yourcomputer. Draft copy modes include 8 resident fonts — U.S.,U.K., German, French, Spanish, Swedish, Finnish, Norwegian andDanish.

Other features include high resolution graphics — 144 x 144,single pass and double pass word processing, and 180 cps dataprocessing modes and user defined formats.

Operator initiated, the MultiMode printer provides a completeprinted status report of operating parameters and diagnostics.

For more information, or a demo, call us about the new QantexModel 7030 MultiMode Printer.

\A'Cint©X Division of North Atlantic

60 Plant Avenue, Hauppauge, NY 11788

(51 6) 582-6060 (800) 645-5292

*Registered Trademark of North Atlantic Industries

NEW LOW-COST

Cost-effective "originals

The Model DXY is an economical multi-pen, X-Y coordinateplotter that produces hard copy graphics in minutes for alltypes of business applications and technical disciplines.Priced at under $1000, it's compatible with the IBM, Appleand other personal computers. It has built-in software(expandable ROM) to interpret "Basic" commands. Justcall, or write for complete specifications on the Model DXYPlotter. Ideal for end-user or OEM applications.

■

10 x 14" effective plotting range.

Centronics interface for easy connection toyour computer.

Pens, penholders, chart hold-downs, and dustcover are included.

Charts on popular graphics media including vellumand mylar.

■

2201 Lively Blvd. • Elk Grove Village, IL 60007(312)364-1180 TLX: 25-4786

Amdek . . . your guide to innovative computing!

NEW!

'

■■ ■ ■■m

Kiss the &Ja" floppydisk

goodbye!

Ahridek has revolutionized data storage for personalcomputers with the new AMDISK-3 Micro-Floppydiskdrive system. The system consists of 2 drives and apower supply, fully compatible with 51/4" floppy diskdrives. The 3" disk is encased in hard plastic, pro-tected from dust and fingerprints, and it's easy to mail.

Just write, or call to receive our data sheet on the newAMDISK-3 Micro-Floppydisk Cartridge system.

1 Megabyte (unformatted) storage capacity.

Track-to-track compatible with 51/4" floppy-disk drives.

3 " shirt-pocket sized disk cartridge.

Drive has built-in power supply.

2201 Lively Blvd. • Elk Grove Village, IL 60007(312)364-1180 TLX: 25-4786

CORR

Amdek

your guide to innovative computing!

Circle 23 on inquiry card.

Problem Solving with Logo

Using Turtle Graphics to Redraw a Design

Every computer graphics artist hassat before a console and created a de-sign. This article describes a slightlydifferent experience: recreating adesign, i.e., solving the riddle of analready existing pattern.

It began when a friend presentedme with a pattern (see figure 1) de-vised by Christopher Keavney for theMassachusetts Institute of Tech-nology's student information-pro-cessing board. My friend also fur-nished the three-page PL/I programthat generated it. Thinking that itmight be possible to draw the designusing turtle graphics instead of PL/Igraphics, she challenged me and acolleague, Glenn Forester, to write aLogo program for the design. We ac-cepted the challenge because we toowere struck by how similar the designwas to pictures we had drawn usingturtle graphics. In this article, I re-count our attempts, initial failure,and eventual success at writing such aprogram, which, remarkably, con-sisted in the end of only seven shortLogo procedures that can be run onan Apple II using Apple Logo.

William Weinreb

Logo Computer Systems Inc.

368 Congress St.

Boston, MA 02210

Searching for Clues

Imagine that someone handed youa pattern and a program that draws itand said, "Write a program inanother language which will drawthis." Where would you begin? Ichose to concentrate on understand-ing the program, hoping this wouldreveal clues to the structure of the de-

Logo encourages youto solve a problem bybreaking it down into

smaller pieces, or

subproblems, that are

more easily grasped.

sign. Instead of bringing me closer toa solution, however, this approachled me astray. As it turned out, thePL/I program for this design consistsof several obscure subroutines, eachresponsible for calculating a series ofCartesian coordinates that are theendpoints of lines in the design. Tome this was very discouraging news:even if I translated the entire pro-

gram, I would wind up with nothingmore helpful than a few point-plotting algorithms written in Logoinstead of PL/I. Plotting points inLogo is not much different from plot-ting points in any other language.What made the project exciting wasthe prospect of writing a simpler andmore elegant program using turtlegraphics. Clearly the original pro-gram would be no help to me here.

So I put it aside for good andrefocused my attention on the design.Seeking a new approach, I recalledthat Logo encourages one to solve aproblem by breaking it down intosmaller pieces, or subproblems, thatare more easily grasped.

A Piece of the Puzzle Is Solved

Applying this technique of break-ing down problems to the design ledto the first crucial breakthrough.Glenn was certain that the design'sborder was made up of only one ortwo patterns repeated many times.Eventually he figured out that the rimof the pattern is merely pentagonalspirals arranged in such a way that

118 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Figure 1: The challenge was to reproduce this design using Logo. Could this complex design, which was produced by a three-pagePL/1 program, be redrawn with a simple Logo program?

their edges blend and are difficult todistinguish (see figure 2). Each spiralfits inside a pentagon. The spiralfigure is one that Glenn and I recalledfrom other turtle drawings; it is a pat-tern made by a Logo procedure some-times called POLYSPI.

What is a POLYSPI? As we haveworked with Logo turtle graphics,certain procedures and the figures

they create have become part of ourvocabulary. Two such procedures arefamiliarly called POLY and POLYSPI(see listing 1). POLY can producepolygons, and figure 3 shows some ofthe patterns you can produce by giv-ing POLY different inputs. The pro-cedure POLYSPI is like POLY exceptthat in the recursive call, we make theturtle draw a new side that is a little

shorter than the last. These ever-shortening sides make the final figurea spiral. Figure 4 shows some figuresPOLYSPI can draw.

Notice that when POLYSPI is giveninputs of 20 and 75, it draws a pen-tagonal spiral. Now take a close lookat the full design (figure 1). The samespiral fills the pentagons that wefound in the design. This spiral ap-

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 119

Figure 2: The design is composed primarily of pentagonal spirals (shown in color),which can be drawn easily using a Logo POLYSPI procedure.

pears 40 times. More accurately, itappears 20 times and its mirror imageappears 20 times.

Figure 5 shows the entire designwithout most of the pentagonalspirals. Looking at it this way, youcan see how the design may easily bebroken into five identical parts thatfit together like pieces in a jigsaw puz-zle. One of them is outlined and ap-pears by itself in figure 6. We calledthis piece a "wheel."

Note that two pentagons are miss-ing from the wheel. This hole pro-vides a space where one wheel can in-terlock with another. Now if we in-clude the missing pentagons, we havea ring of ten pentagonal spirals sur-rounding a ten-sided figure (figure 6).What type of figure is this? And couldthis be broken down as well?

It seemed to Glenn that whatevershapes filled the wheel were arrangedin mirrored pairs like the pentagons.So he began to draw lines along thelikely edges of these alleged shapes.Figure 7 traces the progression of thelines he drew. As you can see, the

POWER-LINE

FILTE

These filters protect any sensitive electronicequipment from power line transient damageand radio frequency interference. Bothmodels offer surge suppression forpower line "spikes". RF inter-ference is suppressed usingboth inductive andcapacitive components.Ideal for computers,fesf equipment, or TV.

LF2-A duplex outlet, 120V,8amps ...$39.95LF6—Three separately filtered duplex outlets,120V, total fused capacity 15 amps,power switch and indicator lamp $69.95

Add $2.50 shipping and handling per order.Send check with order and provide streetaddress for UPS shipment. Ohio residents addSales Tax. Charge card buyers may call toll-free

z3 \3b

DRAKE

1-800-543-5612

In Ohio, or forinformation, call:1-513-866-2421

R.L. DRAKE COMPANY

540 Richard Street, Miamisburg, Ohio 45342

INSTITUTIONAL AND DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

UV EPR0M ERASER

$49.95

"N

* Erases over 15 EPR0MS -15 minutes erase time

* Element life 7700 hours

* Intensity: 12Ws Vicm'atl"

* Erases all UV EPR0MS (2716. 2732, 2516, 2532, etc.)

* HOBBY MODEL

INDUSTRIALMODEL

QUV-T8/2N

$68.95

WITH TIMER &SAFETY SWITCH

QUV-T8/2T

$97.50

ABOVE 220VAC50HZ

QUV-T8/2TE

$109.50

PRICE INCLUDES ALLPERSONALITY MODULES

STAND ALONE RS-232 A/i0n m

INTELLIGENT PROGRAMMER $489.00

PROGRAMS: 2508, 2516, 2532, 2716, 2732, 2732A, 2758, 8748, 8749

* MODULES

* STAND ALONE, CRT, OR COMPUTER CONTROL

* UPLOAD/DOWNLOAD IN MOTOROLA OR INTEL HEX FORMAT

* MICROPROCESSOR BASED * 4 K INTERNAL RAM

* 90 DAY PARTS & LABOR WARRANTY ON ALL PRODUCTS

Soon to be released

PHONE ORDERS (305) 776-5870

TWX: 510-955-9496 • WE ACCEPT VISA, MC, CHECKS, C.O.D., MONEY ORDER

LOGICAL DEVICES INC.

781 W. OAKLAND PARK BLVD. • FT. LAUDERDALE. FL 33311 ADO: $4.00 SHIPPING $2.00 C.O.D. CHARGES

120 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 162 on inquiry card.

Circle 250 on inquiry card.

(AVAILABLE SOON)

GREAT IDEAS...Down to Earth

Products

SDS-S100 CHASSIS

6 Slot Motherboard

Complete power supply

. Utilize regular or Thinline drive

SDS-MULTIPLEXER/DISPLAY

Three RS232C 1 to 2 Switches

Two Seven Segment Status Display

(Can be used as a line monitor lor data

communications link)

(route RS232 to one ot two devices)

NEC-FLOPPY DISK DRIVE

Double Sided

Single Density/Double Density

Up to 2.4 Megabyte

SPECIAL PRICING

n --i *

SDS-HARD DISK INTERFACE

Micropolis 1220 SeriesInterlace Adapter

SDS-SLAVE

SDS-ZSIO

SDS-SINGLE BOARD COMPUTERS

Z80A CPU 64K Bank Switch Memory

2 RS232 Channels 4 Timers IEEE 696 Buss

Interlace

4 Parallel ports

NEC 765 FDC with PLL to all Shugart

compatable drives (SDS-Master only)

SDS-MASTER

SIERRA DATA SCIENCES Clrcle 41° on ln<>uirycard-

Fresno CA / Marketing Division, 21162 Lorain Ave., Fairvlew Park, Ohio 44126(216) 331-8500 Telex. 980131 WOMR SEE US AT COMDEX BOOTH 986.

ERG/68000

MINI-SYSTEMS

D Full IEEE 696/S100compatibility

HARDWARE OPTIONS

D 8MHz or 10 MHz 68000 CPU

LI Memory Management

D Multiple Port Intelligent I/O

□ 64K STATIC RAM (70 nsec)D 256K Dynamic RAM, with full

parity (150 nsec)D 8" D/D, D/S floppy disk drivesD 5MB-32MB hard disk drivesD Full DMA host adaptorD 20MB tape streamer

□ 10 to 20 slot backplaneD 30 amp power supply

SOFTWARE OPTIONS

□ 68KFORTH1 systems languagewith MACRO assembler andMETA compiler

D Fast Floating Point packageD Motorola's MACSBUG

□ IDRIS2 operating system withC, PASCAL, FORTRAN 77,68K-BASIC1 compilers

□ CP/M—68K3 O/S with C,Assembler, 68K-BASIC

Trademark 'ERG, Inc.Whitesmiths 3Digital Research

30 day delivery

with valid Purchase Order

OEM prices available

For CPU, Integrated Card Sets

or Systems.

See us at COMDEX—Booth #4200

Empirical Research Group, Inc.

P.O. Box 1176

Milton, WA 98354

206-631-4855

Listing 1: The logo procedures POLY (left) and POLYSPI (right).

TO POLY :SIDE :ANGLE

FD :SIDE

RT :ANGLE

POLY :SIDE :ANGLE

END

TO POLYSPI -.SIDE :ANGLE

FD :SIDE

RT :ANGLE

POLYSPI :SIDE - 1 : ANGLE

END

POLT 30 90

P0LT 30 72

POLT 30 120

POLT 20 75

Figure 3: The result of the POLY procedure of Logo. Many different shapes can be pro-duced merely by changing the angle of the "turtle-turn."

oJ

P0LTSPI 30 90

P0LTSPI 30 72

P0LTSPI 30 120

POLTSPI 20 75

Figure 4: In the POLYSPI procedure, the length of each successive side is shortened byone unit. The result is very similar to a spiral.

122 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 402 on inquiry card.

UAL LANGUAGE™ systemthat mirrors your commands usingyour own words'

What SAVVY

SAVVY Is a miracInformation handling system.SAVVY Is an automatic databasemanagement system.SAVVY Is a new level ofmachine intelligence.

SAVVY, part hardware,part software, is thebeginning of truly"Personal Computing".

SAVVY comes with:General Ledger,Accounts Receivable,Accounts Payable,Payroll, Mailing List, ',Document Writer andInventory Control.

Trademark: SAVVY, Robot Programmer:Excallbur Technologies Corporation.

Personal Language: SAWY MarketingInternational.

Through SAWY, you and yourcomputer talk to each other In yourown natural, conversationalEnglish {or Spanish, orFrench, etc.).

It learns from youwhat you wantdone In your ownpersonal language.

Once SAWY learnsyour language itcan create any fileyou wish. Input,output, additions,changes anddeletions are. arranged for you.f SAVVY'S "Robot*■ Programmer"J has been trained; to write 100%of the programsneeded to manage yourdatabase information.SAWY runs CP/M™and Apple DOS.

t YOU discover —

You'll discover that SAWYrecognizes your personal words,even if misspelled, or even if you usea phrase never used before I

SAWY continues to grow throughuse to become better and better atunderstanding your commands.

Eventually, you will see SAWY as amirror to your own way of thinkingand working. It is a re-definition of"user-friendly".

SAWY, It's the first system that trulymeans "personal computing ".SAWY Is like no other system onearth.

SAWY cost S950.

Seeing Is believing. SAWY is ondisplay at selected computer retaillocations. Call for the name of yournearest dealer.

CP/M Is a trademark of DigitalResearch Corp.

Apple Is a Trademark of Apple ComputerInc.

100 South Ellsworth Street. 9th Floor, San Mateo, CA 94401 |415| 340-0335

SAVVY

.ETING INTERNATIONAL

Figure 5: With most of the spirals removed, you can see that the design can be brokendown into five wheels that interlock with each other.

Figure 6: A close-up of one of the wheels in figure 5. With two pentagonal spiralsadded, it becomes a complete wheel. The problem now: What is the design in the mid-dle of the wheel?

shapes revealed by these lines aretriangles. They were much harder torecognize than their pentagonalneighbors; they emerged from thedissection of the design visually whenlines were drawn.

It didn't occur to us at first that thefigures inside the triangles might bespirals. However, the figure insideeach triangle is a version of our friendPOLYSPI, except that the triangles inthe design are isosceles, notequilateral. The way a spiral based onan irregular polygon looks is differentfrom what we were used to. Thetriangular spirals were also hard toidentify because their sides get shortervery quickly. Figuring out how todraw these unusual spirals tookGlenn a lot of time when we began towrite the program. Figure 8 shows atriangular spiral, its mirror image,and both placed back to back. Fivesuch pairs arranged in a circle makeup the interior of each ring.

We arranged the five wheels moreor less into a ring (figure 9). We werethen left with a star-shaped hole inthe center, which we filled with astar-shaped spiral (figure 10).

Success: Writing a New Programin Logo

Once we had divided the designinto smaller pieces, it was relativelyeasy to write a program to produce it(see listing 2, page 132). First, wewrote five procedures, one for eachversion of the design's three basicfigures. The procedures PENTR andPENTL draw pentagonal spirals,TRIPOLYR and TRIPOLYL triangularones, and CENTERPIECE draws thecentral, star-shaped spiral.

PENTR draws a spiral that curves tothe right. PENTL draws its mirrorimage. (Because this is the only dif-ference between the two, I will limitmy remarks to PENTR.) Note thatPENTR differs from the procedurePOLYSPI mentioned earlier. In PENTRthe first instruction is a conditionalstatement; it stops the procedurewhen the value of SIDE gets smallerthan 2. TRIPOLYR, the procedure thatdraws right-curving triangular spirals,differs from PENTR in three importantways. The lengths of the three sides inthe underlying shape of this spiral are

124 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

The Victor 9000, inside out

The new standard:

It's what's inside your computerthat matters. And just look at whatyou'll find inside the Victor 9000desktop computer.

• 128K bytes of memory (or doesyour application need up to 896KB...we can deliver it).

• 600K bytes of storage on each dis-kette (would you prefer 1.2MB —you can have it if you like).

• Two (not one) RS232 ports (ourshandle both bisync and SDLC aswell as async).

• A parallel port for running printersor IEEE-488 (another inside thebox if you supply a connector).

• 16-bit computing...the kind of ca-pacity you need.

• High resolution graphics (is320,000 individually displayablepoints enough?).

• A fully programmable keyboard(to go along with the fully pro-grammable screen).

• Tilt and swivel display, plus sepa-rate low profile keyboard (in themodern jargon: it's ergonomlc).

• First class vocal chords (why set-tle for clicks and beeps — wespeak in plain English with aCODEC).

• CP/M 86* and MS-DOS both sup-port all these solid machinefeatures plus 132 columnalphanumeric display — 10 keypad calculator-reloadable key-board and screen character table— and much more — let your

II

applications breathe for a change.• Multilingual programming — tiredof BASIC? Try our COBOL, FOR-TRAN, or PASCAL, or perhapsyou have your own favorite — askus — we might just already have it!

So turn your present computer in-side out. If you're not getting all that,then it's time to call Victor for thefacts. Just call 1-800-VIC-9000.Or write Victor Business Products,P.O. Box 1135, Glenview, IL 60025

Subsidiary of Kidde, Inc.

*CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc.

Circle 468 on inquiry card.

Figure 7: The center of the wheel in figure 6 can be broken down into 10 isosceles triangles.

Figure 8: We discovered that each of the isosceles triangles in figure 7 was a spiral of anirregular polygon.

not equal. Also, triangles with sidesof different lengths must haveunequal angles. The "turtle-turn" attwo vertices of this triangle is 111degrees, while the third vertex has aturtle-turn of 146 degrees. The lastdifference between TRIPOLYR andPENTR is in how SIDE gets shortereach time a side is drawn. In PENTR,you reduce SIDE by subtracting .38from each previous side. InTRIPOLYR, SIDE is multiplied by .75

SA2ROBOT

$999

The SA2 is a robot developed for the educational market, and hasbeen designed to meet a requirement for a robot which will emulate,in behaviour and physical attributes, larger industrial robots

The arm can access 360° with a reach of 18 inches and a maximumlift of v2lb.

The Syntheasy

A low cost speech unit complete withVotrax speech output chip, unlimitedvocabulary, power supply, speakerand case, alitor only-Si 49.95

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITEDFor further information contact

INTELLIGENT ARTEFACTS LTD.

19205 Parthenia St., Suite H

Northridge, CA 91 324 Tel (213) 993-4803

FREE SHIPPING

ttBW*1**^

our TRS80 - MOD III

48K, 2 TANDON 51A"DISK DRIVES (No. RS232)

m

RS232-$99.95

$1725

APPLE II Compatible Disk

DRIVE - w/Cabinet & Cable $29916K RAM CARD FOR APPLE 69

APPLE DISK CONTROLLER 69

IBM/TRS 80Disk Drive

TM100-1 w/Cabinet and P/S

$250

EPSON PRINTERS

MX80 Call

MX80F/T $535

MX 100 685

SMITH-CORONA TP-1LETTER QUALITY-DAISY WHEEL 585

DATA-MAIL

P O Box 818 ResedaCalif 91335

VlS^MASTEIVCAI?P(S100Min Add 2%) OfCertified Chock Ninety Day Warranty

Parts & Labor) H?Srs a Registered Trademark.

Tandy Corp Prices Subject to Change

Without Notice FREE SHIPPING IN

CONTINENTAL U.S. (TRS MOD II EXCEPTED)

(213) 993-4804

126 November 1982 © BYTE Publicaiions Inc Circle 222 on inquiry card.

Circle 223 on inquiry card.

••>

AXXX

«*&

'JZgZKjJtf'

■**'■>

jtJJL*-

While new printers with impressive specifications are introduced on an almost daily basis, onlytime will tell the true quality of the product. Over the past 2 years our customers have continuedto buy the DS180 printer, not only because of its impressive performance and competitive price,but also because of our outstanding track record for product reliability and customer support.

We have continually improved on the performance of the DS180 by incorporating suchenhancements as dot addressable graphics, 6 user-selectable print sizes and a 2000 characterbuffer. These features coupled with 180 cps printing, parallel and serial interfaces, adjustabletractor feed and over 40 other programmable features, make the DS180 one of the most versa-tile matrix printers available today

Before you select your next printer, why not take a look at a time-proven performer—theDatasouth DS180.

The DS180 printer is available nationwide through our network of sales/service distributors.

data

computer corporation

Circle 146 on inquiry card.

P.O. Box 240947 • Charlotte, NC 28224 • 704/523-8500Telex: 6843018 DASOU UW

■ins across thero* educationalproved that It stimuspeeds learning. Now, H>r the first time, Control Datahas put PLATO lessons on micro-computer disks, so your child cann at home—and enjoy It.

Information on PLATOeducational software,or to order, calltoll free 800/233-3784.In California, call800/233-3785, or writeControl Data Publishing Co.,P.O. Box 261127,San Diego, CA 92126.

Circle 127 on Inquiry card.

NOW, QUALITY EDUCATIONAL SOFTWARE ISAVAILABLE FOR YOUR HOME COMPUTER.

• PLATO software now available on disks in Math, Physics, Foreign Languages,Computer Literacy—and more is on the way.

• For use on your Apple II PlusJI 99/4A or Atari 800.

• Introductory Offering: Single lesson, $45.00; additional lessons, $35.00 each.10-day money-back trial.

^M

;hoose the lessons that fityour child's needs.

• Basic Number ^^^^TFacts: lets your childpractice basic num-bers, including addi-tion without carrying,subtraction withoutborrowing and multi-plication/divisionwith single digits. Kidsrace against time tobuild up their speed

in these math areas. Designed for elementaryschool age, or any child who needs practicewith basic whole number operations.

• Whole Numbers: simulates a pinball gameto hold and build interest in whole numberoperations. Problems include addition, sub-traction, multiplication, division and mixednumbers. Designed for elementary andjunior high age groups.

• Decimals: kids are challenged to breakballoons by entering the correct decimalcorresponding to the position of the balloonon a vertical line. Numbers are entered on atrial and-error basis. Software automaticallyadjusts difficulty to the child's performance.For elementary math students.

• Fractions: same format as Decimals, butrequires the use of fractions to break theballoons. Numbers are entered on a trial-and-error basis. Balloons may burst in anyorder until none are left. Difficulty adjuststo your child's performance. For elementarymath students.

• Computer Literacy—Introduction: thislesson Is presented in a friendly, non-intimi-dating manner with touches of humor andsimple, supportive graphics. It presents thehistory and uses of computers in today'ssociety. Designed for junior or senior highand vocational school students.

• French Vocabulary Builder.

• Spanish Vocabulary Builder.

• German Vocabulary Builder: studentsare presented with a basic vocabulary of500 words, including useful verbs, numberwords or common words for traveling orin the home. Groups of related words givelearners context and similarity clues, whichhelp increase foreign language skills.Lessons supplement introductory and/orrefresher coursework.

• Physics—Elementary Mechanics:

provides a problem-solving test in the ele-mentary mechanics of physics. Studentsare shown a physical problem; then must"purchase" the missing informationneeded to answerit correctly. Theemphasis is onunderstanding theproblem, ratherthan just supply-ing the correctanswers. Designedfor senior highage level.

ONTROL .T L*/\l V^J

i CONTRpL

1 DATA

COMPUTER-BASED EDUCATION

Figure 9: Our design elements assembled together. The last remaining element is a star-shaped spiral in the center.

Figure 10: Our completed Logo design. Using a simple Logo program we have made agood reproduction of a very complex design (figure 1).

at the end of each three-side cycle;thus, SIDE gets shorter faster.

This precise combination of sidelengths and angle measurements andthe faster spiraling technique is re-quired to produce the spiral that ap-pears in figure 8. Glenn arrived at thefinal version of TRIPOLYR after muchtrial and error. The resulting tri-angular spiral is a very close approx-imation to the one in the originaldesign.

Lastly, CENTERPIECE, which drawsthe central star-shaped spiral, isalmost identical to the procedurePOLYSPI.

Moving to a Higher Level

The twin procedures PENTRPIECEand TRIPIECE are the next level up inthe program; they build biggerchunks of the design by supervisingthe work of PENTR, PENTL,TRIPOLYR, and TRIPOLYL.

PENTRPIECE's job is to supervisePENTR and PENTL. One PENTRPIECEprocedure produces a pair of mir-rored pentagonal spirals. Four con-secutive PENTRPIECE s make a ring ofeight pentagonal spirals. TRIPIECEperforms a similar function by super-vising TRIPOLYR and TRIPOLYL. Fiveconsecutive calls to TRIPIECE make aring of five pairs of mirrored tri-angular spirals.

WHEEL makes one of the five large,identical sections that fit together toform the entire design. The commandREPEAT 4 [PENTRPIECE LT 72] makesthe rim of one wheel. Then REPEAT 5[TRIPIECE] fills the newly createdwheel with pairs of mirrored, tri-angular spirals.

It is common to build one proce-dure in a Logo program that more orless gets the whole thing started.DESIGN supervises the work ofWHEEL and makes sure that each ofthe five wheels interlock. It also hasCENTERPIECE fill the central hole witha star-shaped spiral.

Listing 2 shows the complete pro-gram for an Apple II using AppleLogo. You can produce the design onthe display screen of the Apple, but itwill be rather dense. You can get amore interesting, but somewhatcropped, version by multiplying each

130 November 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

mmnutcMLmoH »<mmm

The Strobe Graphics System: $795.You can pay more but you can't buy more.

How to chart your company's fortune without spendingone. It's a fact. A single chart or graph can tell you instantlywhat it takes hours to interpret from printouts or other raw data.

Now, with the Strobe 100 Graphics Plotter and Softwarepackage, you can create superb hardcopy graphics directlyfrom your computer. And you can do it for a cost of only$795.00.

The Strobe System transforms complex data into dynamic,colorful visuals with a few simplecommands from your computer.Charts and transparencies thatonce took hours to produce areplotted within minutes. Informa-tion can be presented as barcharts, pie charts, curves or iso-metrics in a variety of colors. Andwith a resolution of 500 points perinch, the Strobe 100 matches orsurpasses the quality of plotterscosting thousands of dollars more.

You can also save and modify your graphics throughStrobe's menu-driven programs. A broad selection of soft-ware is now available.

When the Strobe Graphics System is interfaced to yourcomputer, an 8'/2 x 11 inch sheet of paper can speak anyone'slanguage—visually. Visit your local dealer and learn how tostart charting your fortunes today. Because a perspective onthe present can also be your window on the future.

'For Apple, Osborne and Commodore computers.For serial interface, add $100.00.

Q

The Strobe Graphics System

Seeing is believing

STROBE,

Strobe Inc.

897-5A Independence AvenueMountain View, CA 94043Telephone 415/969-5130

Circle 83 on inquiry card.

Circle 383 on inquiry card.

INCOME TAXACCOUNTING

®

"Quickjax

has the finest

software

I've ever seen

for the

Accounting

and Tax

Professional.

The programs are so well designedand supported, we had no start-upproblems."—Ronald Braun, C'.P.A.

1040 TAX PROGRAM '995

• ALL MAJOR FORMS & SCHEDS.

• PRINTS ON IRS FORMS, MULTI-PART FORMS, OR OVERLAYS.

• INDIVIDUAL OR BATCHPROCESSING.

• AUTOMATIC CARRY-FORWARDOF PRIOR YEAR DATA.

• DIAGNOSTIC REPORTS.

• LETTER OF INSTRUCTION.

• AUTOMATIC CLIENT BILLING.

• MAILING LISTS/LABELS &ENVELOPES.

• UNLIMITED SUPPORTINGSCHEDULES.

Simple and easy to use!PLUS:

P ROFORMA/TAX ORGANIZERSTATE MODULES AVAILABLETAX PLANNINGDEPRECIATION SCHEDULE

ALSO AVAILABLEGENERAL LEDGERCLIENT WRITE-UPAFTER THE FACT PAYROLLAMORTIZATION SCHEDULETIME AND BILLING

ALL QUICK TAX PROGRAMS COME WITHONE YEAR WARRANTY & SUPPORT.

See your nearest computer dealer.Or, call or write for more information.Quick-Tax Software is available for Xerox 820,IBM, PC, Radio Shack, DKC, Vector Graphic,Northstar, and other CP/M based computers.

CP/M it a re.istered trademark of Digital Research, Inc.DEALER DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE.

319 Clawson St.Dapt. bmS.I., N.Y.C., N.Y. 10306

(212) 351 6143

Q^k

Ltd

Listing 2: Our Logo program, entitled DESIGN, will redraw the design in figure 1.

TO DESIGN

CS HT PU WINDOW

REPEAT 5 [FD 64.65 PD WHEEL POS PU BK 64.65 RT 72]

PU HOME RT 36 FD 24.5 RT 198 PD

CENTERPIECE 46 143.4

END

TO WHEEL :INITPOS

RT 54 REPEAT 4 [PENTPIECE]

PD LT 36

[TRIPIECE]

REPEAT 5LT 36REPEAT 5LT 54END

[PD RT 72 FD 28 PU BK 28]

TO TRIPIECE

LOCAL "OLDH MAKE "OLDH HEADING

PD BK 2.5

TRIPOLYR 31.5

PU SETPOS .INITPOS SETH :OLDH

PD BK 2.5

TRIPOLYL 31.5

PU SETPOS :INITPOS SETH :OLDH

LT 72

END

TO PENTPIECE

LOCAL "OLDH MAKE "OLDH HEADING

PU FD 29 PD

REPEAT 5 [FD IB RT 72]

PENTR 18 75

PU SETPOS :INITPOS SETH :OIDH

FD 29 PD

REPEAT 5 [ED 18 LT 72]

PENTL 18 75

PU SETPOS :INITPOS SETH :OLDH

LT 72

END

TO PENTL .SIDE :ANG

IF :SIDE < 2 [STOP]

FD :SIDE

LT :ANG

PENTL :SIDE - .38 :ANG

END

TO PENTR :SIDE :ANGIF :SIDE < 2 [STOP]

Listing 2 continued on page 134

132 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Everyone knows that theIBM Personal Computer™ does a ter-rific job of storing and manipulatingfacts and figures. Unfortunately,drawing conclusions from this infor-mation requires printed reports oftenrunning into the thousands ofnumbers. Now, however, you can useFAST GRAPHS'" to replace all thosenumbers with one simple to unders-tand, pleasing to the eye, graphicreport.

FAST GRAPHS™ is the

most recent addition to InnovativeSoftware's EXECUTIVE SERIES™ It

converts the numbers from Visicalc*DIF* files, manual entry, or ourEXECUTIVE SERIES'" packages,including T.I.M. HI into "graphicreports" Graphic reports may beviewed on your color monitor or sentto any popular graphics printer orplotter. A graphic report can havescatter or line charts, pie charts, andtwo or three-dimensional bar charts,etc., all of which may be customizedby the full graphic editor. This sameeditor may also be used to paint anddraw characters or shapes to beoverlayed on a graph.

If your meetings seem to be"bored meetings" rather than BoardMeetings, then FAST GRAPHS" is

for you. FAST GRAPHS"' turns dull,boring, printed reports into exciting,colorful "graphic reports". Visit yourlocal IBM dealer today for more in-formation about FAST GRAPHS "andour other products. Or give us a call.Either way, you'll be drawing colorfulconclusions in no time.

knnDuatiue Software ■

9300 W. 110th St., Suite 380Overland Park, KS 66210913/383-1089Telex 209542

Circle 217 on inquiry card.

Rugged, simple, dependable.

RCA Interactive DataTerminals as low as $236...

Reliable, portable RCA VP3000 series Interactive Data Ter-minals feature: video and audiooutput; color-locking circuitry forsharp color graphics and rainbow-free characters; reverse video;tone and noise generator; 20 and40 character formats; resident andprogrammable character set; LSI video and microprocessor con-trol. All have a unitized 58-key, 128 character keyboard with flexi-ble membrane switches, plus the features of the ASCII key-boards below.

VP 3501 Videotex Data Terminal. (Shown) Built-in RF mod-ulator and 300 baud direct-connect modem. Ideal for time sharingdata base applications. Works with standard TV or monitor. Alsohas expansion interface and 16-key calculator keypad. As lowas $265.*

VP 3303 Interactive Data Terminal. Similar to VP 3501,without modem or calculator keypad. Has selectable baud ratesand RS232C/20Ma current loop interfaces. As low as $246.*

VP 3301. Same as VP 3303, without RF modulator. As lowas $236.*

...and RCA ASCII EncodedKeyboards as low as $53/

RCA VP 600 series ASCII key-boards feature: flexible membranekeys with contact-life over 10 mil-lion operations; unitized keyboardsare spillproof, dustproof with fingerpositioning overlay and positivekeypress; 2-key rollover circuitry;tone feedback; high noise immunity CMOS circuitry; 5V DC oper-ation and 58-key, 128-character keyboard, selectable "uppercase only."

VP 616. EIA RS232C compatible, 20 mA current loop andTTL outputs; six selectable baud rates. Standard keyboard plus16-key calculator. As low as $84.*

VP 611. Similar to VP 616 with 8 bit parallel output. As lowas $64*

VP 606. Same as VP 616, less calculator keypad. As lowas $70*

VP 601. (Shown) Same as VP 611, less calculator keypad.As low as $53.*

To order, or for more information, call toll-free 800-233-0094.In PA, 717-393-0446. Or write:RCA Microcomputer Marketing,New Holland Avenue,Lancaster, PA 17604.

ItCJI

'OEM quantity prices.

134 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Listing 2 continued:

FD :SIDERT :ANGPENTR :SIDEEND

.38 :ANG

Circle 388 on inquiry card.

TO TRIPOLYR :SIDE

IF :SIDE < 4 [STOP]

FD :SIDE

RF 111

FD :SIDE / 1.78

RT 111

FD :SIDE / 1.3

RT 146

TRIPOLYR :SIDE * .75

END

TO TRIPOLYL :SIDE

IF :SIDE < 4 [STOP]

FD :SIDE

I,T 111

FD' :SIDE / 1.78

lt ill

FD :SIDE / 1.3

LT 146

TRIPOLYL :SIDE * .75

END

TO CENTERPIECE :S :A

FD :S LT :A

IF :S < 7.5 [STOP]

CENTERPIECE :S - 1.2 :A

END

of the inputs to the FD and BK com-mands by two.

We produced our completed designon a Houston Instrument Hiplot plot-ter using a plotter-interface procedurewritten by Peter Cann. You can ob-tain these instructions from LogoComputer Systems (368 Congress St.,Boston, MA 02210). Unfortunately,this interface procedure will workonly with Apple Logo.

As you can see from figure 10, ourdesign compares pretty well with theoriginal. The important point of thisexercise is that a complex design canbe broken down into simpler com-ponents. And this approach, which ispart of the basic philosophy behindLogo, can be used to solve practicallyany problem. ■

Circle 268 on inquiry card. >

In an age when new standards are constantly emerging,one disk consistently meets or exceeds them all.

Maxell. The Gold Standard.

Notall disks are created equal. Some are betterthan others. To find out what's best for you, look forMaxell disks. They now carry the Gold Standardsymbol of quality. It's your assurance Maxell disksmeet or exceed every definition of quality. No matterwho establishes it. We've earned this universal supe-riority by never relaxing ouruniquely demanding qualitycontrol. Every aspect of manu-facturing is checked, thenchecked again.

Your benefits are many.Take the perpetual problem ofdrop-outs. A drop-out is a tinydefect that wastes time anddegrades computer accur-acy and performance. Nowthat you understand what adrop-out is, forget it. Maxelldisks don't have any. Eachdisk comes to you certified

drop-out free at the time of manufacture. You candepend on this quality protecting your valuableprograms and programming time, indefinitely.We've run disks over ten million passes underconditions designed to find weak points and wear.We couldn't. And you won't.

There is a Maxell disk for the

floppy system you use, or plan

to use. Check your computer's

instructions. Or write for our

naxBli I complete, highly informative

nS? brochure.

M^ When you set the Gold

Standard as your level of

quality, you'll benefit from

improved disk performance,

immediately. Bank on it.

maxell

Maxell Computer Products Division, 60 Oxford Drive, Moonachie, N.J. 07074, 201-440-8020

THE FIRST AND ONLYBOARD YOUR IBM PCMAY EVER NEED.

Your IBM personal computer is a veryversatile piece of equipment. Perhapsmore versatile than you realize. Newapplications and functions are beingdeveloped every day. Now with Quadboard

by Quadram you can keep your optionsopen for tomorrow's technology. Followingin the tradition of Quadram Quality, fourof Quadram's best selling IBM boardshave been combined into one board.Your remaining slots will be left free andavailable to accommodate future expan-sion needs and uses which you may noteven be able to contemplate today.

UVtVlH?

BBSI8S6I IBII

-'. .

■ 2\

r-fB$ JE2SJ • WM "iBH nil"'-mm] _ Mbi _ M§fl|l _ , HiniJ _ ( j |

■. - . -,%* ........

I ■ UWUIUQ |If

PROVEN DESIGN.

Quadram has been shipping IBM boardswith each of the Quadboard functionson separate boards since December,1981. They are still available as separates(including a Dual Port Async Board) forthose who desire a quality board but donot need to keep slots open for future 'expansion. And they all come with aone year warranty from the leader intechnology applications.

■

,.,, isM

'_

. 1

CM«6S5fltfO

1i

>

- Jp

1"c"" |

i

*i ;

256K MEMORY EXPANSION.

Socketed and expandable in 64Kincrements to 256K, full parity generationand checking are standard. A Quad-board exclusive feature allows parity tobe switch disabled to avoid lock-upupon error detection. The dip switchesalso allow it to be addressed startingon any 64K block so that it takes up onlyas much as it has memory installed.Memory access and cycle time naturallymeet all IBM specifications.

CLOCK/CALENDAR.

Quadboard eliminates the hassle ofmanually inputting the date on systemboot-up by providing for the clock andall software routines necessary forinserting the appropriate programs onyour diskettes. The infernal computerclock is automatically set for compati-bility with most software routines whichutilize clock functions. On-board batterykeeps the clock running when thecomputer is off.

ALL ON ONE BOARD

Now you can utilize all the PC's capacitywith Quadram's extremely flexible con-figurations. And it's totally compatiblewith IBM hardware, operating systems,and high level languages. It's a full-sizeboard that can be inserted into any freesystem slot and it even includes a cardedge guide for securely mounting thecard in place.

SOFTWARE TOO!

With Quadboard you receive not onlyhardware but extensive software at noextra cost. Diagnostics,.utilities, andQuad-RAM drive software for simulatinga floppy drive in memory (a super-fastSOLID STATE DISK!) are all part of theQuadboard package.

IWflKigUilH

A*3255A0C/D8255A

ji - i i : :

S 19?9 AMi

HSM5832RS' 2253

U55 w74l_S90

WjV V|»|W|f

jdRAHnU.

$595

with 64KInstalled

MC14S9P&K8210

J

-

V*--- -.---"'

,»,jr,»,«r,M,»,M,W)

mi nimiiiiiiiiiii iimim

PARALLEL PRINTER I/O.

A16 pin header on Quadboard is usedfor inserting a short cable containing astandard DB25 connector. The connectoris then mounted in the knock-out holelocated in the center of the PC back-plane. The parallel port can be switchdisabled or addressed as Printer 1 or 2.No conflict exists with the standardparallel port on the Monochrome board.The internal cable, connector andhardware are all included.

ASYNCHRONOUS (RS232)COMMUNICATION ADAPTER.

Using the same chip as that on the IBMASYNC board, the device is softwareprogrammable for baud rate, character,stop, and parity bits. A male DB25connector located on the back connectoris identical to that on the IBM AsyncAdapter. The adapter is used forconnecting modems, printers (manyletter quality printers require RS232),and other serial devices. Switchesallow the port to be configured as COM1or COM2 and the board fully supportsIBM Communications Software.

INCREDIBLE PRICE!

Priced at $595 with 64K installed, $775

with 128K, $895 with 192K and $995

with 256K.

ASK YOUR DEALER.

All products are sold through local

personal computer dealers. If yours

does not stock Quadram,

please ask him to call us

at (404) 923-6666.

QUADRAM i>

CORPORATION

\

4357 Park Drive/Norcross, Ga. 30093Circle 375 on inquiry card.

Software Review

The Graphics Magician

Easy Animation with the Apple II

Pete Callamaras

AFIT/LS

Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433

Suddenly, the lifeless blob grew legs! And then slowlyit rose and made its way across the room. It paused as ifseeking something and then, with a heart-stopping lurch,turned and came straight for me! The creature grewtaller, opened a mouth that wasn't there just a momentago, and charged. . . .

Wow! I had just finished the test run on my first littleadventure with an animated character on my Apple II,and it worked. Now, don't get the idea I'm a greatgraphics programmer—no way! And I didn't create thisanimated character the old tedious way with graphpaper, pencil, and a shape table. I was using a program

from Penguin Software, which is aptly titled TheGraphics Magician.

The Graphics Magician is a graphics-generating systemthat allows both the rank novice and the advanced pro-fessional programmer to produce professional graphicsimages on the Apple II or Apple II Plus. In fact, PenguinSoftware claims that it was used to produce the gamesCongo and Goldrush (by Sentient Software). Basically,The Graphics Magician is an extension of other Penguinproducts, namely, The Complete Graphics System andSpecial Effects. Sections of these two programs have beenincluded in The Graphics Magician, albeit in modified

Photos 1 and 2: Two examples of pictures that can be created with the Picture/Object Editor of The Graphics Magician softwarepackage. Hundreds of these pictures can be stored in compressed form on one disk.

138 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

VISTA VI200

MEW 6MB HARD DISKALTERNATIVE!

Mass Storage for your Apple II™ has always been a problem. On oneland, there were the exotic, expensive hard disks with no cost efficientmeans of backup. On the other hand, the Apple floppy drive lacked thespeed and storage demanded by today's professionals.

Vista's V1200 offers both at an incredibly attractive price,rhe removable VistaPak cartridges offer 6 Megabytes ofemovable storage each and can be backed up like a floppy.

Now hard disk storage and speed can be yours with theadded capability of interchangeable media. The VI200eliminates the worries of head crashes, drive alignments,ost data, or backup with a new application of field-proven'loppy technology.

VISTAPAK CARTRIDGE holds five 5'A" diskettes at 1.2 Mega-Bytes each. Selection of the diskette is made by the pakarticulator to present the proper diskette to the picker arm.

DISKETTE PICKER grasps theproper diskette and loads itinto the drive accurately.The drive senses improperloading, and reclamps thediskette automatically.

MICROSTEP SERVO CON-TROL the drive automaticallycalibrates itself to eachdiskette individually, assur-ing interchangeability ofmedia between drives, andmaking drive alignment atask of the past. Our specialservo can move in incrementsas small as I/100th of a track,and even track diskettesrecorded off-center.

THE INNOVATIVE VISTAPAKCARTRIDGE CONCEPT

6MB PER CARTRIDGE

ccK RfifiR6666666666666B666

mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm«bbBBBBBBBB

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

The Vista VI200 system uses an advanced DMA controller toinsure data integrity, and to keep data moving at the maximumpossible rate.

Included with every system is software for Apple DOS 3.3'"Apple PASCAL™, and MICROSOFT CP/M™. Also included isQuickcharge, our proprietary, high-speed enhancement to DOS3.3, enabling a 5x speed increase.

OTHER STORAGE DEVICES VS. VISTA V1200

CAPACITY(MB)

0.15MB

MICROPROCESSOR CONTROLLED SPINDLE speed ensuresaccurate recording and retrieval of your valuable data.

The Vista V1200 also incorporates features such as;automatic recalibration of the drive if left unused for2'/2 minutes,automatic diskette storage should the drive door be opened,and power conservation logic to insure no more than one motoris operating simultaneously to keep temperature down, andreliability high.

The VistaPak cartridges hold 6MB of formatted data each.The removable cartridge allows you to keep duplicates of yourvaluable data as well as to keep separate paks for youraccounting, wordprocessing, spreadsheet and otherapplications. No other storage device offers more in flexibilityand capability.

Contact Your LocalVista Dealer Today!

WESTERN REGIONAL DISTRIBUTOR:

Group 3 Electronics

(213) 973-7844 or (408) 732-1307

California only (800) 262-1556 Circle 472 on inquiry card.

6.25MB

5MB

4000

BYTES

PER 2500DOLLAR

225

APPLE HARD V1200 APPLE HARD VI200

DISK DISK

Maybe you're not quite convinced yet. The best feature of

the VI200 is that it is priced significantly below the competition:

S1549.00 ( mfgr. sugg. list), and is available from your Local

Dealer. See one today.

Vfefa

WI9ICI

i COMPUTERLCOMPANY, INC.1317 E. Edinger / Santa Ana, CA 92705(714) 953-0523 (800) 854-8017

Prices subject to change without notice.'"Apple Conputer Co-. Inc.

Send today for our NEW full-color56-page catalog with continuouschecks, statements, invoices, stationery,envelopes, supplies and accessories.We will also send our FORMSSELECTOR GUIDE, to help you find theright forms for your software.

• Quality productsat low prices

• Available in small quantities

• Fast Service

• Money-Back Guarantee

• Convenient TOLL-FREEordering

Fast Service by mail or. . .PHONE TOLL FREE1 + 800-225-9550

Mass. residents 1 +800-922-85608:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time Monday — Friday

Please rush a new computer forms catalog to:

CITY. STATE and ZIP

Hardware and Software being used.

Nebs,

CODE 11101

LJNCDS I Computer Forms I

78 Hotlis Street, Groton, Massachusetts 01471

A division of New England Business Service, Inc.

At a Glance

Name

The Graphics Magician

Type

Graphics-generation system

Manufacturer

Penguin Software830 4th Ave.Geneva, IL 60134(312) 232-1984

Price

$59.95

Authors

Mark Pelczarski, David Lubar, and Chris Jochumson

Format

5'A-inch floppy disk

Language

6502 machine language

Computer

Apple II with Applesoft or Apple II Plus, 48K bytes of memory andone disk drive

Documentation

32-page manual

Audience

Novice or experienced user with an interest in graphics

form. The result is a very nice package for the Apple.

Many personal computer owners purchase the Apple IIbecause it gives high-resolution graphics and colorcapability. But learning to use the Apple graphicscapability well is not easy, and reading the necessarydocumentation is quite a time investment. This is why aprogram like The Graphics Magician is like manna fromabove. You don't have to go through a lot of agony tostart putting animated graphics into your programs.Now, using The Graphics Magician is not a substitute fora good understanding of how the Apple puts those superimages on the screen, nor will it take the place of goodhomework. But it will coax you into learning morebecause you can start producing high-quality imagesalmost immediately.

The Graphics Magician has three major features:

• The Animation system, which you use to draw a pic-ture, move the resulting image around the screen, andgive the image its screen animation characteristics.

• The Picture/Object Editor, which allows you to storemany other pictures on a single disk and easily add colorsto them.

• The Super Shape Editor, which you use to control thesize, scale, and rotation of the shapes you have previous-ly designed and stored in the Apple shape tables.

140 November 1982 © BYTE Publicadons Inc

Circle 320 on inquiry card.

Circle 322 on Inquiry card.

NEC's crisp, clear, high-performance JC1203 RGB color monitor, anindustry standard. Also available, the JCI201 composite video version.

NEC's classic JB1201 green monitor, one of microcomputing'sperformance legends. Easy on the eye, and the checkbook.

uaa«!i<tnMNiMiiiututi4iisi

MKCIIMG 1. «Md IIk mti cno

2. Np# tutor of section wu m.- in I'jw lEIKH prtst REIIBl.

:lu start at U* bfjinnifn. t<#« I).

I. Hoy rtACH HOMS;>. Ho. to HOVE IK OKSM3. Km to CKtrtfE j daunti. Ho. to KM tic ctmm LIKE

i ■ ii

NEC PC-8023A-C

16. Hon to IW«t?. Ha. to VERIFYIS. H» lo s»t WIHrofc19. Him to MOVE

8. Hon to

21. Hon to

\2. Hw lo otirrai

8. Ho. to *lll

it. Ho. to justify

Our impressive new NEC dot matrix printer Parallel interface, lOOcps. 2K buffer, pin or frictionfeed. Stunning performance and compatibility in the hottest new peripheral of the year.

Give your IBM system some NEC,and watch its performance soar.

Peripherals from NEC can make almost anycomputer system better.

Our sparkling new JC1203 colormonitor is plug and pin compatible with the16-color IBM® PC, and delivers the bright,sharp, clear, and stable screen image forwhich the entire NEC line haslong been famous. Similar com-patibility is available toowners of Apple II®, Radio

Shack®, and Atari® computers, not to men-tion our own outstanding NEC PC-8000series. Also available is a brand new, ex-tremely low cost, NEC green monochromemonitor, the JB1260, perfect companionfor an Osborne®, for instance.a Ask your dealer for a dem-

p ^)^)}) onstration. Or write us^v\*\-h at 1401 Estes Avenue, Elk)]jl) l ffiH Grove Ullage, IL 60007.

mi

WW

Productivity

at your fingertips '

\^J;

NEC Home Electronics (U.S.A.), Inc.Personal Computer Division

Nippon Electric Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan

There are also some additional utilities on the disk thatwill come in very handy during your sojourn into theworld of graphics design and display. A binary transferroutine will be particularly useful to you.

Animation

Basically, the four steps you will want to take inanimation are to draw something, make it change itsshape in some pattern, make this changing shape moveacross the screen, and have the movement performed assmoothly as possible.

Now let's look at these operations and see what TheGraphics Magician can do for you. The first two opera-tions are handled by a module called the Shape Editor.The third operation is performed by a Path Editor. Andan Animation Editor takes care of the fourth operation.

The Shape Editor. First, you actually draw a desiredshape. It's rather simple; you move the cursors aroundthe screen via the familiar I, J, K, and M keys. What's notfamiliar is that there are seven cursors on the screen, andeach one can be controlled individually or in any com-bination of the seven. You use these to produce what arecalled preshifted shapes. This means that you can drawseven slightly different shapes to give your creation the il-lusion of movement, and later you can move this set of

0000000000000 000000000 0000000

ADALAB Is a small lab computer system with LARGE capabilities fromInteractive Mlcroware, Inc.

ADALAB HARDWARE PACKS MORE POWER.. .for collecting data and con-trolling your laboratory Instruments. It Includes a 12-bit analog voltage Input, a12-bit analog voltage output, 8 digital sense Inputs, 8 digital control outputs, a32-bit real-time clock and two 16-bit timers/counters. . .ALL ON A SINGLEAPPLE INTERFACE CARD!

QUICKI/O SOFTWARE MAKES IT EASY.. .Simple commands in BASIC giveyou control of all hardware features of ADALAB. Sample programs and easy-to-use manuals will enable you to start using your ADALAB system right away. Ad-ditional software for laboratory applications Is available at extra cost. A com-plete self-test diagnostic program is included to assure you that all of the hard-ware is working properly and accurately.

A • Saves time by eliminating manual calculations.

D* Is easy to use because the manuals and software are complete and wellwritten.A • Saves money by adding convenience and utility to older instruments.L * Has a great memory to store and organize experimental data.

A • Is versatile; it works with many different Instruments.n • Is more accurate than a meter or chart recording.D • is fully supported by a dedicted team of scientists.

GREAT PRICE/PERFORMANCE. . .the ADALAB Add-on Package with inter-face card, cables, self-test module, QUICKI/O™ software and manuals Isavailable today for ONLY $495.

Put a complete, reliable computer system in your laboratory FOR ONLY$3295, including a 48K APPLE II + * computer, disk drive, graphics/text printer,video monitor and ADALAB Add-on Package.

Send for FREE hardware and software brochures or enclose $10 for com-plete manuals. For fastest service, call In your VISA/Master Card order NOW.Dealer Inquiries Invited! -Trademarks ol Apple Computer. Inc.

INTERACTIVE MICROWARE, INC.

P.O. Box 771, Dept. B State College, PA 16801CALL (S14) 238-8294 for IMMEDIATE ACTION

V

llljl

shapes around the screen using another module called thePath Editor.

A good example of the illusion of movement is a gamecalled Threshold (from On-Line Systems). In the game,the first screen is filled with birds that not only movearound but flap their wings at the same time. The flap-ping movement is created by using the preshifted shapes,and the birds' basic flight pattern is handled by the PathEditor.

I found it easiest to draw the basic shape with all sevencursors, then put the individual differences on each shapeone at a time with individual cursors. This keeps all sevenshapes in precise relation to each other.

I should also mention that there are two methods ofmaking a shape: the point method, through which youdraw the image point by point, and the block method,which uses large groups of points called blocks. You canchoose whichever is applicable to your new creation.

Once all of your drawing is done, you naturally willwant to save the image. But first you must compile it. Todo this, hit one key (C) and enter the height and width ofyour shape by following the prompts. After the shape iscompiled, you can test run it to be sure it looks the wayyou want it to. Then you can save it. On the first at-tempt, it may seem a bit awkward, but after about 10minutes you will get the hang of it.

The Path Editor. This is a relatively simple module.Once you have drawn your figure, you use the PathEditor to tell it how to move across the screen. This in-cludes horizontal, vertical, and diagonal movement, bothacross the screen and "wrapping around" at the edges ifyou wish. You specify a starting point for a reference andthen simply trace the path it will follow. You can choosethe number of directional units the figure will move inand can "mix and match" as you desire. Several hints arealso offered in the manual on how to save memory bymaking small paths and then combining the small pathsinto larger ones.

The Animation Editor. This editor puts zip into thegraphics. As you know, animation is achieved on a videoscreen by quickly drawing new images. The GraphicsMagician gives you four methods for doing this. Thesimplest to grasp is to draw a figure in one place, thencompletely erase and draw it again in a different place.This results in a somewhat jerky movement. In anothermethod, only that part of the figure that needs to beerased is erased. The result is a smoother movement. Thetwo remaining methods are concerned with background,and each of the four has its own advantages and disad-vantages depending on the type of graphics you are do-ing. You have to make trade-offs between speed, storagerequirements, flicker (presence or absence), shape restric-tions, and finally whether or not you need to detect colli-sions (such as your shape getting shot). Again, themanual covers these requirements in understandabledetail.

Using the Animation Editor is relatively simple. Youenter the animation method you want to use, the shapeand its path, and other data you desire. Once you have

142 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 224 on Inquiry card.

Mr. Dow and Mr. Jones

introduce

Dow Jones Software™

Jones: "Mr. Dow, look what they're selling in that new store

down the street: Dow Jones Software. You haven't gottenus into ladies' fashions, have you?"

Dow: "No, Mr. Jones. That's a computer store, and our softwareproducts allow investors and business professionals to usea personal computer like this one here to easily managefinancial information."

Jones: "But what about our reputation? We've been leaders in

serving the business and financial community for over 100years. Are you sure this new software will be as reliable asThe Wall Street Journal and Barron's?"

Dow: "Of course, Jones. Our software is so reliable we back it upwith a full-year warranty. People trust Dow Jones Softwarethe same way they trust the Journal. And we have a toll-free Hotline number in case they want expert help."

Jones: "Couldn't that be a lot of phone calls? After all, we've gotthe Dow Jones Averages to get out every day."

Dow: "Don't worry, Jones. Our software is very easy to use, andwe have a fully staffed Customer Service Department to

respond to our dealers and customers."Jones: "Just what can our software do?"

Dow: "In a nutshell, Jones, with a personal computer, a tele-phone, a modem and Dow Jones Software, you can easilyperform complex analyses on the information availablefrom our information service, Dow Jones News/Retrieval®."

Jones: "People really use our software to make decisions?"

Dow: "Absolutely. Once you've stored the information you want,our software does the rest. For instance, with one DowJones Software product you can follow indicators for stocks,sort, rank, screen and set critical points for buying andselling. With another, you can easily construct technicalcharts. Look at this beautiful graph."

Jones: "You mean all those calculations I've been doing by handI could do in a fraction of the time with this software?That's great!"

Dow: "It is, Mr. Jones. Just like the Journal, Dow Jones Softwareis a resource you can bank on!"

Dow JonesMarket Analyzer'"

A technical analysis product

thai allows private and proles-sional investors to automaticallycollect, store and update liistorical and daily market quotito construct technical analcharts at the touch ol'a key

and

For dealer informationand a free brochure, cali ourCustomer Service Hotline number:

1-800-257-5114

(in NJ 609-452-1511)

Sold through computer retailers.

Dow Jones

Market Microscope"''A fundament ill analysisproduct thai allows professional"money managers to choose andfollow indicator! li>r extensivelists of slocks and industrygroups, and to sort, rank, screenand sci critical points for buyingand selling.. (Available 4thquarter 1982.)

Dow JonesMarket Manager"

A portfolio managementproduct iiir privateot profes-sional investors who desireImmediate access to pricing and

fir

nforr

and who

need an accounting and conirosystem for their portfolios ofsecurities. (Available 4th quart'1982.)

Dow JonesConnector'"

A communications product

for the business or professionalperson who wants instant elec-tronic access to news, facts andvital data at ihe home or office,via personal computer, simpleterminal, communicating wordprocessor or teletypewriter.

Dow Jones Software

...Bank on it.

BYTE November 1982

143

saved these animation instructions, all that's left is to runit. This can be done with a very simple four-line BASICprogram.

The possibilities are very aptly demonstrated by SpaceInvader-type games in which you have several differentshapes, which are all moving across and down and beingdeleted when a collision is detected (i.e., you hit one),and yet they keep coming. Then when one set of invadershas been eliminated, another set is drawn lower on thescreen, and they start their parade of destruction again.

I found myself doing all sorts of interesting things withthe program after playing around for only about an hour.You really will be pleased at the amount of control youhave over the entire action on the screen.

The Picture/Object Editor

In addition to these animation capabilities, you havetwo other modules at your disposal. The Picture/Objectsystem allows you to draw several nonanimated imagesthat can be "compressed" for efficient disk storage. AnApple normally requires 34 sectors of disk space per pic-ture, but you can reduce this to 2 or 3 sectors per picture(although extremely complex images might take 5). Thus,you can save hundreds of pictures on one disk in com-pressed form. You can imagine just how useful this can bewhen you use graphics in an educational environment orin an adventure game. There are very few limits to worryabout. You can put objects anywhere on the screen, havethem moving all around, and call on a remarkably largegroup of pictures for display. The manual gets somewhattechnical on this point, but the authors make it as easy asthey can for you.

The Picture/Object Editor also has fairly powerful col-or capabilities. Penguin has included 8 paint brushes and108 colors along with an improved color-fill routine fromits other packages (The Complete Graphics System andSpecial Effects). The combination of these features makescoloring your pictures very easy.

The Super Shape Editor

The last major feature, the Super Shape Editor, is ac-tually an extension of the Apple's shape tables. Using thisfunction, you can change color and scale of graphics im-ages stored in Apple shape tables. You can put a largenumber of shapes into memory, and each shape's scaleand rotation can be individually controlled. Of course,because you're working in Applesoft with the SuperShape Editor, things are slowed down somewhat. Thinkof the Super Shape Editor as an interface between thenormal shape table and the screen. (Applesoft routinesare interpreted by the Super Shape Editor, and the finalresult is then sent on for display, much the same way ascommands are screened by DOS before being acted on bythe Apple.)

Other Features

Now that I've covered all the major systems and theirsubsystems, it's time to talk about some nice extras

thrown in. These consist of a demonstration of TheGraphics Magician showing how the various features allplay together, an animated alphabet ready to be used im-mediately in your endeavors (or modified if you wish),and finally a binary transfer utility that not only movesyour binary files between different disks but also givesyou the starting address and length of your binary pro-gram. This one utility will probably come in handy inany of your other programming efforts.

I should also mention the somewhat refreshing andunusual attitude of Penguin Software regarding TheGraphics Magician and other products: the disk is un-protected! You can make as many backup copies as youneed. This also means you will have access to the sourcecode. I would like to congratulate the people at Penguinfor looking ahead and thinking about the user. For achange, a program is not hard to work with or fragile dueto some esoteric protection scheme. I also think this ac-tion led to the relatively low price of this program. Whenyou've used it for a while, you will really appreciate itscost/usefulness ratio.

The manual is nicely written, although I did find it tar-geted a little more toward the advanced user. The infor-mation will make even the novice fairly proficient, butyou will want to supplement the manual with outside in-formation on the Apple and its high-resolution colorgraphics system.

I do have a complaint about the manual, and it appliesto the majority of manuals I have seen. Sometimes themost basic information is not included under the assump-tion that it is too basic. I had a problem the first few timesI tried to get from one module of the program to another.It seemed to me it took a long time to ferret out that sortof basic information. I also would have liked a referencecard or at least a single page with the different commandsand their abbreviations. That would have made the pro-gram a little easier to use.

Conclusion

The Graphics Magician from Penguin Software is asuperbly done graphics system that greatly simplifiesputting high-resolution graphics into your own Appleprogram. It is a fairly simple-to-use program that shouldappeal to both the novice and advanced Apple user. Youcan use the resulting graphics in any level program youwish.

The first application that comes to mind is games, butthe simplicity of the program makes it even more attrac-tive for educational purposes. The ability to store manydifferent images, each with different movement patternsand all on a single disk, makes this program even morevaluable.

Overall, I would recommend The Graphics Magicianto anyone wanting to work with the Apple's high-resolution graphics for whatever purpose, even if it's onlyto play games. The program's smoothness, simplifiedanimation, and flexibility give credence to the name"magician." This is definitely a program Apple usersshould have in their software library. ■

144 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Be Wise.Be Thrifty.Be ANight Owl.

A

Your Own University Library Online At Home)

If you're free between the hours of six and midnight,make a date with one of the world's fastest, mostpowerful online,information services — at a fraction ofwhat it would cost during the business day. All youpay is a $50 registration fee to receive your classifieduser's password. Then, any evening, you can summonup a wealth of information for as little as $6 per hour.

Technical and scientific abstracts. Medical journals.Government studies. Business indexes. Majornewspapers. BRS/AFTER DARK gives you access to thesame comprehensive data files used by BRS SearchService subscribers, which include major corporationsand reference libraries throughout the world. Allinstantly accessible with simple, interactive language.

Of course, BRS/AFTER DARK also gives you valuableperipheral services like a home-computer Newsletterand nationwide communication via electronic mail.Plus, shop-at-home services and instant softwaredelivery programmed for the very near future.

Don't let another evening go by without BRS/AFTERDARK. All you need is your phone and any dial-upsystem or terminal. For more information aboutBRS/AFTER DARK, just fill out the coupon.Circle 50 on inquiry card.

j'w

AFTER DARK

Sign me up as a BRS/AFTER DARK subscriber for a one-time subscription fee of $50. (Basic user's rate as low as$6 hour.)

□ Charge to MASTER CARDA/ISA (circle one)

Acct. No Expires

□ Send more information

Signature

NAME.

ADDRESS-

CITY-

.STATE.

.ZIP_

Mail to: BRS • 1200 RT. 7 • LATHAM. NY 12110 • (518) 783-1161

TO BECOME THE LEADER

^tjtt z rjwr: i m w

HAD TO GIVE YOU MORE.

WE'RE STILL GIVING YOU

MORE WITH OUR NEW

SMALL BUSINESS COMPUTERS.

In three short years, TeleVideobecame the number one independentsupplier of CRT terminals in a verycompetitive marketplace.

We did it by designing and build-ing terminals with more performance,reliability, features and functions thanthe competition.

But at a lower price.

Now TeleVideo has entered theeven more competitive microcomputermarketplace. And we intend torepeat that success with the samebasic philosophy:

By providing big system perfor-mance and features. And TeleSolutions—a hardware/software packagethat includes word processing andfinancial planning software programs.

For a price lower than many of thelow performance personal computers.

TELEVIDEO'S TS 802

AND TS 802H.

THE COMPUTERS THAT

GIVE YOU MORE.

The TS 802 is TeleVideo's lowestpriced computer.

Yet it gives you many more of theimportant features found only inlarger computers costing much more.

• Like modular design for easiermaintenance.

• High speed Z80A microprocessorwith 64K bytes of RAM main memory—enough memory to handle mostbusiness applications.

• The CP/M operating system,which is included at no additional costto give you access to more micro-computer software programs than anyother operating system.

• An upward growth path through

a unigue multiple processor, buildingblock architecture.

• Dual 5lA inch double densitydiskettes with a million bytes ofunformatted storage capacity.

• A high resolution, non-glarevideo screen with detached key-board—just two examples of ourinnovative, ergonomic computerdesign.

• Two R232C serialports for a printerand modem.

• And a high speed port for plug-inexpansion to a larger multi-user, multi-tasking TeleVideo computer system.

• But suppose you need more stor-age. TeleVideo's next model up, the TS802H, gives you all the same featuresof theTS 802. But instead of two floppydiskettes, it uses one floppy disketteand a 514-inch Winchester hard disk togive you 9.6 million bytes of unfor-matted storage capacity — nearly 10times the storage for less than twicethe price of theTS 802.

COMPUTERS THAT GROWAS YOUR NEEDS GROW.

The TS 802 and TS 802H are morethan just single-user, stand alone com-puters.

When it's time to expand, simplyplug them into TeleVideo's more pow-erful TS 806 or TS 816 multi-user,multi-tasking systems. The TS 802sthen become intelligent, fast responsesatellite stations.

And because each has its ownCPU, there's none of the degradationof throughput and contention for asingle CPU that slows down the typicalshared system. Each user maintainsfull processing capability in a sharedfile environment.

With TeleVideo, there's no obso-lescence. Because of the unique multi-CPU architecture and TeleVideo'smulti-tasking software, the TS 802s donot have to be replaced as your dataprocessing needs grow.

TELESOLUTIONS.

THE SOFTWARE PACKAGE

THAT GIVES YOU MORE.

Instead of offering you just a businessmicrocomputer, TeleVideo is offering acomputer and software packagecalled TeleSolutions. And instead ofoffering you just any soft-ware, TeleSolutions™offers you themost popular,most versatilesoftware:MicroPro's®word proces-sing WordStar™.and businessplanningCalcStar™Whether youown a smallbusiness, manage adepartment in a company,or are your organization's DP manager,the combination of TeleVideo com-

puters with WordStar and C ""

gives you the quality text edfinancial planning help you'lIf you do require more softw^v., oarCP/M operating system allows youto choose from the widest variety ofmicroprocessor software.

When you buy either the TS 802at $3,495* orTS 802H at $5,995?TeleVideo includes WordStar andCalcStar for a special price of $500—a savings of nearly $300.

WORLDWIDE SERVICE.

TeleVideo's small business computersare serviced by TRW's nationwideservice network, and by distributorsaround the world.

THE BETTER BUSINESS

SOLUTION?PROVE IT TO YOURSELF.

Before you begin evaluating businesscomputers make a list of what you'dlike one to do for you. Then bring thatlist to one of TeleVideo's computerdealers throughout the world. Sit downat a TeleVideo® computer. Study theTeleSolutions Package. Even try anothercomputer. Compare the features, thefunctions, and the performance.

And compare the price.

We don't think you'll find a betterbusiness solution than TeleVideo andTeleSolutions.

For details and the address of yourlocal distributor call toll free 800-538-1780

Olfelgtfdeo

TeleVideo Systems, Inc.Dept. 610C1170 Morse AvenueSunnyvale, CA 94086

Please send details on TeleVideo computersand TeleSolutions to:

NAME

TITLE

COMPANY _ADDRESS.CITY

STATE.

.ZIP.

PHONE It (_

TeleSolutions™ is a trademark of TeleVideo Systems, IncWordStar™ and CalcStar™ are trademarks of MicroProInternational Corporation

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research Inc'Prices are suggested retail excluding applicable stateand local taxes — Continental USA., Alaska and Hawaii

Circle 496 on inquiry card.

Northeast Region 617/369-9370, Eastern Region 212/308-0705, Southeast Region 404/447-1231, Midwest Region 312/969-0112,South Central Region 214/258-6776. Northwest Region 408/745-7760, Southwest Region 714/752-9488, European Sales (Holland) 31-075-28'-7461

System Review

Cambridge Development Lab's High-Resolution

Video Graphics System

James R. DeKock

University of Wisconsin

Nuclear Engineering Department

1500 Johnson Dr.

Madison, WI 53706

Cambridge Development Laboratory of Watertown,Massachusetts, markets a high-resolution graphics sys-tem that enables S-100 computer owners to access someof the sophisticated graphics software used in manymainframe and large minicomputer installations. Usedtogether, the Massachusetts firm's GGEN software andHR series video-graphics board have the unique capacityto emulate many of the attributes possessed by Tektronixseries 4010 terminals.

Probably the most striking feature of the HR-X/GGENsystem is its ability to create graphics displays from thecommand codes produced by Tektronix PLOT-10 soft-ware. This article will briefly introduce the hardware andsoftware products which form the foundation of the CDL(Cambridge Development Laboratory) high-resolutiongraphics-terminal emulator system.

Acknowledgments

All work described in this report was performed in the laboratories ofthe University of Iowa's Department of Physics and Astronomy, IowaCity, Iowa. The author wishes to thank Randy L. Goettsch for his sug-gestions and technical assistance. This work was supported in part byan agency of the United States Government.

Disclaimer

Reference herein to specific commercial products does not constituteendorsement by the United States Government, the University of Iowa,or the University of Wisconsin. The views, and opinions of the authordo not necessarily reflect those of the United States Government thereofand shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes.

The HR-X Graphics Interfaces

CDL's model HR-1 monochrome, raster-scan graphicsinterface represents the entry level of a multitieredhardware-product line; it can easily be expanded to thetop-of-the-line model HR-4C, an interface capable of pro-ducing 4096 colors. (Of this number, a user-selectablesubset of 16 colors may be displayed at any given time.)Intermediate products produce fewer colors (or gray-scale levels on black-and-white monitors).

Containing 327,680 bits of programmable memory, allHR-X interfaces produce displays with a minimum reso-lution of 640 horizontal by 482 vertical pixels (picture ele-ments) cells. Vertical resolution can be increased, de-pending on video-monitor characteristics, up to 507 pix-els with one HR-X modification.

The HR-1 is composed of three S-100 boards: the firstcontrols the interface to the host computer, the secondcontrols the display memory and its refresh circuitry, andthe third contains output logic and 40K bytes of program-mable memory for storing the displayed image.

Expansion beyond the monochrome HR-1 level is ac-complished by installing up to three additional copies ofthe output logic and memory board. Each memory boardstores 1 bit of information per pixel. An HR-1 graphicsinterface, with its single memory card, can control onlywhether each pixel is on or off. Color or shading capabil-ities require an interface that stores 2 or more bits perpixel.

With the 4 bits per pixel stored by the HR-4C color in-terface, the programmer can specify any of 16 possiblelogical colors for each pixel in the display. Each logical

148 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 208 on inquiry card.

Foreword byDouglas Hofstadter

INVERSIONS

a catalog of calligraphic cartwheelsby Scott Kim

Illusion.. .calligraphy.. .visualmagic—Scott Kim's newbook, Inversions, delights theeye and enchants the mind.Filled with intriguing designs,words that read the sameright-side up and upside down,words-within-words, andunexpected symmetries, thesecompositions create a freshway to look at the alphabet.The text includes the visualprinciples of symmetry, letter-ing, and problem solving thatare basic to these images. Theauthor also draws parallels to

ISBN 0-07-034546-5

128 pages

softcover

over 50 illustrations

BYTE Books

70 Main St.,

Peterborough, N.H.

03458

"Kim is the Escher-of-the alphabet. He has createda new art form that blends beauty and ingenuity andhas made it so clear to us that we can try itourselves if we so desire. It may well become thenew amusement of the literate." Issac Asimov

"Scott Kim has perfected a personal art form—one-with grace, elegance, subtlety, and surprises."

Douglas Hofstadter, authorGodel, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid

"...sure to dazzle and delight anyone to whomwriting is dear."

The New York Times Book Review

"Scott Kim's /nvers/ons...is one of the mostastonishing and delightful books ever printed."

Martin Gardner Scientific American

related exercises in percep-tion in such diverse areas as

art, music, word play, andmathematics. Scott Kim'soriginal inversion designs firstappeared in Omni magazine,inspiring an overwhelmingreader response. Anirresistible challenge, invertiblewriting appeals to everyonewho loves beauty inmathematics and design.Scott Kim is a doctoral stu-dent in Computer Science atStanford University.

$8.95

At a Glance

HARDWARE

Documentation

122-page manual includes schematic diagrams, theory of opera-

Name

tion, and utility programs written in assembly language. A CDL

HR series, high-resolution graphics interface: The Dynamic

technical note describes a hardware modification to increase the

Blackboard

vertical-display resolution to as high as 507 pixels, depending on

the type of video monitor used. A 46-page service guide: S25;

Use

diagnostic disk (12 programs on an 8-inch CP/M-format floppy

Production of raster-scan video displays using any combination

disk): S15; newsletter: free of charge

of text, special characters, or graphics

SOFTWARE

Manufacturer

Cambridge Development Laboratory

Name

36 Pleasant St.

GGEN, graphics terminal emulator

Watertown, MA 02172

(617) 926-0869

Type

Utility; used with HR series of graphics boards

Price

HR-I (black-and-white): SI200. HR-4C (4096 colors): S3175:

Manufacturer

intermediate products available

Cambridge Development Laboratory

36 Pleasant St.

Dimensions

Watertown, MA 02172

3 to 6 standard-size S-100 boards

(617) 926-0869

Features

Price

High-resolution 640- by 482-pixel displays; HR-I system can be

S300

upgraded by adding additional display memory; HR-X hardware

can produce displays at the rate of nearly one-half million pixels

Format

per second; includes CGEN software to produce hard copies (see

8-inch floppy disk, CP/M format

Documentation below)

Language

Hardware required

GGEN is supplied in page-relocatable format; converted to

S-100 computer and video monitor (black-and-white monitors

executable form by support programs supplied on the GGEN disk

must have composite video. RS-I 70, input; color monitors may

optionally have the timing signal input separate from the display

Hardware required

signal); minimum 12-MHz bandwidth

Any S-100 computer with Z80 processor using CP/M (or CP/M-like)

operating system. CDL's HR-X graphics interface is required; a

Software required

modem may be needed to link with a remote mainframe com-

User-written programs and/or CDL routines (supplied on 8-inch

puter running PLOT-10 and to maximize GGEN usefulness

CP/M-format floppy disk with the purchase of HR interface)

Documentation

Hardware options

25-page manual

Light pen: SI00

Audience

Software options

Anyone who wishes to use Tektronix PLOT-10 applications soft-

GRASIC: S225; GGEN (see summary below): S300. Graphpac

ware or other software that can drive Tektronix 4010 series ter-

(a plotting program): $300; 3D Package by Sublogic: $200

minals

color points to a corresponding color-intensity level. Thislevel is found in a user-programmable translation tablelocated on each memory board. The intensity levelselected from the table is fed to the DAC (digital-to-analog converter) located on that same board. The DACsubsequently drives one of the electron guns found in acolor monitor, thus creating a physical color. Eachlogical color is made of three different intensity levels,through not necessarily the same level, for each of thered, green, and blue electron guns.

The model HR-4C can simultaneously drive one colorand one black-and-white video monitor. The HR-4 inter-face, which also uses a total of 4 memory boards, dis-plays 16 shades of gray and can be upgraded to a HR-4Ccolor system if desired. The manual accompanying thegraphics boards includes about 20 pages devoted toschematic diagrams, parts lists, and theory of operation.The HR-1 interface is shown in photo 1.

Controlling the Interfaces

The graphics memory of the HR-X interface is not con-nected to the S-100 bus's address lines. Instead, access tothe graphics interface is through eight contiguous, user-selectable input and output ports.

An internal 19-bit register, the cursor, contains the ad-dress of one screen location. This HR-X register is set bysending the desired cursor address to the appropriateports. The current cursor location can be determined atany time by reading the same ports.

A second internal register is 4 bits long and is called thecursor-data register. The value placed in this register bythe user's program is written to the screen memory ad-dress specified by the cursor, with each of the register's 4bits directed to a different memory plane (i.e., the mem-ory boards). If fewer than four memory boards are in-stalled, the corresponding bits of the register are ignored.Expanding the system to include more colors or gray-

150 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Interested in theIBM Personal

Computer?

If you're interested inthe IBM PersonalComputer then youneed PC magazine.PC magazine is theIndependent Guide to IBMPersonal Computers. Eachissue is packed withinformation for everyoneinterested in IBM PersonalComputers.

PC magazine tells you howto put together the best IBM"PC" system and then how toget the most out of it. Eachissue brings you hundreds ofcolorful pages of evaluations,insights, and straight talk fromrespected experts—professionals in computerscience as well as writers,businessmen, lawyers,educators, and many others.

PC covers software,hardware, applications andmost every topic ofimportance to the thousandsof IBM Personal Computerusers who read it. To ensurethat we give you theinformation you need, PCincludes a special "User-to-User" section, as well as a"PC Wish List", and newsabout IBM Personal

Computer clubs, events andpublications.

For a limited time, you cansubscribe to PC at NO RISKand still receive a 25%discount off the newsstandprice. Enter your subscription

Name

now. If not fully satisfied whenyou receive your first copy ofPC, simply return your mailinglabel within 15 days for a fullrefund.

This is themagazine

that tells youail about it.

AddressCity

The Independent GuideIBM Personal Compulers"

State

Zip

□ 6 issues/$14.50

□ Check enclosedCard #

□ 12 issues/$27.00 □ 24 issues/$46.00□ VISA □ MasterCard □ Bill me

expires.

□ I already own an IBM "PC"

PC Magazine1528 Irving St.,S.F., CA 94122

□ I am thinking about buying onePhone Credit Card Orders to:

(Toll Free Number)California: 800/792-0990, ext. 1136All Other States: 800/227-3800, ext. 1136

0072

Circle 355 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982

151

Photo 1: Cambridge Development Laboratory's HR series of raster-scan video graphics boards. These boards produce high-resolution(640 by 482 pixels) video graphics. The user has software access to a 640- by 512-pixel graphics memory, and the S-100 system iscapable of plotting at a rate of nearly 500,000 pixels per second. The HR-1 monochrome interface, pictured here, is composed of threeS-100 boards. If the user later requires gray-scale or color capabilities, additional memory boards may be added. CDL has named itsHR-series product line The Dynamic Blackboard. (Photograph by CDL.)

scale levels does not affect the operational speed of the in-terface, and software commands are designed to adaptreadily to the hardware actually present.

The 8-bit crawl command, the basic instruction forreading from and writing to the screen memory, causesthree distinct operations. First, the contents of memory atthe present cursor location are read; the computer mayoptionally determine what was on the screen before theinstruction is completed. Next, the 4-bit contents of thecursor-data register can be written to screen memory.Finally, the cursor is moved one step in any of eight direc-tions.

The write-byte command permits eight consecutivecrawl commands in the same direction to be performed.The write byte instruction consists of Os and Is that havecontrol over whether or not the contents of the cursor-data register are to be written to the eight successivescreen memory locations.

The cursor adjust command may be used to move thecursor 1 to 16 steps in any of the 8 compass directions.

The auxiliary command is used to clear or set the displayto a desired state, scroll the screen up or down, or reset alight-pen flag.

Using the commands described above is as simple assending a byte to the port associated with each com-mand. The HR-X manual provides assembly-languagesource listings for a variety of routines, including onethat draws vectors on the screen. A hardware serviceguide is also available.

HR-X Software

Several software packages are provided with the HR-Xgraphics interface. CGEN, a character-display programwritten by CDL, lets you access three character sets andcan be incorporated into a CP/M disk operating system.

Characters are usually displayed in an 8- by 16-pixelformat. They are created with CDL's character editor,and another program, LOADC, installs the character fileinto memory. The DUMPSCRN routine will print thecontents of screen memory on an IDS (Integral Data Sys-

152 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

TEK 2200

MULTI-PURPOSEOSCILLOSCOPES

THE PERFORMANCE/PRICE STANDARD

Tek's most successful

scope series ever: At $1200-$1450,

it's easy to see why!

Wide-range verti-cal sensitivity:

Scale (actors from100 V/div (10Xprobe) to 2 mV/div(1X probe). Accurateto • 3%. Ac or dccoupling.

Two high-sensitivitychannels: dc to 60MHz bandwidthfrom 10 V/div to 20mV/div; extendedsensitivity of 2mV/divat -50MHz.

Sweep speeds:

from 0.5 s to 50 ns.To 5 ns'div with X10magnification.

Delayed sweepmeasurements:

Accurate to 13°i>with single time-base 2213; to• 1.5°o with dualtime-base 2215.

Complete triggersystem. IncludesTV field, normal,vertical mode, andautomatic; internal,external and linesources; variableholdoff.

Probes included.

High-performance,positive attachment10-14 pF and 60MHz at the probetip.

■MtaMU

ll'klKlllIX .'.'Y.l

In 30 years of Tektronix oscil-loscope leadership, no otherscopes have recorded theimmediate popular appeal ofthe Tek 2200 Series. The Tek 2213and 2215 are unapproachable for theperformance and reliability theyoffer at a surprisingly affordableprice.

There's no compromise withTektronix quality: The low cost is theresult of a new design concept thatcut mechanical parts by 65%. Cutcabling by 90%. Virtually eliminatedboard electrical connectors. Andobviated the usual cooling fan.

Yet performance is written all overthe front panels. There's the band-width for digital and analog circuits.The sensitivity for low signal mea-surements. The sweep speeds forfast logic families. And delayedsweep for fast, accurate timingmeasurements.

The cost: $1200* for the 2213.$1450* for the dual time base 2215.

You can order, or obtain moreinformation, through the TektronixNational Marketing Center, wheretechnical personnel can answeryour questions and expeditedelivery. Your direct order includes

probes, operating manuals, 15-day return policy and full Tektronixwarranty.

For quantity purchases, pleasecontact your local Tektronix salesrepresentative.

ORDER TOLL FREE

1-800-426-2200

Ask for Department I0342

In the state of Washington,Call (206) 253-5353 collect.

•Price FOB. Beaverton, OR. Price subject to change.

Tektronix

COMMITTED TO EXCELLENCE

Copyright©1982 Tektronix, Inc. All rights reserved. 136-2

Get The Most From Your NEC

PERSONAL COMPUTER

With RACET computes Software

and HARDWARE!!!

* • * * * NEW - NEW - NEW - NEW - NEW - NEW - NEW ***** •

RACET RK-4/8 MULTIPLEXOR

Schools — Businesses — Word Processing!!! The RACET MK4/8 Multiplexor allows multipleusers to share the same mass storage, whether it is floppy disk or the RACET Hard Disk. TheMultiplexor is fully supported under the RACET 'Everything' DOS. Users can work in mixed ROMBASIC and CP/M Call Compatible modes. All users can request information and be writing to thedisk simultaneously. The multiplexor not only provides a cost-etfective solution to users requiringmultiple computers, but also provides the power of sharing data.

4-Port Mux S745 8-Port Mux S945

CALL FOR LOWEST HARD DRIVE PRICES FOR NEC

RACET NECDOS FOR YOUR PC-8000 AND PC-8800M THE 'EVERYTHING' DOS!!! $225

Has ROM BASIC mode. Has CP/M* compatibility mode. Works in both modes with the RACET RK4/8 Multiplexor tor shared disk environment. Supports the RACET Hard Disk in both modes andoptionally with the Multiplexor.

RACET NECDOS does more for your PC-8001 than any other DOS. It's faster, more efficient andeasier to use. It's loaded with extra features to let you strelch the limits of your system.EMPHASIZES INTEGRITY. NO MOUNT or REMOVE commands. Excellent protection fromimproper diskette swapping. File password protection.

ADVANCED FEATURES. All DOS functions and commands may be used directly in a BASIC pro-gram!!! Special RUN option allows merging of programs, retaining all variables in memeory.Fixed block spanned records. AUTO and 00 commands. Machine language loads and saves.MATPRINT and MATINPUT to disk. Complete directory. All supervisory calls documented andavailable to the machine language programmer. Superzap and other extensive utilities.

* NEW * ELECTRIC PENCIL* * * S99.95THE most popular Microcomputer Word Processor in the world now available on the NEC!!! Withmany added features. Embedded print commands. Print from memory and disk!! Setlable tabs.Indent and hanging indent. Parallel, Serial, and Video drivers. DICTAMATIC cassette control lortranslating dictated messages!! And much more!!! Most features of word processors costing fivetimes as much!!! Runs on 32K or 64K system!!! Works in multi-user environment with the RK4/8Multiplexor!!!!

* NEW * ELECTRIC SPREADSHEET * * $76A BASIC Spreadsheet program for the PC-8001. Anything you work with columns and rows and acalculator belongs on the Electric Spreadsheet. Results formatted tor screen or printer. 'What Ifquestions answered. P/L forecast. Personal budget. Real estate investment. Net worth lorecast.Cash flow estimates. Business forms. Works on 32K or 64K system!!! 70 operators plushistogram plot, revise spreadsheat layout, and more. Select preprogrammed operators tor line,column, or cell calculations. Set column widths and number of decimals. Manual and diskelteinclude 22 examples.

* NEW * ADVANCED PROGRAMMING BASIC * * SBOTHE functions and commands in this package give you extended control over data and yourPC-8001 system. These extensions to NBASIC provide complete conversion ot time and datefunctions including days between dates and Julian dates. Extended string functions include jus-tify, truncate, center, rotate, translate, shift, pack, and search. Array functions include maskedsearch of both sorted and unsorted arrays, and insert in sorted arrays.

MULTI-KEY SORT "MKS" $60SUPER FAST Machine Language In-Memory Sorts. Three key sort on 500 elements in 4 sec-onds!!! Simple one-line BASIC functions - SORTV and SORTC VERBS. Mixed ascending anddescending keys.

BASIC PROGRAMMING UTILITIES 'BASUTIL' $60COMPRESS, EXPAND, PRETTY. XREF Cross Reference Utility. Great for modeling, debuggingand structuring BASIC programs.

KFS-80 KEYED FILE SYSTEM 'KFS-80' S150MACHINE language BASIC ISAM utility provides keyed and sequential access to multiple files.Simple interlace to BASIC. Binary tree keyed-file index system provides rapid access to records.CONVERT TRS-80* PROGRAMS TO RACET NECDOSWITH 'PROTRAN' $99.95COMPLETE utilities for file transfer and BASIC program conversion. MOD III diskettes may be readdirectly; MOD I and II via RS-232. Transfer BASIC programs, data files, or machine language files.NO SUPPORT is provided for conversion ol machine language files or PEEK'S, POKE'S or USR's tofunction on PC-8001. Substantial knowledge of TRS BASIC and NBASIC required. Packagedesigned lor software authors.

AVAILABLE FROM YOUR LOCAL NEC DEALER or from RACET computesCHECK, VISA, M/C, COD., C_ -*««——PURCHASE ORDER ^" R AC ET COMPUTES

Integ

Telephone Orders Accepted(714) 997-4950

LTD.

ty in Sollware

1330 N Glassell. Suite M, Orange. CA 92667 (714) 997-4950

. TRS-80 IS A TRADEMARK OF TANDY CORPORATION

. CP/M IS A TRADEMARK OF DIGITAL RESEARCH

. ELECTRIC PENCIL PENCIL IS A TRADEMARK OF MICHAEL SCHRAYER

i ELECTRIC SPREADSHEET IS A TRADEMARK OF DAN G. HANEY 8, ASSOCIATES

What Is PLOT-10?

Since the late 1960s, Tektronix Inc. has developed a seriesof text and graphics terminals primarily for large andminicomputer systems. These terminals display incomingdata as either text or high-resolution vector graphics (drawnon a storage-type cathode-ray tube). PLOT-10 is Tektronix'spackage of utility programs that function as the user inter-face to the terminal.

The earliest versions of PLOT-10 allowed FORTRAN pro-grammers to create graphics through a series of calls to thePLOT-10 library. Numerical data, frequently the endpointsof vectors, are converted by PLOT-10 into command se-quences that are passed to the display device. This frees theprogrammer from writing the complex subroutines necessaryto control the display.

In the past decade, Tektronix has extended PLOT-10 to thepoint that it accepts English-like statements and produceshighly complex images. It is presently used by a large numberof educators, industries, and commerical organizations.

tems) Paper Tiger printer. The editor, LOADC, CGEN,and DUMPSCRN programs, written in assembly lan-guage, are included with the purchase or any HR-X inter-face. Optionally available is GRASIC, a graphics-oriented BASIC built on Processor Technology'sBASIC/5 and expanded by CDL to drive the HR-X inter-face. GRASIC also has the ability to call DUMPSCRN.

GGEN

CDL's new GGEN software is a highly versatile pro-gram that includes all of CGEN's functions and, addi-tionally, provides high-resolution graphics capabilitiesnot previously available to S-1O0 computer owners.GGEN can translate Tektronix PLOT-10 terminal-controlsequences into commands that can be directly executedby CDL hardware. This allows you to emulate many ofthe functions of a Tektronix series 4010 terminal with anS-100 computer, the HR-X graphics interface, and amonochrome or color video monitor.

CDL's software can optionally scale incoming data tocompensate for the differing resolutions of the Tektronixdisplay and the HR-X. GGEN has Tektronix-like Alpha(character display) and Graph modes, and each mode canaccess a menu of functions. Some of the available func-tions follow:

Alpha (text) mode menu selections:

1. select one of up to three character sets for current use

2. character overstrike enable/disable

3. set or clear tab at current cursor position

4. direct cursor to any screen location

5. produce a copy of the display on a graphics printer

6. generate a half linefeed on the screen

7. clear screen and reset the cursor to "home" position

Graphics mode menu selections:

1. select vector type to be solid, dotted, dot-dash, shortdash, or long dash

154 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 386 on Inquiry card.

Circle 486 on Inquiry card.

mm.

a, lli«f

*S&.<W 5»

► ESS**

soPet

IIY

c\u

^ Why pay hundreds more fora four (as in QUAD) function IBM PC board?

This may be the only board you need toexpand your IBM personal computer. Stan-dard with three functions; memory up to256K, clock/calendar with battery back-up,and asynchronous serial (RS232C) port,(COMl or COM2). On the same board aparallel printer port can be added foran extra$50. All the options you may ever need if youhave the color graphics adapter. If you havethe monochrome/printer adapter, you cansave the $50, unless you plan to run twoparallel interface printers. Or you may addthis option later if needed.No corner cutting here

You may think that since this board costs somuch less there has to be a catch. The catch isyou have to put the board in yourself, and seta switch to tell your computer the board isthere. It's all done in less than ten minutes.Our clear instructions with illustrations makeit a snap. The board is a four layer design withrows of nine memory chips for full paritychecking. Each board is solder masked, silkscreened, and has gold plated contacts. Thememory chip locations are all socketed. Allcomponents are premium grade, meet IBMperformance specifications, and are burnedin and tested prior to shipment. The highlyrated design is well proven with severalthousand boards in the field providing reliableservice.

How much memory?

We offer the board with 64K, 128K, 192K, or256K of memory. Buy only the memory youneed or your budget allows. Quite frankly wedon't think you can put your own untestedchips on as cheaply, and ours are prime #1chips, burned in , tested, and warrantied forone year. We have found the 192K board tobe the most popular because coupled with the64K in your computer this gives you a full256K of memory. The board can hold up to256K (a total of 320K with the 64K in thePC).

Clock/calendar & clip-on batteryThat round thing in the picture is a lithiumbattery. It may last as long as five years sinceit is only needed when the computer is turnedoff. Note the holder it is in. The under $4.00battery |ust slips out and a new one slips in.

No soldering required as with some otherclock boards. The clock/calendar sets the timeand date when your computer is turned on.This is done with a program which we sendyou on a diskette. The clock on the board isset using the IBM DOS commands TIME andDATE.

The offer you shouldn't refuse

Our spreadsheet offering, SUPERCALC, isthe best one we have seen for the PC. It hasall the features of the popular VISICALCprogram, with some extra features that makeit much more useful and convenient. SUPER-CALC will address up to 512K of memoryand if you order it with your board we will sellit to you for the unheard of price of $176.This offer is only available at the time youorder your board.When you buy from us?

Service and support are the keys when youbuy any product. How many mail ordercompanies take the trouble to write theirown installation instructions? How manyinclude schematics with their boards? Howmany offer a diagnostic program for just $10that let's you check out your board so youdon't send it for service until you know therereally is a problem? Who else charges noextra for credit cards, COD fees, or shippingcharges? How many will face our acid test?The acid test

Qubie Distributing gives you our 30 daysatisfaction guarantee on all board purchases.If you are not completely satisfied we willreturn the entire cost of your purchase aswell as pay the postage to return it. If you can

get one of our competitors to give you thesame guarantee, buy any other board youthink compares and return the one you don'tlike. We're not worried because we knowwhich one you'll keep. On top of this we giveyou a one year parts and labor warranty, anda one year extended warranty for $50. War-ranty repairs are done in 48 hours or we willsend you a new board.

FREE SOFTWARE

SuperDisk and SuperSpooler Software

lets you use your board as fast accessii

disk space and as a printer buffer.

TO ORDER BY MAIL SEND:

—your name and shipping address

—memory size. Optional printer port?

—software and cables you need

—daytime phone number

—California residents add 6M>% sales

—Company check or credit card number

and expiration date, (personal checks

take 18 days to clear.)

TO ORDER BY PHONE:

(213) 870-3718 or (80S) 482-9829

PRICES:

64k $375 192k $499

128k $439 256k $599(includes async port, memory, clock/cal-endar, SuperDisk and SuperSpooler soft-ware)

OPTIONS:

Parallel Printer port $50

Cable for parallel printers $35

Cable for Modem or Serial Printer $25

Memory Diagnostic Diskette $10

SUPERCALC by Sorcim $176

DBase II by Ashton-Tate $488

SHIPMENT

We pay UPS surface charges. UPS bluelabel air service $5 extra. Credit card orbank check orders shipped same day. Per-sonal or company checks take 18 days toclear.

QUBIE'DISTRIBUTING

918VIAALONDRACAMARILLO. CA 93010

Alpha/Graphics menu selections:

1. select color intensity or gray-scale level

2. select CRT gun (red, blue, or green) and set with inten-sity level specified in Step 1

3. scale Tektronix coordinates to CDL coordinates

two Intel-format .HEX files produced by the user's

assemblerMERGE.COM - joins various page-relocatable files

into one .IMG fileLOADING.COM - transforms an .IMG file into a

.COM file with all addresses correctly located

GGEN defaults to the menu selections that most closelymatch the characteristics of a Tektronix series 4010 ter-minal. GGEN can also serve to display text or programlistings. The HR-X memory can store 26 lines of 80 user-defined characters. In addition, GGEN can reproduceany screen image of text and graphics on Florida DataCorporation's model BNY high-resolution dot-matrixgraphics printer.

GGEN is one of eight CP/M-format files on the distri-bution disk supplied by CDL. The contents of the GGENpackage and the function of each file are

GEN.IMG - a page-relocatable file of GGEN codeEDIT.COM - a program to edit and define character

setsDEFAULT.CHR - an example of EDIT outputDEFAULT.IMG - default page-relocatable character

setCHR2IMG.COM - converts a .CHR file created by

EDIT into an .IMG fileBUILD.COM - creates a page-relocatable file from

Some of the programs are used in succession to pro-duce an executable binary image of GGEN together withthe user-defined character sets. The programmer mayspecify the starting address for GGEN to be any pageboundary in memory (i.e., hexadecimal 0100, 0200, etc.).

A typical configuration with one character set will re-quire approximately 4.6K bytes of memory. GGEN maybe installed as either a part of the operating system, func-tioning as the CP/M-console output device, or as stand-alone code that may be linked to any high-level languageprogram capable of calling assembly-language subrou-tines.

The four or five steps required to customize GGEN andits default character set to the desired starting address canbe completed in about 20 minutes. Although CDL pro-vides some guidance, integrating GGEN into CP/M willrequire a little time; a working knowledge of CP/M'sstructure and 8080 or Z80 assembly language is highlyrecommended. A significant number of PLOT-10 userscan be found in many educational, industrial, and com-mercial organizations; thus, the range of potential ap-

SuperBrain II"- CompuStar" Network Systems

Excellent dealer & EOM discounts • Module replacement

CMC's own national on-site service • Advertising co-op

Toll-free Ordering & technical assistance • After-sale support

CMC ALSO OFFERS

Six-month warranty • Optional green phosphor screen

High resolution graphics • Enhanced DOS software with advanced files

System support training directory, diagnostics, disk editor, communications

in our facilities software and others

SOFTWARE, PERIPHERALS FOR SUPERBRAIN COMPUSTAR

SOFTWARE

Accounting Plus Microsoft

WordstardBase IIMicroplanProfitplanBisynch 80CBasic II

mnJINTFJmC"" :SYSTEMS

M BasicFortran 80Cobol 80

M/T Pascal

P/L1 80

Spellguard

Spellstar

PRINTERS

Datasouth

Epson

C. Itoh

Okidata

NEC

Starwriter

F10

MODEMS

Anderson-JacobsonCAT Novation

HARD DISKS

CMC TargaCorvus

MEDIA

DysanVerbatim

MISC.

Line FiltersPower Supplies

CMC IN f i NATIONAL

A Division of Computer Marketing Corporation

11058 Main Street, Suite 220

Bellevue, Washington 98004

TELEX: 15255S SEATAC

CompuStarHard DiskSystems

10mb, 32mb & 96mb

Control Data Corp.

Phoenix Drives

9448-96 CMD

9448-32

LOWEST PRICESANYWHERE!

For Information Call (206)453-9777To Order, Call Toll-free 1-800-426-2963

DEALER INQUIRIES, GSA. GOVERNMENT, EDUCATIONAL BIDS INVITED

SuperBrain and CompLiStar are registers] trademarks « [ntertec Data Systems Corporton

156 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 80 on inquiry card.

End S100 Bus Single Board Computer and Memory Confusion

The S100 bus has come a long way.

The old standards, 64,8 or even 2K ofmemory, and separate boards for I/O,processing, floppy control and a host of otherfunctions, are obsolete.

If you use S100 boards, that's great news.

And bad news.

The great news is you can buy, off the shelf,incredibly sophisticated S100 single boardcomputers and memories.

Now the bad news.

With different prices andfeatures on dozens of availableboards and the fact that someboards are still moresophisticated than others, it'sgetting tough to decide whatboards to buy for particularapplications.

Intercontinental Micro Systems can help.

Call or write today and we'll send youinformation defining the state of the art in S100bus memories and SBCs. We'll explain DMA,memory management, vectored priority inter-rupt inputs, RAM disk, parity error detection,window deselection and a host of other newlyavailable features.

There is a catch.

When you call or write, we'll tell you about

timjimilil|ll'lllMMIUtllUfl

our super-sophisticated CPZ-48000 singleboard computer.our 256KMB-100 bankselectable or linear memory and a complete lineof personality boards that allow you to easilyinterface with anything from floppies towinnies, including printers and modems.

Call or write today and find out howIntercontinental Micro Systems can solve yourS100 bus SBC and memory problems.We think once you know

state-of-the-art, you'll want

Intercontinental Micro.

1733 South Douglass Road, Suite E Anaheim, California 92806 (714) 978-9758 Telex: 678401-TAB-ll

Circle 226 on inquiry card.

Photo 2: Comparison of the CDL raster display and the Tektronix vector terminal. Photo la's graph was created on a Tektronix 4012terminal by software running on an IBM 370/168 computer; the "image" was transmitted in PLOT-10 format. Photo 2b's graph wasdone on CDL's HR-1 interface and GGEN graphics-terminal emulator software; the video monitor is a Video 100 by Leedex. Thesame command codes for photo 2a were translated and scaled by GGEN for display by the HR-1. (The image is somewhat com-pressed vertically due to the format restrictions of the camera used to produce the photograph.)

plications for the GGEN/HR-X system is quite large.

Application Example

The Iowa Plasma Physics Laboratory at the Universityof Iowa's Department of Physics and Astronomy has in-corporated the HR-1 graphics boards and GGEN soft-ware as part of a microcomputer system that collects andprocesses data produced by various research experi-ments. The HR-1/GGEN interface duplicates many of thefunctions of a Tektronix model 4012 terminal at about 20percent of a new 4012's cost. This price comparison,however, does not include the cost of the microcomputer.

Data is collected from experiments and transmitted to

the university's IBM 370/168 and Prime 750 computersby a Cromemco Z-2 system. After returning numericalresults, the large computers calculate graphic representa-tions of the data and transmit the "image" in PLOT-10command format. A short Z-2 routine intercepts thecodes and sends them to GGEN for translation and subse-quent display on a video monitor.

Photo 2 represents a comparison of images producedby Tektronix and CDL graphics systems. Photos 3a and3b are examples of other displays produced at the Univer-sity of Iowa with the HR-1/GGEN graphics interface.Listing 1 is the hard-copy representation of photo 2b,created by a GGEN routine on Florida Data's model BNY

Tp ■ 19 388 conawit Po"5*18T—5 Upl"180v Id" 3A

PHIp. 86 588 -Of 11 "-T*i

Ep - -73 888 ' 18 J 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

■j • -5 888

Is'- 388 100-

Ip" - 388

Is* - 188 9888-

l/6i- 885

tm

-

Lsast aouapea: ***** "

^ES,8S2 7888.f*sg error ••—«■ -

I387B28

S880 _

ftl« 58M _

FM 81 DAT

**• itton to at*. Hflee _Wp-Gp tS9.fi —

l«-VIp» 333 Z^"

• N.

-» S

■

"

—i—i—i—i—i—i—i

B-73 M-*i« tZ-19 83 f TSJ313 BK « » ,l3

"

Photo 3: Other displays produced on the CDL system. CDL's HR-X/GGEN system allows S-100 computer owners to produce highlycomplex displays in a simple and straightforward manner with Tektronix PLOT-10 software.

158 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 290 on inquiry card.

MICROSCI IS IN THE GAME FOR ALL THE APPLES...

u~sc\

/r.v-s

:'^=>*_..

...WITH A

OF 5 W DRIVES

Micro-Sci has three disk drives and twocontrollers so you can configure your Apple II'" orApple II Plus'" system to fit your individual budgetand performance requirements.

THE FIRST ACE—A2

The new A2 is the price/compatibility substitutefor the Disk II,1" intended as the second drive onan existing controller, or as a full A2 subsystem.The A2 dnve or A2 subsystem is an ideal choicewhen the drives will be primarily used forentertainment or prepackaged software programs.THE SECOND ACE—A40

The A40 is a price/performance alternative to theDisk II. With 40 tracks, you get an additional 20Kbytes, and faster track-to-track access. The A40 isintended for use in dedicated DOS, CP/M andPascal applications, and as a companion drive forthe A70.The A40 is Micro-Sci's most cost-effective

disk subsystem for the Apple lis.

THE THIRD ACE—A70

The A70 is the price/capacity alternative.At over a quarter million bytes per drive, the A70has the capacity of two Disk lis or an eight-inchfloppy, but costs only slightly more than a singleDisk II. One A70 supports a DOS file as large as270K, a CP/M file up to 254K, and 560 blocksin Pascal.

THE PAU<—MICRO-SCI'S CONTROLLERS

The A2 comes with a unique new controller.This controller supports any combination of A2s orDisk lis, you have complete flexibility.

The A40 and A70 share a common controller.Mix A40s and A70s in any fashion, one A40 withone A70, two A40s or two A70s—all on thesame controller.

You can have a Disk II or A2 controller with

Disk II or A2 drives and still add an A40 or A70subsystem. That's full system-level compatibility.THE PAT HAND

Versatility, reliability, capability are assuredwhen choosing Micro-Sci. Pick the drive, pick thecontroller, pick the capacity and function. Whateveryour need, DOS 3.2,3.3, Pascal, CP/M, games orpre-packaged software, Micro-Sci has the drive.Start wherever you choose with the knowledgethat you can expand without concern. All Micro-Sciproducts are backed by a full 120-day warranty(parts and labor).

Our complete line of Apple compatible productsmakes us the dealer's choice. We're always lookingfor good dealers.International dealer inquiries:International Markets Co., Telex: 69-6191.TELEX CO LSA ^ Us

fj-sa v

MICRO-SCI " . ' •- .',;

'158 South Hathaway Street Santa Ana California 92705 714/662-2801 •TELEX: 910-346-6739

MICRO-SCI IS A DIVISION OF STANDUN CONTROLS, INC.

Nov. 29-Oec. 2, 1982

Las Vpqas Convi'nlion ConicLas Vegas, Nevadfl

"APPLE II, APPLE II PLUS • "DISK II • APPLE, APPLE II AND DISK II ARE REGISTERED TRADEMARKS OF APPLE COMPUTERS, CUPERTINO, CALIFORNIA

DOWNTIME RECORD

PER EXPERIMENT

CALENDAR 1980

20-1

o

PER CENT OF TOTRLDOWN![ME\27A hre.l

Legend

D EXP IEXP 2EXP 3

^ P5 Q? «? ^ ^ N ,0 A /^ ^

* & 3 5; & S & *> sf k q

^ a:

<5

Listing 1: Hard-copy representation of photo 2b. This listing was produced by GGEN on Florida Data Corporation's model BNYhigh-resolution dot-matrix printer. GGEN must be installed in a CP/M-compatible operating system environment. CDL's latestrelease of GGEN lets you merge your own custom hard-copy software with the GGEN code. Thus hard copies may be generated on awide range of peripheral devices, including multicolor plotters. GGEN responds to a Make Copy command in the PLOT-10 languagetransmitted by a remote computer.

Photo 4: This display was produced by a CDL model HR-4Ccolor interface. The six-board HR-4C allows the programmer toselect 16 colors for use at a given time from a 4096-color "spec-trum." GGEN menu selections include color options. (Photoprovided by Cambridge Development Laboratory.)

printer. Photo 4, produced by CDL, shows a displaygenerated by the HR-4C color interface.

Conclusions

CDL's HR series of S-100 graphics boards is designed toexpand in concert with your requirements. The graphicsboards are thoroughly documented, although the manualcould be improved by including a few more programmingexamples to highlight the commands for controlling theinterface. The light pen, optionally available with theHR-X, is somewhat insensitive. Video monitors must beadjusted for maximum brightness to compensate for theproblem.

GGEN automatically scales PLOT-10 command se-quences to fit the HR-X video-display format, a featurethat the user can disable. A routine, which is included,can produce hard copies of any video display on agraphics printer.

Finally, GGEN has been marketed for a while; conse-quently, the few errors in the first version have alreadybeen fixed. GGEN's overall performance is highly satis-factory, and the software is easy to use. Note, though, thatGGEN requires a Z80 microprocessor for execution.■

160 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

"My computer helped me write

The Final Encyclopedia. I wouldn't trust

anything less than Scotch8 Brand Diskettes

to make a long story short!'

Gordon R. Dickson,Science Fiction Author,Minneapolis, Minnesota

Gordon Dickson: a small business-man whose product is his ownimagination. He's written more than40 novels and 150 short stories;his newest work is The FinalEncyclopedia. He uses his personalcomputer and word processingsoftware to maximize his production.All his words—his product-are stored on diskettes. He calls upsentences and paragraphs ondemand, and gets more rewrite outof the time available. So he dependson Scotch diskettes to save himselfproduction time.Dependable Scotch media canwork just as hard foryou. EachScotch diskette is tested before itleaves our factory, and certifiederror-free. So you can expect it toperform exactly right.Scotch 8" and 5Va" diskettes arecompatible with computer/diskettesystems like TRS-80, Apple, PET,Wang and many others. Get themfrom your local 3M distributor. Forthe one nearest you, call toll-free:800/328-1300. (In Minnesota, callcollect: 612/736-9625.) Ask fortheData Recording Products Division.In Canada, contact 3M Canada,Inc., Ontario.

If it's worth remembering,

it's worth Scotch

Data Recording Products.

3M Hears You...

3M

Circle 452 on inquiry card.

COMPUTER GAMES THAT ARE THE CLOS

Ea

m n

H I 132620 $

F> J- 82620 F»2 0©©©0

3^:

HUS

x

JWtws

0 1982 THORN EMI Video Programming Enlerprises, Inc.

— WE

; I ■ Hjaifft

I

0

til

bo

OB

o

■ KM

--id

■r

V..,.VV-'.

illlllllll III1I1HII '

IIIIIIIII■■■■■■III

iiiiiiiii ;iiiiiiiii 'iiiiiiiii ;■•■iiiiii i

TillIf III

JORN EMI VIDEO PROGRAMMES

* -I'-'1--Sal--H

THORN EMI

THORN EMI Video Programming Enterprises,Inc., part of the international entertainment giant,announces 21 computer games that are so real,so challenging, you'll almost forget you're playinga game. You'll be playing for real. No wonder.The graphics are amazingly real-to-life. Actionpacked. You'll know the moment you start playingone you aren't playing any ordinary computergame. You'll be concentrating too hard.

Take Submarine Commander. Your mission?To hunt down and destroy all enemy merchantshipping in Mediterranean waters. How? With yoursonar and torpedoes. What if you're attacked?Dive (but not too deep, or you'll crack the hull),dodging the depth charges. Remember to keepchecking the instruments for your oxygen level,fuel, battery charge, depth under keel. And keepa sharp lookout for enemy destroyers.

With 21 exciting games to choose from,' THORN EMI offers a game for every member ofthe family. There are super realistic simulatorgames, like Submarine Commander and JumboJet Pilot, sports games with lots of fast action,nursery rhyme puzzles, even a financial manage-ment game. All have different levels of challenge,so you can make them as challenging as youwant, and they can be playedon the Atar'^400 and 800 andthe VIC® 20. Whatever yourfavorite pastime-playing poolor darts, soccer or driving apower boat, composing musicor doing the Cube, THORN EMIhas a game just for you.

THORN EMI

Atari is a registeted trademark ol Atari, Inc.

VIC 20 is a registered trademark of Commodore International. Inc.

VIDEO

Software Review

Executive Briefing System

A Color Graphics Development System

for the Apple II

It takes a lot of time andeffort—not to mention visualmaterial—to plan, rehearse, andprepare an effective slide presenta-tion. Ordinarily, you jot down yourideas, gather supporting material,and have the company graphics

Peter Callamaras

AFIT/LS

Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433

department produce graphs, charts,and other visual aids to support yourpresentation. Depending on thematerial, you use bar and pie charts,progress charts, time-line charts, ex-ams, or anything you can think of toget a message across. Most of the time

Photo 1: This sample slide included with the Executive Briefing System charts the bid-ding war between Du Pont and Seagram for a controlling interest in the Continental OilCompany (Conoco). You can modify it and other slides as you learn to use the system.

you wind up with a flip chart andvelum transparencies of graphs for aprojector.

The Executive Briefing System(EBS), a computerized version ofthese old-fashioned methods, is afaster, more flexible, and more pro-fessional alternative. Mitch Kaporand the wizards at Lotus Develop-ment Corporation have pulled off agreat feat with this slick program. For$199, you can prepare the greatestpresentations of your career in shortorder. The EBS lets you make yourown graphics presentations with anApple II computer, a color or black-and-white monitor, and a printer.And that's not all—the system is eveneasy to use.

The EBS consists of a manual ex-plaining methods and procedures, amaster disk containing the basic EBSprogram as well as its attendanteditor and utility programs, and asample slide-type show disk calledThe Great Conoco Auction, whichdepicts the acquisition of the Con-tinental Oil Company (Conoco) byDu Pont (see photo 1).

Your adventure in graphics beginswith a sample slide show on the Auc-tion disk. Once you have a feel forwhat the EBS can do, you take theConoco show and modify it, using

164 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

! \

Si """Mom*y

cOMT(

BILIQ

V

AD

«*2

^

»MCOR

TEkaaaRBSW

COM.****?*

ccirv,

- r*^

&***

AVL

IBM & APPLE EN CASTELLANO

TERCER MEDIO presentasu SISTEMA ADMINISTRATIVO (T.M.A.) para IBM y APPLE

Disenado de acuerdo con los principioscontables aceptados en todos los paisesde habla hispana.

PROGRAMAS:

* Contabilidad general

* Inventario y facturacion

* Cuentas por cobrar

* Control de costo de obra

* PERT / CPM

* Control de Bancos

* Procesador de palabras

Entre al mundo de la computacion,ahora mas fdcil en Castellano, conprogramas pensados para adaptarse acualquier tipo de empresa, manualessencillos de comprender... y susbeneficios serdn inmediatos.

ie

Precision Software inc.

4747 NW, 72 ND, AV. Miami Fl. 33166 - U.S.A.Telefono: (305) 592.75.22

Circle 497 on Inquiry card.

IBM es marca registrada de International Bussiness Machine

APPLE es marca registrada de Apple Computer INC.

TERCER MEDIO es marca registrada de Tercer Medio Sistema de lnformaci6n C.A.

t Veritas

Circle 324 on inquiry card.

personal computer

UCSD

p-System™IV.1

includes 8087

Network Consulting has added manyfeatures that the professional pro-grammer will find useful. These fea-tures are not available from any othersources.

• Hard disk support for Corvus, TallGrass Technology, Davong andothers

• 25% more floppy storage, withoutadding or modifying hardware, re-taining compatibility with standardIBM diskettes

• 8087 Numeric Processing Unit in-creases speed of Floating PointOperations 20-40 times.

• Up to 800K on each mini-diskette

• RAM disk support (a pseudo-floppyvolume that uses up to 512k RAM)

• 8086/87/88 macro assembler

• Extended memory support

• Adaptable system support avail-able for adding custom I/O drivers

• 8087 Native Code Generator allowsfull use of 8087.

• A library of program modules

• Disk write verificationStandard p-System features include:

• Standard I/O redirection (includingcommand files)

• Dynamic program overlays

• Support for asynchronous processesand concurrency primitives in Pascal

• Fast Pascal p-code compiler

• Fast FORTRAN and Basic p-Codecompilers also available

• A powerful screen oriented editor

• A filer for handling both files andvolumes

• A Native Code Generator that pro-cesses your Pascal, Fortran andBasic programs to convert parts ofthem to native machine code

•Dynamic runtime binding ofseparately compiled programs andunits

• Turtlegraphics for easy graphicsdisplays

• Print spooler for background printing

• Symbolic debugger

USCD p-SYSTEM fromNetwork Consulting

The only serious choice for business

TM The Regents of the University of California

i A

Network Consulting Inc.

A106 - 1093 W. Broadway

Vancouver, B.C.

Canada V6H1E2

(604) 738-3500

Bott

III! Ml'

eneck

M i in

IDIII'IILIIIIHIH(olOO®®lJO^

II, ,l,

" m::: 111..1. s

11 H1

III!.. II IIII

11 l-" Boo Foni

1 fQ*h|on iiiisiicii

Sassy Fashion Digital3 mi in; mi BrcficJwcty 5 assPin,jrtpips niDiciD Hot DogCircus

i:i||i:i||||l|i:illi:i!lNl!-.;i,i

... ill'l Millllllli Mill Mill

III II I

liiciicil

iMi

Mi il>

Figure 1: A printout of fonts (lettering styles) from an Epson MX-100, using the Ex-ecutive Briefing System. Three other disks containing different font sets are available.

the editor on the master disk. Whenyou have finished, you will haveassembled your own slide show bychanging existing slides and preparingyour own. The EBS gives you thetools to prepare your own graphics,then lets you use those tools to fityour specific needs. Making yourown displays is exciting when yourealize how tailored they are to yourneeds. Instead of handing yourmaterials over to an outside depart-ment, you can prepare attractive sup-porting graphics on your own.

Producing Graphics

To create your own presentationyou use the initialization module onthe main program and initialize ablank disk. You then have the optionof creating your own graphics or"slides" from scratch or starting withan existing high-resolution picturefrom another disk. To prepare yourown slide, you can use the editorfunction to draw borders by using thedraw module. Two methods of draw-ing are available to you: one is basedon the particular size of font you haveloaded, and the other uses a micro-cursor, a one-dot pixel that draws

fine lines. You can draw elaborate orplain borders as you wish. Onceyou've placed a border or other rulesinside the slide, you add your text bysimply typing in whatever you wish.You may include several differentstyles of lettering (see figure 1) aswell; you can change fonts at anytime. You can choose any combina-tion of normal or inverse text withcolor or black-and-white letters.

The other method of creatinggraphics involves transferring an ex-isting slide onto your disk and thenmodifying it as you wish. You can usethe draw function to modify thevisual effects, change, add, or deletetext. This is a real advantage if youhave to use the same slides for dif-ferent groups—all you need to do ischange titles or other identifying datato tailor the slides to each particulargroup. That may be sneaky, but it'seffective and saves time as well.

One of the most valuable aspects ofEBS is the way it interfaces with otherbusiness programs like the Visicorpseries. You can use the charts fromVisiplot and incorporate the slidesdirectly or modify them to suit yourneeds. Because many of us alreadycollect our data on some sort of a

166 November 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

Circle 430 on Inquiry card..

Which Spreadsheet lets you:

■ Use every cell (never see "out of memory")

■ Consolidate multiple spreadsheets

■ Split the screen as «is^L__often as you want ^HgHf

VisiCalc NO ■■■,

SuperCalc NO

CalcStar NO

Scratchpad... YE

The Ultimate Spreadsheet

SCratChPaCI ■ Built in math functions

features include: ■Variable formats

■ Automatic and selective recalc

■ Virtual Memory (never see "out of memory") m |nterface to stats.Graph graphic packageEvery cell on the spreadsheet can be used. K y M ^^Don't be misled, other spreadsheets tell you B More

how "big" the matrix is, but you can only use For virtually all CP/M, CP/M-86, and MS

a very small portion. With Scratchpad's virtual DOS compatible systems, including

memory feature you can use EVERY CELL! the IBM PC.

■ Consolidation (not just merging but also Available from fine dealers everywhere, orcombining spread-sheets) This makes directly from Superboft.Scratchpad almost three dimensional. Requires: 44k

■ Unlimited Screen Splitting ^cratct??d,: !2?5"221X/T1_ Manual Only: $ 15.00

■ If/Then „. .u .

Japanese Distribution:■ Merge ASR Corporation International

..... .. . _... . . . 3-23-8, Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-Ku,

■ Unlimited Title Locking Tokyo 105, japan

■ Long Strings Supported &SISS23

m Help tile CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research. VisiCalc

■ Warlohla o/~»li imn \*/irl+h is a registered trademark of Visi-Corp. SuperCalc is a registered

VdNdUlfcJ column wium trademark of Sorcim. CalcStar is a registered trademark

■ Built in financial functions of Mlcropro

13111

FIRST IN SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY P.O.Box1628 Champaign, IL61820 (217)359-2112 Telex 270365

At a Glance

Name

Format

Executive Briefing System

Two 514-inch floppy disks. Three other

optional color font disks are available

Type

Graphics presentation system

Computer

Apple II or II Plus with 48K bytes of

Manufacturer

memory, one or two floppy-disk drives,

Lotus Development Corporation

and DOS 3.3

180 Franklin St.

Cambridge, MA 02139

Documentation

(617) 492-7100

Extensive three-part manual and one

sample slide show

Price

S199

Audience

Professionals or others who need to

Author

present visual information to groups

Mitchell Kapor

Language

6502 machine language and modified

Applesoft BASIC

"Visi" program, most of the difficultwork is already done by the time wewant to show it to someone. Ofcourse, as I mentioned earlier, anyhigh-resolution screen you can saveon the Apple can serve as a source forslides; in other words, you can use agraphics tablet, a digitizer, or both asan input device.

The entire process of creating aslide from scratch took me roughly 40minutes the first time and less as Ibecame more familiar with the pro-gram. After an evening with the pro-gram, I found myself turning outslides from scratch in less then 10minutes!

After all your slides are on the disk,you add the effects you want for theactual show. You can fade from oneslide to another, make a spiral un-wrap, move a curtain up or down, ormake the display dissolve. You canuse one specific effect or any com-bination of them. You can control thetime between slides when you selectthe automatic slide show. Naturally,you have manual control over theshow and can move forward orbackward or halt as you desire. If youwant to control the show manually,you can use either the Applekeyboard or a game paddle. Thegame paddle enables you to walkaround during a presentation if youlike. No other accessories arenecessary.

Hard Copy

Once you've finished your slideshow and you've saved it to the diskwith the desired control and effectcommands, you're done, right? Well,almost. Usually, the group wants ahard copy of the presentation forfuture reference. Once again, thisposes no problem. The EBS has a setof printer drivers built in to accom-modate most of the popular printerscapable of reproducing the Applegraphics. You can also get color hardcopy if you have an Integral DataSystems Prism Printer. You miehtwant to keep your own hard copy asa reference library of slides, groupedby application, as well. The EBS is areal time-saver: you only need tospend time putting together a sophis-ticated slide show once. You can thenreuse slides as the need arises and mixand match your set of stock slides.

For best results, you'll want to usea color display for your presenta-tions. I have viewed various slideshows on ordinary color TVs, colormonitors, and the newer RGB (red-green-blue) color monitors, and allare fine for the job. If I had apreference it would be to use the EBSwith one of the wide-screen color sets(imagine a slide 7 feet wide!). You canmodify both the size of the screen andthe content of the presentation on thebasis of the size of your audience andthe material you are presenting.

Documentation

The EBS manual is somewhat dif-ferent from the ones I'm used to.Basically, the first section is a tutorialcontaining several lessons. It startswith how to turn on the Apple Com-puter and finishes with how to polishyour slide show. All of this is coveredin the first 90-plus pages. It's impor-tant to pay attention to where infor-mation is located, because the tutorialis building-block style; you must gothrough A, B, and C before you cango to D. Making notes as you go willhelp, especially when you're firstlearning to use the program.

The next 50-odd pages contain areference section that covers variousaspects of the EBS and its use. Thedictionary includes all the commandsyou will be using. The last sectioncontains the appendixes. Appendix Cis a quick reference guide to the con-trol keys.

The only drawback to the manualis that it lacks a standard index.Whenever I ran into a moment offorgetfulness, I had to ferret out theinformation I needed. The table ofcontents will have to suffice, so lookthere first. Using a colored pen tomark key pages can be a real timesaver.

The philosophy ostensibly behindthe EBS manual is interesting. It givesyou the information to do a job, takesyou through a short apprenticeship,and finally sends you off on yourown. For a change, you decide thebest form for your application, anidea I find refreshing. If your job re-quires you to pass information on to agroup of people, then you alreadyknow enough to use EBS to make yourefforts pay the biggest dividends.

I spent several evenings just play-ing around drawing my own slidesand modifying other existing Applehigh-resolution graphics files, and Ihad a great time. The fact that youcan have fun while using EBS makesit even more valuable. You don'thave to fight to get the job done.

Conclusion

The Executive Briefing System is anoutstanding new program for Applecomputer users who need to presentinformation to a group in the most ef-

168 November 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

Circle 431 on inquiry card.

Keep Your Computer Healthy,

with the Industry Standard in SystemMaintenance Programs.

Diagnostics II

Diagnostics II is the finest set of system maintenance routinesavailable for microcomputers. It thoroughly checks all fiveareas of your computer system, pinpointing hardwareproblems to help keep your computer in perfect working order

■ The areas of your computer which are tested include:Memory, Printer, Terminal, Disk, and CPU

Disk Docto

Disk Doctor automatically recovers otherwise unrecoverableinformation from "crashed" diskettes. It also un-erases files.Maybe it was a lightning storm, static from the rug, or just toolate at night to be working. Whatever the cause, when thediskette "crashes" or a file is accidentally erased, valuabledata or programs can be permanently lost.Disk Doctor was designed to recover this "lost" information. Itconsists of five wards, each performing a specific recoveryoperation.

In addition to being extremely thorough, every test inDiagnostics II is also "submit"-able. The output of the testscan be logged to disk for later review.

(Requires 32k CP/M)Diagnostics II: $125Manual only: $ 15

Ward A: Verifies diskettes and locks out bad sectors.

Ward B: Places copyable information from a "crashed" file in a good

file.Ward C: Copies diskettes without stopping for bad sectors.WardD: Un-erases files.Ward E: Displays a directory of recoverable erased files.

Disk Doctor was not designed for use with double sided orhard disks.

(Requires: 48k CP/M, two drives for complete operation)Disk Doctor: $100

Manual only: $ 15

Available from fine dealers everywhere, or directly fromSuperSoft.

Japanese Distribution:

ASR Corporation International

3-23-8, Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-Ku

Tokyo 105,Japan

Tel. (03) 437-5371, Telex 0242-2723

Diagnostics II available for virtually all CP/M, CP/M-86,and MS DOS compatible systems.Disk Doctor available for virtually all CP/M, andCP/M-86 compatible systems.

CP/M and CP/M-86 are registered trademarks of Digital Research.

"J

FIRST IN SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY P.O.Box 1628 Champaign, IL61820 (217)359-2112 Telex 270365

Circle 4 on Inquiry card.

Polish offyour Applewith a diskdrive from A.M.Electronics!

Now there is an affordable, highperformance, 5'/4-inch disk drivethat is fully compatible with yourApple —and compatible with yourpocketbook.

The A.M. Electronics drivecomes complete with an Apple-beige case and connecting cables,It's fully tested with Apple's diskoperating system and software.

Just plug it in —it's ready to run.

You also receive a 90-day limitedwarranty and a 10-day money backguarantee.

Order Today. TheApple-compatible disk drive isnow available direct from A.M.Electronics for only $395 (40 track)or $495 (80 track). Upgrade yourApple with our disk drive today andincrease the fruit of your labor.

m

'"Apple Computer, inc

^vrSflffB^n

A.M. ELECTRONICS, INC,

3446 Washtenaw Avenue • Ann Arbor Ml 48104313/973-2312

Attention Dealers & Distributors: For information on attractive pricing andsales opportunities, call us today. Key territories are still available.

IBM USERS

SAVE 25% ON YOUR PC UPGRADES

Anatron Multifunction Ram Board st^aL $450

Socketed for easy memory expansion • Each port individually disabled

Parallel Printer Port may be configured as LPT1 or LPT2 or LPT3

Two RS 232 ports configured as COM1 and COM2 • Base address

selectable on any 64 KB boundary • All features fully compatible with IBM PC

EVERYTHING FOR THE PC

HARDWARE SOFTWARE

• Disk Drives: • Condor DBMS

Single Sided [160 kb] $239.00 • Ed-Word" Screen Edilor/Word Processor

Double Sided [320 kb] $300.00 • NECPRINT [NEC 8023AC print utility]

• RAM Expansion Packages for • GRAPHDUMP

Molher Board [16 kb] $25.00

Memory Expansion Board [64 kbl. $130.00 Prices reflect 3% Cash Discount

• PrintersINEC, EPSON, OKIDATA] $CALL

• Monitors [nec, teko, amdek] $call More hardware and software coming.

• Diskettes[3M JJgjJ'JgLj $call Call for details.

• Extension Cables for:

Primer $CALL

Monitor [two cable set] $CALL

Keyboard $CALL

AEGIS SYSTEMS

P.O. Box 401 202 West Bennett Street, Saline, Michigan 48176 1-800 521-0321

Terms FOB Saline Hours 9 a m _ g p m £ s y Michigan [313] 429-2678

fective manner. It can be used as avisual aid or on its own.

The program lets you prepareslides from scratch or modify existingslides, which can come from a varietyof sources. You may transfer slidesfrom disk to disk as you like.

You can load an automatic set ofoperation files that will run the slidepresentation automatically—withoutoperator intervention—or manually,by using the Apple keyboard or gamepaddle. In addition, you can manual-ly override the automatic slide show.

Several sets of fonts give you greatlatitude in tailoring the emphasis ofyour slide show. A choice of color orblack-and-white slides adds anotherelement of variety. A set of decor-ative fonts is available for special ap-plications.

The hardware you need is minimal:an Apple computer, a color or black-and-white display, and one diskdrive. You can also use several drivesand disks to chain together a longslide show using a multidisk option.Because the first slide follows the lastand will run until it's interrupted, theshow can be set to run in an "endless"loop configuration.

The EBS documentation is tutorialin nature; it begins with turning onthe computer and then leads you intothe entire range of options available.The table of contents serves as the in-dex for locating specific information.

One of the program's advantages isthat it can interact with a large vari-ety of existing programs like theVisicorp series. You will immediatelynotice menu prompts in the samestyle as those Mitch Kapor developedfor the Visi-family of programs.

The EBS program belongs in yourlibrary of Apple programs. Childrencan use it for their own schoolwork toproduce reports and presentations.Businesses, too, shouldn't be withoutthe EBS. It has tremendous potentialfor improving sales, productivity,and the transmission of information.

Other uses for the EBS are prac-tically limitless; I find a new oneevery time I sit down with it. I suspectthe Executive Briefing System willsoon be to graphic presentations whatVisicalc has been to numerical manip-ulation on microcomputers. ■

170 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Die

Circle 16 on Inquiry card.

Circle 432 on Inquiry card.

©veioping QualitySoftware for Microcomputers

FORTRAN IV

SuperSoft makes full WATFIV FORTRAN IV availablefor microcomputers. SuperSoft/SSS FORTRAN meetsand exceeds the ANSI 1966 standard. The compilersupports many advanced features including variablelength character strings and recursive subroutines withstatic variables and complex variable types. Fullycompatible RATFOR is also available.

Features:

Code generation:

Data types:

Operations:Constants:

Statements:Controls:

".COM" FILES. External routinesmay be called. Relocatable format.Byte, integer, real, double precision,complex, logical, character andvarying length strings.All standard operations plus stringcomparisons, assignments, and ,XOR.Hexadecimal, decimal, andcharacter literals with features toimbed control characters.ANSI 1966 standard with multiplestatement lines.

Map, List, and Symbol table outputoptions.I/O: Read, Write, Append, Rewind, Close,

Delete, Rename, Search, Sequentialand Random I/O on disk files.Supports all CP/M devices.

For virtually all CP/M (Z-80 only), CP/M-86, andMS DOS compatible systems. This includes the IBM PC.

Available from fine dealers everywhere or directlyfrom SuperSoft.

FORTRAN (Z80): $375.00

FORTRAN (8086): $425.00

RATFOR: $100.00

\N Manual Only: $ 25.00

CORRECTOR

The Spelling Corrector That's ThreeWays Better Than The Rest!

Corrector is the best spelling correction systemavailable.

■ It is the most powerful

■ It has the most complete dictionaries

■ It is the easiest to use

Most Powerful

Corrector doesn't just proofread text—it analyzesmisspelled words, suggests correct spellings, producescorrect spellings directly in the text, and automaticallycorrects misspellings each time they appear.

Also, Corrector allows full dictionary manipulation:creating, renaming, merging, transfering to other disks,printing out entries, deleting words, or eliminating adictionary.

Most Complete Dictionaries

Corrector comes complete with its own 20,000 worddictionary. You can create dictionaries or expand currentones. Corrector allows up to nine separate dictionaries.

The entries in Corrector's dictionaries are compactedto give you the greatest number of entries and toincrease the speed of operation. Corrector is VERY FAST.

Easiest To Use

Corrector takes less than ten minutes to learn. Allcommands are listed in rows. To invoke a command yousimply type an "X." A complete HELP file is includedwhich explains all commands.

Corrector works with virtually all CP/M editors andword processors using ASCII files. This includesStar-Edit, Word-Star, Magic Wand, Ed, and most others.

Requirements; Z-80 only, CP/M, 48k (more recommended)

Corrector: $250.00

Manual Only: $ 15.00

Japanese Distribution:

ASR Corporation International

3-23-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-Ku,

Tokyo 105, Japan

Tel.(031437-5371

Telex 0242-2723.

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research.

SSS FORTRAN is the copyright of Small Systems Services.

^

FIRST IN SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY P.O Box 1628 Champaign, IL 61820 (217)359-2112 Telex 270365

-

It

'

^

We dorit care

which computer you own.

Wfell help you

get the most out of it.

CompuServe putsa world of information,communications, andentertainment at yourfingertips.

CompuServe is the versatile, easy to useinteractive videotex service designed especiallyfor the personal computer user. It's dynamic,growing and changing daily to satisfyits subscribers' needs. It's an industryleader, created and managed bythe same communications pro-fessionals who provide busi-ness information andnetwork services toover one fourth of ijsKjthe FORTUNE 500 '^Hcompanies.

From current events to current assets,

CompuServe offers a wealth of useful, profitableor just plain interesting information.Electronic magazines and nationalnews wires plus worldwide weather,current movie reviews, electronicbanking and shop at home services,and some of the most sophisticatedfinancial information available areall offered to current subscribers.

From words to music. CompuServe offersa communications network that gives special

Circle 97 on inquiry card.

interest groups from hardware enthusiasts tocomputer composers a chance to gettogether. There's a bulletin boardfor selling, swapping, andpersonal notices and a CBsimulator for real-time com-munications between sub-scribers. There's electronicmail, the fastest, surest, way tocommunicate with other users across the streetor across the country, plus file retention andediting, and lots, lots more.

Fun and games are expected whenevercomputer users interact, and CompuServe hasthe best. Games you can play alone or withother CompuServe subscribersanywhere in the country. Classicpuzzlers, sports and adventuregames, and fantastic space gamesfeaturing MegaWars, the "ultimatecomputer conflict."

But, that's just the tip ofthe chip. CompuServe offers amenu of thousands of itemsthat make subscribing edu-cational, fun and sometimes downright profitable.If you'd like to know more about CompuServe,call toll free, 800-848-8990 to receive an illus-trated guide to the CompuServe InformationService. A videotex service for you no matterwhich computer you own.

CompuServe

P.O. Box 20212

5000 Arlington Centre Blvd.. Columbus, Ohio 43220

800-848-8990

In Ohio call 614-457-8650An H&R Block Company

Build a Video Digitizer

Capture any video image for processing by your computer.

Using a personal computer to cap-ture and store a television image isnot as difficult as you might think. Inthis article, I will describe a $50 inter-face that will allow you to connectyour TV receiver to your computerand digitize any video signal—whether from a broadcast, cable,video-cassette recorder, videodiscplayer, or even the video image fromanother computer. Any medium-resolution picture can be digitizedand reproduced with three intensitylevels, and the process takes abouthalf a second.

In a nutshell, the interface lets theTV receiver separate the video infor-mation from the rest of an RF (radio-frequency) signal. By providingspecial timing information, the inter-face allows the computer to samplethe video signal at regular intervals.The interface decides which of thethree intensity levels the sampledpixel (picture element) represents,and the information is passed on tothe computer for storage. Thus,anything that can be put on the TV

Michael Keryan

713 Locust Dr.

Tallmadge, OH 44278

screen can be transferred to a com-puter for processing.

Some Facts

The typical low-cost personal com-puter of today has about 6K bytes ofbit-mapped graphics memory. In thehighest-resolution mode, this gives a

The digitizer provides

good resolution but

allows only three

intensity levels: black,

gray, and white.

density of somewhat less than 300pixels horizontally and 200 pixelsvertically—each with two possible in-tensity levels: black or white (seephoto 1).

Independent gray levels for eachpixel are not possible with this limitedamount of memory; in fact, thegraphics-display circuits of most per-sonal computers have no provision

for gray levels. Gray levels can besimulated, however, by intermixingblack and white pixels in a region.While a large number of gray levelscan be simulated by varying theblack-to-white ratio (see photo 2),too many levels sacrifice resolution.For this reason, the digitizerpresented here will provide resolutionat least as good as the average per-sonal computer, but will allow onlythree intensity levels: black, gray,and white.

It would seem appropriate totransfer one full video frame of datato the computer just as it appears, in1/60 second; to achieve a horizontalresolution of 256 pixels, however, wewould have to transfer 32 bytes in thetime it takes to display one video line:64 microseconds (/is). This high data-transfer rate is not possible withcommon microprocessors withoutresorting to DMA (direct memoryaccess). Fortunately, successive videoframes are usually very much alike.Therefore, the refresh rate need onlybe fast enough to transfer data before

174 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 203 on inquiry card.

More Apple II owners choose HayesMicromodem II than any other modemin the world. Compare these features be-fore you buy. You should. It's }'our money.Thousands of other Apple II ownershave already compared, consid-ered, and are now communicat-

ing — all over the U.S.A. — with iyrjS

Micromodem II. The best mo-

dem for the Apple II. The most .

A complete ... •£*'data communi- 4

cation system.

Micromodem IIis not "basepriced" plusnecessary "options." It's a complete, high-performance data communication system.The printed circuit board fits — quicklyand easily — into your Apple II. eliminat-

And the Microcoupler™ uncludedl con-nects the Apple II directly to a standardmodular telephone jack. Auto-dial and-answer features are built-in. Operationcan be full or half duplex, with a trans-

mission rate of 300 bps. And it's Bell 103compatible and FCC approved.

Now there's Hayes Terminal Pro-gram, too! Developed by Hayes speci-fically for Micromodem II. this new

Terminal Program allows

you to access all the great

ICOUDIgF features of your modem

in a matter of seconds.With it, you can useyourCP/M." DOS33or Pascal for-r matted diskettesto create, send, re-ceive, list and deletefiles. Hayes TerminalProgram is a complete,stand-alone disk.And because it's

menu driven, you can

choose from a wide variety of ^^¥^optionstosetyourcommunica- I Ation parameters - as well aschange hardware configuration ^^"^—directly from the keyboard. It even al-lows you to generate ASCII characters thatare normally not available from Apple

keyboards, further extending your capa-bilities. Incoming data can be printed(on serial or parallel printers) as it's dis-played on your screen.

Software sold with Micromodem 11or separately. A Terminal Program diskand user manual now come withMicromodem II; or. if you alreadv haveone. you can buy the Terminal Programseparately

If you're ready to communicatewith other computers, to access infor-mation utilities, timesharing systems, oruse bulletin boards, then you're readyfor Micromodem II. Come on. CompareConsider.

Micromodem II is already the best-selling modem for the Apple II. Now.with Hayes' new Terminal Program, it'sbetter than ever.

Don't settle tor any ■U J~fc« tf\f* thing less. Available

(D Hayes

at computer storesall across America.

Hayes Microcomputer Products. Inc.5S35 Peachtree Corners EastNorcross. Georgia 30092 1404) -44Q-S7Q1

Your Apple II

,ust isn't the same without

Hayes Micromodem IE

NEW!

Terminal Program

°from Hayes!

^^^^^^n^^Rii

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research. Inc. © 1982 Hayes Microcomputer Products. Inc. Sold only in the USA

HWEATI€R

^^ T * * 7 ^ * I *^M

30

OVEMMKT

24

^_i a jy^i: ?itclEh(

Photo 1: -A series of images captured from a broadcast using only black and white levels.

the picture changes drastically. Formost broadcast material, a halfsecond would do nicely.

The Circuit

The interface connects between anormal TV receiver and a computer.The computer sends a vertical andhorizontal address to the interface,and when the video information atthat location is broadcast, the inter-face captures the next eight pixels. Tocapture a complete picture, the com-puter next requests the eight pixels inthe same horizontal position, but onthe line just below. Thus, it takes1/60 second to digitize an eight-pixel-

wide column the height of the screen.When this is done, another columnnext to the first is digitized, and so onuntil the whole frame is finished—fora 256-pixel-wide screen, this takes32/60 second.

As shown in figure 1, the devicecan be thought of in two parts: onecontaining the analog circuitry, theother the digital circuitry. It is con-nected to the TV receiver to obtainhorizontal and vertical synchroniza-tion, as well as the video data.

In the analog portion of the circuit,the horizontal-synchronization signalis passed through an RC (resistor/capacitor) network to trigger a pulse

on the rising waveform. The horizon-tal-synchronization signal is bufferedand inverted by a section of IC1, aCMOS (complementary metal-oxidesemiconductor)-to-TTL (transistor-transistor logic)-level converter. Thefalling portion of the vertical-synchronization signal is likewisebuffered and inverted by another sec-tion of IC1.

The composite video signal is add-ed to a bias voltage that is adjusted bya 5-kilohm (kfi) potentiometer, whichsets the brightness or white level. Thissignal is amplified by IC2 and"squared" by two sections of ICl.Two LEDs (light-emitting diodes) are

176 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

1C00950900850MO'SO

650600

*" 19B1 BUDGET

* 1

| (OH 1 OFC

1 AOV 1 SAL ^^MTflV H OTH

.■■II

t977 1978 1979 1980 1981YEAR

BUDGET FOR 1977

I- OTHER EXPENSES

EQUIPMENT

-t _^^fl Hto

, TRAVEL

OFFICE EXPENSES-^H

AOVERTISING-^J

^^^-SALARIES

MONTHLY SALES

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC1981

OFFICE* 2

XYZ INDUSTRIES

Be your own chartmaker.

All it takes isGrafTalk and a littleplain English.

We think GrafTalk is one of the most ingeni-ous programs to come along since the birth of themicrocomputer.

It turns out graphic designs, and text, so easi-ly you can do it on your first try. And you don'thave to be a computer expert.

Pie charts, bar charts, symbol and mixedcharts, all accomplished on your desktop compu-ter through a few simple instructions in plain Eng-lish, all printed out on your printer.

No more handing over your figures to others.Then waiting around to see how the charts comeout.Then waiting again. Forrevisions. And no moredesign expenses.

Further, in a bigger sense, GrafTalk helps youknow your business better. For it lets you visual-ly plot everything that's happening—share of mar-ket, quality control, sales trends, name it and youhave it.

Not just when you have the time or budget.But anytime. GrafTalk puts it all at your fingertips.In color. Or in black and white. Depending on yourequipment.

We sell and distribute GrafTalk worldwide,

Circle 248 on inquiry card.

along with more than 200 other programs, allusable with most microcomputers on the market.We are, by a wide margin, the world's biggest sin-gle source of micro and minicomputer software—with offices in the U.K., Switzerland, West Ger-many, Sweden, France and Japan. And a nation-wide Technical Hot Line that you can depend on.Just give us a call at (212) 860-0300. Or fillout the coupon.

Lifeboat Associates

1651 Third Avenue

New York, New York 10028

TWX: 710-581-2524 (LBSOFT NYK)

TELEX: 640693 (LBSOFT NYK)

□ Send me information on GrafTalk.

□ Send me The Complete Lifeboat Catalog.

Name

Title

Company

City

Zip

Phon

Lifeboat Associates

World's foremost software source.

Copyright © 1982 by Lifeboat Associates ,-jj

GrafTalk,™ Redding Group, Inc. v±1rei»in<mb«ij<.

Circle 428 on inquiry card.

*•('

SBC-880 S-100 IEEE STAND ALONE

SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER

USES Z-80A (2 or 4MHz) AST $295

FEATURES: RS232 Seri.il I/O Port and Parallel •Program- VU 2Q5

mable Baud Rale 110-9600 • Programm able Internal Timer-• On Board EPROM • 1 K On Board RAM

B/B 60

FDC-l S-100 IEEE 698

FLOPPY DISCCONTROLLER

USES WD1795-02FEATURES: Stale of the art digital sep-arator • 2.2CPM Bios for SBC2/4 andFDC-1 • Dnves both 5%" or 8" inter-mixed • Step rates can be intermixed• SD and DD Formats • Digital Pre-write Compensation.

Assm and Tested $325

Kit 295

Bare Board.

REALTIMECLOCK CALENDAR

GIVE YOUR COMPUTER THEHour-Min.-Sec-Day-Month-YearFEATU RES: Software control inierupls■ On board Rechargabie Batterymaintains clock when computer poweris oft.

Assm and Tested $139

KH 115

Bare Board BO

:i'M $40.00

Apple DOS • Drives any tcirives|Tandon. Shugart. etc)

APPLE IICOMPATIBLE

FLOPPY DISCCONTROLLER

'IBS"

Assm & Tested

APPLE II COMPATIBLE ASCII

I FULLKEYBOARD

FEATURES: N-Key Rollover Function • Full ASCII Code nitp PRIfP

Outputs • High Flexibility for Modification or Expansion

• TTL Level Outputs • On-Off Indications

• Low Power Consumption

$99

00

^MONITORS

Horizontal resolution of 750 lines at center

and 500 lines at

9" 18MhzBANDWIDTH

BandW $117

121125

Orange

12" 12MHzBANDWIDTH

BandW $127Green 130

Orange 134

Dealer Inquiries Invited

SUNTRONICS PROTOTYPE BOARDS

APPLE Prototype. Double sided glass with goldplated Apple and General Purpose contacts.Contains matrix of 1 7 x 63 solder plated donutson .15" x .1" spacing.SUN-722 S13.75

S-100 Prototype. Double sided glass with goldplated and numbered S-1 00 contacts. Matrix of25 x 78 solder plated donuts on.15"x.1" spac-ing. Locations for headers and regulators.SUN-721 S17.85

SOLDER PLATED w/DOUBLE SIDED TERMINALS

156" CENTERS '5/30 pin. 3Wx41.<ibo3rd w/.1"x.2" hole spacing

22/44 pin, 4V4x BK board w/.l" hole spacing. Con-tains 4 rows of 67 pins with power strips between

rows SUN U-75 S3.25

22/44 pin, 4% x 7 board w/. 1" x .2" hole spacingand power strips every 1.2". Holds 72 14 pin ICs.

SUN IC-L $3.95

Dealer Inquiries Invited

WE MAKE RIBBON CABLES - Please Contact

WIRE WRAP SOCKETS

18 pm

40 pm

EPROM's, RAM's, CPU, and MISC

1-7

Sup

CALLCALLCALLCALL

1-7 8 up B0 up

6116P-3(150nS) 6.50 6.30 CALL

2114L-2|200nS| 2.10 1.70 CALL

4164-2 (200nS) CALL CALL CALL

(150nS available) CALL

2716 S3.9S S3.552732 7.49 6.552532 8.49 7.552764 19 95 1S.202-80ACPU 529 16K RAM Expansion Kit For TRS-80 Model III $12.95/8

sfe SUNTRONICS CO., inc.

—^^^^™ 12621 Crenshaw Blvd., Hawthorne, CA 90250

y STORE HOURSCALIFORNIA

MON.-FRI. 9:OOam to 6:30pmSATURDAY 10:00am to 5:00pmOUTSIDE CALIFORNIA TOLL FREE

(213) 644-1149 1-800-421-5775

(tor Tech Info and Calif, orders) (Order Desk Only)

Mailorder—Minimum Order: $10. Send Money Order or Check to:P.O. BOX 1957—Dept. R. HAWTHORNE, CA 90250. Use yourVISA or Mastercard (please include expiration date). Add $2.00

postage and handling to order. California residents add 6% sales tax.

(la)

FROM

TV

SET

HORIZONTALSYNC.~4-12VPEAK-TO-PEAK

o-

0.001/iF

IC1CD4049

TO

DIGITAL

SECTION

£»!

"OH

+ 5V

:i.5K

. 1.5K

VERTICALSYNC.~ 4-12VPEAK-TO-PEAK

o-^h

IC1CD4049

5r>s^ 4

HSx

-Ov

■18K

"WHITE"

5K 12K WA/-

°22^ 12K

COMPOSITE r^L_^

~1 TO 2VPEAK-TO-PEAK

NOTE: N/C= NO CONNECTION

<Z)H1

<DV2

<3vi

LED 2

"WHITE"

TV GROUND O-

Ih

J7

/

LED 1

"BLACK"

L®"

1

Figure 1: Schematic diagram of the video digitizer. The analog section of the interface(shown in figure la) converts signals from a normal television receiver into timing anddata signals to be used by the computer. Figure lb shows the interface's digital section.

driven by inverter sections of ICl toprovide a visual indication that asignal is present. One of these willlight when the digitized video is at thewhite level; the other one will light atthe black level. (When the brightnessof these LEDs is about equal, thedigitized picture consists of approx-imately equal levels of black andwhite.)

Gray level has been made possibleby IC3, an exclusive-OR gate. The in-puts of this gate are chosen to give analternating pattern of Is and 0s to

generate a fine checkerboard gridacross and down the screen. Thisgrid, when viewed at a distance, ap-pears gray (relative to an all-white orall-black area). The voltage level ofthe checkerboard signal is reduced bya 100-kfl potentiometer. This signal isalso added to the composite videosignal. Therefore, three visuallydistinct intensity levels are generated,depending on the voltage level of thecomposite video signal, as illustratedin figure 2. A switch mounted on therear of the 100-kQ potentiometer can

178 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

(lb)

H1<U-

JT

0.0068

5K-yfi*-

HO

■ 1A

■ IB2A2B

I C 17

CD4528

VCCRA

RB

1510

2Q

2Q

15

0.015^F

V PULSE1M

* 1)1 i v

FROM

ANALOG

SECTION

;o-

+ 5V

io la Ti

R0I11 GND R0(2)VccNA IC11

74LS93

1NB

QA QB QC QO

Vcc *°A>B^

AlIC7

10 [T

i-sv

i

RO(l) GND R0I2) VccINA IC12

74LS93

INBQA

QB

A=B IN CD4585

A<BJ

GND B0 Bl

17

[4 eh io \& ]u

ii

A2 A3

A=BOUTA<BOUTB2 B3

u

QC QO

A0A>bS

A=B \|N

a<bJ

BO

A3VCCA = BOUTGNDBl B2 B3

Al A2

IC8CD4585

In t

3 16

r-r- '

14

Rl S2 SI R2 01 VCcCLK1 ,^,c Q2

CLK2GND D2

IC15CD4013

T

vcc

CLR

B IN

QA

QB

QC

»IN QD

QEIC1674LS164 QF

QG

;lk ,„„QH

T

+5V

' t14 24

>A

)B

IC4CD4508

STB VccQ0

QlQ2Q3QOQlQ2Q3

B^

MRA MRB GND DISA DISB

t5VA

CLOCK ADJUST'10K

1

11

17

19

~7h

14

"UNLATCH"

^CZIpbo

21 23

VQ0 Ql Qj Q3AQ0 Ql Q2 Q3,

DISADISBMRAMRBGNJ2_

IC5CD4508

-VCC

DO Dl D2 D3'D0 Dl D2 D3

>470fl

15 |l4

30pF

10

16

18

20

H STORE-<__lPB2

"H MATCH""1Z>PB4

-C> PAO

-d>PM-{Z>PA2-d>PA3

-(Z> PA4-O PA5-(Z> PA6-OPA7

' DISABLE OUT"-CZlPBl

22

DO Dl D2 D3^D0 01 02 03;

vl

DISA

DISB

MRA

MRB

GND

B

IC6CD4508

VCC

'QO Ql Q2 Q3VQ0 Ql 020?

RC1

vcc

CLR1

CI RC2 C2

I C IS

74LS123

CLR2Q2 GND Al A2

12

D

16

V2<_>

vi<C3-

11

11

17

19

V STORE-<3 pB3

+ 5V

2*_J

TO COMPUTERPI A, VIA, ETC

14

VCc BO Bl B2 B3

I IC9 A=B

a = B >IN CD4585 OUT

A<pj *<B

GND AO Al A2 A3

OUT

+ 5V

"RESTART"-

SPSTN.O. (21

-(Z>PB6-{^P87

12

11

14

BO Bl B2 B3

A>Bl IC1° ACB

A-B IN CD4585 0AJ?

*<Bj GND

AO Al A2 A3

11

NA

QA QB QC QDIC 1374LS93

ROI11 GND ROI2) Vcc

jr

10

V MATCH-0>PB5

15

Q,

QA OB QC QD

INB IC14

74LS93INARO(l) GND RO(2] Vcc

+ 5V

I"

COMPUTERGROUND

+ 5V

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 179

Photo 2: This series of photos was captured from a broadcast using gray-level simulation.

be used to eliminate the gray levelsfor high contrast.

Figure lb shows the digital portionof the interface circuit. IC17, a dualinonostable multivibrator, generateshorizontal-synchronization andvertical-synchronization pulses,which are used by the rest of the cir-cuit (see figure 3); the pulse widthsare adjusted by the 5-kQ and1-megohm (MQ) trimmers. IC18 iswired as an astable multivibrator; the10-kfl trimmer adjusts it to clock fre-quencies between about 2 MHz and 5MHz. This allows you to set the pixel-display rate for the desired horizontalresolution.

The clock is divided by ICll andIC12 (they are wired as an 8-bitbinary counter whose outputs countfrom 0 to 255). If the horizontalresolution is greater than 256 pixels,

the counters will recycle through 0 to255 a second time; the software usedmust take this into account. Thesecounters are reset to 0 by thehorizontal-synchronization pulse, so

The zero horizontal

position starts at

the same point

on each line.

that the zero horizontal positionalways starts at the same point oneach line.

A serial-in, parallel-out shift regis-ter (IC16) steps the digitized videosignal bit by bit from the first outputto the eighth output after eight clocksteps from IC18. This allows 8 se-quential bits of video-input data to

appear simultaneously as 1 byte ofoutput data. As shown in theschematic, the leftmost of the eightdots corresponds to the highest bit ofthe byte.

IC13 and IC14 form an 8-bitcounter whose output corresponds tothe vertical position. The count of 0 isthe first horizontal line (top of thescreen), while 255 is near the bottom.This binary counter is clocked by thehorizontal-synchronization pulsesand reset to 0 by the vertical-synchronization pulse.

ICs 4, 5, and 6 are 8-bit three-statelatches that are wired together as abus comprising three registers. Theeight common lines may be connectedto an 8-bit bidirectional I/O (in-put/output) port on a computer (suchas one port of a peripheral interfaceadapter; its other port may be used

180 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

ona s First

HMGUl

I BiH

-■v

T V

■SMif-:

■fewfg!

--**■#

BjJMy

•>< ... V

RiU

iiwiu'vn

Z-80A™ CPU,

Floppy Disk Controller,

64K of Memory, Serial & Parallel

I/O Ports ... aU on a SINGLE S-100 BOARD!

Don't Buy Another One of Those 3 Board Sets Till You See What One Can Do!

Advanced Digital has beenproducing the SUPER QUAD forsome time now and it's truly one ofa kind. Just plug this board intoany S-100 mother board andhook-up your disk drives to it. Itflies. Runs with CP/M, MP/M, andturbo-DOS. You can also plug Inadditional boards, I/O, hard diskcontrollers, etc. SUPER QUAD Is aBUS master. The cost of this boardIs one third to one half of whatyou have been paying for thethree board set. Just take a lookat these features:

. IEEE S-100 Standard. Z-80A CPU

• 64K of Bank Select Memory aswell as extended addressing

• Double density floppy diskcontroller. Both 8 or bVi" DiskDrives

• 2 serial & 2 parallel I/O ports(RS-232 and intelligent harddisk Interface).

. 2K or 4K of monitor EPROM. Runs with CP/M®, MP/M® andturbo-DOS™

• One year warranty.

• Free copy of bios disk.

Now It's time to replace orthrow away the old S-100boards and plug the SUPER QUADIn. Save space, money and power.

Retail price is $875.For more information write or call: Sales Dept,

Also Introducing SUPER/SLAVE torun multi-processing operatingsystems such as turbo-DOS™, With128/64K of memory, serial &parallel I/O, you can plugmultiple of the slaves with themaster and each user will have itsown CPU and memory local.

12700-B Knott Street

® Registered Trademark of Digital Research Corp,™ Registered Trademark of Software 2000 Inc.

Garden Grove, California 92641 • (714) 891-4004 TELEX 678401 tab irln

See US at Comdex BOOth 984. • CoPV'i<Jht 1981 Advanced Digital Corp

(2a)

(2b)

A

A

A

A

) -J

V

COMPARATOR"LEVEL

-WIDTH OF ONE PIXEL

(BLACK)

(WHITE)

(BLACK!

(WHITE)

Figure 2: Effect of a digital comparator on analog signals. Figure 2a shows a simpleanalog "ramp " and how the comparator interprets it as a black-to-white transition. Infigure 2b, an analog signal with "dot modulation" becomes a black-to-gray-to-whitetransition.

for control, with bits 0 through 3 be-ing outputs to the interface circuitand bits 4 through 7 being inputs tothe computer). Control bit 1 is usedto enable or disable the output fromIC4. When bit 1 is brought low, the 8bits of data latched from the shiftregister appear on the bus to be readby the computer. When the computersets bit 1 of the control port high, thisoutput register is disabled.

IC5 and IC6 are used to latch datafrom the computer: the computerproduces a count for the horizontalposition. A high-to-low transition inbit 2 of the control port causes thishorizontal-count data to be latchedinto IC5, while a similar sequence isused to load vertical-count data intoIC6 by bringing bit 3 of the controlport low, momentarily.

IC9 and IC10 are wired as an 8-bitmagnitude comparator, used to tellthe computer when the TV is on thecorrect scan line. For example, sup-pose the computer wants to sampledata on the sixteenth scan line. It

Intb{talker

The Professional Voice QualityText-to-Speech Synthesizer

Unlimited Vocabulary

64 Programmable levels of inflection

Built-in 6K text-to-speech algorithm

■i

Inte%

INTEX-TALKER brings a new dimension to interactivecomputer communications with a new high level of speechintelligibility and voice quality. Available as a stand aloneperipheral or at the board level. Custom versions forOEM accounts.

At Only $295.00 INTEX-TALKEROffers These Features:

• Phoneme based speech synthesizer chip

• 64 crystal controlled inflection levels -digitally programmable

• 6K text-to-phoneme algorithm

• 750 character buffer (3,000 character optional)

• Complete ASCII character set recognition and echo

• Adjustable Baud Rate (75-9600)

• RS232C and Parallel connectors

• X-on/X-off handshaking

• Phoneme access modes

• User expandable memory

• Music and sound effects capability(programming language for notes included)

• Onboard amplifier and power supply ±12V; +5V

• Spelling output mode

Order Now

Call the number below to order or request additionalinformation. Master Charge or Visa accepted. Charge toyour credit card or send a check for $295.00 plus $4.00delivery. Add 4% sales tax in Michigan.

Dealer inquiries invited

Intex Micro Systems Corporation

755 West Big Beaver Road - Suite 1717Troy, Michigan 48084Telephone: 313/362-4280

182 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 228 on inquiry card.

The peace of mind computer.

Introducing our third generation computer...the all-new QDP-300. Now, you can rest assuredyou've found the most advanced microcomputeron the market today. The QDP-300 is a user-friendly system - its on-line "Help" system giveseven untrained operators access to its full power.It uses CP/M* and MP/M* operating systems thatassure the user of an abundance of compatiblesoftware. The QDP-300 even has a dual voltagesystem that allows worldwide operation (115 or220 volts) at the flick of a switch. For word process-ing, financial forecasting, engineering design andmanufacturing, inventory, payroll, bookkeepingand more, the QDP-300 will work hard for you foryears and years to come. It's also comforting toknow that the QDP-300 is fully expandable andreadily upgradeable as your computer needs grow.There's even more. It might make you sleep betterto know that the QDP-300 is backed by one year, on-site warranty service performed by the Installation

and Service Engineering Division of the GeneralElectric Company, with more than 50 service loca-tions nationwide. If these features and all of theothers we've built into the QDP-300 don't bringyou peace of mind, then the low price tag will.

■ More Flexibility - Easily upgradeable to 16bit capability which gives the user 8 or 16 bitoperation. IEEE 696/S-lOO Bus.

■More Speed - Unique "cache memory" diskoperation makes the QDP-300 one of the fastestoperational 8 bit systems on the market.

■ More Power - Advanced single board designutilizing Z80B** CPU operating at 6 MHz.

■ More Storage - Dual 8" floppy disk drivesprovide a total of 2.4 MB of formatted storage (10MB and 15 MB internal hard disk system optional;30 MB external hard disk system also available.)

Call or write for complete specifications and literature.

Circle 381 on Inquiry card.

I

Las Vegas, Nov. 29 - IBooths #2387 and #2389Amsterdam, Nov. 8-11Booths #1000 and #1001

Specifications subject to change■CP/M and MP/M are trademarks

of Digital Research Corp• Z80B is a trademark of Zilog Corp.

10330 Brecksville Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44141(216) 526-0838, Telex: 241596

(3a)

.

(3b)

Figure 3: Important timing signals. In figure 3a, we see the horizontal-synchronizationsignal (upper trace) and the resulting pulse from pin 6 of IC17; in figure 3b, we see thevertical-synchronization signal (upper trace) and the resulting pulse from pin 10 ofIC17.

loads a count of 15 (binary 00001111)into IC6. When IC13 and IC14 havecounted to 00001111, the output ofthe 8-bit comparator goes high. Thissignal is monitored by the computerby reading the control port andwaiting for a high level on bit 5. IC7and IC8 do exactly the same as IC9and IC10, except the current horizon-

tal position is compared to the countloaded into IC5.

With the circuit as described thisfar, the computer can load prescribedcounts into the horizontal and ver-tical registers, wait for the coin-cidence of the counters and the load-ed values, and then read the registercontaining 8 consecutive digitized bits

of video data. Because the horizontal-coincidence pulse is only about 2 |iswide, both the horizontal-coincidencesignal and the video data are latchedto allow the computer more time toread them.

When the horizontal count is equalto the preset horizontal position, pin3 of IC8 goes high, causing the flip-flop's output (pin 13) to also go high;this is connected to bit 4 of the con-trol port. It will remain unchangeduntil either the computer unlatches it(by generating a high level on bit 0 ofthe control port), or a new horizontalline comes along (which clocks theflip-flop). These same signals causethe video data from the shift registerto be latched and unlatched in IC4.

The two switches marked Stop andRestart are connected directly tocontrol-port bits 7 and 6. Theseswitches allow human communica-tion to the computer through the in-terface circuit.

The power supply is shown infigure 4. The +5-volt (V) portion isfairly straightforward and generatesapproximately 200 milliamperes(mA) required by the interface cir-cuit. A small DC-to-DC convertermodule was used in the prototype togenerate the — 9-V negative bias re-quired by op amp IC2. Any othermethod to supply between — 6 V and— 9 V at low current can be used, in-cluding a 9-V battery.

Construction

The prototype was wired "point-to-point" using wire-wrapping andprototype boards available fromRadio Shack (see photo 3). It wasplaced in a Global Specialties Bench-topper case. The prototype used twoSCL4404 CMOS 8-bit binarycounters in place of the four 74LS93s.The 4404s are difficult to obtain,however, and also limit the pixel-display rate to about 5 MHz. Don'tsubstitute other CMOS ICs for the74LS93s because most of them willtypically operate to only 2 MHz at5-V operation. The LM318 could bereplaced by an LF357 or similar high-speed op amp; however, don't use a741 type—its low speed will give poorresolution.

Ribbon cables can be used to con-

184 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

NOW: A COMPLETE CP/M PASCAL FOR ONLY

InfeWotld

Software Report Card

JRT Pascal

Version

SS

2.0

PoorFairGoodEjtcell

Performance;

anna

Documentation

D □ 0 □

Base of Use

D □ □ 0

Error Handling

a n a 0

SAME SYSTEM

WE SOLD FOR $295!

So how can we makeFrom infoworld magazine, August 16,1982 this offer?—why the unbe-lievable deal? Very simply,we think all software is overpriced. We want to build volume withthe booming CP/M market, and our overhead is low, so we'repassing the savings on to you.

AND AT NO RISK!

When you receive JRT Pascal, look itover, check it out. We invite you to compareit with other systems costing ten times asmuch. If you're not completely satisfied,return the system—with the sealed disketteunopened—within 30 days and your moneywill be refunded in full! THAT'S RIGHT-COMPLETE SATISFACTION GUARANTEEDOR YOUR MONEY BACK!

In addition, if you want to copy thediskette or manual—so long as it's not forresale—it's o.k. with us. Pass it on to yourfriends! BUT ACT TODAY—DON'T DELAYENJOYING PASCAL'S ADVANTAGES—AT$29.95, THERE'S NO REASON TO WAIT!

jtrfwcflL

I need the 5%" diskette for D Northstar □ Osborne □ Apple-CP/MD Heath, Hard Sector □ Heath, Soft Sector D Superbrain.I need the □ 8" SSSD diskette.

Send to

JRT SYSTEMS1891—23rd AvenueSan Francisco, CA 94122

Phone415/566-5100

Name_

- Address-

City-

State.

Zip_

O.K. You've sold me. Send me JRT Pascal; I understand that if I'mnot completely satisfied, I can return it within 30 days—with thesealed diskette unopened—for a full refund.(Please allow 2-3 weeks for delivery.)

□ Check □ C.O.D. D MasterCard D VISA

(CA residents add sales tax. Add $6 for shipping outside North America.)

Card #_

. Exp._

Signature

'CP/M is a Digital Reserach TM.

A 56K CP/M system is required.

Circle 239 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982

185

Photo 3: The author's prototype, which was wire-wrapped on a Radio Shack circuitboard with a 44-pin edge connector; the power supply is on a separate board.

ASTEC

+ 5V TO -9V

MODULE

TRANSFORMER

PLUG-IN

TELEPHONE

TYPE

= 200mA

8-10 VAC

f5Vi

10X0.1MF

10V

(PLACE NEAR IC's)

/77

Figure 4: Simple power supply for the video digitizer. This circuit is capable of supply-ing +5 V at 250 mA and -9 V at less than 25 mA.

nect the interface to the TV and thecomputer. Limit cable lengths to 3feet to avoid noise. A jack (such as aDIN-type connector) should be in-stalled on the TV set's back panel toallow easy interconnection. Do notattempt to use a TV with a hot(ungrounded) chassis unless youplan on frying your computer andpossibly yourself; use a TV that istransformer isolated.

Obtain a schematic of the TV andtap off the horizontal- and vertical-synchronization signals at the pointsthat their amplitude is between 4 Vand 12 V peak-to-peak. The com-posite video signal should be betweenIV to 2 V peak-to-peak, withnegative-going synchronization. Tryto use signals of low impedance, i.e.,tap them off at the outputs of tran-sistor stages, rather than at the in-

puts. Signals of opposite polarityfrom that used in the prototype areusable, but the circuit will requireminor changes. Figure 5 shows atypical transistorized portable TVand the tap-off points used.

Using the Circuit

An oscilloscope is extremely usefulwhen setting up and testing the cir-cuit. Adjust the clock speed to givethe approximate desired horizontalpulse count in the active scan area.The horizontal and vertical pulsewidths are adjusted so that the pulsesend when the active scan area starts(top and left side of the screen). Thegain of the op amp and the white- andgray-level potentiometers are ad-justed by monitoring the two LEDs.

A machine-language routine is re-quired to sample the data, format itto graphic mode, and store it. Listing1 can be used as a starting point forthose of you with a 6502-based com-puter that uses a VIA (versatile inter-face adapter). For other systems, aprogram with the same logical se-quence can be used.

The VIDEO routine is called to ac-tivate the interface. By pressing theStop button, the scanning will stopand a picture will freeze on the com-puter monitor; Restart will resumethe scan. Pressing both buttonstogether will stop the scan, save thecurrently displayed picture, and exitto the calling program. User-suppliedroutines are required for graphicscreen clear, alpha- and graphic-mode configuration, and screen save.

The graphic resolution of the com-puter used with the prototype was256 horizontal by 128 vertical;therefore, only every other scan lineis sampled. All photos shown are atthis resolution. From listing 1, thetime required to loop through theprogram is about 70 (is, using a1-MHz processor clock signal. Ifmore than 128 vertical lines weredesired, this loop time would have tobe reduced to less than 64 /ts, eitherby use of a more efficient program ora faster processor clock.

When starting out, use only thecentral portion of the screen andrevise the parameters to make itwider and taller. These parameters

186 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

CHART-MASTER™

Business Graphics Software

Professional-Quality Graphicsfrom Personal Computers

CHART-MASTER works with Apple® II, Apple® IIIand IBM personal computers to create full-colorbusiness graphics on Hewlett-Packard plotters,including the new tow-cost H-P 7470A.

POWERFUL

CHART-MASTER produces bar charts, line charts, scatter diagrams and piecharts, as well as text pages and signs, on paper or acetate (transparencies).Data can be entered manually or automatically from Visicalc® and otherprograms. Charts can be edited, stored and retrieved.

FLEXIBLE

CHART-MASTER allows you to select from a broad range of options to createthe chart that best communicates your data. Options include producing up tonine charts per page, footnote and framing capabilities, left and right y-axes,a variety of hatching and line types, exploded pie segments, linear regressionand curve-fittings, logarithmic axes and much more.

EASY TO USE

CHART-MASTER is an interactive, menu-driven program that allows users, whethermanagers or secretaries, to producepresentation-quality charts immediately withlittle or no training. It is easy for you to enterdata, choose options, select a chart format...and let CHART-MASTER do the rest.

COST-EFFECTIVE QUALITY

To get the same high quality that CHART-MASTER delivers, you would haveto use expensive time-sharing services, commissioned graphic artistsor costly dedicated graphics systems. Thus, CHART-MASTER, especially whenteamed with the new Hewlett-Packard 7470A plotter, represents a price/performance breakthrough. Users of these more costly methods will find that aCWj4f?7"-MASrEf?/Hewlett-Packard combination pays for itself in just a fewmonths. And, because CHART-MASTER also offers convenience, speed, usercontrol and versatility, you will find that you will increase your use of businessgraphics at no marginal cost.

CHART-MASTER is available through your local computer dealer for $375.A complete graphics plotting package, consisting of CHART-MASTER, H-P7470A plotter and interface for your Apple or IBM personal computer, costs aslittle as $2000. For further information and the name of your nearest dealer,call or write:

DedSiOn ReSOUrCeS Professional software toolsPO Box 309, Westport CT 06880, 203/222-1974

Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.Visicalc is a trademark of Personal Software, Inc.

Circle 150 on Inquiry card.

L104

ion

■C120

' 4.7

T

L105

ion

■ C121

' 4.7

R1174.7K

L106

i6n

Q7

M4841VIDEO AMP

5.0V *

T. P.

EJOQ

L^^J WtHm* M4843 f"D'

VIDEO OUTPUT v—

T105

^™\ r.n» i "n07

V ► 6"

r

o.in-j

• l.Zil

R603C

5K

VIDEO BIAS

L.

1.6V *;C123 Q3

-J-C122

I"

,""1

AUDIOTAKE OFF

\llBm

R119560

: Riia

•150

COMPOSITEVIDEO

if 1.0Vl~4Vl

R12110K

V

4.5MH!TRAP

■ 0.8VPP V

-•

|"20 J-Cl

r"

R12324 ?10K

470

C126'220

JR203B'350

CONTRAST

' 11.5

A5T IN SOME SETS

R601

6.8K

^wv—

C6000.022

018

P1JVERT OSC

14V*

3.2VPP V

—•

^ _T_—

-L-C604

R610

5.6K

-wv—

IS

R604680

12.4V

R60239K

E500BOT VIEW

R603A100KVERT"""5H0LD

VERTICAL

R60612

10.9V

J 0.01 ' 7VPP V^^ VERTICAL |

r V" sync I m

*10.7Vl/—I

L 1

Q20 70VPP V I

P1G Ir^lr

VERT OUTPUT I I

06 > M7127/P2S^~=fK f VERT DRIVER !►

C6028/iF15V

IV

R6071680 $ T.P

_. C60315V

JR605>100

R608330

11.0V

L60019.5n

-C606'0.047

R614

R611

R603B500VERTLIN

I

I ftl

I

2.8VPP V

R613680

, R612-►$20VERTSIZE

C605

SOO^F

15V

L700Uon TOTAL

I VERTYOKE

^J"

0.9VPP H

■AA-

■C501'0.001

R5032.2K

-a

T.P("E") "515^S 8.2K—w—

R500100K

'TS0.0015

'0.001 < 100K

■ R502!l5K

T

C5030.047

^

C504i3MF6V

R505

2VPP H 40VPP H

506 \ -_

7K V-0.18V/J/X 10.8V

w—♦—s (-4 s I

**02i \ky

M7108/S>^T„„w

1.4VPP H

J NE500)D1CC\ I /AFC

K") R50418K

> Hsu:

r

R506

2.;

-ViA^

C506-0.01 '

41 W^—I

±- C502 —I— C505'"p 0.01

•C502

'0.01

R50782K

A5NHOR OSC

C5070.01

R508

L500K 32fl 150HOR I

L501 ^TvER^T '-P>H<5K / 1]8V / 120

-f—vw-

R5092.7K

C5170.005

,_£

HOLD If 19tt

4.0V12.5V

C5080.1

/\Maa/uvVV>

4.3fl ■

HORIZONTAL ^ .

A^A_

10VPP HHORIZONTAL

' A5P IN SOME SETS

Figure 5: 77k? three connections made to a typical TV receiver. The horizontal, vertical, and video data may be brought to a connec-tor on the back of the set. Since no circuit modifications need be made, the set can be used for normal viewing at any time.

188 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 458 on Inquiry card..

Have you put aside buying a color monitor ,

because it's too expensive?But, have you looked at the new TAXAN RGBvision

color monitor?Would you be excited at a suggested retail price

of $399.oo for the RGBvision I, and $599 for the

RGBvision II?

'^V^

EES=n

E29E2

DO WE HAVE GOOD NEWS FOR YOU!

x For those low prices, you can have:HFull compatibility with Apple III and IBM PC without

interface modulesa Compatible with Apple II through the TAXAN "RGB-II" card9 RGBvision I medium resolution - 380(H) linesa RGBvision II high resolution - 510(H) linesa Unlimited colors through linear amplifier video circuit and 16

colors for Apple III and IBM PC312-inch, 90° deflection CRT display

Can you really afford to turn all that down without looking atthe TAXAN RGBvision monitors? See your local dealer for ademonstration.

TAXAN 12" green phosphor monitor,model KG12N, features an 800 lineridisplay.

TAXAN

TSK ELECTRONICS CORPORATION

1524 Highland Avenue

Duarte, California 91010

A subsidiary of Kaga Denshi

Apple II and III are trademarks ot Apple Computer, Inc.IBM PC is a trademark of International Business Machines

Circle 118 on Inquiry card.

Best prices

anywhere

We beat 'em all

-COMPUTERS-

ALTOS-List Less 20%

NorthStar HORIZON HRZ-2-QD..

$2685

ADVANTAGE

$2985

TeleVidao Computer Systems...

Call

SUPERBRAIN 64K DD

199523952895

64K QD

DSS-10Meg. HD.

CROMEMCOCS-1

3195

CS2

3549

CS-3

5595

Z2H

7995

ZENITH Z-90w/DRIVE

2299

Z-89

. 2099

-TERMINALS-

TeleVideo 910C

. 569

912C

. 659

920C

719

925

719

950

915

OKIDATAMicroline80

. 329

Microline82A

. 469

Microline83A

739

Microline 84 Call For Price

C.ITO Call For

Price. 585

SOROC IO.130

10135

. 719

IQ 140

(MfcE

HAZELTINE1420

. 589

1500

. 845

1510

1029

ZENITH Z19

■ 689

-PRINTERS-

CENTRONICS 739-1 (parallel)

. 499

739-3IRS232C)

. 599

704-11 (parallel)

1569

704-9 (RS232C)

1519

Tl 810 Basic

12891549

810 Full

820 RO Basic

1545

NEC 7710 (RS232)

2295

3510

, Call2125

QUME 9-45 Full Option

9-45 Limited

2099

Diablo 630 RO

2049

PRISM 80

. 8951495

132w/color

Epson MX-80

. 441

MX-80 FT

. 548

MX-100

• 745

-DISK SYSTEMS-

MORROW Discus 2D

. 835

Dual Discus 2D

1385

Discus 2 + 2

1069

M55Meg. Hard Disk.

1949

M10. 10 Meg. H D....

2995

M 26.26 Meg. H D ...

3349

Decision 1

1339

CORVUS 5 Meg. Hard Disk

2555

10 Meg. Hard Disk

38B8

20 Meg. Hard Disk

4755

Prices are for prepaid orders only, and reflect a

cash discount. Charge card ordersare slightly higher.

Computer*

Wholesale

Box 91 Brewerton, N.Y. 13029

315-472-3055

Most items in stock for immediate delivery. Factory sealed cartons,

w/fuil factory warranty. NYS residents add appropriate sales tax.

Prices do not include shipping. COD. orders require 25% deposit

Prices subject to change without notice.

Listing 1: A sample digitizer-control program written in machine language for the 6502microprocessor. Machine language is employed because of the high data rates involved;most high-level languages would be too slow. This program assumes that the I/O port iscontrolled by a 6522 VIA (versatile interface adapter). Users can add their ownsubroutines to handle text and graphics, image processing, and functions such as clear-ing the screen and saving images on disk.

; * VI d e o

Driver Routine

S* by

. *

M. J. Keryan

PNTP.

EQU

$00F0

.Pointer to Video Memory

VIADB

EQU

$FAO0

,VIA B I/O

VIADDB

EQU

$FA02

,VIA B Data Direction

VIADDA

EQU

$FA0 3

;VIA A Data Direction

VIAACR

EQU

$FA0B

;VIA Aux. Control Reg.

VIAPCR

EQU

$FA0C

;VIA Per. Control Reg.

VI ADA

EQU

$FA0F

[VIA A I/O

SETGRF

EQU

$XX00

.Graphics Set-up

CLRGRF

EQU

$XXXX

[Clear Graphic Screen

SETALF

EQU

$XXYY

[Alpha Set-up

SAVVID

I

EQUORG

$XXZZ$3F00

,Save Video Screen

3F00

20

00

XX

VI DEO

JSR

SETGRF

.Configure graphics

3F0S

20

XX

XX

JSR

CLRGRF

.Clear screen

3F06

A9

00

LDA

#$C

.Reset

3F08

8F

oc

FA

STA

VIAPCR

, control

3F0P

sr

0B

FA

STA

VIAACR

, registers

3 FOR

8D

03

FA

STA

VIADDA

,A port=input

3F11

A 9

OF

LDA

#$0F

,400001111

3F13

sr

02

*1\

STA

VIADDB

.Bits 0-3:out, 4-7:in

3F16

A 9

OF

LDA

#$0E

.4XXXX1110

3F18

8P

00

FA

STA

VIADB

, disable output

3F1P

2C

00

FA

Lcnpi

DIT

VIADB

,1s stop pressed?

3F1F,

10

06

EPL

STOP

yes, branch

3F20

20

80

3F

T OS CAN

JSR

SCAN

no, then scan

3F23

18

CLC

.Branch always

3F24

90

F5

BCC

L00P1

, (continue)

3F26

2C

0 0

FA

STOP

BIT

VIADB

,1s start also pressed?

3F29

SO

07

BVC

TOALPH

; ves, branch

3P2B

2C

00

FA

LOOP 2

BIT

VIADB

,1s start pressed new?

3F2F.

50

EB

BVC

loopi

, yes, then check stop

3F30

70

py

BVS

LOOP2

no, wait

3F32

20

zz

XX

TOALPH

JSR

SAVVID

Save the screen

3F35

20

YY

XX

JSP.

SETALF

Configure alpha mode

3F38

60

RTS

Peturn to caller

3F80

AO

00

SCAN

LDY

#$00

Initial horiz. byte

3F82

A2

08

LOOPY

LDX

#$0 8

Initial vertical byte

3F84

A9

81

LDA

#$ 81

Margin 3 dots on left

3F86

85

F0

.STA

PNTR

4 dots on top

3F88

A9

DO

LDA

#$D0

3F8A

85

Fl

STA

PNTR+1

Pointer=$D081

3F8C

A9

06

LDA

#$06

Output 4XXXX0110

3F8E

8D

00

FA

STA

VIADB

follow K

3F91

A9

FF

LDA

#$FF

Set A port as

3F93

8D

03

FA

STA

VIADDA

output

3F96

98

TYA

3F97

0A

ASL

A

Multiply

3F98

OA

ASL

A

byte number by 8

3F99

0A

ASL

A

for bit number

3F9A

8D

OF

FA

STA

VI ADA

Outnut bit no. for H

3F9D

A9

02

LDA

#$02

Output 4XXXX0010

3F9F

8D

00

FA

STA

VIADB

latch H

3FA2

A 9

0B

LOOPV

LDA

#$0B

Output 4XXXX1011

3FA4

8D

00

FA

STA

VIADB

follow V, unlatch vie

3FA7

A9

FF

LDA

#$FF

411111111

3FA9

8D

03

FA

STA

VIADDA

A port=output

3FAC

8E

OF

FA

STX

VI ADA

Output line no. for V

3.FAF

A9

02

LDA

#$02 j

Output 4XXXX0010

3FB1

8D

00

FA

STA

VIADB ,

latch V

3FR4

A9

00

LDA

#$00 ;

400000000

3FB6

8D

03

FA

STA

VIADDA

A port=input

3FR9

8D

00

FA

STA

VIAD3

Enable output

3FBC

AD

00

FA

CHKV

LDA

VIADB

Sample status

3FBF

29

20

AND

#$20

Is line=V?

190 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Listing 1 continued on page 192

Anadex silsntQuietly goin

printers,business.

Now and then office noiselevels can go sky-high. But withSilent/Scribe - our new family ofmatrix impact printers - you can raiseyour printer expectations while signifi-cantly lowering your office noise level.

How quiet is "silent"? Silent/Scribe operates atless than 55 dBA, which means that in the averageoffice you may have to look at it to determine

whether it's printing.And Silent/Scribeis as easy to buy as itis to live with. Youcan select a varietyof printing speeds,fontsand line widths.Some models pro-vide both draft andenhanced qualitycopy. All modelshave superb dot-addressable graphicsat no extra cost.

SILENT/SCRIBE MODELS

Standard /*/ / / / / ^Features ,* <J' <f £• £ <£

Printing Speed

10

ISO

150

120

120

200

(Char, per Seel

12

ISO

180

—

—

120

12.5

—

—

150

150

—

13.3

200

200

—

—

—

15

—

—

180

180

150

16.4

—

—

200

200

164

Enhanced 10

—

—

—

—

100

Expanded Print

(Double Width)Dot Addressable

Graphics (Dot/In., H/V)

Yt>S

BO/72

Yes

60/72

Yes75/72

Yes

75/72

Yes72/72

Max. Line Width (In.)

B.O

13.2

8.0

13.2

13.2

Audible Alarm

Opl

Opt.

Opt.

Opt.

Yes

Out -o f- Paper Sen s e

*r«

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Ribbon, ContinuousLoop Cartridge (Yds)

30

30

30

30

30

Interfacing:Parallel Cent. Comp.RS-232C Serial

Yea

Yes

YesYes

Yes

Yes

YesYes

Yes

Yer,

Also standard are sophisticated communi-cations controls and protocols, flexible and

easy-to-use operator controls, quick-changecontinuous loop ribbon cartridge, and universalinterfaces that work with virtually any computersystem.

For full details on how Silent/Scribe can fit yourapplication - quietly - contact Anadex today. You'llfind the units attractively packaged, quality en-gineered, modestly priced, and available now.

A

A Quality Circle Member

Rriadex

MADE IN

FOR THE WORLD

^Copyright 1982Anadex, Inc.

DP-9000A

-7*w»,.

Silent/Scribe. The Quiet Ones from Anadex.

ANADEX, INC. • 9825 De Soto Avenue • Chatsworth, California 91311, U.S.A. • Telephone: (213) 998-8010 • TWX 910-494-2761U.S. Sales Offices: San Jose, CA (408) 247-3933* Irvine, CA (714) 557-0457'Schiller Park, IL(312) 671-1717 •Wakefield,MA(617) 245-9160Hauppauge, New York, Phone: (516) 435-0222 • Atlanta, Georgia, Phone: (404) 255-8006 • Austin, Texas, Phone: (512) 327-5250ANADEX, LTD. • Weaver House, Station Road • Hook, Basingstoke, Hants RG27 9JY, England • Tel: Hook (025672) 3401 • Telex: 858762 ANADEX G

Circle 26 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982

191

Listing

1 cot

itinued:

3FC1

FO

F9

BEQ

CHKV

; no, loop and wait

3FC3

AD

00 FA

C-IKH

LDA

VIADB

;Sample status

3FC6

29

10

AND

#S10

;Is bit=I!?

3FC8

FO

F9

BEQ

CHK!-I

; no, loop and wait

3FCA

AD

OF FA

LDA

VI ADA

;Read byte of video

3FCD

91

FC

STA

(PNTR) ,Y

;Output to screen memory

3FCF

E8

I NX

;Move down

3FD0

E8

I NX

; 2 lines

3FD1

EO

rc

CPX

#$FC

;Bottom reached?

3FF13

BO

OE

BCS

BOTTOM

; yes, branch

3FD5

18

CLC

; no

3FD6

A 5

FO

LDA

PNTR

jl.ipdate pointer

3FD8

69

20

ADC

#$20

; 2 lines down

3 FDA

85

FO

STA

PNTR

i

3FDC

90

02

BCC

SAKPAG

*

3FDE

E&

Fl

INC

PNTR+1

;Bump high byte

3FH0

18

SAMPAG

CLC

;Branch always

3FE1

,90

BF

BCC

LOOPV

; until bottom

3FE3

CS

BOTTOM

I NY

;Move right 1 byte

3FE4

CO

IF

CPY

#$ir

;Right byte margin

3FE6

pn

02

BCS

DONE

; reached yet?

3 FES

90

9S

BCC

LOOPY

; no, then continue

3 FEZ

60

DOME

RTS

;Return to VIDEO

are located at hexadecimal 3F81,3F83, 3FD2, and 3FE5 in listing 1.Some adjustments in the trimmersmay be required to sample the entirescreen. If more than 128 lines aresampled, change one of the INX com-mands (at hexadecimal 3FCF and3FD0) to an NOP, and wire thejumper associated with IC3 to the256th scan-line position. Note that ifyour computer can't keep up with thedesired lines, it must wait until thecorresponding byte appears in thefollowing field to obtain a data sam-ple. Instead of a sampling rate of ap-proximately 64 jts, the rate will beabout 16 milliseconds (ms), slowingthe refresh rate from about a half sec-ond to about 30 seconds.

Applications

Since the interface is wired to a

normal TV set, anything appearingon the TV can be stored in your com-puter. This includes pictures broad-cast normally and cable TV signals,as well as signals from anything thatcan be connected to a TV with an RFmodulator: TV camera, video-taperecorder, videodisc player, videogame, and another personal com-puter (have you ever wanted totransfer an Atari graphics image to anApple II?). Images can be merelydisplayed on your computer's screen,saved on tape or disk, enhanced orotherwise modified by software, anddumped to a graphics (dot-matrix)printer.

Applications include the obvious:computer-generated portraits andcomputer security and surveillance.For computer-recognition systems,you may want to simplify the images

by using low resolution and onlyblack and white intensity levels. Theinterface will make it very easy to getrelatively sophisticated graphics im-ages into your computer for use ingames, education, or other programs.For example, a few pictures grabbedfrom Johnny Carson's monologueand a $150 speech-synthesizer boardmight turn your computer into acomputerized joke teller. Or can youimagine President Reagan teachingyour children arithmetic?

Although the interface circuit wasdesigned to be simple, it could beupgraded. The op-amp, shift-register,and output-register circuits could beduplicated several times to providemore than 1 byte of information.Since the extra time for a computer toread three or four more registers isminimal, the scan rate would prob-ably not be degraded.

Additional intensity levels can becreated by setting slightly differentbias levels on the op amps. Trueprimary colors can be obtained bysampling the voltages at the threecolor-output transistors in a normalcolor TV. Cartoons are especiallysuited to color digitization. Most car-toons have several vivid color zonesthat differ little in gray scale, makinga black and white system rather poorin distinguishing the different areas.

Another possible application iscomputerized TV commercial recog-nition. Detecting a commercial, yourcomputer can switch off the TV'saudio and video outputs and replacethem with a 60-second computerizedmonologue. ■

JAY WEINBERG: LIVING PROOFYOUR CONTRIBUTIONS COUNT.

These days, Jay Weinberg's most difficult battles take place on the tennis courtFive years ago, he had a different kind of fight on his hands: against one of thetoughest forms of cancer.

Cancer research and treatment have made Jay's kind of recovery possible foralmost 2 million people. Which means that your donations have helped buyJay Weinberg a very beautiful gift: his life. »

CANCER CAN BE BEAT. CmcerWty %

192 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

WE'D LIKETO SHOW MORE—

We'd like to show how 'ENHANCER AT-200' can enhance your system.Designed to meet the needs of the 80's, its enhanced featuresinclude —— —

# Clear 7x9 Characters:H Status Line

# 2 Page Memory

# Auto-Flip Paging

# Multi-Funct. Editing

# Full Funct Cursor

#128 Character Graphic Set

# Soft Set-Up Screen

# 15 Baud Rates#10 Funct. Keys

# Detached Keyboard

# Auto Diagnostics

. ; • Mutt*>« in ,uhpen . »

' WMWWTIOH WOE■ "•*• 15! WIS

JNKH, |N£ B. |i

!■••<'» '0»%"EWSE || in,W INTtNSII.

OEM TermsAvailable on Request

ATW, Inc.

50. Chin 5th Road

N.E.P.Z.. Kaohsiung(813)

Taiwan, R. O. C.

TEL:|07)3615191-6, 3612776

TELEX:72278 ATWHEAD, 72537 ATWKHH

192-2 BYTE November 1982

COMPUTERS IN TAIWAN, R.O.C.

TAIWAN: SET ON COMPUTERS

c/>U<DO

m

I

g-

c/>=j"(□

CD

O

o"

Who hasn't heard of the so-call-ed Taiwan Economic Miracle?From a sleepy, agricultural islandof 10 million inhabitants in 1960to the trade-oriented giant of the1980's, the island is now amongthe world's largest suppliers offootwear, textiles, and electronicgoods. It is the third largest expor-ter of goods to the United States,with about 8 billion worth ofexports there last year.

Taiwan's planners realized someyears ago that the large pool ofcheap labor that Taiwan used tohave and has contributed greatlyto the nation's economic growthwouldn't last forever. They knewthat the accent of Taiwan's in-dustry would have to be changedfrom labor-intensive goods if itseconomy was to remain viable.They also knew that, because of anumber of factors, Taiwanwouldn't be able to compete witheconomic giants such as Japan andthe United States in already-established product lines.

Their solution was a wise one:stress a shift in industrial emphasisto state-of-the-art, capital-andtechnology-intensive undertakingssuch as advanced optics, precisionmachinery, and especially, com-puters and software.

As more advanced countries inthe West have developed highlysophisticated computer techno-ogics, Taiwan, which has notentered this field until mid '70s, isaccelerating not only the manu-facturing of computer parts andperipherals but also the design andapplication of software packages.

Taiwan may have a long way togo to become a computer giant,but its potential of developing the

computer industry is great.Taiwan's exports of electronicproducts came to US$ 3.3 billionin 1981, making the nation theseventh largest electronics supplierin the world. Because of itselectronics industry, Taiwan hasavailable a large number oftechnicians and a great variety ofelectronic parts and components,both of which have made the de-velopment of the computer in-dustry much easier.

There are now more than 100companies specializing in micro-and mini-computer systems. Othersare developing specialized devicessuch as process controllers andcommunications devices, whilestill others have begun exports ofperipherals such as monitors andterminals.

A visible hand to promotecomputerization

The manufacture of computerparts and peripherals can best beboosted by the promotion of com-puterization in private and publicsectors. To achieve this purpose,the Institute for Information In-dustry (III), a non-profit semi-government sponsored organiza-tion, was set up three years ago toserve as bridges between the com-puter industry and its users,education and research institu-tions, and the government. One ofIll's major tasks is to vigorouslypromote the efficient use of com-puters on all sectors in Taiwan. Toachieve this goal III for exampledeveloped last year a nationwidebanking automation scheme aimedat streamlining and improvingthe services of all banks on Taiwan.

BYTE November 1982

co

COMPUTERS IN TAIWAN, R.O.C.

CD>

"O

ro

~ao

<DQ.W

Furthermore, the III is cooperat-ing with world famous computercompanies, such as Wang Laband Hewlett-Packard, to jointlydevelop software packages inorder to transfer advanced tech-nologies to the island and thuscreating export opportunities.Nevertheless, the list of Ill'sendeavours is far from exhausted.

The Industrial TechnologyResearch Institute (ITRI), anautonomous body, constituted bya number of sections including theElectronics Research and ServiceOrganization (ERSO) provides acutting edge for much advancedresearch on the island.

ERSO, which began its com-puter research in 1979, nowemploys about 200 technical peo-ple at its laboratories in Hsinchu.With an annual budget of $5million, ERSO concentrates onmicro-and minicomputer techno-logy, general-purpose microcom-puters, software, industrial processcontrollers, and testing, qualityassurance, and product engineer-ing. Its findings and prototypesare made available to any privateenterprise interested in mass pro-duction of items developed.

Recently, ERSO engineerscompleted a real-time multi-testingsoftware system, and cross-as-semblers and software-simulatorsfor the Intel 8086 microprocessor.They've also develped eight- and16-bit microcomputer systemsbased on the Z-80A and 8086microprocessors, and a data-acquisition system using about 40microprocessor-based controllersand minicomputers . Erso's find-ings, in turn, are made available toindustry-at-large, which then de-velops the device's commercialpossibilities. By so doing, ERSOhas served local manufacturers byoffering a design service for micro-processor-based products andsystem software, as well as provid-ing pilot production and qualifica-tion of subcontractors.

Photo V. A Taiwan's Terminal Assembly Line

ERSO looks towards 16-bit de-sign

In the future, ERSO plans toemphasize the design of 16-bit andpossibly 32-bit microprocessors. Italso plans research into graphics,image processing, real timeredundant systems, and the de-velopment of more completetesting services. It will cooperatewith other ITRI labs in furtherdevelopment of CNC robots, CADand CAT.

A number of impressive achie-vement in private segement

Among the private firms, com-panies such as Mitac Inc,MultitechInternational Corp, Microtek In-ternational Corp, Teco Electricand Machinery Co., Ltd, DiscoElectronics Co., Ltd, Pan AsiaElectronic Co., Ltd, Compeq Man-ufacturing Co., Ltd, Joining Instru-ments and Equipment Co., ATW,Liberty Electronics Co., Ltd, Plusand Plus Co., Ltd, Shinlee Corpora-

tion, Lung Hwa Electronics Co.,Ltd, Sampo Corp, Cal-Comp, TeaPo Co., haven't been idle either.Although their achievements aremodest when compared with theactivity taking place in moreadvanced countries, many Taiwancompaines have jumped eagerlyinto the automation game and arenow taking the first steps inlearning the game. Some have woninternational distinction for theirinnovative products already.Others have won major exportcontracts for terminals andmonitors designed here. Stillothers are taking a crack at high-value, specialized lines such asdesign-and-analysis tools for micro-processors and computerizednumerical controllers. Componentmakers, too, are providing parts intolerances and specifications that

are computer-compatible a

step up from the consumer-gradedevices that served the electronicsindustry for many years.

Mitac's line of microcomputers,video display terminals, and add-

192-4

BYTE November 1982

OOIS

For ModernBusinessComputing <

General Purpose Computer MODEL :GPC100

*CPU Z80A. 4MHz *RAM 64KBytes

*ROM 4KBytes

*2 Built-in Floppy Disk Drivers up to 320KBytes

of memory and expandable to 4 drivers•-(-•Operating system :CP/M +

* Communication :2xRS232C I*I6 bits PIO-j-CP/M is a registered trade mark of Digital Rest..

SYNCO

&L*i

SHINLEE CORPORATIONNo. 372. Lin Sen North RoadTaipei. Taiwan. ROCTEL: 02 52 I -0282TELEX: I I I 54 SHINLEE

.'. r'i

I

Video Display TerminalJ MODEL:T88

* I 28 displayablecharacters

*2000 80 X 25characters per screen

*8 transmission speedfrom 75 to 9600 bps

* detached typewriter-likekeyboard

* current cursor positiondisplayed on right upperscreen

* editing functions allowdeletion or insertion ofcharacters or line

COME & TALK to us

; at the

COMDEX

NOV. 29 Dec. 2

BOOTH NO.889 Las

Vegas

OEM inquiries invited

o

03

COMPUTERS IN TAIWAN, R.O.C.

"O

CO

Ino$

on drives have already foundmarkets in Taiwan and are begin-ning to make inroads abroad.Multitech's "Dragon" Chinese-Language terminal and the "Micro-professor" series of educationalhome computers have won awardsand distinctions in addition tosales at home and abroad. Micro-tek^ young firm fueled by locally-born engineers with advancedAmerican educations and ex-perience, has already introduced alow-cost design and analysis tool,the micro incircuit emulator (orMICE) which gained the productof award of WESCON 81, as wellas computerized numerical con-trollers for machine tools, lastApril. Teco and Disco recentlywon contracts to provide colorand black-and-white monitors andterminals for major Americanvendors Hazeltine and Lear-Siegler.Pan Asia manufacturers a micro-computer series for the domesticand export markets. Compeqdesigns and manufactures multi-layer PC boards to computer and

military specifications for com-panies such as IBM, DEC, DataGeneral, Fuji Xerox. JoiningInstruments produces 300 cpmand 700 cpm card readers, and isnow developing a 16-bit micro-computer based on an MC-68000chip.

ATW, formerly one of theworld's largest producers of arcadevideo games, now concentrates onthe production of low-cost dataterminals for mini- and micro-system users. Liberty Electronicsrecently introduced a smartterminal and an IBM-compatiblecolor monitor to add to its line ofother peripherals and consumerelectronics products.

Plus and Plus, another formerarcade-game maker, is now con-centrating on microprocessor-training kits with EPROM pro-grammers and Chinese-charactergenerators for the Apple II Plus.Shinlee, a well-known manufac-turer of consumer products suchas color televisions, is now placingemphasis on the marketing of a

Photo 2: A Hardware Design Hou

Photo 3:

Minister without Portfolio K. T. Li, one of theprincipal architects of ROC's accelerated econo ■mic development program, promotes vigorously theinformation industry.

new color terminal and generalpurpose computer. Lung Hwamakes linking RF modulators. TheSampo Corporation, another well-known local maker of consumerelectronics items such as colortelevisions, is also entering thepersonal computer. TeaPo makesall kinds of switching powersupplies for both the domestic andexport markets. Cal-Comp, with1981 exports of 15 millioncalculators, in 1982 began produc-tion of smart terminals at a newfactory.

These manufacturers by nomeans comprise the complete listof companies busy in Taiwanengaged in the design and produc-tion of computer-related products.But they nevertheless give a ratherclear example of how far the in-dustry has come to in just a fewshort years, and of how fast theindustry is prepared to shift itsemphasis when conditions demandand new marketing opportunitiesopen up.

192-6

BYTE November 1982

Introducing a duet of\mp computer products!

SAMPO is always at the outer limits of 20th century technology. Why not join us there?

The BTC*1400 Terminal Iblink, underline,%id reyerseVper line x 25 lines, with 7 x 9structure in 9x 14 dot wrrate ranges f rorrt 50 *-munication rmhalf and full d

day with two intensities,i.at features 80 characterstrix characterie communication: With parity. The com-.OCAL, conversationI2C interface.

>MPO MODEL NO. BTC-140014" CRT DISPLAY TERMINAL

The SAMPO Color Computer is a multifeatured horrfecomputer designed for large volume computations, andfor educational, hobby, and entertainment uses. It has a. •6809E Microprocessor, uses Extended Basic, the mosi Apopular computer language, and has upper and lowercase alphanumeric semigraphic display ability*

unit permits aBalmost unlimited development

of the system's capabilities.

A pleasure'to use because it has a

professional touch, fulftravel

keyboard with sculptured keys.

SAMPO

SAMPO 'CORPORATION

2nd Fl., 217, Nanking E. Rd.,Sec. 3, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.

Cable: "SEMCO" Taipei Telex: 21737 SEMCO Tel: (02) 771-2111

SAMPO CORPORATION OF AMERICA

1050 Arthur Avenue, Elk Grove Village, IL 60007

Tel: (312) 364-6900 Telex: 206837 SAMPO USA ELGR Cable: "SAMPO" USA

COMPUTERS IN TAIWAN, RO.C.

BEHIND THE ACHIEVEMENTS:

Cooperation Between Government and Industry

As Taiwan gradually ran out ofcheap manpower in the past fewyears, government planners realisedthat the structure of Taiwan'sindustry would have to be changedif products and services were toremain competitive with those ofother developing countries in theregion.

The planners translated theirideas into a "Ten-Year Plan forIndustry", which had as its focus avirtual re-structuring of industryfrom the top down. On the man-ufacturing side, the governmentcalled for more high-value pro-duction in areas where exportsmight not increase dramatically inguantitative turns. Qualitatively, itcalled for more emphasis on pro-duction of high-value, low-laboritems such as precision machinery,optics, electronics goods, andcomputers and peripherals.

Computer and informationcomprise a significant part of theTen-Year plan segment dealingwith the electronics industry. That

segment calls for the developmentof products such as CRT terminals,printers, raster-scan graphics, fixeddisk drives, magnetic tape drives,optical character readers, wordprocessors, and special-purposeminicomputers for business useand process control. Part andparcel of these products is theintention that Taiwan's engineersstop making products designed inother countries. Instead, theplanners suggest that as great apercentage of future technologicalexports from Taiwan be designedon the island as well.

One-stop service

To achieve this end, govern-ment has planned a whole newenvironment for manufacturersand foreign investors. Thegovernment also reaslises thatforeign entrepreneurs in technicalcooperation with local business-men can give the industry thepush it needs to make its mark

Photo 4: A Typical Software House

in the world of technology.Already, there has appeared aloosening of customs and invest-ment regulations for foreign firmson Taiwan. In particular, effortsare being made to minimize or doaway with entirely the bureaucra-tic hassles foreign businessmenhave often faced with whendealing with foreign countries.

For instance, Taiwan's Ministryof Economic Affairs on July 1 ofthis year formally established theJoint Industrial Investment ServiceCenter to provide a "one-stopservice" to Overseas Chinese andforeign investors, and to routethem around the maze of paper-work that the bureaucracies oftengenerate. The Center will helpinvestors process all administrativeprocedures ranging from invest-ment applications to the establish-ment of factories. In anotherword, the Center plans to put allinvestment-related services underone roof.

In addition to the establishmentof the Center, the government thisyear decided on a series of stepsthat will make investing in Taiwanmore than $7,500 worth ofinstance, manufacturers purchasinga more than us $ 7,500 worth ofTaiwan-made and importedmachinery and equipment beforeApril 18, 1983, can deduct 10to 15 percent of the machinerycost from their business tax ofthe year. In addition, companies

in the strategic industries of

which computers and information

science are included are

eligible for long-term, low-interestloans from the government.

A Growth of the Industry

As little as seven years ago,Taiwan was considered a relativelyunder-computerized nation. But inthe past few years, it has becomeone of the fastest-growing marketsfor computers and peripheralequipment in the world. In 1979,for instance, there were 450 in-

192-8

BYTE November 1982

Ours Worth More, Let You Get More Back

STD-Z80 BUS MICROCOMPUTERSYSTEMS & BOARDS

The PA2000 Series

is a family of microcomputersystems designed for Industry,

Business, Research & Development,and Training Usages.

> Highest Performance/Cost Investment

DEALERS

WANTED

WORLDWIDE

Z80B CPU operation* CP/M, MP/M compatible operating system* 64 KB to 256 KB system memory' * UP to 576 KB Pseudo-Qisk ■ • .

* Minifloppy or Winchester disk storage* High resolution graphic controller

* Over 20 kinds of STD boards for expansion and application

tyt ■

&23Sft

%i

We offer whatever you need

* Z80A/B CPU boards

* EPROM' programming boards* Banked 192 KB DRAM board

*J3pto-isolated I/O, analog I/O boards^ * Parallel/serial I/O boards

IPAN-ASIAl

PAN-ASIA ELECTRONICS

Officii: 8th Fl., No. 325 Chung Hsia_Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. Telex: 1043/Tel: (02) 773-3340. 773-3341

g

o

(D

COMPUTERS IN TAIWAN, R.O.C.

EVERYTHING DEPENDS ONWELL-EDUCATED AND QUA-LIFIED ENGINEERS

stallations on the island, second sifted EDP training courses

only to Hong Kong among nations offered by the industry. For

of comparable size and economic example, a Ill-sponsored intensive

development in the region. As ot EDP training program for a clase

June, 1981, the number of installa- of 40 non-DP students usually

tions in Taiwan had more than attracted more than 1000 enthusi-

doubled, to 988. In addition, the atic applicants. These university

number of Taiwanese companies and college graduates of tomorrow

involved with computing and in- will form the basis of Taiwan's

formation had mushroomed, continued development of its

Today, continued interest in com- higher-level skills.

puters and information science is , _ .

• j ii j c . ,i . .i ,. uP-based Designs Are Every.

evidenced by the tact that the two ,

c J c whereareas ot top preterence among

graduating high school students Most hardware design houses in

who plan to go on to university Taiwan concentrate on micropro-

are electrical engineering and cessor-based products and their

information science. It is also applications, rather than computer

evidenced by the attendence systems per se. What computers

recorde on numerous and diver- there are that have emerged from

By 1981, electronic production value in Taivmn reached 5.54 billions, and its export totallyreached 3.6 billion, including 45% consumes products and 48% components. The other 1% areprofessional electronics (mainly in telecommunication products.)

Product's Name

Value( Million US dollars)

1981

1985

1989

Personal Computer

Small Business Computer

OEM Board Module

OEM Microcomputer

CRT

Point of Sales CRT

Word Processor

Printer

Teleprinter Terminal

GraphicTerminal

Others

0.82.24.21.166.64.22.1

8.8

15

14

32

8

440

270

14

45

45

80

30

135

95283

47

2900

183

94400150150

63

Total

90

750

4500

Table i: Projected Computer Production Growth in Taiwan192-10 BYTE November 1982

Source: ITR1

Taiwan's engineering shops havebeen mostly small micro systems.But in the microprocessor-basedrange, the island's designers haveshown themselves particularlystrong.

For instance, various designhouses on the island have turnedout hardware and applicationsthat end up in products such asmicroprocessor-based temperaturecontrollers for refrigerators andairconditioners, devices thatcontrol various automotive func-tions, automatic telephone dialers,television games, video terminals,PABX's, industrial process con-trollers, and microcomputersystems. Some of these productsare marketed directly by thecompanies here, others are soldthrough brandname manufacturersand distributors in the UnitedStates and other foreign countries.

At the same time, the island'shardware designers have under-taken a number of projects at thebehest of large Western firms suchas IBM and National Semicon-ductor. Taiwan-made computerboards may grace minicomputersand mainframes marketed by well-known American manufacturers.

A large part of the attraction ofTaiwan designs for foreign com-panies is the low development coston the island. For instance, thesalary of a very experienced hard-ware designer in Taiwan is onlyabout $ 1,000 a month, comparedwith a minimum of three timesthat figure in the United States.Other project costs are also con-siderably lower than in the UnitedStates. Thus, project developmentcosts for a product such as aterminal would be one-third toone-half of what they would be inthe United States.

Software Houses Start to Boom

Savings on software design costsare similar. In fact, Taiwan hasover 100 software design houses

COMPUTERS IN TAIWAN, R.O.C.

Kk

compared with 50 hardwarehouses. Most of these softwarefirms have fewer than 20employees, and their efficiency ishigh. Again, most firms con-cerntrate on applications packages.

Other software houses specializein business-management systems.They provide applications pack-ages to perform such services asaccounting, editing, purchasingand point-of-sale. They may alsodo programming for large foreignsystems and do equipment-oriented design for companiessuch as IBM, Hewlett-Packard, andlarge Japanese brands.

Nevertheless, the industry ex-pects a bright average educationallevel of the population, whichmeans that the industry has arelatively larger pool of educatedtalent on which to draw. It also

means the industry will be quickerto learn and begin developing its

own packages than otin the region.

uoftoas

en

3'

co

COCDO

O'

Photo 5: Computer Stores Are Springing up Everywhere

The JP2000Series IntelligentCard Readers

CREATIONAL PRODUCTS OF MOST ADVANCEDOPTOELECTRONICS AND MICROCOMPUTER

TECHNOLOGY MODEL JP2000 400 cards per minute

• Microcomputer-based "With 512K bytes memory

• Can interface with CRT, printer, floppy disk drives•Runs FLEXt OS, Assembler, BASIC, Forth, PascalMODEL JP2300 300 cards per minute

MODEL JP2700 700 cards per minute

All models read IBM 80 column timinq marked cards with bothmarks and holes data interlaced. 12 data lines TTL output, 1timing mark line, 1 status line, and 1 control line, or RS 232.AUTOMATIC, ACCURATE, FLEXIBLE, SIMPLE TO OPERATE

MODEL JM6000 MICROCOMPUTER Using the world'smost powerful 16bit microprocessor MC68000

• EXORbus* plug-compatible

• With 512Kb memory and two 8"or5%" floppy disk drives

• CRT, printer, card reader, IEEE-488 interfaces available

• Software - Multi-tasking JlDOS, Assembler, BASIC,text editor, text processor, utilities, debug package

Jfaooo ,

'EXORbus is a trade mark of MOTOROLA, INC.

QFLEX is a trade mark of Technical Systems Consultants, Inc.

JOINING INSTRUMENTS & EQUIPMENT CO.

533 Sec. 7 Chung Shiao E. Rd., Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. Tel: (02) 760-5001

Telex: 27774 JOINING

BYTE November 1982

192-11

COMPUTERS IN TAIWAN, R.O.C.

AMERICAN COMPUTERFIRMS ENJOY OPERATINGIN TAIWAN

IBM

Several large American com-puter firms also maintain branchoffices here. For instance, IBM hasmaintained a presence on the islandfor 26 years, and has enjoyedannual sales increases between 20and 40 percent. It sells and servicesIBM 3000 and 4300-series main-frames, Systems 23, 34 and 38,and the Display Writer. In additionto its sales and service efforts, IBMTaiwan has in recent years madesignificant contributions to theadvancement of agriculture aroundthe world by providing computingservices to the Asian Vegetable

Research and Development Centernear Tainan, in the southern partof the island.

NCR

National Office EquipmentCorp, a National Cash Register'saffiliate in Taiwan, is the island'soldest computer firm. Thecompany provides sales of its com-puter systems and softwaresupport to retail stores, super-markets, department stores,government offices, trading com-panies, schools and hospitals. Ithas net profits of $1 million during1981 on sales of $5 million, andhas projected 1982 profits of $1.5

million. It numbers 58 engineersamong its 143-member staff.

Digital

Digital Equipment Taiwan Ltdbegan its ten-year history inTaiwan with a 1972 investment of$300,000 to produce corememories. In 1977, companydoubled this investment to$620,000 with the inauguration offacilities to bond and packagecomputer-grade LSIs. During thenext five years the firm's invest-ment jumped to $5.64 millionwith the addition of facilities toproduce terminals, keyboards, andmonitors. During this time, thecompany's sales also rose, from$13.5 million in 1977 to a pro-jected $70 million in 1982.

The company's plans for 1983call for the design of a newgeneration of terminals andmonitors, and further productionautomation. The company alsoestimates it will turn out 25,000

THE ADVANCED EQUIPMENT YOU'LL NEED IN THE 80s

OUR PRODUCTS MODULATE WELL,CONTROL WELL, DRIVE WELL!

**§i^

m

Please contact us at:

LUNG HWA ELECTRONICS CO., LTD.

Office & Fty: 5/F, No. 33 Pao-Hsing Rd., Hsin Tien City, Taipei County,

Taiwan. R.O.C. Tel: (02) 914-5660 (5 Lines)

Cable: "IFTLUNGHWA" Taipei Telex: 31143 LUNGHWA

Video to VHF/UHF Modulators

—Available in a variety of models.

— Linear and stable modulation.

— Low radiation and harmonics.

— Low current drain.

— Low chroma sound beat.

—Compact, unobtrusive design.

—Perfect for color TV games & VTRs.

—Ideal for all computer systems,

including Apple, Atari, Mattel, Tl

Radio Shack, Commodore, etc.

Video Controllers

—Digital logic circuits.—Vesatile, offering many different con-figurations of input and output signals.

5.25 Inch Minifloppy Disk Drivers

—Manufactured on an OEM basis.—Available beginning in January 1983.

192-12 BYTE November 1982

in Quality

We Trust

•_. For more inf

ONE & ONLY 12" HIGH RESOLUTIONCOLOR MONITOR CAN COMPATABLE WITH

IBM PC.

•'DISPLAY 2000 (80 x 25! CHARACTERS.

• 8 COLOR/2 INTENSITY CONTROL.

• 690 DOTS NON-GLARE IN-LINE GUN CRT.

• A 9 PINS D SHELL CONNECTOR CABLEPROVIDED.

The intelligently designedsmart terminal & highresolution color monitorfrom Liberty electronics

Built For NowBuilt For The FutureBuilt For You

In Performance

, el: (609). 683-1660

*SUGGESTED RETAIL PHICh

TILT SCREEN/DETACHABLE KEYBOARD.

25TH STATUS LINE.

VIDEO ATTRIBUTE.

128 ASCII SET, 15 GRAPHICS CHARACTERS,

10 FUNCTION KEYS, 8 EDITING KEYS, 6

COMMAND KEYS & NUMERIC KEYPAD.

RS-232C OR 20 mA-CURRENT-LOOP

INTERFACE, AUXILIARY PORT.

TELEVIDEO 910, HAZELTINE 1420, REGENT 25,

ADM 3A/5 EMULATION.FOREIGN CHARACTER SETS.

FREEDOM 100

In Price

$595

For more information please contactLiberty F/ectronics System Group

Liberty electronics co., ltd.

P.O. BOX 22745 TAIPEI, TAIWAN, R.O.C.

TLX: 26063 LIBERCO. TAIPEI TEL: (02) 781-8652-5

co

ts

CDW

en

c

CO

■C

CD>

CO

o

a>a.

COMPUTERS IN TAIWAN. R.O.C.

VT-101 terminals, 25,000 VT-100monitors, 160,500 VR-201monitors, 25,000 keyboards, and1.86 million sets of LSI packagesduring the coming year.

The company's profits during1981 reached $2.5 million, a 30percent growth over the previousyear.

Qume

Qume Corp of San Jose is thenewest addition to Taiwan'sgrowing group of offshore in-vestors. The ITT subsidiary's localaffiliate, Qume Corp (Taiwan) Ltd,received approval in July of a $10million investment to producedaisy-wheel printers and disk drivesin the Hsinchu Science-base Indus-trial Park. Production began inSeptember at a temporary facility,but when a permanent plant iscompleted in July, 1983, produc-tion may rise as high as 200 print-ers and 1,000 disk drives a day.

Within two years, Qume expects

to employ 1,000 people at itsplant; within five years, the com-pany expects sales to reach $100million annually. In addition,taking advantage of the technicaltalent available in Taiwan, it willconduct research in interfacehardware and software.Wangs

Wang is an old Taiwan hand.In 1967 the company began itspresence in Taiwan by opening anaffiliate here, Wang LaboratoriesTaiwan Ltd, to produce variousWang products for export to theUnited States. It now has about500 employees here.

Wang's latest venture in Taiwan,Wang Computer Taiwan Ltd, wasestablished about two years ago inthe Hsinchu Science-based In-dustrial Park. In fact, Wang wasamong the earliest offshore firmsto receive investment approval andbegin operations in the ambitiousabout 60 miles souch of Taipei.

Atari

Atari Inc late last year beganproduction in Taiwan of its VideoComputer TV games at a plant inTamshui, on the island's north-west coast. Production from theplant augments video games madefor some years by subcontractorson the island, and considerablyincreases the Atari output fromTaiwan. The investment inTamshui, according to companyofficials, involves millions ofdollars. The plant, which formerlybelonged to Sylvania-PhilcoTaiwan, covers 167,000 squaremeters; employment there wasscheduled to reach 1,500 peopleby the middle of this year.

Atari set up the video-gameplant in Taiwan because of theease of obtaining materials here.The volume of games atari wasalready exporting from Taiwancaused the company to seek sucha facility.

»*^

ONCE YOU START IT,YOU MASTER IT

mitac

Inc.

Chinese data processing is no longer a problem for yourcomputer. The .7 r.CCRT-1640 can eliminate all the

difficulties you've encountered. ItsSimplex Input Methodtakes only ten minutes to learn, one hour to master. Morethan 80% of Chinese characters can be generated withthree keystrokes. It is simple and quick. The standardASCII keyboard enhanced with Chinese pattern codes,standalong onboard character generator and word editingcapability, plus the industrial RS-232C for interface toevery kind of host computer (mini or microl will comple-tely fulfill your needs in terms of Chinese data processing."•1640 is designed for your computer.

WMIWSreHlSl'MBMtH.-B

ANDENGLISH

•SIMPLEX INPUT METHOD - TAKES ONLY 10 MI-NUTES TO LEARN

'STANDARD RS-232C INTERFACE - UNIVERSALTO ANY COMPUTER

•ONBOARD CHARACTER GENERATOR - UP TO24,000 CHINESE CHARACTERS

•EDITING & FUNCTION KEYS - INTELLIGENT &USER-FRIENDLY

"8086 BASED SINGLE 80ARD DESIGN - HIGH PER-FORMANCE

•DIRECT SCREEN HARDCOPY - HORIZONTAL ORVERTICAL PRINT-OUT

The leaders in design of non-English character terminals

FL, No. 75 Nanking E. Rd., Sec. 4, Taipei, Taiwan,C. Telex: 20261 MECTAC Tel: (02) 781-6980

192-14 BYTE November 1982

COMPUTERS IN TAIWAN, R.O.C.

SEEKING RESEARCH AIMD

DEVELOPMENT

A few years ago, Taiwan'seconomic and industrial plannerswere faced with a problem.

The problem was how to attractthe knowhow and capital toTaiwan that would help educatelocal businessmen and manu-facturers in the direction of thenew high-tech industry, and at thesame time make available thetechnology for these businessmento use.

They came up with a solutionfollowing the example of Americanentrepreneurs and conceptualpioneers in creating places like the

Standford Industrial Park, SiliconValley, and the North CarolinaResearch triangle, they decided toset up a place to focus on high-technology development andresearch, and to offer attractiveincentives to those agreeing toinvest there.

Thus the Hsin-chu Science-basedIndustrial Park (HSIP) was born,the first industrial park developedexclusively for high technologyindustries in Asia. Established inSeptember, 1980, the HSIP has avery aggressive plan to bring in 15companies every year. Great

CO

n

CD

a

03

%

CD

g-

CO

5'

COCO

CD

oo'

3

Photo 6: Dr. Ho, Director General of HsinchuScience-based Industrial Park, Says"Taiwan willbecome the future technology center of Asia."

SWITCHING POWER SUPPLIES

For •Microprocessors»Terminals "Mini Computers "Printers 'Game Machines

For details, please contact:TEAPO ELECTRONIC CORPORATION

Head Office and factory: No. 3, Lane 89, Chung Yang Rd., Sec. 3, Tu Cheng Hsiang, Taipei Hsien, Taiwan, R.O.C.

Telex: 31223 TEAPOCO Tel: (02) 2604151, 2603517

BYTE November 1982 192-15

COMPUTERS IN TAIWAN, R.O.C.

COMPEQMANUFACTURING CO., LTD.

HIGH QUALITYP. C. BOARDS

SUPERIOR QUALITY

WITH

COMPETITIVE PRICING

CAPABILITY:

2 Lines Per Channel

3-8 Layers Multilayer Boards

55,000 sq.ft Per Month

Call Us With Your Needs

PHONE:

213/289 1266

COMPEQ

(U.S.A.)

812 A. S.Atlantic Blvd.

Monterey Park, CA. 91754

TWX: 910-589-1532

iFactory:

P.O. Box 9-22, Taoyuan,

Taiwan, R.O.C.

Tel: (033) 321161/5

Telex: 34158 COMPEQTP

emphasis is placed on develop-ment and engineering in additionto production. Park officials planfor a healthy mix of companies inareas such as electronics and in-formation, precision instrumentand machinery, high technologymaterial science, energy science,and aeronautical and biologicalengineering. To date, the majorinvestments have been concentrat-ed in the electronics field.

Taiwan is offering its best tax,duty, financing and investmentincentives to accomodate investorsin the Park. Various branch officesof governmental agencies arelocated right in the Park to offerone-stop operation and streamlinedbureaucracy. Standard factorybuildings are available at veryreasonable rental rates so the in-dustries can move in and startoperation right away. The Parkwill also provide internationalstandard educational, recreationaland shopping facilities. Moreover,being in the Park is by itself a

prestige and pride which lendluster to the brand names.

Two years after the grandopening of HSIP, 37 companieshave received approval, of which23 already started operation, and18 are offering their products onthe market. Total approved invest-ment capital amounted to $66million. Almost half of the peo-ple working in the Park now are atleast a college graduate. Many ofthe founders have blossomed intolocal heroes of sorts. New pro-ducts are scheduled for announce-ment continuously. The currentlist of products include: computerCPU and peripherals, semi-conductor devices, integratedcircuits, microprocessors, com-puterized numerical controlsystems, silicon wafers, crystalresonators, optical and laser com-ponents, high pressure water tools,ball bearing screws, optical fibresystems, epoxy resin and reinforc-ed plastic, polymer medicalmaterial and ultrasound scanners.

Photo 7: A View of Hsinchu Science-based Industrial Park

BYTE November 1982

CCRT - 1640 is the uniqueversatile bilingualChinese/English intelligentterminal for your W/P.

• Simplex I nput Method

• Programmable Edit,Function Keys

•RS-232C UniveralInterface

• Local Character Generator

• 8086 Single Board Design

• Direct Screen Hardcopy

'I *.

—- MIS-900 Features witha 12-inch non-glaregreen screen and adetachable capacitivekeyboard. It is a user-friendly video terminal.

'<.*■■•

■ <t I

AppleMate is a low costbut reliable add-on diskstorange for your Applecomputer.

Ifei

V&

<s&

3&*.

M^

nfr*

&

\J#*

..^U

>*

» %,'

Located in the tax-bOnd zone of Hsinchu Science-Based IndustrialPark in Taiwan, where only the companies possessed of advancedtechnology of design and manufacture are motivated to move inmitac Inc. has enjoyed very successful sales and stable productionof the current products available to domestic and internationalmarket, mitac is grouped by a professional engineering team withexpertise in the state of the art design, precise manufacturing andprolonged quality controlled burn-in testing in all products. Besides,the strong financial standing of mitac will back up well to itsworld-wide marketing capability and mass production capacity.mitac is respectably playing the leading role of the computermanufacturing industry in Taiwan. Its outstanding computerengineers expert in both hardware and software have worked outsome 14 kinds of the products for production and sales. From OEMboards to Chinese Computer Systems, mitac has proved its formid-able workforce as the best in the industry.

The system products currently online are MIS- 5000 and MIS- 8000

series microcomputer systems. Bothseries are Z-80A, 64KB, CP/M®-based single board computers. Thereare two RS-232C serial ports andone Centronics parallel port forsystem I/O interface. DMA functionis available on board for easy fieldinstallation to the single-sided ordouble-sided floppy disk systemwhile it is standard for Winchesterhard disk system. The majordifference in these two series is inthe external memory design. The8000 series uses 8" floppy diskdrives, the 5000 series uses 5%"mini-floppy disk drives.

mitac is continuously developing several new products. To manu-facture the most cost-effective and reliable microcomputer in largequantity is our major goal. 16 bit system, using 8086 CPU and Unix-like operating system is also scheduled to be put on the marketsoon.

Domestic Dealer/Distributor enquires in the States arewelcomed. For more detail information please contactAmerican mitac Corp. at P.O. Box D, Santa Clara, CA 95050Service hot line:(408)988-4427, InternationalDistributor enquires, please contact mitac Inc.at 2/F 75 Nanking E. Rd., Sec. 4, Taipei, Taiwan.R.CTC.Telex:20261 MECTAC. Tel:(02)781-6980.

CP/M is a registed trade mark of Digital Research Inc.Apple is a trade mark of Apple Computer Inc.

O

o

CD

COMPUTERS IN TAIWAN, R.O.C.

CD

>

"OCO

no

CDCL

"Information Week" and "Youth-of The Future"

When a small island with 18million inhabitants decides to turnthe direction of its industry awayfrom labor-intensive, low-capitalassembly operations towardprecision, state-of-the-art techno-logies such as computers and in-formation, it faces a problem overhow to implement the change.

In Taiwan's case, the problemwas particularly acute, because theisland doesn't have a long in-dustrial history. In fact, 30 yearsago the only industry of any sizehere was agriculture . . . ButTaiwan's economic plannersrealised that to maintain the forceof the country's drive towardbecoming a computer-producingnation, they would have to have asufficient number of young people

willing to enter the sciences asprofessionals. They also realisedthat in order to make industry as awhole more productive andefficient, industrialists and smallbusinessmen alike would have tobe made aware of the potential ofautomation in their businesses.

And so the planners embarkedon a series of programs of populareducation. One major program isan annual event called "Infor-mation Week", which was initiat-ed and proposed early in 1980 byMinister K. T. Li, then the chair-man of the Institute for Infor-mation Industry. Activities in theevent consist of exhibitions,movies, lectures, essay and speechcompetitions, demonstrations bycomputer users, advertisingthrough mass media, and issuanceof special stamps.

When Taiwan's first Informa-tion Week was launched two years

ago this December as a joint pro-ject between government andcomputer people, it was hopedthat the activities would drawenough interested people to justifymaking the Week an annual event.But few were prepared for theturn-out.

From the first day of the week-long series of lectures, slidepresentations, and demonstrationsof com puting-in-action at the oldTaipei International Airport,crowds surged through the ex-hibition halls. They crowdedaround the more attractive displaysin rows four and five people deep.Outside the exhibition hall, a lineof people waiting to enter stretch-ed a quarter of a mile down thestreet and around the block. Itappeared that the media blitz pro-moting the event had been morethan successful.

Nowadays, after two years of

MICE TOTAL SOLUTION FOR R&D,PRODUCTION, QA, FIELD SERVICE.

Resident Assembler/Disassembler

Down-load and Up-load

Built-in logic analyzer function

Powerful I/O capabilities

MICE: 8085, 6502, Z80, NSC800,

8048/49/50.

MICE II: 8086, 8088, 6809, 68000

MICROTEK INTERNATIONAL INC

HSINCHU SCIENCE-BASED INDUSTRIAL PARKTAIWAN R.O.C. TLX: 32169 MICROTEKTEL: (035)772155

MICROTEK LAB. INC. (U.S.A.)

17221 S. WESTERN AV. GARDENA, CA. 90247TLX: 696334 BENNY GDNA TEL: (213) 5385369

AEC (JAPAN AGENT)

14-1 ASANO 2-CHOME KOKURAKITA-KU KITAKYU SHU CITY 802, JAPANTLX: AECKY 712616 TEL: 093-5116471

COMPUTERS IN TAIWAN, FLO.C.

Information Week, it also appearsthat the planners' strategy is payingoff in year-round interest. Moreand more students are findingtheir way after school hours intothe computer stores, even if it'sonly to play the video games.Around Taipei, Taiwan's majorcity, you find more and morepeople aware of computing and itsapplications. The "electric brain" a literal translation of "com-puter" in Chinese — seems tohave found a home.

For the non-professional,Taiwan expects to see an island-wide computer network, similar tothe British Post Office's Teletextsystem, that would allow peopleat home to tune in. A massiveleased-line network already linksmuch of the island, and com-munications will be furtherenhanced shortly with the in-auguration of a packet-switching

system. Dial-up will also be intro-duced on a limited basis to bringmore rural locations into thenetwork. By the end of the decade,the planners expect Taiwan .torepresent a relatively large do-mestic market, not only for home-

produced computers, but forthose of major internationalvendors as well. At the same time,a populace concerned with com-puterization will be able to makeimportant contributions to the in-formation industry worldwide.

Photo 8: By bits and bytes, lots of microkids are finding their way to run the micro computer inTaiwan.

"DCD

o9L0>

Q.

<

CD3

CDO

o

3

WE INTRODUCE YOU THREE NEW HIGH QUALTY & LOW COST PRODUCTS.

US$200 ONLY

MICROPROCESSOR TRAINING KIT WITH EPROM PROGRAMMER

our EPROM PROGRAMMER can program, test blank ICs, copy or

compare, load and modify 2716, 2732, 2732A, 2764.

As a training kit, CAN-80 can read, write, execute, debug, and

store the users' program on cassette tapes.

With powerful subroutine packages, such as MUSIC, SPEECH etc.

it can help the user make music or human speech.

OUR DESIGN GIVES USER MORE PROSPECTS.

c-PLUSn

US$ 300 ONLY

ACHINESE CHARACTER GENERATOR FOR APPLE II USERS

Just put C-PLUS 11 into your APPLE11 slot, and your APPLE 11 will in-stantly become a Chinese/Englishcomputer.

You can easily operate it, and makeyour APPLE 11 more fun.C-PLUS 11 displays and prints perfectChinese character text using anygraphic printer.

p|r

c-PLUs]r.bH-"|*"|

ji Ei

A NEW EXCITING UP-RIGHT TYPE TV GAME

ffiMAPPLE UW&&X'&&

nasisc-PLusngRBSJfia

APPLE II &3S LOT±jgfflAPP

le umi\mm'j<pm$cmM •

SBJ33G9APPLE iiS^G^JKC-

plus n^mmmm^psiMmm

■EEDtrJo

US$1100

PLUS & PLUS CO

OFFICE

FACTORY:

LTD.

3/F. 271. ROOSEVELT RD„ SEC. 3.TAIPEI, TAIWAN, R.O.C.TEL: 3969900 (5 LINES)CABLE: SIGMALTD TAIPEITELEX:21140SIGMALTDNO. 4, ALLEY 1, LANE 186. SING-SANGSTREET, JANG-HO CITY, TAIPEI HSIEN.TAIWAN R.O.C.TEL: 9539374, 9589950.9622388, 9540954.

COMPUTERS IN TAIWAN, R.O.C.

SOME SPEARHEADING PRODUCTS

HIGH PERFORMANCE/LOW COSTMICROCOMPUTER SERIES FROM PANASIA — Pan-Asia Electronics Co., Lid.introduces its new PA-2000 series of Z-80B-based microcomputers tor business, manage-ment, industrial control, data communica-tions, and other uses. The series offers up to256 KBytes of RAM and 1.6 MBytes of diskstorage, a standard Z-80 bus system, an eight-or 12-slot card cage, and dual minifloppy diskdrives. It can support CP/M or MP/M-com-patible operations systems and software, aswell as high-speed file access on pseudodiskoptions and many other utility programs foroptional I/O expansion modules. Its modularsystem makes maintenance easy. Price changeddepending on model. Contact Pan-AsiaElectronics Co., Ltd, 8/1% 325 Chung HsiaoEast Road., Section 4, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.TLX: 10437

from manufactures such as Apple, RadicShack, Sharp, NEC, Prime, Zilog, Intel MDS.MICE is the total solution from R/D, pro-duction, QA, and field service. It offersFeatures including a resident assembler/dis-assembler, down-load and up-load, a built-inlogic analyser function, and powerful I/Ocapabilities.

Available from Microtek International Inc,Hsinchu Science-Based Industrial Park,Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC. TEL: (035) 772-155,Telex: 32169 MICROTEK. U.S. office:Microtek Lab., Inc, 17221 South WesternAvenue, Gardena, California 90247, USA.Tel: (213) 321-2345 Telex: 696334 BENNYGDNA.

MICRO IN-C1RCUIT EMULATOR (MICE)FROM MICROTEK — Microtek ofers thismicroprocessor programming and analysistool that can be used with a terminalconnected to a host computer or with micro

wo

D<CD

The Micro-Professor™

with BASIC commands in your native language

Creates a Generation of Micro-kids

Willi.

** «a a a a a

X f» Taiwan, elementary school children youngerthan 10-year-old are beginning using BASIC

language in their native tongue to operatecomputers. This is made possible through theavailability of the Micro-Professor II (MPF-II)home computer developed by Multitech In-dustrial Corp. Using single command keys, the

school children can enter BASIC commands simply

by pressing one key for a command.

Multitech provides custom-designed software car-tridges and cassettes, enabling you to operate theMPF-II in BASIC in your own language. In addition,Multitech provides various ready-made softwarecassettes and cartridges for education, entertainment,home and business management aanlications.

la m m d g|

MIHTITEGH INDUSTRIAL GCWCfiATICN

977, MIN SHEN E. ROAD, TAIPEI

TAIWAN, R. O. C.

TEL: (02) 7691225

TLX: 23756 MULTIIC, 19162 MULTIIC

105,

192-20 BYTE November 1982

The Micro-Professor from Multitechrecognized worldwide

Multitech Achievements

1. The Micro-Professor micro-computer and the "Dragon" Chineseterminal were cited for their innova-tive design in April, 1982, at theHannover Fair, West Germany.

2. The Micro-Professor (MPF-I) is

the world's most widely-used Z-80*microprocessor learning tool, withmore than 30,000 already in serviceworldwide.

3. The Micro-Professor II and the"Dragon" Chinese terminal eachreceived the Premier's Award — themost prestigeous award for superiorproduct design in the Republic ofChina. The terminal received itsaward in November, 1980; the Micro-Professor, in July, 1982.

4. Multinational firms such as IBM,ITT, and Philips have used the MPF-Imicrocomputer for in-house trainingof their engineers. The device hasalso found wide use in the generaleducational market.

5. Multitech, which also providescustoms design service, has developedover 40 microprocessor-based pro-ducts such as CRTterminals, PABXs, andcomputer games.

They Said

Shelly Kroan, vice president ofVersadata, an Illinois-based manu-facturer of versatile data products-:"We have been very successful inselling the Micro-Professor in theUnited States. We find it to be a veryinteresting and useful product. . ."

Telexed from a West German com-pany: "We have got first report fromProf. Dr. Niemeyer, professor forEconomics and Computer Science ofUniversity of Regensburg, and hefinds MPF-I 'marvellous, wonder-ful'

Max D. Soffe, Managing Director ofFlight Electronics Ltd. of Britain:"The MPF-I shouldbe welcomed byscools and technicalcolleges because ofits reliability, easeof use, and its ex-

tra hardwaresupport and its in-credibly low price,in fact half the priceof its nearest com-petition ...and anastounding low Micro-Professorrejection rate of0.4%."

Product Lines

Micro-Professor I (MPF-I) is a low-cost, Z80-based microcomputer thatwill lead you step-by-step to athorough knowledge of micropro-cessor. Not only is MPF-I a superblearning tool for technical studentsand engineers, it is also an excellentteaching aid for instructors ofelectrical engineering and computerscience. Options such as an EPROMprogrammer board, a BASIC Inter-preter, a speech synthesis board, asound generation board, and a printermake the MPF-I versatile.

Micro-Professor II (MPF-II) is a full-feature home computer which can beused for education, enter-tainment, home andbusiness management,and learning programminglanguage.

MPF-II provides BASIC In-terpreter, compatible withthe Apple II*. It can beconnected to color TV setsand video displays. Withoptions such as a printer,software cartridges andcassettes, a RS232C net-(MPF-H) work interface board, aremote control box, aChinese Character Controller, afloppy disk driver, and a speech/soundgeneration board enable you to ex-pand the system.

Other products availablefrom Multitech are:Dragon ChineseTerminal

2. Universal De-velopment System

3. Small BusinessComputer System

4. Speech Synthesis Board

MULTITECH INOIISTRIAL CORPORATION

977, MIN SHEN E. ROAD, TAIPEI,

105, TAIWAN R.O.C.

TEL: (02)769-1 225(1 0 LINES)

TLX: 23756 MULTIIC, 1 91 62 MULTIIC.

rVlultitech Electronics Inc.1 952, W. E. CAMINO REAL SUNNYVALE,CA. 94086 U.S.A.TEL:(408)773-8400 TLX:1 76004 SUVL

BYTE November 1982 192-21

o

CD<n

en

g

CD>

CD

HOCDQ.

COMPUTERS IN TAIWAN, R.O.C.

APPLE II COMPATIBLE DISK DRIVE

FROM MITAC INC Mitac's Apple

Mate 5%-inch disk drive offers Apple II com-patibility at a low price. Its track format andstorage capacity are identical with Appledrives, allowing simultaneous use of AppleMate and Apple drives. One-year warranty.Price: $ 385 per set, interface card $75Available by mail from American Mitac Corp,P.O.Box D, Santa Clara, CA 95050 USA. Tel:(408) 988-4427 TLX: (TAIWAN): 20261MECTAC

CRT TERMINAL FROM CAL-COMP—

Cal-Comp's VCT-1 12-inch CRT offers a 24 x80 screen format, a 7 x 9 dot matrix, 15graphics symbols, detachable keyboard withnumeric keys, security mode. Operates throughstandard RS-232 interface or a 20ma currentloop. Baud rates 75 through 19,200.Diagnostics: power up RAM and ROM tests,keyboard test, audible bell and LED indicatortests. Size: 395 mm (D) x 369 mm (W) x 331mm (H). For further imformation, write Cal-Comp Electronics Inc, 99-109 Nanking E.Road Section 5, Taipei 105, Taiwan, ROC.TLX: 22769

345mm (H) x 370mm (W) x 295mm (D). TheShinlee Corp, 2/F, 372 Lin Sen North Road,Taipei, Taiwan, ROC. TLX: 11154 SHINLEE

VIDEO DISPLAY TERMINAL FROMSHINLEE CORP -- Shinlee's T88 terminalsis microprocessor-based, teletype-compatiblemodel with detachable keyboard capable ofdisplaying the complete ASCII set. The 12-inch screen will accomodate 2,000 charactersin an 80 x 25 matrix. The T88 is compatiblewith most currently-available terminals. Size:

Til I I I I I I I I I | I

'tV " ,"-",vr,7

MINIFLOPPY DISK DRIVERS FROMLUNG HWA — LUNG HWA

ELECTRONICS' LDD-101 disk driver offers250K byte of storage caparity and 48 TPIdouble density. This SLIMtype LDD-101 has54 mm in height and 40 tracks, its disk loca-tional speed reaches 300 rpm. It will availablein Jan., 1983. LUNG HWA Electronic Co.,Ltd. 5/F, No. 33, Pao-Hsing Rd., Hsin TienCity, Taipei Country Taiwan, R.O.C. TLX:31143 LUNG HWA

INTELLIGENT TERMINAL AND COLORMONITOR FROM LIBERTY CO. —

Liberties' intelligent terminal FREEDOM 100offers detachable keyboard and tilt screen,25th status line, video attributes and 15graphic characters. 1 28-aJphanumeric keys andASCII set. And it also processes 10 functionkeys, 8 editing keys and 6 command keys.Its 12" monitor CM-1200A is the one andonly one of high resolution color monitorthat can compatable with IBM PersonalComputer. It can display 2000 (80 x 25)characters with 8-color-2-intensity by 690dots high resolution non-glare in-line gunCRT. A 9 pin D shell connector cable is alsoprovided. LI BERTY ELECTRONIC CO.,LTD. P. O. BOX 22745 TAIPEI, TAIWAN,R.O.C. TLX: 26063 LIBERCO, TAIPEI

COLOR COMPUTER AND BTC-1400TERMINAL FROM SAMPO CO. —

SAMPO'S Color Computer is a multifeaturedhome computer designed for large volumecomputations, and for education, entertain-ment and hobbist uses. It has a 6809E uP,uses extended BASIC, and has upper andlower case alphammeric semigraphic displayability in full color.

SAMPO also offers BTC-1400 14" displaywith two intensities terminal. The BTC-1400will accomodate 2000 characters in 80 x 25matrix, and with 7x9 dot matrix characterstructure in 9 x 14 dot windows. The Com-munication mode has: ENTER, LOCAL,conversation half and full duplex. EIA RS/232C interface etc. SMAPO Corp. 2/F, 217,Nanking E. Rd, Sec. 3, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.TLX (TAIWAN): 21737 SEMCO, TLX (USA)206837 SAMPO USA ELGR

SWITCHING POWER SUPPLY FROMTEAPO - TEAPO OFFERS TSM-34Cswitching power supply for terminal andminicomputer. It has 80-135VAC or 180-265VAC input, and has 5V10A, -5V1A,12V3A, 12V1A output. Its efficiency reaches75%, and ripple & noise only to 30 mV,and has protection to all output. TEAPOELECTRONIC CORP., 3 LN89, SEC 3,Chung Yang Rd, Tu-Cheng Hsiang, TaipeiHsien, Taiwan, ROC. TLX: 3 1223 TEAPOCO

192-22 BYTE November 1982

TERMINAL

#^§1=

-€> NON-GLARE, 12-INCH CRT

-£> 24X80 SCREEN FORMAT

-S> 7X9 DOT MATRIX

-S> 15 GRAPHICS SYMBOL

-£> 32 CONTROL CHARACTERS SYMBOL

-2> 5 SCREEN ATTRIBUTES: BLINK, UNDERLINE,

REVERSE, BLANK, DUAL INTENSITY-£> 50/60 HZ REFRESH RATE-£> COMPOSITE VIDEO OUTPUT-J> DETACHABLE, CAPACITIVE KEYBOARD<£> TYPEWRITE-STYLE KEYBOARD WITH

NUMERIC KEY-£> AUDIBLE KEYCLICK DISABLE/ENABLE-2> AUTO REPEAT DISABLE/ENABLE WITH

TIME DELAY♦ MARGIN BELL DISABLE/ENABLE<s 4 LED INDICATORS :CAPS LOCK, BLOCK

MODE, PROTECT MODE, KEYEOARD LOCK-£> 11 EDITING FUNTION KEYS AND

5 CURSOR CONTROL KEYS

-£> CURSOR FORM PROGRAMMABLE

-S> CURSOR ADDRESSING

-S> READ CURSOR ADDRESS

-£> SECURITY MODE

•S> FIELD TAB AND BACK TAB

-£> INSERT/DELETE LINE & CHARACTER

O CLEAR TO END OF LINE & PAGE

<£> SEND LINE AND SEND PAGE

-2> PROTECT MODE DISABLE/ENABLE

-£> RS-232 INTERFACE AND 20ma

CURRENT LOOPO 11 BAUD RATES FROM 75 TO

19,200 B.P.S-S> PRIMARY PORT AND AUXILIARY PORT-£> AUXILIARY PORT ENABLE/DISABLEO SWITCHABLE EMULATIONS-8» SET-UP MODE FOR CONFIGURATION

OF TERMINAL PARAMETER-S> SELF-TEST

Cal=d@ij)p E!d©ferefi)l©s9 Omi©«

CABLE ADDRESS:"CALCOMP" TAIPEITEL: 7653351 76533527653353 7653354TELEX: 22769

99-109, SEC. 5, NANKING E. RD. TAIPEI, 105TAIWAN, REPUBLIC OF CHINA

BYTE November 1982 192-23

PROFESSIONAL

COMPUTER

COMPONENTS

am aaaaa

KEYTOPS & KEYBOARDS

SWITCHINGPOWER SUPPLIES

TRANSFORMERS & INDUCTORS

PRODUCTS:

"FERRITE TRANSFORMERS"VARIABLE INDUCTORS'FIXED INDUCTORS'KEYTOPS & KEYBOARDS•SWITCHING POWER SUPPLIES

MIDAS GROUP

No. 16 Chung Yang S. Rd., Sec. 2, Peitou,Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.Tel: (02) 831-3190/5,893-1660/3Telex: 27069 MIDATRON

COMPUTERS IN TAIWAN, R.O.C.

INTERACTIVE SMART DATA TERMINALFROM ATW INC -- introduced this month,ATW's Enhancer AT-200 terminal is designedto meet the needs of the widest possible rangeof mini- and micro-system users. It includesfeatures normally found only on top-rangemodels: 7x9 matrix characters, two-pagememory with autoflipping, status line, soft-ware set-up screen, fifteen selectable baudrates, ten function keys plus numerical keypad, and detachable keyboard. ATW Inc, 50Chin 5th Road, Nan Tsu Export ProcessingZone (NEPZ), Kaohsiung 800, Taiwan, ROC.TLX: 72278 ATWHEAD

NEW MICRO SYSTEM FROM MULTITECHINTERNATIONAL CORP— Multitech intro-duces the MIC500, a powerful small businesscomputer combining high-speed, A 64 KByteRAM, two 5%-inch thin minifloppy diskdrives (expandable to four), and two full-duplex RS-232C serial communications portsfor consoles and users applications such assystem intercommunications or serial printers.Industry-standard versions of the CP/Moperating system gives the user access to moresoftware programs. Optional languages in-clude BASIC, COBOL, and PASCAL. Suggest-ed retail price $1,500. Multitech InternationalCorp, 977 Min Shen East Road, Taipei 105,Taiwan, ROC. TLX: 23756 MULTIIC

MICROPROCESSOR TRAINING KITWITH EPROM PROGRAMMER — Plus &Plus Co., Ltd. offers this low price educa-tional kit, the CAN-80. It can read, write,execute, and debug programs, and store theprogram on cassette tape. Tire built-in pro-grammer can program 2716, 2732, 2764PROMs. The Z-80-bascd CAN-80 is availa-ble from Plus & Plus Co., Ltd. 3/F, 217Roosevelt Rd, Sec. 3, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC,TLX 21140 SIGMALTD TAIPEI

INTELLIGENT CARD READERS FROMJOINING INSTRUMENTS — JoiningInstruments' JP-2000D-series intellignet cardreaders offer a speed of 400 cards per minute.The readers are microcomputer-based, andinclude a 512 KByte memory and a pair of8-inch or 5%-inch floppy disk drives. Inter-faces for CRTs, printers are available. JoiningInstrument and Equipment Co., Ltd. 533Chung-Hsiao E. Rd., Sec. 7, Taipei, TaiwanROC. TLX: 27774 JOINING □

192-24 BYTE November 1982

Two of mankind's greatest treasures

■

HI

tSSm

HaZf4

IK

t ■ *

^m

''-V'Jt'-C

xm

4SP

JM«)J

JF*

i^ffl

■iw

Reflected in two outstanding peripherals

for your APPLE II

MHr*

TheMBI™APPLETIME™ Card

j Fully Mountain Software compatible

• Disk included with all software

• Includes Datebook'" - a complete desk calendar

• Time of day

• Calendar dateDay of week

• Program timer

• International time-keeping ability

• Recharging battery backup

• Complete software formatting

• Offset time/date/day readout

1ICROCOMPUTER

IIHTi-!IIIIMI:II3M

TheMBI ™ VIP Card

VIP™ Card - "Versatile Interface Peripheral"

(Available for EPSON, NEC, C-ITOH, IDS PRISM, OKIDATA

and other graphic printers soon) rK «g a g

$149'

VIP" Card-The Ultimate Graphics Card vTJ I *T Zf

A Centronics Parallel Interface with a Serial Port andCables featuring:

• Text and graphics screen dump routine

• Graphics with inverse & emphasized modes

• Enlarged picture modeVariable line length with left & right marginsBlock graphics90° picture rotationChart Recorder ModeA serial port with full RS232 capabilitySoftware baud rate control from 110 to 9600 baud

*Suggested List Price

OMINISTRATIVE OFFICES: 1019 8TH STREET, GOLDEN, COLORADO 80401 (U.S.A.)ELEPHONE: (303) 279-8438 „, , „„„

Circle 270 on inquiry card.

TWX: 910-934-0191

Apple is a trademark of Apple Compuler, Inc. MBI, Applelimc, VIP, and Dalebook are trademarks of Microcomputer Business Industries Corporation.

Computer Animationwith Color Registers

The color registers on the Atari 400 and 800 microcomputersgive programmers amazing animation capabilities,

even in BASIC.

David Fox and Mitchell Waite

POB38

San Rafael, CA 94902

The process of drawing colorful images with a com-puter is fascinating and fairly easy to understand, butanimating these images may be a bit difficult. Animation,of course, requires very fast color changes for each of thepicture elements or pixels in an image. And many micro-computers may not be able to change a screen full of pix-els fast enough for a smooth animation effect.

Fortunately, a technique known as color mapping hadbeen used for years in the world of high-tech computergraphics. Here, instead of being directly assigned theircolors, the pixels receive color information from aseparate table of colors called a color map. By changingthe color value of one entry in the color map, it is possi-ble to immediately change the color of thousands of pix-els without redrawing the image. Thus, some very-high-speed animation effects can be achieved.

To use this powerful technique, you need look no fur-ther than your local computer store. Unbeknownst tomany people, the Atari 400/800 contains color-mappinghardware (called color registers), and this feature alonegives it awesome capabilities when compared to its com-petitors.

This article is an excerpt from a new book entitled Computer AnimationPrimer by David Fox and Mitchell Waite (BYTE/McGraw-Hill Books,1982).

In this article, we will see how Atari's color registerscan be put to work in colorful, action-packed, animatedscenes. Color-register animation will be used in two pro-grams: to create the illusion that you are rapidly flyingthrough a trench (as in Star Wars), and to display the mo-tion of water in a cascading waterfall.

The Magic Paint Store

Imagine a paint store shelf filled with 128 cans of dif-ferent color paint. In front of you are nine empty "magicpaint buckets," each one labeled with a number from 0 to8. Each bucket has a brush in it with the correspondingnumber. Also, imagine a large canvas is on an easelbefore you, begging for a picture. Feeling inspired, youbegin by filling the first bucket with a light-blue color,picking up the brush, and painting the sky on your can-vas. When you have finished with that color, you fillanother bucket with your second color selection andpaint some more. You continue this process with the re-maining seven buckets. When no empty buckets are left,you decide to empty Bucket 0 and fill it with a differentcolor, a deep orange. Lo and behold, the sky in your pic-ture, originally painted with Brush 0, immediatelychanges to orange as Bucket 0 is refilled! In fact,everything that was previously painted with Brush 0 nowappears in the new color currently in Bucket 01 When you

194 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

CP/M

APPLE

WordStar®

$249

dBASE II

$489

SuperCalcM

$189

Perfect Writer™

$249

VisiCalc

$189

WordStar®dBASE II

$695

WordStar/

MailMerge

$309

Easy Writer II

$269

TCS Accounting

$289

SuperWriter"

$249

NOW, PAY LESS, AND GET GREAT SERVICE, TOO!

If you're looking for rock-bottom prices and fast,personal service, take a close look at 800-SOFTWARE.

Because we buy in volume, we're able to sell theproducts you want at prices that finally make somesense. But don't take our word for it. Compare pricesand see for yourself!

OUR SERVICE CAN'T BE BEAT.

We take care of you like our business depends on it.Because it does.

When you call 800-SOFTWARE, you get the fastestdelivery available anywhere. Which means that everyorder is filled the day we get it. And that our unique

Order Tracking System'" is on the job. keeping tabs onyour order, every step of the way.

Our giant inventory one of the largest in the UnitedStates also assures you of the fastest possible service.Everything's in stock so you don't have to wait.

Technical support? Business software expertise? We'vegot it and it's the best you'll find anywhere.

But. put us to the test. Let us prove what we'veproven to satisfied customers around the world.

That our prices are lower. That our service is better.That there really and truly is a difference.

We look forward to your call.

CUSTOMERS TELL OUR STORY BEST!

<T I have been very favorably impressed with yourprompt and efficient service and excellent prices.M

Peter Sereny, M.D.. West Hartford, Connecticut

W Rarely today do I have the opportunity to deal with afirm which shows such a high degree of professional ability.Aloha. tt

Joe Neil, Lihue, HawaiiTO ORDER, CALL TOLL-FREE:

800-227-4587

In California, 800-622-0678(A residents add sales lax.

OR WRITE: 800-SOFTWARE, INC.

1X5 Bern Street. Suite 6X20San Kranciseo. C'A 94107

□ Purchase orders accepted

□ Prompt UPS .1 daj Blue Label service

□ Call for shipping charges and ourother low software prices.

□ \nu open Mondaj through Saturday.

^800-SOFTWARE)

X\\\ is indeed refreshing to deal with people as personableand professional as you have proven to be.tt

Dave Turner, U.S.N., Lubbock, Texas

II Thank you very much for the very prompt serviceyou gave me.ff

William Drescher, Lansing, MichiganAll tellers on file.

FREE GIFT!

GET 4 FLOPPY DISKETTES FREEWITH ANY PURCHASE,IF YOU ACT NOW!

D Your choice nl 5Vt" or X"□ Brand new and bland name

ffl ffi

lEXRRESS

Copyright KflO-Saftware. Inc. 1982

Circle 1 on inquiry card.

try this with Bucket 1, the same thing happens witheverything previously painted with Brush 1. You havemagically changed your painting from a cool midafter-noon scene to a fiery sunset.

Using Color Registers

Color registers were first created to provide the users ofprofessional computer paint systems with a relatively in-expensive way to use a polychromatic palette. In many ofthese systems, the artist chooses a palette of 256 colorsfrom a selection of more than 16 million*. When colorregisters (also called color maps) became popular, manyadvantages other than lower cost were discovered. Anartist could alter some of the colors already paintedwithout having to redraw an entire picture. In the field ofcomputer animation, wonderfully animated scenes couldbe created without changing a single pixel simply bymoving the colors around the color map! And in medicalapplications, as in the analysis of a computer image of anX-ray, formerly unnoticed details could be brought outby assigning contrasting colors to areas that hadpreviously been depicted with only slight shading dif-ferences.

The Color Registers on the Atari

The Atari 400/800 is one of the few personal com-puters that uses this technique to display its colors on thescreen. However, you have only 128 possible colors tochoose from instead of 16 million (we hope you didn't getyour hopes up!), and only nine entries (the colorregisters) in the color map, rather than 256. And mostAtari graphics modes don't use all nine color registers. Infact, many use four or fewer. Table 1 lists most of the dif-ferent Atari graphics modes and the color registers thatare active for each.

First, let's do a brief overview of the table. The first

column lists the different Atari graphics modes and thenumber of colors each mode supports. The Default Col-ors are the colors set by the OS (operating system) whenthe computer is first turned on or System Reset is pressed.The SETCOLOR column gives the values for the SET-COLOR commands (which are used to change the colorvalue in the color registers) for that mode. The POKE col-umn lists the corresponding addresses in memory of thecolor registers for each mode. By using the POKE com-

The ability to change the color of a

specific area on the screen

instantaneously can be used to

create the effect of high-speed

motion without resorting to

assembly-language programming.

mand to put numbers into these addresses, you canbypass the SETCOLOR command for faster color chang-ing. (This is the only way to change some of the registersin GRAPHICS 10, a new graphics mode available onAtaris equipped with a GTIA chip.) The numbers in theCOLOR column are the values for the COLOR commandthat will choose that color register to draw with.

The Description column lists which of the three screenelements each color register controls. The first one is thescreen background. When the screen is cleared, you arelooking at pure background. It is the "canvas" of thescreen upon which pixels are plotted and text is printed.Next, there is the border around the background.Although this area sometimes has its own color register(depending on the graphics mode), it is really the "frame"

Default

SETCOLOR

POKE

COLOR

Mode

Colors

(n)

address

(n)

Description

GRAPHICS 0

(text mode and text windows for all

Light Blue

1

709

Not

Character luminance

modes; one hue; two luminances)

norma

lly

(uses same hue as background)

Dark Blue

2

710

used

Background

Black

4

712

Border

ANTIC 4 & 5

(special text modes; five colors)

Orange

0

708

Not

Character

Light Green

1

709

norma

lly

Character

Blue

2

710

used

Character

Red

3

711

Character

Black

4

712

Background,

Border

GRAPHICS 1 & 2

(large text modes; five colors)

Orange

0

708

Not

Character

Light Green

1

709

norms

lly

Character

Blue

2

710

used

Character

Red

3

711

Character

Black

4

712

Background.

Border

Table 1 continues on the next page.

196 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Default

SETCOLOR

POKE

COLOR

Mode

Colors

(n)

address

(n)

Description

GRAPHICS 3, 5, & 7

ANTIC E

(four colors)

Orange

0

708

1

Pixel

Light Green

1

709

2

Pixel

Blue

2

710

3

Pixel

Black

4

712

0

Pixel (Background, Border)

GRAPHICS 4 & 6

ANTIC C

(two colors)

Orange

0

708

1

Pixel

Black

4

712

0

Pixel (Background, Border)

GRAPHICS 8

(one hue; two luminances)

Light Blue

1

709

1

Pixel luminance(uses same hue as background)

Dark Blue

2

710

0

Pixel (Background)

Black

4

712

Border

GRAPHICS 9

(GTIA mode; one hue; 16

Black

4

712

0

Pixel (Background, Border)

luminances; change hue with

—

—

1

Pixel

SETCOLOR 4, hue, 0 or POKE 712,

—

—

2

Pixel

hue)

—

—

3

Pixel

Dark Gray

—

—

4

Pixel

—

—

5

Pixel

—

—

6

Pixel

—

—

7

Pixel

Gray

—

—

8

Pixel

—

—

9

Pixel

—

—

10

Pixel

—

—

11

Pixel

Light Gray

—

—

12

Pixel

—

—

13

Pixel

—

—

14

Pixel

White

—

—

15

Pixel

GRAPHICS 10

(GTIA mode; nine colors)

Black

—

704

0

Pixel (Background, Border)

Black

—

705

1

Pixel

Black

—

706

2

Pixel

Black

—

707

3

Pixel

Orange

0

708

4

Pixel

Light Green

1

709

5

Pixel

Blue

2

710

6

Pixel

Red

3

711

7

Pixel

Black

4

712

8

Pixel

GRAPHICS 11

(GTIA mode; one luminance;

Black

4

712

0

Pixel (Background, Border)

16 hues; change luminance with

Light Orange

—

—

1

Pixel

SETCOLOR 4, 0, lum or POKE 712,

(Gold)

lum)

Orange

—

—

2

Pixel

Red-Orange

—

—

3

Pixel

Pink

—

—

4

Pixel

Purple

—

—

5

Pixel

Purple-Blue

—

—

6

Pixel

Azure Blue

—

—

7

Pixel

Sky Blue

—

—

8

Pixel

Light Blue

—

—

9

Pixel

Turquoise

—

—

10

Pixel

Green-Blue

—

—

11

Pixel

Green

—

—

12

Pixel

Yellow-Green

—

—

13

Pixel

Orange-Green

—

—

14

Pixel

Light Orange

—

—

15

Pixel

Table 1: The color registers available

n each of the Atari graphics modes. For each

color register, there is a default color, a value

for the SETCOLOR command (SETCOLOR n, hue, lum), an address for the POKE

command,

a value for the COLOR command

(COLOR n), and a general description

of how the color register is used.

Note that GRAPHICS 9, 10, and 11 are available only on

machines equipped with a GTIA chip.

ANTIC modes are additional grt,

phics modes that can b

? set up by creating custom display

lists, but are not supported by the Atari operating system.

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 197

You have a computer program that's your

\\v

The newBell & HowellVCR interface

f

lets you add videotape toyour computer training oreducational programs. Thecard makes the com-puter trulyinteractivewith the VCRto emphasizepoints, review, andstimulate through sightand sound.

The VCR interface card

plugs rightinto your Bell& Howell orApple II Plus1 micro-computer. Switch betweencomputer video or VCRvideo and between twoaudio inputs. Control allVCR control functions fromthe computer keyboard.

Ask us about other Bell &Howell products, too.

Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

198 BYTE November 1982

This new VCR inter face makes watching it a

Including 48Kmicro-computers andsoftware packages foreducation and business.

Send us the coupon or call1-800-323-4338 (in AreaCode 312, call 673-3300).We'll show you how to havepride and joy in yourcomputing. (VCR interfacefor Sony SLO-323 orPanasonic NV-8200 only.)

Bell&Hdluell

Interactive Communications DivisionsATTN: Marketing Services Dept.

7100 N. McCormick Road, Chicago, IL 60645

□ Send information on the new VCR interface card.

AREA CODE PHONE

'Bell & Howell" is a trademark o( Bell & Howell Company. «1982 Bell & Howell Company. All i'ishts

Circle 49 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982 199

Photo 1: An example of the default colors used inGRAPHICS 3 mode of the Atari 400/800.

the

surrounding the canvas and cannot be drawn on. The"playfield pixels" (any pixel that is plotted with a non-background color register) are last. Each group of plottedpoints using a specific color register is considered to be aseparate playfield. For example, look in the table for thesection on GRAPHICS 3. Registers 0, 1, and 2 each con-trol the color of playfields 0, 1, and 2, respectively.Register 4 controls the background of the screen and theborder (thus, in this mode the background's color cannotbe controlled separately from the border's color). Noticethat register 4 can also control a pixel; however, this isnot a playfield pixel, but a background pixel. Think ofplotting with a background color register as removing theplayfield pixels so that the background color showsthrough again.

Using the default colors. At first glance, this table mayseem somewhat overwhelming. To help you out, let'slook at a few examples. Suppose you want to useGRAPHICS 3. Drawings done in this mode have a verycoarse resolution of 40 by 24 pixels. The Magic PaintStore owner (i.e., the Atari operating system) was kindenough to fill some of his buckets when he first openedthe store. These are called the default colors and can beselected for drawing with the COLOR command. If youwanted to use only these default colors, you can ignorethe SETCOLOR and POKE columns because these colorsare automatically placed in the color registers when thecomputer is first turned on or System Reset is pressed. Touse the table, first choose a color from the Default Colorcolumn, light green, for example. Look across to theCOLOR column and you'll find a 2. Therefore, the com-mand COLOR 2 selects the bucket filled with light-greenpaint.

To place a light-green pixel at 10,8 (x,y), you would ex-ecute the following statements:

10 GRAPHICS 3-20 COLOR 230 PLOT 10,8200 GOTO 200

16 : REM Full-screen mode: REM Choose your bucket

: REM Stay in GRAPHICS 3

To return to GRAPHICS 0, merely press Break. Notethat the full-screen mode is being used (16 is added to themode number). This means that no text window will beat the bottom of the screen. Try temporarily removingline 200 and see what happens when you run this pro-gram. The screen flashes to black, the pixel is plotted,and before you get to look at it, the blue GRAPHICS 0screen has reappeared. At the end of a program that usesa full-screen graphics mode, the OS will automaticallyswitch back to GRAPHICS 0. Line 200 is added to pre-vent this from happening until you press the Break but-ton and exit the program.

To draw an orange line across the screen from thislight-green dot, add the following lines:

40 COLOR 1

50 DRAWTO 29,8

: REM Choose another bucket

And now use one more color register available in thismode. This one is filled with blue:

60 COLOR 370 PLOT 30,8

: REM One more bucket

To erase a pixel, choose the background color (whichalways happens to be COLOR 0):

80 COLOR 090 PLOT 20,8

: REM Select background color

The screen will now look like that shown in photo 1.

Using the SETCOLOR Command

Now that we understand the use of the default colors,let's see what else is available to us. The Atari computerhas 16 different hues from which to choose, and each onecan be displayed in any of 8 levels of brightness orluminance (16 hues X 8 luminances = 128 colors). TheBASIC command to change a color in a color register is

SETCOLOR n,hue,lum

where n is the value of the color register chosen from theSETCOLOR column in table 1, hue is a number from 0 to15 that controls the hue, and lum is an even number from0 to 14 (0,2,4, ... 14) that controls the luminance of thecolor (the odd lum values have the same effect as the nextlowest even value; i.e., lum = l and lum=0 have thesame effect). Table 2 lists the different hues available onthe Atari.

Let's look at a few examples to see how the luminancevalue combines with the hue to instantly produce a newcolor. Try the SETCOLOR commands in table 3 while inGRAPHICS 0 to change the color of the border (just typethem in direct mode). With a little experimentation,you'll be able to produce almost any color you wish.

Now let's have a little fun! Add the following lines tothe last program you entered. (Note: All our listings have

200 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

REM Change to RedREM Change to Green

REM Pause

REM Change to Black

REM Change to Black

been structured for easier reading. FOR-NEXT loops andIF-THEN statements are indented and each statement isprinted on a new line. Don't try to enter this structure in-to your programs, however.)

80 COLOR 1 : REM Choose Bucket 1 again

90 PLOT 20,5:PLOT 20,6100 PLOT 19,7:

DRAWTO 21,7110 PLOT 19,9:

DRAWTO 21,9120 SETCOLOR 1,3,6130 SETCOLOR 2,12,6140 FOR 1 = 1 TO 50:

NEXT I150 SETCOLOR 1,0,0160 SETCOLOR 2,0,0170 FOR 1 = 1 TO 400180 IFRND(0)*20<1THENSETCOLOR 4,0,14:

SETCOLOR 4,0,0 : REM Random lightning flash190 NEXT I200 GOTO 120

When you execute this program, you will see a crudeairplane heading toward you with red and green lightsblinking at the tips of its wings. Every so often, thebackground will flash as if the plane were flying througha lightning storm.

Lines 120-130 turn on the wing lights. After a pause,lines 150-160 turn them off. SETCOLOR 1 changes thecolor of the pixel plotted with COLOR 2, and SET-COLOR 2 changes the pixel plotted with COLOR 3. (Ifthis seems a little confusing, refer back to table 1 to seethe relationship between the SETCOLOR and COLORcommands.)

If the value of the random number expression on line180 is less than 1 (1 chance in 20, or 5 percent), the light-ning is turned on and off by setting the background colorregister first to white and then immediately back toblack. As you can see in table 1, SETCOLOR 4 controlsthe screen background.

We could have created the blinking wing lights byreplotting the tips with the background color. Thistechnique executes much more slowly than one thatchanges just the color registers. Although we don't needthe speed in this case, the effect would be slightly dif-ferent. Notice that during the lightning flash the darkenedwing lights are silhouetted against the sky. This effectcould not be easily duplicated on a computer without col-or registers.

Using POKEs to Change Colors

Referring back to table 1, you'll notice the POKE col-umn. Each color register has an address in memoryassociated with it. The value in the color register can bechanged by using a POKE command to put a new valueinto this address. In GRAPHICS 10, the only way to

Value for

Hue

SETCOLOR Command {hue)

Gray

0

Light Orange (Gold)

1

Orange

2

Red-Orange

3

Pink (Magenta)

4

Purple

5

Purple-Blue

6

Azure Blue (Cyan)

7

Sky Blue

8

Light Blue

9

Turquoise

10

Green-Blue

11

Green

12

Yellow-Green

13

Orange-Green

14

Light Orange

15

Table 2: The hues available

on the Atari 400/800 and their

corresponding values to

be

used in the SETCOLOR com-

mand.

Command

SETCOLOR 4,SETCOLOR 4,SETCOLOR 4,SETCOLOR 4,SETCOLOR 4,SETCOLOR 4,

3, 12

Hue

Gray

Gray

Light Orange

Light Orange

Red-Orange

Red-Orange

Luminance Color Result

1404

124

12

WhiteBlackBrown

Bright YellowDeep RedFlesh

Table 3: Some examples of SETCOLOR commands and thecolors that result.

change the values in the first four color registers is withthe use of a POKE. To obtain the value to place into amemory location, take the hue value of the color andmultiply by 16, then add in the luminance value:

POKE addr, hue * 16 + luminance

In GRAPHICS 7, for example, the following twostatements would be equivalent:

SETCOLOR 0,4,8 POKE 708,72

To see why, first find the SETCOLOR 0 row forGRAPHICS 7 in table 1. Then move one column to theright to find the address 708. Multiply the hue in theabove SETCOLOR command by 16 (4X16 = 64), add theluminance value to it (64 + 8 = 72), and you have yourPOKE value. In many cases, you may want to use aPOKE command instead of SETCOLOR because POKEwill execute more rapidly. This is because it takes time forBASIC to do the necessary conversion fromSETCOLOR's hue and luminance values to a single valuethat it then puts into the proper address by using POKE.You speed up the process by precalculating the valuewhile you are writing your program. Then, you have

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 201

SECOND STEPBUCKET 1INTOBUCKET 0

Figure 1: An analogy showing how colors can be rotatedthrough color registers to simulate movement. In this case, paintis transferred from one bucket to another.

ECT

TM

A

Building Blocks

for Microcomputer

Systems, Dedicated

Controllers and

Test Equipment

S-100

64K

STATIC

RAM

ECT's 64K STATIC RAM is a low power fully static 64K x8 bit S-100 Bus Memory Board. 2716 EPROM's can beintermixed with the RAM's.

$479.00

Specializing in Quality Microcomputer Hardware™ Industrial • Educational • Small Business • PersonalCard Cages, Power Supplies, Mainframes, CPU's,Memory, 110, OEM Variations

ELECTRONIC CONTROL TECHNOLOGY, INC.

763 Ramsey Ave., Hillside, NJ 07205 (201) 686-8080

BASIC just use POKE to place it in during execution.

This technique can be used to rapidly flash thebackground when simulating an explosion with thefollowing line:

100 FOR 1 = 1 TO 10:

POKE 712, RND(0)*255:NEXT I:POKE 712,0: REM Flash background

This line selects 10 random colors to flash on thebackground and then resets the background color toblack.

Now type in the following short program and see whathappens:

10 GRAPHICS 3 + 16

20 FOR 1 = 0 TO 254 STEP 2

30 POKE 712, I

50 NEXT I60 GOTO 20

: REM Step throughevery color: REM Change back-ground color

When you run it, your screen will flash through all thecolors so quickly that you will hardly be able to see them.Add the following line to slow it down to human speeds:

40 FORW = lTO50:NEXT W

Try doing this trick without color registers!

Thus, color registers can be used to rapidly change por-tions of the screen with a simple SETCOLOR or POKE.But what purpose do they serve for animation? Next, thereal power of color registers will be explored in twoamazing demonstration programs.

Creating Motion with Color Registers

With careful planning, the ability to change the colorof a specific area on the screen instantaneously can beused to create the effect of high-speed motion withoutresorting to assembly-language programming.

To understand how to create motion using color reg-isters, consider our paint store analogy again. It had ninepaint buckets numbered from 0 to 8, each filled with adifferent color. Now, let's add a temporary paint traycalled TEMP. We are going to use the nine buckets andthe tray to play "pass the colors" (see figure 1). First,empty the paint contained in Bucket 0 into the temporarytray. Then pour Bucket l's contents into the now emptyBucket 0. Next, pour the paint in Bucket 2 into Bucket 1.Continue passing the colors until Bucket 8 is emptied intoBucket 7. No more buckets are left with which to fillBucket 8. Stored in TEMP, however, we still have thepaint that first filled Bucket 0. So we take the paint inTEMP and empty it into Bucket 8. Then we go back tothe very first step and empty the paint now in Bucket 0into TEMP (this is called a "bucket brigade" in elec-

202 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 175 on inquiry card.

Prof Time Accounting

General Subroutine

Application Utilities

DIGITAL RESEARCH

CP/M 2 2NprthStar. .TRS-80 Model II

(P+T)

Micropohs

• CP/M-lntel MDS

PL/1-80

BT-80

MAC

RMAC

Sid

Z-Sid

Tex

DeSpool

CB-80

CBasic-2

Lmk-80

FOX&GELLERs QuickscreenS Ouickcode^dulil

SS49/S405269/540$439/140

MICRO-AP-

S- Basic

Selector IV

Selector V

MICRO DATA BASE SYSTEMS

5149/525

S159/S35

S175/S25

$135

$459/$35

$179/S30

$ 85/$ 15

$179

$ 65/$ 15

$ 90/515

$ 90/$15

$ 49/$10

5459/$35

5 98/S20

$ 90/$10

$135/$na$265/$na$ 65/$na

$269/$25$295/$355495/$50

HDBS

$269/$35

MDBS

$795/540

DRSorQRSorRTL

$269/S10

MDBS PKG

51999/560

MICROPRO"

WordStar

5289/560

Customization Notes

5449/Sna

Mail-Merge

5 99/S25

WordStar/Mail-Merge

S369/S85

DataStar

S249/S60

WordMaster

5 119/540

SuperSort I

S199/S40

Spell Star

$175/540

CalcStar

5259'Sna

MICROSOFT

Basic-80

Basic Compiler

Fortran-80

Cobol-80

M-Sort

Macro-80

Edit-80

MuSimp/MuMalh

MuLisp-80

$298$329$349558951755144$ 84$224$174

OWER PRICES,COME HELL ORHIGH WATER.

U

I'll match any advertised price on any item you want tobuy from us. And if—Heaven forbid!—you find a lowerprice on what you bought within 30 days, just show methe ad and I'll refund the difference. JJ

-Old Nick forDISCOUNT SOFTWARE

FPL: Bus. Planner

$595

MANUALONLY

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

MedicallPAS-3: $849/$40

Dental (PAS-3) $849/$40

ASYST DESIGN/FRONTIER

ORGANIC SOFTWARE

TextWriter III $111/$25

DateBook II $269/$25

Milestone $269/$30

OSBORNE" (McGraw/Hill)

General Ledger

Acct Rec/Acct Pay

Payroll w/Cost

All 3

All 3 + CBASIC-2*<• Enhanced Osborne

(vandatta)

(Includes CBasic). .

PEACHTREE

General Ledger

Acct Receivable

Acct Payable

Payroll

Inventory

Surveyor

Property Mgt

CPA Client Wrile-up

PB Version

MagiCalc^ Peach Pak" Series 4

Other

59/$20$ 59/5205 59/520$129/$605199/575

$399/$40

$399/5405399/5405399/540$399/$40$399/$40$799/$40S799/S40Add $231$269/52551195/$naless 10"c

STAR COMPUTER SYSTEMS

G'/L. A/R, A/R Pay 5 359

All 4 .51129

Legal Time Billing $ 849

Property Mngmt $ 849

STRUCTURED SYSTEMS'

Business Packages,

Call for Price

SORCIM-

SuperCalc

Trans 86

Act

SUPERSOFT-

Ada

Diagnostic I

Diagnostic II

Disk Doctor

Forth (8080orZ80)

Fortran

Fortran w/Ratfor

C Compiler

Star Edit

Scratch Pad

StatsGraph

Analiza il

Dataview

Disk Edit

Encode/Decode II

Optimizer

Super M List

Te'm II

Zap Z-8000

Utilities I

Utilities II

$269/Sna

$115

5157

$270/Sna5 49/S20$ 84'5 20$ 89/$205149/5255219/5305289/5355225/520$189/530$266/515S174/S15$ 45/$na5174/515$ 89'$ 155 84/515$174/$15$ 68/$ 15$179/$ 15$450/$ 15$ 54/$na5 54/5na

ACCOUNTING PLUS

1 Module $385/5na

4 Modules 51255/$na

All 8 $4500/$na

TCS

GLor ARorAPoi Pay $ 79/$25

AIM $269/$99

Inventory $ 79/$25

Complied each 5 99/$25

UNICORN-

Mince $149/$25

Scribble S149/S25

Both $249/550

The Final Word S270/525

WHITESMITHS

C CompilerPascal unci "C )

PASCAL"Pascal/MT+ PkgCompilerSp ProgPascal/ZPascal/UCSD 4 0Pascal/MTiny Pascal

DATA BASE

FMS-80dBASE IICondor IIFMS-81

WORD PROCESSING

WordSearch

SpellGuard

Peachtext

Magic Spell

Spell Binder

Select

The Words The Word Plus^Palantier-I (WPi

COMMUNICATIONS

^ Ascom■^ BSTAM^ BSTMSs Crosstalk** Move-it

OTHER GOODIES

Micro Plan 5419/Sna

Plan 80 5269/530

Target (Interchange) 5125/530

Target (Planner) 5189/530

Target (Task) $299/$30

Plannercalc $ 50

Tiny C $ 89/$50

Tiny C Compiler 5229/$50

Nevada Cobol 5179/525

MicroStat S224/525

Vedit $130/515

MmiModel 5449/$50

StalPak $449/$40

Micro B-f- $229/$20

Raid $224/$35

String/80 $ 84/$20

String/80 (source) 5279/Sna

ISIS CP/M Utility 5199/550

Lynx 5199/520

Supervyz . . 5 95/$na

CP/M Power . 5 75/5na

Mathe Magic $ 95/Sna

^ CIS COBOL 5765/Sna

V ZIP MBASIC, CBASIC 5129/512

Real Estate Analysis 5116/Sna

5600'530$850/$45

$449/530

5315

5175

S349/530

$670/550

$355/$20

$ 76/515

5894/5455595/550$535/550$445/$na

5179/S50$229/526S289/545$269/$25$349/5455495/Sna$ 65/$na$145/$na$385/$na

$149/$15$149/Sna5149/Sna$139/$na$ 89/$na

BRODERBUND

G/L(with A/P)

Payroll

INFO UNLIMITED"

EasyWriter (Prof)Datadex

EasyMailer (Prof)Other . .

MICROSOFT"Softcard (Z-80 CP/M)

Fortran

Cobol

Tasc.

Premium Package

MICROPRO-

Wordstar

MailMerge

Wordstar/Mail Merge

SuperSort I

Spellstar

CalcStar

DataStar

$444$355

$155$129$134/575less 15%

$298$179$499$139$699

5269/5605 99/525$349/585$159/$40$129/$40$175/$40$265/560

JBESEgEEH

WORD PROCESSING

IBM PC

Wordstar

Mailmerge

Easywriter.

Easyspeller

Select/Superspell

Write On

Spellguard

(also available for

8" 8086 systems)

SPLaw

(lor Spellguard)Textwriler IIISpellbinderF.nal Word

LANGUAGE UTILITIES

IBM PC

Crosstalk

BSTAM

BSTMS

52895109$314$159$5355116

$229

5115$18953495270

$17451495149

PERSONAL SOFTWARE/VISICORP-

Visicalc 3 3 $219

Desktop/Plan II $219

Visiterm $ 90

Visidex . . . . 5219

Visiplot 5180

Visitrend/Visiplot S259

Visifile 5219

S Visischedule $259PEACHTREEG/L. A/R. A/P, Payor

Inventory (each) $224/$40

v Peach Pack P40 • . $795

v- SOFTWARE DIMENSIONS, INC.

Accounting Plus II,

G/L, ARAR or

Inventory leach) $385/$na

[Needs G/L to run)

OTHER GOODIES"

Super-Text IIData Factory

DB Master

Versaform VS1VH1

512751345184$350$445

8' 16-BIT SYSTEMS

>-- Pascal MT+/86.SSP $765

CBasic 86 S294

Pascal M/86 5445

Act 86 $157

Trans 86 5115

XLT86 513516-BIT 8" AND DISPLAYWRITER

CP/M 86 5294

MP/M 86 $585

OTHERS

IBM PC

SuperCalc S269

VisiCalc $219

Easyfiler S359

Mathemagic 5 89

CP/M Power 5 65

Condor 21 $265/535

Condor 22. $535/535

Condor 23 S895/S35

Condor20Q $175/$na

Condor 20R $265/$na

Statpak $449/540

Optimizer 5174/Sna

Desktop Plan II 5219

Desktop Plan III 5259

Visidex $219

Visitrend S259TCS G/L. A/R, A/P.

Pay. Inventory

(requires 128K

RAM) each 5129

Entire Package $450

Many others available for usewith the Baby Blue Board""8" 16-BIT SOFTWARE

SuperCalc . . $269

CP'M Power $ 65

ORDERS ONLY-CALL TOLL FREE-VISA-MASTERCHARGE1-800-421-4003 • Calif. 1-800-252-4092

Outside Continental U.S.—add $10 plus Air Parcel Post • Add $3.50

postage and handling per each item • California residents add 6V?%

sales tax ■ Allow 2 weeks on checks, C.O.D. $3,00 extra • Prices

subject to change without notice ■ All items subject to availability

• (fij — Mfr. trademark —Blue Label $3,00 additional per item.

CP/M is a registered trademark of DIGITAL RESEARCH, INC.

SOFTWARE

THE ULTIMATE SOFTWARE PLAN

GOT A QUESTION?CALL OUR HOT LINE: 213-837-5141.THE DISCOUNT SOFTWARE GROUP

6520 Selma Ave.. Suite 309 ■ Los Angeles. CA 9002e

• (213)837-5141 • In't TELEX 499-0446 DISCSOFT LSA

• USA TELEX 194-634 (Attn: 499-0446)

• TWX 910-321-3597 (Attn: 499-0446)

Circle 158 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982

203

g->gfcgyfggggjggs&: ^gsg[f<»

ggjjg™^

y .^^^^»'^t^/}^^:^»^^<g^^^^<^^^/»^•^.,l

S^giMHEy&gS

SHOP FROM THE CONVENIENCE OF YOUR HOME OR OFFICEWITH THE BIGGEST SELECTION YOU CAN GET YOUR HANDS ON . . .

CALL OR WRITE FOR OUR SPECIAL CHRISTMAS CATALOG!!IBMP/C • APPLE • ATARI • NEC • COLUMBIA DATA •VIC 20 • BASIS 108 • FRANKLIN ACE •

COMBO CATALOG • PRINTERS Circle 114 on inquiry card

ORDER TOLL-FREE" 1-800-854-2833

IBM-IE

i j

ACCESSORIES

APPARAT

Prom Blaster 129

Combo Card 229

Clock Calendar 109

Spool/64 (Parallel)... 299

AST

Combo Plus 64K.... 439

Combo Plus 128K... 599

Combo Plus 192K... 769

ComboPlus256K... 939QUALITY COMP.

Big Blue 499

MICROTEK

64 K w/Parity 249

128Kw/Parity 359

192Kw/Parity....... 539

256Kw/Parity 679

DAVONG5 Meg Hard Disk ...1569

64K Mem. Expan ... 269

192KMem.Expan... 499

256K Mem. Expan... 599

QUADRAM

Quadboard64K .... 399

Quadboard 128K... 549

Quadboard 192K... 639

Quadboard 256K... 679

Microlazer 16K (Par) 169

Microfazer 64K (Par 209

Par.lnt.Card(8'cable) 109

SEATTLE

64KRam+* 359

128K Ram+* 439

192K Ram+* 549

256K Ram+* 629

•Flash Disk IncludedAMDEK

3" Micro Drives 789

Color II 749

Color III 439

XEDEX

Baby Blue CP/M.... 489

Baby Blue Ram Plus 679

PERSVST

Spectrum Series..ASYNCCommun.

.CALL.CALL

DATAMAC

6 Meg Hard Disk ...224912 Meg Hard Disk... 249518 Meg Hard Disk... 2989

DC-1 Disk Cntr 1319

MICROSOFT

64K 259

256K 659

TECMAR

Expansion Chassis... 789

Scribe Tender 169

Scribe Master 339

Device Master 199

Disk. Cntr, & Chassis2499

SOFTWARE

Visicalc (256K) 189

Word Star 249

Mail Merge 88

Peachtree Pkgs .... CALL

Volks Writer 149

Super Calc 217

Easy Writer II 258

Home Acct. Plus.... 109CP/M-86 by Cmpview 299Vedit by Cmpview... 129Vedit-86 by Cmpview 199

The Programmer 369

CP/M-86 by Digital... 279Basic-80byMSoft... 297Fortran-80 by MSott 419M/Sort by MSoft.... 159

Easy by Denver 543

Mathemagic by ISM 69

Zork I or II.

Deadline

Everest Explorer..

Call For Free Catalog

PC-6001 c

Features: Color • Sound • 71 Key KgytCTrLi.

• 10 Function KeysThe Computer you've been waitin

10 Function Keysyou'Education and Fun

ACCESSORIES Available include:

• Expansion Unit

• Touch Panel

• PrinterSOFTWARE

• Music Editor

• Graph Generator

• Othello-And More!

11 "

PC-8001

COLUMBIA

DATA PRODUCTS, INC.

HE MULTI-PERSONAL

•v/

By Columbia can use Softwareand Hardware originally intendedfor the IBM® PIC. . .

Logon by Ferox 129

Fastscreen by Cu... 73

The Organizer 209

Crosstalk 169

E.O.Q. by Execuware 139

Fin. Anyl. Pack 229

Spell Guard by ISA... 219

Spell Guard (Law)... 99

Tax Manager 189

DeskTop Plan I .... 239

Visitrend/Visiplot.... 239

Visidex 199

Joystick by TG 49

Frogger 27

Lost Colony..

24283817

• 8088 Processor

• 128K RAM

• Two RS-232 Serial Ports

• Centronics Parallel Port

• 8 Expansion Slots

• Dual Floppies with 1 Meg *Storage

This exciting entrant to the IBMPIC compatables is lower priced ascompared to . . .

CALL FOR PRICE AND

INFORMATION NOW

1-800-854-2833

FREE* SHIPPING

>v

&KAYCOMP II

C) K*""" By Non-Linear Systems

The totally portable, powerful and profitablecomputer for your home or office.

• Z-80 • 64KRam • two 5'/«" floppy-disc drives(double density) • 9" video display (80 col.)

• RS-232C • Parallel Printer • Interface

SOFTWARE INCLUDED!

• CP/M" 2.2 • SBASIC" • SELECT"wordprocessor • PROFITPLAN™ spreadsheetprogram • UTILYZE"" menu-driven CP

ing lorl Home, Business,

L

PC-8001 719

PC-8012 I/O 549

The Wedge 489

PC-8031 Dual Drives 718

CP/M 139

1260 Green Monitor 129

Call For Catalog

A T* A W% I

r\ I r\ril

400 16K 264

800 16K 649

410 Recorder 77

810 Disk Drive 439

825 Printer 639

830 Modem 159

850 Interface 159

Full-View 80 279

Joystick (Pair) 18

48Kby Intek 189

32K by Microtek 99

16K by Microtek 69

Epson Cable 34

Ram Cram 109

Ram Disk 429

The Bookkeeper 1 94

The Entertainer 69

The Educator 124

The Programmer 56

The Communicator... 334

PacMan" 33

Mouskattack 26

Chopllfter 27

Frogger 27

Gorf. 33

Microsoft Basic 69

Word Processor 109

Visicalc 189

Call For Free Catalog*$25.00 il Purchased with 400 or 800

^s commodore

Dataset 64

Disk Drive 469

Graphic Printer 328

8K Mem. Expander... 3916K Mem. Expander 7524K Mem. Expander 139

RS232 Card 39

IEEE-488Card 69

VIC-20 vjv^M

HARDWARE *0>

Super Expandft'Y'. 49Programmers Atd Cart 44

VIcMon 43

Pro. Ref. Guide 14

Joystick 8

3 Slot Expander 29

Modem 95

Centronics Cable 69

NEW

6 Slot Expander. 9S

40 Col. 8K Board 10S

Afron Expan. Chaaala 19£

Vldao Pak (40/80 col. 16K) 22E

Video Pak (40/80 col. 64K) 31S

Wlco Joystick Dalux 37*

Wlco Trackball 59*

6 Slot (Soft. Select) 119

Modem (Auto Ans/Dial)*. 129

NEW FROM COMPUTER SPECIALTIES

Vic Education Pak 43!

Vic Small Business Pak 44!

Vic Home Computer Pak 42!

Vic Communications Pak 45!

ON

Spiders ot Mars

Robot Blasters

Meteor Run

Sattelites& Meteors...

Amok

Alien Blitz

Radar Rat Race

Sargon II

Trashman

Biackhole

Gorf

Turtle Graphics

CARTRIDGE

36 Outworld 2

30 Adventure Land 2

36 Pirate Cove 2

36 Mission Impossible... 2'

29 The Count 2!

29 Voodo Castle 2!

23 Astro Blitz 31

33 Wizard ol Wor 2

' 35 Dogpalch 2

35 Pinball Spectacular... 223 Super Alien 2:

36 Vic Fourth ... 6

ON TAPE

Vicalc 11

Bill Payer 14

Vic 6 Paks 44

Vic Trek CALL

Hsehold Fin. Pack ... 2

Vic Journal 2!

Rec/EDPacklorll.... 1!

Un-Word Proc 1!

C\V COMMODORE64"APPLE LOADER"ORDER NOW —

IEEE For 64 8!

RS232 For 64 5!

Auto Ans/Dial Modem 12'

• Works with Commodore 64Call for Vic-20 and CBM-64 Catalog

OKIDATAML80Configured to Vic - 20

• 80 CPS• 7X9• 64 Block Shapes

Sale Price $399.00

T£#iZ"

Z-89-81 (48K • 1S 100K Drive) 216C

Z-90-82J64K • 1D 160K Drive) 2369

NEW

Z-100 CALl

13" RGB Color 59S

:^^;.^^*^^:.^*^Vr^^*/^^^^^'^xS3^•."w:•^J^.:

:ierx*£'&r.*&'d£i1** 'ttSJtfr.Vfci

Vjgfl^. gaggSgKg^jtg^g

*£i^>*-.i(£?Stt»A:;

APPLE COMPATIBLESOFTWARE

CP/M®* SOFTWARE

3asic Interpreter'.™. CALL3asic Compiler by MS289;obol-80 by Microsoft.539;ortran-80 by Microsofll 46

A/ord Star 196

\rtail Merge 69

Spell Star 109

Data Star 166

Dale Star 109

Supercalc 212

J Base 11 by Ashton-tate4943/L by Peachtree... CALLVR by Peachtree... CALL

'eachcalc CALL

Duickcode 239

PFS by Soft Pub. Corp 69

Visifile by Visicorp 184

Visitrd/VisipltbyVisicorpI 96

PFS: Report 69

DB Master 164

PFS: Graph 89

Desktop Plan 184

Wall Streeterby M.I 219

GraphMagicbylSM... 62TargetPlannerCalc... 36Math Magic by ISM... 63Home Acct. by Cont... 56

UCSD P-System 468

ENTERTAINMENTCastle Woltenstein ... 19

ax Preparer '82 109 Flight Simulator 26

leal Estate Analyzer. ..139 Sargon II 25

3ag of Tricks 29 Southern Command... 43

toom Graphix 27 Deadline 34

Special Effects 27 Time Zone 79

software &bkul„Spy:::::::::::: i

Screen Writer II 103 Knightof Diamonds... 25

vtagic Window 69 Wizardry 37

SuperText II by Muse 118 Atlantis 29

\ppleSpellerbySensible 56 Crush, Crumble, Chomp 23

Exec Secretary byS.S. 189 Snack Attack 22

=ro. EasyWriterbylUS129 Pinball: Nite Mission 25

.etterPRFTw/mailmergel 09 Frogger 24

Vord Handler 147 Davids Midnight Magic 26

Seneral Manager 109 Apple Panic 21

/isicalc by Visicorp... 183 Mouskattack 24

Choplifter 24

Call For Free Catalog•CP/M is a Registered Trademark

APPLE IS A REGISTERED TRADEMARK

APPLE COMPATIBLEACCESSORIES

DISK DRIVES

al 35/80 Drive by Fourth CALL

Der Drive by Fourth 299

e One by Fiana 367

e Two by Rana 539

by Micro-Sci 379

0 by Micro-Scl 359

by Micro-Sci. CALL

Drives by Amdek 749

MONITORS

Fourth Drive 299

Fourth Controller 89

Rana Elite One 359

Rana Controller 99

Micro Sci A-2 349

Micro Sci A-40 349

Micro Sci A-70 489

3" Drlvet by Amd»k 749Vista Slim Line 8"... CALL8" CNTRL by Vlttt 49916KRam(2yrWNTY) 59

32K by Saturn 199

AIO II 189

CCS 771 0A 129

CPSMulti-FuncbyMtn169

Micro Modem II* 278

Smart Modem 229

Hayes 1200 Baud... 539

Enhancer II 124

Microbufferll(16K)...209Microbufferll(32K) ...229Num. Keypad (23 Key) 11 5Disk Emulator (294 K) 799

Sup R Mod 29

WicoJoystickDelux... 37

Vista Vision 80 269

ALF9 Voice 149

Pkasso by IS CALL

Premium Pak by M.S. 528AD+ DA by Mtn(nocable)269

Apple Cat II 339

Wliard - BPO 149

Wizard - SOB 219

Thunder Clock/Cal... 119

Sooper Spooler (16K) 299Z-80by Microsoft.... 248Videoterm (80 col.)... 244Signalman Modem... 89Synergy Card by Spiesl 69RGB by Electrohome 159Parallel Card (6' cable) 69

Z-Card byALS 189

Ver-n Card 169

TheQrapplarPlua.119

Joystick by TG 46

In Fone CALL

The Mill 319

LowerCase 29

Expan Chassis by Mtn 539Winchester Hard Disk CALLAppll-Card 4MZ .... 339

Appll-Card6MZ 429

Strobe Plotter 659

Syatam Saver 69

Amber Monltorby USI1 79Function Strip by Videx 59BubblaMembyMPCCALLApp-L-Cache256K...989Wico Apple Trackball 69

Smarterm 80 Col 288

16 Voice by Mtn. Hard 2978088 Card by ALF ... 295Synarglz»rPackbyALS579212 Apple-Cat II 619TheClockbyMtnHard219Voice Box(w/firmware)149The Dumpling-GX.... 129

Apple II software & hardware compatable> 64K of RAM memory• Upper and lower case• Typewriter-style keyboard• Twelve key numeric pad• Alpha lock shift key• VisiCalc friendly• 50 watt power supply• Built-in fan

BASIS 108

SPECIALS

Smart Modem* 1 200 by Hayes 549

Grappler+ 119

5%" Super Drive by Fourth 299

Micropnsm (80 col) by IDS 629

16K Ram (2 yr. warranty) 63

THE ALTERNATIVE

6502 and Z80 Microprocessors

64K RAM, expandable to 128K

RGB and Composite Video Output

Selectable 80 or 40 column text display

High Resolution Graphics: 6 colors, 280 x 192 or

280 x 160 with four lines of text

8 bit Parallel I/O • RS-232c Serial I/O

Detached Keyboard: All standard keyboard functions

Upper/Lower case characters, Numeric keypad,

Cursor block, and 15 Programmable special function keys

Built-in mounting for two 5% inch floppy disk drives

Six Apple compatible slots for plug-in

peripherals • Game paddle I/O

TELEVIDEO

1910 578

1910 Plus 589

1912 719

I925C 789

I950C 989

ADDS

iwpoint A-1 559

iwpoint A-2 CALL

iwpoinl 160 749

ZENITH

9-CN .•1-A ...

.729.599

it

THE PRINT

TERMINALS

NEC ELECTROHOME

13"RGB(med.res.)...38913"RGB(highres.)....749

.129.329.789

iB 126012" Green .IB 1201 12" Color.2" RGB (Hi-Res) ..

AMDEK

'ideo300 159

;olor I 339

Solor II 759

;oior III 439

DVM Board 139

USI

Amber Screen 12" ...169

COMREX

13" Color (composite) 34913"Color(RGB/IBMp/c)529

OKI DATA

Microline 80 (Parallel) 359

Microline 82A (Bi-Directional) 439

Microline 83A 729

Microline 84 (Parallel) 1095

Microline 84 (Serial) 1195

NEC

7710 2349

7715 2399

7720 2799

7725 2895

351 0 EX CALL

PC-8023A 489

ANADEX

DP-9500 A 1399

DP-9501 A 1399

IDS

Microprism (80 column) 629

Prism 132 (incl.sheetfeed graphics, sprint, color) 1649

COMREX

CR-1 -S (2K Serial) 869

CR-1 -C (2 K Centronics) 839

Diablo

qi-|

630...

DIABLO

.2219

EPSON

MX-80 CALL

MX-80 F/T CALL

MX-1 00 CALL

C. ITOH

F-10 Printmaster (Parallel, 55 cps) 1789

F-10 Printmaster (Serial, 55 cps) 1789

Prowriter 8510 AP (Parallel) 439

Prowriter 8510 ACD (Serial 599

Prowriter II 1550 15" Parallel) 699

Prowriter II 1550(15" Serial) 749

QUME

9600/45 Full Panel 1995

SMITH-CORONA

TP-1 (Parallel) 648

TP-1 (Serial) 648

DISKETTES

SPECIAL SALE!

Box of 51/4" Disks

With 2 Year Warranty (SS/SD)

$33.99 Including Case

G^HjDOTBIP5

TO ORDER: Phone orders invited using Visa, Mastercard,American Express, or bank wire transfers. Visa, MC, andAmerican Express service charge of 2%. Mail orders maysend charge card number (include expiration dale), cashierscheck, money order, or personal check (allow 10 businessdays for personal or company checks lo clear). Please add3% ($5.00 minimum) for UPS shipping, handling, andinsurance. COD'S minimum $250.00 with $25.00deposit. All equipment is in factory cartons with manufac-turer warranty. Opened products not returnable. Restocking

fee for returned merchandise. Equipment subject to price

change and availability. Retail prices differ from mail order

prices. WE SHIP THE SAME DAY ON MOST ORDERS!

$40.00 min. purchase. "With prepaid cash orders

•Exclude certain printers & monitors & foreign orders.

Calif, residents add 6% State Tax,

For APO and FPO-add 10%($25.00 min.forpostage,Calif.

residents add 6% Sales Tax). Includephor i number, credit

cards not accepted.

Foreign Orders-include 3% handling, shipped airfreight

collect credit cards not accepted.

1251 BROADWAY EL CAJON.CA. 92021 (714) 579-0330

»<

Si

V.'

I1I

!i

*

I

553S*%Swi53S5i^^

^

9°

XV

**

Xe

Now Put The Power

p&

&

o«*

Of The 15lMi^FreeForm On YourComputer

How many times have you wanted a program that wouldinstantly let you create a database to enter, save, and retrieveinformation without having to spend hours figuring out how torun a structured data base management system? TheTMMP/FreeForm gives you an easy to use, powerful programthat can be used for appointment calendars, client andprospect lists, personal and business inventories, recipes,record and tape indexes ... the list goes on and on. Becausethe TMMP/FreeForm is written in optimized machine code anduses random files, it runs fast enough to be used in "real time"applications like telephone logs, price lists, and catalogs.

■ Electronic Index Cards

Stored Automatically in Alphabetical Order

■ Keywords

Any Word, Number, or Date on Cards for Lookup andPrinting

■ Built-in Screen Editor

Full Featured with Word Wrap

■ Wild Card Searches

For Card Title and/or Key Words

■ Hard Copy Options

Uses Standard Printer Paper or 3" by 5" Index andRolodex Cards

■ Professional Self-Training Tools

Fully Illustrated Manual, Video Tape Training Available

_ ,TM

WHAT IS THE TMM(^ SYSTEM?

The TOTAL MANAGEMENT/MARKETING PLANNINGsystem or TMMP/ is a fully integrated, screenoriented, software environment. Each powerful TMMP/software package can be used alone or a number ofTMMP/packages can be put together with theTMMP/Front-End to give you one integrated softwaresystem. The TMMP/standard also means that onceyou learn how to use one TMMP/software package,it's easy to learn any other TMMP/program. Forinstance, the key you use for "Insert" in oneTMMP/product is the same in all TMMP/productsand it is used the same way. The TMMP/"prompt box"allows quick and error free data entry with unique"help" screens that allow you to read "Help" withouterasing the information you're working on. Like data canbe transferred from one TMMP/package to another.For instance, information created with theTMMP/FreeForm can be directly accessed by theTMMP/Manager and TMMP/Manager data can beused directly by the TMMP/Calc to create electronicspread sheets! Excellent manuals, video tape trainingprograms; the list goes on and on. The TMMP/softwareis the new generation of software you've been waitingfor and is available for not only desk top computers, butalso supermicros and mini computers.

kfafe l^V

5023

r'NUED>

■ 12.35

■ 20

■ 20

Available from your local computer

dealer or order direct, postpaid, from

TUSC!

NOW! IBM-PC (PC/DOS)

NOW! IBM-PC (CP/M-86)

NOW! UniFLEX

NOW! CANON CX-1 (See your CANON Dealer)

NOW! CP/M8"Disk

(Other disk formats available

NOW! OS 9 $149.98

(Contact Smoke Signal or your Smoke Signal Dealer)

DECPDP/11 (RT-1DSOON

Others Call or Write

$149.98$149.98$198.98

$149.98

call or write)

TMMP/FreeForming Program

VHS or Beta FormatU-Matic Format

Video Tape Train-Si 50.00$1 70.00

Dealer Inquiries Invited

$1 49.38

TUSC C31 6) 684-5281

UnnJscMw.,. 2"31 EaSt D°U3laS

company Wichita, Kansas 67211

Master Card — Visa

TMMP/, TMMP/FreeForm, TMMP/Calc.TMMP/Manager, TMMP/Front-End, TMMP/Wnter.and TUSC logo are trademarks of the United SoftwareCompany CX-1 is a trademark of Canon Inc IBM PCDOS is a trade name of International Business MachinesInc CP/M and CP/M-86 are a registered trademarkof Digital Research Inc PDPandRT-11 are trademarksof Digital Equipment Corp. OS-9 is a trademark of Micro-ware. UniFLEX is a trademark of Technical SystemsConsultants Inc

206 BYTE November 1982

Circle 466 on inquiry card.

Listing 1: A program in Atari BASIC simulating movementthrough a Star Wars-like trench. The animation effect isachieved entirely through the use of color-register animation.Note that the listing has been structured for easy reading. Whenthe program is entered into the computer, normal Atari linestructures should be used.

10 HEM »»* THE TRENCH **-»

20 REM30 REM

40 REM Program to create the illusion of flying through a trench by rotating30 REM the Color Registers in GRAPHICS 760 REM Copyright (C) 1982 by David Foi and Mitchell Waite70 REM80 GOTO 20090 REM

100 REM Rotate- -the- Colors110 SOUND 3,255,0,8: REM Background roar (always on)120 REM If the trigger on PADDLE 0 is pressed, reverse the direction130 IF PTRIG(0)=1 THENTEMP=PEEK(710>!POKE710,PEEK<709>!POKE 709,PEEK<708>!POKE 708JEMP!GOTO 1501 REM Not pressed140 TEMP=PEEK<7081!

POKE 708,PEEK(709)1POKE709,PEEK(710)1POKE710.TEMP! REM Pressed150 PDL=PADDLE(0)/5! REM Speed and sound controlled by PADDLE 0140 SOUND 0,PDL,0,8i

SOUND l,PDL+80,0,8!SOUND 2,PDL+160,0,8170 FOR PAUSE=1 TO PDL1

NEXT PAUSE180 GOTO 130190 REM

200 REM Initialize210 COL=l!Yl=45!Y2=49220 REM

300 REM Draw Trench inn Screen310 GRAPHICS 7+141 REM Full screen graphics320 SETCOLOR 0,3,8! REM Set Color Register values330 SETCOLOR 1,3,8340 SETCOLOR 2,3,4

350 FOR X=2 TO 79! REM Increment horizontal coordinates360 COLOR INT(COL+0,5K REM Choose which Color Register to draw with

370 PLOT X+80.Y1!

DRAWTO X+80.Y2!DRAWTO 79-X.Y2!DRAWTO 79-X,Yl380 Yl=Yl-0,6!

Y2=Y2+0,6! REM Increase vertical line length390 IF YK0 THEN

Y1=0! REM Prevent overflow400 IF Y2>95 THEN

Y2=95410 COL=COL+179-X)/140! REM Increment Color Register

420 IF COL+0.5>=4 THEN

COL=COL-3430 NEXT X440 GOTO 100

tronics). We have just created an endless loop of movingcolors that is seen on the screen as a rapidly changing pat-tern. Depending on what was drawn and how it wasorganized on the screen, a hypnotically abstract design oran exciting, realistic scene can be produced.

As animators, we must now "form" this pattern ofmoving colors into something interesting to look at.

The Trench Program

Everyone who saw the first Star Wars movie remem-bers the flight through the Deathstar's trench. In the nextprogram, listing 1, we will use color-register animation tocreate this effect. We will be using GRAPHICS 7, whichhas a resolution of 160 by 96 and uses four color registers.

Our goal will be to draw a trench on the screen inGRAPHICS 7 in such a way that the viewer will have theexperience of rapidly traveling through it (see photo 2).The trench will be U-shaped with two vertical sides and ahorizontal bottom. Using a game paddle, the viewer willhave control of speed through the trench and for-

Photo 2: Three displays generated by the program in listing 1entitled "The Trench." The effect of movement is achieved byrapidly cycling two colors through three registers.

ward/reverse motion. The roar of the engines will changeas the velocity changes. This program could be the coreof an exciting game.

This program has three main sections: the initialize sec-tion, the section that draws the trench on the screen, andthe section that animates the picture by rotating the col-ors and reading the game paddle. You'll notice that this

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 207

COLOR

REGISTER 12 3 1 2 3

O H

12 3 12 3

12 12

12 12

HE II

12 3 1 2 3

12 12

Figure 2: Simulating movement by rotating two colors throughthree color registers. The use of three color registers (on the left)results in a smooth animation effect. If only two color registersare used (as on the right), there is just a flickering effect.

last section was placed at the beginning of the program. Itmakes use of the fact that statements toward the begin-ning of an Atari BASIC program are executed at a fasterrate than those at the end.

The drawing section was the hardest for us to write. Ittook quite a while to create a formula that could simulatethe perspective of the trench. We could have drawn thetrench on paper and just translated the plotting coor-dinates to the program, but that would have used muchmore memory.

Initialize (listing 1, lines 200-220). The initial values areset along with the colors to be drawn. Notice that two ofthe registers are set to the same color. Even though we areusing three color registers in our animation sequence,only two colors will be passed through them. This yieldsa smoother animation effect (see figure 2). The threeboxes, A, B, and C, show the progression of the two col-ors through the three registers. Even though the width ofone of the moving colors is two bars wide, the step size ofthe movement is only one bar wide.

If only two colors and two registers were used, theviewer would just see the two colors alternating places.There wouldn't be any illusion of movement, just aflickering effect. With three colors and three registers,there would be too many colors in the trench and the ef-fect would be spoiled.

Drawing the trench (lines 300-440). This section drawsthe trench on the screen using the appropriate color reg-ister. We start near the horizon, draw the three sides ofthe trench, and then move out toward the edges of thescreen. The algorithms used here were all arrived atthrough trial and error. Line 370 increments the value ofC in smaller and smaller steps as X (the horizontal posi-tion of the lines) increases. This creates the illusion of per-spective—the closer the different-colored panels are tothe viewer, the wider they appear.

Rotating the colors (lines 100-180). This program callsfor sound effects and an element of interactiveness.

The GTIA and CTIA Chips

When the Atari computer first came out, it had a specialtelevision interface chip called CTIA. Beginning in early1982, all Ataris were manufactured with a new and betterchip called GTIA. The GTIA supports three additionalBASIC graphics modes, 9, 10, and 11, which were not avail-able on the earlier Atari computers. The resolution on thesemodes is 80 by 192, yielding the same vertical resolution asGRAPHICS 8 (as well as the same memory consumption),but a much coarser horizontal resolution. GRAPHICS 9allows the selection of one hue that can then be simul-taneously displayed on the screen with 16 differentluminances. GRAPHICS 11 allows the placement of up to 16different hues on the screen, all set to the same luminancevalue. These two modes are not covered in the articlebecause they can't be used for color-register animation. Wedo discuss GRAPHICS 10, however, which allows you tochoose any nine colors from the Atari palette of 128 colors.

To tell whether your Atari has the CTIA or GTIA chip,enter and run the following program:

1020

GRAPHICS 10GOTO 20

If your screen first flashes black and then returns to blue, youhave the CTIA. The program will still be running, but theCTIA chip will not be able to display a GRAPHICS 10screen. If your screen stays black, congratulations! You havethe GTIA and can run the Fall Waterfall program. If not,you can get your computer upgraded to the GTIA chip for asmall fee. If you don't do this, you will miss out on manynew Atari programs that require this chip.

Sound register 3 is used to give a constant backgroundroar (line 110). The game paddle is used to control thespeed through the trench (line 150) and to reverse thedirection we are traveling (line 130). If the paddle buttonis pressed, we move backward (line 140). The POKEs inlines 130-140 could have been replaced with a FOR-NEXTloop that would have placed in each color register thecontents of the next higher (or lower) color register, butthis would have required much more execution time. Inline 160, the position of the game paddle is also used tocontrol the pitch of the other three sound registers. Toadd to the realism, the whine of the engine rises in pitchas velocity increases. Line 170 takes the paddle value anduses it to control a pause loop.

If you don't have game paddles, use a joystick tochange the value in PDL. If the joystick is pushed for-ward, increment PDL; if it is pulled back, decrementPDL.

Now, moving from the excitement of outer space, wewill visit a sylvan scene of the wilderness.

The Fall Waterfall Program

In this program, we will use GRAPHICS 10, the newgraphics mode that is especially suited for color-registeranimation, as it allows us to use all nine Atari colorregisters (see the text box on the GTIA and CTIA chips).

208 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

-80-

192

A GRAPHICS 10 PIXEL( FOUR TIMES AS WIDEAS IT IS HIGH)

GREAT RESOLUTION FORHORIZONTAL OR NEAR-HORIZON-TAL LINES

Hi

i ■.-.■■

POOR RESOLUTION FOR VERTICALOR NEAR-VERTICAL LINES

Figure 3: Diagram illustrating the pixel shape in GRAPHICS 10,a new graphics mode (GTIA) for the Atari 400/800.

We will draw an autumnal landscape complete with treescasting long shadows from an early morning sun. Thescene is brought to life by a foaming waterfall cascadingdown a steep cliff and across a green valley.

Using the Amazing GRAPHICS 10

GRAPHICS 10 has a rather strangely shaped pixel (seefigure 3). Each pixel is about four times as wide as it ishigh, with a screen resolution of 80 by 192, making itawkward to use when drawing curved surfaces. As youcan see in the figure, lines that are almost horizontalshow very fine resolution, and those that approach ver-tical are extremely coarse.

To change the values in the color registers for the stan-dard CTIA graphics modes (0 through 8), you can use theSETCOLOR command. However, Atari BASIC isn't ful-ly set up for the GTIA graphics modes. The only way tochange the colors in the first four color registers ofGRAPHICS 10 is by using POKE to put them directlyinto the color register's RAM (random-access read/writememory) address. Table 1 shows the relationship be-tween this RAM address and the SETCOLOR command.Even though BASIC'S SETCOLOR isn't adequate inGRAPHICS 10, BASIC'S COLOR command can be usedto choose any of the registers for painting. For example,to draw orange (hue 2, luminance 8) pixels on theGRAPHICS 10 screen with register 1, use the followingstatements:

POKE 705,40 : REM Fill register 1 with orange

{hue = 2, lum = 8)COLOR 1 : REM Select register 1 for

NEVADA

FORTRAN

$29.95

DISKETTE AND MANUAL

I

Just a beautiful compiler

that's a pleasure to use!

Perfect for Teaching Fortran.

Perfect for Learning Fortran.

Perfect for Scientists and Engineers. Advanced features include

IF.. THEN.. ELSE., constructs, COPY statement, a very nice

TRACE style debugging, and 150 verbal error messages. What's

more, you can intermix in-line Fortran and Assembly Language

statements for those special Micro needs! Get yours, today!

NEVADA

PILOT

i

$29.95

DISKETTE AND MANUAL

Why has Nevada PILOT

become so popular? It's

definitely easier to learn than

Basic. The documentation

(146 pages) by Professor Starkweather is exceptional! And, it

meets all the PILOT—73 standards with many new features.

You can quickly write user-interactive programs much easierthan with Basic. Order yours now! Diskette and manual comeswith 10 FREE programs.

c

NEVADA

• nt

i

$29.95

DISKETTE AND MANUAL

Nevada COBOL is based upon

the ANSI—74 standards with

many advanced features. It's

field-proven with thousands of

users world-wide in Business, Government and Education. The

excellent documentation (153 pages) is used as a classroom text

at a number of colleges.

Because of Nevada COBOL's superior design, it requires abouthalf the memory of competitive COBOL compilers. This majoradvantage is just one reason many business programmers areswitching to Nevada COBOL.

And, lots of students are using Nevada COBOL because it's theaffordable, easy to use COBOL! Order yours now!

Also available: COBOL Application Packages Book 1...S9.95Nevada EDIT...S29.95

All our software requires the CP/M operating system, 32KRAM, one disk drive, CRT or video display and keyboard.Available on 8" standard single density or 5V«" diskettes forApple II, Osborne I, North Star, Mlcropolls Mod II, Superbrain,TRS—80, IBM —PC and many other microcomputers. Dealer,Distributor, O.E.M inquires Invited.

o

COD'S WELCOME

ELLIS COMPUTING

600 41st Avenue,

San Francisco, CA 94121

vn

3D

(415) 751-1522

Trademarks CP'M. D'fliiai Research. THS—80 TanOy Curp. Apple II. Appie Computer inc. Osborne f.Osborne Computer Corp. IBM. Iniefnationa* Business Machines ©1962 EMjs Computing

Circle 177 on Inquiry card,

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 209

Photo 3: An autumnal waterfall scene produced by the program in listing 2. The effect of moving water is produced by cycling dif-ferent shades of blue through the color registers.

drawingPLOT X,Y : REM Place an orange pixel atX,Y

To draw with register 6, you could use either the SET-COLOR command or a direct POKE:

SETCOLOR 2,2,8 or POKE 710,40

Because of the complexity of our autumnal waterfallscene (see photo 3), this program is quite a bit longer thanthe last one. The section that actually animates the scene,however, is only three lines long. This reveals that muchof our Atari animation involves "setup," whereas the ac-tual "motion code" is simple.

Even though we have nine color registers to play withon a GTIA Atari, we seldom use all of them for colorrotations in an animated scene. Only four color registerswill be used for the program's animation. The other fiveregisters will be used to draw the landscape. This takessome planning because there is an interdependency be-tween what we want to include in the picture and howmany colors can be used. One way to plan the picture isto keep adding details as long as colors are left. That's themethod we used. The background register was used for

the sky, another register for the brown cliffs, and a thirdfor the grass covering the top of the cliff and the valleyfloor. Since that left two unused registers, we plantedtrees across the valley floor. The brown of the cliffs wasalso used for the trunks of the trees, and the treetops werepainted orange-red to add some color. Finally, a darkershade of green was used in the last register for treeshadows. The foam at the base of the waterfall wasdrawn with the sky's color rather than one of the water-fall's colors, because we didn't want its color to change atall. No more registers were left for new colors. Therefore,the scene was completed.

To make it easier to color large areas of the screenrapidly, the Atari operating system's built-in "Fill"routine is used. Unfortunately, this Fill is not the same asthe FILL or FLOOD used in professional computer paintsystems. Atari's Fill will not seek out all the adjacentnooks and crannies within the area to be filled. Since it'smore of a "box" fill, it just draws a series of horizontallines toward the right of the screen. Each line is com-pleted when it hits a nonbackground color. Even worse isthe fact that there is no simple Atari BASIC statement toimplement this routine (although there is a FILL state-ment in Atari Microsoft BASIC). Instead, we must use aspecial call to the OS (using the XIO command) to ac-

210 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

"QUAD

THEQUAD

The QUAD is a relational data base man-agement system and applications devel-oper allowing the non-programmer todevelop his or her own business and per-sonal applications around a powerful rela-tional data base. Some of the applicationsyou can build with the QUAD are:

BUSINESS

Accounts Payable

Agricultural Management

Construction Management

General Ledger

Human Resource Management

Inventory Control

Job Costing

Mail List

Order Entry

Payroll

Personal Scheduling

Professional Time and Billing

Property Management

Sales Analysis

PERSONAL

• Appointment and Gift Register

• Budgeting

• Car Maintenance

• Family Medical Data

• Home Improvement Information

• Income Tax Information

• Insurance Information

• Inventory Information

• Investment Information

• Recipe Information

• Shopping Lists

• Time Management

• Vacation Planning

The QUAD is designed lor YOU, thecomputer user who wants to take fulladvantage of his computer.

EXTENSIVE REPORTING CAPABILITIESThe QUAD enables you to create anunlimited number of reports in any spe-cific size or form you desire using datafrom the QUAD database or another data-base. You may process and/or print dataduring any report.

PROCESSING DATA

• access information in up to 10 or morefiles during a report

• perform arithmetic calculations on anydata from any file

QtHo

'4

• update and/or create files based onreport processing

• easily compare date information forquick aging analysis

• perform up to 5 levels of subtotalingwithin each report

• retrieve records in sequential or indexedorder

• perform processing based on compari-son of data such as nested IF THENlogic

PRINTING DATA

• utilize your printer's capability byprinting on any size paper anywhereon the page

• print checks using the English equivalentfor dollar and cent values

• specily content of page headings,control headings and footings, detaillines and total lines

• pause between printing of forms

SAMPLE REPORT

POWERFUL UPDATING CAPABILITIESThe QUAD gives you two methods toupdate data within the data base. Oneway is directly through the terminal usinga data entry process. The other is throughbatch updating based on existing datawithin the data base.

• update as many as 10 or more filessimultaneously, using the batch updatemode

• totally user defined screens

• full screen editing

• record sizes up to 900 characters

• perform calculations based on dataentered and data residing in other files

• access three different help screensduring the data entry process

- utilize your terminal's video capabilitieswhen creating your terminal updatescreens

• restrict all or some cfuture changes

• edit each data field for items such asphone numbers, numeric data, alpha-numeric data, date, time, social securitynumber, etc., or your own defined edits

• IF-THEN logic available during bothterminal and batch updating

SAMPLE SCREEN

UH/H? ADD Order Entry Inlormalion

11

fwEnUyUwHe

n lor CUSTOMED "

005 KIU*fe Kwns

c

sionwsrsPO NumbW

«2S

Salesperson»

15 M.Mm SmithCB507

ITEM

NutsandBoll* OTVPress (ESClM liir Help

100.00

)■■ .50

ded ao.oo

OTHER FEATURES

SORT, INDEX, and REORGANIZE data

files quickly and easily. Also link to user-written programs directly from the QUAD.Automatically generate menus to accesseach of your applications.The QUAD comes complete with anAccounts Receivable application ready foryour use and a Checkbook Balancingapplication for you to build.

The suggested retail pricefor all this is only $495.00.

Available for most CP/M compatiblehardware.

To order your copy of the QUAD, contactyour computer dealer, or call QuanTecknaResearch today.

QuanTeckna.

Research Corporation

6902 220th St. S.W. MOUNTLAKE TERRACE. WA98043 206/3646940 or 206/771 2488

CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research, Inc

QUAD and QuanTeckna are trademarks ofQuanTeckna Research Corporation

Circle 378 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982

211

tivate Fill after setting up the screen in a particular way.This makes it very inconvenient to use, but it's still betterthan nothing. (For more information on how Fill works,see Computer Animation Primer or the Atari BASICmanual.)

This program has only three main parts: initialize,draw the scene, and animate the scene. Because the pro-gram is longer than the earlier one, however, we dividedthe drawing portion of the program into several smallersections (see listing 2).

Initialize (listing 2, lines 200-310). Here we set up thepalette of colors we will be using.

Drawing the grass and cliff (lines 400-490). As in oilpainting, we must first paint in the large backgroundareas, then the details. We are using the Fill routine torapidly color these large areas. To make this process

simpler, a subroutine on lines 1300-1310 is used, whichcarries out the Fill routine described earlier.

Drawing the falls and river (lines 500-820). In ourscene, the water is the only thing that is animated. Fourcolor registers are used to animate the moving water. Thewater is drawn in three sections: the river on top of thecliff (lines 510-600), the waterfall (lines 610-720), and theriver on the valley floor (lines 730-820). The water con-sists of a series of parallel strips. To give some random-ness to these strips, a subroutine (lines 1500-1530) iscalled that chooses the starting color register for eachstrip of water, making sure that no two adjacent stripswill have the same colors. On lines 710-720, some grassand dirt are added around the falls to depict the naturalforces of erosion.

Drawing the trees (lines 900-1070). This section draws

Listing 2: A program in Atari BASIC for generating an autumnal scene with an animated waterfall. Note that a GTIA chip is neededto run this program and that the listing has been structured for easy reading.

10 REM *■»* FALL WATERFALL »»■»

20 REM

30 REM

40 REM Demonstration of animating a scene by rotating the Color Registers

50 REM (Uses GRAPHICS 10 - GTIA is needed)

60 REM Copyright (C) 1982 by David Fox and Mitchell Waite

70 REM

SO GOTO 200

90 REM

100 REM Rntate the Colors

110 TEMP=PEEK<705>1

POKE 705,PEEK(706>1POKE 706,PEEK<707>1POKE 707,PEEK!708)1POKE 708.TEMP

120 FOR WT=1 TO 51

NEXT WT

130 GOTO 110

140 REM

200 REM Initialize

210 FILL=1300

220 GRAPHICS 10

230 POKE 704,9« 16+10! REM Sky-COLOR 0

240 POKE 705,8*16+101 REM Water - COLOR 1

250 POKE 706,8*16+8! REM Water - COLOR 2

260 POKE 707,8*16+61 REM Water - COLOR 3

270 SETCOLOR 0,8,41 REM Water - COLOR 4

280 SETCOLOR 1,12,41 REM Tree shadow - COLOR 5

290 SETCOLOR 2,2,41 REM Cliff & tree trunks - COLOR 6

300 SETCOLOR 3,12,61 REM Grass - COLOR 7

310 SETCOLOR 4,3,61 REM Treetops - COLOR 8

320 REM

400 REM Di-avj C3i-.si.s3ss and Cliff

COLOR 71

POKE 765,71 REM The grass

PLOT 79,101

DRAWTO 79,451

X1=781

Yl=101

X2=661

Y2=151

GOSUB FILL

X1=651

Yl=151

X2=61i

Y2=181

GOSUB FILL1

Xl=601

Yl=181

X2=561

Y2=251

GOSUB FILL

Xl=56!

Yl=251

X2=651

Y2=35i

GOSUB FILL1

X1=661

Yl=351

X2*78!

Y2M51

GOSUB FILL

COLOR 6!

POKE 765,61 REM The cliff

PLOT 79,461

DRAWTO 79,1451

Digital Dialing Units

For Your Acoustic Coupler

\

Unit #1: the index finger of yourright hand, used to manually dial atelephone number and place thetelephone handset in the coupler'scradle.

Unit #2: TNW's new OPERATOR

Automatic Calling Unit, automatically pulse

dials under computer or terminal control. Also provides unattended telephone

answer capability. Use it with your acoustic coupler or most direct connect

modems. 110 to 300 bits per second, powerful command interpreter, RS-232

interface to computer or terminal. Complete with power supply, cabinet,

documentation, and full one year warranty for only $129.

TNW

CORPORATION

Dept. 9876

3444 Hancock Street, San Diego, CA 92110(619) 296-2115 • Telexll 910-335-1194

212 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 455 on inquiry card.

Listing 2 continued:

and River

Xl=56!

Yl=26!

X2=56!

Y2=117!

GOSUB FILL470 Yl=117!

X2=68!

Y2=132!

QOSUB FILL!

Xl=48!

Yl=132!

X2=78!

Y2=145!

GOSUB FILL480 COLOR 7!

POKE 765,7! REM More grass490 PLOT 0,191!

DRAWTO 79,191!

DRAWTO 79,146!

X1=0!

Yl=191!

X2=0!

Y2=91!

GOSUB FILL500 REM Draw the Falls510 FALL=58!

CFLAG=0! REM Draw the river on top of the cliff520 FOR Y=25 TO 34530 GOSUB 1500540 FOR X=79 TO FALL STEP -1

550 COLOR COL

560 PLOT X,Y

570 COL=COL-1!

IF COL=0 THENCOL=4580 NEXT X590 FALL=FALL+1

600 NEXT Y610 FALL=0!

CFLAG=-1! REM Draw the falls620 FOR X=58 TO 66630 FALL=FALL+1

640 GOSUB 1500

650 PLOT X.25+FALL

660 FOR Y=30 TO 120 STEP 4

670 COLOR COL

680 DRAWTO X.Y+FALL

690 COL=COL-l!

IF COL=0 THENCOL=4700 NEXT Y!

NEXT X

710 COLOR 6!PLOT 58,28!DRAWTO 58,25!DRAWTO 59,2!!PLOT 66,38!

DRAWTO 66,129! REM Cleanup720 COLOR 7!

PLOT 73,33!DRAWTO 79,33!PLOT 68,34!DRAWTO 79,34730 FALL=57!

CFLAG=1! REM Draw the river on the valley floor740 FOR Y=121 TO 128750 GOSUB 1500760 FOR X=FALL TO 0 STEP -1770 COLOR COL

780 PLOT X,Y

790 COL=COL-l!

IF COL=0 THENCOL=4800 NEXT X810 FALL=FALL+1

820 NEXT Y830 REM

900 REM Draw the- Trees910 F0RT=1T0 11920 READ X,Y

930 COLOR 8! REM Treetop940 FOR 1=0 TO 2!

PLOT X-I,Y-40+2*I!DRAWTO X-I,Y-20-2*I!NEXT I950 F0RI=-2TO-l!

PLOT X-I,Y-40-2*I!DRAWTO X-I,Y-20+2*I!NEXT I960 COLOR 6! REM Tree trunk970 PLOT X,Y!

DRAWTO X.Y-21980 COLOR 5! REM Shadow Df tree

990 PLOTX,Y+l!

DRAWTO X+7.Y+4!PLOT X+8,Y+3!DRAWTO X+8,Y+5!DRAWTO X+9.Y+61000 DRAWTO X+9,Y»3!

DRAWTO X + 10.Y+3!DRAWTO X + 10.Y+71010 PLOT X*ll,Y+7!

DRAWTO X + ll.Y+4!

DRAWTO X + 12.Y+5!

DRAWTO X + 12.Y+7

1020 COLOR 8! REM Fallen leaves around tree trunk

1030 FOR 1=1 TO 15

1040 RX = X+INT(RND(l>*7>-3!

IF RX = X THEN 10401050 RY=Y+INT(RND(l)»8)-3!

PLOT RX.RY

1060 NEXT I

1070 NEXT T

1080 REM

1100 REM Draw the Foam

1110 COLOR 0! REM Same color as the sky1120 PLOT 57,114!

DRAWTO 65,1221130 PLOT 57,1151

DRAWTO 65,1231140 PLOT 57,116!

DRAWTO 65,1241150 PLOT 56,116!

DRAWTO 65,1251160 PLOT 56,117!

DRAWTO 65,1261170 PLOT 56,118!

DRAWTO 65,1271180 PLOT 56,119!

DRAWTO 65,1281190 PLOT 55,119!

DRAWTO 64,1281200 PLOT 55,120!

DRAWTO 63,1281210 REM

1250 REM Turn on the Sound1260 FOR 1=0 TO 3!

SOUND 1,1*50,0,8!

NEXT I1270 GOTO 1001280 REM

1300 REM Fill Subroutine1310 PLOT XI,Yl!

POSITION X2.Y2!

XIO 18,#6,0,0,"Si"!

RETURN1320 REM

1500 REM Choose Color1510 COL=INT(RND(l)»4)+l!

IF COL=STARTCOL THEN 1510JREM No two adjacent strips with same color pattern1520 STARTCOL=COL+CFLAG! REM Calculate next starting color to avoid1530 IF STARTCOL=0 THEN

STARTCOL=41540 IF STARTCOL=5 THEN

STARTCOL=l1550 RETURN1560 REM

2000 REM Data for Location of Trees2010 DATA 7,106,13,96,30,100,40,112,47,145,7,179,15,155,27,164,35,173,60,181,66,174

Out of sight

savingsopportunity

Does your paycheck seem to vanishas soon as you get it?

The Payroll Savings Plan where youwork will take a little something fromeach check and buy Bonds, beforeyou have a chance to make the restdisappear.

Soon, you'll see big savings rightbefore your eyes. Savings to help youand America, too.

So use some foresight. Buy UnitedStates Savings Bonds.

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 213

11 identical trees. The x and y "base" coordinates for thetrees are stored on line 2010. An x,y coordinate pair isread and a new tree is drawn at that location. Lines980-1010 add realism by creating a shadow in a darkershade of green. Lines 1020-1060 create some randomnessby scattering 15 leaves about the base of each tree.

Drawing the foam (lines 1100-1200). As the water hitsthe base of the falls, white foam is created. Since no colorregisters are left for white foam, the sky color is usedagain.

Turning on the sound (lines 1250-1270). All the soundregisters are used to create the roar of the waterfall. Thesound is constant and does not need to be changed.

Rotating the colors (lines 100-130). This section issimilar to the corresponding sections in the other pro-gram. Of course, we need to rotate only the color reg-isters for the four colors of the water.

Modifications. We can also modify the scene by doingthe following:

• Simulate a sunset by gradually changing the sky colorto orange, pink, and purple, and by decreasing theluminance values of each of the color registers. Then,after a period of time, we can reverse the process for asunrise.

• Change this program into a representation of the dif-ferent seasons of the year. Simply by changing the colorsin the appropriate registers, you could turn this into a

summer scene (i.e., by turning the treetops green). Andby altering the color of the grass and treetops to white,the sky to gray, and slowing or stopping the flow of theriver, you can create a winter scene.

Summary

The increase in performance from pixel-to-pixel map-ping to color mapping using color registers is an enor-mous one. Animation and special effects never beforethought possible can now be accomplished on personalcomputers with very few program statements. As wehave shown with our Trench program, color mappingmakes it possible to create dramatic motion effects andperspective changes, similar to those used in arcadegames, on a low-cost computer like the Atari 400/800.Furthermore, for the Chagalls and Rembrandts of theworld, wonderful and complex background scenes can bebrought to life with just the briefest of programstatements (as witnessed by the Fall Waterfall program).But we have only scratched the surface of the Atari'sanimation power. User-definable character sets, player-missile graphics, fine scrolling, vertical-blank interrupts,and display-list interrupts can be combined with colormapping to give the Atari a performance edge that willprobably never be equaled (except by Atari). The bookComputer Animation Primer provides much detailed in-formation for anyone interested in learning more aboutthese computer-animation techniques. ■

COMPUTER INSURANCE

INSURES YOUR COMPUTER FROM DAMAGECAUSED BY STATIC DISCHARGE

In 8 or 9 seconds your body canaccumulate 10,000 volts just fromwalking across the room.

The ZAP MAT provides permanentprotection for your computer againstdamage that can be caused by staticelectricity. If you have encountered anyof these problems you understand theneed to protect your computer:

Memory Loss

Erroneous Keyboard Entries

Display Failure

Printer Malfunction

Damage Delicate Control and Logic Circuit

Protect your computer - order your ZAP MAT today!

'plus $2.50 postage and handling

'XJWP ftftJNEt

Mail Orders to: ZAP MAT

52 Overlook Drive, Framingham, MA 01701

Credit card orders require card name, accountnumber, expiration date and signature.

CREDIT CARDS ACCEPTED

WS3M

TOLL FREE ORDER PHONE

1-800-343-3358

Massachusetts Call 617-877-7166

214

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 333 on inquiry card.

Handle with confidence.

Now that you have acquired the IBMPersonal Computer, let Sybex books helpyou get the most out of this powerfulmachine.

MASTER YOUR IBM PC

BASIC Exercises for the IBM PersonalComputer ($13.95) requires no previousknowledge of computers or programming.The exercises begin with simple mathe-matical operations and lead you step-by-step onward to master more complexbusiness programs. Each exercise is notonly a useful problem-solver but is alsofun to run.

PROTECT YOUR INVESTMENT

Keep your computer and peripheralsoperating at full efficiency. DON'T ($11.95)

offers non-technical advice on how totake proper care of floppy disks, harddisks, the CRT terminal, the printer, andthe actual computer. "Don't is cheapinsurance" —Popular Computing.

LET YOUR COMPUTER DO THE WORK

BASIC for Business ($12.95) will allow youto automate general business tasks. Salesreports, financial statements, graphs andcharts, depreciation calculations, cost/volume/profit analyses, and more, can allbe done easily and with confidence byunderstanding BASIC specifically designedfor the business user.

Sybex books are available at bookstoresand computer stores everywhere. To order

Get the most from your microcomputer with Sybex books.

Circle 434 on inquiry card.

directly from Sybex, use the coupon orcall TOLL-FREE 800/227-2346.

(in Cal. 415 848-8233 collect)

Send me: □ free catalog

□ BASIC Exercises lor the IBM Personal Computer $13.95D BASIC lor Business $12.95

□ DON'T $11.95

Add: D $1.50/BooksUPS □ 75C/Books 4th Class

□ $8.00/Book Overseas Mail

Charge my a VISA □ MasterCard D American Express

Card #

Total Amount Enclosed $_

Signature

NAME

ADDRESS

CITY

. Exp.date.

.STATE.

L

y"V MAIL TO: SYBEX Inc.LSYBEX 2344 Sixth St., Dept. ES^y Berkeley, CA 94710

Hardware Review

Victor Victorious

The Victor 9000 Computer

Phil LemmonsWest Coast Editor

Microcomputers are proliferatingbecause they can do so many tasks sowell. Each time microcomputers takeover another task, they threaten someold technology. As word processors,for example, microcomputersthreaten the typewriter. As numbercrunchers, microcomputers threatenthe calculator. Each company whosemain product is threatened faces ahard choice: perish or become a com-puter company. What's more, such acompany must make the right com-puter on the first try because thefierce competition in the microcom-puter market gives few entrants a sec-ond chance. The rules permit onlyone roll of the dice in the game called"You bet your company."

Victor Business Products has beenmaking calculators for 60 years. Vic-tor saw the need to make a computer,and the Victor 9000 is Victor's roll ofthe dice. I've been lucky enough tohave the use of a Victor 9000 for afew months, and I think the machineis an excellent microcomputer with anoutstanding array of standardfeatures.

Of course, the microcomputerbusiness is not really a game ofchance like dice, but a competition re-quiring judgment, expertise, and avariety of resources. Victor comes tothe competition much better preparedthan most new entrants. First of all,Victor is a subsidiary of Kidde Inc., athree-billion dollar conglomerate.Second, Victor has experience indesigning and manufacturing micro-processor-based electronic products.Third, Victor has a great deal of ex-perience in dealing with business peo-ple and the needs of the contem-porary office. Fourth, Victor is start-ing out with a network of 50 branchoffices in the United States todistribute and support the machine.Fifth, and perhaps most important,the chief designer of Victor's machineis not a novice but Chuck Peddle, afounder of the microcomputer in-dustry who understands as well asanyone where the technology is goingand how to bring maximum perfor-mance to the market at an affordableprice. (In an interview starting onpage 256 of this issue, Chuck Peddle

discusses his goals in designing theVictor 9000 and makes some observa-tions on trends in the microcomputerindustry.)

Getting Startedwith the Victor 9000

Victor's experience has shown themthat business people want a machinethey can set on a desk, turn on, anduse. As photo 1 shows, the Victor9000 consists of a system unit, adetached keyboard with a coiledcable, and a monochrome monitorthat can rest atop or alongside thesystem unit. The system unit and key-board fit comfortably on a standardtyping table, or on a cluttered deskdesigned before microcomputerscame out. While the Apple III oc-cupies 361 square inches and the IBMPersonal Computer 420 squareinches, the Victor 9000 takes up only310. If you buy the machine directlyfrom your local Victor branch office,Victor will deliver the machine, set itup, connect the cables, and make sureeverything is working. The Opera-tors' Reference Manual takes it from

216 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Photo 1: The Victor 9000 microcomputer, consisting of a system unit, keyboard, andhigh-resolution green-phosphor video monitor that tilts and swivels.

there. It tells you how to turn on themachine and insert the user-orienta-tion disk that comes inside themanual's front cover. Once turnedon, the machine reinforces themanual's advice: the bottom of themonitor's screen shows the image of alittle floppy disk with an arrow in-dicating you should put a disk into adrive. The user-orientation disk dis-plays a menu that leads you into ex-planations of how to back up thesystem disk, how to control thevolume of the Victor 9000's speaker,how to set the numeric keypad so thatit works just like a calculator, how touse the keyboard, how to control thedisplay, how to use the fundamentalcommands of the operating system,

and so on. The Operators' ReferenceManual explains how to run applica-tions programs, and each programsold by Victor has its own instruc-tional manual. At least two of theseprograms have their own disk-basedtutorials, too. In short, you can setthe machine on a desk, turn it on, andstart to use it.

Standard Equipment: Completeand Versatile

Some computer systems today aresold "unbundled," that is, in parts.This makes the initial purchase priceseem low. For example, you can buya $1500 computer that lacks inter-faces for a modem or a printer,doesn't have enough system memory

to run a major applications program,and has no high-speed mass storage atall. To be sure, you can completesuch a system by ordering all thenecessary components one by one,but dining a la carte is always moreexpensive than ordering a full dinner.If the unbundled system is an IBMPersonal Computer or an Apple IIPlus, the buyer can save money bybuying many of the components fromthird-party manufacturers. But thatcan make it harder for owners to getservice for their completed machines,mainly because the manufacturer ofthe system unit can't be expected tosupport an add-on product.

The standard Victor 9000 costs$4995. Although it is an open-bussystem with slots for adding boards,the Victor 9000 isn't just a lonely 8088sitting in a box of empty slots andsockets. The Victor 9000 comes with128K bytes of RAM (random-accessread/write memory) on the systemboard, two 612K-byte disk drives,two serial I/O (input/output) ports,two parallel ports, a truly high-res-olution video monitor, a choice ofthree keyboards with up to 103 keys,an amplifier and accompanyingspeaker, and a CODEC (coder-decoder) that can digitize andreconstruct a real human voice. Thisstandard hardware configurationleaves four bus slots open. Even ifyou increase memory to 896K bytes,the machine still has two empty slots.The standard purchase price also in-cludes the two most popular operat-ing systems for the 8086/8088 proces-sors—Digital Research's CP/M-86and Microsoft's MS-DOS. Documen-tation is good, too. The Operators'Reference Manual is clearly written,beautifully typeset and printed, andcarefully coordinated with a menu-driven user-orientation program thatis the best I've seen. (There are hard-ware options on the Victor 9000; I'lldiscuss them later.)

All the hardware features are flexi-ble. In one case, the flexibility ismechanical: a cleverly designed turn-table on top of the system unitenables the monitor to tilt as much as11 degrees and swivel as much as 42degrees in either direction. Most ofthe hardware is flexible, however,

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 217

Circle 280 on inquiry card.

MODEM

$

129

95

No other acoustic modemgives you all these fea-tures at this low price.

Ths MFJ-1232 Acoustic Modem gives you acombination of features, quality and performancethat others can't match at this price.

0-300 Baud, Bell 103 compatible. Originate/Answer. Half/full duplex. RS-232, TTL, CMOSlevel compatible. Use any computer. Cassettetape recorder ports save data for reloading or re-transmission. 6 pole active filter handles weaksignals. Carrier detect LED indicates adequatesignal strength for data recognition. Quality"muffs" gives good acoustic coupling, isolatesexternal noise for reliable data transfer. Crystalcontrolled. "ON" LED. Aluminum cabinet. 110VAC or 9 volt batteries. 9x1 Vtx4 in.

Apple II, II Plus: software and cable formodem, MFJ-1231, $39.95. Plugs into gameport. No serial board needed.

It's like havingan extra port

MFJ-1240 RS-232 TRANSFER SWITCH. Swit-ches computer between 2 peripherals (printer,terminal, modem, etc.). Like having extra port.Push button switches 10 lines (pins 2,3,4,5,6,8,11,15,17,20). Change plug or cable to substituteother lines. Push button reverses transmit-receive lines. LEDs monitor pins 2,3,4,5,6,8,20.PC board eliminates wiring, crosstalk, line inter-ference. 3 RS-232 25 pin connectors. 7x2x6 in.

$0095 MFJ-1108 AC POWER CENTER.*J j| Adds convenience, prevents dataloss, head bounce, equipment damage.

B* "\ Relay latches power off during powertransients. Multi-filters isolate equip-fment, eliminate interaction, noise,hash. Varistors suppress spikes. 3isolated, switched socket pairs. One un-switched for clock, etc. Lighted power,reset switch. Pop-out fuse. 3 wire, 6 ft.cord. 15A, 125V, 1875 watts. Aluminumcase. Black. 18x2%x2 in. MFJ-1107,$79.95. Like 1108 less relay. 8 sockets,2 unswitched. Other models available,write tor free specification sheet.

Order from MFJ and try it. If not delighted,return within 30 days for refund (less shipping).One year unconditional guarantee.Order yours today. Call toll free 800-647-1800.

Charge VISA, MC. Or mail check, money order.Add $4.00 each for shipping and handling.

CALL TOLL FREE ... 800-647-1800

Call 601-323-5869 in MS, outside continental I

MC | ENTERPRISES,

I INCORPORATED921 Louisville Road, Starkville, MS 39759

At a Glance

13 inches, height 7 inches; weight (including two-137 V AC, 190-270 V AC; input frequency.

Name

Victor 9000

Manufacturer

Victor Business Products3900 North Rockwell St.Chicago, IL 60618

Hardware

Size; width 15 inches, depthdisk drives) 28 pounds

Electrical needs: input voltage, 95-47-63 Hz

Processor: Intel 8088

Cycle time: main storage, 333 ns; access time, 333 ns

Memory: 16K bytes of built-in ROM and 128K bytes of built-in user RAM;expandable to 896K bytes

Standard: keyboard; two disk drives; four expansion slots; built-in speaker; CODEC

(coder-decoder for digitized voice); power-on self-test; 128K bytes of dynamic RAM. 4Kbytes of static graphics RAM, 16K bytes of ROM; two 6l2K-byte floppy-disk drives; high-resolution (800 by 400) green-phosphor monitor with antiglare screen, tilt and swivel;two programmable asynchronous/bisynchronous RS-232C serial I/O ports; two parallelI/O ports, one Centronics standard, one 50-pin KK; MS-DOS and CP/M-86 operatingsystems; choice of three keyboards, detached, with numeric pad and up to 103 keys,cursor controls, editing keys, programmable function keys

Disk drives: two 6l2K-byte 5-inch, single-sided floppy-disk drives; average accesstime, 235 ms; track-to-track stepping time, 3 ms

Software

Operating Systems: CP/M-86, MS-DOS, Unix (to be available first quarter 1983)Languages: Microsoft GW-BASIC, price to be determined; Microsoft BASIC-86, $400;CBASIC-86, S400; MS-Pascal, $600; MS-FORTRAN, $600; MS-COBOL, S800;Microfocus Level II COBOL, S 1100, with Forms 2, S1300Applications:Word processing: Victorwriter I (Select), $500; Victorwriter II(Benchmark), $645, with mailing list, $890; Wordstar, S500, with Mailmerge, $700Electronic spreadsheets: Victorcalc (Report Manager), Multiplan, Supercalc. $300 eachDatabase management: dBase II, $695

Accounting: accounts payable, accounts receivable, general ledger, payrollOther: order processing, inventory control, purchase-order writing, Time Manager(scheduling). Project Manager. Personnel Manager, Victor Pharmacy System, VictorBusiness Equipment Dealers System, Victor Financial and Banking System, installmentlending, communications

Hardware Prices

Standard system with system unit, 128K bytes of RAM, two single-sided disk drives.

keyboard, monitor, CP/M-86, MS-DOS, $4995

System with double-sided floppy disks, $5950

Winchester disk and controller, 10 megabytes (formatted), S4495

l28K-byte memory board, $800 purchased with system, $895 purchased later

384K-byte memory board, $2500 purchased with system, $2695 purchased later

because it is "soft-tooled," i.e., undersoftware control. Every key on thekeyboard can be programmed, notjust the 10 programmable functionkeys. If you' don't like the typefacesdisplayed on the screen, you candesign your own with a utility calledCEDIT. The serial ports can be pro-grammed for both asynchronous andbisynchronous communications. Inthe same spirit of adapting to every-

one's needs, Victor is offering a vari-ety of applications software—morethan one application program forevery common major task.

The System Unit

The system unit contains the mainprinted-circuit board, the power sup-ply, two disk drives, a customfloppy-disk controller board, andconnectors for the keyboard, the two

218 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Peripheralsunlimited..

FANTASTIC PRICES!

OUR FAST SERVICE, PRODUCTSELECTION AND OUR CUSTOMERS'SATISFACTION MAKE US #1.

ZENITH

Microsoft Z-80 softcard

$214

Microsoft RAMCARD

$129

Z-90-64K DO

$2588

Z-19 Terminal

$777

Z-121 Monitor 12"

$149

ATARI COMPUTERS

Atari 800 16K

$649

Atari 400

$318

Atari Interface Module

$174

Atari 810 Single Disk

$444

Atari 830 Modem

$166

Programmer

$59

Entertainer

$84

Star Raiders

$34

16K Mem. Exp. for Atari

$74

32K Mem. Exp. for Atari

$114

NEC PRINTERS

7710/30 SpinwriterR/O7720SpinwriterKSR3510/30 SpinwriterR/O

$2295$2649$1689

NEC DOT MATRIX

PC-8023 $474

Call for prices on ribbons, etc.

OKIDATA & MORE

Okidata Microline 82A

$459

Okidata Microline 83A

$699

Okidata Microline 84 (P)

$1069

Okidata Microline 84 (S)

$1099

Tractor(OKI80&82only)

$60

Diablo 620

$1349

Diablo 630

$1999

AMDEK & NEC MONITORS

Amdek 12" 300 GRN Phosphor

$149

Amdek13"Colorl

$319

Amdek 13" Color II

$739

Amdek 13" Color III

$429

NEC JB1201 GRN Phosphor

$149

NECJC1201 Color

$339

EPSON PRINTERS

MX-80w/Graphtrax Plus $469

MX-80FT (Friction & Tractor) $529

MX-100 (15" Carriage) $699

Grappler Interface $129

Call for prices onRibbons, Cables & Interfaces

NEC-PC 8000Series Microcomputer

PC-8001A Computer w/32KPC-8012Aw/32K + Exp. SlotsPC-8031ADual Mini DiskPC-8032A Add-on Mini Disk

Call for Software Prices

$888$588$888$777

FOR THE LOWESTPRICE CALL

TOLL FREE

1-800-343-4114

ORDERING INFORMATION

Our order lines are open 9AM to 6PMEST Monday thru Friday. Phoneorders are welcome; same day ship-ment on orders placed before 10AM.Free use of Mastercard and VISA. Per-sonal checks require 2 weeksclearance. Manufacturer's warrantyincluded on all equipment. Prices sub-ject to revision. C.O.D.'s accepted.

For service, quality and delivery call:

PERIPHERALS UNLIMITED

(617)655-7400

62 N. Main St.* Natick, MA01760

Circle 357 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982

r*r j u i a*

SELECT!!

ivn: a

MPETITI

L

Red Baron. Home of the Nation's

NEC 8023

Outstanding Graphics, PrintQuality & Performance

144 x 160 dots/inch • Proportional Spacing

• Lower case descenders • N x 9 dot matrix

• 8 character sizes • 5 unique alphabets

• Greek character set • Graphic symbols

• 100 CPS print speed • Bi-directional logic-seeking • Adjustable tractors • Single-sheetfriction feed • Vertical & horizontal tabbingNEC 8023 (PollDot Matrix List $795 v>Udll

IDS Prism 80/132

Affordable Color, Speed

Dot Resolution Graphics • 9-wire staggeredprinthead • Lowercase decenders • Over150 CPS • Bi-directional, logic-seeking

• 8 character sizes • 80-132 columns

• Proportional spacing • Optional Color

• Text justifications

Prism 80 Base List $999 (Poll

Prism 132 Base List $1,299 Qlsdll

NEC Spinwriter7700 & 3500

Daisy Wheel Quality Leader

High speed, letter quality • 55/33 CPS• Typewriter quality • Bi-directional printing& proportional spacing • Quiet • OCR qualityprint • Hi-res plotting/graphing • Quick changeribbon • Optional cut-sheet feeder, horizontalor bidirectional tractors • Prints up to 8 copies.NEC Spinwriter RO

Serial Parallel 77xx List $3055 $2500

35xx List $2290 $1 900

Smith Corona TP-1

Daisy Wheel Printer For Under $900

The Epson Series

High-Quality Printersat a Low Price.

Letter quality • Standard serial or parallel datainterface ■ Drop-in ribbon • 144 WPM • Variousfonts available • Loads paper like typewriter •Handles single sheets for forms

Smith Corona TP-1 List $895 §U3ll

Brothers HR-1 Daisy Wheel

Perfect for quality,quiet word processing.

\

I

\»

Anadex Silent Scribe

The Quiet Serial MatrixImpact Printer

Epson MX80 List $645 /»f» II

Epson MX80FT List $745 blrdl

Epson MX-100 List $995

Full Line of Epson Accessories

Televideo CRT's

Price, Performance & Reliability

Up to 200 CPS • Dot addressable graphics •Parallel and serial interfaces standard • Switchselectable protocol • Cartridge ribbon • Foreigncharacter sets • Underlining • 1.5K to 3.5K buffer• Correspondence quality print

Anadex DP-9500A List $1,725

Anadex DP-9620A List $1,845 CPall

Anadex DP-6000 List $3,250 OMII

910 List $699 $r,a||

925 List $995 For |ow

950 List $1195 Prices

• 16 CPS • Prints up to 6 copies • Bidirectional •Cloth or carbon quick-change cassette ribbon •Quiet, efficient operation for word processing •

Brothers HR-1 (Parallel) List $1,100 (PollBrothers HR-1 (Serial). ■ List $1,200 Qlrdll

Interface Equipment

Complete Stock of Options,Cables and Accessories.

CCS APPLE SERIAL Interface & Cable .ORANGE INTERFACE for Apple II

Parallel Interface Board & Cable

NOVATION CAT Acoustic Coupler

NOVATION D-CAT

direct connect modem

COMPLETE STOCK OF EPSON

ACCESSORIES !

CUSTOM PRINTER CABLES FOR Apple,

Atari, IBM, TRS-80 (all models) !

HAYES MICROMODEM II

PRINTER STANDS: Large

Small

PRINTER RIBBONS-Most Types i

I

MAKE US EXPERTS

Largest Computer Printer Inventory.

The Grappler+

Apple® Graphics Interface

• Graphic and text screen dumps • Dual Hi-ResGraphics • Printer Selector Dip Switch • Apple IIIcompatible* • Inverse Graphics- EmphasizedGraphics • Double Size Picture • 90° Rotation

• Center Graphics • Works with Pascal and CPM"

• No software needed 01"7CGrappler + yl/3

' Requires software driverApple is a registered Trademark of Apple, Inc.

The Okidata Series

Hi-Res or TRS 80 Block Graphics

120 CPS • 9x9 Matrix • Bidirectional logicseeking printing • Lower case descenders• four print styles • Optional Hi-Res Graphics

Okadata82A List $649 CPlll

Okadata 83A (w/Tractor). . List $995 pUdll

IDS Microprism 480

Prints like a daisy,priced like a matrix!

• Correspondence Quality in a Single Pass •Dual Speed 75,110cps • Proportional Spacing •Bidirectional Logic Seeking Head • Platen pin orpressure feed • 24x9 dot matrix • 10,12,16.8Characters per inch • Double width Characters

IDS Microprism 480.. .List$799 $C3ll

f^_^

Our People, Our Product: Both Are Specialized.

Because our salespeople are printer specialists, they know the capabilities ofeach printer—and how to match one to your exact need. Red Baron's volumestocking assures a low, low price on a wide array of major brands. We're sureyou'll like the product and services you get from Red Baron, and we know you'lllove our Customer Benefit Package; an exclusive at Red Baron.

Customer Benefit Package Wl 4 ( JHfl H>

1. Free Expert Consultation. Before you buy, after you buy. 2. Technical Staff. Even your most involvedquestions get quick, helpful answers from our staff of printer technicians. 3. Free Catalog. Get your inform-ative catalog with printer comparison chart and print samples today! 4. Warranty. The manufacturer's war-ranty applies where applicable. 5. Same-Day Shipping. Your order is shipped the same day when you callbefore 11:00 a.m. 6. Free MasterCard and Visa. Call us toll-free and charge your printer to your credit card.7. We Stock What We Sell. No bait and switch, no hassle. We make every effort to keep a large stock of ouradvertised products. 8. APO/FPO Orders Welcome.

Other Quality Printersat Red Baron

C. Itoh 8510

Prowriter $845 $Cal I

Diablo 630/6 .. . $2995 $2570

Here's How To Order:

Phone orders are welcome; same-day ship-ment on orders placed before 11:00 a.m. Freeuse of MasterCard and Visa. COD's accepted.Personal checks require 2 weeks clearance.Manufacturer's warranty included on allequipment. Prices subject to revision.Circle 392 on inquiry card.

Call Toll Free For Catalog:

(800) 854-8275

CA, AK, HI (714) 630-3322

^KJ^2

VISA

Wm~A

COMPUTER PRODUCTS

1100 N. TUSTIN #207, ANAHEIM, CA 92807

Photo 2: The back of the system unit. Shown from left to right are the keyboard con-nector, reset button, Centronics-compatible parallel port, video-display-terminalconnector, two RS-232C serial ports, and power connector. The on-off switch is justabove the power connector.

Photo 3: The inside of the system unit viewed from above. The disk-controller boardappears at the top, the power supply at the bottom, the speaker at the upper left, andtwo of the four expansion slots at center left. The disk-controller board hides the othertwo expansion slots at left and the 8088 processor, which is at the extreme right.

serial ports, the monitor, and twoparallel ports. Connectors for theserial ports and the keyboard andmonitor are on the back of the systemunit, shown in photo 2. One of theparallel ports comes out to the backof the system unit with a 36-pin con-nector that uses standard Centronicspin assignments. With a special24-pin connector and appropriatesoftware, you can use this port to

connect an IEEE-488 device to theVictor 9000. The second parallel porthas a 50-pin KK-type connector onthe main printed-circuit board. Thisport, called the "user" port, is alsofully programmable.

The main printed-circuit boardcontains an Intel 8088 micropro-cessor, 128K bytes of RAM in theform of sixteen 64K-bit chips (paritymemory is an option), 16K bytes of

ROM (read-only memory), 4K bytesof static RAM, a real-time clock, anexpansion bus with four empty slots,a programmable serial-communica-tions chip, parallel I/O chips, an 8259programmable interrupt controller(to support real-time, multi-user, andmultitasking operations), a CRT-controller chip, and the 50-pinparallel port mentioned earlier. Photo3 shows the inside of the system unitviewed from above. The customfloppy-disk controller board hides thedisk drives and most of the systemboard. Photo 4 shows the systemboard after removal of the drives.Figure 1 shows a block diagram of theVictor 9000.

The 8088 is a 16-bit microprocessorthat does all I/O 8 bits at a time. Twoseparate 8-bit data buses, the ID busand the BD bus, are in use in the Vic-tor 9000. All the Victor 9000's LSI(large-scale integration) I/O devices(including the ones on the <iisk-controller board) are driven from aseparate data bus consisting of linesID0-ID7. Memory, the expansion bus(see table 1 on page 230), and the buf-fers for the ID bus are driven by thebus consisting of lines BD0-BD7. Theprogrammable interrupt controllerand the "boot" ROM connect directlyto the processor data bus.

The system clock runs at 15 MHzand the 8088 runs at 5 MHz, or slight-ly faster than the 8088 in the IBM Per-sonal Computer. The cycle time formain memory is 333 nanoseconds(ns); the access time is also 333 ns.

The 8259 programmable interruptcontroller provides eight levels ofprioritized interrupts, that is, signalsto the 8088 that something else has tobe attended to. One interrupt lets thedisk controller indicate the readinessof a sector header from a disk drive;one interrupt is for the serial ports;one interrupt is for the real-time clockand other timed operations; one in-terrupt is for parallel I/O chips, in-cluding the chip that communicateswith the CODEC; two interrupts arefor the expansion bus, to be con-trolled by boards to be added there;one interrupt is for the keyboard; andone is for the CRT (cathode-ray tube)controller.

The 8088 can address a megabyte

222 November 1982 © BYTE Publications In

Circle 467 on inquiry card.

*■•!

"Three Moms" Courtesy of GregAbram, University of north Carolinaat Chapel hill

W

"Aurora" By Richard Katz, VectrixCorporation

■ ■ '■

r 'TOB?T8g?l

■•

: :T -

•■'

■

■ !

■ 1

1 M

"Integrated Circuit Design" Courtesy "In The Beginning" By Richard Katz,of Floyd J. James, University of north Vectrix CorporationCarolina at Chapel Hill

1995

AMD THE FIRST AFFORDABLE HIGH RESOLUTION COLOR GRAPHICS MACHINE IS YOURS

VX128

•VERY HIGH RESOLUTION 672 by

480 pixels Individually addressable

• EIGHT COLORS PER PIXEL 5 bitplanes of memory totalling 128K

graphics RAM

• OM-BOARD 16 BIT MICRO-COMPUTER Intel 8088 microprocessorwith additional PROM and RAM andbuilt-in expansion capability

• 3D GRAPHICS SOFTWARE PACK-AGE built-in command set includes:rotation, scaling, translation, perspec-tive, clipping viewport polygon, andfilled polygon

• HARDWARE LIME AMD ARCGEMERATIOM on-board VLSI graphicsdisplay controller, 1600 nano-seconds pixel drawing time

•SERIAL AMD PARALLEL

INTERFACE 300-19.2K baud R5-232and 8 bit parallel port

•USER FRIENDLY COMMAND FOR-MAT supports high level language andhexadecimal transmissions

|OJ

^m

H

•USER DEFINABLE CHARACTERGENERATION built-in character setincludes zoom, slant and variablespacing, or upload your own characterdefinitions

VX384

• 512 COLORS PER PIXEL9 bit planesof memory with 384K graphics RAM

•COLOR LOOKUP TABLE 8 bitdigital-to-analog converters provide a16 million color palate

• INCLUDES ALL FEATURE5 ofVX128 for total of $3995

•VXM HIGH RESOLUTION COLORMONITOR RGB analog input with 24klloHertz scan rate, long persistencephosphor $1295

• COLOR GRAPHIC PRINTER-omplete with interface cable$1295

Toll FreeXl-800-334-8]

— 1_ X_ Ml^ "1 "1 SI A1

POWER

ON

RESET

RESETBUTTON

CENTRONICS

PARALLEL/

IEEE488

AUDIO SPARE

INPUT PORT

CONNECTOR

Figure 1: A block diagram of the Victor 9000. The 8088 processor is at the left, as are the power-up ROM and the programmable in-terrupt controller. At top left is the expansion bus. The entire top center consists of the disk-controller board. The CRT controllerand associated static RAM appear at right. From left to right along the bottom of the diagram, you see a parallel I/O port that canbe configured as either a Centronics-compatible or an IEEE-488 interface; a synchronous I/O interface that drives the CODEC

224 November 1982 © BYTE Publicaeions Inc

(coder-decoder) that can turn a voice into a serial bit stream and vice versa; another parallel port; a keyboard interface port, basedon a 6522 that also controls some other functions in the system; two RS-232C serial ports that can be programmed for asynchronousor bisynchronous communications; and the timer that sets the bits per second (bps) for the communications ports and provides aninterrupt for the system clock. Table 1 identifies the descriptions and names of the signals on the data buses and the expansion slots.

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 225

//

THREE PERSONALCOMPUTERSEXPERTS SAY

B10W EVERYTHING

E1SE OUT OF

THE MARKET/'

Pro 300 series

Once in a great while, personal computers come along that drive thenormally staid computer press to extremes of praise. The personalcomputers made by Digital Equipment Corporation are

such an example. These are the personal computersabout which industry analysts such as The Yankee^minicomputer ofpm^ computers. Group have said:"... comparing other currentlyavailable personal computers to (Digital's) Professional series is likecomparing a sub-compact car to a Porsche." ^^

And further: "The trio of personal com- immte" \ ^Pputers will blow everything else out of the market." — :—?=- fg?^ine YanKee Group was not alone, rrom nefuuy supported m®, business system.the Rosen Electronics Letter: "Digital offers more storage, morememory more expansion, more columns, and a higher performancecentral processor." And from The Gartner Group:".. .the hardwarespecifications, design, and future upgrade planning appear superb."What could inspire such remarks? Perhaps it was a featurelike Digital's bit-map graphics—a graphics capability that makes yester-day's graphics look like yesterday's news. Or maybe it was the overallidea of a personal computer that could do more than one thing ata time. Or storage. Or memory. Or the idea of using two centralprocessors instead of one.

« Wouldn't you like to find out a little more about Digital's|» Ramt^ 100 personal computers? Call 800-DIGITAL and we'll^Jfe—m— send you our free brochure. Or write: Digital

The low cost Ugh performance machine. LCJUipment COn)OratlOn,

129 Parker Street, Maynard, MA 01754. PfflPllinHn

And if our words aren't good a Q HQ U U U

enough ? Ask anybody else. MORE PERSONAL.

MORE COMPUTER.

Rainbow, DECmate and Professional are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation, © Digital Equipment Corporation 1982.

of memory, but the Victor 9000 usesmemory-mapped I/O—that is, it ad-dresses some of the input and outputdevices as if they were part of systemmemory. This increases the speed ofI/O but reduces the amount of realmemory that can be addressed. Sincethe 8088 can address a megabyte,however, you are unlikely to feel apinch. Despite the memory-mappedI/O, the user of the Victor 9000 canstill have 896K bytes of availableRAM. Memory can be expanded with128K-byte, 256K-byte, and 384K-byte memory boards. If you add twoof the 384K-byte boards, you canhave the full 896K bytes of RAM andstill have two bus slots open. Besidesthe RAM already described, the Vic-tor 9000 also has 4K bytes of staticRAM used with the video monitor,and 16K bytes of ROM containing"sanity test" diagnostics and instruc-tions for loading the operating systemfrom disk.

Mass Storage

Packing 612K bytes of data ontoone side of a 5y4-inch floppy diskmay cause jitters in people whowitnessed problems in mere double-density systems only a year or so ago,but I used the drives hard during thetime I had the Victor 9000 and didn'texperience any problems with thedrives in any operation with eitherCP/M-86 or MS-DOS. One thing Idid to tempt fate and strain tech-nology was to edit and save and re-edit and resave huge Wordstar textfiles. Even with files approaching 60Kbytes, the Victor 9000's drives per-formed flawlessly.

The quality and reliability of thedisk drives result from the ingenuityused in designing the disk-controllerboard and in encoding the data. TheVictor 9000 uses Group Code Record-ing (GCR), a technique of compress-ing data by squeezing out zeros. Datais encoded for storage in such a waythat there are never more than twozeros in a row.

The Victor 9000 also has unusuallyprecise control of the rotational speedof the drives. One common source ofread-and-write errors is a difference inrotational speed between two drives.To achieve highly precise control of

Photo 4: The system board viewed from above. The 8088 processor is at the right, thefour expansion slots at the left, and one of the parallel and both serial ports are alongthe bottom. The two vertical rows near the top, which consist of 8 chips each, are 128Kbytes of dynamic RAM.

rotational speed, Victor replaced thecontrol electronics normally suppliedby drive manufacturers with acustom board that controls bothdrives. A microprocessor on the Vic-tor disk board takes tachometerpulses from the drive motor and usesthem to control motor speed. Theboard can set motor speed to any of15 values, controlled within 1 per-cent. Different speed settings are usedfor different tracks. Why? In order toachieve constant linear speed of themedia traveling under the read/writeheads. When the Victor 9000 is doingdisk input or output, you can hear thedrive motors quietly changing speed,as if there were a 15-speed transmis-sion inside with a gifted driver shift-ing from one speed to another as nec-essary. One benefit of constant linearspeed is that the outer tracks of thedisk can hold much more data. An-other benefit is increased reliability.

Three 6522 versatile interfaceadapters (VIAs), which are specialparallel I/O chips, divide most of thework of controlling the drives. Two

ports on one 6522 VIA select read-and-write data; the second 6522selects speed and controls the drives'stepper motors; the third 6522 con-trols head selection and the LEDs(light-emitting diodes) that indicatedrive activity and also determines thestatus of the spindle motors. The 8088processor controls and monitors allthe signals coming from the 6522s,besides monitoring the status of thedrive doors, turning on the LEDs, andtransferring data into memory.

The track-to-track stepping time is3 milliseconds (ms) and average disk-access time is 235 ms. The Victor9000's operating systems use a logicalsector size of 128 bytes and a physicalsector size of 512 bytes.

A valuable feature for program-mers who want to write disaster-proof applications software is theVictor 9000 disk system's ability tocondition an interrupt on the openingor closing of the disk drive doors.Using this feature, a program mightsave a user from trying to write to adrive with an open door, which,

228 November 1982 © BYTE Publicaeions Inc

goes TVI-950 one better.

The new Hazeltine Esprit III™ is a plug-to-plug replacement for the TeleVideoTVI-950. Same command set. Samekeyboard layout. The same features.Even the same user-PROM capability.

But Esprit III goes TVI-950 onebetter. And that one important differ-ence is price. Esprit III costs $300 less.In fact, it costs $100 less than Tele-Video's far less capable TVI-925.

Look at the numbers. TVI-950 per-formance for less than TVI-925 cost.You'll agree. Esprit III is the best one.

"Trademarks of TeleVideo Systems, Inc.

Hazeltine Corporation, Computer Terminal Equipment, Commack, NY 11725 (516) 462-5598 or call toll free: 800-645-4508

EspritIII

TVI925*

TVI950*

Buffered mode

Yes

Yes

Yes

Programmable function keys

Yes

No

Yes

Line graphics

Yes

No

Yes

Page/line transmit

Yes

Yes

Yes

Smooth scrolling

Yes

No

Yes

Price

$895

$995

$1,195

Hazeltine

The new terminal technology.

////////////////////fiiniiiiiittimwwww

Circle 498 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982

229

Circle 241 on inquiry card.

0\TA PLOTTING

SOFTWARE

FOR

MICROS

21 Programs

Fully Documented, Copyable

BASIC Listings

Apple II and IBMpc

PIE CHARTS • BAR CHARTS

STOCK MARKET CHARTS

3D SURFACES • HISTOGRAMS

LOG PLOTS • CURVE FITTING

REGRESSION ANALYSIS

DATA MANAGEMENT

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

TEXT ON GRAPHICS

All programs listed in Applesoft BASIC in a248 pg book with theory, equations, full ex-planation of how they work. Modular andmenu driven. Use as is, modify and combinefor your own applications, or use as buildingblocks to develop your own programs. Op-tional 5Vi" disks of listings availble for AppleII + DOS3.3 48K and IBMpc DOS1.1 48K.This is your best buy in data plotting software!Book: $28.50 Disk: $19.95

ALSO AVAILABLEGraphic Software for Mlcros:a self-teaching guideto writing 2D and 3D graphics software-61programs-"..the best book available onmicro graphics.. "-Creative Computing 2/82.Book: $21.95 Disk: $19.95Engineering Software for Micros: 25 programsfor CAD, Fourier analysis, optimization, etc.Book: $28.50 Disk: $19.95Structural Analaysis Software for Micros: 14programs-2D,3D trusses, frames & more.Book: $39.95 Disk: $24.95

KERN PUBLICATIONS

Send check, money order, VISA/MASTERCAAD no withexp date to 190 Duck Hill Rd, PO Box 1029, Duxbury,MA 02332. Add $2 per book postage in US, $3 UPS,$4 Canada. $12 air Europe and Central America, $1 8elsewhere. Specify Apple or IBM with disk orders.

For faster delivery call (617)934-0445

Pin

Signal

I/O

50

A19

I/O

1

A18

I/O

49

A17

I/O

2

A16

I/O

48

A15

I/O

3

A14

I/O

47

A13

I/O

4

A12

I/O

46

A11

I/O

5

A10

I/O

45

A9

I/O

6

A8

I/O

29

BD7

I/O

22

BD6

I/O

28

BD5

I/O

23

BD4

I/O

27

BD3

I/O

24

BD2

I/O

26

BD1

I/O

25

BDO

I/O

11

RD

0

14

WR~

0

8

DEN

0

33

DLATCH

0

30

EXTIO

I

Description

Buffered-address bits 8 to 19. Theselines are driven from the 8088 duringnormal operation and are valid fromthe falling edge of address-latchenable (ALE) to the rising edge of thenext ALE. If an external device takescontrol of the system via HOLD andHOLD ACKNOWLEDGE, these linesare tri-stated.

Time multiplexed buffered address/data bus. During normal operation,the lower 8 bits of address (ADO-AD7) are valid on the falling edge ofALE.

ALE 0 Buffered address-latch enable. Processor signal that indicates

BD0-BD7 contain valid addresses. Typically used to latch low-order 8 bits of address.

Buffered read strobe. Processor signal indicating a read cycle.

Buffered write strobe. Processor signal indicating a writecycle.

Buffered data enable. Provided by the processor for use as anenable for transceivers.

Data latch. The falling edge of this signal may be used tostrobe data generated from a processor read access.External I/O. Control line that prevents internal data-bus buf-fers from conflicting with external buffers when mapping ex-ternal I/O into address space E0000 to EFFFF hexadecimal.CSEN should be used as a control signal to disable internalbuffers via EXTIO and enable external buffers if using addressspace E0000 to EFFFF. Addresses used by the system cannotbe disabled by EXTIO.

Chip select enable. This line is synchronized to PHASE2. It istrue from a falling edge of PHASE2 to the next falling edge ofPHASE2, when address space E0000 to EFFFF hexadecimalis accessed.

15-MHz clock. Signal from which all system timing is derived.Its period is 66.6 ns with a 50% ± 10% duty cycle.5-MHz clock. Signal is in phase with the 8088 clock input. Itsperiod is 200 ns with a 33% duty cycle.1-MHz clock. Signal is asynchronous with CLK5. Its period isVs with a 40/60% duty cycle. Useful to interface 6800-typeI/O circuits.

External acknowledge. This line is normally high and may bepulled low by external devices resulting in pulling the 8088READY input low, generating wait states. This line is resyn-chronized by the system logic.

Input to the 8088. This is an external request for control of thesystem buses.

Buffered hold acknowledge. System response to HOLD re-quest. When true (high) the following signals are tri-stated:A8-A19, BD0-BD7, ALE, IO/M, RD, WR, DT/R, DEN, SSO. andINTA.

DLATCH is controlled by external logic.Status line, This line reflects the synchronized READY input tothe 8088.

Buffered 8088 status line. Distinguishes between a memory orI/O bus cycle.Buffered 8088 status line.

Continued on page 234

Table 1: The signal names and descriptions for the Victor 9000 expansion bus. Theexpansion bus is basically a buffered extension of the system's 8088 processor plusadditional timing and control signals required to interface the system. The expansionbus consists of a multiplexed buffered data bus (BD0-BD7), a buffered address bus(A8-A19), and various timing, control, interrupt, and power lines.

19

21

17

CSEN

40

CLK15B

O

38

CLK5

O

20

PHASE2

O

XACK

HOLDHLDA

41

READY

O

10

IO/M

O

7

SSO

O

230 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

GP-100A: US$389

COMMAND PERFORMANCE.

Seikosha gives you all the best features—including economy and super-clear graphics.

Qnlike some graphic printers, Seikosha's newQP-100A Qni-Hammer Graphic Printer puts full dotaddressable graphics at your command. The GP-100Alets you repeat a column of data as many times asneeded with just one command. Software control enablesdouble-width character output, and the positioning isboth character and dot addressable. Designed for simpleoperation, it ranks among the most cost-efficient graphicprinters on the market. Command performance tech-nology that not only works for you now, but takes youwell into the future.

Other valuable features:

•Graphics, regular and double width charactermodes can be intermixed on the same line.

•Automatic printing. When the text exceedsthe maximum line length, there is no lossof data due to overflow.

• Self-test printing is a standard feature.•Centronics type parallel interface.

• Paper width is adjustable up to 10 inches.

• Optional lnterface:RS232C,IEEE488,applell,etc.

Graphic Printer Mr J^ Serieo

Available at COMPUTERLAND and other finestores in your area

Distributed by AXIOM CORPORATION 1014 Griswold Avenue San Fernando, Calif. 91340 Phone (213) 365-9521 TWX (910) 496-1746Manufactured by SEIKOSHA SYSTEM EQUIPMENT DIV. 4-1-1 Taihei Sumida-ku Tokyo Japan. Phone: 03-623-8111 Telex: 262-2620

Circle 407 on Inquiry card.

YOUR PROGRAM HERE

232 BYTE November 1982

The best software forthe IBM Personal Computer.Could it beyours?

Attention, all programmers. Here's achance to reach the top.

If you've written software that's completedand runs on the IBM Personal Computer, wecould be interested in publishing it.

(We also could be interested if it runson another computer. If we select your software,we'll ask you to adapt it to our system.)

But be advised.

Our expectations are great.

Because the software we publish must begood enough to complement IBM PersonalComputer hardware. In fact, the more you takeadvantage of all our hardware capabilities (seethe box at right), the more interested in yoursoftware we become.

Think about incorporating color graphicsinto your program, for example.

Use sound. Consider the power of ourkeyboard and remember to utilize the tenprogrammable function keys.

In all cases, we're interested in "friendly"software — with emphasis on quality and wideappeal. Programs with the greatest chanceof being published must be easy to use, offera better way to accomplish a task and providesomething special to the user.

What kinds of programs? All kinds.

Education. Entertainment. Personal W

finance. Data management. Self improvement \'i£.Games. Communications. And yes, business.

We select programs that will make theIBM Personal Computer an even more useful toolfor modern times.

f IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER SPECIFICATIONS ~j

User Memory

Display Screen

Permanent Memory

| 16K-S12K bytes*

High-resolution*

(ROM) 40K bytes*

Microprocessor

80 characters x 25 lines

Color/Graphics

16-bit, 80SS*

I Ipper and k iwer case

'li:\i mode:

1 Auxiliary Memory

Green phosphor screen* 16 colors* '■

1 2 optional internal

Operating Systems

256 characters and

diskette drives, 5V4'

DOS.UCSD-p System,

symbols in ROM*

160K bytes or 32GK

CIVM-861-

Graphics mode:

hues per diskette

4-color resolution:

1 Keyboard

Languages

320h x 200V*

83 fceys, 6 ft. cord

BASIC. Pascal, FORTRAN,

Black & white resolution:

attaches to

MACRO Assembler,

640hx200v*

system unit*

COBOL

Simultaneous graphics &

text capability

10 function keys*

Printer

10-kev numeric pad

Bidirectional*

Communications

1 Tactile feedback*

HO characters/second

RS-232-C interlace

Diagnostics

12 character styles, up to

Asynchronous (start/stop)

Powef-on self testing9'

132 characters/line*

protocol

Parity checking*

9x9 character matrix *

I 'p to 9600 bits per sect >nd

♦advanced features for personal computers

So, if you think your software is the best,consider submitting it. If it's accepted, we'll takecare of the publishing, the marketing and thedistribution. All you have to do is reap thebenefits of our new royalty terms. And you're freeto market your program elsewhere at any timeeven if you license it to us.

We're offering the ladder. Think abouttaking the first step.

For information on how to submit yourprogram, write: IBM Personal Computer,External Submissions,Dept. 765 PC, Armonk,New York 10504. ===:= =*

The IBM Personal ComputerA tool for modern times

For an authorized IBM Personal Computer dealer near you (or information trom IBM about quantity purchases) call 800-447-4700. In ItUCSD p-System is a trademark of the Regents of the University of California. CP/M-86 is a trademark of Digital Research, Inc.

inois, 800-322-4400. In Alaska or Hawaii, 800-447-0890.

Circle 209 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982

233

Circle 215 on inquiry card.

ATTENTIONNON-TECHNICAL USERS

Are you lost in a sea of technical jargonand buzzwords such as

SCHEMA . . . RELATIONAL DBMS . . .INVERTED DBMS . . . NAVIGATIONALPATHS . ..

If these terms are confusing your choiceof a Data Management System for yourMicro, then why not go with the Champ!

DATA CHAMP is a fresh alternative to atraditional DBMS package, in that thecryptic, user supplied commands arereplaced with a simple question andanswer dialogue. This unique approachallows users with little or no technicalbackground to quickly master the basicand create systems of their own design.In addition, DATA CHAMP supports anextensive combination of options whichallows the advanced user to develophighly sophisticated systems.

DATA CHAMP FEATURES

• Extensive sorting & selectioncapabilities

• Powerful, easy to use REPORT writerand LABELS programs

• General purpose program to passDATA CHAMP files to popular wordprocessing packages

• Programs can be accessed through ahelpful, descriptive MENU Program,or may be run directly by the moreexperienced user

• Frequently used sequence of answersto a program may be stored and thensubsequently recalled with a singleresponse

• Available for CP/M* users (64k), orIBM PC/DOS** users (128K)

Order now, and take advantage of ourmoney back guarantee. Just send us$395 and we will send you a version ofDATA CHAMP for your evaluation. Ifwithin 30 days you decide not to keepDATA CHAMP, then return all materialsto us and we will refund your money.(Okla. residents add 5% sales tax)

DflTfl CHAMP

nnovative Micro Systems

12506 East 21st Street

Tulsa, OK 74129

(918)437-2865

visa ^3 ^B

Visa Mastercard.

Computer

Disk

Signature .Name

Company .

Street

City

State

-Zip.

Data Champ is a Trademark of Innovative Micro

Systems Inc.'CP/M is a Trademark of Digital Research"Trademarks of IBMDealer Inquiries Welcome

Pin

12

Signal

DT/R

I/O

0

Description

Buffered data transmit/receive. Processor signal typicaWy usecito control the direction_of system transceivers.The combination of IO/M, DT/R, and SSO provide current bus-cycle status:

IO/M

DT/R

SSO

Description

0

0

0

Instruction fetch

0

0

1

Read from memory

0

1

0

Write from memory

0

1

1

Passive (no bus cycle)

1

0

0

Interrupt acknowledge

1

0

1

Read from I/O

1

1

0

Write to I/O

1

1

1

Halt

15

16

43

42

13

NMI

IRQ

IR4

IR5

RESET

Nonmaskable interrupt. An edge-triggered input which causesa type-2 interrupt. A transition from high to low initiates the in-terrupt at the end of the current instruction.Interrupt request. This input should be driven with an open col-lector driver; it is "collector ORed" with five 6522s and one6852 and is pulled to + 5 volts (V) through a 3.3K-ohm resistor.A low level on any of these circuits generates a high-level inputto the system 8259 at IR3 level.

Interrupt request level 4. Direct access to IR4 of the system8259.

Interrupt request level 5. Direct access to IR5 of the system8259.System reset. Generated at power on or from the Reset switch.

44

Ground

39

Ground

35

Ground

31

Ground

37

+ 5 V

36

+ 5 V

250 mA/expansion board

34

+ 12 V

250 mA/expansion board

32

-12 V

50 mA/expansion board

under CP/M-86 and depending onthe BIOS (basic input/outputsystem), would crash the programand lose the data that the user intend-ed to save.

Display

The first thing that you noticeabout the Victor 9000 is the quality ofits display. The clear definition ofcharacters and the sharp mono-chrome graphics are a pleasure to theeyes. A nylon mesh minimizes glare.

A total of 320,000 pixels (pictureelements), 800 by 400, account for thehigh resolution. (The Apple III hasgraphics resolution of 560 by 192,and the IBM Personal Computer of-fers 640 by 200). One immediatebenefit of the high resolution is theavailability of a 132-column by50-line display format for electronicspreadsheets like Victorcalc andMultiplan. The extra 52 columns and25 lines make a large table mucheasier to comprehend and reduceyour dependence on notoriously

volatile human memory. It should bepossible to have more than the stan-dard 25 lines available for word pro-cessing, too, but the two Victorword-processing programs that I useddid not take advantage of the higherresolution, nor did the third, which Isaw but did not use. Photo 5 showsthe Victor display with an assortmentof character sets. Photo 6 gives a tasteof the machine's breathtaking graph-ics capabilities, and photo 7 shows ascientific application of the highresolution.

The Victor 9000 uses the Hitachi46505 CRT-controller chip,equivalent to a Motorola 6845. Aseparate memory-arbitration circuitallows the CRT logic to access systemmemory. Together the controller chipand the memory-arbitration circuitminimize the demands made by thedisplay on the processor and give thedisplay logic access to the entire 128Kbytes of on-board RAM.

Two hardware registers containpointers to tell the CRT-controller

234 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

INFOSCRIBE1000

Ift a PleasureDoing Business

WORKS HARDER,WORKS SMARTER.

Infoscribe 1000 is ready to do all yourbusiness and professional printing.Period.

Standard features include 200characters per second; up to 16-inchwide paper; bidirectional logicseeking; subscripts, superscripts,underlining, true descenders; 3.5Kinput buffer; and up to three96-character sets, one of themprogrammable.

HEAR YOURSELF THINK.

Infoscribe 1000 is very quiet. Lessthan 54 dBA! Perfect for the officeenvironment.

PRO GRAPHICS.

Versatile, dot addressable graphicsare standard on Infoscribe 1000.

Ideal for graphs, charts, reports, andpresentations.

DOUBLE IN BRASS.

Infoscribe 1000 has the flexibility forvaried business needs. Expandedor compressed characters,double-density printing, andcorrespondence quality for thoseimportant "computer letters."

RUGGEDLY HANDSOME.

Infoscribe 1000 is tough, durable,reliable. Yet is doesn't bare its rivets.It's slim, trim, sleek. Upgrades thelook of any system.

Hurry to your favorite dealer, orcontact us for further informationtoday. Infoscribe, 2720 S. Croddy WaySanta Ana, California 92704, USA.(714) 641-8595. Telex 692422.

Circle 213 on inquiry card.

INFOSCRIBE

Helping Your Computer Produce

VISIT US AT COMDEX, BOOTH 301

235

Photo 5: The video monitor displaying characters in different fonts and sizes.

Photo 6: A graphics display on the Victor 9000 video monitor.

Photo 7: A scientific application of the Victor 9000 video monitor.

236 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

chip where two tables are located insystem memory. The first table iscalled screen RAM and the secondtable is called dot RAM. These twotables interact together with the CRT-controller chip to produce the displayon the monitor. Just how they in-teract depends on whether you are inthe character mode or the high-resolution graphics mode.

In the character mode, the screenRAM (which is really the 4K bytes ofstatic RAM) acts in a manner similarto the refresh RAM of modern videoterminals. The screen RAM in theVictor 9000, however, uses a 16-bitword to represent each of the 2000character positions displayed on themonitor: 7 bits define the characteraccording to its ASCII value, 4 bitscan be thought of as font designators,and the remaining 5 bits determinethe character's attributes (underscore,,reverse, etc.). In order to locate theactual dot representation of thecharacter in dot RAM, the 11 bitsdefining the character and font arethen combined with the pointer thatpoints to the dot RAM by the CRT-controller chip.

Each character is made up of 16scan lines of 10 pixels (dots) each. DotRAM contains a pixel map of eachcharacter in the font, with a 16-bitword devoted to each of the 16 scanlines of the character cell for a total of32 bytes per character. Only 10 bitsof each scan line are actuallydisplayed, however.

A 128-character font occupies 4Kbytes of dot RAM, and multiple fontsmay reside in dot RAM simultaneous-ly. Thus the entire process is similarto that of modern video terminals ex-cept that system RAM is used insteadof a fixed character ROM.

In graphics mode, however, theprocess is different. When graphicsmode is entered, the screen RAM isloaded with data so that the CRT-controller chip is forced to cyclethrough 1250 consecutive "character"cells in dot RAM. Because the dotRAM is actually system RAM, youcan then use this 40,000-byte area(1250 cells, 32 bytes per cell) as a bitmap for high-resolution graphics,with each of the 320,000 bits being in-dividually addressable.

Sleeves of Ty vek

protect your data investment

better than paper.

Here's why:

1. TYVEK* spunbondedolefin has more than twicethe strength of good qualitypaper.

2. TYVEK does not lint.

3. TYVEK is smooth andnonabrasive.

4. TYVEK is chemicallyclean... has a neutral pH.

5. TYVEK reduces staticproblems.

6. TYVEK is unaffected bywater.

With TYVEK, you don'thave to compromise on anyimportant sleeve criteria.You get it all. That's whyTYVEK is still the best way toprotect your diskettes.

For more information,write: DuPont Company,Room 38184, Wilmington,DE 19898.

5 DuPont registered trademark.DuPont makes TYVEK, not sleeves.

1

"16 U S fW & TM off

Circle 164 on Inquiry card.

iw

^^"

\

The Victor 9000 can display char-acters in half intensity, in reversevideo, underscored, or blinking.Brightness and contrast of the screenas a whole are also under softwarecontrol. Applications programsshould therefore be able to manipu-late these factors, and the Victoroperating systems themselves enableyou to adjust brightness and contrastfrom the keyboard. While softwarecontrol of brightness and contrastcould be useful for achieving specialvisual effects, I found myself wishing

for plain, old-fashioned contrast andbrightness knobs on the monitor.Whenever you load the operatingsystem, it resets brightness and con-trast to its own default values. Pre-sumably these default values could bealtered to suit individual taste, butotherwise you have to enter a fewkeystrokes (pressing the Alternatekey along with the Brightness key andthe Contrast key) to adjust themonitor whenever you reload thesystem. This becomes a minor an-noyance if you're in a hurry.

COMMUNICATIONS

"ITE is a menu-driven, multi-pro-tocol, intelligentterminal and filetransfer utility with user er-ror protection for the CP/MOperating System. Its stateof the art, user-orientedprogram provides thegreatest ease of operationin the field today.

MITE provides AutoLog On, Auto Answer andAuto Dial and can auto-matically access literally allcommercial services. Alsoincluded are a complete

text editor and file conver-sion utilities.

MITE is available for im-mediate installation onmost CP/M systems in-'eluding Apple II, KayComp,

Northstar, Osborne, San-yo, TeleVideo, Toshiba,Xerox 820, Zenith, most S/100's and the IBM PCunder MS-DOS.

Own all this state of theart capability and be heardaround the world, too, foronly $150.00. To order calltoday: 800-874-0058

Conrpurermo/x

Post Office Box 13425Tallahassee, Florida 32308

Distributor/ Dealer inquir-ies invited. MITE is aproduct of Mycroft Labs, Inc.

THESMALL

VOICE-HEARD

AROUNDTHE

WORLD

ol Digital Research, Inc Apple II is a 1r;rk ol Northstar Computers. Osborne is a

T~»0 is a trademark ol TeleVideo Systems Inc.. Tc

Corporalion Zenith is a trademark ol Zenith Dala Syslems Inc . IBM PC is e

Sanyo is s

k ol Toshiba America Inc , Xerox 820 is a trademark ol Xerark o! IBM. MS-DOS is a trademark ol Microsoft

See us at COMDEX Nov. 29-Dec. 2

I/O Ports

The two standard RS-232C serialports on the Victor 9000 \\averemarkable versatility. The Intersil7201 programmable communicationschips can support full-duplex asyn-chronous communications, as canmost serial ports on other microcom-puters. But the 7201s can also supportboth bisynchronous communicationsand SDLC (synchronous data linkcontrol), a special kind of bisyn-chronous communication. Softwaredetermines which type of com-munication the ports will performand at what speed (up to 19.2 kbpsfor asynchronous operations, and upto 56 kbps for bisynchronous). Thesignificance of the Victor 9000's use of7201 chips is that you will probablynever have to add a special board tocommunicate with another computer,even if your company switches fromIBM to DEC mainframes or viceversa.

The 6522 parallel ports (designerPeddle's favorites) are also program-mable. Certain pins can be selectedfor use as interrupt signals. As notedearlier, one port has a standardCentronics-compatible 36-pin con-nector. A special 24-pin connectorand appropriate software can turnthis port into an IEEE-488 interface.The second parallel port has a 50-pinKK-type connector on the mainprinted-circuit board. This port,called the user port, is also fully pro-grammable.

Keyboard

The Victor 9000 has a separatekeyboard connected to the systemunit by a coiled cable that is longenough to let you hold the keyboardin your lap if you wish. A still longercable (12 feet) is available as an op-tion. Three keyboards with up to 103keys, all sculpted and most with auto-repeat capability, are available andhave a soft touch that is easy to adjustto. Victor gives its distributors a utili-ty program, KEYGEN, that programsthe keyboard without requiringknowledge of 8088 assemblylanguage. That should make it possi-ble for distributors to tailor the key-board for any application that a

238 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 117 on inquiry card.

i

Check The ChartBefore You ChooseYour New 16-BitComputer System.

Columbia Data Products'New Multi-Personal® Computer,Featuring IBM-PC® Compatibility,Excels In Professional, BusinessAnd Industrial Applications,Check it out.

Columbia Data Products'MULTI-PERSONAL-COMPUTERcan use software and hardware originally intended forthe IBM" Personal Computer . . . while enjoying theflexibility and expandability of all Columbia Data's com-puter systems.

Available operating system software includes single-user MS-DOS'" or CP/M 86" or multi-user, multi-taskingMP/M 86* or OASIS-16\ with XENIX1' available soon,providing users with a host of compatible software pack-ages for personal and professional business and indus-trial applications. A large selection of higher level languagesarealsoavailable, including BASIC, FORTRAN, COBOL,PASCAL and MACRO Assembler.

Our standard 16-Bit 8088 hardware configuration pro-vides 128K RAM with parity, two RS-232 serial ports,Centronics parallel printer port, interrupt and DMA con-trollers, dual floppy disks with 640K storage, Winchesterdisk and keyboard interfaces, and eight IBM-PC compat-ible expansion slots... and lists for only $2995. Winches-ter hard disk configurations, featuring cache buffercontrollers for enhanced disk access performance arealso available, starting at $4995.

So, when you need to grow, why gamble and hasslewith independent third party hardware and operatingsystem vendors which may or may not be compatible ...not to mention the hidden expense and frustration ofimplementing peripheral drivers in the different operat-ing systems and upgrades? Who needs the finger-pointingwhen things don't work out?

After you review our chart, you will agree ... for overall16-Bit microprocessor superiority, expandability, flexi-bility, compatibility and real economy, Columbia Data isyour total source.

Our Multi-Personal Computer . . . the 16-Bit systemborn to grow!

Get yours now. Circle 86 on inquiry card.

i*""

MAIN FEATURES

CDP-MPC

IBM-PC*

OTHERS

Microprocessor

16-Bit 80888-Bit Z-BO lOpt)

16-Bit 8088

9

USER Mi

128K-1

16K-2&

9

IBM-PI

Expansions Slots Beyond

8 Slots

9

Resident FloppiStorage

Dual 320K (std)

Dual 160K (Opn

?

Residenl

Hard Disk Storage

5M/10M

?

OPTIONAL OPERATING SYSTEMS (SlIDW

MS-DO

Yes

Yes

?

l 86

7

Soon

9

OPTIONAL HARDWARE EXPANS

RS-232 Communications

Yes

9

7

Yes

2-80 CP/M*

-

Yes

-

-

7

8" Flopp\

111';!- liVM-m

9

_

?

Tape Cartridge System

Yes

-

7

'For comparison purposes, typical professional configurations con-

.088 Processor. 12SK RAM with Parity, Dual 320K B-ineh

is, DMA and Interrupt Controller, Dual RS-232 Serial Ports

lies Parallel Port and Dumb Computer Terminal or Equivalent

-Columbia Data Products also supports CP/M 80' with an optionally

available Z-BO CP/M Expansion Board

•As advertised in BYTE Magazine, August 1982

COLUMBIA

DATA PRODUCTS, INC.

trademarks of MICROSOFT.

West Coast:

3901 MacArtliur Blvd.Suite 211

Newport Beach, CA 92663Telephone 714-752-5245Telex 277778trademarks of Digital Research. OASIS Is the trademark of Phase One

Home Office:

8990Roiii

Columbia, md 21045

1 Kino 301-992-3400TWX 710-862-1891

Europe:

PO. Box 1118450 Moenchengladbach 1West GermanyTelephone 02161-33159Telex 852452MS-DOS and XENIX are

■anHHSvanai

->;

EIGHT USERS TO GO

More Fortune 1000 companies arechoosing Altos. It's the OEM's first choice.

Looking for a powerful, yetaffordable, 8-user computer systemthat delivers the best price/perform-ance of any micro on the markettoday?

Then get your hands on an ALTOS®field-proven, XENIX7UNIX"-basedACS8600 microcomputer.

Our powerful 16-bit 8086 ispacked with an 8089 for disk/memoryinterface, an optional 8087 mathprocessor and an intelligent Z8CT I/O,which share the workload for fasterexecution and response.

INTER-ALTOSLOCAL NETWORK

ACS8600-1Z20 MByte

Winchester>\ 1-B USERS

withALTOS-NET

ACS8600-1440 MByteI■ WinchesterV 1-8 USERSVft withi ALTOS-NET

ETHERNET

Winchester1-8 USERSwith

ACS8600-1440 MByteWinchester1-8 USERSwithALTOS-NET/UNET

REMOTE COMMUNICATIONS

ACS8600-12- 20 MByte

Winchester1-8 USERSwith

ACS8600-1440 MByteWinchester1-8 USERSwith

A unique memory managementand protection system subdivides upto one megabyte of memory (500K ofRAM is standard), automatically givingeach user the maximum available.Built-in Error Detection/Correction(ECC) maintains system integrity. Andit's all available today on our highlyreliable, fully socketed, proven singleboard.

Altos has exactly what you needfor a smooth migration into the officeof the future. Communications andlocal networking support, includingEthernet" and ALTOS-NET™ for inter-Altos networking. Large data storagecapacity—integrated Winchester,floppy and tape back-up in a widerange of configurations and capacities,from 20 to 80 megabytes, startingwith the ACS8600-12 with 20 MBytesand the ACS8600-14 with 40 MBytes.Plus support of popular multi-useroperating systems like XENIX/UNIX,MP/M-86" and 0AS1S-16.

Produced in the heart of Cali-fornia's technologically fertile SiliconValley, Altos microcomputers are theprofessional choice of Fortune 1000companies, computer service organiza-tions, major software developers,

and even mainframe computermanufacturers.

Since its formation in 1977, Altoshas delivered more than 30,000 multi-user systems to major OEM cus-tomers, and has the proven resourcesand financial stability necessary tosupport your present and futureneeds, including a worldwide salesand service network.

So when you want a multi-user,multi-tasking computer system builtfor business, and you want it today,pick up an Altos. For further infor-mation, call our toll-free number orwrite:

Altos Computer Systems2360 Bering DriveSan Jose, CA 95131Telex 171562 ALTOS SNJor 470642 ALTO Ul

Packed withfresh ideasfor business

COMPUTER SYSTEMS

800-538-7872

(In Calif. 800-662-6265)

Circle 22 on inquiry card.

See us at Comdex—Booth #1404.

ALTOS is a registered trademark and ALTOS-NET is a trademark of Altos Computer Systems. Ethernet is a trademark of Xerox Corp. MP/M-86 is a trademark of Digital Research. Inc. OASIS-16 is a productof Phase One Systems. Inc. XENIX is a trademark of Microsoft and is a microcomputer implementation of the UNIX operating system. UNIX is a trademark of Bell Laboratories. Z80 is a trademark ofZilog, Inc. UNET is a trademark of 3Com Corp. 8086. 8087 and 8089 are products of Intel Corp.c 1982 Altos Computer Systems

:em owner happens to have. Formatter, since the key caps areeasy to rearrange, you could replacethe standard QWERTY keyboardlayout with the Dvorak (see "A ShortHistory of the Keyboard" by PhilLemmons in this issue, page 386), andthe calculator-style numeric pad withthe more efficient push-buttontelephone arrangement.

Three principal models of thekeyboard are available: one for pro-grammers, one for word processing,and one called "standard." Some ofthese leave 7 programmable keysfree, some leave 10 free. But thesethree models are only the beginning.Like almost everything in the Victor9000, the keyboard is "soft-tooled."An 8048 8-bit microcomputer, whichhas its own ROM, translates the out-put of each key. Pressing or releasinga key causes the generation of a codecorresponding to the key's location.The 8048 constantly scans thekeyboard to detect changes in thestate of any key. When the 8048 seesa change, it generates an 8-bit code.

Seven bits identify the key, and theother bit indicates the key's new state.The data is sent serially to a 6522parallel I/O processor that interruptsthe central processor after receiving 8bits. The 8088 performs final inter-pretation of the keystroke using thekeyboard table produced by theKEYGEN utility and then incor-porated into the operating system.

Victor's system-generation soft-ware enables you (or Victordistributors and offices) to constructversions of the operating systems thatincorporate different tables of key-board values. Several standard tablesto support specific applicationspackages exist, such as a table thatprograms the keyboard for Wordstar,1 and Victor's software-support peoplecan construct more keyboard tablesas the library of software grows.

It is conceivable for two people,one using the QWERTY keyboardand the other using the Dvorakkeyboard, to share the same machinewithout coming to blows. In order toavoid having to move the key caps

WICAT

has the 68000

While others are promising, WICATSystems for nearly two years has beenquietly delivering their complete 68000computers.

The System 150 is a popular desktopcomputer with large memory andhard disk, unmatched in price/performance. The System 100 is itsexpandable software compatible highperformance companion.

Concurrent's integral™ databaseand menusystem greatly acceleratethe development of applications. FullUNIX™ System 3 with no compro-mises is ready.

Concurrent can discuss your needsand help you select the properconfiguration. Please write or call(513) 281-1270.

Motorola 68000. 256K memory. 10MB Winchesterdisk. 760KB floppy, terminal, system software, choiceof Pascal. FORTRAN. C. Assembler, BASIC. COBOL

Single user 150-1 $ 9,450

Three users 150-3 $10,850

Six users 150-6(512K) . $12,850

MULTIBUS is a trademark of INTEL CorporationUNIX is a trademark of Bell Laboratories

OPTIONS graphics printers. IEEE 488 instrumen-tations interface, videodisk controllers. A/D boards

Concurrent

Corporation

1870 Madison Road Cincinnati, Ohio 45206HIGH PERFORMANCE MICROCOMPUTERS FOR SCIENCE & INDUSTRY

around at every change of user, thetwo people would have to have onekeyboard each. All they would needthen would be two different versionsof the operating system, one incor-porating each person's favoritekeyboard table. Just plug in onekeyboard and load one operatingsystem, then unplug the firstkeyboard, plug in the second, andload the second operating system.The change would take less than aminute.

To sum up, the Victor keyboardhas lots of keys and unsurpassedadaptability.

Software

Operating systems: Both CP/M-86and MS-DOS come with the machineat no extra charge. Each is approx-imately 40K bytes in size. Victor ispromising to offer Unix for the Vic-tor 9000 sometime in the first quarterof 1983. The company is planning todemonstrate it at COMDEX (LasVegas) later this month.

Languages: Victor offers DigitalResearch CBASIC-86, MicrosoftGW-BASIC, Microfocus CIS-COBOL, Microsoft COBOL,Microsoft FORTRAN, and MicrosoftPascal. GW-BASIC (GW for GeeWhiz) is an enhanced version ofMicrosoft BASIC-86. It is the BASICthat runs on the IBM Personal Com-puter. Gregg Williams discussed it inhis January 1982 BYTE article "ACloser Look at the IBM PersonalComputer" (page 36). The Victor ver-sion of GW-BASIC implements allthe commands listed in that article ex-cept On Pen and On Strig. (On Penenables handling input from a lightpen. On Strig does the same for ajoystick.) Victor GW-BASIC mapsthe color-related commands on theIBM Personal Computer to levels ofintensity on the Victor monochromemonitor.

Microsoft FORTRAN is an im-plementation of FORTRAN 77 andrequires 256K bytes of RAM. CIS-COBOL from Microfocus (withForms 2, Level 5) is an ANSI(American National Standards In-stitute) high-intermediate-level ver-sion of COBOL and runs in a128K-byte CP/M-86 system. MS-

242 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 123 on inquiry card.

SUPER BARGAINS

ACE 1000 COLOR ^^

COMPUTER! List $1545

SHARP COMPUTER 249

m

SUPERBRAIN II

Double Density 1894

Quad Density 2274

Super Density SD 2649

COMPUSTARS

TO DEALERS CALL & SAVE

Advanced Micro Digital S-100 Super-Quad Single Board Computer. Z8064KRAM, Disk Controller,RS-232 Only $777

ALTOS — single and multi-user

ACS-8000-15D List 5990

Only 4699

ATARI 400 289

800 655

PRINTERS

OKIDATA 82A 489

CENTRONICS 739-1 499

IDS PRISM 80 743

EPSON MX-80 FT 547

MX-80 459

MX-100 749

ANADEX9501A

Silent Scribe 1345

NEC #3510 Letter Quality 1689

C. ITOH F10 Letter Quality .... 1399Smith Corona TP-1 665

TRAXX 5V«" Add-on Drives 249

Memory Merchant 16K static ... 159Central Data RAM S-100 64K ... 299Systems Group

RAM S-100 64K 449

Microangelo Video Graphics ...985

AMERICAN SQUARE COMPUTERS isorganizing a World Wide Associationol Computer Dealers. Open a Store orStart Work Out ol Your Home! WeCharge NO FRANCHISE FEE! (OurCompetitors charge a FRANCHISE FEEof trom $15,000.00 to $45,000.00.) Be aWinner! Let US help YOU get startedMAKING MONEY by HELPINGPEOPLE to putCOMPUTERS to WORK.Write or Phone today.

Which Computers are Best? ...Insured Shipping at Low Rates.

Free

TELEVIDEO

Televideo 910+ 518

Televideo 925 718

Televideo 950 899

Televideo Computers Call

ADDS VIEWPOINT A-1B 525

ZENITH Z-19 Terminal 649

Z-89 48K Computer 2119

Z-90 64K DD 2399

ZVM-121 ZENITH

Green Screen monitor 125

INTERTUBEIII

or EMULATOR S710

AMDEK Color Monitor $329

GODBOUT COMPUPRO

Super Sixteen 8085/8088. The fastest8-16 bit computer! Runs 8 and 16 bitcode! 128K Static RAM, 6MHz CPU'sLIST 3409 SPECIAL 2873

New: Systems 816/A, B, and C with

enclosure and drives.

816/A .... List 5495 .... Only 4729

SEATTLE pure 16 bit computer is the

fastest microcomputer by actual test!

S-100, 128K Static RAM, 8 MHz 8086,

22 slot Mainframe

Model #2 .... List 4185 Only $3195

#1 as above

but64K List 3190 Only S2595

IBM PC memory made by SEATTLE.

Now with "Flash Disk.'' . . 192K = 52564K = 375CALIFORNIA COMPUTER 2210A

List $1995 Only $1722

Z80. 64K, I/O, Disk controller + CPM.California main frame 484

SYSTEMS GROUP computers runFRIENDLY OASIS Call SAVE

QUAY COMPUTER

Two drives + CPM $1745

Four user MPM 208K +

Hard Disk S5945

TARBELL'S

Empire I & II have two 8" disk drives.

The I is single sided, the II is double

sided.

FREE Business Software

Empire I ... List 4B88 ... Only 3495

Corvus Hard Disk SAVE

SSM Video BRD VB3 kit 361

Spectrum Color ASM 326

NORTH STAR

ADVANTAGE 64K Green PHThe Best Business Graphic/ 2 ISerial Port. Options CPM -programs /.... $2894

MICRO DECISION

"A DEAL YOU CAN'T REFUSE"64K RAM, Z80, 4MHz, 2 Serial Ports.Disk Controller. FREE SOFTWARE:CPM — Microsoft BASIC — BaZic—Wordstar — Calcstar — Spellstar.

List

Only

with 1 5'A" Disk .

. $1195 .

. . $ 949

with 2 5V Disks

. . 1545 .

... 1199

NORTH STAR HorizonPowerful North Star BASIC FreeSuperb for Business & Science

Horizon Standard is now HRZ-2-64KQuad

Factory Assembled & Tested Only

Horizon-2-64K-Quad $2649

Horizon-1-64K-QHD5 <"379T

Horizon RAM 64K

Big Sale on Multi-User

Time-Sharing SAVE

North Star Hard Disk 18Mb 3995

English to Basic Translator 75

Zbasic 2 to 5 times faster! 325

Secretary Word Processor 75

Wordstar Word Processor 278

Floating Point Board 339

Oasis Multi-User Software 699

CPM for N'-Extra features 147

Micro Mike Software CALL

MICROSTAT $265

Pascal-80 539

Extra Precision BASIC 49

Northword 179

Infomanager 329

General Ledger 399

Accounts Receivable 399

Accounts Payable 399

Inventory 399

Order Entry 399

PROPAC 1299

DOS + BASIC 5.2 28

INTEGRAND main frames S-100. Manymodels to choose from

Only 200 & UP

MODEMS

DC HAYES — S-100 $329

POTOMAC MICRO MAGIC ....369

SIGNALMAN 97

CAT NOVATION 159

AUTOCAT 215

DECISION I

"The IBM-360 on theZ-80 & S-100 BUS!"

Sixteen Programs running simultan-eously! Free CPM, Microsoft BASIC,and WORDSTAR with complete system!

DECISION 1 t 65K Static +

8" Disks DMA 3403

DECISION 1 t 65K Static *

2 5%" Disks 2795

DECISION 1 +65K Static*

5" Disk+ 5 Mb Hard Disk 4235

DECISION 1-3user 256K Static *5" Disk + 5 Mb Hard Disk +

MICRONIX 5830

DECISION 1 - Z-80 + I/O + 65K 1915DECISION 1 - Rackmount > 20 Mb

HD-8" DRV Reg. 6235

Inventory Sale 5415

MORROW Hard Disksup to 26 MEGABYTES

HDC-M26 $3333

HDC-M20 3333

HDC-M10 2955

DMA-M5 Reg. 1755

Inventory Sale 1500

DMA-M10 2235

DMA-M16 2795

MORROW 8" Disk

Discus 2D + CPM 600K . . Only $834

Discus 2 + 2 i CPM 1.2 Mb 1068

Add Drives 2D = 599 2 + 2 ^ 1795Discus 2D dual + CPM .. . Only 1384Free Microsoft BASIC from MORROWwith Discus system or hard disk.

FAST FIGURE -

spread sheet. 5'/

Most powerful

99

Wordstar 278

All MicroPro Software for IBM, Apple,North Star, Morrow, etc. SAVE! CALL

Call for latest prices & availability ^^^ Factory Guarantees We Beat Prices

ISQUAREr

AMERICAN

919-889-4577

Circle 25 on inquiry card.

COMPUTERS

4167Kivett Dr. ▼ Jamestown N.C. 27282 919-883-1105

BYTE November 1982 243

L

COBOL is an ANSI intermediate-level implementation of the languageand requires MS-DOS and 128Kbytes of RAM. CBASIC-86 runsunder CP/M-86 and requires 128Kbytes of memory. GW-BASIC re-quires the same amount of memoryand MS-DOS. MS-Pascal runs underMS-DOS and requires 256K bytes ofRAM.

Applications software: The ap-plications software available directlyfrom Victor for the Victor 9000 mustset some kind of record. A variety of

software ultimately becomes avail-able for every popular micro-computer, but Victor is itself pro-viding a variety of correctly installedsoftware from the beginning. Takinginto account the variety of humantaste, Victor is offering more than oneprogram for the three kinds of majorapplications that almost everyoneneeds: word processing, electronicspreadsheets, and database manage-ment.

For word processing, Victor offersthree different programs: Victor-

OKI DATA

2723 W. Windrose Suite 3Phoenix, Arizona 85029

1-800-528-8960

All Prices Subject To Change

COMPUTERS

ATARI

400K-16K-$289 800-16K - $649410-$77 810-$429

830-$155 850-$159

ALTOS

5-15D-$2249 5-5D-$4599

NORTHSTAR

Advantage-$2600 Horizon 64QD-$2600

TELEVIDEO

802 - $2649 802 H - $4999

806-$5249 800A-$1400

FRANKLIN ACE 1000

$1099

APPLE CARDS

16K RAM-$78 Z80 CARD-$265

Videx Card - $227 Smart Term - $27932K Atari Card - $99 Clock CARD - $120

SOFTWARE

All Major Brands - $CALLWordstar-$235 Datastar - $150

Oakstar-$100 Spellstar - $100

DISK DRIVE

Microsci Apple Dr. $350

Percom Atari Dr. $390

Percom IBM Dr. $325

Fourth Dimension Dr. $350

HAYS - MICROMODEM - $285

HAYS - SMARTMODEM - $219

HAYS - 1200 Baud - $530

DISKETTES/BOXES

Elephant - $20 Scotch - $25 Dysan - $35

LOW PRICES

PRINTERS

OKI DATA

M80 - $305 M83A - $649

M82A - $399 w/Tractor & Grap. $479

M84P-$999 M84S-$1099

ANADEX

9500A-$1290 9501A-$1290

CITOH

F-10P-$1370 F-10S-$1479

1550P-$659 Prowriter 1550CD-$709

8510AP-S479 8510ACD-$570

DATASOUTHDS120-$595 DS180-$1249

DIABLO

630RO-$1945 620-$1295

NEC

8023 - $469 7710 - $23503510-$1949 7720-$2590

Tl

810-$1240 820-$1795

TERMINALS

ADDS

Viewpoint - $485HAZELTINE

1500-$995 ESPRIT-$515

TELEVIDEO

910-$569 925-$718

920 - $735 g50 - $899

ZENITHZ19-$699 Z89-$2129

MONITORS

Amdek 300-$149 Color I-$315

Amdek Color II - $689 Color III - $410BMC Green - $88 Sanyo Green - $220

OTHER MAJOR BRANDS AVAILABLE$CALL

Customer Service602-863-0759

writer I (Select, from Select Informa-tion Systems), Wordstar (fromMicropro), or Victorwriter II (Bench-mark, from Metasoft). Select is easyto learn, but Wordstar seems to me todo more and run faster. I haven't usedBenchmark but I've seen it in use, andit seems to rival Wordstar.

Victor also offers three electronicspreadsheets: Victorcalc, a version ofReport Manager (from The Image Pro-ducers), which has an optional train-ing disk; Multiplan (from Microsoft),said to be quite powerful; and Super-calc (from Sorcim), noted for its veryeffective HELP feature.

At this writing, Victor is shippingonly one database management pro-gram, dBase II (from Ashton-Tate),but Victor promises a second data-base manager soon. Condor Com-puter Corporation does offer its Con-dor Series 20 DBMS for the Victor9000.

Victor also offers the followingsoftware: accounts receivable, ac-counts payable, general ledger, pay-roll, order processing, inventory con-trol, purchase-order writing, time-management, project management,pharmacy management, financial andbanking, installment lending, andsoftware for managing a Victordealership. As you can see, Victor ispursuing some "vertical" markets(specialties such as pharmacy) as wellas the "horizontal" markets (generalapplications such as accounting andword processing).

Both bisynchronous and asyn-chronous communications softwareare on the way, too.

Performance in BASIC

I was hoping to have a running ver-sion of GW-BASIC on the Victor9000 in time for this review in orderto run some of BYTE's benchmarkprograms. GW-BASIC may be avail-able as you read this. (Microsoft isstill adding enhancements.) Ratherthan wait, I ran the benchmark testsunder the version of MicrosoftBASIC-86 that Victor was using towrite some of its utilities and demon-stration programs. While the resul-tant timings of the Victor 9000 prob-ably give a rough idea of the Victor'scapabilities, you have to keep in mind

244 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 185 on inquiry card.

System Saver

TM

line most important perip

your Apple II.

\

i

For Line Surge Suppression

The SYSTEM SAVER provides es-sential protection to hardware anddata from dangerous power surgesand spikes.

^\m^

j_

T

SYSTEM SAVERAPPLE II

J

By connecting the Apple IIpower input through the SYSTEMSAVER, power is controlled in twoways: 1) Dangerous voltage spikesare clipped off at a safe 130 VoltsRMS/175 Volts dc level. 2) High fre-quency noise is smoothed out be-fore reaching the Apple n. A PI typefilter attenuates common modenoise signals by a minimum of30 dB from 600 khz to 20 mhz, witha maximum attenuation of 50 dB.

For Cooling

As soon as you move to 64K RAMor 80 columns on your Apple II youneed SYSTEM SAVER.

Today's advanced peripheralcards generate more heat. In addi-tion, the cards block any natural airflow through the Apple II creatinghigh temperature conditions thatsubstantially reduce the life of thecards and the computer itself.

For Operating Efficiency

SYSTEM SAVER contains twoswitched power outlets. As shownin the diagram, the SYSTEMSAVER efficiently organizes yoursystem so that one convenient,front mountedpower switchcontrols SYSTEMSAVER, Apple E,monitor and printer.

°f

SYSTEM SAVER provides cor-rect cooling. An efficient, quiet fandraws fresh air across the motherboard, over the power supply andout the side ventilation slots.

The heavy duty switch has apilot light to alert when system ison You'11 never use the Apple powerswitch again!

Easy Installation

Just clips on.No mounting orhardware required.Color matchedto Apple n.

Compatible with Apple Stand

$89.95 at your local dealer or orderdirect by phone or mail.

For phone or mail orders include $2.50for handling. New York State residents add634% sales tax.

VISA and MASTERCARD accepted.Dealer inquiries invited.

Kensington Microware Ltd.300 East 54 Street, Suite 3LNew York, NY 10022(212) 486-2802

si

KENSINGTONMICROWARE

Circle 240 on inquiry card.

Times

Victor 9000

Radio Shack.

BASIC-86 5.21,

4-MHz Z80

TRS-80

Benchmark

MS-DOS 1.2

IBM

Applesoft

MBASIC4.51

Model II

Empty do-loop

7.7

6.43

6.66

5.81

7.98

Division

21.8

23.8

29.0

24.9

19.4

Subroutine jump

16.9

12.4

13.9

9.4

17.1

MID$ (substring)

24.6

23.0

32.3

18.6

24.8

Prime-number program

197.0

190.0

241.0

151.0

189.0

Disk-write program

50.3

32.0

175.0

NA

246.0

Disk-read program

21.3

22.9

217.0

NA

96.0

Table 2: The timings of several microcomputers

in running seven

BASIC benchmark programs. The computers timed were the

Victor 9000 running Microsoft BASIC-86 5.21 un

der MS-DOS 1.2,

the IBM Personal Computer running IBM Personal Computer

BASIC under MS-DOS 1.0,

the Apple II Plus running Applesoft BASIC, a 4-MHz Z80 running MBASIC4.51

and a Radio Shack

TRS-80 Model II running M

odel II BASIC. The listings of the first

five benchmark programs appeared in the

January 1982 BYTE

with the review of the IBM Personal Computer.

The disk-write and disk-read programs

are printed here as

listings 1 and 2.

that the BASIC used was not the stan-dard interpretive BASIC for thismachine. Also keep in mind that thetimings for the IBM Personal Com-puter were done with IBM BASIC, aversion of GW-BASIC and not thesame as the BASIC used on the Victor9000 in these tests. Both the IBM Per-sonal Computer and the Victor 9000have 8088 processors; the IBM runs at4.77 MHz, the Victor 9000 at5 MHz. The two systems have dif-ferent disk drives and controllers,which may account for the dif-ferences in disk I/O benchmarks. I'verun the benchmarks on the Victor9000 under MS-DOS, since IBM Per-sonal Computer DOS is an installa-tion of MS-DOS, in order to avoidfurther confusing the issue. Ofcourse, the two different installationsof an operating system that is fun-damentally the same can also leaveroom for differences in performance.Having offered all the foregoingcaveats, I can at last refer you to table2, which shows the Victor 9000's per-formance, alongside that of severalother popular microcomputers, inseven benchmark BASIC programs.The first five benchmark programsare listed in Gregg Williams's articlein the January 1982 BYTE. Listings 1and 2 give the sixth and seventh pro-grams. The Victor 9000 performedcomparably to the IBM PersonalComputer—a little slower on theempty do-loop, a little faster on divi-sion, a little slower on the subroutine

jump, about the same on the stringoperation, and a little slower on theprime-number program. There is nodramatic difference between the IBMPersonal Computer, the Radio ShackModel II, and the Victor 9000 in thecomputational benchmarks. The4-MHz Z80 system still does bestoverall!

However, dramatic differences inthe disk-write and disk-read bench-marks do exist. The Victor 9000writes a 64K-byte file in 50.3 seconds,almost 3Vz times faster than an AppleII and almost 5 times faster than aTRS-80 Model II. The Victor 9000reads a 64K-byte file in 21.3 seconds,roughly 10 times faster than an AppleII and 4V2 times faster than a TRS-80Model II. The IBM Personal Com-puter is even faster than the Victor9000 in the disk-write test—32.0seconds compared to 50.3 seconds.But the Victor reads the disk to verifythe data after writing to disk; the IBMdoes not. Subtracting the Victor'sread time (21.3) from the write-and-read time (50.3) gives a "write-only"time of 29 seconds, or 3 seconds fasterthan the IBM Personal Computer. Inthe disk-read test, the Victor is almost2 seconds faster than the IBM Per-sonal Computer.

Here is evidence that the IBM Per-sonal Computer and Victor 9000 real-ly do represent a new generation ofmicrocomputer. In terms of computa-tion, the two 8088-based systemsdon't significantly outstrip their com-

petitors, but in disk I/O, none of theother computers comes close to theVictor or the IBM. Whatever thereason—the direct memory access(DMA), something about the pro-cessors, or a generation's experiencein design—the Victor 9000 and theIBM Personal Computer leave promi-nent 8-bit systems shown in the tablefar behind even though the 8088 doesI/O 8 bits at a time, too.

Given the truism that most pro-grams are "input/output bound"—that is, I/O is a more important fac-tor in their overall performance thanis speed of computation—the choicenarrows to the IBM Personal Com-puter and the Victor 9000. And thenthe choice depends on whethergreater storage capacity or faster diskoutput is more important to you. TheVictor 9000's verify-after-write diskI/O accounts for its being about athird slower than the IBM PersonalComputer in disk output but alsohelps ensure reliability because theVictor packs almost 4 times the stor-age of the IBM on disks of the samesize.

Marketing and Distribution

Victor is supplementing its own 50branch offices with many indepen-dent Victor 9000 dealers. The existingnetwork of branch offices gives Vic-tor an edge over most of its com-petitors. Victor has an edge overIBM, ironically because of somethingthat Victor doesn't have—compar-

246 November 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

The IMS Family

IMS Computer products not only fulfill the requirements network with a conservative functional overlap of the

of stand alone applications, they are designed to be cost system above and below in the Family Tree,

effective, intelligent nodes in a total network environ- Jhe IMS family is growing rapidly—keeping pace with

ment! Each product fulfills a particular requirement of the technology and the ever increasing needs of industry.

••>,

*>

* V

* • *

The Ever Expanding IMS Product Line

© 5000SX systems computer; S100 based archival node to which six userterminals may be connected, each with its own processor and memory.© 8000SX systems computer; S100 based archival node with dual floppy,Winchester and tape back up capability. Six user terminals may besupported, each with its own processor and memory.© 5000IS stand alone intelligent node, S100 based. May support up to four

users, with up to 25 MByte Winchester with dual floppies.© 8000S large system computer. S100 based. Can support up to 16 userswith large disk and tape back up capability.

© Stand-alone intelligent CRT with high resolution

monitor and removable typist keyboard.O Expanded CRT to be used as Intelligent Note Processor.Includes Micro Processor, 64K of memory and four serialports—two of which are to be used to connect into highspeed network communication.© Portable cartridge tape back up. Stores 17.5 MBytesof data. Operates in start/stop or streamer modes.

For complete information and specificationsplus the location of your nearby IMSInternational dealer, call or write today!(714) 978-6966 or (702) 883-7611

2800 Lockheed WayCarson City, NV 89701

Telex: 910-395-6051INTERNATIONAL

We Build Computers As If Your BusinessDepended On Them.

Nov. 29- Dec. 2,1982 • Booth 1144

Las Vegas Convention Center. Las Vegas. NV

Circle 211 on Inquiry card.

•'■,

i

r

r

r

P

1 r*

+1

r

\'.'

;

!. ■ '

, ":r-:'-

formation Management Systemprofessionally engineered... from its inception...to operate in the Multi-user, Multi-tasking,Multi-processing environment.

INFORMAX is not just another DBMS.It is a practical necessity for thebusiness initiating computerization.As needs expand, systems invariablyexpand, so why be forced to reinventthe wheel just because of futuregrowth? Any expansion you plan willneed INFORMA X. Remember, asingle-user today will be a multi-user tomorrow.

Almost invariably, a business beginscomputerization on a single applica-tion, single-user system which im-mediately requires expansion. Multi-user, multi-tasking and multi-process-ing systems become necessary. Un-fortunately, software designed for thesingle-user system can not satisfy theneeds of the multi-user environment.In fact, single-user software is in-herently dangerous to precious rec-ords in the multi-user situation. Multi-processing and multi-tasking requireprofessionally engineered softwaresolutions for mutual exclusion rec-ord lockout, deadly embrace con-ditions, asynchronous event con-ditions, and run away lockout con-ditions, as well as other frighteningtechnical problems. The conceptsnecessary to solve these problemsmust be designed into the systemfrom its inception... not as an addi-tion or afterthought. INFORMAX is

® RtGiSTtntD tn&w MARK

the first micro DBMS professionallyengineered for multi-user, multi-task-ing and multi-processing.

INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

INFORMA X is an Information Man-agement System which provides thestructure for information (data) organ-ization and filing to allow for quick,efficient storage and retrieval of thatdata. In effect, it provides the mostsophisticated framework for an ele-gant computer filing system. Tradi-tionally, database management sys-tems are structures designed to assistsystem programmers in their program-ming tasks. But the achievement ofINFORMA X is to provide a program-mer-less environment that allowseven first-time users to achieveprofessional results in creating pro-grams that store information, retrievethat information, and report on thatinformation in the formats the userpersonally desires. INFORMA Xuses neither "cryptic statements" nor"English type" statements and re-quires no "computereze", or othercomputer languages.

No "Computereze"like: BXPNW = MAIL

No "English type commands"like: Find record 5 on drive D:in database mail

No "Cryptic Commands"like: pip d:=c:\??v

INFORMA X IS FOR THE USER!

That's why ABACUS DATA will onlydeliver systems fully customized tothe equipment. Full keyboard func-tions, cursor control, etc. Since theSecurity System requires a UserName, the system provides individ-ualization of function keys, screendisplays, and keyboard actions foreach operator.

NAME,|_ ,

ADDRESS;

OITV;

STOTE;._ ZIP

Fill In data blank or blanks and Press

RETURN

THAT'S ALL!!

MORE THAN USER-FRIENDLY

Through the use of menu driven,screen oriented, tutorial responsetechniques the first-time computeruser can create, modify or customizeprograms. Through the innovativetemplate (screen) system, user ac-ceptance is immediate. Each of thesystem's five components: THE DATA-

BEYOND DBMS

BASE, THE REPORTER, THE APPLI-CATION WRITER, THE SECURITYSYSTEM, and THE MENU MAKERhas been designed to minimize oper-ator inputs. Single keystroke com-mand structure has been usedthroughout.

The INFORMA X is an InformationSystem.

Beyond a database managementsystem it has lightning fast storageand retrieval. To be useful for busi-ness it must be fast.

Beyond a reporter, it converts datainto the information necessary tomake business decisions.

Beyond an application writer, it willcreate, modify, expand, any applica-tion ... up to 42 math calculationspermitted for each record.

Beyond an automatic programmingsystem, it is almost totally transparentto the user, requires no programmingskill, yet achieves professional results.

Beyond a security system, (a neces-sity for business) it separately securesThe System, The Applications, TheRecords, The Items and TheCommands.

Beyond a menu maker, the user de-signs his own help pages for theINFORMA X programs and others.

Beyond an accounting system, it al-lows your total processing to beAUTOMATED, ORGANIZED, INDI-VIDUALIZED, and MODIFIABLE.

All and much more!

INFORMA X is the only database soft-ware you will ever need.Without INFORMA X all applicationsand programs are disjointed bits andpieces. INFORMA X will organize yourautomation. INFORMA X is currentlydelivered with an Accounting Packagewhich includes:

PAYROLL SYSTEM

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE

ACCOUNTS PAYABLE

INVENTORY SYSTEM

GENERAL LEDGERNot just examples but operationalprograms and more!PROFESSIONAL SUPPORTINFORMA X is not merely a data-base management system but it is amethod of automating information,storage, retrieval, and transmittalthat should mean a new way ofbusiness life. We at ABACUS DATAINC. are committed to supplying soft-ware that will enhance your businesstoday and tomorrow. We encourage

your questions and comments and forthat reason we maintain toll freenumbers to service you.

1-800-874-8555.

In Florida 904-398-8547.

Dealer and distributor inquirieswelcomed.

©

abacus data, inc.

1920 San Marco BoulevardJacksonville, Florida 32207

CURRENT EQUIPMENTSPECIFICATIONS

Z80, 8085, 8080AMinimum Memory 52KCP/M® Operating SystemCurrent delivery customized for allTeleVideo®, Osborne®, andAction® Computer Systems(Call for others)

Circle 7 on inquiry card.

Now your computer can say anything and say it well.Introducing the Votrax Personal Speech System.

Quite articulate.

Friendly to humans.

The unlimited vocabulary VotraxPersonal Speech System is the mostsophisticated, low cost voice synthe-sizer available today. Its highlyarticulate text-to-speech translator letsyour computer properly pronounceconversational words at least 95%of the time.

For all thoseunusual words and

44

Designed to look like a printer toyour computer, the Votrax PS Systemis extremely easy to use. It can be usedin tandem with your printer without anadditional interface card. Both serialand parallel ports come standard,allowing you to connect the Votrax PSSystem to virtually any computer.Speech, music and sound effects are

only a PRINT statement away.

proper names, youcan define an excep-tion word table andstore your own translations.And remember, the entirelyself-contained Votrax PS Systemgets your computer talkingwithout using any valuablecomputer memory.

Built-in versatility.

Much more than just a voiceoutput device, the Votrax PS Systemlets you mix either speech and soundeffects or speech and music. Aprogrammable master clock and350 programmable frequenciesgive you unmatched control of speechand sound effects.

The Votrax PS System offers userexpandable ROM for custom applica-tions, user downloadable software andsound effects subroutines for easy userprogramming. Its programmablespeech rate provides more naturalrhythm, while 64 programmableamplitude levels give you greater con-trol of word emphasis.

Actual size: 12.2" x 4.5" x 2.6"

What to say after "Hello".

Businesses will appreciate spokendata transmission, narration of graphicdisplays and unmanned, oral productdemonstrations. Spoken verification ofdata input will make computers mucheasier for the blind to use. School chil-dren can receive comprehensive

The Votrax Personal Speech System

is covered by a limited warranty.

Write Votrax for a free copy.

500 Stephenson Highway, Troy, MI +8084

computer instruction with voice text-books as well as spoken drills andtesting. And then, late at night, you canmake those adventure games explode.

A quick list.

E Highly articulate Votrax text-to-speech translator.

n 350 programmable frequencies forspeech/sound effects.

D 64 amplitude levels.

□ Simultaneous speech and sound effectsor speech and music.

C 8 octave, 3 note music synthesis.

□ Serial and parallel interface standard.□ User programmable master clock.

□ User defined exceptionword table.

□ User programmable speechrate, amplitude and inflection.□ User expandable ROM

for custom applications.

□ User downloadablesoftware.

□ 3,500 characterinput buffer: sub-divisible for a printerbuffer.

□ Internal speaker and externalspeaker jack.

□ Real time clock and8 user defined alarms.

□ Oral power up and error prompting.

□ X-on/X-off and RTS-CTS handshaking.

□ Programmable Baud settings (75-9600).

□ Interrupt driven Z-80 microprocessor.

□ Parallel/Serial interconnect modes.

D Proper number string translation: thenumber "154" is pronounced "onehundred fifty four".

To order, see your local computerretailer or call toll-free

1-800-521-1350

Michigan residents, please call(3 13) 588-0341. MasterCard, VISA orpersonal check accepted. The price is$395 plus $4 for delivery. Educationaldiscount available. Add sales tax inMichigan and California.

©VOTRAX 1982

19

Circle 474 on Inquiry card

Listing 1: A BASIC disk-write benchmark program that writes a 64K-byte file.

10 CLEAR 1000

40 A$="12345678123456781234567812345678"

60 B§=A$+A$+A$+A$

80 NR=500

100 OPEN "R", #1, "TEST"

120 FIELD #1, 128 AS Z$

14 0 FOR I = 1 TO MR

160 LSET ZS=B$

180 PUT #1, I

200 NEXT I

220 CLOSE #1

2 40 PRINT "DONE"

Listing 2: A BASIC disk-read program that reads the file generated by the program inlisting 1.

10 CLEAR 10 00

80 NR=50 0

100 OPEN "R", II, "TEST"

120 FIELD #1, 128 AS Z$

140 FOR I = MR TO 1 STEP -1

160 GET #1, I

200 NEXT I

220 CLOSE #1

2 40 PRINT "DOME"

able but more expensive computerswhose sales must be protected. WhileIBM (at least, at the IBM ProductCenters where I've asked) tells peopleto buy a Displaywriter if they wantletter-quality output and a first-rateword-processing program, Victor iseager to sell good word-processingprograms and to sell and interface aletter-quality printer.

Maintenance and Support

Victor is offering three types ofmaintenance service: you can carryyour system to a Victor servicecenter, have Victor send a messengerto swap a failed component, or haveVictor send a technician to repairyour system on the spot. This sur-passes IBM's service offerings, whichhad set a new standard for the in-dustry little more than a year ago.

Victor's 50 branch offices are gear-ing up to provide software support aswell as hardware maintenance.Because Victor will be the source ofso much software on its ownmachine, software support should beeasier for Victor than for most com-

When you're into heavyweight software development youneed more operating system power than CP/M can offer.MICROSHELL builds up CP/M with UNIX features that reallyhelp you put out software. Just for starters: MICROSHELLbunches long CP/M dialogs into one-line commands. Putsmuscle and flexibility into SUBMIT commands. Captures CRToutput and redirects it to CP/M files without retyping. Pullsprograms from another disk drive or user number auto-matically (makes hard disk handling a snap). And it's readyfor more work with no time-consuming warm-start after aprogram runs. MICROSHELL fits your system—uses just 7Kof memory in any CP/M computer from Apple to Zenith.Check out MICROSHELL today and find out what a powerfulpartner it makes—atonly$150.

"CP/M, Digital Research; UNIX, BeH Laboratories; Apple, Apple Computer, Inc.

Order Toll Free: 800-368-3359VISA, MasterCard accepted.Overseas add $20.00 for air mail.Manual only: $25.

Circle 325 on inquiry card.

iNEWGENERATIONSYSTEMS, inc.

2153 Golf Course DriveReston, VA 22091(703)476-9143

panies. Furthermore, the soft-tooleddesign of the Victor 9000 makes iteasier for Victor than for any othercompany at this writing to adapt itssystem to new software.

The Victor branch offices also sellall the necessary supplies for the com-puter—paper, print wheels, disks,cables, dustcovers, etc.

Finally, Victor has a toll-freenumber to help dealers with anyproblems in Victor-released softwareand another toll-free number fortechnical support.

Optional Hardware

Victor is now offering both double-sided floppy-disk drives, increasingstorage to 2.4 megabytes, and aseparately housed Winchester harddisk, providing 10 megabytes (for-matted) of storage.

For those who have too much in-vested in the 8-bit world to say good-bye, Victor will recommend a Z80 Ex-ecutive Card that runs CP/M 2.2(8-bit) programs without modifica-tion.

Victor also sells a full range ofprinters—letter quality (40 charactersper second), inexpensive dot matrix(80 cps), and high-speed dot matrix(400 cps).

Reservations

I do have a few reservations aboutthe Victor 9000; there's always some-thing. In principle, I would prefer acomputer with an 8086 and a 16-bit

data bus. How much difference inperformance this would really makewe still don't know. [For some indica-tion of the difference, see BYTE'sBits, October 1982 BYTE, page468. . . . M. H.] I would prefer acomputer with a standard bus, par-ticularly the S-100 bus so that existingperipherals could be added. Ofcourse, the IBM Personal Computerdoesn't use a standard bus either, andVictor, like IBM, is making availabletechnical information about its bus.

As I noted earlier, I would preferbrightness and contrast knobs, andprobably a knob for audio volume aswell. But these are truly trivial con-siderations, and I can see the advan-tage of being able to control thesethings with software.

I would like a battery-based clock-calendar, but a board could be addedto provide that, and someone willprobably make such a board if Victordoesn't.

If life without a joystick and lightpen is for you without joy and light,then the Victor 9000 is not for you.(On the other hand, if you love thesesensory I/O devices, you wouldprobably find the CODEC so fasci-nating that you wouldn't rest untilyou'd taught the machine to yodel.)

You might fault the Victor 9000 fornot having standard CP/M-format8-inch floppy disks, but few new sys-tems do, and Victor deliberatelychose 5y4-inch drives to keep thesystem's "footprint" small and packed

in the data to provide double thestorage of a standard CP/M single-density 8-inch disk.

My only serious reservation aboutthe Victor 9000 concerns the pricingof hardware options and software.The basic system price is better thanfair, especially because of the ver-satility of the standard hardware. Butwith the double-sided floppy-diskdrives, the Victor 9000 costs $5950,almost $1000 more than the pricewith single-sided drives. The 128K-byte memory expansion board costs$800 if you order it with the machine,and $895 if added later; the 384K-byte board costs $2500 if purchasedwith the machine, and $2695 if pur-chased later. The $4495 price for the10-megabyte hard disk includes thecontroller but still seems high. Somany hard disks are available for theIBM Personal Computer for so muchless money. (Of course, none of thoseis from IBM.) No doubt, if third-party suppliers start offering alternatesources for hardware, these priceswill drop.

As to software prices, Wordstar is$500 and Mailmerge is an additional$200; Victorwriter II (Benchmark) is$645, and its mailing-list program isanother $245. Victorcalc, Supercalc,and Multiplan each cost $300, whichseems reasonable but not aggressive.The price of dBase II is $695, and thatseems reasonable but not aggressive.In my opinion, more aggressive mar-keting through lower software prices

252 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 3 on inquiry card.

„©»»*

APP1

—the only single-card keyto Z-80" based software.Get true 4 or 6 mhzperformance,64 K on-card memory and70 column Hi Res,all on one plug-in card !

JS*t**M°

COMPARISON CHART

FEATURES

Z-Card®

SoftCard®

APPLI-CARD^

CP/M® 2-2 included

^""~

^""~~

^"^~"

One card WordStar® execution

NO

NO

^^

Upper and Lower Case

NO

NO

^-"~~

6 mhz Z-80® Available

NO

NO

^^"""

64K on-card memory

NO

NO

^^

SB-80® available

NO

NO

^^"

40-to 255 column horizontal scroll

NO

NO

^—

Choice of application

NO

NO

^^ 1

2K PROM on-card

NO

NO

Real time clock on-card

NO

NO

^ 1

Expansion interface on-card

NO

NO

Z80A or Z80B with memory

NO

NO

^"^

Menu driven set up

NO

NO

^•""^ 1

63K available for programdevelopment or execution

NO

NO

^ 1

THAT'S NOT ALL! WordStar, CBasic, dBASEHand otherpopular CP/M-based programs are available withAPPLI-CARD at packaged prices! Contact your local dealer

(Dealers may contact SOFTSEL or other selected distributors for information] If you prefer,call us direct for pricing and dealer locations where you can see APPLI-CARD in action,

APPLI-CARD

Another unique product from

Personal Computer Products, Inc.'

16776 Bernardo Center Drive

San Diego, CA 92128-(714) 485-8411

APPLI-CARD is a trademark of Personal Computer Products, Inc. SoftCard is a registered trademark of Microsoft. Apple is a registeredtrademark of Apple Computer. Z-80 is a registered trademark of Zilog, Inc. CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc.WordStar is a registered trademark of Micropro Inc. Z-Card is a registered trademark of Advanced Logic Systems. SB-80 is a registered

trademark of Lifeboat Associates.

Circle 358 on inquiry card.

would help Victor gain a wider mar-ket and establish itself as a computercompany.

The other side of the coin is thatVictor does have the cost of maintain-ing its branch offices and a high levelof support. Both Sirius Systems Tech-nology (which, in collaboration withVictor, is marketing internationallythe Victor 9000 under the name SiriusI) and Victor have large and busysoftware staffs installing three operat-ing systems and dozens of applica-tions programs. Who else is doing asmuch?

Conclusion

The Victor 9000 is an excellentmicrocomputer. The available serviceand support and the machine's abilityto fit on a typing table make themachine ideal for the businessmarket. The "soft-tooled" hardwaremakes the machine adaptable to un-foreseen external changes (such asyour company's home office chang-ing mainframe computers and expect-ing you to be able to communicatewith the new one). The keyboard hasa good feel, ample keys, and adapt-ability that approaches the limit of

QUALITY COMPUTER FORMS

AT PRICES YOU CAN AFFORD

WE SUPPORT MORE SYSTEMS WITHFORMS THAN ANYONE!

INVOICES-STATEMENTS-CHECKS. P.O.'S. SHIPPERS-MEDICAL FORMSINCOME TAX FORMS-W2'S-LETTERHEAD

Accounting Plus • Peachtree • BPI • Open Systems • Structured Systems •Vector Graphics • Howard • Radio Shack • Continental • Designer • Libra • Gold •IMS • Alpha Micro • Cimarron • Van Data • Durrango • Dynabyte • Osborne •Briareus • MCBA • Apple • Great Plains • Emeritus • TCS

We Support 215 Systems Not Listed Here, So If You Don't See Your

Software Here Call Toll Free For A Free Sample Packet Of Forms

For Your Software.

SHEERCUTWORD PROCESSING LETTERHEAD

SHEER CPRODUCENORMALSHEER C"TIES"EDGE WHQUANTITIN FOURCUSTOMC0NTINUFOR 1,0IMPRINT

UT LETTERHEA

CONTINUOUSCOMPUTER PAPUT USES A NEPER INCH.EN BURST, AIES. SHEER"CLASSIC LAORDER. EVERY0US FIRST AN00, $235 FOING, DEALER

D FROFORMER USW TECTHISND IS

CUTID" P

OTHED SECR 5,0AN

M CHECKS TOPAPER THATES FIVE PERHNOLOGY TOPRODUCES A

ECONOMICALIS AVAILABLAPERS, ORR FORM CANOND SHEETS00 AND $400D VOLUME PR

-GO USES A NEWTRIMS CLEAN WHEFORATIONS PER IPRODUCE B0 PERFVERY CLEAN AND

IN BOTH SMALL

E ON A STOCK FO

IN ANY TYPE PAP

BE IMPRINTED TO

BLANK PRICES

FOR 10,000, WICING AVAILABLE

PROCESS TON BURST.NCH, BUTS ORUNIFORMAND LARGERM BASISER ON APRODUCEARE $60ITH

CONTINUOUS AND SNAP-OUT

TAX FORMS

Call For Your Free 1982 Con-tinuous Tax Form catalouge.

See Us At

Nov. 29-Dec. 2, 1982

Las Vegas Convantion Cnnlpt as Vegas Nevndfi

Booth 927

/ /_

r? Checks To-Go

CALL TOLL FREE NOW: (800) 854-2750 IN CA (800) 552-8817 (714) 460-4975

8384 Hercules St. • P.O. Box 425 • La Mesa, CA 92041

Your Assurance of Value and Service.

logical possibility. The video monitorwould make your eyes applaud ifanatomy permitted. Mass storage \sample and reliable. The Victor 9000sabundance of standard hardwaremeans that your four expansion slotsare really free; even with 896K bytesof RAM, two slots remain free. Youcould have all that memory, a Win-chester controller, and a network in-terface board without the added bulkand expense of an expansion chassis.The company is offering aremarkable range of software, in-cluding more than one program forword processing, spreadsheet calcula-tions, and (soon) database manage-ment.

You can personalize the computerwith the utilities for programming thekeyboard and designing characterfonts for the display. The CODECvoice-output system stimulates theimagination, especially when and ifan input board comes along. WillVictor design software that enablesthe Victor 9000 to read a letter aloudin a real human voice while youproofread the final copy? Will theVictor 9000 support spoken electronicmail? Will Victor enhance the time-management program with politespoken reminders?

Given the choice between an IBMPersonal Computer with two of itsstandard floppy-disk drives and aVictor 9000 with two of its standardfloppy-disk drives, I would take theVictor 9000. The Victor is clearlysuperior in quality of display,amount of standard memory, stan-dard number and versatility of I/Oports, and number of available ex-pansion slots. The prices of Victor'smemory boards and Winchester disk,however, would give me pause andmay hamper Victor's marketing ef-fort.

Finally, two intangible reasons forbuying a Victor 9000 deserve men-tion. First, the Victor 9000 iseverything to Victor Business Prod-ucts, not the "low end" of a long lineof computers. Second, owners of theVictor 9000 will have the pleasure ofknowing that new products andenhancements for their machine willbe coming from a design team headedby Chuck Peddle. ■

254 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 75 on inquiry card.

The World's Best Data BaseManagement System runs pn more microsl and minis than any other DBMS.

■ 3WP *■

1 ^^^^^™ J WM v

|iHBMMAi^^jr

Why not have the World'sBest DBMS for your computer?Choose MDBS III.

MDBS III runs on hundreds ofcomputers including:

• IBM Personal Computer • IMS

• DYNABYTE • ALTOS•TRS-80 Model II • PDP-11•APPLE II •WICAT

MDBS III is the most powerful and flexibleDBMS for micros and minis.

Based on the latest innovations, MDBS IIIis the only DBMS—in the mainframe, mini,or micro world—that surpasses relational,hierarchical anri CODASYL data structures.

MDBS HI—The cost/performanceleader

MDBS III can usually cut applicationdevelopment time by 80%. Its many devel-oper-friendly features provide the key to rapiddevelopment of flexible, high performanceapplications.

High Power—Defines data structures naturallyand conveniently without relational redun-dancies, thereby assuring data base integrity.Allows direct, named representation of many-to-many and recursive relationships.Increased Productivity—Powerful conversa-tional query system. Generates reports

automatically in response to simple non-procedural statements. Supports virtualtabular end-user views, without costly dataredundancies.

Improved Protection—Encryption, passwordassignment, and read/write restrictions downto the field level. Crashed data bases may berecovered automatically without data re-entrythrough special transaction logging andrecovery.

Extensive Portability—Applications are easilytransported across hardware environments—allowing a single, uniform approach toapplication development.

Operating Systems and MachineEnvironments

CP/M, MP/M: Z80 UNIX, XENIX,etc.: Z80008080 68000

8085

MSDOS:

BtrauSw

Computers courtesy of Computer Mart. Ann Arbor. Ml.

8088RSX-11M:8086 TURBODOS:

8088 TRSDOS (II):IBMPCDOS

Developed by:

Micro Data Base Systems, one of theworld's leading software R&D firms,creators of SCREEN MASTER,C and other fine software products

PDP-11PDP-11Z80Z80

■■■■ k. v -*■ l

Offered by:

International SoftwareEnterprises, an inter-national consortium ofthe world's leading software and consultingfirms, providing developer-friendly toolsfor building user-friendly applications.

To find out whether your computer runsMDBS III, contact:

In the U.S. and CanadaISE-fJSA

85 West Algonquin Road, Suite 400Arlington Heights, IL 60005(312) 577-6800

In the United Kingdom and IrelandISE-PACTEL 01-828-7744

In West GermanyISE-ADV/ORGA 089-192-071

In FranceISE-CEGOS 620-61-61

In Sweden1SE-DATEMA 08 834020

In NorwayISE-DATEMA 00947 267-0880

In Finland1SE-T1ETOTEHDAS 0-5261

In Switzerland and AustriaISE-ADV/ORGA CH-041-232-360

ELSEWHEREISE-INTERNATIONAL (317) 463-4561

ISE-CJSA, Inc.

85 West Algonquin Road, Suite 400

Arlington Heights, IL 60005

□ Please have an authorized ISE-CISA SalesRepresentative contact me.

□ Send set(s) of complete docu-mentation ($100 plus $10 shipping andhandling per set).*

□ Send set(s) of "How to Evaluate

and Select a DBMS" ($5 plus $1 shippingand handling).*

□ Send free brochure.

Prices subject to change without notice.

Processor-Name

-Operating System-

Title

_Phone(_

Company-Address

City

□ Check enclosed □ VISA □ MasterCardCard Mo

-State-

_Zip_

-Expiration Date-

Signature-

*lndiana Residents add 4% Sales Tax.

6B442

MDBS III, SCREEN MASTER and C' are Trademarks of Micro Data Base Systems, Inc. DYNABYTE is a Registered Trademark ofDYNABYTE: APPLE II of APPLE; ALTOS of ALTOS; CP/M, MP/M of Digital Research; TRS-80, TRSDOS of Tandy: MSDOS. XENIX ofMicrosoft; UNIX of Western Electric; RSX-1IM. PDP-11 of Digital Equipment; IBM PC. PCDOS of IBM; Z80 of Zilog; TURBODOS ofSoftware 2000; IMS of Industrial Micro Systems.

See Us At COMDEX—Nov. 29-Dec. 2,1982 Booth #3260

Circle 231 on inquiry card.

BYTE Interview

Chuck Peddle

Chief Designer of the Victor 9000

A candid discussion on microcomputer design, marketing,

and the industry's future.

Phil LemmonsWest Coast Editor

More than any other person,Chuck Peddle deserves to be calledthe founder of the personal computerindustry. After getting a bachelor ofscience degree in engineering physicsin 1959, he worked for 11 years forGeneral Electric in all aspects of itscomputer enterprises. In 1970, Peddlestarted a company to make intelligentterminals. "Too early," he now says.He started a word-processing com-pany in 1972. "Too early," he nowsays. He then went to work forMotorola, where he participated inthe design of the 6800 microprocessorfamily. Peddle did the architecturefor all the peripheral chips of the 6800and all the I/O (input/output) struc-ture. The 6820, a peripheral interfaceadapter (a parallel I/O chip), securedseveral fundamental patents in thatarea.

Peddle took a team from Motorolato MOS Technology in 1974 to do alow-cost microprocessor and waschief architect in the design of the6502 microprocessor and its family ofchips. By producing the 6502 and sell-ing it for only $25 while othersemiconductor houses were sayingthe price would never fall below$200, Peddle made the personal com-puter possible.

The 6522, the PIA (peripheral in-

terface adapter) in the 6502 family,extends the concepts in the 6820 byadding some integral timers andshifters as well as other features. The6522 appears in several places in theVictor 9000 (see "Victor Victorious,"page 216 of this issue).

MOS sold 6502s to Atari andSteve Jobs, and then Commodorebought MOS Technology. Peddletransferred to the West Coast andstarted Commodore's systemsbusiness. At Commodore, Peddledeveloped the world's first personalcomputer, which he designed toRadio Shack's specifications. InJanuary 1977, Peddle showed the firstPET to Radio Shack at the ConsumerElectronics Show. Radio Shack andCommodore were unable to make adeal. Radio Shack did its ownmicrocomputer, Commodorebrought out the PET, and Steve Woz-niak made the 6502-based Apple II.The PET and the Apple II weresimultaneously announced to thepublic in 1977 at the West CoastComputer Faire. Apple shipped Ap-ples first, but Commodore showedthe PET first.

Peddle has since left Commodore,founded Sirius Systems Technology,and designed the machine sold inNorth America as the Victor 9000 and

elsewhere as both the Victor 9000 andthe Sirius 1. BYTE's West Coasteditor, Phil Lemmons, interviewedPeddle late in July 1982 about hisgoals in designing the Victor9000/Sirius 1 and about the directionof the microcomputer industry in thenext few years.

PL What were your general goals indesigning the Victor 9000/Sirius 1?Peddle I think there were threegenerations of microcomputer prod-ucts. The first generation was theboard-level computer, like theKIM-1, which was the thing that wedid at MOS Technology, the Apple I,the Systems Group—that kind ofcomputer. They were really hobbycomputers, meant to be used by peo-ple looking to develop computerskills.

The second generation—the PET,the Apple II, the TRS-80—weredesigned as stand-alone, plug-'em-in-and-they-work computers for peoplewho wanted to have computers oftheir own, for whatever reason. Theevolution of that kind of product intohigh memory, disks, and so forth,leads you to see that those products,which had really been conceived for adifferent purpose, were starting to be

256 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

used heavily in business,where they really had a lotof limitations.

PL Forty-column screens,that sort of thing?Peddle Well, just thewhole concept. They wereaimed at a different mar-ket. If you look at theVIC-20, it is really theoriginal PET repackaged ata lower price—that kind ofthing.

We believed that a thirdgeneration of microcom-puter was coming thatwould be compiler-oriented, would havemultiple high-capacitydisks, lots of computepower, synchronous com-munications, and high-resolutionscreens, a product that would bedesigned to be used as a desktopmachine in an office network. It wasgoing to be used professionally. Itwas an office product as opposed tothese other products.

We felt that several develop-ments—the new architectures of newmicros, the dropping prices of64K-bit RAM [random-access read/write memory] chips, what had hap-pened in floppy-disk capacities, whatwas going to happen in hard disks,what was going to happen in net-works—basically gave us the oppor-tunity to design a new generation ofproduct. So the goal for the Victor9000/Sirius 1 was to have a true, verycompetitive, desktop, entry-levelproduct that could be marketed bythe office-products dealers but wouldalso be sold by a sophisticated com-puter dealer as really a replacementfor the higher-end applications of thepersonal computers and the lower-end applications of the pseudominisand minis. That's a very crisp market

Chuck Peddle

definition,definition.

a very crisp generation

PL How long did the design of thecomputer take?

Peddle We fundamentally formedthe design team in late December of'80 and started operations in January'81. We showed the first prototypeproduct in April of '81.

PL How many people were on thedesign team?

Peddle Basically about eight people.It grew after that as we built things.

PL What processors did you con-sider and why did you choose the8088?

Peddle We looked at the dual 6502,which was fine except there was noprogramming base—a small base inEurope, but none in the UnitedStates. We looked at 6502 and Z80combinations, which would havegiven us an Apple look-alike and aCP/M look-alike. But we concludedthat the memory-management prob-

lem, while it was solvable,would lead to the sort ofmachine from which asoftware base would notnaturally evolve. If wewere a world leader, likeDEC or some firm like thatwhich has its own propri-etary software, it might beworthwhile. But these twoapproaches wouldn't satis-fy our software needs.

We then looked at theMotorola 68000. Youknow, even though I'dbeen with the Motorolafamily from almost thebeginning, the conclusionswere that product wasnever going to be as cost-effective as the Intel 8086family was going to be, thesupport languages were not there atthe time, and the 8088 was a very in-teresting alternative to the 8-bitmicros, which we felt we had to com-pete against from a cost standpoint,but the 8088 also had the ability tomigrate upward into 16-bit software.

PL Is there an 80286 [Intel's newvery high performance version of the8086] in your future?Peddle There's anything that Inteldoes in our future.

PL The standard memory in theVictor 9000 is 128K bytes. Is that trueof the Sirius 1 too?Peddle Yes, the Sirius and the Vic-tor both. The business strategy forthat is very simple. Victor was literal-ly with us from the time we startedSirius Systems Technology. The com-pany was a partnership. We talked toVictor within a week after we formedthe company—

PL It's more than the traditionalOEM relationship?

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 257

CompuPro Spoken Here...8 and/or16 Bits _

CompuPro speaks your language - 8 bit, 16 bit, or 8 and 16 bit - while deliveringexceptional performance and reliability. As Interface Age said about our ground-breakingdual CPU 8085/88 processor, "The (8 bit) 8085 was more than a third faster than any 8 bitmicro we have tested todate...the (16 bit) 8088 (was) almost twice as quick as the identically-engined IBM Personal Computer utilizing a similar software package". The Silicon GulchGazette described CompuPro machines as "Definitely reliable and potent...likely to be amajor product for serious technologists who demand trustworthy hardware".

We couldn't have said it better. See what people are talking about at your nearestCompuPro Authorized Systems Center.

Byte Shop of Hayward

1 122 B StreetHayward. CA 94541(415)537-2983

Computer Center, Inc.

1514 University AvenueBerkeley, CA 94703(415)845-6366

Digital Deli

80 W. EICaminoRealMountain View, CA 94040(415)961-2670

G & G Engineering

1922 Republic AvenueSan Leandro, CA 94577(415)895-0798

G & G Engineering

230 California Street

Suite 207

San Francisco, CA 94104

(415)391-4570

JR Systems, Inc.

8617 Bunnell DrivePotomac, MD 20854(301)299-4522

Key Microsystems

978 Tiogue AvenueCoventry, Rl 02816(401)828-7270

Key Microsystems

822BoylstonSt.Chestnut Hill, MA 02167(617)738-7305

ompuPro

CompuPro division, Godbout Electronics,Box 2355 Oakland Airport, CA 94614

Circle 96 on inquiry card.

Logic Systems

4800 Manzanita Avenue *21Carmichael.CA 95608(916)971-3133

Matrix Computer Systems

720 Mendocino AvenueSanta Rosa, CA 95401(707)542-0571

Micro Computer Technology

1549 W. Brandon BoulevardBrandon, FL33511(813)685-7659

Priority One Electronics

9161 Deering AvenueChatsworth,CA9131 1(800) 423-5922, (213) 709-5464

S-100 Inc.

14425 N. 79th St. *B

Scottsdale, AZ 85260

(800) 528-3138, (602) 991 -7870

Peddle

Peddle That's right. Victor andSirius were partners right at thebeginning. We talked about the con-cept. Our business strategy was tocompete for Victor's business withJapanese companies, giving Victorthe same kind of pricing they wouldhave gotten out of the Japanese. Let-ting them build a volume base for usin the United States, while we,because of our special knowledge ofthe international market, would con-centrate outside the United Statesmarket. We were trading volume forspecialized market, in this case, to gethigher profit margins. The decisionsthat went into the computer designwere always based on this premise.Therefore, the boards in the Victor9000 and the Sirius 1 are the same, thepower supplies are the same. It'sbasically the industrial design that'sdifferent.

PL The 128K bytes of standardmemory was a huge amount a year

ago, and it's still a lot, for standardequipment. But now that memory'sgotten much cheaper, are you think-ing of adding more memory in orderto take advantage of the newoperating system improvements that Ikeep hearing about?

The Victor 9000 has

the smallest footprint

of any word processor.

Peddle Remember two things Firstof all, we offer the most memory ex-pansion in the market.

PL Something like three quarters ofa megabyte?

Peddle It's more than that, it's reallyover 900 kilobytes. We have an-nounced a 256K version of themachine that we're currently supply-

MICROSTAT® - Release 3.0

MICROSTAT® + baZic® = PERFORMANCE

The best just got better! MICROSTAT has been theleader in the statistics field for microcomputers since1979, and the new release 3.0 outperforms and isnoticeably faster than previous versions. Just a fewof the features include:

GREATER ACCURACY

BCD with up to 14 digit precision;

PROGRAM ENHANCEMENTS

Missing data capabilities and many more;

FASTER EXECUTION

Calculation time greatly reduced;

DYNAMIC FILE ALLOCATION

Data can be inserted, added, or deleted;

SPECIAL PRICE:

For a limited time get MICROSTAT plus baZiccomplete with program disk and documen-tation for each for $395.00, save $50.00!

The MICROSTAT - baZic version requires: a Z80 CPU,CP/M"" and 48K of memory. Available formats: 8" SDdisk or 5W' North Star only. Check with your dealer forother formats Also available for: Microsoft's Basic-801",North Star DOS and IBM. For more information, callor write:

ECOSOFT INC.

P.O. Box 68602 ITSf"

Indianapolis, IN 46268-0602 1mm.

(317) 255-6476

MICROSTAT is a registered trademark of ECOSOFT, INC

baZic is a registered trademark ot MICROMIKES. INC.

CP/M is a registered trademark ol DIGITAL RESEARCH

Basic-80 is a registered trademark of MICROSOFT

ing with a 128K expansion We'reshipping all of that expansion prod-uct, and so the answer ic that we seean evolution for the developmentmachines almost exclusively to 256K,and some level of applicationmachines to 256K. You've got towatch it The market's such thatwhen you have to compete againstthe Z80 and 6502 machines., you'vegot to be careful not to have toomuch in your baseline machine whenyou have to go in- -at least on a price-quote basis—against these machineswith a lot less capability, and we'reable to come close in price.

PL After you decided you wantedto have something in the range of 1.2megabytes of floppy storage, why didyou choose 5V4-inch drives instead of8-inch?

Peddle Cost, packaging. The Victor9000 has the smallest footprint of anyword processor in the marketplace,much less any personal computer.

NEW SOFTWARE FROM

Single SOURCE Solution'

WSMX80-VERSION 2.1-539.95

WSMX80'Version 2.1 is a print processor which extends the capabilities DfWord Star* to optimize the printing features of the MX-80". The extra commandsinclude creating printing on empty pages, saving line height, chaining differentfiles for continuous printing, changing strikeover character, providing an alternateGreek character set, and redefining control characters. VVSMX80 is ideal forcomplex formulas. Full sub superscripts.INFOSOFT ACCOUNTING SYSTEM-Version 4.2--$750.00

The INFOSOFT ACCOUNTING SYSTEM-Version 4.2 is menu-driven. Annualaging of accounts, personalization for different terminal types, includes AP, AR,P.GL, bank account monitoring, point-of sale for sales registers, inventory, specialbuyers files.

SUPERMAILER-Version 3.7--S99.50

SUPERMAILER-Version 3.7 is a database management system for assembling,printing mailing lists and making address labels. Sorting is possible by name, zipcode, and any other user-defined parameter. SUPERMAILER can strip off sub-listsfrom the master list and may be configured to one of several disk capacities.

INFOSOFT CHIROPRACTIC BILLING SYSTEMVersion 2.0-$500.00

The INFOSOFT CHIROPRACTIC BILLING SYSTEM' provides a simple menu-driven billing system for Chiropractic offices with multiple practicioners. TheINFOSOFT CHIROPRACTIC BILLING SYSTEM allows the user to view all treat-ments for a patient in a given month, enter daily information, list patients, enter newpatients, son the patient file, change the description of a treatment, age theaccounts receivable, merge files, print labels, print statements and audit reports.An inventory of services and products may be kept. A database of 2500 patientsmay be kept on a single quad diskette.

CYNTHIA-$149.50

CYNTHIA, a database management system with interactive queries allows auser-definable system for creating order or synthesis out of chaos. All parametersand data-entry requirements may be defined by the user. Each entry item may bemerged with other similar files.

EPRINT-$29.95

EPRINT allows the user of the Epson MX80* full command of the printer,including compressed printing, doublestnke. and emphasized printing, with user-selectable vertical and horizontal tabs.

MSIPRINT--$29.95MSIPRINT allows the user of the MSI full command of the printer, includingcompressed printing, doublestrike. and emphasized printing, with user-selectablevertical and horizontal tabs.

SBAPREP—Version 4.1 —$500.00SBAPREP, Version 4.1 is a complete menu-driven package that prepares all ofthe paperwork for a Small Business Administration loan,order from:

to Single SOURCE Solution

P.O.Box 578, Concord, CA 94522

Circle 169 on inquiry card.

Circle 411 on inquiry card.

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 259

COMPUTERSCOPE

DIGITAL STORAGE OSCILLOSCOPE

Features:

• High Resolution/High Speed A/D inputs

• 4 Channel Software Support

• Continuous or Single Sweep

• External Trigger Capability

• Waveform Storage on Disk

• Pretrigger Viewing

• Hardcopy Output

For:

• Automatic Test and Measurement

• Laboratory Data Acquisition

• Transient Signal Analysis

• Frequency Spectrum Analysis

• Digital Signal Conditioning and Enhancement

Purchase our complete COMPUTERSCOPE package for $3495or combine your microcomputer with our APPLESCOPE hardwareand SCOPE DRIVER software to create a total data acquisition andanalysis system for only $695.

APPLESCOPE INTERFACE

Choose either our original dual channel 8 bitAPPLESC0PE-D2 or our new high resolutionsingle channel APPLESC0PE-HR12 pack-ages for $695 or combine up to 4 APPLESCOPE-HR12 circuit cards in a high performancemultichannel data acquisition system. AllAPPLESCOPE interfaces are fully program-mable and include our SCOPE DRIVERsoftware, external trigger adapter and BNCinput connector.

The APPLESCOPE-D2 features

• Single or Dual channel trace

• 8 bit A/D converters

• 3.5 Mhz. Maximum Sample Rate(1.75 Mhz. for dual trace)

• 1024 Sample Memory

The APPLESCOPE-HR12 features

• 12 bit A/D converter

• 1 Mhz. maximum sample rate

• 2048 Sample Memory

• 4 Channel Software support

When combined with an APPLESCOPE inter-face our SCOPE DRIVER software creates aturnkey (NO user programming required)Digital Storage Oscilloscope including;

• Complete Trace Setup and Sweep Control

• Digital Voltage readout and real time DVM

• Waveform storage and retrieval from disk

• Hardcopy (Screen Dump)

• Digital Signal Conditioning

• 16,384 Sample Memory

(DMA to Apple Ram under 28 Khz.)

• Waveform Manipulation(Scroll, Scale and Offset)

• MATH PACK - (Add, Subtract, Invert orMultiply input channels)

• AUTOMATE - User program interface foreasy access to SCOPE DRIVER routines

Optional data analysis software from ourSCOPE DRIVER LIBRARY maybe purchasedto make your COMPUTERSCOPE a true dataanalysis instrument including;

• Frequency Spectrum Analysis (a FASTFFT)

• Harcopy (Continuous Strip Chart Record)

• Autocorrelation / Box Car Integration

• Pulse Rate / Frequency Measurement

• Post Stimulus Time Histogram

• Time Interval Histogram

• Signal Averager

COMPUTERSCOPE PACKAGES

For those persons looking for an alternative toexpensive dedicated instruments we offercomplete COMPUTERSCOPE packagesbeginning at $3495 which includes;

• 48K Apple ll+or64K Franklin Ace 1000

• Disk Drive with DOS 3.3 Controller

• High Resolution Green Screen Monitor

• High Resolution Graphics Printer

• APPLESCOPE D2 or HR12 Package

• Scope Driver Library

• Scope Probes

Call or write for our free data sheets or betteryet purchase our comprehensive demonstra-tion diskette for $10 to find out why ourCOMPUTERSCOPE is the state of the art DigitalStorage Oscilloscope for the 80's.

R.C. ELECTRONICS INC.

5386 Hollister Ave. #DSanta Barbara, CA 93111

(805)968-6614 | MC

V.

[ Visa I

Peddle

PL And that couldn't be done with8-inch thin-line drives?Peddle No. The form factor on thatdesign was very, very compact. Itwas designed to sit on the side port ofa secretary's desk. Remember ourprimary market is Europe, and Victorwants to be a factor in that markettoo, and therefore we had to meet thelatest European ergonomic standards.Packaging 5Vi-inch drives led muchmore easily to that. TypicallySVi-inch drives are cheaper by far.We believed that we could pack the5Vi, and we could get enough capacityinto that size on the basis of tech-niques that we'd used previously.And we were able to do so withoutany sacrifice of system reliability. Infact, we have a more reliable system.We've done some tests on alignment.We're less sensitive to alignmentproblems than normal 48-tpi (tracksper inch) drives.

PL I had the machine for severalmonths, longer than I intended, forseveral reasons. I tried to do thingswith huge files to cause problems,and I haven't been able to generate asingle disk error. So I'm convinced.Peddle Yes, if you look at the waywe've done it, the systems concept ismuch more inherently reliable. We'vegot a very tuned phase-locked loop,which we're operating very effective-ly at a single frequency, but we havenone of the normal droop and signal-to-noise problems that most diskdrives have because we're reallyrecording at constant density all theway across the disk.

PL The constant linear speed is afactor too7

Peddle Right. The combination ofthe phase-locked loop and the con-stant linear speed is unique.

PL In order to include these twocharacteristics, did you have todesign your own disk-controllerboard7

Peddle Perhaps, but quite frankly,the system is optimized for cost aswell as performance. We get higher-capacity disks and higher-resolution

260 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 384 on inquiry card.

Haydeu's prime.. .

1« 55:14 The BASIC• Conversions Handbook forApple™, TRS-80™, and PET™

Users (Brain Bank) A complete guide toconverting Apple II and PET programs toTRS-80. TRS-80 and PET programs toApple II, and TRS-80 and Apple IIprograms to PET. Equivalent commandsare listed for TRS-80 BASIC (Model 1,Level II). Applesoft BASIC, and PETBASIC, as well as variations for TRS-80Model III and Apple Integer BASIC. Alsodescribes variations in graphicscapabilities. $8.95

•# #5106 Basic BASIC: Anr^V • Introduction to ComputerProgramming in BASIC Language,

2nd Ed. (Coan) Over 100 sampleprograms present the essential statementsof BASIC. Each new language statementor capability is clearly explained at thetime it is first used in a sample program.Every section is followed by practiceproblems; solutions to even-numberedproblems appear in the text and theremainder in the separate Teacher'sGuide. $12.95 Teacher's Guide, #5108,$1.40

■^ #5855 Advanced BASIC:V^« Applications and Problems

(Coan) ". . .a useful textbook tothe student in a follow-up course, or theprogrammer acquiring BASIC as hissecond or third language. . .well aboveaverage." Data Processing Digest.Advanced techniques and applications,including coordinate geometry,sequences and series, polynomials,graphing, simulations, and games. $12.75

Apple is a registered trademark of Apple ComputerCompany. Inc.: TRS-80 is a registered trademark ofRadio Shack, Inc., a division of Tandy Corporation;PET is a registered trademark of CommodoreBusiness Machines; none are affiliated with HaydenBook Company, Inc.

/d #5760 BASIC From the_B_ • Ground Up (Simon) Explorescomputers and the BASIC languagesimply, without requiring the reader tohave a heavy mathematical background.Covers one version of each of the BASICstatements and points out variations.Includes exercises and problems, aglossary, and a summary of BASICstatements. $12.95

5S5HM The BASIC Workbook:• Creative Techniques forBeginning Programmers (Schoman)

An introduction to BASIC using 20 keycommands and statements. Studentsquickly discover how many problems canbe solved and how many workablealgorithms can be constructed. Studentsmaster the fundamentals of BASICthrough discovery rather than exposition.$8.95

6 #5152 Using Microcomputers• in Business: A Guide for thePerplexed (Voit) Essential backgroundbriefing for any purchaser of micro-computer systems or software. In a fast-moving style, without the usual buzz-words and technical jargon. Veit answersthe most often asked questions. $10.95

7 #0761 BASIC Computer• Programs in Science andEngineering (Gilder) A collection of 114ready-to-run BASIC programs for thehobbyist and engineer—programs for per-forming statistical operations such asmeans, standard deviations, curve-fitting,and interpolation; programs that designantennas, filters, attenuators, matchingnetworks, plotting, and histograms. Allprograms have been tested and are fairlyuniversal. $11.95

8 #5154 BASIC Computer• Programs for the Home

(Sternberg) Over 75 practical homeapplication programs useful to the noviceor experienced computer owner inincreasing the usefulness of any homecomputer. Each program is documentedwith a description of its functions andoperation, a listing in BASIC, a symboltable, sample data, and sample output.$11.95

9./10.

BASICComputerPrograms for Business, Vols. 1 & 2

(Sternberg) An invaluable variety ofapplication programs to make yourmicrocomputer pay for itself as soon as itenters your office. Each program isdocumented with a description of itsfunctions and operation, a listing inBASIC, a symbol table, sample data andsample output.#5152, VOLUME 1, $12.50New! #5178, VOLUME 2, $13.95

Hayden

Order Today f ^a"0'

Available

at your local

computer store

or order by phone

1-800-631-0856

Dept. #BYN2

In New Jersey(201) 843-0550 ext. 382

Please send me the item(s) Indicated below by code number.

Dept. #BYN2

Hayden Book Company, Inc.

50 Essex Street

Rochelle Park, NJ 07662

Method of payment:

□ My check or money order is

enclosed.Please charge to my:

□ Visa □ MasterCardWe pay postage and handling.

5 ! Residents of NJ and CA add sales tax.

If I am no! completely satisfied, I may return the book(s)undamaged within 10 days for a complete refund.

Mr./Mrs.

Address

Apt. #

City

State

Zip

Visa/MasterCard *

Exp. Date

Signature

Prices subject to change

BYTE November 1982 261

Peddle-

screens. We consider our forte to besystems design. That's what weare—systems designers, systems ar-chitects, as opposed to just logic peo-ple. We have a mixture in our com-pany of big computer people andmicrocomputer people, specificallyfor the purpose of doing a better jobof systems architecture from the topdown.

PL Why did you use the 6522parallel I/O chips for the disk-con-troller board and other input/output?Specific design virtues?Peddle Yes, basically. We usedthem for some things we do withprinters and particularly for ourparallel ports. Look at the way we didour IEEE or printer port. We neededto have the ability for our I/O devicesto be glitchless when we change statesand directions. Intel parts aren't.Motorola parts and MOS Technol-ogy parts are, because we designed

them that way. By the way, I usedIntel parts to begin with. Had toredesign.

PL Why did you choose GroupCode Recording [a technique of com-pressing data by squeezing out zeros]as a method for increasing disk-storage capacity? Were there otheroptions?

Peddle No. We proved to ourselveslong ago that Group Code, with thehigher bit densities and the kind ofrecording scheme we had, gave amuch more reliable recording. It's aquestion of reliability as much as it ishigher capacity.

PL Is the encoding itself done in theBIOS [basic input/output system]?Peddle No, it's done in the disk-controller chip that does the speedcontrol, and yeah, there's a smallamount in the programming. Thesystem is really a combination of

micro- and multiprocessing, if youwill. Some pieces of the stuff are donein the chip itself. Some of it's done ina ROM [read-only memory] that'soutboard—it's currently being im-plemented into a gate array—andsome of it's done in the outboardmicro that's in the controller. So it's—I don't like to overuse the term"systems design," but in fact that'swhat it is. It really is a totally in-tegrated design. You partition piecesof it but the focus is constantly ar-chitecture.

PL The high-resolution monitor isone of the computer's most strikingfeatures. A lot of computers nowhave separate RAM for the screen.Your computer has some screenRAM, but it also gives the monitoraccess to main memory. Why did youchoose that approach?Peddle First, cost. Second, pro-gramming ease—the ability to move

niss:..

Your Source of Business Planningand Forecasting Software

^Aev

^m

NISSCAST™

NISSCAST is a sophisticated financialprogram and the first forecastingsoftware for personal computers thatincorporates seasonal adjustments. Theexceptional structure of NISSCASTallows you to perform seasonal adjust-ments on the historical data and viewresults with the graphics option.

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

PERSONAL COMPUTERSOFTWARE SUPPORT SERVICE

NISS offers one full year of supportservice for each program acquired fromthe company. This unique service pro-vides you with direct access to the NISSstaff of professionals who will courte-ously help solve software problems onyour personal computer. Support ser-vice agreements are also available forbusiness planning and forecasting pro-grams acquired through other sources.

TOLL FREE HOTLINE

NATIONAL INTEGRATED BOFTWAPE SERVICES, INC.

8800 East Arapahoe Road, Englewood, Colorado, 80112

Call NISS now at 1-800-525-SOET for

your free software catalog and for infor-mation on our unique support service.You won't be left "friendless" once youlicense software from NISS.

NISS supports its software when it isused on Apple II plus, IBM PersonalComputer and TRS-80 Model II personalcomputers.

Maximize your productivity and profitfrom a relationship with NISS.

NISS is a registered trademark of National IntegratedSoftware Services. Inc.

Apple II plus is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.IBM Personal Computer is a trademark of Interna-tional Business Machines, Inc.

TRS-80 Model II is a trademark of The Tandy Cor-poration.

1-800-52 5-SOFT

In Colorado (303) 694-1994

BY 11/82

262 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 317 on inquiry card.

TO MAKE YOUR SYSTEM STANDOUT - SAY IT WITH.-

If your graphics package has these features:

CHOICE OF IMPLEMENTATION

a. "GRAPHIT' - menu driven, user friendly, charts and graphs. Data easily edited

b. "COMMAND FILES"- Free form ASCII command files or keyboard input. Buildthem with BASIC, PASCAL, WORDSTAR, SUPERCALC, etc

c. ".REL file" attachment to compiled programs.

d. ALL methods are compatible and may be mixed.CHOICE OF MACHINES

a. MICRO - Z80, 8085, 8080, with CP/M.

b. MINI-PDP11

c. MAINFRAME - compatible with CALCOMP and other programs.WIDE CHOICE OF GRAPHICS HARDWARE

a. PEN PLOTTERS, HIPLOT, H.P., TEKTRONIX, WATANABE, home duty.

b. DOT MATRIX PRINTERS: EPSON, ANADEX, DATASOUTH, C.ITOH, OKIDATA,IDS, NEC, etc. (all with MAXIMUM resolution).

c. WORD PROCESSING PRINTERS: DIABLO, NEC, QUME

d. CRT SCREEN DEVICES: TEKTRONIX monochrome & color, SCION, APPLE IISYMBOL GENERATION: Choose the standard DRAFTING or CARTOGRAPHIC style orthe ornate character sets (Old English, Complex style, etc. — using the HERSHEYformats). Specify your own character set. Unlimited size, and/or rotation, left/right/centerjustification, subscripts, superscripts.

COLORS: Up to 256 simultaneous colors, as available to the hardware.BARCHARTS: Vertical, horizontal, rotated, single bar, grouped or stacked for compari-son, negative and positive values, annotation and number of items - no practical limit,include logos, overlays, etc.

PIE CHARTS: Specified size and placement, colored and/or "exploded" segments. Seg-ment notation automatically rotated and placed, values automatically scaled to 100%.X-Y LINE GRAPHS: Automatic axis calculation, automatic scaling, linear and/or logarith-mic, with or without grids, tic-mark notation - integer, floating point, alphanumeric, maybe rotated from the axis. Line type - "plain", point-marked, or points only. Maximum X-Yvalues - no practical limit.

EXTERNAL GRAPH DATA: ASCII files, scaled or non-scaled, ROTATED, ZOOMED,DIMINISHED, and/or ENLARGED. No practical maximum size.CHANGING DEVICES: All devices appear exactly the same to the system. All are routedthrough a routine that provides maximum resolution for the particular device used.Multiple devices allowed.

NEW DEVICES: Implement a new device very simply with the "plotter compiler" includedwhich allows the parametric specification of most devices. You may include your owndriver routines.

INSTALLATION (CP/M only): Menu driven software puts it into your machine.LICENSE AGREEMENT: One time cost, single machine license.SOFTWARE SUPPORT: One year free update service.

MANY APPLICATION PROGRAMS: 3-D graphics, scientific and engineering programs,WIRELIST/PCB.

You have a large, mainframe computeror you have PLOTWARE-z.

GRAPHICS

Circle 179 on Inquiry card.

PLOTWARE-z forMICROS.

CP/M APPLE II

(softcard)

GRAPHIT/COMMANDFile only

CompilerModules only

$299

$199 $179$249 $199

THE ENERCOMPCOMPANY

P.O. Box 28014

Lakewood, Colorado 80228

(303)988-1648

Also Available Through

WESTICO

The Software Expremm Service

25 Van Zani Street • Norwalk. Connecticut 06855

(203)853-6880 • Telex 643788

and selected dealers.

Notallb

usiness

And weVe got the

As you know, one picture isworth a few thousand numbers.

As you may not know,Apple* Business Graphicssoftware can generate moretypes of pictures, in morecolors, using more data thanany other graphics package.

So you not only get the usualbar graphs and pie charts.Youalso get unusual bar graphsand pie charts. Sophisticatedline and area graphs. Evenscattergrams. All teamed withextremely useful and powerfulfeatures—exploded views,unlimited overlays, floatingtitles and more.

Apple

VisiTrend/VisiPlot

pfsGraph

Graph Tyjxs

Line

Yes

Yes

Yes

Vertical Bar

Yes

Yes

Yes

Horizontal Bar

Yes

No

No

Side-by-side Bar

Up to 4

2

4

Pie

Yes

Yes

Yes

Partial Pie

Yes

No

No

Scattergram

Yes

Yes

No

Curve Fitting

5 Kinds

1

None

Data Points (Max.)

3500 1

645

36

Plotter

Virtually

None

H-P7470A

Compatible

Any

Only

Compatible

Pascal

BASIC

pfs

File Types

BASICVisiCalc

VisiCalc

VisiCalc

Math Functions

Yes

Yes

No

Available Colors

6

4

4

Apple Business Graphics is available for both (he Apple \\ and Apple III

Equally important, with ourgraphics package you'll findmore ways to see what you'redoing. On the monitor of yourchoice. And on virtually anyprinter or plotter on the market.

264 BYTE November 1982

9«1» P.rforn.nc.

pCMPUOVCC-1-

1

T_

I y .\ x \ ,.\

Ml I 1 1 oris

4fc

4 rT'vvyvy,'

INDIVIDUAL SALES PERFORMANCE 1981

1 1 1 1

(7 rim ■

SALES IN BILLIONS

INOIUIDUAL SALES PEAEOAAAHCE ISSt

Ousti • S 2

SALES IN MILLIONS

Circle 29 on inquiry card.

graphics are alike*pictures to prove it

SALES AGAINST PROJECTIONS - 1981

1981 SALES AGAINST TOTAL MARKET

YEARLr QUARTER5

$kles kaihsi PMUKttWf ■ mi

1361 SBI.E5 SMIHiT I0!(,L mwi:et

r^ r

UESTEPN Efl = rERW NORTHERN SOUTHERN HfiOftM

REGIONS

Even on transparencies andslides (by combining AppleBusiness Graphics with pack-ages like Screen Director™ andTarget Image Maker™).

All of which makes for morepresentable presentations.And more revealing marketanalyses, forecasts, budgets,stock trends, business plans orcustomer demographics.

Or the information of yourchoice from the files of yourchoice. Be it VisiCalc",0 Pascal,DIF or BASIC.

We could easily tell you more.

But we'd rather show youmore. In person. At any of ourover 1300 full-support dealers(they also offer _ '

a vast libraryof other qualitysoftware distrib-uted by Applefor Apples).

So pay one avisit. And find out how easyit is to turn a sea of data intodata you can see.

Apple

Business Graphk:»

Qsn

apple

m-M M-5EP

VEflSLV twim

The most personal software.

Call (800) 538-9696 for the location of the authorized Apple dealernearest you, or for information regarding corporate purchases through ourNational Account Program. In California (800) 662-9238. Or writeApple Computer Inc., Advertising and Promotion Dept., 20525 MarianiAve., Cupertino. CA 95014.

Screen Director is a trademark of Business Professional Software, Inc.Target Image Maker is a trademark of Comshare Target Software. VisiCalcis a registered trademark of VisiCorp.

Circle 29 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982

265

Peddle

memory around for some of the high-resolution kinds of things we do.Third, it's a trade-off. You can usecharacter graphics part of the timeand give yourself back about 40K ofmemory. If you want to go into high-resolution mode, you give up thatmemory. So it's an architectural deci-sion. The only memory we have out-board is there because for timing pur-poses we needed another memory.We're already really doing a 32-bitfetch for the screen right now. Weneeded some parallel memory inorder to be able to do that.

PL Why the Hitachi 46505 CRT-controller chip?

Peddle It's a third-generationcomputer. Therefore we were lookingat a state-of-the-art product that wasjust coming out. Look at what we didwith the CODEC [coder-decoder fordigitized voice]. Look at what we didwith the communications chips. We

were looking for the thing that wasthe best product at that point in time,even though the price was high,because we felt that we didn't want toredesign later. So we went with thebest ICs we could get, under theassumption that the price woulddrop.

PL For the RS-232C serial ports,you chose the 7201 programmablecommunications chip. I know oneprogrammer who's been singing itspraises as something to use in writingcommunications software. But whythat particular chip?Peddle We felt that you needed achannel of synchronous communica-tions. The 7201 gives us two chan-nels, totally under program control.I want to contrast what we con-sider different in the third generationfrom the second generation. Second-generation computers were basicallyROM-based machines, right? They

were designed to power up, run, andgo. They were designed to be used byfairly trivial programmers to writesimple programs. What we discov-ered was that all those architectureskept getting in the way of the moresophisticated programmers. On thismachine, we felt that almost all pro-grams would be written by sophisti-cated applications programmers, andyou would have a higher level ofoperating languages and utilities.And, therefore, we wanted to makethe machine absolutely as soft as wecould, so that programmers couldjust get in and do anything. Thekeyboard is an example of that. Thewhole concept of the keyboard is toallow universal configurability by theprogrammer so that you can have amachine that is so personalized thatthe user buying the product believeshe is buying a unique product. Whathe's really buying is a general-pur-pose piece of hardware, which we

Announcing:

MICRO-TIMESHARING

"The Marketing Trendof the Future"

Delta Micro-Timesharing is a uniquenew approach to computer retailingthat utilizes the Delta-64 user distrib-uted processing network system,plus instructional video cassettes.

The Delta DP-Net allowspotential customers hands on use ofa Delta system in their homes orbusinesses (via modem).

Once installed, the Delta does therest. With its speed, reliability anduser friendliness, the Delta is a surebet to win customers over.

Look into Delta's Full Lineof Business Computers Today.

2lK

DELTA

PRODU

IMC.

15392 Assembly LoneHuntington BeachCA 92649(714)898-1492

&4?

,o^Vv^V

266 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 151 on inquiry card.

BEAUTIFUL PROGRAMMING

JKX

WITH THE BRIDGE 3C" COMPUTER.Develop two programs for the time of one.

Does this sound too good to be true? Just fill your tank with theBRIDGE 3C Formula for SPEED and shift into "overdrive" withyour BRIDGE 3C Compiler System. Leave the others behind, letus provide you with the fuel for higher productivity. How7

3C SPEED = 256k + MEMDSK + Cache BIOS + Compilers

If you are a software developer and need a powerful computerthen you'll understand. Our new fully integrated BRIDGE 3CSystem includes 256 dynamic RAM memory, MEMDSK (amemory disk emulator) and Cache BIOS, two major operatingsystem enhancements. To complete the formula add thePASCAL/Z, C and a completely structured FORTRAN compiler.

Execute your compiler work out of memory. The components of3C SPEED allow your files to reside in memory after your firstrun so that with your second run you move from one area ofmemory to another, rather than from disk to memory.

Compile at 3C SPEED and . . .

• minimize disk access time

• cut disk wear dramatically

• see your productivity increase immediately

And now BRIDGE Computer Company also allows you to ex-press yourself "graphically" with our high resolution PLOTPAKgraphics package designed to run on CP/M systems. Source codeis available for all BRIDGE Enhancements.

Integrated hardware consists of:

InterSystems mainframe including . . .

• 6MHz Z80B CPU with memory management

• 256k RAM memory (expandable to 1Mbyte)

• Disk drive options:

two 8" or 5.25* disks (single & double-sided),or 8" or 5" hard disk (expandable to 40 Mbyte)

• Televideo model 925 or 950 terminal

Youll also want to inquire about our 8086 upgrade.Circle 59 on Inquiry card.

Unique Software consists of:

• CP/M 2.2 enhanced by Cache BIOS performing diskbuffering, and MEMDSK, the disk emulator.

• Operating utilities and diagnostics.

• FORTRAN-80 Compiler with BRIDGE-Enhanced library.Easy-to-use file manipulation subroutines and functions.

• Aztec C II Compiler with BRIDGE-Enhanced library.Generates assembly language source code.

• PASCAL/Z Compiler. Generates efficient ROM-able andreentrant code

Options consist of:

• System calendar, 3 interval timers, one additional serial port,and a 9511 Floating Point Processor with complete softwareinterface.

• EPROM development package including programmer,emulator and unique dual port memory for emulating2716's, 2732's and 2764's.

• Hardware and software drivers for 16 channel A/D convert-ers (30kHz throughput) and 4 channel D/A converters.

• EASYPAK, math library including vector and matrixoperations.

Run your stream of needs under our "BRIDGE" and move to ahigh performance 3C Computer System. For complete informa-tion and prices, call us at (617) 244-8190, circle the reply numberor write today.

3C, MEMDSK, PLOTPAK, and EASYPAK are trademarks of BRIDGEComputer Company, Division of Sea Data Corporation. Cache BIOS andPascal-Z are trademarks of Ithaca InterSystems, Inc. FORTRAN-30trademark of Microsoft. AZTEC C II trademark of Manx Software Systems.

I Computer Company

DIVISION OF SEA DATA CORPORATIONONE BRIDGE STREET NEWTON, MASS. 02158 U.S.A.

L

ddle.

built, and a very sophisticated, spe-cialized piece of software written by acreative programmer who's solvingthat particular problem. But if thoseare married and properly packagedand presented to a user, he'll believethis machine is tailored for him,whereas you couldn't do that withproducts from the previous genera-tion.

So the whole idea was to putenough hardware in the machine—the communications chip, pro-

grammable data rates, and so on—to We intend to support as many key-stay out of the programmer's way. boards as people want to create.

PL I guess there's no reason why thekeyboard couldn't be switched to aDvorak format?

Peddle Absolutely. Whatever youwant. Have fun.

PL Is anyone doing it yet?Peddle No, we haven't seenanybody do it, but we're already sup-porting 31 different keyboard styles.

Our New 2000 Series SolvesThem...5 Ways!

1. EASE OF DATA ENTRY

Enter data into your personal computerby simply marking standard cards with apencil. No special training needed. The2000 Series even reads pre-printed dataand punched holes.

2. USER FRIENDLY DESIGN

The 2000 comes with 2 different inter-faces: an intelligent interface for the Ap-ple and an RS-232C. Both models simplifyuser software by converting card dataeasily to one of 4 different modes, or anycombination of them: ASCII, Card Image,Quick Program and Self Programming.Makes your programming tasks quick andeasy.

3. AUTOMATIC FEED

The 2000 Series reads up to 60 cards perminute, automatically! Just load thefeeder tray and the 2000 does the rest.Cards can vary in length from 5 to 12 in-ches, and each one can contain up to 128columns of data.

4. LOW COST

Thecost, including a choice of interfaces,is only $1595. Compare that to keypunchor computer terminals, plus the expenseof operating them.

5 . RELIABLE OPTICAL SENSOR

State-of-the-art fibre optics "read" eachcard reliably and accurately, with asingle, long-lasting bulb providing thelight source.

So, to quickly solve your data entry pro-blems, put in your order now for a new2000 Series. It's ideal for education,medical, business, and a host of othercomputer applications.

And remember... whatever your needs,Chatsworth Data still offers the industry'slargest selection of card readers. Write orphone for complete details...today!

K CHATSWORTH DATA

20710 Lassen Street Chatsworth, California 91311 Phone: (213) 341-9200

PL The 8048 microprocessor seemsto be a popular choice for keyboards,but it's really a general-purposemicroprocessor isn't it? What suits itespecially to scanning and so on?Peddle It's available from Intel,and it's quite reasonably priced. Youknow, there are a couple of othersthat were probably equally doable,but I think the answer is really thatit's an Intel product.

PL What applications did you havein mind for the CODEC voicecapability?

Peddle It's our belief that machinesin the business environment are goingto have to become increasingly user-friendly. That's the reason for thehigh-resolution screen. If we could doit, voice input would be in the prod-uct right now. It will be if it everbecomes available. You could buy aDatsun 280 ZX that has a pretty voiceto tell you the door is open. You'regoing to be able to buy a refrigeratorthat will talk to you before long. Webelieve voice is the competition thatthe Japanese have chosen for the nextgeneration of consumer products. Wefeel that the use of the voice to per-sonalize training, to interrupt forelectronic mail, is something that willbe required by customers in the nearfuture. High-resolution graphics onthe Apple II showed us somethingabout what this marketplace is allabout. On the PET, we put incharacter graphics because it wascheap and it was available. We wondesign awards with the PET charactergraphics because the average pro-grammer could jump all over themand was made happy quickly. In thelong run, the Apple graphics wonbecause more creative programmerscould do more with that product, tothe point that we felt that a next-generation product couldn't not havehigh-resolution graphics. We thinkvoice fits the same category, that bymaking it available, we will have awhole generation of programmersstart to use it.

268 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 73 on inquiry card.

You know, we showed the conceptof what I consider to be the first per-sonal computer to the financial com-munity. The first announcement anddemonstration was in New York inearly '77. People said, "Why do peo-ple buy these things?" Kind of afunny question. I answered them withEdison's concept about the electricalindustry: "What use is a baby?"Okay? And in fact, I think my im-plied prophecy was correct. Fun-damentally, we're at that stage withvoice. People will find a use for it.

PL What part of the design of thiscomputer gave you the most satisfac-tion?

Peddle [Laughs] Making the com-pany happen, for me personally,because I got a chance to do only a lit-tle bit of the design work this time. Idid less on this computer than any ofthe things I've done over the past fewyears. I think the fact that we met allour goals, achieved all the things thatwe set out to do. This is the mostsophisticated product that has beendone in this kind of a marketplace.We had to bring together severaltalents who had not worked togetherbefore. Making all those talents cometogether—the guys that understoodIBM-compatible communicationsalong with the guy that designed theVIC-20. There's a lot of space be-tween those people. Bringing them alltogether was satisfying. So I guess theanswer to your question about themost satisfying part of the design ofthe computer was "none of theabove."

PL What do you think general-purpose business microcomputerswill be like two years from now?Peddle Network. Lots of memory.Very, very hard-disk-oriented. Soldthrough a different channel from thatwhich the current marketplace ismostly being sold through.

PL What sort of channel do you

see?

Peddle I think that you're going to

see more use of the mixture of direct

and pseudodirect sales. I think you're

Circle 108 on inquiry card.

^cippkr

I I] Dist. by BeII & HoweII

l=r YOU CAN'TBEAT OUR PRICES

$999

(800)368-3417 Call for Everything

Disk II & Controller 495

Quentin Drives 325

Premium Pack 618

BMC Monitor 91

Amdek RGB Color II 795

Hays Apple Modem 289

mSMMM

Pascal 199

Visicalc 188

Wordstar 199

DB Master 179

Master Type 28

Wizardry 38

1500 Programs In Stock

HUSOES Computer 95

16 K Add Qn 45

SEEEiEESHl vie 20 199

Recorder 69 16 K Mem J04

GHEEC800 16 K 669

810 Disk 569 Percom 699

jMEEEEiaBEEl 11"9

Haaaasm 1775

aacnaiE

NEC 3510 1389

IDS Prism $Call

Diablo 630 1739

EBEBSl AJ Triple 819

H

e Computer learning Tree

Government Sales ^Call 703-750-2632

4 7023 Little River Tnpk.Annandale, VA 22003

Tele Video Users!

Single Key Access to 46 WordStar® Commands

The TV1000 is Designed for the925,950, Intelligent I and 802.

MAKES WORDSTAR A DREAM TO LEARN & OPERATE

Features:

46 single key stroke commands,faster cursor and keyboarding,user oriented command selection& location — soft switch activatesthe enhancement with no loss ofTeleVideo attributes.

Includes:

46 replacement key capsReplacement Rom

Introductory Price: $150

(Good until 12/15/82 reg. list $186)40 Pin Inserter/Extractor set $15.California Res. add 6V2 % Tax

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

WordTfechSystems

953 Mountain View Dr. Suite 114Lafayette, California 94549(415) 254-7747

TRADEMARK WORDSTAR MICROPRO VISA/MC/COD

Circle 485 on inquiry card.

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 269

4*

$

m

APTURE

Completely Redesigned.Now, the Grappler + ■

The original Grappler was thefirst graphics interface tc giveyou hi-res screen dumps fromyour keyboard. The newGrappler + with Dual Hi-ResGraphics adds flexibility with aside-by-side printout of page 1and page 2 graphics.Interfacing the Grappler + to awide range of printers is easyas changing a dip switch. 4K ofexclusive firmware makes theGrappler + the most intelligent,full-featured Apple® PrinterInterface made. And, theGrappler + is Apple III compatible.'

The imitations are many, soinsist on the #1 Apple GraphicsInterface on the market. Insiston the Grappler +. Availablenow at most Apple dealers.

'Requires additional aoftw&ra irivcr."Requires graphics u^grcdc

©Orange Micro, Inc. 1982

ACTUAL APPLE II PRINTOUT USING GRAPPLER AND EPSON MX100

WithThe

Grappler+

I Printer Interface

The Grappler + Features:

• Dual Hi-Res Graphics • PrinterSelector Dip Switch • Apple IIICompatible* •Graphics ScreenDump • Inverse Graphics

° Emphasized Graphics • Double SizePicture • 90° Rotation • CenterGraphics • Chart RecorderMode • Block Graphics • BellControl • Skip-over-perf • Left andRight Margins • Variable LineLength • Text Screen Dumps.

The Grappler + also works withPascal and CPM.

The Grappler + interfaces withthe following printers:

• Anadex • Centronics • Datasouth

• Epson* * • NEC • C-ltoh • Okidata* *The original Grappler is available forIDS 460,560, Prism, Microprlsm.

UOrange micro

3150 E. La Palma. Suite GAnaheim, California 92806(714) 630-3620

Foreign Dealer Inquiries Welcome TX183511 CSM A

CPM is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc.Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer. Inc

Circle 338 on inquiry card.

Peddle

going to see a lot of follow-on selling.More service-oriented kind of selling.1 think you'll see computer retailerschange into people who are moremarket-focused. I think you'll see alot more vertical markets. Some ofthe people that others think of asmore traditional retailers are going tofocus more and more on selling thisproduct in a packaged kind of way. Ithink you'll see dramatic changes inpoint-of-sale presentation. I thinkvideodisc will be very important inboth applications and point of sale.

PL What do you think home com-puters will be like two years fromnow? How many of them do youthink will be around?Peddle Luckily, millions. I think themarket for computers split two yearsago. I'm going to define two majorsegments, and there's a smaller mid-dle segment. One major market seg-ment is the throwaway computer, theconcept that the Sinclair [ZX81]epitomizes—the kind of computerthat nobody should buy but every-body does. Truly disposable. You getthe VIC-20, the TRS-80 Color Com-puter kind of thing, which has mean-ing and usefulness in terms of com-puter literacy, games, some form ofthat kind of activity. And then youget the more serious, third-generationcomputers that are really aimed atsolving problems. They're big,they've got enough disk capacity, andhooked together they really attack. Ithink what's happened is the guyswho started this market find them-selves in the middle. They're notpowerful enough to compete with thehigher-end guys, and they're too ex-pensive to compete with the low-endguys. Other than the educationmarket, which I consider to be a veryspecialized market and which I expectAtari to dominate—in this country atleast, because they've got some realstrong leads in that area—I thinkyou're going to see a real droppingout of what I call the middle-rangecomputer buyers. You're going to seea lot of stuff under five hundreddollars, and a lot of stuff in the three-to five-thousand-dollar price range,

and relatively little in between.

PL Looking at the other end of themicrocomputer market, how muchdo you expect the superchips, like theIntel 80286 and the National Semi-conductor 16032, to cut into the mini-computer market?

Peddle I'm going to not answer thequestion but give you an answer as towhat I think is happening to the mini-computer market. I've been a dis-tributed-intelligence fan and dedicat-ed to making that marketplace hap-pen since 1967, working for GeneralElectric and for several companiesthat were really all distributed. Ithink I made a contribution to thatmarketplace. I think the minicom-puter represented, at the beginning, afirst step in distributed processing. Ithink the microcomputer companiesare, in fact, representing the next stepin that. And I think networked micro-computers are, in fact, a new prod-uct. Now, the question is, whatbenefit do I get out of a 32-bitmachine? If I get a bigger language,better memory management, thosekinds of things, code that I need tomove from some other place, sure, I'llhave that. But in fact, if you look atthe number of new programmers andthe number of people who have theopportunity to really crank out user-friendly and very meaningful pro-grams, I think that's the most excitingthing about the microcomputer mar-ketplace. It's not a given that the kindof programming that has to-be-doneto make computers usable by peoplehas to have that 32-bit power. Pricedrives people. Software availabilitydrives people. But I think that themainframe -step-up in function is lessimportant than what we do withdatabases, for instance. Does one ofthose micros make the generation ofvery powerful back-end databaseprocessing possible? Then it's very ex-citing.

PL So you think multi-user systems

are going to fade away in favor of

networking?

Peddle I've believed that for a long

time.

PL Will multitasking, then, be anessential feature in single-user sys-tems?

Peddle I think so. Just to run thenetworks and to do local spoolingand all of the things that you want acomputer to do. A computer shoulddo what you want it to do. If it'scapable of doing several things at onetime and not slowing me up, it oughtto do those things.

PL Without regard to the limits ofcurrent technology, what featureswould your own dream-machinehave?

Peddle Voice in. Video messaging.A total product that allows me towork anywhere in the world andcommunicate with others anywherein the world and with databases any-where in the world.

PL Portable?

Peddle Both. One in my office andone in my briefcase and maybe one inevery hotel room. I really want to beable to talk to them. I want to haveall kinds of my own private storage. Iwant to have access to a worldwidenetwork of storage.

PL What competitors do you fearmore, the small start-up companieswith venture capital or the big com-puter companies? Is the time past forthe- small company?Peddle I felt that we were the lastventure-capital start-up com-pany—we're not venture capital,because we're funded by Kidde, butthat was alternate venture capital.Fortune seems to be trying to proveme wrong. Grid does also. Grid has aspecialized product. If we're not thelast, Fortune is, in my opinion. Theminicomputer company that I fearthe most is DEC. The big computercompany I fear the most is IBM. Thethird company I fear the most iswhichever Japan decides to let be the

PL You think they'll decide that?Peddle I think if they don't, theywon't beat either of the other twoguys.H

November 1962 © BYTE Publications Inc 271

JETSET

Eugene Szymanski

693 Rosedale Rd.

Princeton, NJ 08540

JETSET, for those of you whosefantasies include manning a perilousflight, offers the adventure of fly-ing—minus the jet lag and the risk.With the Jet Simulator ElectronicTrainer (hence JETSET), you'llmaneuver an aircraft through thethree stages of flight—takeoff, cruis-ing, and landing—in less than idealconditions. The program, which runson the TRS-80 Model II, uses the key-board and screen to make a personalcomputer version of a commercialflight simulator. You and the con-trols, of course, remain firmlyplanted on the ground.

I designed JETSET with threecriteria in mind. I wanted it to betechnically sound and complexenough to require a certain amount ofskill and judgment at the keyboard.Above all, I wanted the game to holdthe player's interest by presenting achallenge. To make JETSET a realisticsimulation, everything the pilot doesin this program must be coordinatedwith an instrument panel displayedon the computer screen. In addition,the pilot must follow the actual pro-cedures required when flying in near-

zero visibility. A plane flown in suchinclement weather must proceed ac-cording to Instrument Flight Rules(IFR) established by the government,and the pilot must be specially trainedand certified to fly on instruments.This information is incorporated intothe JETSET program.

Instrument landing is

the most complex part

of the simulation.

JETSET, which is written inTRS-80 Model II BASIC, requiresabout 27K bytes of memory after thelanguage is loaded. (See listing 1.) I'llbegin by describing how JETSETworks and follow with a descriptiveseries of flight lessons.

Computer-Simulated Flight

The JETSET program lets the pilotactivate the control surfaces of the jetaircraft, adjust engine thrust, and

tune navigational radio equipment bypressing a set of keys. (See table 1.)The program responds to the key-press commands by adjusting aircraftattitude to match the control surfacesand updating the instrument paneldisplay every four seconds as the tra-jectory of the jetliner is trackedthrough space by the computer.

The jet instrument panel gives thepilot all the flight information heneeds to take off, navigate, and landan aircraft using standard flight pro-cedures and the radio facilities estab-lished for modern-day flying. Thepanel functions reveal what the air-craft is doing and where it is located,so that after a short period of trainingthe pilot knows instinctively how toscan and interpret the panel data.

Position tracking, a vital ingredientin the simulation, is performed in realtime to keep the flight situation up todate. Although the pilot completelycontrols the motion of the jet, windforces that vary with altitude can in-fluence the flight. The program usesan analytical combination of jet andwind motion to solve the "wind tri-angle" that is formed whenever an

272 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

aircraft is aloft and moving throughlayers of air. The wind-triangle solu-tion yields the "true" motion of the jetrelative to the earth's surface.

When the simulation begins, thejetliner is poised for takeoff on therunway at Philadelphia InternationalAirport. The geographic coordinatesof Philadelphia mark the startingpoint of flight. The computer fixesthis initial position in memory andcranks out a new longitude andlatitude 15 times a minute. The pilotcontrols the path of the jet during thetakeoff roll down the runway. Ifeverything is done correctly in thecockpit, this path will lead to a take-off with room to spare.

Once airborne, the jet is trackedagainst a grid of meridians andparallels, an involved computationthat requires the program to usespherical trigonometry because of theearth's curved surface. Because thegeographic coordinates of airportsand radio beacons are stored in thecomputer's memory, a comparison ofpositions yields the information itneeds to update the instrument panelthe pilot uses to navigate.

An instrument landing, thetrickiest part of any actual flight, isalso the most complex operation forthe computer to simulate. This typeof landing requires a programmedgeometry to simulate the InstrumentLanding System (ILS) pattern formedby special radio beams. These beams,which converge at the landing end ofa runway, deflect an indicator on theinstrument panel of the landing jetand give the pilot an exact path tofollow during the final approach tothe airport.

Because JETSET knows preciselywhere the pilot is telling the plane togo, the program will continue to rununtil the jet lands safely and rolls to ahalt or until the flight ends in disaster.When the simulation has ended, forwhatever reason, JETSET provides acomplete report of the pilot's perfor-mance. The report includes the land-ing location of the plane—whether onor off the runway—to the nearestfoot, and, in case of pilot error, adescription of the error and the likelydamage to the aircraft.

Listing I: The program listing for JETSET.

1 REM: PROGRAM NAME= .JETSET

2 REMiIFR FLIGHT SIMULATOR (BOEING 747)

3 REM: CREATED 06-28-31 ElY GENE SZYMANSKI

4 REM:REVISED 02-25-62

9 SYSTEM "CLOCK OFF"

10 GOTO 10000

23 REM:BEGIN CRUISE MODULE HERE

24 CL3:CLEAR2000:RANDOM

25 DIM M*(20>

24 KR=57.295S:XQ=64

27 RS=l: IFRND(0K0.5THENRS=-1

28 RW=<15-5>*RND(0 1+3

29 RW=RS»RW

30 REM:SET UP WIND TABLE32 DIM WA( 10, 1 )

34 FOR I=0T07:UIA( I ■ 0) =RND ( 359 ) :NEXT

36 FOR I=8T010:WA(I,0>=90»RND(0>+225:NEXT

38 A=0

40 FGRI-1T010: WA( I , 1 ) =25*RND ( 0 ) +A: A=A+25: f>

41 RS*(01=STRING*(31,"_ " )

42 RS*(1)=SPACE*(13)+". . "+SPACE*<13)

43 RS*(2)=SPACE*<11)+". ."

44 RS*(3)=SPACE»(9)+STRING*(13,"_")

45 REM:V0R STATION FREQS TABLSi

46 DIM VF(15)

47 VF<01=115.9:VF<1)=113.S:VF(2)=112.743 VF ( 3 1 = 1 1 7. 7: V F < 4 1 = 1 .1 7. 8: V F ( 5 1 = 1 12. 2

49 VF(6)=117.4:VF(71=115.5:VF(8>=116.4

50 VF(9)=113.6:VF<101=116.9:VF(11)=117.0

51 VF<12>=112.3:VF<13)=117.9!VF(14)=1I5.7

52 VF(15>=112.3

62 REM:ILS CONSTANTS FOR AIRPORTS

63 DIMV6U5, 1 )

64 VG(0,0)=238:VG(0,1)=2366 VG ( 2 ■ 0) =240: VG ( 2. 1 ) =3069 VG(5,0)=90:VG(5■1)=217

71 VG(7, 0)=299:VG(7,1)=164

72 VG(S,0)=166:VG(S,1)=4279 VG(15,0)=341:VG(15.1>=75

100 REMIVOR STATION COORDINATES TABLE

101 DIM VP(IE

102 VP(0,0)=40.

103 VP(1.0>=40.

104 VP(2,01=42.

1 )6.:

:VP(0,1)=73. 773202:VF(1,11=74.495358:Vp<2,1)=70. 993282:VP(3,1)=70.027743: VPCI, 1 \~73.B02412:VP(5,1)=84.315350:VP(6,11=81.770VP<7,0)=40.'-'17: VP<7. 1 ) = //.'' I110 VP(S,0)=4 2.'2S:VP(8.11=78.647HI VP ( -', 0 ) =4 1. 358: VP ( 9, ] ) =32.162

105106107

108

109

VP(3,0)=41.VP(4,0>=42.VP(5,0)=46.VP(6,0)=3S.

1 121 131 141 I!

VP(10.01=42VP(11,01=44VP(12,0)=4 IVP (13, 0 1 - 39

116 VP(14.01=42

117 VP ( 1 5 , 01 = 391 551601651 70175180185190192195196198

.967! Vl( 10, 1 >=33. 74:. 555: VP( 11,1 >=8S. 19!:.547:VP( 12. 1 1=88. ;>1£.4958VP< 13.1 ) =76.975.04S:VP<14,1>=83.45£./. </: VP( 15, 1 • 75. :n

DATA FUEL . L BS. 7., VHF . MHZ . I MRUS I .

DATA PITCH," ►"," -",DEG,FLAPS.

DATA COMPASS,AIRSPEED,KTS," VGF

DATA ALT ITLIDE, FEET. CLOCK

DIM P*<28>

READ P*<1>:NEXr

MAX, IDLE ,1(1 VUP.DWN, Will ITS1 " , SPt.E I.i, I I-I'l

I IP , M 111. DOWN

1=0 TOS* (2511 = 1 TO1=0 TO

FOR

DIM

FOR 1=1 TO 25:S»(I)=SPACE»(11:NEXT

FOR 1=0 TO 9:F(I 1=0:NEXT

REM:INIT FL1TE VARIABLES TCI STATE AT LIFTOFF

FU= 195480: FP=63: CC:=75: AS=380: RC=6704: AL= 1900

MZ=77:TR=4:FL=l:FA=10:BR=10:WH=10

200 RA=0: AS ( 1 1 =380: FA ( 1 1 = 10: CC ( 1 ) = 75: AL < 1 1 = 1900: RP=4 0

201 DP(4)=39:DP(5)=52:DP(6)=75:0P(71=15L1=39.8667:01=75.25:LL(I)=L1:GL(ll=Gl:LS(i)=L1:GS(1>=G1V0(1)=0.0:VO*<1)="0UT ":VCK 31=0:VO(41=999.9GX(01=0:GY(0)=0X0=36481:YO=0

TV$=TIMES:GOSUB 7050:TL=TDTW<1)=TD

22 G0SUB335

24 PRINTCHR*(2):G0SUB600

00 K*=INKEY*:IFLEN(K$)=0G0T0304

02 G0SUB300

04 GOSUBIOOO

35 REM:DISPLAY PANEL (HEADERS ONLY)

PRINT®(0,3), P$(0)JS*(4)SP*<5>!S*(3);P*(9>iS*(3):8*<6)!

PRINTS(9,54),p*(13);S*(3)!P»(16)

PRINTS(10,56),P»<14>iS*<6)sP*<14)

PRINTS!12,56),P*(15)5S*(5);P*(15)

PRINTS!1,13),P*C6);S*(61;P*(10)!S*<6)350 PRINTS < 1, 68) ,f* < 28)

S55 PRINTS(2,11,P*<11;S*(41;P*(21!S*(211!S*<31;S*(13) ;P*(23)(60 PRINTS(3,22),P*(111;S»(131;P*<21)!S*<2)iP«(24);S*(21:P«(261!65 PR INTS(4,O),P*(3)

PR I NTS ( 5, 39 ), P* ( 22) i S* (6) ! P* ( 25 ) ; S* (5) ; P* (27 )

PR INTS(6,0),P*(4)!S*<10)iP*(7)iS*(3):P*(12)!S*(7)

PRINTS17,13),P*(S)

PRINTS(3,68),"VLF OMEGA":PRINTS(4,651,"LAT" ,. , .

PRINTS(5,64), "LONG" Listing 1 continued on page 304

202

203204

220221

340341342343345

370375330

3S1

i$(3)!P*(20)

November 1962 © BYTE Publications Inc 273

Key

Function

Definition

F

Thrust increase*

increases power applied to jet engines

S

Thrust decrease*

decreases power

Q

Thrust reverse

reverses engine thrust direction during landing

t

Pitch down*

lowers nose of aircraft by an angle of 5 degrees

1

Pitch up*

lifts nose by an angle of 5 degrees

—

Pitch cancel

sets nose to level flight (horizontal)

<

Rudder left*

increases rudder angle to left by one increment

>

Rudder right*

increases rudder angle to right

/

Rudder cancel

returns rudder to center position

L

Flaps

raises and lowers wing flaps

W

Wheels

raises and lowers landing gear

B

Brakes

releases wheel brakes for takeoff

M

Missed approach

signals an aborted landing attempt

V

VOR frequency tune

inputs a frequency to VOR receiver

R

VOR radial select

selects a radial value for navigating

A

VOR auto select

automatically rotates the radial selector dial

Notes:

1. The TRS-80 ke*

tion.

2. An asterisk (*)

/board CAPS key must be engaged throughout the Simula-

identifies keys that may be typed additional times to in-

crease their control functions.

Table 1: Keys used for pi

ot control.

FUEL THRUST PITCHMAX

196848| |63

% ►

OLE DEGLhREV

COMPASS

mn

AIRSPEED|000|

VERTSPEED

1 oo 1

ALTITUDE

looooo |

FEET

|08.13.24 |

CLOCK

KTS

FPM

FLAPS WHEELS BRAKESET

REL

►

UPDWN

►

UPDWN

►

Figure 1: The instrument panel display during takeoff.

Flying Lesson #1

Taking Off

When you load JETSET into mem-ory and type RUN, the screen willflash a message authorizing a takeofffrom Philadelphia International onrunway 9R. The screen will then dis-play the upper section of the jet in-strument panel and a perspectiveview of the runway as it would ap-pear from the cockpit (see figure 1).At this point the jet is parked in thetakeoff position with its engines

idling, ready to go when its brakesare released. (Note: The "CAPS" keyof the TRS-80 keyboard must be en-gaged and remain on for all key com-mands used during the simulation.)

To prepare for takeoff, press the Lkey to lower the flaps and check thepanel FLAP indicator. A down posi-tion shows that the wing flaps arenow extended. The flaps provide thevital extra lift needed during landingand takeoff, when the jet airspeed ismarginal. Next, release the wheel

brakes (W key). The jet will begin tomove slowly because the engines areidling at only a fraction of their ratedpower or thrust. To apply full take-off power, press the F key and watchthe THRUST lever indicator move toits maximum forward position. Theprogram will now apply accelerationto gradually bring the jet up to itsrated takeoff speed, 150 knots (173mph).

As momentum builds, the AIR-SPEED indicator begins to register.The jet begins its takeoff roll downthe 10,500-foot runway. Soon after-ward, the COMPASS indicatorbegins to deflect from its 075 degreereading as the jet is hammered bygusts of wind sweeping across therunway. This is a busy time in thecockpit because you must carefullysteer the jet along the 200-foot-widerunway strip as you come up to take-off speed. A sliding arrow at the baseof the runway graphic shows how farthe jet is wandering from the runwaycenterline. Use the rudder keys (<and >) to steer the jet via itsnosewheel whenever this arrow veersaway from the center position. Thearrow will shift left or right wheneverthe compass reading deviates fromthe 075 degree direction of the run-way. Careful steering, then, is anexercise in coordinating both keyswith the compass reading and therunway graphic (each press of a rud-der key alters the direction of travelby one degree).

Assuming that the jet doesn't veeroff the runway (which would end theflight), you must be ready to executethe lift-off maneuver when the air-speed reaches 150 knots, at whichpoint you press the 1 key once, andonce only, to tilt the nose up 10degrees. The jet will lift off just beforethe end of the runway moves to thebottom of the screen, and the horizonline will vanish.

Immediately following the lift-off,you must execute a three-step se-quence to gain altitude promptly:

1. raise the landing gear (W key) toreduce "drag" (air friction)

2. retract the wing flaps (L key)

3. reduce the thrust (S key) to at-tenuate engine noise—in accor-

274 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

BUY DIRECT

AT DISCOUNT PRICESIt's simple ....

NEW!

Radio Shack TRS-80

Hard DrivesModel I & II. . .from

$

TRS-80 Color Computer

PRICEDFROM

TRS-80 Model IIIComputer

BUYDIRECT

PRICEDFROM

Smith Corona TP-1Daisy Wheel Printer

PRICEDFROM

2087

TRS-80 Model IIComputer

PRICEDFROM

TRS-80 Model 16Computer

PRICED

FROM

FRANKLIN

ACE 1000

A ATARI

Qz commodore

CALL FOR PRICES

ALL TRS-80'S ARE PURE RADIO SHACK EQUIPMENT

1-800-841-0860

Write for our Consumer Discount Price List

Micro Management Systems, Inc.

PARCEL DIVISION ■ DEPT NO. 1

2803 THOMASVILLE ROAD EAST

CAIRO, GEORGIA 31728

912-377-7120

I

BUYING DIRECT-MAHQUESTIONS & ANSWER.

Why Purchase A Computer By Direct-Mail?

When buying a name-brand product - price is usuallythe main reason. The product is the same quality nomatter where you buy.Do I Really Save Money - If I Need Help?When you buy by direct-mail the firm has geared itsoperation to sell at low prices. The savings will giveyou additional money to buy the extras you may need.Automakers don't teach you how to drive a car - wedon't teach you how to use a computer. We do sell youa name-brand computer at low, low prices. Buy thecomputer and software you want, then you can learn todo-it-yourself and consult a professional only when ad-ditional help is required.

What About The Warranty On My Equipment?If you purchase your computer equipment from adirect-mail firm - make sure the firm is an authorizeddealer. Beware of firms selling modified or alteredname-brand products as the manufacturer's warrantymay no longer apply. Micro Management Systemssells only original factory-pure name-brand productscovered by the manufacturer's warranty. Write us fora free copy of the warranty on any product we sell.Which Direct-Mail Company Should I Buy From?Micro Management Systems - Cairo, Georgia. We sellname-brand products. We offer low, low prices. Wehave a large inventory to assure prompt delivery. Our

obligation to you QUALITY PRODUCT - PRICE

-HONESTY - RELIABLE.Who Is Micro Management Systems?Micro Management Systems has been selling com-puter equipment to the consumer on a direct-mail basissince 1978. Since that time thousands of consumershave purchased from us. We are HONEST andRELIABLE. If you plan to purchase by direct-mailyou owe it to yourself to call us. We offer quality name-brand products, low prices, prompt delivery, toll freephones for quotes and orders, references, convenientordering. All products we sell are factory-pure andbacked by reliable name-brand manufacturers.

WE SELL AMERICA - Call us 1-800-841-0860Write for our CONSUMER DISCOUNT PRICE LIST.

TRS-80 COMPUTERS

***»***«*

COLOR COMPUTERPriced From *289

MODEL III TRS-80Priced From '599

MODEL II TRS-80Priced From '2899

MODEL 16 TRS-80Priced From '4098

FRANKLIN

ACE COMPUTERCALL FOR PRICE

A ATARI

Kg. commodore

SSB SMITH CORONA

1-800-841-0860

Micro Management Systems, Inc.

PARCEL DIVISION - DEPT NO. 1 A

2803 THOMASVILLE ROAD EAST

CAIRO, GEORGIA 31728

912-377-7120

Circle 288 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982

275

A

ATARI

r'^MNUH^IIIIin'IIUHRIMHHHHHVII

8 B

400

16K...... $269

32K $349

48K $429

410 Recorder $ 76.00

810 Disc Drive $449.00

822 Printer $269.00

825 Printer $589.00

830 Modem $150.00

820 Printer $259.00

850 Interface $169.00

CX40 Joystick $ 18.00

CX853 16K RAM $ 77.95

. HOT ATARI-JK GAMES JK

PAC-MAN $35.00

Centipede $35.00

Caverns of Mars $32.00

Asteroids $29.00

Missile Command $29.00

Star Raiders $39.00

Ghost Hunter $24.00

£14 RASTER $r%** BLASTER £A

DATASOFT

Gamas for the Atari

Pacific Coast Highway $25.00

Canyon Climber $25.00

Tumble Bugs $25.00

Shooting Arcarde $25.00

Clows and Balloons $25.00

Graphic Master $30.00

Graphic Generator $13.00

Micro Painter $25.00

Text Wizard $89.00

Spell Wizard $64.00

Bishops Square $25.00

VISICORP

VISICALC

Apple II + $189.00

Atari $189.00

Commodore $189.00

IBM $189.00

For APPLE, IBM, FRANKLIN

Visidex $189.00

Visifile $189.00

Visiplot $159.00

Visiterm $189.00

Visitrend/Plot $229.00

Visi Schedule $229.00

Desktop Plan $189.00

800 — 48K

$669

Microtek 16K RAM $ 74.95

Ramdisk (128K) $429.95

Itec 48K Board $159.00

Itec 32K $ 74.00

One Year extended warranty $ 70.00

481 Entertainer $ 69.00

482 Educator $130.00

483 Programmer $ 49.00

484 Communicator $344.00

CBS

ROM CARTRIDGE GAMESFOR YOUR ATARI

Krazy Shoot Out $32.00

K-razy Kritters $32.00

K-razy Antics $32.00

K-star patrol $32.00

STICK STAND ©

$6" ik

ARCADE ACTION FROM Wi^^

YOUR ATARI JOYSTICK \w~

ON-LINE

Jawbreaker $27.00

Softporn $27.00

Wizzard and Princess $29.00

The Next Step $34.00

Mission Asteroid $22.00

Mouskattack $31.00

SYNAPSE

File Manager 800 $79.00

Chicken $26.00

Dodge Racer $26.00

Synassembler $30.00

Page 6 $19.00

Shamus $26.00

Protector $26.00

Nautilus $26.00

Slime $26.00

Disk Manager $24.00

TIMEX

TIMEX SINCLAIR 1000

LOWEST

PRICE

EVER

$

89

99

PEtiGGM

Disk Drives forAtari Computers

Single Drive S1 $649.00

Add-on Drive A1 $349.00

Dual Drive S2 $899.00

//-SCI

MICRO-SCIDisk Drives forFranklin & Apple II

All $349.00

A40 $389.00

A70 $519.00

C2 $ 85.00

C47 $ 89.00

MODEMS

Hayss

Smart $239.00

Chronograph $199.00

Microdem II $279.00

Microdem 100 $309.00

Novation Auto

D Cat $169.00

Cat $159.00

Anchor

Mark I (RS-232) $ 79.00

Mark II (Atari) $ 79.00

Mark III (TI-99) $109.00

Mark IV (CBM/PET) $125.00

Mark V (OSBORNE) $ 95.00

Mark VI (IBM-PC) $179.00

Mark VII (Auto Answer/Dial) $119.00

9 Volt Power Supply $ 9.00

MONITORS

AMDEK

300G $169.00

Color I $339.00

Color II $699.00

Color III $429.00

BMC

12" Green $ 85.00

13" Color 1400 $279.00

13" Color 1401 (Midres) $369.00

ZENITHZVM121 $99.00

SHARPSharp 13" Color TV $275

Maxell Disks

MD I (Box of 10) $36.00

MD II (Box of 10) $46.00

MFD I (8") $44.00

MFD II (8" Double Density) $54.00

Syncom (Box of 10) $29.00

Computer Covers

Atari 400 $6.99 Commodore VIC-20.. $ 6.99

Atari 800 $6.99 Commodore 8032 $14.99

Atari 810 $6.99 Commodore

8050/4040 $10.99

COVERS CONTAIN ADVERTISING

west

In NevadaCALLj (702)588-5654

8QQW

II

P.O. Box 6689Stateline,NV. 89449

F FRANKLIN

F

§ § §

64K Personal Computer

Hardware, software and

peripheral compatable with theApple II and even has some fea-tures not found on the Apple.

m

HP* 85$1969

HEWLETTPACKARD

HP.125 $1969.00

BP.85 16K Memory Module $ 169.00

5'/<" Dual Masler Disc Drive $1799.00

Hard Disk w/Floppy $4349.00

Hard Disk $3549.00

'Sweet Lips'' Plotter $1199.00

80 Column Printer $ 649.00

SEC

COMPUTERS

8001-A $749.00

8031 $749.00

8012 $549.00

PRINTERS

8023 $ 549.00

7710/7730 $2399.00

3510/3530 $1599.00

MONITORS

JB-1201 $179.00

JC-1201 $349.00

JC-1202 $899.00

TelevideoTerminals

910

912C.920C..925C..950

$579$699$749$749$950

802 $ Call

802H $ Call

816 $ Call

806 $ Call

0=

The Manager $209.00

Magis Call

PROFESSIONAL SOFTWARE

Word Pro 5 + $319.00

Word Pro 4 + $299.00

Word Pro 3 + $199.00

The Administrator $379.00

InfoPro Plus $219.00

Power $ 79.00

CBM 8032

$999

Commodore

Business Machines

|^ CBM 64 CALL

4032 $ 749.00

8096 Upgrade Kit $ 369.00

Super Pet $1599.00

2031 $ 369.00

8250 Double Sided Disk Drive $1699.00

D9060 5 Megabyte Hard disk $2399.00

D9090 7.5 Megabyte Hard disk $2699.00

8050 $1299.00

4040 $ 969.00

8300 (Letter Quality) $1549.00

8023 $ 599.00

4022 $ 399.00

Pet to IEEE Cable $ 37.00

IEEE to IEEE CAble $ 46.00

Tractor Feed tor 8300 $ 240.00

New Z-Ram. Aoos CP/M and 64K Ram $ 549.00

Wgm HEWLETTmLUM PACKARD

HP 41CVCALCULATOR

$

209

HP 41C $149.00

HP 10C $ 69.00

HP 11C $ 79.00

HP 12C $114.00

NEW 115C $119.00

NEW 16C $125.00

HPIL PERIPHERALS IN STOCK!

VIC 20

$179

VIC 1530 Commodore Datassette $ 69.00

VIC 1540 Disk Drive $ 339.00

VIC 1541 (64 Disk Drive) CALL

VIC 1515 VIC Graphic Printer $339.00

VIC 1210 3K Memory Expander $ 32.00

VIC 1110 8K Memory Expander $ 53.00

16K VIC Expansion $ 94.00

VIC 1011 RS232C Terminal Interface $ 43.00

VIC 1112VIC IEEE-488 Interface $ 86.00

VIC 1211 VIC 20 Super Expander $ 53.00

VIC Mother Board $ 99.00

I nmrpiaci

PRINTERS

Smith-Corona

SHARP

PC-1500

POCKET COMPUTER

ALSO AVAILABLE:

Printer w/cassette interface

cassette tape recorder

and 4K and 8K RAM EXTENSIONS

TP-1

599

i-stock items shipped same day youcall. No risk, no deposit on C.O.D. or-ders. Pre-paid orders receive free ship-ping within the continental United Stateswith no waiting period for certified checksor money orders. Add 3% (minimum$3.00) shipping and handling on allC.O.D. and Credit Card orders. NV andPA residents add sales tax. All itemssubject to availability and price change.NOTE: We stock manufacturer's andthird party software for most all com-puters on the market! Call today for ournew catalog.

Call for price and information on the new"intelligent" letter quality printer.

C. ITOH (TEC)

Starwriter (F10-40CPS) $1399.00

Printmaster (F10-55CPS) $1749.00

Prowriter 80 Col (P) $ 499.00

Prowriter 80 Col (S) $ 629.00

Prowriter 2 (132 Col) $ 799.00

OKIDATA

82A $ 469.00

83A $ 689.00

84 Parallel $1099.00

84 Serial $1249.00

— ALSO —

Talley 8024-L $1629.00

IDS Prism CALL

ADDITIONAL MANUFACTURER'S DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE TO QUALIFIED EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

800-

477 E.THIRD ST.WilliamsportPA 17701

IN PA

CALL

(717)327 9575

[iII|[«*U

196848] [63

LBS %

FUEL THRUST PITCHMAX

EE:

COMPASS[2781

| 08.13, 24 f

CLOCK

fool

IDLE DEGLTREV

RADAR ALT STALL

dD >CZ)<

AIRSPEED

VERT

SPEED

1 00 |

FPM

ALTITUDE1370001

FEET

OMEGA

16001KTS

LATLONG

4077

53.141.3

NW

RUD

MARKER>□<

VOR|115.5 |MH

M

RANGE

1 I I''*' ' I ' Ij I

[278]RADIAL

DME| 20.3 |NM

FLAPS

up y

DWN

WHEELSUP

Figure 2: The full instrument panel display.

Instrument

Units

Function

FUEL

pounds, %

fuel aboard (in pounds and percentage full)

VHF

MHz

communications channel

THRUST

position of engine thrust levers

PITCH

attitude of aircraft pitch

DEG

degrees

angle of pitch, measured from horizontal

COMPASS

degrees

compass heading of aircraft (direction of nose)

AIRSPEED

knots

aircraft velocity through the air

VERT SPEED

feet/minute

rate of climb or descent

ALTITUDE

feet

aircraft altitude

CLOCK

hr.min.sec

time of day (local time)

VLF OMEGA

degrees and

aircraft position (latitude and longitude) in degrees

minutes

and minutes of arc

RUD

rudder angle

FLAPS

flap position

WHEELS

landing gear position

BRAKE

position of wheel brakes

VOR

MHz

frequency to which VOR receiver is tuned

RANGE

displays status of VOR receiver

RADIAL

degrees

value of selected radial (needle moves along windowdirectly above RADIAL)

DME

nautical miles

distance to VOR ground station

RADAR ALT

feet

aircraft elevation during final approach

MARKER

turns on when flying directly over the ILS outer andmiddle marker beacons

ILS

pair of needles that deflect according to aircraftposition in ILS radio cone

STALL

flashes when aircraft is stalled during final approach

Table 2: Instrument panel legend.

dance with federal antinoise reg-ulations—as the jet passes overmetropolitan Philadelphia

You must perform this sequence inthe above order because the threekeys are software-interlocked. In ad-dition, you must complete the threesteps before the ALTITUDE indicatorreads 1200 feet. If you do everythingcorrectly, the screen will erase to in-

dicate a successful takeoff and adisplay of the complete instrumentpanel will appear. (See figure 2.)

Takeoff Mishaps

JETSET doesn't introduce randomflight emergencies, but the simulationwill abort with a grim message if youmishandle the jet. Using the built-inprogram specifications of a Boeing747, the equations of motion dictate

that it takes 63 seconds to reach take-off velocity (150 knots) after fullengine thrust is applied. During thisinterval, the accelerating jet uses up80 percent of the two-mile runway.

This equation of motion establishesthe safe takeoff envelope for thesimulation. You must use the 1 keypromptly when the airspeed reaches150 knots. If you hesitate for another10 seconds, it will be too late—the jetwill simply charge down the runwayat 172 knots, plunge into the marsh-lands beyond, and . . . you get thepicture.

The anxious pilot who pulls thenose up too sharply at lift-off time(by pressing the J key more thanonce) also comes to grief. The abortmessage will point out that the tail-end of the fuselage has struck the run-way; the aft end of a 747 will clear theground by only a few feet during anormal takeoff. Most important, aspilot you must always remember tolower the wing flaps before you at-tempt to take off in a 400-ton jet,even in a simulation.

Flying Lesson #2

Maneuvering

Following the takeoff, the jet slow-ly gains altitude as it passes over cen-tral New Jersey and heads toward theAtlantic coast. None of this geog-raphy is visible, of course, becauseof the blanket of clouds below. Atthis point, you must navigate thejetliner entirely on instruments untilit's just a few hundred feet from thepoint of landing at the destination air-port, wherever that may be.

This lesson will give you a "feel"for the controls and show you howthey relate to the instrument panelfunctions. (See table 2 for a list ofcontrols.) The PITCH indicatorshows that the nose is tilted upward(positive pitch) at an angle of 10degrees. With the current position ofthe THRUST lever, the jet is gainingaltitude at the rate of 6704 feet perminute (VERTICAL SPEED). Pressthe t key twice to level the nose to azero-degree pitch. The AIRSPEEDwill now increase, VERTICALSPEED will become zero, and theALTITUDE will remain constant.The I and t keys, which correspond

278 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

aaianu op

feacuRes

A GALAXY of features makes the LN.W8b aremarkable computer. As you explore theLNW80, you will find the most complete,powerful, ready to run, feature-packed per-sonal and business computer ever made intoone compact solid unit.

QUALITY CONSTRUCTION - Instrumentation quality construction sets LNW80 com-puters apart from all the rest. Integrated intothe sleek solid steel case of the LNW80 is aprofessional 74-key expanded keyboard thatincludes a twelve key numeric keypad.

HIG.H RESOLUTION GRAPHICS & COLOR-

The stunning 480 X 1 92 resolution gives youtotal display control - in color or black andwhite. The choice of display formats is yours;80, 64,40 and 32 columns by 24 or 1 6 lines in -any combination of eight colors.

. PERFORMANCE - Lift-off with a 4MHz Z80ACPU for twice the performance. The LNW80outperforms all computers in its class.

MODEL I COMPATIBILITY - The LN'

fully hardware and software compatible withthe Model I. Select from a universe of hardwareaccessories and software - from VisiCalc"" tospace games, your LNW80 will launch youinto a new world of computing.

FULLY LOADED - A full payload includes anon-board single and double density diskcontroller for 5 W' and 8" single or doublesided disk drives. RS2-32C communicationsport, cassette and parallel printer interfacesare standard features and ready to go. Allmemory is fully installed - 48K RAM, 16Kgraphics RAM and 12K ROM complete withMicrosoft BASIC.

Our down to earth price won't send you into

LNW Research Corp.

2620 WALNUT Tustin. CA. 32680(714) 641-8850 (714) 544-5744

Monitor and Disk drives not includedTM Personal Soft—

Circle 249 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982 279

Takeoff Procedure

A. Lower flaps (L key).

B. Release brakes (B key).

C. Apply full throttle (F key).

D. Steer along the 075-degree runwayusing left/right rudder keys (< and>). Coordinate steering with theCOMPASS reading and the posi-tion of the arrow located at the baseof the runway graphic.

E. As soon as the AIRSPEED indicates150 knots, press the 1 key once togently lift the jet off the runway.

F. After the horizon line drops belowthe screen, press the W key to raisethe landing gear.

G. Retract the flaps (L key).

H. Throttle back the engines (S key).1. Sit back and relax for a minute or soas the jet gains altitude.

Practice Flight

A. Execute the takeoff from Philadel-phia.

B. Level off at 10,000 feet.

C Steer approximately north.

D. Adjust airspeed to 600 knots.

E. Tune to the frequency of the Buf-falo VOR station.

F. Input the reciprocal value of the115-degree radial into the receiver.

G. When the VOR needle moves tocenter, alter course to 295 degrees(COMPASS).

H. Now steer to keep the VOR needlecentered. This indicator, not thecompass, will provide exactguidance for the remainder of theflight.

I. Use the DME indicator to keeptrack of distance remaining, innautical miles, to Buffalo. Toestimate the remaining flying time(in minutes), simply divide theDME reading by 10.

]. When the DME readout reacheszero, the jet has arrived.

Instrument Landing

A. Execute the takeoff procedures.

B. Follow the directives given in theFlight Plan (figure 7) for the in-tended destination (Buffalo, NY or]FK International). This will leadthe flight right up to the ILS OuterMarker along the initial approachradial.

C. Begin the initial approach, trim-ming as soon as the DME readoutagrees with the value given on theFlight Plan (20 nautical miles forJFK Internationa! Airport). Trim asfollows:

• Reduce airspeed to 300 knots (Skey).

• Drop the landing gear (W key).

• Lower the flaps (L key).

• Adjust altitude to between 1700and 1900 feet (elevator keys).

• Keep the VOR needle centered(rudder keys) to stay on the initialapproach radial.

D. Be alert for the flash of theMARKER lamp (which occurswhen the DME=12). At this signalthe jet must be maneuvered for thefinal approach:

• Quickly swing the nose until thecompass agrees with the localizerdirection shown on the FlightPlan.

• Use rudder and elevator keys tokeep the ILS indicator needlescentered as the jet descends alongthe glidepath.

• As soon as the runway graphicappears on the screen, use thegraphic arrow as a guide to applyrudder corrections.

E. When the MARKER lamp flashesagain to announce arrival at thedecision-height point, check therunway alignment using the graphicdisplayed on the screen. If neces-sary, press the M (Missed Ap-proach) key to abort the landing at-tempt. Otherwise, if the plane islined up safely, take all cues fromthe RADAR ALT from here on in:

• At 100 feet, idle the engines (Skey).

• At 50 feet, flare up the nose (—key).

• At 0 feet, the jet is on the runway.Slow it down by applying reversethrust to the engines (Q key).

to motion of the pilot's control stick,are used to climb or descend to a newaltitude. Each press of the 1 keypushes the nose down another 5degrees, causing a rapid loss ofaltitude as both airspeed and verticalspeed build up. Regardless of themaneuver—climbing or diving—youshould always use the — key toquickly level off the jet when theALTITUDE readout reaches the de-sired value.

You can steer the jet to a newCOMPASS course by pressing thekeys that control rudder angle. Pressthe < key once to begin a slow turnto the left and watch both the COM-PASS and the rudder-angle indicator(RUD). Each additional push of therudder key will make the angle moreacute, causing the COMPASS toswing faster as the rate of turn in-creases. Always use the rudder-cancelkey (/) to stop further turning as soonas the COMPASS indicates the de-sired course.

You can adjust AIRSPEED bymoving the thrust lever forward orbackward (F and S keys) one step at atime. Each tap of the key shifts theposition of the arrow displayed onthe THRUST indicator and alters theAIRSPEED reading. The 747 normal-ly cruises at 600 knots, and for agiven thrust setting the AIRSPEED in-dication will drop back during aclimb and increase during descent.

Because the instrument responsetime is 4 seconds, you must delayconsecutive applications of the stickor rudder keys until the panel instru-ment readings catch up. The jet willautomatically level off when itreaches an altitude of 45,000 feet; adive to ground level while cruising,however, will abort the flight with asimulated crash.

In a plane, the VLF OMEGA in-dicator is part of an electronic sub-system that receives and correlatesspecially phased, very-low-frequencyradio waves. These waves, whichpropagate over great distances, areprocessed in the airborne receiver togive the pilot a continuous display ofthe changing position of the aircraft.The JETSET simulator tracks aircraftmotion as the sum of two vectors: air-craft movement relative to the wind

280 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Alspa

Makes the FastestFloppy-based (<j*5

Microcomputers

in the Industry...

and in the classroom, the hospital, the office ..

HERE IT IS!

Base

of use,ALSPA utilityprograms makeit happen.

r^ A»iarai,ie>

\. t i r 1 rugged metal^^Cy chassis.

Serviceable

boards andassemblies useconnectors.

Flexible,

0 RS-232,

1 parallel,and 1 Hard diskport standard.

Fastest

possible exe-cution speed,optimized I/O

MassStorage,

floppies to2.4 MBytes,hard disk to44 MBytes

Minimum

size andweight, only 18lbs. in Vs. cu. ft.

Professional,

uses 8-inchdrives.

Maximum

softwareavailabilitywith CP/M O.S.

Inexpensive,

computersstart at $1995.

^J^ Alspa Computer, Inc

300 Harvey West Blvd., Santa Cruz, CA 96060, (408) 429-6000, TELEX 176279

See Us At

BOOTH 3009/3011

CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research, Inc.

Circle 21 on inquiry card.

NORTH

295

Y>

000°

Figure 3: Navigation by VOR (VHF Omnidirectional Ranges).

(compass heading and airspeed) andwind movement relative to the earth'ssurface. As a result of this tracking,the longitude and latitude displayedby the OMEGA readout can fix theexact geographic position of the jet asit is maneuvered through computer-simulated winds. This process resultsin an effective real-time simulation ofthe actual OMEGA system.

Although the longitude andlatitude displayed on the OMEGA in-dicator may be used along with anychart or road map to check the pro-gress of the simulated flight, the ac-tual OMEGA system is normally usedfor flying between continents. Forshort-range and cross-country flights,most aircraft—and the JETSET simu-lator—rely on a more convenientsystem popularly known as VOR(VHF Omnidirectional Ranges).

Flying Lesson #3

Navigating

Most aircraft navigate from pointto point using VOR radio facilities. Aground station transmits radio beamsthat radiate horizontally outward in

all directions like the spokes of awheel. Each spoke or radial (there are360) is fixed in direction and can beused to provide an accurate and un-varying path to its source, the VORstation transmitter.

In practice, the pilot first tunes theVOR receiver to a ground stationlocated at or near the destination.Each station is assigned a unique fre-quency. Next the pilot adjusts thereceiver's radial selector dial to matchthe particular radial intended for useas a path (this dial is calibrated inone-degree steps, from 000 to 359degrees). The pilot then flies whilewatching the needle of a sensitivemeter connected to the VOR receiver.When the needle moves to its centerposition, the aircraft has interceptedthe selected radial. By altering thecourse to keep the VOR needlecentered, the pilot will be able toguide the plane directly along theradial in a straight line toward theVOR transmitter.

Figure 3 shows you how tonavigate to Buffalo, New York fromPhiladelphia International Airport.

First tune the VOR receiver to 116.4MHz (the frequency assigned to theBuffalo VOR station) and select thedesired radial, 115 degrees in this ex-ample. Rotate the radial dial until itpoints to 295 degrees, the reciprocalvalue of 115 (115 + 180 = 295). (Thereciprocal value is always used whensetting the selector dial to match thechosen radial. This process gives theVOR receiver proper internal orienta-tion.)

Once tuning is completed, you flyin an approximate northerly directionand watch the movement of yourVOR panel indicator. Initially theneedle will be "pegged" to the rightside of its travel, but it will slowlybegin to move toward the center asthe plane nears the 115-degree radial.Once the needle is at center, alteryour course to 295 degrees by com-pass and swing the nose of your jettoward Buffalo. Now you must makeminor steering corrections, using therudder to keep the VOR needlecentered.

This needle, rather than the com-pass reading, provides the guidance

282 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

for the remainder of the trip. Upper-air winds will generally deflect theheading (compass course) of the jetfrom its actual track over the earth'ssurface, but if the plane is flown withthe needle centered, the path of travelwill remain exactly on the 115-degreeradial. The compass reading may dif-fer by a dozen or more degrees whenyou are flying at upper altitudes inthe presence of high-velocity jetstreams.

The process of adjusting the steer-ing to keep the VOR needle on centeris called "chasing the needle." If theneedle (which represents the radial)begins moving to the left, you mustapply some left rudder until the nee-dle returns to center. For needledeflection to the right, steer to theright. After a minute or two youshould be able to establish a compassheading that keeps the VOR needlecentered until the jet arrives inBuffalo.

The VOR system carried aboard ajetliner includes a very useful and im-portant device known as the DME(Distance-Measuring Equipment).Once the VOR receiver is tuned to astation, the DME indicator con-tinuously displays the distance innautical miles (NM) to that station. Ina flight to Buffalo, for example, theDME would read about 180 NMwhen the northward-flying jet first in-tercepted the 115-degree radial. Fromthen on, as the pilot steered towardBuffalo the DME value would pro-gressively decrease in step with theaircraft's position until the readingreached zero. A zero reading wouldindicate that the jet had flown overthe VOR station. The DME readoutwould then slowly begin to increaseas the pilot passed by Buffalo.

The simulator VOR receiver istuned and adjusted from the key-board. To tune to a station, first pressthe V key, then type in the station fre-quency. The typed characters willecho on the screen; to correct them,use the Backspace key. Finally, pressEnter to terminate the input. To tunein the Buffalo station, type the 6-keysequence V116.4 followed by theEnter key.

A similar procedure sets the VORreceiver to any selected radial except

S-100 USERS KNOWO

& ARE SPREADING THE WORD:

\

TRY THE MM-103 FOR 10 DAYS!

[ you're not satisfied, return it for a full refund. But, if

you find what others have discovered - that the

MM-103 is tops in performance & reliability -

• The MM-103 is a direct connect,S-100 compatible, Bell 103 standardmodem, with auto originate and autodialing.

• MM-103 works with the widestvariety of public-domain andcommercial software, featuringselectable modes, parity and baudrates (61-600 baud) for unsurpassedflexibility.

• You can expect off-the-shelf,UPS-fast delivery. Order with check,VISA, MasterCard or COD.

MM-103 is installed in minutes. Acall to our 24 hour a day modem testcenter (703-379-0303 at 300 baud)allows immediate test & verificationof operations.

• MM-103 comes with anunbeatable warranty with speedyrepairs - a service needed by lessthan 5 percent of boards sold.

5201 Leesburg Pike, Suite 6Falls Church, VA 22041(703) 379-9660

\$& 10 MegabyteComputer System

Only

10-Megabyte Hard Disk

5%" Dual-Density Floppy Disk Back-up

8-Bit Microprocessor

(Optional 16-bit Microprocessor)Memory-Mapped Video Display BoardDisk ControllerStandard 64K RAM

(Optional 256K RAM)10-Slot S-100 Motherboard

$5995

COMPLETE

\if>wFromlMSA]_

• 28-Amp Power Supply

• 12" MonitorStandard Intelligent 62-Key

ASCII Keyboard (OptionalIntelligent 86-Key ASCIIExtended Keyboard)132-Column Dot-Matrix PrinterCP/M* Operating System

You Read It Right...All for $5995!

IMSAI Thinking ahead for the 8o's

Computer Division of the Fischer-Freitas Corporation

415/635-7615 910 81st Avenue. Bldg. 14 • Oakland. CA 94621

'CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research. Imsai is a trademark of the Fischer-Freitas Corporation

Circle 212 on Inquiry card.

November 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc 283

Our Name Means a Great Deal

Toll Free sis" 800-854-6654

CALIFORNIA & INFORMATION (714) 698-8088

• 15 Day No Risk Policy

C^o*

• Seiving people everywheresince 1977

• We accept allmajor credit cards.

* Most Orders ShippedWithin 24 Hours

* We will try to meet * Free Shipping*or beat any currently (Pre-Paidadvertised price. Cash Orders)

SEC

T=Sm#* COMPATIBLE

aSJfl ACCESSORIES

BASIS ®

VIC20

The Friendly Computer

Anchor automation, inc

Universal Data Systems

DISKETTES

Our Name Means a Great Deal

Toll Free =°sr 800 - 854- 6654

CALIFORNIA & INFORMATION (714) 698-8088

• 15 Day No Risk Policy

• Serving people everywheresince 1977

SHOP THE GREEN PAGES

FOR

DISCOUNTS

ON

APPLE PERIPHERALS!!

• We accept

major credit cards.

* We will try to meetor beat any currentlyadvertised price.

• Most Orders ShippedWithin 24 Hours

• Free Shipping* |(Pre-PaidCash Orders)

A ATARI

, APPLE II COMPATIBLE

• SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE

\7 VlSILOKT

ViSiCalc Templates (New!)VisiFiletDaia Baae ManaaenVisiTiend/VisiPlolVisiStheriule(New')VisiTerm

Circle 453 on inquiry card.

Protect yourself

against the high cost of static

Electrostatic discharge, in addition tocausing problems like the one above,can damage delicate electroniccontrol and logic circuits. It takes solittle voltage that you might not evenfeel the spark.

As little as 500 volts can senderroneous data, alter "memry", writeincorrect data on a disk, or causeprinters to run wild, throwing paperinto the room. All of which meansexpensive service calls and evenmore expensive system down time.

Only 500 volts, yet you can easilygenerate over 12,000 volts of staticcharge just walking across a carpet.Even on a vinyl floor, 4000 volts isnot uncommon.

The solution is simple

3M Brand StaticControl FloorMats cancreate ansinexpensive)"island ofprotection"around yourdelicate

electronic equipment,harmlessly draining thestatic charge from opera-tors and other personnel.

For as little as the cost of a singlestatic-related service call, you can saygoodbye to all these problems.

3M Brand Static Control Floor Matscome in hard mats for easy movementof castered chairs, and soft mats forcomfortable standing.

For information about how you canpurchase 3M Static Control FloorMats, call toll free1-800-328-1300

(In Minnesota, call collect 612-736-9625.)Ask lor the Data Recording Products Division.

3M Hears You...

3M

that you type R first rather than V.To adjust the receiver for the flight toBuffalo, type R295 followed by theEnter key.

The RANGE window of the VORreceiver displays OUT whenever thereceiver is not tuned to any station orwhenever it is tuned to an incorrectfrequency. An OUT also appears ifthe receiver is tuned to a VOR stationwhose distance exceeds 300 NM, themaximum range of the VOR signals.

Flying Lesson #4

Practicing VOR

Several practice flights to Buffaloon the JETSET simulator will ac-quaint you with the simple principleof VOR navigation. Although it isn'tnecessary, a chart or group of roadmaps that encompass the Buffalo-Philadelphia area would help youvisualize the progress of the jet.

Begin by taking off from Philadel-phia, climbing to about 10,000 feet,and leveling off. Then apply the leftrudder until the compass reads 000,give or take a few degrees. Whileyou're on this northerly course, ad-just the thrust (F and S keys) for anairspeed of 600 knots.

Tune to the Buffalo VOR stationby typing V116.4 and the Enter key.Set the receiver for the reciprocal ofthe 115-degree radial by typing R295followed by Enter. This completes thetuning procedure. The VOR needle,which is located directly above theRADIAL window on the display, willnow remain pegged to the rightmostposition for about seven minutes asthe jet flies north.

Once the VOR needle begins mov-ing toward the center of the graphicslot, prepare to alter course. Whenthe needle reaches center, apply theleft rudder (< key) and bring the jeton a compass course of 295 degrees.Remain on this course for about aminute and watch the motion of theVOR needle. Now you can beginchasing the needle by applying therudder corrections needed to centerthe needle and keep it there. You mayneed to make an occasional steeringadjustment if the needle begins towander, but as long as it remainswithin one dot of center (each dot

represents one degree), your coursewill be reasonably accurate.

When the Buffalo radial is first in-tercepted, the DME indicator shouldread approximately 180 NM, and itshould take about 18 minutes for the600-knot jet to reach its destination.The exact flying time, of course, willdepend on the strength and directionof the prevailing winds, but the DMEreadout will always show the exactremaining distance. If you use a mapto keep tabs on the practice flight,remember that DME distances arenautical (not statute) miles. A DMEreading of 100 NM corresponds to115.2 statute miles.

As the jet moves along the radial,the RANGE window of the VORpanel will display TO, indicatingorientation toward the VOR station.As soon as the DME reads zero, notethe reading of the OMEGA display.Because the jet is passing directly overthe ground station, the display shouldread 42° 55' North, 78° 38' West,equal to the geographic coordinatesof the VOR station. This reading con-firms that the navigation was ac-curately performed by the VORsystem. If you have maintained thecourse, a FROM will appear in theRANGE window as the jet proceedsin a westerly direction away fromBuffalo, New York.

Flying along Airways

Although I used the 115-degreeradial for the practice flight to Buf-falo, I could just as well have chosenother radials for guidance. For exam-ple, a map shows that the 140-degreeradial passes directly through Phila-delphia and would therefore reducethe flying time if it had been used as apath. I selected 115 degrees insteadbecause it is designated as a jet routeby the FAA (Federal Aviation Ad-ministration). The FAA has estab-lished a network of special radials thathigh-altitude jets must use when fly-ing on instruments. An aviation chartreveals that radial 115 from Buffalocorresponds to jet route J-95 when theradial direction is adjusted for theearth's magnetism (the JETSET pro-gram works with true, not magnetic,directions).

286 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

jp to now, bubble technol-ogy has been the exclusivedomain of large computersystems. Now, MPC Peripher-als has boldly venturedwhere no one has gonebefore — successfullychanneling the same state-of-the-art bubble technologyinto the personal computerfield.

introducing the MPC BubbleMemory Disk Emulator forthe Apple ll. A compactboard with 128K bytes ofnon-volatile data storage.

Executes DOS commandsthree times faster than astandard floppy disk drive.Uses less power. Functionsquietly, efficiently and error-free in any hostileenvironment.

The rugged, solid-statebubble memory is totallynon-volatile, unlike disk,there are no moving parts towear. On-board errorcorrection plus automaticpower-down in the event ofoutright power failure orbrown-out ensures absolutedata storage reliability.

Once again, we offer you aTWO YEAR WARRANTY — an

expression of productconfidence unprecedentedin this industry.

MPC Peripherals Corp.9424 Chesapeake DriveSan Diego, CA 92123Tel. (714) 278-0630

Circle 311 on Inquiry card.

The Bubble has landedin the orchard

346

I

s

':t ROUTEJ-60

PHILIPSBURG VOR115.5 MHz

-f

Figure 4: Jet airways used for flying on instruments.

PHILADELPHIA > O

In order to comply with regula-tions, an actual high-altitude flightfrom Philadelphia to Buffalo mightrequire the pilot to proceed asfollows:

• fly toward Philipsburg, Pennsyl-vania along jet route J-60 (as shownin figure 4)

• alter course at Philipsburg to pickup jet route J-61, which leads direct-ly to Buffalo

During the first leg of the trip, thepilot would tune the VOR receiver to115.5 MHz, the frequency of thePhilipsburg ground station, and flyalong the J-60 radial (278 degrees).Just before the pilot reachedPhilipsburg (as shown by the DMEindicator), he would retune thereceiver for Buffalo (116.4 MHz) andadjust it to the radial that correspond-ed to jet route J-61 (346 degrees). Thepilot would then alter his course,

chasing the needle to follow radial346 until he arrived at Buffalo.

Numerous VOR stations scatteredthroughout the country enable a pilotto fly extended distances simply byhopping from one station to the next,retuning the receiver to locate thedesignated jet routes. JETSET,however, needs only a handful ofVOR stations to establish a networkfor instrument flight simulation.Figure 5 shows the frequencies andlocations of the VOR stations built in-to the program. You may use any ofthese VOR stations for practice flightsto the given cities or as stepping-stones for navigating from city tocity. (Remember that a tuned-in VORstation must be within 300 miles toactivate the airborne VOR receiver.)

The VOR receiver in the JETSETsimulator is as versatile as its real-lifecounterpart. When a pilot is lost ordisoriented the receiver can be tunedto a VOR station and the radial-

selector dial rotated until the needleof the VOR meter centers. Thereading shown on the radial dial thenrepresents the direction from theVOR station. Combining this withthe distance read on the DME in-dicator results in an exact position"fix."

In the JETSET simulator a press ofthe A key results in an exact positionfix. The program automaticallyrotates the invisible radial-selectordial for the pilot and quickly displaysthe direction from the tuned-in sta-tion in the RADIAL window.

Instrument Landing

Using the VOR receiver as a guide,a pilot can navigate accurately fromone city to another without any viewof the earth below. VOR radials aresuitable for point-to-point naviga-tion, but when a pilot arrives at hisdestination he needs another systemof guidance to get to the airport run-

288 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

'■' #?.-

h Jf[-

"TTfc Home CbmputenThis is the one?

A lot of computers offer a lot. Only onein its price range offers the most. The TIHome Computer.

Better to begin with. Anyone can startright away with our Solid State Software™Command Cartridges. Dozens of programsare available in home management, educa-tion and entertainment.

Easy to expand. Our Peripheral Expan-sion System gives you plug-in cards formemory expansion, P-Code capabilities, adisk drive controller and the RS232 Inter-face. You can also add a modem, speech

synthesizer, disk drive and 80 column dotmatrix printer.

Programming flexibility. TI BASIC isbuilt into the Home Computer. But it canalso handle TI Extended BASIC, UCSDPascal* Version IV.O, TI LOGO II, TMS9900 Assembly Language and TI PILOT.Programs can be stored in the optionalMini Memory Command Cartridge.

High-Tech specs. 16-bit microprocessor,16K bytes RAM (expandable to 52K).26K bytes internal ROM, up to 30K bytesexternal ROM. 3 simultaneous tones from

110 HZ to 40,000 HZ. High resolution video.U. 6k I.e. Single line overlay for 2nd function.Control 6k function keys. 16 color graphicswith 4 modes 6k sprites.

Sound impressive? Compare a TI HomeComputer with the competition and reallybe impressed. You won't evenneed a computer to tell you thisis the one. ,

TexasInstruments

© 1982 Texas Instruments

*UCSn Pascal is a trademark ol the Regents ut the University ut California

Circle 450 on inquiry card.

LEGEND.

LOCATION

FREQUENCY

(MHz)

LATITUDE (NORTH)

LONGITUDE

(WEST)

SCALE :0 100 MILES

FLINT, Ml

BUFFALO, NY

116.9 MHz

116.4 MHz

42° 58' N

42°55'N

83° 44' W

78° 39'W

GREEN

BAY,

Wl

117

0 MHz

4 4°

33

N

88°

12

W

JOLIET. IL

112

i MHz

41°

33' N

88°

19' W

CLEVELAND,

OH

113.6 MHz

41° 22' N

82° 10' W

BOSTON, MA

112

.7 MHz

42°

22'N

70°

59' W

JFK, NY115.9 MHz40° 38' N73° 46' W

PHILIPSBURG,

PA

115.5 MHz

40° 55' N

77° 59' W

Figure 5: Locations and frequencies of simulated VOR ground stations.

way itself. In this case, the pilot mustrevert to a radio aid, the InstrumentLanding System (ILS), a facility de-signed to make blind landings possi-ble. A trained pilot flying an aircraftequipped with an ILS receiver canlocate an airport and safely land on arunway that may not be visible untila minute or so before the actual touch-down.

An ILS installation consists of agroup of radio transmitters arrangedin the vicinity of the airport whereILS landings are to take place. Thesetransmitters radiate highly directionalradio beams that converge at the footof the runway, forming a cone-shaped pattern like the rays of asearchlight (see figure 6). The pilotfirst maneuvers the plane into this in-visible cone, then uses the ILSreceiver to follow the radio wavesduwn until the aircraft is just a fewhundred feet above the ground. Atthis low altitude the runway shouldbe visible, so the actual landing canbe completed in the usual way.

The airborne instruments used tolocate and follow the cone of radiowaves are a marker lamp, an ILS in-dicator, and a radar altimeter. On theJEISET simulator panel these threecomponents are identified as the

MARKER, ILS, and RADAR ALT re-spectively. The panel MARKER lampflashes on when the aircraft flies overa point called the "outer marker"(OM in figure 6), telling the pilot thatthe plane has just entered the ILScone. The crosshairs (horizontal andvertical needles) of the panel ILSmeter will now begin to deflect, andthe pilot must maneuver the plane tokeep the needles centered in order tofollow the path of the ILS radio cone.As the aircraft descends along thisnarrow path, the radio altimeter(RADAR ALT) gives a continuousdisplay of the exact elevation fromthe ground (in feet). The radar altim-eter is much more sensitive than theconventional altimeter, so it is alwaysused for precision landings.

During the time the aircraft hasentered the ILS cone and is headingtoward the runway, when the pilot ismaking the final approach, the planeflies in a direction known as the"localizer" direction of the ILS radiobeams. The angle that the radio conemakes with the ground is called the"glideslope" angle, and the descend-ing plane is said to be flying withinthe ILS "glidepath." The two movingneedles of the ILS indicator corre-spond to the localizer and glideslope

axes during the final approach. Thepilot chases the vertical needle (whichmoves left and right) to remainaligned with the localizer direction.The horizontal needle (which deflectsup and down) must be chased usingthe elevator controls to keep theplane within the glidepath.

Once the descending aircraftreaches the ILS "middle marker"(labeled as MM on figure 6), the panelMARKER lamp will flash again,alerting the pilot that the plane is justa fraction of a mile from the runway.This critical location is called the"decision height" of the final ap-proach because the pilot must nowdecide whether he can safely com-plete the landing. If the runway ap-pears in view directly ahead, the pilotcan make a visual landing. If, how-ever, the plane is not properly linedup with the runway (because the ILSneedles were not kept centered), thepilot must abort the landing attemptat once by climbing out of theglidepath. This situation is known asa "missed approach." When a pilotmisses the approach, he flies a safedistance away from airport trafficand then returns to the OM point foranother try.

Every ILS-equipped airport uses

290 November 1982 & BzTfc Publications lnc

BE CHALLENGED

If you are a talented microcomputer specialist, you followthe field closely, you knowwhat's been done andwhat's expected. —

But you've never seen anythinglike

SAVVY-

Nobody has.

■ A CO-PROCESSOR for the Apple II,with 64-Megabyte AssociativeMemory, 26 Decimal Digits ofPrecision, and Hardware Security.

■ AN OPERATING SYSTEM thatautomatically Loads, Links, Overlays,and Executes Application Programs.

■ A DATABASE MANAGER thatautomatically Blocks, Allocates,Opens, and Closes Data Sets.

■ MACHINE INTELLIGENCE thatautomatically Resolves: ProgramNames, Item Names, Data Types, FileStructures, Folder Names, and Instruc-tions to the Robot Programmer™.

SAWY Marketing International markets and distributesSAWY the Personal LanguageTM System.

TM - SAWY, Robot Programmer: Excalibur Technologies Corp.

TM - Personal Language is a trademark of SAVVY Marketing International.

Circle 184 on Inquiry card.

A COMPILER that Produces Self-Loading, Self-Relocating, SeriallyReusable Code.

A PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE thatuses Plain-tex Language andMachine Intelligence.

AN ASSOCIATIVE NETWORK inwhich Machine Intelligence, OperatingSystem, Compiler, Database Manager,Programming Language, andApplication Programs are allinterconnected in the 64-MegAssociative Memory.

Even the developers of thistechnology haven't seen theend of the possibilities. Acceptthe challenge of working withSAVVY, and it can becomewhatever you make it.

Your innovative applicationsthat explore the power ofSAWY will be used in futurepublicized promotions, withcredit given to the developer.

To own SAVVY for $950.00contact your local Apple dealer.

To accept the challenge,contact Excalibur, thedevelopers of SAVVY, fordetailed information on thisremarkable system.

Excalibur Technologies Corp.Albuquerque, New Mexico(505) 242-3333

Excalibur

TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION

BYTE November 1982 291

Figure 6: ILS (Instrument Landing System) geometry showing the localizer direction (a); ILS geometry showing the vertical glideslopeangle (b).

the geometric layouts shown in figure6 for its instrument landing pattern,with minor variations to suit the ter-rain. The exact ILS arrangement(localizer direction and glideslopeangle) for any given airport ispublished in a manual of approachdiagrams (one for each airport),which the pilot studies well in ad-vance of his instrument landing.

Obviously, an instrument landingis a tricky procedure that airlinepilots must practice in large-scalesimulators to perfect. The routinesthat simulate landing are an impor-tant part of the JETSET program;they closely follow the sequences thatdevelop when a plane flies into theILS pattern. You may have to makeseveral attempts at a simulated land-

ing before you can consider yourselfqualified to handle a jetliner underbad weather conditions.

Flying Lesson #5

Practicing ILS

Preparing for an instrument land-ing, even aboard the JETSET sim-ulator, begins when the plane is still

292

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

C is better than ever

Whitesmiths, Ltd. is now shipping

Release 2.1 of our highly acclaimed C Compilers for ten different

operating system families on four architectures:

CP/M,CDOS

ISIS-II

ldris/B80

RT-11X-11M,RSTS/E,IAIdris/RUUNIX

MC68000: VAX-11:

VERSAdos v jj VMS

ldris/S68k |H UNIX/32V*

"Available in source form only.

Idris is a trademark of Whitesmiths, Ltd. ■ UNIX is a trademark of Bell Laboratories ■ CP/M is a trademark ofDigital Research ■ RSX-11M, RSTS/E, RT-11, LS1-11, PDP-11, IAS, VAX, and VMS are trademarks of DigitalEquipment Corporation ■ VERSAdos is a trademark of Motorola Inc.

We've added optimizations, sped up runtime routines, and (ahem) fixed allknown bugs. The portable C library is more extensive than ever, with new mathfunctions, pattern matching routines, and support for Ada-style exceptionhandling. And it's easier than ever to interface to new environments.

Native compilers are only $750, including shipping in the continental U.S.Cross compilers, for most combinations of host system and target machine, are $1350.A Pascal Compiler may be included for an additional $200. Old customers mayupgrade for just half of the new price. And maintenance is now only 25% of thelicense fee per year.

Now's the time to write or call.

Distributors: Australia, Fawnray Pty Ltd. P.O.B 224 Hurtsville NSW 2220 570-6100Japan, Advance Data Controls Corp. Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 03263-0383United Kingdom, Real Time Systems, Newcastle upon Tyne 0632 733131

Whitesmiths, Ltd.

Parkway Towers, 'BI 485 US Route 1 So., Iselin, New Jersey 08830 (201) 750-9000 Telex: 645592

many miles away from the airport.Because all ILS landing proceduresfollow a standard pattern, the John F.Kennedy (JFK) International Airport,conveniently located with respect toPhiladelphia, can serve as a practice

landing site. A simulated flight fromPhiladelphia to JFK lasts about 20minutes from takeoff until the jetrolls to a stop on the runway.

Every airline flight must be con-ducted in accordance with a flight

1.

7.8.9.

4.5.6.

Philadelphia, PA To Buffalo, NY

After takeoff, continue climbing to 3000 feet on course

075 degrees.

At 3000 feet alter course to 000 degrees and continue

climbing. Adjust thrust for airspeed 580 knots, tune

VOR to Philipsburg station (115.5 MHz), and set radial

to 878 degrees.

Steer along 278-degree radial when intercepted. Level

off at 40,000 feet and proceed to Philipsburg at 600

knots.

At DME = 20 M, retune VOR to Buffalo (116.4 MHz)

and set radial to 346 degrees.

Upon intercepting 346-degree radial, alter course to

follow radial to Buffalo.

At DME = 73 NM, begin descent to 1900 feet (descend

at approximately 11,000 FPM).

Level off at 1900 feet. Remain aligned with radial.

Begin initial approach trim when DME = 20 NM.

Execute ILS final approach procedures when

MARKER lamp flashes. Localizer direction is 042

degrees.

Philadelphia, PA To JFK International, NY

After takeoff, continue climbing to 6000 feet on course

075 degrees. While climbing, tune VOR to JFK station

(115.9 MHz) and set radial to 058 degrees.

Level off at 6000 feet. Steer left to intercept radial,

align with it, and proceed toward Long Island, NY at

400 knots.

At DME = 38 NM, begin descent to 1900 feet (descend

at approximately 7410 FPM).

Level off at 1900 feet. Remain aligned with radial.

Begin initial approach trim when DME = 20 NM.

Execute ILS final approach procedures when

MARKER lamp flashes. Localizer direction is 028

degrees.

Figure 7: Flight plans for a simulated instrument flight.

294 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

plan, a document that specifies theroutes the pilot will fly until he ar-rives at the destination. An actualflight takes place at standard altitudelevels and under close supervision ofair traffic controllers, but the flightplan prepared for the practice run toJFK International tells the JETSETpilot exactly how to proceed. (Seefigure 7.)

Using the Philadelphia-JFK flightplan as a guide, execute the takeoffprocedure and climb to 5000 feetwhile maintaining a compass courseof 075 degrees. During the climb,tune your VOR to the JFK ground sta-tion (115.9 MHz) and input the radialvalue of 058 degrees.

Level off at an altitude of approx-imately 6000 feet. Use the < key forthe left rudder to alter the compasscourse to approximately 000 degrees.Hold this course until the VOR needlenears its center position. Now steer to058 degrees and begin chasing theVOR needle.

The jet will head directly for JFK aslong as you keep the VOR needlecentered—the 058-degree radial isused because it's the "initialapproach" radial defined for the JFKairport. It will lead to an interceptwith the runway outer marker (OM),a prerequisite for the instrumentlanding.

As soon as the DME indicatorreads 38, you must prepare for land-ing. To begin a descent, adjust theelevators for a pitch of —10 degrees(press the t key twice) and level off atan altitude of about 1900 feet.

Start the "initial approach trim"procedure for the jetliner when theDME distance is 20 NM. First reduceyour airspeed to 300 knots (S key),lower the landing gear (W key), andlower the wing flaps (L key). The air-speed will automatically drop back to120 knots as soon as the flaps arelowered, as required for a properlanding. Complete the trim procedureby adjusting altitude until theALTITUDE indicator reads between1700 and 1900 feet.

You must execute this procedurequickly so that the aircraft is in itsproper "profile" or flight configura-tion as it approaches the OM alongthe initial approach radial. You will

YOU DON'T HAVE TO PAY

AN ARM AND A LEG FOR

DEMONSTRATION SOFTWARE!

Get everythingyou need for

$29500

Whether you are sellingyour customer hardwareor software, the threebest ways to close thesale are:

1) demonstration;

2) demonstration; and

3) demonstration.That's why we offer you the bestsoftware demonstration systemin the microcomputer industry.You get the entireFinancial SoftwareSeries for only $295or all the businessapplications listedhere for just $595.And both packagesinclude importantpromotional materialsdesigned to help youmake the sale. Weoffer you the largestselection of qualitybusiness applicationsand the best supportavailable anywhere.Everyone claims to bethe best... but we'rewilling to demonstrateit. All you have to dois give us a call, ordrop us a card.

FINANCIAL

General Ledger • Accounts

Payable • Accounts

Receivable • Payroll • Cash

Receipts/Disbursements • Job

Costing* Inventory Control

• Order Entry/Invoicing

MEDICAL/DENTAL

Office Scheduler • PatientBilling • Accounts Receivable

• Insurance Forms

SCHOOLMANAGEMENT

Student Record Keeping• Student Scheduling

• Fund Accounting

CHURCHMANAGEMENT

Pledges and Contributions

• Membership Rosters

• Talent Index • FundAccounting • Office Scheduler

WHOLESALEDISTRIBUTION

Purchasing and Receiving

• Inventory Control• Invoicing and Receivables

• Sales Commission Reporting• Backorder Management

MANUFACTURING

INVENTORY

CONTROL

Finished Goods Inventory

Management • Parts

Inventory Management

• Parts Purchasing andReceiving • Bill of Material

• Production Scheduling

Alt IMS business applications require CP/M®,

MP/M"', or CP/M-86* and CBASIC* (coming soon

CB80®andCB86®)

. . . registered trademarks of Digital Research

Corp.

INTERNATIONALMICRO SYSTEMS

6445 Metcalf • Shawnee Mission, KS 66202(913) 677-1137

Circle 219 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982

295

CclliE

Megabyte 5.25" GENIE Winchester DrivesI.B.M. • APPLE II PLUS • RADIO SHACK

5 MEGABYTES

2295"

10 MEGABYTES

$259500

15 MEGABYTES

2895

20 MEGABYTES

3195°'

FEATURES

• Precision Manganese-zinc heads

• Average access time 77 ms.

• File sizes 5-20 megabytes

• Power-on self test

• Built-in error detection and correc-tion

• System expandable to eight drives

• Comes complete with all necessarysoftware and hardware

• No preventative maintenancerequired

• Built-in fan

• Operates 110/220 VAC 50-60 Hz

• One year warranty

'Manufacturer's suggested retail price. Includes all required components.IBM DOS Personal Computer Is a registered trademark ol IBM Corporation.Apple Is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.Radio Shack Is a registered trademark of Tandy Corporation.CP/M and CP/M-86 are registered trademarks of Digital Research.

Talk about user friendly...

Comprehensive system utilitiespackage.Allows eight-character namesto be assigned to virtual

volumes.

User can back-up to eitherour 5 + 5™ removable Car-tridge Drive or to diskettes.Mix & match different systemfile types on the same disk.System status screenmessages.

Up to 16 volumes on-line at atime.

Excellence in EngineeringGenie Drives were built with the user in mind. Adesign backed by many years of experience, theGenie Drive is everything a user ever wanted in ahard disk. We offer the ultimate in hard disk massstorage systems that money can buy.

Supports IBM-DOS, CP/M-86,PASCAL

• Ultra HighSpeed DMAdata transfers

• Only uses oneslot in yourIBM-PC

• Allows you torun with up totour floppydisk drives

APPLE II PLUS

1 SupportsDOS 3.3,CP/M, andPASCAL

• Boot fromHard Disk

• Can assignHard Disk vol-ume to anyslot or drivenumber in thesystem

RADIO SHACK

available soon

available soon

Available at your local computer dealer

GEfliE COMPUTER CORPORATION

31125 Via Colinas #908 • Westlake Village, CA 91362 • (213)991-6210

Ccfli

5.25" Fixed/Removable GENIE Cartridge DrivesI.B.M. • APPLE II • RADIO SHACK

The Qenie Cartridge Drive is a revolutionary new 10 Megabyte Hard DiskDrive that includes a 5 Megabyte removable cartridge. The cartridgeDrive system simply plugs into your computer, and includes allnecessary software and hardware. Genie drives are compat-ible with most popular software,and each cartridge replacesover 30 double-densityfloppy disks.

FEATURE

File sizes to 5 Megabytes.

Power-on self-test.

Easy back-ups in minutes.

System expandable to eight drives.

Built-in error detection and correction.

No preventative maintenance required.

Comes complete with all necessary software

and hardware.MTBF 8000 Hours.Built-in fan.

Operates 110/220 VAC 50-60 Hz.One year limited warranty.

'Manufacturer's suggested retail price. Includes all required components.IBM Personal Computer Is a registered trademark of IBM Corporation.Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.Radio Shack is a registered trademark of Tandy Corporation.

Removable Cartridge. Imagine, 5 Megabytes inthe palm of your hapd. These small cartridges areonly .75 inches thick and 5.50 inches square. Thedisk itself is completely sealed from the outsideand all its hazards by a sliding door that opensonly once the cartridge is firmly seated inside thedrive. Long term availability of this cartridge isassured by its adoption by several well knownmanufacturers including Dysan, the world leaderin computer mass storage media.

Only $39950.0*

Available at your local computer dealer

GHamin'CMIE

COMPUTER CORPORATION

31127 Via Colinas #802- i Westlake Village, CA 91362

(213)991-6210

Circle 198 on inquiry card.

reach the OM when the DME readsexactly 12 NM, so the jet should be inits trim profile and steered to keep theVOR needle centered (to within twographic dots) as the OM point nears.

If you've done these steps carefully,the panel MARKER lamp will flashwhen the DME indicator reads 12NM. This is a signal that the aircrafthas just intercepted the ILS radio coneand must be promptly steered to alignwith the localizer direction (028degrees) at JFK airport.

Press the left rudder key (< ) quick-ly when the MARKER lamp flashes.It's imperative that you swing the jetto a compass course of 028 degreesbefore it flies out of the narrow areaof the radio cone (this would occurabout 15 seconds after the MARKERlamp turns on). A compass reading of028 degrees (give or take one degree)before the MARKER lamp goes offwill ensure that you completed theturn in time for the jetliner to enterthe ILS radio cone. Both the ILS in-dicator and the RADAR ALT metershould be activated. If not, the turn

took too long to complete and youneed more practice in making a fastturn. For another attempt, you canstop the simulation program andbegin again or raise the flaps andwheels and circle back to pick up theinitial approach radial for anotherattempt.

The rapid updating of the ILS in-dicator means the jet is now begin-ning its crucial final approach. Youhave very little margin for error. Theprogram will automatically changethe sensitivity of the elevator andrudder keys; each press of theelevator key varies the pitch by onedegree and the course changes by onedegree each time a rudder key istyped. Quickly press the t key threetimes to pitch the nose down 3degrees and turn your full attentionto the ILS display.

You must use the rudder keys tochase the vertical needle of the ILS in-dicator as the jet loses altitude (asshown by the RADAR ALT reading).If the ILS horizontal needle movesfrom center, chase it by using the

elevator keys. Crosswinds blowingacross the airport will tend to deflectthe jet (and the vertical ILS needle),so you must make every effort tokeep the two ILS needles where theybelong—exactly on center.

The RADAR ALT indicator, ameter that activates when the finalapproach begins, shows the elevationof the descending jet (feet aboveground level). At an elevation ofabout 600 feet, JETSET will displaythe approaching runway on thelower-right portion of the screen tosimulate that the ground is now visi-ble. The arrow appearing at the footof the graphic shows the exact align-ment of the jet in relation to the ap-proach end of the airport runway.You must now use this visual refer-ence instead of the ILS indicator toquickly correct any course errors. Forexample, if the arrow extends too farto the left, beyond the runway base,apply some right rudder to realign thejet's path.

After a few more seconds theMARKER lamp should flash again to

Not for sale in anybookstore! Not available atany price! The new ConsumerInformation Catalog!

It's the free bookletthat lists over 200 helpfulFederal publications; morethan half, free. On topics likehome repairs. Money man-agement. Nutrition. Informa-

tion that could help you to abetter way of life.

To get your freecopy, just write:

CONSUMER INFORMATIONCENTER,DEPT.E

PUEBLO, COLORADO81009

«;ss.

Genera! Services Administration

298 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

GOmPUTER WflREI

CALL TOLL FREE

ATARI

Special 32K 800 System

800w/32K. recorder, Pac Man or Star

Raiders, joysticks

Call

Above w/48K

Call

Pac-Man Special

400W/16K,2joysticks, Pac-Man $333

800 (16K)

400

810 Disk Drive.850 Interface410 Recorder..830 Modem

$655$285$440$170$75$155

16K Memory. . . .

32K Memory

80 Column Board

COMMODORE

VIC-20

Datacassette

Single disk drive..16K Memory

$60$90Call

S180$60

$320$95

Tl 99/4A HOME COMPUTER

10" Color monitor $355

Disk controller $220

Disk drive $375

32K Memory $290

Expansion box $185

Expansion box disk controller. $185

Expansion box disk drive $290

Expansion box 32K memory. $220

DISK DRIVES

Lobo

Apple 1st Drive $400

Apple 2nd Drive $350

PercomAtari D/D Drives Call

MONITORS

Zenith

12" Green Screen $115

Amdek

Video 300 $145

Colorl $310

Color II $650

Color III Call

BMC Call

Comrex13" RGB Color $460

NEC

JB 1201 $155

JB 1260 $115

MODEMS

Hayes Smartmodem $215

Novation

CAT S140

D-CAT $155

Apple Cat II $349

Auto Cat $235

1-800-528

^.rtirxiAiAntr

| 9Ur I WAnc:

CP/M IBM

CP/M IBM

Ashton-Tate Call Call Sorcim Supercalc $225 $225

WordStar Call Call Innovative

MailMerge Call Call Software TIM. $425 $350

SpellStar Call Call CBasic $100 NA

Visi-Calc NA $195 Microsoft Basic 80 $265 NA

Easywriterll NA $275 WordStar, MailMerge.

Spellguard $225 $225 SpellStar $449 $449

PLEASE ADD $5 PER SOFTWARE ORDER FOR SHIPPING

SPECIAL VISICALC SYSTEM

Franklin Ace 1000, Lobo 1st Drive,

Zenith Green Screen Monitor Visicalc S1800

PRINTERS

Anadex

Call

Anacom

Call

C. Itoh

F-10-Parallel

$1375

F-10 —Serial

$1375

55CPS-Series

Call

8510 Parallel

$425

Comrex

CR-1-S . .

Call

Call

CR-1-Q

Call

Datasouth

DS180

$1200

Diablo

620 RO wo/Tractors . .

$1150

630 RO wo/Tractors. . . .

$2050

630KSR wo/Tractors

$2435

Epson

MX-80

Call

MX-80F/T

Call

MX-100

Call

NEC

PC-8023A

$469

3510

$1375

3510 Ex

$1645

7710

Call

7720

Call

Okidata

Microline80

$305

Microline 82-A

$400

Microline83-A

$650

Microline 84

Call

PMC

DMP-85

$410

Smith-Corona

TP-1

$650

Tally

1805/1802

$1490

1605/1602

$1325

MT 160. .

$625

MT 180

Call

Texas Instruments

810 Basic

Call

$490

$570$570S735S730S915

$680

Call

VIDEO TERMINALS

Adds

Viewpoint

Televideo

910

910 Plus

920

925

950

Zenith

Z-19

ZT-1

COMPUTERS

Altos

ACS 8000-15 $3742

ACS 8000-2 w/CPM " $2650

Series 15D $2125

Series 5-5D $4240

Dynabyte Call

Eagle Call

NEC

8001 $730

8012 $470

8031 $730

Northstar

Advantage Call ~"'

Horizon II 64K QD $2625

Sanyo

jyj.BCJ.000™, ^S1477

_MBC-1000 w/ 2 Drives S2Q00~>

TelevTi

decSystems

TS-802

TS-802H

MOUNTAIN HARDWi

All products

HOUSTON INSTRUMENTS

Hi-Plot

DMP-2 $825

DMP-7/8 $2025

Call

Prices reflect 3% to 5% cash discount. Product shipped in factory cartons with manufacturer s warrantyPlease add $8.00 per order for shipping. Prices & availability subject to change without noticeSend cashier s check or money order all other checks will delay shipping two weeks

ifY^flnDI fflCD 2222 E-lndian School Rd. • Phoenix, Arizona 85016

VrVsl I r\J I CIl Order Line: 1-800-528-1054 Other Information: 602-954-6109

WAREHOUSE Store Hours: Mon.-Fri. 10-5 MST Saturday 9-1 MST

Of ALL THE THINGSYOU BUY,

HOW MANY ARE

:ftti«j»jai£L«i![fiiit«j;j

WARRANTED 5 YEARS?

Few disks stand the test of time.Because few are built to theprecision standards or certified tothe critical levels of Omni'scomplete line.

Each Omni disk is rated for 12million passes without disk-related errors or significant wear.Each is certified error-free at aminimum of twice the error-

threshold of your system. Andbuilt to exceed all industryspecifications including those ofANSI, ECMA, ISO and virtuallyevery drive manufacturer. So youcan count on them for the longhaul. We guarantee it.Call toll-free (800 343-7620) foryour nearest dealer. In Mass., call617 799-0197.

Omni Resources, 4 Oak Pond Ave.,Millbury, Mass. 01527

Dealers. Software houses.

Check our prices, services andspecifications. We offerduplicating, formatting, privatelabeling, small minimums, fastdelivery and copy protectionschemes on disks for virtuallyany system.

-

■

THE DISK GOOD ENOUGHTO BE WARRANTED 5 YEARS

\

\

1

\

\

announce that the plane has justreached the middle marker pointalong the approach path, thedecision-height location. Now aquick decision is vital. If the arrow ofthe runway graphic extends too farleft or right, beyond the runway base,the jet is not properly lined up for asafe landing and you must press theM key immediately to signal a missedapproach to the computer. JETSETwill comply by announcing that thepilot's decision was a correct one forthe landing situation.

If however, the runway arrowshows that the jetliner is safelyaligned for a landing, you must bringit down as follows:

1. At an elevation of 100 feet(RADAR ALT reading), press theS key once. This command will"chop the throttle" (abruptlyreduce the engine thrust to idle).

2. At 50 feet, press the — key once to"flare up" the nose of the jet. Thismaneuver automatically tilts theaircraft upward slightly to apositive pitch, causing a controlledstall. The jet will now sink gentlydown to ground level as it losesaerodynamic lift.

3. At 0 feet the jet has landed and isrolling along the runway. Quicklypress the Q key to apply reversethrust to the engines. Reversethrust decelerates the aircraftgradually until the AIRSPEEDreadout reaches zero.

Your JETSET flight concludes witha display of the landing informationthat tells you how well you handledthe jet. This information specifieswhere ground contact occurred andwhere the jet finally rolled to a halt. Ifyou made a mistake at the middlemarker, the landing report will pointout the consequences. ■

The author has offered to make copies ofhis program available to BYTE readers for$8. Send a blank disk, a check, and a self-addressed, stamped envelope to

Eugene Szymanski

693 Rosedale Rd.

Princeton, N] 08540

Winston could have sworn a

" FIFO Buffer"

was a headache remedy.

Until he became anOrange Micro Printer Expert.

Printers Can BeConfusing. Sometimes, eventhe informed personal com-puter owner is caught shortby the mound of technical dif-ferences in printers. In onevisit, Winston learned that aFifo Buffer overlaps thecomputer and printerfunctions, allowing Mr.Hollingsworth to enterhis wine list while hisstock report is printing.We Educate First.With so many dif-ferent printers out

there with as many differentfeatures, we feel a printer educa-tion is in order. We take what you

already know about computers and explain

printers in the same terms. Our current

customers seem to like that because of the

friends they refer (Nearly 50% of our business

is referral.)

It's Easy To Be An Expert. Orange Micro

printer specialists are there to make you feel

comfortable with your newfound printer

knowledge. And when you decide on the

printer right for you, you'll know exactly why

you picked it from all the rest. With over 35

popular models to choosefrom, and a complete selectionif cables, options and inter-e accessories, we haveerything you need to getyour new printer up and oper-ating in minutes.We Have The Right PrinterFor You. Bring along yourtoughest printer questions.Our salespeople willanswer them honestlyand practically. In lesstime than you'd imaginepossible, you'll be aprinter expert too!

After all, printers are our only business,so we always do a better job at findingthe right one for you.Orange Micro Printer Stores

3150 E. La Pahra, Suite 1

Anaheim, CA 92806(714)630-3622

13604 Ventura Boulevard

SI Ionian Oaks, CA 91423 (213) 501-3486

3216 Scott Boulevard

Santa Clara, CA 95051 (408) 980-1213

1104 Van Ness

San Francisco, CA, 94109 (415) 673-0170

5*1

anqe filicr

•^ DDIMTCD CTr

PRINTER STO

Circle 336 on inquiry card.

FRANCHISE OPPORTUNITIES AVAILABLE (714) 630-3620

Circle 339 on inquiry card.

Listing 1 continued from page 273

383 PRINTS*6,32). ". . . .

3S4 PR I NTS (9, 32 ) , CHR* < 128)386 F0RX=32T04SSTEP163S7 F0RY=10T022

388 PRINTS*Y,X),CHR*(148);

389 NEXTY

390 NEXTX

391 PRINTS(23.32),

392 PRINTS(10, 39) ,

393 PRINTS!14,33),

394 PRINTS!16,35),

395 PRINTS!19, 38),

396 PR I NTS(21,39),

. . . . ":PRINT@(S,39), 'STRING* <15,150 ) ; CHR* ! 12";

CHR* i181);STRING*(15,150 >; CHR* ( 1 .'"VOR":PRINTS<11,44),"MHZ""RANGE"

RADIAL"DME"! PRINTS C

400402404406408410412414416413420422424425

600601605610615620625630635636640

660

6.6567067467567667767367968069069570070571071171271 3714715716717718719720721

723724725726727728729730731

800

,44),"NM"!FORY=1T07:PRINTS (Y, 12),CHR*(150):NEXTF0RY=lTCi3:pRINTS(Y,21 ) ,C:HR*( 15(1) :NFXTPRI NTS I 14,0),CHR*(128);STRING*(15.150);CHR*(129)F0RX=0TCU6STEP16F0RY=15T021

PRINTS!Y,X),CHR*(148) ;NEXTYNEXTX

PRINTSI22,0),CHR*(131)!STRING**15,150);CHR*(180);PRINTS!13,7),"ILS"

PRINTS!17,19),"MARKER"!PRINTS*18,20) , "> <"GX(1)=0:GY(1)=0G0SIJB2100PRINTCHR*(26):PRINTS(10,6), "

5): PRINTS!';

, 4) ,

i) ,

PRINTCHR*<2

PRINTS!10,1

RETURN

REM:DISPLAY INSTRUMT READIN

G0T0720

YP=1: XP=0:F*=

YP=1: XP=7:F*=

YP=1:XP=39:V1

YF-4:XP=39:VI

RADAR ALT";SPC(6);'

######":V1=FU:GOSUB 9000###":V1=FP:GOSUB 9000CC:GOSUB 9000A3:GOSUB 9000

RCsGOSUB 9000

AL:GOSUB 9000

OSUB 9000

"#####" I V1 =At_: (30SIJB9

YP=4:XP=46:F*="######":VI

YP=4: XP=55:F*="##,#tttt": VI

YF-5:XP=0:F*="###":V1=MZ:

IFF(2)=1THENYP=10:XP=6:F*

REM:DISPLAY THRUST

FOR 1 = 1 TCI 7

PRINTS! 1,11) , CHR* (26) ; " "

NEXT

PRINTS(TR,11),">";

REM:DISPLAY FLAPS

FOR 1=1 TO 3:PRINTS(I,20),CHR*l26)

PRINTS(FL,20),">"

F*="+###"

YP=5:XP=20:V1=FA:

IFF(6)=0THENSX=25

IFSX=25THENSX=26:

SX=25

IFF(7)=0THENFRINTCHR*(SX) I PRINTS'* 10, 19)

REM:DISPLAY BRAKES

FOR 1 = 10 TO 12:PRINTS!I,54),CHR*126);"

PR INTS(BR,54),">"

REM:WHEELS

FOR 1=10 TO I

PRINTS(WH.62),">"

IFF(2) = 1CCIT0723

REM:DISPLAY LAT/LONGIT

GOSUB 9000:G0T06790010679

:PRINTS <I,62),CHR*!26);'

YP=4: XP=69:YP=4:XP=73:YP=5:XP=69:YP=5:XP=73:PRINTS(4,7i

F*="#Jt#":Vl=DP<4) :(F*="#tt.#":Vl=DP(5) :F*="###":V1=DP<6> :(F*="##.#":V1=DP(7)::) , "N"

iOSUB9000G03UB9000I0SUB9000GOSUB9Q0Q

840841

PRINT8<5,73),"W"

GGTG723

REM: DISPLAY RUDDER POSIT

PR I NTS < 7,32 >,CHR*(26);S*(17)

PR INTS(J, RP),CHR*(147);CHR* < 25):G0T0605

IFF(2)=1THENRETURN

REM:DISPLAY VOR VALUES

YP=11:XP=38:F*="###.#":V1=V0<1):GOSUB9000

PR I NTS ( 1 3 , 39 ) , CHR* ( 26 ) ; VO* < 1 ) ; CHR* ( 25 )

YP=18:XP=39:F*="«##":V1=V0(3):G0SUB9000

YP=22:XP=38:F*="###.#":V1=V0(4):G0SUB9O00

PRINTS ( 17. 34), CHR* ( 26 ) ; S* ( 13 )

IFV0*(1)="OUT "GGT0732

PR I NTS(17,VO(2) ),CHR* <159)

RETURN

REM:KEY POLL 8UBR0UT

IF K*="F" OR K*="S" THEN KK=1:G0T0 850

IF K*="," OR K*="." THEN KK=2:G0T0 850

IFK*="/"THENRA=0!GOT08SS

IF ASC(K*>=30 OR ASC(K*)=31 THEN KK=3lG0TC

IF K*="U" THEN KK=4:G0T0 850

IF K*="V" THEN Kk=5:G0T0 850

IFK*="R"THENKK=6:G0T0850

IFK*="L"THENKK=7:G0T0850

IFK*="A"THENKK=8:G0T0850

I Fk *= " Q " THENKK=9: G0TO85O

IFK*="M"THENKK=10:G0TG850

IFASC(K*)=29THENKK=11:G0T0850

ONKKGuSUB900,908, 914, 928,931 , 985, 940,944, '■':■■

RETURN

REM:THRUST KEY

902 IFK*="F"THENTR=TR-1ELSETR=TR+1904 IFTR<1THENTR=1:RETURN

906 IFTR>6THENTR=6:RETURN

907 RETURN

908 REM: RUDDER KEYS

909 IFK*="."00VU912ELSERA=RA+1

910 IFRA>4THENRA=4

911 RETURN

912 RA=RA-1:IFRA:-4THENRA=-4

913 RETURN

'"'14 REM: ELEVATOR KEYS

915 J=5: IFBR= 1 2THEN..1= 1

916 I FK*=CHR* ( 31 ) THENF A=FA+.JELsEF A=FA~.J913 IFFA>40THENFA=40

920 IFFAC-40THENFA=-4o

922 IFFA>0THENFL=1:RETURN924 IFFA=0THENFL=2:RE1URN926 FL=3:RETURN

923 REM:WHEELS KEY

929 IFWH=1OTHENWH=12: RET URN

930 IFWH=12THENWH=10:RE T URN

931 REM:SET VOR FREO

932 PRINTS!14,55),CHR*(1)!

933 LINE INPUT"VOR FREQ ";VX*:VU(1)=VAL(VX$)

934 PR1 NT S(14,55),SPC(16);CHR*(2):RE I URN

935 REM:SET VOR RADIAL

936 PRINTS <14,55),CHR*(1);

937 LINE INPUT"VOR RADIAL ";VX*:VO(3)=VAL(VX* )

938 PR INTS(14,55),SPC(14);CHR*(2):RETURN

940 REM:FLAPS KEY

941 IFBR=10THENBR=12:RETURN

942 IFBR=12THENBR=10:RETURN

944 REMsAUTO-OBS KEY

945 F(3)=l:RETURN

946 REM:REV THRUST KEY

947 IFF<7)=1THENTR=7

948 RETURN

950 REM:MISSED APPROACHED KEY

951 IFF!2)=1THENF(5)=1

952 RETURN

953 REM:FLARE KEY

954 IFF (2)=OTHENFA=0:PL =2:RETURN

955 FA=l:|-L = I : RETURN

.1 000 REM: SI ILIA TI UN Ul 'DATE: ROUT INE

1002 TV* = TIME*: GOSUB 7050: T.J=TD--TL: TL=TD

1010 GOSUB1100

1012 GOSUB1130

1013 GOSUB1145

1014 IFTR=7THENGOSUB1800ELSEG0SUB11241016 GOSUB1106

1018 G0SLIB1114

1019 IFF(2) = 1G0TIJ1600

1020 GOSUB1400

1021 GOSUB1500

1030 IFALC=0THENAF=1:GOT03000

1031 IFF(2)=OGOTO1099

1032 IF ALXIGOTO1068

1033 IFF(7)=1G0TIJ1090

1034 F(7)=l1036 TY=YN1038 TX=XN-750

1042 IFFA>1THENAF=2:GOT030001044 IFFA<0THENAF=3:G0T030001046 IFF(6)=0G0T010621048 IFAX>100THENAF=4:G0T030001050 IFAX>80THENAF=5:GOT03000

1052 IFWH=10THENAF=6: GUT 030001054 IFTX>0THENAF=7:G0I030001056 IFTX<-10500THENAF=7:G0T03U00

1053 IFABS ( TY ) > 10OTHFNAF-- 7: GOT 030001060 GOTO1099

1062 AF=8:GGT030001068 IFF(5) = 1 GOTO10821070 IFFA>0GGTG10761072 IFFA<OTHENF(6)=01074 GOTO1099

1076 IFF < 6)=0THEMAX=AL:F(6) = 1

1077 IFTR=6G0TG1080

1078 IFFA<2THENRC=-1800:GGTQ1099

1079 FA=2:FL=1:RC=-1800:GOTO 1099

1080 FA=1:FL=1:RC=-30Q:G0T010991082 IFAL<20THENAF=9:G0TO30001084 TR=3:FA=0:FL=2

1086 AF=10:GGT03000

1090 IFXN<-9750 OR ABS!YN)>100GOT01094

1091 IFAS>0G0T01099

1092 AF=0: GO "1030001094 AF=9:G0T03000

1099 GOTO1700

1100 REM:UPDATE FUEL

1102 FU=FU-( 14-TR)*TJ: IFFU<OTHENFU=01104 FF-FU/3120:RETURN

1106 IFF(7)=1THENRC=0:RETURN

1107 IFF(6)=1THENRETURN

1108 RC=AS*SIN(ABS(FA/KR)1*101.61110 IFFA<0THENRC=-1*RC

1112 RETURN

1114 REM:UPDATE ALTITUDE

1115 IFF(7)=lTHENRErURN ,

1116 AL=AL.+T._ntRC/60 Listing 1 continued on page 306

302 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

BYTE Books carry Waite

A New Primer Series

JUST PUBLISHED!

ComputerAnimation Primer

By Mitchell Waiteand David Fox

All you need to know to createyour own exploding bombs, gal-loping horses, rocketing space-ships, laser guns, dancingfigures, and other exciting com-puter-animated graphics isspelled out and illustrated in fullcolor for you in this lively andengaging new guide!

Written and organized to make itall as simple as A,B,C, it givesyou all the tools and techniques

to create original animated dis-plays in a personal computer:

■ Part I of the book describesthe theory of animation,basic hardware and soft-ware concepts, and the po-tential of various productsfor animation

■ Part II details the actualprogramming techniquesused — covers character set,plotting,player-missile, andscrolling graphics

With more than 100 illustrationsand program listings in AtariBASIC and 6502 assemblylanguage.

Apple Backpack

By Scot Kamins and Mitchell Waite

Concrete methods for developing "user-friendly"software are at your fingertips in this useful coursein humanized programming. In readable and often wittystyle, the authors help solve one of the major problemsthat prevent home and office microcomputers fromreaching their full potential. With complete details oneverything from screen formatting to presenting direc-tions and writing clear documentation — plus full listingsof programs in popular Applesoft BASIC.

8086/808816-bit MicroprocessorPrimer

By Christopher L. Morgan and Mitchell Waite

You don't have to be a hardware engineer to follow theauthors' clear, crisp, down-to-earth descriptions of thedesign, capabilities, and potential of the vastly morepowerful new Intel 8086/8088 16-bit microprocessors —representing the latest magic in solid-state ICs. The booksurveys currently available software and new productsbased on the 8088 — all fully explained and illustrated — toput you on the cutting edge of today's microcomputertechnology.

Word Processing Primer

By Mitchell Waite and Julie Area

The first book to focus primarily on inexpensivemicrocomputer-based text-editing products, WordProcessing Primer gives you a thorough rundown on thispowerful new way to electronically generate, correct, andmanage all kinds of typewritten documents. Coverageincludes getting started, controlling the appearance ofyour copy, selecting equipment and programs (with aninvaluable mini-catalog comparison of capabilities, fea-tures, and prices to make it all easy), and much more.Clearly the most informative word processing guideavailable today.

Apple Backpack

HwMrtnd ftogromo*ig n BfGK

16-W Murjpwrnvux f>rtma>

Word ProcessingPrimer

\\\if/

-"assess

\ 1

■

™

At your bookseller or computer store. Ormail coupon for 15 days' FREE examination!

Byte/McGraw-Hill

PO. Box 400, Hightstown. N.J. 08520

IVTI ■

Please send me the book(s) checked for 15 days on approval.At the end of that time I will pay for the book(s) I keep, pluslocal tax, postage, and handling, and return any unwantedbook(s) postpaid.

021742-4 □ Computer Animation Primer $18 95

033356-4 □ Apple Backpack S14 95

043109-4 □ 8086/8088 $16.95

067761-1 □ Word Processing Primer $14 95

Name

Address

Apt

City

State

7in

SAVE MONEY! Pay in

regular postage and h£completely satisfied.

full with thisndling costs

order, plus local tax, and McGraw-Hill pays allReturn book(s) in 15 days for full refund if not

23-D162-2U4-3

to

J0

Am

—JPUt - ■

L ■

C3s

Fa

1-

^^^^555

IgsMfci

1 Hi

1 «

fjgfiliG

M \ J \*m

Mm wm

. JE

1

North Star canmake you a Star.

Everything it takes to makeyour systems packagea feature attraction.

As a leading supplier of hardware and software tosmall systems houses, North Star is always on thelookout for talented systems integrators who needquality microcomputer products and support.Whether you need hardware, software or a combi-nation of the two, we can provide you with develop-ment products that meet your needs.

Your ticket to fame and fortune.

Our North Star ADVANTAGE integrated desktopbusiness computer features 640 x 240 pixels mono-chrome graphics, a standard Z80A" with optional8088 CPU co-processor, dual 5%" floppy or floppyplus 5K" hard disk storage and Local Area Networkcapability. And list-priced from $3599, our NorthStar ADVANTAGE offers incredible price/perfor-mance. We also offer our low cost HORIZON*systems in both single-user and multi-user configu-rations. The HORIZON features an S-100 bus,a Z80A CPU and floppy as well as 5%" and 14"hard disks.

All the tools you need to writeyour own smash hit.

We offer standard, user-proven business appli-cations software programs as well as our "C"-basedapplication development system. Add to that our

The North Star logo and HORIZON are trademarks or registeredtrademarks of North Star Computers. Inc.

variety of powerful business languages and industrystandard as well as proprietary operating systems,and North Star gives you the software tools youneed to produce a truly capable business system.Standard applications software includes analysisspreadsheets, word processing, accounting anddata base management. Standard languages otherthan "C" include FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC andPascal. In addition to the industry standard CP/M?operating system, you can also select from NorthStar DOS and ASP for both single-user and multi-user system configurations, and MSDOS™ for16-bit applications.

With our great supporting cast,you'll get rave reviews.

We offer comprehensive technical support includ-ing hardware and software training, technicalmanuals, nationwide service and a special factorytelephone number for technical inquiries. And wemake it easier for you to do business by provid-ing you with discount development units, salesleads, a third party software directory, companynewsletters, sales promotion material, nationwideadvertising and a nationwide network of distributorsand North Star sales offices.

Call us for an audition today.

For more information call (415) 357-8500, ext. 504or 534.We want to help make you a star.

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research Inc.Z80A is a registered trademark of Zilog, Inc.MSDOS is a trademark of Microsoft, Inc.

FOLLOW THE STAR ^

NorthStarS

Circle 327 on inquiry card.

14440 Catalina Street, San Leandro, California 94577See us at COMDEX, Nov. 29-Dec. 2, Booth #2034

Lowest Prices

on PersonalComputers!

IApple II + 48K. .. CallApple III 128K... Call—CCS/Apple—

Centronics Printer Interlace S95.

SBrial Interlace 125.

/MICnCSOfT

16K HAM Card 145

Z-8D Soil Card 275

CP/M ■ Premium System 599

JJ Mountain Computer

CPS Multi-Function Card 169

Music System (16 Voices) 299

Expansion Chasis (8 Slots) 569

Clock/Calandar Card 229

A/D + D/A Interlace 279

Romplus + card 129

Super Talker SD-200 149

Keyboard Filter ROM for Romplus 40

Copy ROM tor Romplus 40

Rom Writer card 149

Rom Plus 32K RAM add-on |w/16K).. 149

— QSS /Apple—

SO Column Card... : 270

Enhancer II 115

—Vista/Apple—

PROM Development System 420

Clock (Apple III) 165

DD8"Disk Controller 525

V-1100, B'Dual Disk Drive 2250

VisiCalc (ATARI 800. IBM. Apple).... 185

WBi HEWLETTWL'EM PACKARD

HP-41C $149

HP-41CV 219

HP-41 CARD READER S159

HP-41 OPTICAL WAND 99

HP-IL PRINTER (82143A) 289

HP-IL INTERFACE MODULE 99

HP-IL PRINTER (82162AI 379

HP-IL DIGITAL CASS. DRIVE 419

HP-IL VIDEO INTERFACE MOD. ... 229

ATARI 400, $259

ATARI 800, $649

ATARI

ATARI 16K Memory Mod $75.

ATARI 850 Interface Mod 159.

ATARI 830 Modem 145.

ATARI 825, 80 Column Printer.. 565.ATARI 410 Program Recorder... 79.

ATARI 810 Disk Drive 429

ATARI Joysticks, Pair 17.

ATARI PAC-MAN" 32.

ATARI Star Raiders 32

Call us for best prices on lull ATARI line !

—FRANKLIN—

Ace-1000 1059

Ace-1000w/color 1099

— MICROSCI—

Apple II + Compatible Drive

Disk Drive w/controller 429

Disk Drive w.o./controller 379

fC commodore

Vic20w/5K 219

Datasette 67

Super Expander 59

Commodore 64 Call

I ii-, TEXAS INSTRUMENTS

\-K TI-99/4 Computer 298

TI-55 Calculator 36

TI-LCD Program Calculator 55

Tl-58c Calculator 79

TI-59C Calculator 169

TI-PC100 Printer/Plotter 147

SHARP

PC-1500 Hand Held Computer 219

CE-150 Four Color Printer 185

IRM-Quadboards by Quadrant, Corp.Memory Expansion. Clock. Par. Interlace.RS-232 Interlace...ALL ON ONE BOARO !

Quad Board W/64K Installed 495

Quad Board W/256K Installed 795

HP-41 QUAD MEMORY MOD 59

HP-41 EXT. FUNC. MEM. MOD 59

HP-41 EXT. MEMORY MOD 59

HP-41 TIME MODULE 59

HM2Cll1l»l

HP-15CI113LHP-16CJ

Your Choice

HP-10C,$59. HP-11C,$79.

—Moniters—Amdek300G 13" Green Phos... 190.

AmdekColorM3" $349.

Amdek Color II 760.

BMC 12"Green Phos 160.

Zenith 121 12"GreenPhos.... 119.

HayesSmartmodem-1200

Hayes Smartmodem 239.

Hayes Cronograph 210.

Hayes Micromodem II (Apple It). .310.Novation Apple Cat 319.

—Printers-Epson mx-80 Call

Epson MX-80FT Call

Epson MX-100 Call

IDS Prism 80 1149

IDS Prism 132 1259

Diablo 630 2,050.

Centronics 730-1 349

Centronics 730-3 349

Centronics 739 Parallel 499.

NEC 8023 499

0kidata82A 475.

Smith-Corona TP-1 649.

Prices do not include shipping. All prices and offers subject to change without notic

lersonql^ f ystcms

^LW ^^ Box 1073

^P Syracuse, N.Y. 13201

315 478-6800

Listing 1 continued:

11 18 TFAL :i.lTH£NAL=0:RETURN1120 IFAL 450<X>THENAL' It.onO1122 RETURN

1124 REHiUPDATE AIRSPEED

1125 AS=800-100*TR

1126 AS=AS-2*FA

1127 IFBR=10THENRErilRN

1128 AS=AS/3+20: RE 11IRN

1130 rFF(5)=100T01132

1131 IFF(2)=1G0T01142

1132 IFRA=OTHENRT=0:RETURNIFRA<0THENJ°*-1ELSEJ=1RA=ABS(RA): IFRA=1THENRT=1 :GOT011 37IFRA=2THENRT=l0tG0T01137IFRA=3THENRT=20EL»ERT=30

J*RTiRA=J*RACC=CC+RT

I FCC= >360 THENCOCC-360: RE Tl IRNIFC C :0THENCC=36O+CC1111 RETURN

1142 IFRA=OTHENRETURN

1143 tFRA<OTHENCC=CC-lELSECC=CC +1

1144 RA=0:GOTO1139

1145 REM:UPDATE RUDDER POSIT VARIABLE

1146 RP=40+RA+RA:RETURN

1200 REM!COMPUTES DTSTSiBEARING TU A KNOWN POINT LOCATION

1202 VL=ABS(LB-LC >:BL<5>=-1: IFl.H- LcTHENBL (5) = 1

1204 VG=ABS<GB-GC ) : Bl. (4)=1: IFGB=>GCTHENBL(4)=-i

1206 LA=LC : G0SUB2400

1208 M1=MP

1210 LA«LB:GOSUB240Q

1212 M2=MPsDM=»ABS(M2-Ml)

1214 I FDM=OGOTO 12 20

aO=VG/ ( DM/60 ) : IFCKE 114. 59C.cn 0 1220

CA=KR*ATN(QO):DR=VL*(1/COS(CA/KR)):GOTO 12 22

CA=90: DR>=Ve*COS ( LC/K R )

DR=DR*60: IFBL(5)=-1 GO TO1226

11;

1134

lis

1136

1137 RT=1133 CO1135114C

121612181220

1224 IFBL <4>=1THENC:R=C:AELSECR= 360-CA

12251226

-CAELSECR= 180-fCA

OORI UNO IF-.

lNUJ A POLAR VECTOR

RETURN

IFBL (4)=1THENCR=1801228 RETURN

1250 REM:GET WIND VECTOR FOR CURR ALTITUDE1252 I=FIX(AL/4000i! IFI=310THENI»101 254 WEI=WA(I, O): WV=WA(111)1256 RETURN

1260 REM:SOLVES WIND TRIANGLE1262 A=CC: L=AJl GOSUB I 3001264 MX=LX:MY=LY1266 GOSUB1250

A=WD+1S0! IFA^' 360THENA"=A-360

L^UV:G0SUB1300

MX=MX+LX:liY=MY+LY: GOSUB 1 3501274 rK=MA:GS=V21.276 RETURN

REM: RESOLVES A VECTOR INTO RECTANGULAR

I FA >C'U rHENL'-- 1 : B=*0-A: I .ci TO 1 3 10

IFA<=»180THENG!=2: B=A-90:GOT01 310

IFA<=270THENQ= ::: B=270 A: GO lot 310=4:B=A-2701310 LX=L#COS(B/KR)iLY=L*SIN(B/KR)1312 IFGN1THENRETURN1314 IF0=2THENLY=-1*LY:RETURN1316 IFQ=3THENLX=-l«LX:LY- 1*LY:RETURN1318 LX=-1»LX

RETURN

REM:COMPOSES X,Y COMPONENTS1352 V2=SQR(MX'2+MY'2)1354 IFMX<=OGOTO13581356 IFMYO=OTHENQ=2ELSE0=1OT Cl 1360

IFMY<=OTHENQ=3ELSE0-4

I FMX=0THENMA=:'O: GOT 111 366

MCl=ABS< MY/MX)1364 MA=ATN(MQ)*KR1366 I FQ= 1THENMA--'0-MA: RETURN1368 (F0=2THENMA--'CH-MA: RE I URN1370 IFQ=3THENMA=2/0-M0:RE fURN1372 MA=27(.l+MA1374 RETURN

1400 REM:GET POSITION FOR OMEGA DISPLAY1402 AS ( 2) =AS: FA ( 2 ) =FA: CC < 2) -CC : AL ( 2 ) =AI.1404 AS=AS( 1 ) :FA=FA( 1 ) :CC=CC< 1 ) : AL~ftl. i 1 !1 406 I FAS < 2) OASORFA ( 2 ) O-FAGOTO1440

1408 i fcc< 2) .:: ccoral < 2 > <:: algoto 1440

1410 F(O)=1:IFTD<TW(1)+60GOTO1442

1412 AJ=AS*COS ( ABS < FA ) /KR )

1414 GOSUB1260

1416 DN=GS*(TD-TW(1))/3600

1418 CN=TK:L1=LL<1>:G1=GL < I >

1420 G0SUB2000

1422 F<0>=0:TU(1)=TDsLL(1>=L2:GL(1)=G2

1424 LS<1>=L2:GS<I>=G2

1426 F0RJ=4TQ7:DP<J)=CP<J):NEXT

1428 AS(1>=AS<2>:FA(1)=FA<2):CCC1>=CC(2>sAL<1)=AL(2)

1430 AS=AS(2)!F A=FA(2):CC=CC(2):AL=AL< 2)

1432 RETURN

1440 TW<1>=TD:F<0>=0

1442 A,.l=AS»COS(ABS(FA)/KR) ... ,

Listing 1 continued on page 308

1 26S1 270

127:

i:

1 3021 3041 3061 30

1 3201350

13571356136C

136;

306 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 359 on inquiry card.

^gtVUryx software

VX/ Quality Discount

GUARANTEED LOWEST PRICES! We will match any advertised price. Just show us the ad

APPLE

reg.529

NOWS399

9

.HAYES SMART MODEM.^DOW JONES ANALYZER.

Artsci

Magic Window S79

Magic Mailer 56

Magic Words 56

Magic Pack Combo (all above) 176

Beagle Bros.

Dos Boss S22

Utility City 25

Apple Mechanic 25

Broderbund

Apple Panic S25

ChopliftBr 26

SBrpontine 26

Charles Mann

Basic Teacher S30

Teacher Plus .32

Medical II B79

Denver Software

EASY (Special) S565

Financial partner 219

Pascal Tutor 108

Pascal Programmer 108

Ellis Computing

Nevada Cobol S169

Nevada Pilot 129

Nevada Edit 99

Application pkg. ea 22

Howard Software

Real Estate Analyzer S145

Tax preparer '82 127

Tax preparer state: CA. NY/NJ/IL 60

Krell Co.

Logo S135

Logo w/o Frills 89

Microfocus

Cis Cobol Std S775

Forms-2 175

Micropro

Wordstar S195

Mailmerge B5

Calcstar 145

Spellslar 145

Supersort 120

Word Pak (Special) 329-

Data Pak (Special) 329

Microsoft •

Basic Compiler S315

Cobol-80 599

Fortram-80 155

Time Manager 125

Omega

Locksmith S79

Inspector 44

Watson 44

Games

Sargon II S25

Zork I or II 32

Deadline 42

Crossword Magic 18

Wizardry 39

Night ol Diamonds 29

Misc.

Mathemagic S80

Spellguard 199

Edit 6502 82

Screen Writer II 95

A-st3t 79 140

Mailing list 48

Stoneware DB Master 179

Visicalc 3.3 185

Visischedule 235

Visipack 499

PFS: Filing Report or Graph 88

Muse Software

Super Text II S125

Address book 43

Form letter 87

Data Plot 52

Peachtree

Series 40

G/L.A/R. A/Pea. S399

Inventory, Payroll ea. 399

$G/L + A/R + A/P (Special) 397

Series 9

Peachcalc

Telecommunications

Silicon Valley

fljWORDHANDLER^Sensible Speller

And Many More

279279

(Special)S14999

Mark of Unicorn

Final Word

MicroPro

WORDSTAR

Mailmerge

Calcstar

Spellstar

Supersort I

Data pack (3 in One)

Word pack (3 in One)

Microsoft

Basic 80

Basic Compiler

Fortran 80 .

Cobol 80 ....

Macro 80

Peachtree

General LedgerAccounts Receivables

Accounts Payables

Inventory

Payroll

Property Management 799

CPA Client Write-up .799

Series 8 Module 485

PEACHPAK4(D/L, A/R.AP) (Special)397Peachtexl 350

Star Computer System

G/L.A/R, A/P or Pay S350

Legal Times BillingProperty Management

Sorcim

Supercalc S225

Trans 86 115

Act 155

Supersoft

Diagnostic I S46

Diagnostic II 83

Disk Doctor 84

Fortran 215

S250

(Special) S2S0

95199160170395395

S2B5325345570140

S399399399399

399

C Compiler

Ashton - Tate

D Base II

Byrom Software

BSTAM

BSTMS

CP Aids

Please Call

Digital Research

Pascal MT +

MAC

SID I8II80 Debugger)

ZSID (Z80 Debugger)

CP/M2.2

C Basic 2

PL/1-80

Misc.

Oasis "The Word Plus''Micro Ap Selector VLileboal T/Maker II

Epic Supervyz

The Boss Financial Acctg.

The Boss Payroll System

The Boss Time Billing

Fox and Geller Quick Screen

Games

Intocorn Zork IZork IIDeadline

Yahoo Catchum

Adventure (#1-12)

And Many More

175S485

S160160

S389856590

14997

449

S120395225115

1800750

1090129

S39395D3299

■8

V

645845

IBM PC

WORDSTAR

Special) S250

Mailmerge

95

Easiwriter II

299

Easispeller

149

Crosstalk

129

DataBase Manager

170

Mailing List

85

Vedlt

.... 165

CP/M86

295

Write-on

110

Move It

125

Spellguard

247

625

Easy Planner

145

Ashton-Tale D Base II

485

Lifetree Volkswriler ...... .

175

3eachtree Accounting Module

399

SPECIAL PEACHPAK(GL.AR&

API 399

Ecosolt Microstal

257

Supersoft Optimizer

160

Stalpak

397

The Final Word

... 250

Games

Last Colony

S25

Temple ol Apshai

3i

2i

2D

Championship Blackjack

34

31

The Warp Factor

3S

Accessories/Hardware

Boards

Co Processors 88 card (Ap. II)Sottcard (Z80 CP/M Ap II)

<s

CPS Multitunction 178

Mountain A/D + D/A 289

CCS 12K ROM/PROM 89

CCS A/D Converter .... 98

CCS Serial Asynch 149

Applescope (your Apple as an

Oscilloscope) 595

Videx Enhancer I 149

K & D Enhancer 115

Dan Paymar Lower case 27

ALS Smarterm . 379

ALS Z-card 269

Percom Doubter II 167

Bit 3 Full View SO (AT800) 299Bit 3 32K Memory (AT400/800) . .159BYAO DS-1 (64K. Z80. CPM

lor IBM PC) 599

Dalamac 64KUBM PC) 399

Videx Micromodem Chip 25

Xedex Baby Blue (IBM PC) 495

Ouadram Deluxe Board (IBM PCI 445

Quadram 128KRam (IBM PC) 495

Microlazer BK Printer Butler 135

Versacard 160

Bit 3 Dual Comm-plus (Apple II) 20916K RAM WIZARD - 16 (APPLE III (Special|79

Echo II Speech Synthesizer 159

Symlec Light Pen (IBM PC) 140

Symtec Light Pen (APII/III) 200

Computers

Cammodore/Atari/NEC/XeroxCall for Price Information

«*

S795298

Monitors

Amdek Video 300Amdek RGB ColorNEC 12" Hires GreenSanyo 12" Hires GreenTECOTM-12 GX GreenTECORGB 13"USIHi-RLS12"AmbLrZenith ZVM 12" Green

Modems

Novation Apple-Cat IIHayes SmartmodemHayes Smart Modem 1200Micromodem IIChronograph

Printers

Anadex 9500 Series

Epson

C.itoh Starwriter

C.itoh Prowriter

Diablo 630

NEC 3530

NEC8023A .. . .Okidata Microline II2AOkidata Microline 83APrism 80 (w/ 4 options) Inc.Prism 132 (w/ 4 options)Smith-Corona TP-1

Disk Drives

RANA ELITE 1 (AP. II)Rana Controller (Ap.Micro Sci A35(Ap.Micro Sci A40 (ApMicro Sci A70 .Micro Sci Controller (Ap. II)TandonTM-100-1iTAN00NTM-100-2

And Many More

S160699159199147525199115

S299225599

319. 199

S1.580

SCall

. 1450

599

2.200

1.B90

525

. 460

685

1,399

1,547

.675

II).

II)

(Special) S339

110

399

385

540

90

... 215

(Special)275

ORDER TOLL FREE - Outside Wl - 1-800-826-1589

Please: • Wisconsin residents - add 5% sales tax

• Add $3.50 for shipping per software and smallitems. Call regarding others.

• Foreign - add 15% handling & shipping forsmall items & software.

We welcome: • Visa, Mastercharge - (Add 4%)

• Checks (Allow 1-2 weeks for clearing)

• COD (Add $1.50 per shipment)For technical information & in Wisconsin: 715-848-2322

Store prices differ from mail order.

Oryx Software • 205ScottSt. • P.O. Box 1961 • Wausau, Wl 54401

^▼1

Circle 340 on Inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982

307

Circle 303 on inquiry card.

A Public Service of This Magazine

4 The Advertising Council fp\i

Wouldyou

helpthis kid?

When the dam broke at Buffalo Creek, WestVirginia, a lot of people weren't as lucky asthis little guy.

Jamie and the rest of the Moslcy familymade it up the hill just in the nick of time.Seconds later, a wall of water swept all theirearthly possessions away.

Here you see Jamie in the Red Crossshelter, thinking it all over.

One look at that face, and we're awfullyglad we were there to help.

Every year, you know, Red Crosstouches the lives of millions upon millionsof Americans. Rich. Poor. Average. Black.White. Christian and Jew. With support.With comfort. With a helping hand whenthey need it.

Sowhenyouopen your heart,with yourtime or your money, you can be certain it'sin the right place.

Red Crossis countingon you.

Listing 1 continued:

444446448450452454456458500

5105125145 16517518519

524

527

528530

534

540546

560562564566570

574576578

600602603604606608610612614616618

630

640642644646648650654656

66266466-6668670672674676678680

684686

699700799

31=GS< 1)

,'f (. i) sen f.

i >

i,i>

2ft-

:60

KM

■ 11

1

gosubi260

DN=GS»TJ/3600

CN=TK:L1=LS< IXC

GOSUB2Q00

LSU >=L2:GS< 1 >=G2

IFF(0) = 10ClTi:il458

LL(1)=L2:GL(11=02

GOTO1426

REM:V0R ROUTINE

IFVOI1 >=0Q0TQ1540

F0RJ=0T015: IFVLK .1 )^

NEXTSG0T01540

LC=VP(J,0) :GC-VP(..

LB=1.2:GB=G2

AR=VG(J,0>iLL=VGU

L0=360-LL

GOSUB1200

IFDR>300GOT01S40

1FCR=. 3601 HI: N( R=

G0T01S78

V0*< 1 >="f-ROM"

V0(5)=CR-V0(a)=I

VG(5)=V0(5)-360:GOTO1524,

IFVO ( 5) <-1 80THEMV0 < 5 > =V0 ( 5 ) I- ■

IFABS(VO(5) ) >901HEM I 1=WG(3)!

IFVO*<l)="FR0M"THENI=-1ELSEI

IFI = lTHENV(i(3) = I I

VG(2)=40+I*INT(V0(5)):V0(4)=DR

IFVG < 2 ) O5THENV0 ( 2 ) =34

IFVO(2)>45THENV0(2)=46

G0T01560

VO* ( 1 ) = " TO " : VO < 3) =VG ( 3) +180: I FVG < 3) =>360THENV0 ( 3) =V0 (3) -360

GGTG1519

VO* <1> = "OUT ":VO(4)=999.9:F(3)=0:RET URN

IFDR>12GRDRC1OTHENMK=0:GOTO1S18

IFAI_:; 4000THENMI; =0: GOTO 1518

IFF( 1 > = 1THEN.J=9ELSE.J=2.5

IFCR>AR+,JGRCR<AR-.JTHENMK=0:G0Ti:il51.8

F(l)=l:MK=l:GGT01518

PRINTCHR«<25+MK)

PRINTS!18,21),"

PRINTCHR*(25)

IF MK=OTHENF(1)=0:RETURN

IFCOLL+1 ORCCXLL-1 IHENRETURN

IFRA OOTHENRE TURN

F(l)=0:F<2)=1

G0T01540

IFF(3) = 11HENVO(3)=CR: K 3)=0

GOTO1546

REM:ILS ROUTINE

ZN=AL:TH=2.82471:MK=l

DW=1.69*RW*TJ:IFF(7)=1THENDW=0

IFF < 7) = 1THENCC=LL:RA=0

CJ=CC

IFCJ> 180THENCJ=3c.0-C: J: CJ=-1 *Cvl

HA=L0+CJ

DC=360-HA:TS=1:IFHA<1BOTHENDC=HA:TS=-1

IFDC<OTHENDC=-1*DC:TS=-1*TS

TL*="W": IFTS=1THENTL»-"E"

DD=1 . 69*AS*T._I

DY=DD*SIN( DC/KR ) : DX«=0D*COS ( DC/KR )

XN=XO-DX: IFTL*="E,,THENDY=-1 *DY

YN=YO+DY+DW

LM=KR*ATN(AL/XN>

BE=KR«ATN(ABS < YN)/ABS(XN)): J FBE>2.5THENMK=0

■J= (1.M-TH I/O. 25: J=F I X ( J )

IFJ>3THENJ=3

IF._K-3THEN.J=-3

BE=BE/0. 251 BE=F I X ( BE )

IFBE<-7THENBE=-7

IFBE>7TH£NBE=7

IFYN=>OIHENBE=-t*BE

IFMK=0G0TO1648

I FXN>34960ANDXN< 38000GO 10 1648

IFXN>2534ANDXN :'5574Gl 11 CI1648

MK=G

GX(1>=BE:GY<1>=.J

G0SUB2100

PRINTCHR*(2S+M«)

PRINTS*18,21 I,"

PRINTCHR*<25>

XO=XN:YO=YN

IFF8=1GG1U16//-.

IFXNI. 1200ui_.uru.l676

FS= 1

FQRI=0TQ3

PRINTS*13+1,49)>RS*( 1)

NEXT I

IFF8=0G0T01699

PRINTS(17.XQ.," "

YU=FIX< YN/16.7):XC=64+YU

IFX<X49THENX0=49

IFX»79THENXC=79

PRINTS*17,XC>,CHR*(159)

XG=XC

GOTO1031

GOTO1799

00T0224

Listing 1 continued on page 310

308 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

?^mssgm^

M^$S»

t^mmmmmm:

^wp^

-afiwaggs*!^-"

-ass*

$J£P

»®fer

^

OMW&Z

...---" #^#- ._----' "" ....--" „.--" -' ...,--- ...

...,.--Sponsofetf'by.Digital Research ,.lne-."'" ,...-

"" .^ """ ...---Friday-8trfiday-—" .,.--""" ^

-"" ...---"" ..Jantrary.#-23;'t983 ^...-^"'--""' _....Wo's'co.neee"ntef.,-S'a'nFranefs'ra ,...--"""...---"'" ...ShoVvHoursr'Ti am4o1fpiTj.dai1y'''_,...---'''^..--"'Sermnafs (f££thefrad£)-9"a"m tj^tta'm ....--' ,..User'Cqrifer-erfc''es,&..Wo'rksheps''i1 am-to'5'prn,.-

" _....---'" .....--for ir)term'ati_o.n-orr'exhibiting",' caMrWrrte----

..."-""' ....--"'" .,.---"" North'east£xpd's'itions-,'Th'c. ..-

-824 jloyrstbnStreet,'ChestnutHiJirMass.aGhusetts.D2t67' ..

-""^....--""'"1..--"""..,.- ""tej£ph0ne:.&17--73'9:20GOr^

Circle 319 on Inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982

309

Circle 174 on inquiry card.

ELCQMP

Dealers welcome!

BOOKSand SOFTWARE

For ATARI--PET-OSI-APPLE |1-6502-VlC-20-Sinclair-Tin

ATARI ATARI ATARI ATARI

ATARI BASIC - Learning byUsing

This new book is an "Action"-Book. You do more than read it.Learn the Intricacy of ATARI-BASIC thorugh the short programswhich are provided. Thesuggestions challenge you tochange and write programroutines. Yes, it's exciting —Many of the programs areappropriate (or beginners as wellas experienced computer users.(Screen Drawings, Special Sounds,Keys, Paddles + Joysticks.Specialized Screen Routines,Graphics and Sound. Peeks andPokes and special stuff).Order-No. 164 £9.95

ATARI Learning by Using —Book + cassette or diskThis package includes the bookNo. 164 plus a cassette or disk{please specify) containing avariety of the programs whichare listei in the book.Order No.: 7220 639.95

Games for the ATARI-ComputerHow to program your own gameson the ATARI. Complete listingsin BASIC and Machine Languageof exciting games. Tricks andhints.

Order-No. 162 8 7.95

GAME PACKAGE for the ATARIBook + cassette or diskIncludes the book No. 162 pluscassette or disk (please specify)containing a variety of the pro-grams listed in the book.Order No. 7221 £39.95

ATMONA-1

Machine Language Monitor forthe ATARI 400/800.This powerful monitor providesyou with the firmware supportthat you need to get the mostout of your powerful system.ATMONA-1 comes on a bootablecassette. No cartridges required.Disassemble, Memory Dump HEX+ ASCII, (Change MemoryLocations, Blocktransfer, fillmemory block, save and loadmachine language programs, startmach. Lang. Progr. (Printer

ELCOMP FORTH - EnhancedFIG-FORTH on disk only.Order No. 7055 S39.95

How to connect your EPSON-Printer tD the ATARI 400/800.Construction article with printed

circuit board and software.(Screenprlnt and variable charac-ters per line).Order-No. 72W S19.95

optic

9f).

OS^OS^OS^OS^OSl

TheFiri^ool^jfOniC^ciervtiTiCIntroduction to OSI computers.Diagrams, hardware and software

information not previouslyavailable in one compact source.192 pages.Order-No. 157 $7.95

The Second Book of OHIOOrder-No. 158 S7.95

The Third Book of OHIO

Order No. 159 67.95

The Fourth Book of OHIOOrder-No. 160 89.95

VIP Package - Above book plusa cassette with the programs.Order-No. 16QA S19.95

The Fifth Book of OHIOOrder-No. 161 S7.95

Invoice Writing Program for OSI-

C1PMF, CAP. Disk and Cassette,

8K RAM.

Order-No. 8234 S29.80

Mailing List for C1PMF orC4PMF 24K RAM250 addresses incl. phone numberand parameters on one 5 1/4 disk)Order-No. 8240 629.B0

8K Microsoft BASIC Ref. Man.Ordar-No. 151 S9.95

Expansion Handbook for 6502

and 6802

Order-No. 162 S9.95

Microcomputer Appl. NotesOrder-No. 153 89.95

Complex Sound Generation

New revised applications manualfor the Texas Instruments SN76477 Complex Sound Genera-

Order-No. 154

66.95

Small Business Programs

Complete listings for the businessuser. Inventory, Invoice Writing,Mailing List and much more.Introduction to Business Appli-cations.

Order-No. 156 614.90

Microcomputer Hardware Hand-book (845 pages)

Descriptions, pinouts and specifi-cations of the most popularmicroprocessor and support chips.A MUST for the hardware buff.Order-No. 29 614.95

Comes with introductionaryarticle on how to program theATARI computer in machinelanguage. (Available also in ROM)Order-No. 7022 619.95

ATMONA-2 Superstepper

A very powerful Tracer to explore

the ATARI ROM/RAM area. Stopat previously selected addross.Opcode or operand (cassetie).Order-No. 7049 649.95

EDITOR/ASSEMBLER forATARI 800, 32K or 48K RAMExtremely fast and powerfulEditor/Assembler. (8K Source-code in about 5 seconds) IncludesATMONA-1.

Order-No. 7098 649.95

MACRO-Assemblerfor ATARI B00.48K RAMPlease specify your system: RAM,disc or cassette.

Order-No. 7099 689.00

Add 639.00 for cartnage versionGunfight - For ATAMI 400/80016K RAM, needs two joysticks,animation and sound. (8K machinelanguage).Order-No. 7207 819.95

Birth control with the ATARI(Knaus Ogino) Cass, or diskOrder No. 7222 829.95

Astrology and Biorhythm forATARI (can. or disk IOrder No. 7223 829.95

EPROM Cartridge KIT for ATARI

Cartridge (bare board) with in-structions (holds two 16K or two32K EPROMs (2716,2532,2732)Order No. 7224 619,96

Order No. 7043 complete 829.96

Invoice Writing for small

business with ATARI 400/80016K RAM.

Order-No. 7022, cats. 829.85Order-No. 7200, disc. 639.99

Mailing-List No. 7213 824.95Inventory Contr.No.7215 824.96

NEW I ATEXT-1

This new wordprocessor inmachine language (8K) for allATARI 400/800 computers offersthe best price performance ever.23 editor control commands,17 formatting commands, dyna-mic formatting. Vertical andhorizontal scrolling (up to 255char, per line) Include commandon disk I

Order No. 7210 cassette 829.95Order No. 7211 disk 839.95Order No. 7212 cartridge 879.00

Learn FORTH for the ATARI

400/800, cassette or disk

Order No. 7053 619.95

ELCOMP Publishing, file., 53 Redrock LanePomona, CA 91766, Phone: (714) 623 8314Payment: Check, Money Order, VISA, Mastercharge, Eurocheck.POSTPAID on PREPAID in USA. 8 5.00 handling fee for C.O.D.All orders outsido USA: Add 15% shipping. CA add 6.5% sales tax,ATARI is a registered trademark of ATARI Inc. APPLE is a registeredtrademark of APPLE Inc. PET+VIC-20 is a trademark of Commodore.

Care and Feeding of theCommodore PETEight chapters exploring PEThardware. Includes repair andinterfacing information, Pro-gramming tricks and schematics.Order-No. 150 89.95

Prototype-Expansion Board forVIC-20 (S-44-Bus).Order-No. 4844 81B.95

Wordprocessor f.VIC-20,8K RAMOrder No. 4870 619.95

Mailing List for VIC-20,16kRAMOrder No. 4883 814.95

Tricks for VICs - The VlChoryPrograms, hints and expansioninformation for VC-20Order No. 141 89.95

TIC TAC VIC

Order No. 4880 69.96

GAMEPACK I (3 Games)Order No. 4B81 614.95

Dual Joystick InstructionOrder No. 4885 89.95

INPUT/OUTPUT Programmingwith your VICOrder No. 4886 69.95

16K RAM/ROM board for S44-

bui. Any combination of RAM

and ROM on one board.

(SY2128or27l6)

Ordnr-N0. 613 639.95

Low cost expanison boards for

your APPLE II. Bare board comes

with extensive description and

software.

6522 VIA-I/O Exp.

Ordar-No. 605 639.00

2716 EPROM-Burner

Order-No. 607 849,00

BKEPROM/RAMCard

Order-No. 609 628.00

Software for SINCLAIR ZX-81

and TIMEX 1000

Machine Language Monitor

Order No. 2399 89.95

Mailing Lilt

Order No, 2398 819.95

Programming in BASIC and

machine language with the

ZX-8H82) or TIMEX 1000.

Order No. 140 (book) 89.95

Listing 1 continued:

1S00 REM«REVERSE THRUST APPLIED

1302 IFF(4>*1G0T01S06

1S04 V0=AS*1.152*1.47:F(4)=1

1806 V*V0-(3.23636)*TJ

1808 IFV<-0THENV=0

1810 V0=V

1812 A3=V/(1.152*1.47)

1814 RETURN

2000 REM:COMPUTES NEW POSITION

2004 IF CN=0THENCA=O:LB(5)=l:LB(6)=l:G0T02O14

2006 IFCN>0ANDCN<-9OTHENCA=CN:LB<5)=l:LB(6):=l:GOT02014

2008 IFCN>90ANDCN<= 180THENCA= 180-CN: LB C 5 ) =-1 = LB ( 6 ) = 1: G0T02014

2010 IFCN>180ANDdN<=27©THENCA»CN-180:LB<5)=-1:LB< 6)=-1:O0TQ2O14

2012 CA=360-CN: LB ( 5 ) = 1: LB ( 6 ) =-1

2014 IFCA>89.5G0T02O34

2016 DL»DN*C0S(CA/KR):DL=DL/60:LB(3)=LB < 5)

2018 IFLB(3)=1THENL2=L1+DL:8QT02024

2020 L2=ABS(L1-DL)

2024 LA=L1:G0SUB2400

2026 Ml-MP

2028 LA=L2:G0SUB2400

2030 M2=MP

2032 DM=ABS(Ml-M2):DG»DM*TAN(CA/KR):GOTO2036

2034 L2=L 1: DG«=0N/COS (L1 /KR )

2036 DG=DG760:LB(4)=LB(6)

2038 IFLB(4)=-1G0T02046

2040 G2=ABS(G1-DG)

2044 GOT02050

2046 G2-G1+DG

2050 CP(4>=FIX(L2>:CF<5)=(L2-CP<4)>#60

2052 CP (6) =F I X (G2.): CP < 7) = (G2-CP (6) ) #60

2054 RETURN

2100 REM:PL0T GLIDESLOPE CROSSHAIRS

2101 IFXQO750THENRETURN

2102 X0=8+GX(0): X1=8+GX<1 ): Y0=J B+GY < 0 ) I Yl^lS+GYc" 1 )

2103 FRINTCHR*(25)

2104 FGRY=15T021 »PRINT®(Y, X0> , " ":NEXT2106 PRINTS(YO,I),STRING*(15,32)

2108 F0RY=15TG21iFRINT@(Y,XI),CHR*(149)BNEXT

2110 PRINT@(Y1,1),STRING*(15,151)

2112 PRI NT@(Y1,X1),CHR*(143)

2114 PRINT@(13i8), "0"

2116 GX(0)=GX<1):GY(0)=GY(1)

2118 RETURN

2400 REM:COMPUTES MERIDIONAL PARTS,MP

2404 KM(0)=7915.704468

2406 KM<1)=23. 268932

2403 KM(2)=0.0525

2410 KM(3)=0.000213

2414 IFLA=0THENLA=0+l/6O

2416 IFLA>(89+59/60)THENLA=89+59/60

2418 S1=SIN(LA/KR>

2420 S2=S1#S1:S3=S1#S2

2422 TM(0)=TAN<(4S+LA/2)/KR)

2424 TM(0)=KM(0)#L0G(TM(0))/LOG(10)

2426 TM(1)=KM<1>#S1

2428 TM(2)=KM(2)*S3

2430 TM(3)«KM(3)#S2#S3

2432 MP=TM(0)-TM< I >~TW2)-TM<3)

2436 RETURN

3000 REM:ABORT ROUTINES

3002 M*(l)=" A CRASH HAS OCCURRED "

3004 M*(2)="Y0U ACCIDENTLY STALLED THE AIRCRAFT DURING FINAL APPROACH."3006 M*(3)="THE STALL OCCURRED AT AN ALTITUDE OF"

3003 M$(4)="THE AIRCRAFT STRUCK THE GROUND IN A NOSE-HIGH ATTITUDE."3010 M*(5)="THE IMPACT RUPTURED THE TAIL SECTION OF THE FUSELAGE."

3012 M*(6) = " LOCATION OF CRASH "

3013 M*(7) = " LANDING POSITION "

3016 M*<8)=" PITCH ANGLE*"

3018 M*(9)=" AIRSPEED""

3020 M*(10)="Y0LI FLARED AT TOO HIGH AN ALTITUDE DURING FINAL APPROACH."

3022 M$(11)="THE RESULTING STALL OCCURRED AT AN ALTITUDE OF"

3024 M*(12)="THE IMPACT RUPTURED THE "

3026 M*(13)="Y0U FORGOT TO LOWER THE LANDING GEAR."

3028 M$(14)-"Y0U FAILED TO TOUCH DOWN INSIDE THE RUNWAY."

3030 M*(15) = " AN IMPROPER LANDING WAS MADE "

3032 M*(16)="N0 DAMAGE OR INJURIES OCCURRED."

3033 RL=0:IFTX>0THENRL=1

3034 RW=0:IFABS<TY)>10OTHENRW=l

3040 N*(2)="FEET INSIDE OF RUNWAY"

3041 IFTX=>0THENN*(2)="FEET SHORT OF RUNWAY"

3042 N*(3)="FEET TO LEFT OF RUNWAY CENTERLINE"

3043 IFTY=.X>THENN*(3)="FEET TO RIGHT OF RUNWAY CENTERLINE"

3044 RX=FIX(TX):RX=ABS(RX)

3045 RY=FIX(TY)*RY*ABS<RY)3050 IF AF=0 GOTO 3600

3055 AX= I NT ( AX ) : FA= INT (FA > I AS= INT ( AS)

3060 0NAFG0T03100,3150,3200,3250,3300,3350,3400,3450,3500,3550

310 0 0 0 S 1.1 B 3 7 0 0

3101 YP=4: XP=55: F*="#tt, **##" : V1=AL : G0SUB9000

3102 PR I NT<5 ( 15, 0 ) . M* ( 1 )

3104 PRINT"Y0U FLEW INTO THE GROUND."

3106 PRINT"THE INSTRUMENT READINGS AT TIME OF CRASH ARE AS SHOWN ABOVE."

3108 END

3150 CLS

3152 PRINT M$(1)

3154 PRINT M*(2) ,

Listing 1 continued on page 314

310 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Performance Breakthrough

... the CYBERDRIVE for the IBM Personal Computer

13.5 or 27 million bytes of disk capacity in a single cabinet withan integrated mini-cartridge tape for secure data backup.

Setting an exciting new microcomputer standard, theCYBERDRIVE1 combines a full package of features.

It offers new, higher performance levels, with an inte-grated business-oriented backup device.

As the CYBERDRIVE is made available for other systems,media transfer is assured regardless of the host hardware orOperating §ystem.

The CYBERDRIVE slashes the seek time dramatic-ally—e.g. the usual 5 Megabyte stepper-motor Winchesterdisk offers average seek time typically in the range of 100 to200 millisecondsTincl. head settling).

With the CYBERDRIVE, the average seek time acrossmore than five times as much data is only 33 milliseconds(incl. head settling).

This basic speed, coupled with disk cache buffering anda peak transfer rate of 1 million bytes per second, make theCYBERDRIVE a performance champ!

The integrated mini-cartridge tapes used for backup ofdata allow dumping of (for example) 10 million bytes of datain about 10 minutes... much faster than other tape or floppydisk backup techniques. Hardware read-after-write errorchecking is incorporated in the tape device.

O Copyright 1982 by Cybernetic! Inc. All right rPrices and specifications subject to change without notice.

m is^ei£

... And don't fail to ask about our superb lineup of seriousbusiness software (also offered in CYBERDRIVE format)including:

RM/COBOL3 compiler-the micro industry standard.MBSI3 RM/COBOL general business applications (derived

from MCBA" minicomputer packages)... thousands

in use...money back guarantee...source program

license.CRT!' from Cybernetics (COBOL Reprogramming Tool!)-

Program generator for RM/COBOL to ease pro-gram development and maintenance ... an

alternative to a Data Base System.CBASIC25 & CBASIC865 compilers... for aficionados of a

useful BASIC.

The software is available on a variety of industry-standardOperating Systems including CP/M5-MP/M6 (both -60 & -86),OASIS6, PCDOS, and UNIX7. Inquire for specific details andprices.

Trademarks ot:

1 Cybernetics. Inc 2 RyaivMcFanand CofP 3 MicfO Business SoMwaie inca Minicomputer Business Applications. Inc 5 Ogilal Heaeefch Inc 6 Pnase One Systems Inc ' Be" Lanoralorie!

8041 NEWMAN AVE., SUITE 208

HUNTINGTON BEACH, CA 92647

714/848-1922

How to

You're not alone, you know.

We've all been through that same excru-ciating moment when we realized that we weregoing to have to learn a lot more than we wantedto know about programming, in self-defense.

But most of us survived.

Many of us with a little bit of help calleddBASE II, the relational database managementsystem (DBMS) for micros.

The best defense is a strong offense.

Don't get seduced by BASIC, becausebasically BASIC is weak. And to make it doanything useful can take 10 times as muchprogramming (and time) as with dBASE II.

dBASE II is much easier because it's arelational DBMS, and you control your informa-tion with powerful, English-like commands.

With a word or two, you CREATE data-bases, APPEND new data, UPDATE, MODIFYand REPLACE fields, records and entire data-bases. DISPLAY some or all of your data forany conditions you want to apply. Organizemonths worth of data in minutes with REPORT.

You can prepare your forms and formatsprecisely the way you want them. Do calcula-tions on fields, records and entire databaseswith 10-place accuracy.

And do even more with dozens of othercommands.

Here's the catch.

With any language, you'll need to under-stand relational operators ("less than" "greaterthan;' "equals") and a bit of logic ("ar? "and!' "not")

With dBASE II, you'll also get an easyway to make choices (IF..THEN..ELSE) and apowerful way to perform repetitive tasks(DO WHILE..).

312 BYTE November 1982

With these tools, you're ready to tackleyour accounting and time billing, project man-agement, and any other data handling and recordkeeping. You can work interactively and get youranswers right now. Or save your instructions andrepeat everything with two words: DO Man-hours, DO ProjectX, DO whatever has to be done.

Use dBASE II to help make your choice.

If you've got a 48k CP/M micro with adisk drive (96k IBM PC), send us $700 ($400for a 56k Apple). We'll send you a copy ofdBASE II to use free for 30 days.

the best ofit micro.

go

Instead of just poring over a manual, runit and make certain that dBASE II does what youneed done.

Then if you find it isn't right for you,send it back and we'll return your money noquestions asked.

But we know that you'll probably keep it.

Because having dBASE II is like havinga black belt in micros.

Call (213) 204-5570 today or drop by yourlocal computer store for the rest of the story.

Ashton-Tate, 9929 Jefferson Blvd., CulverCity, CA 90230.

Circle 36 on inquiry card.

Ashton-Tate

©1982 Ashton-Tate

CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research

BYTE November 1982

313

427 on inquiry card.

EXERCISE

YOURHEART.

How can you tell if your exerciseprogram is doing your heart any good?One way is to monitor your pulse rate.The Genesis exercise computerreads your pulse rateaccurately duringexercise. It automatic-ally warns you (withan audible beep) ifyour pulse rate isover or under yourmaximum or mini-mum "training zone'.'Once you've finished, Genesistells you how many minutes you exer-cised at the right pulse rate.

Strap Genesis on your wrist,program it easily with your maximum,minimum, and resting pulse rates, andgo. Only Genesis uses a patentedcrystal which picks up the actual soundwaves of your pulse.

A medically designed micro-processor chip makes it smarter thanother exercise meters.

Try Genesis for 30 days. Ifyou're not absolutely satisfied, returnit for a full refund. Send us your checkfor $159.95, plus $2.50 for postageand handling. Sunshine Express,4357 Chase Avenue, Los Angeles,CA 90066.

VISA, MASTERCARD HOLDERS:ORDER TOIL FREE (800) 423-6383IN CALIFORNIA (800)352-6207

1SUNSHINE

Listing 1 continued:

3156

316031623164316632003202

3206

3210

321432163250

32543256325S326032623264

330433063303331033123314331633 IS

33543356

3360336233643400340234043406340S3410345034523454345634583460346234643500

3512351335143516

3554355636-i!iO36023604360636103612361336 1 4361 536 1 636 1 736133620370037023704370637033S003:3023304

PRINT M*(3> iAX; 'PRINT M*(4!PRINT M*<5>Nt<1)=M*(6>

SUB

•:''Jf-'

END

GLS

PRINT M-6< 1 )

PRINT"VOU FL.EU

PRINT"AT TIME 0

PRINT M$(8);FA;

PRINT M*<v)iAS

Nt(1>=M$<6>

GOSUB3800

END

CLS

PRINT M*< 1 >

PRINT M$<10)

INTO THE GROUND DURING FINAL APPROACH."

F CRASH, THE AIRCRAFT PROFILE WAS AS FOLLOWS

"DEGREES"

PRINT M*<11>;PRINT M*< 12H

AX;"FEET."

"FUSELAGE."N*(1>=M*<6>GOSUB 3800ENDCLSIF WH=10THEN PRINT M* ( 1 >

IF WH=12THEN PRINT"

PRINT M*(10)PRINT MS<11)5AX;"FEET."IF WH=10THEN PRINT M*<13)IF WH=10THEN PRINT M*(12)+"FUSELAGE."IF WH=12THEN PRINT'THE IMPACT DAMAGED THE LANDINtPASSENGERS HAVE BEEN

A MINOR CRASH HAS OCCURRED —

iEAR. "AFELY EVACUATED.'

IF WH=12THEN PRINT"ALL

N* < 1 )=M$(6)

GOSUB 3800

END

CLS

PRINT M*(l)

PRINT M*(13)

PRI NT"THE AIRCRAFT LANDED ON ITS BELLY, CAUSING MODERATE

PRINT"ALL PASSENGERS HAVE BEEN SAFELY EVACUATED."

N$<1)=M*(6)

GOSUB 3800

END

CLS

PRINT M$(15)

PRINT M*<14)

N* <1)=M$(7)

GOSUB 3800

END

CLS

PRINT M*(15)

PRINT'YClU FAILED TO EXECUTE A FLARE PRIOR TO TOUCHING DO

PR INT"THIS IS A VIOLATION OF COMPANY PROCEDURES."

PRINT M*(16)

N*<1)=M*<7)

GOSUB 3800

END

CLS

PRINT M*(15)

PRINT'YOU ROLLED OFF THE RUNWAY AFTER TOUCHING DOWN."

PRINT M*(16)

N*(1)=M*(7)

GOSUB 3800

PRINT

IFXN;:-'?750THENPRINT"Y0U ROLLED PAST FAR END OF RUNWAY"

100THENPRINT"YOU ROLLED THRU RUNWAY SIDE BORDERS

IGNAL ISCEDLIRES. '

ACKNOWLEDGED

IFABS(YN):

END

CLS

PRINT" YOUR MISSED APPROACH :

PRINT"YO'U HAVE FOLLOWED PROPER PR!

END

CLS

PRINT" YOU HAVE

PRINT"ALL PROCEDURES

NS(1)=M*(7)

PRINT"CONGRATULATIONS ON A SUCCESSFUL FLIGHT."

GOSUB 3800

PRINT

XN«A8S(XN):JN=F1X< XN+750)

YN=ABS(YN):YN=FI X(YN)

PRINT"YOUR AIRCRAFT CAME TO REST AT THE FOLLOWING POSITION!'" ;.JN;"FEET INSIDE THE RUNWAY"";YNS"FEET FROM RUNWAY CENTERLINE"

SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED THE FLICWERE PROPERLY EXECUTED."

PRINT"

PR INI"

END

REM:SUBROUTINE TO

FOR I=9T02 3

PRINie<1,0),SPG(79

Nh x r i

RETURN

REM:l.ANDING STATIC

PRINT

PRINT SPACE*<24) iN

PRINT

I PRI. -OTHENPRINT RXSN*<2)

IFRI =1THENPRINTCHR*< 26) ;RX!N*C

PRINT

IFRW=OTHENPRINT RY:N*(3)

IKRW=1 THENPRINTCHR* ( 26 ) 5RYS Nt, <:

l.EAR LOWER PARI

( 1 )

(©Copyright 1981 Sunshine Express314 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Listing 1 continued on page 316

bkiW.UJ.mAM.JW.iJ.VJJIH.^niij.g!

MICRO

BUSINESS WORLD INC.Information Line (213) 996-2252TOLL FREE MAIL ORDER LINES

(800| 423-5886 ouis.de Cam

!B^4«-eM:iJI4AHMl!IJMJrJ:y^l.'.Hl'l|J.M.i:Jilgl:f.l-M

LE MONITOR

9- QRN PHS

MSL 189.00

OUR PRICE

88.00S<Uti$101.00

12- QRN PHS

MSL 189 00

OUR PRICE

119.005*ft METAL

S70.00 CABINET

SPECIAL OF THE MONTH GRAPHICS '

Ifldd o Genie in Vour Computer Intelligent Printer

Interface Cord mHfl nMR ppipp

WorksWIth MM 3 UUH rHIUt

Integer Basic tfcysjfj 5J| $119.00

Applesoft* Uei icq nnPascal 1.0 4 1.1 ■ ™"*'

Of

FTAII ■

CP/M'

'Applesoft Is a registered Trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

^*CP/M Is a registered trademark of Digital Research.

m

MICR0-SCI

APPLE II+C0MPATIBLEDRIVE

HI CONTROLLER W/0 CONTROLLER

MSL OlfflPttal hsi. ourtKt.549.00^ 429.00 449.00 378J8

$*»* COMPARE TO I 5<W** COMPARE TO

216.00 *PPLE DRIVE i 146.00 APPLE DRIVE

APPLE IS A REG TRADE MARK OF APPLE COMPUTER

OSBORNE

PERSONAL COMPUTER

INCLUDESSOFTWARE

•CPM 'MAIL MERGE

• WORDSTAR • CB BASIC

• SUPERCALC • M BASIC

u<i. OUR PRICE $***•11795 00 1595.00 ■*■*

tf8».<

ACCESSORIES MSL

Prometheus Versacard $ 295.00

CPS Mull; Function Card 235 00

Vide* Video Term 80 Column Card 349.00Vide* Keyboard Enhancer lorigl 99.00Vide* Keyboard Enhancer IIZ SO Sollcard by Microsoft]6K Ramcard by MicrosoftThunderclock/Calendar CardSmartmodem 80 Column CardCorvus Winchester 5MB DiskCorvus Winchester 10MB Disk 4995.00Corvus Winchester 20MB Disk 5995.00ALF 3 Voice Music CardM.F 9 Voice Music CardJoysticks By Keyboard Co2 3 Key Numeric Keypad byMusic System (16 voices) MntnA/D+D/A Interface by Mountain 349.00Expansion Chassis 18 slots) 449 00C Lock/Calendar Card by Mountn 280.00Supertalker SO 200 by Mountain 195.00Romplus + Card 175.00

Roiwiter Card 195 00

Ramplus32KRamAdd-On(w/16k| 195.00SupRFan 65.00

Sup-R-Tetmrnal 80 Column Card 395.00Versawnter Digitizer Tablet 349.00

A Sychronous Serial Card by CCS 175 00Centronics Parallel Card by CCS 135.00Grappler Printer Interfaces 175.00

SVA 2+2 S|l. Den 8" Disk ContSVA 2VX4 Megabyter 8" Disk ContApple Cache 256K By SVAIEEE488 Interlace by SSM 495 00

149.00395.00195.00149.00349.003195.00

249.00195.0065.00149.00395.00

Our

Price

S 209.00

105.00

23M»

74.M

II'.H)

277.pt

>«!.■

KB.B

277. OD

2900. OD

425*. m

Sinn

177.M145 »

MOO112.002S8.00267.00365.00219.00145.00119.00137.03137.00

45.00258.00245.00135.00109.00135.00

APPLESOFTWARE

Visicalc Apple Dos 3 3

Visider

Visiplol

Visiterm

Visitrend

Visilile

Desktop Plan II

Desktop Plan III

Visipack

MSL Price

5 250 00 i 180.00

25000 180.00

200 00125.00260.00250 00250.00200 0075000

150.0075 toU7.H

iH.n

1H.K

m«

SO 00

17331

PERSONAL-_-* COMPUTER

iwaA INCLUDES

2 Drives DS/D0Color Graphic Board64K Memory

12" BMCGRN PHS

OUR PRICE 544*MSL $2895.00 410.00

3305.00 -subject to availability

NEC

STUDENT

SYSTEM

64K

•NEC PC 80001

•NEC PC 8012

•NEC PC 8031

12" Grn. Phs. Video Monitor

MSL OUR PRICED***2839.00 $2095.00 744.00

IBM —

PERSONAL —jrW-COMPUTER

EI

PERIPHERALS & SOFTWARE

OurMSL Price53195.00 52795.00

HARDWARE

CORVUS Hard Disk 5MB

Microsoft

64K Ram Card 399.00

128K Ram Card 599 00

256K Ram Card 995.00

64K Ram chips 195.00

Quadram

Quad Ram 256K.4lunction brd 995 00

TG Products

Joystick 65.00

SOFTWARE

Automated Sim. Temple ol Apshai 35.00

Cavalier Championship Blackjacks 35 00

Continental Home Accountant Plus 149 00

Denver Easy (Exec Accounting Sys) 695.00

Inlocom Deadline 35.00

Innovative TIM [11(8 DIMS) 450.00

ISM Malhmagrc 75.00

Info Unlimited

Easy writer II 350.00

Phone Support ol Easywriter II 350.00

Easyspeller I88K words! 150.00

Easyliler (aOBMS) 400 00

Micro Pro Wordstar 495 00

Sorcim Superwriter 395 00

Super Calc 29500

Visicoip Visicalc 200.00

Visicalc/256K 250 00

Desktop Plan I 300 00

VrsiTrend/Plot 300.00

VisiDex 250.00

VisiFile 25000

VeisaWriler Graphics Tablet 299 00

Conquest 29 95

Frogger 34 95

The Tax Manager 250 00

Galaxy 25 00

Midway Campaign 21.00

Computer Slocks and Bonds 25.00

Voyager 25 00

Draw Poker 21 00

Lost Colony 21.95

369.00475.00777.00155.00

675.00

21.00

21.00109.00535.00

27 00355.00

65 00

2MM2W.M119 B0

2>9.0O229.00289.00210.00155.00189.00240 00240.00199.00199.00255.0024.0029.X199.0021.0017.9521.0021.0017.9523.95

BMC

12" Grn. Phs KQ 115 H)l12- Grn. PhsEOIlSHll12" Grn Phs 120 Hit12" Colour Composite Hi ResGrn Phs 12"NEC Grn Phs 12"Zenith 12"

List

219 00524900279 0043900275.0022500159 00

1(5.00

lis n

2MB31! H)C5.MI TIM11! 00

APPLE II

PLUS

48K

•Subject loavailability

MSL1530.00 $1095.00 4Jyo

^APPLE IS A REG. TRADEMARK OF APPLE COMPUTER,

RADIO SHACKTRS 80 MOD III

48KDRIVE

MSL OUR PRICES—

2495.00 $1733.00 762.00

rWH3% HEWLETT■VfiJ PACKARD

-1

HP-11C Slim-Line Advanced

135.00

119.00

HP-12C Slim-Line Financial

150.00

129.00

HP-41 CV New 2.2

Bytes Mem

325.00

250.00

HP 41-C Calculator

250 00

185.00

Card Reader For 41CV/C

215.00

162.00

Printer For 41CV/C

385.00

289.00

Optical Wand For 41 CVIC

125.00

97.00

Quad Ram Equals

4 Mem. Mods

95.00

81.00

Memory Modules For 41C

25.00

HP97 Programme Printer

750.00

595.00

HP 67 Programble

Calculator

375.00

2)5.00

HP 34C Programble

Scientific

150.00

117.00

HP 38C Programble

Bus R/E

150.00

117.00

HP32E Adv Scientific

55.00

44.00

HP37E Business Mgml

75.00

57.00-.

r

■"

MONITORS

NEC

Nee 12" Hi Res

210.00

165.00

Green Monitor

Nee 12" Composite

449.00

345.00

Color Monitor

SANYO

Sanyo 9" B & W

225.00

165.00

Sanyo 9" Green Monitor

225 00

169.00

Sanyo 12" B S W

275.00

185.00

Sanyo 12" Green

320.00

249.00

1 New Case Style)

Sanyo 13" Color Monitor

489.00

359.00

ZENITH

Zenith 12" Green Monitor

159.00

119.00

■■

A

THE APPLE COMPATIBLEALTERNATIVE

FRANKLINBUSINESSSYSTEM

Franklin Ace 1000 system • 64K •Disk Drive with controller card • 12"green phs. video monitor.Color optional $49.00

$1695.00

^ SAVE tlOOO COMPARED TO APPLE SYSTEM^

QcommodoreSTUDENTSYSTEM

4032 - 32K 40 COL CRT4940-DUAL DISK DRIVEMSL OUR PRICES—2590.0051978.00 612.00

l?

1 I

PRINTERSEPSON

Epson MX-80 T Type III

w/graphicsEpson MX-80F/T Type III

w/graphicsEpson MX 100 Type III

w/graphics

OKIDATA

Okidala 82A w/traclor 80 colOkidala 83A W/traclor 132 colOkidata 84A 132 col. serialOkidala 84A 132 col parallel

C. ITOH

C lloh F10 40 cps (parallel)C. Itoh F 10 40 cps (serial)C. lloh Prowriter (parallel)C Itoh Prowriter (serial)

74500 525.00995.00 669.00

64900 457.00

995 00 719.00

1495.00 1177.00

1395.00 1019.00

179500 1377.00

1439.00

695 00 519.00

749.00 565.00

DRIVES

5V.

FLOPPY DISK DRIVES

MSL

OurPrice

For the IBM Single-Sided 5295 00 5239.00

Personal Tan 48TP1don TM 10O1

For IBM/North- Dual-sided 395 00slat/Cromemco 48TP1TandonTM10O2

319.00

5'/." WINCHESTER DRIVES

Seagate ST 506 6.38Mb 1500 00 1179.00

Seagate ST 412 12 76Mb 1750 00 1275.00

Tandon TM 602 64Mb 1395 DO 1079.00

lTandonTM603 96Mh 150000 1179.00

WE RESERVE THE RIGHT TO CORRECT TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS.THIS AD SUPERCEDES ALL PREVIOUS ADS.

rrn/viicRo

20929 Ventura Blvd.Woodland Hills, Ca. 91364

Telex: 1B2B52Answer: MICKOTZNA

OUTSIDE CA CALL TOLL FREE 1 fflOOl -123 5836 IN CA 013) 996-2252

Name (Please print)

Address

Cily Stale Zip

Qly

Make

Model

Description

Price

Total

•California residents add B% sales tax' *Aoa 3% Shipping & Handling — Add3% surcharge for credit cards Orderscannot Be slipped unless accompaniedOy payment, Deluding shipping nanai-ing and tax where applicable

TOTAL ORDERS

TAX IF APPLICABLE' ^____^___

SHIPPINGS HANDLING**

TOTAL ENCLOSED S

Certified Check or M.O.Bank Wire Transfer

CREDIT CARD* _Exp Date_

Allow 2 weeks clearance (orpersonal check

VISA

MAXELL • DYSAN • EPSON • CCS • SHARP • CASIO • HP • VERBATIM • MEMOREX • SOROC • CORVUS • PERSONAL SOFTWARE • CCS

Circle 282 on Inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982

Circle 516 on inquiry card.

D H II TheBinourname means BUSINESS!

Call us for the BEST in BusinessSystems at the VERY BEST pricesAND service. Listed here are just afew examples of our product line.You can rely on us for up-to-datetechnical information. We are alwaysready to advise you of integratingcomputers, printers and software.

LIST. ..$2,495

ONLY$1,895

Unquestionably lowest-priced FULL-FEATURED Business Com-puter: 64 K memory (NOT 48 K or 32 K...). 80 char, by 24 linedisplay (No need to split your lines!). Graphics, numeric keypad. 2floppies w/350 K storage. CP/M and Microsoft BASIC included(reel Expandable to 10 MEG storage using Intertec's hard disk.

LIST. ..$5,995

ONLY$4,795

FINALLY AVAILABLE FOR IMMEDIATE DELIVERY! Would havebeen unbelievable just 1 year ago. Complete Business Computerwith 10 MEG HARD DISK built-in. at a price below many "personalcomputers" with floppies only!!! All the traditional TeleVideo fea-tures; superb quality, longterm reliability, brilliant display, out-standing finish and appearance. Detachable keyboard, 2 serialports, hard disk backup by 369 K floppy. CP/M included. Exten-sive business software supported by TeleVideo (below). Particu-larly attractive to the businessman: NATIONWIDE service on siteby TRW! And multiple 802 computers can be tied together to forma network with the TeleVideo 806/816. Also available: TeleVideoTS 802: LIST.. $3,495, ONLY,, $2,645

WE SHIP ALL TELEVIDEO COMPUTERS FROM STOCK. At yourrequest your computer will be "burned" for 24 hours prior toshipping to ensure immediate operation once received by you'"

Televideo SOFTWARE TELESOLUTIONS: Two most desiredprograms WORDSTAR word processing and CALCSTAR elec-tronic spreadsheet. Individually priced at $790: when purchasedtogether with TeleVideo computer SPECIAL ONLY $449.

TURB0D0S operating system; speeds the average program ex-ecution at least 4-fold. ONLY . .$350.

COBOL w/extended screen display control, meets ANSI X3.23.ONLY. $745.

LIST. ,.$4,099

ONLYSCALL

Just released! A boon to the business user: Runs IBM PC soft-ware (16-bit) as well as all 8-bit CP/M programs (with built-in 8085processor). 128 K memory standard, allowing larger programswithout overlays; further expandable to 768K memory! Twin flop-pies w/640 K; 5 MEG HARD DISK optional. Serial AND parallelports. Extensive graphics standard; super COLOR graphics op-tional. NATIONWIDE SERVICE from over 400 Zenith service cen-ters! An exceptional buy!!! SOFTWARE: most extensive list olZenith business software at economic prices. Call for details.PRINTERS FOR YOUR SYSTEM:

Okidala 82A (for all computers above) .. LIST: $525; ONLY: $459STAR MICRONICS (all computers above) LIST: $464; ONLY: $399EPSON MX-80 FT w/Graphtrax (Zenith).. LIST: $695; ONLY: $545SMITH-CORONA TP-I, daisy-wheel

(all computers above) LIST: $895; ONLY: $ CALL

Special savings on C. Itoh Starwiter,

NEC. Comrex tetter-quality printers $ CALL

COMPUTER SUPPLIES:

3M diskettes 5'/*". hard/soft sector,

s.s.d.d.boxof 10 ONLY $21.00

3M diskettes 8", hard/soft sector,

s.s.d.d.,boxof 10 ONLY $27.00

Ribbons for QUME Sprint 5, IBM 6/6240, box of 12 . ONLY $29.50Write (or our information booklet. order DESK*OPEN 24 Hours1-(B00)-645-5555

CA. AK, HI call (714) 781-6566

TECHNICAL INQUIRIES:Mon.-Frl. 9-5 PST (714) 783-1363; Sun. 9-5 PST (714) 781-6566

P.O. Box 3791, Riverside, CA 92519 VISA MASTERCHARGEAPO, FPO, INTERNATIONAL ORDERS ACCEPTED; Bank refer-ence: Barclays Bank of California (213) 892-7244

TERMS: Prices apply to prepaid orders only, include 3% cash discount Per-sonal checks allow 2 weeks 10 clear. California residents add 6% tax. Pricessubject to change Otters may be withdrawn without notice. All items new inoriginal factory cartons and with full manufacturer's warranty 15% restockingcharge on all returned items; absolutely no return on used or damaged items.Computers shipped AIRFREIGHT COLLECT for fastest delivery. 10% handlingcharge on foreign orders. Software not warranted for suitability for a specificusage Software returnable ONLY in UNOPENED original wrapping.CP/M is a registered trademark ol Digilal Research, Microsoft is trademark ol MicrosoftCorporation. Z80A is registered trademark ot Zrlog Inc. Telesolulions is trademark ofTeleVideo Systems Inc. Turbo DOS is trademark ol Software 2000,

BHRT

Listing 1 continued:

3814

PRINT

3816

PRINT" SIZE OF RUNWAY IS 10,500 FEET X

3:318

RETURN

5 03 5

REM:TIME DELAY PAD

5090

FOR 1=1 TO TO

5095

NEX1 I

5099

RETURN

7050

REM:CONVERT RTC TO TIME OF DAY IN SECONDS A

7055

•J=7

7060

FOR 1=0 TO 2

7065

TC*<I>»MID*(TV»,J,2)

7070

J=J-3

7075

TC<I>=VAL<TC*<I))

70S0

TD= ( 3600*TC t 2 ) ) + < 60* TO < .1 > ) +TC ( 0 )

7035

NEXT I

7090

RETURN

9000

REM:PLOTS VARIABLE ON REVERSE BACKGROUND

9005

print®< yp, xp> ,i::hrs5<26>;

9010

PRINT USING F*;vi;

9015

PRINT CHR*<25)

9020

RETURN

9999

END

10000 REM:BEGIN TAKEOFF MODULE HEREF

10021

l CLS: CLEAR 1000: RANDOM

10025 KR=57.2958

10031

l DIM XM(13),WM<13>

1003

DIM PSX31 )

10035 DATA 37,35,32,30,27,25»22.20.17.lSi12.10,7

10041

) DATA 6,11,16,21,26,31,36.41,46,51,56,61,66

10041 FOR 1=0 TCI 2:3: READ P*(I):NEXT

1004?

-. FOR 1=0 TO 13:READ XM(I):NEXT

10051.

i FOR 1=0 TO 13:READ WM(T):NEXT

10055 M*< 1 > = ".." :M*(2>""_":I1*< tD="_"

10060 DIM X E ( 13 ) , WE < I 3)

10065 K1=29:K2=23

200 FEET "

ABSOLUTE.

10070 FOR 1=0 TO 1310075 XE(I)=K1:WE(I)=K210080 Kl=Kl-2:K2=K2+4100S5 NEXT10090 10=4010095 RN=RND(0)

10100 RS=l:IF RN<0.5 THEN RS=-110105 W1=75:IF RS=-1 THEN W1=25510110 W2=RND(20):W3=RS*W210115 DIM XL(14),XRC14)10120 J=31:K=4910125 FOR 1=0 TO 1410130 XL(I)=J:XR(I>=K10135 J=J-2:K=K+210140 NEXT

10145 DATA FUEL, LBS,-/.DATA PITCH," +"

, VHF,

10150101551016010170101751013010165101901019510200102051021510217102 IS102191023010235102401024510248102551026010265102701 0275102S010285102901029510300103051031010315103201032510330103351034010345

DIMFORFORREM:

:BR=11:BK=11

IE

SURFACE WINDS VARIABLE, BUSTING TOMINIMUM CEILING CONDITIONS ARE IN EFFECT.'SKY CONDITIONS AT 20,000 SCATTERED."AT 30,000 BROKEN."

MHZ,THRUST,MAX,IDLE,REV,DEG,FLAPS,UP,DWN,WHEELS,UP,MID,DOWNDATA COMPASS,AIRSPEED,KTS," VERT",SPEED,FPMDATA ALTITUDE,FEET,CLOCK,BRAKE,SET.RELFOR 1=0 TO 31:READ P*(I):NEXT

StI 25)

1=1 TO 25:S*(I)=SPACE«(I):NEXT

1=0 TO 9:F<I)=0:NEXT

INIT VARIABLES FOR TAKEOFF MODEFU=200000:FP=0:CC=75:AS=0:RC=0:AL=0MZ=77:TR=6:FL=2:FA=0:WH=13: IX=40:HY=::AB=0

PRINT®(3,17),"UNI TED 312 CLEARED AS FILED"PRINT:PRINTPRINT"PRINT"PRINT"PRINT"PRINT:PRINTPRINT"UPON TAKEOFFPRINT:PRINT:PRINT"TQ=7000:GOSUB 11535CLS

PRINTS'. 10, 17) , "UNITEDPRINT"YOU ARE CLEAREDTQ=3000:GOSUB 11535CLS

SYSTEM "TIME 07.59.00TV$=TIME$:GOSUB 11555GOSUB 10330GOSUB 10410GOSUB 104SO

PR INT CHRS5 ( 2 ) ! : GOSUB 10615K*=INKEY*:IF LEN<K*>=0 GOTOGOSUB 10790GOTO 10945

REM:DISPLAY PANEL (HEADERSPRINT® (0, 3) ,P*(0);Stt(4);P*(PRINT®(10,59),p*<13)JS*<3)i

MAINTAIN HEADING 075 TO 3CSTANDBY FOR TAKEOFF

X>, THEN::t.EARANi:i

PROCEED A:3 FILED.

FUR

: PRINT: PRINTTAKEOFF AT 0800

:SYSTEMTt.=TD

CLOCK":CLS

ONLY)

5) !S*<3) !P*<«

P*< 16) tSf<2) !

>SS*C3)iS*<6);

P*(29 I

PRINT®(11,61),P1<14);S*(6);P*(14);St(6)!P*(I

103;

10352

10355

10360

10365

10370

10375

10 PRINT®<13,61),P$(15)!S*(5)iP*<15)5S*(5)iPi(

IFF(9)=1THENRETURNPRINTS (1 , 13),F'*(6);

;$ < 6 ) ; P* ( 1 0 ) ; S* t 6 )

PRINT®!1,63).P»(28)

PRINT®(2,1),p*(l);S*<4);P*(2);s*(21);s*(3);s*<13);P*<23)PRINT®(3,22),P*<11)iS*(13)iP*<21);S*(2>;P*(24);S*(2):P*(26)PRINT@(4,0),P*(3) .. , . ,

Listing 1 continued on page 318

316 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

10 MEGABYTES FOR $2495,

Only Davong Systems provides so much hard disk memory for your Apple III

Choose a low-cost, high quality Davonghard disk to fit your storage needs:

> DSI-A306 5 Mb (6 Mb unformatted) $1995*

> DSI-A312 10 Mb (12 Mb unformatted) $2495*

> DSI-A319 15 Mb (19 Mb unformatted) $2995*Supports up to 4 hard disks of any capacity.

So you never have to outgrow your Apple III. Youcan upgrade with additional disk storage as yourneeds grow.

Compatible with all standard Apple III soft-ware. Davong hard disks support all software run-ning under the Apple III SOS® operating system.

Take this ad to your local Apple dealer. Ask

for Apple III hard disk expansion products byDavong Systems, Inc. (And while you're there,look into Davong's complete line of hard disksystems and personal computer enhancementproducts.)

I>

DAVONG

Systems, Inc.

1061 Terra Bella AvenueMountain View, CA 94043(415)965-7130

'Manufacturer's suggested retail price. Includes all required components.

SOS and Apple III are registered trademarks of Apple Corporation.

SEE US AT COMDEX BOOTH #2178-2180

Circle 425 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982 317

ANNOUNCING:

THE MASTER MAX

$2540.

Z-80 S-100 SYSTEM W/DUAL 8 " DRIVES

FEATURING:

S-100, IEEE 696 4 SLOT MOTHERBOARD

Z80 AT 4MHZ SINGLE CARD COMPUTER including:

64K RAM (64KX1 chips) / 2 serial ports (ZSIO) / 2 eight bitparallel ports, one usable as intelligent Winchester interface(ZPIO) / On-board EPROM (2732) / NEC floppy disk controller /all devices interrupt driven / real time clockCP/M2.2®| DUAL TANDON 8" DRIVES, single sided, double density, 1.2 MB.Quality, regulated power supply. Three empty slots for expan-sion. Compact, light weight, modular construction.Dimensions: 17% " wide, 5/2" high, 23" deep.

OPTIONS:220 volt, 50HZ operation at no extra charge

Doublesided,doubledensity8"drives,2.4MB:Add $335.

Turbodossingleuserwith spooler: Add $100.

Turbodosmultiuserwith spooler: Add $550.

: We can also provide you with terminal, printer, other peripherals• and software from our extensive catalogue.

CALL OR WRITE FOR FURTHER DETAILS OR FOR DEMONSTRATIONPrices subject to change without notice.

WEEXPORT

3U JOHN D.OWENS «S£

Associates, Inc.

12 Schubert Street, Staten Island, New York 10305

(212) 448 6283 (212) 448 6298 (212) 448 2913

TWX: 710 588 2844 CABLE: OWENSASSOC.

Please See Our Other Ads in This Issue on Pages 36'37

S-IDD inc.

14425 North 79th Street, Suite B

Scottsdale. Arizona 85260Sales 800-528-3138

Technical 602-991-7870

NOVEMBER SPECIALS

SSM I/04 Kit 141.00

SSM VB-3 80 x 24 Video Kit 339.00

Morrow Designs WUNDERBUS 8 slot - A & T 89.00Calif. Comp Systems 64K Dynamic

Ram - A & T 299.00

Mullen TB-4 Extender Card w/probe-kit 47.00

Godbout RAM 17-64K Static Ram - A & T 449.00

Qume DT-8 DS/DD 8" disk drive 475.00

Ithaca Intersystems 64K Ram - A & T 449.00

North Star Advantage - A & T 2629.00

S-100's Dual 8" Drive box w/P/S & Cables 349.00Seattle Computer Products

Support board - A & T 263.00

S.D. Systems Expandoram II Kit 199.00

VISIT OUR SHOWROOM - Hrs. - 9:00 A.M. - 5:30 P.M. M-F

Subject to Available Quantities • Prices Quoted Include Cash Discounts.Shipping & Insurance Extra.We carry products from all Major Manufacturers

Listing 1 continued:

0380 PRI NTS(5,39),P*(22)!S*(6)S P*(25)!S*(5)SP*(27)

0385 PRINTS(6,0),P*<4)iS*<10)SP*<7>!S*(3>;P*(12)!S*(7)

0390 PRINT®(7.13),P*(8)

0395 FORY=lTQ7lPRINTS<Y.12),CHR$(150):NEXT

0400 F0RY=1T03:PRINTS<Y, 21),CHR*(150):NEXT

0405 RETURN

0410 REM:DISPLAY HORIZON LINE

0415 IF F(9)=0 GOTO 10430

0420 PR I NTS ( 9, 0 ) , SPACE* ( 80 ) ;

0425 IF HY=20 GOTO 10440

0430 PRINT©(HY.O),STRING*(80. "_")

0435 RETURN

0440 OH=9:HY=10

0445 FOR I=HY TO 22

0450 PR INTS < OH.O),SPACE*(80)i

0455 PRI NTS<1,0).STRING*(SO,"_")!

0460 OH=I

0465 NEXT I

0470 PRINTS <23,10)," "1

0475 RETURN

0480 REh': DISPLAY RUNWAY

04:35 IF F(4)=l GOTO 10525

0490 S=10:X=29

0495 FOR Y=10 TO 22

0500 PRINTSIY,X),"."?SPACE*(S)i" "!SPACE*(S)!"."!

0505 X=X-2:S=S+2

0510 NEXT

0515 S*=S*<13>

0520 RETURN

0525 REM:PRINTS RUNWAY GRAPHICS

05:30 IF N>3 GOTO 10600

0535 PRINTS(OY,OX),SPACE*(WM) !

0540 PRINTS(NY,NX),MK*;

0545 OY=NY:OX=NX

0550 UIM=FW

0555 RETURN

0560 REM:ENTRY WHEN SHIP IN FINAL ZONE

0565 PRINTS<OY,OX) , SPACE* <WI1) : IF F(9) = l THEN RETURN

0570 FOR 1=10 TO NY-1

0575 PRINTS! I, XE(.J) ) , SPACE* ( WE ( J ) )

05S0 NEXT I

0585 IF N>4 THEN RETURN

0590 PRINTS(NY,NX),MK«;

0595 RETURN

0600 IFF(2) = 1 GOTO 10560ELSEF(2)»1

0605 F0RI=10T013:PRINTS!1,59).SPACE*(21):NEXT

0610 GOTO 10560

0615 REM:DISPLAY INSTRUMT READINGS

0620 YP= 1 : XP=0: F*= "###*(##": V1 =FU: COSUB 1 1600

0625 YP=1:XP=7:F*="###":V1=FP:GOSUB 11600

0630 YP=1:XP=39:V1=CC:GOSUB 11600

0635 YP=4:XP=39:V1=AS:GOSUB 11600

0640 YP=4:Xp=46:F*="######":VI=RC:GOSUB 11600

0645 YP=4:XP=55:F*="##,#«#":V1=AL:GOSUB 11600

0650 YP=5: XP=0: F*= " ### " : VI = MZ: GOSUB 1 1600

0655 REM:DISPLAY THRUST

0660 FOR 1=1 TO 7

0665 PRINTS*I, 11),CHR*(26) ! " "

0670 NEXT

0675 PRINTS(TR,11).">";

0680 REM:DISPLAY PITCH

0685 FOR 1 = 1 TO 31 PRINTS(I,20) , CHR* (26) ; " ":NEXT

0690 PRINTS(FL,20),">"

0695 F*="+##tt"

0700 YP=5:XP=20:V1=FA:GOSUB 11600

0705 REM:DISPLAY FLAPS

0710 IFF(2)=1 GOTO 10760

0715 FOR 1 = 11 TO 13:PRINTS(1,59),CHR*(26); NEXT

0720 PR INTS(BR,59), " > "0725 REM:WHEELS

0730 FOR 1 = 11 TO 13:PRINTS(I,67) . CHR*<26) ! NEXT

0735 PRINTS (WH, 67), ">"

0740 REM: BRAKES

0745 FORI = 11T0131 PRINTS(1,75),CHR*<26)!" "SNEXT

0750 PRINTS(BK,75),">"

0755 PRINTCHR*(25)

0760 REM:DISPLAY RUNWAY ALIGNMT INDEX

0765 IF F(9)=l THEN RETURN

0770 PRINTS(23,10)," "1

0775 PRINTS(23,IX),CHR*(159);

0780 10=IX

0785 RETURN

0790 REM: KEY POLL SUBROUT

0795 IF K*="F" THEN KK=1:G0T0 10820

OSOO IF K*="," OR K*="." THEN KK=2:G0T0 10820

0805 IF K*="B" THEN KK=3:G0T0 10820

0810 IF ASC(K*)=30 OR ASC(K*)=31 THEN KK=4:G0T0 10820

0815 IF K*="L" THEN KK=5:G0T0 10820

0817 IFK*="W"THENKK=6:GOTO10820

0818 IFK*="S"THENKK=7:G0T010820

0320 ON KK GOSUB 10830,10845,10865,10880,10925,10941,10826

0825 RETURN

0826 REM:THRUST KEY (DECREASE)

0827 IFF(7)=1ANDBR=11THENTR=4

0829 RETURN

0830 REM:THRUST KEY (INCREASE)

0831 IFF(7)=1THENRETURN0835 IF F(0)=0 THEN RETURN

Listing 1 continued on page 320

318 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 398 on Inquiry card.

w

I J

*«

Strobe brings professionalcomputer graphics down to earth

Picture an Apple II Computer, an Apple Graphics Tablet or Symtec LightPen, a Strobe 100 Plotter, and Stoneware Graphics Processing Software.With this new low-cost system, you can now create professional levelgraphics in an extraordinary variety of formats.Applications from CAD to pie chartsThis powerful but easy-to-use system produces isometric drawings forarchitectural renderings with the same high precision as it does engi-neering drawings and personal artwork. The resulting multicolor, high-resolution graphics have truly unlim- *££■ ,« j |ited applications for architects, engi-neers, scientists, interior designers, artdirectors, teachers and all businessapplications.

Images can be accurately drawn toscale, altered in proportion both verti-cally and horizontally, and automaticallyenlarged or reduced to scale. Portionsof the image may be modified or erasedwithout starting over from scratch and iany portion may be enlarged 4 or 16times for greater detail and resolution.Images may be rotated to any new position up to a full 360 degrees.

The system easily handles text for captions and tides and produceslarge, decorative characters for special emphasis and clarity. The Strobe100 Plotter brings all this to your next meeting, your next presentation, oryour next class—directly on your choice of transparency film or paper.Strobe, Inc.—Your Single SourceCall or visit Strobe today to learn more about the capabilities of thisremarkable new system. In minutes you will see how professional-level computer graphics have been brought down to earth at a very

affordable price.

Apple 11 and Apple Graphics Tablet are trademarks of AppleComputer, Inc. Stoneware Professional Graphics ProcessingSystem and Symtec Light Pen are trademarks of StonewareCorporation and Symtec, Inc., respectively.

Circle 426 on inquiry card.

The Strobe Graphics System

Seeing is believing

Strobe Inc.

897-5A Independence AvenueMountain View, CA 94043

Telephone 415/969-5130

BYTE November 1982

319

Circle 301 on inquiry card.

CP/M@ Users:

Access IBMwith ReformaTTer™

ReformaTTer conversion software letsyou read and write IBM 3740 disk-ettes* on your CP/M or MP/M system.

ReformaTTer is ideal for CP/M userswho want

• Access to large system data bases

• Distributed data processing

• Offline program development

• Database conversion

With ReformaTTer, you have theability to

• Bidirectionally tranfer completefiles between CP/M and IBM

• Automatically handle ASCII/EBCDIC code conversion

• Display and alter IBM 3740 direc-tory and data

Enjoy the same advantages of main-frame access that other ReformaTTerusers have. Customers like Upjohn,M&M/Mars, The United Nations,Arthur Young & Co., Sandia Labs,FMC Corp., and Stanford Universityall use ReformaTTer. So can you.

Other versions of ReformaTTer con-version software include

CP/M ~DEC(RT 11)

TRSDOS Mod. II ** CP/M

TRSDOS Mod. II «* DEC (RT 11)

Order ReformaTTer today for only

$249.

*1BM 3740 basic data exchange format. Refor-maTTer requires one 8" floppy drive.

(415) 324-9114

TWX: 910-370-7457

467 Hamilton Av., Suite 2, Palo Alto, CA 94301CP/M is a reg. trademark of Digital Research

Please send complete information on the follow-ing versions of ReformaTTer

Please send ReformaTTer CP/M — IBM. Mycheck for $249 (plus $5 shipping. Cal.Res. add 6'/2% sales tax). i j Charge to myVISA MasterCard.

* exp. date

SignatureName _Company

Street

City

State

Zip

Mail to MicroTech Exports, Inc.

467 Hamilton Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94301

Listing 1 continued:

10840

1084510846108501085510860108651087010875108801088110885108901 08951090010905109101091510920

10925

109261093010935109401094110942109441094510950109551096010965109701097510930109851099010995110001100511010110151 102011025110301 10351104011045110501 10551 1060110651107011075110801 108511090110951 11001110511110111151 11201113011135111401114511150111551 11601116511170111751 118011185111901 11951 12001120511210112151 122011225112301123511240112451125011255112601126511270112751128011285112901129511300

F(l)=l:TR=l:RETURN

REM:RUDDER KEYS

IFF<7)=1rHENRETURN

IF ASOSO THEN RETURN

IF K*="," THEN COCC-1 ELSE COCC+1

RETURN

REM:BRAKES

IF F(0)=1 THEN RETURN

F<0)=1:BK= 13: RETURN

REM: PITCH

IFF<7)=1THENRETURN

IF AS<=50 THEN RETURN

FD=-10: IF K*=CHK*<31> 1 HEN FD=10

FA=FA+FD

IF FA:. 60 THEN FA=60

IF FA<:-60 THEN FA--60

IF FAXl THEN FL=1: RETURN

IF FA=0 THEN ri_=2: RETURN

FL=3:RETURN

REM:FLAPS

IFF(7)=1ANDWH=11THENBR=11:RETURN

IF F(3)=l THEN RETURN

IF F(3)=0 THEN F(3)=l: BR=13:RETURN

RETURN

REM:WHEELS

IFF(7)=1THENWH=11

RETURN

REM:SITUATION UPDATE ROUTINE

TV*=TIME*:GOSUB 1 1555: T,J=TD-TL: TL=TD

IF F(9)=l GOTG12000

IF F(0)=1 GOTO 10970

GOSUB 11130:GOTO 10310

IF F(4)=l GOTO 10990

F(4)=l

XX=0:YY=0

TX=TD:V0=O:N=l:0Y=23:GX=5:WM=71

REM

A= <118-1S*TR)*0.04028

GOSUB 11190

IF AL>0 GOTO 11060

IF YYM05O0 OR ABS(XX>>100 GOTO 11390

IF FA<C=0 GOTO 11100

IF AS<150 GOTO 11385

IF FA>10 GOTO 11385

IFF(3)=0GGTO11100

AL=25

GOSUB 11130

GOSUB 11150

GOSUB 11300

GOTO 10305

F (9) = 1

GOSUB 11130

GOSUB 11150

GOSUB 11170

FOR 1=10 TO 22:PRINT€(1,0),SPACE*(80)!:NEXT

HY=20 ,

GOSUB10410

GOTO11115

GOSUB 11130

GOSUB11300

GOTO10305

REM:NOW DO DEPARTURE PROCEDURES

GOTO 10310

REM:UPDATE FUEL

FU=FU-40*TJ

FP=FLI/3120

RETURN

REM: UPDATE RATE C

F CLIMB

RC=AS»SIN<AB8(FA/

57.3) >»]

693#60

IF FA<0 THEN RO-

1 *RC

RETURN

REM:UPDATE ALT

AL=AL+T..I»RC/60

IF ALOO THEM AL^

I)

RETURN

REM:EQUATIONS OF

MOTION

T=T.J

V=V0+A»T

VB=(V+V0)/2:V0=V

S=VB#T

IF TD<(TXH-18)G0TC

11235

TX=TD

WB=RS*RND(2)

CC=CC+WB

DA=(CC-75)/57.3

DY=S*COS(ABS(DA))

DX=S*SIN(ABS(DA))

IF DA<0 THEN DX=-

1*DX

YY=YY+DY

XX=XX+DX

AS=V/1.69278

IF AS>20 THEN AS=

AS+WS

IX=40+FIX(XX*7/2C

): IFIX>7<

'THEN1X=79

IFIXO:iTHENIX=0

ZP=FIX<YY-2500*(N

-1 ) )

IF ZP>2500 THEN N

»N+HG0Ti

1 11285

RETURN

REM:VARIABLES FOR

RUNWAY i

GRAPHICS

Listing 1 continued on page 322

320 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

POPULAR.

is making

■ ■

COMPUTING

computing more popularand simple ... and enjoyable!Month after month after month,

Here it is! A magazine that provides the:omputer news, how-to's, and featurearticles necessary for you to keep abreastof how computers do, and will, affect/our work and your play. Best of all, it'sdelivered in plain language, withoutechnical razzmatazz and jargon.

POPULAR COMPUTING is so excit-ng, so important, so informative, that?veryone will fully understand what'seally happening. Every issue is en-iched with dollar-saving producteviews, special news briefs, andeature articles by famous:ontributors (like Isaac Asimov).

POPULAR COMPUTING is anagazine that must be read toDe truly relished. That's whyA/e've mounted a . . .

SPECIAL INTRODUCTORY OFFER

hat enables you to try'OPULAR COMPUTINGit MO RISK whatsoever.

POPULAR.

COMPUTING

m

P.O. Box 307

Martinsville, NJ

08836

SUPER SAVINGS FOR ME...I'm enclosing my check or credit card number to take ad-vantage of this super introductory offer of 12 issues for only SI 1.97 saving me S3.03on the basic rate of SI5.00—and saving me SI8.03 off the newsstand rate of $30.00.If my 30-day review of your first issue doesn't 100% please me, I may cancel mysubscription and you will promptly refund ALL my money or give me a FULL credit onmy charge card marked below:

Mail Today to: POPULAR COMPUTING P.O. Box 307 Martinsville, NJ 08836

□ Bill me at S12.97 □ Check Enclosed for S1! .97 7BB2

□ Charge S11.97 to: □ Visa □ Mastercard

Card No._Signature_

Expires_

Name |Please Print)_Address

City_

zip-

Please allow six to eight weeks for processing

CITE

back issuesfor sale

1976

1977

1978

1979

Jan.

$2.75

Feb.

S2.75

$2.75

March

S2.75

$2.75

April

S2.75

$2.75

May

S2.00

$2.75

$2.75

June

S2.00

S2.75

$2.75

July

S2.00

S2.00

S2.75

$2.75

Aug.

S2.00

S2.75

$2.75

Sept.

S2.75

S2.75

S2.75

Oct.

$2.75

$2.75

Nov.

S2.75

$3.25

Dec.

S2.75

S2.75

$3.25

1980

1981

1982

Jan.

S3.25

S3.25

Feb.

S3.25

S3.25

S3.70

March

S3.25

S3.25

S3.70

April

S3.25

S3.25

S3.70

May

S3.25

S3.25

$3.70

June

S3.25

S3.25

$3.70

July

S3.25

S3.25

S3.70

Aug.

S3.25

S3.25

S3.70

Sept.

S3.25

S3.25

$3.70

Oct.

S3.25

S3.25

Nov.

S3.25

S3.25

$3.70

Dec.

S3.25

S3.25

Circle and send requests with pay-ment to:

BYTE Back IssuesP.O. Box 328Hancock, WH 03449

The above prices include postage in the US. Pleaseadd S.50 per copy for Canada and Mexico; andS2.00 per copy to foreign countries.

"Payments from foreign countries must be made inUS funds payable at a US bank.

•Please allow 4 weeks for domestic delivery and 8weeks for foreign delivery.

name

address

city

state

-zip.

Listing

1130511310113151 1320113251 1330113351134011345

I 13501135511360113651137011375113(30

II 3351139011395114001 1 4051141011415

I 1420

II 4251 14301143511440114451145011455114601146511470114751143011435114901 1495115001150511510

1 continued:

MP=FIX<10+(13*ZP1/2500)

IF N>3 GOTO 11350

NY=MP

J=NY-10

NX=XM(J)

FW=WM<J)

S*=SPACE*(J>

MKS=M* ( N) +3* < J ) + "_" +3* (J ) + "_" +3* (J>+"_. " +S$ (...I) + " _ " +3* (J) +"_ "

RETURN

REM:IN ZONE 4-MARKER IS RUNWAY EDGE

NY=MP

J=NY-10

NX-XE(J)

IF N>4 THEN RETURN

MK*=STRINO*(WE < J),"_"J

RETURN

AB=1:G0T011415

AB=2:IF YYCI0500 GOTO 11415

FOR 1=10 TO 22

PRINT6(1,0 >, SPACE* ( 80) 5

NEXT I

GOTO 11415

REM:ABORT

FOR 1=10 TO 22

PR I NTS ( I , 0 ) , C.'HR* ( 26 ) i SPACE* ( 80 ) !

NEXT I

PRINTS<10,29)."*** TAKEOFF FAILED #**"«PRINT!PRINT

ON AB GOSUB 11455,114S0

PRINTS (19, 34), CHR* (23)! "END OF PROGRAM";

END

PRINT" YOU PULLED BACK ON THE STICK AT TOO SLOW A SPEED, OF! YOU"

PRINT" PULLED BACK THE STICK TOO FAR WHEN Al PROPER SPEED."

PRINT" AS A RESULT THE TAIL END OF THE FUSELAGE SCRAPED I Hi RUNWAY"

PRINT" AND THE AIRCRAFT SPUN OUT OF CONTROL."

RETURN

IF YY."; 10500 GOTO 11505

PRINT" YOU FAILED TO STAY WITHIN THE RUNWAY BQUNDRIES."

PRINT" AS A RESULT YOU VEERED OFF THE RUNWAY AND COLLIDED W[TH"

PRINT" THE RUNWAY LIGHTS."

RETURN

PRINT" YOU RAN OUT OF RUNWAY. AS A RESULT YOU ROLLED INTO THE

PRINT" MARSHLANDS LOCATED";FIX(YY)-10500;"FEET PAST THE END OF THE RUNWAY.

SUFFICIENT LIFT.'

515 IFF(3)=1THENRETURN

520 PRINT:PRI NT:PRI NT" YOU FORGOT TO LOWER THE FLAPS.525 PRINT" AS A RESULT THE AIRCRAFT COULD NOT DEVELOP530 RETURN535 REM:TIME DELAY PAD540 FOR 1=1 TO TQ545 NEXT IJ RETURN

555 REM:CONVERT RTC 10 TIME OF DAY IN SECONDS ABSOLUTE.560 J=7

65 FOR 1=0 TO 2

70 TC*(I)=MID*(TV$,J,2)

SO TC <I)=VAL(TC* <I))

35 TD=(3600*TC(2)) + < 60*TC(1) ) + TC(0)

90 NEXT I

95 RETURN600 REM:PLOTS VARIABLE ON REVERSE BACKGROUND605 PRINTStYP, XP) , CHR* < 26 ) 5610 PRINT USING F*SV1;615 PRINT CHR*(2S)620 RETURN

000 REM:DEPARTURE ROUTINE:> 10 IFF (7 ) = 1 GOTO 12025ELSEF ( 7 ) « 1015 GOSUB10340

20 F(2)=0025 IFWHOl lGOT01:2040ELSEAS=AS+5030 IFBROl lGOT012040ELSEAS=AS+5

35 IFTR=4ANDAL: lS0OGOT024ELSt:GOTO12O90

40 IFAL C1200G0T012090

042 PRINT@<12,0),"I********* F'LIGHT ABORTED «******»«»"044 PRINT:PRINT

046 PRINT"YOU FAILED TO PERFORM CRUCIAL TRIM MANEUVERS FOLLOWING LIFTOFF."

043 PRINT"THE PROPER TRIM SEQUENCE,WHICH MUST BE COMPLETED BELOW 1200 FEET,ISFOLLOWS:"

1-RAISE LANDING GEAR"2-RETRACT FLAPS"3-REDUCE THRUST"

050 PRINT052 PRINT054 PRINT

6 PRINT

8 PRINT

0 END090 GOSUB11130092 GOSUB11150094 GOSUB11170099 GOTO10310000 REM:END OF LI ST IN

END OF PROGRAM

322 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

GEMINI-

FOR PRINTER VALUE THAT'SOUT OF THIS WORLD

■ *

Over thirty years of down-to-earth experi-ence as a precision parts manufacturer hasenabled Star to produce the Gemini seriesof dot matrix printers—a stellar combina-tion of printer quality, flexibility, and reliabil-ity. And for a list price of nearly 25% lessthan the best selling competitor.

The Gemini 10 has a 10" carriage andthe Gemini 15 a 151/2" carriage. Plus, theGemini 15 has the added capability of a bot-tom paper feed. In both models, Geminiquality means a print speed of 100 cps, high-resolution bit image and block graphics,and extra fast forms feed.

Gemini's flexibility is embodied inits diverse specialized printingcapabilities such as super/sub script, underlining, back-spacing, double strike modeand emphasized print mode. An-other extraordinary standard mi < r o n i

feature is a 4k buffer (with an additional 4kon the serial board). That's twice the mem-ory of leading, comparable printers. AndGemini is compatible with most softwarepackages that support the leading printers.

Gemini reliability is more than just apromise. It's as concrete as a 180 day war-ranty (90 days for ribbon and print head), amean time between failure rate of 5 millionlines, a print head life of more than 1 millioncharacters, and a 100% duty cycle thatallows the Gemini to print continuously.Plus, prompt, nationwide service is readilyavailable.

So if you're looking for an incredibly

a high-quality, low-cost printeri/ that's out of this world, look!^^ to the manufacturer with itsfeet on the ground—Star and© the Gemini 10, Gemini 15 dot

I n c matrix printers.

MAKING A NAME FOR OURSELVES

1120 Empire Central Place, Suite 216, Dallas, TX 75247For more information, please call Bob Hazzard, Vice President, at (214) 631-8560.

Circle 424 on inquiry card.

Hardware Review

Colonial Data Services' SB-80

A single-board business computer that runs CP/M software.

Arthur A. LittleTechnical Editor

Now that the microcomputer industry boasts 16-bitsystems with megabytes of user memory and 8- and10-MHz clock rates (with 32-bit microprocessors lurkingon the horizon), why would anyone want to purchase a"vanilla" 8-bit, Z80 CP/M computer? Probably becausethat person has work to do and wants to use existingCP/M software. Why then would someone buy an inte-grated, "black box" system rather than one based on themore flexible S-100 bus? Two reasons: one, as with homestereo equipment, an all-in-one unit is usually less expen-sive than a component system; and two, many users cando without the excitement and challenge of configuring a

Photo 1: The SB-80 microcomputer from Colonial DataServices.

Acknowledgment

Thanks to ]ohn Steer of S and M Systems, Haverhill, Massachusetts,for making the system available for review.

microcomputer system, which may even result in flex-ibility that's never used.

The SB-80 is one of a family of microcomputers intend-ed for the business and professional customer rather thanthe computer hobbyist. The circuit board is housed in abeige metal cabinet with two 8-inch disk drives and aswitching power supply (see photo 1). The front-panelcontrols are simple: an on/off switch, Reset button,Power indicator, and Parity Error indicator. On the backpanel are the connectors for two serial ports, two parallelports, and the power cord. To set this single-board com-puter up, you simply attach a standard serial video ter-minal to the DB-25 connector and plug the AC line cordinto a wall socket.

One especially nice characteristic of the SB-80 is itssilence. The system is quiet because it does not use a fanfor cooling but, instead, depends on air moving throughslots on the front and top of the cabinet. (This convectioncooling has worked well, with no indication of overheat-ing.) The floppy-disk drives are so quiet that you mustpay special attention to hear them in a normal officeenvironment.

The Heart of the System

The computer's circuit board is mounted in a trayabove the horizontally positioned disk drives. This traynot only protects the board but also forms part of thefront panel (see photo 2). The system uses a Zilog Z80Amicroprocessor running at a clock rate of 4 MHz. It has64K bytes of user RAM (random-access read/writememory) and uses 200-nanosecond dynamic memorydevices (4116 type). As with the IBM Personal Computer,the SB-80's memory is 9 bits wide, rather than the more

324 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

For serious business microcomputing,

only one operating system

exactly fits.

Whether you're in business and domicrocomputing, or in computingand sell to business, you'll like OASIS*Not a hobby or scientific system warmed-over for business use, b^b^OASIS is the only operatingsystem designed from theground up for business.

SERIOUS BUSINESSCOMES IN ALL SIZES.

Whatever your businessneed, OASIS has the oper-ating system to match:8-bit or 16-, single-user orthe multi-user system thatprofessionals tell us makesmicros run like minis. Andthat's even truer now withnew OASIS-16** (OASISexact business fit #1:choice.)

ANY SYSTEM IS ONLYAS GOOD AS THE

BUSINESS

PROGRAMS IT RUNS.

•

♦ A W

available, type 'HELP' and the commandfunction title—OASIS displays thesyntax and options available.

And it's all in your language—notcomputerese. (OASISexact business fit #5:user-friendliness.)

HOBBY

SCIENCE

BUSINESS

AND, AND, AND...

Some of the best, mostextensive documentationin the industry; a packedApplication SoftwareDirectory; multi-level train-ing; direct telephone support;worldwide sales & service;options like CONTROLRelational Data BaseManagement System andMASTERPLAN FinancialModeling Package; OASIShas it all. (OASIS exactbusiness fits #6 through #12.)

The acid test for any businessoperating system is the applicationsoftware available to run on it. There'splenty for OASIS —for nearly any job.

And it's top quality, too, because ourintegrated tools are top quality—andthere are more of them. Like a high-levelBASIC Interpreter/Compiler/Editor/Debugger; ISAM/Keyed/Direct/Sequential Files; a smart Print Spooler;Automatic Record Locking (OASISexclusivesl); plus COBOL & CLanguages. These tools are mandatoryfor high-quality business applicationprogram development—ask anydeveloper. (OASIS exact business fit #2:high-quality application software.)

PORTABILITY PROTECTS BUSINESSSOFTWARE INVESTMENTS.

OASIS is custom-fitted to manufac-turers' hardware so application softwaredeveloped to run on one OASISequipped machine can also run onothers—and is upwardly compatiblefrom 8-bit OASIS Single-User to Multi-User, on up to OASIS-16. This kind ofapplication software portability isexclusive with OASIS.

Device independence allows variousprinters and terminals to be used—with no modification to application

software: OASIS system software com-pensates for differences. (OASIS exactbusiness fit #3: portability.)

ACCURATE DATA & A SECURESYSTEM REDUCE BUSINESS RISKS.

Data integrity—a challenge for anymulti-user system—is insured by OASISFile & Automatic Record Locking. Withit, normally all users can view a recordat the same time. BUT, if the record isbeing updated by one user, other usersare automatically denied access untilthe update is complete. That meansdata is always accurate and up-to-date.And it's still another OASIS exclusive.

For system security, there's OASISLogon, Password & Privilege Level.User Accounting keeps track of who usedthe system, when. (OASIS exact businessfit #4: data integrity/system security.)

A FRIENDLY SYSTEM IS

GOOD BUSINESS.

For user-friendliness, OASIS sets newstandards. Example: the EXEC JobControl Language is so smart it walksusers through their applications—and around the operating system.

With our'HELP' feature, if you areunsure of the functions and options

Now you know why there'sno reason to struggle tryingto put a square peg in around hole. For seriousbusiness microcomputing,there is one operating system thatexactly fits: OASIS. Call or write ustoday for details.

. For Z80... 8086/8088. Available soon for 6800, 16000 and others.

■ STRICTLY BUSINESS ■

PHASE ONE SYSTEMS, INC.

7700 Edgewater Drive, Suite 830

Oakland, CA 94621-3051

Telephone 415/562-8085 TWX 910-366-7139

I'm serious about my business—

please send me:

□ OASIS-16 Manual, $75

D OASIS Manual, $60

G Free Application Software Directory

and put me on your mailing list.

(Add $3 lor shipping, California residents add sales lax.)

Name

St. (No Box#)_City

State_

Zip.

□ Check enclosed □ UPS COD.

□ VISA □ Mastercharge

Card No._Signature.

Exp. date-

BYTE November 1982

325

Photo 2: Inside the SB-80. The single-board computer rests in atray that is mounted above the disk drives.

At a Glance

Name

SB-80

Manufacturer

Colonial Data Services Corporation105 Sanford St.Hamden, CT065I4

Price

(double-density, dual-disk system) S2995

Features

Width 17/4 inches, depth 18/4 inches, height 8 inches; Z80A,4-MHz clock-rate microprocessor; 64K bytes of RAM; two 8-inchfloppy-disk drives, 600K bytes each (or 243K bytes, IBM format);two RS-232C serial ports, two parallel ports (one for printer),floppy-disk controller; four programmable counter/timers; one50-pin expansion connector

Hardware Options

Double-sided floppy-disk drives, 1.2 megabytes each; Winchesterhard disk, 10 to 40 megabytes

Software

CP/M 2.2 operating system; HELP documentation system; 14macro-assembler libraries; four utility programs; two business-oriented demonstration programs

Documentation

Two sets of manuals in 3-ring binders: six manuals fromColonial Data, 364 pages, and seven manuals from DigitalResearch, 245 pages

Audience

Business and professional users

common 8-bit width. The additional bit is used for paritychecking, so that any memory errors can be caught im-mediately. If an error (e.g., a hardware malfunction) isdetected, the system halts, and the LED (light-emittingdiode) on the front panel signals a parity error.

The SB-80 has an impressive number of features builtinto its single circuit board:

• The floppy-disk controller uses the Western Digital1793 integrated circuit (IC). This device can support up tofour 8-inch soft-sectored drives. The controller supportsboth IBM's 3740 single-density format and a double-density format that yields 600K bytes of storage per diskside. With two single-sided drives, you'll have a storagecapacity of 1.2 megabytes. The SB-80 is also availablewith double-sided drives that offer a total of 2.4 mega-bytes of disk storage.

• The parallel I/O (input/output) ports use Zilog's Z80API/O (parallel I/O) chip. There are two 8-bit bidirec-tional ports, one of which is normally configured for aCentronics-compatible printer. The other parallel port isset up for "handshake" data control; you can use it for in-dustrial applications, such as process control, or—withthe right equipment—you could have it in the home tocontrol lights and appliances.

• Two serial ports are available from the dual-channelZ80A SIO/0 (serial I/O) chip. This versatile device canoperate in three serial data-transfer formats: asyn-chronous, bisynchronous (BISYNC), or SDLC (syn-chronous data-link control, IBM's preferred mode ofcommunication). Essentially, the SIO/0 does everythinga UART (universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter)can—and more. It offers the two synchronous protocolsthat are fully under program control.

• A Z80A CTC four-channel counter/timer IC providesfour independent counters (or timers) that are fully pro-grammable. They can be used to count events, to mea-sure real-time intervals, or to interrupt another deviceafter a preset delay.

• The 50-pin expansion connector allows for future ex-pansion of the system. All address and data lines can beaccessed from this connector, which is located directly onthe circuit board. Colonial Data Services is currently of-fering hard-disk systems (10 to 40 megabyte capacity)that attach directly to the expansion connector.

The Software

As mentioned earlier, this system was designed to runthe CP/M operating system. It comes with a copy ofCP/M 2.2 configured for the SB-80. All of the usualDigital Research CP/M commands and utilities are avail-able, as well as some additions from Colonial Data. Co-lonial Data BIOS (basic input/output system) is set up fora 63K-byte CP/M. This BIOS requires a 9600-bps (bitsper second) serial terminal and a Centronics-compatibleprinter. If you wish to run a smaller CP/M, a 61K-byteBIOS is provided as an ASM (assembly-language) file.

CP/M is loaded by a 256-byte boot ROM (read-onlymemory) located on the circuit card. This ROM performs

326 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

A Complete Graphicsapartment For Just $ 1995

Realize day-in and day-out solid performance froma quiet and capable desktop plotter. It's true. For only$1995' the Houston Instrument HIPL0T™ DMP-29 willprovide you with world-class multi-color hard copygraphics, and deliver a level of quality and perfor-mance that you would expect in a plotter costingthree times as much,

It's a hard worker. The DMP-29 goes about its jobwith amazing speed and precision. Unbeatable resolu-tion and repeatability are yours in both 8V2" x 11" and11" x 17" formats, and 8-pen capability assures you offast attention-free flexibility when multi-color output isrequired. High pen speed combined with an ad-dressable resolution of O.OOl" assures fast, accurateand stepless traces.

It's friendly. You can call 21 different functions directlyfrom the front-panel membrane keyboard. It's toleranttoo. The DMP-29 will modestly protect itself from user

errors, as when attempting to place a pen in analready occupied stall.

And it's smart. An extensive set of firmware routinesmakes life easier for the user. A small sampling of thebuilt-in talent inherent in the DMP-29 includescharacter generation, circle, arc and elipse synthesis,line type variations, viewport/windowing, clippingand scaling.

For more information on the hard working, friendlyand smart DMP-29 plotter, contact Houston Instrument,RO. Box 15720, Austin, Texas 78761. (512) 835-0900. Forrush literature requests, outside Texas call toll free1-800-531-5205. In Europe, contact Houston Instrument,Rochesterlaan 6, 8240 Gistel, Belgium. Telephone059/27-74-45.

BAUSCH & LOMB @

-"

Circle 46 for literature.

Circle 47 to have a representative call.

U.S. Domestic price only™ Trademark ol Houston Instrument

4P005

AN ATARI 800 HOME COMPUTERAND A FATHER'S LOVE COMBINEDTO HELP CHILDREN EVERYWHERE.

Fernando Herrera became the firstgrand prize winner of the ATARISoftware Acquisition Program(ASAP) competition because hebelieved in computers, his sonand himself.

The story of Herrera's successbegan with his son's sight problems.Young Steve Herrera had beenborn with severe cataracts in botheyes and, naturally, his fatherwas concerned. Herrera reasonedthat the boy's learning abilitiescould be seriously affected by grow-ing up in a world he could not see.

Having just purchased anATARI 800 Home Computer, itoccured to Herrera that this couldbe the perfect tool for testingSteves vision. So he wrote a pro-gram simply displaying the letter"E" in various sizes.

Success! It turned out that2-year-old Steve could see eventhe smaller "E's" without speciallenses. Herrera was first relieved,and then intrigued when he dis-covered that not only could his sonsee the "E's" but he would happilyplay with the computer-generatedletters for hours. So Herrera addeda picture of an elephant to go withthe "E" and then more letters andpictures. Thus, "My First Alphabet"was born, a unique teaching program for chil-dren two-years and older consisting of 36 highresolution pictures of letters and numbers.

Herrera submitted the program to theATARI Program Exchange, where it becamean instant best-seller. ATARI was so im-pressed with the outstanding design, suit-ability and graphic appeal of "My FirstAlphabet" that the program is being incorpo-rated into the ATARI line of software.

In addition to his grand prize winningsof $25,000 in cash and an ATARI STARtrophy, Herrera also automatically receivesroyalties from sales of his program throughthe ATARI Program Exchange.

But Fernando Herrera wasn't the only soft-ware "star" that ATARI discovered. Threeother ATARI STARS were awarded at theASAP awards ceremony for software sub-mitted to the ATARI Program Exchange and

C6BCDEFGHIJK

• abcdefghi jk

judged by ATARI to be particu-larly unique and outstanding.

Ron and Lynn Marcuse ofFreehold, New Jersey, teamedup to write three winningentries in the Business and Pro-fessional category for homecomputers: "Data ManagementSystem" "The Diskette Librar-ian" and "The Weekly Planner."

Sheldon Leeman of Oak Park,Michigan, captured an ATARISTAR for his exceptionallywell-engineered "INSTEDIT"character set editor.

Greg Christensen ofAnaheim, California, becameour youngest ATARI STARwinner at the age of 17.Christensen designed theclever "Caverns of Mars" gameprogram, which also will beincorporated into the ATARIproduct line. Greg designedthe program in V/i monthsafter owning his ATARI HomeComputer for less than a year.

Every three months, ATARIawards ATARI STARS to thewriters of software programssubmitted to the ATARI SoftwareAcquisition Program and judged first,second and third place in the followingcategories: Consumer (including entertain-ment, personal interest and development);Education; Business and Professional pro-grams for the home (personal finance andrecord keeping); and System Software.

Quarterly prizes consist of selected ATARIproducts worth up to $3,000, as well as anATARI STAR, plus royalties from programsales through the ATARI Program Exchange.The annual grand prize is the coveted ATARISTAR trophy and $25,000 in cash.

To be eligible, your software idea must beaccepted by the ATARI Software AcquisitionProgram. Your program can have a broadapplication or serve a very specific purpose.

me wane - po

APPLICATION - PHaHK/OOOHES')

MAKE L,f5IBEETCITV, 5IATEZIP CODEAREA CODEPHONC HO.

«!»rntmv

,/ei23456789:;<=>?LMNOPORSTUUHHYZC\D^_

l«nopqrstuv«xyz*|iii ►

CAUERN5

OF

MARS

After submittal, consultationfrom ATARI is available if youneed personal assistance withsound, graphics, or other tech-nical aspects of your program.

To make your job easier,ATARI provides some 20software development toolsthrough the ATARI ProgramExchange. A list and descrip-tion of the various systemsoftware is published quarterlyin the ATARI Program Ex-change Catalog. These toolsenable you to utilize all theATARI resources and software,including the six ATARIprogramming languages.

Fernando Herrera had agreat idea that made him a star.ATARI would like to give youthe same opportunity.

A

ATARI

Q,

x CommuniCaliO'is Comeanv

Circle 37 on inquiry card.

Enter the ATARI ASAP competition andyou could win $25,000 in cash, royalties,some great prizes and an ATARI STAR.

SUBMIT TO: ATARI® Software Acquisition Program

Dept.ClR,EO.Box427

155MoffettParkDr.,B-l

Sunnyvale, CA 94086OR CALLi 800-538-1862; in California, 800-672-1850.I'm reaching for the stars. Please send mean entry form today.

Name

Address-City

State/Zip_

ATARI HOME COMPUTERS

We've Brought The ComputerAge Home™

© 1982 ATARI. Inc.

HELP File Selections are

A« We 7 come to the HELP Command

B. How to Use the HELP Command

C. Moving Around mithin the HELP Command

D. HELP Command Prompts

E. HELP Error Messages

F., HoW to Wri te HELP Fil &s

G„ An Explanation of the Tree Structure of the HELP CommandH„ Sample HELP Files Illustrating Use of Tree StructureT .. H e I p o n C P / M i n <;i e n e r- a I

Type tC»CP/M or Enter- Selection

Figure 1: An example of an indexed file (menu) available from within the HELP subsystem,

a RAM test prior to loading CP/M into memory. Co-lonial Data Services provides additional software de-signed specifically for the SB-80, and these programs areof special note.

HELP: The HELP subsystem is used to explain hard-ware or software operations to less sophisticated users.Because HELP files are intended to be read on screen,

□

CHIPS & DALE

THE INFLATION FIGHTERSI***SPECIAL***

4116 250ns 8/59.50 100+ S 1.05 ea.

41)6 200ns 8/5 1 1.00 ! 00 + S ]. 1 8 ea.

4116 150ns 8/S 14.50 100+ S1.50 ea.

4116 120ns 8/S 16.50 100+ Sl.BOea.

21 14L 300ns 8/S 13.00

21 14L 200ns 8/S 14.75*4I64 200ns S5.85•4164 150ns S6.85 ea.•61 16 150ns S6.75•61 16 200ns S4.75

•1791 Disk Controller S20.00

Z80A CPU S3.00ea.

8251 A S4.00 ea.

2716-1 <5V)350ns8/S5.50ea.S6.25e•2716 |5V)450ns S3.35 ea.•2732 (5V)450ns S4.75 ea.•2532 (5V)450ns S4.75 ea.•2764 5V 300ns 28 pin SI 6.50 ea.

COMPUTERS

NEC P.C.-8000 sugg. lists

8001 Comp32K S995.00

8012 I/O unit 5649.00

8031 Dual Minidisk unit S995.00

Other NEC Products CALL

Altos Computers CALL

Eagle II S2995.00

Eagle III S3995.00

Sage 11(16 bit) CALL

IBM P.C. complete sys (with or w/out hard disk) CALL

Epson MX80 Graphlrax PlusEpson MX80 F/T Graphtrax PlusEpson MXI00 Graphlrax Plus

PRINTERS

CGD

S7 15.00S475.00S7 15.00

CALLCALLCALLCALL

CALLCALLS645.00

S465.00CALL

NEC Printer P.C 8023 - S695.00

Other NEC Printers —

Okidata Printers

82A S748.00 S397.00

83A S995.00 S645.00

84A S 1395.00 CALL

PACEMARK 2350 S2800.00 S22O0.O0

Smith-Corona Printers TP-I S895.00 CALL

Diablo Printers 630 (R 102) S2710.00 SI 989.00

ProWritersSlarwriler Printmasler — CALL

C. Iloh Printers — CALL

SOFTWARE CP/M, IBM, Apple, TRS-80, Atari

Package 1 includes Wordstar. Mail Merge. Spellsiar (CP/M) CALL

Package 2 includes Data Star, Calcstar. Supersort (CP/M) CALL

dBase II (CP/M) IBM S425.00

FISS 80 (CP/M) S597.00

CALL for other mfg.. comp.. prnts. modems, terminals, chips. tV sollware

Hayes Smart Modem 300 Baud S240.00

Allow up to 3 wks. for personal checks to clear. Please include phone number. Prices subject to change withoutnotice. Shipping & Handling lor Chips S3.50, FOB Bellevue, WA. lor all else. Wash, residents add 6.5% Sales fax.

CHIPS & DALE

10655 N.E. 4th St., Suite 400Bellevue, WA 98004

1-206-451-9770

they are in ASCII (American Standard Code for Informa-tion Interchange) format and are usually created with atext editor or word processor. The HELP subsystem con-sists of the command file HELP.COM, which calls in textfiles of the format

filename.HLP

and displays them to the user page by page. To use thesystem, you would type

HELP filename

(e.g., HELP SB80 would call a file named SB80.HLP).The information is then presented to the user.

The HELP subsystem explains the structure and designof the HELP (and .HLP) files so that you can create yourown, either indexed (menu-driven) or not indexed (blocktext). For an example of an indexed HELP file, see figure1. Furthermore, HELP files may be linked, either seriallyor as branches of a "tree." The latter case provides userswith a hierarchy of HELP levels through which they cantravel, typically moving from general to specific informa-tion. These levels begin at level 0, the root, and extend asfar as needed. Users may explore other branches of thetree by invoking the command Root (descend to startingpoint) and then climbing other branches. Alternately, theUp Level command moves closer to the root, one level ata time.

Because the HELP files are primarily concerned withteaching the structure and use of the HELP subsystem,they provide many examples.

The information sections in the HELP subsystem areorganized as "frames," that is, each contains the amountof information that makes up one page of information onthe terminal's screen. At the end of each frame, the user isshown a mini-menu of the possible responses.

Libraries: There are 14 libraries supplied on the CP/Msystem disk. These files are macroinstructions provided

330 November 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

Circle 77 on inquiry card.

Finally,

a MULTI-USER micro

for professionals by

G&G Engineering

Shown: WordStar" from MicroPro

EXPANDABLE

You can start with a single userinstallation and add users as yourneeds grow. The G&G system can beeasily expanded in field—just addmore memory.

Shown: SuperCalc 86'" from Sorcim

Hard Disk Based Multi-User Systems start at$10,500

MP/M 8-16 is a proprietary implementation of DigitalResearch's MP/M 86 operating system, configured forCompuPro by G&G Engineering. CompuPlot is a trade-mark of G&G Engineering. CP/M and MP/M are regis-tered trademarks of Digital Research. SuperCalc andSuperCalc 86 are trademarks of Sorcim. dBASE II isa trademark of Ashton-Tate. WordStar is a trademarkof MicroPro. CompuPro is a trademark of GodboutElectronics.

MULTI-USER MP/M™ 8-16"

Up to seven users can run theirown programs with their own pro-tected data or share common pro-grams and data. High speed DMAhard disk and cache memory givethis system fast access to data, soyou avoid bottlenecks.

G&G's MP/M 8-16 systems havebeen shipping since March, 1982.They are field proven.'

Shown: CompuPlot'" from G&G Engineering

8 and 16 BIT CP/M™COMPATIBLE

Each user can run the vastinventory of 8 bit CP/M programs, orchoose from the library of powerfulnew 16 bit CP/M 86 software. Yourpast investment in CP/M software isprotected, while at the same time thedoor to the 16 bit world is opened toyou.

SUPPORT

We wrote the book on 8/16 bitmulti-user systems. Our phone sup-port is the best in the business. Plus,CompuPro components in G&G sys-tems carry a two year factory-backedwarranty.

Shown: GL by Structured Systems Group

UPGRADABLE

The G&G system is based on theIEEE 696/S-100 bus and uses Compu-Pro's state-of-the-art components. Our20 slot bus guarantees that you willnever be left in a corner with obsoletetechnology. Your investment in hard-ware is protected.

Shown: dBASE II™ Irom Ashton-Tate

G&G Engineering is an authorizedCompuPro systems center.

G&GENGINEERING

1922 Republic Avenue, San Leandro,California 94577 (415) 895-0798230 California Street, Suite 207,San Francisco, California 94104

Circle 195 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982

331

for the convenience of assembly-language programmers.(For a complete listing of the software supplied with thissystem, see table 1.)

SB-80 utilities: Four utility programs from ColonialData Services add to the capabilities of CP/M 2.2. Theyare DSKTEST, a disk verification program; FORMAT, acombination disk-format and disk-backup program(single or double density); MEMTST, a series of memorydiagnostics; and XDIR, an extended-directory command.

Demonstration programs: Finally, two examples ofbusiness-oriented programs (SMDEM01 and SMDEM02)are available from S and M Systems (2 Washington St.,Haverhill, MA 01830), which is affiliated with ColonialData.

"Benchremarks"

Because the SB-80 is a 4-MHz Z80 system, its bench-mark results (see table 2) are similar to those obtained inother tests of 4-MHz Z80 systems—though the SB-80proved to be slightly faster than our "generic" Z80 testsystem through the first four iterative benchmarks. Thesebenchmark programs consisted of an empty do-loop (orFOR. . .NEXT loop), a division operation (using single-precision real numbers), a subroutine jump/return opera-tion, a MID$ (substring) operation, and a prime numberprogram.

More details about the "generic" Z80 can be found in

the review "A Closer Look at the IBM Personal Com-puter," (January 1982 BYTE, page 36), wherein GreggWilliams compared five benchmark programs written inMicrosoft BASIC version 4.51 on both IBM's machineand an unidentified Z80 microcomputer running at 4MHz.

Documentation

The makers of the SB-80 seem to be eager to inform thesystem's owners about the computer. In fact, one isalmost overwhelmed with material—two 3-ring bindersfull. The first binder contains seven manuals from DigitalResearch covering the CP/M disk operating system.These reference' manuals have been around for severalyears and have, in fact, been the basis of several booksdedicated to explaining CP/M to novice users. The sec-ond binder contains Colonial Data's SB-80 user's manuai.This manual is divided into six sections and is really a col-lection of six separate references.

The first section of the user's manual is the 24-page"Operator's Guide." According to the introduction, it isdirected to the novice user and states that "no priorknowledge of computers is required." Unfortunately, ittries to cover too much ground too fast; by page 5, thediscussion of serial I/O becomes fairly technical. Thesubsection called "Getting Started" is better oriented tothe first-time user and is in a step-by-step, "cookbook"

PLUS

M TkM ¥ ¥¥ -m /APPLE II PLLJHLjLVM.M AM ^* ^COMPATIBLE

tf«*"

AMI II plus& (48k)

only for

DEALERS & DISTRIBUTERSINQUIRIES INVITED

OR

AMI II++(48kWfy/%-

3 part kit $£.zf&.

ACCESSORIES

DESCRIPTION

USS UHIT PRICE

LANGUAGE COO., 55

INTEGEB CAST) 50

DISK INTERFACE CARD 55

EPSON PRINTER CARD 52

2-80 CP/M CARD 58

SERIAL INTERFACE CARD (RS-232C)51

PARALLEL INTERFACE CARD 35

JOY-STICK 20

80-C0LUHN CARD. 62

R.F-MODULAT0R , 7,

We'llbeatanyprice!

fv>

48K

Peripherals that work with the Apple II will work with the Ami 11Programs that run on the Apple will run on the Ami II

'' SUPER - 5 "

Mini FloppyDisk Driver.

CHARACTERISTICS

Servo Motor / SpindleConnection

Head PositioningMechanism

iead/Write Track Width

Track to Track Tim

File Protect

-SUPER~5» AMI ITFor Apple II

Direct Shaft Drive

Metal Band Positioner

Half Track Possible

Less Than 6 msec

Photo Coupler

EVRYTHING THEY CAN DO -AMI II CAN DO and BETTER /

To order- ADT^MT A f IMXrVCTUCKITC I T&lTTCn HARDSTRASSE 81, 8040 ZURICH'.'SWITZERLAND.write to vKlfclM I AJL UN V fcO J, IVifclN IS H/VUlJfcL> (P.O.Box 460)Telephone:443866;Tel ex: 53745.

* Terms of sale bank wire transfer certified or cashier'scheck or money ocder. Please include telephone numberwith order. Advertised price is for pre - paid orders.

* F.O.B Taiwan or Japan. Price subject to change withoutnotice Manufacturer's warranty only.

WARRANTY 12 months after a •DELIVERY WITHIN 30 DAYS <

te of purchase

immediate delivery of cards

APOLLO COMPUTER CO,, LTD.

5TH FL. NO. 96, SEe. 2, CHUNG HSIAO E. RD.TAIPEI. TAIWAN, R.O.C.

• AMI II is a trademark of APOLLO Computer Corporation.

• Apple ie a registered trademark of Apple Computer Inc.

332 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 499 on inquiry card.

Circle 504 on inquiry card.

BIOS.ASM

Source listing for 63K BIOS with parameters

set up for 9600 bps terminal, 300 bps

modem, and standard Centronics parallel

printer

BIOS61.ASM

Source listing for 61K BIOS with parameters

set up for 9600 bps terminal, 300 bps

modem, and standard Centronics parallel

printer

BIOS.HEX/

Assembled BIOS.ASM file for 63K BIOS

BIOS.REL

BIOS.PRN

Listing file of BIOS.ASM (assembled)

LIBRARIES

TREADLES.LIB, COMPARE.LIB, STACK.LIB,

NCOMPARE.LIB, SELECT.LIB, WHEN.LIB,

BUTTONS.LIB, I8085.LIB, DISKDEF.LIB,

Z80.LIB, SIMPIO.LIB, DOWHILE.LIB,

SEQIO.LIB, INTER.LIB

DUMP.ASM

Sample assembler program, which will print

DUMP.COM

a hexadecimal file dump of any file which

DUMP.PRN

has been assembled (DUMP.ASM), produc-

ing a listing file (DUMP.PRN) and an ex-

ecutable program file (DUMP.COM)

CPM.COM

CP/M image file using SYSGEN utility for

63K machine

BOOTROM.PRN

Listing of SB-80 boot ROM

BOOT.ASM

SB-80 Boot Loader Source file

DISKTST.COM

SB-80 Disk Verify program

F0RMAT.COM

System Utility program, which formats,

verifies, and copies the contents of one disk

to another

MEMTST.COM

SB-80 memory diagnostics

XDIR.COM

Extended Directory program

TERM.COM

Program and Data file for S and M Systems'

TERM

demo terminal selections

Digital Research

PIP.COM, XSUB.COM, STAT.COM,

utilities

L0AD.COM, ASM.COM, SYSGEN.COM,

ED.COM, SUBMIT.COM, DDT.COM

SMDEM01.COM

S and M Systems Accounting Demonstra-

SMDEM02.COM

tion programs

HELP.COM

Universal HELP system for online documen-

tation

*.HLP

Various HELP files on the most popular

CP/M and SB-80 microcomputer functions

Table 1: An anno

tated list of all the software distributed with

the SB-80 CP/M 2.2 disk.

Benchmark Description

empty do-loopdivision

subroutine jumpMID$ (substring)prime number program

SB-80(4 MHz)Seconds

5.7424.87

9.1718.50

151.00

Generic Z80 (4 MHz)Seconds

5.8124.90

9.40

18.60

151.00

Table 2: Benchmark results for the SB-80 versus a Z80 S-100system. Both computers ran identical BASIC programs writ-ten in M.BAS1C 4.51. For listings of the benchmarks, see page54 of the January 1982 issue of BYTE in "A Closer Look atthe IBM Personal Computer" by Gregg Williams.

SUPER PRICENEW SUPERBRAIN II

Only*1880.00

350K Disk - 64K RAM

QD $2265.00 SD $2645.00Intertec's new Superbrain II upgrades theSuperbrain with the following features:

• Graphics • 72 Hour Burn-Drive

• Real-Time Clock • Full 90 Day Warranty

• Microsoft Basic • Continual Service After

• CPM 90 Days Available

• Green Phospher Screen Optional

HOW TO ORDER: Send check, cash, money order or major creditcard. Please allow 10 days for delivery. Add 3% shipping andhandling. Add 10% for foreign orders. Virginia residents add 4%sales tax. VISA & Master Cards welcomed —add 3% for creditcard purchases. All items shipped U.P.S. or motor freight unlessotherwise specified.

No COD's please. Write or call for our free catalog or forfurther information

Name

Address

Phone No.

Micro King International We treat you like Royalty

| P.O. Box 3211 • Fairfax, Virginia 22038 • (703) 273-1943

1AKE-OFF PROBE

Measures & Counts$850.00

(complete with programs)

ifj.

mm

HIGH RESOLUTION OPTICAL SENSOR

ACCURATE - EASY TO USE

• Counts and Measures • User Selected Scaie • Detail Take-Off Record •

• Easy to Make Changes • Summarizes • Measures Lengths, Areas, Volumes •

• High Accuracy • No Extension Errors •

A GREAT TIME SAVER

Uses Digital Research's CP/M. Available on Televideo. Intertec Superbrain.

Superfive. Radio Shack TRS-80, II & III. North Star Horizon and Advantage.

and many others. Requires 64K RAM or equivalent, 150K for programs.

in U.S.:

MANDAT SYSTEMS

11155- 120th Avenue N.E.Kirkland. Washington98033

in Canada:MANDAT SYSTEMS LTD.

Box 2446.Sidney, B.C.V8L 3Y3

PHONE (604) 656-6441

VISA - MASTERCHARGE or MONEY ORDER

Circle 505 on Inquiry card.

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 333

format that explains plugging in a terminal and orientingthe floppy disk properly. The Operator's Guide alsointroduces microcomputers, software, terminology, disksand drives, and how to make a backup. The guide goeson to explain prompts, Control keys, and introducesCP/M.

The second section, titled the "Technical Manual," is60 pages long and describes the hardware: the processor,memory, I/O ports, counter/timers, disk controller, ex-pansion circuitry, power supply, and miscellaneousitems. The manual then goes into the operation(s) ofthese various components.

The third section is a commented listing of the boot-strap ROM used in the SB-80, while the fourth section ismade up of the full schematics of the syst.em. There are 12pages of circuits, parts placement, and componentdescriptions. The fifth and sixth sections consist of theShugart OEM and maintenance manuals for the800-series 8-inch floppy-disk drives. Overall, more than360 pages of information are included with this micro-computer.

Conclusions

• The SB-80 system is not an exotic machine but rather anexample of the refinement of an existing concept—in thiscase, a Z80-based, CP/M-compatible computer. Aspectsof the system reflect the careful planning that went intothe design (e.g., the expansion connector and the jumper-

programmable RS-232C ports). The price for a fully con-figured machine is $2995, which places the system in thelow-to-middle section of the market. Even so, the manu-facturer appears not to have cut corners in production.For example, all of the ICs are socketed so that repairsand replacements can be done in the field. Also, the serialports are controlled by a Z80 SIO/0 rather than a less ex-pensive UART.

• I was favorably impressed with the 9-bit memory widthused for parity checking. In a business environment, anundetected dropped bit could create some interestingresults in the Accounts Receivable department. TheHELP subsystem shows a great deal of potential for bothOEMs who may be packaging this system with pro-prietary software and end users who might want to set upmini-tutorials for less experienced operators.

• On the debit side, the user's manual becomes too tech-nical for the intended audience of novice users. (Docu-mentation is forever the downfall of computer manufac-turers.) Still, the SB-80's documentation is aboveaverage. Also, a switched AC outlet for the terminalwould be a nice touch.

• In summary, the system worked well, was totally reli-able (no resets due to static or line surges), and did the jobof running CP/M software. With its excellent price/per-formance ratio, its rock-solid hardware, and the tremen-dous amount of software available, the SB-80 shouldbecome a real competitor in the 8-bit market. ■

PICK A

SYSTEM!

COMPLET

We're offering you our SB-80 system in either 5 1/4" or 8"disk drives, your choice. Either way your system comeswith a full size (12" diagonal) non-glare tillable greenscreen with 24 lines by 80 character format. Its multi-character set offers blinking cursor, underlining, reversevideo, and half and zero intensity. The movable, detach-able keyboard has a numeric pad with cursor control andfunction keys.

■ Single Board Technology ■ CP/M® Operating System■ 4MHzZ80ACPU ■ 64K 200ns Main Memory

■ 8-Inch Dual Density Floppy Drives■ 5 1/4-Inch Dual Density Floppy Drives

■ 2-Serial Ports ■ 2-Parallel Ports

■ 4-Counter/Timers ■ Expandable

For further in formation about this limited offer call or write:

Nationwide on-site and depot repair service I §f~k|/^kni^| Tl^lt^l

through the professionals at INDESERV. VUIUI lldl L/dlCl

®CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc.

Colonial Data Services Corp., 105 Sanford Street, Hamden, Conn. 06514 • (203) 288-2524 • Telex: 956014

334 November 19B2 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 84 On inquiry Card.

y

Proven tools for programmers.From Microsoft.

Old friends. Eight years ago, Microsoft put BASICon the first microcomputer. Today, there are morethan 1,000,000 copies of Microsoft"languages in use. BASIC interpreter.BASIC compiler. FORTRAN, andCOBOL. A proven set of programming tools. All, fully supportedby Microsoft.

The best get better. Goodtools work better if you keepthem sharp. That's why weconstantly improve the tools weoffer. Enhancing them. Increasingtheir utility. Taking full advantageof the strengths of each languageSupporting you, the user, witha full range of finely honedprogramming tools.

Technical support. When you buyour tools, you get our number. If youhave technical problems, call the Microsoftsupport staff for assistance. If we don't have theanswers now, we'll find them and call you back.

Compatible documentation. All Microsoftlanguages share a common approach to documen-tation. Starting with plain English. That meansthat even when you're learning a new language,you won't have to learn a new vocabulary.

Linkable code. All Microsoft compilers sharecommon utilities. A linker accompanies each

compiler. That means you can write programs intwo or more languages, taking advantage of

the specific strengths of each, then, link andrun them as a single program.

Leadership in micros. Nobodygave us leadership. We earned itthrough innovation, enhancedprogramming tools and completeuser support. Today, Microsoft is theonly software supplier to offer youa complete programming environ-ment. Including specialized languagesthat support you in a wide variety ofprogramming situations. Tomorrow, you canlook to Microsoft to make that environmenteven more productive.

Better tools. Ask your Microsoft dealerabout Microsoft's family of proven toolsfor programmers: BASIC interpreter, BASICcompiler, FORTRAN and COBOL. Each isa specialized tool for a special programming problem.Better tools. And better tools make better programs.

BETTER TOOLS FOR MICROCOMPUTERS

MICROSOFT

MICROSOFT CORPORATION

10700 NORTHUP WAY

BELLEVUE. WASHINGTON 98004

Microsoft is a registered trademark of Microsoft CorporationCircle 300 on inquiry card.

The Game of Rat an

Truck Smith

1520 Fairgreen

Fullerton, CA 92633

Have you ever looked at a micro-computer game and thought youcould do a better job if only youknew where to start? In this article I'llshow you where to start and how toapply certain important elements ofgame design. After briefly describingthe Game of Rat and Dragon in itsfinal form, I'll explain how its evolu-tion was shaped by those design ele-ments.

Rat and Dragon is an animatedchase game for the Apple II in whichyou try to earn a high score within alimited amount of time. You usegame paddles to move the rat (repre-sented by a brown square) to find andeat a piece of cheese (a yellowsquare). When the rat eats the cheeseyou score points, and a new cheeseappears somewhere else on thescreen. To keep the game from beingtoo simple, two dragons (red andgreen) chase the rat. The dragons willeat the rat if they catch it, and thatends the game. As your skill im-proves and your score gets higher,both the cheese and the dragons movefaster, making it harder to scorepoints.

Implied in this description of theGame of Rat and Dragon are four fac-tors important to computer gamedesign:

• goals and objectives (you scorepoints by causing the rat to eat thecheese)

• complications (the dragons want toeat the rat)

• timing (time is limited and thingskeep moving faster)

• display (colored objects moveabout on the screen)

The level of implementation of thesefactors can make the difference be-tween rave reviews and brickbats fora game. If you're planning to write acomputer game of your own, don'ttry to make it too elaborate—the bestgames are simple, absorbing, andvisually attractive. To illustrate howto bring all these factors together in asuccessful game, I'll start with the in-itial question, Where do you begin?

Goals and Objectives

All great games, not just computergames, start with very simple ideas,

typically involving a goal and objec-tives. The goal is the ultimate purposeof the game. It might be to make aspecific type of move, as in chess, orsimply to score as many points aspossible, as in Space Invaders. Any-thing accomplished on the way to thegoal is an objective. In chess, the ob-ject of the game is to capture gamepieces by moving onto the squaresthey occupy. The goal of the game isto capture the king, or rather to putthe king in such a position that hecan't avoid being captured.

An objective can contribute direct-ly to the effort to reach the goal, itcan be indirectly related, or it canhave no relation at all. In chess, cap-turing pieces other than the king con-tributes indirectly to the goal; it is stillpossible to lose even if you havetaken more pieces than your oppo-nent. The purpose of the objective isto keep players interested in the gameby giving them a way to mark theirprogress.

How does this apply to computergames? The game starts with a simpleidea such as hitting a ball with a pad-dle (Pong), shooting at a target

336 November 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

(Space Invaders), or gobbling up dots(Pac-Man). Your game should be sim-ple, too. Resist the temptation tomake up goals and objectives thattake a lot of practice to achieve. Whetthe player's appetite by making thefirst few points easy to score. Givepeople an easy-to-understand gamethat they can start playing im-mediately, and they'll keep comingback for more.

It's possible for a game to go inmany directions from a simple idea.Breakout, Asteroids, and Rat andDragon evolved from the same basicideas as Pong, Space Invaders, andPac-Man, respectively. Rat andDragon in particular began as a pro-gram to simulate the workings of theEtch-a-Sketch toy. I added the cheesefor an objective and a dragon and atime limit to make the game in-teresting. The first, very simple ver-sion of the program is shown inlisting 1. It took about half an hour toprogram, and I immediately spent thefollowing hour trying to get a scorehigher than 15 points.

Usually it's a good idea to write aquick program containing the basicidea of your goal and objectives to seeif the game will be playable. Theflowchart in figure 1 is a guide to theorganization of the program. The se-quence of events is simple: initializethe program; initialize the game; ex-ecute a loop to move the rat, cheese,and dragon until the time limit isreached or the dragon catches the rat;and then end the game.

Once I finished programming thegame, I applied the playability test.The action was fast and I becamevery involved in trying for a highscore. From this experience I decidedthat the idea was basically sound, andI began to think about making thegame more complicated.

Complications

One problem with games in generaland computer games in particular isthat people get better at tasks theypractice. If you make a game too sim-ple, players will soon master it andsubsequently lose interest. Tic-tac-toeis a good example of this effect.

On the other hand, if you make thegame difficult enough to keep their

f start j

GENERATENEW CHEESE

Figure 1: A flowchart of the Rat and Dragon program that is organized like a pollingloop for I/O requests.

Listing 1: A simple version of Rat and Dragon that serves to test the basic idea.

16BB1010

1828

163S1646

1050

£060

£010

26202630

2100

21162120213621402150£1602176£1362136

THE GfiHE OF RATSIMPLE VERSIONTRUCK SMITH 9/2!

REMREMREM

REM

REM INITIALIZE PROGRAM

RC=8

B6=6 ,

0C=I ft

CC=13

TEXT I .,

CALL -S3S

PRINT

PRINT

PRINT

PRINT

PRINT "8."

PRINT "DRRGON"

PRINT

UThB 21

"THE""SfiME"

"OF""RAT"

2266 PRINT "PUSH EITHER BUTTON TO BEGIN"

3666 REM INITIALIZE GAME

3616 IF PEEK <-16287>>127 THEN 3166

3020 IF PEEK <-1628S»127 THEN 3180

3830 SOTO 3600

3100 6R

3110 CALL -936

3126 TM=400

3136 0X=19

3146 DV=19

3156 GX= RHO (405

3166 CV= RHD C40-5

3176 COLOR=CC

3180 PLOT CX,CV

3190 SC=0

3266 UTAB £1

3216 PRINT "SCORE",SC

3££6 PRINT "TIHE",TM

3£38 RX=8

3£46 RV=6 Listing 1 continued on page 339

November 1982 © BYTE PubliciHora Inc 337

Wefoe selling

We are overstocked!

Our warehouse runneth over with TandonDrives.

Help!

Help us clear the decks and help yourselfto significant savings on these excellentproducts.

We've always been high on Tandon. (Evenwhen we're not up to our knees in 'em.) Theyoffer an unsurpassed storage capacity, a veryadvanced dual-head design, increasedthroughput — and proven reliability.

So at these prices, you should definitelybuy a drive. Buy two. Maybe someone youknow is having a birthday soon. Buy one forthem.

Call immediately. At these prices, theywon't last very long.

Hopefully.

Tandon's TM100 series of 5-inch mini-floppydisk drives all feature Tandon's patentedread/write head design.Available in four models:

TM100-1 A single-sided, 40 track, 5.25-inchfloppy-disk drive with a storage capacity of250K bytes unformatted and a track-to-trackaccess time of 5-milliseconds 195.00

TM100-2 double-sided, 40 track per side,5.25-inch floppy-disk drive with a storagecapacity of 500K bytes unformatted and atrack-to-track access time of 5-milliseconds 269.00

TM100-3 A single-sided, 80 track, 5.25-inchfloppy-disk drive with a storage capacity of500K bytes unformatted and a track-to-trackaccess time of 3-milliseconds 250.00

TM100-4 A double-sided, 80 track per side,5.25-inch floppy-disk drive with a storage

capacity of 1000K bytes unformatted and atrack-to-track access time of 3-milliseconds 369.00

Tandon's TM848 "Thinline" series of 8-inchfloppy-disk drives all feature Tandon'spatented read/write head design. The unique"Thinline" design allows two drives to be in-stalled in the same space as a single conven-tional drive.Available in two models:

TM848-1 A single-sided, 77 track floppy-diskdrive with a storage capacity of 600K bytessingle density and 1.2 megabytes capacitydouble density (IBM format), and a 3-milli-second track-to-track access time..379.00

TM848-2 A double-sided, 77 track per sidefloppy-disk drive with a storage capacity of1.2 megabytes single density and 2.4megabyte capacity double density (IBM for-mat), and it has a 3-millisecond track-to-trackaccess time 490.00

MODEL III DISK DRIVE KITS • * • * *

Controller Kit includes all boards assembledand tested, internal controller, mountingbrackets, switching power supply, and in-stallation instructions. Handles 4 drives... 360.00

Kit #1: Controller Kit and 2 TM100-3 single-sided, 80 track drives 875.00

Kit #2: Controller Kit and 2 TM1004 double-sided, 80 track drives 1060.00

Kit #3: Controller Kit and 2 TM100-1 single-sided, 40 track drives 720.00

Kit #4: Controller Kit and 2 TM100-2 double-sided, 40 track drives 850.00

We built a reputation on our pricesand your satisfaction.

We guarantee everything tor 30 days. No returns alter 30 daysDetective software replaced tree; all other software returns sub-ject to a 15% restocking lee and must be accompanied byRMA slip. No returns on game software unless detective

We accept VISA and MasterCard on all orders — no extracharge. COO orders, up to $300.

Shipping Charges: S3 lor all prepaid orders, actual ship-ping charges lor non-prepaids: S3 tor COD orders under 25lbs (S6 lor over) plus a $4 surcharge: add 15% tor foreignFP0 and APO orders Californians add 6% sales tax. LACounty add 6'/*%.

Prices quoted are for stock on hand and subject to changewithout notice

PUTER

• i

To order or for information call

(213)7060333

Modem order line: (213)883-8976

31245 LA BAYA DRIVE,WESTLAKE VILLAGE, CA 91362

338 BYTE November 1982

Circle 19 on inquiry card.

Listing 1 continued:

40084010

4020

48304Q4S40554069407040804090410041104120413041404150416041704180420042104220423042464250426042704280430043104720433043404400

REH NfllHLOOP

REM RRT

COLUR=BG

PLOT RX.RV

RX= POL <0V6

IF RX>39 THEN RX=39

Rt= PDL (1 V6

IF RV>39 THEN RV=38

COLOR=KC

PLOT RI-^RV

REH SCORE

IF RXOCX OR RVOCV

UTfiB 21

PRINT "SCORE",SC

CX= RKD (40)

CV= RMD (40)

C0L0R=CC_

PLOT CX.CV

REM DRhGON

IF DX=RX AND DV=RV

CCLGR=BS

IF DX=CX RNO DV=CV

PLOT DK.DV

DX=-DX+ S6N (RX-DX)

DV=DV+ SON (RV-DV)

0GL0R=DC

PLOT DX,B¥

REH !I HER

UTfiB 22_

PRW :' iIHE''-iTh''1 ■'IF rH>0 THEN 4008GOTO 3006

interest for a long time, you may findthat some people won't even try thegame. Others may give up after a fewtries because it's too difficult forthem. A classic example is chess. Irefuse to play my computer chessgame because I can't win even whenthe program is set to the lowest skilllevel. I can't even beat the computerby asking it where I should movenext.

You can avoid the extremes of toosimple and too difficult and sustainthe players' interest in two ways. Onesolution is to make some objectiveseasy but allow only a few points forthem. The goal of such a game wouldbe to amass a huge number of points,which must be achieved by satisfyinga more difficult objective. The othersolution is to start with easy objec-tives and make them harder asplayers score more or as playing timeincreases.

In practice, many computer gamesuse both methods. The Pac-Mangame, for instance, grants a smallscore for eating a dot (which is easy)and a greater score for eating amonster. The game also gets com-plicated and more difficult with timeas the monsters escape from theirpen, one by one, to chase the Pac-Man. The Pac-Man then has to findand eat a special dot to be able to eatthe monsters.

Space Invaders also uses bothmethods. It's fairly easy to shoot asingle invader, and the score reflectsit. You have to shoot down the flyingsaucers, a considerably harder task,to score higher totals. One elegantfeature of the game is the way scoringbecomes more difficult as your scoregets higher. When you shoot the in-vaders, the remaining ones movefaster, becoming harder targets foryou to hit.

In Rat and Dragon, some complica-tions were easy to program, such ashaving the "dragon wait to appear un-til the player reached a certain scoreor having the cheese move around,slowly at first, then faster. However,at this stage it was still too easy toscore points.

I puzzled over this problem forquite some time. I could have thedragon stay near the cheese, but thenyou could easily avoid the dragon bystaying out of its range and thenswooping in for a score. For lack of abetter choice, however, I used thatcomplication in the game's secondrevision, shown in listing 2.

When I ran that version of the pro-gram, the game reached the absolutelimit of slowness that I could tolerate.My wife then suggested the perfectcomplication—another dragon. Toadd a second dragon I would have touse machine language, a solution thatwould allow increased game speedand the added complications. (For themachine-language version of the pro-gram, see listing 3.)

Timing

Good timing is essential to the crea-tion of a believable illusion. Theoret-ically, some games, such as Space In-vaders, can go on forever, whileothers may impose a definite timelimit. I have never seen a game thattimed individual points, but thatdoesn't mean that such a gamedoesn't exist or that you can't createone.

If I set a time limit for a game, Itend to start it off at roughly 30seconds. Then I lengthen or shortenthe time until I get a game that leavesme wanting to play more but is stilllong enough to score a reasonableContinued on page 343

Circle a \

111

Digital Equipment

The RainbcPersonal Co

The RAINBOW 100 Personal Compu"high-performance unit executing 8-bit and16-bit programs based on CP/M 80.CP/M-86 and MS/DOS. Standard w/ 64Kmain memory expandable to 128 or 256K.Optional bit-map graphics, color monitorand 51

RAUMftw-mo -Bfw , t ym"RAINBOW 100 — Color $5,340

All with Z80/8088 w/ CP/M 80/86 132 X 24CRT, 800K Disk, 64K RAM Detachablekeyboard, CPM 2.2

* FREE *

Order DEC PC before January 1983 andreceive free Wordstar and Mailmerge Soft-ware.

SUPERBRAIN II Jr $1,875

350K Disk—64K RAM

SUPERBRAIN II QD $2,250

700K Disk—64K RAM

SUPERBRAIN II SD $2,655

1.5 MB Disk —64K RAM

10 MB HARD DISK $2,995

(Includes Interface Cable)

DAZY CHAINER... List $495... $375

Upgrade your SuperBrain to aCompuStar™ Compatable Network.(Includes All Hardware and Software)

90 Day Money Back Guarantee*

120 Day Extended Warranty"

72 Hour Burn In

Ordering Information: Money Or-ders, Cashier Checks or BankWires Welcome. Personal or Com-pany Checks, allow 15 days toclear. Surface Freight StandardF.O.B. Origin. Include your tele-phone number. No COD's, please.Prices are subject to changewithout notice. Order desk hoursare 9 to 5 CST.

CALL OR WRITE(214)931-9069

w^stStar Micro

16990 Dallas Parkway • Suite 151Dallas, Texas 75248

of Oinilal Equipm

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 339

>i

COMPUTER PRODUCTS

PRODUCT OF THE MONTH

STAR MICRONICSPRINTER

GEMINI 10

High performance features rivaling the EpsonMX-80 FT at a fraction of the cost.

• 100 CPS, Bidirectional

• 4 K Buffer Standard

• 96 ASC II Characters with Blockand Bit Image Graphics

• Low Cost Ribbons

List Price $499 CALL

APPLE

Apple II Plus CALL

Disk II with Controller

DOS 3.3 CALL

Disk Add On CALL

Winchester Hard Disk . CALL12" Green Screen Monitor. CALL

ACCESSORIES

Z 80 Softcard $299.00

16K RAM Card 99.00

Par. Printer Card 89.00

Serial Card 89.00

Clock Calendar Card .. .99.00

IEEE Card 249.00

A-D Card 99.00

ROM + Card 129.00

Graphics Card 105.00

CPS Multifunction Card. 179.00

Videx Videoterm

80 Col. Card 299.00

Lower Case Adapter 17.00

M & R Super Fan 40.00

M&RSuper Modulator.. .25.00

TG Game Paddles 30.00

TG Joy Stick 47.00

TG Select-A-Port 47.00

Numeric Key Pad 119.00

SOFTWARE

BUSINESS

Financial Partner $191.00

Pascal Tutor 97.00

Pro Easy Writer 137.00

Easy Writer 40 Col 78.00

Word Star (Reg.Softcard)220.00Super Sort (Req.Softcard)118.00Mail Merger (Req.Sotted.)75.00Data Star (Req.Soltcard). 170.00Spell Star (Req.Soltcard)115.00Calc Star (Req.Softcard).115.00

Super Text II 117.00

The Address Book 38.00

Form Letter Module 78.00

Visitile 229.00

Desktop Plan III 275.00

Desktop Plan II 229.00

Visiplot 185.00

Visitrend/Visiplot 275.00

Visidex 229.00

Visiterm 89.00

Visicalc 3.3 229.00

Infotory 198.00

Superspell (Req.Softcard)435.00

Word Processor(Req.Scd)255.00

PERSONAL/HOME

Typing Tutor $19.00

Elementary Math 31.00

Personal Filing System . .74.00Personal Report System. .74.00

Algebra 1 31.00

Compu-Math:Arith. Skill. .39.00Compu-'Math:Fractions.. .31.00Compu-Math:Decimals... 31.00Compu-Spells:

(Req. Data Disk) 23.00

MISC.Applesoft Compiler. .. $144.00

Basic Compiler 327.00

Apple-Doc 41.00

D.B. Master 169.00

D.B. Utility Pack 70.00

E-ZDraw3.3 .40.00

Pascal Graph. Ed 79.00

GAMES

Raster Blaster $24.00

Air Traffic Controller 9.00

Temple of Apshal 31.00

Datestones ot Rkyn 15.00

Modoc's Tower 15.00

Rescue at Rigel 23.00

Hell Fire Warrior .31.00

Star Warrior , .31.00

Crash, Crumble & Chomp 23.00Upper Reaches of Apshal 15.00

The Keys to Acheron 15.00

Sneak Attack 23.00

The Prisoner 23.00

Zonk 1 31.00

Zonk II 31.00

Robot Wars 31.00

Three Mile Island 31.00

A.B.M 19.00

Castle Wolfenstein 23.00

Wizard and Princess 25.00

Missile Defense 23.00

Cranston Manor 27.00

Warp Destroyer 23.00

Cyber Strike 31.00

Phantoms Five 24.00

Space Eggs 24.00

Pulsar II.. 24.00

Autobahn 24.00

Orbitron 24.00

Gamma Goblins 24.00

Gorgon 32.00

Sneakers 32.00

Epoch 28.00

Cops and Robbers 28.00

Outpost 24.00

Dark Forest 24.00

Beer Run 24.00

Hadron 28.00

Twerps 24.00

Snake Byte 24.00

Borg 24.00

Computer Football 24.00

Minotaur 28.00

Kabul Spy 28.00

CABLES

CENTRONICS

Centronics to

Centronics 6 It $30.00

Osborne to Centronics 6 ft.30.00IBM to Centronics 10 ft. 30.00

RS232

4 wire male-male 10 II. $25.009 wire male-female 10tt. .30.004 wire male-male 10 It. 25.009 wire male-female 10 It 30.00Other cables and connectorsavailable CALL

RS232 SWITCH BOX

Use 2 terminals or printers fromone output port $109.00

COMPUTERS

Call Today ForComputer Prices

ALTOS

Z80-A 8-bit CPV basedsystems, dual floppy and Win-chester hard disk based, Heldupgradable.

ACS 8000-2 - 64K, 1Mb lloppystorage, single-userACS 8000-15- 208Kb, 1Mb flop-py storage, multi-user.ACS 8000-6/7-208Kb, 14.5-29Mb Winchester storage, multi-user

ACS 8000-6s/7s/MTU - same as8000-G with a magnetic tape cartridge back up

APPLE II PLUS

48K

BASIS 108

64K.6502 and Z80 CPU -Apple compatible

IBM PC

64K, 8088 CPU2 x 5V. drives

KAY PRO

Portable, 180, B4K, 2 x5V,drives, 9" video display

NEC PC 8000

280A, 32K, 80character screen

OSBORNE 1

Porlable,Z80A, 64K,2 x 5'A drives, display

TELEVIDEO

TS802 - 64K, Z80A CPU, 1 Mbmini tloppy disks, 25 x 80 CRTTS80B - Multi-user (6). 64K,Z80-A, 10Mb WinchesterTS816 - Multi-user (16),64K.Z80-A, 23.5 Mb Win-chester, 17.2Mb '/< "tape drive

VICTOR 9000

128K, BOBS CPU, 2x5%drives, monitor

DISKETTES

3M DISKETTES

5VS" SSSD (single side, single

density) ea $3.80

5'/." SSSD 4.40

5%" DSDD 5.40

8" SSSD 4.00

8" SSDD 5.00

8" DSDD 6.40

Call tor quantity discounts

DISKETTEiCCESSORIES

5'/<" Head Cleaning Kit(2 disk-

ettes,solution,dispenser'8" Head Cleaning Kit

DYSAN

5V4" SSSD for Apple II5'/<" SSSD forVictor 9000

$25.0025.00

$4.856.85

FLOPPYDISK DRIVES

MICR0SCI

A2 - 35 Track 5%" SSSD drivecompatible with Apple I1S399.00Controller Card 99.00

PMC

SFD-51B - SSSD 5% disk drivelor the IBM PC $199.00

RANA

5%" SSSD Drive tor

Apple II $429.00

Controller Card 129.00

TAND0NBARE DRIVES

TM-100-1

SSSD 5'/." drive $219.DO

TM-100-2

DSSD 5W drive 259.00

FURNITURE

C0MPUCART

Computer Stand - slide-out shelf,hidden/locked storage.$495.00

COMPUTERACCESSORIES

Epson Stand

with paper basket $130.00

with basket,shelf,casters189.00

NEC Printer Stand

with basket 110.00

SGW

Sml.tabletop printer stand$28.00Lge.tabletop printer stand. 32.00Osborne Monitor Stand. . .20.00

64KPC CALL

5V4" Floppy Disk Drive.. .CALL

Disk Controller Card CALL

Winchester Rigid Disk DriveCALL

ACCESSORIES

Parallel Printer lnterface$129

Time Clock 129

64K Memory Card. 309128K Memory Card 469192K Memory Card. . 629256K Memory Card. . 729Combo Board... 855(256K Memory, l-Game l/CParallel & 2 Async RS 232 I/Joystick 4!

SOFTWARE

Visicalc 256K . $235

Visidex 235

Visi Trend/Visiplot 275

Easy Writer II 250

Easy Speller 125

Easy Filer 295

Galactic Attack 29

Call to Arms 24

Many more not listed -call to inquire

I/O CARDS

COMREX

Apple Clock Card $7!

S-100 Clock Card 11!

Epson 4K Buffer 139

EPSON

TRS-80 I Direct Card

(cable required) $4!

Apple Parallel Card 7!

2K Serial Card

with current loop 9!

2K Serial Card. X on X off12l

IEE 488 Card 51

4K Serial Card, X-onX-off13lGrappler, for Apple II . 131

MICROTEK

Apple 16KRAM $9!

Apple Parallel Printer Card 8!Apple Graphics Card 10!IBM64-256KRAM C

MPC

Apple 16K RAM $9!

Apple Parallel Printer Card.8!Apple Serial Card 8!

MPI

INTERFACES FOR 88G/!

AP-PAC - Apple Card & CiSoftware & Manual $14!

IEEE/PET Adapter 5!

Hi-Speed RS232 Serial Card7X-on/X-off Serial Card. .11'Apple Parallel Card 11

INTERFACES FOR 150

Serial Comm. I/F Adapter

(with cable) $10

Apple Parallel l/F Card

(with cable) 11

AP-PAK (Card, Cable, SoftvManual) 14

OLYMPIA

Serial/Parallel lntertace$25

IEEE Interface 29

CCS Apple Serial Card . .13

All ProductsPLEASI

Circle 350 on inquiry card.

■ ■

Fast Response, Expert Technical Help, andGuaranteed Satisfaction - at Unbeatable Prices!

/0 CARDS

PRACTICAL/PERIPHERALS

CROBUFFER II-For Apple(Parallel $259.00

< Parallel 299.00

! Serial 259.00

(Serial 299.00

CROBUFFER - For Epson(Parallel $159.00

Serial 159.00

TAXAN

B-ll Apple II Card $129.00

MODEMS

ANCHOR

inalman Mark I $99.00

HAYES

;ramoPem ll(Apple ll)$299.00.-romodem II (S-100) 349.00arlmodem (RS-232) 225.00onograph (RS-232) 229.00

NOVATION

T

$140.00

;at

155.00

10 CAT

209.00

pie CAT

299.00

mansion Module

37.00

ndsel

29.00

(JDS

3 LP Direct $175.00

3 JLP Aula Answer 209.00

2 LP 1200 BAUD 259.00

MONITORS

C0MREX

5500 - Green Screen 80 col xrows $115.00

6500 - 13" Color CompositeTime resolution 399.00

6600 - 13" Color - RGB 380I resolution 549.00

TAXAN

•12N - 12" Green Screen 18iz List $169 CALL

-12N - 12" Amber ScreenvlHz List $179 CALL

B VISION 1-12" RGB Analog) lines at center List $399CALLB VISION II - 12' RGB Analog) lines at center List S599CALLB VISION III - 12" RGB 630IS List $699 00 CALL

ZENITH

Green Screen $119.00

PAPER

■x11 Vi" Green Bar.Registerid (3500 ctn.) $29.70

nk,Register Bond00 ctn.) . 29.70

.>x 11 Blank, perforated•gins (2700 ctn.) 30.10

7/8x11 Vj'Green Bar. 20#lister Bond (2400 cm.I 37.10nk. 20» Register Bond00 ctn.) 37.10

slot ListedCALL!

PRINTERS

ADLER

SE1010 - Printer/Typer,

11/17 5 CPS $995.00

Interface Cards 350.00

COMREX

COMRITER CR-1-C

Daisy Wheel. 17 CPS Bidirec-tional. PAR, SERIAL and QUMEInterlace List $1199 CALL

C. ITOHPRO-WRITER 8510-A

9x9 Matnx.120 CPS

Serial $645.00

Parallel 499.00

F10 DAISY WHEEL

F/T Feed 40 dr 55 CPS

List $1795 CALL

MPI

99 G-11x9 Matrix. .. $549.00150 G - 11 x 9 Matrix. 15"Paper, Tractor Feed, Var. Pitch.Dot Graphics 799.00

NEC

3510/3530 R0- Daisy Wheel. 33CPS. Var. Pitch $1835.00

7710/7730 RQ - 55 CPS.136-163 Col w/Tractor2465.008023-A - Dot Matrix,

100 CPS , $499.00

NOVELL

50

IMAGE 800 - 9x9 Matrix

CPS Bidirectional

300 CH Buffer $999.00

OKIDATA

MICROLINE 82 A-9 x 9 Matrix,120 CPS. Friction Feed $519.00MICROLINE 83A - Same as 82Awith 132/232 Col.. 15"Paper 745.00

MICROLINE 84 SP-Same as 83Awith 200 CPS & Full DotGraphics 1150.00

OLYMPIA

ES100 KRO- Daisy Wheel Printer17 CPS. 10.12 CPISerial/Par 999.00

ES100 - Typewriter Only 799.00

PMC

DMP-85 - Dot Matrix. 120 CPS,80 Col.. Dot Graphics $495.00

SMITH CORONA

TP1 - Daisy Wheel 12 CPS. 10 or

12 CPI. Friction Feed

13" Paper $649.00

STAR MICRONICS

OP 8980-F -9x7 Matrix, 6x 6Graphics. 80 CPS. 80-132 Col..Var. Pitch CALL

DP 8980 T-Same as 8980 F withFriction/Tractor Feed CALL

PRINTERACCESSORIES

COMREX

PRINTERACCESSORIES

EPSON

Graphtrax 80 Chip Set $59.00Ribbon Cart MX-70/80/80FT5.99Ribbon Cart MX-100 16.99Refill for MX-100 4.99

MPI

88 G/99 G ACCESSORIESSound Cover $30.00

Single Sheet Feedei 25.00

Roll Paper Holder 30.00

Ribbon Cartridge 12.00

2K Buffer Option 25.00

Centronics ROM Option 32.00150 G ACCESSORIES

Softswitch Status Keypadl25.00DIP Switch Extender Panel22.00Ribbon Cartridge 20.00

2K Buffer Expansion 22.00

4K Buffer Expansion 85.00

8K Buffer Expansion 170.00Rear Paper Guide Tray 20.00Front Paper Guide Tray 20.00

NEC

7700 SERIES ACCESSORIES

Horizontal Forms Tractor$150.00Bi-directional FormsTractor 345.00

Friction Attachment 35.00

Ribbon Fabric. Black 10.99

Film M/S. Black 7.993500 SERIES ACCESSORIESBi-directional Tractor $230.00Cut Sheet Guide 90.00

Envelope Handler (Req cut sheetfeeder) 270.00

Ribbon M/S. Black 16.99

Fabric. Black 16.50Print Thimble(3500 & 7700) 16.95

OLYMPIA

Whisperdisc Prinlwheels $30.00

Ribbon S/S, Film Black 2.99

M/S. Film. Black 6.29

M/S. Fabric. Black5.85

S/S. Colored

(Blue, Brown, Green)2.55

Correction Tape, Film 13.19

Correction Tape. Fabric 21.00

SMITH CORONA

Printwheel $4.95

Ribbon Cassette M/S, Black6.95

Fabric. Black 3.45

SOUND DOWN

Acoustical Enclosure $365.00

RIGID DISKDRIVES

CORONA DATASYSTEMS

Controller Power Supply.Cables and SoftwareSTARFIRE 5 - 5 Mb Hard Disk-Subsystem for the Apple IList $2495 CALL

STARFIRE 10 - 10 MbList $2995 CALL

PHD 5 - 5 Mb Hard Disk - Sub-system (or the IBM PCList S1995 CALL

Tractor FeedPrint WheelsS/S Ribbon DozM/S Ribbon Doz

$89 0018.0025.0057.00

MORROW DESIGNS

Controller. Power Supply.Cables and Software

C. ITOH

RibbonTractor (F-10)

11.50225.00

DISCUS M10 -10 Mb Subsystemfor Apple II $3335.00DISCUS M20 - 20 Mb Subsystemfor Apple II 4035.00

SOFTWARE

ATARI

Adventure* 1,2,3,(D) $32.00

Adventure #4,5.6.(D) 32.00

Adventure* 7,8,9.(D) 32.00Adventure* 10.11.12(D) 32.00

Atari Mailing List (D) 19.00

Text Wizard 79.00

Compu-Math/Frac (D) 32.00

Compu-Math/Frac (C) 24.00

Compu-Malh/Dec (D) 32.00

Compu-Math/Dec (C) 24.00

Letter Perfect (D) 119.00

Mail Merger/Utility (D) 24.00

The Disk Workshop 32.00The Programmer's

Workshop 32.00

MICROPRO APPLE

Require Z-80 Soft Card

Word Star $220.00

Mail Merge 75,00

Spell Star 115,00

Data Star 170.00

Super Sort I 118.00

Calc Star 129.00

All Star Word Pack 495.00

All Star Data Pack 495,00

OSBORNE

CPM Software

CALL FOR PRICES

The Micro Link

Disk Doctor

Super Vyz

D Base II

Micro Slat

Personal Datebook

Milestone

Money Maeslro

File Fax

VISICORP

Visicalc

$229.00

Visidex

229.00

Visifile

229.00

visiploi

185.00

Visile'm

89.00

Visitrend/Plot

275.00

Desktop Plan II

229.00

Desktop Plan III

275.00

CPM

</,"or 8"

Word StaP $275.00

Mail Merge 90.00

Spell Star 139.00

All Star Word Pack 695.00

All Star Data Pack 695.00

MUSE

APPLE SOFTWARE

The Address Book $38,00

Super Text II 117.00

Form Letter Module 78.00

VIDEOTERMINALS

TELEVIDEO

910 PLUS - 24x80 Display. 8x10Res , 128 Displayable ASC II.RS232 $699.00

912C - 7x10 Res . 96 ASC II.RS232. SelectableBAUDS 925.00

920C 995.00

925 - Features similar to the 910& 912 with a detachablekeyrjcard 995.00

950 - 14x10 Res , 24x80 with25th status line.128 ASC II 1195.00

CALL TODAY

800-237-3333or

in CaliforniaOR WRITE

PAlOMAft

Computer Products

930-E Boardwalk Ave. • Dept. B11San Marcos, CA 92069

Many products are not listed. Please call it you

don't see what you're looking for.

TERMS OF SALE: Cash, check, money order, bank wiretransfer, credit card or purchase orders from qualifiedfirms and institutions. Please include telephone numberwith order and expiration date on credit card orders.California residents add 6% sales tax. Advertised pricesare for prepaid orders F.O.B. shipping point. Add 3%minimum for shipping in U.S. Pricing and availability sub-ject to change without notice,

TELEX 697120-150 SE

Circle 350 on inquiry card.

I ':*:*-•

■

Collector edition

The Byte covers shown below are available as beautiful Collector Edition Prints.Each full color print is 11 in. x 14 in., including a 1 1/2 in. border, and is part of anedition strictly limited to 500 prints. Each print is faithfully reproduced from theoriginal painting on museum quality acid-free paper, and is personally inspected,signed and numbered by the artist, Robert Tinney. A Certificate of Authenticityaccompanies each print attesting to its quality and limited number.

Collector Edition Prints are carefully packaged flat to avoid bending, and areshipped first class. The price of each print is $25, plus $3 per shipment for postageand handling ($8 overseas). The prints are also available as 4-print sets: Set 9-12,Set 13-16, and Set 17-20. Each set costs $80, plus postage and handling.

To order your own favorite Byte cover as a beautiful Collector Edition Print, usethe convenient coupon below. Visa or MasterCard orders may call 1-504-272-7266.

*

#17 Winter Computing $25

#18 Seventeen Seventy-Six $25

#19 Crystal Ball $25

#20 Digital Arts S25

#13 Future Computers? $25

#14 Smalltalk $25

■ :'■'• %> ■

P* M ...tSMI

#

5 Software $

25

#16 Chip Building $25

#9 Software Piracy $25 #10 Programming Route $25 #11

4*JL

#12 Future Past

$25

Please send me the following Prints ($25), or Sets ($80). □ ■ have enclosed check or money order.

QTY. TITLE & PRINT NO. AMOUNT □ visa □ MasterCard

$ Card No.

$ Exp. Date:

$.

$.

postage & handling $3.00 (Overseas $8.00) jL

TOTAL $ .

SHIP MY PRINTS TO:

Name:

Address:

City:

State:

-Zip:.

Mail this coupon to:

robert tinney graphics

1864 N.Pamela DriveBaton Rouge, LA70815

IS

Programming a Game

The Game of Rat and Dragon exists inthree versions: the first attempt in BASIC, aneeded revision in BASIC, and the final editionin machine language. The general organizationdepicted in figure 1 applies to all three versions.

The inner loop is similar to a polling loop thatchecks for I/O (input/output) requests. Thisorganization is very common in games whereseveral characters move about in real time. Forexample, in the machine-language version eachcharacter has a counter that tracks the numberof iterations of the loop since the character lastmoved. When the counter reaches a predeter-mined value, the character moves again. By ad-justing that value, the character's speed can varyfrom very slow to very fast.

An alternative to the polling approach is thesimulated-interrupt method. Although I didn'tuse this for Rat and Dragon, several games haveincorporated it. With this approach, each char-acter maintains a constant speed regardless ofwhat the other characters are doing. Using thesimulated interrupt, each routine is called by amonitor program. The routine then returns tothe monitor with the amount of time it has takenand the value that the clock should be when theroutine is to be called again. The monitor up-dates the clock and searches for the next routineto run—the one with the lowest clock value. Ifthe clock has not reached that value yet, themonitor loops until it does. By using thismethod, you can avoid the Space Invaders syn-drome of increasing speed as individual invadersare shot down.

Along with a common organization, all threeversions of Rat and Dragon share the chase algo-rithm for the dragon, embodied in the followingtwo statements:

4250 DX = DX + SCN(RX - DX)4260 DY = DY + SCN(RY - DY)

screen, the dragon will move one stepcloser both horizontally and vertically.The program doesn't have to check whether_the dragon is still on the screen because _in following the algorithm thedragon cannot leave the screen.Another common element is thatthe cheese is always replotted attwo random coordinates when-ever the rat gets to it.

The program in listing 1 served its purposeas a quick-and-dirty version to test the play-ability of the game idea. When I made the in-itial revisions, the game was well on its way toa final form (listing 2). One of the primarychanges was to the dragon; I wanted thedragon to become an extended,worm-like thing, able to expandand contract. I used the followinglogic to determine whether or notthe tail pointer would move:

2790 AF - DK f DT2800 NP = DX(DH)oD0

OR DY(DH)oDl2810 OC = DH = DT2820 IF NOT AF AND

(NP OR OE)

THEN 2890

I outsmarted myself. That logic is evalu-ated every time the program cycles throughthe inner loop, making the action slower.-The alternative, which I used in the ma-chine-language version, is to initialize theentire array at once, making the programmingeasier and the action faster.

One instance where the versions of myprogram differ greatly from one anotheris in the implementation of complica-tions. Although I decided to intro-duce the complications as the

score mounts in both thesecond BASIC ver-

ustration by Coni Porter

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 343

Apple. Apple II are i

CP/M is a registered trade..WordStar Is a trademark -

iiiUS

le Computer. Inc.search, Inc.national:orp.terCorp.1ATE and SYNERGIZERare all oursi

.«oU

Equal to the expensivecompetition for example.Or equal to whatever taskyou might choose.

Maybe you've had yourApple for a while and you'rebeginning to cast covetouslooks at those new, moreexpensive personal computers.Or maybe you're getting readyto buy your first computer andyou really like the Apple, but youalso like some of the features ofthose more expensive models.

Now's the time fordu to know about Advancedjic Systems. We're tlpeople who put together all theplug-in function boards andpopular software programs thatyou need to make your Appleperform the way you want. At afraction of the cost you've beenconsidering.

Features that exceed yourexpectations but not yourbudget.

Allot the plug-in cardsfrom Advanced Logic havebeen designed with you inmind. We've made them easyto install so you can solveyour business problemsimmediately. These areadvanced state-of-the-art

boards

from your Apple wh;faster performanothers in the marketsYou get product coireliability and functioiperformance at a price lowerthan comparable products.And we stand behind all of ourproducts. You're protected byour one-year limited warranty.

Phone toll-free.

Advanced Logic Systemshas the solutions. We're waitingfor your call at 800-538-8177.

Ask about the Synergizerpackage.

ac**:Q,.232^ace

$269-0°

so'

KWja<e<

5*?

*»#*

«<^^Sk

dace

afltf

n\cs<

piOO

.19*"

«*g$fr

&8^3&P»

»e

als

Advanced Logic Systems

1195 East Arques Avenue, Sunnyvale, CA 94086Circle 14 on Inquiry card.

BISON

PRODUCTS, INC.

A CALIFORNIA CORPORATION

We're Getting Rid of High Prices

If the items you want are not listed in this ad, call us for the current price. If you find anadvertised price that is lower than ours, call us and we'll try to beat it.

COMPUTER SYSTEMS

NEC PC-8001A $725

Products For Apple Computers

Here are some of the products BISON carries for AppleComputers. If you don't see what you want here, give us acall.

16K RAM Card for Apple II $ 68

Microsoft Premium Pack $ 525

BISON Add-on Disk Drive

100% Apple Compatible S 279

Parallel Printer Card with Cable S 72

Apple Compatible Parallel Interface . . S 65

D. C. Hayes Micromodem II $ 270

Graphics Interface for NEC, Epson $ 129

Microsoft Z80 Softcard with CP/M $289

Videx 80 Column Videolerm $249

Videx Enhancer $135

Videx Function Strip $ 79

Saturn System Ram Boards 32K y . $195

Saturn System Ram Boards 64K $359

Saturn System Ram Boards 128K $499

Expand 80 - 80 Column for VisiCalc $ 99

Corvus Hard Disk Drives

5 Megabyte $2495

10 Megabyte $3825

20 Megabyte $4575

For Corvus Mirror ADD $ 595

For more Apple information, circle reader service card # 52

PRINTERS

BISON carries all of the major brands of printers. If youneed help choosing the proper printer for your needs, calland talk to one of our support technicians.

EPSON MX-B0 F/T Type III with Graftrax $ 460

EPSON MX-100 with Graftrax $ 625

NEC PC-8023A Friction & Tractor w/Graphics. ... $ 485

NEC 7710-1 $2095

NEC 7715-1 $2095

NEC 7720-1 $2445

NEC 7725-1 $2445

Okidata Microline 82A with Tractor - 80 Col $ 399

Okidata Microline B3A with Tractor - 100 Col $ 549

Okidata Microline 84P - Parallel $ 925

Okidata Microline 84PS - 200 cps Par/Ser $ 999

C. Itoh Prowriter I - Parallel $ 485

C. Itoh Prowriter - I Serial $ 425

C. Itoh Prowriter - Parallel/Serial $ 525

C. Itoh Prowriter II - Parallel $ 625

C. Itoh Prowriter II - Parallel/Serial $ 675

C. Itoh F-10 Starwriter - Parallel - 40 cps $1225

C. Itoh F-10 Starwriter - Serial - 40 cps $1225

Comrex Daisy Wheel Printer - Parallel $ 735

Comrex Daisy Wheel Printer - Serial $ 785

Comrex Tractor Feed $ 195

For more printer information circle reader service card # 53

MONITORS

BMC International

' 12" Green monitor with P-31 phospher' 15 Mhz* Excellent for 80 column display

BMC 12" Green Monitor $ 79

' 13" Color Monitor' Audio and Video

" 270 Line resolution

BMC 13" Color Monitor $ 240

AMDEK Monitors

* 12" Green Phospher

' Non-Glare

AMDEK Video 300

Call for Price

" 13" Color Monitor' RGB Input' For IBM/NEC/Apple

AMDEK Color II Call for Price

AMDEK Color I Call for Price

AMDEK Color III Call for Price

NEC

NEC 12" Green Monitor S 159

NEC 13" Color Monitor $ 325

NEC 13" RGB Color Monitor $ 815

ZENITH

Zenith 12" Green Monitor $ 115

For more information, circle reader service card #XX

Televideo Products

TeleVideo computer terminals and desktop computer sys-tems-high price features at low prices.

TeleVideo TS-802 Computer system

' 64K, 4 Mhz Z-80A, CP/M ' Dual Floppies, 720K Total• Same CRT and Keyboard as Televideo 950 Terminal' Network Expansion Capabilities

TeleVideo TS-802 $2645

TeleVideo TS-802H Same as TS-802

with one floppy and 5-MegaByte Hard Disk S4695

TeleVideo TVI-925 Terminal S 695

TeleVideo TVI-950 Terminal - TOP-OF-LINE $ 875

For more information, circle reader service card tt 54

SOFTWARE

BISON carries software for all business and personalcomputer systems Just select the software you want andcall us for our current price. Here are some examples ofBISON'S Low Prices:

MicroPro Software

All MicroPro Software 40% off List

Apple Software

All APPLE Game and Business software. Select the programyou want and call for price.Save up to 60% off list

Accounting Plus by Systems Plus

For 8" CP/M

General Ledger' Accounts Payable' Accounts Receivable' Payroll' Inventory ' Sales Order Entry ' Purchase OrderEntry and Point of Sale

G/L $ 385

G/L. A/R $ 745

G/L. A/R, A/P $1100

G/L. A/R. A/P. P/R $1459

G/L, A/R, A/P, INV $1459

G/L, A/R, A/P, P/R. INV $1875

G/L, A/R, A/P, P/R, POS. INV $2140

G/L, A/R. A/P. P/R. S/O. INV $2140

G/L, A/R. A/P. P/R, P/O, INV $2140

G/L, A/R. A/P. P/R. P/O. S/O, INV $2435

All 8 Modules S2695

For Apple II

Pick the Apple Combinalion you need,

G/L $ 276

G/L, A/R $ 553

G/L. INV S 553

G/L. A/R, A/P $ 649

G/L, A/R. INV $ 649

G/L, A/P, INV S 649

VisiCalc $ 199

VisiFile $199

dBASE II for 8" or Apple Call for Lowest Price

S-100 PRODUCTS

Sierra Data Sciences

S-100 Master/Slave Single Board Computers

Master - 4 Mhz, Z 80A $ 690

Slave - 4 Mhz, Z 80A $ 625

Sierra Data CP/M $ 160

Sierra Data BIOS $ 100

Sierra Manual S 25

Sierra Data - Winchester Adaptor $ 145

Sierra Data Turbo DOS S, 750

QT-Systems Mainframes

S-100 Mainfame and 8" Drive Enclosures

' S-100 Power +8V/16A +16V/3A -16V/3A

' Drive Power +5V/1A -5V/6A +24V/6A

' Keyed Power Switch

' EMI Filter' Filtered Fan

' 2 Switched Power Outlets

' 15-DB25 Cutouts

' DB37 Cutout ' IDS 50 Cutout

' Hard Disk Power Supply

' Shielded Motherboard ' Rugged Card Cage

' 9%" x17" x21" (H xWxD)

OT 6-Slot, Dual B" Drives $ 530

OT 8-Slot, Dual 8" Drives $ 560

QT 12-Slot, Dual 8" Drives $ 620

S-100 Mainframe and 5V Drive Enclosures' Similar to 8" Mainframe' 7" X17" X20" (H xWx D)

QT 6-Slot. Dual 5V4" Drives $ 455

QT 8-Slot, Dual 51/4" Drives $ 595

QT 12-Slot, Dual 5y4" Drives $ 560

QT All-in-one 8" Disk Drive Cabinet

Changeable faceplate allows use of all standard 8" floppy

and hard disk drives including;

' Shugart ' NEC

' Qume ' Mitsubishi

' Tandon (Up to 4 Thin-Line)

Features:

' Holds 1-4 8" Drives ' Modular Power Supply

' Power +5V/6a -5V/1A +24V/6A

List Price $3495 BISON PRICE S295

DISK DRIVES

Qume #842 (Replaces Data-Trak 8) S 480

Tandon Thin 8" Single-Side Double-Density S 382

Tandon Double-Density S 465

WABASH Floppy Disks

Single-Sided Single Density

Box of 10 8" or 5'/," $ 19

For more S-100 information, circle reader service card W 55

Send Mail Orders To:

P.O. Box 9078-184Van Nuys, California 91409

For Questions orPhone orders Call:

(213) 994-2533

Orders may be picked up at:

16709 Roscoe Boulevard

Sepulveda, California 91406

"We accept Cash, Certified Checks, VISA and MasterCard"

All merchandise new in factory cartons with manufacturer's warranty.

Corporate and School District P.O.'s accepted subject to credit approval. Enclose financial statement with order

California residents add Sales Tax. Shipping charges added to all orders.

"No refunds without prior approval" - Bison credit only on returned merchandise

QUANTITIES LIMITED ON SOME ITEMS — PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE

For Further Information Please Circle Reader Service # 56

346 BYTE November 1982

sion and the machine-language version, themethod of handling that procedure varied. In theBASIC program the decision points for the com-plications are scattered IF. . .THEN statementsthroughout the program. In the machine-languageversion I put all the complications in a table andlet a scorekeeping subroutine keep track of them.Each complication becomes active when the vari-able associated with it is no longer equal to zero.The scorekeeping subroutine uses the table todetermine which variables should be changedfrom zero at a particular score (decision point). Atable is especially useful when you are uncertainas to how or in what order the complicationsshould come.

Another difference between the BASIC and ma-chine-language versions of my program is in theimplementation of a timing sequence. The pro-gram in listing 2 uses the BASIC variable TK tocount loop iterations and the variable TG tocount seconds. About a third of a second is usedfor each iteration of the loop so there isn't muchleeway for adjustments. The adjusting is doneprimarily by introducing compensating delays foralternate program paths. When I finally decided Ineeded an accurate real-time clock, increasedspeed, and another dragon, it was time for ver-sion 3—an excursion into the world of machinelanguage.

For the clock I set up a counter that tracks timein units of one ten-thousandth of a second. Eachsubroutine or section of the program calls a timersubroutine and passes the amount of time the sub-routine or section has taken. The timer subroutinedecrements the counter and, if the counter goesthrough zero, ticks the speaker and updates thereal-time clock. In the final version I combined

most of the invariant times into one count nearthe end of the loop.

The test for the time-out condition is not doneby the timer but is accomplished at the bottom ofthe loop. The reason for putting the test at the endof the loop was good programming practice; Iwanted to avoid dropping out of the loop fromthe middle of a nested subroutine call.

Initially I determined subroutine times by eithercounting cycles or actually timing the routine.When I got the entire program running I adjustedthe counts, combining some of them, until I gotan accurate clock. I chose units of one ten-thousandth of a second because that gave me acounter that took two bytes and routine timesthat took one byte, making my calls to the timereasier.

On the Apple the paddles are read by countingthe elapsed time it takes a triggered impulse toreturn to the computer. This means that the timeit takes to read a paddle value of zero differs fromthe time it takes to read the maximum paddlevalue of 255. I timed the paddle-read subroutineand determined that it took approximately 1,5times the paddle-value after adjustment to fitwithin the screen limits of 0 to 39. Rather than in-clude a generalized multiplication subroutine thatwould consume considerable time, I used themachine-language shift and add instructions tocalculate the paddle time.

The machine-language version gave me morethan the tenfold increase in speed I was hopingfor. The game was so fast that I had plenty ofroom to tailor the rat, dragon, and cheese to myneeds. In fact, even with the addition of the sec-ond dragon, I finally had to slow many thingsdown to keep the game playable. ■

number of points. The first program(listing 1) runs a bit too long, but theprogram in listing 2 is limited to 60seconds, which seems to work verywell for this game.

I chose to simulate real time fortwo reasons. A clock gives players asubtle sense of tension, and a real-time clock makes explanations ofrules easier. For example, I don't haveto explain the timing procedure; I just

say that the time limit is 60 seconds.And when the players hear the clockticking, they are more likely to rushafter points and make an error.

Once you have the basic game, thecomplications, and the timing undercontrol, you proceed to make thegame attractive.

Display

Chess can be played on a dime-

store checker board with cardboardpieces. One reason most people don'tplay chess this way is that it is dif-ficult to maintain a high quality of il-lusion with cardboard pieces. In awell-designed game, the players par-ticipate in a believable illusion.

If you want to produce a goodgame, it's important to pay attentionto the details that create a believable

Text continued on page 373

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

347

Circle 137 on inquiry card.

W0W!$$ SPECIALS $$ GOOD THROUGH MONTH END. As supplies last. Rainchecks may be given il possible. Cash Sales Only!

CUSTOM COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY

1 CRAFTSMAN COURT-BOX 4160

SEDONA, ARIZONA, 86340

(602) 282-6299

COMPUTER GEAR—WHOLESALE!

Purchase your Hardware and Software directly trom an OEM/Systems Integrator. Take advantage ol our buying power! We stocka lull line ol Board Level Components. Sollware, and Peripherals lor all the Popular Machines in use today. These include:S-100, GODBOUT, MORROW, APPLE, IBM PC, TRSBO, OSBORNE. HP, NORTHSTAR, SUPERBRAIN. NEC, Z/H-89, XEROX, and manyothers. Call lor your needs. We'll give you the Lowest Prices, and the Technical Support and Know-How we are quicklybecoming well-known tor. Satisfied Customers Nationwide!

SOME OF OUR CURRENT SPECIALS:

MICROSOFT MBASIC 80 $199 ASHTON-TATE dBASE II $459

MICROPRO: WORDSTAR $259 . . . MAILMERGE $99 . . . SPELLSTAR $159

COMPUPRO

Z-80 CPU

$219

INTERF 2

$189

8085/88

$319

INTERF 3

$445

DISK 1

$359

INTERF 4

$269

DISK 2

$599

ENCLOS 2

$669

RAM 16

$439

CP/M 2.2

$149

RAM 17

$399

CP/M 86

$269

INTERF 1

$189

MP/M 816

$769

SVS 816A-

$4495

B-

$5675

C: $7299

MORROW DESIGNS

NEW MICRODECISION COMPLETE COMPUTER

(INCLUDES CP/M. WORDSTAR. MBASIC. DISK)

1 DRIVE $945 2 DRIVES $1219

DJDMA W/CP/M $439 DJ2D W/CP/M $349

65K RAM $429 MULT I/O $299

NEW 12" GREEN TERMINAL $499

HARD DISK SUBSYSTEMS. DRIVES-CALL

DECISION 1 MICROCOMPUTER-CALL

SSM VB3A $399 QUICKCODE $219 QUICKSCREEN $129 SUPERCALC $22

NEC 8023A $499, OKIDATA 82A $459, 83A $719, 84AP $1049, 84AS $1149,

SANYO 12"GR(HI RES) $209, 13"C0MP $389, 13"RGB $799, AMDEK 300G $159

WE ALSO CUSTOM CONFIGURE S-100 SYSTEMS AND DISK DRIVE SUBSYSTEMS. WE OFFER

PACKAGE PRICE SAVINGS, ALSO INTEGRATION AND PROGRAMMING.

New: CCT Disk Drive Subsystems. Industrial quality 5'/<", 8". floppy and/or hard disk custom configurations. Strictly thehighest quality.

ONE 5V4" APPLE/IBM: $299 DUAL 8" SSDD: $999 DUAL 8" OSDD: $1399

HD SUPER SPECIAL: 8" QUME/5MEG SHUGART: S1550-W/0MA CONUCP/M: $1999

Announcing the CCT SUPER SUPPLY:

A well-engineered, compact supply plugable to handle virtually any Mainlrame/Floppy/Hard disk combo

+ 8V@ 8 to 30A; ±16V to 3A+; +24V to 10A + : +12V® 2A+; -5V@ 2A +

Call us and specify the custom configuration for your needs.

WE HAVE A LARGE STOCK OF IBM PC SOFTWARE

Micropro—Microsoft—dBase 11—Spellguard—Supercalc

SPECIAL: MICROSOFT IBM PC 64K RAMCAHD - $399!

Call (or any CP/M Software—We stock all formats, at big discount!

PRICES & AVAILABILITY SUBJECT TO CHANGE. ALL PRODUCTS NEW. AND CARRY FULL MANUFACTURER'S WARRANTEESCALL FOR CATALOG. FREE TECHNICAL HELP TO ANYONE. WE CAN CONFIGURE BOARDS & SOFTWARE FOR YOUR SYSTEMPLUG-IN & GO. AZ RESIDENTS ADD APPLICABLE SALES TAX.

PUT YOUR APPLE TO SLEEP

Plug HIBERNATDR into your APPLE power socket -

Plug RealClock into APPLE slot - Set ALARMCLOCK Interrupt Mode

Power OFF - your APPLE will WAKE UP (after sleeping for

milliseconds to months) Boot up - Execute your program

and if you wish, go back to sleep again - etc.

Your APPLE consumes NO power while asleep - NO over-heating

AC POWER,LINE

REMOTETIL

REMOTESWITCHES

STANDARP nppkiH +

HIBERNATOR + IMI REALCLOCK

TRANSIENT SUPPRESSIONAUXILIARY AC POWER OUTLETSLED STATUS INDICATORSCONTROL FROM: REALCLOCK,TTL/SWITCH INPUTS,MANUAL/ SOFTWAREOPTIONAL AC LINE FILTER

FOUR INTERRUPT MODES

PERIODS FROM MILLISECONDS TO MONTHSAPPLESOFT/INTEGER COMPATIBLEAUXILIARY CONTROLS CONNECTORMACHINE LANGUAGE DOCUMENTATIONREALTIME RESOLUTION 1 MILLISECONDUSE WITH UISIDEX: :, ETC.

Hibernatnr S95 RealClock SI 90 Purchased together $2 7b lAilcl S 12 lor AC Line Filler I

Hibernator & RealClock also available in kit form

Price includes Demo disc wiLli menu-driven software Applications Assistance & Instruction Manual Instrui

Manual available separately SID (deductible Irom RealClock purchase )

WARRANTY ONE YEAR on LABOR and PARTS

TO ORDER Please send cashiers check, money order, or personal check [allow 10 business days to clear)

Visa and Master Card add 3"/u Shipping & insurance in O.S. add £5 CA residents add S"'u sales tax

SAVE £5 by enclosing this ad with your order, or quote ref WB1 1

-"-Apple is a trademark of Appie Computer. Inc -::--:;-VisiDex is trademark of VisiCorp

Innovative Measurements Inc. po Bo*3S79.sancitm«it»,e»92672tm-itkh493-2174

Listing 2: A revised version of the game,still in BASIC, that runs too slowly toplay well.

hcf:

HE «h:^ OF Rfi ■

„_ . zr

REM

rftUCK SMITH 3->'i.

Si

REM

.550

CALl -

>3S

i 670

UTfiB Z

1880

PRINT

"THE"

1896

PR IH 1

"GAME"

1190

PRINT

1 OF"

11 IB

PRINT

"RAT"

1128

PRINT

:;g ,;

1130

PRINT

"DRfiSOt'

ii40

608US

18188

1150

POKE 3

2..12

1180

POKE i

3*28

n?a

UTfiB 1

5

1 i S:0

PR IN i

""RUCK SMITH"

1 136

PRINT

"8.-'l.'Sl"

1200

SOSUB

10100

1210

UTfiB 2

2

1220

PR IN1

1230

PRINT

"THIS IS A CHASE GAME"

124S

SOSUB

16160

1250

PRINT

"INUOLUINS R RAT* fi DRAGON,"

1260

SOSUB

luluu

1270

PRINT

"AND AN UNLIMITED SUPPLV OF"

1280

SOSUB

10100

-290

PRINT

"CHEESE."

13S0

SOSUB

18168

131S

PR I NT

1320

SOSUB

10100

1330

PRINT

"YOU CONTROL THE RHT (THE"

1340

SOSUB

10168

1359

PRINT

"BROWN SQUARE) WITH THE"

1360

SOSUB

10168

1370

PRINT

"SfiHE PADDLES."

1380

SOSUB

10100

1390

PRINT

1400

SOSUB

10186

1410

PRIM!

"mt DRAGON (WHICH IS RED)"

1420

SOSUB

18188

1438

PR INI

"IS CHASING VOU."

1440

SOSUB

18166

1458

PRINT

1460

SOSUB

18168

1470

PRINT

"VOUR OBJECTIUE IS TO EOT"

1488

SOSUB

16160

1430

PRINT

"AS MUCH CHEESE (. VELLON"

1508

SOSUB

18180

1518

PRINT

"SQUARES) AS VOU CAN HHILE"

1528

80S! IB

10100

1530

PRINT

"AUOIDIHG THE DRASON."

1540

SOSI IB

10166

1558

PRINT

1568

SOSI IB

10106

1578

PRINT

"VOU HAUE 88 SECONDS TO EAT"

1588

80SI IB

18180

1590

PRINT

"AS MUCH CHEESE AS VOL! CAN."

1600

SOSUB

10188

1618

PRINT

1620

SOSUB

18188

1638

PRINT

"A WARNINS - AS VOU GET"

1640

SOSUB

18100

1650

PRINT

"BETTER, THE CHEESE BEGINS"

1660

SOSUB

10160

1678

PRINT

"TO HOUE AROUND, AND THE"

1688

SOSUB

1 til 00

1698

PRINT

"DRAGON SETS SMARTER."

1700

SOSUB

18188

1710

PRINT

1720

SOSI IB

18188

1730

PRINT

"IF VOU FEEL VOU ARE READY*"

1740

SOSUB

18188

1758

PRINT

"PUSH EITHER ONE OF THE"

1768

SOSUB

10186

1778

PRINT

"PADDLE BUTTONS."

1798

REM If

ITIALIZE PROGRAM

1880

TH=S8

1818

DN=5

1828

DIM D;

'DN),DV<:0N)

1838

HS=8

1848

REM NEMSAME

1858

IF PEEK t-16287»12? THEN 1S88

1868

IF PEEK !:-1628S>>127 THEN 1988

1870

SOTO 1

850

1908

1918

6R

1328

CALL' -

93S

1938

TS= IM

Listing 2 continued on page 350

348 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 214 on inquiry card.

Fox & Geller's family of programs will double the value of yourdBASE II database management system.

dBASE II PLUS

PIUS 1:

QUICKCODE

rhe dBASE II Program Generator.

2UICKCODE, the dBASE II programjenerator, writes concise dBASE IIurograms to set up and maintain any type)f database. Run them as is, or customizehem in seconds. You still have all thejower of dBASE II, and there is nojrogramming required. Just draw yourlata entry form on the screen, and you'ren business. Typical set up time for acustomer list or order file: 5 minutes.

QUICKCODE enables you to expandiBASE II to 132 columns, giving you theopportunity to make the most of your wide;arriage printer.

QUICKCODE gives you the capability)f transferring dBASE II data intoWordStar™ and MailMerge™ files forword processing and form letters.DUICKCODE also features dSCAN,™which allows you to select criteria forspecific data access and review. dSCANworks with WordStar form letters, labelsand forms, and general databasenformation screening.

In addition, QUICKCODE offers four-upnailing labels, three kinds of data/alidation, and four data types not foundn dBASE II itself.

DUICKCODE: $295.00

Plus 2dGRAPH

The dBASE II Graphics System

Now you can combine database andgraphics. With dGRAPH, by far theeasiest to use gi ickage in

existence Just press one key and you'vegot your graph.

And what graphs! Sales by month.Expense budget by This year

versus last year. And each one can be apie chart, bar graph, or Hi It's i

lo you.

Advanced features make dGRAPHpowerful as it is easy. Features likeautoGRAPH™, which will automaticallyload dBASE II dala, compute scales, drawgrid lines, and label charts. Then there'sautomatic shad: inhs.

And more.

dGRAPH brings your database to We

dGRAPH draws graphs on Epson,Okidata, and a growing list of otherpop 'is.

dGRAPH: $295.00

PIUS 3:

dUTIL

The dBASE II Utility Program

dUTIL is Fox & Geller's utility program fordBASE II. dUTIL decreases the runningtime of dBASE II command files. dUTILcombines your command filesautomatically to produce a faster runningtime.

When using dBASE II, you may oftenfind yourself writing the same instructionsover and over again. With dUTIL, you canput these instructions into a standard textfile using your favorite text editor or wordprocessor, and automatically use them inas many dBASE II command files as youwish.

When debugging a dBASE II commandfile with dUTIL, you can have all yourIF/END IF and DO/ENDDO sequencesautomatically indented and aligned so thatthey are readable. dUTIL will alsohighlight all dBASE II reserved words bysetting them to upper case.

dUTIL: $99.00

dBASE II is a trademark of Ashton-Tate. WordStar and MailMerge are registered trademarks ol Micropro International.QUICKCODE. dGRAPH, dUTIL. dSCAN. AuloGRAPH are Irademarks lor Fox & Geller.

Circle 193 on inquiry card.

FOX & GELLER

Fox & Geller, Inc.P.O. Box 1053Teaneck, NJ 07666201 837-0142

Listing 2 continued:

1340 TK=3

1356 UTflB 22

1966 iflt; 7

197S PRINT "TIME '

138@ SC=6

1996 UTAB 22

2000 TAB 25

2910 PRINT "SCORE "

2020 REM BACKGROUND

2036 B6=5

2040 l'0L0R=38

2050 SOSUB 16260

2060 REM ROT

;T£

2070 RC=8

20S0 R0= F'DL ( B V6

2690 IF R0>39 THEN R0=39

2106 Rl= PDL C1V6

2118 IF Rl>39 THEN Ri=39

2126 COLOR=RC

2130 PLOT R0,R1

2140 RX=R0

2156 RV=Ri

2166 REH CHEESE

2176 CC=i32186 CX= RHD C40>2196 CV= RHD C46)2206 COLOR=CC2216 PLOT CX,CV

2220 REH DRAGON

2230 DC=i

2246 DH=02250 DT=0

2260 DXC0H>=19

2276 DV<DH)=ia

2275 DR=16

2280 REH CLICK

2290 POKE -16336-0

2295 POKE -16336,0

2360 REH HAINLOOP

2316 REH CHEESE

2320 IF SC<12 THEN 2460

2336 IF SC<28 AND TK<>6 THEN 2466

2340 COLOR=BG

2356 PLOT CX,CY

2366 CX=CX+ S6N CCX-RX}

2376 IF CX>39 THEN CX=39

2386 IF CX<6 THEN CX=6

2460 CV=CV+ S6N CCV-RV)

2416 IF CV>39 THEN CV=39

2426 IF CV<6 THEN CV=0

2436 COLOR=CC

2446 PLOT CX.CV

2456 SOTO 2476

2466 FOR T=6 TO 15: NEXT T

2476 REH RAT

2486 RO= PDL COX'S

2490 IF R6>33 THEN R6=39

2560 Rl= PDL <l)/6

2516 IF Rl>39 THEN Rl=39

2520 IF R0=RX AND R1=RV THEN 2596

2530 COLOR=BG

2540 PLOT RX,RV2550 COLOR=RC

2560 PLOT R6,R12576 RX=R6

2586 RV=Ri

2596 IF RXOCX OR RVOCV THEN 2696

2666 SC=SO+l2616 UTAB 22

2626 TAB 312630 PRINT SC

2646 CX= RHD <40)2650 CV= RND (40)

2660 POKE -16336,6

2665 POKE -16336,62676 COLOR=CC2686 PLOT CX,CV

2630 REH DRAGON

2706 IF SC<4 THEN 2976

2716 D8=RX

2728 D1=RY

2736 IF SC<8 THEN 2766

2735 IF SC=16 THEN DR=5

2748 IF ABS CO0-CX»DR THEN DO=CX+ SON CD0-CX)

2756 IF ABS CD1-CV»DR THEN D1=CY+ S6N (Dl-CY)

2768 DK=DH+1

2786 IF DK>DH THEN DK=0

2790 AF=DK=DT

2800 HF=DXCDHX>D8 OR DVCDHX>D1

2816 OC=Dh=Di

2828 IF MOT RF AND <NP OR OEJ THEN 2898

2830 REH ERASE TAIL

2840 COLOR=BS

2856 if dxcdt>=cx and dvcdt>=cv theh color=cc

2666 plot dxcdt:',dvcdt>

BRfDR

2890

2960291629202930294629452356236023652970237523802336

3000

3616±02036363040305030603070398036363100311631263140315031603170

9000

1 0168

18200

10210

102201023810246102581626618278

DT=DT+i

IF DT>DN THEH DT=6

REM MOUE HEAD

D2=DXCDH >

D3=DV( DH ':>

DH=DK

dxc dh !>=d2+ sgh •( d0-d2)

dvc dh >=d3+ s6n (d1-d3)

if dx<:dhj=rx and dvcdh:

COlOR=DCPLOT DX<DH)

=RV THEN 3100

, DVCDH)NEXT

GOTO 2975

FOR T=8 TO 58:

REH TIMER

TK=TK-i

IF TK>6 THEN 2360

POKE -16336,0: POKE -16336,8

TS=T6-i

UTAB 22: TAB 12: PRINT TS;" »

IF TS>0 THEN 2388

REH SAME END

REH TIME UP

PRIHT "THE TIMER RAN OUT"

GOTO ±140

REH DRASOH BITE

CALL -336

PRINT "THE DRAGON GOT VOU AT "iTG;" SECONDS

PRINT "VOUR SCORE ";SC,-", PREUIOS HIGH ";HS

PRINT "PUSH EITHER BUTTON TO PLAV AGAIN"

IF HSCSC THEN HS=SC

SOTO 1846

END

FOR T=8 TO 1688: NEXT T: RETURN

REH SCREEN CLEAR

FOR 1=0 TO 39 STEP 2ULIN 0,39 AT IULIH 0,39 AT 39-1HLIH 0,39 AT IHLIN 8,39 AT 39-1NEXT IRETURN

Listing 3:

Dragon.

9808:

0300:9800:

380013800:0800:

3866:3833:0803:0605:8803:

3020:0621:3324:6625:3038:O04E:C000!CO i 3:

The final machine-language version of Rat and

: RPfl 6c DRAGON 2/13''82 1342-BJECT FI^E NAME IS RttT i. ORfiSOl- ORG $890

4 s> THE GAME OF RAT S> DRAGON

6 * COPYRIGHT 1982 TRUCK SMITH

9 *

10 * PARAMETERS

i4 ~ HONI TOR REFERENCES

D

:U;

C850:

3053:CB81:COG 2:

FB1E:FB39:FB4B:FBFD:

FCAS:0860:6860:3800:3033:6666:3300:0002:3634:6666:

18

•■iHDLFT

EGlU

$28

17

HNDNDTH

EQU

$21

IS

CH

EQU

£24

19

CU

EQU

$25

28

COLOR

EQU

$38

£1

RHD

EQU

$4E

22

KBD

EQU

JC080

23

KDBSTRB

EQU

$C010

Li4

SPKR

EQU

$C030

25

TXTCLR

EQU

*C050

26

HIXSET

EQU

$C053

SN6

EQU

$C0SI

29

SHI

EQU

$C6S2

za

PLOT

EQU

$F800

30

PREAD

EQU

$FB1E

31

SETTXT

EQU

$FB39

32

SETHND

EQU

$F64B

33

UIDOUT

EQU

$FBFD

^4

UTAB

£011

*FC22

— c;

HOME

EQU

*FC58

it

WAIT

EQU

5FCA8

ZERO PAGE UARIABLES

40

DSEC

f

41

ORG

6

4(i i I He

DS

V

43 TIHE6

D8

?.

44 SECS

DS

•p

45 SCORE

DS

2

Listing 3 continued on page 352

350 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

WHEN WE ANNOUNCEDTHE COMMODORE 64 FOR $595, OUR COMPETITORS

SAID WE COULDN'T DO IT.

THAT'S BECAUSE THEYCOULDN'T DO IT.

The reason is that, unlike our competitors,we make our own IC chips. Plus all the parts of thecomputer they go into.

So Commodore can get more advancedcomputers to market sooner than anybody else.And we can get them there for a lot less money.WHAT PRICE POWER?

For your $595* the Commodore 64™ givesyou a built-in user memory of 64K. This is hundredsof dollars less than computers of comparable power.

Lest you think that the Commodore 64 issome stripped-down loss leader, a look at itsavailable peripherals and interfaces will quicklyconvince you otherwise.

SOFTWARE THAT WORKS HARD.

The supply of software for the Commodore64 will be extensive. And with the optional plug-inZ80 microprocessor, the Commodore 64 canaccommodate the enormous amount of softwareavailable in CP/M?

Add in the number of programs available inBASIC and you'll find that there are virtually noapplications, from word processing to spread-sheets, that the Commodore 64 can't handle withthe greatest of ease.

PERIPHERALS WITH VISION.

The Commodore 64 interfaces with all theperipherals you could want for total personalcomputing: disk drives, printers and a telephonemodem that's about $100, including a free hour'saccess to some of the more popular computerinformation services. Including Commodore's ownInformation Network for users.

RUN YOUR BUSINESS BY DAY.SAVE THE EARTH BY NIGHT.

At the end of a business day, theCommodore 64 can go into your briefcase and ridehome with you for an evening's fun and games.

Because of its superior video quality (320x200pixel resolution, 16 available colors and 3D Spritegraphics), the Commodore 64 surpasses the best ofthe video game machines on the market. Yet,because it's such a powerful computer, it allows youto invent game programs that a game machine willnever be able to play; as well as enjoy Commodore'sown video game cartridges.

ATTACK, DECAY, SUSTAIN, RELEASE.

If you're a musicologist, you already knowwhat an ADSR (attack, decay, sustain, release)envelope is. If you're not, you can learn this andmuch more about music with the Commodore 64'smusic synthesizing features.

It's a full-scale compositional tool. Besides aprogrammable ADSR envelope generator, it has 3voices (each with a 9-octave range) and 4 wave-forms for truly sophisticated composition and play-back—through your home audio system, if you

'Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price: July J. 1982. Disk drives and printers are not included in prices. The 64's price may change without notice.CP/M* is a registered trademark of Digital Research. Inc.

Circle 89 on inquiry card.

wish. It has sound quality you'll find only onseparate, music-only synthesizers. And graphicsand storage ability you won't find on any separatesynthesizer.

DON'T WAIT.

The predictable effect of advanced technol-ogy is that it produces less expensive, more capableproducts the longer you wait.

If you've been waiting for this to happen topersonal computers, your wait is over.

See the Commodore 64 soon at your localCommodore Computer dealer and compare it withthe best the competition has to offer.

You can bet that's what the competition willbe doing.

r

Commodore Business Machines

Personal Systems Division

P.O. Box 500,Conshohocken, Pennsylvania 19428

Please send me more information on the Commodore 64™

"1

Name_

.Title.

Company.

Address

City

.State.

Zip-

.Phone.

L

f> commodore

COMPUTER

BT

±lJ

Circle 152 on Inquiry card.

HHFANTASTIC PRICES!!!!FROM DIGITAL DIMENSIONS

OKIDATA

ML-80 $339.95

ML-82A ... $435.95

•ML-83A $709.95

*ML-84(parallel) $1,034.95

*ML-84(serial) $1,149.95

OKIGRAF ROMS for 82A or 83A $69.95

OKIGRAF DISK,(Apple only) $59.95

Interface boards and cables available.'Includes Tractor Feed

OLIVETTI DY211 $1,049.00

20CPS, Bidirectional, 10, 12, 15 Pitch &proportional spacing, wide carriage.

SCM-TP I $649.95

120 word/min Daisy Wheel, 10 or 12 pitch,serial or parallel interface

DAISYWRITER 2000 CALL

Bidirectional 16.5cps, 48k buffer,Centronics, 488, RS232, 8 C. Loop

IDS

PRISM 80 $979

Includes sprint mode, dot plot and cutsheet guide

PRISM 132 $1,649

Includes all of above and 4-color graphics

C.ITOH

Prowriter (Parallel) $479

Prowriter (Serial) $619

Prowriter 2 (Parallel) $709

Prowriter 2 (Serial) $759

Starwriter F10 $1,449

Printmaster F-10 $1,699

FRANKLIN ACE 1000 $1,849

Includes 64k memory, 5V4" disk, I/O portsand 12" monitor.

E-Z COLOR board $230.00

For the Apple II or Apple II Plus.16-Color, 256 x 192 resolution. Requires3.3 DOS. Includes demo software andE-Z COLOR Editor.

E-Z COLOR board for S100 Systems CALL

E-Z COLOR board for TRS-80 CALL

MicroVox text-to-speech synthesizerNo software needed, just send ASCIItext. Serial and parallel interface-included $280

TERMINALS & MONITORS

TELEVIDIO 950 $995

TELEVIDIO 925-C $799

TELEVIDIO 910/910 Plus $599

AMDEK 13" COLOR-1 $335

NEC 12" GREEN $159

Most major software also avail, at lowprices. We can usually beat any legitimatequote on Hardware. Call for prices.

DIGITAL DIMENSIONS

190 Chapel Rd.,Manchester, CT 06040

1-800-243-5222 -Orders Only

Orders Er Info Call -203-649-3611

MC/VISA welcome, Allow 2-3 weeks forchecks. COD ok. All prices include UPSground freight in U.S. All orders shippedw/in 24 hrs. CT residents add 7'/:% salestax, CPM is T.M. of Digital Research, Pricessubject to change without notice.

Listing 3 continued:

8888:

48 HISCO

OS

2

080H:

47 BGClR

DS

1

8008:

48 RTH

OS

i

688C:

49 RTV

DS

1

088D:

56 RTCLR

OS

I

080E:

51 ChX

OS

i

000F:

52 CHV

DS

1

8818:

53 CHCLR

DS

1

Bull:

54 CHCNT

DS

1

8612:

55 CHICUT

DS

1

8813:

56 POL.

DS

2

8015:

57 TEMPI

DS

1

8816:

58 TEMP2

OS

1

8817:

59 TEMPS

DS

1

8818:

60 I tHF'4

DS

1

6858:

61

0R6

$58

8058:

62 DS1

DS

L0S*2+6

8860:

63 D62

DS

LD6*2+b

8888:

64

DENiJ

8888:

65 *

8888:

66 * DRAG

JH TEHPLl

8888:

67 *

8080:

68

DSEC

T

0888:

89

ORG

6

0800:

78

OS

L0G*2

000H:

7i DSH

DS

888B:

72 D6CLR

OS

£

880D:

73 D6CHT

DS

1

800E:

74 OSICUT

LIS

1

888F:

75 DGRfiD

OS

i

8888:

76

Q£Hl

8886:

77 *

8886:

73 * CONS

TfiNTS

0866:

79 *

888D:

86 CR

EQU

*8D

0886:

81 ESC

EQU

J3B

80P.0S

82 Bt-NK

EQU

J-H0

0688:

83 *

34 ******

****■*-

-********

*r-*7-*T ■*■-*■-*r-*-f-*-fr-*r-*r*-fr

86 * MAIN PROSRflH

8308:

88

*

8800

36

*

PRINT

TITLE S, INSTRUCTIONS

0800:

81

*

0888

20

39

FS

32

JSR

SETTXT

iTITLE

6883:

26

5'-'

FC

93

JSR

HOME

086S

H9

FE

34

LQfl

#>title

0808:

85

15

35

STfi

TEMPI

888H

HS

8C

38

LDfi

iKTITLE

886C:

85

It,

37

STfi

TEMP2

080E

H9

65

98

LDfl

ffD

68 i 8

85

25

83

STfi

cu

8812

28

22

FC

186

JSR

urfiB

8815

28

90

08

161

.JSR

PRIHl

0818

H3

60

102

LDfi

#*6@

081H

28

7E

8H

163

JSR

delhv

0810

S3

8fi

184

LOh

pie

jflUTHOR

08 IF

85

28

105

STk

NH0LFT

8821

R9

IE

186

jm

#30

6823

85

.

187

STfi

hNDhDTh

8825

H9

6E

183

LUH

#14

0827

8:5

25

103

STfi

CU

0823:

20

22

FC

lie

.JSR

UTfiB

0B2U:

2tf

80

06

in

JSR

PRINT

882F:

09

5fi

112

LDfi

#98

0831:

£8

7E

0H

113

JSR

OELfiV

8834:

A9

17

114

LUH

#23

iINSTRUCTIONS

8836:

85

25

115

STfi

CU

8833:

26

22

FC

118

JSR

UTfiB

883B:

28

fi5

6B

117

JSR

SLUPRT

B83E

118

*

6S3E:

118

*

INITIfiLI

PROGRfih

683t

128

*

883E

Fl2

88

121

LDX

#*6

;HIGH SCORE

8848:

86

88

122

3TX

HI SCO

8842

86

09

123

STX

HISC0+1

8844

124

*

6844

125

*

INITIKU

FOR NEW C

fiME

8844

126

*

8844

HID

00

C8

127

H

•HSfiME

LDfi

KBD

iHflIT FOR BUT

0347

09

9B

128

CUP

#ESC

8843

D0

01

123

BNE

RfiNOOH

084t;

66

138

RTS

034C

E6

4E

131

RfiNC

INC

RN0

884E

D8

82

132

BNE

CHKBTH

8858

E6

4F

133

INC

RN0+1

8852

P.D

61

CS

134

CHKE

LDfi

SH8

0855

0D

62

C8

135

ORfi

SHI

0858

18

Efi

136

BPL

NENGflME

085H

flD

56

U8

137

LDfi

TXTCLR

8850

hli

53

i :0

138

LDfi

MIXSET

8868

20

4y

hB

139

JSR

SETHHD-2

Listing 3 continued on page 355

352 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

TAKE THE 3-VOLUME

PERSONAL COMPUTING LIBRARY

FOR ONLY $2.95

when you join THE LIBRARY OF COMPUTER AND INFORMATION SCIENCES

You simply agree to buy 3 more books—at handsome discounts—within the next 12 months.

Enjoy the challenge and reap the benefits ofmicrocomputing with the Personal Comput-ing Library. This set of three carefully-selectedbooks—a S57.45 value—provides you withhours of thought-provoking computerejects. For only S2.95—it's a value you can'tafford to pass up.

proji

Take a look at the three books you'll get!

MICROPROCESSORS ANDMICROCOMPUTER SYSTEMS.

Second Edition. Guthikonda V. Rao. Acomprehensive guide to the latest develop-ments in microcomputer technology, includ-ing LSI/VLSI microcomputers and micropro-cessors, and their current applications, plushardware, software, and firmware. Numerousreference charts and illustrations. Wide rang-ing coverage includes: various off the shelfchips, personal computing, video games, smallbusiness programs, display system data. Near-ly 600 pages of information.

Publisher's Price $36.50

CIARCIAS CIRCUIT CELLAR:Volumes I and II.

The two softbound volumes provide... acomplete tutorial to the construction of over30 microcomputer projects.Volume I includes:

■ how to build a dual voltage converter, andvarious methods to help you achieve voltagemultiplication

■ classical I/O decoding and memorymapped methods

■ how to construct an 8 channel 3": digit DCdigital voltmeter interface

Volume II includes:

■ how to build a computer controlled securitysystem for your home

■ a design for a computer controlled woodstove

■ how to add nonvolatile memory to yourcomputer

Publisher's Price $20.95

The Library of Computer and In-formation Sciences is the oldest and

largest book club especially designed for thecomputer professional. In the incredibly fast-moving world of data processing, where up-

4 Good Reasons to Join

1. The Finest Books. Of the hundreds of bookssubmitted to us each year, only the very finest areselected and offered. Moreover, our books arcalwavs of equal quality to publishers' editions, nevereconomy editions.

2. Big Savings. In addition to gelling the Person-al Computing Library for $2.95 when you join, youkeep saving substantially- up to 30% a'nd occasion-ally even more. (Forexample, your total savings as atrial member-including this introductory offer—caneasily be over 50%. That's like getting every otherbook free!).

3. Bonus Books. Also, you will immediatelybecome eligible to participate in our Bonus BookPlan, with savings up to 70% off the publishers'prices.

4. Convenient Service. At 3-4 week intervals(16 times per year) you will receive the Book ClubNews, describing the Main Selection and AlternateSelections, together with a dated reply card. If youwant the Main Selection do nothing and it will besent lo you automatically. If you prefer anotherselection, or no book at all. simply indicate yourchoice on the card, and return it by the 'dalespecified. You will have at least lOdays lo decide. If.because of late mail delivery of the News, youshould receive a book you do hot want, we guaran-tee return postage.

to-date knowledge is essential, we make it easyfor you to keep totally informed on all areas ofthe information sciences. In addition, booksare offered at discounts up to 30% off publish-ers' prices.

Begin enjoying the club's benefits today!

The Library of Computer andInformation Sciences

Riverside, N.J. 08075Please accept my ap

lication for trial

membership and send me the PersonalComputing Library B (10522) for $2.95.1agree to purchase at least three addition-al Selections or Alternates over the next12 months. Savings range up to 30%; andoccasionally even more. My membershipis cancelable any time after 1 buy thesethree books. A shipping and handlingcharge is added to all shipments.

No-Risk Guarantee: If you are not satis-fied—for any reason—you may return thePersonal Computing Library within 10days and your membership will be can-celed and you will owe nothing.

Name

Name of Firm_

(if you want subscription sent to your office)Address Apt.

_ State.

_Zip_

City

(Offer good in Continental U.S. and Canadaonly. Prices slightly higher in Canada.)

7-BG2

Circle 274 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982

353

SANYO PLUS

&SANYOPLUS ¥:

Only from Sconsdole Systems, the Sonyo Plus, only $2295.

You get o Sonyo MDC-1000, on all-in-one 64K Z-80A (4 MHZ) computer with o built-in,12", high res. Sanyo green-phospher 25x80 display.

The detached keyboard features 5 special function keys ond a 10-key pad. TheMBC-1000 comes complete with o serial port, a parallel port, and room for threeadditional cords.

Plus we've odded o disk drive to give you dual 5 1 /4" drives and a total formatted diskcapaciry of 624K.

Plus Free Software:

CP/M ": the most popular operating system.

Sanyo Basic: A superset of Microsoft Basic, the most popular version of basic.

Diagnostics and Utilities: Usually thrown-in only with more expensive systems.

Wordstar " 3.0: The most populor word processing softwore.

PlannerCalc ™ : The first spreodsheet in English.

Games: Biorythms, Trek, Porochute ond 17 others - just for rhe fun of it.

Special Offer: Order o Sanyo Plus and we'll throw-in a complete integratedbusiness package with General Ledger, Accounts Receivable, Accounts Payable,Payroll, inventory for $99.No dealers please, F.O.D. Scortsdale, 90 day warranty.

$2295

TELEVIDEO

ALTOS

ZENITH

NORTHSTAR

/

Now backed locally by T.R.W. Ouilr-inCRT, detachable keyboard, dual floppysw/750K formatted capacity. 64K, CP/Mand more. Special: Teiesolutions —Wordstar TM and CalcStar TM w/system$279.

I -602-w/CE/MSU- £26?5

' 802H w/CP/M® $475?>

8l6(23mg.) $9595

SOOA's $1319

Km3I

Our lech's favorite systems. From thelowest priced 0-user systems with either2 or 6 MG. storage, ro 40MG. o-user 16bit systems.

Add terminals, printers, and softwareand we can fully test and configure yoursystem or low prices. Dock nationwideby Moore Systems Service,

Series 5-1 5D $2295

Series 5-5D $4575

8000-1 Ow/MP/MP. ... 561758600-12 $9525

*sp^^.

IBM-PC Compatible

Introducing the Zenith Z-1 00, its the new8/16 bit system thots CP/M, PC-D05, and5-100 compatible. Plus It's backed by300 Zenith service centers nationwide.Two built-in 020K 5 1/4" drives, 128KRAM, optional color graphics with controlof eight colors ond 144,000 dots, fiveS-100 expansion slots, and a full featurekeyboard:

Z-110-22 Call

Z-120-22 Call

Z-90-82 w/64K Call

New low price on rhe incredible Ad-vanrage TM. Your choice GDOS andDASIC. or GCP/M $120. Lei us burn ondtest your Advantage TM or Horizon andwe'll back Ir with our own fast warrantyservice.

Advantage Call

Horizon II

64KQuad $2665

"Advantage- ——' ^^

w/5 mg $3795

TERMINALS

PRINTERS

Viewpoint 3A Plus: New Viewpointemulates Leor Slegler. Televldeo, orSoroc. We're selling them at o lowerprice than others charge for older models.

$489

Zenith ZT-1' $559

Televideo910 $579

Televldeo 925 $735

Televideo950 $927

Zenith Z-19 $689

WyseVY-100 $769

Soroc IQ 130 $599

FalcoTS-1 $1069

Adds Viewpoint 60 $724

Hazeltine Espirit $499

'with built-in modem

A

mm

\ /

Scortsdale Systems^

6730 E. McDowell Road, Suite 110, Scortsdale, Arizona 85257 f

E (602)941-5856

Call 8-5 Mon.-Fri.

jIMailiwCorcl'

SERVICE/ORDERING

I NTEGRATI ON: Prices listed are for new equipment In focrory sealed boxes with manufacturer'swarranty. We will pretest your equipment. Integrate your system, configure your softwore, providespecial cables, etc., for on addlrlonal charge. Call for prices.

ORDERING: MAIL ORDER ONLY. Prices listed ore for cosh. No C.O.D.'s. We sell on o net 20basis to Fortune 500 companies ond Universities Charge cords odd 2%. Prices subject to change,product subject to availability. AZ. residents odd 5%. Personal checks take 0 weeks to clear. 0-20%restocking fee for returned merchandise. Shipping extra - products ore F.O.D. point of shipment. CP/Mand MP/M ore registered trademarks of Digital Research.

NECS023A $469

Okidata 82A $409

Okidata 83A $649

Okidata 84 $995

Epson Call

HIGH SPEED

Microprism 60 $649

Prism 80 "Loaded" $1329

Prism 132 "Loaded" $ 1469

Tally MT 1805 $1569

Anadex9501A $1369

LETTER QUALITY

SCMTP-1 $639

NEC 3500 w/TRAC* ... $1798NEC 7700 w/TRAC* .... $2495'Our NEC's now include 16K outer, odd'lfirmware, both serlo! and parallel inter-faces, tractors, 180 doy worronry.

I/O DEVICES

DAISYWRITER 2000

Houston Instrument:

HI-PlotDMP-2 $820

Hi-Plot DMP-7/8 $2019

Hi Pad DT-11 $664

Hayes Smarrmodem $219

Hayes 1200 BaudSmarrmodem $524

The best price/thruput In letter qualityprlnrers. 40 C.P.5.. 48k buffer. 8 protocols,gtophics mode, 4 Interfaces std„ Sub ondSuperscript. Proportional Spacing, ondmuch more. Uses srd. ribbons.

$1019

Listing 3 continued:

bot.-j.;

140

6863:

14i

0663:

142

0863:

:09

55

143

6865:

85

00

144

0867:

|09

88

145

0869:

85

6D

14b

0868:

:B9

DD

147

©860:

85

10

148

086F

:B9

li

149

0871:

: 85

5B

150

8873:

:85

5C

151

03

14

152

8877!

85

SB

153

88?B:rt90870:650S7F:650881 :02

B8F9:

08F9:08F9:88F9:B5

88FB:F098FD:C6

LDh

fr$55

jSCRhEN

STO

b&'Clr

^Dfl

ff*8S

jRflT

STB

RTCLF;

L0fl

#?0D

jCHEESE

STfl

CHCLR

L0.O

#f 11

;DRAGON 1

STO

DG1+D6C

XR

STfl

DGl+DGi

;lr+i

LDh

W*44

iDRfieoh 2

STfl

DG2+DSS

:lr

9 !H

D62+0SC

;LRf i

106

159

160-161162

0863

: 10

F9

165

0880:

:H2

56

166

068C

: 86

5fl

167

088E

:02

68

168

0830

: 86

Sh

189

0892.

;02

28

170

0834

:86

5F

171

0836

:86

6F

172

0898

:28

89

00

173

089B:

186

0E

174

B89D

:20

89

00

175

08H0:

:86

8F

176

03(42

177

08H2

178

08fl2

179

0802

:A2

60

180

68H4

:86

12

181

0806

:8&

05

182

8808

:86

86

183

08fifi

:8S

07

184

08flC

:86

5E

185

08AE:

186

6E

186

08B0

:h2

01

187

08B2;

:S6

11

188

08B4

:86

50

183

08BG:

:86

60

190

08B8

:82

8fi

191

08BH:

:86

00

132

88BC:

:86

02

193

08BE:

fl2

27

134

08C0:

86

81

195

08C2:

86

03

186

0BC4:

fl2

3C

197

0806:

86

04

138

08C8:

199

38C3:

200

08C8:

20i

08C8:

20

FF

0B

202

0SCB:

26

58

FC

203

08CE:

02

16

204

@8O0:

86

25

205

8802:

2S

^4

FC

206

0805:

02

2E

207

88D7:

86

15

208

0809:

fl£

0F

203

08DB:

86

16

210

0SDD:

02

05

211

88DF:

86

24

212

06E1:

20

96

08

213

08E4:

H2

17

214

0866:

86

24

215

98E3:

20

98

0B

216

0SEB:

02

0H

217

08ED:

fi0

06

£18

08EF:

26

BB

0B

219

M8F2:

02

10

229

08F4:

B0

04

221

iiKFfi:

20

ft ft

fift

*j ~'"'

uJJX #LD6*2-1 ;DR060;<

SETDGXV STfl 061 ..X

DEN

LDX #LD6*2-2+DGi

STX DG1+0GH

LDX #LD6*2-2+DG2

STX D62+06H

LDX #40

STX DGl+DGRfiD

STX DS2+D6RR0

JSR RN048 ;CHEESE

STX CHX

JSR RHD40

STX CHV

* TIMING PARAMETERS

lDX

#0

STX

CHICNT

STX

SECS+1

STX

SCORE

STX

SCORE+1

STX

DG1+0GICHT

STX

DG2+D6ICNT

LDX

#1

STX

CHCNT

STX

D61+D6CNT

STX

DG2+D6CNT

lDX

#10

STX

TIME

STX

TIHE0

LU;<

#39

8 i K

TIME+1

STX'

TIHE0+1

LDX

#60

STX SECS

PlOT screen and titles

jsr plt3crn

JSR HOME

LDX #22

STX CO

JSR UTfiB

LDX #>TSCORE

STX TEMPI

LDX #<TSCORE

STX TEHP2

LDX #5

STX CH

JSR PRINT

LDX #23

JH

JSR PRINT

LDX #10

lDt #SCORE

JSR RGPRNT

LDX #29

LDV #SECS

JSrt RGPRNT

«►*********:

(•*■***********

231 *

232 MfllNLP LOfi CHICNT

233 BEQ RflT

234 DEC CHCNT

08FF:D0

2E

235

BNE

RflT

0901:85

11

236

STO

CHCNT

0303:02

80

237

LDX

#0

0905:28

C2

09

238

JSR

HUECH

0988:02

01

239

LDX

#1

090ft:20

C2

03

240

JSR

HUECH

8980:04

0E

241

LDV

CHX

090F:C4

15

242

CPV

TEMPI

eaii!OB

06

243

BNE

CHEESE2

0913:fi5

0F

244

LDH

CHV

0915:C5

16

245

CUP

TEHP2

0917:F0

16

246

BEQ

ROT

0919:fi6

0ft

247

CHEE ■ :- . :

BGCLR

091B:86

30

248

STX

COLOR

0910:28

00

F6

243

JSR

PLOT

0920:04

15

258

LDV

TEMPI

0922:84

0E

251

STV

CHX

8924:RS

16

252

LDfl

TEMP2

0926:85

0F

253

STfl

CHV

0928:06

10

254

LDX

CHCLR

8920:86

36

255

STX

COLOR

092C:20

00

F8

256

JSR

PLOT

692F:

257

*

892F:

258

*

ROT

092F:

258

*

092F:20

46

0C

260

RflT

JSR

PLTRflT

0932:09

29

261

LOO

#41

0934:20

08

FC

262

JSR

WAIT

6937:

263

$

0337:

264

*

UR06C

IN

0337:

265

*

8937:02

50

266

LDX

#061

0339:20

Oft

09

267

JSR

HUEDG

093C:B0

2D

268

BCS

DGBITE

093E:fi2

68

263

LDX

#062

0940:20

DO

09

270

JSR

HUEDG

8943sB0

26

271

BCS

DGBITE

0945:

272

*

0945:

273

*

CHECK

: KEVB

OflRD AND TIMER

8945:

274

*

0945:OD

00

C0

275

LDfl

KBD

8948:C9

9B

276

CMP

#ESC

0940:D0

01

277

BNE

CHKTIM

094C:60

278

RTS

0940:09

64

279

Cr

IKTIM

LDfl

#100

094F:20

F0

80

280

JSR

TIMER

0952:05

05

281

LDO

SECS+1

0954:00

A3

282

BNE

HOINLP

0956:05

04

283

LOO

SECS

8958:00

9F

284

BNE

MfllNLP

0950:

235

*

035ft:

287

#

035ft:

288

*

GAME

OVER

895ft:

289

*

035ft:

231

3

035ft:

232

*

TIMEOUT

835ft:

293

*

095ft:20

58

FC

294

JSR

HOME

8950:09

39

295

LDO

#>TTHOUT

095F:85

15

296

STfl

TEMPI

8961:09

OF

297

LDfl

#<TTMOUT

0963:85

16

238

STO

TEHP2

0965:20

90

08

299

JSR

PRINT

0968:4C

79

09

300

JHP

ENDGHE

U96B:

301

*

096B:

302

*

DRfiGC

IN BITE

89 68:

303

*

0966:28

58

FC

304

DGBIT

JSR

HOME

896E:ft9

4C

305

LDfl

#>TD6G0T

0970:85

15

306

STO

TEMPI

8972:09

8F

307

LDfl

#<TDGGOT

0974:85

16

308

STfl

TEHP2

0976:20

90

0B

309

JSR

PRINT

8979:

310

*

8979:09

63

311

ENDGHE

LDfl

#>TVSC

0978:85

15

312

STfl

TEMPI

8970:09

0F

313

LDfl

#<TVSC

U97F:85

16

314

STfl .

I EHP2

8981:20

90

08

315

JSR

PRINT

0984:00

06

316

LDV

#>SCORE

0386:20

BD

0B

317

JSR

RGPRNT1

0983:09

6F

318

LDfl

#>THSC

898B:85

15

319

STO

TEMPI

0980:09

OF

320

LDO

#<THSC

098F:85

16

32 i

STfl

TEHP2

0991:20

90

0B

322

JSR

PRINT

6994:00

08

323

LDV

#>HISCO

0996:20

BD

06

324

JSR

RGPRNT1

0999:05

07

325

LDfl

SCORE+1

899B:C5

09

326

CMP

HISCO+1

0930:90

08

327

BCC

END6HE2

033F:D0

0E

323

BNE

END6HE3

0901:05

06

329

LDO

SCORE

09fl3:C5

08

330

CMP

HI SCO

Listing 3 continued on

page 356

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 355

Circle 385 on inquiry card.

Z-80

SINGLE BOARD

COMPUTER

$49.95

The MASTER CONTROLLERBOARD contains:

-Z-80 Microprocessor72-Parallel I/O lines; three 8255s-Keyboard controller: 827912K-EPROM: three sockets for2708, 2716, 27322K-RAM: 2114s8-Sixteen bit counter timerchannels: one 8253 and oneAMD 95132-Serial I/O ports; one Z-80 SIOchip. One port is RS-232W/DB-251-High speed arithmeticprocessor: AMD 9511A bus expansion connector isprovided.

All this on one board less thannine inches on a side

BARE BOARD. With documentation. $49.95

MASTER CONTROLLER BOARD. Assembledw/all parts (no IC's) $139.95

MINIMUM KIT. Includes bare board withdocumentation, one each Z-80. 8255, 2716,four 2114's, 4Mhz crystal, and support gatesand buffers, all socketed. $119.95 A&T 199.95

MONITOR PROGRAM allows a CRT or TTYto control the MASTER CONTROLLER. Thisprogram requires the minimum kit and theserial parts kit. A programmed 2716 and listingis supplied with the monitor. $29.95Listing Only $19.95

SERIAL PARTS. Includes 8253, Z-80 SIO,1488, 1489, sockets, and DB-25 connector$49.95

MINIMUM KIT, serial parts, w/TINY CON-TROLLER BASIC A&T $249.95

MAXIMUM KIT w/2-2716's (monitor programand tiny basic) less 9511 $249.95 A&T $329.95

EPROM PROGRAMMER KIT for 2708, 2716,2732, 2764 w/28 pin "Textool" socket (Req.min. kit. monitor, ser. parts) $99.95

24 KEY KEYBOARD & 8 Digit LED readout,

interfaces to 8279. Kit $59.95

Keyboard monitor and overlay for above kit

$14.95

POWER SUPPLY. 5V2A, -5V%A, +12V%A-12Vy„A. Kit $44.95

OEM & Dealer Inquiries Welcome

USA & CANADA include $3.50 postage

and handling. We ship World Wide

please include 15% for shipping.

R.W. ELECTRONICS, INC.

3165 North Clybourn—B

Chicago, IL 60618

(312) 248-2480

Listing 3 continued:

0905:38

08

331

BCD

ENDGHE3

0907:05

07

332

ENQ6HE2

LOO

SCORE+1

0909:85

09

333

STfi

HISCO+1

«9AB:H5

06

334

LDA

SCORE

09AD:S5

08

335

ST0

HI SCO

890F:09

3D

338

ENDS :

LDfi

#CR

09B1:20

FD FB

337

JSR

','IDOUT

89B4:R9

70

338

LDfi

#>TPUSH

03B6:85

15

339

STfi

TEMPI

89B8:09

0F

340

LDfi

#<TPU3H

09Bfi:85

lb

341

STfi

TEMP2

B9BC:20

30 0B

342

JSR

PRINT

@9BF:4C

44 08

343

JHP

NEWGOME

B9C2:

344345

*

.****.•*

4.+.^.+.^

09C2:

346

*

83C2:

347

*

SUBR0UT

09C2:

348349

350

*

09C2:

*

89C2:

351

*

ON I HO

TI0N

ROUTINES

S9C2:

352

*

09C2:B5

0E

353

HI

'ech

LDfi

CHX.X

09C4:D5

0B

354

CMP

RTX,X

09C6:O8

355

ifiV

09C7:98

09

356

BCC

MUECH2

09C9:C8

357

INV

09Cft:C0

28

358

CPY

#48

09CC:90

09

359

BCC

HUECH3

69CE:H0

27

360

LDV

#39

S9D0:B0

05

361

BCS

HUECH3

09D2:S8

362

HUEC

0EY

09D3:10

02

363

BPL

MUECH3

09D5:O0

00

364

LDV

#0

0907:34

15

365

HUEC

STY

TEMPl^X

09D9:60

366

RTS

09DR:

367

*

B9DB: 18

368

HUEDG

CLC

09DB:B5

0E

369

LDfi

D61CNT.

09DD:F0

Ffi

370

BES

HUEDG-1

09OF:06

00

371

DEC

06CNT,X

09E1:10

F6

372

BPL

HUE06-1

09E3:95

00

37'3

STfi

D6CNT.X

09E5:86

17

374

STX

TEHP3

09E7:fi0

00

375

LDV

#0

09E9:28

57 00

376

JSR

TARGET

09EC:fl0

01

377

LDV

#1

09EE:20

37 0A

378

JSR

TfiRGET

09FliB4

00

379

LDV

OGH.X

B9F3:B6

00

380

LDX

0*Y

09F5:O5

15

381

LDfi

TEMPI

09F7:D3

00 00

382

CHP

0,V

09FH:F0

0b

383

BEG!

MUEDG3

09FCsB8

03

384

BCS

MUE0G2

09FE:Cfl

385

DEX

09FF:9u

01

386

BCC

MUE0G3

0H01:E8

387

HUEDG2

I NX

0002:86

15

388

H

JE063

STX

TEMPI

0084:BB

01

389

LDX

i jV

0fi0S:fi5

lb

330

LDfl

TEMP2

0008:09

01 00

391

CMP

l.V

0M0B:F0

06

392

BEQ

MUEDG5

0H0D:6S

03

393

BCS

MUEDG4

0fi@F:Cfl

394

DEX

0fil0:90

01

395

BCC

HUEDG5

»fil2:E8

396

H

IEDG4

I NX

0013:86

IS

397

MUED65

STX

TEMF2

0015:06

17

398

lDX

TEMP3

0fil7:B5

00

399

LDfl

DGH,X

8019:38

400

SEC

0A1H:E9

02

491

SBC

#2

BfilCtCS

17

402

CMP

TEHP3

0fllE:B0

02

463

BCS

HUEDGb

0020:69

00

404

HOC

#LDG*2

0022:35

00

405

HUEDS8

ST0

BGrt,X

0R24:flfl

406

i fiX

8025:04

00

407

LDV

BGCLR

0027:n5

0E

488

LDfl

CHX

0fl29: D5

00

469

CMP

0,X

BR2B:D8

08

410

BHE

HUEDG7

0fi2O:O5

0F

411

LDfi

CHV

802F:D5

01

412

CHP

t,X

0031s08

02

413

BNE

MUEDG7

8033:04

10

414

LDV

CHCLR

0035:84

30

415

HVE067

STY

COLOR

0A37:84

00

416

LDV

0,X

0H39:B5

01

417

LDA

1,X

8036:20

00 F8

418

J3R

PLOT

0O3E:O5

15

419

LDfi

TEMPI

0040:H4

lb

420

LDV

TEHP2

0042:05

BB

421

CMP

RTX

0044:00

06

422

BNE

HUEOS8

8046:C4

0C

423

CRY

RTV

8048!00

02

424

BNE

MUEDG8

00408 38

425

SEC

;H0UE CHEESE flWflV

i DESTROVS fl,V

; NEH CHX,V IN TEMPI,

iHOUE DRAGON

; INPUT X POINTS TO DRAGONJ DESTROYS fi,X,V,TEHPl,2 & 3i UPOfiTES D6XiD8y'»D6CNT»DGH; SETS CARRY IF RflT IS CAUGHT

CALCULATE DRAGON'S TARGE1

CALCULfiit NEH HEAD POSITIONIN TEMPI OND 2X UfiLUE IN TEMPI

V UftLUE in TEHP2

fiDJUST 06H TO NEH HEAD

HftSE ifilL

CHECK FOR RAT

HE HAUL RAT

Listing 3 continued on page 358

356 November 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

WILD HARE

GREAT NEWS FOR DATA GENERAL USERS!

Win in the race for productivity by teaming up withWild Hare. Our TSS software enhancer makes yoursystem as productive as a rabbit.

Wild Hare's operating system enhancement givesData General NOVA® and ECLIPSE® users the mostfrom their system. TSS allows you to transformRDOS, ICOS (CS/COBOL) and INFOS® intotrue multi-lingual, multi-user Time SharingSystems.

This state-of-the-art system accommodatesup to 26 users. Each user can independentlyedit, compile and execute programs using the

language of his choice, like FORTRAN, ALGOL,BASIC, COBOL, Pascal, Assembler and more.

TSS combines RDOS, INFOS® and ICOS compat-abilities with AOS capabilities at a mere fractionof the cost.

^] In the race for productivity, Wild Hare gives you

the edge by multiplying the capabilities of your

Data General system. So start things hopping

with a 30-day trial run. Remember, slow and

steady could eventually win the race. But it

takes a Wild Hare in the program for a truly

productive finish.

wildfhare

COMPUTER SYSTEMS INC.

P.O. Box 35B1 Boulder. CO 8D3D7 303-494-0221 TWX:910-g40-251B NOVA". ECLIPSE" and INFOS" are registered trademarks of Data General Corporation.

Circle 480 on inquiry card. byte November 1982 357

Circle 221 on inquiry card.

Main/Frames

from

• 30 Models of Enclosures

• Assembled and tested

• Quasi-Coax Motherboards

• Power Supply

• Card cage and guides

• Fan, line, cord, fuse, power& reset switches

8" Floppy Main/Frame

8" Disc Enclosure

Phase/80 8" Floppy Mainframe

Phase/80 Desk + Mainframe

Write or call for our

brochure which includes our

application note:

"Building Computers —

A Recipe"

INrEGMND

8620 Roosevelt Ave. • Vlsalla, CA 93291

209/733-9288

We accept BankAmerlcard/Vlsa

and MasterCharge

Listing 3 continued:

0A46B04C8A4E00580fi52BR5500568A57BA5700589A5B0RSDBA5FBA818AS40A879H6H0R6C0A6F0B70SH738H750078

oa7a

0O7D0R7EBA7E

0A7E0A7E8A7F0A800A830B84

00880B898A898A8C0R8E0891BA920R930R930R950R970R990R9B0R9D8A9F000100030RRS0AA70009BARB0RRC800E0RB00RB20HB40RB60MB80HBfiBRBC0HBD8A6F

0AC8

0RC28RC40RC60RC80RCR

BACC0RCD0RCD0000

0HD10RO20RD40OD5BAB7BRD70OD9BADB0ADD8RDE8OE00RE10OE20RE3

18

080117R8 0C

B@

B3

0E 00

0F

02

0815 00

8B 00

ID 80

8E 868F

15 808315 08

1:8 R8 FC

E9D8

93 Bfl4ED7 0fl

1694154F184E171816158D

4E174E4F

4F

1718

46461865Bfl4fl4fl

4E194E4F364F

IE FB

13

13

1515

15

0AE4:0AE4:RO 30 C8

426427428429438431432

434435436437

439448441442443444445446447448449458451

HUEDG8

RTSSTR

8 I V

LDVJSR

CLCRTS

THK6ET SECLDRSBCBCS

LUh

TRR6ET2 STRLDRCMPBCCSTfl

TARGETS CLClDRRDCCMPBCSSTfl

TRR6ET9 RTS

0,X

TEHP3PLTD6

CHX,V

D6RAD,X

TAR6ET2

#8

TEMPI/t1F:TX,YTEMPI ,Y

TARGETSTEMPI»Y

CHX.Y

DGRAD.XTEMPI,VTARGETSTEMPI.V

HE DON'T HRUE RRT

.CALCULATE DRAGON'S TARGET; INPUT V SPECIFIES X<0> ORi X POINTS TO DRAGON

; DESTR0VS fi

i OUTPUT TEMP 1 OR 2 CX OR t» =MINi:CH+DGRAD,Mfi»:

ch-ugrau.rt:):)

* MISCELLANEOUS ROUTINES

DELflV SECDELAV1 PHfi

45345445545S457458459460461462463464465466

467 *

468 RNDNG469

478

471

472

473

474

475

476

477 RNDN61

478

479

488

481

482

483

484

485

486

48

488

488

438

491

492

433

494

435

436

497

493

493

500

501

502

503

584

505

DUG

RNDNG2

PDLX

58,508583518511512513514515516517513

HPV1S

LSRLSR

CLCADCRORLSRLSRRTS

HA 11

JSR

F'Lfi

SBC #$1

EWE DELAVi

R i ■-■

Nu48 JSRLDR

TAX

LDRSTRLDRSTRLDRSTflLDRSTflLDXLSRRORBCCCLCLDflHOCSTflLDfiADCSlflASLROLDEXBHECLCLUHADCSTflLDRRDCSTflRTS

JSRTVACLCRDCRORSTfl

RNDNG

RND+1HPV125

#*2

TEHP2

#*94

TEMPI

RND+1

TEHP4

RHD

TEMP3

#16

TEHP2

TEMPI

RNDNG2

RND

TEHP3

RND

RNO+1

TEMP4

RHD+1

TEHP3

TEHP4

RNDNG1

RND

#$19

RND

RND+1

#*36

RND+1

PREAD

PDL,fl

PDL,

STfl TEMPI

TEMPITEMPI

TEMPIARA

.DELAY

; INPUT A-REG AMOUNT OF DELflV

J DESTROYS fl

;RANDOM NUMBER GENERATOR

i INPUT RND

-, DESTROYS R.X. TEMP 1-4

; DUPUT RND=661*RND+13849 MOD

;RERD PRDDLE X

i INPUT X PADDLE #

i PDL LAST PRDDLE UflLUE

; DESTROYS A.V.TEMPI

; RESULT A=0 TO 39; PDL=0 TO 255

;fl=fl*1.25'"8

; DESTROYS TEMPI

; OUTPUT fl=8 TO 39

;LICK

LDA SPKR

iCLICK SPEAKER

Listing 3 continued on page 360

358 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

1 m*0*1

■

^jM

WHEN AMERICAN BUSINESS HITS THE ROAD,AMERICAN BUSINESS DECIDES ON HILTON.

r*AMi

AMERICAS BUSINESS ADE>RESS

Listing 3 continued:

0AE?:fi9 10

519

LDft

#16

i DESTROVS ft

8fiE9:20 AS

FC

520

JSR

WAIT

8REC:0D 38

C8

521

LDO

SPKR

8fiEF:60

522

FlTs

0RF8:

523

*

0fiF6:

524

* BOOKEEFTHE

ROUTINES

BRF0:

525

*

3flF0:H2 00

526

TIMER

LD;-:;

#tihe

^TIMEKEEPER

8fiF2:20 78

8B

52r*

JSR

SUBOTOR

i INPUT ft ELfiPSED TIME *

1 0808

BflF5:B0 F8

528

BCS

TIHER-1

; DESTROVS (UX.V

60F7:20 E4

8fl

523

JSR

CLICK

; UPDATES SEC

0flFO:fio 02

530

LLifl

TIMES

; CLEARS SCREEN fiT SET TIMES

6flFCs85 00

531

STfl

TIME

0fiFE:A5 03

532

LDft

TIHEO+1

0606:85 81

533

STfl

TIHE+1

8B02:fi2 04

534

LDft

#SECS

0604:09 01

535

LDft

#1

8636:20 78

8B

536

JSR

SUBOTOR

0808:02 ID

537

LDK

#29

0B8B:A0 84

538

LDV

tSECS

0B0D:28 BB

8B

539

JSR

R6PRHT

0B1O:A5 05

540

LDft

SECS+1

8B12:D8 16

541

BNE

TIMERS

0B14:R5 84

542

LLlfl

SECS

8B16:02 83

543

LDX

#3

0B18.-DD D8

8C

544

TIMER!

CUP

TIMTflB,X

0B1B:80 80

545

BCC

TIHER2

0B1D:D8 OB

546

BNE

TIMERS

OBlF:BD DC

8C

547

LDft

CLRTfiB^X

8B22:85 0fl

548

STO

B8CLR

0B24:4C FF

6B

549

JMP

PLTSCRH

8627:Cfi

550

TIHER2

DEX

6628:10 EE

551

BPL

T1HER1

0B2fl:60

552

TIMERS

RTS

0B2B:

553

*

0B2B:H9 01

554

SCORER

LDft

#1

;STOREKEEPER

0B2D:H2 06

555

LDX

#>SCORE

i DESTROVS A,X,V

0B2F:20 6C

0B

556

JSR

flDDOTOR

i UPDATES SCORE,CHX,CHV

BB32:R2 6ft

557

LDK

#10

3 COMPLICATES SAME

0B34:R0 06

558

LDV

#>SCORE

8636:20 BB

8B

559

JSR

RGPRNT

0639:20 89

OH

560

JSR

RND40

863C:86 0E

561

stx

CHX

0B3E:£0 88

80

562

JSR

RND40

0641:86 8F

563

stx

CHV

0B43:28 9D

8C

564

JSR

PITCH

8646:20 E4

0fl

565

JSR

CLICK

0B48:28 E4

8H

566

JSR

CLICK

0B4C:R9 3E

567

LDO

#62

0B4E:26 F0

80

588

JSR

TIMER

8B51:ft5 07

569

LDO

SCORE*1

; CREATE COMPLICATIONS

0B53:D0 lb

578

BNE

SCORERS

0655:05 06

571

LDO

SCORE

0B57:C9 29

572

CMP

#41

6659:60 18

573

BCS

SCORERS

0B5B:4fi

574

LSR

ft

0650:60 8D

575

BCS

SCORERS

8B5E:4A

576

LSR

0

0B5F:B8 6A

577

BCS

SCORERS

8B61:8A

578

HSL

H

0B62:fi8

579

TflV

0863:Bt t8

BC

580

LuK

SCOTflB-2

V

6B66:B9 E9

OC

581

LDft

SCOTRB-1

V

0663:35 88

582

STfl

$0»X

0B6B:60

SCORERS

RTS

0B6C:

584

*

0B6C:

585

* ORITHMETIC

ROUTINES

8B6C:

586

*

BB6C:18

587

ADDATOR

' CLC

jflDD ft TO 16 BIT #

8B6D:75 06

588

ADC

O i X

i INPUT ft fiHOUHT TO ADD

0B6F:95 08

589

STfl

0,X

J X POINTS TO LOW

BVTE OF

#

8671:65 01

590

LDft

i,x

J DESTROVS ft

8873:63 80

591

ADC

#0

8675:95 81

592

STfl

1,X

0B77:60

593

RTS

8B78:

594

*

0878:38

595

SUBOTOP

SEC

jSUBTRACT A FROM 16 BIT

REG

8B79:85 15

596

STfl

TEMPI

i INPUT A AMOUNT TO SUBTRACT

0B76-.B5 88

597

LDft

0.X

i X POINTS TO LOW

BVTE OF

REC

8B7D-.E5 15

598

sec

TEMPI

i DESTROVS A,TEMPI

8B7F:95 88

599

STO

0.X

8B81:B5 01

660

LDO

i,x

0883:E9 88

601

sec

#0

0685:95 61

602

STfl

1,X

9687:68

603

RTS

0B88:

604

*

0B88:

685

* PRINTING ROLF ■

8B88:

606

*

0888:20 FD

FB

607

PRINTO

JSR

UIDOUT

iFAST PRINT

8B8B:A9 81

688

LDft

#1

J INPUT TEMP1&2 POINTER

TO HESS

}6E

0680:28 6C

8B

609

JSR

SDDOTUR

i DESTROVS A,X,V

0698:02 15

610

PRINT

LDX

#>TEHP1

i UPDATES TEMP1&2

0692:08 88

611

LDV

#*0

Listing 3 continued on page 363

360 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

CALL

YOUR

LOCAL

DYSAIM

OFFICE

CA:

Los Angeles(213)907-1803

Orange County(714)851-9462

Sacramento

(916)966-8037

San Francisco/Sunnyvale(408) 727-9552

DC:

Washington(703)356-6441

GA:

Atlanta

*(404) 952-0919

IL:

Chicago(312)882-8176(800) 323-5609

MA:

Boston

(617)273-5955*(617) 229-2800

Ml:

Detroit

(313)525-8240

MN:

Minneapolis*(612)814-7199

MO:

St. Louis

(314)434-4011

NY:

New York

(212)687-7122

OH:

Cleveland

(216)333-3725

PA:

Pittsburgh(412)261-0406

Philadelphia(609) 939-4762

TX:

Dallas/Ft Worth

*(817) 261-5312

WA:

Seattle

(206) 455-4725

includes OEM Sales

Dysan Diskettes are also available

from all ComputerLand Stores,

Sears Business Systems Centers, and

many independent computer outlets

nationwide.

For the location of the Dysan sales

outlet nearest you, contact Dysan at:

(408) 988-3472

Toll Free: (800) 538-8133

Telex: 171551 DYSAN SNTA

TWX: 910-338-2144

8 Dysan

^CORPORATION

Circle 166 on inquiry card.

DID YOU KNOW

7W»

NEAR YOU?

Well, it is.For years, we'vebeen supplyingdiscriminating data processingprofessionals worldwide with the finestmagnetic media made anywhere...Dysandiskettes, mini-diskettes, disc packs, disc cartridgesand single rigid disks.

Is there any reason why you should have to settlefor second best?

Now you can buy Dysan precision diskettes andmini-diskettes direct from the Dysan sales office orauthorized dealer near you. And they're not justany diskettes. They're certified 100% error-freeboth on and between the tracks to insure you offlawless performance. That means no lost data.No need to re-program. Or de-bug again. Dysandiskettes work the first time, every time. Thinkabout how much time, energy and aggravationyou can save.

Why wait for problems to occur to convince youthat a bargain diskette is really no bargain? Callthe Dysan office nearest you. Or stop in yournearest authorized Dysan dealer. Once you expe-rience the Dysan difference you won't settle foranything less.

Our Media Is Our Message

5201 Patrick Henry DriveSanta Clara, CA 95050

•power-

the Hard Power of

?Wi

from the Soft-Support of

I

1W~.„„..

I *" '<

III*

•fTUiltt

The System 83/ provides the ulti-mate link between UNIX and the68000 microprocessor on the IEEE696/S-100 bus. The resulting blendis a multi-user, multi-tasking com-puter with incredible power andversatility.

THE SOFT POWER OF UNIX

The UNIX operating system is versa-tile, simple and productive. Its built-in file system of highly uniformedsets and subsets of directories arearranged in a hierarchical tree-likestructure. The Berkeley c-shell hasbeen added to enhance communi-cation between you and the operat-ing system. A unique record lock-out system has been implementedto prevent more than one user fromaccessing the same record in a multi-

user/multi-tasking environment.Now, with the 68000's 32-bit internalarchitecture, Unix becomes state ofthe art on the DUAL System 83/.THE HARDWARE

An On-Board Memory ManagementUnit and a scatter-loading techniqueare used to allow efficient process-ing for multiple users performingmultiple tasks. An interrupt-drivenDMA disk controller speeds the sys-tem's throughput with up to 80MB'sof Winchester storage. An intelligentinterrupt-driven I/O controller (witha 256 Byte FIFO buffer on input, anda DMA channel on output) takesthe strain off the CPU for I/O, andeliminates any danger of lost

DUAL SYSTEMS CORPORATION

Sales representatives inmost metropolitan areas.

OEM and Dealer pricingis available.

2530 San Pablo Avenue • Berkeley • CA 94702

characters. The 20-slot bus allowsfor expansion; • up to 3.3 MB's ofdirectly addressable RAM • MultipleSI04-DMA boards add four usersper slot • Other S-100 peripheralcards may be added for systemflexibility.DUAL DELIVERS

The Dual System 83/ hardware hasbeen designed from the ground upwith the Bell UNIX operating systemin mind. The System 83/ is no engi-neering pipe-dream; we've beenshipping the power package sinceFebruary 1982. So, if you've beenlooking for the missing link be-tween UNIX and the 68000, searchno further. For technical infor-mation, or a quotation, please callor write to:

system reliability/system integrity

Circle 163 on inquiry card.549-3854*172029 SPX

• UNIX is a trademark of BellLaboratories and is supported onthe DUAL System 83 by UniSoftSystems of Berkeley, Ca.

Listing 3 continued:

0B94

Bl

15

612

LDO

CTEHPi:',V

0B96

LI0

F0

613

BHE

PRINTS

0B98

Ay

01

614

LDO

#1

BB90

4C

6C

0B

615

JHP

SDDOTOR

0B9D

616

*

0B9D

29

FD

FB

617

SLDPRT0

JSR

UIDOUT

•SLOW PRINT

BBAO

A3

01

618

LDO

#1

; INPUT TEMPI

1,2 POINTER TO

MESSAGE

0BA2

20

6D

0B

818

JSR

ODDBTOR

; DESTRUVS 0.

■i,V, TEMP 18:2

0BA5

H2

15

628

SLOPRT

LDX

#>TEHP1

BBA7

00

00

621

LDV

#$0

0BA9

AD

61

C8

622

LDO

sue

BBAC

00

62

C8

623

ORfl

SHI

0BRF

30

08

624

BHI

RTSSLP

0BB1

R9

B4

625

LDO

#188

0BB3

20

AS

FC

626

JSR

HO IT

0BB6

Bl

15

627

LDO

(TEMPI Vr1

0BB8

D0

E3

628

BNE

SLOPRTD

SBBfl

60

628

RTSSLP

RTS

0BBB

638

*

0BBB

86

24

631

R6PRNT

STX

CH

iPRINTS THO B

r'TE NUMBER

BBBD

Bb

00

632

RGPRNT1

LDX

0,V

i INPUT X TAB

8BBF

86

15

S33

STX

TEMPI

i V POINTS TO NUMBER

0BC1

B6

01

634

LDX

IjV

; DESTROVS A,

:.,TEMPI.2, 5:3

8BC3

: 86

16

635

STX

TEHP2

9BC5

f)2

04

636

LDX

#4

0BC7

86

17

637

S1 X

TEHP3

0BC9

A3

60

638

RGPRNT2

LDO

#*B0

0BCB

85

18

639

STA

TEMP4

8BCD

A5

15

648

R6PRNT3

LDO

TEMPI

0BCF

DD

E0

BC

641

CUP

N0TAB1,X

8BD2

R5

16

642

LDH

TEMP2

3BB4

FD

to

0C

643

SBC

N0TAB2,X

0BD7

98

00

644

BCC

R6PRNT4

8BD9

85

16

645

STA

TEMP2

0BDB:

A5

15

646

LDO

TEMPI

0BDD

FD

E0

0C

647

SBC

HGTAB1,X

0BE@:

85

15

648

STO

TEMPI

0BE2

E6

18

649

INC

TEMP4

SBE4:

D0

E7

658

BNE

RGPRHT3

0BE6

H5

18

651

R6PRNT4

LDO

TEMP4

SBEB:

ES

652

I NX

0BE9

cs

653

DEX

06EA:

F0

0C

654

BEQ

R6PRHT6

0BEC

C9

Ba

655

CMP

#*B0

0BEE:

F0

02

656

BEQ

R6PRHT5

0BF0

85

17

657

STO

TEHP3

8BF2:

24

17

658

R6PRNT5

BIT

TEHP3

8BF4

36

02

659

BHI

RGPRNTG

SBF6:

A3

H0

668

LDO

#BLHK

9BF8

28

FD

FB

661

R6PRNT6

JSR

UIDOUT

6BFB:

Cfl

662

DEX

0BFC

10

CB

663

BPL

R6PRNT2

0BFE:

60

664

RTS

0BFF

665

*

8BFF:

666

* PLOTTING ROUTINES

0BFF

B87

*

0BFF

20

13

0C

668

PLTSCRH

JSR

CLRSCRN

{PLOT SCREEN

0C02:

20

46

8C

668

JSR

PLTRAT

i DESTROVS 0,!

:.v

0C05

28

9D

0C

670

JSR

PLTCH

0C08:

fi0

58

671

LDV

#D61

8C9B

20

R8

8C

672

JSR

PLTDG

0C0D:

00

60

673

LDV

#D62

0C0F

20

08

8C

674

JSR

PLTDG

0C12:

6S

675

RTS

0C13

676

*

BC13

A2

08

677

CLRSCRH

LDX

#*0

JSCREEN ClEAR

0C15

86

15

678

STX

TEMPI

; INPUT BGCLR

COLOR TO SET

SCREEN

0C17

R2

04

678

LDX

#$4

; DESTROVS A,

{.V.TEMPI i: 2

0C19!

86

16

889

STX

TEHP2

0C1B

R2

15

681

LDX

#>TEMP1

0C1D:

S0

77

682

CLRT06

LDV

#119

0C1F

A5

00

683

LDO

B6CLR

0C21:

91

15

684

CLRLN6

STO

(TEMPI),V

0U23

88

685

DEV

0C24

10

FB

686

BPL

CLRLHG

0C26

A9

80

687

LuA

#*80

0C28:

20

6C

0B

688

JSR

ADDATOR

0C2B

H0

86

639

LDV

#*6

8C2D

C4

16

698

CPV

TEHP2

0C2F

D0

EC

691

BNE

CLRTUb

0C31

H0

4F

692

CLRT08

LDV

#73

BC33

Hj

0H

693

LDO

BGCLR

0C35:

91

15

694

CLRSHT

STO

i TEMPI). V

0C37

88

695

DEV

0C38-

10

FB

696

BPL

CLRSHT

8C3fl

A3

By

637

LDO

#$8B

8C3C:

20

6C

0B

698

JSR

ADDOTGR

0C3F

A8

08

633

LDV

#*8

8C41:

C4

16

708

CPV

TEHP2

BC43

Do

EC

781

BNE

CLRT08

0C45:

68

782

RTS

0C46

783

»

BC46:

h2

08

704

PLTRAT

LDX

#8

iREAO PADDLES

& PLOT RAT

0C48:

28

:d

00

705

JSR

PDLX

i INPUT RTCLR

COLOR OF RAT

Listing 3 continued on page 364

Big saleantCs!

16K.. .$149.9532K... $199.9548K... $249.9564K... $299.95

New JAWS-IB

The Ultrabyte Memory Board

Due to the tremendous success of our JAWS I, wewere able to make a special purchase of first-qualitycomponents at below-cost prices for JAWS-IB. Andwe are sharing our cost saving with you. But don't besurprised if the next time you see this ad the priceshave gone up substantially. Better yet, order now,and get the best memory on the market at the bestprice on the market.ONE CHIP DOES IT ALL

Jaws-IB is the Rolls-Royce of all the SlOO dynamicboards. Its heart is Intel's single chip 64K dynamicRAM controller. Eliminates high-current logic parts. . delay lines . . . massive heat sinks .. . unreliabletrick circuits. JAWS-IB solves all these problems.LOOK WHAT JAWS-IB OFFERS YOUHidden refresh ... fast performance ... low powerconsumption . . . latched data outputs . . . 200 NS4116 RAM's . .. on-board crystal . .. RAM Jumperselectable on 8K boundaries ... fully socketed ...solder mask on both sides of board... phantom line. . . designed for 8080, 8085, and Z80 bus signals . ..works in Explorer, Sol, Horizon, as well as all otherwell-designed SlOO computers.

► 10-DAY MONEV-BACK TRIAL: Try a fully wired ^k

and Ipslnd board for lOdays—then eilnnr keep ^H

II, return II lor kit, or simply return it In working ^|JH

condition. ^

Continental U.S.A. Credit Card Buyers Outside Connecticut:

TO ORDER CALL TOLL FREE 800-243-7428

From Connecticul Or For Assistance:(203) 354-9375

Please send the items checked below:JAWS-IB kit:

□ 16K $149.95*

□ 32K $199.95*

□ 48K $249.95*

□ 64K $299.95*

JAWS-IB Fully Assembled, Wired & Tested:

□ 16K $179.95*

Q 32K $239.95*

D 48K $299.95*

□ 64K $359.95*

□ EXPANSION KIT, 16K RAM Module, to expandJAWS-IB in 16K blocks up to 64K. $59.95

"All price's plus $2 posioee cind insurance ($4.00 Canada).Connecticut residents add sales tax.

Total enclosed: $

□ Personal Check Q Money Order or Cashier's Check

□ VISA Q Master Card (Bank No. )

. Exp. Date .

Signature .Print

Name

Address _City

.Zip .

NETRONICS R&D Ltd.

£11 333 Litchfield Road, New Milford, CT 067761

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 363

Circle 343 on inquiry card/

COMPUTERS

SUPERBRAIN II

Model List Our Pries

SB II 350K byte $2495 $1875

SB II QD 750K $2995 $2250

SB II SD 1.4mb $3495 $2750

NORTHSTAR

ADVANTAGE

$2699

DISK DRIVES

IBM Compatible

IBM SS/DDIBM DS/DD.

$219$320

PRINTERS

Model

List

Our Price

NEC 8023A

$795

$479

Okidata Microline 82A

$649

$474

Okidata Microline 83A

$995

$724

Okidata Tractor Option

$65

$59

C. Itoh 8510 ProWriter

$795

$530

C Itoh F-10 40cps .

$1995

$1449

NEC 3510 or 3530

. $2295

$1869

NEC 7710/7730 55cps

$3085

$2375

MODEMS

Hayes Micromodem II 1/Apple. $379 $290

Hayes Smartmodem $279 $229

CAT Acoustic $190 $149

D CAT direct connect $199 $159

TERMINALS

Call lor Prices

Wordstar lor AppleWordstar for CP/M.

MailMerge

CalcStar

SuperCalc

VisiCalc lor Apple..

dBase II

Spellguard

APPLE ITEMS

$220$295$89$175$209$185$475$209

$285$139$252$170$329

Call lor Great Prices

To Order Call (206) 362-3398

Mail & telephone orders only. Mastercharge,VISA add 3%. Sorry, No COD.

PACIFICCOMPUTERS

Z-80 Softcard w/CP/M & manual

16K RAM Card

80-column Card (Videoterm)

NEC Green Monitor

NEC Color Monitor

Software

V

Division ot Mickel Assoc.11056 Palatine N.Seattle, WA 98133

Listing 3 continued:

@C4Bs85

8C4D:H9SC4F:280C52:fi2BC54:200C57:85BC59:ASBC5Bs86BC5D:A40C5F:28SC62:H58C64:C58C66:D@QC6S:C4BC6fi:F00C6C:A58c6E:fl40C78: HE;0C72:860C74:260C77:h50C79:85@C7B:B50C7D:85@C7F:180C80:ft 50C82:£;59C84:4flBC35:850C87:4h

148 FC

01

CU Bfl

18

00

3S

17

00 F8

18

0C

84

0E

13

0C

0B

0ft

30

00 F8

1 7

0B180C

0B

BC88:65

0C8fi:200C3D:ft50CSF: 050C91:D00C93:B50C35:C50C97:D0

0C99:

0C9C:80

0C9D:

UC30:fi5

0C9F:85

0CA1:A4

SCfiSsflS

0Cfi5:4C

@C'H8:

0Cfi8:B9

8CfiB:F8

SCAD: 84

8CftF:fi2

0CB1:88

15

F0 0ft

0B

8E

09

0C

OF

03

2B 0B

103nBE0F00 F8

8E 80

2fi

17

B6 08

:H2

0915

:HH

EE0B 00

88

0C 80

789710

?14

71S

718719

21 PLTRT2

30 PLTRT3

742743744745

PLTRTS

STBLDfiJSR

LDXJSRSTfiLDXSTXLDVJSRLDfiCMPBNECPVBEG!LDfiLDVLDX

JSR

LDFISTfiLDfiSTfi

CLCLDfiROCLSRSTfiLSRADCJSRLDfiCHPBNELDfiCHPBNEJSRRTS

PLT

0CB30CB50CB70CB9:ot

BCBBsBl

9CBI

0CBE:C6

0CC0:B1

0CC2:fi8

0CC3:8A

8CC4:20

0CC7:fi4

0CC9:CS

0CCB:10

0CCD:B9

0CDO:Bb

BCD2s96

3C:D4:99

8CD7:60

8CD8:

8CD8:0CD8:0CD8:

UUDS:

0CD8:

@CD8:

0CD8:

0CD8:05 0ft 14

0CDB:IE

0000:80 22 66

0CDF:77

0CE8:

BCE0:

0CE0:

0UE0:8i 0ft 64

0CE3:E8 10

0CE5:08 00 08

8CE8:S3 27

0CEfi:

SCERi

PLTDG

760761762 PLTDG

76 PLTD69

?80 .* DfiTfir81 *

TEHP3

#41MBIT

#1

PDLX

TEHP4

RTCLR

COLOR

TEMPS

PLOT

TEHP4

RTV

PLTRT2

RTX

PLTRT3

RTV

RTX

BGCLR

COLOR

PLOT

TEHP3

RTX

TEHP4

RTV

RTX

RTV

H

TEMPI

ft

TEMPI

TIMER

RTK

CHX

PLTRT9

RTV

CHV

PLTRT9

SCORER

:h LDH CSTfi C

LDVLDfiJHF

HCLR

OLOR

HX

HV

LOT

LDfiEEQSTVLDXSTXLDX

LDXSTXLDfiTftXDECLLiflTfiVTXHJSRLDVDECBPLLDfiLDXSTXSTfiRTS

DGICNT,V

PLTD69

TEHP3

#0

TEHP2

D6CLR,V

COLOR

#LD6*2-i

TEMPI

(TEMPI ),V

TEMPI

CTEMPI>,Y

PLOTTEMPS

TEMPI

PLTDG2

DGCLRA'

D6CLR+1,

D8CLR,V

DGCLR+1,

PLOT NEW LOCATION

COMPARE OLD LOCUTIONIF SAME DON'T ERflSEOLD LOCfiTION

NOT SAME - ERASEOLD POSITION

ADJUST FOR PADDLE TIMEfiPPROX 1.5*(P0+Pi)

HfiUE HE GOT CHEESE?

iPLOT CHEESE

; INPUT CHX,CHV,CHCLR

; DESTROYS fi,V

;PLOT DRAWN

; INPUT V POINTS TO DRfiGON; DESTROVS fi,X,TEMPI,2k:3; SNITCHES COLORS

784 *

785 * SCREEN CLEAR TABLE

787 TIHTfiB DFB 5,10,28,38

788 CLP.THB DFB *80,*22,*66,*7

90 * NUMBER CONUERSION TABLES

91 *

'92 NOTAB1 DFB *l,*fi,*64,*E8,*18

'93 N0TfiB2 DFB *0,*8,$8,*3,*27

794795

COMPLICATIONS TABLE

Listing 3 continued on page 366

364 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

THE FOURTH SOURCE

TM

NEW FORTH PRODUCTS

D Personal FORTH for the IBM-PC by FORTH Inc.

Multitasking, lull screen editor, floating point support, DOS

file handler, color monitor support, turnkey compiler. $300

□ MULTI-TASKING FORTH CP/M, Northstar & Micropolis.A-FORTH by Shaw Labs, Ltd, can operate your micro likea mainframe. Print, sort, and inter-activly input, all at the

same time $395

□ FORTH TUTORIAL by Laxen & Harris. Two 8" CP/M diskswith documentation and a copy ot "Starting FORTH" by

Brodie. The easy way to learn FORTH. $95

D "And so FORTH" by Huang. An indepth how-to bookabout FORTH with a Z80 implementation. Follows the fig-FORTH model. $25

MORE FORTH DISKS

FORTH with editor, assembler, andSpecify disk size!

□ APPLE 11/11 + byMicroMotion $100

□ APPLE II by Kuntze* $90D ATARI* by PNS $90D CP/M" by $100

MicroMotionD CROMEMCO® by Inner

Access $100

D HP-85 by Lange* $90

D IBM-PC* by Laboratory

Microsystems $100

manual. 'Source provided.

□ PET" by FSS $90

□ TRS-80/1* by NautilusSystems*

□ 6800 by TalbotMicrosystems

□ 6809 by TalbotMicrosystems

□ Z80 by LaboratoryMicrosystems

□ 8086/88 by LaboratoryMicrosystems $100

$90

$100

$100

$50

Enhanced FORTH with: F-FloatingS-Stand Alone, M-Math Chip SupportSpecify Disk Size!

□ APPLE ll/ll + MicroMotion,F. G. &79 $140

□ CP/M by MicroMotion,F&79 $140

□ H89/Z89 by Haydon,

T & S $250

□ H89/Z89 by Haydon, T $175

□ PET by FSS, F & X $150

Point, G-Graphics. T-Tutorial.X-Other Extras, 79-FORTH-79.

D TRS-80/1 or III by MillerMicrocomputer Services.F. X, &79 $130

□ 6809 by Talbot Micro-systems, T & X $250

□ Z80 by Laboratory Micro-systems, F & M Each $100

□ 8086/88 by LaboratoryMicrosystems,

F & M Each $100

CROSS COMPILERS Allow extending, modifying and compiling forspeed and memory savings, can also produce ROMable code. "RequiresFORTH disk.

□ CP/M $300 □ IBM* $300

□ H89/Z89 $300 □ 8086* $300D TRS-80/I $300 □ Z80« $300D Northstar® $300 D 6809 $350

□ flg-FORTH Programming Aids for decompiling, callfinding,

and translating. $150

flg-FORTH Model and Source,

Source Listing.

with printed Installation Manual and

D APPLE II® ,5'/4□ 8086/88. 8

D 8080/280® , 8□ H89/Z89, 5'/4

Each $65

MVP-F0RTH - A Public Domain Product

MVP-FORTH contains a kernal for transportability, the FORTH-79Standard Required Word Set, the vocabulary for the instruction book,STARTING FORTH, by Brodie, editor, assembler, many useful routines,and utilities.

MVP-FORTH PRODUCTS for CP/M® IBM-PC® and Apple®

□ MVP-FORTH Programmer's Kit including disk withdocumentation, ALL ABOUT FORTH, and STARTINGFORTH. Assembly source listing versions. $100

□ MVP-FORTH Disk with documentation. Assembly sourcelisting version. $75

□ MVP-FORTH Cross Compiler with MVP-FORTH source inFORTH. $300

□ MVP-FORTH Programming Aids for decompiling,callfinding, and translating. $150

D MVP-FORTH Assembly Source Printed listing. $20

D ALL ABOUT FORTH by Haydon. $20

***MVP-FORTH operates under a variety of CPU's,computers, and operating systems. Specify your compuler andoperating system. * • •

FORTH MANUALS, GUIDES & DOCUMENTS

D FORTH Encyclopedia by

Derick & Baker. A completeprogrammer's manual to flg-FORTH with FORTH-79references. Flow charted,

2nd Ed.

$25

D 1980 FORML Proc.

$25

D 1981 FORML Proc.

2 Vol.

$40

D 1981 Rochester Univ.Proc.

$25

□ Using FORTH

$25

D A FORTH Primer

$25

D Threaded InterpretiveLanguages

$20

D AIM FORTH User'sManual

$12

Q APPLE User's Manual

MicroMotion

$20

D TRS-80 User's Manua

MMSFORTH

$19

□ Starting FORTH by BrodieBest instructional manualavailable, (solt cover) $16

D Starting FORTH (hardcover) $20

D METAFORTH by Cassady.Cross compiler with 8080code $30

D Systems Guide to flg-FORTH $25

D Caltech FORTH Manual $12

D Invitation to FORTH $20

□ PDP-11 FORTH User'sManual

D CP/M User's Manual,MicroMotion

□ FORTH-79 StandardD FORTH-79 Standard

Conversion

D Tiny Pascal In

flg-FORTH

$20

$20$15

$10

$10

D Installation Manual for flg-FORTH, contains FORTH

model, glossary, memory map and instructions $15

Source Listings of flg-FORTH, for specific CPU's and computers. TheInstallation Manual is required for implementation. Each $15

D 1802 D 6502 □ 6800 □ AlphaMicro

D 8080 □ 8086/88 □ 9900 D APPLE II

D PACE □ 6809 D NOVA D PDP-11/LSI-11

Ordering Information: Check, Money Order (payable to MOUNTAIN VIEW PRESS,INC.). VISA, MasterCard or COD's accepted No billing or unpaid PO's. Californiaresidents add sales tax. Shipping costs in US included in price. Foreign orders, payin US funds on US bank, include lor handling and shipping by Air: $5 for each itemunder $25, $10 for each item between $25 and $99 and $20 tor each item over$100. Minimum order $10. All prices and products subject to change or withdrawalwithout notice. Single system and/or single user license agreement required onsome products.DEALER & AUTHOR INQUIRIES INVITED

MOUNTAIN VIEW PRESS, INC.

PO BOX 4656

MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040

(415) 961-4103

Circle 310 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982

365

Circle 42 on Inquiry card.

FancyShmancy

Elaborate microprocessor develop-ment systems cost a lot of money, andthey can close off your engineeringoptions by locking you into just one ortwo kinds of chips. Sound familiar?Well, read on-we've got a better idea.

Use your desktop computer; anythingthat will run CP/M* is fine. With ourmicroprocessor cross-assemblers youcan produce software for eleven of themost popular chip families, and moreare on the way.

In two years on the market, our cross-assemblers have gained a reputationfor quality, performance, and reliabili-ty. Hundreds of industrial R&D labsand several major semiconductorhouses have found these products afast, cost-effective way to developtheir microprocessor software. We in-vite you to join them.

CP/M CROSS-ASSEMBLERS

Extremely fast absolute assemblers,running under CP/M. Generate objectfile (Intel hex or Motorola S-record for-mat) and listing from standard assem-bly language for the target processorslisted. Features include comprehen-sive syntax checking, listing control,nested conditional assembly, and in-sertion of external source files. All ver-sions listed have been thoroughlyfield-tested and are available now.

XASM05 6805

XASM09 6809

XASM18 1802

XASM48 8048/41

XASM51 8051

XASM65 6502

XASM68 6800/01

XASM75 NEC 7500

XASMF8 F8/3870

XASMZ8 Z8

XASM400 COP400

Assemblers $200.00 each

except XASM75 $500.00

Visa and Mastercard accepted. We ship on 8"single-density and Sottcard + 5.25" diskettes. Askus about other lormats. OEM INQUIRIES INVITED.

'lrademark of Digital ResearchV + Trademark of Microsoft

AVOCET /XSYSTEMS INC.

804 S. STATE ST.. DOVER. DEL. 19901302-734-0151\^BVB2

366 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Listing 3 continued:

0CER:

796 *

0CEfi:5E 14

797 SCOTflB

DFB

DG1+DGICNT

,20 iORRGON 1

0CEC:5E 8fi

798

DFB

D61+D6ICNT

,10 jSPEED IT UP

0CEE:56 93

793

DFB

061+DGCLR,

$99 ;FLASH IT

BCF0s6E 14

808

DFB

062+DGICNT

,20 ;DRRGON 2

0CF2:12 30

801

DFB

CHICNT,12£

iCHEESE H0UES

0CF4:5F Ufl

802

DFB

DG1+DGRRD,

16 ;DG1 STflVS CLOSE

0CF6:6E 00

803

DFB

DG2+DGICNT

,10 ;DG2 M0UES FASTER

0CF8:6B CC

804

DFB

DG2+D6CLR,

SCC ;D62 FLASHES

0CFPU5E 85

885

DFB

D61+D6ICNT

,5 ;DG1 HGUES FASTER

0CFC:12 0fi

806

DFB

CHICUT,10

iCHEESE M0UES FASTER

0CFE:D4 C8 C5

807 TITLE

RSC

"THE"

0D01:8D

808

DFB

CR

0002:C7 CI CD

899

RSC

"6RHE"

0005:C5

0006:8D

310

DFB

CR

0D97:CF C6

811

RSC

"OF"

0009s80

812

DFB

CR

SD0fi:D2 CI D4

813

RSC

"RAT"

0D0D:8D

814

DFB

CR

0D0E:fl6

815

RSC

"&"

0D0F:8D

816

DFB

CR

0010:C4 02 CI

817

RSC

"DRRGON"

0013:C7 CF CE

8016:80 00

818

DFB

CR,*0

6016:04 02 05

819

fiSU

"truck:

SMITH"

0D1B:C3 CE R0

00IE:03 CD C9

0D21:D4 C8

0023:8D

820

DFB

CR

0024:B2 RF Bl

821 OfiTIH

HSC

"2/13/82

1342"

0D27:B3 RF B8

6D2fl:B2 R0 Bl

0D2D:B3 B4 B2

6030:8D 00

822

DFB

CR,*0

0032:D4 C8 C9

823

RSC

"THIS

IS A CHASE GAME"

0035:03 R0 C9

0038:03 R0 CI

0D3B:A0 C3 C8

0D3E:C1 03 C5

0D41:R0 C7 CI

0D44:CD C5

0D46:8D

824

DFB

CR

0D47:C9 CE D6

825

RSC

"INUGLUIN6 fl RAT, fl DRAGON,"

0D4R:CF CC 06

0040: C9 CE C7

0050:00 CI R0

0053sD2 CI D4

0D56:OC m CI

0053:fi0 C4 D2

BD5C:C1 C7 CF

0O5F:CE RC

0061:80

826

0FB

CR

0062sCI CE C4

827

RSC

"AND

fiN UNLIMITED SUPPLV 0

0D65:R0 CI CE

0068: R0 05 CE

0D6B:CC C3 CD

0D6E:CS D4 C5

0071:C4 R0 D3

0D74:D5 00 DO

BD77:CC 03 R0

0D7flsCF C6

0D7C:8D

S2o

DFB

CR

0D7O:C3 C8 C5

829

RSC

"CHEESE."

0D30:C5 D3 C5

0083:RE

0D84:SD 80

839

DFB

CR,CR

0086:09 CF 05

831

flSC

"V0U

CONTROL THE RUT (THE"

0083:fl0 C3 CF

0O8C:CE D4 02

BD3F:UF CC A0

0032:04 C8 C5

0D95:R0 D2 CI

0038:04 R0 R8

0D3B:D4 C8 C5

BD9Es8D

832

DFB

CR

0D9F:C2 02 CF

833

HSC

"BROHN

SQUBRE) WITH THE"

0DR2:D7 CE R8

0DR5:O3 01 D5

0DR8:C1 D2 C5

0DRB:R9 R0 07

0DRE:C9 04 C8

0DB1:RU D4 C8

0DB4:C5

0DB5:8D

834

DFB

CR

0DB6:C7 CI CD

835

HSU

"GfiHE

PADDLES."

BDB9:C5 R0 D0

0DBC:C1 C4 C4

0DBF:CC C5 D3

0DC2:AE

0DC3:8D 3D

336

DFB

CR#CR

0DC5:D4 C8 C5

837

RSC

"THE

DRRGON (WHICH IS RED)

0DC8:R0 C4 D2

0DCB:C1 C7 CF

Listing 3 continued on page 371

INFOWORLD

RAVES ABOUT

PERFECT WRITER!

Read for yourselfwhat InfoWorldsaid about thisincredible wordprocessor!

■ ■ Perfect Writer would be mychoice for a word processor inmy home. J ■

■ ■ Perfect Writer lives up to itsname.This product appears to bea very solid piece of software.Text handling is convenient andversatile and you are given

an unusually complete setof commands.^ J

All quotes are from InfoWorld's Perfect Writersoftware review, by John Ford, June 14,1982.

■ ■ 'User friendly' is a trite, but truedescription of Perfect Writer.■■

■ ■ Personally, I found the full-screen text to be comfortable andin most respects superior. JJ

■ ■Thedocumentation issuperb... J J

■ ■ I believe Perfect Writer willserve individual writers very wellindeed. J J

■ ■ I can recommend the pro-gram as a model of clarity. J J

AND WE'VE GOT ITFOR JUST $249.

No wonder our phones are ringingoff the hook! After InfoWorld went wildabout Perfect Writer, it's become thehottest piece of software we handle.

Why? Because Perfect Writer issimply the best word processor you canbuy at any price and 800-SOFTWAREis selling it for just $249.That's $140

off the manufacturer's suggested retailprice of $389!

What's more, we are the PerfectWriter experts—the first dealer to stockPerfect Writer in the entire UnitedStates!

What does this mean to you?Product knowledge and support exper-

tise you simply won't find any placeelse. Plus the giant inventory, fast deliv-ery and commitment to first class serviceyou've come to expect from800-SOFTWARE.

But let us prove how good we are.Just pick up the phone and call us toll-free. We're waiting for your call.

TO ORDER CALLTOLL-FREE:

800-227-4587

In California, call: 800-6220678CA residents add sales tax.Or write:

800-SOFTWARE, INC.185 Berry Street, Suite 6820San Francisco, CA 94107□ Purchase orders accepted.C Prompt UPS 3 day Blue Label service.. Call for shipping charges.

Circle 2 on inquiry card.

^800-SOFTWARE)

ffl ^

CHECK THESE OTHERGREAT PRICES:

Wordstar" $249dBase II $495SuperCakM$199

AMERICAMlIEXHBESS

Copyright 1982 by CW Communice-tions'lnc. Reprinted Irom InloWorld.

PW10

BYTE November 1982 367

CALL

THE COMPUTER-LINE"

IN COLORADO

TM

We wish all our customers a very happy Christmas and a prosperous New Year.

With most mail-order establishments, low prices are the bottom line. ComputerWorld International believesthat it is important to be competitive by offering low prices; however, we regard service as the most importantaspect of a mail-order organization. We offer toll free lines so that you, the customer, are able to talk to fullyqualified computer specialists trained to answer all your questions pertaining to our line of microcomputers.We are renowned for our excellent after-sales support and our promptness for delivery. Peace of mind andexcellence in service is our pledge to all our customers.

IBM Personal Computer Products

QUADRAM CORPORATION

QUADBOARD

The ultimate memory board for theIBM, featuring:

• fully expandable Irom 64 lo 256K

• parallel port

• asynchronous (RS232) serial port MICROFAZER

• clock-calendar • buffering from 8 to 64K

• RAM disk drive (4 to 32 pages ol text)

SCALL • printer and computer Independent

• parallel/parallel; serial'serialINTERFAZER and parallel/serial available

Used as: • compute while you print!

• Peripheral butler SCALL

• Multi-User Printer Controller

• Computer I/O Expander

• Incompatible Device Interlace

• Peripheral Multiplexer

• Data Transfer Rate ConverterSCALL

DAVONGSystems, Inc.

Description:

The Davong Syslems Memory Card is a convenient RAM memory expansion

card for use in the IBM Personal Computer.

The Memory Card may be placed in any tree system slot. It is completelycompatible with all IBM Personal Computer software and hardware, and runsat the same speed as IBM memory products.

64K RAM S225 192K RAM S499

256K RAM $599

Hard Disk System for the

IBM" Personal Computer.

ONLY $1595.00

Description:

The Davong System's Hard Disk Drive tits conveniently inside the second

lloppy disk location of the IBM Personal Computer chassis, providing more

than 30 limes the capacity ol a floppy diskette, plus greater speed and

reliability.

The DSI-501 System is compatible with IBM software, and supports IBMDOS". The system includes all necessary components and software forinstallation.12 MEGABYTES STORAGE $2195.00

TANDON DRIVE

SPECIAL

Double Sided/Double Density

320K BYTES STORAGE

TM—100—2

NOW ONLY$274

SHIPPED ANYWHERE

IN THE CONTINENTAL U.S.A.

Call for TM-100-4

u # 6go Do|s Horj20nta|

Color Monitor • 16 colors

QDPPIAI I * Non-glare screen

OrCvlAL! • Sharp looking—matches IBM

Princeton Graphic Systems

only $599 with cable.

IBM SOFTWARE

BUSINESS ENTERTAINMENT

WORDSTAR S2B9 GALACTIC ATTACK $26

MAILMERGE ... . S 79 ZORK I . $29

TAX MANAGER $199 ZORK II $29

256KVISICALC $189 DEADLINE $39

VISITREND VISIPLOT $239 CALL FOR NEW GAMES

VISIDEX $189 AT UNBEATABLE PRICES

EASY EFFECTIVE T and G JOYSTICKS .. $44 95

ACCOUNTING SYSTEM S3B9 ADAM AND

SUPERCALC ...... H.... $219 EVE PADDLES $29 95

SUPERWRITER S289

CALL FOR SOFTWARE NOT LISTED

MAYNARD ELECTRONICS

Floppy Disk Controller; with parallelFloppy Disk Controller wilh serial .

XE-64XD-16

ADD RAM

ELITE

PROFIT SYSTEMS, INC.

Description

Asynchronous (Serial-RS232C) Communi-cation Adapter (expandable to two Ports)+ Real Time Clock/Calendar

(with software) S1

(Same as) ADD/3 + with built-in SecondAsynchronous Port $1

Parallel Printer Adapter -+■ Asynchronous(Serial-RS232C) Communication Adapter(expandable lo two Ports) + Real Time

Clock Calendar (with software) Si

(Same as) ADD 4 * with built-in SecondAsynchronous Port SI

TASC MASTER "

Intelligent Parallel PrinterandAsynchronous (Serial-RS232C)Communication Adapter Buffer(expandable to two Asynchronous Ports)16K Memory $2

(Same as) XE-16 with 64K Memory $3

(Same as) XE-16 with built-in SecondAsynchronous Port (16K Memory) . S2(Same as) XE-64 with built-in SecondAsynchronous Port (64K Memory) S3

CE-125ADO RAM +

Expansion Kit. Asynchronous (Serial-RS232C) Port (lobe used with ADD 3 . .ADD 4 * . TASC MASTER XE-16 and

XE-64)

(Same as) ADD 3 + with memory

expandable from 64K to 256K

64K version

$39

,3

(Same as) ADD 4 t with memory

expandable from 64K to 256K

64K version $4

Peripherals For All Computers

NEC

Spinwriter 7710/77308023A

PRINTERS

EPSON (Graftrax Plus)

MX-80 $ 429

MX-80FT $ 529

MX-100 $ 699

OKI DATA

80 no Iractor $ 339

80 with tractor $ 399

82A no tractor $ 439

B2A wilh tractor $ 479

83A $ 689

84A parallel $1029

B4A serial $1139

2K Buffer $ 55

Graphics 82A, 83A $ 79

SMITH CORONA TPI

Daisywheel/Letter QualityNOW ONLY $589

C-ITOH

F10 Word Quality Printer

• 40 CPS Printing• Letter quality excellence

Now Only $1395

Prowrlter 120cps (Parallel)

Prowrlter I20cps (Parallel'Serial)

Prowriter 1136 column) Parallel

Prowrlter (136 column) Parallel/Serial

All Epson, NEC, C-ITOH and OKIDATA dot malrix pnnler prices quoted are lor

immediate delivery inclusive ol shipping, insurance and handling charges.

INTEGRAL DATA SYSTEMS

PRISM 132 Color printer wilh all options

• 200 cps Sprint Mode

• 4-co!or printing

• FrictionjTraclor teed $1595

. $ 469

. $ 619. $ 699. $ 749

MONITORS

Zenith ZVM-121 Phosphor, 15 MHZ $ 119

NEC 1201 Phosphor, 20 MHZ $ 179

NEC 0112 Composite, Color $ 335

NEC 2112 RGB Color $ 899

Amdek 300 Phosphor $ 179

Amdek Composite, Color $ 349

Amdek IBM Compabible Color $ 749

BMC Green S 89

BMC Composite. Color $ 279

(All BMC monitors have12 month replacement warranties)

Princeton Graphic RGB Color $ 599

For IBM

Electrohome RGB $ 749

Electrohome IBM Cable $ 49

MODEMS

Hayes Smartmodem, 300 baud $219

Hayes Smartmodem, 1200 baud $529

Hayes Chronograph $189

Novation Cat $145

Novation D-Cat $165

Novation Auto Cat $209

CERMETEK $CALL

1200 baud modem

DISKETTES (51/* inch)SCOTCH WITH PLASTIC LIBRARY CASES (Boxes ol 1C

(48 Track single-sided, double density) $26.

VERBATIM DATALIFE SSDD (Boxes of 10) ... $24,VERBATIM DATALIFE DS'DD (Boxes of 10) ... $39.ELEPHANT DISKETTES SS.DD (Boxes of 10) . $23.

TERMINALS

Televideo 910

Televideo 912 $

Televideo 920

Televideo 925

Televideo 950

Adds Viewpoint

Call for Visual Terminals

TELEVIDEO COMPUTERS

TS802 $;

TS802H $.

TS806 (Multiuser) $1

TS800 $

^s*ss

Apple Computer Products

CALIFORNIACOMPUTER SYSTEMS

7710 Async Serial Inl7490 GPIB (IEEE-468) Inl7470 Ana lo Dig Converter

7711 Async Serial (Term)

7712 Sync Serial Inl7721 Apple Parallel InlCalendar Clock ModuleProgramable Timer

$135S239S 99$135$149$109$ 99S 99

MOUNTAINHARDWARE

CPS Muln-Function CardThe ClockSupertalker .Music SystemExpansion ChassisRomwrilerRam Plus

$169$229$159$3195599S139$149

MICROCOMPUTER BUSINESS INDUSTRIES

Appletime" Clock Card $89

VIP" Card

(The Ultimate graphics interlace

+ cable—Parallel and Serial) $119

(See advertisement this Byte)

80 COLUMN CARDS FOR APPLE

Wesper 80 Card $259

Vision 80 Card (Vista) $269

Videx 80 Card $249

RAM CARDS

Davong 16K CardMicrosoft 16K Card

$ 89$129

T AND G PRODUCTS

Same paddles $ 29

Joy Stick $ 44

Selecta-port Expander $ 49

CALL FOR PRICES ONMICRO-SCI, RANA,FORTH DIMENSION

APPLE COMPATIBLE DISK DRIVES.

Hard Disks + 8" Disks

for Apple, TRS-80 SCALL

ALSO

APPLE ADD-ON

40 Track Compatible Drives $299

BUSINESS SOFTWARE

VISICORP, INC.

Desktop Plan III . . . S229

Desktop Plan II....., S189

Visililes SI 89

Visiplot 5159

Visitrend Visiplot . . S229

Visidex S189

Visiterm S 79

Vlsicalc3-3 .. S189

Visipak S539

STONEWARE

DB Master S169

DB Utility Pack S 69

MICRO PROApple CP M

Word Star S219

Super Son S119

Mail Merger S 79

Data Star S179

Spell Star .. S119

Calc Star 5119

APPLE WORD PROCESSING

On line's Sensational!

Screenwriter II S89

Silicon Valley Associates

Word Handier II S159

List Handler S 79

Call tor Continental. Dakm 5. Broderbund Automated Simula-tions. Avant-Garde. Edu-Ware Denver. Howard Sinus Sensible.Synergistic Software, etc

COMPUTE-R-CADE ™

WE CARRYTHE REVOLUTIONARY

GAME ARCADE BOOTH FOR

ATARI AND APPLE COMPUTERS!

CALL FOR INFORMATION

AND PRICING

MODEMS FOR APPLE

Hayes Micromodem II

Novation Apple Cat II

212 Apple Full Duplex (lor Apple Cat II)

212 Apple Cat

212 Stand Alone Auto Cat RS232

. S269

. S299

S329

5629

5599

MODEM SOFTWARE

Visiterm

Transend II

(Complete with a FREE subscription lo the SOURCE)

S 79$119

CPM FOR APPLE

Microsoft Z80 Softcard

S269

MISCELLANEOUS APPLE PRODUCTS

Enhancer II S119

Dana Apple Fan S 39

Sup R Mod S27.95

System Saver s 79

Videx Function Strip S 69

NEC PERSONALCOMPUTER PRODUCTS

PC-8001A

PC-8012A

Keyboard and processor unit, including 32K Ram, 24KB N-Basic Rom, cassette tape recorder interface, parallel printer

interface, display interface $749

Modular expansion unit, including I 0 bus extension, disketteadaptor, 32KB Ram, real-time clock, 8 priority interrupt levels,

6 slots for additional boards $479

PC-8023A Dot matrix printer—100 cps, bidirectional printing, proportional

printer $499

DC-8031A Dual diskette unit, including two 163K byte diskette drives,interface cable, enclosure and operating system .... $749

MEC General Accounting System $259

MEC Accounts Receivable System $259

^JEC Inventory Control System $259

MEC Payroll System $259

MEC Job Cost System $259

MEC Benchmark Word Processing $329

MEC CP'M Operating System $125

MEC Report Manager $135

Data Base $459

We carry the entire line of NEC BPI software for the personal computer.Please call or write for information.

ATARI Computer Products

ATARI 800 Computer

810 Disk Drives

850 Interface Module . . .830 Acoustic Modem . ..16K Memory Module . ..32K Memory Module ...Paddle Controller (Pair) .Joystick Controller (Pair)

$675 ATARI SOFTWARE

$459 Conversational French German

$189 Italian Spanish, each module .... $ 49

S169 Touch Typing $19.95

$ 89 Asteroids $35.95

$ 99 Centipede $35.95

$ 19 Missile Command $35.95

S 19 Pac-Man $35.95

Space Invaders $35.95

Star Raiders $39.95

Call for prices on

APPLE COMPUTERS

FRANKLIN ACE 1000

BASIS 108

Call for prices on Northstarand Texas Instruments products.

Please call or write for our catalog.

IN COLORADO (303) 279-2727 or (303) 279-2848

CALL "THE COMPUTER-LINE"™

1-(800)-525-7877

COMPUTERWORLD INTERNATIONAL, INC.

ORDER DEPT.: 1019 8TH STREET, GOLDEN, COLORADO, U.S.A. 80401

SHOWROOMS:

1019 8TH STREETGOLDEN, CO 804011140 S. COLORADO BLVD.DENVER, CO 80222

TERMS: RETAIUMAIL ORDER: ADD 1% SHIPPING (MINIMUM $2.50) - UPS GROUND. WE HONOR ALL MANUFACTURERS WARRANTIES ANDEXCHANGE FAULTY GOODS IMMEDIATELY. SPECIALISTS IN APO AND INTERNATIONAL DELIVERIES. ALL PRICES REFLECT A 2.9%CASH DISCOUNT. PURCHASE ORDERS FROM ORGANIZATIONS WITH GOOD CREDIT ACCEPTED. 10% RESTOCKING FEE ONRETURNED NON-FAULTY GOODS.

SSSSS^

Express yourselfpast check-in lines onTWA,

With TWA's Round-Trip Check-In and Advance Seat Selection you can express yourself past check-in lines.

Express yourself straight to the gate and...

express yourself straight to your seat.

It's easy with TWA's Airport Expressand the American Express® Card.

Nothing gets you past check-in lines andthrough the airport faster than TWA's AirportExpress". And that's because with TWA's Round-Trip Check-In", Connection Check-InsmandAdvance Seat Selection you can get boardingpasses and seat assignments for your outbound,connecting and return flights before you depart.

So on your trip home you can go straightto your seat on the plane. Instead of straight tothe back of a check-in line.

Next trip, ask for TWA's Airport Express. Andexpress yourself past check-in lines. Call yourtravel agent, corporate travel department or TWA.Express yourself withthe American Express Card.

Traveling is easy when you carry the American

Express Card. Use it to charge your TWA tickets,car rentals, hotels, meals, theatre, shopping,almost anything you need while traveling.

If you are not already a Cardmember, caltoll-free 800-528-8000 for an application.

The American Express Card.Don't leave home without it."

You're going to like us

370 BYTE November 1982

Circle 313 on inquiry card.

Listing 3 continued:

0DCE:CE 00 03

0DD1:D? C8 C9

9D04:C3 C8 R8

0DD?:C9 D3 06

0DDA:D2 C5 C4

0000:09

0DDE:3D

838

0DDF:C9 D3 00

839

0DE2:C3 C8 CI

0DE5:D3 C9 CE

0DE8:C7 00 D9

0DEB:CF 05 OE

9DEE:8D 8D

840

0DF0ID9 CF D5

841

0DF3:D2 00 CF

0OF6:C2 Cfl C5

0DF9:C3 D4 C9

0DFC:D6 C5 00

0DFF:C9 03 00

0E62:O4 CF 00

9E05:C5 CI 04

0E08:8O

842

0E09:C1 03 fiS

843

0E0C:CD 05 C3

0E6F:C8 00 C3

0E12:C8 C5 C5

0E15:D3 C5 00

0E18:B8 D9 C5

0E16:CC CC CF

0E1E.-D7

0E1F:8D

844

0E2B:O3 Dl 05

845

0E23:C1 02 C5

0E26:D3 09 OS

0E29:C1 03 00

0E2C:O9 CF D5

9E2F:A8 C3 CI

0E32:CE OS D7

0E35:C8 C9 CC

0E38:C5

0E39:80

846

0E3O:C1 06 CF

o47

0E3D:C3 C4 C9

0E40:CE C7 00

0E43:D4 C8 C5

0E46:OB C4 02

0E49:C1 C7 CF

0E4C:CE OE

0E4E:8D 80

848

0E50:O3 CF 05

843

0E53:D2 00 04

0E56:C9 CD C5

0E59:O@ CC C3

0E5C:CD C9 04

0E5F:Bfl 00 6b

0E62:B6 06 03

0ES5:C5 C3 CF

0E68:CE C4 03

0E6B:OE

8E6C:8D 8D

850

6E6E:C1 0@ 07

85 i

0E71.-C1 02 CE

0E74:C9 CE C7

0E77:O0 OD 00

0E7O:C9 C6 00

0E7O:D9 CF D5

0E80:O0 C7 C5

0E83:D4 00 04

0E86:CF CF

0E83:8D

852

0E89:C7 CF CF

853

0E3C:U4 OC 08

0E8F:O4 C8 C5

0E92:A0 C4 02

0E95:C1 C7 CF

BrassCE 00 CD

0E9B:C1 09 00

0E9E:D3 C5 CE

0EO1:C4

0EO2:8D

854

0EO3:C6 CF 02

855

QEO6:O0 02 C5

0EO9:C9 CE CB

BERCsCF 02 C3

0EAF:C5 CO C5

0EB2:CE D4 D3

0EB5:AE

0EB8:8D 80

856

0EB8:C1 04 A0

857

BEBBsCl CE 09

0EBE:OB 04 C9

0EC1:CD C5 OC

0EC4:O0 C9 C6

0EC7:O0 09 CF

0ECA:D5 Ad 07

DFB CR

RSC "IS CHASINS VOLI.'

DFB CR,CR

ASC "VOUF: OBJECTIVE IS TO EOT"

DFB CRRSC "AS

HUCH CHEESE (YELLOW"

DFB CR

asc "squares:) os vou con while"

DFB CR

RSC "OUOIDING THE DRAGON.

DFB CR.UR

ASC "VOUR TIME LIMIT: 6a SECONDS

DFB CR..CR

ASC "A WARNING - IF VOU GET TOO"

DFB CR

OSC "BOODj THE DR060N MRV SEND"

DFB CR

OSC "FOR REINFORCEMENTS."

DFB CR-CR

OSC "OT

ONV TIME. IF VOU WISH TO

Listing 3 continued on page 372

Call for MTI's lateprice reductions.

Ask about our "QED" discounts.VISA & MasterCard orders accepted.

VIDEO TERMINALS pJ&

VT100 DECscope $ 1595

VT18X Personal Computing Option 2395

VT101 DECscope 1195

VT131 DECscope 1745

VT132 DECscope 1995

ADM 3A (dumb terminal! 595

ADM 5 (dumb with visual attributes) 645

ADM 31 (two page buffer) 1095

ADM 21 (full editing/visual attributes) 690

ADM 22 (ergonomic/edit/visual att.) *

ADM 24 (ergonomic/graphics/256fifo) *

ADM 3Z (ergonomic ADM 311 *

ADM 36 (DEC system terminal) '

ADM 42 (8-page buffer available) "

Tl 940 (high performance, 1-page buffer) 1650

Hazeltine Esprit 575

Hazeltine Executive 80 Model 20 1345

Hazeltine Executive 80 Model 30 1695

GRAPHICS TERMINALS

VT125 (DEC ReGIS firmware) 3280

VT 100 (Tektronix 4010 emulation) 3250

ADM 3A (Tektronix 4010 emulation) 1795

ADM 5 (Tektronix 4010 emulation) 1845

VT100 W/TI810 plot. (Tektronix emu.) 5920

300 BAUD TELEPRINTERS

LA 34-AA DECwriter IV 1095

Diablo 620RO spi (letter quality) 1385

Diablo 630RO spi (non-expandible) .. 2095

Diablo 630RO (letter quality) 2295

Diablo 630 KSR (letter qualityl 2695

Tl 743 (portable thermal printer) 1190

T! 745 (port./built-in coupler) 1485

Tl 765 (port./bubble/b-i coupler) 1947

600 BAUD TELEPRINTERS

Epson MX-80 645

Tl 825 KSR impact 1570

Tl 825 KSR pkg 1795

1200 BAUD TELEPRINTERS

Epson MX-100 895

LA 120 RA (receive only) 2095

LA 120 AA DECwriter III 2295

LA 100 RO Letterprinter 1975

LA 12-A (port./modem/couplerl 2840

Tl 783 (portable thermal printer) 1480

Tl 785 (port./built-in coupler) 1750

Tl 787 (port./internal modem) 2125

Tl 810 RO impact 1475

Tl 810 RO pkg. 1650

Tl 820 RO impact 1850

Tl 820 RO pkg 2025

Tl 820 KSR impact 2025

Tl 820 KSR pkg 2195

Lear Siegler 310 ballistic 1945

2400 BAUD

Dataproducts M 200 (2400 baud) 2595

DATAPRODUCTS LINE PRINTERS

B-300 (300 Ipm Band Printer) 5455

B-600 (600 Ipm Band Printer) 6930

B-1000 (1000 Ipm Band Printer) 11330

BP-1500 (1500 Ipm Band Printer) 19700

(Controllers available for most minis & micros)

ACOUSTIC COUPLERS

Omnitec715 (300 "baud orig./full duplex) 170Omnitec 710 (300 baud orig/half & full) 242Vadic V A 3413 (300/1200 orig.) 845

MODEMS

GDC 103A3 (300 baud Belli 395

GDC 202S/T (1200 baud Bell) 565

VA 3212 (Bell 212-A compatible) 825

VA 3451 (orig./ans. triple modem) .... 885

VA 3455 (1200 baud orig./ans.) 770

VA 2450 (Bell 201 comp) 725

VA 103 (300 baud modemphone) 235

•Please call for quotation.

mti

Applications Specialists & DistributorsComputer Terminals, Peripherals & Systems

New York:

516/621-6200,212/767-0677,518/449-5959

Outside N. Y.S.: 800/645-6530

New Jersey: 201/227-5552

Ohio: 216/464-6688

V_

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 371

^Scotch"

q^PjV DISKETTES

SAVE 40% JSS&S?

51/ f i Specify soft. Price/10/■* 10 or 16 sector

#744 1 side/sgl dens $26.70

#744D 1 side/dbl dens 31.20

#745 2 sides/dbl dens 38.40

8i i Specify softor 32 sector

#740 1 side/sgl dens 27.30

#741 1 side/dbl dens 35.80

#743 2 sides/dbl dens 43.60

CHECKS - VISA ~ MC - C.O.D.(3131 777-7780 ADD $2 SHIPPING

LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS

27204 Harper Ave.

St. Clair Shores, Ml 48081

Authorized DistributorInformation Processing Products

Circle 252 on Inquiry card.

$73.80*

Single Board Computer

!ll

»>i

11°

*.iQQ piece price, model MCLH

6800 MPU, serial I/O, parallel I/O, RAM,EROM, 44-pln 4V4" x bW PCB

EXPANSION MODULES

RAM, ROM, CMOS RAM/battery, analogI/O, serial I/O, parallel I/O, counter/timer, 486 GPIB, EROM programmer,power fall detect/power on reset

Circle 483 on inquiry card.

Lafayette, IN 47904

1 317742-8428

YOU'VE JUSTFOUND

THE MISSING LINK!

Computer Shopper is your link to indivi-duals who buy, sell and trade computerequipment and software among themselvesnationwide. No other magazine fills this voidin the marketplace chain.

Thousands of cost-conscious computer en-thusiasts use Computer Shopper every monththrough hundreds of classified ads. And newequipment advertisers offer some of thelowest prices in the nation.

Subscribe to Computer Shopper with a6 month trial for $6 or 12 monthsfor only $10. MasterCard & VISA accepted.

CamPUTBR SHOPPBR

P.O. Box F311 •Titusvilte, FL 32780

305-269-3211

Circle 112 on inquiry card.

372 November 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

Listing 3 continued:

BECD

0ED0:

9ED3:

0ED4:

0ED7:

0EDO

9E0D:

0EEB:

0EE3:

0EE6:

8EE9:

BEER:

CCEC :

BEEF:

6EF2:

0EF5:

0EF8:

0EFB:

0EFE:

0FS1:

0F04:

0F06:

0F07:

0F0R:

8F0D:

3F10:

0F13:

9F16:

0F19:

BF1C:

0F1D:

0F1E:

0F21:

0F24:

0F27:

0F2O:

BF2D:

0F2E:

0F31:

0F33:

0F34:

0F37:

0F38:

0F3S:

0F3C:

0F3F:

0F42:

BF45:

0F48:

0F4O:

0F4C:

0F4F:

0F52:

0F55:

0F58:

0F5B:

0F5E:

0F61:

0F63:

0F66:

0F69:

BFGCi

0F6E

0F6F

BF72

9F75

0F78

0F7E

0F7C

BF7D

SF80

0F83

0F86

0F39

0F8C

0F8F

0F9;

BF95

0F98

BF9B

BF9D

C9 D3 C8

00 04 CF8D 858Dl D5 C9 859D4 OC 08C8 C9 D400 D4 C8C5 00 C5□3 C3 00CB C5 D9OE

8D 3D 860C9 C8 00 SGI09 CF 0500 CS C5C5 CC 0009 CF 05

08 CI D2C5 08 02C5 CI C4

09 HC

8D 36200 05 03 863Cb 00 C5C9 04 C8C5 02 00CF CE C500 CF CS00 04 C8C5

8D 864D0 CI C4 865C4 CC C500 C2 0504 D4 CFCE 03 HE00 3GRD3 C3 CF 867 TSCORED2 CS80 363

04 C9 CD 363C5

00 87009 CF 05 871 TTHOUT02 OB 04C9 CD C5OB p2 CICE RB CF

05 04

80 00 87204 C8 C5 873 TD660T

DFBOSC

CR"QUIT,

DFBOSC

08 C4CI C7CE 08CI 05C3 D4

09 CF80 8809 CFLi2 OUC3 CFC5 H8

:00HC 00C9 C700 03

:CF 0200

00

:D0 Do

06

04

02

05

:D4 CF

:H0 U4

OS D6

:C1 09

:C1 C7

:C9 CE

: 80

D2CF

C7OBD5

87405 375 TVSCD302

U3

00D4CECFCC00CI

THSi

879 TPU3H

HIT THE ESC KEY.

CR,CR"IF

VOU FEEL VOL) ORE REODY,

DFB CROSC "PUSH

EITHER ONE OF THE"

DFB CR

OSC "POODLE

DFB $0

OSC "SCORE"

DFB $8

OSC "TIME"

DFB $0OSC "YOUR

DFB CR,$kOSC "THE

LIFE CR,*0OSC "YOUR

BUTTONS.1

TIME RON OUT"

DRH60H COUGHi VOU"

DFB $8OSC ",

DFB *0OSC "PUSH

SCORE "

HIGH SCORE

EITHER BUTTON TO PLOY OSOIN"

liFB $B

UBbC

il

09400OE4BCDC

800O7E8B8F9B

"C010

0OD7

0001

0DD0T0R

CHCHT

CHKTIH

CLICK

CLRTOB

CR

DELAY

DGCLR

DGROD

ESC

KDBSTRB

HPY125

HUEDG2

00

BGCLR

0919

CHEESE.

OF

CHV

8C21

CLRLHG

8C1D

CLRT06

25

CU

50

DG1

0D

DGCHT

8907

ENDGHE

08

HI SCO

85

LOG

0902

HUECH2

0H02

HUEDG3

00

BLNK

12

CHICNT

24

CH

0C13

CLRSCRN

hi :31

CLRT08

0D24

DOT IN

KH

062

00

DGH

890F

ENDGHE3

FC58

HONE

0t:F3

HOIHLP

09D7

HUECH3

0012

HUED64

10

CHCLR

0852

CHKBTh

8E

CHK

8C35

CLRSHT

30

COLOR

0O7F

DEL0V1

B9SB

DGBITE

BE

DGICNT

0979

ENDGHE

C000

KBO

C053

MIXSET

09C2

HUECH

0013

HUEDG5

Listing 3 continued:

6022

HUED66

0R35

MUEDS7

09DO

HUEDG

8A4C

MUEDG8

0S44

NEHGflHE

0CE0

H0T0B1

0CE5

H0T0B2

13

PDL

BflCD

PDLX

F8B0

PLOT

0C9D

PLTCH

0CBB

PLTDG2

0CB3

PLTD6

0CD7

PLTD69

0C46

PLTROT

0C6C

PLTRT2

8C7F

PLTRT3

6C9C

PLTRT9

0BFF

PLTSCRN

FB1E

PREOD

0B88

PRIHT0

0B90

PRINT

084C

RflNDOM

0S2F

ROT

0BCS

R6PRNT2

0BE6

R6PRNT4

0BBB

RGPRNT

0BBD

RGPRNT1

BBCD

R6PRHT3

0BF2

RGPRNT5

0BF8

RGPRNT6

BBSS

RNO40

4E

RND

6093

RNDH6

0005

RNDNG1

0OB8

RNDNG2

0D

RTCLR

BBBfl

RTSSLP

BB

RTX

0C

RTV

86

SCORE

0B6B

SCORERS

0B2B

SCORER

0CEH

SCuTOB

04

SECS

0S33

SETDSXV

FB39

SETTXT

FB4B

SETHND

0B9D

SLOPRT0

0BB5

SLOPRT

0030

SPKR

0B7'd

SUBOTOR

C061

SH0

C062

SHI

0061

TARGET2

0O6F

T0RGET3

0070

TARGETS

0057

T0R6ET

0F4C

TD660T

15

TEMPI

16

TEHP2

17

i EMP3

18

TEHP4

0F6t-

THSC

00

TIME

02

TIHEO

0B18

TIHER1

0B27

1IHER2

0B2H

TIMERS

0HF0

TIMER

0CU8

TIHTOB

0CFE

TITLE

0F7D

TPUSH

0F2E

iSCORE

0F39

TTHOUT

C850

TXTCLR

0F63

TVSC

FBFD

UIDOUT

FC22

UTOB

FC08

HO IT

20

HNDLFT

21

WNDHDTH

00

TIME

02

TIME0

04

SECS

@5

LOG

06

SCORE

68

HI SCO

BO

BGCLR

00

D6H

SB

DGCLK

SB

r I y.

@C

RTV

0Ll

DGCNT

0D

RTCLR

0E

DSICNT

0E

CHX

OF

CHV

01-

DGRAD

10

L-HCLR

11

CHCNT

12

CHICUT

13

PDl

15

TEMPI

16

TEHP2

17

TEMPS

18

TEHP4

20

HNDLFT

21

HNDHDTH

24

CH

25

cu

30

COLOR

4E

RND

56

DG1

60

DS2

80

CR

SB

ESC

00

BLNK

0844

NEHGOME

084C

RflNDOM

0852

CHKBTN

0883

SETD6XV

08F9

MPIINLP

0319

CHEESE2

092F

ROT

8940

CHKTIH

S96B

06BITE

0979

ENDGME

W907

ENDGHE2

09OF

END6HE3

0SC2

HUECH

09D2

HMECH2

0907

MUECH3

09DO

HUEDG

0H01

HUEDG2

0H02

HUEDG3

0012

HUEDG4

0H13

HUED65

0R22

MUED66

0035

MUEDG7

0O4C

HUEDG8

0057

TARGET

8081

T0R6ET2

0O6F

THRGET3

0O7D

T0RGET9

0O7E

DELOV

0M7F

QEL0V1

0089

RHD40

0093

RHDN6

0005

RNDNG1

0H68

RNDN62

0OCD

POLX

0007

HPV125

0HE4

CLICK

0HF0

TIMER

0B18

TIMER!

0B27

TIHER2

0B20

TIMERS

0B2B

SCORER

0E6B

SCORERS

0B6C

ODDOTOR

0B78

SUBOTOR

BBSS

PRIHT0

0B90

PRINT

0B9D

SLOPRTB

0BO5

SLOPRT

BBBfl

RTSSLP

0BBB

RGPRNT

0BBD

RGPRNT1

0Bi:y

R6PRNT2

BBCD

R6PRNT3

0BE6

RGPRHT4

0BF2

RGPRNT5

0BF8

RGPRHT6

0BFF

PLTSCRN

0C13

CLRSCRH

0C1D

CLRT06

0C21

CLRLHG

0C31

CLRT08

BC35

CLRSHT

0C46

PLTROT

BCSC

PLTRT2

0C7F

PLTRT3

6C9C

PLTRT9

0C9D

PLTCH

0CO8

PLTDG

0CBB

PLTD62

BCD?

PLT0G9

0CDS

TIHTOB

0CDC

CLRTflB

0CEB

N0T0B1

0CE5

N0TRB2

OCEO

SCOTOE

OCFE

TITLE

0D24

DflTIM

@F2E

TSCORE

0F33

TTHOUT

0F4C

TDGGOT

0F63

TVSC

0F6F

THSC

0F7O

TPUSH

C00@

KBD

CBiu

KDBSTRB

CB30

SPKR

0050

TXTCLft

C053

MIXSET

0061

SM5

C062

SHI

F800

KLUT

FB1E

PREOD

F639

SETTXT

FB4B

SETHND

FBFD

UIDOUT

FC22

UTOB

FC58

HOME

FC08

HOI 1

Text continued from page 347:

illusion. With everything from the in-structions to the display oF the char-acters, the little touches heighten thegame's quality. For example, in theinstructions for Space Invaders, aletter Y is printed upside-down andan invader rushes out, drags theoffending Y off the screen, and re-turns with a right-side-up Y as areplacement. In Pac-Man, each mon-ster is given a slightly humorousname. Each of these ploys helps theplayer to become more involved inthe world of the game.

In developing Rat and Dragon, Ispent considerable time on the in-structions—not in programmingthem, which was easy, but in writingthem, laying them out on the screen,and making sure of their clarity. Theresult of this work is a feeling of high

quality from the very start of the pro-gram. I even wrote a special routineto print the instructions slowly, letterby letter. Experienced players canbypass the instructions by pushingthe paddle button to start play.

Lots of colors and fantastic detailsin your characters are not alwaysnecessary. If you try for a realisticlook but can't quite bring it off, yourgame may suffer. Most game playersaccept a simple representation of thegame's idea as believable. Space In-vaders sold worldwide in its originalone-color version. Pac-Man, for allits bright colors, gets by with verysimple monsters and an even simplerPac-Man. In both games the basicidea, the complications, and othersmall touches, not the details of theanimation, make the illusion believ-able.

SOFTSPOOL®

The Software Spooler Program for the IBM PC*

• Spools data to printer in background whileexecuting any program

• MSDOS 1.0 and 1.1 compatible

• Easy to use—(can be invoked automaticallyat power-up)

• Operation transparent to user

• Program execution no longer linked toprinter speed

• Spool buffer sizes user moditiable

• Requires minimum 48K w/disk

• Greatly increases productivity

• Ideal for business or software development

• Requires NO additional hardware■ 30 Day money back guarantee

Price: $49.95** (includes disk & documentation)Dealer and Distributor Prices on RequestFOR ORDERS CALL—(617) 662-0856

OR SEND CHECK TO:RickerdataP.O. BOX 288Burlington, MA 01803

'" Registered Trademark Rickerdata

* Registered Trademark IBM

* * Mass. Residents add 5% Sales Tax

MCand VISAaccepted

Circle 395 on inquiry card.

Maxell Floppy Disks

The Mini-Diskswith maximum quality.

Dealer inquiriesinvited. C.O.D'saccepted. CallFREE (800) 235-4137.

PACIFIC EXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd. San Luis

San Luis Obispo. CA 93401InCal. call (800) 592-5935 or

(805)543-1037

Circle 344 on inquiry card.

ANNOUNCING. . .

An affordable, commercial-qualitySignature Analyzer.

Signature analysis is an exacting micropro-cessor troubleshooting tool. The fiTWOO pro-vides industry-compatible signatures at a thirdof the price.

The N.W.S. Inc. /iT1000 will perform Signature

Analysis on most microprocessor-based systems

and projects. Stable signatures at up to 8 MHz,

more than sufficient for all 8 and most 16 bit

microprocessors.

Also available, Implementing Signature Analysis, a

technical manual providing all the details

necessary to implement Signature Analysis on

any microprocessor-based design.

Manual provided with each /<T1000, or available

separately.

nTWOO S279.00

Implementing S.A $10.00

N.W.S. Inc.

P.O. Box 62

Westminster, MD 21557(301) 875-4054(301) 848-4828

Dealer inquiries inviled,

Circle 316 on inquiry card.

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

373

The screen display serves a dualfunction. Like the timing, it should besubtle enough not to detract from thebelievability of the illusion and suffi-ciently exciting to make people look-ing over the shoulder of the playerwant to play.

In Rat and Dragon the display isvery simple: a colored background(the color indicates how much timeremains), colored squares for the ratand the cheese, and two flashing

dragons, one red and one green. Theprogram handles all the animation,except that of the dragons, by plot-ting the new location before erasingthe old one to achieve continuity ofmovement. The program also avoidsscreen flicker by erasing and replot-ting the rat and cheese only if move-ment occurs. The dragons are replot-ted fully every time, alternating be-tween shades of red or green, to getthe flashing effect.

rf,

4fr $

&■

10 & 20 MEGABYTE (FORMATTED)5V4" WINCHESTER SUBSYSTEMS

For Z-80 based micros which utilize the CP/M operating system . . .

CCS APPLE (with CP/M) ZENITH/HEATH NORTHSTAR

GODBOUT XEROX 820 ANY Z-80 S-100 SYSTEM

ALSPA trs-80 MOD II

OSBORNE

All units are delivered completely assembled and tested, with drive, controller,case, power supply, cabling, Z-80 interface and all requisite software, A few features:

THE Z-80 INTERFACE:>■ Supports vectored interrupts

>■ Plugs directly into the Z-80 socket on the host CPU (requires no special buss)►- Allows for DMA operation (if you already have a DMA system)►• Supports MP/M, OASIS and other operating systems (with addi-tional software)

OUR SOFTWARE:

>■ Written in Z-80 assembly language

>■ Automatically configures virtually any existing version

2.x CP/M to the hard disk subsystem»- Includes SOURCE CODE*■ Requires less than 2k of overhead memory► Enables the user to read or write a 64k file in less than

four seconds

FULL SIX-MONTH WARRANTY!Delaer inquiries are more than welcome

CP/M and MP/M are registered trademarks of Digital Research; OASIS is aproprietary product of Phase One Systems, Inc.; Z-80 is a trademark of Zilog

I*

«#l

*»*

»>s

Perhaps nothing is more frustratingto game players than to have a pro-gram end because they hit a key acci-dentally. The Rat and Dragon pro-gram can be stopped only by hittingthe Reset or Escape keys. Anothernice feature of the program is that itensures variation in the game byusing a different series of randomnumbers (affecting the placement ofthe cheese) for each play.

Such distinctive features are oftenoverlooked because all the designer'seffort is directed to other aspects ofthe game. These details, however,seem to make the difference betweena popular game and one that gathersdust on the shelf.

Summary

When you decide to take a trip, ithelps to have a good idea of whereyou're going. This is also true whenyou design a computer game; there'sroom for experimentation and detouralong the way, but you must have adestination in mind.

The basic game framework startswith your idea stated as a simple goalwith simpler objectives. Add com-plications only as necessary to keepthe game exciting, but remember thatsome complications are needed tokeep the players' interest.

Smooth play is crucial to the suc-cess of your game. Timing both deter-mines the smoothness of play andmaintains the illusion of the game.Your programming effort is betterspent in making the game playsmoothly and adding well-plannedcomplications than in prettying upthe animation, for while it is thescreen display that attracts newplayers, it is the overall quality of thegame design and implementation thatbrings the players back.H

The author has offered to makecopies of his program available toBYTE readers for $8. Send a blank diskand a self-addressed stamped envelopeto:

Truck Smith

1520 Fairgreen

Fullerton, CA 92633

374 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 275 on inquiry card.

IDS MICROPRISM

Hayes Smartmodem

$689.88

UPS Delivered

• 110 cps bi-directional, logic-seeking

• Single pass correspondance quality print

• 10,12, & 16 cpi with extended mode (24 x 9 dpi)

• 84 x 84 dpi Dotplot graphics; 1/48" line space

C. Itoh Printers

Okidata Printers

MICROUNE 82A '439"

ML82A TRACTOR «59"

MICROUNE 83A «694"

OKIGRAPHROM «44"

MICROUNE 84 Parallel

200 cps 1044"

MICROUNE 84 RS-232C

200 cps '1169"

Anadex Printers

DP-9500A '1*74"

DP-9510A '1474"

DP-9620A M569"

Brother Printers

DAISYWRITER 2000 .... M089"

TRACTOR '49"

CABLE '149"

IDS Printers

PRISM 80 W/4-colors, SprintMode, Dot Plot, & Cut

Sheet Guide 1329"

PRISM 80 w/o color . '1174"PRISM 132 W/4-colors, SprintMode, Dot Plot, & Cut

Sheet Guide '1699"

PRISM 132 w/ o color '1254"

TEC Printers

DMP85 '469"

The generic version of NEC &Prowriter printers. Features 120cps, bi-directional, logic-seeking,1.3K buffer. 5 fonts, 8 sizes on9x9 matrix, w/proportional print,true descenders, & Greek/Mathfont 160 x 144 dots/inch Hi-Resgraphics matrix, 1/144" line feed.Friction & tractor standard, rearpaper path.

C. ITOH PROWRITER »499"

C.ITOH PROWRITER

Parallel & RS-232C >6148B

C. ITOH PROWRITER 2 . .. '734"C.ITOH PROWRfTER 2

Parallel & RS-23QC »794"

C. ITOH F-10/40 STARWRITER

Parallel, 40 cps '1499"

C. ITOH F-10/55 PRINTMASTER

Parallel, 55 cps »1799"

F-10 TRACTOR »289"

NEC Printers

NEC PC 8023A-C '509"

NEC 3530 (35cps) '1809"

NEC 7730 (55 cps) .... »2579"

Centronics Printers

CENTRONICS 122-1 <979"

CENTRONICS 352 '1614"

CENTRONICS 353 *2274"

CENTRONICS 739-1 s659"

Smith-Corona

SMITH CORONA TP-1 . . . »599»Specify 10 or 12 cpiSpecify Parallel or RS-232C

Call For Prices

On QUME & DIABLO Daisywheels.QUANTEX, DATASOUTH, DIP,MPI, & other printers available

HAYES SMARTMODEM .. . »229"HAYES 1200 BAUDSMARTMODEM '574"

MODEMS

SIGNALMAN MARK I >89"

NOVATION AUTO CAT . . »224"

NOVATION 1200 BAUD

AUTO CAT »569"

USI Pi Series

PI-3 (12" AMBER) '199"

PI-4 (9" AMBER) '169"

20 MHz bandwidth, 1000-line-at-center resolution, 80 columns by24 lines—the USI Pi-3 with amberscreen redefines quality. Ambermakes any display easier to read allday, every day. Used by THEBOTTOM LINE'S president, theUSI Pi-3 Amber Monitor comes withhis personal recommendation.

USI Pi-1 (9" Green) '164"

USI Pi 2 (12" Green) .... '174"

Amdek Monitors

AMDEK300G(12") '179*

AMDEK Color I (12") ... . '3791"AMDEK Color II (12")

High Resolution RGB ... . *J99"

AMDEK Color III (RGB) . . '499*

Electrohome

1302-1 (12" RGB) «429"

1302-2 (12" Hi res RGB). «799*

IBM PC Upgra Quadram

QUADBOARD

Memory in 64K blocks '(uprro~256K), a Centronics-compatibleparallel I/O with hardware to anexternal port, an asynchronousRS-232C communications port(DB-25 male external), and aclock/calendar with on-boardbattery—all of this on oneQUADBOARD. Exceptional quality& design leaving remaining IBM PCslots free for other applications

64K QUADBOARD '439"

128K QUADBOARD '539"

192K QUADBOARD '629"

256K QUADBOARD »719»

64K MEMORY CHIPS

(PKG. 9) «99"

QuCeS Inc.

Big Blue for the IBM PC featuresa Z80 microprocessor running at5.5 MHz, 64K memory, a Cen-tronics-compatible parallelport, the RS-232C port, anon-board calendar/clock, & ahard disk interface.

BIG BLUE «519"

QuCeS Hard Disk subsystems forthe IBM PC.

6mB HARD DISK «2154"

12mB HARD DISK «2479"

24mB HARD DISK '3699"

Xedex

BABY BLUE »539»

Microsoft

64K RAMcard «274"

64K MEMORY CHIPS

(PKG. 9) *99"

Maynard Electronics

FLOPPY DISK

CONTROLLER M89"

Tandon Drives

40 TRACK, SS "229"

40 TRACK, DS '319"

IBM PC Software

We carry a full line of IBM PCSoftware. Ask about our SoftwareSociety discounts.

Orders & Information: CALL (603)-673-8857

Orders Only: CALL (800)-343-0726

No Hidden Charges

No surcharge for credit cards-No charge for HIGH TECHNOLOGY AT AFFORDABLE PRICES

UPS shipping—Stock shipments next dayAll equipment shipped factory fresh withmanufacturer's warranty—We accept CODsOpen PO's not accepted—$50 minimumorder—No foreign orders accepted

Prices subject to change—call for quotes

HE BOTTOM

LINE

Milford NH 03055-0423

BYTE November 1982

375

The size, of course, is a deadgiveaway. But don't let the sizefool you. The HX-20 is not a toy.Or a glorified calculator.

It's a computer.

A real computer, with 16KRAM (optionally expandable to32K), and 32K ROM (optionallyexpandable to 64K), RS-232Cand serial interfaces, a full-sizeASCII keyboard, a built-inprinter, a scrollable LCD screen,and sound generation. A micro-cassette and ROM cartridge areavailable as options.Viva la difference!In fact, the only differences be-tween the Epson HX-20 and anordinary computer are:

1) The HX-20 is small enoughto fit inside your briefcase;

2) It'll run on its own internalpower supply for 50-plushours, and fully recharge inless than eight;

3) It gives you up to 10 pro-gram functions at the punchof a button;

4) It lets you interface withperipherals like the MXSeries printers for corres-pondence quality output,the CX-20 Acoustic Couplerfor remote communications,a barcode reader for inven-tory control, and an audiocassette for loading andsaving programs;

5) It lets you shut the whole unitoff while preserving all pro-grams in RAM; and, last,but far from least,

6) It costs less than $800. That'sright—less.

The perfect traveling companion.With the Epson HX-20 and theoptional RAM expansion, you'llbe able to compute just aboutanywhere. Because its nickel-cadmium batteries and a low-power, all-CMOS memory keepthe HX-20 running for over 50hours. And even if you shut theHX-20 off, a low-voltage systemmaintains all programs you havein RAM.

Little screen, big picture.The HX-20's unique scrollableLCD screen is the ultimate an-swer to the question, "How doyou get a big screen in a smallspace?" You just show part of itat a time.

EPSON

*** MEN'I ***

CTRL, I Initializei MONITOR2 BASIC

1

CTRL

1 ,M0

2 BA

PRINTEROFF ON

PAUSE MENU BREAK

PF3

PF4

Optional Microcassette

HX-ED

Initial!

U F:

MICRO CASSETTE DRIVE

9 REC

B^Ha^Ha^

3F5

So with the HX-20, you can doprogramming, word processingand data entry just like you'vegot a big screen, up to 255 char-acters wide, with easy-to-readupper and lower case letters,numbers and punctuation andany 20 column by four line partof it visible by user command.Built in hardcopies.The HX-20's built-in 24 columndot matrix impact microprinterhands hardcopies to you at 42LPM, in a crisp, precise 5x7 ma-trix. It even has bit addressablegraphics to give you a pint-sizedsales chart, and enough interna-tional symbols to print mostWestern languages.

Epson makes more and betterprinters than anyone else in theworld. Need we say more?The best is yet to come.When you hold an HX-20 in yourhand, you're not only holding alot of capacity, you're holding alot of expansion.

There's a standard cassette in-terface, a cartridge interface, theRS-232C and serial interfaces,and a system bus that lets youexpand RAM and ROM capa-bilities. There's even a floppy discdrive for maxi capacity in a minipackage.The Epson edge.Surprised that a computer like theHX-20 should come from Epson?You shouldn't be. Because we'vebeen building computers in Japansince 1978. And we've been prac-ticing ultra-high-quality precisionmanufacturing for a lot longerthan that.

We didn't jump right into theAmerican microcomputer mar-ket. We could afford to bide ourtime; to wait for the product thatwas going to stand America onits ear.

This is it.

The Epson HX-20.

Circle 181 on Inquiry card.

N AMERICA, INC.

COMPUTER PRODUCTS DIVISION

3415 Kashiwa StreetTorrance, California 90505(213) 539-9140

memoryat realisticprices:

256KrHT.. -349512K

$529 WITH SUPERCALC

WITH AN RS-232CINTERFACE

$

$749 WITH SUPERCALC

Both of these fully-populated memoryboards include parity checking anda standard RS-232C interface. Theyare compatible with all IBM software.

You can expect these boards tomeet the highest standards ofdesign and manufacturing qualityavailable — at any price. We areproud to guarantee them fully fora period of two years.

IPUTERPRODUCTS

To order or for information call

(213)706-0333

Modem order line: (213)883-8976

We guarantee everything we sell lor 30 days — no returns after 30 days. Detective softwarewill be replaced tree, bul all other sollware returns are subject to 15% restocking tee andmust be accompanied by RMA slip No returns on game software, unless detective.

We accept VISA and MasterCard on all orders. COD orders, up to S300

Shipping charges S3 tor all prepaid orders, actual shipping charges lor non- prepaids: S3for COD orders under 25lbs (56 lor over) plus a S4 surcharge; add 15% for loreign. FPOand APO orders Calif add 6% sales tax. LA County add 6V?%

Prices quoted are lor stock on hand and are sublet to change without notice

31245 LA BAYA DRIVE, WESTLAKE VILLAGE, CALIFORNIA 91362

378 BYTE November 1982 Circle 20 on Inquiry card.

An Introduction to

the Human Applications

Standard Computer Interface

Part 2: Implementing the HASCI Concept

The details of an easy-to-use, consumer-qualitycomputer console are discussed.

Will personal computers ever beas common as typewriters or automo-biles? We learned last month that forthe computer to evolve into a con-sumer product it must be both usefuland usable; that is, it must be capableof improving the general quality oflife and be convenient and easy to use.

The Human Applications StandardComputer Interface (HASCI) was de-signed to meet these requirements.Part 1 of this two-part article ex-plained the theory and principles be-hind the development of the HASCIinterface. This month I'll describespecific details of the interface, start-ing with a common feature of easy-to-use computer systems—the menu.

All patents, copyrights, etc. are the propertyof the Rising Star Foundation, a nonprofitresearch corporation. For further informationcontact the Rising Star Foundation, 24050Madison St., Suite 113, Torrance, CA 90505.

Copyright © 1982 by Rising Star Industries.All rights reserved.

Chris Rutkowski

Rising Star Industries

24050 Madison St., Suite 113

Torrance, CA 90505

Menus present an exceptionallyeasy way of introducing the new-comer to the operation of a system.They tend to fail, however, on twopoints: first, some designers createunwieldy menus by trying to throw ineverything but the kitchen sink; sec-ond, they provide no alternative forexperienced users who eventuallylearn the menus cold and find it ir-ritating to have to wait for each menuto appear.

In the HASCI scheme, the problemof cumbersome menus is eliminatedby treating the entire computer sys-tem as a series of interconnectedchoices in an inverted tree of deci-sions. Each branch of the tree repre-sents a possible function that thecomputer can perform for you. Also,in virtually all cases, the number ofchoices in a menu is kept below eight.This number of choices has proven tobe a perceptual limit for understand-ability.

The problem of menus that makeyou wait is solved by allowing you toinput menu selections as fast as you

can make them; thus, the tedium ofsitting through long, familiar menusis entirely eliminated.

The Choices

When dealing with HASCI, as withany computer system, your firstchoice is whether or not you want touse the computer. If you do, youmust of course turn the machine on.When power is first applied, the sys-tem comes up automatically as aword processor—you needn't accessthe operating system.

Figure 2 illustrates the controls ofthe HASCI keyboard, which aredivided into seven main groups ofkeys. Of these, the following threegroups are typical of many contem-porary keyboards in their configura-tion and layout:

• typing keys

• editing and cursor-movement keys

• the numeric keypad

The remaining four groups take the

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 379

STOP

HELP

COPYDISK

UNDO

STORE

".EVE PRINT

INDEX

.**

System Controls

File Controls

MENU

CALC

SCHED

DRAW

BOLD

ITALIC

SIZE

STYLE

A

1

2

#3

4

%5

6

a

7

8

(9

)0

—

+

°

O

TAB

0

W

E

R

T

Y

U

'

0

P

1/41/2

r.

]

SHIFT *LOCK

A

S

D

F

G

H

J

K

L

RETURN

SHIFT

Z

X

C

V

B

N

M

P1

SHtF

CTRL

GRAPHICSHIFT

CTRL

E>

LINE

INSERT

WORD

t

—

—*

\

DECTAB

-

*

■

7

8

9

"

4

5

6

♦

1

2

3

™«

0

Figure 2: The HASCI keyboard is a link between the user as intellect and the computer as tool. The interface of a computer is essen-tially the "handle" of the tool. All controls are clearly labeled so that the average person can correctly guess their intended functions.

place of programmable-function keys(which have always had such clevernames as Fl, F2, F3, and so on).These groups give you access to themost essential functions of the sys-tem:

• system controls

• file controls

• application controls

• typestyle controls

Each of these four groups is clearlylabeled on the keyboard itself. Incontrast, the first three groups areself-explanatory and are not labeled.

This arrangement of the keyboardprovides the first menu level of thesystem: you choose the group whosefunction title (or self-evident applica-tion) most closely matches yourneeds.

People should be able to guesswhich group, and which key withineach group, performs any given func-tion. The titles of the groups and theindividual keys on the HASCI key-board have been chosen to facilitatethis capability. (The keyboard hasbeen tested on a large number of peo-ple unfamiliar with computers; vir-tually everyone was able to correctlyguess the intended function of eachkey the first time.) In addition, afterselecting any given key, the effect onthe system is immediately obvious.And, if all else fails, the HASCI sys-tem has a Help key. Thus the HASCIsystem is nearly manual-independent.

The second menu level involves

choosing an individual key fromamong the seven groups on the key-board. As mentioned before, the keysof the first three groups are alreadyfairly familiar. Of greater interest arethe individual keys of the four func-tion control groups.

The System Controls

The four system controls affect theexecution of a system program al-ready in progress:

Stop takes the place of more usualPause and Break keys. When pressed,it effectively halts system executionand asks if you wish to stop or con-tinue.

Help provides you with specific in-formation relating to the nature of thechoices available at any point in thedecision tree. Your options are ex-plained in some detail. Additionally,you may access information aboutany specific function.

Copydisk lets you do just that:copy a disk. (We didn't use a Backupkey because inexperienced computerusers expected Backup to make themachine go backward.) AlthoughCopydisk is a fundamentally neces-sary function in any floppy-disk-based system, this key might not beused in other implementations ofHASCI.

Undo is an "undecide" key. At anypoint, virtually any decision can beundone with this key. It protects youfrom accidental deletions and alsoallows you to skip rapidly back up amenu tree.

The File Controls

File controls allow you to easilymanipulate your files (i.e., the placeswhere your documents are kept):

Store places a document you'vecreated into the mass storage files.

Retrieve is the complement ofStore. It allows you to procure aspecific document for further symbolmanipulation.

Print allows you to print the con-tents of any document on the systemprinter. Numerous print-time optionsare provided.

Index may be the most novel anduseful key on the machine. It displaysan index of all files in the system. Allfiles are filed by date and time or se-quence of creation. This informationis automatically assigned by the sys-tem. The name of the file or index ref-erence is requested by the computerin response to the Store command;you may specify a reference of up toeight words in length. When Index ispressed, you are offered threechoices. You may view the index(1) sequentially by date and time ofcreation; (2) alphabetically by indexreference; or (3) alphabetically cross-indexed, with every word in eachreference cross-referenced to everyother word. (This is exactly whatmost people wish they could do withtheir manual systems.)

Mail accesses a complete elec-tronic-mail system such as theValdocs system, which implementsthe HASCI system on the soon-to-be-released Epson QX-10 microcom-

380 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

' *,

T

M

\ L

:..:

*

w

*

yji

The RAM67

Our RAM67 static RAM offers low power forcool operation and high reliability. It is thefirst S100 memory of its size to offer batteryback up. The RAM67 will run without wait-states with any present SI00 bus CPU.

Advanced static RAM67 features:

□ Low power CMOS RAMD 100 ns access time

□ No wait states with our 10 MHzLightning One"*

□ 8/16 bit operation

□ Phantom disable

□ Battery back up option

If you need high performance and high relia-bility at an affordable price, the RAM67 is thememory for you.

128K RAM $1495.00

Battery back-up option $100.00

The Lightning One

The Lightning One is the fastest SI00 CPUboard presently available. The 8086 processorwith its two co-processors, the 8087 and 8089,provide exceptional data manipulation, nu-meric processing and I/O handling capability.

The Lightning One features:

□ 8086 or 8088 16 bit processor

□ 4,5,8, or 10 MHz jumper selectableoperation

□ Optional 8087 and 8089 co-processorsD Onboard monitor with diagnostics

□ 9 vectored interrupts expandable to 65

When you need mini-computer performanceat micro-computer prices, the Lightning Oneshould be your choice. Benchmarks available.Prices start at $395.00

Other LDP Products

In addition to the RAM67 and Lightning One,Lomas Data Products offers the following fineproducts:

□ HAZITALL System Support

2 serial pons, 2 parallel ports, clock/calendar,9511 or 9512 math support (option), hard diskcontroller host interface A & T, $325.00

I 1 LDP72 Floppy Disk Controller

Single or double density operation, single ordouble sided disks, controls both 8" and 5Vi"floppy drives, digital data separator for adjust-ment free reliable operation

A & T, $274.95

For 16 bit computing on the S100 bus,come to the leader...

HIP

□ LDP128/256K Dynamic RAM

An advanced dynamic RAM with static likeperformance. An ideal choice for large mem-ory configurations where cost is an importantconsideration. No DMA, or reset restrictions.... A & T, 128K $795.00, 256K $1395.00

□ LDP88 8088 CPU Board

Ideal for inexpensive systems requiring the pro-cessing power of a 16 bit instruction set. TheLDP88 has up to 8K of on-board EPROM, IKbytes of RAM, 1 serial RS232 port, 9 vectoredinterrupts, 5 MHz operation. Useable as a singleboard 8088 processor A & T, $349.95

Software Available

□ CP/M-86*

Full track buffered BIOS, memory disk support,double density format $300.00

□ MP/M-86*

Full MP/M-86 implementation, hard disk andfloppy disk support, plus memory drive. 1, 2 and5 user configurations.

□ MS-DOS"

The IBM Personal Computer operating system,includes macro assembler $250.00

□ Other software:

BASIC86, BASCOM86, FORTRAN86, C,FORTH.

'CP/M-86 & MP/MSB trademark of Digital Research.**MS-DOS trademark of Microsoft,l.ightitittg One trademark of Lomas Data Products, Inc.

Dealer and O.E.M. inquiries invited.

LOMAS DATA PRODUCTS, INC.

729 Farm Road, Marlboro, Massachusetts 01752 □ Telephone: 617-481-2822

Circle 251 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982 381

puter. This system supports a modemand will probably support a local-area network as well.

The Applications Keys

The applications keys cover the en-tire family of symbol processors. Ifyou recall from Part 1, a computer isbasically a symbol manipulator, andthere are four kinds of symbols thatwe need to manipulate: words andletters, numbers, graphic symbols,and the temporal relationships amongthese symbols (time).

The manipulation of words is ac-complished with the typing keys andis essentially self-evident. Of the fourkeys in this group, three are dedicatedto the remaining symbol types. Thesekeys are labeled Calc (for calculator),Draw (for graphics utilities), andSched (for schedule).

The nature of each of these pro-grams is flexible: while a four-function calculator may be enoughfor me, you may require a sophisti-cated scientific processor, and aspreadsheet calculator may be ideal

for someone else. Likewise, somepeople have simple appointment-scheduling needs while others requirecomplicated systems such as the Per-formance Evaluation Review Tech-nique (PERT) or the Critical-PathMethod (CPM). The same is true forthe Draw utility. Thus, no standard

We didn't use a

Backup key because

inexperienced

computer users

expected it to

make the machine

go backward.

exists for these functions. However,HASCI standardizes the means bywhich one enters and departs fromany symbol processor.

You switch from one applicationtype to another by pressing the ap-propriate key. On larger systemsthese keys would have indicator

lights to show when they were se-lected. The selection would also beclearly indicated on the screen.

The fourth key of this group islabeled Menu. As you might guess, itis the garbage can; everything else isfound there: languages, utilities, allthe stuff that normally clutters up adirectory listing. Ideally, any pro-grams resident on the particular oper-ating system that had not been con-verted to use the functions and pro-tocols of HASCI would appear underMenu. In other words, a HASCI sys-tem running over CP/M should becapable of running any standardCP/M software. The same would betrue for a system running Unix or anyother operating system.

The Type style Keys

You can alter the symbol type styledisplayed on the screen in alphanu-merics by using one of the four type-style control keys: Italic, Bold, Size,and Style.

The Italic and Bold keys operateimmediately. If either key is pressed

Apple users. THE SOURCEand TRANSEND: Together forthe first time t

Offer extendedthrough 1982

Buy our $89 Transend state-of-the-art datacommunications software and membership inTHE SOURCE, AMERICA'S INFORMATIONUTILITYSM, is included. This combinationallows you to easily access one of the world'slargest information services for up-to-the-minute news and sports, stock prices, travelservices and much more.

An optional 260-page Source User'sManual is available for $19.95. Your dealer hascomplete details. Call 800-227-2400, ext. 912 (in Calif. 800-772-2666,ext. 912) for the name of your local Transend dealer.

w

gWflBg** Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer Inc.

THE SOURCE and AMERICA'S INFORMATION UTILITY are service marks of Source Telecomputing Corp.,a subsidiary of The Reader's Digest Association Inc.

The Transformation People.

SSM Microcomputer Products Inc.2190 Paragon Drive, San Jose, CA 95131

382 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 422 on inquiry card.

IfVs.

In business, the less pressure the better.

Other cassette recorders start at the touchof a button.

The new Sony TCM-7 starts with thetouch of a finger. Or a feather.

Because this new Sony is the world'sfirst 3-volt standard-size cassette re-corder with electronic controls.

The TCM-7 becomes an extensionof your mind as each supersensitivecontrol responds instantly to yourneeds.

Recording is one-touch fast. Acounter-mertial flywheel keepsthe tape speed constant.

Instant Edit lets you make instantcorrections.

Cue and Review lets you effortlessly find

the spot you're looking for.

A special mode-lock switch prevents thefeather-touch controls from being acci-dentally activated.

And the built-in microphone is so sen-sitive you can whisper your dictation, orrecord a meeting from the other end ofthe table.

At Sony we know there's enough pres-sure just keeping the wheels of business

moving. The TCM-7 is designed to^^ keep them moving as smoothly as^^. possible.

®

THE ONE AND ONLY

Circle 419 on inquiry card.

1982 Sony Corporation of America. Sony is a trademark of Sony Corporation Model shown: TCM-7

WESTICO—The Software Express Service that really delivers:

IIIILANGUAGE//PROCESSORS

When it comes to providing qualityprograms tor serious microcomputerusers —come to Westico. And you'llfind more than quality software,You'll find instant response. In mostcases, your order will be shippedwithin 24 hours. You'll also find thetechnical expertise on staff whenyou need help. For language proc-essors and lots more, it's Westico.Here's just a sample of the morethan 150 quality programs currentlyin stock:

— Powerful applicationprogramming language for micro-computers. Implements on a microthe ANS Subset G language forminicomputers. Includes nativecode compiler, LINK-80 linkageeditor, LIB-80 subroutine librarymanager. PLILIB run-time library andRMAC relocatable macro assembler.$475/$35. LINK-80 and RMAC alsoavailable separately.

— Efficient B-tree key indexedaccess method for PL/l-80. Featureskey length to 63 bytes, unique orduplicate keys, and data records to4096 bytes. Datasets can be spreadover 8 files for a total of 64 mega-bytes. $200/$30.

— Extremely fast interpreterfeatures double precision floatingpoint math, 40 character variablenames, CHAIN/COMMON, randomand sequential files, EDIT, CALL withparameters and an overlay tech-nique. $350/—.

:R —Compatiblewith BASIC-80. Produces extremelyefficient, optimized 8080/Z80machine code. Includes macroassembler, linkage editor and sub-routine library manager. Compiledprograms can be linked with FOR-TRAN-80, COBOL-80, and assemblylanguage programs. $395/—.

— BASIC languagecompiler/interpreter for develop-ment of financial and businessappli-cation programs. System $120/$20,

— Implementation ofCBASIC for CP/M-86. INT files com-patible with CBASIC and supports128K main memory. RequiresCP/M-86 or MP/M-86. $325/$30.

— Native code 8080 com-piler of CBASIC language. Offers allof the features of CBASIC plus thespeed and versatility of a compiler.Includes linkage editor which cancreate overlay modules. SupportsCP/M and MP/M II. $500/$30,

-Includesfull ANSIstandard X3.9 except COMPLEXdata type. $500/-.

— Friendly overlay linkageeditor for creating COM files fromMicrosoft compatible REL files. Con-structs programs that use all avail-able memory including that usedby LYNX itself. Program size can beincreased at least 9K without usingthe overlay feature. The overlayoption is vital to programs largerthan available memory. Easy to usewith BATCH and HELP commands.$250/$25.

— Compiler produces8080/Z80 code. Standard REL filecan be linked with other languages.Includes linker, debugger disassem-bler and special Speed Program-ming Package with editor andPascal syntax checker. S475/S30.

— Complies with ANSILevel 1 requirements and most usefulfeatures of Level 2. SCREEN SECTIONfor definition of CRTs. $750/-.

— Family of microprocessorcross-assemblers. Designed to run on8080/Z80 based microcomputersunder a CP/M-like operating system.Support for Motorola 6800, 6801,6803, 6805, 6809; RCA 1802; COP400;Intel 8048,8051; MOS 6502. $200/$25.

-Translates Intel 8080assembly language source codeinto optimized Intel 8086 sourcecode. $150/$10.

The Westico 24-Hour Computer Hotline (203) 853-0816(300 baud) for detailed information and quickaccess ordering.

• Westico has more than 150 programsfor professionals and businesses that usea wide variety of microcomputers includ-ing: TRS-80 Model II, Apple, VectorGraphic, Cromemco, North Star, Micro-polis, Ohio Scientific, Altos, Dynabyte,IBM, Intertec, Xerox, Zenith, NorthernTelecom, AVL Eagle and more. We'reworking hard to be your softwarecompany.

4 Ways to order

Westico, Inc., 25 Van Zant Street,Norwalk, CT 06855.

(203) 853-6880.

643-788

our 24-hour computer (300baud) (203) 853-0816.

COD, MasterCard and VISA accepted.

Prices do not include shipping and aresubject to change. In CT add 7V2% salestax. All sales final.

Manual price may be credited towardpurchase of software.

Dealer inquiries invited.

WES-43

Copyright © 1982 Westico. Inc

WESTICO

The Software Express Service

25 Van Zant Street • Norwalk, Connecticut 06855(203) 853 6880 • Telex 643-788

Circle 479 on inquiry card.

Then, idea begat idea begat idea, leading up to a point wherethe architecture ceases to change. This phenomenon I callarchitectural stabilization.

In the period following architectural stabilization, the designeffort and creativity that were previously engaged in the ran-dom creation of architectures now change targets and areengaged in the refinement of the design elements that com-prise this Stabilized Architecture.

The preceding point is quite crucial: a stabilized architec-ture ends the game of "random invention" and redirects thistremendous energy source to a better focused goal: the im-provement of the design elements.

"What file would you like me to print?"

(C)urrent file in memory(O)ther

UNDO to resume editing

Figure 3: The HASCI screen is divided into three parts: (1) the document window,which contains the document being observed or manipulated, (2) the interaction win-dow, wherein the system and the user exchange information and requests (here thesystem is showing the first menu after the PRINT button is pressed), and (3) the promptwindow, wherein the system can place reminders about basic functions.

while typing, all subsequent textentered will assume that type style.Pressing the key again reverts to theprevious type style. The Size andStyle keys access menus that allowyou to select from whatever choicesare supported by the terminal andprinter used. In regard to Style, amachine must have at least one font;however, two (one serif and one sans-serif font) would be desirable.

The Third Menu Level

The third menu level occurs after afunction has been selected by pressingits key. In some cases, there is nothird level: the functions act im-mediately. Examples include the cur-sor keys and the Italic and Undokeys. Other keys may have one ormore levels of menu existing beyondthe keyboard. These levels are in-dicated on the display screen.

Screen Standardization

The screen layout should be essen-tially identical from menu to menuand present all necessary informationin an easy-to-understand manner.The HASCI screen (see figure 3) is

divided into three windows, each ofwhich contains a specific type of in-formation.

The document window containsthe main document, which holds thesymbols under inspection or manipu-lation. When the machine is firstpowered up, the display resemblesthat of a word processor—the docu-ment window fills the screen.

The document window may con-tain visual devices to simplify themanipulation of the symbol type inquestion. In the case of a word pro-cessor, this window contains a rulerline, which marks column positions,shows current column position,shows tab settings, and so forth. Thewindow also contains a status lineshowing the name of the documentunder inspection along with moremundane items such as date and time.

When you're browsing through afile, examining a directory, or per-forming some similar task where youmay wish to select from among manychoices, the document being exam-ined for these choices (for example,an index) would appear in the docu-ment window. If you are to make a

It

shouldn't

hurt to be

a child.

But child abuse does hurt. Andyou can do something aboutit. Below are a few sugges-tions. Commit yourself to oneand help stop the hurt.

aa

a□□

Stop the Hurt.

I'll show my childsome love. (Some-times I forget.)I'd like some facts. I'llsend this coupon inand request in-formation.I'll help a troubledparent by being agood friend.I have a problem. I'mgoing to start talkingabout it.

I'd like to start helpingright now. Here'smy donation.

Name.

Address.City

State .

-Zip.

Stop the Hurt. Write:

«^^ Prevent Child AbuseMfO, Box 2866III Chicago, Illinois 60690

National Committee for Prevention of Child Abuse

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 385

A Short History of the Keyboard

by Phil LemmonsWest Coast Editor

Keyboards are meant to let ourfingers do the talking, but more oftenthey make us swear aloud. Every man-ufacturer seems to want its keyboardto be unmistakably different from anyother. The only keys that seem to besacred and immovable are badly placed:the familiar QWERTYUIOP and itscompanion rows of the alphabet. TheShift and Return keys occasionallystray, and the control keys and func-tion keys wander from one end of thekeyboard to the other. Perhaps mostpuzzling of all, the placement of thecursor keys is not yet standardized inthe most logical configuration, withthe "up" key above, the "down" keybelow, the "left" key at the left, andthe "right" key at the right. Let's hopethat Chris Rutkowski's efforts to or-ganize the placement of the mostcommon control functions in sensiblegroupings will be a major step towardstandardization.

If you think it's hard to adjust to anew keyboard now, though, consider thesituation 80 to 90 years ago. The GayNineties were nightmarish for officetemps. They would never know whatkeyboard was waiting at their nextassignment. Oh, the QWERTYUIOPkeyboard was around, all right, but itwas only one among a hundred. Al-most every company that made a type-writer used a different keyboard.Typewriters of the time (and their top-row key arrangements) included theCrandall (ZPRCHMI), the American(CJPFUBL), the Hall (KBFGNIA), theColumbia (ZKPWMCR), the Morris(XVGWSLZ), and so on, ad nauseam.

Most of the early keyboards seemedto have totally random key arrange-ments, but a few designs representedattempts at some sort of order. Somekeyboards put T, H, and E near oneanother, for example, on the theorythat "the" has to be typed perhapsmore often than any other word.Similarly, the World typewriterkeyboard put A, N, and D together,and the Edison Mimeograph type-writer grouped not only A, N, and D,and T, H, and E, but also O and F andI, N, and G.

. But there's more to a keyboard thanhow you label the keys. Keyboards inthe 1890s differed greatly in how manykeys they had, how many rows ofkeys, and how the rows were ar-ranged. Part of the problem was thatmany keyboards still lacked a shiftkey. Today it's hard to conceive of atypewriter without a shift key, but theidea didn't occur to anyone until ByronA. Brooks thought of it in 1875.

"Too complicated!" many peoplecomplained.

"Too tiring for the operator!" othersinsisted.

Such reactions prolonged the sur-vival of some interesting mutant key-boards. The Caligraph, for example,had a circular keyboard and no shiftkey; all the small letters were groupedin the center and surrounded by all thecapital letters, with no apparent cor-respondence between the arrangementsof the two sets of letters. The ImperialModel B had three semicircular rows of10 keys each, arranged in an arc con-vex to the typist—the central keyswere nearest and the outer keys far-thest from the fingertips (apparently itwas designed for a typist whose outerfingers were longer than the innerones); the layout included a shift keyand a space bar, and the top row ofkeys read ZHfAYSCPG. Compared tothe Imperial, the Hartford keyboardalmost seemed to make sense: it had sixstraight rows of keys, no shift key, anda separate key for each small andcapital letter, with identical rows ofkeys for both cases. The Yost key-board, like the Imperial, had all thesmall letters arranged on the lowerrows and all the capital letters in thesame pattern in the upper rows; but theYost had eight rows of keys instead ofsix. The Saturn keyboard had only onestraight, very long row of keys. TheHammond had two semicircular rows,the Salter had three such rows, and theKanzler had four gently arced rows.

One keyboard of the 1890s, theIdeal, seemed to make more sense thanthe others. The idea behind the Idealkeyboard was that more than 70 per-cent of all English words are made up

of the letters DHIATENSOR; there-fore, placing all these keys in one rowshould make typing more efficient.Some major companies adopted theIdeal keyboard, including the maker ofthe best typing machine of the day, therenowned Blickensderfer. (Blickens-derfer's engineering prowess was suchthat, in 1902, it was producing an elec-tric typewriter that used a type wheelmuch like the modern IBM Selectric"golf ball" or the daisy wheel.) But theIdeal keyboard, despite being as soundas a Blickensderfer, lost out to an in-ferior competitor, our familiar QWER-TYUIOP (also known as the Universalkeyboard).

By 1943, when Dr. August Dvorakproposed a clearly superior keyboard,the QWERTYUIOP keyboard hadbecome too deeply entrenched to beeasily overthrown. Dvorak's idea wasto place the five vowels under thefingers of the left hand and the fivemost common consonants under thefingers of the right. The row of keysthat resulted was AOEUIDHTNS.

Dvorak's keyboard is not the onlyso-called reform keyboard. The ideabehind most of the reforms is to put themost common letters in easiest reach ofthe strongest fingers and to put themost frequenctly combined lettersunder the control of opposite hands.To make typing "the" faster, for exam-ple, a keyboard might put T on theright side, H on the left side, and E onthe right side of the keyboard. Notethat the Dvorak keyboard doesn't ar-range these three letters in that way,which only proves that Dvorak wasn'ttrying to optimize the keyboard fortyping "the."

Michael H. Adler, author of TheWriting Machine (London: GeorgeAllen & Unwin, 1973), argues per-suasively for a new standard keyboardthat puts the 10 most common letters,ETAONIRSHD, on a single rowcurved in such a way that each of the10 fingers (thumbs included) rests com-fortably on one of the keys. Ourthumbs now spend most of their timelolling on the space bar; Adlerdelegates the space bar, the shift key,

386 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

and the carriage return to the feet, free-ing the thumbs for a higher destiny.This somewhat piano-like arrangementshould result in much faster typing. AsAdler points out, "After all, . . . apianist can comfortably handle over1500 to 2000 keystrokes a minute (theequivalent of 300 to 400 words perminute) on a much less compact key-board than the one described, andwithout trying to break world speedrecords, either."

The Battle of the Numeric Pads

Many of today's keyboards havenumeric keypads—groupings of keysseparate from the main alphabeticgrouping—to help typists enternumbers more quickly. The numeralson the main keyboard are, of course,laid out in a single horizontal rowabove the QWERTYUIOP row ofletters. Using the main keyboard toenter most numbers requires the use ofboth hands. The numberic keypadmakes all the numerals available to onehand. Besides a key for each of thenumerals 0 through 9, numerickeypads have a decimal-point key, a"+ " key, a "-" key, and an Enter key,but for now let's consider only thenumerals.

In the numeric (calculator) keypadthe numerals are usually laid out some-thing like this:

7 8 9

4 5 6

12 30

The usual keypad arrangement con-trasts with the telephone company'snumeric pad for entering telephonenumbers:

12 3

4 5 6

7 8 9

0

The designers of the push-button

telephone considered and testedseveral different arrangements of the10 numeric keys, including two ver-tical rows of five buttons, two hori-zontal rows of five buttons, and acircle. After deciding on four rows ofthree keys, why didn't the designersuse the traditional calculator arrange-ment for the numerals? Because testsestablished that people enterednumbers more quickly and accuratelywith the top-to-bottom, left-to-rightarrangement (perhaps because we readthings in that order).

Designers of nonstandard keyboardsare invited to take all these factors intoaccount in their next designs. But aproliferation of keyboard designswould probably do more harm thangood, even if most of the new designsrepresented an improvement on theQWERTYUIOP and calculator ar-rangements.

A Solution without a Standard

The programmable detached key-board, such as those on the Victor andEpson QX-10 microcomputers, raises anew possibility: because every key onthe keyboard can be programmed andthe keyboard is detached, there's noreason not to have more than one key-board for each computer. Just unplugone keyboard, plug in another, andload the operating system that loadsthe correct codes for the keys. Thiswould mean that, on one computer,Harvey could type on the Dvorak key-board with a telephone-style numerickeypad, and Eloise could use theQWERTY layout with a calculatorkeypad, so long as the two were con-tent to use the system at differenttimes. Each person could use or editthe data entered by the other: two key-board units would be necessary only tosave the trouble of relocating the keycaps. This sort of flexibility would bepossible on many new systems if themanufacturers would supply utilityprograms to enable nonprogrammersto program the keyboard. Instead of asingle standard keyboard, we wouldhave a standard of high adaptability. ■

choice from such a document, acursor will appear to indicate that aselection is expected. But there isnever more than one cursor at a timeon the screen.

The interaction window appearsonly when the machine requires somediscrete information or a specificresponse. It always appears below thedocument window. On an 80-columnby 25-line screen, this window is 80columns by 8 lines in size.

Two classes of interaction canoccur. In the first, the computer mayrequest a string of typed characters.For example, the system may ask,"What is your name?" The question ispresented in the interaction window,along with a cursor indicating whereyour response will be entered. In thesecond class of interaction the com-puter requests a selection from amenu. All menus appear in the inter-action window. Whenever you haveto make a decision, the systemprompts that explain the choicesappear in the interaction window.

The prompt window is a small win-dow at the bottom of the display thatcontains brief reminders (prompts) orflags of use for any given situation.They are optional with the softwaredesigner.

Rules for Menus

Menus must follow certain rules.First, menus should always appear inthe same place on the screen. Second,menus should be designed so that youmay indicate your choice by one oftwo standard methods: type the firstletter of the first word and press theReturn key, or move the cursor untilit is over that letter and press Return.A third, optional method, which canbe activated by a software switch,would be to type the letter withoutpressing Return to activate the choiceimmediately. The first two schemesallow the casual user simple and fail-safe means of choosing from a menu,and the third method allows experi-enced users to reduce the number ofkeystrokes and access menu choicesmore rapidly.

Finally, menus should be organizedso that the most common choicesoccur first in position and potentiallydestructive choices occur last.

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 387

■

0

% s

X

jU

r

r t

~l

*\

!

-

*

-

<

>

H

y

i

h

+

H

J"

I

}

■

*

-L/c

a

-

L

1

J

)

•

©

1

N TM

L

—

—

j

GRAPHICSHIFT

Figure 4: The graphic symbols produced when the Graphic-Shift key is depressed. For easy reference, these symbols should bemarked on the front side of the keys in an unobtrusive manner.

The HASCI Keyboard

Like it or not, the keyboard is withus to stay. In designing a keyboard,we chose the format of the typicaloffice typewriter. The key positionsare identical and the feel is similar, soanyone familiar with a typewritershould be reasonably comfortablewith the HASCI keyboard. However,by adding just a few additional keys,we were able to have the keyboardgenerate an entire 8-bit superset of theASCII (American Standard Code forInformation Interchange) characterset. Thus the HASCI system is up-ward compatible with ASCII-basedsystems; a computer using HASCIcan run any standard software.

Included in the extended ASCII is aset of standard graphic characters.These allow the creation of accentedletters (by actually overtyping onecharacter on top of another) and

line drawings for boxes and forms.Also included are some Greek andspecial-purpose mathematical sym-bols. You gain access to these charac-ters by pressing a Graphic-Shift key,which converts the normal typingkeys to symbol generators. The firstset of these symbols should beprinted, etched, stamped, or other-wise marked on the front of the keycaps in a color similar to that of thekey cap. This should not be a high-contrast color; such treatment causesvisual distraction and fatigue. Figure4 illustrates the layout of the un-shifted graphic symbols.

In addition to this primary set, onemay simultaneously press Shift andGraphic Shift to access a second set ofgraphic characters. Most of these arelogically related to their unshiftedcharacter. For example, all line sym-bols have a double-line counterpart.

Thus, while the second set is notshown on the keycaps, it is easilylearned. Figure 5 illustrates theseshifted graphic symbols.

Types of Physical Controls

We have avoided using any con-trols other than keys and push but-tons in the current HASCI standard(although voice recognition may cer-tainly be incorporated when appro-priate). Of two primary motivationsthe first was familiarity. Contrary toa current myth, keyboards are ex-tremely familiar objects in our socie-ty, and a vast number of potentialcomputer users are already familiarwith their use; no other practicalmeans of entering textual data into acomputer exists today. Second, theHASCI keyboard must be availableon portable computers as well as onfixed desktop units. If the interfaces

¥

♦

♦

*

A

e

(C

r

T

1

1l

ce.

/€

£

CO

X

«

»

DOTS|

II

lh

JL

HI

J^

f

Pis

•

□

=

r

z

1/4

DOTS

ON

1/2

DOTS

ON

=

lk=

_IL

J

Y

0

J

t

1

d

•

Ub

t

1

J)

SHIFT

GRAPHICSHIFT

Figure 5: The graphic symbols produced when both the Graphic-Shift and Shift keys are depressed. The symbols are not printed onthe keys but are logically related to the unshifted set: single lines shift to double, fractions shift to eighth and sixteenth notes, etc.Thus the shifted set is easily remembered or learned. A certain optimal level of difficulty encourages user participation: the extremesof too easy and too difficult are both undesirable.

388 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

PUZZLED

About

PC Add-Ons?

HARDWARE

SOFTWARE

has the solution

We established our reputation in the IBM add-on market by producing the industry's highest qualitymemory, communications and multifunction boards. We listened to your requests and now, PERSYSToffers solutions to both your hardware and software needs... PERSYST BRINGS YOU THE BEST OF BOTH!

IBM PC HARDWARE

IBM PC SOFTWARE

• 64K to 256K Bytes RAM

• Two async serial ports

• Parallel printer port

• All lour options upgradablewith field expansion kits

• 64K to 256K Bytes

• Field expansion kits in 64 Kincrements

• Parity generate and check

• Fully IBM compatible

Single board front-processor8088 microprocessor16K or 64 K Bytes RAMUp to 32K Bytes EPROMTwo RS 232/RS 422 async orsync ports

High speed parallel printer portCalendar clock

• Single or dual channel

• Full modem support

• Fully IBM compatible

• Emulates IBM 360/20 Mod 5HASP/RJE Workstation

• Up to seven Input and OutputJob Streams

• Reader, Printer, and Punchdevices dynamically assigned

• Line printer and on-line/off-lineprint spooling

• Supports line speeds to 19.2kilobaud

• Utilizes DCP/88

• Instant screen update

• Utilizes all keyboard, cursorand function keys

Status/help line display38 commands

• Up to 320K Bytes of RAM disk

• Keyboard reset protection

• Up to 50 times faster

• PC DOS compatible

• Application transparent

(JlllllGia

Ask to see the complete rt-k) Y) I line at your local computer dealer.

• No hardware required

• 2K-62K Bytes user assignablebuffer

• Supports serial or parallelprinters

PGItf Y'TLwhen Only The Best Will Do

s Copyright Personal Systems Technology Inc. 1982 IBM is a trademark of International Business Machines Corp.Circle 360 on inquiry card.

PERSONAL SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY, INC.

22957 La Cadena, Laguna Hills, CA 92653. (714) 859-8871

Circle 517 on inquiry card.

LSI'S SoftViewREPLACEMENT CRT's

For a Wide Variety of Terminals.

- Amber or slow-decay green phosphor.* Anti-glare face.

Lead/Strontium impregnated glass to stopX-rays.

- Exact replacements.

* High contrast darkened glass and phosphor.

- One year warranty.

Now you can convert your terminal to world-class performancewith the installation of an LSI Soft-View™ Replacement CRT.Available with your choice of European Amber or slow-decayGreen, complete with an etched high-contrast, anti-glare screen.

Available for DEC, Televideo, Hazeltine, TRS-80, Heath,Zenith, ADDS, and a wide variety of other monitors.

Average cost is $99.95 (quantity discounts available). Red andblue phosphors also available.

Langl

ey-St.Clair

InstrumentationSystems, Inc.

To order, callTOLL FREE1-800-221-7070

In N.Y. State call:(212) 989-6876

132 West 24th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011

It starts whenyou're a child...

... a respect for all living things . . .an appreciation of our natural heritageof wilderness and wildlife. -,

And those are lifetime gifts ypu canpass on to your children . . . traits thatmake life a little richer. %

We can help. We've developed aspecial children's program to teachthem the facts about wildlife . . . and:|,its value to mankind.

For more information about theNational Wildlife Federation's Ranger *Rick Nature Clubs and magazine for '.vchildren, write the National Wildlife ;Federation, Department 104, 141216th Street, NW, Washington,DC 20036.

:

on portable and fixed units are sub-stantially different, the concept oftransportable operator knowledgewould be violated.

HASCI allows a number of ways ofperforming certain actions. No onemethod is suited to all possible envi-ronments. Accordingly, it is quitepossible to have a Xerox-style"mouse" in a HASCI system (that'sjust one more way of moving a cursoraround a screen and making choices).Similarly, cursor keys, control keys,joysticks, etc. are equally valid in theproper time and place. A typewriterkeyboard represents merely one validmethod of entering text. Others willevolve and become common, buttypewriter keyboards are likely tocontinue in popular use for a longtime.

Conclusions

The HASCI interface is by nomeans an end; rather, it marks the be-ginning of an era of consumer-oriented computers.

HASCI is not intended to be a fixedthing. We hope it will evolve and im-prove with time. Keys will come andgo, menus will change, and groups ofkeys will grow and shrink. We expectthat computers specifically designedfrom the ground up to supportHASCI will help to reduce substan-tially the overall system cost and in-crease system performance.

Perhaps the best news for users isthat the Epson QX-10, the first com-puter using HASCI, will be availablefrom Epson America during the latterpart of 1982 (see Gregg Williams's"The Epson QX-10/Valdocs System,"September 1982 BYTE, page 54). Andit will be very cost competitive withthe current crop of personal micro-computers. ■

Acknowledgments

/ would like to acknowledge the courage andsupport of Mr. Yasuhiro Tsubota, president ofEpson America, and all the fine people of theEpson family. Without their support, theHASCI interface could not have been devel-oped.

I would also like to acknowledge the tech-nical assistance of Richard Mossip and RogerAmidon, whose contributions to the HASCIinterface are many.

390 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

fT7DflE BYTESPEFWOLLfIB*

It's true! The AVT-2 personalcomputer-fully Apple™ compatible -gives youmore bytes per dollar than the market leader.

Check the Specs

• Basic 64 K byte RAM memory upward expandablein 256 K byte cards to a maximum of four cardsgiving 1 M byte potential.

• 6502 Central microprocessor.

• 16 K byte ROM memory.

• EPROM-resident software.

• Composite B/W video output.

• Optional board generator for PAL, NTSC or RGB color signal.

• 40 col. x 24 line character display in B/W or color system.

• B/W graphic display 280 x 192 or 280 x 160 with 4 text lines.

• 16 Color graphic display 40 x 48 or 40 x 40 with 4 text lines.

• 6 Color graphic display 280 x 192 or 280 x 160 with 4 text lines.

• Full-feature detached keyboard with 65 keys and cursor steering.

• Seven Apple,M compatible slots for plug-in peripherals.

• Additional slot for color generation card, or programmable CTRcontrol card or light pen interface card or 80 char, x 24 linegeneration card.

• Double 5V'4 inch floppy disk drives, optional.

• Cassette and utility strobe output..

• 4 Annunciator outputs.

* The AVT-2 has a basic 64 K memory compared to 48 K of standard Apple II™.To find out how much cheaper the AVT-2 is, write or telex for a personal quote: AVT Trading A.G.,Chamerstrasse 50, CH 6300 Zug, Switzerland. Telex 865267 GSAG.

Apple and Apple II are trademarks of Apple Computer Inc.

Circle 43 on inquiry card.

cornp

We are at Comdex Amsterdam,Booth 1226, from 8-11 nov.'82.

SEE US ATCOMDEXBOOTH 1674

The only machine that runs

The software machine. The Decision I™ is an IEEE696 S-100 bus computer. But that's where itssimilarity to other machines ends. No other pro-duction machine offers the software flexibility ofthe Decision I. The Decision I runs Micronix™ whichis functionally identical to the UNIX™ OperatingSystem. It also runs multiple CP/M* 2.2 programs,Oasis;" MP/Mf C, FORTRAN, M BASIC™ CBASIC,RATFOR, PL-1, Northstar compatible BAZIC™ Pascaland virtually thousands of existing applications pro-grams. No other microcomputer offers you thatkind of flexibility.

Developing programs? The Decision I's broadoperating system base makes it a perfect softwaredevelopment system. And there's more.

Multi-user, multi-tasking. The Decision I can beconfigured for up to 15 users running 20individual tasks. Memory managementis similar to an IBM® 370's. And, a 7.2MHz processor on the hard disk con-troller supercharges the system.

The Micronix OS. Micronix supports ,all system calls source-compatiblywith the UNIX Operating System.Thus, UNIX programs will compiledirectly and UNIX documentationis almost totally applicable.Morrow's CP/M emulator hasbeen configured to run under i

Micronix, communicating directly with both UNIXand CP/M media.

Performance. In informal single-user benchmatests against 68000-based machines runningor UNIX-like operating systems, the Decision Ievery case. No 68000-based machine ran inuser mode, thus multi-user comparisons wereimpossible. But, these informal benchmarkswould seem to prove that the combinationof memory management and DMA I/O isas important as width of data path.

Now, the price: A single- ^^^

user Decision I includestwo4MHzZ80A

rk

;UNIXwon in

multi

UNIX is a trademark of Bell Laboratories

CP/M and MP/M are registered trademarks

of Digital Research, Inc.

Oasis is a trademark of Oasis Systems

IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corp.

MBASIC is a trademark, and Microsoft is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation

WordStar is a registered trademark of MicroPro, Inc.

BAZIC is a trademark of Micro Mike, Inc.

ION I

almost everything.

Systems your way: Morrow Designs also manufac-tures a full line of hard and floppy disk systems,add-in memory boards, I/O boards and diskcontrollers. That means you can configure yourcomputer your way...through a single supplier.

The Decision is yours. Compare the Decision I,feature-for-feature with mini and microcomputerson the market today. Compare capabilities.Compare flexibility. Compare utility. Then, compareprice. The Decision I is the only machine that runsalmost everything. If you're developing software, orsimply running it, that's a good thing to remember.

LOOK TO MORROWFOR ANSWERS.

f

processors,65K of static RAM,sophisticated memorymanagement hardware,three serial and two parallelports, a 14 slot S-100 mother-board, supervisor control in bothhardware and software, cabinet andpower supply. And of course, two 5%"48TPI floppy disk drives (800K), with MorrowDMA controller. Plus CP/M 2.2, industry standardMicrosoft" BASIC 5.2 and WordStar." Price: $3,495.The same system with a 5 Megabyte Winchester,an additional 7.2 MHz processor, and a single48TPI floppy costs $5,295.

Multiple user: A three-user upgrade kit with three65K static RAM boards and the Micronix OperatingSystem is available for $1,995, bringing the costof a three-user hard disk based system to $7,290.The Decision I is not simply an improved computersystem. It's a breakthrough in computing power,operating system flexibility and price.

MORROW OE5IGN5

5221 Central Avenue, Richmond, CA 94804(415) 524-2101

Circle 495 on inquiry card.

User's Column

Terminals, Keyboards, andHow Software Piracy WillBring Profits to Its Victims

Jerry Pournelle

c/o BYTE

POB 372

Hancock, NH 03449

Most of this column is built aroundmail I've received. It takes con-siderable ingenuity to answer mailand still have a theme to what youwrite. I tried and gave up.

More Terminal Madness

After my remarkable experienceswith the Televideo 950 (see "TerminalMadness, The Word, Grammatik,and Then Some," June 1982 BYTE,page 286), I got a ton of mail frompeople urging me to give the terminalanother try. I confess the suggestionwasn't unwelcome; I liked a lot aboutthe 950. Eventually I talked myselfinto getting another. Bill Grieb ofSystems Interface Consultantsvolunteered to get it set up andchecked out. Incidentally, Bill and hiswife Sylvia are the people I recom-mend whenever anyone is looking fora Godbout system and wants help.They give excellent advice onchoosing hardware and software, andthey'll hold your hand while you'regetting things running. They also give

a class called "The Small BusinessComputer Today and Tomorrow."On that, more later.

Anyway, I've been using theTelevideo 950 for about a monthnow. It works fine. Alas, I don'tmuch care for it. Once again, thereasons are personal. I know a lot ofprogrammers love the thing, and itcertainly is handsome enough. Theproblem for me is in the features.There are too many keys.

I wouldn't have thought you couldhave too many keys on a terminal,but Televideo Systems has managedit. Understand, it's not thereprogrammable function keys acrossthe top. Those are great; they're thebest feature on the terminal. They'rereally reprogrammable; you canmake them send whole messages, like"Hello there," as well as controlcharacters and escape sequences.

Unfortunately, the cursor-arrowkeys, which are down to the right ofthe space bar, are not reprogram-mable; and while some of them send

what you might expect, some don't.The Down Arrow key, for example,sends Control-V, for reasons thataren't clear to me. I sure wish it couldbe reprogrammed.

Then, a number of keys are packedaround the regular keyboard. Not, Ihasten "to add, in as miserable afashion as the IBM Personal Com-puter has done it. There is a verygood Selectric-style key layout hud-dled in among all those extra keys.But outboard of the left-hand Shiftkey is Back Tab, which sends the twocharacters Escape and I. Down by thespace bar are two more keys, Printand Funct. Up where the Delete keyought to be, there's the Clear Spacekey. All of these send escape se-quences. Most are placed admirablyfor being hit when you didn't want tohit them. The result can be devastat-ing.

Finally, there's the display. I ratherlike it. Like most modern terminals, ithas 24 lines of 80 characters each,which is best for programming. (For

394 November 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

T

11

LEAD i MAIL ORDER DK 3UNTS1I

Texas 817/274-5625

IBM Personal Computer

HARD DISK SYSTEM complete from $1588Multi-computer network systems available

INTERNAL DISK KITStested and configured . . . $289 each

MONITORS

Green / hi resolution $149

Color I / low resolution (40 column) $298Color II / hi resolution RGB (80 col) $699

EXTERNAL floppy DISK DRIVESwith matching cabinet & ext. drive cable

80 TRACK (dual 40/320k) $349

180 TRACK (dual 80/640k) $469

ATARI

ATARI 800 COMPUTER

ATARI 810 DISK DRIVES

Percom Double Density EXT DRIVES

ATARI 850 Interface and Cable

Compatible PRINTERS and Cables

TCS Accessory Kit for IBM

SAVE over $1300 on your IBM SYSTEM

by buying TCS ACCESSORY KIT for IBM

IBM Kit includes:

2 double sided 320KB DISK DRIVES

48k additional memory

Ouadboard with additional 64k memory, 1

serial port. 1 parallel port, & calendar clock

MXB0FT PRINTER & cable

Green hi resolution MONITOR

$1749

for the complete kit

APPLE

First DISK DRIVE w/controller. DOS 3.3,

cables and manual .... $419

Second DISK DRIVE with cable .... $319

APPLE to EPSON card and cable

TANDON DRIVES

BARE DRIVES ONLY

REGULAR 5'A" DRIVES

40 track single aided $199

80 track (dual aided 40 track) $269

180 track (dual sided 80 track) $389

SLIMLINE 5 V«" Drives (% size)

5 V WINCHESTER HARD DISK DRIVES

SLIMLINE 8" DRIVES

1 DRIVE in Cabinet

40 track single sided $249

80 track (dual aided 40 track) $329

160 track (dual sided 80 track) $449

1 DRIVE/Double Cabinet

40 track single sided $289

80 track (dual sided 40 track) $389

160 track (dual aided 80 track) $499

2 DRIVES/Double Cabinet

40 track single sided $489

SO track (dual aided 40 tracks) $839

180 track (dual sided 80 tracks) $849

CORVUS HARD DISK

CORVUS HARD DISKS complete from $2695

Add 5, 10 or 20 megabytes of storage to your TRW80. Apple, Atari, Heath, Zenith,IBM, Intertec, S-100 and many others. One or several computers can share a hard disk.Get simultaneous access to data for multiple users. Available now at SUPER SAVINGS.

PRINTERS

TCS has the LOWEST PRICES on IN STOCK PRINTERS!MATRIX PRINTERS

STAR MICRONICS $449

NEC 8023A $495

C.ITOH 8510 / TEC $479

ANADEX 9501 w/2k buffer $1295

LINE PRINTER V (RS) $CALL

LINE PRINTER VI (RS) $986

LINE PRINTER VIII (RS) $649

CENTRONICS 352 (200 cps) $1795

CENTRONICS 353 (dual mode) ... $2495

OKIDATA 82A $429

OKIDATA 82A w/tractor $479

OKIDATA 83A $885

OKIDATA 84A (serial) $1169

OKIDATA 84A (parallel) $1089

HI SPEED BAND PRINTERS

CENTRONICS 6080 (standard) ... $CALLCENTRONICS (quletized) $CALL

LETTER QUALITY PRINTERS

C.ITOH F-10 (40 cpa) $1595

DAISY WHEEL II (RS) $1695

SMITH CORONA TP-1 $699

BROTHER / COMREX $829

NEC 7730 $2375

NEC 3530 $1795

EPSON PRINTERS

EPSON MX80 $449

EPSON MX80 FT $524

EPSON MX100 FT $885

GRAPHTRAX PLUS comes free in Epsonsll

EPSON ACCESSORIES

GRAPHTRAX PLUS (bit Image) $79

MODEL I interface $29

MODEL I interface/cable to keyboard $85

MODEL III cable $29

COLOR Computer interface/cable .. $155

APPLE Interface/cable $89

ATARI cable (muat have 850 int) $36

IBM Personal Computer cable $45

OSBORNE cable $36

Serial RS232 2k buffered int.card ... $109

EPSON PACK II

Screen oriented bit image graphics gener-ator for the Model III. Create your owncharacters, symbols, &tc. Documentation.EPSON PACK II bought w/printer $24.95EPSON PACK II bought separately $34.95Update for EPSON PACK I $7.50

TEXAS COMPUTER SYSTEMS

P.O. Box 1327 Arlington, Texas 76004-1327

TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE 817/274-9221

ORDER STATUS 817/277-1913

TELEX/TWX/Easylink ELN 62100790

800 433-5184

No tax out of state. Texans add 5%. Prices subject to change at any time.

TRS-80

TCS MODEL III 48k 2 DISK

Systems come wMti IM day TCS ImHed warranty.

$1695

With standard 40 track

double density drives.

Over 340,000 bytes.

Includes TDOS

$1995

With 2 dual headed 40

track dbl.density drives,

Over 730,000 bytes.

Includes TDOS.

Fully assembled and tested systems that are software compatible and functionallyidentical to Radio Shack units sold at computer stores for $hundreds more.

■ CONTROLLER BOARDS are high quality double sided epoxy boards with goldplated contacts.

■ POWER SUPPLY Is the finest switching type available.

■ MOUNTING HARDWARE includes power and data cables.

■ DISK DRIVES are Tandon, the same ones used by Radio Shack .... 40 track, doubledensity, with a 5 millisecond stepping rate.

TCS MODEL III DISK EXPANSION KITS

1 Controller. Power Supply, Mounting Hardware & instructions $379

2 Controller Power Supply, Hardware & one 40 track Tandon drive $577

3 Controller. Power Supply. Hardware, two 40 track Tandon drives. 32k memory

(everything you need for 2 drive 48k upgrade) $799

la Kit 3 but with two SO track drives (dual aided 40a) $999

3b Kit 3 but with two 160 track drlvea (dual aided 80s) $i 169

MODEL III SYSTEMS

Original 90 day manufacturer's warranty.MODEL III 4k Level 1 $599

MODEL III 16k $818

MODEL III 32k $898

MODEL III 48k $988

MODEL III 48k 2Dr/RS232 $1944

TCS MODEL III Syatems use original RShardware and quality TCS memory.180 day limited warranty.

TCS MODEL III 16k $799

TCS MODEL III 32k $818

TCS MODEL III 48k $848

COLOR COMPUTER

Original 90 day manufacturer's warranty.16k level 1 $306

16k Extended Basic $398

32k Extended Basic $CALL

Color Disk 0 $479 Disk 1 $349

TCS COLOR COMPUTERS use originalRS hardware & TCS memory.160 day warranty.

TCS 32k Extended Basic . $499

TCS 32k Memory Upgrade $79

TCS Color Disk Drive 0 $449

TCS Color Disk Drive 1/2/3 $249

Model II .. Model 16 .. Accessories . . $CALL

TCS Is an authorized TRS-60 dealer F701 in Bradv. Texas

WIZARD'S TOUCH Regularly $199 Introductory offer

Program Development System tin 12/25/82.$99

BELIEVE IT OR NOT. YOU CAN DEVELOP YOUR OWN PROGRAM IN 15 MINUTEStllThe WIZARD'S TOUCH Program Development System Is a superior programgenerator that can provide you with the program you3ve been looking for. It comes withIt's own Disk Operating System, providing unlimited backups.

With WIZARD'S TOUCH, here's what you can do:

■ Custom design your own special form for maximum ease of entering your data. Youhave total control over defining the number of characters assigned to each field andany other entry restrictions.

■ Fully view and edit all fields at all times. No need to retype an entire field when editing.Just type over the mistakes, or insert or delete them.

■ Create a BTREE structured file, allowing you to access your stored data rapidly andwithout sorting. Duplicate keys are allowed, as well as sub-keys.

■ Enter data at full typing speed.

□ Define your own special self-help or prompt information that will be displayed for anygiven field, by just touching one key.

■ Expand your program to support up to 8 calculations for each data field. Results canbe displayed in any field or In any defined display area. Results can also be saved to diskalong with regular data fields. Data such as dates or prices can be formatted as desired.

■ Generate your own reports with the built-in pre-defined or custom defined reportgenerator. Just a few keystrokes can get you a report that can be alphabetized orordered by any field. And It'a all automatic.

The WIZARD'S TOUCH is so fast and easy to use. It makesother developmentsystems of the market look like amateurs. No royalty necessary for resale ofprograms you develop on WIZARD'S TOUCH. It creates a stand-alone, fullycommented, BASIC program, which you can eaaily modify.

Your purchase Includes a free subscription to our WIZARD'S TOUCH newsletter, aquarterly publication with free programs, Ideas for applications, updates and more.Now available for MODEL l/lll Coming soon for MODEL II, IBM and APPLE.

Circle 448 on inquiry card.

writing I stick to my old 16 lines of 64characters on a 15-inch screen, but 1have eye problems.) A twenty-fifth orstatus line comes on in reverse videowhen you turn on the terminal. Alas,it's nearly impossible to get rid of thatline. It takes the darndest sequence ofescape and control characters youever saw because what you must do isfill a line with spaces and output all80 of them. If there's a better way,neither Tony Pietsch nor I have beenable to figure it out from theTelevideo 950's rather poorlyorganized documents. (The opera-tor's manual is quite good on how toconnect the 950 and set the switchesand such but plain lousy when itcomes to explaining the many"smart" features.)

So, all in all, I'm not enormouslypleased. Fortunately, we have afriend setting up a new system whodoes like it, so I'll be able to find it agood home.

(By the way, Tony continues towork on interrupt-driven softwareprojects using the DEC [Digital

Equipment Corporation] VT 100; butsince I haven't got it yet, I can't sayhow much I'll like it.)

Hacksaw, Anyone?

Meanwhile, I have several lettersfrom readers advising me that it'spossible to detach the keyboard froma Heath/Zenith Z-19 terminal. Thesimplest instructions came from Sher-ril Cawn of Los Angeles, California,and Peter Kip Mercure of Blacksburg,Virginia. Mercure writes, "Removethe keyboard (six screws on bottom),and note that a fair length of ribboncable connects the keyboard to thelogic board; cut the keyboard base offwith a saw. You then have a detachedkeyboard."

This will certainly work. If you tryit, you'd want to cover the resultingraw edges. Cawn suggests a piece ofvarnished pine. I understand thewhole system can be made quite at-tractive.

Mercure likes both Z-19 terminalsand Z-89 computers, in part becausethe Z-89 comes with extensive docu-

INVESTMENT ANALYSISFROM CENTENNIAL

CENTENNIAL SOFTWARE/410 17TH ST. SUITE 1375/DENVER, CO 80202/(303) 595-9193

STOCK-FOCUS

Find out how low is low and how high is high.Using capital structure and performance data, Stock-focus objectively calculates the underlying value of astock. The system was first developed by the manage-ment science department of a major money centerbank, and is now in use by investment advisors, trustcompanies and brokerage houses. On your screen,Stock-focus will plot an estimate of lowest value, highestvalue and the current price. You then decide what tobuy, sell or hold.

REAL-FOCUS

Exhaustively analyze potential real estate invest-ments using the Wharton School's approach to realestate analysis, In minutes you can project profit, costs,and 1RR for any project over a 10 year period. Real-focus accounts for amortization, debt, income, operat-ing expenses, taxes, depreciation, and cash flows forboth after-tax holding and the results of sale. WithReal-focus you can analyze any potential investmentfrom a single building project to a complex time-phasedplanned unit development.

THE FOCUS TECHNIQUE

FOCUS is CENTENNIAL SOFTWARE'S newapproach to Program Architecture, providing a nat-ural interaction between microcomputers and users.It provides worksheet style input screens, free accessto all program segments, and the ability to com-

bine individual results files for portfolio analysis. Youalso receive a usable reference manual, menu helps,a program glossary, multiple report formats and spool-ing. With our FOCUS technique even the most com-plex programs are versatile and easy to use.

COMPUTER

MEMORY-K

REAL-FOCUS

STOCK-FOCUS

IBM PC 64 $179.00 $189.00

Apple (plus) II 48 149.00 159.00

TRS-80 I 48 149.00 159.00

TRS-80 II 64 179.00 189.00

TRS-80 III 48 149.00 159.00

ALL PROGRAMS IN DISK BASIC

IBM is a trademark ol ISM, Apple is a trademark ol Apple Computer Corp., TRS-80 is a trademark of Tandy Corporation.

ORDER N0WI FILL IN OR CALL 800-525-2003 (Toll Free)

PROGRAM NAME_

NAME

ADDRESS

. COMPUTER.

ACCOUNT #_

PHONE #_□

EXP. DATE .

. MEMORY,

□

mentation including the sources forthe software. He says, "When weneeded to write a new device driverfor IBM Selectric and Olympia 25100,the code was available to bemodified."

Incidentally, Robert A. Heinleinhas two Z-89 computers and is quitepleased with them.

Jiggering Up the Displays

The following is not guaranteed towork. I got it from a reliable source,but it's a great deal more in SteveCiarcia's line than mine, so I haven'ttried it.

To make the Z-19 display "beauti-ful" (easier to read):

Remove chip U477 (which is a74LS08 quad AND gate logic chip)and bend up pins 4, 5, and 6 sothat they do not go into the socketany more. (This is an unused por-tion of the chip.) Replace the chip.Remove U478 (a 74S74 chip) andbend up pin 6. Attach a wire to thehole in the socket where pin 6 ofU478 would normally go, run thatwire to pin 6 of U477, and solder.Insert the 74S74 back in its socket,being certain that pin 6 does nottouch the socket or the wire com-ing out of it.

Solder a wire from U478 pin 6 toU477 pin 5; solder a wire fromU478 pin 3 to U477 pin 4.

The dot clock now gates thevideo logic output, resulting in avery nice display. It gets rid of thesolid lines that cause inconsistentbrightness in vertical and horizon-tal lines.

Tony Pietsch's comment is that thisought to work, but of course it willnot make solid blobs and othergraphics characters when altered thisway; and you should be very carefulnot to overheat chips when yousolder directly to their pins. It's quiteeasy to ruin the chips if you don'tknow what you're doing.

I pass this along for what it'sworth, but I disclaim any respon-sibility for disasters. If you don't real-ly understand what's going on, don'ttry it.

396 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 71 on inquiry card.

We Have It!.. At the best prices.

Call For Super Value

On S-100 System With

Dbl. Dens. 8"Drives!

INTERTECSUPERBRAIN IIFree! Microsoft Basic 80

Self-contained computer with dual disks andtwo RS232C ports. Complete with CP M 2.2.

64K Jr $2099

64K QD $2495

64KSD $2949

10 Meg. DDS Hard Disk.... $2995

VIDEO TERMINALS

SOROCIQ130 595

SOROCIQ135 749

SOROCIQ 135G 799

SOROCIQ140 1149

HA2ELTINE ESPRIT CALL

ESPRIT-II CALL

1420 CALL

1500 CALL

1510 CALL

1520 CALL

TELEVIDEO 910C CALL

912C CALL

920C CALL

925C CALL

950C CALL

TEXAS INST. 940 BASIC 1599

940 Package 2079

745 Portable Terminal 1399

745 Portable Terminal w/U'L'Case. 1495

INTERTEC INTERTUBE III 749

ZENITH Z 19 729

PRINTERS

ANADEX DP-9500 $1349

DP-9501 1349

PAPER TIGER IDS 445G Special!599

PRISM PRINTER IDS-80, w/o color.. . Call

IDS-80, w/color Call

IDS-132, w/color 1695

NEC3510.RORS232C35CPS 1945

NEC 3530. RO. Cenir lmer.35CPS 1945

NEC7710.RORS232C55CPS 2395

NEC 7720, <SR. RS232C 55CPS 2999

NEC 7730.RO. Centr. Inter. 55 CPS 2395

QUME Sprint 9/45

Ltd or Full. 45 CPS. RS232C. . . . NEWLOW!

C.ITOH Pro Writer, Parallel 549

Serial and Parallel 649

DIABLO 630 RO RS232C. 55CPS 2299

CENTRONICS 730-1, Parallel 349

737-3, RS232C 389

704-11, Parallel 1693

704-9, RS232C 1595

122G, Parallel, 120 CPS 949

EPSON

MX80 489

MX80FT 589

MX100FT 789

RS232 Serial Interface 65

RS232/2K Bufferlnterface 125

Graftrax II 90

Apple Printer Interface 75

TI810 Basic, RS232C 1349

810 Basic, RS232C & Parallel 1395

810w/full ASCII, vertical forms

control compressed print 1599

820 RO, Basic 1645

820 KSR, Basic 1839

OKIDATA Microline80 359

Tractor-feed option 50

Microline 82A 479

Microline 83A 759

Microline 84 parallel 1149

Microline 84 serial 1249

MONITORS

ZENITH-ZYM-121, 12" Green Phos.,. . $125

AMDEK 100, 12" NEWLOW, 99

100G. 12" Green Phosphor 149

300, 12" Green Phos., Hi. Res 199

Color-1,13" 359

Color II, 13", R.G.B. Hi Res 799

Apple adapt, for R.G.B 159

BMC -12A, 12" Gr. Phos NewLow99

NORTH STARCall For Prices

FLOPPY DISK SYSTEMS

MORROW DESIGNS

Discus 2D, single drive DD $898*

Dual Discus 2D, dual drive DD 1549*

Discus 2-2, double sided DD 1239*

Dual Discus 2-2 2139

Dual DMA Discus 2D 1619*

HARD DISK SUBSYSTEMS

MORROW DESIGNSDiscus M-5 5 Meg.. . ./Vewiow$1559*

Discus M-10 10 Meg 3095*

Discus M-26, 26 Meg 3795*

CORVUS 5 Meg 3185

10 Meg 4545

20 Meg 5499

KONAN David 5 Meg 2499

10 Meg 3049

15 Meg 3295

INTERTEC 10 Meg SPECIAL $2995

'Includes CP/M'2.2 and Microsoft Basic.

FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLERBOARDS

CROMEMCO 16FDC DD $499

NORTH STAR DD 479

MORROW Disk Jockey 2D, A&T 329

INTERSYSTEMS, FDC-2, A&T 439

TARBELL DD, A&T 445

SYSTEMS GROUP DD DMA 439

ESCON CONVERSION FORIBMSELECTRIC

Complete with microprocessor controller andpower supply. Factory built. User installssolenoid assembly or it can be done atESCON Factory.

RS232 Serial & Parallel $534

Cable for above 25

PROM PROGRAMMERS

SSMPB1 Kit $152

SSMPB1. A&T 225

MODEMS

NOVATION CAT Acoustic Modem $149

D-CAT Direct Connect 155

AUTO-CAT Auto Ans 219

APPLE CAT 329

UDS 103 LP Direct Connect 175

103 JLP Auto Answer 219

DC HAYES MICROMODEM II (Applet. . 339

MODEM 100 (S 100) 339

Smart Modem (RS 232) 239

Potomac Micro Magic (S 100) 339

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER

SYSTEMS

Z80 CPU Board

$$269

Disk Controller 2422, w/CP/M

359

16K Static, A&T

259

32K Static, A&T

399

64K Dynamic RAM

335

System 2210 W/64K, CP/M2 2. .

1745

CPU BOARDS

(assembled unless notedl

NORTHSTAR Z-80A (ZPB-A/A)

$269

INTERSYSTEMS (MPU-80)

349

SSMCB1 8080, A&T

214

CB2, Z-80, A&T

289

CB2, Z-80, Kit

219

SYSTEMSGROUPZ 80 with I O

419

MEMORY BOARDS

NORTHSTAR 16K RAM

$299

HRAM64K

. 589

HRAM32K

. 419

CROMEMCO 16KZ

419

CROMEMCO 64KZ

595

MEMORY MERCHANT

16K Static, 4MHz

159

64K Static, 4MHz

549

SYSTEMS GROUP

/Measurement Systems 8 Controls)

DM4800 48K8oard

499

DM6400 64K Board

529

DMB6400 64K Board

595

GODBOUTIA&T)

CPUZ

$$249

CPU 8085 88

. 359

RAM 20 32

359

RAM 1764

675

RAM 21

1439

209

209

Disk 1

419

System Support 1

335

Enclosure2 (Desk)

699

Enclosure 2 (Rack)

759

VIDEO BOARDS I/O Mappec

SD SYSTEMS

VDB-8024, A&T

$469

SSM VB2I/0, Kit

. 169

VB2I/0, A&T

. 229

MEMORY MAPPED

VB1C, 16x64, Kit

. 152

VB1C, 16x64, A&T

. 206

VB3, 80 Char. 4MHz, Kit

359

VB3, 80 Char. 4MHz, A&T

. 419

APPLE BOARDS

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER

7710A Asynchronous Ser Interface..

$129

7712A Synchronous Ser. Interface .

149

7424A Calender Clock

105

7728A Centronics Printer Interface..

99

MicroPro WordStar,

Spel/Star, Mat/Merge.

im $895 -Special, $399-

(popular formats only)

—Limited Supply, Limited Time-

MicroPro DataStar, CalcStar,

SuperSort. List, $895 Only $399

(popular formats only)

SuperCalc,. . $179

(popular formats onlyl

—Limited Supply, Limited Time—

All prices, F.O.B. shipping point, subject to change. All offers subject to withdrawal without notice. Advertised prices reflect a 2% cash discount (order prepaidprior to shipment). C.O.D.'s and credits cards are 2% hiaher.

MiniMicroMart, Inc.

943 W. Genesee St. P.O. Box 2991B Syracuse, N.Y. 13220 (315)422-4467 TWX 710-542-0431

Circle 304 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982 397

Europe Strikes Again

In his newest book, From Bauhausto Our House, Tom Wolfe gives ascreamingly funny account of howpost-World War I European architec-ture came to dominate in the UnitedStates, resulting in all those dreadfulboxes that clutter big city skylines. Ashe points out, European architects

spoke of "functionalism" whilebuilding flat-roofed buildings inheavy snowfall areas.

It seems the Europeans are alsowrecking our keyboards.

As I've mentioned in this columnbefore, the IBM Personal Computerhas that stupid key between the Z andthe left-hand Shift key. It also has an

Items Reviewed

Televideo 950

$1195

Televideo Systems Inc.

1170 Morse Ave.

Sunnyvale, CA 94086

(408) 745-7760

Heath/Zenith Z-19CN

$ 895

Heath Co.

Benton Harbor, MI 49022

(616) 982-3200

M-Drive 128K bytes

$1198

256K bytes

$2396

8085/8088 Dual Processor

$425

Compupro Systems

Oakland Airport, CA 94614-0355

(415) 562-0636 .

Semidisk 512K bytes

$1995

Semidisk Systems 1 megabyte

$2995

POBGG

Beaverton, OR 97075

(503) 642-3100

Disk Doctor

$100

Supersoft

POB 1628

Champaign, IL 61820

(217) 359-2112

SPAT (included in Utility Disk One) (postpaid)

$32.50

Workman and Associates

112 Marion St.

Pasadena, CA 91106

(213) 796-4401

COLORTROL demo ("locked")

$49.95

Soft-Link charge to unlock

$150

3255-2 Scott Blvd.

Santa Clara, CA 95051

(408) 988-8011

Books Reviewed

Compu Guide

by Martha Eischen, Beaverton, OR: Dilithium Press, 1982.

$14.95

Osborne CP/M User Guide

by Thorn Hogan, Berkeley, CA: Osborne/McGraw-Hill, 1981.

$15.95

Interfacing to S-100/IEEE-696 Microcomputers

by Sol Libes and Mark Garetz, Berkeley, CA: Osborne/McGraw-Hill, 1981.

$15

Microcomputer Operating Systems

by Mark Dahmke, Peterborough, NH: BYTE/McGraw-Hill, 1982.

$15.95

egregiously small Return key placedtoo far away from the home keys.

I've just seen the keyboard layoutfor the DEC Personal Computer, and,by golly, DEC has done the samething! Yet here are DEC and IBM,both of which have made good key-boards. Heck, I'm typing this on aDEC keyboard. When we were firstsearching for good keyboards, wetook one out of an old DECWriterand set it up to stand alone. LarryNiven and I liked that so much thatwe have two each now. And ofcourse the IBM Selectric has probablythe best keyboard ever made fortypists. So why are these companiesdoing this to themselves?

Because, I'm told, there's a "stan-dard." It comes from Europe.

As far as I'm concerned, it can goback to Europe. There are probablymore keyboards and typewriters inthe United States than in the rest ofthe world combined. If someone hasto relearn how to type, why should itbe us?

And to make it worse, it's only akeyboard. Why the devil don't theymake them in many layouts andstyles? I once worked for Dr. Dvorakup at the University of Washington(see in this issue "A Short History ofthe Keyboard," page 386, and "VictorVictorious," page 216, both by PhilLemmons). He'd invented an entirelynew—and much more sensible—key-board layout, which never caught onbecause it was just too hard to gofrom the Dvorak to the QWERTY.(It's easy enough to convert from theold QWERTY to Dvorak's layout; theproblem comes when you have to goback again.) There was never a largeenough market for the Dvoraklayout. Now, though, when it's onlya matter of reprogramming a PROM(programmable read-only memory)chip and moving the key topsaround, you'd think somebodywould come out with choices.

And I know that can be done:when Tony Pietsch first set upEzekial, my ancient Cromemco Z-2machine, we looked for keyboards.We didn't find the DEC boards untillater. Meanwhile, my mad friend andI bought surplus Memorex keyboardsfrom Dick Dickensen. Alas, although

398 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

B

'&M%

%

./

The ApparatEPROM BlasterNow for theIBM/PC, Apple IIand TRS-80.

Apparat's EPROM Burner: It'snew. It's more powerful and nowavailable for all three of today'smost popular personalcomputers. And the price hasdropped by over 20%.

Increased Capabilities

The Apparat EPROM Burner(A.P.B.) programs most 24 pin 4,8, 16 and 32k EPROMS, but now itcan also program 64k devices.And with all personality modulesand software included, Apparat'sEPROM programmer is the mostsophisticated system on themarket.

The A.P.B. system can verify,read, program and copy theEPROM; copy between differentROM types; read or save EPROMdata on storage devices; programdirectly from computer memoryand more.

And a Lower Price

Even with increased capabilitieswe've been able to lower the price20% to $119.00 ($129.00 for theIBM/PC). This price includes allthe personality modules,operating software and theinstruction manual.

If you're looking for a powerful,versatile and cost efficient EPROMburner, contact us today, Apparat,Inc., 4401 5. Tamarac Parkway,Denver, CO 80237, (303)741-1778. Or to order call

800/525-7674

IBM/PC Is a trademark of IBMTRS-80 Is a trademark of Tandy Corp.Apple II is a trademark of Apple Computer

Circle 28 on inquiry card.

Apparat, Inc.

Look WhoPicked the Peach

Did You?

They did.

And perhaps you did too. If youown an IBM Personal Computer,™ anApple III,™ a Zenith Z-89™ or aHewlett-Packard HP-87;" you've hadthe chance to pick Peachware.™ Allthese companies chose PeachtreeSoftware,v to get the most out oftheir machines for you.

And with good reason. PeachtreeSoftware is the recognized leader inbusiness software for microcomputers,with a reputation for comprehensive,well-designed packages, easy-to-usedocumentation and Peachcare,M — ourown array of support services un-matched in the industry.

With integrated systems like thePeachpak™ 8 Accounting Series —General Ledger, Accounts Payable,Accounts Receivable, Sales Invoicing,Inventory Control and PeachPay™Payroll —Peachtree offers the managerunprecedented control over his criticalaccounting activities. And the Peach-pak 9 Office Productivity Series,based on the PeachText'"* word

processor and including the Peach-Calc'" Electronic Spreadsheet, Spell-ing Proofreader, Mailing List Managerand Telecommunications, expandsthe power of Peachtree Softwareto all areas of the office.

Those qualities made our softwarethe natural choice of these big manu-facturers. But they're not the onlyones who've picked a peach. So havetens of thousands of individual usersof the better CP/M™ -compatiblemicrocomputers.

If you haven't picked the Peach,isn't it about time you did?

Circle 356 on inquiry card.

*We improved Magic Wand,'" and it's so goodwe put our name on it.

■R)

Please send me information on Peachware™ by Peachtree Software.

Name:

Company:Address:_City:

_State:_

.Zip:.

I am a: □ prospective dealer □ user of software

Peachtree Software Incorporated an MSA company

3445 Peachtree Road, N.E./8th Floor/Atlanta, Georgia 30326/(404) 266-0673

IBM is a trademark of International BusinessMachines Corp.

Apple III is a trademark of Apple Computer Inc.Z-89 is a trademark of Zenith Corporation.HP-87 is a trademark of Hewlett-Packard Company.CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research Inc.Peachware, Peachtree Software, Peachcare,Peachpak, PeachPay, PeachText and PeachCalcare trademarks of Peachtree Software Incorporated,an MSA Company.

Copyright © 1982 Peachtree Software Incorporated,an MSA Company.

BY 11/82

PeachtreeSoftware"

the boards had a good feel to them,the keys were laid out Teletype (TTY)style, with the single and doublequotes up as Shift numerals.Novelists use quote marks a lot.

"I need a Selectric layout," I said.

"You'll have it," said Mac Lean.'Tony will take care of it." My madfriend had a lot of confidence inTony.

And indeed, Tony did. But thatmade for another problem: Mac Leanwas used to the TTY key layout andcouldn't use my machine. Back toTony Pietsch, who installed a smallswitch up at the top of the keyboard.Click up, and the keys were in Selec-tric layout for me. Click down, andthey were in TTY style for my madfriend.

This was in 1978. If Tony Pietschcould do that using surplus equip-ment back then, I know it can bedone now. What man can do, mancan aspire to.

Meanwhile, I continue to look forthe perfect keyboard. I may—justmay—have found it. (Sorry, I won'tsay what until I've had a chance totest it.) If I don't find it, my BYTEassociate Mark Dahmke and I havejust about decided to design our ownterminal, using an S-100 bus, Z80processor, and a memory-mappedvideo board.

What Is a Memory Map?

Which neatly brings me to severalletters asking "what the devil ismemory-mapped video?" Not longago, that question was of historicalinterest only; now it's relevant again.

In the old days—say, prior to1980—memory was very expensive,and there weren't very many ter-minals. Console input and outputwere real problems. When Larry andMarilyn Niven got their firstmicrocomputer, an early Altair, theyused a Teletype machine, and anumber of others did it that way. Ofcourse, the TTY was pretty inconve-nient, and you couldn't do word pro-cessing with it (well, not very well,anyway); so a lot of people dreamedof having a "glass Teletype," which isto say a video screen.

One way to do that was to buy aterminal; but as I said, there weren't

many terminals available, and mostof those available had problems; sothere arose an alternate way to get avideo-screen console.

An 8-bit computer chip, such as the8080 or Z80, uses 2 bytes or 16 bitsfor a memory address; thus it candirectly address 216 locations. That'sthe number 65,536, which is in-variably called 64K bytes for reasonsthat aren't important here. Random-access read/write memory (RAM)was so expensive back then that fewmicrocomputers had more than 48Kbytes, leaving a full 16K-byte blockempty.

Some designers saw this as a greatopportunity and constructedmemory-mapped video boards,which could be addressed to anymemory location. Suppose, for exam-ple, that the last addressable memorylocation in your system was at byte49152, which is CO00 in hexadecimal.Your machine was capable of ad-dressing locations 49152, or C000hexadecimal, to 65535, or FFFF hexa-decimal. (Remember that we startwith location 0, not 1, so that the topnumber is 65535, not 65536.)Although it was capable of address-ing those locations, there was nothingthere to address. Thus you could puta memory-mapped video board upthere. Assume we addressed the firstmemory-map cell at 52224 (CC00hexadecimal), and ignore the fact thatthere's a gap between the top of "real"memory and the beginning of ourmemory-mapped video boardbecause the computer doesn't mind atall.

This board looked to the systemjust like more memory. You couldread it and write to it. However, inaddition to saving whatever informa-tion was stashed in memory locationsthere, the board showed them on avideo display. Thus, if you put in theletter B at the first memory location(CC00), a Y at the second (CC01), a Tat the third, and an E at the fourthand then connected a video monitorto the board, you would see the wordBYTE in the upper left-hand corner ofthe screen.

And so forth. For technicalreasons, memory-mapped videoboards came in two sizes: 16 lines of

64 characters, and 24 lines of 80characters. The 16 by 64 board tookup 1024 memory locations, and notsurprisingly, the 24 by 80 used up1920, i.e., a lK-byte and (almost) a2K-byte block respectively.

There were a lot of good thingsabout memory-mapped video. Forone thing, it was fast. I mean reallyfast, nearly instantaneous, and thiswas back in the days when terminalsand Teletypes were so slow that itseemed to take forever to rewrite afull screen of information.

Then, too, you could change thecharacter sets: that is, when the videoscreen displayed an a or a Z orwhatever, if you didn't find thataesthetically pleasing, you could ac-tually reprogram the letter's shape(although few actually did that). Youcould go out and choose a keyboardyou liked, which is how I got first myMemorex and then my DEC key-boards. You could output the resultonto any video monitor you liked.Finally, you could write your own"terminal software. ' That is, becauseall you were doing was moving dataaround in memory, you could writeall kinds of routines for "insertcharacter" and "insert line." Youcould make it scroll, and all this hap-pened fast.

Moreover, what was then (in myjudgment) the best text editor avail-able for microcomputers, MichaelShrayer's Electric Pencil, workedonly with memory-mapped video. In-deed, Shrayer cleverly took advan-tage of the fact that the video displaywas memory and used that memorylocation as the input buffer, rewritingfrom screen to "real memory" only atthe ends of lines. Because this tooktime, the result was Electric Pencil'sinfamous habit of dropping charac-ters if you typed too fast; but giventhe dreadful editors available then,Electric Pencil was so superior inevery other respect that most of usdidn't care.

The result was that in the earlydays of microcomputers about asmany machines were developed withmemory-mapped video as terminals,and a lot of people with terminals en-vied us memory-mapped types.

Of course, the problem was that

402 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Teach

^ YourComputer

to Spell

The WORD Plus proofreads5,000 words/ min., looks up thecorrect spelling and, if you wish, makesthe correction for you!

The WORD Plus can hyphenate files byinserting soft hyphens so words breakprecisely.

The WORD Plus counts words, solvesanagrams, crosswords and rhymes!

The WORD Plus works! ... withWordStar™, Magic Wand™, Mince™,and others.

Available for CP/M™,CP/M-86™, MSDOS(IBM P.O.)and CDOS.

WordStar is a trademark of Micro Pro, Int'l.

Magic Wand is a trademark of Peachtree Software. Inc.

Mince is a trademark of Mark of the Unicorn.

The WORD Plus. $150.

For more information call: Wayne Holder

Oasis Systems2765 Reynard Way, San Diego, CA 92103(714)291-9489

Distributed by:SOFTWARE DISTRIBUTORS

1800-2521021 (in California)1800-421-0814 (outside California)

Circle 331 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982

403

Two convenienceoutlets.

Three RS-232 ports andone parallel port.

2.f> megabytes offloppy disk storage.

GAZEU|

&80"*

Constant voltage

power supply.

(Includes hard disk power)

Easy roll-aboutcasters.

Anatomy

of a

Gazelle.

hen you look inside SeattleComputer's new Gazelle™ 808616-Bit microcomputer you'll findits beauty is more than skin deep.

Quite simply the swift, sleekGazelle is engineered to includethe most-wanted features in a micro. And withplenty of room to grow as your needs increase.

8 MHz. 8086 CPU. Fast, reliable with a provenproduction record.

128K of RAM. Enough memory for most any job.The fast static memory lets our CPU go at full speed.

Three serial, one parallel port. Provides I/O foryour terminal, printer, communications, and more atup to 19,200 baud.

Two 8-inchfloppy disk drives.Double-sided,double-densityfor a total of 2.5megabytes ofon-line storage.Thedisk controlleris capable ofhandling up to four drives.

Constant-voltage power supply. Provides clean,constant power even under brown-out conditions.And it promotes reliable operation in the noisiestelectrical environment.

Expandable. An 18-slot S-100 mother-board allowsyour system to grow along with your needs. RAMmay be increased to 896K or you may choose froma wide variety of options from Seattle Computer orother S-100 manufacturers. There is even a mountinglocation and power supply for an 8" Winchesterdisk, which will soon be available as an option.

The Software is Here Now!

MS-DOS operating system. Friendly and easy touse. Includes complete assembly-language develop-ment system. Plus it is fully compatible with the

wn^wa mt m

taMim. m ! ihm !

[r-fii i.im u> umi ii ii'it'i ii i

bit ■•■■• tinunt « I > g

IKS"-,, . W !! W '* '"«! 'i 'Hi

i.mm ffiSlU'i <m Mo. Ui'liwi! fate «>lr Imn

KnlUrt CrtlCfl ftlnl Us:,' l|.in,(..; lt:„<> Writ! rFgrmll

IBM PersonalComputer DOS.

Microsoft BASICinterpreter. A fast,16-bit version of theindustry standard. Itopens the door to awide range of existingapplication programs.Perfect Writer wordprocessor. The ultimate word processor, that hasbeen rated "excellent" by Infoworld (6-14-82).(Optional spelling checker available.)

Multi-Plan spread sheet. Not just another "Visi-Clone," but a truly superior planning tool. Cross-iinking of separate spread sheets provides previouslyunheard of capability. (Optional.)

Complete language support with MicrosoftPascal, FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC Compilers avail-able. You can choose the right language for anyapplication. (Optional.)

Best of all, the Gazelle is priced to sell as quicklyas it runs. You can buy the fully tested Seattle

Computer Gazelle fromyour local dealer for $5995.Add a terminal and printerand you are ready to go.

Call toll free1-(800)-426-8936 formore information aboutthe world's best, andfastest, micro buy.

1114 Industry Drive, Seattle, WA981!

Circle 406 on Inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982

405

the board did take up space inmemory, whereas a terminaloperated through an I/O (input/output) port and didn't take upmemory at all; and when memoryprices plummeted, computer ownershad to make a choice. Did we reallywant to use up memory for our videodisplay? Also, terminals got bet-ter—and cheaper—and new texteditors were developed. Some com-puter systems continue to usememory-mapped video, but nowmany send their console outputthrough terminals, and a lot of ex-perienced computer users haven't aclue as to what memory-mappedvideo might be. [Editor's note: Jerry isreferring to S-100 systems in thisdiscussion. Other machines, both 8and 16 bit, have used memory-mapped video for some time, in-cluding Apple, Radio Shack, IBM,and Victor.]

However (and here's why this hasbeen worth the discussion), memory-mapped video may come back, nowthat the 16-bit machines are here.After all, a 16-bit machine can ad-dress a huge amount of memory, farmore than you'll ever need. So, someof us ask, why not address a memory-mapped video board way up there inhigh memory? We could also writeour own "smart terminal" software,burn that into PROMs, and have aterminal that does what we want it todo instead of what some terminaldesigner thought we'd want.

Which is what Mark Dahmke and Ihave been discussing for some time,and maybe one day we'll do it.Whether we do it or not, it's only aquestion of time before BYTE readerswill once again be offered the choicebetween terminal or memory-mappedvideo for a console.

More Tricks with M-Drive

Craig Anderton of RedwoodValley, California, is a Wordstar userwho has found some nifty ways to useWordstar plus the CompuproM-Drive (or G & G EngineeringWarp Drive). M-Drive, as most ofyou must know, is a way to fool yourcomputer into thinking a lot of extramemory is a disk, so that read andwrite operations onto that "disk" will

be nearly instantaneous. Incidentally,Anderton's tricks would work just aswell with Semidisk, and probablywith any other "pseudo-drive."Anderton writes:

One of the main advantages ofM-Drive is that I can load Word-star, Spellguard, and some CP/Mutilities into M-Drive. This meansthat not only do the Wordstarcommands react instantaneously,but Spellguard takes just a fewseconds to proof several thousandwords, with none of the "whirr-clunk" that occurs when the diskdrive loads the dictionary intoRAM.

Another trick involves find-and-replace substitutions for complexwords. For example, I recentlywrote a manual for a device calledthe Hyperflange and Chorus. Asyou can imagine, typing that outgets pretty tedious. So, I just typedan asterisk (*) wherever the phrasewas to appear and did a find-and-replace procedure throughout theentire file. With a normal diskdrive, that process can take quitesome time; with M-Drive, it takesvery little time. Another word Idon't like is oscillator, so I justtype "osc." and do a find-and-replace.

I don't use Wordstar, but of courseit's obvious that M-Drive (orSemidisk) will speed up its opera-tions.

I use M-Drive for spelling checkingtoo; but, alas, I have to useSpellguard rather than The Word if Iwant to do that. The Word expectsthe dictionary to be on the A drive,and because Tony has set things sothat our M-Drive is literally M: (andSemidisk is N:), The Word just can'twork on text out there. It's a pitybecause otherwise The Word is anawfully good spelling checker, andsome of its built-in utilities, such asthe capability of making analphabetized disk file of the uniquewords in a text file, are simply in-valuable. [Wayne Holder of OasisSystems is working to adapt TheWord for use with M-Drive underTony Pietsch's BIOS. Under Compu-

pro's current BIOS, M-Drive is A:,and there should be no problem usingThe Word. . . . P.L.]

So Just What Do I Buy?

Daily we receive letters asking foradvice. Some are pathetic. I can'tpossibly answer them.

For example, Max from upstateNew York writes a horror story abouttrying to integrate Shugart 851R disksand the CCS (California ComputerSystems) 2210A computer—no BIOS,documentation problems, and roundrobins of difficulties, probably ex-acerbated by the inexperience of thelocal computer repair people.

As of the time he wrote, he didn'treally have a working system. I'vesince put him in touch with Dr. ColinMick, who built the system my col-league Stefan Possony uses, and I ex-pect that by now his problems aresolved. Colin didn't think there'd beany difficulty.

Max went on:

New news. Datastar needs to bepatched to get it to run with theTelevideo 950 terminal. I don'thave any idea what a patch is orhow to do it. But, the instructionsare supposed to be on the way?Wordstar needs to be patched toget it running with the Epsonprinter in parallel interface. Morefun!!!

People keep telling me that mycomputer will be a great one whenit finally, if ever, starts working.

My impression of the computerindustry so far is that it is notready to sell anything yet. It seemsto me that no one knows what isgoing on and that all that one cando as a consumer is to makediscoveries for the manufacturersso that future products may workwell and together. I don't like be-ing the experimental subject, and Ican't afford it.

Alas, this is not an extreme letter,either. I recall my late mad friendfulminating about companies that usetheir customers as a quality-controldepartment. That's not really the casehere; CCS equipment works fine ifyou know what you're doing. Unfor-

406 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 500 on inquiry card.

QUASAR

Sl FEBRUARY • flflBCH

-

BEEg_ l__561_e_n; j 53,2431uH1SKy\""Vs,633 f 3a,723

tCifE CO

^S)9eO 1 *-,9t 131

117,038 t 147,„«

7.3

^.

One picture is wortha thousand numbers.

Introducing the new wide-tape Quasar" 4-ColorPlotter, driven by the portable with the speed andpower of a desktop computer.

Coupled with the sophisticated Quasar Hand-HeldComputer, this advanced, 80-character plotter turnsdry statistics into dramatic graphics anytime, any-where. Makes analysis easier, presentations moreexciting.

The Quasar HHC is actually a desktop computeryou can take with you. Its heart is a fast, powerful6502 microprocessor, with powerful programminglanguages—Microsoft BASIC, SnapBASIC andSnapFORTH, and high-memory capacity of up to8KB RAM and 16KB ROM internal, expandable withexternal Memory Modules and ROM's or EPROM's incapsules. Operates on rechargeable NiCad batteriesand retains data with power off.

WHO"* ^

The Quasar mainframe has a complete range ofintelligent peripherals including a new 40-CharacterPrinter, Telephone Modem/Cassette Interface,RS232 Interface, Color TV Adaptor, I/O Adaptor thatworks with up to 6 peripherals.

That means the Quasar HHC system can be yourpersonal computer and database.or portable terminalthat interacts with a large, central computer, or sup-plementary system to host computers for data retriev-al, collection and transfer.

An expanding array of snap-in software includesmodelling programs for "what if" alternatives, pro-grams for time-billing professionals, financial calcula-tions, and many others for scientific, engineering,marketing and business applications.

For a complete information kit, write Quasar HHCDept., or use Reader Service Card.

Portable Computer Systems

For HHC system tailored to your specific application contact System House/OEM:

American Medical Instruments Cyber Diagnostic Corp. Impact Technologies Group, Inc. Systems 7, Inc.

Albany, CA415-525-1113

Aurora, CO303-695-8751

Salisbury, NC704-637-6183

Houston, TX713-468-4394

Insta-Data Systems, Inc. Pentagon Industries, Inc. System Exposure Agent Computer Services, Inc.Simi Valley, CA Chicago, IL Dunedin, FL Columbia City, IN

805-522-9629

Chicago, IL312-867-9200

Dunedin, FL813-736-5154

Columbia City, IN219-422-6552

"Quasar HHC Distributors:

RPC Electronics InterNetPittsburgh, PA San Francisco, CA412-782-3770 800-227-4258• 415-781-0175Straitline Marketing Inc.New York, NY212-445-4225

QUASAR COMPANY, Division of Matsushita Electric Corporation of America, 9401 West Grand Avenue, Franklin Park, IL 60131 (312) 451-1200

tunately, Max didn't, but he needed amachine immediately for a particularproject. What should he have done?

I'm going to try to answer thatquestion, but with a caveat: this is myopinion. It is an opinion based onconsiderable experience, both per-sonal and secondhand, but it is stillan opinion. There are no definitiveanswers in this business.

Given that, let me review how I gotinto the microcomputer world.

My mad friend Mac Lean got anold Imsai, which he cobbled up withthis and that, and, lo!, it did wonder-ful things. He had it running ElectricPencil, and when he showed it to me,I fell in love. I just had to have one.

Fortunately, though, Mac Leanknew better than to aim me at a com-puter store with a shopping list. In-stead, he took me to lunch with agraduate student named TonyPietsch. Tony was just starting asystems consulting house (literallyhouse; it operated in his living room)called Proteus Engineering. I toldthem what I wanted. Tony told mewhat he could do. Actually, nearlyevery word he said was incomprehen-sible at the time, but at least Iunderstood the price—which wassomewhat higher than all thecomponent costs.

"Why?" I asked.

"Systems integration," chorusedTony and my mad friend.

I thought it over and shelled out themoney. It was the smartest decision Iever made; if I hadn't, I might still bestruggling with a system that almostworks.

Instead, Ezekial (the Z80 Tonybought for me) worked from the firstday. I could and did concentrate onlearning how to use the system ratherthan trying to put it together. Ifsomething went wrong (those werethe early days, remember; somethingalways went wrong at first), I calledTony. More than once he showed upin the middle of the night to get oldZeke working again. The result wasthat I rapidly began writing withcomputers, turned out several booksmuch faster than I had expected, andso forth. Within a year, I'd made thecost back several times over.

Later, when friends wanted a

machine, I knew precisely what to tellthem: "Go to Tony Pietsch. He'll tellyou how much to give him. Hand itto him and stand well back." That tooworked, and splendidly, and no one Iknow of has ever regretted it.

Now, though, Tony has too muchother work (including doing updatesto WRITE); he can't do systems in-tegration and maintenance anylonger, although he did come over theother night to help fix Zeke aftersomeone stepped on a cable. Thusyou can't get Tony to build you asystem.

So where does that leave us?

First, the absolute ironclad rule,never to be violated, is unless youknow what you're doing, deal withpeople who do.

But how do you know if the peopleyou're dealing with know whatthey're doing? Alas, I can't tell you.This business is very new and grow-ing rapidly; a lot of really good peo-ple are just getting started, so youcan't judge by how long an outfit hasbeen in business.

However, I'm getting so much mailasking my advice that I must dosomething. After a lot of thought,I've decided to say in print what I tellmy friends who want a system.

I know two systems consultantswell enough and have known themlong enough to recommend them.Both have put together systems forpeople I know well (although not forme). I've already mentioned both inthis column: Dr. Colin Mick, Deci-sion Information Services, POB 5849Stanford, CA 94305, (415) 327-5797;and Bill Grieb, Systems InterfaceConsultants, 17440 Revello Dr.,Pacific Palisades, CA 90272, (213)454-2100. Both are well qualified tolisten to your problems, recommenda system including both hardwareand software, and get it working foryou. They do expect to get paid fortheir services. I hasten to add that Ihave no financial stake in their com-panies. I have introduced them toeach other, and they are con-templating offering some jointseminars on computer systems.

Now do understand, I know thereare a lot of good people operatingsmall-systems houses. Some may well

offer more services for less moneythan either Colin or Bill. The point isI don't know anyone else as well as Ido them; and I get too many despair-ing letters to allow me to ignore theproblem, because Max is partiallyright. It isn't that the computerindustry isn't ready to sell anything toanyone; but it may not be ready tosell everything to everyone. Neitherthe systems nor the documents arecomplete enough just to turn thingsover to users without help; the excep-tions to this tend to be expensive.

Dr. Mick on Piracy

Mentioning Dr. Mick reminds meof his solution to the software piracyproblem: publishers ought to sell"authorized-user" licenses to anyonewho applies. Without the authorized-user code, you can't get updates andrevisions; with it, you can, and thecompany ought not to inquire howyou got the software.

At first this sounds like encourage-ment of piracy, and it's unlikely toappeal to companies who hope to getseveral hundred dollars for their pro-grams. However, software prices arecoming down rapidly. (I am in themidst of preparing a BYTE feature onlow-cost software already available.)It will not be many years hence beforeeverything will be under $100. (Theprice in the first year of release maybe higher, but after that it will plum-met. This, incidentally, is the pricetrend of new computer chips: high inthe first year or two, falling todirt—well, sand—cheap thereafter.)When prices get really low, the costof duplicating and shipping softwarebecomes a critical part of the packageprice.

Thus I can see a time in the not toodistant future when the major profitswill come from selling documents andupdates. The actual machine-readable program will be sort of in-cidental, and the publisher, whilenever admitting it, will be pleased asanything if the software is stolen bysomeone who subsequently buys thedocuments and an authorized-usernumber.

Creating the program will then bethought of in the same way as doingthe research for a book: it's impossi-

408 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 501 on Inquiry card.

BASF QUALIMETRIC'

INSURING ATOMORROW FOR TODAY'S INFORMATION.

The BASF Qualimetric standard is adramatic new international standardof quality in magnetic media...insur-ance that your most vital informationwill be secure for tomorrow whenyou enter it on BASF FlexyDisks®today.

The Qualimetric standard reflects acontinuing BASF commitment to per-fection... a process which begins withmaterials selection and inspection,and continues through coating, pol-ishing, lubricating, testing, and 100%error-free certification. Built into ourFlexyDisk jacket is a unique two-pieceliner. This BASF feature traps damag-ing debris away from the media sur-face, and creates extra space in thehead access area, insuring optimummedia-to-head alignment. The resultis performance so outstanding,and durability so lasting, that BASFFlexyDisks are protected by the indus-try's only lifetime warranty*

When your information must besecure for the future, look for the dis-tinctive BASF package with the Quali-metric seal. Call 800-343-4600 for thename of your nearest supplier.

Enter tomorrow on basf today

BASF

• Contact BASF for warranty detail! « 1982, BASF Systems Corporation, Bedford, MA

ble to sell the book without doingresearch, but no one expects to sell hisresearch notes. The money comesfrom the book itself.

So How Do I Learn More?

The next most common request Iget is bibliographic: isn't there a bookthat will teach all?

Alas, no. I can't even think of awhole series of books that will do thejob. There are, however, some thatare very useful for present and poten-tial microcomputer users.

For example, take Martha Eischen'sCompu Guide, subtitled "A con-sumer's guide to small business com-puters." That subtitle is a completemisnomer; the book doesn't talkabout computers at all. Instead, it's adiscussion of the kinds of questions asmall businessman ought to askbefore buying a computer—indeed,before hiring a systems consultant.Moreover, the book is pitchedtoward those about to buy a prettyexpensive minicomputer; the prepur-chase studies Eischen recommendswould cost more than most micropro-cessor systems.

The book is thus useful as a sort ofpreliminary orientation tool, to beread before you reall/get started; butI sure wouldn't take it any moreseriously than that. Eischen movestoward a number of subjects, but justas she gets interesting, she veers offand heads toward another.

A much more useful book is theOsborne CP/M User Guide by ThornHogan. The Osborne in the title is, ofcourse, Dr. Adam Osborne, who firstmade his reputation publishing com-puter books before he developed theOsborne 1 computer.

The Osborne CP/M User Guide, asI'm sure comes as no great surprise, isuseful only to those contemplatingsystems using the CP/M operatingsystem; but since in my judgment theonly professional systems you oughtto buy run CP/M, that's not a bug,it's a feature.

This is the book that CP/M's pro-ducer, Digital Research, ought tohave put out as part of the documen-tation. It is an introduction to CP/M;it is not the last word or anything likeit. However, I have not seen a better

introduction to the CP/M operatingsystem and recommend the bookhighly.

CP/M is a computer operatingsystem. What that means is defined inthe glossary of Mark Dahmke'sMicrocomputer Operating Systemsas: "Any program or group of relatedprograms whose purpose is to act asintermediary between the hardwareand the user. The operating system'smain job is to manage resources suchas disk drives, printers, and otherperipherals, freeing the programmerfrom having to rewrite commonlyused functions for each application.In this way, the operating system pro-vides a uniform, consistent means forall user-written software to access thesame machine resources."

Dense, isn't it? Fortunately, Markdoesn't always write like that; and ifyou want to learn more about operat-ing systems—and you should—thenthis is the book to read.

Unfortunately, the book tells youboth too much and not enough.Sometimes it assumes you know alot; other times it gets down to userlevels. For all its problems, the bookis unique; there's literally nothing elsein its class. Those who want to under-stand what operating systems do arewell advised to get this book.

Alas, though, the book I'd wantwould fit in between Hogan's andDahmke's: a user-level book on theCP/M system that would tell yousomething of CP/M's file structureand how the data is stored. Thiswould give you insights into how touse programs like Disk Doctor andSPAT (which let you read and writedisk files 1 byte at a time) and thus beable to correct your disks after acalamity.

In my case the worst calamity wasa power failure that happened while Iwas transferring the only copy of anew chapter onto the safety copy ofthe disk. The directories to both diskswere damaged, and in those days Ikept only one safety copy. (Now Iknow better: I have "safety copy" and"working safety copy" for all impor-tant projects.) Fortunately my madfriend was able to reconstruct the diskdirectory using a program calledSPAT.

I don't recall who wrote SPAT,which is available from the CP/MUser's Group. Probably WardChristensen; he did a very great manyof the useful public-domain utilitiesavailable from the CP/M User'sGroup. SPAT (with a number ofother useful programs) is alsoavailable from Workman andAssociates on Utility Disk One.

An alternative to SPAT is Super-soft's Disk Doctor. I understandthat this program has made its writer,John Holland, a wealthy man. (Healso wrote Analiza; see "Ada,MINCE, CP/M Utilities, OverpricedDocumentation, and Analiza II," July1982 BYTE, page 290.) Disk Doctor'sdocumentation is a bit better thanwhat comes with SPAT, but it's notreally good enough to let you startoperating on disks without some fur-ther study of Digital Research'snotoriously dense CP/M manuals. Soit goes. Tony Pietsch's evaluation ofDisk Doctor was that "anyone whoknows enough about CP/M file struc-ture to use this will be turned off bythe cutesy stuff: it's called 'Disk Doc-tor,' which must be why they talkabout various 'wards' of the 'clinic'Bah." My own view is not quite soharsh as all that; still, Tony does havea point.

In any case, I've wandered far frommy point, which was that thedefinitive book about CP/M has yetto be written. Pity.

A Standard at Last!

The Institute of Electrical and Elec-tronics Engineers (IEEE) has finallyacted: there's now a standard S-100bus, which means that if you buyequipment that conforms to the stan-dard, all of it ought to work together.This is a real breakthrough.

The standard is described in Inter-facing to S-100/IEEE-696 Microcom-puters, a book by Sol Libes and MarkGaretz. (Many other documents andbooks that describe the standard busare available.)

Sol Libes is, of course, the elderstatesman of the microcomputerworld, while Mark is president ofCompupro. Mark not only co-authored this book but also chairs the

410 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 81 on inquiry card.

CMC SuperSystems

m

s™

350K to 38 megabytes of built-in storagePlus ... multi-user capability

CMC's SuperSystems are offered in sevencomputers, from the Model 100 CPU terminalwhich boots directly off our hard disk system,to 38 megabytes of storage in 5% " hard disksbuilt into the desktop computers. In betweenthere are two 51A " floppy drives, available in350Kb or 750Kb or 1.5 megabytes of diskstorage.

Our SuperFive, SuperTen and Super20systems offer 6, 12 or 19 megabytes, respec-tively.

Included also are CP/M 2.2 operatingsystem and Microsoft Basic 80, diagnosticsand communications software. Standard aretwo Z80A processors operating at 4mhz, fullASCII keyboard, numeric keypad and cursorcontrols, 64k RAM, battery-operated real timeclock, lower case descenders, 25 lines by 80

CMC

character screen format, reverse video, twoRS232 ports, and other features.

CMC's SuperSystems offer you the bestprice/performance ratio in the industry. Theseven models support accounting, word pro-cessing, programming and scientific applica-tions and a full range of standard softwareoperating under CP/M.

Our central hard disk system supports upto 64 users, with up to 80 megabytes of cen-tral disk storage.

High resolution pixel graphics are available,too.

Cost effective? You bet! For example, ourSuperFive, with 6.38 megabytes of hard diskstorage, lists for $5,995, or less than 94cents per kilobyte.

CMC was the first to offer a 5% " hard disk

in a desktop microcomputer. We've beenshipping systems for more than a year. Nowwe're the first with a 19-megabyte mini-winchester. .

Our systems are reliable. Just ask the hun-dreds of dealers selling our SuperSystems.We offer service and technical support, andModule replacement, in the unlikely event youever need it.

Nationwide on-site service is availablethrough CMC's dealer network.

Prices start at $2495

%=%#iininiPiH

See us at Comdex, Booth No. 4128

1 11

A Division of Computer Marketing Corporation11058 Main • Suite 220 • Bellevue, WA 98004 • Phone (206) 453-9777 • Telex: 152556 SEATAC

Call Toil-Free 1-800-426-2963

PERSONAL

COMPUTERS

PERSONAL

COMPUTERS

PERSONAL

COMPUTERS

Altos 5-15D $2295.00

Altos 5-5D 4595.00

Amdek Video 300 139.00

Amdek Color I 13" Monitor 315.00

Amdek Color II 13" Hi-Res RGB Monitor 719.00

Amdek Color III 13" RGB Monitor 399.00

Atari 800 Computer w/16K 645.00

Atari 800 Computer w/48K 739.00

Atari 810 Disk Drive 439.00

C-ltoh Prowriter 8510AP (parallel) 459.00

C-ltoh Prowriter 8510ACD (serial) 599.00

C-ltoh Prowriter II Call for Price

Comrex CR-5500 12" Green Monitor 119.00

Comrex CR-6500 13" Composite Color

Monitor 325.00

Comrex Com-Riter w/Serial Interface 879.00

Daisywriter 2000 Letter-Quality Printer 1049.00

Diablo 620 RO Printer 1259.00

Diablo 630 RO Daisywheel Printer 1999.00

Diablo 630 KSR Daisywheel Printer 2349.00

DEC Decwriter IV LA34AA 1095.00

DEC VT100AA Video Terminal .^*64§;0O.

DEC Rainbow 100 Personal Computer .... / 2995.00 (Epson HX-20 Portable Personal Computer...—659T00-Epson MX-80FT Type III w/Graftrax Plus .... 499.00Epson MX-100FT Type III w/Graftrax Plus ... 699.00

Hayes Micromodem II for Apple II 289.00

Hayes Smartmodem 225.00

Hayes Smartmodem 1200/300 baud 569.00

IDS Microprism 599.00

IDS Prism 80 (w/all options & color) 1379.00

IDS Prism 132 (w/all options & color) 1559.00

M & R Sup-R-Term 80 column card for Apple II 279.00

Microsoft Softcard (Z-80) for Apple II 269.00

Microsoft Premium System for Apple II 579.00

Microsoft 16K Ramcard for Apple II 119.00

Microsoft 64K For IBM 359.00

NEC 3510 Letter Quality Printer w/RS232 ... 1529.00

120 CPS, Bi-directional logic seeking 9x9 dot matrix, full 96ASCII char. Set with true descenders Centronics parallel portand RS232 serial port (up to 1200 Baud) standard, 80 col.,includes Okigraph dot addressable graphics, friction feed andremovable tractor. 22 lbs., 110 volt standard, 220 volt optional.

II

CALL TOLL FREE!

■343-0873

NEC 3530 Letter Quality Printer w/Centronics

Interface 1659.00

NEC 7710 RO Spinwriter 2195.00

NEC 7730 RO Spinwriter w/Centronics

Interface 2195.00

Lear Sigeler ADM3A Dumb Terminal 569.00

NEC PC8023 Dot-Matrix printer 489.00

NEC JB1201M(A) 12" Green Monitor 169.00

NEC JC1201 13" Composite Color Monitor... 319.00

Okidata Microline 80 329.00

Okidata Microline 82A 419.00

Okidata Microline 83A 695.00

Okidata Microline 84P 979.00

Okidata Microline 84S 1079.00

Rana Elite I Disk For Apple II 359.00

Rana Elite I Disk w/Controller 465.00

Rana Elite II Disk Drive for Apple II 529.00

Smith Corona TP-1 Letter Quality printer 639.00

Televideo 925 Terminal 795.00

Televideo 950 Terminal 995.00

USI Pi-1 9" Green Monitor 159.00

USI Pi-2 12" Green Monitor 159.00

USI Pi-3 12" Amber Monitor 175.00

Videx Videoterm 259.00

Videx Enhancer II 115.00

Xedex Baby Blu CPM Card for IBM 499.00

OMEGA SALES COMPANY

430 PEARL STREET, STOUGHTON, MA 02072

(617) 344-6645 TOLL FREE (800) 343-0873

412

BYTE November 1982

Circle 335 on inquiry card.

80 CPS, Bi-directional logic seeking 9x9 dot matrix, full 96ASCII char. Set with true descenders, centronics-style parallelport (RS232 optional), 80 col., includes graftrax plus dotaddressable graphics, friction feed and removable tractorfeed. 19 lbs., 110 volt only.

SOFTWARE

Omega carries software by the following companies:

• American Business Systems • Ashton Tate • Dakin 5

• Innovative Software • Micropro • Microsoft

• Sorcim • Stoneware • Visicorp

MAGNETIC MEDIA

Omega carries diskettes by the listed companies:• Dysan • Maxell • Scotch • Verbatim

ACCESSORIES

Omega carries accessories for the Apple II by thefollowing manufacturers:

• D.C. Hyes • Microsoft • Tymac • M & R Enterprises

• Mountain Computer • Kensington Microware

• Practical Peripherals • T. G. Products • Videx

OMEGA DELIVEFOR LESS

OKIDATA MICROLINE 83A

EPSON MX-100 FT

YOUR CHOICE$499.00

tifeS

9

if

y

Stock Shipments Same Day or Next

No Surcharge for Credit Cards

All Equipment Factory Fresh w/MFT Warranty

Prices do not Reflect Shipping Charges

Mass. Residents Please Add 5% Sales Tax

PRICES ARE SUBJECT TOCHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE

We carry the complete line of Atari Hardware, Software & Peripherals.We will try to match or beat any price with similar purchase conditions.

OMEGA SALES COMPANY

430 PEARL STREET, STOUGHTON, MA 02072

(617)344-6645 TOLL FREE (800) 343-0873

Circle 335 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982

413

MAXI MUSCLEMICRO MULTI

Ml

SINGLE USER'

SB-80/4. The affordable singleboard microcomputerwith multi-user, multi-tasking muscle and brains.

SB-80/4 A complete microsystem for the user whodemands speed and storage capacity in single or multi-user applications. Our MULTI/NET operating systemoffers true CP/M compatibility, allowing for limitlessflexi-bilty and growth.

Single Board Technology By utilizing the latest inlarge scale integration, engineers have packaged, into asingleboard, power and reliabilty usually found only incostly multi-board systems. This multiprocessor boardallows each user (up to four) a dedicated Z80A micro-processor and 64K of RAM. The master-slave architec-ture, residing in the same enclosure, supervises all userrequests for storage and peripherals through fourchannel DMA.

Memory and Disk Storage 320K of 200ns dynamicRAM combined with five (5) Z80A microprocessorsprovides the hardware to independently multi-task theoperation. A 4K byte of EPROM for bootstrap, monitorand diagonstic test is standard. On board interface forWinchester type disk controller allows from 5 to 104

megabytes of storage for applications that require largedatabase files and records. The four parallel and sixserial ports provide the muscle to support numerousperipherals.

Software INFOSOFTs MULTI/NET provides the mostefficient multi-processor operating system. This user-friendly, CP/M compatible, provides file lock-out, DMA,real time clock, and full vectored interrupt on all l/Os.BASIC, Fortran, Pascal, Cobol, and PL/1 languages aresupported.

Affordability The SB-80/4 gives you five (5) inde-pendent microprocessors in one multi-user system. It isthe power, performance, and capacity of a mini at theprice of a micro.

Dealer and OEM inquiries are welcome.Nationwide field service through INDESERV.

Colonial Data

Colonial Data Services Corp., 105 Sanford Street, Hamden, Conn. 06514 • (203)288-2524 • Telex: 956014

«CP/M is a registered trademark ot Digital Research. Inc.414 BYTE November 1982

Circle 85 on inquiry card.

IEEE committee that adopted theIEEE-696 Standard—that's the officialdesignation for the S-100 bus stan-dard.

The book tells an awful lot aboutthe S-100 bus; more than I will everwant to know. It's not light reading,but then it wasn't intended to be.Ciarcia's readers will find it far moreinteresting than mine will. Still, itneeds to be mentioned because every-one ought to be aware that the stan-dard exists.

And now that there is a standard, Ihope everyone will design to it andrefuse to buy equipment that doesn'tconform; that way we can eliminatesome of the systems-integration hor-ror stories.

Updated BIOS Information

An announcement: Tony hasdefinitely sent his BIOS (basic in-put/output system) to Compupro,and Compupro likes it and isevaluating it further.

Not long ago there was a bigparking-lot sale at a well-known elec-tronics supply house here in LosAngeles, and Mark Garetz of theCompupro organization was downwith many of his staff. After the salewas over I invited the team here toChaos Manor for a drink. That waswhen the cable got stepped on. (I hadan ulterior purpose: maybe I couldget them to talk about things not yetannounced. But they brought alongVicky Andresen of the rival MorrowDesigns company, so, alas, I learnedlittle about either Bill Godbout's orGeorge Morrow's plans.)

Anyway, while they were here Idemonstrated Tony's BIOS on TheGolem, which is my Compupro8085/8088 dual processor. Amongother things, I removed the disk fromthe drive and then tried to access it. Inthe old BIOS, that results in "BDOSERROR ON B: SELECT," but withTony's it merely says "Please closethe drive door." Everyone was im-pressed, and somewhat eager to getTony's BIOS for his own evaluation.What impressed me was learning justhow thoroughly Tony Pietsch's soft-ware insulates me from some of themore common irritants of the micro-computer world.

The Book of Leviticus, Revisited

My mad friend used to rail againstwhat he called "Levitical documenta-tion, full of Thou Shalt Nots." I'vegot a doozy here.

During the West Coast ComputerFaire this year, I saw COLORTROL,which made file-folder labels thatvere color-coded in some peculiarway. It looked rather pretty and quitepossibly useful, but I saw it on theafternoon of the last day, and I didn'thave time for a full demonstration; soI asked them to send me a copy.

My mad friend used torail against what he

called "Levitical

documentation." I've

got a doozy here.

Not long ago an enormous box ar-rived. It was mostly full of plasticworms, but down in the bottom wasa loose-leaf notebook, a coupledozen colored file-folder labels in apin-feed fanfold, a disk, and somedocuments. A cover letter was includ-ed announcing that this was anevaluation copy of COLORTROL—and that the program was currently ina "locked" state. There was atelephone number to call so I couldlearn how to "unlock" the program.

Curious. Because this is a CP/Mprogram disk, it can certainly becopied; indeed, one of the first in-structions given was to make abackup copy. So why the "lock," andwhat the devil did it mean?

I fear I haven't yet found out,because the second thing I saw wasthe licensing agreement. It's positive-ly frightening.

First, of course, Soft-Link warrantsnothing, in block capitals. To beprecise, "SOFT-LINK MAKES NOWARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IM-PLIED, WITH RESPECT TO THESOFTWARE OR ITS QUALITY,PERFORMANCE, MERCHANT-ABILITY, OR FITNESS FOR ANYPARTICULAR PURPOSE. THESOFTWARE IS LICENSED AND DE-

LIVERED AS IS.'"

Then comes paragraph afterparagraph of tiny print in lowercaseletters, according to which I'm toguarantee that I will keep records onall copies made and their locations;that I won't make more than fivecopies; that I won't use this on morethan one "computer system"; andthat "the customer agrees to take allreasonable precautions to secure thelicensed programs including, withoutlimitation, the same precautions hetakes with his own proprietarymaterials. In particular, the Customeragrees not to provide or otherwisemake available or disclose anyLicensed Program to any personother than his authorized employeesand/or agents without prior writtenconsent of Soft-Link."

Whatever all that means—andthere's more—it says I agree to it if Iopen this sealed package the com-pany sent.

Now back in San Francisco at theFaire I thought I wanted that pro-gram; but now that I look at myobligations (many) and Soft-Link's(none), I begin to wonder. And sure, Iknow, everyone is doing this and noone pays attention to it; but darn it,isn't there a limit somewhere? Do weall have to become scofflaws in orderto use the programs we buy?

Look, here in Chaos Manor wehave Ezekial and The Golem. They'relinked together. Does this make themone system or two? If I remove thecable connecting them, have theybecome two when they were onebefore? And of course there's Helen,my son Alex's CCS, which is inanother room. Suppose I want togenerate some file-folder labels, andthe printer in here is occupied; am Ireally breaking the law if I have Alexrun them off?

And—horrors!—the NEC (NipponElectric Company) Spinwriter we'lluse to generate the labels has amicroprocessor in it! Is this a separatesystem? Do I need the firm's writtenconsent? For a program to generatefile-folder labels! Ye immortal gods!

In any event, I've been too in-timidated to open COLORTROL,and I've yet to learn how to "unlock"it. Perhaps next month. ■

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 415

Inexpensive Transducersfor the TRS-80

Part 2: Another Look at MonitoringReal-World Quantities

A practical look at the devices that put real-world

interfaces to work.

Last month I looked at some simpleswitch-sensing techniques for theTRS-80 Model I/III and Color Com-puter. This month I'm going todiscuss the subject of inexpensivetransducers more generally. Thesedevices enable us to monitor real-world physical quantities such aswind speed, temperature, and airpressure. I believe this subject willserve as a logical and useful ending tothe 12-part series on TRS-80 interfac-ing techniques.

The devices in this article are morethan switches. They are actually trans-ducers, devices that transform oneform of energy into another. An ex-ample of this is the National Semicon-ductor LX0503A pressure transducer,which transforms energy in the formof pressure to a voltage via apiezoelectric "bridge."

The two most common electrical"analogs" (quantities that correspondto real-world phenomena) that I'll beworking with here are changingvoltage, produced by devices such asthe LX0503A, and changing resis-tance, produced by devices such as a

William Harden Jr.

28122 Orsola

Mission Viejo, CA 92692

thermistor, which has a resistancethat varies with temperature. Further-more, when the electrical analog isresistance, it's convenient to convertit to voltage, which can be more easi-ly manipulated in computer-interfac-ing schemes. Therefore, I'm reallymeasuring only voltage, by means ofthe Color Computer's joystickanalog-to-digital (A-to-D) converteror an equivalent Model I/III circuit.I'll use the Color Computer for sam-ple programs here, but all the con-cepts apply to the Model I and III aswell.

The Color Computer A-to-D chan-nels operate with voltage inputs in therange of 0 V (volts) to +5 V directcurrent (DC). The various A-to-Dconverters described for the ModelI/III in earlier articles in this seriesalso operate in this approximatevoltage range. However, the devicesthat I'll be talking about here operateat much lower voltages, typically inthe hundred millivolt (mV) range. Forthat reason, the first thing I'll do islook at a general way to amplify thetransducer outputs.

Using Op Amps to AmplifyA-to-D Converter Signals

I'll use three basic amplifier circuitsin the following discussions. All ofthem use operational amplifiers.

Operational amplifiers are linearintegrated circuits (ICs) that are com-monly used for low-frequencyamplifiers. They are characterized byhigh input impedance, low outputimpedance, and input voltages thattrack each other. There are alwaystwo inputs with op amps, a minusand a plus input. The minus input iscalled the inverting input because avoltage increase on this input willresult in a decrease in the outputvoltage. The plus input is noninvert-ing input because a voltage increasehere will result in an increase in theoutput voltage.

Earlier op amps used dual powersupplies; however, some newer ver-sions draw on a single supply. I'll usethe single-supply type in the circuitsin this article.

A typical configuration for an opamp is the inverting system shown infigure 1. The input resistor (Rl) and

416 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Tfia [J[ mpular Ewh BIuBi

Save on books

and software!

The ONLY Book Club

dedicated exclusively to

the special interests of

microcomputer hobbyists

and experimenters!

Select 5 fact-filled books

5 INVENTORV

j MANAGEMENTFOR3 ;: SMALL

I | COMPUTERS

I,

for only $2 95

1480

LislS22.95

I 55 ADVANCED,

PBacpgrns

IN BH5IC

_i2SS

7 very good reasons to tryThe Computer Book Club

Blue Ridge Summit, PA 17214

• Reduced Member Prices. Save up to 75 % on books sure toincrease your know-how

• Satisfaction Guaranteed. All books returnable within 10days without obligation

• Club News Bulletins. All about current selections —mains,alternates, extras—plus bonus offers. Comes 13 times a yearwith dozens of up-to-the-minute titles you can pick from

• "Automatic Order." Do nothing, and the Main selectionwill be shipped automatically! But ... if you want anAlternate—or no books at all —we'll follow the instructionsyou give on the reply form provided with every News Bulle-tin

• Continuing Benefits. Get a Dividend Certificate with everybook purchased after fulfilling membership obligation, andqualify for discounts on many other volumes

• Extra Bonuses. Take advantage of added-value promo-tions, plus special discounts on software, games, and more

• Exceptional Quality. All books are first-rate publisher'seditions, filled with useful, up-to-the-minute information

ITifj Si ii| ii si Etmfi CSIiIi

Blue Ridge Summit, PA 17214

Please accept my membership in The Computer Book Cluband send the 5 volumes circled below, billing me $2.95 plusshipping and handling charges. If not satisfied, I may returnthe books within ten days without obligation and have mymembership cancelled. I agree to purchase 4 or more booksat reduced Club prices (plus shipping/handling) during thenext 12 months, and may resign any time thereafter.

335 336 337 338 1055 1070 1088 1111

1160 1169 1195 1205 1251 1271 1275

1276 1295 1299 1303 1330 1333 1391 1394

1396 1398 1414 1416 1442 1466 1480

Name

Phone

AddressCity

State

Zip

(Valid for new members only. Foreign and Canada add 20%. Orders outside U.S.or Canada must be prepaid with international money orders in U.S. dollars).This order subject to acceptance by The Computer Book Club BY-1182

Circle 435 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982

417

the feedback resistor (R2), which isconnected from the output to theminus input, determine the-voltagegain of this amplifier. The voltagegain is:

X10 AMPLIFIER

V , -

out

-V. X(R2/R1)

Typical values for R2 and Rl are 1megohm and 100,000 ohms. Thesevalues will produce a X10 op amp,one that multiplies the input voltageby 10. Note that in this case the inputvoltage must be negative. Inputting— 0.1 V will produce a +1 V output,inputting —0.2 V will produce a +2V output, and so forth. Inputting apositive voltage such as +0.2 V willproduce a 0 V output. The outputvoltage will increase linearly to about+ 3.5 V, as shown in figure 2, givingthis particular op amp circuit an inputrange of 0 V to —0.35 V, for an out-put range of 0 V to +3.5 V.

A X 5.6 op amp can be made bysubstituting a 560k-ohm resistor forthe feedback resistor (R2). Similarsubstitutions can be made for othervoltage gains. I'll be using the X10and X5.6 inverting op amps in theapplications discussed later.

The parts layout for a X10 orX5.6 op amp is shown in figure 3. Itis built on a Radio Shack prototypeboard (part number 276-175), whichallows easy connection of ICs andcomponents.

Figure 4 shows a noninverting opamp. It amplifies a positive voltageapplied to the plus terminal, produc-ing a positive output. The voltagegain is again dependent upon thevalues of the two resistors, R2 andRl, according to this formula:

V , = V. X((R2/R1) + 1)

out in ^x ' '

VmO

v0UT

-*ni(§r>—"»■

XS.6 AMPLIFIER

VinO

L^

"OUT

-v r£2.

viN(iu

-5.6V,,

rh

Figure 1: Using three components you can construct an inverting operational amplifierwith a XI0 or a X5.6 gain. It will increase typical transducer outputs to a range com-patible with A-to-D converter inputs.

32

1

OUTPUT

VOLTAGE

(VOLTS)

/

■

XI

0 It

/

<VE

WW

G

3P

AMF

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.35

INPUT VOLTAGE (-VOLTS)

The op amp configuration shownin the figure gives a gain of about 11;I'll use it with most of the transducersdiscussed in the remainder of the arti-cle.

Figure 5 depicts the parts layout forthe noninverting op amp, again on aprototype board.

A third type of op amp amplifier

Figure 2: The op amp operates in linear fashion up to about 3.5 V for a supply voltage of5 V.

(shown in figure 6) multiplies the dif-ference between two input signals ap-plied to the plus and minus inputs.This is handy for amplifying bridge-

type inputs, in which one value in-creases and the other decreases, as isthe case with the National Semicon-ductor LX0503A pressure transducer.

418 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

\

PRICE:

CAPACITY:

EXPANSION:

NETWORK:

2495.OO complete subsystem for Apple II or IBM-PC

14.4 megabytes unformatted... .11.3 megabytes formatted

Total expansion capability to 57.6 megabytes using the same controllerand host interface.

Expansion capability to 18.8 megabytes by adding a second disk driveand using the same cabinet and power supply.

For Apple II only, Network capability is available at a cost of S200 perstation

GALLIUM SOFTWARE

For Apple II, the ROM resident software interfaces to DOS 3.3, CPM and PASCAL operatingsystems. All operating systems remain unmodified so there is no need to make any programchanges when using the Gallium. Any system can be booted directly from Gallium.

For IBM-PC, a connect program is provided which brings the Gallium-lO on line andbecomes accessible as Drives C and D.

APPLE

UTILITIES

Format Formats all Surfaces

Volume Initer Initializes With An "EMPTY"

File A Given Number of Volumes

in Single, Double or Triple

Size DOS 3.3 Volumes

File Finder Finds All Volumes On Which

Any Given File Is Resident

File Runner Finds & Runs The Given File

From the First Volume OnWhich It Is Resident

Partition Partitions The Disk For DOS 3.3,

CPM & PASCAL Allocating The

Reauired Number Of Sectors

For Each Given Operating System

Connect Connects Gallium To DOS

If Booted From Floppy Disk

IBM

UTILITIES

FDISK Formats All Surfaces, Once

Formatted Capacity is11.5 Megabytes

DSKLNk Connects Gallium to PC-DOS

CHKHRD Similar to PC-DOS CHKDSK

Utility, Reports Disk Usage

XitenSystems

16815 Hawthorne Blvd.

Lawndale, Ca 90260(213) 370-3966(800) 421-1947

Circle 115 on inquiry card.

YOUR OWN

It's time to take a long, hardlook at your business.

Chances are, it's not runningas productively as it could be.

And the effects—loweredproduct quality, limited resources,a tighter profit squeeze—can bestaggering. Not just for your busi-ness, but for our nation as awhole.

There are no instant cures.

Growth in your business—and in this nation—depends onworking more productively thanever. And on getting more out ofwhat you're already putting in.

With careful planning and asustained effort, you can improvethe productivity of your opera-tions, the quality of your product,create better job satisfactionwithin your work force and out-perform your competition.

To learn more, send for theAmerican Productivity Center'sfree brochure, "A ProductivityProgram... or Productivity Improve-ment." It will tell you where to start.

Don't put it off.

Minding your own businessis the best way to help the busi-ness of America.

A public service of this publication, VTVn

the Ad Council and the Fp^\01

American Productivity Center. GOinGi

r

i

AMERICA.

WE'VE GOT A JOB TO DO.

Kathleen Sutton, American Productivity Center,123 N. Post Oak Lone, Houston, Texas 77024

Yes, I would like to improve my company sproductivity. Please send me a free copy of "A Pro-ductivity Program... or Productivity Improvement."

NAME .

ADDRESS.CITY

.STATE _

L-

.J

1MEG FORX 10, 560KFOR X 5.61/4 WT, 10°/,

RADIO SHACK276-175EXPERIMENTERSOCKET

WIRINGDIAGRAM

t I

TO JOYSTICK GROUND (PIN 3 ) CR GROUNDTO JOYSTICK X CHANNEL (PIN 1) ORANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTER

TO JOYSTICK +5V (PIN5) OR +5V

Figure 3: Component layout for the X10 or X 5.6 inverting op amp. Parts are mountedon a prototype board.

F5VA

Vin LZ>

^

O vout = +vin(5t)+i = +iivin

Figure 4: A noninverting operational amplifier.

420 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

FMS

The Software Machine

Powerful Fast Responsive

Performance, speed, control, ease of use. That'swhat you expect from a finely tuned machine. Andthat's what your data management software shoulddeliver too. The new FMS-80 Version 3 gives youthis andmore-a fully integrated ApplicationsDevelopment System that makes even the mostcomplex application easy.

Almost everyone needs to manipulate information.With FMS Version 3 even a beginner can follow thesimple menu selections and be off and running inalmost no time. Customized screens and usermenus are easy to design. Powerful full-screen edit-ing makes entering, modifying, adding or deletingdata a snap.

FMS makes getting your information out easy too.Interactive QUERY and comprehensive SELECTcan extract the data you need almost instantly. Ourpowerful Report Generator can produce almost anyimaginable report with minimal effort. FMS takesyou by the hand each step of the way.

More Than Just a Database Manager.

If you've been around the track a few times already,FMS is for you too. Our enhanced Version 3 EFMprogramming language gives you total control. OurISAM-like multi-key data structure, access to 19open files, full string handling, alphanumeric vari-able, field and file names, 18 digit FP&BCDmath, structured programming constructsand other advanced features make EFMthe language of

choice for data management applications. FMS canmake you more productive and save you time andmoney, whether you're developing a simple mailinglist or a complex turn-key general accounting system.

The UNIX-inspired FMS Shell brings advancedcapabilities like command stream manipulationand dynamic input and output redirection to theCP/M world for unprecedented control of theoperating environment.

Don't Run Out of Gas.

FMS's capabilities go way beyond other datamanipulation programs. More fields per record,more open files, more variables, more everything.

Maximum fieldsper record

FMS

255

dBASE

32

Condor

127

Maximum numberof variables

281

64

0

Maximum number of open

files in a programMaximum number of open

files in a reportMaximum display pages

per record

19

19

255

2

13

211

Don't lock yourself into a system that can't handlethe big jobs!

A Proven WinnerFMS-80 has been leading the field since 1978.Now Version 3 sets new standards for thefuture. Contact your local dealer for a testdrive.

<$/r

DJR Associates, Inc.

303 S. Broadway • Tarrytown, N.Y. 10591(914) 631-6766 • Telex 646792 DJR NTAR

Circle 160 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982

421

What makesa streetwise kidfrom NewYorkwant to helprice farmersin the tropics?

Meet Mike Harvey. He's notout to change the world, justto understand it a little better.And because he thinks thatunderneath all the differencespeople are basically alike, hefeels he can help.

It's what today's PeaceCorps is all about. Americansfrom every kind of back-ground, of all ages, making acommitment to live and workwith people around the worldto meet basic human needs.

You won't be asked to movemountains but you'll under-stand what volunteers likeMike Harvey mean when theytalk of small miracles. Whythey want to work hard at achallenge unique to the PeaceCorps.

Above all, you'll be learningsomething about the world,making friends with peopleyou can help. And that's whatlife should be all about.

For further information,call toll free 800-424-8580.Or write Peace Corps,Washington, D.C. 20525.

Peace Corps

The toughest jobyou'll ever love.

A Public Service of This Magazine& The Advertising Council

RADIO SHACK276-175

EXPERIMENTERSOCKET

WIRINGDIAGRAM

1 I

/*"

TO JOYSTICKGROUND (PIN 3OR GROUND

TO JOYSTICK +5V (PIN 51 OR +5V

TO JOYSTICK X CHANNEL (PIN 1) ORANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTER

Figure 5: Component layout for a noninverting op amp on a prototype board. Again,three components suffice.

X10 DIFFERENTIAL OP AMP

'IN

inO

inO

IF

R1 = R3 R2

R2=R4 THEN V0UT= —

o

OUT

SELECT BEST MATCH"RESISTORS FOR BESTRESULTS

Figure 6: A differential op amp amplifies the differential voltage across two inputs.These inputs come from many transducers. Gain is similar to the inverting type of opamp.

422 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

:irS52I5s;sSi

.::::

TIB~1 ! ! \

:szzr

m m mr m

« • i *- —- m'■.* w ■*- ~ «* * • •

;---. _--■-■-•:--:

'•WWW1

^i^ffl

.•*••••»•'

W ^>-

3 8 8 3

• r< -Z- C*

W JBR H| IMP I ■ H| I•• • » • • » • «_

• • ■ ■ i m Hh_

' • • • m'-m ■*.■». - >* — » — • * — ^

• • »•••••••••••••« • • • • » • « » • .

• » » ~ -••••••••••••••• • - » »

.#'<■'• >»*••••••••«••«•<» ••

• •• »•• ••-"■<•♦**■«»•*•••■«'*■ ••

• • • » •?* BT ^^ -^gf ^m • •

mm 0-.i ■» * -•-» »'»*-'• '* »«k •'•

• ••i >•«. i r#:» ■ •» • •« ** •»

• «►•'« -"" • • '■ « •--" *:* •' ► «*

• • • • — ,. _•*'«»* . -. • w . ^ _ ._ • » v *, J • •

-^ _l^"

What's an anything board? With the unique newE-Z CIRCUIT PC design system from Bishop Graphicsand your imagination, it's just that...anything you wantit to be! Use E-Z CIRCUIT to design and build real timeclocks, A/D converters, serial 1/0's, memory boards,game boards, custom one-of-a-kind boards tailored tomeet your individual needs, 1K to 100K or more. WithE-Z CIRCUIT, the possibilities are as unlimited as yourimagination.

Designed to perform like a conventional"etched" board, E-Z CIRCUIT'S current conducting,pressure-sensitive copper mounting configurationsand tape allow you to design and build a professional,production quality board as easy as 1...2...3...withoutartwork, photography, screening or etching. Simplyapply the copper mounting configurations to the board,solder your components in place and plug the finishedboard in... instantly you're computing.

With four popular board styles to choose fromApple ll'S-100, Standard Bus and Eurocard (for metricapplications), E-Z CIRCUIT has total small systems

compatibility. There's even a Professional PrintedCircuit Design Kit, containing virtually everything youneed to design and build the board you want.

E-Z CIRCUIT...The Anything Board...getyours TODAY!

Get the complete E-Z CIRCUIT story! Simply clipthe coupon below and send for your FREE copy of theE-Z CIRCUIT Printed Circuit Copper Products TechnicalManual & Catalog EZ-3001.

I

I'm Interested!

Please Rush Me My FREE E-Z CIRCUIT Printed Circuit

Copper Products Technical Manual & Catalog EZ-3001.

Name.

1:1 cissiiiT

Street.

City/State/Zip.

E-ZCIRCUIT, P.O. Box 5007 By Westlake Village, CA91359

•Apple II is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

by @ Bishop Graphics, Inc.

5388 Sterling Center Drive • P.O. Box 5007 By Westlake Village, CA 91359 • (213) 991-2600 • Telex 66-2400

Circle 51 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982

423

Condition

Output (in volts)

Direct sunlight at 0900

0.535

Turned 90 degrees from sun

0.490

Facing sun, overcast

0.482

Turned 180 degrees from sun

0.478

Outdoors, shade gradations

0.39 to 0.445

Inside house, day, facing window

0.225

Inside house, day, facing inside

0.065

Inside house, dark hallway

0.003

Inches from 75-watt lamp

6

0.426

12

0.359

18

0.228

24

0.163

30

0.116

36

0.085

Table 1: Measured performance

of the solar cell used as a

light

detector.

Resulting Current

Voltage with

Load

Resulting Voltage

with Load Added

No Load

Added (ohms)

with Load Added

(in milliamperes)

0.482

8.6

0.30

37.00

0.4

46.8

0.35

6.29

0.4

36.5

0.33

7.52

0.4

23.4

0.27

9.45

0.4

8.6

0.13

13.88

Table 2: Effects

of an electrical load on the solar cell.

Listing 1: A simple BASIC light-detector program for use with the solar cell. A warningtone sounds when a light activates the solar cell.

100 -'X10 FOR LIGHT DETECTOR110 fl=U0YSTK<0>120 IF R>0 THEN SOUND 100.. 113© GOTO 110

Listing 2: A BASIC program for reading and displaying solar-cell output. The solar cellis connected to the right joystick by the x channel.

FOR SOLRR CELL.

'JOYSTICK VALUE""JR

1 fVD V- " 11 NT< < fl/64 >*4. 9* 190 V100

' CELL V= " ; I NT< <:. Fl/64 >*4 „ 9/5. 6* 100 V100

100

OP AMP

110

CLS

120

fl=J0Y:

3TKC 0 :>

130

PRINT

2 256+5

140

PRINT

iS 288+5

150

PRINT

fi 320+5

160

GOTO

The configuration shown uses aX10 amplifier.

A Solar-Cell Light Detector

Solar cells are designed to convertsun or incandescent light into elec-tricity. In recent years, solar cellshave improved both in cost and effi-ciency.

The unit I tested was a Radio Shackcell (part number 276-124); similarproducts are available from EdmundScientific (101 E. Gloucester Pike,Barrington, NJ 08007). Normally youthink of solar cells as energy con-verters, but of course they work quitewell as light detectors too.

On a clear day at 25° Celsius (C) atnoon in direct sunlight, the cell pro-duced about 0.535 V and 0.18ampere, or about 0.1 watt. When thecell is taken out of direct sunlight, itsoutput falls rapidly. Table 1 listsvoltages developed under differentlighting conditions and light sources.

Some other results might prove in-teresting. The solar cell was notresponsive to any degree to infaredlight. Voltage dropped considerablywhen the load on the cell output wasincreased as shown in table 2.

You can activate the solar cell witha flashlight. Because it has a large sur-face area compared with that of aphotocell or other photosensitivedevice, your aim doesn't have to beprecise. Using the X5.6 op amp andthe Color Computer program inlisting 1, the flashlight could bedetected from 8 feet away. With theX10 op amp, the input exceeds thelinear range of the circuit, but theflashlight beam is detected from 16 or20 feet.

Listing 2 is a general BASIC pro-gram for use with the X5.6 op ampand solar cell.

Readers may want to compare thesolar-cell circuit with anotherphotosensitive circuit that uses theRadio Shack cadmium-sulfidephotocell (see "Color Computer fromA to D," December 1981 BYTE, page134). This device puts out a decreas-ing resistance as light intensity in-creases; resistance varies from about20 ohms in sunlight to 5 megohms inthe dark. The cadmium-sulfidephotocell can be used in a voltage-

424 November 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

5

The mind never stops. Your con-stant search for better, more cost-efficient business methods will leadyou to the fourth annual Office Auto-mation Conference, the only one ofits kind in the world. Our theme isExplorations in Office Automation,and we'll be presenting 50 technicalsessions which will examine six areasof interest:

• Advanced Office Technology

• Communications

• Current Office Technology

• Human Factors and Social Issues

• Management and Organizational

Issues

• Systems Integration

You'll also discover a panorama ofoffice automation products and serv-ices exhibited by more than 150 of theleading manufacturers. There will befour luncheon workshops in which youmay choose to participate, and aspecial presentation by five editorsfrom Newsweek who will be con-ducting a Periscope Panel with livelydiscussion on events of the day.

We're expecting a sellout crowd atOAC '83, so why don't you fill out andmail this coupon today. Be a part of theoffice of the future at OAC '83.

THE FOURTH ANNUAL

OFFICE AUTOMATIONCONFERENCE

FEBRUARY21-23, 1983 • CIVIC CENTER • PHll_ADE\_PV\\i^,PI^.

SPONSORED BY AMERICAN FEDERATION OF INFORMATION PROCESSING SOCIETIES, INC.

I K|AMF

manon, cut ana man i

Mail to:

TITLE

m

J AFIPS

COMPANY

W,

I 1983 OAC |J PO Box 9659

ADDRESS

■u

■ Arlington, VA. 22209

I CITY

.STATF

ZIP

9

Circle 332 on Inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982 425

I

I

I

T

m

!•

I

II

I

I

1

• •<•»

I

i < ■ 'i

I

jl

Hi H

mo [IK |H1' F

■1 ll

At last count, more than acouple of million Americans ownedpersonal computers. And thatnumber is expected to triple by1985.

That's a fertile environmentfor software sales. But a lot of per-sonal computer software organiza-tions are discovering it's not aseasy as they might have thought.

The problems boil downto these:

Lack of awareness on thepart of personal computer buyers.Lack of understanding on the partof personal computer salespeople.Lack of unlimited dollars to adver-tise in the myriad magazines thatreach this small segment or thatsmall segment of the total market.

If any of this sounds like afamiliar frustration to you, we'vegot good news. LIST is here. Andits advent heralds a new era incost-effective software marketing.

LIST isn'tanother guide.It's not anotherdirectory. It's aninformative newpublication thatputs softwarefirst. And putsyou in touch—directly, inexpen-sively—with thefastest growingsegments of

the personal computer market.

With LIST, you'll be able toreach business and professionalpeople at a critical point in thepurchase cycle—before they'vebought their hardware.

At the same time, you'll beable to impact another significantmarket segment—those peoplewho already own personal com-puters, and are eager to learn howthey can do more with mem.

To find out how LIST canexpand the awareness of your soft-ware for less than $200, send usthis coupon. (Hurry! We go topress December 15.)

Or don't. And go on beingless well known than you deserveto be.

LIST is published by RedgatePublishing Co., an affiliate ofEFHutton&Co.

1 800 327-1300

In Florida call: 1 305 231-6904

I WANT TO MAKE MORE PEOPLE AWARE OF MY SOFTWARE;

Please send me literature that explains how LIST can help.I don't want to wait on the mails. Call me right away.Send to LIST, Redgate Publishing Co., 3407 Ocean Drive,Vero Beach, FL 32960. Or phone 1 800 327-1300.

In Florida call: 1 305 231-6904

NAME

TITLE

i COMPANY

TELEPHONE

A ADDRESS

STATE ZIP

LIST

.The Software Resource BookFor Personal Computer Users

I

© 1982 Redgate Publishing Company

Circle 394 on Inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982

427

/

CdS PHOTOCELL(RADIO SHACK276-116)

2200 OHMRESISTOR

6-PIN DIN-TYPECONNECTOR(REAR VIEW)

u

ALTERNATIVE RESISTOR10K POTENTIOMETER

Figure 7: The cadmium-sulfide photocell changes resistance with light. You can use asimple voltage divider to convert the resistance change to voltage input for an A-to-Dconverter.

GLASS"BEAD"

D TYPICALLY0.014"

I 0 TYPICALLY

L 0.014"

L1

—Ml— o

GLASS"PROBES"

V

B TYPICALLYT 1/4"

1

Dft

STANDARD

B TYPICALLY1/2"

1

FAST RESPONSE

Figure 8: Thermistors come in a variety of shapes and sizes. Response time is generallybetter for smaller thermistors.

FENWAL GA45P150K Wv

T

REMOTETHERMISTOR

15K NEAR(COLORCOMPUTER)

Ms >f \f

TO TO TO

JOYSTICK JOYSTICK JOYSTICK

GROUND X CHAN +5V

(PIN 3) (PIN 1) (PIN 5)

Figure 9: You can convert thermistor-resistance change into a corresponding voltage forinput to an A-to-D converter with a voltage divider.

divider circuit as shown in figure 7.

A Thermistor Temperature-Sensing Circuit

In the December 1981 article, Idiscussed a thermistor, anotherdevice that puts out a varyingresistance, in this case, according toambient temperature. The devicechosen for that article was ill-suitedfor a computer system input; it was alarge thermistor, like those found intelevision sets, used to detect overcur-rent conditions.

Plenty of available smaller ther-mistors are very sensitive to smallchanges in temperature and respondwithin a second or less. One of thechief suppliers of such devices is Fen-wal Electronics (63 Fountain St.,Framingham, MA 01701). They carrya complete line of every availablethermistor and have localdistributors.

The Fenwal (and other) thermistorscome in many different sizes andpackages, some of which are shownin figure 8. Generally, the smaller thepackage, the more sensitive the ther-mistor. The "probe" package is in-tended for immersion in liquid.

The nominal resistance (e.g., theresistance at 25 °C) of Fenwal ther-mistors ranges from about 1000 ohmsto 10 megohms. Prices are on theorder of a few dollars, dependingupon the package type.

In my test setup I used a FenwalGA45P1 thermistor. This is a50k-ohm thermistor in a standardglass probe configuration thatresponds (changes resistance) withina few seconds. The input to the A-to-D converter is shown in figure 9.

The resistance of the GA45P1 forvarious temperatures is shown intable 3, along with the expectedvoltage at the junction of the voltagedivider. The Rcoeff is the coefficient tobe multiplied times the 25°Cresistance to find the resistance atvarious temperatures. You can seethat the resistance/temperature curveis far from linear. You've got to dealwith wide extremes in resistance.

I used a Color Computer BASICprogram to read in the voltage-divider values and came up with thereadings in table 4. These values

428 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Are you looking for a DATA BAS,

i <-

±£

iMiuiuni

iiHIKIIIIIIUlMiMltUHIilllltlllllffi

i.llltHaitlW.

iiiiiHKitfHfi

HtUifflh

illlllM' A

m

THE BEST DATA BASE SYSTEM

GBS

IS READY TO DO YOUR JOB

GBS™ $300

QUICK GEN™ $125

REPORT GEN™ $150

MENU GEN™ $ 75

CONVERT $ 60

IF YOU AREN'T A PROGRAMMER...

... our program generator, QUICK GEN, isready to help you. With QUICK GEN almostanyone — even those unsophisticated aboutcomputers — may generate powerful busi-ness programs. In a short time, you can createa program and a data file that allows an opera-tor, using menu choices, to selectively . . .review records add recordsedit records delete records

update records print out records

QUICK GEN guides you through thefollowing easy steps. When you finish, you willhave created a GBS program and a data file.

1. Create a screen of labels and headingsusing a full-screen editor

2. Define data fields, including type and format

3. Position data fields on the display by mov-ing the cursor

4. Write equations that perform calculationson the displayed data

Also of help to the non-programmer isour report generator REPORT GEN. Withit you may create programs that can producea wide range of customized reports. Checkout these features of REPORT GEN:

Complete file printout

Summary printout to yourspecifications

One line per record, or

Multiple lines per record

Print from up to three related files

Compute subtotals and totals

Finally, there is MENU GEN. It ties allof your programs together and permits anoperator to work exclusively from menus.QUICK GEN, REPORT GEN, and MENUGEN all require GBS to operate.

IF YOU ARE A PROGRAMMER . . .

. . . you need GBS. It is a powerful, fully pro-grammable, relational database managementsystem. You can access 3 different filessimultaneously, and work with as many filesas you need within a single program. Use one-to-one, one-to-many, or many-to-one rela-tionships. GBS allows data files to span fourdisk drives. Up to ten indexes may be usedsimultaneously with each data file, and theyare automatically updated when records areadded or indexed fields are changed.

GBS uses disk space well by compress-ing screens and program tables, and byrequiring only 24K of disk space to index adata file of 5000 records. When you runapplications, GBS need not be available ondisk, thus freeing often valuable disk spaceand avoiding tedious overlays of programcode.

When you program GBS, all the tools areimmediately available. You may program andtest without requiring an outside editor,assembler, or compiler. Thus, changes maybe made and tested in seconds.

You program GBS by making tableentries using a full screen editor. The tabularstructure allows GBS to execute your appli-cations and those created using theGENerator programs extremely rapidly.

You may construct screens with a fullscreen editor. Later, your programs will dis-play these screens with a single instruction.You may use subroutines to shorten andorganize your programs. The fields in a recordmay be referenced like an array. And for thoselearning to use GBS, there are valuableHELPs available on call.

START USING GBS NOW.

GBS is up and running on most popularCP/M* based computers, like those made byApple, Tandy, Xerox, Sharp, NEC, Osborne,Televideo, Hewlett Packard, Vector, Toshiba,Altos, and more.

If you are now using an older, slower database management system, you can move upto the power of GBS and adapt your currentdata files with the help of our optional utilityCONVERT.

You can order GBS with confidencebecause we guarantee itl If GBS isn't allwe say it is, and more, simply return it within30 days for a full refund. This offer is for alimited time only, so please act immediately.Discuss these terms with your local computerstore manager — he may be a participatingGBS dealer.

Call Today

Contact us today for additional infor-mation or to take advantageof our special 30-day Money BackGuarantee.

GBS—it's the bestbusiness decisionyou can make, fortoday and for thefuture.

QUALITY SOFTWARE

6660 Reseda Blvd., Suite 107Reseda, CA 91335 (213) 344-6599

*CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research.

Circle 377 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982

429

Temp.

Voltage

°C

°F

nCOEFF

"therm

Divider (in volts)

-10

14

6.12

306,000

4.71

0

32

3.51

175,500

4.55

10

50

2.08

104,000

4.32

20

68

1.27

63,500

4.04

25

77

1.00

50,500

3.81

30

86

0.794

39,700

3.59

40

104

0.510

25,500

3.11

50

122

0.336

16,800

2.61

60

140

0.226

11,300

2.12

70

158

0.155V - 4 95

7,750( RT \

1.68

{ 15,000 + BTf

Table 3: Resistance

of the thermistor

changes drastically

over a short temperature

range.

Listing 3: A BASIC program to compute temperature based on inputs from GA45P1thermistor; the program utilizes table lookup and interpolation.

89 'GPI45P1 THERMISTOR I/O

90 CLS

101 DFlTB 14. 4.71, 4. 55.. 32.. 4. 55, 4. 32.. 50.. 4. 32, 4„ 04, 68, 4. 04, 3, 59

102 DFITR 86,3,59,3. 11, 104,3. 11,2.61, 122,2.61,2. 12

103 DflTFl 140,2. 12, 1,68,-1,--1,-1109 CLS

118 fl=JOYSTKX0>

126 v=':: R/63 :>%<: 4. 95 >

130 RESTORE

140 READ T,V1,V2

158 IF <T«~1 OR V>4.?i::' THEN PRINT "OUT OF RflHGE"'STOP

170 IF <<V>*V2> AND CV<«V1» THEN GOTO 100 ELSE GOTO 140

180 '•/■-< < V1 -V >.-"< V1-V2 3 ::■* 18+T

190 PRINT S 256+10, Ir-mV*10V10, "

200 GOTO 110

MEASURED/EXPECTEDVOLTAGE(VOLTS)

■

; 1 :

!

.. I

EXPECTEDMEASURED

Temp.

VOM

Color Computer

°F

Reading

JOYSTK (0)

116

2.83

36

110

2.92

37

104

3.07

39

100

3.23

41

96

3.41

44

90

3.49

45

85

3.64

48

80

3.73

49

57

3.94

52

41

4.33

57

Table 4:

Sample data

compares actual

voltage readings at junction of voltage

divider

and Coi

or Computer

JOYSTK(O) values.

Figure 10: Test results for the thermistor. Data compares favorably with expectedresults except for one anomaly.

represent the voltage normalized toJOYSTK values of 0 through 63; eachcount represents about 78 mV (5V/64).

You will see in listing 3 a moreelaborate BASIC program that inter-polates values based upon resistancevalues from table 3.

Plotting the expected voltages atvarious temperatures versusmeasured values produced the plotshown in figure 10. Rather than fakethe readings, as we used to do in theuniversity physics lab, I left in theanomaly. I varied the temperature byimmersing the probe in a containerfilled with ice or hot water.

Although the thermistor loses sen-sitivity (in this setup) at temperatureextremes, it is still a very usefuldevice because it is small, uncompli-cated, and inexpensive. Large ther-mistor values will be unaffected bylong runs of wire, so the device can belocated quite a distance away fromthe computer. Resolution from 0°Cto 51 °C is fine, allowing you to detectchanges in temperature as small as2.2°C (e.g., you can tell the dif-ference betwen 0°C and 2.2°C).

Another important aspect of ther-mistors is the self-heating mode. Ifcurrent through a thermistor in-creases without limit, the thermistorresistance drops, increasing the cur-rent, and so forth, until thermalrunaway occurs, burning up the ther-mistor. However, this self-heatingmode can be initiated and held incheck by a suitable series resistance.The thermistor will then heat up to100°C or so. Any change in ambient

430 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

The Smith-CoronaTP-1 is the only

letter-quality printer for under $900!

No wonder it's so popular!

The Smith-Corona'TP-1" Daisy Wheel Printer.

Big problem! You want to get a beautiful, letter-quality printer. Yet you want to keep costs down.Welcome solution: the Smith-Corona TP-1.

It's the only daisy wheel printer on the marketthat sells for under $900. So you can get the printquality you really want in a printer, at a price that'swell within your budget. (In fact, it's so reasonable,you may find you want a TP-1 even if you alreadyown a dot matrix.)

The TP-1 is just right for small businesses orin-home users. No wonder ifs already a hugesuccess!

The print quality of the TP-1 stands up againstprinters costing three times as much. In fact, you'llget results identical to those of the finest office type-writers. So you'll never again have to send an impor-tant letter that doesn't look important.

The TP-1 is also suitable for reports and manu-scripts. Even budgets and forms.

Just as important, the TP-1 is amazingly simpleto operate. And ifs compatible with most microcom-puters and available with either standard serial orparallel data interface.

Circle 405 on inquiry card.

The basic TP-1 handles letter and legal sizedpaper. A tractor feed option to handle either fanfoldor single sheet paper will be available soon. There'sa choice of easy-to-change, state-of-the-art daisyprint wheels. And ribbon cassettes that just drop in—simple as that.

One other thing: unlike many printers, theSmith-Corona TP-1 is made in America.

So don't settle for a dot matrix printer whenyou can find (or add) real letter-quality results atan incredibly low price. With the Smith-CoronaTP-1 daisywheel printer.

Name_Title_

Smith-Corona

Please send me information on the Smith-CoronaTP-1 daisy wheel printer.

Company Name

Business Address.City

□ check if dealer

.State.

. Zip_

L

Mail coupon to:

Jerry Diener, Vice President Sales

Smith-Corona

65 Locust Avenue, New Canaan, Ct. 06840

B11

J

""Manufacturers suggested retail is under $900, but prices may vary.BYTE November 1982 431

+ 3V

LM334

-3V

H

I

HI

+ 3V

'SET

LM334OUT

500

-O'

10K

v0UT (T0 X1° N0N"INVERTINGOP-AMP)

ft!

v0UT

10 mV/ KELVIN

ADJUST POT FOR BIAS

Figure 11: An LM334 temperature sensor can be biased so- that output is midrange.Voltage output changes about 10 mV per degree C.

conditions now affects the thermistortemperature and also the current flowthrough the thermistor. Blowing onthe thermistor, for example, will takeheat away from the thermistor byconvection, as will fluids flowing by.You can create excellent flowmeters(including anemometers), vacuumpressure gauges, and similar types ofinstruments with thermistors operat-ing in the self-heated mode. See Fen-wal specifications if you'd care to ex-periment.

An LM334 Temperature-SensingCircuit

An alternative approach to com-puter temperature sensing is the useof an LM334 (Radio Shack partnumber 276-1734) temperature sensorand adjustable current source. In ad-dition to its customary use as a cur-rent limiter, the LM334 also offerstemperature-sensing capability. Itsoutput voltage will change approx-imately 10 mV per Kelvin, according

to published specs. Kelvin? Since yourarely deal with absolute zero in thethree computer systems (except wheninterfacing to some assistant elec-tronics store managers) let's think interms of degrees Celsius orFahrenheit. For every °C (1.8°F), theoutput will change by 10 mV. An18 °F change will result in a change of0.1 V, and a 72° F change will resultin a change of 0.4 V. These changesare too small by a factor of 10 foryour A-to-D converter, but you havethe X10 amplifier.

Note that the temperature changesare linear, unlike the thermistor. A1-degree change in temperaturealways results in a 10-mV change inoutput!

Figure 11 shows the circuit I used inthis application. This circuit "floats"the LM334 between +3 V and -3 V.The 500-ohm potentiometer is ad-justed until the output is aboutmidscale (2.5 V) for the centertemperature in the range. The output

SOLDER THREELEADS

SLIP THREEPIECES OF"SPAGHETTI"OVER EXPOSEDLEADS

FINALAPPEARANCE

DIP IN

PVC CEMENT-

Figure 12: The LM334 comes in a smallpackage, which can be waterproofed. Thesensor can be located long distances awayfrom the A-to-D converter and computer.

of the LM334 goes to a noninvertingX10 op amp, which then connects tothe A-to-D-converter channel.

For this test setup, I used an LM334on a long wire, as shown in figures 12and 13. An advantage of this circuit,by the way, is that it is current-driven, allowing long runs to the sen-sor. The assembly was dipped in PVC(polyvinyl chloride) cement forwaterproofing.

McGraw-Hill Bookstore

NEWEST from ^ r

James Martin

The sage of the computer industry

Please print clearly.

VIEWDATA AND THE INFORMATION SOCIETY

Published by Prentice-Hall

The marriage of TV, telephone and computer

The technology - its impact, problems, applications and future

Types of systems and guidelines for implementation

James Martin discusses one of the most excitingdevelopments of the '80s, with applications at theprivate, consumer and public levels. 301 pp. $31.50

■

McGraw-Hill Bookstore BY111221 Avenue of the AmericasN.Y.N.Y 10020

Please send me copies of

Viewdata and the Information Society by

James Martin at $31.50.

I

MasterCard-Account No..Name

Vis.

AmerExp_

-Expires

Address_City

. State_

-Zip-

Add sales tax plus $2.50 postage, handling

432 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 272 on inquiry card.

Creative Logic introducesthe $795 solution tothe $2,000problem. /

SYSTEM

CHANNEL II

I

The $2,000 problem:

Until now, when you wanted to delegateinformation to a printer or modem inyour microcomputer network, you had totie up a $2,000 computer for each printeror modem in use. This was not only awaste of money, but a waste of time.

The $795 solution:

Creative Logic is proud to introduce afirst in the microcomputer industry—DatrixTM—a small computer whosesole function is the routing of informa-tion to printers and modems.

• Datrix currently supports the CorvusConstellation Network.

• When Datrix is informed what informa-tion to print, it controls the actualprinting. This immediately frees yourcomputer for other projects.

• Datrix can store up to 62 files to beprinted on a first come, first served basis.

• Add a modem to Datrix and you're ableto transfer information over conven-tional telephone lines. Also, Datrix hasan internal real time clock which canbe set to work automatically to handle

16 modem transactions in any 24-hour

period without an operator.1 Datrix is proven technology. The heart

of the Datrix is a Z-80 microprocessor.1 Datrix uses industry standard RS-232C

communications protocol.

■ Two files can be printed simultaneouslyor two modems or any combination

of the two.

■ Installation is easy. Simply plug in thesupplied interface cable into the Datrixand any port on your ConstellationMultiplexer. Printers only require

a three-wire connection. Modems areeasily connected.

• Datrix software is designed for compati-bility with the spooler program suppliedwith your Corvus disc drive.

1 90 day warranty on parts and labor.

2831 N. Catherwood StreetIndianapolis, IN 46219 (317) 549-2916

Dealer inquiries invited. Some limited distributorships available.Circle 131 on inquiry card.

RADIO SHACK276-175EXPERIMENTERSOCKET

WIRINGDIAGRAM

J I

/K

GND,

LM334

100K,"1/4 WT, 10%

TO JOYSTICKGROUND (PIN 3)

^TO JOYSTICK +5V (PIN 5)* TO JOYSTICK X CHANNEL (PIN 1)

Figure 13: You can build the complete LM334 temperature-sensing circuit on a pro-totype board by using five components plus the sensor.

The graph in figure 14 representsthe test results. The slope of the lineshows about 10 mV per 0.972°C,which compares favorably with theexpected results. Here, the range ofinput temperatures was about 37°Fthrough 91 °F. Adjust the poten-tiometer for the range you require oruse less amplification in the op amp.

The LM334 makes an excellenttemperature sensor, and I would tendto prefer it to the thermistor methodfor precise temperature readings.Changes in temperature of about1.2 °F can be detected with the circuitdescribed in this section.

DC Motors Used as Generators

Radio Shack and many other sup-pliers sell small DC motors that willoperate from 1.5 V through 6 V DCand rotate as fast as 8,000 or 10,000rpm (revolutions per minute). You canalso use a small permanent magnetDC motor as a generator if an exter-nal force turns the shaft and you havemotor leads as power sources. Is itfeasible to use a DC motor'sgenerating capacity to measure rota-tional speed? Here's what I found out.

The motors I used were RadioShack part number 273-208. They arespecified for 1.5 V to 6 V DC and3550 rpm with no load. Figure 15shows the test setup. A variablepower supply drove the motor on theleft. The motor on the right wasdriven by the first motor, via a piece

Need More Serial Ports ?

■#" Add a BTA smart multiport controller to your C.P.U.

# The MODEL 524 expands a single RS232 port to fourindividual ports with port selection and baud ratecontrolled by user software. <

"K" Buffered inputs permit simultaneous operation in-creasing data exchange rate.

w 62K spooler model also available.

!,;t;i,H«fSt. SfStMuftt

48 WW

Price

$249.00

Bay Technical Associates

P. O. Box 387, Bay St. Louis, MS. 39520

601 -467-8231

434 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 48 on inquiry card.

The speed and power of an IBM PCon a $345 Apple® card.

FAST 5 MHZ OPERATION,TRUE MULTIPROCESSING

ALF's AD8088 Processor Card adds a fast 16-bit8088, the processor used in the IBM PC, to yourApple II. It runs programs from its on-board memoryat a full 5 MHz—12% faster than the IBM PC—whilethe Apple also runs at full speed. And two or moreAD8088's can be used in one Apple, to tackleproblems that are beyond many mainframe systems.

CP/M-86 AND 192K MEMORY

CP/M-86® , the 8088 version of the industry stan-dard CP/M operating system, is available for theAD8088 for only $200. AD8088 CP/M-86 uses thepopular Microsoft Softcard® disk format so you canbuy the latest programs direct from major softwaredistributors like Lifeboat Associates.

CP/M-86 uses only 18K, leaving 46K for pro-grams on a 64K Apple—easily enough memory toassemble 12K of object code. For large programs,our $370 AD128K Memory Card provides 110K

program space, or 174K program space (192Ksystem memory) for an extra $75.

THE 8087 NUMERIC DATA PROCESSOR

The AD128K Memory Card features a socket forthe Intel 8087 Numeric Data Processor. The 8087's80-bit internal format gives 18 digits of accuracy(Applesoft has only 9). Its speed is equally impres-sive: it multiplies two 80-bit floating-point numbersfaster than the Apple runs 10 machine codes!

FASTER APPLESOFT FOR SCIENTIFIC &ANALYTICAL PROGRAMS

Any program can be rewritten for fast operationwith the 8088, but ALF's "FTL" program speeds upmath in your existing Applesoft programs—withoutmodification. FTL is activated simply by typing RUNFTL. Programs produced by TASC® or Expediter II®also run faster. The graphs below show the dramaticimprovement with FTL.

10 PRINT "2 3 ";20 FOR B = 5 TO

1000 STEP 230 F0RC=3T0

SQR(B)STEP240 IFB/C = INT

(B/C)THEN7050 NEXT60 PRINT B;" ";70 NEXT B

Program to computeprime numbersfrom 2 to 1000.

51.7

_j

h-

23.2

:;:U_:::

t_

: _5 -

o

"I

h-

_j

5

t

41.5

-J

U-

h-

oO

I

12.9

H-

_i

_.

U-

40.8

_i

t

l_

O

I

12.2

t~

_J

§

APPLESOFT TASC EXPEDITER II

execution time in seconds

RELIABLE LOW POWER OPERATION

The clean design of the "AD" series separates thetwo main components—processor and expansionmemory, when needed—on two cards. Low-powercomponents are used for cooler operation: each carddraws less than an Apple ROM card—far less than atypical 80-column card.

SEE YOUR APPLE DEALER TODAY

An Apple II computer with 64K (48K plusLanguage Card equivalent) and 13- or 16-sector diskdrive is required. The AD8088 and AD128K can beused in any slot.

Trademarks: "Apple": Apple Computer, "TASC", "Softcard": Microsoft, "Expediter II": Einstein/Goodrow, "CP/M-86": Digital Research

ALF

A L F PRODUCTS INC. 144B ESTES DENVER, CD B0215

[303] 234-OB71

Circle 509 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982 435

ComputersAnd

PeripheralsFor Sale

The items for sale have beenused for varying lengths of time,but are all in working order. Allunits are sold as is. Prices are FOBPeterborough, New Hampshire.

Three high-performanceSCION word-processing sub-systems for use with a micro-computer, each consisting of a:

Scion Screensplitter memory-mapped S-100-bus video-dis-play board,

Scion parallel-port keyboard.

Scion Wordsmith text-editingsoftware.

Ball Corporation green-phos-phor video monitor. The unitsare all in excellent condition.

Price: S1200 each subsystem,S3000 takes all three.

Shaffstall EDI7700 photo-typesetter floppy-disk interface foruse with Compugraphic Edit-writer-series typesetting equip-ment, including standard ASCIItranslation software. (This devicereads and writes phototypesetterdisks with textual data transmittedor received through a serial RS-232C link.) Excellent condition.Price: S8500.

Pensee Pascal Microengine

computer system, including UCSDPascal version 3.0, 16-bit micropro-cessor, two Shugart 800R single-density 8-inch floppy-disk drives,and two RS-232C serial ports.Good condition.Price: SI900.

For more information, contact:

Jon Swanson

BYTE Publications Inc.

70 Main St.

Peterborough, WH 03458

(603) 924-9281

COLORCOMPUTER LM334JOYSTK(O) OUT

BO

30

0.500

0.400

0.300

0.100

30

40

50

T

60°F)

70 80

LM324 OUT VIA

T

LM344 OUT(V)

COLOR

COMPUTER JOYSTK(O)

37°

0.064

4

57

0.186

24

67

0.245

33

82

0.323

44

91

0.376

48 (LIMIT)

Figure 14: Test results for LM334 show that the manufacturer didn't exaggerate. TheLM334 is indeed an excellent device for sensing even small variations in temperature.

VARIABLE

POWER

SUPPLY

DCMOTOR

HOLE FORTACHOMETER

MOTORGENERATOR

OSCILLOSCOPE

OUTPUTLEADS

TACHOMETERWAND

TO COMPUTER

Figure 15: The test setup for measuring DC voltage output from a DC motor used as agenerator. The right-hand motor is driven physically by the left-hand motor through acoupling made of plastic tubing. I used a tachometer wand to measure speed of rota-tion.

436 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

1 * ^^M

1 * A ' J

n

1 j n 1

[T

| !j7j

■ *i .J

tTSj

j^fiT

[7j

77T

m

■ * 1 ^^1

1 j T i\\

■ 1 *11

M fli J 1

[i|

TTT]

r • i

[7|

il^

^;j jTi)

v|

fiLH

r •

• kAj^B

Thanks for waiting.

We know your question: How could Olivetti have developeda better personal computer than the other giants?

The answer in a word: Experience. Olivetti introducedthe world's first desk-top computer in 1965. Since then,we've continued to market a variety of minicomputersand microcomputers to a wide range of users.

The new M20 has the latest technological advances,like our true 16-bit microprocessor. And the results?Well, check the comparison chart for yourself: In price-performance and feature benefits, Olivetti's M20 hasmore capability across the board than the Xerox 820,the IBM Personal Computer and—hold on to yourdisks—the Apple HI.

In fact, dollar for dollar, the M20 is the most powerfulpersonal computer on the market.

It can handle just about any application—electronicspread sheets, accounting, word processing, data entry,communications, scientific, technical...in fact, everythingto make you more productive. And the M20's memorycapacity—512K bytes—makes the Apple DI's memory ..ZZ"look pretty unmemorable.

Operating the M20 is as easy as using an Olivetti typewriter.You don't need programming experience. The M20 teaches youall about itself. One step at a time.

And you needn't wade through a sea of complicated com-puter printouts. The M20 allows you to visualize the mostcomplex information in high-resolution graphics—even color.

Its programming language is Microsoft BASIC version 5.2.Universally known, easy to learn and use, it also ensures com-patibility with a wide range of existing application programs

Olivetti has developed its own disk-based operatingsystem (PCOS—Professional Computer Operating Sys-tem) which fully exploits the full potential of the M20.PCOS monitors and manages the system, cataloguesand executes command procedures, executes utility programs, calls assembler routines, pro-vides a constant HELP function, protects dataand programs via passwords and provides aline- and full-screen editor.

Our CP/M® option can give you access to theexpanding world of CP/M software.

Of course, Olivetti offers a complete line of printers. And ifyou already own an Olivetti electronic typewriter, you alreadyhave a printer compatible with the M20.

OLIVETTI M20

PersonalComputer

IBM

PersonalComputer

Apple IIIPersonolComputer

Xerox 820

Personal

Computer

True 16-bilmicroprocessor'

YES

No

No

No

Standard memory

128K

64K

128K

64K

Maximum memory

512K

512K

256K

64K

Expandability

5 extra expansion

slots in sampleconfiguration"

No extra expansionslots in sampleconfiguration"

4 extra expansion slotsin samplecon figuration"

No expansion slots

Diskette storage(per drive)

320K

160K

UOK

92 K

Mass storage(per drive)

11 MB hard disk

None

5MB hard disk

None

Display capability

High-resolution

B/W or high-resolution color

High-resolution

green orcolor

High-resolutiongreen orcolor

High-resolutionB/W

Built-in screen graphics

YES

No

Yes

No fB^^

Olivetti's extensive sales andservice network includes locationsin every state. So send in thecoupon, and let us prove toyou that the M20 wasworth the wait.

D Send me a freebrochure.D Have a representativecontact me for o demonstration.□ Contact me. I'm interested inbecoming a dealer.

Company

Mail to: Docutel/Olivetti Corp., 155 White Plains Road, Dept. M20, Torrylown, NY 10591.Or call: (800)431-1366. In NY: (914)631-8100.

M20 Personal Computer

'Olivetti Cornnrntinn

©1982 Docutel/Olivetti Corporation

Circle 334 on inquiry card.

"ACCOMPONENT'

PEAK"VOLTAGE

0VOLTS"

sT

^'

^^

VOLTAGE

100 mV/cmTYPICAL

(0.909 RPM SHOWN)

Figure 16: Typical output from a motor generator shows the AC component on top ofthe DC level. You can find the speed of rotation by timing the peaks of the AC compo-nent.

of plastic tubing. I monitored the out-put of the motor generator with anoscilloscope. The motor on the lefthad a disk with small circular cutoutso that I could include the tachometerwand described in the next project tomeasure rotational speed of the shaft.

The motor on the left producedabout 2200 rpm with a supply voltageof about 1.2 V. I got up to 4000 rpm,but at this speed the motor had thecharacteristic ozone smell thatanyone who has ever pushed a modelelectric train to its limit willrecognize.

A typical output from the motorgenerator appears in figure 16. Thereis an AC component on top of a DClevel. This AC component handlesabout the same proportion of the out-put regardless of speed. The periodbetween "breaks" (low points) on theAC component is one sixth of the ac-tual period for the speed of themotor. In other words, the motorcommutates (reverses current direc-tion) six times per revolution, and thetrue rotational speed is given by:

RPM

26002400

22002000

1600

800600

400

/>

• /

*s_,

0.100 0.200

0 300

0.400

0.500

0.600 0

N0-

LOAD PEAK VOLTAGE

ffPS

RPM

PEAK V

AC

4

240

0.05

0016

5

300

0.075

0.025

11.1

666

0.140

0.040

13

778

0.20

0.070

24.4

1464

0 33

0.090

37

2220

0.50

0.16

46.5

2790

0.68

0 24

Figure 17: A plot of the DC voltage for various rotational speeds shows that output ismore or less linear. Output is about 0.68 V for 2790 rpm.

revolutions per second = 1/(P X 6)or rpm = 10/P

This suggests that an A-to-D-converter circuit that was fast enoughcould derive the rotational speed ofthe motor generator directly from theoutput waveform by measuring theperiod between breaks. The A-to-D-converter software would have to bein assembly language, of course.

The voltages produced for variousrotational speeds are shown in figure17. The output is linear, and rangesfrom 0 V through 0.68 V for speedsfrom 0 through 2790 rpm.

I did not measure the output of themotor/generator with an A-to-D con-verter. Before you do, you shouldfilter the output to smooth "ripple"and get rid of noise spikes generatedby motor mechanical actions. If youwant to retain the AC component,bypass noise spikes by putting a0.1-microfarad capacitor to groundfrom the motor output. It might alsobe a good idea to use a zener diode tolimit the input and prevent excessivevoltage. These schemes are shown infigure 18.

438 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

■■■■■■■■■■■■•*■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■

FOR ONLY $129.95 Learn Computing ;From The Ground Up

Build a Computer kit that growswith you, and can expand to 64kRAM, Microsoft BASIC, Text Edi-tor/Assembler, Ward Processor,Floppy Disks and more.

EXPLORER/85

Here's Ihe low cost way io learn the fundamentals of com-puting, (he all-important basics you'll need more andmore as you advance in computer skills. For just $129.95you rcI Ihe advanced-design Explorer/65 molherboard.wilh all the features you need to learn how to write anduse programs. And it can grow inlo a system that is amatch for any personal computer on (he market. Look althese features flOfi!» Central Processing Unit. Ihemicroprocessor "heart" of Ihe Explorer/B5. (loin themillions who will buy and use Ihe 80B0/80B5 this yearalone'.).. .Fourfl-riilpfusoneS-bin'npul/oiflpul ports fromwhich you can input and output your programs, as well ascontrol exlerior switches, relays, lights, etc. a cassetteinterface that lets you sinre and reload programs you'velearned Io wrile deluxe 2.000 liyle operatingsystem/monitor makes it easy to learn compuling inseveral important ways • 11 allows simpler, faster writ-ing and entering of programs • It permits access by youIo all parts of Ihp system so you can check on Ihe slatus ofany point in the program • It allows tracing each pro-gram step by slep. with provision for displaying all Ihecontents of the CPU (registers flags, etc.) • ... and itdoes much more!

You gel all this in the starting level {Level A) of IheExplorerfBS for only 1129.93. Incredible! To use. justplug in your 8VDC power supply and terminal orKeyboard/display — if you don't have Ihem. see ourspecial offers below

0 Level A computer kil (Terminal Version) . 1129.90plusS3P4I."

O Level A kit (Hex Keypad/Display Version). . $129.93plus S3 PA I.'

LEVEL B — This "building block' converts Ihe mother-board inlo a two-slot SlOO bus (industry standard) com-pulcr Now you can plug in any of the hundreds of SlOOcards available.

O Level B kit . $49.95 plus $2 P&l.'D SlOO bus connectors (two required) S4.B9 each.postpaid

LEVEL C — Add Still morecompuling power, this "build-ing block" mounts direclly onIhe motherboard and expandsIhe SlOO bus Io six slots.D LevelCkit. $39.B5pius$2

1. PIok in NelnKi'ypod/Disploy

2. AM Level B InSlOO

.1 Add 4k RAM

rents Microtofi BASIC. Ui-x fc/itor/AsseniblerinrlOM g

S. Addhv(iSll)l)ho.irdsOTI to r>. Atltl ytw nwfl custom t:ir-§

OlllS (prototyping unm)

7. Ciimii*:t lerminol

PAl'

O SlOO bus connectors (fiverequired) . $4.85 each,postpaid

LEVEL D — When you reach Ihe poinl in leaquires more memory, we nfftrrwo choices: fof a memory direclly on the mulherboard. or add 18k lo(Mk of memory by means of ,i single SlOO card, our famous"lAWS."

Level D Vil: (CHECK ONE). Q 4k on board $49.95plus $2 PAI*; D 16k SlOO "]AWS": . $149.95 plus $2PAIVO 32kSlO0 lAWS" $199.93 plus $2 PAIVD 48kSlOO "|AWS"" $249.93 plus S2 PAT; O 64k SlOO

"|AWS" . 1299.93 plus $2 PAI*.

LEVEL E — An important "building block." it activatesiheflk ROM/EPROM sjwue on Ihe motherboard. Now |ustplug in oui ak Microsofi BASIC or your own customprograms

D Level E kil. $3.93 plus 50c P&I.'Microsoft BASIC — Us the language that allows you totalk English to your computer! It is available three ways:D 8k cassette version of Microsofi BASIC (requires LevelB and 12k of RAM minimum-, we suggest a 16k SlOO"1AW5" — see above) $64.95 postpaid.□ Bk ROM version of Microsofi BASIC (requires Level BA Level E and 4k RAM: just plug inlo your Level E sockets.We suggest either ihe -Ik Level D RAM expansion or a 16kSlOO "|AWS."1 $99.96 plus S2 P&l 'a Disk version of Microsofi BASIC: (requires Level B.:!2k of RAM. floppy disk conlroller, fl" floppy disk drive)$325 postpaid

TEXT EDITOR/ASSEMBLER — The editor/assembleris a soflware Irxil (a program) designed to simplify the taskof wnling programs As your programs become longerand more complex, ihe assembler can save you manyhours of programming time This software includes anedilor program thai enters Ihe programs you wrile. makeschanges, and saves the programs on cassettes. The assem-bler performs ihe clerical task of translating symboliccode into Ihe computer-readable object code. The editor/assembler program is available eilher in cassette or aROM version

D Editor/Assemhler (Cassette version; requires Level"B" and 8k (min.)nf RAM— we suggest lfik"|AWS" —see above). . . $39.93 plus $2 P&I.*

D Editor/Assembler (ROM version supplied on an SlOOcant: requires Level B and 4k RAM (mm ) — we suggesteither Level Dor 16k "|AWS ) $99.95 plus $2 P&I.'8" FLOPPY DISK — A remarkable building block."Add our B" floppy disk when you need faster operation,more convenient program storage, perhaps a business ap-plication, and access to ihe literally thousands of programsand program languages available today. You simply plugthem into your Explofer/85 disk system — it accepts alllHM-furmalted CP/M^rograms.D fl" Floppy Disk Drive . . $499.95 plus $12 P&l.*Q Floppy Controller Card $199.95 plus S2 P&I *D Disk Drive Cabinet & Power Supply $69.95 plusS3 P&L*

D Drive Cables (set up fur two drives) . $25.00 plusSI ISO P&l.*

D CP/M 2.2 Disk Operating System, includes TexlKdilnr/Assembler. dynamic debugger, and other featureslhal give your Explorer/85 access lo ihousands of existingCP/M-based programs $150.00 postpaidNEED A POWER SUPPLY? Consider our AP-1. Il cansupply all Ihe power you need for a fully expanded Ex-plorer/85 (note: disk drives have their own power supply).Plus Ihe AP-1 fils neatly into the attractive Expl<cabinet (see below).

□ AP-1 Power Supply kil (BV «? 5 amnslcabinet . . $39.93 plus $2 P&l.'NEED A TERMINAL? Wyou choices: the ieasl

a CRT monitor or a TV sel (if you have an RF modulator)O Hex Keypad/Display kil $69.95 plus S2 P&l *

O FASTERM - 64 TERMINAL KIT - Featuring a 56 keyASCII Keyboard. 128 character sel upper anO lower case.75ohmoutput, 8 baud rates 150 lo 19.200 (switch selectable), RS232/C Of 20 MA output. 32 or 64 character by 16line lormals, complete withDeluxe Sleel Cabinet andPower Supply ... S199.95plus S3 P&L*

D RF Modulalor kil (allows yuu lo use your TV set as a

monitor). . $9.95 postpaid.

□ 12" Video Monitor (U)MHz bandwullhl $139.95

plus SS PAI.*

D Deluxe Sleel CabinH for ihe .

Explorer/85 . . $49.93 pins S3

P&l*

D Fan for cabinet $11

plus $1.50 P&L*

ORDER A SPECIAL-PRICE

EXPLORER/85 PAK —THERE'S

ONE FOR EVERY NEED.

D Beginner Pik (Save 526 00) — You get Level A (Ter-minal Version) wilh Monitor Source IJsling (S25 value)AIM. 5-amp. power supply Intel 8085 Users Manual. .[Rag. $199.95) SPECIAL $169.95 plus S4 P&l *D Experimenter Pak [Save 553.40) — You get Level A(Hex Keypad/Display Version) wilh Hex Keypad/Display. Intel 8065 User Manual. Level A Ilex MonitorSource Listing, and AP-1,5-amp. power supply .. (Reg.$279.95) SPECIAL $219.95 plus S6 PAl *a Special Microaoll BASIC Pak (Save S 103.00} — You gelLevels A (Terminal Version). B. D (4k RAM). E. BkMicrosofi in ROM. Intel B0H5 User Manual. Level A Moni-tor Source Listing, and AP-1. 5-amp power supply(Reg. $439.70) SPECIAL $329.95 plus S7 P&l.*

□ Add a Rom-Version Text Editor/Assembler |Requireslevels Band Dor SlOO Memory) . $99.95 plus $2 P&I"

Starter 8" Diak Sy.rcm - Includes Level A. B floppy diskcontroller, one CDC 8" disk-drive, two-drive cable, twoSlOO connectors: jusl add your own power supplies,cabinets and hardware □ (Reg. $1065.00) SPECIALS999.95 plus $13 PAl * D 32k Starter Syslem. $1045.95plus $13 P&l.* D 411k Slarter Syslem. $1095.95 plus S13PAl.' n 64k Slarter Syslem. $1145.95 plus $13 P&I.*

□ Add to any of above Explorer sleel cabinet. AP-1 fiveamp power supply. Level C with Iwo SlOO connectors,disk drive cabinet anil power supply. Iwo suli-D connec-tors for connecting your printer and lerminal .. (Reg$225.95) SPECIAL $199.95 plus S13 PAl."

D Complete 64K Syatem Wired A Tested $1650.00

plus $26 P&I.'

0 Special! Complete Business Soflware Pak (Save$625.00)— Includes CP/M 2.2 Microsofi BASIC. CeneralU:dger. Accounts Receivable, Accounls Payable. PayrollPackage . . . (Reg. S1325) SPECIAL $699.95 postpaid

Continental Credit Card Buyers Outside Connecticut

TO ORDER

Call Toll Free:

800-243-7428

To Order From Connecticut,

or For Technical Assistance,

Call (203) 354-9375

irk of Digital Research

"je"^ (Clip and mciil nnfirn ridj'j^

SEND ME THE ITEMS CHECKED ABOVE

Total Enclosed (Conn Residents add sales lax): $

Paid by:

D Personal Check D Cashier's Check/Money OrdeiD VISA □ MASTER CARD (Bank No

pei

ur Hex

Keypad/Display kil lhatplays the information on acalculalor-lype screen. Theother choice is our ASCIIKeyboard /Co mpu I er Terminalkit, that can be used with eilher

||f«j|NETRONICSResearch&DevelopmentLtd.flEWS.3:'.!-_»t c h_f i e 1 d_R_oa ^ NewMiH_ora\ CT 06776 _ _ _ _

ANNOUNCING TWONEW TERMINALS

Smart* Fast • Graphics • Matching Modem and $295 Printer

Netronics announces a state of the artbreakthrough in terminals. Now at prices youcan afford, you can go on-line with data-bankand computer phone-line services. It's allyours: "electronic newspapers," educationalservices, Dow-Jones stock reports, games,recipes, personal computing with any levellanguage, program exchanges, electronic bul-letin boards ... and morB every day!!!

Netronics offers two new terminals, bothfeature a lull 56 key/128 character typewriter-style keyboard, baud rates to 19.2 kilobaud, arugged steel cabinet and power supply. Thesimplest one, FASTERM-64, is a 16 line by 64 or 32 character per line unit, with a serialprinter port for making hard copy of all incoming data, and optional provisions for block andspecial character graphics. The "smart" version, SMARTERM-80, features either 24 line by 80characters per line or 16 by 40 characters per line, it offers on-screen editing with page-at-a-time printing, 12,000 pixel graphics, line graphics, absolute cursor addressing, underlining,reverse video, one-halt intensity and much more . .. simply plug them into your computer orour phone modem and be on-line instantly. Use your TV set (RF modulator required) or ourdelux green-phosphor monitor pictured above. For hard copy just add our matched printer.

Price breakthrough!!! Own the FASTERM-64, a complete terminal kit, ready to plug in forjust $199.95 or order the SMARTERM-80 kit for just $299.95. (both available wired and tested.)Be on-line with the million-dollar computers and data services today ... we even supply thenecessary subscription forms.

More good news: All the components in our terminals are available separately (seecoupon), so you buy only what you need!!!

FASTERM-64 . .. DISPLAY FORMAT: 64 or 32 characters/line by 16 lines ... 96 displayableASCII characters (upper & lower case) . . .8 baud rates: 150, 300, 600, 1200. 2400, 4800, 9600.19, 200, (switch sel.) . . . LINE OUTPUT: RS232/C or 20 ma current loop . . . VIDEO OUTPUT: 1VP/P (EIA RS-170).. . CURSOR MODES: home & clear screen, erase to end of line, erase cursorline, cursor up & down, auto carriage return/line feed at end of line & auto scrolling ...REVERSE VIDEO . . . BLINKING CURSOR . . . PARITY: oft, even or odd . . . STOP BITS: 1. 1.5.2 .. . DATA BITS PER CHARACTER: 5, 6, 7 or 8 . . . CHARACTER OUTPUT: 5 by 7 dot matrixin a 7 by 12 cell... PRINTER OUTPUT: prints all incoming data ... 1K ON BOARD RAM . .2K ON BOARD ROM . . . CRYSTAL CONTROLLED .. . COMPLETE WITH POWER SUPPLY .. .OPTIONAL GRAPHICS MODE: includes 34 Greek & math characters plus 30 special graphicscharacters . .. ASCII ENCODED KEYBOARD: 56 key/128 characters.

SMARTERM-80 . . . DISPLAY FORMAT: 80 characters by 24 lines or 40 characters by 16 lines128 displayable ASCII characters (upper & lower case) B baud rates: 110, 300, 600, 1200, 2400,4800, 9600, 19, 200 .. . LINE OUTPUT: RS232/C or 20 ma current loop . . . VIDEO OUTPUT: 1Vpp (EIA RS-170).. . EDITING FEATURES: insert/delete line, insert/delete character, for-ward/back tab . . . LINE OR PAGE TRANSMIT . . . PAGE PRINT FUNCTION . . . CURSOR POSI-TIONING: up, down, right, left, plus absolute cursor positioning with read back ... VISUALATTRIBUTES: underline, blink, reverse video, half intensity, & blank . .. GRAPHICS: 12,000pixel resolution block plus line graphics . . . ON-SCREEN PARITY INDICATOR . . . PARITY: off.even or odd... STOP BITS: 110 baud 2, all others 1 . . . CHAR. OUTPUT: 7 by 11 character ina 9 by 12 block . . . PRINTER OUTPUT ... 60 OR 50 Hz VERTICAL REFRESH . . . BLINKINGBLOCK CURSOR . . . CRYSTAL CONTROLLED . . . 2K ON BOARD RAM . . . ASCII ENCODEDKEYBOARD: 56 key/128 character . . . 4K ON BOARD ROM . . . COMPLETE WITH POWERSUPPLY.

TELEPHONE MODEM 103 O/A . . . FULL DUPLEX, FCC APPROVED . . . DATA RATE: 300 baud. . . INTERFACE: RS232/C and TTY . . , CONTROLS: talk/data switch (no need to conned anddisconnect phone), originate/answer switch on rear panel ... NO POWER SUPPLY RE-QUIRED.

ASCII KEYBOARD ASCII-3 ... 56 KEY/128 CHARACTER ASCIIEN CODED . . . UPPER & LOWER CASE . . . FULLY DEBOUNCED . .2 KEY ROLLOVER . . . POS OR NEG LOGIC WITH POS STROBE . .REQUIRES + 5 & -12V DC (SUPPLIED FROM VIDEO BOARDS)PRINTER COMET I . . . SERIAL I/O TO 9600 BAUD ... 80CHARACTER COLUMN (132 COMPRESSED) . . . 10" TRACTOR FEED "

. . UPPER/LOWER CASE . . . INDUSTRY STANDARD RIBBONS . . .4 CHARACTER SIZES ... 9 BY 7 DOT MATRIX . . . BI-DIRECTIONALPRINTING

Continental U.S.A. Credit Card Buyers Outside Connecticut

CALL TOLL FREE 800-243-7428

To Order From Connecticut Or For Tech. Assist. Call (203) 354-9375

NETRONICS R&D LTD. d.pi.

333 Litchfield Road, New Mllford, CT 06776

Please send the items checked below:

□ COMPLETE FASTERM-64 TERMINAL (includes FASTVID-64 video boardASCII-3 keyboard, steel cabinet and power supply) ... kit $199.95 plus $3 P&l... wired & tested $249.95 plus $3 P&l ... graphics option: add $19.95 toeach of above

□ COMPLETE SMARTERM-80 TERMINAL (includes SMARTVID-80 videoboard, ASCII-3 keyboard, steel cabinet and power supply) ... kit $299.95 plus$3 P&l ... wired and tested $369.95 plus $3 P&l

□ FASTVID-64 VIDEO BOARD (requires +5 & -12V DC)... kit $99.95 plus $3P&l ... graphics option add $19.95 . .. wired & tested $129.95 plus $3 P&l ...graphics option add $19.95

□ SMARTVID-80 VIDEO BOARD (requires +5 & +/-12V DC) ... kit $199.95plus $3 P&l ... wired & tested $249.95 plus $3 P&l

□ DELUXE STEEL TERMINAL CABINET . . . $19.95 plus $3 P&l

□ ASCII-3 KEYBOARD (requires +5 & -12VDC) ... kit $69.95 plus $3 P&l ...wired and tested $89.95 plus $3 P&l

□ POWER SUPPLY (powers ASCII-3 keyboard & video boards) ... kit only$19.95 plus $2 P&l

□ ZENITH VIDEO MONITOR (high resolution green phosphor)... wired &tested $149.95 plus $6 P&l

D TELEPHONE MODEM MODEL 103 O/A ... wired & tested $189.95 plus $3

P&l

D DOT MATRIX PRINTER Comet I . . . wired & tested $299.95 plus $10 P&l

D RF MODULATOR MOD RF-1 ... kit only $8.95 plus $1 P&l

D 3FT-25 LEAD MODEM/TERMINAL OR PRINTER/TERMINAL CONNECTOR

CABLE ... $14.95 ea plus $2 P&l

For Canadian orders, double the postage . Conn. res. add sales tax.

Total Enclosed $

□ Personal Check D Cashier's Check/Money Order

□ VISA D MasterCard (Bank No )

Acct. No Exp. Date

Signature

Print Name

Address

City

State

Zip

BYTE November 1982

439

BEFOREFILTERING

AFTERFILTERING

N-ttttl

y- NOISE/ SPIKES

ov

o

FROM MOTORGENERATOR

°Tl

m

-| > TO ADC

; 2000/tF

'][' ZENER DIODE'* 1N47

/77

4733

5.1V

Figure 18: You can filter the motor generator output to smooth "ripple" and eliminatenoise spikes. A zener diode provides overvoltage protection.

RS276-143

HIGH OUTPUTIR LED

C]

+ 5V

RS

276-145

IR

PHOTOTRANSISTOR

NO LIGHT

LIGHT

■4.5

OV

GROUND

X CHAN

Figure 19: The tachometer-wand circuit uses an infared LED and receiving phototran-sistor. The period of the pulse output can be easily measured by the Model I/III orColor Computer.

IR LED

(RS 276-143)FLAT SIDEIS CATHODE-

PHOTOTRANSISTOR

(RS 276-145)

(EMITTER LEAD LONGER)

Figure 20: Components for a tachometer wand fit inside a Vector Slit 'N Wrap tool. AnLED and phototransistor fit existing holes in the U-shaped portion of the tool.

A Tachometer Wand

I used a tachometer wand tomeasure rotational speed. I describedthe circuit for this in "Ports of Entryand Soft Breezes for the Color Com-puter and Model III" (May 1982BYTE, page 162) and summarized itin figure 19. The circuit uses a highoutput infared LED (light-emittingdiode; Radio Shack part number276-143) and an infared (IR)phototransistor (Radio Shack partnumber 276-145). When the IR light isblocked, the phototransistor outputgoes to about 4.5 V. One word ofwarning: Use the wand away from astrong incandescent light source-there is enough IR component in suchlight to trigger the phototransistor.

I mounted the wand in a Vector Slit'N Wrap wiring device (a somewhatexpensive way to fabricate it!). TheSlit 'N Wrap tool (Vector ElectronicCompany, 12460 Gladstone Ave.,Sylmar, CA 91342) needs nomodification except to cut off thewrapping end with a hacksaw. Thetwo resistors are mounted within thebarrel of the tool, and the two IRdevices fit perfectly into the holes ofthe U-shaped section of the tool (seefigure 20).

Refer to my May 1982 article to getsome ideas on assembly-languageprograms to read rotational speeddirectly.

A Pressure Transducer

The last device I'll consider here is aNational Semiconductor LX0503Apressure transducer. This device is themost expensive of all I considered butis still less than $20. The LX0503Aconverts pressure into voltage andoperates in the range of 0 to 30pounds per square inch (psi). Normalatmospheric pressure is about 14.7psi.

The device is pictured in figure 21.It is similar to a TO-5 package (atypical metal-can transistor), with aninlet port on the top of the can. Eightleads come out of the device, five ofwhich are used in this project.

Figure 22 shows the circuit for theLX0503A. A piezoelectric crystal ele-ment forms one leg of the bridge.Voltage output is measured betweenV2 and VI. This is a differential-type

440 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

FORMULA INTERNATIONAL INC,

12603 CRENSHAW BOULEVARD • HAWTHORNE, CALIFORNIA 90250 • (213) 973-1921

Experience the Pineapple Computer System

THE

Pineapple

•

oo

per kit

48K Color Computer KitFeatures: ^

6502 MPU 645

Color graphics

Numeric key pad

Game paddle jacks on both sides

Speaker volume control on the back

Expansion slots

Easy to assemble! All components are clearly silk screened on the circuit board.Kit includes pre-drilled double sided PC Board, all integrated circuits, sockets,professional high-impact plastic casing, keyboards, connectors and switchingpower supply. Dealer inquiries invited, noco.d. orders

51/4" Flexible Disc Sale

Why buy other brands when you can buy WABASH discsfor much less and backed by 1 year factory warranty.All discs come with Hub Rings

PARTS

DESCRIPTION

PRICE

10-99

100-499

500-999

1 KUp

M13A411X

5V>" SSDD Soft Sector

$2.25

$2.15

$2.05

$1.90

M43A411X

5'/2" SSDD 10 Hard Sector

$2.25

$2.15

$2.05

$1.90

M53A411X

5%" SSDD 16 Hard Sector

$2.25

$2.15

$2.05

$1.90

M14A411X

514" DSDD Soft Sector

$3.65

$3.45

$3.15

$2.90

F111111X

8" SSSD IBM compatible

$2.45

$2.25

$2.15

$2.00

F131211X

8" SSDD 26 sectors 128 bytes

$3.05

$2.80

$2.60

$2.50

PHONE ORDERS ONLY

18006728758

CALL TOLL FREE

SAVE MORE ON OUR BULK 5V." DISC!

We are not allowed to use the name of the manufacturer.Who cares! Our goal is to save you money! You knowwho they are if you saw our ad the last few times.

FACTORY PACKED, 100 DISCS PER BOX for just $1.85 ea.COMES WITH HUB RING AND WRITE PROTECT.

SAVE ON OUR 51A" DISC DRIVE

* 100% Apple® Compatible!Much more quiet than theShugart Drives.

$310.00 Each

$399.00 Each (with controller)

SPECIAL SALE ON LE MONITORS(Sanyo Look Alike)

9" Black and White $ 99.50

9" Green $120.00

12" Black and White $119.50

12" Green $139.50

16K RAM CARD KIT FOR YOURAPPLE® COMPUTER

Kit includes: High Quality P.C Board • 8 ea. 4116 (200ns) •All the ICs & parts • 16-pin Dip wire • Easy to assemble.You can do it in less than 30 minutes!

$59.95 per kit

(Limited Quantity)

' Apple is a registered trade

irk ot APPLE COMPUTERS, INC.

SHIPPING AND HANDLING CHARGESUndsr S50 00 Purcl

Minimum Order sio.OO / Calif. Residents add 6.5%Sales Tax. Phone Orders Accepted on VISA or MCONLY, .NO C.O.D.'s. Prices subject to change

Circle 191 on Inquiry card.

STORE HOURS

MON-FRI — 10-7

SAT — 10-6

output, in which V2 goes morenegative and VI goes more positive asthe pressure increases. Outputchanges approximately 2 mV to 8 mVwith a change in pressure of 1 psi.You can see that over the range of 30psi there will be a change of 60 mV to240 mV and that some amplificationis going to be required. Power-supplyvoltage is from about 5 V to 12 V.

The National Pressure TransducerHandbook (from National Semicon-ductor, 1981 ed.) contains recom-mended interface circuits for thetransducer. It places a strong em-phasis on temperature compensation.For environments in which there willbe no radical changes in temperature,however, you can dispense with thetemperature-compensation elec-tronics and greatly simplify the cir-cuit. Furthermore, supplying the ex-citation voltage directly to the VT ter-minal (instead of to the VE terminal)increases the sensitivity of the device.I measured about 10 mV per psi witha 9-V supply when I used the circuitshown in figure 23.

At normal ambient pressure, theoutput of VI referenced to ground isabout +4.71 V, the output of V2 is+ 4.55 V, and the differential, ofcourse, is 0.16 V.

The output of the LX0503A in thiscase went to a X10 noninvertingdifferential op amp. The static outputwas about 1.6 V. Testing was farfrom ideal. I used a rubber bulb to in-crease the pressure via a piece ofplastic tubing slipped over the inletport. Maximum readings obtainedwere 2.4 V, indicating a pressure ofabout 22 psi. The output of the device

TO-5 CAN

8 LEADS( 5 ACTIVE)

Figure 21: National Semiconductor LX0503A pressure transducer has a TO-5 metal-cantransistor with an inlet pressure port on top. Connect the port via plastic tubing to thelocation at which the pressure is to be measured. Pressure reference is a vacuum.

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

VEEXCITATION

ELECTRICAL CONNECTIONS

VG GND

SYMBOL

LX05XX

LX06XX

vE

3

5

vT

7

1

Vl

6

3

v2

5

4

VG

8

2

Figure 22: Schematic diagram of LX0503A shows that the device is essentially a bridgewith a piezoelectric element. The temperature-compensation circuit may be bypassedfor noncritical applications.

is linear, and I have no doubt that come in a number of different ranges

further testing would reveal it to be and two versions: absolute (such as

an accurate pressure transducer. the LX0503A) and differential. The

The LX-series pressure transducers differential type measures the

$$ READ THIS IF YOU WANT TO SAVE MONEY $$ALL HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE FROM 10%-35% OFF!

APPLE BUSINESS SOFTWARE

Visicalc

$189

Versaform

$299

Supercalc

$210

DB Master

$185

DB Master Util. Pak 1 &2

$ 79

Format II

$275

Pro Easywriter Combo ^

Accounting Plus II

Call

INVOICE PLUS I

for

FMS-80,81,82 |

Best

dBASEII

3rices

VISICORP Software /

• THE LAST ONE*

The program that writes

programs! WE HAVE IT!

Call

Last One Manual

$ 25

APPLE PERIPHERALS

Thunderclock

$125

Mountain Computer Prod

Call

Videx Products

for

Microsoft Products

Best

Corvus Products

Prices

♦ INTRO SPECIAL*BASIS 108 Computer

w/choice of drivesAny 4 APPLE Games80 Col. Visicalc PreBoot

♦ NEW PRODUCT LINES *IBM Software and

PeripheralsAtari SoftwareTRS-80 SoftwareNECPC8001AALTOS ComputersATARI 400 & 800

♦ SPECIAL* MICROSOFTPREMIUM SYSTEM, inclAMicrosoft Z-80 Card I AllMicrosoft 16K Card ( forVidex 80Column Card (OnlyVidex Soft-Switch I $625CP/M User's Guide /

♦ DISKETTE SPECIALS*Maxell MD-1 (Box of 10) $ 32Maxell 8" (Box of 10) $ 41

Call$100Call

Call

for

Best

Prices

COMMUNICATIONS

Hayes Micromodem II $275Hayes Smart Modem $235

Hayes Chronograph $225

Novation Apple Cat II $335

Micro Courier $210

ProZ-Term Call

PRINTERS & INTERFACESNEC Spinwriter 7700/3500 CallOkidata Microline83A $745

Anadex Products

CCS Interface Cards

Qumeand Diablo

EPSON w/Graftrax Plus {

Micro Buffer II

Grappler

MICRO PRO

Wordstar

Supersort

Mail Merger

Data Star

Spell Star

CalcStar

CP/M 8" Versions

COMPUTER SYSTEMS

Xerox 820 Computer Call

Xerox Peripherals CallMONITORS

NEC Hi-Res 12" Green $129

NEC RGB 12"Color $995

Sanyo Monitors Call

Amdek Monitors CallMISCELLANEOUS

Micro Sci Drives Call

16-Bit Apple Card Call

TG Joysticks/Paddles Call

ABT Keypads $ 99

System Saver Fan $ 77

Minimum order S1U0 Cashiers checks ana moneyordeis accepted Add 3V. lor VISA or ML' Adda'/.loc shlpping/insurance/hanriling. UPS No CODPrices subjecl to change. Call lo verily Order hours9-6 POT. Mon-Fri. Personal chocks allow 20 days10 clear All products with lull manufacturer's war-ranty, factory seated. Caul, residents add 6V. sales13k.

OMMUNI

INC.

|TM

1400 GRANT AVE. / NOVATO, CALIFORNIA 94947

IMMEDIATE DELIVERYPHONE ORDERS CALL COLLECT

415-892-7139 or 415-897-1414

442 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 90 on inquiry card.

DON'T PAY MORE

THAN YOU HAVE TO FOR YOUR

CP/IT AND IBM® SOFTWARE!

ANO GET TOLL-FREE TECHNICAL

SUPPORT TO BOOT!

CP/M

INTRODUCING

The MicroPro 3-Packsfrom Standard Software Corp.

WORDSTAR™MAILMERGE'"SPELLSTAR'"

CALCSTAR1"DATASTAR™SUPERSORT'"

Retail Price $8953-Pack Cost $459

Retail Price $8953-Pack Cost $459

To Order Call 800-343-0852

IBM

dBASE II

$479

ASHTON-TATE

WORDSTAR

$289

MICROPRO

SUPERCALC

$199

SORCIM

CROSSTALK

$139

MICROSTUF

QUICKCODE

$229

FOX &GELLER

MAILMERGE

$89

MICROPRO

PERFECTWRITER

$239

PERFECTSOFTWARE

C BASIC 2

$99

DIGITALRESEARCH

SPELLBINDER

$279

LEXISOFT

T/MAKER II

$209

LIFEBOAT

SCRATCHPAD

$199

SUPERSOFT

MICROSHELL

$149

N.G.S.

SPELLGUARD

WORDSTAR

SUPERCALC

$199

$289

$199

I.S.A.

MICROPRO

SORCIM

EASYSPELLER

MAILMERGE

CONDOR

$139

$89

29-II

$509

I.U.S.

MICROPRO

CONDOR

EASYWRITER

CROSSTALK

TIM III

$289

$139

$399

I.U.S.

MICROSTUF

I.S.I.

ACCOUNTING PLUS®

General Ledger

Accounts Payable

Accounts Receivable

Payroll

Inventory

Sales Order Entry

Purchase Order Entry

Point of Sale

1 MODULE $ 400

2 MODULES 750

3 MODULES 1109

4 MODULES 1465

5 MODULES 1820

6 MODULES 2140

7 MODULES 2440

8 MODULES 2720

DIGITAL RESEARCH

MAC 85

SID 65

ZSID 90

TEX 90

DESPOOL $ 45

PL/1-80 449

BT-80 175

PASCAL MT+ 425

CB-80 419

CBASIC2 99

FOX & GELLER®

Quickscreen 139

dUTIL 69

LIFEBOAT®

T/MAKER II 209

GRAFTALK 399

RBTE-80 649

MICRO-AP®

S-Basic 269

Selector IV 399

MICROCRAFT®

Legal Billing 495

Time Billing 495

Legal Billing Demo 75

Time Billing Demo 75

MICROPRO®

Wordstar $289

Mailmerge 89

Spellstar 159

Datastar 249

Calcstar 149

Supersort 199

Customization Notes ... 349Wordmaster 119

MICROTECH EXPORTS®

REFORMATTER 199

CP/M — IBMCP/M — DEC

MICROSOFT®

Basic 80 284

Basic Compiler 325

Fortran 80 345

Cobol80 569

Macro 80 144

Edit 80 84

MU Math/MU Simp .... 219

MU Lisp/MU Star 165

M-Sort 129

PICKLES & TROUT®

CP/M $179

CP/M (Hard Disk) 259

SORCIM®

Supercalc 199

DATA BASE®

FMS-80 649

CONDOR 20-I 249

CONDOR 20-II 509

CONDOR 20-III 839

CONDOR 20-R 249

CONDOR 20-Q 149

XEROX 820 ACCESSORIES®

DUAL DENSITY

BOARD 395

SERIAL PRINTER

DRIVER 99

SMARTERM 129

PARALLEL PRINTER

SOFTWARE 129

ORDER INFO.

AMERICAN EXPRESS. MASTERCHARGE,

VISA. C.O.D.

3% DISCOUNT ON PREPAYMENT

MADE BY CHECK

(SOFTWARE ONLY)

ALL ITEMS SUBJECT TO AVAILABILITY

AND PRICE CHANGE

LARGEST SELECTION

OF CP/M® SOFTWARE

IN THE U.S.A.

CP/M® is a Trademark of Digital Research

standard software

CORPORATION OF AMERICA

10 MAZZEO DRIVE, RANDOLPH, MA. 02368

617-963-7220

800-343-0852

Hours;

Mon.-Fri. 8 a.m.-8 p.m. E.S.T.

Sat. 9 a.m.-4 p.m.

PURCHASE ORDERS ACCEPTED FROM QUALIFIEDCORPORATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS

Circle 423 on Inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982

443

V2 NEG

pressure difference between two inletports; the absolute type is referencedto a vacuum. Available pressureranges for either type are 0-30, 0-100,0-1000, and 0-3000 psi.

You might consider designing abarometer driven by the LX0503A.With suitable biasing and anotherstage or two of amplification, a sen-sitive working barometer is possible.

X10 DIFFERENTIAL OP AMP

150K(jf)-^/W

150K(a)—VW

| > TO ADC

SELECT BEST MATCHRESISTORS FOR BESTRESULTS

Figure 23: The output of the LX0503A is fed into a X10 op amp. Output in this case isfrom two terminals that create the differential.

In Conclusion

I've concluded the 12-part series onthe TRS-80 with a small sampling ofsome of the inexpensive switches,transducers, and other devices thatyou can use to interface your ModelI/III or Color Computer to the realworld. There's no reason that yoursmall computer couldn't monitortemperature, pressure, ambient lightand other physical quantities and ef-fectively control your home withoutan outlay of thousands of dollars. Allthree systems offer unlimited oppor-tunities for control and monitoring oftheir surroundings. It's up to you toput some of these ideas in practice! ■

NOW YOU CAN GET A $30.00 FACTORY REBATE

WHEN YOU PURCHASE A QUANTUM DATA VIDEO

CARTRIDGE OR VIDEO COMBO CARTRIDGE.

The QDI 40/80 Video Cartridge andVideo Combo Cartridge is the meansto upgrade the VIC-20 computer to a40 x 24 or an 80 x 24 character displayproviding a wealth of new uses forthe VIC-20. With the appropriatesoftware, you can now accomplishquality word processing and vari-ous business functions that pre-viously were very difficult withonly the VIC's standard 22character video display

• Features a high quality 8x8dot matrix.

• Character-by-characterreverse video attributesallowing adjacent charactersto have different attributes.

• All features are accessiblethrough BASIC usingPOKE commands.

• Black & White compositevideo. 6545 controllerdoes not support color.The black and white com-posite video output hasthe same connector asthe VIC video output.5 pin DIN jack.

• Includes two character sets: TheANSI standard 7-bit character setand the Commodore character set

QUANTUMDATA. INC.

The ASCII character set features allof the standard lowercase and

uppercase letters, symbols

and numbers.

• Operates in VIC-20 blockgraphics mode.

• Plugs directly into the VIC-20memory expansion port or theQDI Mini-Mother or Maxi-Mother boards.

• Contains 2K of CMOS internalvideo RAM; no system RAMis used by the Video Cartridge.• 40 columns can be viewedusing your home TV while80 columns require using avideo monitor.

40/80 VIDEO CARTRIDGO-K memory:

$219.95

40/80 VIDEO COW1BCCARTRIDGEw/16-K RAM:

$319.95

3001 Redhlll Ave., Building 4,Suite 105, Costa Mesa, CA 92626[714| 966-6553 Catalogs[714| 754-1945 Dealer Hot Line

Offer expires 12 00 midnight U S pacific standard time. December 3t 1982 Shipping costs not included in the above pricesFor further information please contact your local Commodore dealer or Quantum Data for a list of dealers in your tvefl

VISA K MASTERCARD accepter) Dealer inquires ,^rc welcomed The above prices are U S retail doll

Circle 379 on inquiry card.

Get Omni qualityfor as little as $1.99...

even if all youwantisa10 pack.

Call toll-free for great savings on Omni scomplete line of 5XA" and 8" premium disks.Each is certified error-free at a minimum oftwice the error threshold of your system. Eachis rated for more than 12 million passeswithout disk-related errors or significant wear.And each is precision fabricated to exceedall ANSI specifications with such standardfeatures as reinforced hub rings and Tyvecsleeves. Get same day shipment and anunconditional, no hassle money-back guarantee.

ARCHIVE

152 Boston Turnpike

Shrewsbury, MA 01545

(800) 343-0314; In Mass:(617) 756-2960

Call toll free(800) 343*0314

In Mass: (617) 756-2960

Call if you're not sure which disk is compatible with your

system. Call for prices on 96 tpi and special formats. We offer an

unconditional money-back warranty. We're here to help.

Be sure to indicate system/drive name and model # at right.

51/4" disks

Cost per10 pack Quantity

$19.90$23.90

Single side/single density

Single side/double density

Double side/single density

Double side/double density

Flip/Floppy reversible

Plastic library case

(in lieu of soft storage box)

Shipping and handling

($2.00 first 10 pack, 40c additional 10 packs. Continental U.S. only.)

5% sales rax (Mass only)

$37.50$39.90$ 2.99

8" disks

Cost per10 pack Quantity

$24.90$31.90$34.90$37.50$39.90$ 3.49

TotalCost

□ Check

□cod

Card f

Circle 32 on inquiry card.I I Master Card

□visa

Exp

System/drive model t.Name

Address.

Total

Tel.

Only one CADsee the world as you do

Introducing the revolutionarySpace Tablet ™ from MCS.

"Experts" told us thatinteractive, 3-dimen-sional graphic design ona microcomputer wasstill only a future possi-bility. We couldn't wait.Instead, we developedan affordable, easy-to-use graphics system that

can construct and manipulate drawings in 3-dimen-sional space . . . the Space Tablet.

An added dimension. Like other digitizingsystems, the Space Tablet (patent pending) lets youplot and record X and Y coordinates on a two-dimen-sional plane. But unlike other systems, it also lets you

select points off the plane— along the Z axis — fora true 3-dimensionalcapability.

To digitize anypoint in space, just movethe Space Lift ™ arm tothe desired location andrecord the point with thepush of a button or key.That's it. Lengthy key-boarding operations areunnecessary. Points plot-ted in the X, Y and Z axesmay then be joined withline segments to create awireframe drawing withthree-dimensional per-spective. 3-D models canbe created by tracing a physical object or an imagi-nary shape. Here's where the possibilities reallybegin . . .

Interactive manipulation means total flexi-bility. The Space Tablet's software packages allowinteractive manipulation and editing of points in allthree dimensions. This capability is unique in computergraphics. Space Graphics™ software for the IBM Per-sonal Computer lets you select a point in space and"pull" it, and all connecting lines, to another locationin 3-space. 3-D models can be scaled, rotated and

moved about any axis. New models can be composedby linking together individual components. Threeorthogonal views can be called up at once in a splitscreen format. Software included with the Apple IISpace Tablet system gives you similar capabilities.With either system, it's remarkably easy to try allkinds of "what if' possibilities before generatinghard copy.

Now, 3-D design is surprisingly affordable.We've priced the Space Tablet systems well withinreach of Apple II and IBM PC users. (Software for

other popular microcomputers will be availablesoon.) Because it's an entry-level system, the SpaceTablet is being used creatively in ways not normallyassociated with larger, far more costly CAD/CAMsystems . . . molecular modeling, physical therapyprogramming, cell structure analysis, weaponsresearch, medicine, art, architectural planning and,of course, design and engineering. Additional appli-cations are being discovered by OEM purchasers.And, for those needing a 2-dimensional digitizer, theSpace Lift arm can be held as a pen, or stylus, to traceslides, X-rays, pictures, graphs, maps and more. Wesee it as a tool to unleash the imagination.

Our perspective of the world. If the realworld were 2-dimensional, conventional designmethods would be adequate. Obviously, they're not.Three-dimensional thinking is natural in the develop-ment and communication of complex design ideas.That's where MCS comes in. We're committedto the potential of 3-D computer aideddesign and manufacture. The SpaceTablet is the beginning of a revolu-tion in the use of microcomputersto process information and solveproblems. And we're just gettingstarted.

A high-resolution 2-D tabletequipped with the Space Lift arm isreadv for release. Called Microcad I'

446 BYTE November 1982

Circle 285 on inquiry card.

system lets your micro. •. in 3 dimensions.

MCS SPACE TABLET"1 SPECIFICATIONS

The Space Tablet is a 13.5" x 16" clear plastic tablet on which is mounteda precision machined aluminum and delrin arm. It uses precision potenti-ometers with a linearity of .5%. The resolution of each axis is approxi-mately 1300 distinct states over an angle of 320 degrees. The armsoperate in polar coordinates, and the sampling time is approximately .5sec./pt. (slightly longer for the IBM system).

The Three Axis Model Standard model available only for Apple II.

The Professional Model Available either for the Apple II or the IBMPersonal Computer. This model has an additional fourth axis of rotation(a fourth degree of freedom) which provides a much higher degree of flex-ibility for reaching points in space. Recommended for 3 dimensionalwork in either a professional or amateur capacity.

it offers improved resolution (to.001") and includes a secondgeneration Space Graphics™software package with ex-panded capabilities. To put youin touch with other users, we'vedeveloped Space Communica-tions™ to allow transmission of afile — and software for its manip-ulation— through telephone linesto a receiving sta-tion. Architecturaland other customsoftware pack-ages will providean instantly ac-cessible 3-di-mensionalvocabulary for de-signers in any field.We see no limits to thevariety of 3-D graphicssystems for micro-computers— twe have thetechnologyin hand.

For more information about MCS and ourproducts, call (203) 872-0602, or use the couponbelow. Micro Control Systems, Inc., 143 TunnelRoad, Vernon, CT 06066.

For orders only call toll-free: 800-243-3587

I

OK MCS, I see the potential in 3-D computeraided design. Show me more . . .

Name Phone : '

Company.

Address

City

State.

. Zip.

We add a 3rd dimension toyour computer's potential.

Apple and Apple II * Apple Computer. Inc. IBM Personal Computer * IBM Corf

A Graphics Primer

Microcomputers can create a surprisingvariety of graphics.

Gregg WilliamsSenior Editor

Computer graphics—those wordsconjure up images from movies likeTRON and Star Wars or the sophisti-cated animation used in televisionads. True, it took Nelson Max severalseconds per frame of computation ona Cray I maxicomputer to create ananimated film called Carta's Island.But that doesn't mean that you andyour microcomputer are completelyleft out. Every arcade-like game youplay on your microcomputer is an ex-ample of computer graphics, as isevery pie chart created by a business-related program. In fact, it's possiblethat your microcomputer has picture-drawing capabilities you don't knowabout.

My purpose in this article is tosketch the contours of microcom-puter-based graphics in broadstrokes, you might say. I've includeda bibliography of graphics articlesthat have appeared in BYTE as well asa selective list of vendors of graphics-related devices.

Raster-Scan Video Images

If you have a computer, youalmost certainly have some graphicscapability, and that probably meanssome kind of raster-scan graphics.Raster-scan graphics are those pro-duced by a video display that issimilar to a normal television display.Simplifying vastly, in a raster-scan

video display an electron beam tracesmany horizontal lines across the faceof the video display (in the UnitedStates, 262 lines, noninterlaced, to beexact). By modulating the strength ofthe electron beam, the signal sent tothe video display can create an imageon the screen by building it up line byline (see figure 1). Of course, the cir-cuitry connecting the computer andthe video display must decode thedesired image and send the ap-propriate signal to the video displayat a very high speed (in the U. S., one"line" of data every 63.5 /is). Thevideo display doesn't care what kindof decoding the computer makes aslong as it sees a standard video signal.Because of this, different computerscan create different kinds of videographics. Most computers can createcharacter graphics and/or pixelgraphics in either monochrome orcolor, and sometimes both.

At this point, I should mentionbriefly that there are several types ofvideo monitors used to display colorgraphics. In order of increasing quali-ty and expense, they are: an unmodi-fied color television, a compositevideo monitor, and an RGB monitor.An unmodified color television isused with many microcomputerssimply because the user probablyalready owns one. A composite-videomonitor accepts a combined color

signal, minus the radio-frequencymodulation used to transmit it overthe airwaves; these monitors costmore than ordinary color televisions,but they provide a better picture. AnRGB monitor takes as input threesignals and sends them to threeseparate electron guns—one for eachof the primary additive colors: red,green, and blue. It is still more expen-sive than the other two kinds of dis-plays, but it has the best picture of thethree.

Character graphics are universallyavailable on microcomputers. Thesimplest form of character graphics iscomposed of characters themselves—the various letters, numbers, punc-tuation marks, and other symbolsthat the computer uses to com-municate with you. If you don't haveany other kind of graphics, you cancertainly do some simple graphics us-ing @ signs, exclamation points,underlines, and letters. In fact, in theearly days of microcomputerscharacter graphics were all hobbyistshad!

Now, though, most microcomput-ers have character subcell graphics, inwhich the area normally used to dis-play a character is broken into severalrectangular or square subcells (e.g.,three rows by two columns for theRadio Shack TRS-80 Model III). Tomake character subcell graphics

448 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

INVITES YOU TOSAVE UP TO 40%

PflMDADC1 0UR PRICES

OUIilrAnC-nuR sfrvioi

RALSTON-CLEARWATERS ELECTRONICS

536 N.E. "E" Street • Grants Pass, Or. 97526

ALL BRAND NAMES ARE REGISTERED TRADE MARKS

FOR PRODUCT INFORMATION CALL (503)479-4711

ITU CM ■ ORDER TOLL-FREE

LN ■ 800-547-2492

IN OREGON CALL (503) 479-4711

SYSTEM SPECIAL! - 64K Computer, Disk Drive w/cont. & Apple DOS, 12" Zenith, 70 col. Muse Super Text II $1699

# HAPPINESS IS A LOVE AFFAIR W

AND THE RGE STAFF IS HAPPY !!

W II I , B . Because we all love computertechnology and we love all youfine folks who have been our customers in the past yearand helped make it all possible.

Have you noticed our new ad format? We are takinga little space in this new design to express our gratitudeand tell you of some of the changes we're making . . .changes we hope will serve to delight you . . . (save mo-ney) and inform you . . . (help with your programmingefforts).

As you have given to us through your business, wedesire to reciprocate and return something of value toyou! So ... . from now till December 17th we will in-clude a free and useful gift with each shipment. Also . .beginning this month, our ad will feature a short tip toaid your programming or make your system more pro-ductive and enjoyable. Watch for it!

All of us have our own computers at home andwhether blasting invaders, testing new soft and hard-ware, or doing programming, we are constantly learn-ing and it seems fitting and fun that we begin sharingthis information with you!

How about a contest? Send us your short tips andbeginning with January's issue, we will publish eachmonth's winning selection and award a $25 certificatetowards any purchase of the winner's choice! Conteststarts now! Please put 'contest' on your entry envelope.

Also, because of your support, we have found new,creative ways to buy greater quantities, and we will con-tinue to pass our savings on to you!

Please continue to compare our prices each month.We strive to offer the lowest pricing on these qualityproducts anywhere. While we haven't been able to beateveryone all the time, call us with your total system re-quirements and we just might be able to juggle thingsenough to get it to you for less than anyone else.

Try us! A free phone call will tell the story. After all... A dollar is a dollar, right? Volume discounts are alsoavailable.

One final note . . . We are beginning to develop newproducts and ideas here at our own facilities to enhanceyour computer and it's capabilities. This month we areintroducing our NEW Atari 400 upgrade package des-cribed below! Call for information on this. All R.C.E.products carry a full warranty and are designed to please!Watch our ad for other new products.

Again, thank you for helping us grow! Our staffwishes you a most happy and prosperous Holiday Season!

3% DISCOUNT FOR PRE-PAYMElMTMBELIEVE IT!! $1699 COMPLETE SYSTEM!SEE ABOVE + READ ABOUT CONTEST!

NOVEMBER'S TIP: FORTHEAPPLE; ENTER THIS AT LINE #0, POKE 214,128

THIS WILL MAKE ANY COMMAND HAVE THE SAME EFFECT AS "RUN'

NEW PRODUCT: ATARI 400 UPGRADE PACKAGE! Adda detachable standard typewriter keyboard with 16 keynumerical keypad to your 400. Has 8 ft. cord. Use on desk or lap! Both keyboards are active! New programming ease!$$ CALL FOR PRICE $$ APPLE KEYBOARD IN THE WORKS! DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED!

ATARI'A

EPSON withGRAFTRAX +

400800

MXMXMX

LISTPRICE

(16K) $29&

(16K) £89T

80 .$646-

80FT .$745"

100 .$996'

DISC.PRICE

YOURPRICE

.$269- $279

.$7-99- $639

$546- $439

_$64rT $539

$£#3~ $699

I.D.S.

Control

DOS and Manual

Prism 80 w/color $&®o &%%£ $1365Prism 132 w/color M&&&&&S $1549

NO SALES TAX FOURTH DRIVES $319

IN OREGON! Controller - w/Apple 3.3 $99

OUR SERVICE IS AS FINEAS THE PRINTING BELOW!TERMS: PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE

SHIPPING: Add 6% of total transaction for UPS brown (ground) or 9% for UPS blue (air). Parcel Post,or any special arrangements. Minimum shipping charge - J6.00

PAYMENT: Cashier's cheeks, certified checks, money orders, and bank wires honored immediately.Visa A Master Charge accepted. Allow 20 days for personal checks to clear.

REFUNDS: 10% restocking charge on all returns or exchanges. No refunds un opened software. Call first.GUARANTEE: All products with full manufacturer's warranty. Sanyo and Apple warranty available.We have full repair and service facilities for all electronic repairs with HP, Dynascan, Pioneer, Sanyo andApple trained and certified technicians. For any technical service call them for instant advice or questionsright on their benches at (5031 479-4150.

REPAIRS: Call for details on quality guaranteed discount repair and reconditioning service.We have been repairing electronic equipment for 12 years and love it!

APPLE HARDWARE

MICRO SCI DISK DRIVES(DIRECTAPPLE REPLACEMENT)

A-2 DISK DRIVE $349

A-70 $479

A-40 $349

CONTROLLER $79

RANA ELITE 1 DRIVE $379

CONTROLLER 4 DRIVES $119

CCS 7710 A OR 1) SERIAL INT $129

VIDEX 80 COLUMN $239

VIDEX ENHANCER II $119

VIDEX FUNCTION STRIP (69

LOWER CASE ADAPTOR $39

16K RAM CARO

MICROSOFT OR MPC $149

ATL *89

MICROTEK BAM-1 $99

Z-80 CARD (MICROSOFT) $275

MICROMODEM (HAYES) $269

SMART MODEM (HAYES) $209NOVATION MODEMS

APPLE CAT $309

AUTO CAT $209

CAT $144

D CAT $159

MOUNTAIN A/1) CONVERTER $269

MOUNTAIN C.P.S. $149

KBD 23 KEYPAD $139

SUP-R-TERM (80) COLUMN) $299

SUP-R-MOD R.F. MODULATOR $24

JOYSTICK (T.G.I $45

9" B4W MONITOR (SANYO) $145

12" B*W MONITOR (SANYO) $189

12" GREEN MONITOR SANYO} $229

12" GREEN MONITOR ZENITH) $119

12" GREEN MONITOR BMC) $114

13" COLOR MONITOR SANYO) $385

EPSON CABLE * INTERFACE $79

HAYES CHRONOGRAPH $195

ATARI HARDWARE

410 PROGRAM RECORDER $75

810 DISK DRIVE $429

820 PRINTER $249

822 PRINTER $339

825 PRINTER $579

830 MODEM $149

850 INTERFACE MODULE $165

853 16K MEMORY EXPANSION $79

MICROTEK 32K $99

INTEK 32K $89

SOFTWARE

EASY APPLE lit $529

VISICALC (ATARI) $179

BASIC (ATARI) $49

PACMAN (ATARI) $35

OTHER ATARI PROGRAMS CALL

VISICALC $179

V1S1DEX $179

VISIPLOT $145

VISITERM $75

VISITREND /PLOT $214

V1SIPAC $499

MICROLAB DATA FACTORY $229

DB MASTER (STONEWARE) $179

SUP-R-TEXT II $109

WORDSTAR $349

B.P.I. SOFTWARE (each) $319

ZORK $35

SARGON CHESS $29

GALAXIAN $22

VERBATIM DISKS $29

MAXELL DISKS $34

OPUS DISKS $23

THE SOURCE $85

LOCKSMITH $75

LIKE OUR PRICES? SEND FOR OUR CATALOG!DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED!

J

Circle 390 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982 449

Figure 1: A raster-scan image. In a raster-scan display, an electron beam is repeatedlyswept across the video display tube in a series of horizontal lines, as shown by the arrowrunning back and forth across the face of the display (the dotted line indicates that theelectron beam is turned off as it returns to the left margin of the display). By varying theintensity of the beam, the controlling electronics can create an arbitrary image on thedisplay.

Figure 2: A pixel image. Here, the video display is subdivided into a row-and-columnarray of square pixels (picture elements), which can be turned on to create an arbitraryimage. Notice the "stair-step" effect on diagonal lines.

work, you have to be sure that everyon/off combination of subcells can bedisplayed—otherwise, you may needa subcell pattern that can't be dis-played, limiting the usefulness of thegraphics. If you're lucky, the com-puter will have built-in software thatwill turn an arbitrary subcell on oroff; otherwise, you'll have to do ityourself—calculate which characterthe subcell is, determine which char-acter position the current subcellcombination is, determine whichcharacter the new combination is,and change the character at the givenposition. Computers that have onlycharacter subcell graphics include theTRS-80 Model III, the Timex/Sinclair1000, and the Commodore VIC.

Before talking about pixel graphics,a few words on the pixel. An abbrevi-ation for the phrase "pictureelement," a pixel is the smallest unitof video display that, when packed in

a contiguous row-and-column ar-rangement, can be used to create anarbitrary image (see figure 2). A pixelis usually square or rectangular, al-though it may appear to be round if itis small enough. Pixels can assume atleast two colors (one of them is usual-ly black). If it has only one colorother than black, a pixel can be usedto create monochrome graphics;otherwise, it can be used to createmulticolor graphics.

Different computers use differentkinds of pixel graphics. The Apple II,for example, has two pixel graphicsmodes, called low-resolution andhigh-resolution (often abbreviated asLORES and HIRES). Although "low"and "high" are only relative terms, weshould note that Apple II low-resolu-tion graphics have 48 by 40 pixels(i.e., 48 rows of 40 pixels each) with16 colors available; its high-resolu-tion graphics have a stated resolution

of 192 by 280 pixels (192 rows of 280pixels each) with 4 colors (plus blackand white). The Atari 400/800 hasseveral graphics modes with up to 4colors in a given mode; its highest-res-olution mode is monochromatic, witha stated resolution of 320 by 192 pix-els. (The number of pixels per row isactually half of that stated by themanufacturer, due to limitations in-herent in the television sets used todisplay the video image.)

Strictly speaking, the TRS-80Model III uses subcell charactergraphics, but we can call them pixelgraphics because the software in-cluded in ROM (read-only memory)makes the subcells act like pixels—they can be individually turned on oroff. An advantage that offsets the"coarse" graphics of the TRS-80Model III is that the standard TRS-80character set of letters, numbers, andsymbols can be intermixed with thesubcell character graphics. With mostpixel graphics modes, on the otherhand, you must build up alpha-numeric characters by turning on in-dividual pixels.

If your microcomputer doesn't havea graphics mode (most CP/M systemsdon't), all is not lost. Somemicrocomputers have add-on boardsthat provide high-resolution mono-chrome or multicolored graphics to agiven system. (See the accompanyingtext box for the names of companiesthat sell such products.)

Pros and Cons

What are the advantages and dis-advantages of raster-scan displays?The only advantage I can think of istheir universality in microcomputersystems. To some extent, what youlearn about raster-scan displays onone machine can be adapted to an-other machine. On the other hand,they have several disadvantages.First, they use large amounts ofmemory; each pixel must be rep-resented in memory by one or morebits (one for monochrome, two for upto four colors, three for up to eightcolors, and so on). Although memorycontinues to decline in price, it stillcan contribute significantly to thetotal cost of a system if high-resolution graphics are used. NEC In-

450 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

10 reasons why you

should call DataSource®for software...

1.2.3.

4.5.

Free Systems Analysis We have developeda variety of self-administered analysis toolsto help you identity those products bestsuited to meet your needs.

Competitive Prices Our volume enables usto offer you prices which are consistentlycompetitive, Compare for yourself, then callus toll-free 800-328-2260.

Express Service: 7 days per week, 24 hours

per day You can place orders any day of theweek at any hour of the day or night. Yourorder will be processed and shipped within24 hours for all products in stock,

Discount Structures We offer significantdiscounts to any individual, organization, oruser's group purchasing in quantity.

Key Account Program For corporationsand institutions, we offer a comprehensiveprogram: volume discounts, completemaintenance packages with an on-siteoption, specially staffed technical support,tailored training programs and creativefinancing options.

6.

78.9.

Unconditional Money-Back Guarantee

We stand behind everything we sell. If youare not completely satisfied with yourpurchase, return the item within 60 days andreceive a full refund.

Toil-Free Technical Support We servicewhat we sell. Our customers have directaccess to our technical staff on a toll-freebasis. 800-328-2260.

National Maintenance Network We offer avariety of maintenance agreements for bothsoftware and hardware products, Call formore information.

Flexible Payment Options We accept allmajor credit cards, checks, and money• orders, as well as purchase orders fromcorporate accounts.

10.

State-of-the-Art Software and Hardware

We carry a broad range of what we believeto be the best in software plus carefullyselected hardware products andaccessories. Here are just some of theproducts we carry and recommend...

Available Now From DataSourcea

DBMS

dBase II -Condor IISelector VData StarSuper Sort

Ashton-Tate■ Condor- Micro-APMicroPro- MicroPro

Hardware

S495

Smith - Corona TP-1

$689

S450

C.ItohF-10

$1,475

S395

C.Itoh Pro Writer

$515

S225

CItoh Pro Writer-Serial

$650

S170

Hayes Smart Modem

$230

Signalman MK I Modem

$ 99

$199

Spelling

S185

Spellguard - Sorcim

$225

$159

Spellstar - MicroPro

$165

$205

The Word - Oasis

Business Application Modules

$ 70

$289

Structured Systems

$850/mod

$385

Graham Dorian

$710/mod

$148$250

Artificial Intelligence

$750/mod

NEW! Only from DataSource"EMULINKfor the IBM PC

$425

$995.00

$420

On-Line Binarysynchronous link to the big IBM

$310

host. Full 3270 emulation for the IBM Personal

$275

Computer. Complete documentation included

$125

with diskette and board.

$420

Spreadsheets

Super Calc - SorcimCalc Star - MicroProVisicalc - Visi CorpVisicalc256K - Visi Corp

Word Processing

Wordstar - MicroProWordstar/Mailmerg - MicroProMince - Mark of UnicornThe Final Word - Mark of Unicorn

Languages

Pascal MT+ - Digital ResearchPL-1/80 - Digital ResearchBasic Compiler - Micro SoftBasic 80 - MicrosoftC Basic - Digital ResearchCB 80 - Digital Research

Please include 3% ior shipping and handling. Minnesota residents, add 5% sales tax. Prices subject to change without notice

FOR MORE INFORMATION CALL TOLL-FREE

American Express

MasterCard

Visa IN MINNESOTA, CALL (612)-544-3615

1-800-328-2260

DataSource Systems8

Your Source

Corporation, Dept BB, 1660 So. Highway 100, Minneapolis, MN 55416Circle 142 on inquiry card.

Figure 3: A vector image. Here, the electron beam does not trace out closely spacedparallel horizontal lines. Instead, the controlling electronics move the electron beam todirectly paint the desired image onto the face of the video display tube. (The numberedarrows show the order in which the line segments of the image are drawn.) Notice thelack of "stair-steps" on diagonal lines.

formation Systems' new AdvancedPersonal Computer, for instance, hasa graphics option with 1024 by 1024pixel, 8-color graphics—it usesalmost 400K bytes of memory andcosts about $800. In some computers(the Apple II and the NEC PC-8001,for example), the designers used lessmemory than otherwise would havebeen necessary by limiting the num-ber of colors possible for adjacent

pixels. This does save memory, but itoccasionally causes odd imperfec-tions in the graphics display, thecauses of which are not immediatelyobvious.

Another major disadvantage ofraster-scan graphics has to do withthe software needed to manipulategraphic images. If you want finer-res-olution graphics, you will have tochange more bits to create or move an

image. What's more, the bits to bemoved are scattered throughoutmemory. These two factors contri-bute to increasing the amount of com-putation needed to change an imageto astronomical proportions. Thedisadvantage has prompted suchcompanies as Texas Instruments andAtari to invent new ways of movingsmall graphics images (called spritesand players, respectively) bychanging as few as two bytes. Thusthe microprocessor uses a muchsmaller percentage of its time simplymoving the image.

Another noticeable weakness ofraster-scan displays is their inabilityto draw diagonal lines well. Althoughthis problem is minimized with higher-resolution displays, you can usuallysee the "stair-step" effect in diagonallines on even the finest-resolutiondisplays.

Vector Graphics

This method of graphics displays iscurrently in use only in "homebrew"microcomputer systems and coin-operated video arcade games. Vector

Special of the Month

Atari 400/800 COMPATIBLE32KRAMMEMORYBOARD . . .

$50

Atari COMBINATION SPECIAL-$665.00(Includes Atari 800 Computerwith 48K RAM, Atari CX481 $|AThe Entertainer Kit save It

Atari BOO Computer with 48K Ram $610

Atari 810 Disk Drive $409

Atari 800/400 Pac-Man Game Cartridge $32

Atari 800/400 Centipede Game Cartridge $32

Atari 800/400 CX481 The Entertainer Kit (Includes Missile „ , _

Command Cartridge, Star Raiders. Pair ofJoy Stick Controllers) . 569

Zircon Joystick tor Atari Game and Computers $13

Timex Sinclair Computer with 2K RAM $83

Timex 16K RAM Pack $42

Data-Assette 32K RAM Pack tor use with Timex Sinclair Computer . $89

Commodore VIC20 Computer $199

Microtek VIM16.16K RAM Board lor use with the -.__

Commodore VIC20 $99

Okidata Microline 82A Printer $435

Epson MX80 F/T/ with Graftax Plus $544

TSI Marketing

36 BEARFORT TERRACERTNGWOOD, NEW JERSEY 07456 • (201) 837-0032

Call tor Master Card. Visa & Amencan Express • NJ Residents add 5% Sale

Tax • 25% Deposit on COD. Order • Pre-paid Orders Save Shipping &

Handling • Add S3.CO loi Shipping & Handling

DECADES OF SERVICE

Washington Computer Services

97 Spring St., NewYork, NY10012 -— e?c?£'S£S»> «■

TOORDER: Call our toll-free number: (800)221-5416. In N.Y. State andfor technical information: (212) 226-2121. Hours: 9 AM-5:30 PM (EST)Monday-Friday TELEX: 12-5606 CABLE: WASHCOMP NYK

NEC

APC

8086. 16 bit processor: Two8" DSDD disk drives: 128K

RAM (to 256K): 12" screen,green or color: 1024x1024graphics; CP/M-86, MS-DOS:BENCHMARK word proc;DBASE II data base; CHANGLABS microplan; IBM emula-tions; ACCOUNTING PLUS.

This new state-of-the-art workstation out-performs <cnnr\nhnall others near its ^OOUU.

priCe range. The Professional's Workstation

MFC PC-8000 Personal Computer

W OnN.Y.S.

NEC COMPUTERS AND MONITORS gjjg

Hi r A QCI Do not confuse us with mail rrder dealers. We are a lull service distributori Ltr\OL! serving the data processing & installation needs ot business & industryIrom micros to mainlrames. System houses, educational institutions & governmental agen-cies given special consideration. Leasing available. N.Y. State agencies, municipalities,and schools—call us lor information on our O.G.S. term contracts on hardware & software.Please call to make an appointment tor demonstration ol this extraordinary compuler at our showroomPrices sub|ecl lo change without notice, call lor latest prices Prices include 3% cash discount N Yresidents add sales tax Accounting Plus is a trademark ol Sollware Dimensions CP/ M D is a trade-mark of Digital Research All sales subjecl lo our standard sale conditions (available on requesl) Aboveprices do nol include customization or installation

452 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 507 on inquiry card.

Circle 508 on inquiry card.

Marcey Inc.

IQv«i»=m aiool

introduces its Big 3

The High Performance Business Computer That is HERE TODAY and HERE TOMORROW

The SYSTEM 2100 is a complete microcomputer system utilizing the latest in S-100 technology. It is ready to usein your business TODAY - and can expand to fill your needs TOMORROW.

The SYSTEM 2100 includes:

• Dual Processor — 8085A - 8 bit 7 MHz — 8088 - 16 bit 8 MHz • Meets IEEE 696/S-100 Specifications

• Dual 8" Double-Sided Fouble Density Floppy Discs — 2.2 Megabyte Capacity

• CP/M 80 & CP/M 86 included • Terminal & Printer • 100K Bytes Static Ram

• Real time Clock w/Battery Backup

• High Speed DMA Disk Controller -r • , -r% • tt*r\nr\r~ r\r\

• Attractive Designer Desk LilSt P]*lCe $9995.00

The METEOR

A System designed for Maximum Reliability, Flexibility and Value

System Specifications:

Processor

PowerSpecifications:

ChassisSpecifications:

OperatingSystems:

AvailableOptions:

(Additional Cost)

4 MHz Z-80A CPU • 64K Memory - Bank Selected • 2 Serial & 2 Parallel I/O Ports2K or 4K Shadowed Monitor EPROM • Double Density Floppy Disk Controller

Single Board Construction • Meets IEEE 696 Specifications

Constant Voltage Power Supply (Provides Brown-Out Protection)

Switchable 110/220V & 50/60 Hz Operation • +8V/30A +-16V/3A

1 Slot Shielded Motherboard (11 Free Slots in Single User System)

Dual Double-Sided Double-Density Disk Drives • 2.2 Megabytes Total Disk StorageBlack Chassis with Gold Anodized Front Panel

CP/M Version 2.2 Standard (Included)Enhanced Command Control Processor

4 Thin-Line Floppy Disk Drives (5 Megabyte Floppy Disk Storage)

MP/M Multi-User Operating System • Turbo-DOS Multi-User Operating SystemTurbo-DOS Multi-Processor Operating System • Custom Wood CabinetSlave Processors for Multi-Processor Systems

List Price $4995

Introductory Price $3495

MARCEY Universal S-100 Mainframe

The first S-100 Mainframe that is truly UNIVERSAL.

The power supply is SWITCHABLE between 110/220v and 50/60Hz, andprovides BROWN-OUT PROTECTION with its Constant Voltage Transformer.

Available in either 12-slot or 22-slot configurations

Specifications: • Motherboard — S-100/IEEE-696 — Shielded and Grounded'

• Power Supply — +- 8V @ 30A — +- 16V @ 2A

• Constant Voltage Power Transformer • Switchable 110/220V & 50/60Hz

12 Slot22 Slot

List $795.00List $995.00

Introductory Price $575.00Introductory Price $675.00

MARCEY INC.

5848 Sepulveda Blvd. □ Van Nuys, California 91411 □ (213) 994-2533

Dealer Inquiries Invited Quantity Pricing Available

Circle 264 on Inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982 453

Photo 1: A flatbed plotter; shown here is the Houston Instrument DMP-29. (Photo courtesy of Bausch and Lomb; see vendor text boxfor address.)

graphics (not to be confused with amicrocomputer company of the samename) are created by using a videodisplay tube that can draw straightlines between any two points (seefigure 3); this is in contrast to a raster-scan display, which is limited todrawing a screen of closely spacedhorizontal lines. One of the best-known early video games, SpaceWar, used a large computer con-nected to an oscilloscope display tocreate a video game in which twoships fight each other while circling asun. A subsequent coin-operated ver-sion of the same game can still befound in some video arcades, and thepopular Battle Zone three-dimen-sional tank combat game by Atarialso uses vector graphics. An articlein BYTE (see the selectedbibliography at the end of this article)gave the plans for a vector graphicsinterface that connects anoscilloscope to the parallel port of acomputer.

The mechanics of creating a videoimage for a vector graphics displayare quite different from that of araster-scan display. Each point in avector graphics display can be ex-

pressed by a pair of numbers (i.e., xand y coordinates), and the electronbeam can be either on or off. Thecomputer must give the display astream of number pairs and beam in-

The finer the resolution

of raster-scan graphics,

the more bits need to

be changed to create

or move an image.

tensities, each followed by a shortdelay. If the beam is on, a line isdrawn from the previous to the nextpoint on the screen; if it is off, thebeam is simply moved to a new pointin anticipation of drawing a line fromthe new point to a third point. Be-cause the video image on the oscillo-scope (or similar video-display tube)lasts for only a fraction of a second,the computer must continuously sendout the current list of information tokeep an unflickering image on thescreen. A more sophisticated inter-

face could do the refresh (redisplay)of the video image, thus freeing themain microprocessor from a con-tinuous drain on its computationalresources.

The advantages of a vector graph-ics display include its speed, theamount of detail possible (dependingon the quality of the oscilloscope andthe precision of the digital-to-analogsignal used to change a digital signalto the analog voltage needed by theoscilloscope), and the quality of itsdiagonal lines. Disadvantages of avector graphics display include a limi-tation to monochrome display, acomputational drain on the micro-processor that increases with morecomplicated images (alleviated some-what by an "intelligent" interface),and problems with image flickerwhen the image crosses a given thres-hold of complexity.

Plotters

Plotters enable a computer to drawgraphic images on a piece of paper ora transparency. The computer is con-nected to a mechanical device thatholds and moves a sheet of paper or apen to draw the image. A flatbed

454 November 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

FRANKLIN

THE PRICE SLASHER! Tf|

■ •^^^^ ACCESSORIES SOFTWARE FOR IBM ^MV

CALL

Color or Black 8. White

•

12 key numen

; pad

Apple II compatible

*

Alpha lock key

64K ol RAM

•

Visicalc keys

Upper and lower case

•

50 watt power

supply

Typewriter slyle keyboard

•

Built in Ian

ALTOS

8000 2 CALL

8000-10 CALL

XEROX

820-11 CALL

COMMODORE

VIC 20 s219

DISK DRIVES

RANA SYSTEMS

Elite I S469.

Elite II CALL

Elite III CALL

Control Card 109.

MICRO SCI

A35 w/Controller 444.

A40 w/Controller 479.

A70 w/Controller 629.

PRINTERS

OKIDATA

Microline 80 c A LL

Microline 82A CALL

Microline 83A CALL

Microline 84 CALL

M.croline 2350 - 350CPS CALL

BROTHER

HR-1 Daisy Wheel - Parallel 990.

HR-1 Daisy Wheel - Serial 1050.

Forms Tractor 149.

ANADEX

DP-9501 1375.

C. ITOH

Prowruer 8510 AP 499.

Starwnter F10-40PU 1549.

Starwriter F10-RU 1549.

NEC

8023 w/Tractors 489.

3510 EX 1950.

3515 1950.

7710/7730 2495.

7715 2499.

7720 2699.

7725 2750.

QUME

9/35 RO 1805.

9/35 KSR 1999-

9/45 LTD 2099.

9/45 FULL 2199.

9/55 LTD 2195.

9/55 FULL 2399.

IDS

Micro Prism CALL

Prism 132 CALL

DIABLO

630. RS-232. Daisy Wheel SI 995.

630 API-Apple. IBM. TRS 80 1775-

620 1299.

MANNESMANN TALLY PRINTERS CALL

MONITORS A TERMINALS

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS

10" color S349.

SANYO

12" Black & White 249.

12" Green Screen 265.

13" Color 465.

13" Color RGB 885.

ADDS

Viewpoint Green Screen 589.

Viewpoint 60 695.

HAZELTINE

Esprit 685.

Esprit II -649.

BMC USA

12" Green 96.

12" Hi Res Green 146.

14" Color Composite 329.

14" RGB Color 339.

AMDEK

12" Green 169.

13" Color I 379.

Color II Hi-Re» 849.

Color III RGB Color 475.

TELEVIDEO

910 639

912 ?46

920 82B'

960 989-

NEC

12" Green Screen 169.

12" Color 389.

995SSM

AS10 Apple Serial I 0 C.ird 129

AP10 Apple PafrnIM 1 0 Card 75

A10 71 164

TG PRODUCTS

Game Paddles 28.

Jov Slick 44

ORANGE MICRO

GRAPPLER PLUS - 139.

TYMAC

TYMAC Parallel Board and Cable with Graphics 99

AMDEK

DVM Interface Board for Apple II 169.

MPC PERIPHERALS

Bubble Memory NEW 679

16K Memory Board for Apple II 80.

32K Memory Board for Apple II 149.

Parallel Printer Card for Apple II 72.

Upper and Lower Case ROM 19.

PROM-IT. Eprom for the Apple II 99-

Serial Input/Output Card for Apple II 119.

16/32K Expansion Memory Board 125.

M&R ENTERPRISES

SUP R TERMINAL 80 Column Video Board 316.

PRACTICAL PERIPHERALS

Microbuffer II 16K for Apple II 239.

Microbuffer II 32K for Apple II 279.

8K Serial Buffer for Epson Printer 129.

16K Parallel Interface for Epson Printer 129.

MICROSOFT

Z-80 Softcard for Apple 279.

MOUNTAIN COMPUTER

CPS Multifunction for Apple 165.

The Clock for Apple 235.

Ramplus 119.

Ramplus 16K for Apple 135.

Ramplus 32K for Apple 152.

Music System for Apple 319.

Rom Writer for Apple 139.

ADVANCE LOGIC

Z CARD for Apple II 225.

KENSINGTON MICROWARE

System Saver Fan for Apple 74.

VERSA COMPUTING

Versawriter Graphics Tablet 299.

SEATTLE COMPUTER

64K RAM * for the IBM PC 385.

128K RAM ♦ for the IBM PC 529.

256K RAM * for the IBM PC 789.

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS

Asynchronous Serial Interface 145.

VIDEX, INC.

Videoterm 279.

Softvideo Switch 29.

Keyboard Enhancer 99.

Enhancer II 119,

SOFTWARE FOR CP/M

ASHTON-TATE

dBase II s499

MICROPRO

Wordstar 289.

Mailmerge 129.

Calcstar 189.

Datastar 235.

Superson 149.

SpeMstar 149.

MICROSOFT

Fortran 80 369.

Macro BO 189.

Basic Compiler 319.

mu/MATH/mu/SIMP 80 219.

Cobol 80 595.

Basic 80 299.

Edit 80 96.

X MBcro 80 162.

mu/LISP/mu/STAR 80 162.

Mull! Plan 205.

SELECT INFORMATION SYSTEMS

TIM III Data Base Management System 408.

SOFTWARE DIMENSIONS. INC.

Accounting Plus CALL

FOX 81 GELLER

Quickscreen 129.

Quickcoda 22fi.

Crosstalk ... MICROSTUF 139.

Supercalc .. SORCIM 205.

The Word .. OASIS '5.

Spellbinder . LEXISOFT 249.

T/Maker II . LIFEBOAT 219.

Supervyze .. EPIC SOFTWARE 115.

Condor III... CONDOR 799.

"Require! ZBO Card by Microsoft or Z Card by Innovative Software.Not*: Apple it a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.C/PM is a registered trademark of Digital Research.

SOFTWARE FOR IBM -

SORCIM

Supercalc S205

SuperWr.ier 295

Spellguard 229

SELECT INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Select Word Processor W Superspell 369.

VISICORP

Visicalc 256K Version 189

Visitrend 239

Visidex 189

Visifile 239

Desktop Plan I 239.

MICROPRO

Wordstar 289

Mailmerge 129

Spellatar 153

INNOVATIVE SOFTWARE

TIM Ml Data Base Management System 408.

I.U.S.

Easyspeller 1 39.

Easyfiler 289.

Easywriter II 269.

SOFTWARE DIMENSIONS. INC.Accounting Plus CALL

CONTINENTAL SOFTWARE

The Home Accountant Plus 119.

DENVER SOFTWAREEASy (Executive Accounting System) 535.

Write On DATAMOST 97.

Condor II CONDOR 449.

Crosstalk MICROSTUF 139.

MathMagic ism 75.

The Tax Manager . MICROLAB 175.

d Base II ASHTON-TATE 189.

SOFTWARE FOR APPLE

BRODERBUND

Serpentine 29.

Choplifter 29.

MICROSOFT

Typing Tutor II S18.

Adventure - 25.

•Fortran 80 165-

A.L.D.S 100.

"Basic Compiler 315.

mu/MATH/mu/SIMP 80 200.

Olympic Decathalon 25.

•Cobol 80 595.

M/Sort 156

TASC Compiler 145.

Softcard Premium System 699.

Time Manager 125.

SELECT INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Select Word Processor 359.

VISICORP

CCA Data Management System 79.

Visicalc 189.

Visiterm 79

Visiplot 159.

Visidex 189

Visiirend/Visiplot 229.

Visif ile 189.

Visischedule 239.

Visipack 549.

Desktop Plan II 189..

MICROPRO

'Calcstar 129.

•Datastar 179.

'Superson 139.

"Wordstar 195.

•Mailmerge 129.

•Spellstar 125.

SORCIM

Spellguard 229.

SOUTHEASTERN SOFTWARE

Data Capture 4.0 58 ■

EDU-WARE CALL

Step by Step (tape).. PROGRAM DESIGN 59.

Datafax LINK SYSTEMS 139.

dBase II ASHTON-TATE 499.

Supercalc SORCIM 205,

CALL FOR MORE APPLE SOFTWAREI!

MODEMS

HAYES MICROCOMPUTER PRODUCTS

Smartmodem S229.

Smartmodem 1200 599

Micromodem II 289.

Micromodem 100 325.

Chronograph 225-

NOVATION

Cat 145.

D-Cat 175.

Auto Cat 2 25.

Apple Cat II 324.

Apple Cat II — 212 CALL

mailcomp

WE ACCEPT: • MONEY ORDER • COD. (S300 MAX.)

• PERSONAL CHECK (allow 10 days to clear) • CASHIERS or CERTIFIED CHECK

• VISA/MASTERCARD (add 2%) • BANK WIRE TRANSFERSAdd 3% for shipping, handling & insurance (S5 min.) Calif, residents add6% tax All equipment is new. comes with manufacturers guarantees.PLUS we guarantee it for 30 days and pay shipping charges on any returnsAll equipment subject to price change & availability without notice.

Check quantity discounts.

8380 Miramar Road, Suite 200San Diego, CA 92126TOLL FREE: 800-752-1341CALIFORNIA: 619-578-1033"

Circle 260 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982

Circle 269 on inquiry card.

ADVANCED GRAPHICS SOFTWARENOW-FOR MICROCOMPUTERS!

512 x 240Resolution

XCEL

TM

FOR COMPUSTAR®SUPERBRAIN®TRS-80® Model IIZ-89®

USE WITHHARDWARE RETROFIT

GRAPHICS

SOFTWARE

•Symbol Generator

$175.00

•Graph Plotter

$175.00

•3D Generator

$345.00

•Surface Plotter

$395.00

•Graphics Terminal

$395.00

Emulator

•Screen Printer

$65.00

ANADEX

EPSON

IDS

(213) 320-6604

59500

V6VGt <

Cb&'

ip

0s

Zn\ MAXTEK, INC. 2908 Oregon Court, Torrance, CA 90503

Available in Europe from Micronex Ltd., Chew Magna, England 3042 (STD 027-589 3042)

TRS-80-registered trademark Tandy Corp* Superbrain-trademark Intertec Data Systems

Tektronix-registered trademark Tektronix, Inc. CPM-registered trademark Digital Research

Need to Measure YourCorporate Communications?

Want to define your company's image? Measurecompetitive strengths? Determine the acceptance of yourcompany publications? Gauge reactions to your annualreport? Determine the effectiveness of your corporateadvertising? Monitor the impact of important trends anddevelopments on your company's business?

Call McGraw-HillResearch

Backed by 30 years of researchexperience covering scores ofmarkets and fields, McGraw-HillResearch professionals designcustom projects that can make abig difference in the success ofyour corporate communicationsefforts. The Corporate Commu-nications Research Center willmeet your research needspromptly, at a reasonable price.

Put McGraw-Hill Research to workfor you.

For a quote or proposal, callJoan Bullen, Director-CorporateCommunications ResearchCenter at (212) 997-3517 orEleanor Nicoletti, Project Director,at (212) 997-3095. Or, write Corpo-rate Communications ResearchCenter, 1221 Avenue of theAmericas, New York, NY 10020

N

If it's a communications problem, weprobably pioneered the solution.

plotter moves the pen over a station-ary, flat sheet of paper (see photo 1);the pen must be able to move in twodirections. In a drum plotter, thepaper is wrapped around a cylinderthat rotates to move the paper in onedirection, while the pen moves alongan axis that is parallel to the centerline on which the cylinder rotates.

"Smart" plotters can

automatically draw

letters, numbers, and

geometric shapes.

Flatbed plotters have the option ofusing multiple pens (to create multi-ple color drawings), which manydrum plotters can't do. On the otherhand, a drum plotter to handle asheet of a given size will take up lessdesk space than a similar flatbedplotter.

Ultimately, plotters work by draw-ing straight lines the computerspecifies. If the lines are shortenough, the line drawn looks curved.Some plotters can draw "pure" diag-onal lines, but most are limited todrawing in eight directions (up,down, right, left, and four 45-degreediagonals); depending on the smalleststep size the plotter is capable of,diagonal lines may exhibit the "stair-step" quality associated with raster-scan displays.

One very important feature to lookfor is the amount of "intelligence" theplotter has. Less expensive units arelikely to be "dumb"—that is, they areusually limited to one of eightdirection pen movement commands.More expensive "smart" plotters willautomatically draw letters, numbers,and geometric shapes of various sizeswhen you give them the appropriatecommand. Such "intelligence" isoften worth paying extra for. Be sureto ask the vendor what software isavailable for the plotter—if theanswer is "none," find out how muchwork it will take you to write the soft-ware you need to make the plotterwork.

456 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

H

CQMPJTRQNICS

NC.

• • EVERYTHING FOR YOUR TRS-80™ • ATARI™ • APPLE" • PET" • CP/M" • XEROX7" • IBM" • OSBORNE"

* TRS-80 is a trademark of the Radio Shack Division of Tandy Corp. ■ * ATARI is a trademark of Atari Inc. ■ 'APPLE is a trademark of Apple Corp. ■ * PET is a trademark of Commodore• CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research 'XEROX is a trademark of Xerox Corp ' IBM is a trademark of IBM Corp, - ' OSBORNE is a trademark of Osborne Corp.

BUSINESS PAC 100

„SSed within 24-Hours^ All orders p;oce-aran(ee

+ 30-Day money °u

100 Ready-To-RunBusiness Programs

(ON CASSETTE OR DISKETTE) Includes 128 Page Users Manual

Inventory Control Payroll Bookkeeping System Stock Calculations.

Checkbook Maintenance Accounts Receivable Accounts Payable

BUSINESS 100 PROGRAM LIST

NAME

DESCRIPTION

1 RULE78

Interest Apportionment by Rule of the 78s

2 ANNCI1

Annuity computation program

3 DATE

Time between dates

4 DAYYEAR

Day of year a particular date falls on

5 LEASEINT

Interest rate on lease

6 BREAKEVM

Breakeven analysis

7 DEPRSL

Straightline depreciation

8 DEPRSY

Sum of the digits depreciation

9 DEPRDB

Declining balance depreciation

10 DEPRDDB

Double declining balance depreciation

11 TAXDEP

Cash flow vs. depreciation tables

12 CHECK2

Prints NEBS checks along with daily register

13 CHECKBK1

Checkbook maintenance program

14 MORTGAGE/A

Mortgage amortization table

15 MULTMON

Computes time needed for money to double, triple

16 SALVAGE

Determines salvage value of an investment

17 RRVARIN

Rate of return on investment with variable inflows

18 RRCONST

Rate of return on investment with constant inflows

19 EFFECT

Effective interest rate of a loan

20 FVAL

Future value of an investment {compound interest)

21 PVAL

Present value of a future amount

22 LOANPAY

Amount of payment on a loan

23 REGW1TH

Equal withdrawals from investment to leave 0 over

24 S1MPDISK

Simple discount analysis

25 DATEVAL

Equivalent & nonequivalent dated values for oblig.

26 ANNUDEF

Present value of deferred annuities

27 MARKUP

% Markup analysis for items

28 SINKFCIND

Sinking fund amortization program

29 BONDVAL

Value of a bond

30 DEPLETE

Depletion analysis

31 BLACKSH

Black Scholes options analysis

32 STOCVAL1

Expected return on stock via discounts dividends

33 WARVAL

Value of a warrant

34 BONDVAL2

Value of a bond

35 EPSEST

Estimate of future earnings per share for company

36 BETAALPH

Computes alpha and beta variables for stock

37 SHARPE1

Portfolio selection model-i.e. what stocks to hold

38 OPTWRrTE

Option writing computations

39 RTVAL

Value of a right

40 EXPVAL

Expected value analysis

41 BAYES

Bayesian decisions

42 VALPRIMF

Value of perfect information

43 VALADINF

Value of additional information

44 UTILITY

Derives utility function

45 SIMPLEX

Linear programming solution by simplex method

46 TRANS

Transportation method for linear programming

47 EOQ

Econorriic order quantity inventory model

48 QUEUE1

Single server queueing (waiting line) model

49 CVP

Cost-volume-profit analysis

50 CONDPROF

Conditional profit tables

51 OPTLOSS

Opportunity loss tables

52 FQCOQ

Fixed quantity economic order quantity model

53 FQEOWSH

As above but with shortages permitted

54 FQEOQPB

As above but with quantity price breaks

55 QUECIECB

Cost-benefit waiting line analysis

56 NCFANAL

Met cash-flow analysis for simple investment

57 PROF1ND

Profitability index of a project

58 CAP1

Cap. Asset Pr. Model analysis of project

59 WACC Weighted average cost of capital

60 COMPBAL True rate on loan with compensating bal. required

61 DISCBAL True rate on discounted loan

62 MERGAMAL Merger analysis computations

63 FIMRAT Financial ratios for a firm

64 MPV Met present value of project

65 PR1MDLAS Laspeyres price index

66 PRIMDPA Paasche price index

67 SEASIMD Constructs seasonal quantity indices for company

68 TIMETR Time series analysis linear trend

69 T1MEMOV Time series analysis moving average trend

70 FCIPRIMF Future price estimation with inflation

71 MAILPAC Mailing list system

72 LETWRT Letter writing system-links with MAILPAC

73 SORT3 Sorts list of names

74 LABEL1 Shipping label maker

75 LABEL2 Mame label maker

76 BCJSBCiD DOME business bookkeeping system

77 TIMECLCK Computes weeks total hours from timeclock info.

78 ACCTPAY In memory accounts payable system-storage permitted

79 INVOICE Generate invoice on screen and print on printer

80 IMVEMT2 In memory inventory control system

81 TELD1R Computerized telephone directory

82 T1MUSAM Time use analysis

83 ASSIGM Use of assignment algorithm for optimal job assign.

84 ACCTREC In memory accounts receivable system-storage ok

85 TERMSPAY Compares 3 methods of repayment of loans

86 PAYMET Computes gross pay required for given net

87 SELLPR Computes selling price for given after tax amount

88 ARBCOMP Arbitrage computations

89 DEPRSF Sinking fund depreciation

90 (JPSZOME Finds UPS zones from zip code

91 ENVELOPE Types envelope including return address

92 ACITOEXP Automobile expense analysis

93 IMSF1LE Insurance policy file

94 PAYROLL2 In memory payroll system

95 DILANAL Dilution analysis

96 LOANAFFD Loan amount a borrower can afford

97 RENTPRCH Purchase price for rental property

98 SALELEAS Sale-leaseback analysis

99 RRCONVBD Investor's rate of return on convertable bond100 PORTVAL9 Stock market portfolio storage-valuation program

D TRS-80 Cassette Version $99.95

D TRS-80 (Mod-I or III), Pet, Apple

or Atari Versions $99.95

□ TRS-80 Mod-ll, IBM, Osborne

and CP/M Versions $149.95

ADD S3.00 FOR SHIPPING IN UPS AREAS

ADD $4.00 FOR C.O.D. OR NON-UPS AREAS

ADD S5 00 TO CANADA AND MEXICO

ADD PROPER POSTAGE OUTSIDE OF U.S., CANADA AND MEXICO

NEW

TOLL-

F*£E

ICQMPJTRQUICS

50 N. PASCACK ROADSPRING VALLEY, NEW YORK 10977

*S

HOUR

oA oRDER

^ LINE

ASK FOR OUR 64-PAGE CATALOG

425-A535

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

Circle 202 on Inquiry card.

ALL PRICES & SPECIFICATIONS SUBJECT TO CHANGEDELIVERY SUBJECT TO AVAILABILITY

BYTE November 1982 457

Full size smart terminal with detachable keyboard

Complete software package.

including:

CP/M Operating SystemWordStar® Word ProcessingMicrosoft® BASIC 80NorthStar compatible BAZIC"Spelling CheckerElectronic Spreadsheet

SEE US AT COMDEX, BOOTH 1674

You can't buy morecomputer for less.

$1790 is the total retail price of the complete MicroDecision™ System you see in this ad. And thatincludes the computer with a disk drive, a full sizesmart terminal, and over $1800 worth of software.No other business computer available today offersso much for so little (a comparable Apple systemcosts almost twice as much).The Micro Decision is a bargain any way you lookat it. The computer alone, with all that softwareand one disk drive is only $1195. If you want toadd another disk drive, the price is still great: just$1545. And the smart terminal is only $595. Retail.As for the microcomputer itself, our Micro Decision

includes a 64K CP/M® 2.2 Operating System. That'sthe industry standard operating system that givesyou access to over 2000 business programs (avail-able right now—right off the shelf).

If you'd like more information, or to find out aboutour substantial quantity discounts, call us at (415)430-1970. We'll introduce you to more Morrow.And less price.

LOOK TO MORROW FOR ANSWERS TODAY

MORROW OE5IGN5

600 McCormick St.

San Leandro, CA 94577

(415) 430-1970

Circle 309 on inquiry card.

n

^v-.

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc.

Z80A is a trademark of Zilog. Inc.

WordStar is a registered trademark of MicroPro, Inc.

Microsoft is a registered trademark of Microsoft

Corporation

BAZIC is a registered trademark of Micro Mike's. Inc.

Micro Decision is a trademark of Morrow Designs

^<^3t

Photo 2: Game paddles. These are for the Atari (left) and the Apple II (right).

Photo 3: Joysticks. At the left is the Radio Shack Color Computer joystick (resistive);at right is the Atari joystick (switch type).

Printers

Computers that have printers canalso create printed graphics. Char-acter graphics, the same kind thatyou can do on your video screen withalphanumeric symbols, are possibleon any printer. Some printers canprint special graphics characters thatare unique to a given computer (forexample, some Commodore-suppliedprinters can print the special Com-modore PET graphics symbols).Many dot-matrix printers, however,have a bit-mapped graphics modethat lets you control each pin of theprint head as the printer makes a

sweep from left to right across oneline position of the page. The head ofa dot-matrix printer contains severalneedles (usually seven or eight) thatstrike against the ribbon as the headmoves across the line. In a bit-mapped graphics mode, the computersends the printer bytes of data thatare translated into instructions to theindividual needles (if the head hasonly seven or eight needles, one byteof data usually represents one vertical"stack" of seven or eight dots thatrepresent a one-dot-wide slice of theprint line). With the appropriate soft-ware, a raster graphics image (as it is

stored in memory) can be transferredto a printer one horizontal slice at atime. Color graphics printers andsoftware are becoming available formicrocomputers (see the vendor textbox), making printed color graphicsimages feasible for some microcom-puters.

Input Devices

Now let's turn to devices you use totell the computer what kind of graph-ic image you want. Some of thesedevices are not graphics related perse, but I mention them because theyare often used in graphics applica-tions.

The most prosaic input device forgraphics is the keyboard. You can useyour choice of cursor, letter, and con-trol characters to tell software tomanipulate a graphics image. Unfor-tunately, a keyboard is usually theleast satisfactory way of interactingwith graphic images, but it is one thatis guaranteed to be available on anycomputer.

Paddles and joysticks are two inputdevices associated with microcom-puters. A paddle (see photo 2) issimply a knob like the volume controlswitch on your television. A paddleinvolves no on-off switch, but itusually contains a potentiometer (avariable resistor) whose resistancevaries with the position of the knob.Some computers (the Apple II and theAtari, for example) have built-in cir-cuitry that translates the position ofthe paddle knob into a numeric value,usually between 0 and 255 (the high-est possible 8-bit value). Graphicssoftware running in the computer canthen translate this into some kind ofmovement along one axis (for exam-ple, up-down or right-left).

A joystick is similar to a paddle inthat it gives the computer directionalinformation, but it gives informationabout two perpendicular axes, thusmaking it able to specify any ar-bitrary movement within a two-dimensional plane. In physical ap-pearance, a joystick (see photo 3)resembles a small box with a shortstick appearing perpendicular fromthe square face of the box. This stickcan be moved a given distance in two

460 November 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

PERIPHERALVISION

contracted dealer for Siemens disk drives. All drives are brandts.Siemens isoneofthe most quality-oriented > > inters

you ?ee how well they perform with your system, you'll understand how

on among serious computer enthusiasts.

«Our 5V4 track drivesare the same ones usedby HEATH, but look at

the prices.

•SIEMENS drives workperfectly with your S-100. Radio Shack MOD

III. OSI. HEATH. IBM.North Star and manymany morel

■ all drives are brandnew and warranted. Weare a contractedSIEMENS dealer.

■ w© have custom en-closures for both 5%and 8 inch drives, call

■ we carry spare partsfor SIEMENS drives. Call,

manuals available forall drives

■custom made datacables . , . call...

WINCHESTER HARDDiSk SYSTEMS

10 MEGABYTE Hard Disksystems for your HEATHH-88, 89, Radio Shack

Mod I. II, or ill, Apple, IBM.or any S-100 system! Youget a 10 megabyteformatted hard disk,power supply, cabinet.all interfacing cables,and CP/M boot loader.Most of all its all factorypreassembled and tested,burned in and ready torun! You even get a realtime clock (exceptHEATH). Built only ofcommercial gradecomponentsJUST S2700 10mb

JF T FLOPPY Disk Services, we not only sellM\ drives, we also sel! custom enclosures.^^jL Our cabinets are designed by ourexperts to be functional and attractive. And ourquantity pricing is so attractive, we invitedealers and large group purchasers to call.

CALL TODAY ■ 609-799-4440

Dual 8" System

I;

' F you don't see what you want, give us a call between 9 am & 5 pm (£T).Chances are we'll have what you need for your system at your price. Due toi production deadlines for advertising, prices in this ad are 2 months old. so weencourage you to call us for current prices and new product information.

FIEPPY

PAYMENT POLICY - We accept Mastercard, VISA. American Express, personalchecks & MO. We reserve the right to wait 10 working days for personal checksto clear your bank before we ship. All shipping standard UPS rates plusinsurance. NJ residents must add 5% sales tax.

741 ALEXANDER ROADPRINCETON, NJ 08540

PRICES & SPECIFICATIONS SUBJECT TO CHANGE

MOD l-ll-lll, CP/M are trademarks of Tandy and Digital Research respectively.

Circle 190 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982 461

dimensions; in use, a program using ajoystick should respond in some ac-tion that is motivated by the directionindicated by the joystick.

Joysticks come in two basic de-signs. The first, which is used withthe Apple II computer, is basicallytwo paddle potentiometers linkedmechanically so that only up-downmovement turns one potentiometerand only right-left movement turnsthe other. A second kind of joystick,used by the Atari 400 and 800 com-puters, is actually a set of fourswitches, one for each basic direction(up, down, right, and left). This kindof joystick is both cheaper to makeand more durable, but it provides lessinformation. Unlike the potentio-meter joystick, which provides bothdirection and magnitude informationthat is continuously variable, theswitch joystick provides directiononly (no magnitude), and only eightdirections at that (the four majordirections and four diagonals); what-ever direction is indicated (and thereare many gradations possible with thepotentiometer joystick), the switch

joystick chooses the closest directionof the eight it can supply.

Advanced Input Devices

The input devices mentionedabove—keyboard, paddles, and joy-sticks—are usually available or stan-dard on most microcomputers, andmany people have some or all of themon their microcomputers (paddlesand joysticks are popular becausemany computer games use them).

Digitizers, light pens, trackballs,and "mice"—which I'll cover next—are not universally available and areusually used only for specific applica-tions.

The digitizer (also known as agraphics tablet or pad) enables thecomputer to get two-dimensionalposition information about the posi-tion of a "pen" on a writing surface ofa given size. There are four mainkinds of digitizers: electromagnetic,magnetorestrictive, sonic, andresistive.

Electromagnetic digitizers use awriting surface embedded with a finemesh of vertical and horizontal wires.

(The number of wires per inch deter-mines the accuracy of the graphicstablet.) A complicated electronic in-terface senses the proximity of themetal tip of the pen or cursor and thevertical and horizontal wires. Fromthis, it returns an x-y coordinate pairthat tells the computer where the penis in relation to a fixed referencepoint. (In a variation of this scheme,the pen sends out an electromagneticpulse that the wires sense.) Like mostdigitizers, this one can give the micro-computer information in one of sev-eral different forms.

Magnetorestrictive digitizers (seephoto 4a) use a similar scheme, ex-cept that the pulse traveling down thewire is a pulse of current that createsa traveling magnetic field. The pen orcursor used contains a small wireloop that then senses the field andcomputes the cursor coordinates fromthat information. One disadvantageof this technology, however, is thatmagnetic storage media, like floppydisks and magnetic tapes, must bekept away from the tablet surface.

Sonic digitizers use a pen or cursor

new .brd Processing

Catalog

of Letterheads, Formsand Supplies . . .

Featuring Micro-Perf™ ... continuous Letterheads witha clean, trim edge when detached.

Full color catalog also offers checks, statements andinvoices designed to work with programs from over 200software sources. Plus stock tab paper, labels, diskettes,printwheels, work station furniture and accessories.

■ Quality products at low prices.

■ No "handling charges" or hidden extras.

■ Small quantities — as low as 500 checks,statements, invoices.

■ Money Back Guarantee

■ One source for your word processing needs.

Fast service... buy direct by mail orPHONE TOLL FREE 1+800-225-9550

(Mass residents 1 + 800-922-8560) 8:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M., ET

CITY, STATE and ZIP

I

□ Do ownprogramming

COMPUTER MAKE

□

NotPurchased

LINE OF BUSINESS

Number ofEmployees

Nebs.

[ Computer Forms

12 South Street. Townsend, A

I To help us send you correct information:

SOFTWARE BRAND PACKAGE» ]

I—i Do own

I

A division ol New England Business Service. Inc

11150

Massachusetts 01469 I

462 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 321 on inquiry card.

2ft4&21Ii COMPUTER•■»«|* mRRKET PLRCE

Modems

Manufacturer

Novation

Novation

Novation

DC Hayes

DC Hayes

DC Hayes

Signalman

UDS

UDS

UDS

UDS

Monitors

Manufacturer

Amdek

Amdek

Amdek

Sanyo

Sanyo

Sanyo

Sanyo

Zenith

BMC

NEC

NEC

Terminals

Manufacturer

Ampex

Ampex

Televideo

Televideo

Televideo

Televideo

PRINTERS

CABINET AND

CAB5V

CAB5V/1Q

CAB8H

CAB8VCAB8V+1S

CAB8H+1S

CAB8V=2S

CAB8H+2S

CAB8V*1M

CAB8H*1M

CAB8V*2M

CAB8H+2M

CAB8V+1Q

CAB8H+1Q

CAB8V=2Q

CAB8H*2Q

Model ff

CAT

d-CAT

Auto-Cat .

Smart Modem

Micro Modem II (Apple)

Micro Modem 100

Mark I

UDS 103 LP (300 Bd)

UDS 202 LP (1200 Bd)

UDS 212 LP (1200 Bd)

UOS 212 ALP (1200 Bd)

100/12" B&W300G/GreenColor-1/13"DM5109CX/9" Grn.DM 5012/12" B&WDM 5112ex/12" Grn.DM C6013/13" ColorZVM-121/12"Grn.BM-12EN 12" Grn.JB1260 12" Grn.JC1201C 13" Color

Model #Dialogue 80Dialogue 81TVI 910TVI 912CTVI 925TVI 950C

Printers

SUBSYSTEMS

Single cabinet only

(vertical mounting)

Single cabinet with

1 Qume DT-5

Dual cabinet for 8"

(horizontal)

Cabinet for 8" (vertical) ...Dual cabinet with Shugart

801R (vertical!

Dual cabinet with Shugart

801R (horizontal)

Dual cabinet with twoShugart 801R (vertical)Dual cabinet with twoShugart 801R (horizontal) .Dual cabinet with

Mitsubishi 8" (vertical)

Dual cabinet withMitsubishi 8" (horizontal)..Dual cabinet with two

Mitsubishi 8" (vertical)

Dual cabinet with twoMitsubishi 8" (horizontal)..Dual cabinet with Qume

DT-8 (vertical)

Dual cabinet with Qume

DT-8 (horizontal)

Dual cabinet with two

Qume DT-8 (vertical)

Dual cabinet with twoQume DT-8 (horizontal)

Price

$159.00$170.00$229.00$215.00$320.00$320.00$89.00$185.00$245.00$495.00$650.00

PriceS110.00$165.00$350.00$175.00$215.00$225.00$425.00$115.00$145.00$129.00$310.00

Price$780.00$885.00$625.00$725.00$825.00CALL

.$ 75.00

.$ 375.00

.$ 260.00.$ 275.00

.$ 705.00

.S 690.00

.si.oao.oo

$1,065.00.$ 680.00J 665.0051.140.00$1,125.00S 750.00$ 735.0051,235.00$1,220.00

CABINET DIMENSIONS:

Horizontal - 6VH x 17'A"W x 22"LVertical - 9]/4"H x 11VWx21"L

All cabinets come complete with power supply, fan andinternal cables.

DISK DRIVES

Qume DT-5Qume DT-8Shugart 801Shugart 850Mitsubishi

M2894-63Mitsubishi

M4853Mitsubishi

M4854

ANSI 5'U" compatibility

$295.00

IBM compatibility

$465.00

Standard floppy

$400.00

Double-sided floppy

$600.00

8" double-sided, double-

density

$435.00

5'A" 96 TPI,

1MB

$450.00

5V<" double-sided,

1.5MB

Call for price.

All drives include manual.

» r» ■» nH1»>>>i

DISKETTES from ASAP

Verbatim 5V«"

Diskettes

Pari #

Sector

Price

MD525-01

Soft

10/S27.5O

MD525-10

Hard 1C

10/S27.50

MD525-16

Hard 1£

10/S27.50

8" Diskettes

MEM 3060

1/Sgl

Soft

10/$35.00

MEM 3090

1/Dbl

Soft

10/$40.00

MEM 3102

2/Dbl

Soft

10/S45.00

Scotch 3M W Diskettes

Part #

Side/Dens

Sector

Price

744-0

1/Sgl

Soft

10/$30.00

744-10

1/Sgl

Hard 10

10/S30.00

744-16

1/Sgl

Hard 16

10/S30.00

745-0

2/Dbl

Soft

10/S43.00

745-10

2/Dbl

Hard 10

10/543.00

745-16

2/Dbl

Hard 16

10/S43.00

Maxell 5'/«" Diskettes

Parts

Side/Dens

Sector

Price

MD1

1/Sgl

Soft

10/S32.00

MD2D

2/Dbl

Soft

10/544.00

MH1

1/Sgl

Hard 16

10/539.00

MH2D

2/Dbl

Hard 16

10/550.00

8" Diskettes

FD1-128FH1-32FD2-XD

1/Sgl1/Sgl2/Dbl

SoftSoft 32Soft

Elephant Memory Systems 5V<" Diskettes

Part*EMS1EMS 2EMS 3EMS 4EMS 5EMS 6EMS 7

Side/Dens

1/Sgl

1/Dbl

1/Dbl

1/Dbl

2/Dbl

2/Dbl

2/Dbl

Sector

SoftSoftHard 10Hard 16SoftHard 10Hard 16

10/S41.0010/S41.0010/550.00

Price10/S25.00

10/$27.5010/S27.5010/527.5010/533.0010/533.0010/533.00

SRW Media Storage CasesPart ft Size

SRW-5 5'/."

SRW-8 8"

Price52.50 ea.S3 25 ea.

Connectors

DB25PDB25SDB25C

1-9

S2.00$2.95$0.95

10-24$1.90$2.7550.85

25 up

51.75$2.50S0.75

Components

4116s |200 nS)/5290-3Apple, TRS-80, Heath

1-15 $1.50 each

16-49 $1.40 each

50-99 S1.30each

100 up $1.20 each

ALL PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. CALLFOR BEST PRICE.

Ordering Information: name, address, phone: ship by: UPSor Mail. Shipping charge: add $2.90 up to 1 lb. (UPS blue).U.S. Mail add $1.50 (U.S. only) ($25.00 minimum order).Terms: We accept cash, check, money orders. Visa andMaster Charge (U.S. funds only). Tax: 6% Calif, res.. 6'AL.A. County. COD's and terms available on approval(School PO's Accepted).

ATARI® COMPUTER GAMESATARI® 800"

|16K| Personal Business Computer Features:

• Computer console

• Atari? 8K basic

• 57 full stroke alpha-numeric keyboardwith four function keys

• Operator's manual

• RF modulator

• Power supply

• also available 32K 8 48K systemCall for price

Software

Description

Atari1*

Basketball

Super Breakout

Chess

Video Easel

Star Raiders

Asteroids

Music Composer

Assembler/Editor

Telelink

Space Invaders

Missile Command

Graph It

Mailing List

Touch Typing

Stock Charting

Stock Analysis

Bond Analysis

Word Processor

Microsoft BASIC

Pac-Man

Centipede

Caverns of Mars

Atari® Optional Accessories

Price

$27.00$27.00$27.00$26.00$32.00S 28.005 32.00$45.005 24.00$33.00$28.00$ 17.95$ 19.95$ 19.95$ 22.95$ 19.95$ 22.95$110.00$75.00S 33.00$33.00$29.00

Model #410

810822825830

850

CX30-04CX40-04A32KA

Printers

Anadex

Description Price

Program Recorder $ 77.00

Disk Drive System $450.00

40-Colum.n Thermal Printer $299.00

80-Column Dot Matrix Printer $645.00

Acoustic Modem $159.00

Interface Module $165.00

Paddle Controls $ 17.95

Joysticks (pair) $ 17.95

32K RAM Board $ 79.95

9501A

Citoh 8510AP Prowriter (Parallel)

Ciloh 8510ADC Prowriter

(Parallel & Serial)F1040PU Printmaster(Parallel)

F1040PU Prinlmaster(Serial)

1550 Prowriter II (Parallel)1550 Prowriter II(Parallel & Serial)630 RO

MX80 w/Graftrak Plus*MX80FT w/Graftrak Plus*MX100

82A (Parallel & Serial)83A (Parallel & Serial)84AP (Parallel Only)84AS (Serial Only)

* Gratlrak Plus Standard on all ModelsPrinter interfaces

AEI-1 Parallel Interfaces

SEI-1 Serial Interfaces for Epson

EPI-1 2K Serial Buffer for Epson

OKI-1 2K Serial Buffer for Okidata

Printer Cables

AEC-1 Parallel Cable to Apple

AEC-2 Parallel Cable to Atari*

RSC-1 RS232C Cable

RSC-2 Okidata/RS232C Cable

TRSE-1 Parallel Cable to TRS-80

Citoh

Citoh

CilohCitoh

Diablo

Epson

Epson

Epson

OKIDATA

OKIDATA

OKIDATA

OKIDATA

S1.425.00

S485.00

S665.00

CALL

CALL$740.00

$825.00$1,995.00CALLCALLCALLCALLCALLCALLCALL

540.00

S35.00

S65.00

5109.00

S17.95519.95519.95S25.00518.95

1198 E. Willow St. Signal Hill, CA 90806 (800I421-7701 • 1213) 595-6431 • (714) 891-2663ASAP COMPUTER PRODUCTS LTD. 116 Viceroy Road. 0-12 Concord, Toronto. Ontario L4K1A9 Canada 1416) 738-0500

srosj|i

12681996 pfDducts,inc

Circle 34 on inquiry card.

Photo 4: Digitizers. Pictured are the electromagnetic Apple Graphics Tablet (photo 4a,courtesy of Apple Computer Inc.) and the mechanical three-dimensional digitizer fromMicro Control Systems (photo 4b, courtesy of MCS). Manufacturer addresses can befound in the vendor text box.

that emits an ultrasonic noise; thesound is detected by two ultrasonicsensors that give the digitizer enoughinformation to determine the locationof the input device. Sonic digitizerssacrifice some accuracy for reducedcost and/or increased digitizing area.(In particular, most electromagneticor magnetorestrictive digitizers havean accuracy of 0.001 inch, while sonicdigitizers usually have an accuracy of0.01 inch. However, this is not muchof a sacrifice, because a human opera-tor usually cannot achieve a repeat-able accuracy of less than 0.05 inch, avalue halfway between the accuraciesof the two technologies.)

Unfortunately, the digitizers men-tioned above are too expensive formost microcomputer owners; theyusually cost $800 and up, dependingon the resolution of the output andthe size of the writing surface. Fortu-nately, most people don't need asmuch resolution as these digitizersgive. The resistive digitizer (see photo4b) was created for people who wantto do digitizing but don't have $800or more to spend. It has a pen orstylus on the end of an arm whosejoints have very accurate potentio-meters in them. Each potentiometeroffers a resistance to the connectedmicrocomputer, which "reads" themas it would the potentiometers in apaddle or joystick. Then the micro-computer, with the aid of software,converts the angular measurements ofthe arm joints to a final x-y coor-dinate value.

Resistive digitizers sacrifice ac-curacy and speed for low cost,although the cost of the softwareneeded to make the digitizer usefulseems to be driving the price of someresistive digitizers up. However, onecompany (Micro Control Systems;see vendor text box) offers a resistivedigitizer that returns the location of apoint in three, as opposed to two,dimensions—something that no elec-tronic digitizer offers.

Light pens resemble normal writingpens, but they are connected to thecomputer by a wire. In use, theyessentially tell the computer wherethey are pointing on the screen(usually in x-y coordinates); in somecases, they give data on whether the

464 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Now NRI takes you inside the

new TRS-80 Model III microcomputer

to train you at home as the

new breed of computer specialist!

NRI teams up with Radio Shackadvanced technology to teachyou how to use, program andservice state-of-the-artmicrocomputers...

It's no longer enough to be justa programmer or a technician.With microcomputers moving intothe fabric of our lives (over250,000 of the TRS-80™ alonehave been sold), interdiscipli-nary skills are demanded. AndNRI can prepare you with thefirst course of its kind, cover- i • iing the complete world ofthe microcomputer.

Learn At Home Win Your Spare Time

With NRI training, the program-mer gains practical knowledge ofhardware, enabling him to design sim-pler, more effective programs. And,with advanced programming skills, thetechnician can test and debug systemsquickly and easily.

Training includes the TRS-80 Model HI microcom-puter, professional LCD multimeter, the NRI Discov-ery Lab, Computer Assisted Instruction programsand hundreds of demonstrations and experiments.

(TK.S-80 is a trademark of the Radio Shack division of Tandy Corp.)

Only NRI gives you both kinds oftraining with the convenience of homestudy. No classroom pressures, no nightschool, no gasoline wasted. You learnat your convenience, at your own pace.Yet you're always backed by the NRI staffand your instructor, answering questionsand giving you guidance.

You Get Your Own Computerto Learn On and Keep

NRI training is hands-on trainingwith practical experiments and demon-strations. You don't just program yourcomputer, you go inside it.. .watch howcircuits interact... interface with other sys-tems... gain a real insight into its nature.

You also work with an advancedliquid crystal display hand-held multi-meter and the NRI Discovery Lab,® per-forming over 60 separate experiments.Both microcomputer and equipmentcome as part of your training for youto use and keep.

Computer AssistedInstruction

Your TRS-80 even helps train you.You receive 8 special lesson tapes in BASIC

computer language. Using them in yourmicrocomputer, you "talk" to it as youprogress. Errors are explained, graphicsand animation drive home key points.Within a matter of minutes, you'll be ableto write simple programs yourself.

Send for Free Catalog...No Salesman Will Call

Get all the details on this excitingcourse in NRI's free, 100-page catalog.It shows all equipment, lesson outlines,and facts on other electronics coursessuch as Electronic Design, IndustrialElectronics, TV/Audio/Video Servicing...11 different career opportunities in all.Keep up with the latest technology as youlearn on the latest model of the world'smost popular computer. If card has beenused, write to:

NRI Schools

McGraw-Hill Continuing

Education Center3939 Wisconsin AvenueWashington, D.C 20016

We'll give you tomorrow.

BYTE November 1982

465

Photo 5: A trackball. The VJico Command Control trackball isshown here. (Photo courtesy of Wico; see vendor text box foraddress.)

Photo 6: A "mouse." Shown here is the Hawley X063X mouse.(Photo courtesy of The Mouse House; see vendor text box foraddress.)

pen is touching the screen andwhether a button on the barrel of thepen is being pressed.

Some people have the mistaken no-tion that light pens emit light that ispicked up by the video screen. In fact,the opposite is true—either visiblelight (on cheaper units) or the elec-tron beam itself (on more expensiveunits) is detected by a sensor em-bedded in the tip of the pen, andeither software or hardware calcu-lates the position of the pen.

Most microcomputer light pens arevery simple inside—usually somekind of photodetector that is read as avariable resistance by circuitry thatexpects to see a paddle or joystick.Software is used to calculate the posi-tion of the pen, whose resolution isusually limited to the number of rowsand columns of characters on thevideo display. In addition, the scan-ning routine (which, if it is in BASIC,can be rather slow) runs a character-sized block of brightness across thescreen row by row and waits for a sig-nal from the pen itself indicating thatthe bright spot has reached the cur-rent location of the pen. These pensare relatively inexpensive, althoughthe scanning method used may limitthe pen's usefulness. The more precisemethods that track the electron beamof the video display itself are con-siderably more expensive.

(One interesting variation of thelight pen does not use light at all. In-stead, a wire mesh is bonded to the

front surface of the video display,and the pen works much like adigitizer to return position informa-tion to the computer. See the vendortext box for the company that makesthis device.)

Trackballs (see photo 5) are fun touse, and, to date, they have beenfound only in military equipment andarcade video games (Atari's Centi-pede, for example). Now that thevideo arcade market is entering thehome via microcomputers and pro-grammable game systems, severalcompanies are promising low-costtrackballs for the home market.Basically, a trackball is a small sphere(usually about the size of an orangeor a grapefruit) housed beneath a flatsurface that allows only a small por-tion of the ball sphere to projectabove it. To use the trackball, youplace the accessible portion of thesphere directly under your palm. Byrolling the sphere with the palm ofyour hand, you transmit vector infor-mation (i.e., direction andmagnitude) about the direction of theball's movement and the speed atwhich it is being rolled. Althoughtrackballs can give output informa-tion in one of several ways, mostcommercial trackballs give separatetrains of rectangular output pulsesthat indicate the amount of rotationin relation to two perpendicular (xand y) axes. The resolution oftrackballs is measured as the numberof pulses created in one revolution of

the sphere around one of the majoraxes; these numbers range from 50 to550 pulses per revolution, with 300pulses being a popular number.

Several manufacturers make low-cost trackballs for home use (see thevendor text box). Some of these aredirect replacements for the popularAtari joystick and so will returnwhichever one of eight standarddirections that the rotation of the ballis closest to.

Trackballs are different from lightpens and digitizers in that they givedata on movement, not absolute posi-tion. If the software that reads thedevice constantly updates two vari-ables that hold the current location ofthe cursor, the trackball can be usedto manipulate the absolute position ofthe cursor. However, the informationgiven by a trackball is often inter-preted in some way by the programasking for the information; in otherwords, trackballs usually requiremore interface software than otherperipherals.

The mouse is an input device DougEnglebardt invented in 1961 while hewas working at SRI in Menlo Park,California. Named for a superficialresemblance to the rodent of the samename (see photo 6), the mouse hashistorically been associated with theartificial intelligence (AI) and com-puter graphics communities. Never-theless, it is beginning to appear onless esoteric machines (the XeroxStar, for one) and will continue to do

466 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Ire

SUPER MICRO COMPUTERS

from $1,995.00

CI-103 DESKTOP COMPUTER —

Complete computer system enclosed with-in a VT103 video terminal with LSI 11/2 and

64KB Memory $3,295.00

With LSI 11/23 and 256KB Memory ....

$4,995.00

CI-1103LK — LSI 11/2 CPU, 64KBMemory, power supply, KEV 11 in 16 slotrack mountable chassis $1,995.00

CI-11/23 AC — LSI 11/23 CPU, MMU,256KB Memory, power supply, in 16 slotrack mountable chassis $3,395.00

CI9448-96 — 96 mega byte cartridge disksystem with controller. 80 mega bytes fixed

and 16 mega bytes removable

$10,500.00

CI-1220 — Dual drive, double density,double sided, 2MB capacity floppy plusDMA LSI 11 controller $2,795.00

CI-MWS03-SB — LSI 11/2 computer workstation.LSI 11/2 CPU, 64KB Memory, power supply, KEV 11,in 16 slot rack mountable chassis. 2 port serial I/O.CRT terminal. 1 mega byte floppy disk system. Desk-top workstation $7,295.00

CI-MWS23-MB — LSI 11/23 computer work-station. LSI 11/23 CPU, MMU, 256KB Memory,power supply, in 16 slot rack mountable chassis. CRTterminal. 10 mega byte cartridge disk system. 4 portserial I/O. Desktop workstation $10,995.00

DON'T ASK WHY WE CHARGE SO LITTLE, ASK WHY THEY CHARGE SO MUCH.

€

Chrislin Industries, Inc.

31352 Via Colinas • Westlake Village, CA 91362 • 213-991-2254TWX 910-494-1253 (CHRISLIN WKVG)

LSI II is a trademark ol Digilal Equipment Corp.

Circle 79 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982 467

Selected Vendors

Rather, than attempt a comprehen-sive listing of all graphics products formicrocomputers, I have assembled thefollowing companies because theirproducts are representative of variouscategories. In some cases, I includedcompanies because they have exhibitedinteresting new products at recentshows. All inquiries should be directedto the companies themselves.

Raster-Scan Systems

High-resolution graphics retrofit forcolor and monochrome terminals:Digital Engineering, 630 Bercut Dr.,Sacramento, CA 95814. (916)447-7600.

High-resolution graphics boards forS-100 systems: Scion, 12310 PinecrestRd., Reston, VA 22091. (703)476-6100.

Low-cost RGB monitor: Exidy Inc.,390 Java Dr., Sunnyvale, CA 94086.(408) 734-9410.

High-resolution monochrome retro-fit for TRS-80 Models I and III: MikeeElectronics Corp., POB 3813,Bellevue, WA 98009. (206) 451-0574.

8086 computer with high-resolutioncolor graphics option: NEC Informa-tion Systems Inc., 5 Militia Dr., Lex-ington, MA 02173. (617) 862-3120.

Low-cost graphics terminals: Data-Type Inc., 2615 Miller Ave., MountainView, CA 94040. (415) 949-1053.

Plotters

Watanabe Instruments Corp.,3186-D Airway Ave., Costa Mesa, CA92626. (714) 546-5344.

Flatbed plotters: Bausch and Lomb,Instruments and Systems Division,POB 15720, Austin, TX 78761. (512)835-0900.

Drum plotters: Strobe Inc., 897-5AIndependence Ave., Mountain View,CA 94043. (415) 969-5130.

Printers and Interface Cards

Color dot-matrix printer (PrismPrinter): Integral Data Systems Inc.,Milford, NH 03055. (603) 673-9100.

Intelligent printer interface for Prismand other dot-matrix printers: Interac-tive Structures Inc., 146 MontgomeryAve., Bala Cynwyd, PA 19004. (215)667-1713.

High-resolution graphics interfacecard for the Apple II: Orange Micro

Inc., 3150 E. La Palma, Suite G.,Anaheim, CA 92806. (714) 630-3620.

Digitizers

Electromagnetic digitizers: Bauschand Lomb (see address above).

Magnetorestrictive digitizers: AppleComputer, 20525 Mariani Ave.,Cupertino, CA 95014.

Magnetorestrictive and electromag-netic digitizers: Summagraphics Corp.,35 Brentwood Ave., Fairfield, CT,06430. (203) 384-1344.

Electromagnetic digitizers: GTCOCorp., 1055 First St., Rockville, MD20850. (301) 279-9550.

Sonic digitizers: Science AccessoriesCorp., 970 Kings Highway West,Southport, CT 06490.

Low-cost resistive digitizer: VersaComputing Inc., 3541 Old Conejo Rd.,Suite 104, Newbury Park, CA 91320.(805) 499-4800.

Three-dimensional digitizer: MicroControl Systems, 230 Hartford Turn-pike, Vernon, CT 06066. (203)643-4897.

Light pens

High-resolution light pen for theApple II: Gibson Laboratories, 406Orange Blossom, Irvine, CA 92714.(714) 551-8553.

Touch pen using conductive metalmesh on video display face: Sun-FlexCompany Inc., 20 Pimentel Ct.,Novato, CA 94947. (415) 883-1221.

Trackballs

Low-cost trackballs for variousmicrocomputers: Wico ConsumerDivision, 6400 West Gross Point Rd.,Niles, IL 60648. (312) 647-7500.

Industrial-grade trackballs: Mea-surement Systems Inc., 121 Water St.,Norwalk, CT 06854. (203) 838-5561.

Industrial-grade trackballs: Disc In-struments, 102 E. Baker St., CostaMesa, CA 92626. (714) 979-5300.

Mice

Optical mice: Mouse Systems Corp.,655 S. Fairoaks Ave. D313, Sunny-vale, CA 94086. (408) 730-2132.

Electromechanical mice: The MouseHouse, 1741 8th St., Berkeley, CA94710.

so as its advantages become morewidely known.

What is a mouse? Imagine a track-ball turned upside down, with the ex-posed part of the sphere touching aflat surface. Now put two or threepushbuttons on what used to be thebase of the trackball and shrink theentire assembly so that it fits comfor-tably in the human hand. Now youhave a mouse. (Another variety, theoptical mouse, has no moving partsand determines movement by sensingthe lines of a rectangular grid placedbeneath it.)

A mouse, like a trackball, is arelative positioning device that re-quires more interface software thanother peripherals. The mouse is rolledon a flat surface, and the programusing it usually has a cursor on thevideo display that follows the move-ment of the mouse. In many applica-tions, the buttons are pressed to in-itiate some action. For example, in aword processor that uses a mouse,you can mark an area of text for, say,deletion by moving the cursor withthe mouse and pressing a button.When you move the cursor with themouse, all text between the markedpoint and the cursor dynamicallychanges to inverse video. When youmove the cursor to the end of the textto be deleted, you press another but-ton and the computer deletes all thetext marked in inverse video.

I like the idea of mice, but I'm notsure why I prefer them to, say, track-balls. One nice thing about a mouse isthat it doesn't take a lot of flat spaceto use. If you want to make a longmovement, you simply make a shortstroke with the mouse, pick it up, putit down at its original position, andrepeat the stroke as many times asneeded. For whatever reasons, themouse has the potential to becomethe most important new peripheral ofthe 1980s. In a decade when micro-computers can possibly evolve into aform that everyone can use, anyperipheral that allows you to "point"at what you want will help make thatpotential a reality. I suspect mice willbecome the most common pointingdevice for business and commercialmicrocomputers.

Commercial-grade mice are now

468 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

OKIDATA PRINTERS

NEW LOW PRICES!

ML-80 $350 ML-82A $425

ML

-83A $699

ML-84-P $1049

ML-84-S

$1299

WE CARRY A COMPLETE LINE OF OKIDATA ACCESSORIES IN STOCK!! CALL FOR PRICES

COLOR COMPUTERGAMES

• •NEW RELEASES* •

COSMIC DOGFIGHT CASSETTE 14.95

DISK 19.95

OFFENDER cassette 29 95

DISK 34.95• •OTHER FAVORITES* •

PACKETMAN CASSETTE 24.95

DISK 29.95

MOONLANDER CASSETTE 14.95

DISK 19.95

METEROIDS CASSETTE 21.95

SPACE INVADERS CASSETTE 21.95

COLOR COMPUTER

Call NOWFor New LOW Prices!16K LEVEL I, 16K & 32K EXTENDED

EPSON PRINTERS

MX-80 $459

MX-80 F/T $525

MX 100 $685

TRS-80 MOD

16K$82500 48K $8490048K, 1 Drive $14990048K, 2 Drive $174900

RS-232 (INSTALLED) $92°°

American Small Business Computersis not an authorized Radio ShackDealer. We do not offer a RadioShack 90 Day Warranty on ourcomputers. Instead, we offer theAmerican Small Business Computers180 DAY WARRANTY. If you have aproblem with your computer, return itto us for about 48 hours. If we can'tfix it, we' II replace it!

IBM

PERSONAL COMPUTER

I.B.M. PC. WITH 64K, 2 INTERNAL DUAL|SIDED DISK DRIVES AND DRIVE ADAPTOR.90 DAY WARRANTY

ONLY S269995

BMC GREEN SCREENMONITOR

for I.B.M. P.C. ONLY $99.00

*bTs"K DRrV~ES~

for the IBM P.C.*|

40 Track, Single Sided $209.00

40 Track, Double Sided $299.00

90 DAY WARRANTY

AND MORE ^^

LAZY WRITER

$175

MODEL II

$2995

MODEL I DISK DRIVES

Teac 40 tr. Single

40 tr. Dual80 tr. Single80 tr. Dual

Tandon

40 tr. Single40 tr. Dual

80 tr Single80 tr. Dual

$239$340$340$399

$249$319$319$369

MODEL 16 1/Dr. $4499

MODEL 16 2/Dr. $5199

CAMEO 8 Mg. Hard Disl $4995

RADIO SHACK 8.4 Mg. $4040

Complete with Power Supply,and Cabinet

RAM

MEMORY CHIPS

for the TRS-80,

APPLE, and others

$15.

95

16K SET

17.95

for

IBMP.C

SOFTWARE

DISCOUNTS

NEWDOS, DOSPLUS

and now |_ QOSj \

PRICE Q-yi QQOO

BREAK! CDIC-3eACHFOR TRS-80 MODELS I or 11

HARD DISK DRIVES!

for TRS-80 MODEL I

(L DOS Required)

6 MEG.12* MEG.19* MEG.

$179500S199500$219500

COMPLETE, READY TO RUN, AVAILABLE!!

ifor

atted

capacity

THESE ARE OUR CASH DISCOUNTED PRICES. C.O.D. AND CHARGE ORDERS ARE 3% HIGHER. ALL COMPUTERS ARE SHIPPED FREIGHT COLLECT. PRICES, SPECIFICATIONS AND AVAILABILITY ARE SUBJECT TOCHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. IBM & IBM PERSONAL COMPUTERS ARE TRADEMARKS OF INTERNATIONALBUSINESS MACHINES, INC.

fiK\r«

a»

^ 918/825-4844

AMERICAN

SmaIIbusjness

118 SO. MILL STPRYOR, OK 74561

COMPUTERS

Circle 24 on inquiry card.

ailable in the $300 to $500 range(see the vendor text box), and theirprice will come down as they becomemore popular.

The Hidden Problem of Software

Without software, even the bestmicrocomputer is an expensive andbulky paperweight, and nowhere isthis more evident than with computergraphics. Good software creates goodgraphics images and responds to therather terse signals input devices send

it. Be aware that software is in-evitably part of anything you want todo with graphics.

If you're lucky, somebody has al-ready written the software you want.In the case of digitizers and light pens,for example, driving software oftencomes with the peripheral itself; inother cases—RGB monitors andtrackballs, for example—software isusually not included. Sometimes theperipheral vendor or a third-partyvendor sells the software you need. In

Bine up your LA36

The DS120 Terminal Controller makes your LA36perform like a DECwriter® III.

The Datasouth DS120 gives your DECwriter® II the high speed printingand versatile performance features of the DECwriter® III at only a frac-tion of the cost. The DS120 is a plug compatible replacement for yourLA36 logic board which can be installed in minutes. Standard featuresinclude:

• 165 cps bidirectional printing

• Horizontal & Vertical Tabs

• Page Length Selection

• 110-4800 baud operation

• 1000 character print buffer

• X-on, X-off protocol

• Self Test

• RS232 interface

• 20 mA Current Loop interface

• Top of Form

• Adjustable Margins

• Double wide characters

• Parity selection

• Optional APL character set

Over 5,000 DS120 units are now being used by customers ranging fromthe Fortune 500 to personal computing enthusiasts. In numerous instal-lations, entire networks of terminals have been upgraded to take advan-tage of today's higher speed datacommunications services. LSImicroprocessor electronicsand strict quality control en-sure dependable performancefor years to come. When ser-vice is required, we willrespond promptly and effec-tively. Best of all, we can de-liver immediately throughour nationwide network ofdistributors. Just give us acall for all the details.

data •■:; [il\i computer corporation

4216 Stuart Andrew Blvd. . Charlotte, North Carolina 28210. 704/523-8500

a few cases, a peripheral behaves thesame as another peripheral for whichsoftware has been written. (For exam-ple, some trackballs mimic the behav-ior of Atari joysticks, for which a lotof software exists.) If none of theabove cases holds, you will have towrite your own software. But beforeyou rush out to buy that new track-ball, ask yourself, "What do I want touse this for?" and "Am I willing—andable—to write the software myself?"As usual, unfortunately, hardwarecapabilities are far beyond those ofsoftware.

Conclusions

Clearly, many possibilities exist forusing graphics with your microcom-puter. I've listed the availabledevices, but it will take your imagina-tion to create the graphics. As moresophisticated hardware and softwarebecome available and more afford-able, graphics now reserved for mini-computers and mainframes will prob-ably become available for microcom-puters. Until then, we still have somevery nice toys to play with.H

Selected BYTE BibliographyArticles

"The Future of Computer Graphics," byBruce Eric Brown and Stephen Levine,November 1980 BYTE, page 22.

"Getting to Know Your Monitor," by RonDalpiaz, November 1980 BYTE, page 206.

"Make Your Next Peripheral a Real EyeOpener" (vector-graphics oscilloscope in-terface), by Steve Garcia, November1976 BYTE, page 78.

' 'A Simplified Theory of Video Graphics, Parts1 and 2," by Allen Watson III, Novemberand December 1980 BYTE, page 180(November) and page 142 (December).

"Three-Dimensional Computer Graphics,Parts 1 and 2," by Franklin Crow, Marchand April 1981 BYTE, page 54 (March) andpage 290 (April).

Reviews

"Dithertizer II," by Joe Tomas, February

1982 BYTE, page 32."Epson MX-80 and MX-70 Printers," by Kevin

Cohan, May 1981 BYTE, page 22."Integral Data Systems' Prism Printer," by

Ed Umlor, March 1982 BYTE, page 44."Mauro Proac Plotter," by Mark Dahmke,

October 1981 BYTE, page 383."Scion Color System," by Mark Dahmke, July

1982 BYTE, page 54."(Scion) MicroAngelo Video Display," by

Mark Dahmke, November 1980 BYTE,

page 196.

470 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 147 on inquiry card.

Not Even These Guys CanPromise Complete Protection

Does your insurance?

It's a startling fact, but mosthomeowners insurance doesn'tcover home computers withbusiness uses. That meansyour valuable investmentcould be unprotected evenwhile you read this. Exposedto the risks of fire, theft, evenaccidental damage.

SAFEWARE does

Introducing SAFEWARE. Thenew insurance designed toprotect your valuable invest-

ment when others won't. Re-gardless of use, SAFEWAREprovides full replacement cov-erage, after a $50 deductible,for all hardware, media andeven purchased software.

For just pennies a day

Find the value of your systemin the table below and seejust how low the price forSAFEWARE protection reallyis. If you need higher limits,call us toll free for a quote.

Columbia NationalGeneral Agency

New SAFEWARE insurance isunderwritten by the AmericanDruggists' Insurance Com-pany, and is offered exclu-sively by Columbia NationalGeneral Agency. Both com-panies are members of theArmco Insurance Croup, oneof the nation's leading prop-erty and casualtv insurers.

For immediate coverage

No matter what the applica-tion, you can get immediatecoverage for your system withthe coupon below. Mail to:Columbia National GeneralAgency 88 East Broad Street,Columbus, Ohio 43215. Orcall the toll free number forcoverage today! 800/848-0598.(In Ohio call 614/224-7235.)

GNCA

COLUMBIA NATIONALGENERAL AGENCY

Amount ofInsurance

Premium ^H ^K, J

Up to $2,000

$ 35 '^

$ 2.0014 5.000

611 «

$ 5.0014 8.000

m

$ 8,001-$11,000

$ 90

$11.001414.000

$105 ""^ H

SI 4.001417.000

$125 ■

sr. ooi$2 l.ooo

$140 1

Xoi avail in Al.. AK. AZ<1A. III. II). KV. LA. ME,

AK. DE. IIC. 1MS. MT, XV SC. SI), or W'Y 1

^M ^^r

Send for immediate protection:

CNGA, 88 E. Broad St.Columbus, Ohio 43215

^^ Si reel

HI 1 City

HI V Stale

Zip

WW System value $

^^ □ Check enclosed □ VISA □ MasterCardCard # Exp.

D Send additions

information

HV

Circle 88 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982

471

i?j& SPECIAL

^ &r PRICES

v AjC ARE ONLY

J>\SY PART OF

yjf* OUR SERVICE

^ aJBt THE COMPUSHACK LINE OF SPECIALS

C^^ APPLE 100% Apple compatible; runs DOS

Jr 3.3, PASCAL, CP/M, etc. 15% more storage

^ by using enhancer diskette. 300% faster

track-to-track speed.INTRODUCTORY PRICE

$259.00

SUGGESTED RETAIL PRICE $429.00

Drive with controller card $329

Same drive but slim line

(no controller) $349

Slim line drivel MB capacity $599

APPLE 11+ Complete System:APPLE 11+ Computer, disk driveand controller, 12" monitor,

green screen $1699

APPLE 11+compatibleWinchester drives

5 MB $1795 10 MB $1995

Includes controller, cables, soft-_ ware for CP/M, DOS or PASCAL.

COMPUSHRCM 8" drive, controller, power supply,^—^^^^■^^® cables, cabinet and software . . . .$1595

Oil! 3I3iC apple"pius64K-z8°card'8n

I 1 column card, controller hard-

ware diagnostic, DOS 3.3, diskdrivel63K, green monitor-runs

DOS 3.3, CP/M and PASCAL $1950

OTHER PRODUCTS FOR APPLE II

VERSAcard-multifunction board $169

BSR Transducer $19

Applications/Demo Disk $25

Parallel Printer Card $69

PRT-1 with cable $75

PRT-1 with EPSON 80/100 screengraphics dump with cable-

Graffitti card $99

PRT-1 with NEC 8023 or C.ITOHPROWRITER screen Dump

Graphics $99

16K ram card $89

32K ram card $175

64K ram card including DOS 3.3

disk emulator $279

128K ram card including DOS 3.3

disk emulator $369

PASCAL disk emulator $39

DOS 3.3 disk emulator $39

472 BYTE November 1982

Visicalc Expand Program $59

VERSAbox Spooler/bufferl6K

Centronics Input/Output $199

VERSAbox Spooler/bufferl6K

Centronics and RS232C $239

VERSAbox Real Time Clock/

Display option $129

16K Memory Modules for

VERSAbox $39

Standard 6' Centronics Parallel

Cable for EPSON, C-ITOH,

NEC, ANADEX, and others $22

Standard 6' Paper Tiger or Prism

Printer cable, Parallel Cen-tronics Male DB25 $26

Miscellaneous cables for various

printers. Please specify for

Qume, Diable, Votrax, NEC

Spinwriter or other $26

80 Column card $169

Z80 card (no CP/M software

included) $149

Controller for Apple II including

hardware diagnostics $95

fM PC with 256K memory, disk

drive controller, 2 drives and a

ireejiJ2^jrjpnJlor_J^_^ $2799^

Floppy drive controller $189

Controller with one serial

interface $249

Board with one parallel and two

serial interface (no controller) . . .$249Big Blue Card

(multifunction card) $489

Single side, single density

drive 5V4" $195

Double side, double density

drive 5'/4" $249

TandonTM 100-15'/4"SSSD

drive 250 KB capacity $208

TandonTM100-2 5'/4"DSDD

drive 500 KB capacity $269

TandonTM100-4 5'/4"96TPI

drivel MB capacity $379

MEMORY: For IBM Personal Computer

128K-$299 256K-$499 512K-$799

Combo Card: Features Clock Cal-endar, 256K Memory, ParallelPort 4 Serial Port $699

IBM Personal Computer HardDisk System HDI-100 5 MBWinchester, software, powersupply cabinet, cables, etc $1795

Same with 10 MB $1995

APPLE COMPATIBLE COMPUTERSBASIS & FRANKLIN AVAILABLE

CompuShrck

lipmflTji

Circle 369 on inquiry card.

ZompuShrck

NEC

DISK DRIVESTANDON:

TMlOO-1 $199

TM100-2 $265

TM100-4 $379

TM 848-1 $399

SHUGART:

SA400 $215

SA 450 $281

SIEMENS:

FDD 100-5 . . .$189

FDD 200-5 . . $259

QUME:

DT-5 $279

TEAC:

FD50A $189

FD50B $269

FD50E $269

FD50F $389

TM 848-2 . . . .$499TM 602-5 MB . .$899TM 603-10 MB.$1049

SA 800/801.SA 850/851.

FDD 100-8. .FDD 200-8 .

DT-8

$379$535

$349$449

$469

FD55A $199

FD55B $279

FD55E $279

FD55F $399

MONITORS & PRINTERS

BMC12" green $89

BMC12" green (high res.) $149

BMC 13" color monitor $289

C.ITOH Prowriter parallel $499

C.ITOH Prowriter serial $599

C.ITOH Prowriter

15" carriage...Parallel $699

F10 Daisywheel letter quality $1495

OKIDATA

82A $459 83A $730

84AP $999 84AS $1099

EPSON MX-80 $469

MX-80FT . . .$525 MX-100 $699

AMDEK VIDEO MONITORS

Video-100. . . .$95 Color II $675

Video-300. . .$169 Color III $420

Colorl $345

NEC

12" green screen $169

RGB Color Monitor $959

Spinwriter3510 $1799

NEC Letter quality printer 7715. . . .$2399PC 8001. . . .$899 PC 8031A . . . .$799PC8012A . . .$559 PC8023A. . . $499PC8033A. . .$169

CABINETS/POWER SUPPLY

Dual 8" disk drive cabinet with

power supply $249

Cabinet/power supply for single

8" drive $179

Dual5'/4" disk drive cabinet with power

supply $99

Single 5Va " disk drive cabinet with

power supply $69

2 single side double density 8"

disk drives, cabinet/power

supply $895

ALTOS

Computer 8000-15 $3999

EAGLEComputer System

Eagle II $2699

Eagle III . . .$3333 Eagle IV . . . .$4999

ADDS VIDEO MONITORS

View Point Al .$560 View Point A2. ..$499

TELEVIDEO

910C $599 912C . , $759

CORVUS

5 MB Winchester $2999

10 MB $4399 20 MB $5299

SOFTWAREProfit Plan .Micro Plan.Word Star.Mail MergeSpell Star. .

Data Star $269

Super Sort I . . .$199SuperSort II. . .$169The Accountant .$299$299

$179$399$299. $99

.$199 Tax & CashSANYO MBC-1000 COMPUTERZ-80 (4MHz) Microprocessor64K,12" CRT, 1 Serial, 1 Paral-lel, port CP/M Version 2.2Operating System Word Star,

Mail Merge, Spell Star $1995

KEY COMPII COMPUTERZ-80 Based CPU, 64K ram 9"display, 80 columns, x24rams CP/M 2.2, MA-Basic;Selectword included $1699

THIS MONTH'S

SPECIAL!

PRINTERS

BROTHER Model HR-116 CPS, Daisywheel,letter qualify,bidirectional printer

SMITH CORONA TP-1

12CPS,10orl2CPI,UnidirectionalLetter quality printer

$769.00

$569.00

CompuShrck

CompuShrck

CompuShrck

brother

CompuShrckBBSS

WE'RE OPENINGRETAIL STORESTHROUGHOUT THEU.S.A. SOON!

FRANCHISE INQUIRIES WELCOME

Prices subject to change without notice

ALL FLOPPIES REPAIRED QUICKLY AT LOW COST

*

rjcr

Sales and Service:(714)730-7207HeadquartersTelex: 18-3511Answer Back CSMA

rj»

Circle 369 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982

473

Interactive 3-D Graphicsfor the Apple II

An understanding of the theory of perspective

enables you to represent three-dimensional objects

on a two-dimensional screen.

In the present generation of com-puters, no other form of output rivalsthe popularity of the video terminalwith its two-dimensional visualrepresentation of data. This articlewill examine ways of making thistwo-dimensional output represent thethree-dimensional real world. Tech-niques of showing perspective play animportant role in making video out-put look three-dimensional. In thisarticle, I will look briefly at the con-cept of perspective and then considersome techniques of achieving per-spective in computer graphics. I willthen present some program listings in

About the Author

Andrew Pickholtz wrote this article while asenior at W. T. Woodson High School in Fair-fax, Virginia. He is now a student at HarvardUniversity. In summers, he has worked forFerox Microsystems Inc. and at the IBM T. ].Watson Research Center.

Acknowledgments

The author would like to thank the Depart-ment of Electrical Engineering and ComputerScience, George Washington University, forthe use of its word processor and Apple II com-puter systems. He would also like to thank Dr.and Mrs. R. Pickholtz for persuading him towrite this article.

Andrew Pickholtz

3613 Glenbrook Rd.

Fairfax, VA 22031

BASIC and Pascal that show how touse these techniques in high-levellanguages.

Ways of RepresentingThree Dimensions

People tried to portray the visualworld on a flat screen long before thecreation of the modern computer,and draftsmen today use several dif-

A computer can as

easily produce aperspective drawing

as an obliqueor isometric drawing.

ferent methods of representing three-dimensional objects on paper: the or-thogonal, the oblique, the isometric,and the perspective methods.

An orthogonal projection of an ob-ject is simply the "side view" of thatobject (see figure 1). "Side view" is inquotes because, as will later becomeclear, this representation is not exact-ly what the human eye would see if itwere looking at the object; that is,this "view" is not a perspective pro-jection.

Orthogonal representations of ob-

jects customarily give three projec-tions: one from the top, one from thefront, and one from the right-handside. Each "view" gives informationabout a pair of axes; the "top view"gives information about the x-y pair,the "front view" about the x-z pair,and the "right-hand side view" aboutthe j/-z pair. Unfortunately, the un-trained eye is reluctant to form athree-dimensional image from thethree detached and seemingly in-dependent illustrations used in or-thogonal representation.

Oblique and isometric drawings(see figures 2 and 3, respectively) por-tray an object in a more realistic man-ner. Both the oblique and isometricrepresentations depict a three-dimen-sional object in one illustration by fix-ing the axes in relation to the horizon-tal. In oblique pictorial, lines parallelto the z axis are vertical, lines parallelto the x axis are horizontal, and linesparallel to the y axis are consistentlydrawn at the same angle in relation tothe horizontal. The axes in isometricpictorial are likewise fixed in relationto the paper.

The Perspective Method

While oblique and isometric repre-sentations are superior to orthogonal,

474 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

LIFT-OFF FOR

( i

USA

MAX 16-19ANAHEIMG^. ,

THE EMERGINGINFORMATION AGE:

GOMPIJTERS,GOMMUNICATldNS,AND PEOPLE

Join us next spring forthe most up-to-the-minute information oncomputer technologyMake plans now to bepart of the 1983 National'Computer Conference^ j$and of the future! ■

BYTE November 1982 475

i

A

JL

n n

Figure 1: An orthogonal representation of a house. An orthogonal drawing dropsperpendiculars from each point on the object to three mutually perpendicular planes.Hidden edges are customarily drawn as dotted lines.

Figure 2: An oblique representation of a house. An oblique drawing portrays threedimensions by drawing lines parallel to the third axis at a consistent angle to thehorizontal, in this case at 30 degrees.

Figure 3: An isometric representation of a house. Like an oblique representation, anisometric one draws lines that are parallel in three dimensions as parallels in two. Theisometric method, however, offsets two axes from the horizontal.

perspective pictorial is the only trulyaccurate method of illustrating an ob-ject. Two Florentine architects, Filip-po Brunelleschi and Leon BattistaAlberti, developed the ideas ofperspective in the fifteenth century.Although many artists before themhad noticed that objects in thedistance appear smaller than objectsin the foreground, Brunelleschi andAlberti were the first to accuratelyrepresent the apparent diminution ofobjects as they recede from theobserver. Many other Italian artistsand some Flemish artists had also ex-perimented with perspective; how-ever, their methods were empiricalwhile Brunelleschi and Albertiworked with a geometric system. Infact, Alberti had written severalpapers on mathematics, and in 1435wrote the first treatise on paintingthat dealt with the theory of artrather than just the techniques.

What makes perspective drawingssuperior to oblique and isometric isthat perspective displays objects inthe distance as smaller than objectsthat are closer; the rear door in figure4, for example, is smaller than thefront door. Perspective drawing alsorepresents lines that are parallel inthree dimensions as convergent onthe picture plane. Thus, the axes inperspective drawings are alwaysdirected toward vanishing points.The ;t-axis and y-axis vanishingpoints in figure 4 lie on the horizon;an object in the distance would, as theeye expects, appear extremely small.

Figures 5a-5c illustrate another in-teresting fact about perspective: whilethe oblique (figure 5a) and isometric(figure 5b) representations of a wire-frame cube appear to spontaneouslyreverse in orientation, the perspectiverepresentation (figure 5c) does not.What prevents the spontaneous re-versal in the perspective representa-tion is that one of the perceived orien-tations of the perspective cube is er-roneous; that is, it does not look"natural."

Although oblique and isometricdrawings are not truly realistic,draftsmen use these two techniquesmore often than perspective. They dothis for two reasons. First, obliqueand isometric drawings conveniently

476 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

THE UPWARDLYMOBILE COMPUTER.

Upward mobility is an important partof the American dream.

But it can also keep you up nights.

Especially if you're a small business-person who's laid out a lot of hardearned money for a computer you'veoutgrown. And for application softwarethat no longer applies.

Now, however, instead of having torun out and buy all sorts of options, youhave another option: the Data GeneralCommercial Systems family, developedby Data General, a company that sup-plies systems to 82 of the Fortune 100companies.

THE FAMILY THAT GROWSTOGETHER.

Like any family, ours starts out small.The CS/5 is a single terminal desktopcomputer, fully capable of handling all theapplications a small business requires.

While the CS Series 100 can supportfrom 2 to 9 terminals, depending uponthe application, and do things likebilling, inventory and word processingsimultaneously.

And the CS Series 200 is a high speedmulti-function business system with the

Circle 140 on inquiry card.

ability to handle up to 25 terminals.

So whether you grow from one termi-nal to 25, from a computer that fits on adesk to a system that fits on a wall, younever have to cut your family ties.

For the application programs thatrun on the CS/5 run unchanged on theCS Series 100, the CS Series 200 andup through Data General's most sophisti-cated information systems.

They all act and think alike and evenspeak the same universal languages.Interactive COBOL or Business BASIC.

In plain language, that means you cansucceed in business without reallyreplacing, removing, rewriting, orretraining.

COMPUTER, HEAL THYSELF.

Not only do Data General's CS com-puters remove the fear of success, theyremove the fear of failure. For they canusually help diagnose their own problems.And help correct them. If they can't,help is often an 800 number away. As isour worldwide service organization.

And if we have to draw you a picture,our new Business BASIC softwarepackages (the BUSI Series) are capable

of creating business graphics from piecharts to eye charts (BusiPEN)™wordprocessing (BusiTEXT)T,Mand a pro-gram/report generator (BusiGEN)™*

So get busy. For more input on DataGeneral hardware and software fill inthe coupon below and return it to us.

Maybe we can help make youupwardly mobile, too.

•On the CS/5 only BusiTEXT is currently available.

iw Data General

WE ENGINEEREDTHE ANXIETY OUT OF COMPUTERS.

Mail to: Data Genera] Corporation

4400 Computer Drive MS C228Westboro, Mass. 01580

Attention: Marketing Communciations Services

Please send me input on the new Data General

CS family.

Name

Title

Company

Tel.

Address

£ity„

State

Zip

-_J

BYTE November 1982

477

X AXISVANISHING POINT

Y AXISVANISHING POINT

(a) OBLIQUE CUBE

(b) ISOMETRIC CUBE

(c) PERSPECTIVE CUBE

Figure 5: Three representations of a cube. Figure 5a is an oblique representation, figure5b is isometric, and figure 5c is a perspective. Both the oblique and the isometricrepresentations appear to reverse in orientation spontaneously. The perspective doesnot.

permit finding the measurements ofan object by simply measuring therepresentation; second, drawingperspective is much more difficult.For a computer, however, it is just aseasy to produce a perspective draw-ing as to produce an oblique orisometric drawing. Furthermore, asthe object becomes more complex,the difference in speed betweencomputer-drawn perspective andcomputer-drawn isometric becomesnegligible.

Describing aThree-Dimensional Object

It is impossible to produce aperspective pictorial of an objectwithout a description of the object. Agood representation of the object canusually be achieved by assuming thatthe object is composed of a finite

number of planar polygons. If the ob-ject is significantly curved, an ade-quate representation requires manypolygons.

Figure 6 illustrates a data structurethat describes a three-dimensional ob-ject. Each of the polygons, which canbe called faces, is composed of edges.Each edge is composed of two verticesthat are specified by three Cartesiancoordinates. Each face also has sever-al characteristics: color, texture,transmittance, glossiness, and reflec-tance. The edge shared by two faces isthe intersection of their two sets ofcoordinates.

It is easier to represent an object ifwe assume that the object has clearfaces. This simplification avoids thedifficult problem of discovering hid-den lines. Figure 7 shows the simplerdata structure that this assumption

Figure 4: A perspective representa-tion of a house. Note that the reardoor is smaller than the front door.Lines that are parallel in three dimen-sions intersect when drawn inperspective. Lines parallel to the xmeet in the distance (at thevanishing point), and so do linesparallel to the y axis. In this case,lines parallel to the z axis are verticaland their vanishing point is assumedto be at infinity.

permits to represent the wire-frameobject previously represented infigure 6.

Specifying an ArbitraryThree-Dimensional View

We can think of a perspective pic-torial of a three-dimensional scene asa view that a one-eyed pilot wouldsee when looking through an emptypicture frame (see figure 8). The pic-ture frame is understood to lie in thepicture plane. As the figure shows,the pilot's line of sight is defined to bethe normal (perpendicular) to the pic-ture plane that passes through thepilot's eye. The lines connecting theobject with the pilot's eye are calledprojectors. The perspective pictorialis the intersection of the projectorsand the picture plane.

Three general types of changeswould affect the pilot's view of thescene: a change in the distance be-tween the picture plane and the pilot'seye, a change in position of the air-craft, or a rotation of the airplane. Ifthe picture plane is moved closer tothe pilot's eye, the view would appearsmaller in comparison to the pictureframe. Likewise, if the picture frameis moved further away from thepilot's eye, the view would appearlarger since the tetrahedral angle thatthe picture frame subtends (marksoff) would be smaller. Thus, in orderto specify any three-dimensional

478 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

The MICR0MINTZ8 BASICCOMPUTER/CONTROLLER board repre-sents a milestone in microcomputer price-performance. It is cheap enough to beprogrammed directly in a high level lan-guage, and efficient enough to be batteryoperated if required. The entire computeris 4" by 4V2" and includes a tiny BASICinterpreter, 4K bytes of program memory,one RS-232 serial port and two parallelports, plus a variety of other features. Us-ing a powerful Z8 microcomputer chip andZ6132 4K X 8 RAM, the Z8 BASICCOMPUTER/CONTROLLER board is com-pletely self-contained and optimized foruse as a dedicated controller. The unit isassembled and tested and comes withover 200 pages of documentation.The price, in single quantity, a tiny $195.*Optional power supply(+5,+ 12 and-12V) $35.Please include $4for shipping and handling.

'Call Micromint for quantity pricing

Z8 MICROCOMPUTER

• On board tiny BASIC interpreter.

• Parallel and serial I/O ports.

• 6 interrupts.RS-232 CONNECTOR

• Just attach a CRT terminal and immediately writecontrol programs in BASIC.

4K BYTES OF RAM•Z6132 4K X 8 low power quasi-staticRAM. EPROM pin compatible.

SWITCH SELECTABLE BAUD RATES•110-9600 BPS.FULLY EXPANDABLE

• Data and address buses available for 124K memoryand I/O expansion.

• 2 onboard parallel ports.

• 7.3728MHZ crystal for fast control operationsJUMPER SELECTABLE MEMORY OPTIONS

•4K RAM, 2716 or 2732 EPROM operation.LOW POWER

• Consumes only 11/2 WATTS at +5, +12and -12V (optional power supply available).

To Order:Call Toll Free1-800-645-3479

For Information Call1-516-374-6793

MICROMINT INC.917 MidwayIVoodmere, N.Y. 11598

Micromint will put both a

computer development system

and an OEM dedicated controller

in the palm of your hand

for only $195.

POfPCXX -V

Circle 289 on Inquiry card.

As featured in Byte Magazine, July, August, 1981.

Z8 is a trademark of Zilog Inc.

EDGES

FACES

\l1 (Xj.Y^Zj) V2 (X2,Y2,Z2) ■•• VNV (XNV,YNV,ZNV)E, -V, , V. E9 • VK, VQ E,= V, V.,

F, -E, E,-.-E,

OBJECT

l"tlt3'"t118 VZ* t209t5t19' ' ' hNF " t3t52'"t129

COLOR! COLOR2 • • • COLORNF

TEXTUREj TEXTURE2 ■ • • TEXTURE NF

GLOSSINESS! GLOSSINESS2 • • ■ GLOSSINESSNF

REFLECTANCEj REFLECTANCE2 ■ ■ • REFLECTANCE N F

°1 " Fl F2 F3" 'FNF

Figure 6: A data structure representing an object. The representation assumes that theobject is composed of a finite number of polygons (also called faces). Each face hasseveral characteristics (color, etc.) and is determined by the edges that it contains. Eachedge is specified by its endpoints, which are the vertices of the object. Finally, the coor-dinates of each vertex must be specified. The object represented here is hypothetical.

trails Ti-ViV3v8 ■ v186

T2 = V9V12Vi36. ■ • VlT3 - V13V12 V13

TNT= V4V11' "V22OBJECT Oj = Tj T2 T3 ■■ T NT-

Figure 7: A data structure representing a wire-frame object. This data structure assumesthat the object has transparent faces. The object is composed of trails. Each trail is de-fined by the vertices that it contains. Each vertex is specified by its coordinates. Thedata structure shown represents a hypothetical object.

view, we must know the distance be-tween the picture plane and theobserver's eye, the position of theobserver, and the angular position ofthe observer's line of sight.

Figure 9 illustrates the linear andangular position of an observer.Three Cartesian coordinates specifythe location of the observer. Thecoordinate axes that specify theobserver's location are the same axesused to specify the vertices of the ob-ject. Describing a unique line of sightrequires three angles—pitch, bank,and heading. A change in pitch is arotation about the wings. A change inbank, or roll, is a rotation about thefuselage. And a change in heading, oryaw, is a rotation about a vertical linepassing through the pilot; in otherwords, the heading is the compassdirection of the airplane.

Since rotation is not a commutativeoperation—one in which a change inorder will not change the results—wemust declare an order of precedencefor pitch, bank, and heading. Themost physically appealing order isheading, pitch, and then bank. Usingthat order, we can determine a line ofsight by first rotating a unit vectorparallel to the y axis about the z axisin an amount specified by theheading. Next, we should rotate thenew vector about the new position ofthe wings by an amount specified bythe pitch. And finally, we should

Communications Software!

Why do people prefer E/LYIVC to programs selling for five times as much'

E/LYNC

$30

E/LYNC is a powerful yet easy to use program withthe features they want most:

* Transfer ANY type of file from one computer to another

* Transfer files between any two computers running E/LYNC or LYNC

* Automatic error detection and correction when transferring files

* Messages typed in Conversation mode appeal" on both computers

* Real-time display of total bytes sent or received

* Conned to time-share systems using phone modem

* Upgrade to LYNC for $95

LYNC $135

Frequent or professional users will want theadditional features of LYNC ...

* Multiple file transfers including full 'wildcard' matches

* Fetch files from the remote computer

* View disk directory of BOTH local and remote computer

* Re-log onto another disk drive of local or remote computer

* Send to and Receive files from a time-sharing computer» Optional XON/XOFF protocol

LICENSING: E/LYNC &. LYNC art! licensed nn a per user basis. If you intend tn use E/LYNC or LYNC: to communicate with another person, they must also purchase E/LYNC orLYNC. Versions tor CP/M are written in Z-80 assembly language. Versions for IBM PC are written in IBM 8088 assembly language! and require PC DOS.

AVAILABLE DISK FORMATS: 8" Standard, IBM PC DOS, 8" TRS-80 Mod II with CP/M, Vector Graphic, Cromenco, North Star, Osborne, Xerox 820 (8" or 5"), SuperBrain, NLSKayPro. Special TRS-80 Mod [It version of LYNC available for S75. Apple Version coming soon!

TERMS: Money Order, Check, C.O.D., MC or VISA, First Class shipping included. UPS Blue add S2. C.O.D. add S3. CA Res. add 6%. Overseas airmail add $5. Manuals only, S10[specify CP/M or IBM PCI.

PHONE ORDER DESK: (805) 966-3077 10am-4pm PST Monday-Friday

INTERNATIONAL SOFTWARE ALLIANCE

1835 MISSION RIDGE ROAD SANTA HARBARA, CA 93103

E/LYNC & LYNC arc trademarks of Midnight Software CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research

480 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

IIMlORUmZER

Reset Ready Error

Cop>

QUADRAM

;oi?PC >^at

I

Time is money. You have acomputer system because youknow that it saves you money bysimplifying procedures andreducing time normally involved inyour work. Time is an importantresource which should notbe wasted. You arewasting valuable time ifyou ever wait for yourprinter.

No waiting. Now withMicrofazer by Quadramthere is no more waiting.

Microfazers are inexpen-sive universal printer buf-fers which any computeruser cannot afford to be without.Any computer—any printer(or plotter!) whether parallel orserial. Microfazer receives informa-tion from the computer at ultrahigh speeds causing the computerto think the printer is printing justas fast as the computer can send.Microfazer holds the informationuntil your printer can handle it, andthen sends it on.

More copies. Microfazer isequipped with a copy featureallowing additional copies of thebuffered information—from one toas many as you want—with themere press of a button. When you

need your information repeated,for whatever reason, it's alwaysright there—inside Microfazer.

Microfazer™ stack. Microfazercan be stacked with popularmodems or other peripherals.Some models can plug directlyonto the back of your printer.Install it in less than 60 seconds,and choose the amount of buffer

memory you need— 8K, 16K,32K, or 64K. One model evencomes with up to 512K! You mayuse several Microfazers in series tocreate just what's right for you.Take data in from a serial computerand out to a parallel printer.Or in from a parallel com-puter and out to a serialprinter. Microfazer is just asflexible as you need it tobe.

Low price. Only $169 for8K of buffering, $189 (16K),$225 (32K) and $299 for afull 64K. Serial-to-Parallel,Parallel-to-Serial andSerial-to-Serial models have slightlyhigher prices.

QUADRAM

CORPORATION

4357 Park Drive/Norcross, Ga. 30093(404) 923-6666

Circle 376 on inquiry card.

-PICTURE PLANE

LINE OF SIGHT

"^OBSERVER NQv*~ j

Figure 8: Perspective projection of an object. The observer's line of sight is normal to the picture plane. The projectors of an object arethe lines connecting the object to the observer's eye. The perspective projection consists of the intersections of the projectors and thepicture plane. The distance between the observer and the picture plane controls the size of the perspective projection; the farther thepicture plane is from the observer, the larger the projection.

rotate this new vector about the new-ly positioned fuselage in an amountspecified by the bank.

Solving for the Standard Position

Later, we will see that the computa-tions required to create a perspectiveprojection can be greatly simplifiedby translating and rotating the coor-

dinate system so that the observer isat the origin, with the line of sightaligned with the positive y axis, andthe wings aligned with the x axis.When the observer is in this standardposition, the pitch, bank, andheading are defined to be zero. Wecan move the observer to the stan-dard position only if we likewise

move the three-dimensional scene sothat the observer's view remains un-changed.

Assume that the observer is at thelocation (XV,YV,ZV) and has pitch,bank, and heading p, b, and h,respectively. Translating the observerto (0,0,0) and a point Q(X,Y,Z) to(X-Xv,Y-Yv,Z-Zv) does not alter

EXTENDED PROCESSING S-100 BOARDS

m^i^^^^i

BURNERI/O

The BURNER I/O has a complete EPROM program-mer, two serial ports, one parallel I/O port withhandshaking and memory management.Programmer features:

■ Programs EPROM types 2704 thru 2764,2508,2516 and TMS2716.

■ CP/M compatible software supplied in EPROMthat can be easily written on a diskette.

■ Programming socket is zero insertion force type.

■ Programming voltages generated on board,si Programmer is totally I/O mapped.

I/O features:

■ 2 fully independent RS-232 serial ports withdata ready.

■ Independent baud rate generators are softwareprogrammable from 50 to 19,200 baud.

■ Serial ports may be polled and/or interrupt driven.

■ Independent parallel latched 8 bit output, inputand status flags.

■ There are 4 unlatched input bits.

Memory management controls the S-100 addresslines from A16-A23.

This board is offered with all options, or just theportions that are needed. Regardless of the versionpurchased,documentation for the entire boardis supplied. All combinations are assembledand tested.

Option A: Complete board with programmer, I/O

and memory management. $324.95Option B: Programmer only, $199.95Option C: I/O only, (25 + P) $199.95Option D: Option B and C, $299.95Option E: Memory management only $99.95Memory management may be added to options Bor C for $25.00.10% price increase effective 1/1/83.

EPZ SINGLE

BOARD

COMPUTER

The EPZ is a single board S-100 computer designedto run in parallel with your existing computer. It isalso useful as a stand alone computer for controllingequipment outside of the S-100 system. The host

computer can communicate with it through theS-100 bus via a built in parallel port. It has it's ownROM monitor that is designed to operate with thehost computer.Features include:

■ 4MHzZ80ACPU.

■ ROM operating system,o 8K of fast static RAM.

■ 2K EPROM (2716) expandable to 4K (2732).

■ Software supplied to interface 8080/Z80 host CPU.

■ 8 bit parallel l/o and status flags for userapplications.

■ Buffered bus on 50 pin connector for specialcontroller applications. All Z80 signals areavailable.

■ Top quality construction including sockets and 4layer construction for operation in the noisiestof environments.

■ Optional CP/M based utility software for easierEPZ access.

■ As many EPZ's as desired may operate in onehost computer.

■ Price of $495.95AVAILABLE FROM

Microbyte Computer Systems

2798 So. Bascom, San Jose, CA 95124

(408) 377-4685

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

482 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 294 on inquiry card.

Circle 111 on inquiry card.

YOU'VE JUST FOUND

THE MISSING LINK!

Computer Shopper is your link to individuals who buy, sell and trade computer

equipment and software among themselves nationwide. No other magazine fills

this void in the marketplace chain

Thousands of cost-conscious computer enthusiasts save by shopping in Computer

Shopper every month through hundreds of classified ads. And new equipment

advertisers offer some of the lowest prices in the nation.

Computer Shopper's unbiased articles make for some unique reading among

magazines and there's a "help" column to answer difficult problems you may

have with interfacing, etc.

For a limited time you can subscribe to Computer Shopper with a 6 month trial

for only $6 or 12 months for only $10. MasterCard & VISA accepted.

6 month trial,$6 or 12 months for only $10

COmPUTBR SHDPPISR

P.O. Box F305«Titusville. FL 32780305-269-3211

MASTER ELECTRONICS, INC.

•TRS-80 is a trademark of Tandy

CAN SET YOU UP IN A

TRS-80

STATE-OF-THE-ART-COMPUTER

STARTING AT 15% DISCOUNT!

FULLY STOCKED

IN: Model ll's

Model Ill's

ALL- PRINTERS

AND — MORE!!

* PLUS *THE ALL NEW:

Model 16 and the 8.5 meg. Hard Drive!

CALL US NOW!!!

Toll FREE: 1-800-531-7323

TEXAS CALL COLLECT: 512/689-5536

FRErj MASTER ELECTRONICS, INC. NO

154 NORTH 5th OUT-OF-STATE

DELIVERY RAYMONDVILLE, TX 78580 SALES TAX

Best Price • Good Quality • Swift Delivery • Export

COMPUTER

'The Best Graphic

Personal Computer* S

LNW 80 I Z80A, 65K. 480x192 1,395

II 125K.CPM compatible 2,100

RGB interface 125

•Multiuser Business/Engineer"CROMEMCO Best Price Anywhere

CS1 5'/4"floppv, Z80 2,956

CS1H W/5 MB hard d 5,247

CS1D2E 256K RAM, 68000 & Z80

two 5%" floppy 4,067

CS305E 51 2K RAM, 6800 & Z80

two 8" floppy 7,397

C10 64K, 12" monitor

Z80A, keyboard 1.090

DYNABYTE 5200 64K, 1 MB, Z80A 3,300

5605 64K, 6MB hard d 6,550

•Professional/Word Process*

ZENITH Z90-80, 64K 2.050

ZF100 8088 16-bit, graphic

RGB 128K, 5%", S100 2,550

NORTH HORIZON. 1

STAR quad drive, HD5 3,999

ADVANTAGE. 2

quad drives, 64K 2,999

CROMEMCO 64K, 1 2" monitor, 390K

(loppy, letter quality printer,CP/M type O.S. + word processing+ spreadsheet 2,875

•16-b'rt CPU*

WICAT S150 1FS 1-user 7,520

256K RAM, CRT. 2 floppies

•68000* S150 WS 1-user 8.999

256K RAM, 10MB hard disk,960KB floppy CRT, OS + 1 language

S1 50-3 WS 3-users 1 0,800

same as S150 WS

S150-6 WS 6-users 12,800

512K RAM same as SI 50 WSGraphics 300x400 900

TERAK 8510A w/CRT 8,000

•LSI/11 320x240, DD

graphic* 8600 w/1 3" color 17.000

monitor, 640 x480

ALTOS ACS8600-10 500KB 8,350

■8086- RAM. 10MB hard disk. 500KB floppy

DEC. SWTPC, TELEVIDEO Call

EPSON

Integral DataMICRO PRISM

PRISM 80

PRISM 132

NEC

OKIDATAPRINTER 920

C.ITOH

DIABLO

BROTHER

NEC

PRINTER

MX80 F/T Graftrax

$539

SOFTWARE

dBASE II AshtonTate database

CONDOR II

$

499

450

System75 cps excellent print/1 10 cps84x84 graphic, RS232/parallel

Accounting Plus Software Dimension

VISICALC

MICROSOFT BASIC 80

.". .399

Call

199

200 cps, 80 col

w/graphic 84 x84

200 cps. 132 col

9451.025

1,1001,1801,5904901,025? 450

1,3951 6991,9958952,299

BASIC Compiler

SUPERCALC Sorcim

310

220

w/graphic 84 X 84

graphic, color, friction

PC-8023A

MICROLINE 84 parallel

340cps, 144x144

•Letter Quality-Starwriter F-10 40 cps

630

HR-1 Serial

MAILMERG

Digital Research CPM 2.2

CPM86

PASCAL MT & 86

IBM Personal Computer Software

105

139

275

450

Call

DIGITIZER/PLOTTER

HOUSTON INSTRUMENT

HI PAD DIGITIZER DT-11 11" x 11"

0T-11A w/APPLE Interface

DTI 14 4 controls

HIPLOT DMP-2 8'/," x 11"

725

735

850

920

ZENITH

HA2ELTINE

BEEHIVE

CROMEMCO

IBM

TELEVIDEO

TERMINAL

DISK DRIVE

ZT-1 w/modem telecom

ESPRIT II

DM5 A

560625995

MPI 5'/. "DD, OS bare

CORVUS. MICROPOLIS, BASF

280

. . .CALL

3101-10

1.295

795.975

CALL (212) 937-6363

free consultation catalogue

Prices subject to change. American EMastercard add 3%. F.O.B. point of shipnstocking fee for returned merchandise. Petake 3 weeks to clear. COD on certified chresidents add sales tax. Manufacturers' vInternational customers, please confirmorder. Accept P.O. from Fortune 500 & s

Computer Channel21-55 44th RoadLong Island City, NY 11101

950

ZENITHAMDEK

SANYONEC

BMCEleclrohome

MONITOR

1 2" green

COLOR II RGB 13"

COLOR 1 13"

300 G 12" green

13" RGB

12" green

12" color

12 EUN 20 MHz

RGB 880x235

1 14725340169875170330. 179.599

«press. Visa/ent. 20% resonal checks

3Ck only. N.Yarranty only,price before

chools.

D.C. Hayes S

NovationLEXICON

MODEM

nartmodem 300 baud

300/1200 baud

CAT

Acoustic coupler

220590165175

TELEX:

429418

CSTNY

Circle 494 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982 483

SCENE

s\

s

/

-K

Figure 9: Viewing parameters. In order to specify a unique view of an object in threedimensions, it is necessary to declare the observer's location and the angular position ofthe line of sight. The observer is at the point (Xv, YV,ZV), and the line of sight is specifiedby the aircraft's pitch, bank, and heading.

(a) HEADING

(b) PITCH

fcl BANK

Figure 10: Rotational transformation of a point. These figures illustrate the relationshipsbetween the coordinates of a point Q and the coordinates of Q in a Cartesian systemwhere the observer is in the standard position. The standard position occurs when theobserver is located at the origin, the line of sight is the positive y axis, and the "wings"lie on the x axis. In this position, the observer's pitch, bank, and heading are defined tobe zero. See equations (1) through (9) in the text.

the observer's view of the point, butsimplifies the rotations that follow.Furthermore, a rotation of the coor-dinate axes will not affect theobserver's perception of the point Q ifthe point's coordinates undergo anappropriate rotational transforma-tion.

Since three rotations from the stan-dard position determine a line ofsight, three rotations of the coor-dinate axes are needed to bring theobserver into the standard position ofthe rotated coordinate system. Again,the order of rotation is important.First, the x and y axes are rotatedabout the z axis by the amount of theheading, h, so that the airplane'sfuselage is in the y'z' plane (zeroheading in the x'y'z' system). Next,the y' and z' axes are rotated aboutthe x' axis by the amount of thepitch, p, so that the fuselage lies onthe y" axis (zero heading and zeropitch in the x"y"z'' system). Final-ly, the x'' and z'' axes are rotatedabout the y" axis by the amount ofthe bank, b, so that the pilot is in thestandard position in thex' "y" 'z' " coordinate system(zero heading, zero pitch, and zerobank in the x"'y"'z"' system).

With each rotation of the coor-dinate axes, the coordinates thatspecify any point will change. Figure10 illustrates the relationships be-tween the original coordinate systemand the three different primedsystems. Figure 10a shows that forany point Q(X,Y,Z)

X' =

R cos (n)

=

R cos(m + b)

=

R cos(w) cos(h)

+ R sin(m) sin(h)

=

Xcos(h) - Ysin(/z)

Y' =

Rsin(n)

=

R sin(m + h)

=

R sin(m) cos(Jz)

+ R cos(m) sin(h)

=

Ycos(/i) + Xsin(h)

and

Z' =

Z

(1)

(2)(3)

We can see from figure 10b that

X" = X' (4)

Y" = Y'cos(p) + Z'sin(p) (5)and

484

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 484 on inquiry card.

From Computer Plus to YOU...

PLUS PLUS PLUS

Model 16 128K

1 Drives 4199

2 Diive $4799

B

m

m

f

Color Computer 16K $249wM6K Ext. Basic $335W.32K Ext Basic $449

Model III 16K $799

Model III 48K

2 Disk&RS232 C$1899

Okldalo80$325Okidato82AS425Okldafa84$1029

Color Computer Disk DriveDrive 0 $470 Drivel $315

Smith Corona TPrDaisy Wheel $599

BUY DIRECT

COMPUTERSModel II 64KModel III 4K LEVMODEL III 16KMODEL III 32K

"MODEL III 32KMODEL III48K

•MODEL III48KModel HUSK2Dlsk8.RS232cColor Compuler 16KColor Computer 16Kwextended basicColor Computer 32Kw'extended basic

(Color Computer 32K-64Kw'extended basicPocket Computer 2Model 161DR128KModel 162DR128KDM DataTei

S2999

599

Here are just a tew of our fine offerscall TOLL FREE tor lull information.MODEMS

Lynx Direcl Connect MliMIII 235Hayes Smart Modem II 235

AC-3 134

R.S. Acoustic Coupl

R.S. Modem I D.C.

R.S. Modem II D.C.PRINTERS

Daisy Wheel II

DWP-410

SmilhCoronaTPI Daisy Wheel

Epson MX80

Epson MX8D FT

Epson MX100

CGP-115

DMP-100

DMP-200

DMP-400

DMP-500

MicrollneSO

Mlcrollne82A

Mlcrollne83A

Mlcrollne 84 Parallel

PC. Plotter PrinterWe have the lowest possibleFully Warranteed Prices ANDa full complement of Radio ShackSoftware.

Prices lubjocl to change wllhout notice.Not reiponilbla tor typographical erron.THS-flO li a r«glil»r*d IrodcmarH ot Tandy Corp.

856.50

831.50

914

1899249

335

449

510230

41994799599

PT-210Poitable Terminal 779

130210

1715

1335599599549735199315599

1029

1569325425679

1029199

DISK DRIVES

R.S. Model III 1ST-Dnve 679

Tandon 40 Track Mt 289

Color Compuler Drive 1 315

Color Compuler Drive 0 470

Primary Hard Disk Mil 3999

Primary Hard Disk Mill 1999ETC.

CCR-81 lecoider 52

C.C Joysticks 2216K RAM NEC. 200 NS. chips 25

64K Ram Chips 75Color Computer Flex D.O.S. 99Brand Name Sottwore •

Send lor listing.R.S.Soltware 10% oil lis!

•Compute! Plui New Equipment,wilh NEC RAM installed180 Dav Compuler Plui Warranly

IColor Compuler WK requiresOiskOondFls.OOS

TOLL FREE

1-800-343-8124

com

P.O. Box 926480 King StreetLittleton. MA 01460617-486-3193

US

Could you pass

this Red Cross

swimming test?

SWIM:

1. Breaststroke —100 Yds.

2. Sidestroke-lOOYds.

3. Crawl stroke-100 Yds.

4. Back crawl—50 Yds.

5. On back (legs only) — 50 Yds.

6. Turns (on front, back, side).

7. Surface dive—underwater swim—20 Ft.

8. Disrobe—float with clothes —5 mins.

9. Long shallow dive.10. Running front dive.11.10-minute swim.

Anybody who's taken a Red Cross swim course knowshow tough it can be. There's a good reason.

We believe drowning is a serious business.

Last year alone, we taught 2,589,203 Americans notto drown —in the seven different swim courses we offerall across the country. (Incidentally, most of the teaching —as with almost everything American Red Cross does —is done by dedicated volunteers.)

A good many of the youngsters not only are learningto keep themselves safe. Thousands upon thousands ofthem are learning to become lifesavers.

And the life they save —may be your own.

Red Crossis countingon you.

A Public Service of This Magazine & The Advertising Council

Coincfl

Circle 110 on Inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982 485

J

os(p) - Y' sin(p) (6)see from figure 10c that

X'" = X"cos(b) + Z"sin(fa) (7)

Y'" = Y" (8)

and

Z'" = Z"cos(fa) - X"sin(b) (9)

Substituting (1), (2), and (3) into(4), (5), and (6), and then substitutingthese results into (7), (8), and (9)yields

X" ' = [cos(b)cos(?i)

— sin(/i)sin(p)sin(b)] X+ [—cos(b)sin(h)

— sin(p)cos(h)sin(fa)] Y+ [cos(p)sin(fe)] Z

BANK

PITCH

HEADING

X'"

V"2'"

=

cos(£>) 0 sin(b)

0 1 0

-sin(b) 0 cos(b)

1 0 00 cos(p) sin(p)0 -sin(p) cos(p)

cos(h) -sin(b) 0 X

sin(h) cos(/?) 0 Y

0 0 1 Z

cos{b)cos(h) - - cos(b)s\n(h) - cos(p)sin(b)sin(/7)sin(p)sin(b) sin(p)cos(/i)sin(i>)

Y

=

sin(b)cos(p) cos(p)cos(b) sin(p)

Y2

- cos(/7)sin(p) -sin(rt)sin(p)sin(b)

sin(/7)sin(£>)-sin(p)cos(b)cos(b)

DOS

p)cos(b)

Figure 11: Equation (10) represented using matrix notation.

Y'" - [sin(^)cos(p)] X

+ [cos(p)cos(/i)] Y+ [sin(p)] Z

and

Z'"

= [—cos(li)sin(fo)

— sin(h)sin(p)cos(/?)] X+ [sin(/i)sin(b)

— sin(p)cos(?j)cos(b)] Y

+ [cos(p)cos(fo)] Z (10)

These equations can be representedusing matrix notation, as shown infigure 11. By multiplying out thethree matrices, these equations relate

the coordinates of a point Q in thexyz system to the coordinates of Q ina system, x" 'y'"z'", where theobserver is in the standard position.Keep in mind that the observer isassumed to be at the origin in the xyzsystem prior to these calculations. Ofcourse, the observer is also at theorigin of the x'''y"'z"' systembecause of the definition of standardposition.

Projecting into the Picture Plane

Once the observer is in the stan-dard position, it is easy to compute

the perspective of a point. Rememberthat the perspective of a point Q is theintersection of the picture plane andthe projector line joining the observerand the point. Since the standardposition is in use, the observer islocated at the origin and the line ofsight is the positive y''' axis.

We have to define a new coor-dinate system for the picture plane.The two axes in the picture plane arelabeled u and v such that the u axis isparallel to thex'" axis and the v axisis parallel to the z'" axis. Thus, theobserver interprets the u axis to be

IBM

PERSONAL

COMPUTER

64K MEMORY, 2 DRIVES (320K

EACH), COLOR GRAPHICS

ADAPTER CALL

64K MEMORY, 2 DRIVES (320K

EACH), MONOCHROME

DISPLAY&PRINTER ADAPTER.CALL

QUADRAM (64K) 495

VISICALC 160

WORDSTAR 350

MONITORSAMDEX LOW-RES 13" COLOR I . . . .365

AMDEX RGB 13" COLOR II 775

BMC 12" HI-RES GREEN (12EUN) .150

ZENITH 12" GREEN «ZVM-121) 110

NEC 12" GREEN (JB-1201) 169

TAXAN RGB VISION I 350

TAXAN RGB VISION II 525

TAXAN RGB VISION III 600

OSBORNE

CALL FOR PRICE & AVAILABILITYKAYPROII CALL

NEC arc

. CALL.CALL

H01 ONE DRIVE B&W SYSTEMH02 TWO DRIVES B&W SYSTEMH03 TWO DRIVES COLORSYSTEM CALL

SHARP PC-1500

PC-1500 HANDHELD COMPUTER . .255CE-150 PRINTER/CASSETTE

INTERFACE 215

CE-1558K RAM EXPANSION UNIT .120

brother hri

CALL FOR PRICE

COMREXCR-1-C CALL

OKIDATA MICROLINE82A CALL

OKIDATAMICROLINE83A CALL

C.ITOHSTARWfllTER F-10-40PU . .1495

C.ITOH PROWRITER8510AP 499

EPSON PRINTERS CALL

MICROTEK PARALLEL

INTERFACE 89

MICROTEK APPLE

DUMPLING-GX 129

•IDS560G PAPER TIGER 1295

■NEC3530SPINWRITER 1495

•OLYMPIAES100 SERIAL 1195

■SPECIAL OF THE MONTH

SBBSMITH CORONA TP-1

CALL FOR PRICE

ATARI 800 & 400

ATARI 800 (16K) 675

ATARI 400 (16K) 250

410 PROGRAM RECORDER 75

810 DISK DRIVE 435

16K RAM MEMORY MODULE 89

850 INTERFACE MODULE 165

830 ACOUSTIC MODEM 159

ATARI VISICALC 199

ATARI WORD PROCESSOR 125

DISKETTES

BASF 5V. "SS/DD/HUB RING 23

WABASH 5%"SS/DD/HUB RING ...22

(800)854-1941 /Y\mm irfr nnn (619)565-7092

Ouiside Ca. Order Desk V^^l ■ l|y\JV\_l VIV|^b Technical & CaliforniaSERVING YOU 4688 CONVOY STREET, SAN DIEGO, CA 92111 risk FREE

since 1979 CALL OR WRITE FOR COMPLETE PRICE LIST mailorder

TO ORDER: Please send cashier's check or personal check (allow10 business days to clear). VISA and Master Card credit card ser-vice add 3%. Shipping, handling and insurance in U.S. add 3%.Minimum $5.00. California residents add 6% sales tax. Foreignorders add 10% for shipping. Equipment is subject to price changeand availability. All equipment carries warranty. Store prices maydiffer from mail order prices. j

48* November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 99 on inquiry card.

Circle 412 on Inquiry card.

Circle 262 on inquiry card.

SLUDERF0R THE LATEST SYSTEMS

SEATTLE'S NEW GAZELLE reg 5995 SALE $4695MICRO DECISION 1 Drive 1195 9^9

MICRO DECISION 2 Drive 1545 1225

GODBOUT DISK II & 10 or 20 MB HD NOW AVAILLOMAS STATIC RAM 67 128K REDUCED TO 9^9SPECIAL DEALER PRICE ON SPELLBINDER CALL

SYSTEMS BELOW READY TO BOOT & RUN WITH 10 SLOT CABINET6MHz 8085/8088,6^K,Disk 1,1/0 I,(2)801R's, & CAB $28956MHz CPU Z,64K,Disk 1, I/O I,(2)801R's, & 10 Slot 289510MHz 8086,80130,6iK,Disk 1,1/0 I,(2)801R's & CAB 370010MHz Lightning 1,128K,LDP72,Hazital,.(2)801Rl s 3295

8MHz. Seattle 8086 SET,6iK,DD Disk Contr, (2)801R' s 3195FOR QUME DOUBLE SIDED DRIVES IN BUDGET SYS ABOVE + 200SYSTEMS BELOW READY TO BOOT 8c RUN WITH C.V.T.ON 2 CABS7/8MHz 8085/8088,6^K,Disk 1,1/0 I,(2)QUMES 6 CABS 40956MHz CPU Z,6iK,Disk 1,1/0 I,(2)Qumes, 6 2 CABS 3995MPM(tm)8-l6 System,256K,I/O 4,Disk 1,SS1,MPX 66^5

MPM86(tm) System,256K,2 user, w/8089,8086 6095

Budget MPM86 256K Systems start at 2 user U50

Budget MPM86 512K System with 10MB HD 6 serial 8795

ALL ABOVE SYSTEMS INCLUDE SPELLBINDER & OPERATING SYSDisk II w/CP/M(tm) A&T 596 Disk 1 A&T 371

Godbout 68000 A&T,CSC CALL CPU 8086 CSC 638

Godbout 8086 A&T W9 RAM 21 128K 8-16 Static 985

Lomas Lightning 1 8MHz 420 Lightning 1 10MHz 520

Lomas LDP72 Disk Contr 220 CPM(tm)86 for Lcmas 195

LOMAS CP/M86 HAS 16 BIT MEMORY DISK STAfCARD SOFTWARELOMAS HAZITALL 260 LOMAS 128K Dyn 8-16 650

ALL LOMAS & GODBOUT BOARDS IN STOCK AT THE BEST PRICESP.O. BOX 951 Westminster, CA 92683-0951 (714) 895-1746

CP/H, CP/H W, HP/M, HP/H H6 ire registered treifcaarkt of Oltlgal feeeaechAU PHICES AMI SPECJf ICATIONS SUBJECT TO CHANCE HTHOUT NOTICE

FinancialArmor

Protect your successwith Quality Software from CMA

APPLE II- APPLE ///-TRS-80- IBM

Micro Computer Division

55722 Santa Fe Trail

Yucca Valley, CA 92284

(714)365-9718

Lyco Computer Marketing & Consultants

TO ORDER

CALL US

TOLL FREE 800-233-8760

In PA 1-717-398-4079

November 810 Disk Drive .

... $429.00

ATARI 32K RAM

... $ 79.00

SPECIALS 400 16K

... $255.00

800 48K RAM ....

$639.00

Circle 257 on inquiry card.

vfSA ^^S ~^^B

TO ORDERCALL TOLL FREE

800-233-8760

In PA 1-717-398-4079or send order toLyco ComputerP.O. Box 5088

Jersey Shore. PA 1 7740

>

M.

/PICTURE/ PLANE

Q (X'"

—""""^ r

'S (U,D,V)U r

X"

LINE OF

SIGHT

Y

(X", V'.Z")

Figure 12: Projecting a point. Once the observer is in the standard position, it is simpleto compute the perspective projection of a point Q. The perspective projection of apoint is the intersection of the point's projector and the picture plane. In this figure, D isthe distance between the observer and the picture plane. See equations (11) through (14)in the text.

horizontal and the v axis to be ver-tical. Figure 12 illustrates the relation-ship between the x'"y'"z"' coor-dinates of a three-dimensional point Pand the u-v coordinates of the point'sprojection in the picture plane. If D isthe distance between the observer andthe picture plane, from similar tri-angles

U = [DX'"]/Y'"

and

V = [DZ'"]/Y'"

(11)

(12)

When displaying a perspectivedrawing on a flat screen, it is oftenconvenient to locate the intersectionof the viewer's line of sight and thepicture plane at the center of the

I LINEAR CIRCUITS

THIS MO

NTHS

DISC Controllers

REGULATORS 340T-5, 6. 8. 9, 12.LM317T S1.75 18, 18°'24V.. ,s .85

7BLOS S .40 LAS1412* I2V3AS3.95

TL062 CP - .95

1771 $

U.UUa nn

LM36I - 1 75 747 _ W}

1791

TL0B4

1.50

l|| MM h JiM OrCblMLO

1793 35.00

7BM05 S .35

A1 om n e qc

RS232 CONN

DB25Pmale . S2.75DB25S female 3.75HOODS 1.25

LM301LM307LM308

LM310

LMBtl

LM318LM324LM339LM348

748- 30

- 30

- ,75

- .50

- .75

- .66

- G5

- 90

"•3D-ISO ]S-S

E:;l = -"»■">" EErS

g;~« CA3140-120„ " 5 3900 «

RAM's

2114L-4 51.35

1795 t

5.005.005.00

LM305G ...S .75320T5.12.15of24 S .90

1797 '

D765C 3

4116-2

1 fin

74LS SERIES

MK4B02J3-2KX8. 8.96 68000L8 ..$ 70.0093L422 BIPOLAR. 5.95 CRT Controllers

4164-2«K 9.95 -I-.,,™,-,,.,, . „ „

2147 J3 TMS992/NL S 9.95

74LS00 - .20 74LS107 - ,36 74LS197 - .8574LS01 - .20 74LS109 - .36 74LS221 - .75

LF361LF353LF35S

.751251.25

709 - 25 4)36 _ gg

£?« M - N*96A - 1.501 CH « D8303B _ ,75

!K B0OBCC-1BO

4118-4

6.95

6845 16.95

8275 16.95

74LS02 - .23 74LS112 - .38 74LS240 - .9074LS03 - ,23 74LS113 - .46 74LS241 - .90

LF356-

1 35

74LS04 - ,23 74LS114 - .55 74LS242 - 1,20

1 HBU

- E0

SPECIALS GOOD THRU NOV 1982

74LS05 - .23 74LS123 - .60 74LS243 - 1.2074LS08 - .23 74LS124 - 1.26 74LS244 - .80

L.7

IVIUo

RAM's

UART's

CRYSTA

74LS09 - 25 74LS125 - .45 74LS245 ~ 1.5074LS10 .23 74LS126 - ,45 74LS247 - .75

400!4002

25.25

4072 - 204076 - 65

1.000

3.000

4006

65

4077 - ,35

4164-2 - 9.95

AY5-1013 3,75

2.000

3.579

74LS11 - .25 74LS132 - .56 74LS248 - 1.10

4007

.27

4081 - .20

2114L-3 - 1.66

TR1602B - 3,95

18.43220,000

4.000

74LSI2 - .25 74LS136 - .45 74LS25I ,68

40084009

45

4082 - .20

4116-3 - 1.30

M8868A - 8.95

5.000

74LS13 - 46 74LSI37 - .95 74LS253 .68

4116-2 1-60

6.0006.144

8.000

74LS14 - .40 74LS138 - .50 74LS2S7 - .6874LS15 - ,35 74LS139 - .52 74LS258 - 6874LS20 - .23 74LS151 - .38 74LS259 - 1.40

40114012

22.22

.35.70.70.30.60

4099 - 1.754501 - .954510 - 65

2IL02-3 - .70TMS3409 - 1.75MK4027-3 - 1.95MK4096-11 - 1.956116-3 - B.96TMS4050NL - 2.95MM5280 - 1.75

CPU'S &

SUPPORT

CHIPS

B080A - 375

S4.25

40144015401640174018

4511 - 65

4514 - 1.40

4515 - 1.50

4516 - ,754518 - 1.25

53,50 1000°ea. 18.000

74LS21 - ,25 74LS153 -- ,40 74LS266 - .6074LS22 - .25 74LS155 - .60 74LS273 -- 1.5574LS26 - .35 74LS156 - .80 74LS279 - .48741.S27 - .23 74LS157 45 74LS280 - 1.80

FLAT RIBBONCABLE

4019

.45

4520 .70

2101 1 - 2.45

8085A - 7.50

74LS28 - 45 74LS158 - .48 74LS2B3 - .85

4020

70

4539 - 125

Z6104-4 - 2 60

AMD 2901 - 8.95

GRAY. 28 gauge

74LS30 - .22 74LS160 ■ .70 74LS290 - .75

40214022

.6580

4553 - 2.7574CO0 - 27

5101E - 2.95

B202 - 25.00

26cond . 60/ft

74LS32 - .27 74LS161 70 74LS293 - .95

40234024402540264027

.22

.45

.25

- .95

.40

74C02 .2774C08 3074C10 - 2774C14 - 12074C20 .27

2111AL - 1,95931422 £95

8214 - 3,608216 - 2,908224 - 3.258226 - 2.75

40 com! .90/ft50 cona . 1.00

74LS37 - 30 74LS1B2 80 74LS298 1.0074LS38 - .30 74LS163 - 65 74LS320 - 2,00/4L540 - 40 74LS164 - .80 74LS365 - .8074LS42 - ,44 74LS165 - ,80 74LS366 - .80

TANTALUM

4028

.55,75.351 75

74C32 - .46

ROM's

8228 - 4.50

CAPACITORS

74LS47 - ,65 74LS166 - .80 74LS367 - .58

40304034

74C74 - .5074C76 .7074CB5 - 1.40

2708 - 2.95

8155 - 9.008237 - 14.003242 - 6,008251 .. 5.75B255 _ 6.958259 _ 695

.22UF 35V 5/51 0047UF35V S/91 00

74LSG1 - .22 74LS169 1 75 74LS368 - 5874LS54 - .25 74LS170 - 1.50 74LS373 - 1,25

4035

.75

74C86 - .50

2716 * SV - 4.00

OSUF 35V 67*1 00

74LS73 - .35 74LS173 - .70 74LS374 - 1.25

404040424043

.65.55

.65

74C90 - .9074C93 - ,9574C154 — 2.50

2732 - 7-952532 - 7,95

2 2UF20V 6/51 003.3UF20V 4 51 00

74LS74 - .35 74LS174 - .45 74LS377 - 1.2574LS75 - .35 74LS175 - .40 74LS386 - .65

4044

.55

74C157 - 1.75

2764-25 - 18.95

8257 1AM9517) _ 7.95

4.7UF3SV 4/51.00

74LS76 - .45 74LS181 - 1.95 74LS330 - 1.30

4046

.90

74C160 - 1,20

82S23 - 1.95

8X300 - 25.00

G.8UF35V 3/51 00

74LS83 - .68 74LS190 - .B0 74LS393 - 1.30

40474049405040514062

40

74C161 - 1.15

82S112 - 4.00

6502 - 6C0

10UF 20V 5 .25

74LS85 - ,60 74LS191 - .80 74LS398 - 2.50

^40.8075

74C163 - 1 1574CI73 - 1.3074C174 - 1.30

82S115 - 4 0082S123 - 1.9582S129 - 1.95

2B0ACPU - 6.00780AS10 - 12 95280AP10 _ 600

22UF 10V 5 30

15UF 16V 3S1 0030UF6V 5 51 00

74LS86 - .40 74LS192 - .66 74LS670 - 1.6074LS90 - .39 74LS193 - .65 74LS682 - 3.00

4053

75

74C175 - 1.2074C192 - 1,3074C901 - ,50

82SI30 - 1 95

2S0CTC 7.50

33UF20V 5 GO

74LS92 - .60 74LS194 - 75 81LS97 - 1 10

4066

.50

362BA-3 - 3.00

TMS9927NL - 995

47UF20V S ,85

74LS93 - .50 74LS195 - ,90 81LS98 - 1.10

40694070

4071

.20

74C902 - .70

AM9214C - 2.95

8275 - 16.95

GflUF 10V 51.00

74LS96 - .70 74LS196 - .85 8T26 - 1,25

74C914 - 1.75

8256-5 174188A1- 1.25

6845 .. 16.95

I20UF6V 5 .75

8TB7 - .95

- ^25

74C92! -3.95

74S474 - 6.95

6810 _ 2 50

200UF20V 51 75

25LS2569 - 1 50 . 25LS2539 -1.50

POSTAGE RATES

TERMS:FQB CAMBRIDGE. MASS. SEND CHECK SEND $.25 FOR OUR CATALOG

ADD 10% FOR ORDERS UNDER 525.00

OR MONEY ORDER. MINIMUM TELEPHONE. FEATURING TRANSISTORS &

ADD 5% FOR ORDERS BETWEEN 525.00 AND $50.00

C.O.D. PURCHASE ORDER OR CHARGE 520.00 RECTIFIERS. 145 HAMPSHIRE

ADD 3% FOR ORDERS ABOVE S50.00

MINIMUM MAIL ORDER $5.00. ST,, CAMBRIDGE. MASS. 02139

i

4i

*k

SOLID STATE

SALES TEL. (617) 547-7053

P.O. BOX 74 B

TOLL FREE 1 -800-343-5230

i

WJ

i r

SOMERVILLE, MASS. 02

143 FOR ORDERS ONLY I

screen. In this case the u and u axesare translated within the plane, and(11) and (12) take the form

U = midh

+ [ppuDX'"]/Y'" (13)

andV — midv

+ [ppuDZ'"]/Y'" (14)

In these equations, (midh, midv) isthe center of the viewing screen andppu (pixels per unit) is a scaling factorto compensate for the fact that theunit of measurement of the screen isnot the same as the unit of measure-ment in the coordinate axes.

It is often good to assume that thevideo monitor is the picture plane. Inthis case, the distance between theobserver and the picture plane, D, issimply the distance between the com-puter operator and the terminal'sscreen. In this configuration, theviewing screen is truly a windowthrough which to view the world.Since a perspective view of a three-dimensional line is always a two-dimensional line, we need onlytranslate, rotate, and project twopoints for each edge of the scene. Theline segment joining the two projectedpoints will accurately represent theedge. However, if one of the end-points of the segment lies outside theviewing screen, the line segment willhave to undergo the process called"clipping." A clipping subroutine justensures that only the part of the linesegment that is within the boundariesof the screen will be drawn.

The Programs

Listing 1 and listing 2 are, respec-tively, BASIC and Pascal programsdeveloped for the Apple II computer.The programs use the conceptsdiscussed in this article to develop aperspective view of a three-dimen-sional object. In these programs, theobserver can view the object,centered at the origin, from any pointon a celestial sphere surrounding theobject. The Pascal version includescapabilities for clipping and, in addi-tion, for colored edges.

Figure 7 illustrates the data struc-ture for both programs. In the BASICversion, the data is stored within the

488 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 62 on Inquiry card.

MULTI-PROGRAMMER

atures SYSTEM-10

Features: SYS

• Dedicated keys and largedisplay vocabulary for ease of use.

- I/O - 6 baud rates, 13 formats includingIntellec, Textronix and Motorola.EPROMs, E2PROMs and bipolars.Gang option - programs eight at once.

- Remote control option.

$1,295

PROGRAMSOVER 250

DEVICE TYPES

FUNCTIONS:

DISPLAY DEVICE DATA LOAD DATA 3EVICE/RAM

EDIT RAM DATA COMPARE FIELDS CRC - RAM

DEVICE PROGRAM FILL MEMORY FIELD I/O HOST PROMPT

TYPE SELECTION BLOCK MOVE DIAGNOSTICS

and more . . .

(COMPUTER SYSTEMS CORP

100 East Linton Blvd. Deiray Beach, Fla, 33444 (305)272-2051

New update from Tarbell...

CP/M DATABASEfor only $ 100!

IMPROVED FEATURES

□ 3 times faster than previous version □ CB80 language sourceand COM files included □ improved query language □ up to19 files open at once D command file processor D no limit onrecord length or number of records

OTHER ADVANTAGES

□ variable-length fields □ field names of any length □ fieldnames may include spaces □ sequential or random files Coptional index files D also runs under CBASIC

INTERACTIVE PROGRAMS

Tarbell Database also includes these interactive programs:DBSORT, sorts random files; DBSETUP, creates a file; DBENTRYfor entering data; DBUPDATE for changing files; DBQUERY foraccessing data; DBLABEL for printing labels; DBLETTER forprinting letters; DBCOPY to change structure of a file.

TARBELL VALUE

Dollar for dollar, you can't get a. better value than Tarbell's up-dated Database System. Ask your nearest Tarbell dealer for ademo.

950 Dovlen Place, Suite BCarson, CA 90746(213)538-4251

CP/M, CB80 and CBASIC are trademarks of Digital Research.Circle 436 on inquiry card.

Circle 506 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982

489

Listing 1: An Applesoft BASIC program that produces a perspective view of a three-dimensional object.

REM WRITTEN BY ANDREW PICKHOLTZ

REM JANUARY 1981

HOME

VTAB 9: HTAB 3

PRINT "PERSPECTIVE VIEW OP A 3-D OBJECT"

PRINT : PRINT

PRINT "WRITTEN BY ANDREW PICKHOLTZ - JAN 19B1"

VTAB 18

PRINT " PADDLE #0 CONTROLS THE VIEWER'S PITCH"

PRINT "PADDLE #1 CONTROLS THE VIEWER' S HEADING"

PRINT i PRINT : HTAB 6: FLASH

PRINT "WAIT WHILE LOADING VERTICES"

NORMAL : FOR SC = 1 TO 3000: NEXT SCX=Y=Z=X3=Y3=Z3=AM=BM=CM=DM=EMIM = D = P = B=H=U=V=U1=V1=0360 DIM V(50,3),E(100)

REM READ DATA

READ NV

POR P = 1 TO NV

READ V(P,1),V(P,2 ),V(P,3 )

NEXT P

READ NE

POR E = 1 TO NE

READ E(E)

NEXT E

HOME : HGR : HC0LOR= 0: HPLOT 0,0

REM COMPUTE OBSERVER'S PARAMETERS

D = 75

540 P = 6.28 * PDL (O) / 255 - 3.1416560 B = 0

580 H = 6.28 * PDL (1) / 255600 GOSUB 20100

620 XV = - D « CP « SH: REM SEE SUB.

640 YV = - D * CP * CH660 ZV = - D * SP

700 REM PROJECT NE POINTS

720 POR E = 1 TO NE800 X = V( ABS (E(E) ),1)820 Y = V( ABS (E(E)),2)Z = V( ABS (E(E) ),3)

GOSUB 20720

IP E(E) > 0 THEN HCOLOR= 3: HPLOT 01,VI TO U,V920 Ul = U:V1 = V940 NEXT E

REM PREPARE FOR NEW FRAME

VTAB 21: HTAB 8: PRINT "PERSPECTIVE OF A BLOCK"PRINT "PROGRAM WRITTEN BY ANDREW PICKHOLTZ"

50

70

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

280

300

320

340

370380400420440460470480490500510520

840860900

VTAB 24VTAB 24VI'AB 24

999

1000

1010

1020

1060

1070

1080

1100

1110

1120

1140

1160

1180

20000

20100

20120

20140 CH =

20160 CP =

20180 CB =

20200 REM

20220 AM =

20240 BM ■>

20260 CM =

20280 DM =

20300 EM =

20320 FM »

20340 GM =

20360 HM =

20380 IM =

HTAB 8: PRINT "PITCH="; INT (57.2PRINT "BUTTON #1 TO END-#0 FOR P=

P);" HEAD1NG=", H= ";

INT (57.2 « H)

HTAB 27:HTAB 27:HTAB 35:

PRINTPRINTPRINT

, H=INT (360INT (360

PDL (0) / 255 - 180);PDL (1) / 255 ) ;

REM CHECK FOR BUTTON PRESS

IF PEEK ( - 16287 ) > 127 THEN 500IF PEEK ( - 16286) < 128 THEN 1070TEXTEND

REM 3D PROJECTION SUBS.

REM SET UP MATRIX, ELEMENTS GIVEN PITCH, BANK, HEADING

REM USE TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS AS FEW TIMES AS POSSIBLE

COS (H):SH = SIN (H)COS (P):SP - SIN (P)COS (B):SB = SIN (B) SET UP MATRIX

CB

CPSH

CPSP

SH

CP

CH - SHB * SH -SBCPCH

SP

SB

SBCB

SB - SH *- SP « CH

20400 RETURN

Listing 1 continued on page 492

program. In the Pascal version, thedata must be entered into a disk file.Listing 3 is a simple program that willstore the data for the Pascal system.

The first element of data for bothprograms is the number of verticesthat compose the object. Each vertexis then specified by its three coor-dinates. The unit of measurement inthe coordinate system is the cen-timeter. If you use a monitor thatdoes not measure 12 inches diagonal-ly, you should change the ppudescribed in equations (13) and (14)to assure a truly accurate representa-tion of distance. The programs assigna number to each vertex that is in thedata file; the first vertex is numberone, the second number two, and soon.

Following the vertices is thenumber of lines that are to be pro-jected. This number also indicateshow many numbers remain in thefile. All of the remaining numbersrefer to vertices that are to be pro-jected. If the number is a positive in-teger, the programs draw a white linefrom the previously projected vertexto the vertex specified by the integer.The Pascal version will draw coloredlines if you append a decimal pointand a digit to the integer; point onespecifies the color green, point twothe color violet, and three and fourspecify orange and blue, respectively.A negative integer indicates that onlythe indicated vertex should be plot-ted, not a line as before.

Both programs have a subroutine(SETUP in the Pascal listing; line20000 in the BASIC) that computesthe elements of matrix in figure 11.You input the pitch and heading ofthe observer by using the Apple'spaddles. The observer's bank is set tozero. Since the observer is on acelestial sphere of radius 75 cen-timeters, the location of the observercan be computed using a conversionfrom spherical to rectangular coor-dinates. Thus:

viewer's x coordinate

= —75 cos(p) sin(h)viewer's y coordinate

= —75 cos(p) cos(/i)viewer's z coordinate

= -75 sin(p)

490 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 247 on inquiry card.

KaiselAUTORANGING DIGITAL MULTIMETERS

state-of-the-art autoranging DMM -- with high accuracy and convert-features demanded by today's electric/electronic professionals.

Model SK-1440:-

• 3.5-digit LCD with auto unit and sign indications

• Full autoranging on Volt and Ohm with 10A AC/DC ran^u

• Input value can be put into memory to make difference measure-ments like a galvanometer

• Autoranging Voltage Test: 200mV-1000V DC. 2V-600VAC

• AC/DC Current Tests: 200mA-- 10A

• Resistance Tests: 200fi-2OOOK£2

• Autoranging Low Power Ohm Tests: 2KH-2000Kn

• DC Volt Accuracy: ±0.8% reading, +0.2% full scale

• Low Battery Consumption: 300 hrs. on two AA batteries (included)

• Test leads with protective rim prevents fingers from touching probe

• Submerged connectors for added safety

• Folding tilt stand for easy viewing

• Dual fuse for safety protection

SK-1440 $99.50

Model SK-1330: All the above plus these additional features:

• DC Volt Accuracy: ±0.5% reading, ±0.2% of full scale

• Built in Beeper (switchable) for continuity tests, overload warning

• Extended AC/DC current range: 20mA-10A

• Manually overrides the autoranging function so that the desiredrange can be selected for voltage and resistance measurements

• Zero Adjust function cancels the resistance value of test leads forthe easiesl and most accurate measurements c- \\ n rzn

SK-1330 $159.50

SPECIALS FOR IBM PC

We have selected some excellent peripherals for your IBM PC_ They are the best values for your money. Don't miss out

| IBM Personal Computer Systerr

. Call |

51/4"TANDON DRIVES

Brand new IBM compatible internal drives.Fully supported by the new PCDOS 1.10.Our exclusive step-by step instruction makesinstallation easy.

TM-100-1 Single sided (160 KB) . .$207.95TM-100-2 Double sided (320 KB). .$289.95

MEMORY BOARDS

User expandable to 256K. IBM compatible and supported by PCDOS. Assembled, burned-in & tested. 1 -year warranty.

64K 128K 192K 256K

Memory board without port S295 $407 S518 $629

with Serial OR Parallel Port — $335 $447 $558 $669

with BOTH Serial & Parallel Ports -- $375 $487 $598 $709

with Serial, Parallel Ports & Clock — $405 $517 $628 $739

RAM EXPANSION PACK

16K(9 chipslfor system board

250 ns $25.00

150 ns S35.00

PRINTERS for IBM PC

Epson MX80FT w/Graphtrax-Plus, 80 CPS S645 S521

Epson MX100 w/Graphtrax-Plus, 100 CPS, 136 Col. S895 $644

C. Itoh Prowriter 8510 AP 120 CPS, Parallel S795 S468

C. Itoh F-10 Daisywheel,40CPS, Parallel S1.995 $1,394

C, Itoh F-10 Daisy wheel, 55 CPS, Parallel .... S2.295 SI,645

To order, send money order or cashier's check. Personal checks cleared 4 weeks. Visa/Mastercard wel-come. Add 1% (Min. S3) of total order value for shipping & handling by UPS truck. Add 4% of ordeivalue for shipment by Air UPS or Parcel Post. Cal. residents add sales tax. COD's requires 20% deposits

EASTERN ENTERPRISES, INC.

2937 S. VAIL, COMMERCE, CA 90040 * (213)725-3080

In Less Than 3 Minutes

Your IBM Model 50, 60, or 75

Electronic Typewriter

can be an RS232C PRINTER or TERMINAL

CALIFORNIA MICRO COMPUTER Models 5060 and5061 can be installed easily and require NO modificationsto the typewriter.

For additional information contact:

CALIFORNIA MICRO COMPUTER9323 Warbler Ave., Fountain Valley, CA.92708 (714)968-0890

COMPUTERS

ATARI" 800™COMPUTER SYSTEM

80Ow 16K »69900

*800 Computet w/48K

\ *»$ $

79Q00

ATARI PERIPHERALS:

Printer 825 - 650<»Disk Dt 810- 48S°°Record 410- 82°oPaddle (pr)JoysttcklP')32k RAM- 17996Basic Cart- 49°°Pac-Man

>16 95

Asteroids

Missle Com>, 32 50

Sup- Brk OutAssem Edit - 43°°Star Raiders-45P°Basketball- 2B°°Chess-32°°or Centipede — *36 95each

SUPER 5amp.

for APPLE—•

POWER SUPPLY1124.00 #

Diskette Storage BOX5V4ilu5 : Sin. 5

teawr $10P0: &* $15.00

Bare Bongs APPLE II

EUROw/o„ . =48K RAM-

Keyboard

Pwr. Supply

450.

Mrcroswitch

Keyboard

$79.95

Power Supply: APPLEw/ Purchase : Reference MarlM 05.0° ! * 18QO

^SPECIALS*

3inchMiniFAN—►'8.952111— '2.45

8155— '11.50ER2501—1» '4.95AY5 1013A—»'2.95

8202 — '29.95

6522—► '5.258255 - '4.508748 8 -'31j00

MC6800 —'775

MC6802 - *1495MC6650 —'4.50MC6821 -M.95

6331— $1.25

4116-2— 8/ 12P°2716(5v)— 3.75ea.2732(5v)— 875ea.2532(5v)— 8.75ea.Z80 A CPUh* 5.25ea

1982I.C."

(2vol.) Master

*59.95

CONCORD

2910 B E . LA PALMAANAHEIM CA 92806 „„„

'714)632-6790 53'™

IOminordir cares ado 6 mow 1WKS Dli r II

Freight msm mu lS""

• 10 -49 -*2°° I2U-499 -'goo send 1.00

Ml-99 •4°° 500-999-11°° lor

100-240-8°° 1000- UP -Call catalog

MONITORS

ZENITH *ZVM-121

12in. 15MHz./GREEN Phos.

* 107.1

J.C.S.#KG-12

12in 19MHz /'GREEN Phos.Non-Glare Screen $n4Cf)

BMC#BM-12A

12in 15MHz./GREEN Phos

* 84.50

BMC*BNI-1400CL

lain^'coLOR" '325.00

\Diskette SALE!!

"Wabash"5V4 8mchSS/SD *22.00*25.00SS/DD 27.40 30.40DS/SD ° 34.90DS/DD 32.40 37.40

REAL-TIME CLOCKCALENDAR (MSM 5832)

Ontri|t.M Mono Mel.11 Gate CMOS I C

Bus Oienled

< Bil Data Bug

1 Bit Address

R/*V Hold Selec •

Inter Signal

33 ?68Khr >tal Control

Sv Pow Sup

Low Power Dissipation

645

XTAL$1.50

74LS6L .

74LS04 .24

74LS05 .24

74LS06 .30

74LS08 28

74LSIO ,24

74LS11 .33

74LS12 .33

74LS13 .45

74LS14 .89

74 LS 20 .24

74LS21 .24

74LS26 .30

74LS27 .28

74LS28 .32

74LS30 .24

74LS32 .32

74LS37 .50

74 L 5 38 .32

74LS42 .50

74LS48 .70

74LS51 .24

74LS55 .35

74LS74 .35

74LS75 .48

74LS83 70

74LS86 .38

74LS90 .60

74LS91 85

74LS92 .65

74LS93 60

74LS95 .80

74LS107 .38

74LS109 .38

74LS112 .40

74LS113 .40

74LS114 .45

74LS122 .40

74LS123 .85

74LS125 90

74LS132

74LS13674LS13B74LS13974LS14574LS15174LS15374LS15774LS15874LS16174 L 516274LS16374LS16474LS16574LS16974 LSI7074LS17474LS17574 L 519074LS19174LS22174LS24074 L$24174LS24474LS24 574 L§24 874LS24 974LS25174LS25374LS25 774LS25874LS2S974LS260

COMPONENTS

STATIC

2111

2112

2114

2114L 200ns

HM6116 150ns

OVNAMIC

2 852 852 002 258 25RAMs

I/2 50im.'2 50c,'14 00'2 00..,.

4027 2 00 8' 17=

4116 200ns 1 50

4164 200ns 70,5

MISC EPROMS

.11

74L§27974 LS28374 L 537 374 LS37474 LS377

8T26

8T28

603B

8O8OA

0155

8255

MO330

MC1350

MC1358

MC1458

LM380

LM3B6

LM565

LM741

LM1310

MORE MISC

82128216

1103 A

N82S185

AY5 1013A

1488

1489

MC6802

MC6821P

MC6850I1

1 20

1 20

2 75

3 7510 50

4 50

1702

2708

271615V)

TMS2716

273215V)

TMS2532

d 25 8/3 95 <:.

3 25 8/2 99 e

3 95 B'3 6Se

8 95 8/8 00 B

8 95 8'7 75 *

HEC1UI.A10WS

Z80

280A

ZSOfl PIO

650?

6502A

808SA

MC6B00

Circle 122 on Inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982

Listing 1 continued:

20600 REM SUB. TO TRANSFORM A 3D POINT TO A 2D

2O6?.0 REM X,Y,Z IS THE 3D POINT WHICH IS TRANSFORMED INTO U,V

20640 REM XV.YV.ZV APE THE COORDINATES OF THE VIEWER

20660 REM b IS THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE OPERATOR'S EYE AND THE SCREEN

REM GOSUD 20100 EVERY TIME THE VIEWERS PITCH, BANK, OR HEADING CHANGES

20700207202074020760207802080020B2020840208602088020900209203000030020300403006030080301003012030140301603018030200310003102031040310603108031100

REM -X = X -

Y = Y -Z » Z -

REM —X3 = AMY3 ■ DMZ3 = CM

REM —U - 135

V - 80RETURNREM -DATAREM -DATADATADATADATADATADATADATADATAREM -DATAREM -REM —DATADATA

TRANSLATE SO THAT VIEWER IS AT THE ORIGIN

XVYVZV- ROTATE SO THAT THE VIEWER IS LOOKING DOWN THE Y-AXIS

* X + BM « Y + CM ' Z> X + EM * Y + FM « Z

• X + HM * Y + IM « ZPROJECT INTO 2D SCREEN— -+ 13.5 « D * X3 / Y3

■ 11.5 * D * Z3 / Y3

-NUMBER OF VERTICES

--VERTEX COORDINATES

5.25,-2,3.25-5.25,-2,3.25-5.25,-2,-3.255.25,-2,-3.255 . 25 , 2 , 3 . 25-5.25,2,3.25-5.25,2,-3.255.25,2,-3.25

— NUMBER OF EDGES

16

— EDGES

-NEG. EDGES START NEW CURVE--1,2,3,4,1,5,6,7,8,5-2,6,-3,7,-4,8

Note that the distance between theobserver and the picture plane (DISor D) is equal to the distance betweenthe observer and the center of the ob-ject (the radius of the sphere).Therefore, the dimensions of theperspective of the object will approx-imate those of the object itself.

The second subroutine in each pro-gram (PROJECT, or line 20600) doesthe computations needed to projecteach point. Thus, each subroutinefirst transforms the point into thetriple-primed system. Then, each pro-jects the point into the picture planeusing formulas (13) and (14). Theprogram has to call this secondsubroutine every time a point is pro-jected. The program has to call thefirst subroutine only when the view-ing parameters change.

Using the Programs

The BASIC program in listing 1 isready to run as is. Lines 30000-31100of listing 1 contain the data for a rect-

Text continued on page 500

DO YOU KNOW WHERE YOUR COMPUTER IS TONITE ?

AM'DEK

1. CONTRAST

2. POWER-BRIGHT

3. V-HOLD

4. H-HOLD

VIDEO100

12 BLACKtWHITEMONITOR

FULL FACTORY WARRANTY$7Q95

for APPLE

16 K RAM CARE

♦language transparent

♦6995

COEX FACTORY WARRANTY

Horn

Dir

SKETTES

51/4" 100 PER BOX

ALL CERTIFIED - 100%GUARANTY$14900

ABOVE WITH HUB RINGS

$16900

VISION-80@80x24 VideoDisplay Card $249°°

Vista Computer Company's new Vision-80 board isasophisticated yet easy to use video display card forthe Apple'" computer.

FLOPPY DISK DRIVE

DESIGNED FOR $ r\ 0*705

YOUR APPLE® ZOf

TRACK ZERO MICRO SWITCH

DOS 3.2.1* DOS 3.3 Fourth

PASCAL* CP/M °SSSm

CONTROLLER CARD FOR ABOV

e*99°°

EXTENDER CARDS

FOR APPLE. • . .*16P«

for I.B.M.. . . .*19?s

PROTOTYPING CARDS

Applets

I B M *49.95

NEW FROM "COt^^^^^^^™^

EPSON TO APPLE

PARALLEL INTERFACE!CABLE INCLUDED

Components Express,I

1380 E. Edinger, Santa Ana, CA 92705 (714) 558-3972

492 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 93 on Inquiry card.

Circle 476 on Inquiry card.

TELEPHONEVOICE RESPONSE

The V100 interactive voice synthesizer

with telephone interface is an Apple ll®or IBM Personal

Computer® compatible, low-cost, solution to remote

data base access arrangements.

$39500

V100-A

• Direct telephone connection, auto-dial/answer

• Touch-tone® generation and detection

• Includes 300 word, LPC vocabulary

• Software for sentence/library construction

• Expandable with 1300 ($495) high quality LPC words

For a demonstration call toll free (800) 538-7002In California call (408) 942-1595

fMLYNEr

CORPORATION

2405 Qume Dr., San Jose, CA 95131 (408) 942-1037

" pm .1 immmuwuami 1 f„, im MimiM

CUSTOM-PRINTED

BOOKS &MANUALS

for the computer industry

For over 20 years, D. Armstrong has

specialized in printing quality

books and manuals.

We're professionals who know and

understand the computer industry's needs.

Our in-plant facilities include

type-setting, art, printing and binding.

• Perfect Binding

• Saddle Stitch

• Ring Binders

• Wire-O-Binding

• Spiral Binding

• Hardback

For Quotations Call: 1-800-231-6441Texas: 1-8O0-392-4311

D. Armstrong

Company, Inc. BOOK PRINTERS

5806 Antoine • Houston, Texas 77091 • Phone: (713) 957-4818

PRICE BREAKTHRU-

BUU!

IT'S A MIRACLE!!

SMITH CORONA TPI

Daisy Wheel Printer

Std. Opts.: Serial (RS232)/Parallel, 10/12 pitch-Please Specify mCable Extra— 'Factory Warranty

$639.00

LIMITED SUPPLY

TAND0N FLOPPY DISK DRIVES

SSDD*40tk

$195.°°

DSDDMOtk

For Mod I, Mod III, IBM-PC,etc. inc. PS & case

Add $100 for 80 trackFloppy Disk Case and PowerSupply—$49.95Available as Bare Drives

"SSDD — Single Side DoubleDensity, DSDD—Double SideDouble Density

$

oo

MIRACLE of the MONTH

$415 0000 9.6 Meg S4 7QQ

■ W99Complete complete I ■ ^^

I w9 9 CompleteFamous Manufacturer 6.3Meg WinchesterDisk SystemInc. Power Supply, Case,Cables & DOS Assembled &Tested—120 Day WarrantyAvailable for IBM-PC

9.6 Meg S^TQQ

complete I ■ 99

12.6 Meg

complete SO OftA

(2 drives) &099

19.2 Meg

complete $A7QA

(2 drives) & f 99

Coming Soon—Mod III & IBM Internal WinchesterMOD I- Floppy-Winchester Combo, pkg.

CC

LAST but not LEAST

JJ

TRS-80 Mod III 48K

+1 Floppy disk*

+ 2 Floppy disks*

RS 232CAdd $100 ea. for 80 tk drives—TRSDOS & Manual $21 —

'Available Separately as complete kits— 1 dr. $440 2 dr. 5630

*899*1349*1549

add*70

DOS+ $99

BACK better than EVER

Terms-COD or Prepaid Only DISK SUPPLY CO.

F.O.B. Shipping Point Suite 439

(215) 461 -5437 ~~m

Prices Subject to Change 111 S. Olive St.

without Notice. Media, PA 19063

TRS-80 Trademark of Tandy Corp.

Circle 503 on Inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982 493

a.

OTC*

3:

t—i

<*.

H

o

CO

'"*

-3-

■tr

LU

h-

<r

Cu

:l:

4*.

CJ

*"3

.—4

LU

CO

CO

*.

*-j

;

*.

CO

^

t'-'

o

Mr—

CeILU

CdLU

COLU

CO

1

CT

Ct;

7t—

l-O

-C

LU

CO

LU

to

_i

Cu

<C

CJ1—1

CO

o

co

CO

CO

h--1

Lu

Cu

CO

O

:s

CO

CO

-J

LU

3t

LU

o

o

CCi

LU

Cc*

Cxi

Cc;

M

CO

r—

r—

O

-•>

O

r—

LU

cj

CJ

•*"■»

~-*

>-

LU

KM

CO

o

H

_J

r—

■M"

11"

1—I

O

.4.

te:

Lu

LU

72;

LU

LU

LU

ss»-

44s

Cu

_l

t—

_l

_J

-y

44s

4 ft.

CO

LU

r—

j*-.

C3

s--i

Y~

<r

LU

'""s

«*

cc

r—

HH

*"*

!—1

i—i

CJ

LU

_l

►—

*—s

LU

i—i

Cc;

-o

<r

<X

UJ

• 4.

1

h—

=3

-o

u_

cxi

73t

s-4

Cu

Cu

*-?

_J

o

t—1

u_

N

3:

s

4.

s

CO

•X

o

r—

r~

r-o

s,^.

*w

-r-i

S-*

•w

o

LU

CO

=i

__

4*.

•^s

**»

N

CC

LU

o

727

3gj

72;

727

-^

ae

■s^>

4,4,

cc

s^

>-

_l

_l

_i

>-

_l

_l

_i

*«

ra

X

LU

LU

Ui

X

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

i—i

UJ

o

Y—

r—

1—

o

1—

r—

t—

r~

CO

7Z

LU

as

CD

►—1

O

CJ

KH

<r

o

cu

ct:

cc

o

ct;

CU

LU

Cu

C=t

o

OCu

CD

LU

Cu

CD

at

at

at

CD

at

at

at

at

•cE

r—

<r

LU

LUCC

7Z>a

LUCJOCC

CD

<r

<x

o

3:o

<r u.co <c

LU **

<r to «»

F? H '- CD

I— U O oCJ hH <r

• ► ■-! f- o i;

•— CO CC -J ijj

UJ O LU — ;>

TE- - > TE

<T LU CJ ;3

Z _IQZ zh-M<I 3

CJ Lu O CC o-3 <C _l r— |_CO I—

D«* U H— t—l -.-- *•*■

_ *-" . . H

<ro

X

h .. u z <: i- z<c tn

OmOU">hUJUI

<c =i lu as lu

r> Lu » lu (Xi

LU M 3E i

ac ce cd=3 o uj

a: ll *

aj

«*

■B

as

Cl

LU

U)

LU

8-

CC

e

—.

CJ

<u

M

CO

4"^

a.

■s*

ts

•r-1

CO

LU

COLU

CK

i—

■IBS

h-

u

T-l

C3

<E

3

2

o

ts;

37

>—

h-

LU

-H

CC

72;

CJ

CO

a.

<T

i—i

CO

44s

cc

=D

72;

CO

o

"5

ig;

h-

<r

444

r-o

a

44s

~

<I

CJ

CC

*~^

•■"*

_l

h-

o

-J

**

"-»

LU

1—

'1*

*•

'X

44s

72;

<E

>~i

LU

.J

1—I

44s

CO

LU

i

CO

■s

Cxi

7E

Ctl

<s

crj

_J

%

Cxi

o

Lu

LU

CJ

LU

Cu

<E

Cxi

*<■

M

Lu

t—

LU

Cxi

LU

LU

44

g

r—

C7l

n

t^;

Cil

o

Lu

CC

~>

^L

o

-J

1

t—

LU

LU

LU

CJ

CC

7C

O

to

co

CJ

O-

1—1

O

Lu

LU

■ ■-.

l-H

^5

:r

LU

.--4

r—i

O

44.

CO

_1

4.

u

1—1

t—

Cu

o

'-.■••'

<E

_i

ag

co

M

m

Cxi

_J

CO

<r

TC

8

CJ

Cu

LU

r—

■4

"**4

LU

I—l

<r

O

LU

X

cC

i—i

Lu

Cu

LU

72;

>-

~->

_>

CD

LU

*;•

Ct:

44

Cu

O

<r

CC

i—i

44s

44^

■S

•S

CD

(Zt

CC

"—4

an

^

CD

X

CJ

a

CC

ca

7K

3

72;

LU

44s

44>

ca

a

3

LU

»-.

CO

Cu

LU

CO

s_4

S.*

<r

CD

lu a

44.

»s

s

LU

CD

CO

z>

LU

1—1

L-J

Cxi

72;

o

727

CO

~x

te:

44s 44s

■^

1—1

CC

<E

CJ

■s«

d4r

X

X

L_4

<r

44.

i—i

M

CJ

U-

Cxi CD

■*.;u

<S1

Cu

■<■*

C3

SI

1—I

S-*

^„,

<c

<r

>—

>—

cc

(TO

LU

Cxi

h-

4.

4.

LU CO

Cu<E

CO

L=l

72;

h-1

re

te:

te:

<r

<r

7»-

L-l

M

_l

h—

727

3:

te:

r> lu

o

r-o

<E

Cu

*

•

cc

Cxi

<r

7^-

1—I

CO

t—H

44.

CO

lu

CD CD

r—

LU

<r

UT

m

©

©

4 4s

4

*

Ctl

Ctl

cc

>-

72;

Lu

a

_l

4s

4.

727 727

CJ

>-

n:

Ctl

J»s

•

*

©

©

■o

4-H

r-M

<c

<r

cc

<r

•a:

**

Cu

<r

CO

3u

<E <E

"S

■J*

LU

1X1

r—

CD

UT

-» in

i-H

KJ

IN

4—1

<E

cc

xs

44.

LU

CJ

t—i

CU Cxi

c

i—i

LU

tn

UT iH

1-H

"*

II

II

II

ll

cc

LU

4*

cc

4s

4S

.o

"-'

co

72;

h-

_l

4H

o>

II

II

4—1

II

<r

4.4

LU

7C

CO

7C

44 44

-£T

ui

o

LU

CJ

►—

II

II

4i

CC

1_J

CO

CO

_l

<C

CC

44.

CO

CJ

O

C

h-

LU

CC

II

II

CC

CD

fr>

LU

1—4

!-1

r-j

CO

4.4

-K

i—i

72:

o

CC CD

CU

s

x:

1—

»—i

=1

-7C

s>

LU

1—1

7>

LU

Y—

1—

ho

LU

Lu

1—

o

3C

Cu

TE

LU CO

CN

<r

H-1

o

1—

^

=> 7E

7E

r>

LU

II

CD

CD

as

721

>-

Ui

r—

<r

CJ

CJ

4s

CJ

CO

r> lu

I

-5

CtC

Ctl

CXI

1—

1—1

uS CJ

CJ

X

X

as

te:

i—i

1—l

•y

CD

CC

i—

-9

en

CO

4s

4s

TC TC

CO

CD

at

Cu

CO

CO

1—I

HH CU

Cu

<i

<r

t—1

lu <r

<r

o

o

<E

Q

LU

<r

Cd

CO

4s

Cu

TC

73 73

01

2!

4^

occ

4*

«•

LUCO

72:

CD

XI

ac a.

Cu

act

ac

Cu

Cu CC

>-

cc:

Cu

Cu

£

g LU

Z>

a

<=>

o

Cu

U71

<r

■x. -x.

.2

■s»*

Cu

■vrf*

■s-'

=3

CJ

1—

=>•

J

■*-.

494 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 271 on inquiry card.

IjgM CP/M gjcippkzMORROW OE5IGN5

r\Prlnt©r»-Termlnal»-Monltor8-MlcroCL/Decision Computer-Call for Priced

I

SC0

u

N

T

WordStar$240

dBASEII$479

CPOSSTALK . . .lASTWRITTR I I .

KA5TSPeU.BR II.

IASTF1LFR . . .CONDOR II...COMOOIt III. . .flUPEfiCALC . . .HATHIOUCIC . .

SuperCalc$189

8129 PEACHPAK 3 $i S •■

275 PEACHTEIT 3 J99

129 SPELLBINDER 275

295 C BASIC 2 95

425 PASCAL HT+ 395

710 CB-80 4|0

119 ACCOUNTING PLUS CALL

89 pts 11 or in 85

COMPUTERS: loithitu

KEC" - Oaborna - 0

Morrow Dvalqn Micro D

On* dr(v. . ,| 975

Two rj r I v•« . , 1250

odo

t - Talavldao - Teiif- lanyo - IBM-PC. Cal1

loo I I«nUh IP100 1 '

IPUO 2iri20 -All 1

PRIHTEPSfaTTy

tpaon MX9 0 . .

HX80 pt

MX100 PTKC PC8023A. .

HBC Splnwrlta'r

• 519539

520

Qim» - Diablo■•■ - Call foe prC. ITOH Pro-rIt«

Ttini In.tr

Parallal . .Provr itar S«r I .1 I . .

P-10 PiriUtl'S'rlil. .55 CPU Parallal/S#rial.

-82fi75. 3*75. H25

8 <99

59513501750

TERMINALS AMD MOMITOBS:I'll - Talavldao - lanlth

NEC

iiml

BMC

Sanyo.

ADD* Viewpoint - AppleCall Cor pricaa.

ror^Appta Lov«n Only; DatadrUa 35/(0 track - 5275, Micro-Set

t Cholfra - (309, Controller -

(1-80) - |269, Ramcird |Un - (135,

Vldaotara: Card (80 col) - S225. H*yea

cro Hndta II - 8275. ■* hivi ALL Apple

■ nd qiiiii at tha lovnt poaaibltt prlr*.

p Spaclal - Tlaldai, Daaktop Plan II or

1175 M.

Vide

Pourth Olmtmlon' Dlak Driv.195. Micro Soft Softcard (IPrealua Pack - 8559.fl««r t Hodeai - 8209.■CCVBIOTtaa, aoftwaCal 1 for prIcaa. ViaIII, Tlatflla ot Vlalcalc 3.3

Special Dapt. for Coverrwant I rjni*eraltyMalted P.O. accepted - all ahlpplng chargaaAll pricaa ara anbjact to change/par aonal ct»

Jar •

I

- Aak for Anneira rOB, H Toro, CAU dalay for 2 wka.

0F

TWAR

E

Peichrrw

Software

. /ncorporj/ed

Suite * 186 • 25422 Troboco Rd.

122TrabucoRd..#l05

€1 Toro. CR 92650

(714) 768-8114

CP/M la a :rjnttr»d trada«ark of.Digital Rwaaarch.Appla la a tradaaark of Apple Conputar.

Circle 183 on inquiry card.

PUT THE BYTE

ON YOUR COMPUTER

WITH lO OR 20 Mbye STORAGE

EVOLUTIONARY ELECTRONICS INC.

OFFERS IO OR 20 Mbyte STORAGE

FOR APPLE II PLUS & FRANKLIN ACE

MICRO COMPUTERS

EEI HAS FULL BIT

AND BIG BYTE HARD DISK SYSTEMS

COMPLETE WITH

CONTROLLERS, ADAPTERS,AND SOFTWARE FOR APPLEAND FRANKLIN COMPUTERS

PRICES START AT

$2295 - 10 Mbyte$ 2895 - 20 Mbyte

EEl's MONTHLY SPECIALSHUGART SA450's-$275

*=et big byt*

ALSO AVAILABLE:

64 K DUAL DRIVE 6809MICRO PROCESSINGSySTEMS WITH FULLBUSINESS SOFTWARE

WE HAVE THE FULL LINE OF SHUGARTHARD AND FLOPPY DISK DRIVESCALL WEEKDAYS FROM 9A.M.-6PM.

1-503-289-3988

EVOLUTIONARY

ELECTRONICS, INC.

433 N.E.LOMBARD

PORTLAND ORE 97211

©

ALLTOGETHERNOW

RM/COBOI?, TuitooDOS 1.2*and MuSYS Network Slaves

ATTENTION OEMs & SYSTEMS INTEGRATORS — Now youcan add minicomputer software and low cost, point-to-pointnetworks to any Z80-based microsystem. With MuSYS networkslaves and RM/COBOL, you can run most COBOL-based busi-ness applications software on your system. With TurboDOS 1.2you're free to design the network that fits, even complex point-to-point setups where masters and slaves are equals and wherehardware differences make no difference. TurboDOS breaksdown the architectural barriers to networking, and its compat-ibility with MP/M II* plus the CB-80* and RM/COBOL compilersallows you to run multiuser software right out of the box.MuSYS network slaves, such as the NET/82*, come completewith everything else you need to add stations to your system:Z80A CPU, up to 128K bytes RAM, two serial ports and manyother features. Yes, MuSYS can help you put it all together,complete with generous quantity discounts. Write or call todayfor all the facts.

•TurboDOS is a trademark of Software 2000, Inc.; MP/M II pnd CB-80 aretrademarks of Digital Research, Inc.; NET/82 is a trademark of MuSYS Corp.;RM/COBOL is a trademark of Ryan-McFarland.

U CORPSpecialists in Multi-user Microsystemssee us ai

CQlffllWIM. BOOTH 2175Nov. 29-D1.-C.2, 1982

1752 B LangleyIrvine, CA 92714(714) 662-7387TWX: 910-595-1967CABLE: MUSYSIRIN

Circle 315 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982

495

■m 5,

co 12 S

x *« ._ •»* c

<c *~* °

*., —« '1 en lu ££ -a

•— j* >- n 1? •': ra Si

« « ~ "E, - -J s

m 2: s««« ■?. iJ o a

u_ hH 3 <"• n n ui *• t" lu c j Lu „,, c

^ t3 o N r-4 N U «•» ••. ga ") cj ■— o

h-H (=» i_i lj uj T& i"l ("1 1-- jg M t0

u

© ce « « to <c :•'— >- LJ Pt 1""1 ui ■"" <-i ^

&. O f-j r-o ro ro ►— i._i i_j UJ CJ -g ««» _> SP

SS H— V— t~ CO f— h- "~3 tO t~ m **■ L_l ■£

h- h cl ix cl h a. a. o g a;; n »_ -s

a a a= fi as en a &- J~> m lu ui a

cm to o f-J lu t-t f— ce a: '!? tr? h- ce

>-- l-i _j <r ■■-., - !=J S M lu lj cj

o_ -1- -+■ "4- n "-i 5".. to co co

Cii CO LJ X M <E ^ LU 0

ce LU hh n n r-i a; ,..j ^ lj 3S lj LU Q

<r :> >- >- ;- « 1— 1™ fc; , , ■"! to - 2:

r> ce a u u u j a. a. 9£ W -J « cj a

.*. m •>. <•> <•> ui n a n a. 1— r~ •? y lu 2: o

« to rn m n -• r*j i«j M O O "_ lj 2: = ce

r-0 TO X >- M Ce I— h- r~ LU CC OS. WW Lu CtT

I— O !.-1 L_l l_1 LU Cu Cl, 0_ Cd *lr -i«r —! ?*! 5 Oh— »-

3= ft: Csi ai to i* ■«••«!• ro to to <r cj I— i ... .». ^~.

M h-OOOiaEEfih-HH s: g (_ n -^ .^ — <-» r-l

o <roaoo«uiu«q ^r?'-0, ct: <-? ■~ ^ h- lu -». ra

a. X cj cj cj m ■*» ** |-1 l-t- tt! <x i_i u 2: lu co « i_j

h-co co co 1—i--*--i-ci.3:r> _ 1—1—2: -~o_ t— lu _i 2: lu >—

TOTOi:oi<r assr OCJ?i,_LU Lui-HLuo<rr:a.

CDOOo3:i~inr-iocjCJ ^ <rcoco s:_j cj3:ce:i-iCK:_i 2:

cj co t— ><?<xt—cvcu ,„ ct:«i-i o<r Q3U50« ce:

M III u u u Z Cl ll CD Lu<r 22 LU -.. -_- w -^ ^ CJ

I— LU OTOCcQl—I N WW »j O CO

0. '- i-nnncnnMM -H-H UJ LUXCp M ^CcrLcTLirLiiCc: w

-_-i=i <r>:>-M ■— 1— 1— ■— <»> S *— lumo £,.(_ 000000 a

r*a _ji_ii_ii_jLUCi_cuCL.cjjrr> o 2 lui— LUotJ —i_j_j_j_j_i x

i_i_ cocitotoi— MMMuoa cm 2: —J.Le-,-/_j<r — 00000 o

uz zMWM<tj:i:r"5HH i— _ wyu. OCi: cjcjcjooo o

ujh dh-h-i-i-<iQUOx:E <» 2: o n:,H"ou. 2:2:2:2:2:2: ce

-pOLtd-CuO-o ce 3 <•. in t— ^"2: oujujluluujs^

on i— ce 11 11 11 o_ 11 11 <r cjo ■»*~^-'**i-'lu-j* cecuCi_Ci.Cuciu *■»

ce 11 11 11 »»»*»».».« ce a ex. •^ -» ,_ — , , cu %-- h- o «*

(!.••*♦**•♦•**» ■»♦ in uj J": lu *••»•**•.. |_ 3

^, ^.. nnr-i r-in cs*» " '-J'-^SLULU wn LU S

u k n r-i n x>-m ds lu 2: ** y Fluj wroOHNM^o^ ce

cecu x>-m 1—1 1—1 1—1 l_ii_j ce <ri— •* 2 ^x _i<r 2:0 o

on- 1—ii—11 1 t— 1— 1— a ce a_ g. "» 5 g h- lu cj ui c m

OO CJCJCiCuCuCudCj o as _ g j_ f! ? s «•«•««

uuce2:roro«i-i-i-rgrg lu— ceS^^f-^"- O

tjMh—1—t—oooi—t— -".cj cj^luolu a:-^

ovu iiclo. ucea: 0.^.9 p kmwUUli.iii lu cj

&.:><& Lucu=>eci uj

LUCJ

<rh-co

4»l 4».

C4 £3

94

4«-

O

LU

Cl.1

!uJ

n:

<r -a:0 0

CO

1—1

CM

;c

h-

—1 _J

UJCJ

0

CDu.1

tj

1

, *\

3CO

11 11

1—I

■—-

LU

<r

-■^

in

~**

^*^,

1

LU

3d

0

*

*

<c

0

M

CJ

O

_i

LU

*^*

CM

TO

CO

r-i n

Cj

2J

32

_J

■W-

«»-

uLJ

—J

LL.

LU

>- M

<r

b

11

t—1

<r

Cu

11

■s

fc~ «s

CD

ce

O

Lu

1—

O

3C

t—1 »—1

_i

1—

1—

<r

<r

H-

;s:

0

1^4

s ^

1—1 UJ

n

h-

UJ

UI

O

h-

'*

M

II

1—i

i^

<r

kj

CO

_l

h-i

^-^

X X

—

**

UJ

a

<r

UH

Cu

-I*,

1*1,

UJ LU1— t—

cj

II

UI

■^*

LU

ce

UI

ce

CO

LU

■»♦

CO

ce ce

O

~?

2:

CJ

LU

««•

0

UI

^^>

II

**■

Ll-1

UJ UI

«■«

UJ

»—t

a

4«s

CO

v^

Ci

II

<r

O

z> z>

0

ac

ce

CJ

UI

C3

O

UI

1—

2:

CO

2:

0

0

UI

2:

_l

4»«

CJ

CO

HH

|-H

LL.

II

UI

5C

u.

1X1

UI

O

A

Z

0ce

■x.0

CJ

LU

0 a.

Ct*

UI

Cu

0

1X1

COO o

II l-H

lu c_j

Lu

UT _| Cu « -t: LU "*• *4« <C w -._- — 2: «< COCM t— CO CO t0 o tO «r^ZOOdji.*CL

""■LucjCJtJirLuw'-' 1=1 II 11 11 o to f**. z .. .. " o * 1

LU UI CL » X X CJ

^1 CJ CJ CJ CJ x to I

1=1 tO H I i» .► '" "-

cj 3e •«, <». «»■ ce ,x' tJ cu Cu ct:<r<r— — —-l-cj^coCJCja.Lt:u.«-t«*i***i* t— -* — ^ac-t:tocu-t:cu

H 22* U ' cjtno

CU -»» l-l H HH 4*

*♦ ^ CO CO CO w II II || II II

r-j 11 11 ji^

•* cuoqX z: x x 'C ^3c cocotn <co&ocsui

CO

LU

►—

<E

2:

-»s

4«*

hH

X

X

TO

CO

CJ

«lta

Crj:

-i*

1*

**■

pj

.».

0

LU

LU

LU

CJ

TO

0

CJ

CJ

CO

•a*

CJ

CJ

M

•)«•

M

Cx-

*

CO

to

CO

co

Cu

CO

1—1

LH

1—1

■J*

CO

.,

TO

O

TO

cr

«■

Cxi

1

1

1

CO

n;

LU

1

CJ

_>

II

II

II

TO

1

..-.

IJL

**

+ *

*<•

CO

TO

TO

LU

M

CO

CJ

CO

r-i

r—1

1—1

<•• -r

■J*

**■

TO

X

>-

M

Cu CJ

X

LL

O

UJ

1—1

UJ

CO 1

CO

CJ

ce

ce

ce

M

0

0

CJ

11 II

II

II

-^

0

0

0

**

**

CJCO

CJCO

0to

x: ac

x:

a:

TO

TO

m -•.

LU CO

3:

1—1

O

CD

=> Q

496 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 107 on inquiry card.

r\

ANNOUNCINGTHE C86™ C COMPILER—THE COMPILER THAT SPEAKSTHE LANGUAGE OF THE FUTURE!

Kemighan and Ritchie's book, The C Programming Language, is

the key source for C. Just as fundamental is the C86™ C

Compiler.

The C86 ™ C Compiler is especially designed for the IBM®

Personal, IBM® Display Writer, CP/M-86® and MS-DOS®

For further information on the C programming languageand the C86tm C Compiler, please contact:

Computer Innovations, Inc.

75 Pine Street

Llncroft, New Jersey 07738

Telephone: (201) 530-0995

art of Digital fiosearch. IBM aaOomirtis ol international Business

% uadomn

Boardsfor S-100 Bus

256KBDYNAMIC RAM

S795 with 256KB$625 with 128KB

features: Model 256KE call for current prices

• 8/16 hit data, 24B address. • Unlimited DMA, immune to Rest Waits, halts. • Accesstime = 180 ns from PSYNC high. • Will run with 8086, 8088,8080,68000 to 8 mhz, Z80,Z8000 to 6 mhz clock, without wait states. • Interfaced with most of IEEEB96 boards.

Z80B based CPU

S349 withmemory mapping

features: Model Z80 CPU

• 22 bit Address - accessible to 4Mbytes of memory. • 6, 4, 2 mhz clock, SW selectable.

• Addressing is memory mapped in 16KB blacks, making addressable range of memorycompletely accessible (unlike bank select). • Jump on Reset in 1k increments. • Bankselectable 16KB or 32KB EPR0M capability with Phantom generation.

32KB Static Ram/Eprom

$369 with 32KB Cmos Ram, power-fail detect$169 with no ram, no power-fail detect

features: Model 32KUSM

• 8/16 bit data, 16/24 bit address. • Bank Select by SW selectable port, bit in 32K black.

• Battery backup (battery not supplied) with power-fail detect/automatic Ram disable. •Complete EPROM (2716) capability with wart states (up to 3), phantom responding or generating.

All boards conforms to IEEE696/S-100 specifications, comes Assembled, Tested, socketed,

legends, solder maskes, Gold contacts, and with 10 day return priviledge, One Fully Year

Guarantee.

Delivery: 3 to 5 days. Ordering: MC, Visa, or COD. (add S6.00 for COD.) Please refer to our

ADs in older issues of Byte for more of our products. Illinois residents add 5 14% sales tax.

DEALER OR OEM. PRICING AVAILABLE. „ n n nn.

P.O. Box 906

1240 N. Highland Ave., Suite 4

Aurora, Illinois 60506

C. DIGITAL, INC.

Phone: (312) 897-7749

McGraw-HillBookstore

pet/cbm basic

interface projects

apple basic'

\V, <-l it rR i¥.t riT'.'-ff'if'i »* I * '"V.-M ■ ii n .1 it

& INWESTHEHT WUU.YSIS KKMUSMIH. JB.

pRulflBlUtV

BV CHLCUIBTOR

*JHEBBH<

For Computer

and Calculator Users

1. Pet/cbm Basic by Richard Haskell. Step by step to top-downprogramming. Illustrated. 154 pp. $12.95

2. Apple Basic by Richard Haskell. Illustrated guidebook onprogramming that is easy to use. 183 pp. $12.95

3. Interface Projects for the TRS-80 (mod III) by Richard C.Hallgren. How to utilize the computer's computational and controlcapabilities. 152 pp. $12.95

4. Basic Programs for Home Financial Management A Systemof Complete Programs and Documentation for Money Manage-ment, Credit Control, Major Asset Management, & InvestmentAnalysis by W. B. Goldsmith, Jr. 314 pp. $12.95

5. Probability by Calculator Solving Probability Problems withthe Programmable Calculator by Peter W. Zehna. Over 200examples, problems, exercises. 192 pp. $9.95

6. Interface Projects for the Apple II by Richard C. Hallgren.Easily built projects help you discover computer capabilities as theproject is constructed. 172 pp. $12.95

7. PASCAL a considerate approach a beginner's guide toeffective and ucid programming in Pascal by David Price. Noprogramming experience is assumed. 198 pp. $9.95

8. Programming the TI-55 Slide Rule Calculator by Snover andSpikell. Explains how anyone can solve finance and scientificproblems on the calculator. 117 pp. $7.95

All paperbacks above published by Prentice-Hall.

McGraw-Hill Bookstore

1221 Avenue of the Americas. New York, New York 10020

.Please send me.of book #

BY 112

m

1 2 3

'Check or credit card: MasterCard □

|Acct. No

I Name

4 5 6 7Visa □ Amer. Exp. n

Expires_

. copies

Address.

IIICity_

-State.

_Zip_

lAdd applicable sales tax plus $2.50 postage and handling for the first book. S1.00 forleach book thereafter.

Circle 396 on Inquiry card.

Circle 273 on Inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982

497

LU

'- Z3XI Cl_

2:

<L\— <c O =1 ixl -►-

(— Ct '►• ce d O i—13:

..> <r =i i— 3 u. ~ o _j

y a i- <r <r 3 j s: lu

J O K Ixl C£ ijj I—HUH H

Z I dHiOzhUXH

t-i _, UJ 2T ix! Z<CUI£

ts h- km ct rao.t—3

Ixl

m

IxlO

3

s

}«

CS

o

i-

bo

<Jl

0

«

a.

oi

-c

£

■*-*

TS

bo "5

p

u

a.

,01

u

o

8

>> <N

D,

* be

3 -a

J,

.2 a

,o .5

<xa

>—

UJ

<x

— <r

CJ UJ

a: U- ...

I— O _1

: •- a.

LU

oo

o <r z

UJ UJ

r jv

<r »-< ~

3E U. —

ce: ujUJ e&

._- n to -- en

2: i—i o (a_i ♦- ~ uj „

hhfiU

ae u- ca

ujui—!UJUJi-i«r<itnF—_iui

l-l-Qh-HKUllJMZlwWZMH«MM3LttPlHO

m te a ui a * uj u a: _i .

y3aK33«s =aog

A UJ

tOCD

4m,

'*■ 2.

cm <r

Lii N «J <•> '*•

c HI O O J

<r o 2: <r

Ui II (Xl hH ixl

3 CO ••> I—UJ ixl CO •»

2 O LI

n cj •» _i

ixi <r 2: a

as oe <x to a.

=? :>

ixi 1— <tcj to

£0 <xu =>

CJ

UJ

o

2.=3

o

<E

Ix.O

3Ixl

H-1

h- Ixi

cj a=

Ixl <c

co

CD *-Ixl -.

li

<ras

Lli ixi ro era f— ■<*■ *rr z co as u is ixar o »h ixi T) »h —o ac ■> Qu as •.CJ w ut -. o O 1=1

ca

Ixl

csj«•» <r as

14- C£I *--*

r-% !* <5

,-h X «». -_- Ixl

-. =3»

l£

O ii

Ix. CJIxl

o :x

"M> CJ

I I

to toa l~

ixi LU

■XL

*~l XI

» O

CJ

3 IxlI— i—

<r

•— *• Co a.to o -^ =3

o

CO

oro

U-j —C-4 CO

O-JJ

in .».

CM to

CM

CM

03

C4 LU

_- ••• LJ

-XC ■** O

o ■-- o

to co sa

*-*^ ^ H z -_-,~i^--- —«»-l»

^.O CSC5 OCDCS OCDCD CD —

_J02:2:oCE:2:a:oa:2:3:o3»:

Ol— HHhHH--wl—I M ^_ , I—I)—1|— I—I

cj ixi cc cc ixi CCCCuj a: ct: lu lC■X. Z> \— t— => ibe: 1— 1— ->ce:i— I— r>l—ujowwoi-wwot-cnujow

"^ -~- ._. 1=1 ■— i— 3E tt: tJ

cm ixi eu % =3 o o <r

II -•»- - _l -_- II <•- « I— _l

co uZt ix. -^- f-^ cj in **s 1— uj ix

is. 1=1 a 1 to cm ct a s to 11 ;d cj —

.. rn « z v -.- r-j <r 2: n.- — •• sa s

._--_- l3_=3 «£L3 <T3:

CD OC3CD OCDCDLUIII>lxl

Ozo 11 1^:2:2:0 11 lC2:2:cj*-i=iIjj

h>M>-«v>HMI»»wHWZ <ECt:

1— ixi ct: uj cs:ii:ixi ctcc'X ixi cj

<t >i_ ^ j cc i- 1— :>_ice:i— t— r>2r_icn

UlOmOOl- tOtOOQI— IDWBOM J

ilE3£lj.W33ta.U)33<tOI-J

LU 2: HH

ce =J ix.

498 November 15>JJ2 © flyTE Publications lnc

Circle 61 on inquiry card.

ONE KEY WORD PROCESSING

on your TELEVIDEO ™

with WORDSTAR™ and. . .

99

95

MastercardVisa

■ IMu Key™ Automates the 36 mostcommonly used word processing functions

■ Adds one key capabilities toTELESOLUTIONS™

■ Comes complete with 14 new matchingkeycaps

For your TELEVIDEO ™ 950, TS-800, TS-800A, and TS-802PLEASE SEND WORDSTAR SERIAL NUMBER TO:

Business Solutions, Inc.9! W. Long Lake Rd., Suite 14Bloomfield Hills, Ml 48013(313) 540-3360

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

TtlEVIDEOS rELESOLUriONS,wOF TELEVIDEO/WORDSTAR,M OF MICROPRO INTERNATIONALNuKey™ OF BUSINESS SOLUTIONS. INC

$495.

SBC can be redundant!!

□ Z80A 4MHz, 64K RAM, 2K ROM

□ 2 serial, 2 parallel, 4 timer ports

□ Bi-directional inter-processor channel

□ Multi-processor architecture capability

□ Redundant processor manipulationcapability

□ Matching double-density disc controllerwith SASI

□ Application note for system configurations

dd

JC SYSTEMS (415)657-42151075 Hiawatha Ct. Fremont, CA 94538

For The Best InPrice, Selection and Delivery

Call Now

TOLL FREE

800-368-3404

(In VA, Call Collect 703-237-8695)

AMPEX«INTERTEC«TEXAS INSTRUMENTS'GENERAL DATA

C0MM.'ANDERSON JACOBSON'C. ITOH'QUME • BEEHIVE*

DATASOUTH'DIABLOCENTRONICS • NEC -PRENTICE

ONLY S1975ONLY S2350ONLY S2750

Uh.Wl

INTERTEC SUPERBRAIN II

64K DD-

64KQD-

64K SD- (96TPI)■(includes M/Solt BASIC)

Kis^9 Haras

DYNABYTE Call

NEC

7710 .$2196

7715 Call for Special Price

7730 $2196

7720 Call for Special Price

7725 Call for Special Price

Sid. Forms Tractor $ 200

3510 $1390

3510EX . . Call for Special Price

3515 $1395

DATASOUTH Call

DIABLO 630-R102 $1995

630-R110 $1795

630-R153* $1745

■((or IBM PC. Apple II. TRS-80)

630-R155 Call

630-K104(KSR) $2385

620-SPI $1195

QUME

Sprint 9, 35KSR $1840

Sprint 9, 45RO, Lim. Pan . $1845

Full Panel $1969

Sprint 9, 55 F.P.Ex.Mem. $2186Sprint 9.55RO,Ltd. Ex.Mem.$2095

Bi-Dir. Forms Tractor $ 199

CENTRONICS: 34/38 Call

»J;I,'.II.'M«AMPEX

Dialogue 80 $ 699

Dialogue 80 (4pgs.) $ 939

BEEHIVE (SMART DISPLAY)

DM5 Call

DM5A Call

DM310(3101 Emulator) Call

DM 3270 (3270 Emulator) ..CallProtocol Converter Call

NOTE IBM and Burroughs compatible ler m

C. ITOH

CIT 101 $1350

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS

745 Standard $1390

745 Std. (Reconditioned) Call

765 Bbl M'my Call

785 Standard Call

810 Basic $1249

810 Package $1439

820 Package RO Package $1610

820 KSR Package Call

840 RO Basic $ 795

840 RO Tractor Feed Pkg. $1059940 Video Ed'tr $1570

l.'.M-H.'.H

PRENTICE STAR 300 Bd. $ 124

GDC 1035JL $ 169

1200-9600 Baud Call

Stat Muxes Call

E2SX

nu

QUME

Data Trak 5 . . . $300 or 2 for $549Data Trak 8 . . . $525 or 2 for $999

BISYNC-3780 $ 769

Wordstar Call

Data Star Call

Mail Merge Call

Spell Guard ...' $ 229

Plan 80 $ 249

Plan 80 Revised $ 319

Super Calc $ 249

Wordstar (IBM P.C.) $ 289

Mail Merge (IBM P.C.) . . $ 99

d Base II $ 529

CalcStar Call

SuperSort Call

Nevada Cobol $ 176

CISCobol $ 749

Forms II $ 159

Special! While They Last!

SOROC TERMINALS

10120 mstmi

nals available Please inquire

In addition, we can make EIA RS 232 or RS 449 cables to yourorder, and supply you with ribbons, printer stands, printwheels, thimbles for all printers listed. And many, many moreitems. CALL NOW.

All items shipped freight collect either motor freight or UPSunless otherwise specified. All prices already include 3% cashdiscount Purchase with credit card does not include discountVirginia residents, add 4" o Sales Tax For fastest delivery, sendcertified check, money order or bank-wire transfer Sorry noC O.D orders All equipment is in lactory cartons with manu-facturers" warranty (honored at our depot ) Prices subject lochange wilhoul notice Most items in stock

T€RftlflflLS

Ma&tetCarxj)

Circle 232 on inquiry card.

Terminals Terrific, Inc., P.O. Box 216, Merrifield, VA 22116

Phone: 800-368-3404 (In VA, Call Collect 703-237-8695)Circle 447 on Inquiry card. BYTE November 1982 499

Listing 4: Changes for the BASIC program in listing 1 that will produce a perspective ofa dodecahedron.

jLIST

4.30 V(

1000

30000

30020

30040

300(30

30080

30100

30120

30140

301fa0

30180

30200

30220

30240

31000

31020

31040

31060

31080

31100

31120

31140

31160

31180

31200

31220

31240

31260

31280

P,l) - 6 ■ V(P,1):V(P, 2 ) = 6 " V(P,2 ):V(P, 3 ) = b ' V(l',3)VTAB 21: HTAB 4: PRINT "PERSPECTIVE Of A DODECAHEDRON"

REM NUMBER OF VERTICES

DATA 20

REM VERTEX COORDINATES- -

DATA O,-.3568,.9342,.5774,-,5774,.5774

DATA .9342,0,.3568,.577 4,.5774,.5774

DATA O,.3568,.9342,-.5774,.5774,.5774

DATA -.9342,0,.3568,-.5774,~.5774,.5774

DATA -.3568,-.9342,0,.3568,-.9342,0

DATA .3 568,.9342,0,-.3568,.9342,0

DATA -.5774,-.5774,-.5774,0,-.3568,-.9342

DATA .5774,-.5774,-.5774,.9342,0,-.3568

DATA .5774,.5774,-.5774,0,.356 8,-.93 42

DATA -.5774, . 5774, •-. 5774, -. 9342 , 0 ,-. 3568

REM NUMBER OF EDGES

DATA 40

REM EDGES

REM NEG. EDGES START NEW CURVE

DATA -1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,1,5

DATA -14,15,16,17,18,19,20, 13, 14, IB

DATA -8,9,10,2

DATA -13,9

DATA -15,10

DATA -4,11,12,6

DATA -17,11

DATA -19,12

DATA -16,3

DATA -7,20

END

Listing 5: A Pascal program that displays an accurately proportioned model of a DNAmolecule.

PROGRAM MAKEDNAJ

(* PROGRAM TO COMPUTE DOUBLE-HELIX<$ ANDREW PICKHOLTZ - JAN 1981 t)

USES APPLESTUFF,TRANSCEND}

*)

CONST

<*U(*(* ALL

radius = 10;

HTURN = 34»NNPT = 10fOFFSET = 2,402PI = 3.1416,'CMPA = 0.15695NNUCL =15?

DESCRIPTION OF DOUBLE-HELIX *)SEE J.D.WATSON* MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE GENE *)SECOND EDITION* PAGES 261-262 t)UNITS IN ANGSTROMS *)

(* HEIGHT OF ONE TURN *)

(* NUMBER OF NUCLEOTIDES PER TURN *}

(* OFFSET FOR SECOND HELIX IN RADIANS ft)

(* CM PER ANGSTROM FOR MAGNIFICATION *><* HALF NUMBER OF NUCLEOTIDES TO DISPLA

*)

VARNUCL I -NNUCL..NNUCLJI»J t INTEGER?DISK t FILE OF REAL?

color : real;

Listing 5 continued on page 502

Text continued from page 492:angular parallelepiped (a prismwhose bases are parallelograms), i.e.,a block. Listing 4 has the changes thatshould be made to project a dodeca-hedron (a solid with 12 faces) insteadof a block. To produce a full-screendodecahedron, you must multiply thedata elements in lines 30060-30240 by6. Once compiled, the Pascal pro-gram in listing 2 will display any ob-ject that is represented in a disk file.The program in listing 3 will loaddata into a file.

Objects can also be created by thecomputer. For example, listing 5 con-tains a Pascal program that willcreate an accurately proportionedmodel of a DNA molecule. The dou-ble helix is represented by 62 verticesconnected by more than 100 straightlines.

Photo 1 is an actual photograph ofa real dodecahedron. Photos 2through 6 show examples of the useof the programs. Photo 2 displayscomputer-drawn perspectives fromvarious viewing positions. Similarly,photo 3 shows the wire-frame per-spective of a block. Photo 4 showsdrawings of an object that you aremore likely to encounter, a house.You can see that these photos exhibitthe properties of true perspective thatwere shown in figure 4. The DNAmolecule shown in photo 5 is evenmore interesting. The orientation ofthe double helix displayed in photo 5ais like those found in many text-books.

Pascal draws an object significantlyfaster than does BASIC. On thesystem used, however, the speed atwhich the object is drawn and thescreen erased is not nearly fastenough to produce the appearance ofsmooth motion, let alone freedomfrom flickering (this would require aminimum of 30 frames per second).Thus, although the programs havethe inherent capability of displaying acontinuous change in view of the ob-ject, either a faster machine or a moreefficient compiler, or both, would benecessary to achieve this result.

Extensions, Anyone?

The most obvious extension towire-frame perspective is to removefrom the display the lines and sur-

500 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 351 on Inquiry card.

RADIOSHACK

TRS-80'S

Full Line

WE PAY SHIPPING in the 48 continental states on prepaid

orders of $100.00 or more.NO TAXES are collected on out-of-state shipments.WE ACCEPT Visa, MasterCard and American Express, or

you can save additional money by paying cash.

TOLL FREE ORDER NUMBER 800/531-7466

Pan AmericanElectronics

1117 Conway • Department B

Mission, Texas 78572

Phone: 512/581-2766

Telex Number 767339

TM — Trademark of Tandy Corporation

Circle 283 on inquiry card.

AUTHORIZED

SERVICE

/ "!Bf«Wir.-~ J _ \

*—

Now you can get FACTORY AUTHOR-IZED service for your Commodore orAtari computer and peripherals at reason-able cost. Minimize your down timefrustration and expense. Extended war-ranty available for most products, too!

Micro ComputerService Center

CALL 717-327-1450

477 E. Third St, Williamsport, PA 17701

GeneralSoftware

Mailing Address:

1454 S. 25th St.

Terre Haute, IN 47803

WE HONOR

VISA and MASTERCHARGE

TOLL FREE - Outside Indiana

1-800-457-0517

ORDER DESKS

(812) 234-9421

Best Selection

Best Service

Write for our famous CATALOG.Contains many items not in ad.Still only $1.00 (refund with pur-chase) Outside US add $10 plusAir Parcel Postage. Add $3.50postage and handling per eachitem. Indiana residents add 4%sales tax. Allow 2 weeks onchecks. COD add $3.00 per item.Prices subject to change withoutnotice. All items subject toavailability.

Disk Manualwith OnlyManual

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Denial (PAS-3) S849/40

Medical (PAS-3) $849/40

ASHTON-TATE

•dBASEII . $525/50

BALCONES

The Boss Fm Ace System $1750

BYROM SOFTWAREBSTAM , $149

BSTMS $149

COMPUTER CONTROL

"Fabs(B-Tree) $159/35

Ultrasoft $159/35

CONDOR COMPUTER

Condor II $515/55

Condor II $795/55

DIGITAL RESEARCHCP/M

2.2 Intel MDS-800 $149/35

Northslar (Horizon) $149/35

Micropolis $169/35

TRS Model II $159/45

CB-80 $429/45

PL1-80 $429/50

CBasic2 $ 98/30

EPIC COMPUTER

•Supervyz $ 89/25

FAIRCOM'Micro B +

(Specily language) $229/30

FINANCIAL PLANNING

•Mini Model $429/50

FRIENDS

ACCESS 801 $249/50

ACCESS 80 II $429/50

FRONTIER SOFTWAREProfessional

Time Accounting $549/50

General Subroutine $269/50

Application Utilities $439/50

ISA

Spellguard $229/30

SP/Law $109

PASCAL LANGUAGE

Pascal Z $349/40

Pascal MT+ V5.5 $429/40

Compiler $316/25

SPPOnly $165/15

KEY BITS

Wordsearch $179/50

Siring 80 $ 84/25

String 80 (Source) $279

UNICORN

Final Word $255

LEXISOFT

"Spellbinder $349/55

MICRO AP

Selector IV $249/40

Selector V $449/50

SBasic $269/40

MICRO TAX

• Level I $249

•Level II $995

•Level III $749

'Combo II + III $1495

Microsoft 5.3 49

Run time moduleMICRO PRO"

Wordstar $295/60

Call (or NEW LOW PRICESMICROSOFT

Basic-80 $298

Basic Compiler $329

Fortran-80 $349

Cobol-80 $629

M-Sorl $124

Macro-80 $144

Edrt-80 $ 84

MuSimp/muMath $224

MuLisp-80 $174

NORTHWEST ANALYTICAL

■Slatpak $409/45

OASIS

"The Word" $ 75

ORGANIC SOFTWARE

"Textwriter III $111/25

■Datebook $269/25

•Milestone $269/30

PEACHTREE" SOFTWARE

General Ledger $399/60

Accounts Receivable $399/60

Accounts Payable $399/60

Payroll $399/60

Inventory 399/60

Mailing Address $399/60

lor P8 Version add $119

Series 6-Peachtree

CPA $799/60

Property Mgt $799/60

Passive Payroll $449/60

Series 7-Peachtree

Sales Tracker $3049/60

AR-Sales Analysis $1299/60

Inventory $799/40

Order Entry $699/40

REDDING GROUP

■Lynx $199/25

SORCIM

■Pascal/M Z80 $349/40

Pascal/M 86/88 $449/40

•Act 65 $149/20

"Act 68"Act 69•Ad 86/88 $149/25

■Trans86 $119/25

'Supercalc $269

SOUTHERN COMPUTERS

Call for our unbearably low prices.

STRUCTURED SYSTEMS GROUP

GL. AR. AP.PR.OE $849/50

Call for othersSUPERSOFT

•Diagnostic II $ 84/20

•Forth $149/30

•SSS Fortran $219/30

•Fortran w/RATFOR $289/35

*C Compiler $175/20

■Tiny Pascal $ 80/25

•Disk Doctor $ 84/20

■Term I $129/25

Term II $169/25

Z8000 Xassembler $449/35

Games & Others less 10%WHITESMITHS

C Compiler $700/40

Pascal (incl C) $900/45

IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER

Wordstar 3.2 $309/60

Mailmerge $109/25

Supercalc $269/NA

Visicalc (256K) $229/NA

Optimizer $200/NA

Supersofl C - CP/M86 $500/NA

Peachtree

3PakGL.AP,AR $595

Final Word $265

Condor I, II. Ill CALL

Statpak $439

BSTAM $149

Move-It $129

Easy Writer II $315

Easy Speller $155

Easy Filer (dBase mgr.) $335

Spellbinder $355/49

APPLE II DOS

Word Handler II $155/49

Broderbund Software

General Ledger (w/ A/P) $435

Payroll $325

Professional Easywnter $155

Mfg. Inventory and Control ProgramT1990. 300 Meg storage requiredDistributed in Cobol object code

Call lor Into $20000/NA

Write for catalog ($1.00) and other listings

Available for Apple with Softcard

Circle 197 on Inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982 501

II

II

TI

SILENT 745

Terminals

Over 200 terminalsin excellent condi-tion (light commer-cial use) undercontinuous TexasInstruments main-tenance. Availableimmediately—freedelivery. Call col-lect for more infor-mation.

Russ White

Multi List Inc.(212) 997-6075

Listing 5 continued:

PROCEDURE DUMP (DATA { READ?BEGIN

DiSKt := data;

PUT (DISK)?

end;

BEGIN

writeln;

yRITELN ('WRITING')jREWRITE (DISK»'DOUBLE-HELIX' Ji(* NUMBER OF POINTS *)DUMP <2*(2*NNUCLH>);FOR NUCL t = -NNUCL TO NNUCL DOBEGIN

(* FIRST HELIX *)DUMP (CMPA*RABIUS* C0S(NUCL*2*PI/NNPT ))»DUMP <CMFA*RADIUS* SIN(NUCL*2*FT/NNPT)>iDUMP (CMPA*HTURN/NNPT*NUCL >5(* SECOND HELIX f)

( CMPA*RADIUS* COS- NUCL*2*PI/NNPT+0FFSET ))*(CMPA*RADIUS* SINC NUCL*2*PI/NNPTt0FFSET >>i(CMPA*HTURN/NNPT*NUCL}5

DUMPDUMPDUMP

end;

(* NUMBER OF EDGES 13DUMP (8*NNUCL);FOR J t= 1 TO 2*NNUCL DOBEGIN

i := 2»j-i;

DUMP (-d;

DUMP (1+2);

COLOR t= ((RANDOM MOD 4)t1)/10>

DUMP (I+3+C0L0R);

dump (i+i >;end;close (disk,lock);

WRITELN ('DONE...')fEND.

faces that should be hidden, as shownin photo 6. A first step to accomplishthis task of hidden-line removal is todefine the faces of the object. We cando that by discarding the data struc-ture represented in figure 7 in favor ofthe data structure in figure 6. Thenext step in hidden-line removal is todetermine which faces shield theothers.

Many methods of hidden-lineremoval are available. All requiremuch more computer time than thewire-frame representation. One pro-cedure, the depth-buffer algorithm,requires that the depth of every pixelon the screen be recorded. Beforedrawing a new point into the screen,the depth of the point to be displayed

is compared with the depth of the ex-isting pixel. The new point will bedrawn only if it is closer to theobserver than the existing screenpoint. Although this algorithm isrelatively simple, it requires an enor-mous amount of computer memory.

Another method of hidden-lineremoval, the priority algorithm, re-quires that all the faces be sorted inthe order that they are to be drawninto the screen. Thus, the faces in theforeground will block the facesbehind them, since the foregroundfaces will be drawn last. One draw-back of the priority algorithm is thatit cannot draw cyclically overlappingpolygons.

Wire-frame perspective could also

502 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Photo 1: A real regular dodecahedron.

Photo 2: A screen representation of a wire-frame dodecahedron. The video monitor was connected to an Apple II.

be extended to draw curves ratherthan just straight lines. The Bezierand B-spline methods are among themany techniques for interpolatingcurves with a finite number of points.The interposition of two perspec-tive views of an object from slightlydifferent positions can create the ef-fect of stereo vision. One view couldbe drawn on the left-hand side of thescreen and the other on the right-hand side. Alternatively, an anaglyph(a stereoscopic picture using two dif-ferent colors, similar to three-dimensional movies now beingshown on TV) can be produced bydrawing one view in one color and

the other slightly displaced view inanother color. Of course, viewingglasses with correspondingly coloredfilters would be required to perceivethe stereo effect of the anaglyph.

Many more difficult problems pre-sent themselves when searching forfurther extensions to the wire-frameperspective. Extraordinary realism inthree-dimensional graphics can beachieved by including more of thephysical characteristics of real ob-jects, such as shading, shadowing,texture, reflectivity, and trans-parency. These characteristics couldall improve the realism of acomputer-drawn scene. Although an

artist could produce a painting withall these characteristics, thecomputer-drawn scene could bemanipulated interactively to presentvarious alterations to the observer,such as different viewing angles,changes in scale, and even topologicaltransformations of the scene.

Conclusion

The new generation of microcom-puters that is now entering themarketplace will provide an abun-dance of opportunities for writingand viewing computer graphics.More powerful processors, higher-resolution monitors, and greater

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inr. 503

Photo 3: Perspective view of a block from a variety of angles. Negative pitch produces views from above, and positive pitch producesa view from below.

Photo 4: Perspective view of a wire-frame house.

504 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Photo 5: Perspective view of a double helix. The observer's line of sight is perpendicularto the axis of the double helix, and then down the axis of the double helix.

Photo 6: Perspective of a block and a dodecahedron with lines that would be hidden byopaque surfaces removed from the representation (photos were manually produced).

memory-addressing capacity willenable programmers to use some ofthe techniques that were impossibleon an Apple II, The same im-provements will make computergraphics more exciting to bothsophisticated and naive observers. Ihope that this article not only in-terests today's Apple II owners, butalso encourages them and others towrite software that exploits the im-pressive graphics capabilities of thenew machines. ■

References

1. Albert, A. Adrian. Solid AnalyticGeometry. Chicago: University ofChicago Press, 1966.

2. Artwick, Bruce A. Three DimensionalMicrocomputer Graphics. Culver City,CA: Sublogic Company, 1977.

3. Chasen, Sylvan H. Geometric Principlesand Procedures for Computer GraphicsApplications. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice-Hall, 1978.

4. Foley, James and Andries van Dam.Fundamentals of Interactive ComputerGraphics. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1981.

5. Giloi, Wolfgang K. Interactive ComputerGraphics: Data Structures, Algorithms,Languages. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice-Hall, 1978.

6. Greco, Simon. The Art of PerspectiveDrawing. New York: M. Grumbacher,1975.

7. Horn, Berthold K. P. "Hill Shading andthe Reflectance Map." Proceedings ofthe IEEE, January 1981.

8. Hungerford, Joel C. "Graphic Manipula-tions Using Matrices." BYTE,September 1978, page 156.

9. Image, Object, and Illusion (A ScientificAmerican Publication). San Francisco:W. H. Freeman and Company, 1974.

10. Langridge, Robert, Thomas E. Ferrin, Ir-win D. Kuntz, and Michael L. Connolly."Real-Time Color Graphics in Studies ofMolecular Interactions." Science,February 13, 1981.

11. Lerner, Eric J. "The Computer GraphicsRevolution." Spectrum, February 1981.

12. Newman, William M. and Robert F.Sproull. Principles of Interactive Com-puter Graphics, second ed. New York:McGraw-Hill, 1979.

13. Pearce, Peter and Susan Pearce.Polyhedra Primer. New York: VanNostrand Reinhold, 1978.

14. Potsdamer, Jeffrey L. "TheMathematics of Computer Graphics."BYTE, September 1978, page 22.

15. Requicha, Aristides A. G. "Representa-tions for Rigid Solids: Theory, Methods,and Systems." ACM ComputingSurveys, December 1980.

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 505

Computer Exchange — The IBM-PC Supply Center

SOFTWARE

for the

IBM-PC

BUSINESS

it-ASHTONTATE. dBase II

COHSHARE TARGET. Target Planner Calc

DENVER SOFTWARE. Easy lExecutive Accounting System)

HOWARDSOFT. Real Estate Analyzer

INFORMATION UNLIMITED, Easywriter II |a WPS)

Easyspeller (88K Words)Easyliler (i DBMS)

INNOVATIVE SOFTWARE. TIM III (a DBMS)

* INSOFT. Data Design |a powerful easy to use DBMS) NEW!INNOVATIVE. Spell Guard

ISM. MatheMagic

LEXISOFT, Spellbinder [a versatile WPS in CP/M-86)

MICRO LAB, The Tax Manager

♦ MICROPRO. WordStar* plus Iree WordStar Training Manual

MailMerge' MSpellStar'"

Special! AN Three Aboye. WordPacWordStar Training ManualNORTH AMERICAN BUS. SVSTEM, The AnswerPERFECT SOFTWARE. Perlecl Writer' *Perfect Speller' MPerfect Filer ' wSELECT INFO.. Select fa WPS)SORCIM. SuperCalc

SuperWrtter. call on availabilitySUPERSOFT, Disk Doctor (CP/M-86]Diagnostics II [CP/M-86)Scratch Pad ICP/M-86 and MS-OOSIVISICORP. VisiCalc*/256KVisiDexVisiTrend/PlotVisiFileDesktop Plan

LISTPRICES 700J 50S 725S 250$ 350$ 175$ 400J 495$ 225$ 295S 90S 495S 250J 495$ 250J 250J 895

S 250

S 389

$ 189

$ 289

S 595

S 295

S 395

S 100

S 125

$ 295

$ 250

S 250

S 300

$ 300

S 300

OURPRICE{359( 39S545S189J259$129$299$369$169$220$ 69$249$189$249$149$149$459$ 25$169$239$119$179$375$219$295$ 75$ 95$225$189$199$239$199$239

UTILITY

NAGY SVSTEM, Copy/PC, Backup Copier and UtilitiesNORElt DATA, T■» System-Backup, Bit CopierNORTON, Norton Utilities, 14 powerful programs, 3 disks

$ 35t 50$ 80

$ 29$ 395 65

HOME & EDUCATIONAL

ACORN, Lost Colony

AUTOMATED SIMULATIONS. Temple ol Apshai

AVALON HILL. Galaxy

Midway Campaign

Computer Slocks and Bonds

Voyager

Draw PokerCONTINENTAL, The Home Accounlanl PlusDAVIDSON. The Speed ReaderINFOCOM, DeadlineZorklZork IION-LINE SYSTEMS, FroggerSIRIUS. Conquest

$ 150

$ 24$ 29$ 20S 17$ 20$ 20$ 17$112$ 55$ 39$ 295 29$ 26$ 23

Note: We are not an authorized IBM dealer.

c

*>o

Personal Computet

HARDWARE

for theIBM-PC

$279$659

LIST OUR

PRICE PRICE

AST RESEARCH. Combo Plus. 64K with one option NEW1 $ 495 $379

Combo Plus. 256K with one option NEW $1095 $729

Options Async. Cfjmm, Port, Para Printer Port. Clock/Calender

Add $80 lor second option and $55 lor third

Parity Memory Card, 64K $ 395

256K $ 995

Note All of above cards are memory upgradeable

BYAD INC.. DS1. Z80B lor CP/M-80 $ 660 $570

OS2. above with serial port, (Sept) $ 760 $660

CORVUS. Hard Disk System. See Corvus Section This Page

CURTIS,PC Pedestal.'" for Display on PC $ 80 $65

3 Fool Cable lor IBM Mono Display $ 50 $ 39

DAVONG. DS1-501 Hard Disk, 5 Meg $1995 $1595

64K RAM Card S 299 Call

256K RAM Card S 799 Call

♦ MICROSOFT. 64K RAM Card w/Panly. RAM Drive S Utility $ 350 $259

128K RAM Card w/Parily. RAM Drive & Utility $525 $395

256K RAM Card w/Parily. RAM Drive S Utility $ 875 $659

64K RAM Chips1" $ 175 $129

* QUADRAM CORPORATION

Quadboard, 64K eipandable to 256K. 4 lunction board $ 595 $449

256K, four lunction board $ 995 $689

Mrcrofazer or Interfazer Call

TG PRODUCTS. Joystick $65 $ 49

Immmm^mH^^^mm Disk Drives

EmC an TMIOO-I Single Sided 160K $ 280 $229

"■"-"" " TM100-2 Double Sided 320K $ 350 $295

VISTA COMPUTER, 576K Maxieard $1395 $1195

»»EDE», Baby Blue. 64K plus CP/M-80 operation $ 600 _MM

PRINTERS, Impact

EPSON. See Epson section belowIDS. Prism 132, Color w/Graphics

Prism 80, Color, w/Graphics* Pager Tiger 445C. w/Graphics & 2K

Micropnsm 480, near letter qualityNEC. 8023 Printer F/TOKIDATA, Hicrohne 82A. 120 Cps. 80 ColPAPER, Tractor Feed. Variety in stock, call for price

$1995

$1549

$1795

$1450

Limited Special

$ 895

$495

$ 799

$699

$ 695

$495

ra & Serial

$ 649

$495

EPSON PRINTERS & ACCESSORIES

MX80 F/T III, with Graftrax*

MX100 F/T III. with Graftrax*

IBM-PC fo Epson Cable

Apple Interface and Cable lor MX80 or MX100

Grappler+ by Orange Micro, specify your computer

Apple Graphics Dump

Atari to Epson Cable

TRS-80 to Epson Cable

Other cables, interfaces, ribbons, heads and paper in stock

PAPER. Tractor Feed, Variety in stock, call for price

$ 745

$525

$ 995

$695

$ 60

$ 4b

$ 120

$ 95

$ 165

$129

$ 15

$ 9

$ 40

$ 30

$ 40

$ 30

Call

Apple Mill CP M IBM VisiCaic WordStar and ISO areregistered liademarks ol Apple Compuler. Inc WarnerCommunications Co Digital Research Inc International Business Machines Corp. VisiCoi p. Inc MicroProInler national Carii and Zilog, Inc respectively MicroProMailMeriie SpellStar OataStar SuperSort and CalcStarare trademarks of MicroPro Inlerflalioriai Coip Insoll andDala Design are trademarks of Insolt Inr RAMCardMicrosoft MUtiiplan and MS ire trademarks ot Microsoft

,.De>.

silie

1/PtOt \

.< ol VisiCorp Inc VIC20 a

AD #942

**

CORVUS SYSTaEMS

*6 Meg Hard Disk

11 Mag Hard Disk

20 Mag Hard Disk

IBM PC Interlace (IBM DOS]. Manual & Cable 51

Mirror built-in for easy backup

Apple Interlace. Manual & Cable 5'

Other Interlaces, Omni-Net. Constellation. Mirror. All in Stock.

LISTPRICE

$2995$4795$5795$ 300$ 790$ 300

OURPRICE$2495$3995$4795$239$649$239

MONITORS

NEC, 12" Green

12" Color, CompositeSANYO. 9" FJ&W+ 9" Green

12" BSW

12" Green

13" Color, Composite

13" Color RGB

Monitor StandZENITH. 12" GreenAMDEK. 12" Green B300

13" Color I, Composile

13" Color HA, RGB, Hi Res. (Ap II, III S IBM-PC]

13" Color III. RGB. Commercial, (Ap II, III]

DVM, Color II or III to Apple II Interface

Note: Color II and III come with cable lor IBM-PC

LIST

OUR

PRICE

PRICE

S 249

$159

S 450

$349

J 190

$149

S 200

$119

$ 250

$199

$ 260

$199

$ 470

$349

$ 995

$795

$ 50

$ 39

$ 150

$119

$ 200

$159

$ 449

$359

$ 999

$799

$ 569

$469

$ 199

$175

HOT LINE FOR INFORMATION

ON YOUR ORDER

(503) 772-3803

ORDERDESK I DLL FREE

(800) 547-1289

AM Other Orders Including Oregon: 772-3256

ORDERSONLY

Portland, OR. Cash & Carry Outlet. 11507-D SW Pacific Hwy.. TerraceShopping Center, Tigard, OR. Over-the-counter sales only. Prices asshown. On 99W between Rte. 217 and Interstate 5. Call 245-1020.

8" CP/M-80

ADVENTURE. Adyenture's HI to 812 inclusive.If ASHION-TATE. dBase II, 8"COMSHARE TARGET. Target PlannerCalcINFOCOM.Deadline. 8"Zork I, 8"Zork II. 8"INNOVATIVE. Spellguard, 8"ISM, MatheMagic

MICROCRAFT, Legal Billing S Time KeepingProf Billing & Time Keepingif MICROPRO, WordStar* plus tree WordStar Training ManualMailMerge™SpellStar1 M

Special! All Three Above. WordPacWordStar'Trainmg ManualDalaStar' MSuperSortT vCalcStar' »

Special! All Three Above, DataPacMICROSOFT. Multiplan (uses MSDOS]Fortran 80. 8"BASIC Compiler. 8"COBOL-80. 8"BASIC-80. 8"OASIS, The Word Plus fa WPS]PEACHTREE, Magic Wand, 8"

Gl. A/R. A/P or Inventory, 8"PERFECT SOFTWARE. Perfect Writer' "Perfect Speller7 MPerlect Speller""QUALITY. GBS with 3 generators, (a DBMS]SELECT INFO., Select |a WPS]SORCIM, SuperCalc

Super Writer, call on availability

Spell Guard, call on availability

SUPERSOFT. Disk Doctor (CP/M-80)

Diagnostics II (CP/M-80]

Scratch Pad (CP/M-801

BUSINESS & SYSTEM

SOFTWARE

LIST

OUR

PRICE

PRICE

$ 129

$ 95

$ 700

$495

$ 50

% 39

t 60

$ 45

$ 50

$ 39

$ 50

S 39

5 295

$220

S 100

$ 75

$ 750

$395

$ 750

$395

g Manual $ 495

$249

$ 250

$149

S 250

$149

S 895

$459

—

S 25

S 350

$199

$ 250

$150

$ 350

$180

$ 695

$359

S 275

S199

S 500

$325

$ 395

$295

$ 750

$545

$ 350

$275

S 150

Call

$ 500

$350

S 750

$495

% 389

$239

$ 189

$119

$ 289

$179

$ 700

$525

$ 595

$375

$ 295

$219

$ 395

$295

$ 295

Call

$ 100

$ 75

$ 125

$ 95

$ 295

$225

. HEWLETTKM PACKARD

H/P 85A Microcomputer

H/P 7225A Professional Flat-bed Plotter

H/P 7470A Graphics Plotter

H/P41C Calculator

H/P 41CV Calculator with 2.2K Memory

H/P 41 Card Reader

H/P 41 Optical Wand

Wide variety of software and accessories available.

LIST

OUR

PRICE

PRICE

Limited Special

S2750

$1699

Limited Special

$2750

$1699

New!

$1550

$1195

% 250

S210

$ 325

$275

S 215

$179

able.

% 125

$105

Call

Qz commodore

VIC 20,

Home Computer

DatasetteVIC 1530

Disk Drive VIC 1540

Super Expander VID 1211A 3K with lots ol extras

3K Memory Expander Cartridge

8K Memory Expander Cartridge

16K Memory Expander Cartridge

VIC Modem. Telephone Interface

Joystick

Game Paddle Pair

Software full line in stock. Call

$300

$ 75$ 600$ 70$ 40$ 60$ 159$ 120$ 10$ 20

$229« 59$479$ 56t 29$48$115$96$ 8$ 15

DISKETTES

♦ Control Data Corporation 12 for 10 Special. Limited Time!

CDC. 120 each, 5'.< with ring. SS, SD (Apple, IBM. etc.)

12 each, 51/., with ring, SS, SD (Apple, IBM, etc!

12 each. 5'/i with ring. SS, DD (H/P, IBM 320K. etc)

12 each 8", SS, SD

10 each, 5« with ring, OS, DD (IBM), 10 each, 5'A, SS. SD (Apple, IBM, etc.)

10 each. 5V<. SS. DD (H/P, IBM 320K, etc IVERBATIM. 10 each 5H, with ring, SS. SD or SS. DDMAXELL. 10 each 51.. SS. SDDYSAN. 10 each 51,,. SS. SD

IBM.

$ 450

$195

$ 40

$ 22

$ 51

$ 28

$ 51

S 28

$ 50

$ 39

$ 60

$ 45

S 65

$ 49

$ 50

$ 28

$ 55

$ 35

$ 5b

$ 39

10 each 5. DS. DD

$ 65

OKUbRING INFORMATION AND TERMS; WeshipimmedialelyonCashierChecks.MoneyOrders.FortunelOOOChecks.andGovernmenlChecksPersonal Checks and Company Checks allow 20 days to clear Add 31 for VISA or MC Add 3; lor shipping, insurance and handling (minimum $5) UPS giound is standard Add 101. morelor US Postal, APOorFPO Include telephone no No COD Prices subject to change and typographic errors, so call to verify All goods are new, include factory warranty, and are guaranteedto work Due to our low puces all sales are final Call bclore returning goods lot repair or replacement. ORDER DESK HOURS: 8 to 6 PS1. M-F 10 to4 Sat & Sun. 1 p.m. here is4 p m in NY

OUR RbrLRtNUto! We have been a computer dealer since 1978 and in mail order since 1980 Banks: Firsllnterstate Bank (5031776-5620 and Jeflerson State Bank,(503) 773-5333 We belong to the Chamber of Commerce, (503! 772-6293, or call Dun & Bradstreet il you are a subscriber Computer Exchange is a division of O'fech Gioup. Inc

ManufacturedExclusively for

Bell Ei Howell by Kippkz Computer

LISTPRICE

OURPRICE

SAVE

B&H Apple 11 +

64K (48K +ALS 16K)DISK II w/3.3 Cont.

DISK II Only

s1195$520s450

s1725

s645

s525

OR: SAVE OVER s350 on a pair of drives

Buy a pair of Micro-Sci A2 Drives.

See opposite page.

CipplGII/ll +

supply center

rhe B&H Apple li> differs from tfc

Apple Apple IK only in Ihat il is inblack liammertone color and itswarranty is longerWarranty Factory warranty is byBull and Howell (not by Apple) andis one year parts plus 90 day laborWarranty service available at Bellarid Howell service centers orreturn to Computer Exchange

HARDWARE

for Apple II/II +

SOFTWARE

LISTPRICE

OURPRICE

on disk for Apple ll/ll

1-

MICRO-SCI. Disk Olives, Plug/soltware compatibleIn Apple See Micio So section

OUR BEST SELLERS

RAM CARDS:Microsoft. !6K RAM CaidALS. 16K ADDRamSaturn Systems. 32K

S )95

S 149J 249

S149S 59

S16S

CALL ON OTHERS

*

BUSINESS

LIST

OUR

64K

J 425

S319

PRICE

PRICE

123K

S 599

$459

Apple Computer. Inc.

*

Axiom 320K HAM Disk system

SI 395

S950

the Controller (Accounting)

$ 625

$499

iO COLUMN VIDEO CARDS:

Apple Writer II

$ 150

$119

ALS. Smarterm

S 345

S249

Apple Pascal

$ 250

$199

Videx. Videoterm

S 345

1249

Apple Fortran

S 200

$159

See more ALS and Videx below

DOS Tool Kit

S 75

$ 59

Vista. Vision 80

S 395

$249

DOS 3 3 Upgrade Kit

$ 75

$ 59

M8R. Sup R term

$ 375

S319

Apple Pilot

$ 150

$119

MISCELLANEOUS:

DJ Portfolio Evaluator

$ 50

$ 45

ALS. Smarterm 80 Col Card Speci

I $ 345

S249

How to!

S 50

S 39

Z Card (Z-80) W/CPM Speck

I S 269

J199

Microcourief

$ 250

$199

*

16K ADDRam Specia

I $ 149

S 59

Micro Telegram

S 250

$199

*

Synergizer Pack Special $ 749

S450

Time Manager

$ 150

$119

Syneigizer Pack includes above 3. * CP/M oook

Apple Logo

S 175

S139

Note Above is a limited time offer.

Applied Soft Tech.. Versa Form

$ 389

$289

Apple Computer.

Artsci. Magic Window II

$ 150

$115

Srientype II Primer

J 395

S335

Ashion-tate. dBase II (CP/M)

$ 700

S459

Graphics Tablet

S 795

$675

Beagle Bros.. Utility City

S 30

$ 22

Joystick II

J 50

S 39

DOSS Boss

J 24

$ 18

Game Paddle

$ 30

S 19

Borderbund. G/L w Ih A/P

$ 495

$369

Numeric Keypad

$ 150

S119

A/R (call on avail.)

$ 495

$369

*

Axlon. 320K RAM Disk System

S1395

S950

Payroll

$ 395

S295

CCS. Serial Interface 7710A

I 150

$139

Continental, GL, AR. AP or PR. ea

$ 250

$189

Other CCS Cards in stock

Call

Call

1st Class Mai!

$ 75

$ 59

Dan Paymar. Lower Case Chips

S 50

S 39

Home Accountant

$ 75

S 56

Hayes. Micromcdem II

$ 379

$289

dBase II lor Apple 11/11+ CP/fv

$ 700

$459

Smartmodem

S 279

$229

Hayden. Pie Writer (Specify brd.) J 170

$115

Kensington. System Saver

$ 90

! 69

High Tech., Store Mgr

$ 250

$189

*

Keyboard Company.

j^. Job Control Sys

S 750

$350

Joystick II

S 50

1 39

Info Master

$ 189

$119

Game Paddle

S 30

t 23

Howard Soft.

Numeric Keypad

S 150

$119

Creative Financing

$ 195

$145

M&R.RF Modulator

S 30

$ 25

Real Estate Analyzer II

S 195

$145

Sup R Ian

S 50

$ 39

Tax Preparer

$ 150

$115

*

Microsofl, Z80 Softcard

S 399

$269

Info. Unlim.. Easywnter (PRO)

$ 175

$129

16K RAM Card

S 195

$149

* Innovative. SpellRuard (CP/M)

$ 295

S150

SoftcardPremiumPackS 7'

$579

Lensoft. Spellbinder (a WPS)

$ 495

$269

Mountain,

* Micro Craft.

CPS Multifunction Card

J 239

$209

(CP/M) Professional Billheepe

S 750

S395

♦

Clock/Calendar

S 280

$245

Legal Billing & Timekeeping

$ 750

S395

Novation. Applecat Modem

$ 389

$329

Micro Lab. Data Factory ver 5.0

S 300

$249

Orange Micro, Grappler

S 165

$119

Visifactory

$ 75

$ 56

*

Practical Peripherals, w/cable

& Conn.)

Invoice Factory

$ 200

$129

MBS 8K Serial (Epson)

S 159

$129

Tax Manager

$ 150

S 99

MBP 16K Para (Epson)

S 159

$129

MicroPro, (all CP/W)

*

Microbulferll 16K, [printer")

S 259

S209

)f WordStar* * Training Manual

$ 375

$199

Microbuffer II 32K, [printer ?

]S 299

$229

MailMerge™

S 125

$ 69

RH Electronics, Super Fan II

S 75

$ 59

SpellStar™

S 200

$119

SSM.AIO-iT.Setial/Para. Interface J 225

$169

SPECIAL! All 3 above

S 700

$350

TG Products: Game Paddles

$ 40

$ 29

Data Star7 w

S 295

$169

Joystick

$ 60

$ 45

CalcStar r M

$ 195

$119

Selecl-A Port

$ 60

S 45

SuperSort - u

$ 200

$119

*

Videx. Videoterm 80 col

S 345

$249

SPECIAL! All 3 above

S 690

$345

Soft Video Switch

S 35

$ 25

WordStar^ Training Manual

—

$ 25

Enchancer II

S 149

$ 99

Muse. Super Text II

S 150

$113

Enchancer (Rev 6)

S 129

$ 99

Super Text 40. 80

$ 175

$129

Function Strip

S 79

$ 59

SuperTe»t40/56/70 New! $ 125

S 95

Applewnler II preboot dish

S 20

! 15

Form Letter

S 100

$ 75

Visicalc to 64K preboot disk

S 50

$ 39

On-Line. Expediter II Compiler

$ 100

S 69

Visicalc to 176K prebool disk $ 90

S 69

ScreenWnter li

$ 130

$ 95

Full Videx Line Call, up to 35 oil

General Manager

$ 150

$115

Osborne/C.P. Soft.. [Disk and Book)

Some Common Basic Programs

75 Business, Statistics and Malh

programs lor the Apple If $ 100

Practical Basic Programs.

40 more very valuable programs

beyond "SomeCom Basic Prog"$ 100Peachtree. GL. AR. AP, INV or PR J 400

Magic Wand (Specify board) $ 500

Perfect. Perlect Writer $ 389

Perlect Speller $ 189

Perfect Filer $ 289

Sensible. Sensible Speller $ 125

Silcon Valley. Word Handler $ 250

Sof/Sys, Executive Secretary $ 250

Executive Speller $ 75

Solldus/Softech

Stockfile $ 600

Stockseller $ 700

Software Publishing.

PFS II $ 125

Graph $ 125

Sorcim. SuperCalc, (CP/M) 5 295

Southeastern.

Data Capture 4.0. specify brd.SSM. Transcend.

(Call on others) New!

Stoneware, DB Master

D8 Utility I or IISystems Plus.

Acctg Plus, General Ledger

Acctg. Plus, GL, AP and A/R

Acctg Plus, above * Inventory $1395VisiCorp/Personal Software,

Visicalc 3.3

VisiDex Special!

VisiFile

Desktop Plan II

Desktop Plan III

Visiplol

VisiSchedule New!

VisiTrend & VisiPlot Special!

VisiTerm

UTILITY & DEVELOPMENT

S 49$189$250$239$119S179$ 95$139$189S 55

$350$450

$ 95$ 95$219

$90 $69

$ 89

$ 69

$ 229

$179

$ 99

$ 75

$ 425

$295

$ 995

$595

$1395

$775

$ 250

$189

$ 250

$175

$ 250

$199

$ 250

$199

$ 300

S219

S 200

$159

$ 300

$239

$ 300

$210

$ 100

$ 79

Beagle. Utility City $ 30

DOS Boss $ 24

Central Point Software:

Filer 0OS Utility $ 25

Copy II Plus Ibft copier) $ 40

Comp. Appl.. Nibbles Away II $ 70

Epson. Graphrcs Dump $ 15

Insoft,

GraFORTH by Paul Lutus S 75

AID System II by Paul Lulus $ 75

TransFORTHII by Paul Lulus $ 125

Electric Duet by Paul Lulus S 30

Microsoft,

AIDS S 125

BASIC Compiler ( 395

Cobol 80 $ 750

Fortran 80 $ 195

Olympic Decathlon $ 30

TASC Compiler $ 175

Omega, Locksmith (bit copier) $ 100

On-Line. Expediter II. Compiler $ 100

LISA 2 5 $ 80

Penguin,Comp GtaplucsSys New!$ 70

Phoenix. Zoom Gialix $ 40

Quality. Bag ol Tricks New! $ 40

Southwestern. ASCH Express $ 80

Sensible. Back It Up. (bit coper) $ 60

S 22$ 18

$ II

$ 35S 59$ 9

$ 59$ 59$ 99$ 25

S 75$299$559$149$ 24$159$ 75$ 69$ 60$ 53S 29$ 29$ 59$ 49

B&H APPLE 11 +

64K STARTER SYSTEM

fEM r $1.7

$1,795SAVE $ 7G5

• 48K B&H Apple II*

• ALS 16K RAM Card

• Disk II with 3.3 DOS S Controller

• Sanyo 9" Green Monitor

Save $832 total. Substitute a A2 Micro-Sci driveAdd another A2 drive and save a total of $888.

FORTHEAPPLEII/IKIIIDIRECT SUBSTITUTESMICRO-SCI for APPLE DRIVES

Micro-Sci A2 drives and/or controllers are direct plugcompatible substitutes lor Apple drives and controllers.LIST OUR

• For Apple II PRICE PRICEA2. Sf, I43K Disk Drive $ 479 $369Controller Card lor A2 Drive S 100 $ 79A40. 5!i", 160K Disk Drive $ 449 $359A70. 5(4", 286K Disk Drive $ 599 $479Controller lot A40 or A70 $ 100 S 79Filer Disk Utility Software $ 20 $ 15

NEW!

• For Apple III A3. 5 ., 143K Drive $ 449 $359

A73, 514, 286K Drive $ 649 $529A143. 5'... 572K Drive $ 799 $669

OVERSTOCK SPECIALSFOR APPLE 11/11+

VIDEX. Videoterm. 80 column $ 345 $249

ALS 16K AddRAM Card $ 149 $ 59

ALS ZCard. 280 CP/M Card $269 $199

ALS Smarterm 80 Col. Card $ 345 $245

ALS Synergizer Pack $ 749 $450

HOME & EDUCATION

Broderbund.

Apple Panic $ 30 $ 21

Arcade Machine [call first) $ 45 $ 32

Slar Blazer $ 32 $ 24

Choplilter New! J 35 $ 26

Many others Call

Budgeco, Raster Blaster $ 29 $ 22

Continental, Home Accountant $ 75 $ 56

Edu-Ware. Several in stock Call Call

Hayden. Sargon II (Chess) $ 35 $ 29

Infocom. Deadline $ 50 $ 38

Zork I oi II $ 40 $ 29

Insoft. Electric Duet by Lutus $ 30 $ 25

GraFORTH by Lutus $ 75 $ 59

Zargs New! $ 35 $ 27

Spider Raid New! $ 30 S 24

Lightning. Mastertype $40 $ 29

Microsofl. Olympic Decathlon $ 30 $24

Typing Tutor II $ 25 $ 19

Muse, Robot War $ 40 $ 29

Castle Wolfenstem S 30 $ 23

On-Line,

Ultima II $ 55 $ 40

Threshold $ 40 $ 30

Cranston Manor $ 35 $ 26

Mystery House $ 25 $ 19

Softporn (X Rated) $ 30 $ 22

Ulysses i Golden Fleece $40 $22

Cannonbal! Blitz New! $ 35 S 26

Sentient Oo-TOPOS $ 33 $ 25

Slrius, Gorgon $ 40 $ 29

Twerps $ 30 $22

Sir-Tec. Wizardry $ 50 $39

Knight of Diamonds New! $ 35 S 26

Sub Logic. Flight Simulator S 34 $ 28

Pinball $30 S 23

Strategic. Southern Command $ 60 $30

OTHER BRANDS IN STOCK, CALL.

ATARI5

800 Computer 16K $ 899

»665

800 Computer 48K $1099

$777

810 Disk Drive $ 600

$444

850 Interface S 220

$169

410 Recorder $ 100

$ 79

16KRAM $ 100

$ 85

32K RAM $ 200

$109

Call for other software and accesories.

8001 32K Computer s 995 $739

rVHV 286K Io,al- Dual D",e PC8031 ' "5 ,739<"*-■ W 32K addon and I/O Unit PC8012 $ 649 $485

Call lor other software and accesones.

THE WORLDS LARGEST COMPUTER MAIL ORDER FIRM

Computer Exchange

, . mO iV,, IRM Dcrinhar^lc A > , > ■ « I , . r-t s-\ n -innn ■ _ — I ,n .-> r-. n -. t- rt «

Circle 102 for IBM PeripheralsCircle 103 for AppleCircle 104 for all others

ALL MAIL: P.O. Box 1380, Jacksonville, OR 97530

WAREHOUSE AND OFFICES BY APPOINTMENT AT 6791 UPPER APPLEGATE ROAD

AD #942A Division of

OTECHumim

• Means a BEST buy.

Microvec

The Other Type of Video Display

Billy Garrett

POB 18806

Greensboro, NC 27419-8806

If you look closely at the videogames in an arcade, you will see twomain types of video displays. The"other" type of display is called avector-graphics display (of course,the most common display is the rastertype that operates like an ordinarytelevision). The vector display is easi-ly recognized because the displayedimage is formed by line segmentscalled vectors. The image resembles astick figure or an engineering draw-ing. Because no low-cost vector dis-plays are available commercially, Idecided to design and build one formyself.

This article describes how theMicrovec unit operates and how tobuild one. For less than $225, you canhave a complete, stand-alone vector-graphics controller that can produce

Behind the Screens

Billy Garrett began work on the Microvecproject as a junior at the University of SouthCarolina; the Engineering Department therewas very helpful, and special thanks goes toDr. Robert Pettes and Dr. Bill Eccles for theirsupport and encouragement. The SouthCarolina Honors College, led by Dr. Mould,helped with the manuscript and photos. Due tothe aid of Dr. Wierzba and Dr. Walters, workon the project achieved recognition at theIEEE's Region 3 Student Paper Contest, whereit took third place. Norman McEntire en-couraged the author to send the paper to BYTEin the form of a construction article. Thephotos in this article are by Howard Rhinehart.

images like those in photos 1, 2, and3. It will accept commands to drawlines with endpoints anywhere on a256- by 256-element grid, and it candisplay any one of four "pages" ofvideo information stored in memory.By connecting the controller to acommon oscilloscope, you will havea vector-display unit that can behooked to any computer. Interfacesspecifically designed for use with theS-100 bus and the Radio ShackTRS-80 Model I computer are alsodescribed in this article.

The Arcade Syndrome

Whenever I finally tear myselfaway from a video-game arcade, Iconsider myself lucky to have anymoney left. By the time I arrivehome, I'm ready to start designing myown video game. I have come torealize, however, that TRS-80 BASICis too slow at handling graphics formy purposes; the only way to writean interactive real-time game thatuses graphics extensively is to usemachine language—a tedious processat best. Even worse is the limitedresolution (128 by 48 picture ele-ments) that the TRS-80 has to offer.Though other computers with higherresolution are available, I have foundthat the raster-scan display, asemployed by all current home com-puters, can be difficult to use.

Raster Scan versus Vectors

A raster display is formed one lineat a time, from the top of the screen

to the bottom (about 525 horizontallines for a standard TV picture). In ahigh-resolution raster-scan display,the image is formed by turning onmany small dots, called pixels (pic-ture elements). Because so many pix-els are in a small area, the eye blursthem into what appears to be a solidform. Many raster-scan displays areavailable for personal computing use,and the price depends on the type andresolution of the display desired.Even though raster-scan displays arewidely used, they are not ideallysuited for all display applications.

In a vector-display system, an im-age on the screen is made up of in-dividual line segments, rather thandots. A display of this nature is com-monly found in an arcade as part of agame. This kind of display is alsoused to produce schematics, struc-tural outlines of a building, and caneven be used for the complicated taskof real-time aircraft simulation. Itsmain advantage over the raster-scantechnique is simplicity of use-, onlytwo points must be known in order todraw a line; in a raster-scan device,the line is composed of many pixels,each of which must be kept track ofindividually and turned on or off.

With a vector display, the host pro-cessor only needs to send the startingand ending points of a line, whichleaves the host processor with muchmore free time. Rapid animation canbe achieved through the use of avector-graphics display by employingthis extra computing time.

508 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

The Problems of aVector-Graphics Display

The major drawbacks to designinga vector display are twofold. The firstproblem is refreshing the display insufficiently short time intervals toprevent the vectors from flickering.The solution to this problem is the useof a dedicated microprocessor builton the same board as the vector-dis-play controller to handle the refreshand I/O (input/output) operations.An alternate solution to this problemwould have involved the use ofdiscrete integrated circuits or DMA(direct memory access) techniques;this increases the complexity of thecircuit greatly, nearly doubling thenumber of parts required by thededicated microprocessor approach.

The second problem is that thedisplay used is not like a normaltelevision. Instead, a vector-graphicsgenerator needs an x-y-type display.Fortunately, a low-grade oscilloscopecan be used, but it must have a z-axisinput that will either blank or inten-sify the display. (I had an old Heath-kit scope that was just sitting idle; itserves as a fine display for the con-troller described here.) The band-width of the scope is not critical. Aslong as each channel is rated for 100kHz or more and both channels areDC-coupled, it should work fine.

General Overview

The basic outline of the Microvecunit is shown in the block diagram infigure 1. The microprocessor isresponsible for sending coordinates ofevery vector's endpoints to the D/A(digital-to-analog) converters. Coor-dinates of the beginning point are

BYTES RAM

2K BYTES ROM

CLJ-13

nQAI

OSCILLOSCOPE

Z80MICROPROCESSOR

r>

n.

DIGITAL-TO-ANALOGCONVERTER

ANALOGVOLTAGELINES

X AXISDIGITAL-TO-ANALOGCONVERTER

VECTORGENERATOR

Figure 1: Block diagram of Microvec. The Z80 microprocessor accepts commands froma host computer system in the form of endpoint coordinates for vectors to be drawn,and transfers them periodically to digital-to-analog converters that drive vector-generating circuitry.

Photo 1: Images produced by Microvec. These two photos are freehand "doodles"drawn by the author with a TRS-80 Level II BASIC program. The combination of a hostcomputer and the vector controller's dedicated Z80 makes a very flexible and powerfulsystem.

^'w'«KSi

Photo 2: Circle-forms produced by the LCIRCLE program. These images were designed Photo 3: An image drawn by the STICKSby simply specifying different parameters before running LCIRCLE. (See listing 2.) program. This is a vector-scan version of

a program commonly used to demon-strate the high-resolution mode of AppleII computers. (See listing 4.)

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 509

STROBE RDY 17 16 15 II 13 12 II 10

Figure 2: Schematic diagram of the Microvec system. Figure 2a, the main part of the system, contains the microprocessor, memory,D/A converters (digital-to-analog converters), and vector-generating circuitry. The microprocessor refreshes the display by repeated-ly sending all the coordinates in the current memory page to the D/A converters. (Four pages of memory are on board; each can con-tain 255 vectors.) When the first part of a vector's coordinate is sent to the D/A converters, a voltage is produced that is represen-

510 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Figure 2a continued on page 512

tative of the starting point of the vector. A series of capacitors is charged to this voltage through a set of CMOS transmission gates.When the second part of the vector's coordinates is presented to the D/A converters, their output voltage becomes representative ofthe endpoint of the vector, and the voltage on the capacitors changes to this new value. The state of the transmission gates is changedso that the changing voltage on the capacitors is used to drive the display device (an oscilloscope).

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 511

(Figure 2a continued)

XT

ir i"-F

R12

/LRO AOJ

F'OT r"^ ' '

Photo 4: Clock signals for the Microvecsystem. The upper trace is the 4-HMzsystem clock; the lower trace is the ad-justable refresh clock. The refresh clockdetermines how the processor divides itstime between refreshing the screen andprocessing the host computer's com-mands.

converted to an analog voltage andpassed to the vector generator, as arecoordinates of the ending point. Thevector generator does the actualdrawing by varying the x and yvoltage inputs to the oscilloscope sothat the trace starts at one endpointand finishes at the other. The micro-processor also accepts input from thehost computer, which issues com-mands concerning what lines to drawor erase. The microprocessor then in-terprets the command and adjusts thememory and display accordingly.The memory for this unit is dividedinto two major subsections. The first,RAM (random-access read/writememory), is a place where the micro-processor stores coordinates for thelines to be drawn. The other type isEPROM (erasable programmableread-only memory), in which themicroprocessor's control programresides.

Circuit Description

The complete schematic diagramfor Microvec is shown in figure 2.The clock circuit for the system ismade up of three inverters (fromIC16, a 74LS04 hex inverter) and R5,R6, C2, and XI. The 8-MHz signalgenerated is then divided in half byIC22, a 74LS74 dual flip/flop. Theresistor R4 is necessary to assureproper operation at 4 MHz. Pin 5 ofIC22 is the master clock signal that issent to both the microprocessor (IC2)and ICl, the PIO (parallel input/out-put) interface. The 555 timer, IC40, isthe NMI (nonmaskable interrupt)clock. This controls the refresh rate ofthe display. At the 4-MHz systemclock speed, a good refresh rate is ob-tained if Rl is 10 kfi. See photo 4 for alook at this signal. The value of Rlmay be decreased, but this willdegrade the speed of the I/O opera-tions. (In fact, if Rl is set too low, the

512 November 1982 © BYTE Publications be

Actually, we're being modest.

The truth is we won. Because 74% of consumersinterviewed by Nationwide Consumer Testing Institutesaid the copies produced by the EP 300 were clearlysuperior to those from the Xerox* and IBM* copiers.

So, while the Xerox and IBM certainly do biggerjobs, they don't do better jobs than the Minolta EP 300when it comes to copy quality.

The EP 300 has Minolta's exclusive micro-toning sys-tem for crisp, clear copies with blacker blacks. From top tobottom and edge to edge. On virtually any paper up to 10 x 14"

You also get compact size. An electronic trouble-shooter to warn you of problems. And Minolta's world-renowned dependability.

If you'd like the test results, send us the coupon.

If you'd like the name of your nearest authorizedMinolta dealer, look under our trademark in the YellowPages. Or call toll-free 800-526-5256. In N.|., 201-797-7808.

The Minolta EP 300. The small copier that proves sizeisn't everything.

The Minolta EP 300.

At up to 10 times the price, we'd still look good.

In a side-by-side-by-side testfor crisp, clear copies, -■ _

IBM Series IIIModel 10 $22,635

Minolta EP 300$2,195

Xerox 5400$16,095

MINOLTA

©1982 Minolta Corporation Product appearance and/or specifications subject to change without noticeXerox"' and IBM"' are registered trademarks of Xerox Corporation and International BusinessMachines Corporation, respectively Prices are those in effect as of 7/1/82

Circle 306 on Inquiry card.

□ Please send me the copy test results.

□ I'd like more information. Please have mylocal dealer contact me.

Name-Title—

Company-Address

City

Zip

_State

-Telephone-

Mail to Minolta Corporation. Business Equipment Division.101 Williams Drive. Ramsey.NI 07446

BYTE November 1982 513

\ferbatim'

Floppy Discs

SAVE 40% '225&Z

51/ r r Specify soft, Price/10/* 10 or 16 sector

MD525 1 side/dhl liens $27.30

MD550 2 sides/dbl dens 40.30

MD577 1 side/77 track 37.10

MD557 2 sides/77 track 47.50

8i i Critically CertifiedSoft sector

FD34-9000 1 side/sgldens 33.80

FD34-8000 1 side/dbldens 39.00

FD34-4001 2 side/dbl dens 46.20

CHECKS - VISA - MC - C.O.D.1313) 777-7780 ADD $2 SHIPPING

LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS

27204 Harper Ave.

St. Clair Shores, Ml 48081

GH5

Lrrogrammable/

(Jljrray / pal takes the bus

QjOgiC f\<- TIMIMIIIIIIlllTrhr.JrMf

THE

MICRO

CAD

DIGITAL (dm MEDIA

INTRODUCING IPPI0O

■PROGRAMMERC'I'AQIL Or PIIOGflAM WHIG 30/14 PIN. PAL

7MUVEPROME BUILT ON THE SIOO DOUBLE SIDED I'CB. V,

BOARD MC0870SP3 MICROCOMPUTER UNITIPPIOO MAS THREE BASIC MODES OF OPERATION

OR PROGRAMS PAL

FROMUSLRSUVEPROM .

s software compatiul e with palasm

LER] IF VOU ARC NOT FAMILIAR WITH THE)F THE PAL APPLICATION AND ITS DE-

TO ORDER ANT OF THE ABOVE. WRITE TO: D.M.I.6440 W. B4TH STB., LOS ANGELES. CA. 80045OR.CALL: 313/670-1083 STANLEVF1ALA

Circle 253 on Inquiry card.

Circle 155 on Inquiry card.

BASF

FlexyDkks

5V

Specify soft,10 or 16 sector

Price/10 Price/100

1 side/double density

2 sided/double density

$20.0034.50

S185.00325.00

8

it

Specify softor 32 sector

Price/10 Price/100

1 side/single density S21.00 S195.00

1 side/double density 29.50 275.00

2 sided/double density 34.50 325.00Certified Check - Money Order - Personal CheckAllow up to 2 weeks lor personal checks to clear.Add SI .50 to each order lor U.PS. shipping charges.

NJ Residents add 5% NJ Sales Tax

^Xt-H^fNEB. INC.280 Dukes Parkway, P.O. Box 85Somerville, N.J. 08876 • (201) 725-6680

Dealer Inquiries Invited

Circle 139 on Inquiry card.

TM

PC/FORTH

Complete FORTH program development systemsfor the IBM® Personal Computer. Packagesinclude interpreter/compiler with virtual memorymanagement, line editor, custom screen editor,assembler, decompiler, utilities, file and recordaccess modules, and many demonstration pro-grams. 150 page user manual $100.00

Software floating point, Intel 8087 support, colorgraphics extensions, and target compiler avail-able at additional cost.

Specify PC-DOS or CP/M-86®. One disk driveand 48 kbytes RAM required. Software suppliedon 5Va inch single sided soft sectored doubledensity diskettes.

Laboratory Microsystems

4147 Beethoven StmtLot Angelas, CA 90066(213) 306-7412

Now...You Can Monitor

7 Most ImportantRS-232 Interface Lines

Made in America

RS-232-INTERFACE TESTER

connects in series with any RS-232 interlace. LED'sclearly display status ol 7 functions: transmit data, re-ceive data, request to send, clear to send, data setready, carrier delect, data terminal ready Requires nopower, may be lett in permanenlly Satisfactionguaranteed. ORDER NOW! Only S39.95 ppd [II res.add 5% sales tax): we accept MC, Visa, FREE, illus-trated catalog of problem deiecling equipment Phone815/539-5827, Make checks payable to

B&B electronics

B0X475-B; MENDOTA, IL 61342

*ADDS*

VIEWPOINT TERMINALS$495

In addition EPl carries printers DEC &DG compatible terminals and modems,hems in stock are shipped within 24 hours.ALL orders shipped COD. All items arenew and in factory cartons with manufac-turers warranties.

ECONOMYPERIPHERALS INC.

(404) 952-0213

Circle 244 on Inquiry card.

Circle 44 on Inquiry card.

Circle 168 on Inquiry card.

"ELF" interface^Converts YourTypewriter Into Printer

• Finest print quality • low cost

• Easy Installation • Oulck delivery

• Fits IBM selectrlc® and ElectronicTypewriters

• Models for all popular computers

• call or write for more Information,todayi

we export to all countries ■

■■%# INTERNATIONAL INC.

tJl, 5115 Douglas Fir Rd.™" calabasas, CA 91302 U.S.A.

Tel: (2131 710-1444 TLX/TWX: 910 49a 2100^

■

HOW TO REPAIR

THE APPLE*

i

NOVEMBER 15th RELEASE DATE.

A comprehensive guide lo repairyour Apple II" or Apple II plus'compuler.

With repair rales soaring and out-rageous repair bills being chargedfor even simple repairs, THISGUIDE CAN SAVE YOU MONEY!

ONLY S39.9S

Note: If ordered prior torelease date, pay only

$34.95.

DATA-LINE (602) 820-00822961 S. LAS PALMASMESA, ARIZONA 85202

"Trademark ofAPPLE COMPUTER INC.

FEEL TRAPPED

BETWEEN

CAPACITY AND

COST?

^BW*rij|f§M*k^i(^^T^^

EflwJ^y^iuylluJ

iMnrfflrflrLiiffimitllffi

Processor Interface introduces the Cartridge Disk Con-troller lor the S-100 bus. Configurable lor 12 sector2315 and 5440 type disk drives (1.25-10 Mbytes perdrive)'Complete with CPM" CBIOS, disk formatterdiagnostics and technical manual low cost $495.00

00 P7^^ ^ ^^^

The performance L * ^^^Q l5 Hy

you need at ■ 1^7 %Wtj.a cost you can

afford " 1 " •..—.«•!•«»• 1Processor Interfaces,Inc. P 0 Box 154A Elm Grove. Wl 53122 1^^^ 414-785-1245

Circle 230 on Inquiry card.

Circle 145 on Inquiry card.

Circle 368 on inquiry card.

Learning with Logo makes Logocome alive at home or in school

Learning with Logo is the ideal intro-duction to Logo for children and adults.Written for children between the ages often and fourteen, the book is alsoperfect for parents and teachers whowant to learn Logo from the ground upor to use this unique language withchildren. Many of the projects andactivities in the book were originated bychildren.

The book starts from the absolutebeginning with detailed informationabout the Logo system and basic com-mands for controlling the Logo turtle.Dozens of introductory turtle designsuggestions offer each learner a way tocreate projects that are uniquely his orher own, while later chapters map out arich universe of mathematical explora-tions in turtle geometry.

The second half of Learning withLogo goes beyond turtle graphics topresent a set of interactive computer

Circle 492 on inquiry card.

games, quiz programs, and language ac-tivities that introduce the learner tomore advanced programming concepts.

Special sections throughout the bookhighlight the powerful ideas contained ineach activity and warn about commonbugs and pitfalls. For adults, "Helpers'Hints" explain important concepts morefully and offer practical teachingsuggestions.

The book features detailed instruc-tions for creating a Logo ProceduresDisk (also available directly from theauthor) that contains sample programsand a number of "tool procedures"needed to carry out the projects in thebook.

Daniel Watt has been involved in educationas a curriculum developer, elementary schoolteacher, teacher trainer, and researcher. Heworked for five years on a series of Logoresearch and development projects as amember of the MIT Logo Group. At presenthe is an editor with B YTE Publications and

contributes regularly to Popular Computingand BYTE magazines.

Learning with Logo is written specifically furusers of the version of Logo developed at MIT forthe Apple tl'j and distributed by Terrapin, Inc. andKrell Software, Inc. It contains appendices for usersof Apple Logo'*' and Tl Logo^.

Available at your bookseller or computerstore in Dec. 1982. Or use coupon for15-day FREE examination! m,^

BYTE/McGraw-Hill Book Company \'.'A I

P.O. Box 400, Hightstown, N.J. 08520

Please send me LEARNING WITH LOGOfor 15 days on approval.

□ Bill me. If I keep the book, I will pay for itplus postage, handling and local tax, within 15days.

□ Enclosed is my check/money order (includingtax) McGraw-Hill pays postage and handling.If I decide not to keepd the book I may returnit within 15 days for a full refund.

D LEARNING WITH LOGO, $14.95 EMI(0680570-5) B11

Name

Address/Apt

City/State/Zip

(2b)

7-12V

UNREG "

POWER SUPPLYNEEDS HEAT SINK

Ti

+ 5V SUPPLY£ ADD AT LEAST ONE

[ 0 QlpF DISK CAP

FOR EVERY TWO IC's

C21

1/iF

[i AlZ22

1S~24V_UNREG

I

;+C23 J

1,F /7?

C24

Xut

I _Ll C25

7

—LtC26

If

15V SUPPLY

REG R33A 220U

T lw

I wv 1 ►

7.5V SUPPLY

** 1N75

7. 5 V. 1 W2ENER

™C27

I'"

R34220ft

-15VREG

ZD2'1N7557.5V, 1WZENER

^C28

+ 1^F ^

-7.5V SUPPLY

T

T

Number

Type

Gnd

+ 5V

+ 15V

- 15V + 7.5V -7.5V

IC1

Z80A-PIO

11

26

IC2

Z80A-CPU

29

11

IC3

4044

9

18

IC4

4044

9

18

IC5

4044

9

18

IC6

4044

9

18

IC7

4044

9

18

IC8

4044

9

18

IC9

4044

9

18

IC10

4044

9

18

IC11

2716

12

21,24

IC12

74LS240

10

20

IC13

74LS373

10

20

IC14

74LS373

10

20

IC15

74LS373

10

20

IC16

74LS04

7

14

IC17

74LS00

7

14

IC18

74LS139

8

16

IC19

74LS08

7

14

IC20

74LS32

7

14

IC21

74LS32

7

14

IC22

74LS74

7

14

IC23

74LS00

7

14

IC24

74LS85

8

16

IC25

74LS85

8

16

IC26

74121

7

14

IC27

74123

8

16

IC28

1408

2

13

3

IC29

1408

2

13

3

IC30

LM301A

7

4

IC31

LM301A

7

4

IC32

LM301A

7

4

IC33

LM301A

7

4

IC34

CD4066

14 7

IC35

CD4066

14 7

IC36

LM301A

7

4

IC37

LM301A

7

4

IC38

LM301A

7

4

IC39

LM301A

7

4

IC40

NE555

1

8

Figure 2b gives the specifics of power-supply filtering (be sure to see the power-supply connection table accompanying this figure).

Photo 5: Timing signals that operate thevector-generating portion of the circuit.The lower trace is the 4-MHz systemclock; the upper trace shows the strobesignals sent to the enable pin of 1C18, adecoder. The decoder provides fourseparate, properly timed signals tooperate the latches and transmission gatesthat make up the vector generator.

microprocessor will spend almost allits time doing video refresh, and theunit will be very sluggish in respond-ing to commands.)

The microprocessor does havesome control over the NMI requests.By raising pin 34 of ICl high, themicroprocessor can override theNMIs. This is essential to reset thesystem. The pins not shown for IClare part of "port B" and are not usedin this design; therefore, they shouldbe left disconnected. (Any other pinsnot shown are not used and shouldalso be left alone.)

The memory, IC3 through ICll, isconnected to the address bus. Each ofthese 4044 static memories is con-nected to one data line. Half of IC18,a dual l-of-4 decoder, is used to selecteither the ROM (read-only memory)or the RAM.

The other half of IC18 decodes thestrobes that are used to "fire" the vec-tor generator. See photo 5 for a lookat the enable signal on pin 15 of IC18.These four pulses are decoded byIC18 and are used to load and fire thevector generator. First, pin 9 of IC18will pulse low, followed by pin 10,pin 11, and pin 12, in that order. Thiscauses the proper bytes of data to beloaded into IC13, IC14, and IC15 (allare 74LS373 8-bit latches) and thensent on to the D/A converters. IC26and IC27 (both are types of one-shots) handle the timing for the vec-tor generator and are triggered by thelast strobe, from pin 12 of IC18.

Because the x and y channels of thevector-generator circuitry are builtidentically, just the y-axis part of thecircuit will be described. IC15 is con-nected to the D/A converter, IC28.

516 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

(2c)

(2d)

TRS-80 MODEL I INTERFACE

5-100 BUS INTERFACE

VECTOR BOARD

RESET O

I PIN 12 IC19)I7[>-

TRS-BUS-0> PIN 2 8*1

i*o-

130-

iiOioO-

-f^> PIN 20 D7 *

-C>PIN 24 D6

-d> PIN 28 06

-£^>PIN 18 D4

-OPIN 26 03

-OPIN 32 D2

-OPIN 22 Dl

—O PIN 30 DO

VECTOR BOARD

RESET O

IPIN 12 IC 1 9 )

"O—

isO-

I20-

ioC>-

5- 100 BUS

-C>PIN 99 POR

—f7> PIN 90 DO?—(~~> PIN 40 D06

—C>PIN 39 D05

—OPIN 38 D04

—O PIN 89 003

—£2> PIN 88 D02

—d> PIN 35 D01

—C>PIN 36 DO0

IC24 "74LS85

-OPIN ?5 A0-0> PIN 27 Al-C>P1N 40 A2

-—^—C>PIN 34 A3

IC25

,74LS85

i

Y

ad ,

-=^—OPIN 31 A4

-^-C>PIN 35 45

il^-G>PIN 38 A.6

J——C^>PIN 36 A7

7

* 6 / |'°T C>PIN 1? 0U1

IC16 '—^=C 'C23 ,

7JLS04 V I »C>PIN19 IN

STH0BEP "C

I j ""I

I I—Tl9 K*^ I *IC0NNECTED T

I /^ ,cl2 | SEE ABOVE

| 74LS2 40 |

,D^T

"O PIN 8 GND

PIN 29PIN 37

C> PIN 79 A0

-(~^>PIN 80 Al

{3I>PIN Bl A2

{3>PIN 31 A3

f~~> PIN 30 A4

C>PIN 29 A5

0>P'N 82 A6

C>PIN 83 A7

PIN 45 SOUTPIN 46 S1NP

\>^»

C>PIN 50 GNDPIN 100

Figures 2c and 2d are interfaces to the Radio Shack TRS-80 Model I and the S-100 bus,respectively.

The signal out of pin 4 is a currentthat is proportional to the input valueon pins 5 through 12. The op amp,IC30, converts this current into avoltage that should range over about±1 volt (V), depending on the gainadjustment, R13. The zero-adjust-ment potentiometer, R12, is used toset the midpoint of the D/A converterto 0 V. IC34 is a CMOS (complemen-tary metal-oxide semiconductor) 4066bilateral switch, sometimes called aTG (transmission gate). When itscontrol input (i.e., pin 13) is at 7.5 V,it acts like a switch that has a contactresistance of about 80 ohms; how-ever, when the control pin is at — 7.5

V, its resistance is about 1 teraohm(1012 Q), which is a fairly gooddisconnection! The two signals thatcontrol the TGs, TCI and TC2, areshown in photo 6. Note that thesesignals are affected by the endpoint-adjustment potentiometer, R10.Therefore, the signals in your circuitwill look like that but will not neces-sarily have exactly the same timing.The four transistors and the partsaround them are necessary to trans-late the TTL-level signals from theone-shots into CMOS levels for useby IC34 and IC35.

Basically, drawing a line occursthrough the following sequence of

HnSli

lijNMJ

■HUHl

Hn HfflH WWi flhfW ftWSSJMH

mmmmm

Photo 6: Translated signals that operatethe transmission gates.

Photo 7: Output voltages that drive theoscilloscope. The starting and endingpoints for these "ramps" are determinedby the output of the digital-to-analog con-verters.

events. First, both D/A convertersare given a byte representing thestarting point of a line, and their out-puts are given a chance to settle.While in this state, TGs 1, 2, 5, and 6are on, and the other TGs are off.This allows C8, Cll, Cl5, and C18 tocharge up to the voltage produced bythe corresponding D/A converter.Next, all the TGs are turned off forabout 12 microseconds (/xs). (Exacttiming is determined by IC27, C4,and R9.)

The D/A converters are given theendpoint values and allowed to settlefor 12 us. Then, TGs 3, 4, 7, and 8 areturned on for between 50 and 90 /xs(depending upon the endpoint-adjust-ment setting of R10). During thistime, Cll and C18 either charge (ifthe final value is higher than the ini-tial value) or discharge (if the finalvalue is the lower). The result is thatthe output voltage takes some time togo from the value stored in the capac-itors to the value being generated bythe D/A converters. This produces a"ramp" waveform, as shown in photo7.

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 517

Photo 8: The built-in test and alignmentpattern. Microvec automatically storesthese vectors in memory whenever it isturned on, reset, or when the TEST com-mand is given.

The charge rate is determined bythe difference between the storedvoltage and the final voltage. IC36charges Cll through R18, and IC37charges C18 through R26. Since thetime constant (RC) of both sectionsmust be equivalent, be sure Cll andC18 are very closely matched. Thelast op amp (IC38 and IC39) is used tobuffer the output so that the scopewill not affect the charging of Cll orC18.

Note in the photo that the outputsare not linear ramps. Instead, thecapacitors charge in an exponentialfashion (but since they both chargeexponentially and have the same timeconstant, the display seems to pro-duce straight lines). Only the mostobservant person is going to noticethat the lines appear brighter towardthe end of the line segment. Muchmore noticeable is that short vectorsare brighter than longer vectors; thisis because each vector is "on" for ex-actly the same length of time. That iswhy the letters in the words "TEST"in photo 8 are much brighter than thesegments of the box. Although this issomewhat annoying, it is easy to getused to.

The power-supply regulators andzener diodes are connected in a nor-mal way, as is shown in figure 2b.The two different host-computer in-terfaces are also quite simple. Thedata bus is attached to the "port A"inputs of the PIO, IC1. The lower 8bits of the address bus are monitoredby IC24 and IC25 (see figure 2c andfigure 2d); the ICs are set up to enableI/O when the host addresses port 0.(If you want to change this address,simply alter the pattern on the "A"

Photo 9; The prototype Microvec unitconstructed on a card for the S-100 bus.The author chose this method because hisRadio Shack TRS-80 Model 1 currentlyhas an interface to the S-100 bus.

side of IC24 and IC25 pins 10, 12, 13,and 15.)

When the host processor writes toport 0, the data word is strobed intothe PIO; and when the host processorreads port 0, bit 7 indicates whetherthe vector controller is ready for thenext instruction. If bit 7 is high, it isokay to send; otherwise, wait untilthe line goes high. If data is sent fasterthan the Microvec unit can handle, itwill simply ignore any bytes trans-ferred while it is busy. Therefore,always make sure that your programsfirst check bit 7 of port 0 before send-ing any data.

Construction

Power-supply connections to theICs are listed in figure 2. A separatelisting of the other parts is providedin the text box "A Shopping List" onpage 519. Make a photocopy of theschematic and as you attach eachwire, check it off. That way, if youare interrupted or need to leave theboard for a while, you will knowwhere you are when you return. Youwill find that if you are not careful inthe building phase, you will spend agreat amount of your time trackingdown wiring errors; thus, as a wordto the wise, go slowly and double-check every wire. Note that the D/Aconverters have an unusual arrange-ment of their address pins in that Alis the most significant bit rather thanthe least significant bit. Make surethat you connect the lines as shown.

As you can see from photo 9, theprototype is constructed on an S-100wire-wrap board. If you do not planto install your board in an S-100system, I recommend that you use

two separate boards and divide thecircuitry into analog and digitalparts. Building the circuit on twowire-wrap boards will help preventnoise from showing up in thegenerator's outputs and will makethe two sections logically andphysically separate. (My TRS-80 isconnected to an S-100 bus through aninterface board, so I constructed thevector-controller prototype on anS-100 card to operate on that bus.)

Here are a few more suggestionsthat may help make assembling theboard a little easier:

• All the resistors, capacitors, tran-sistors, and diodes can be mountedon DIP (dual-inline package) headersor plugged into a socket on the wire-wrap board, just like any IC. Thismakes it easy to try different parts byjust pulling out the old part andpushing in the new—without anysoldering.

• Be sure to use a heat sink for the7805 voltage regulator and use atleast one 0.01-microfarad (^F) diskcapacitor for every other TTL IC.This reduces power ripple.

• To conduct the x-, y-, and z-axissignals off the board, you can wiredirectly to the pins of a socket, andthen plug in a 16-pin DIP jumper thathas flat ribbon cable already at-tached. Simply connect the iree endof the wires to BNC connectors andmount them in your enclosure. Whenyou need to work on the board, allyou need do is unplug the DIP headerand pull the board out of the bus.

• Note that both blanking and inten-sify signals are provided, althoughonly one will be needed.

Make sure that you buy Z80A4-MHz-rated parts. At the time of thiswriting, no 2716 EPROM is rated for4 MHz, but a 2716-1 has a 350-nano-second (ns) access time and shouldwork fine. After I built my board, Isubstituted parts rated at 2.5 MHz,and they seemed to work fine at the4-MHz rate; but there is no guaranteethat this will be the case for all2.5-MHz parts over even a narrowtemperature range.

Software

The program I have written todrive Microvec's Z80 divides theavailable memory into 255-vector"pages." This allows the user todisplay or work on any of the four

518 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

pages independently. In this arrange-ment, the available memory is almostcompletely used. The memory forstoring vectors could easily be ex-panded to 62 pages; however, thatmany extra pages would force thedesign to occupy several boards. Anyone of the four different pages can bedisplayed while the user is editingthat page (or any other page). Thisleaves at least two pages for storage.

Editing functions include com-mands for adding a new vector,deleting a given vector, clearing theentire page, deleting the last vector,and much more. See table 1 for asummary of the commands.

Figure 3 is a representation of thepoints available on the screen. If youwant to draw a line across the bottomof the screen, you would need to sendthe following sequence of bytes:4,0,0,255,0 (the first byte is the com-mand—in this case, draw a line; thefollowing 4 bytes give the startingpoint [0,0] and the ending point[255,0]). To erase that line, you couldsend the command 5,0,0,255,0; oryou could simply send the commandto delete the last vector: 6. Thiswould have turned off the one linethat was lit.

The commands DRAW, UN-DRAW, CLEAR, and DELETE affectthe MPAGE, which is the page youare editing. Use the command MODPto change the page number you wantto work in. Initially, MPAGE is set topage 0. Use the command DISP toselect DPAGE, the page you wantdisplayed. DPAGE is initially set to 0.If you draw a line on one page andare displaying another, the displayedimage will not change. The only wayto watch the unit add or delete vec-tors is to set MPAGE and DPAGE tothe same number.

The command TEST is the onlycommand, other than RST, that willaffect the display even if MPAGE andDPAGE are not the same. It producesthe image in photo 8 by putting thevectors in memory; it does not resetthe unit. The RST command does,however, reset the unit. WheneverMicrovec is turned on, or reset to itsinitial state, it automatically performsa TEST command. Thus, the effect ofRST is to both reset and test the unit.It takes a special command sequenceto accomplish the RST function:0,0,0,0,7,15. The "15" is a simpleform of insurance; should a "7" codebe sent accidentally, nothing will

A Shopping

List

~i

As a help, 1

lere is a condensed shopping list of necessary parts.

The prices shown

in this list are

approximate and representative of parts available th

rough mail-order

ads in various issues of BYTE. Since this article was written, the prices will almost

certainly have gone down on some of the parts.

The only hard-to-get part is the programmed EPROM. If you are

lucky enough to

have an EPROM programmer, you can "burn" the program into the EPROM

yourself. If you want a 2716 programmed, there is a charge of $10

to copy the pro-

gram on each 2716 (no other type EPROM), which must be erased

You will receive

the latest version of the program. However, there is no guarantee

expressed or im-

plied. Additionally, a disk is available with all the programs in

this article, plus

several other

urograms and the source code to the EPROM, for $15

Send a check or

money order

(including $2 for postage and handling) to Garco, POB 18806,

Greensboro, NC 27419-8806. If you order a copy of either the EPROM or the disk,

you'll also receive any errata sheets and additional documentation.

Because I'm also

planning on p

roviding a revised EPROM, I need to know how many people would

be interested.

Those that send in an order will be on a mailing list.

This offer is sub-

ject to change

at any time.

Quantity

Part

Amount

1

Z80A-CPU

$10.50

1

Z80A-PIO

8.60

8

4044 RAMs

31.92

1

2716-1 Preprogrammed

26.00

1

74LS240 Octal TS Inverter

1.65

3

74LS373 Octal Latches

4.35

1

74LS04 Hex Inverter

0.25

2

74LS00 Quad Nand Gates

0.50

1

74LS139 Dual 2-4 Decoder

0.75

1

74LS08 Quad And Gate

0.35

2

74LS32 Quad Or Gates

0.70

1

74LS74 Dual Flip/Flop

0.45

2

74LS85 4-Bit Comparators

2.30

1

74121 One-Shot

0.29

1

74123 Dual One-Shot

0.55

2

MC1408L8 8-Bit D/A Converters

11.90

8

LM301A Op Amps

3.12

2

4066 Quad Bilateral Switches

1.50

1

555 Timer

0.39

1

7805 5-Volt Regulator

0.89

1

78L05 Low-Power 5-Volt Regulator

0.79

1

7815 15-Volt Regulator

0.99

1

7915 -15-Volt Regulator

1.19

25

16-Pin WW Gold Sockets

17.25

4

20-Pin WW Gold Sockets

4.39

8

18-Pin WW Gold Sockets

7.92

2

40-Pin WW Gold Sockets

3.98

1

24-Pin WW Gold Socket

1.45

1

Vector WW Board 8800V DP

22.20

1

Reset Switch

1.50

1

8-MHz Crystal

1.99

27

Assorted Resistors

2.70

7

10-Turn Potentiometers

14.00

28

Assorted Capacitors

10.00

4

Transistors

2.00

2

1N914 Diodes

1.00

2

7.5-V 1-W Zener Diodes

1.00

1

16-Pin Jumper Cable (18-inch)

5.40

20

Despiking Caps (0.1 fiF)

5.30

1

Heat Sink

0.75

1

Wire-Wrap Wire

9.95

Total: $222.71

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 519

Code Number of Bytes

Command SummaryName Description

1

2

MODP

Modify page (MPAGE)

2

2

DISP

Display page (DPAGE)

3

1

CLEAR

Clear MPAGE

4

5

DRAW

Draw line in MPAGE

5

5

UNDRAW.

Erase line in MPAGE

6

1

DEL

Delete last vector in MPAGE

7

2

RST

Reset if key is correct

8

1

TEST

Turn on test pattern

Table 1: Summary of the commands to Microvec. The host system uses these com-mands to control the display of the four memory pages. In the table, MPAGE is thepage being modified, while DPAGE is the page being displayed.

-(255,255)

IX, Y)

(0,0)-

Figure 3: Representation of theoscilloscope display screen. Microvec candraw vectors with endpoints at any of thecoordinates shown.

Photo 10: Comparison of the x- and y-axis driving signals while Microvec is displayingthe test pattern of photo 8.

Listing 1: Controlling software for Microvec's Z80 processor. This assembly-languageprogram is stored in an EPROM installed on the Microvec circuit card; it allows the Z80microprocessor to display vectors stored in memory and to accept commands from ahost computer system.

9

10

11

1215

141516

171R

****** ****************************************************

*************************************************************** Copyright (C) 1981 By Billy Garrett ******************************* MICROVEC VI -0 ****************************************************************************************+*************************************-******************

TITIE Vector Graphics Generator Program MICROVEC V1.0

ASEG ;Force the assembly at location 0 H

ORG OOCOH ;Start

;Startup routine

.COMMENT "

This is a model of the registers inside of the Z80 and

how they are used by this program. There are some registers

that have dedicated functions, and their contents must not

Listing 1 continued on page 521

happen to all your hard work. The"15" is just a key.

Almost any command you can im-agine might be added to the Z80 con-troller program simply by altering thecode in the EPROM. Currently, theprogram occupies about 800 bytes ofthe 2048 bytes available. This leavesplenty of room. The assembled pro-gram is shown in listing 1.

The program is highly dependenton the interrupt structure of the Z80.Simply stated, two types of interruptsare available to Z80 programmers:the highest priority one is the NMI.Whenever the NMI signal is active,and as soon as the processor finishesthe current instruction, the interruptis acknowledged. The address 66hexadecimal is placed in the programcounter; the program at this locationcauses the system to draw a line. Theimportant point is that the processoris being interrupted about 10,000times each second, so that even whenthe host system is not sending com-mands to the board, half the Z80'stime is being used to redraw thedisplay.

The second type of interrupt iscalled simply INT. It is used when thehost system has information totransfer to Microvec. Because thissignal can be "masked" by the Z80,the processor can be programmed toignore or postpone it.

Calibration

Before installing any ICs, check theoutput of each voltage regulator.Make sure that their outputs arewithin 5 percent of their rated values.Then, turn the power off and adjustR12 and R20 to about 5 kfi. Next, ad-just R13 and R21 to about 2 kfi. After

Text continued on page 527

520 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

a st

•»

()

r

CO

<s

CZD

( )

r

f]l

fl>

(■■>

+j

m

O

p

"*

CO

CQ s

P T-t 1.-PTIX

■«-i t- -P C

dD a.1 co -h

o (-,

CO 0) CC

«M

Q.1 U t>

O

CD >>

:== o

a o

SOD

p -p

c c +3 o

O fH

^ eg c

o e

*■ lj|

H O O'n

c

c

T3 -H

CD 6 roX ? 03

co a>

03 t-.

3 O

o^ O

-P O

to o -p p

t- 0

IP

S >

V

3 o >

c

H

to o

rr:

i= p

o

c d p o

O 0

a f-

t-, o

t!

2 CD -P CD

o o

c

!-;

K O

u 3

<B

XI?

r i

AM

FC c<

r i

CO 0) -P

co s:

CD P 0

h p. co -p a)

[_, (jf

Fh 0

t-< co a

0) u

-P 03

P O CD

CD tt£)

■HO -P

0 O

CD > (-. <m

i—! CD O

O 0

A<NS

3 r-l til

-P -P ** S ■

C CD C>H <

O > O P r

--C

0)

03

-P

A

a

E

c

Si

U<\1

0

*

p

S

*d

u

- E5

(1!

!!>

t)

<i)

ID

1

-PCD

CO

&

H nj

<c & H 3

pibooooboooof

iaiaes

a^el

w

ro -p

-p

-P

c

s?^

CjD 3 E CD-P CO t- t- (SI

03 H t- 0) «H

03

•h p C re

■.h O

o

<H >) C -H -H

-P

F-. -H -P

03

fe

*a*

o re oi o c

P O

CD

(11

O t~.

(l!

(h t-.

0 re 0 e re oc 2= co cvi ::- --

0) o

co o

Cs3 O

*Hf *- t-

SSS@8888@8888@8^

«8

!8888S

5888888888S

„ _> cr< o> o en en

88888888

- c\j t^ -rj- in ^o fc- C

o -p 3 -H

s

CD

^

-p

(>•

a

£

o

- t-

fc 03

&H

o

w

i-^ CD

r-j 0>

erf -P

™ c

t- 03

O

CD -H

a

CD 0

o

CJ)

o

o-po

10

1

*

< >

CP

«

Cd

CD

§

5

*

*

C^-

COCO

p-

P-l

Q)

CQ

N

S

CD

A

EJ

H

i-3

CC

CD

3

CQ

Faes

CDCO

o

*C

IS

G

o

X

>H

**

m

O

tM

hH

O

s

S cd e

t-"

•H C

-P

Ph c

c

Q

o

Of K

re

>, O

•a: ._

<

&

CO

to

CO

0

[2

o

-p

•H EH

tl

to

co C

Hr o.'

0

cc o

-p

n3

EH OE

0)

Q)

C3

CD O

0 -P -P

^r

c3

-p

o

So p.

c re

0 Pi

o

o

to

0)

CD

O T3 -P

3

S o K

i*5

+3

En CD -h

■H

c

03

o -o re0 cd re o

2

t-,

re p 0

<(H

p 0

p

m

E §)

w)

t-.

t-.

X CO

o

o

JS

2

-p («

t*a

a co

CD

O <H

t-1

M 6£> o

S co 0 H

■p

0

OT1 H'H

ft

ft CD

L

QJ ft {-. Q

Jh

0>

P.+3

t- tioc,

CO

Ph

0

p

3 -P

O

jc; o Sq

"r 'h

-p

ft p. 6nre 0

2

c

t- o

CO

to t-

3

U C

e

-p C -P E

CO

03

U

O S O 0

0

0

0

o P3

U '^-1

CD

•H Ug

X

"3

o O ft 0

u

«H P X!

t- <:

XL

O <P

^a

B

_C CD S

-p

'«)

§

p> p1 t-

a)

0

■a

p

a> p

-p & > 5

P> C r-H

0)

t^fH

-p

H

O QO

T3 0

re p

d

P t-

c

(1)

SH'H C

0)

t-

WRtH

c

,P

h-1 L. hH o

O

15

oR

N

s

ft-P o

s

r*j cjt *H -H

IS

Ph 4^ p.. 4-3

c

P

o

0}

<c < -a x

AJ

C

0 -H

0 p

cd re

■d

o

i

-p re cd

§3

■<

&- P- O 0

0

a

0 O 0 -P

-C

P

l- u

. O

H +^

<

t-

1

»cJ

EOS C

J2

x o jS -h

P t-.

3 m p

,n co

CD

CD CD CD

d -p isj

a

r.

p

B

p p

o

>> tn

re

CO -P

o

+3

N

re o s o

-p

ft to

-P C -P

o

o

5

re ra re re

p

-P

T3 «P S P C

re c

B CO

P T3

•H CDP C73

M

<C

o-p

<C <C <

d -p 3 -p(3 CO is to

"c

3 O CD

com

£

c

HO

SS3S

0

CO

0)

cc-

0 0 0 0

(73 CO CC CO

o p o 2 c

H >C0fiH

O CD

ft CO

:>

s

«^-t

-C-C^-C

ehp3 £

SS

«e <e

1

«i

^_^

„,

O

«~ fN ET>

bd

o o

s

CXI

s E E

g9^ e

1

ino

1

PH pL,

p

^-CM CO CM

"5

8e

sg

o o o

<c <x. - -

q

-h-H" CM

^Ol^'

C3

<

S

555

g£<?B

fflOQQ

£>

<£

o m H H

<£

H

CM

-O -O

s<

O

3"<c

s<

9999 999?

19999

99B alglaalsals

J O fe- to Q

JO o o o

^ -^ ^f lt\ CC CO ca

-^rr-o^ ufiiocviiA^ lt\uji^-cX)o Oc\j^-

^0D«3:oM*-cM'd-*x>cr)<ttrj g, k> pi trs < -st # -e 3 ^

ff rr sr ^ ^: r: GJ S &J °^ cm cm cm c\j cm gStD^D BE>K>>£>£* t^ *3"^ "a" s"^ a

8888 888888 88888 888 88888888888

' r> ^t" ir*. vo t- U;

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 521

FQ tH

•rl 0) O

t- o go -p S

Q) P

8-fiJ

<D Q) >-,

B,S

o

B <H

Q)

.c s

°M

=tfc T3

* ^

c

> to ,3 ■<

CD

MS

CD -P -P

0) «fl .

,M

a

p

O

ra -p

■a

■P

> ra t-

Q 0)hP C5

a

HI (1) Ql Q) Hi O dO CO CO K CO P) E-<

o

S CD

3 Q o

ft-r

EQ P O fqj ;

-pja cu jg a;

P O .P -p ra :

-P P-l -p S *

[-, p P o P

ffl O >H P <D

0) f- +s ^

H ci) a) en <h -p

ONCiJHHOt

%?%

o <: w

OfU fflr

S3.S:

to P

CO -P

p. 3

ft. a

3 C

M p C

ffi K p

f- Ph

U. CD

3 CD

CJ P t--P (DO

a> x -p 6b ■

t- -P rlr

■H O (H d)-P I0fH (1)^

T3 O I- * P> C -P -PC

C P> CD CD t>; C -H p t>; P -H

IS] CO (_ -H P- t- -H

O -H CO CD O

O*£ fi p

3 ca -a rc n

£ 3p a r

CO -p

P> ft

ft 3

CO t- t-

i—[ F- CD

tp, CD -P

■P c

>, C -H

b c ^

ca a; o qoh 1

-8 "^ -0

cd _p ni

CO f3 ^

§ a

CD -P£3 CO

-P bfi p S c

■** m u u .h

, .M U <D

C t>H CD -P t-*H -P P O

>, a -h -p

f- t~ -H CJ

o % p o

^ a o o >

P CD C CO i

■ -r- p? 5 h^e ,- a,

O - & E ► F- O S3

p o - Pi < ■—--=t td <c pi «* <c s

99§99Eg§999i5l§£

J99999E

3 fi

h fe O M f

99

boooooooooooooo

FQQf^O-r-CAJl^^-LOC-COmplpH

oooooooooooooo

EE=

en ^-in ft, w cj cm

f- Pi COr^ fe PS

t- m co

K** pfc« frS

C- FQ COro Pn PS

E- fP CO [T>

K> (5-i to U

LPn-

hfflfflo

C^J f^^3 C- CO CTi^CC\J C\J CM CV^ CM CM CM

CM CM CM

-- CM tO

cn<£ FQ p

O t-

o o o o o o c

O O O

o oc

o o o

O O O O

oo

oo oo

"3-Lr.voir-co ct-o-^cm to-rj-LnMDtr^co

'-■^■^^•^■^CMCMCMCMCMCMCM'CMCMCMCMCMCMOJCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCYCMCM

CT>C t- CM tO-^J-Ln^t— COCTiO'-CM tocm to ro to ro to ro c^ t-r\ to to «* «* -*t 'd-

CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM

■sj- «s(" t^- ^J- \j- v u i u iCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM

CT>0 <-CMt<" •^J-LTv.'vCI>C0CriO ■^CMtO^-LT-yDt^CQCT'O-^ CNJ JO ^- iri vf> t~-

"d- LT. LO lO LT LT» Lf '■ LO LO Lf> LO <D UD M3 MD M3 vn ^D ^D CS UD t— t~- t> b~ t— C*- t—1~

CMCMCMCMOJCMC\ICMCMCMC\'C^CMCMCMOJCMCMCMCMCMC\JCMC\.iCMCMCM

ro CO S -I

S >3

.

H P o t>0 D MM4J,QHI-i Pl-PraCD

P.PP>> CD P C^-P t,

-p

CO

input

y flag

nterruinterrwith je theommandf rangrightoffsetack

ndirecbyte inextndirechigh hirect

•j; to

0) -H

PP PHP <CD Sf (DP

o id m o D to m-f x-P<o <c,Pth

OH £ 3 -P f 'H rH-P +J

[Wait

;Set;EnabWaitLoad;Make;Is t;If o;Shif;Add

Loac;Put;Poin

Load

Jump

m -h

tr. Eo

^

Ji3«w.

■i co w b h! 3 t

i9999E99&;

ni en -p pooS +j p, p, c S -p

ft 1

ft P O -P

■p &p a i- -p cd (-,

•r< tS M *4 bD [>a (D

CflH ^ 0) 0) tflP-P

P -P P += -a: -H

p hJ cd o o P()-qO O H CD -H bd

«H ^ -P Jri (-. -p

nd P 'o x:

QjcDpcdrap'picDFuCOfS^ECOECO

Q O Q p P

pq a. hP (5 <

■H -H P W

PI &HEH PI

E-' <C

o o o <c bd

1 ^c c-

l O CO FM

1 Q Q @ Q Pi O

: PI H HI Pi Fi- fi.

TO -P

sp=i?

CD O

E ccj CD

-gs'

-OPl-aTwO - - -

Q P Q O CO Ph

OQQQqqChQPiPjOP-

pp<app<<<pph)

-P & P o

O MP L- LO -PCO Cf t- [-. p

^3 -P c P Pm

is

O h P -h c5

d

O CO CD O O O

O -P £> 4> Jrf'Q i

■H p> CO -H tfi 3 r

(D CO CD _p cd CO

ffl C d J 6 3 Q

■3-Si

PI P PI

■ffi^^.-r^.

PI Eh

Eh <C

: b h pc 5

o p a p

pT pa H p

99BS

88

,g. »5

8

H F fc C^ Q

IhoFoo

i>pQCOT-v£)WcMi^-topiH<ti.to-a:c~-crito[^co^Fiap.pHCOcoio^-^-^-^Mj[iq

cr« cn

^- CMtOlO CO < u fi, Q r- W (A^ ir,vJ3 t-<£<£<£<t<£<£<£<emffimFaFQFQFQFa

8888888888888888

'. fr. (r; n. ,r. [T; c

§88888?

) to n* LO «D [-- CO C7^

) ^ CM i*

i e Q a

?888

LT^ VD E— CO *SQ Q Q £5 p.

88888

c—Fhcomdc—[— --infi. pti t<^.^

tOp^tOtiJ^l-CPCM'CCM^LrCMLO

888888888888

- CO C^QI CO X' Ch

CDChO' O'. O' O"-'

8ogssE»esse^~r

CM CM CM CM CY O! CM CM CM CM CM O I CM C\J

522 November 2982 © BYTE Publications Inc

tr

p

>o

05

CD Xl

kl

O

£§

»&*

t*

H

CO

■H 01 CD

U0,B

O

■S

-p

-P

T3

CD CD

0

N ,-H

tf

r &

CO

11 J

■HO -P

CD PB O

03 -P -P

M

£M

CD CD 3

•Hte

-P P. -P

10 > t2

Z\ CD -P

3 x: -h t-O -P o

-p i! S S

<„*

f)

o cop. co

a

?H.

CD

x: x: cd o

-P +3 (-. rH

■H P r-\ U

■rH O

(1)

CD «H Ph

U

w P,

o q

CD

fd

duosfS CO oto

CD OCO C5

o m cd

O H Q

CD

£

£

C O CD 2

■h g cr: <c

33:

CO CO CO

& g a

o o s

+3 -P

O O -P0) (D'H> >

a;

-P o >CD CD afc5 Q CO

a) cJi

og ra CD o

C3 0- Ph CD J3 -P

<C H I t-, -p

d,b 3 X

C <: -nil) CD HH

&

CO

- CD XX3 P S i-i P O

■p-p o t ftoro

•H C CD f fl

P X T3 [0

(1) (Ch-P C J) oCiHHO-iKO

Td

O CO

■a

CD CD X

q o to

fp CO CD ,0

O CD

c Ph oqSp

■H Q C c3 g

<d CQ

Ph d

^ O O- X) tJ

q o -pAS =t& P O CD -H

H 0<H CM

XI CD M M

ON -H -p

ad MPmpare"backt thed putcreas

p x: - £ 3

■H HP -P O Eh Ph

SI

■h m cd

•P P

-P -P -C T3

(D CDC5 t!3

b Q CO <H P CPh C5 H PO<

Q O O CD C CD

p5 o cd c5 -2 o

c

sS-ggSISseassagsseeeasg sfeKftftS-fiSS-^-S^ogS-i

oGbwQf-Ko

iSSiOWHD'lHC

tc ix: tr; m it; "fiS&»«S>S .gggggggggggg^ggg;

cc HRPfapSo^HjPiPOPPhPhPhPhPh

i o o o

IHHMHhnftflDCK

^9999!

- (O tO lO CO Q ■

QtraQPOOVi

^^^SfappqWfflfCiiifOCQpquuUUOUCiUCUUCUOQOPPOPPCinf

oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooocooooooooooooo

t-r-CTifqpCi.

oooooooooooooooooooo

md !>cQO>o-^cMto-^Loc£>L^cQcnQ-<- cm to^mcoc-

^■^^vfLOIj^l^lJ^Lr'li^lJ>Lr. LOLOUDMD^^MD^MDU0._

to co kn to to K" t<-\ to cr--to to t^ co co to to to to co to to to v ■ ro r r. t^ ^ tA ^ t^\ t^ t^ i^

8*- C\J CO ^f LO >X> t—0CQ CO CO co CO C" CC vto to Jo to to PS rolo t<

r\jto^j-LO'x>L^cocriQ'- ojto-^Lny?r--cr)crio^ cmcr>cT>cno^aMj^cr\croo oooooooo^-^-^rotorot^totoroto^j-'* 't--d--^-^t^-^-*^^i-^--«d-Tt

a:

> h o 5> ^ (-, qj < hp cd

,Ph -T3-PCCDPX!

) o j (3 X o

JOOQCO'Pl-P-PO

IPKhhHHOCOC

o E jd

o -P

Pi S 4P

O Q CD

-P 1-5 c5

N

> tjOSP. MS t, t^DpSP.-pCOt-U. -pcot-u PC0PP.

p co t. l >., g a

O P.(h (DPfl &=H I'-PH PhCh (D-PX

a H f- Q> -, ci^1 co

Si-S

C p c q o -

CC Q

=lfc -H S, C -H C .H >j C -rH C -rH bj P 'rH C

CDPCh C Ch C CPj C

i^OdH1 Or-OISOIOT- OCOCDOCM

P OrHE«J CJrH>H OrHM

C tn c Ph - -h

OCOCDOCMfiH P3

OH >-i 5 AJ O C

CU-P X)P P XJP P P-P

-P XI -p O C CD

¥

qrtcdCD_CctidnJCDCco~dcclcDCcdplotr-^cnrS^P^s;cncSs=cC^cop3^ft

ci!cDp:cfi^a)x:cn-p

^COP^ft U OHO

o o

Eh U

CD O -P <C

4 6 o

•P -P -u id

■ o - co ro

■-PC Ch

o cd o "C

■ Ch-o x: cj g p -a 3j 3 - co

■n Q) C CD Ph

» CO o

h - -H CD CD

p s sm x3 x;

) O P. M P Pi C CD

< JS -P +3 -P

S^- H IS

>h to W - m-se:fi pq-K -C- -tc u sa <: v-- m

gg^aass99f

, S < < i

B99!

td <

i tosfr,

: 3 hh Ph pi co pq '

S fej

O O O O Ph O

g*

sSSSf

<CPS<lriE<;HE:

Ph CO Ph CO

QP.fEDfHfdQlHKODOD

HOTPURlPU'ijPHPHpHp

I

BIR [5 BE5 SiS s

OOOOOOOOOO

oooooo oooo oooo

oooooooo oooooooooooo ooooooooooooo

.£ co cr> q t- cm to 3t- to w3 r~-C t- F- 65 op as to ro m 35 cp

ifl CMCMCMC\JCMCMC\1CMC\JCM

CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMOJ

to tO to. to [O fO tr, p< to f

CT> O -^ C\J tO -rr tfl

.1 to ^ •«*-^p ■*-*^

tOtr,tOrr, tO, IO to to torotOtOfOtOtOtr\tOfOtOrOfOfO tOtrtr,tr\tr>cOtOto-tr1r^.tOtr, trNtr-

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 523

=tfc o-r-CMto^-Lr\M3[--co

8l8g§8888

MDUDMDUZjCjSvjSuDuDC--

8g88g§888

t.

-P

y

(D P>

c

u

tH

ft

03

£

■p

(1)

^

a p

F->

u

(H

P< fl

T1

(i)

o

-P

P

PHO

-*

s

5

H

H

B

hh £: B

B

wphu

i P-i p_,

O'HVltH'H

G& -H ■

5 pq pa L

( t-~ <c <: < <c

O Ph Ph Ph P-t

t-.tiP-.t-.t-.t-.t-.t-,

,cu oqcdqcdcdocd

>P-PPP'P>PPPP

s 9:

EH CG !> 3.

fa Oh PL, <g 5- CC |

fe o m h-q eg g g f

1 BE

i n q o « o «

SB

Q a O Q

S-^- CM to CD

B9 ci ra ^

< <c <£ <: 3

P-, p., PL, p, o

e d d d d

ci cia> Ph Ph

cm to

< <

P-t Ph

W 03 W CO 03Lfi it E h (h

I o o o o o

i-p-p-pp-p100000

CD CD OJ CD OH > > > > >

■H d

Ctf O

O >H

O -P

fc, In !h 1^ t,0)0)0)0)0,0,0,0,0,0

P. 03 03

u u

POOC P> -P

0) o o(-. CD CD

%>>

OUMf\

ITMTiO CM C\JP

P. P.(-. O OCD «H tH

I I

w to

t-> u

o o

p -p

o o

Q) CD> >

mmm inCM c\j

P. i- CO COOOH-'h'h OEh

a b e b g i

a H (q -H O O O 5 !

1 3 3 o o o o o c

•sf-^-g-Sf- fc

* * * *

LOLO LTMO- CM C\J CM OJ CM

O EH

, cq o <c FJh F

) o oo oc

"£ [— PQ lti t- in

cq to mo mccn

Q *- ,- CM CM *-O O O O O O

8g8gg8888

mo ir\ <: <: co COMO MO mo mo mo 05

<wo

8g88gg

888

"* •«*■ CO < < COMD k£) <o \0 v£) \0

CO M OCD vO ^O

ffl 25 p p p pw H « « © S

CM CM CM

ooooooooo

"^■^■^-d-"^-^-"^"^^-

PPQPCM CM CM CMO O O O

8 CM -^"SCo o o

oo o o

IROM ink

5ooo o o oo

>co-3:qwocm^^oco Fq

3OOOOOOO0O o

> <- CM K\^J- LTih-h

S888888;

?Q s-QJ to-^-Lnvxiir— cocnQ-^CMio^-LrMjDtrCOcriO -^-CMm^LrNvoir-cDcriO

IC^C^^^(Tim^C^^O^OOOOOOOOOO^-^^^^^^^^(\J

[^ t^i^O -«*■ CQ CM

oooooo

»a;

en Eho l-H

^H

t-

CD

n)

:.;

(1)

-H M

d

I^C

(i)

<n

15

d

-p

(i

+»

a

m

1

CD CDO CO

.y

CO <H tH

HHH

1-5 EH

agsaaasagBK^gaaagf

mo UD O CM cIR-^ CM ^ o -

a < in w cm i- cP trMi, hr\ fo, cm (

tr-FPajiXML^QCM-^f

ka^ f-Mi-r-fco tofr.c

Q^&-Q&h &. QQOOOOOOOCOOpCOppOOOOpppO&.b-Oti-t-OSoo^^-'-r- O'-OOOO--^'--^OO0

&feOOfcO"0't00 5-CJWW CMCXjCMtO^tOKScOtO-^r-MDvDuDva

88ft68868888382882888882828888

oooocutp COCOCOl

■^-^J-OCJCMi-CM CMCMCM'f

r O Q o co o p •S SS PS PS t?\ ud IjS v.

cm tr» ■* ^d co cq

KCMLT>U3C0mfa-^CM■r-CMCMCMCMCMCMtOI^CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMOOOOOOOOO

to t^ to K\ KN to bCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMOOOOOO OOO

5^^loi^iKii^^uDc2MDf^^c^c^©SgD c5 bs c?. OS a i

CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMC\)CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCVCMCMOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOC—

O'tCCOQ'3-

_ «* <t <£ <C CP CC

.. CM CM CM CM CM CM CM

OOOOOOOOO

tO-^LOUD [—COCTiO

■^-CMtO-^LO'X)l>COO~iO •- CMtO-^-LPiUDt> COCTiOCMCMCMCM CM CMCMCMCMtOtOtOIOtOtOtOtOtOtO^t

P <* *ef«* rf *<*•<*■ *&■ *fr*& *t *tt ^ ^ 't't'J^^'J'fJ^

524 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

o

o-ca.

<^©QQO<:co

8oo8228o

em ■*o cm Cr cm uBBoSSgo

i oj o t> w F; Be & oni 06 B *: <c H

•a

•a

4-

^L

<u

0

1—1

— tn

3

*><»

+

>- <

<:

-—-

0

O =

000

LO

1— ~~.

z

ID Z

:z:

h-

O

CNJ

CO

•• CSL

•-3

a:

.—I

^— O

0

*

:*:

hs

z~.

>-

0

0

■—■ >-x •—

<S)

CO

-c

OJ

a.

0 z

44

1

l—

CO

1— —*

k.A

CO

CO

0

>-

=) =t

ot

O CD

O

0

• • <C

LU

u_

<c

^^

_J

Ot

l-H |—

ijj

CJ

LJ

0

-4

a;

CD

UJ

+

>-

U

<

■x.

«o

0

v>

O-

J—

.—1

0 0

«

LO

+

h-

z

UJ

UJ

0 0

0

0

X

CD

0

0 p

z

— OO

I- 0

z

cr:

H

t/)

ZZ) CO LD

UD

<

00

*- h-

=>

£

1—

I—

tH i-H

a:

X

0

Ml Z

F

UJ

z

a: 0 0

< 0

0

0

•—• <c

UJ

1

at

Ohh

UJ

h-

X 3

on

a:

3

O

a.

o3tB

CJ

s

0

1—

c_>

3

0

o"o

1— 0

UJ00

_l

u_

«d" LO

O

CO

UJ

1—

0 >-

cu

5.

>-

0

3 II II

r-

O

N^ O

0.

0

0

_1

O <

O CO

M IO

+

■■ 0

Ln

U

_J

>-

ot

to

Ot O O

t—

1—

<r-1

_J .-H

X

0 0

CNJ

UJ

OCJO

Z

ZZ>

z

ll

CO

O

O

CO

X

CD

0 z

<

O O

O UJ

D-

N^

CM •

CD

t—

E

r—

zz> z z

3:

r—

0 rn *

rt

CD UJ

O

TO

>-

>"3

LD

Z=>

s

UJ UJ

Z

O

>- h- E 0

ZD Z

O

CD

CD

CM

1—i

Z

QiXT

—j

UJ CD

0

U-

CO Q

H

CO

*E

u

Ohh

O

HZ

O .-1

O

O

CNJ

UJ

>-

II

H

1

CO

JP

1—

_> V

r-H

CD

T—I

_l

0

b

~D

V

3:= =

Z

DO^n

■■ _l UJ

V

O

ro

a.

II

0

< O =3

O

0 a: 0 0

E -I =

0

Ot

Q-

LD

CNJ

z

Eg

Ct= 1

O O

>-

A

3 0 1—

t—

O <C Z

>-

0

CNJ

•*«».

*z

O

O II II

cr*

V

= t-H

O

t—(

O = =

CN

O

V—

*-*.

LO

n

B WW

1—

II

a

1— cj>

II

II

*|— ||

II

a.

(S

—I

-Z.

X 0

LD

1— -^

CNJ

^ CO CO

0 zz» v*

O A

a.

0 ^3 t<* v> 0 z:

60J

OJ

ZZ>

A

ZZ»

|— o_

<c

O- 0

Qd

zx.

l— a. < < 1—

E

Li-

^

r-»

II

a.

CD

ra

O- U. U.

8

2!

Li-

u_

Z U.

O

0

ZD Z L_

Ll.

s

U-

UJ

Lul

II

t—1

z

u_

ZMM

U-

U-

Omh

0;

O

0

CO

O

21

S3

OOOOOOO O

O

0

000

0

0

0

O

O

0

O

O

0 0

O O O «-H

CNJ

CO

«3" LT)

CD p-~

CO

CTi

OHCvJ

CO

«3- en

1—)

t-H

CM

CO

^r

LO

to

)>»

CNJ CM CNJ

CSJ

CNJ

CNJ

oa.

S1

I3

^3

LO

O O

r-- on

a

1—

1

00*^

1—

■H V* 1— 1— <

1

LU

a:

— O <CNJ ■*

8 8='"

an.

UJ =

CO CO

<s

<

h- z 3

c

CD

< UJ <

cc ^ ct:

>- 0 0-

bo

<* LO ■—■ \— LU

0

>-

l— 0

II II ZD 1—

c

_J

O O UJ O CO

5.

_)

CD

h- CO

Z Z < Z LO

U55

CO

CO CNJ Oi

uj uj o- uj cn

A O

ZC ZC ZC CM

>-

Cd CO

t- 1— ot \-

CO

< 0

<

1— or <C

= = uj= H

CQ

0

zoo:

O ZZt _l >■

UJ 0

= =0=0

C£

= CM =

i! 11 n ll 11

ro

CD

tr X fa:

DOO Z)

sssa*

60

E

C- O-

O- ot

1 .

UJ

z u. z

U- u_ z u. 0

u"

rt 0

000

00000

t—} CO ^H

CM CO *3-

LO CD I-- CO ON

TIMEX 1000. ZX-81 (80)

D 8-Port ID

Interfaces up to 8 onebyte portsAccepts 16K RAM10 $89

□ ADDA

2-channelsA/D (0-5V)2-channels D/A(0-5V, 20mA)

ADDA$89

O Beeper (Clock/Switch)

m sec to years, three 16-bit counters,(reads on fly), 32KHz crystal,optically isolated input; programmablefrequency tone generator...BIS $78

ORDERTOLL FREE:

800-227-1617

operator 641(CA, 800-772-3545operator 641)

$5 handling chargeon all orders

Box 11402000 Center StreetHliCf O Berkeley, CA 94704

developments

Edix+Wordix has word processingfeatures that our competitors arestill dreaming about...

$390 buys the whole dream.

Edix Editing Features

Up to 4 screen windowsUp to 12 file buttersTop-to-bottom and

side-to-side scrolling.Regular expression

searching and translatingIntra- and inter-buffer

moving and copyingOnline helpOnline tutorial

Call or write for ourbrochure.

Wordix Formatting Features

Auto footnotesAuto table of contentsAuto hyphenationMulti-line headers and

footersMulti-column layoutPowerful macrosData file access

Requires 128KIBMPCEdix alone: S195

TECHNOLOGYBox 154 Louisville, Colorado 80027 303 447-9495

I'M ' I rail em ark ill l-ifm.TKinK'R-'i'hncilofty ConMiltanLs. Inc.

Circle 286 on inquiry card.

Circle 178 On Inquiry card. November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 525

LU «d"CH LOD£ CM< I

CD .-I

CO CO

CO

<t or

_] UJ

cd t—

o£ Z ■

HCO< O.CD ZD h- O ZZD CO X I— i-iCO Q LU O U-O CD Z CD chCD

o o o o

OOHMM

UJ o

z cmo z

PS

.-I <c

CO o

: — <

: *

I lo >-

I • CSL

l r- I—o- cm

LO <C

) CVJ ->ZD

) O O

DWO O h- O

s:q_li_i—o:i~xt—

bJZUJDODLiJO

^^ Of t-H o o u_ oQJ

oooooooo

.—iCMro*3-LOiDr--co

co a- i .... .

DfO UJ t— ZD

t-" ^H ^ o o o

_J ^H CO O i—I *■ O

Q*-*.s a |l «d- =CO o h- I— < -h-

HD3 O ZD

e: r-» Q- Q- Of h- D-

uj ii z z o zd z

o; z H ^ u. o h ^

oo

OOOOOOO «-.

CCL * _J •— LO <

of r- u ■tm —■

< CM LO CM X

CD i—i O CM O

II ^ h I CLN O

>- O CQ HUlHh

_J + DZ — I— ZD

_J •■ -— CO CO O O

»-h LT) E i-« LU (— •■

co co ,—i * 3hLfi o<

CM .—I <: <C LO CD

>- **s.ur) ■-- d a; c\j o

CO CM Z O LT) I—

<~* O >-< > D-O in D

LU ^H OO I— CO LUl— CM O

ZHH — Oh- A •• O

HlflHO* Q WOI/lfl-<N

co^^\ II CJ <C = = II + ntO X UX II hh< < OhO

LT) '"-I— ZD ZD h- Xh-

E En^<X Q. D-D; Ll DUJQUh II 0-—'LUZZO*-<OZCDKDZIlXZhhLl

o o o o

OOOOOOOOOO.-HCMC0

rHMm'tLniDNcocriH ,_t ,—i .-i

ooa.

B

E

a

TSa;

VI

3

in

n

R

in

sI

bo0

El

u

C-H

5

LO

o

+ _

e:-•

* —

CO

+

CO ZD

+ oh- < ■■

zd ii a

o o- -

o

CM U) H

*> CO zd

O __l o

h- LU •■

ZD -—

o

LO , . ...

< r-H

o •— lo

h- CO I —

3\OX

OU)H «•• LO LO O

CO

- CO

H CM

o a.

. °J ■—: <

— o o co :

LO Z CD •- h- —'

LO CO «—< CD LO X

CM .—I CO LU LO LO LO «~I CM CM LO O

CM

CM \

CO CO ^- -K OLOLUOO

;*; ««a- m h- • cd \— I— a o co

CJ*£,--4«—I r^LU •• «

i—« lTrHOWHDOC)'t<

I— I— •—■ ^^ II 1—1 = II II + -coz:xlo< ii h- co < <c o h-

i-i LO — Z S— X

s:Li_E:roD;<j:t-tDc:DiLi_r3UjLU LU •—i ii o —- af o o •—< o zce:ode:li_xo-ll.lu

o o o

OOOOOOOOOO^HCM■—1 CM CO «d" LO *£) I— COCTi^H^H^H

o

LO <LO "CM O

o"o"

o o

o <c

o o

p

h-

ZD Z3

o o

■a:

o

o

O

h-

h-

73

-i

C_J

o

<~>

o

«^1"

cf

^-i

^-t

nn

m

i

1 I

CO

CO

Q

c~>

CD

CD

O

O

CD

o

uoo

Ll_ ZCM CVJ

CD O O .-H ^H

CO O O

Of 3 h- I—

LU CD <C O O

CQ h- CC CD CD

O O .-H

.... v

o o *—«

«=t- ^ o o

^H ^-1 < CM ^CO CQ Q_

=D =) J— O ZCO CO X t— >-<

SO LU Q Lc

X CM

coo>

18'

CO

CO

*—- to o —-.—

-— l-H O

C7J •■

Z < k-l

a- <--- _i>- o_

o or

h- o

o >-

O CD

h- <

CD

o:

LU

+ >-o o"

CO V '—

— _l CO

O CD I—

II D3

*— o o

Q. F

o o :

i

o >-

o z

•■ o

noao

: CD

ooi—ooo_i= = o

V— O h- Oi I— <f Z >- CTi

LO O —1 O = = = «"H

LU t—i -—. DTZ

o; "loco o_oi<:= i

LU'-DLO^H ZOUW:

7JT. CM ^H CM i—• ^f CO = MO I

a_ i— -— -^.-^. = Lo = ii w-gOo

wzxomi-Mi-wcLOND-rjWHOMriwwo>-. HiriD a dc h-cocrro- o:i-a:Q.<< h

ELL-EZr^-CMO-TjO. u_o II OZU.OqOZU.LQ

UJUJM II II ZU.ZU.MCSEU.'-HMU.tDU.MKHMCl

-_^ aaocQUMMMM

O OCDOCDOOOOCDOCDOO

ST OOOOOOOOOOHWn^LPlOMBCfiOHM*3 ^HCMCO«d-LOvDr-COCTl^H^-l^H^Hr-H^Hr-4^-l^H^HCMCMCM

t- o

ZD CtL

II o

>- CO

_J *—. o

_J >-

^H — Of

CO *— LU

LO LU CO O

>- lo o e: p-

CO >- CM <C =3

«w- D.ZO

a:x> \—

lu * « o; i— o

I— t—«-—■ < rr> CD

Z » LO CO LU O- CO

LUTJLOr-icM—IZLOO NHX.UMOJ

OH-NW:= ACJZXOLOh-h-Z

-~- O

>- h-

•* ZDCM O

*--> CO -—

LO O •-<

• CD -—

a. ^— o

LU O- ■•1— -—•=!-CO X «

• • o

O Q. H-

<-H + ZD

s: o

on ••

t— CZJ .-H

CD

CO

DQO

CM

CM

< CO

o oh- h-

=D ZD

o o

CO COCD CD

\— h-

ZD ZD

o o

■< <c

o oh- h-

ZD ZDCD CD

<C co

CD CDh- I—

ZD ZDCD CD

C_J CJ

o o

CM O O CM = = =O II II Oh- II It

>- <

co «o

o (— o o

CO - I— I— •■ ■•

LU CD ** O O

x cd <d- O < no en

O O

- -HZ wwo

^o;cCD;xo_<:«s:h-

EU-Elr-- n D.arDmooouJZLLU.Q

LU LU >—I II HZZU. II U_Li_Li_Z'-'^-«^-*CD

o;oomo'-"MHz

TV' CDOCDOOCDOO

,T OCDCDOOOOOOO^HCMrO^d-LOCDr--

i_i HWn^lDlONCOOlr-IHHrHHHHH

CQ

II II

-T3

CD CD «i LO CO CO—' LO ZD ZD

^Ll-OfCliQfCMCOCOUJ UJOOO II ooQ£OI_i_LLU_caCDCD

) ooooooo

t M fO •* in ID 1^ CO

526 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

(11a)

(lib)

(lie)

Photo 11: Examples of the elementary images that can be produced by Microvec. Eachof these images was produced by a corresponding program in listing 3: photo 11a is adrawing produced by GRID, a BASIC program for the TRS-80 (see listing 3a); photolib was drawn by a program called SPHERE (listing 3b); photo lie is the product ofCOCENTER (listing 3c); photo lid is an image created by BOXES (listing 3d); photoslie, Uf, and Ug were produced by HOURGLASS (listing 3e), SOL1DSIN (listing 3f),and SSINE (listing 3g), respectively.

Text continued from page 520:

that, adjust R18 and R26 to about 8.5kO. Finally, adjust RIO to about 9 kO.Now, plug in the ICs, plug yourboard in, and hook the outputs up toyour scope. Set the x and y channelsof the scope to about 0.5 V/cm. Final-ly, turn on the power. If everything is

working properly, you should be ableto see the board trying to display afew vectors on the screen. Eventually,these will look like the image in photo8. If nothing happens, or you are hav-ing problems, go on to the next sec-tion, concerning Murphy's Law.

Once you obtain some kind of dis-play, adjust the gain and zero con-trols of each channel until you get anoutput signal roughly ±1 V centeredabout ground (see photo 10). Then,adjust the vector controller's slopecontrols until you see the diagonalsintersect the middle. Next, vary theendpoint adjustment until the ends ofthe boxes just touch. You will have toplay with the slope and endpoint ad-justments for a while until the displaylooks right. Once you get your dis-play looking like photo 8, you arealmost finished. Next, increase thegain of each channel until the displaybegins to come apart. Then, back thegain down just a bit and adjust youroscilloscope so that the display fillsthe screen and the brightness is toyour liking. If you get this far, youare doing very well.

Next, verify that all the commandswork as described. A good check ofthe circuit board would be to runsome of the programs in the later sec-tion of examples.

What to Do if Murphy'sLaw Is Enforced

You probably know the old saying,"If anything can go wrong, it will."This project will certainly be no ex-ception. Refer to photos 4, 5, 6, and 7if you are having problems. Readover the circuit description and makesure that the proper signals are at thegiven pins. For example:

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 527

(12a)

(12b)

Photo 12: Using special features of the oscilloscope to alter images. Here, an image is shown normally (photo 12a) and with four-fold, sixteenfold, and hundredfold magnification (photos 12b, 12c, and 12d, respectively).

• If you are able to get a test patternbut it will not respond to commands,check to see that the data word is be-ing strobed into the PIO when yourprocessor does an I/O operation.

• If you suspect that the Z80 is run-ning the wrong code, see if the NMIrequest pin is being pulsed as shownin photo 4.

• If the memory sections are nothooked up properly, you will not begetting the four short pulses on pin 15of IC18, as is shown in photo 5.

• If the NMI pin of the Z80 does notremain high during and shortly afterreset, the processor will almost cer-tainly begin executing at the wrongaddress. Since R7 pulls the NMI linehigh during reset, make sure it is in-stalled.

A Few Examples

Although the commands are fairlysimple to understand, I have devel-oped some examples that are both in-

structive and entertaining. Listing 2 isa TRS-80 Level II BASIC programcalled LCIRCLE that was used todraw the images in photo 2. The pro-grams in listing 3 were used to createthe corresponding images in photo 11(e.g., listing 3b produced photo lib,listing 3c produced photo lie, and soon). The program STICKS, in listing4, is the one that drew photo 3.The two parts of photo 1 are freehand"doodles" done with a program calledSKETCH (not listed in this article).

Photos 12a through 12d show aninteresting feature of the vector-graphics display. By simply increas-ing the gain on the oscilloscope, youcan magnify the frame. The firstphoto is at the normal setting; the sec-ond is magnified by 4; the third ismagnified by 16; and the last ismagnified by 100 times. Notice thatthe little circle that was inside thelarger circle is blown up so that it islarger than the original circle. All this

magnification was accomplished sim-ply by varying the gain on the oscillo-scope.

If you want to try animating acomplicated scene, rather than tryingto redraw each frame: first, put thesame background in two differentmemory pages; then, by displayingone page while updating the next,you can swap the displayed pagesback and forth to achieve the ap-pearance of rapid motion. Your bestteacher, though, will be experience.

Conclusion

This board is an exciting peripheraldevice for any computer. The firsttime you see these displays producedby your computer, you will notbelieve how sharp and detailed theyare. Many creative uses for thisdisplay will be possible. I welcomesuggestions or comments, but pleaseenclose a SASE if you want a reply.Happy drawing! ■

528 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Software Received

Apple

Accounting Plus II, a com-plete general-purpose ac-counting system. This systemincludes general ledger, ac-counts payable and receiv-able, inventory control, sales-order entry, purchase-orderentry, payroll, point-of-saleaccounting, and system utilityprograms. For the Apple IIand II Plus; floppy disk,$1250. Systems Plus Inc., 1120San Antonio Rd., Palo Alto,CA 94303.

Alibi, a who-dun-it detec-tive game. You become thedetective as you try to dis-cover which of the five sus-pects is the murderer. Thegame has six levels of playingdifficulty. For the Apple II;floppy disk, $14.95. HaydenBook Co., 50 Essex St.,Rochelle Park, NJ 07662.

Basic Guitar 1, a systemthat teaches beginning guitar-ists chords and songs. Thistwo-disk set uses sound andgraphics to explain how totune a guitar, read chord dia-grams, and learn and practicechords. It plays songs and dis-plays chords on the screen.For the Apple II and II Plus;floppy disk, $49.95. DigitalConcept Systems Inc., Suite201, 4826 Bucknell, San An-tonio, TX 78249.

Bumble Games, a set of sixnumber games for childrenages 4 to 10. It introducescharts, graphs, and maps. Forthe Apple II; floppy disk, $60.The Learning Co., 4370 AlpinRd., Portola Valley, CA94025.

Bumble Plot, a package offive games that uses positiveand negative numbers to helpchildren understand charts,graphs, and how to use com-puter graphics. For childrenages 8 to 13. For the Apple II;floppy disk, $60. The Learn-ing Co. (see above address).

Children's Carrousel, a setof nine games for children be-tween the ages of 2 and 6.

Subjects covered include letterrecognition, number count-ing, and color matching. Forthe Apple II Plus; floppy disk,$19.95. Dynacomp Inc., 1427Monroe Ave., Rochester, NY14618.

Crisis Mountain, you mustdefuse nuclear bombs beforethey explode and cause a vol-cano to erupt. This arcade-type game uses high-resolu-tion graphics and game pad-dles for lively action. For theApple II and II Plus; floppydisk, $34.95. Synergistic Soft-ware, Suite 201, 830 NorthRiverside Dr., Renton, WA98055.

Digital Filter Design, amenu-oriented and prompt-driven program for interactivedesign and analysis of digitalfilters. For the Apple II and IIPlus; floppy disk, $350. Para-metrics Inc., 1129 West Oak,Fort Collins, CO 80521.

The Executive Secretary, aprofessional word-processingsystem that implements allstandard word-processingfunctions. This system in-cludes an integrated card-filefeature and a menu-drivenelectronic-mail feature when itis used with a Hayes Micro-modem. For the Apple II;floppy disk, $250. SOF/SYSInc., 4306 Upton Ave. S, Min-neapolis, MN 55410.

The Executive Speller, aspelling-correction system.The dictionary file can holdup to 25,000 words, and youcan add your own dictionaryentries. For the Apple II; flop-py disk, $75. SOF/SYS Inc.(see address above).

Game Animation Package,a graphics-utility programthat allows you to createmulticolored shapes andtables of high-resolutionscreen displays for your owngames. For the Apple II and IIPlus; floppy disk, $49.95.Synergistic Software (see ad-dress above).

Gertrude's Puzzles, a puzzle

game that uses differentshapes and colors to helpchildren develop reasoningskills. For children ages 7 andup. For the Apple II; floppydisk, $75. The Learning Co.(see above address).

Gertrude's Secrets, a pro-gram that teaches shape andcolor relationships to childrenwhile they play games. Forchildren ages 4 to 9. For theApple II; floppy disk, $75.The Learning Co. (see aboveaddress).

Global Program Line Edi-tor, a sophisticated BASICprogram editor with globaledit, search, and replace. Pro-gramming aids can be con-figured for the most conve-nient use. For the Apple II andII Plus; floppy disk, $64.95.Synergistic Software (see ad-dress above).

Gold Rush, an arcade-typegame. You've staked yourclaim, but now you must pro-tect it against claim jumpers,attacking Indians, and wildanimals. If you succeed,wealth and success are yours.For the Apple II and II Plus;floppy disk, $34.95. SentientSoftware, POB 4929, Aspen,CO 81612.

Job Cost II, an expense- andmaterials-accounting system.This program allows you tokeep track of up to 350 items,with 35 major categories and10 subcategories, all user-definable. For the Apple IIPlus; floppy disk, $39. GarboSoftware, 211 West Fiesta #25,Carlsbad, NM 88220.

Juggles' Rainbow, a set ofsix programs for children whowant to use a computer beforethey can read. For childrenages 3 to 6. For the Apple II;floppy disk, $45. The Learn-ing Co. (see above address).

Linear System Analysis, asoftware tool for the design offrequency and timing circuits.For the Apple II and II Plus;floppy disk, $350. ParametricsInc. (see address above).

Magic Spells, a program tohelp chlidren develop spellingskills. For children ages 4 andup. For the Apple II Plus;floppy disk, $45. Apple Com-puter Inc., 20525 MarianiAve., Cupertino, CA 95014.

Moptown, a program thathelps children learn logic andlanguage concepts. Forchildren ages 4 and up. Forthe Apple II Plus; floppy disk,$50. Apple Computer Inc. (seeaddress above).

The Personal Secretary, aword-processing system. Thispackage includes a lowercaseROM chip and a shift-keyadapter. For the Apple II;floppy disk, $99.95. SOF/SYS(see address above).

The Programmer, a pro-gram generator. When youenter specifications for a par-ticular application, this pro-gram will write the ApplesoftBASIC coding for you. Theuser manual is written in atutorial style. For the Apple II;floppy disk, $199. AdvancedOperating Systems, Suite 792,450 St. John Rd., MichiganCity, IN 46360.

Quadrant 6112, an arcade-type game. For the Apple IIand II Plus; floppy disk,$34.95. Sensible SoftwareInc., Department G, 6619Perham Dr., West Bloom-field, MI 48033.

Rocky's Boots, a playerbuilds animated logic ma-chines to score points and gainan understanding of logicskills. For children ages 7 andup. For the Apple II; floppydisk, $75. The Learning Co.(see above address).

Tharolian Tunnels, an ar-cade-type game that depictsan underworld universe war.For the Apple II and III; flop-py disk, $29.95. The SoftwareFarm, 3901 South Elkhart St.,Aurora, CO 80014.

U-Boat Command, a strate-gic action war game. Youcommand a German U-boatattempting to sink Allied ships

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 529

Software Receivedi

while avoiding a similar fate.For the Apple II and II Plus;floppy disk, $29.95. Synergis-tic Software (see addressabove).

Atari

Cactus League Baseball, a

two-player baseball gamewhere one player controls thepitching, hitting, and fieldingof the New York Yankees andthe other player controls theMilwaukee Brewers. For theAtari 400 and 800; floppydisk, $19.95. Dynacomp Inc.,1427 Monroe Ave., Roches-ter, NY 14618.

Cyborg, an arcade-typegame. To survive the gaminggrids, you must battle anddestroy the finest fightingmachines ever developed.Half human and half machine,your cyborgs must fight awide variety of killer robots.For the Atari 400 and 800;floppy disk and cassette,$29.95. Med Systems Soft-ware, POB 3558, Chapel Hill,NC 27514.

Nautilus, an arcade-typegame. This one- or two-playergame pits a nuclear submarineagainst an antisubmarine de-stroyer. A split screen allowsboth players to simultaneous-ly play the game. For theAtari 400 and 800; cassette,$29.95. Synapse Software,820 Coventry Rd., Kensing-ton, CA 94707.

Rollerball, a futuristic com-bat game for two players.Strategy and brute force arethe main tactics. For the Atari400 and 800; floppy disk andcassette, $21.95 and $17.95,respectively. Dynacomp Inc.(see address above).

Teacher's Aid, a math drillprogram. It has subtraction,division, addition, and multi-plication exercises and fivelevels of difficulty. For theAtari 400 and 800; floppy diskand cassette, $17.95 and$13.95, respectively. Dyna-comp Inc. (see addressabove).

CP/M

Citation, a database-man-agement program designed toallow quick access to con-stantly used information.Data fields may be up to 680characters long with up to fivekeywords per entry. ForCP/M-based systems; 5 Vi-and 8-inch floppy-disk for-mats, $250. Eagle Enterprises,2375 Bush St., San Francisco,CA 94115.

CPUTIL System, a set ofprograms that allows userswith large disk-storage needsto more efficiently managetheir files. For CP/M-basedsystems; floppy disk, $49.95.Earth Science Associates,10218 Cantertrot, Humble,TX 77338.

Directory-Sort Utility Ver-sion 3.7, a directory utilityprogram for CP/M. It allowsyou to modify a directory fordisplay in any format youchoose and displays informa-tion on the disk memoryavailable and organization offiles. For CP/M; floppy disk,$31.95 (Aus., plus $10 post-age). Software Source Ltd.,POB 364, Edgecliff, NewSouth Wales 2027, Australia.

FMS-80, a general-purposedata-management systemcomposed of an integrated setof programs that can be con-figured for a custom database.For CP/M-based systems;floppy disk, $995. SystemsPlus Inc., 1120 San AntonioRd., Palo Alto, CA 94303.

Help.Com, a computer-aided instruction programuseful for storing and retriev-ing information about CP/Mapplications programs. Youcan create your own on-lineinstructions for your par-ticular application. ForCP/M-based systems; floppydisk, $95. Designs SystemsInc., POB 12243, St. Louis,MO 63157.

The Introl-C Compiler, acompiler for the C languagethat produces fast object-codeprogramming. For CP/M-

based systems; floppy disk,$425. Introl Corp., 647 WestVirginia St., Milwaukee, WI53204.

Palantir Word Processing, asophisticated word-processingsystem. This second-genera-tion software performs allstandard word-processingfunctions, including footers,headers, underlining, bold-face, and overstrikes. ForCP/M-based systems; floppydisk, $425. Designer Soft-ware, Suite 718, 3400 Mon-trose Blvd., Houston, TX77006.

QSort, a coupon-manage-ment program. This programwill store and sort informationon up to 1600 store coupons.It can prepare a list of appro-priate coupons compatiblewith your shopping list. ForCP/M-based systems; floppydisk, $39.95. BV Engineering,POB 3351, Riverside, CA92519.

Stiff Upper LISP, an im-plementation of the LISP Pro-gramming language. Designedfor compactness, this versionretains many of the featuresthat allow experimentation inartificial intelligence. ForCP/M; floppy disk, $165.Lifeboat Associates, 1651Third Ave., New York, NY10028.

The Wedge, an electronicspreadsheet program. Thispackage includes installation,operation, and applicationsmanuals. For CP/M-basedsystems; floppy disk, $295.Systems Plus Inc. (see addressabove).

IBM Personal Computer

Math Drills, an educationalmath-drill package. Requiresan 80-column monitor. Forthe IBM Personal Computer;floppy disk, $25. Starware,Suite 800, 1701 K St. NW,Washington, DC 20006.

Quikcalc Real Estate Inves-tor, a real-estate /financial-analysis package. This pack-

age includes a template for usewith Visicalc or Supercalc. Forthe IBM Personal Computer;floppy disk, $129.95. SimpleSoft Inc., Suite 101, 480 EagleDr., Elk Grove, IL 60007.

Stocks and Bonds, a stock-market simulation game. Upto six players can compete tosee who can accumulate thegreatest wealth in the 10simulated years of play. Forthe IBM Personal Computer;floppy disk, $25. Avalon-HillGame Co., 4517 Harford Rd.,Baltimore, MD 21214.

The Thinker, an electronicspreadsheet program. For theIBM Personal Computer; flop-py disk, $49. Texasoft, 1028North Madison Ave., Dallas,TX 75208.

Trilogy, three games of themiddle earth. Loosely basedon the Tolkien novels, thesegames present you with chal-lenges in your quest to be-come a wizard. For the IBMPersonal Computer; floppydisk, $35. Texasoft (see ad-dress above).

SYM-1

Medifile, a family-account-ing program for medical anddental expenses. For theSYM-1; cassette, $30. LewisDavis, POB 1207, Chico, CA95927.

Monifile, a financial-rec-ords program for family-bud-get control. For the SYM-1;cassette, $45. Lewis Davis(see above address).

Texas Instruments

Aeronaut, a simulation ofhot-air ballooning. The bal-loon responds to your con-trol according to the laws ofphysics. For the TI-99/4A;cassette, $21.95. Simulsoft,POB 3494, Scottsdale, AZ85257.

The Dungeon, an adven-ture-type game where you tryto find your way out of amaze with as much gold aspossible. For the TI-99/4A;cassette, $6. Frank Elsesser,

530 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

1307 Douglas Dr., Sterling,IL 61081.

TRS-80

AUK's Computer FilingSystem, a simple menu-driven database-managementsystem that allows you tosave, recall, update, andprintout information. For theTRS-80 Models I and III;floppy disk, $69.95. AUK's,4605 Bollenbacher Ave., Sac-ramento, CA 95838.

BASIC Aid, an enhance-ment to BASIC and ExtendedBASIC. This utility featuresautomatic line numberingand single-key entry of mostBASIC commands. For theTRS-80 Color Computer;ROM pack, $35.95. EigenSystems, POB 10234, Austin,TX 78766.

Galax Attax, an arcade-type action game wherealiens swoop down on shipsdropping bombs. For theTRS-80 Color Computer;cassette, $21.95. SpectralAssociates, 141 HarvardAve., Tacoma, WA 98466..

Offenders, an arcade-typegame. For the TRS-80 ColorComputer; floppy disk andcassette, $34.95 and $29.95,respectively. American Small

Business Computers, 118South Mill St., Pryor, OK74361.

QSort, a coupon-manage-ment program that keepstrack of 1200 store coupons(see full description underCP/M). For TRS-80 Models Iand III; floppy disk, $39.95.BV Engineering, POB 3351,Riverside, CA 92519.

3-D Ghost Mania, anarcade-type game where youare given the perspective of apacman in a maze. For theTRS-80 Models I and III;floppy disk and cassette,$29.95. Computer Price In-dex Inc., POB 35, West Jor-dan, UT 84084.

War Boats, a battleship-type naval strategy game. Forthe TRS-80 Models I and III;cassette, $4.99. ComputerHeroes, 1961 Dunn Rd., EastLiverpool, OH 43920.

ZBASIC 2.2, an interactiveBASIC compiler that com-piles BASIC coding intomachine-language. It sup-ports random-access files,PRINT USING statements,and high-precision math-ematics routines. For theTRS-80 Models I and III;floppy disk and cassette,$89.95 and $79, respectively.

Simutek Computer ProductsInc., 4897 East SpeedwayBlvd., Tucson, AZ 85712.

ZX80/81

Las Vegas Games Package,

blackjack and slot-machinegame programs. For the Sin-clair ZX81; BASIC listing, $1.Florida Creations, POB 16422,Jacksonville, FL 32216.

Starcruiser, a Star Trek-type game. This game takesplace in a cube of space 100units on a side. The object isto destroy three enemy shipswhile maneuvering your shipthrough the cube. For theZX81; cassette, $7.95. BarryHoggard, POB 161, Para-gould, AR 72450.

Other

The Puzzle of the TacomaNarrows Bridge Collapse, an

interactive videodisc pro-gram used to teach physicsstudents the principles ofwave motions. For the Pio-neer PR-7820 and VP-1000videodisc players; $125. JohnWiley & Sons Inc., 605 ThirdAve., New York, NY 10158.Type Right, a typing tutorprogram for 40- or 80-columncomputers. For the Commo-dore PET 4016, floppy diskand cassette, $29.95; and theCBM 8032, floppy disk,$39.95. Barron Enterprises,714 Willow Glen Rd., SantaBarbara, CA 93105.■

This is a list of software packages that have been received byBYTE Publications during the past month. The list is correct to thebest of our knowledge, but it is not meant to be a full descriptionof the product or the forms in which the product is available. Inparticular, some packages may be sold for several machines or inboth cassette and floppy-disk format; the product listed here isthe version received by BYTE Publications.

This is an all-inclusive list that makes no comment on the qualityor usefulness of the software listed. We regret that we cannotreview every software package we receive. Instead, this list ismeant to be a monthly acknowledgment of these packages andthe companies that sent them. All software received is consideredto be on loan to BYTE and is returned to the manufacturer after aset period of time. Companies sending software packages shouldbe sure to include the list price of,the packages and (where appro-priate) the alternate forms in which they are available.

ENHANCE YOUR COLOR COMPUTER WITH THESE GREAT PRODUCTS!

MACRO-80C DISK BASED EDITOR/ASSEMBLER

This is a powerful macro assembler, screen oriented editor and machine languagemonitor It features local labels, conditional assembly, printer formatting and crossreference listings. Assemble multiple files Program comes on Radio Shackcompatible disk with extensive documentation Price: S99.95

MICROTEXT COMMUNICATIONS

Make your computer an intelligent printing terminal with off-line storage! UseMicrotext for timesharing interactions, printing what is received as it is receivedand saving text to cassette, and more1 Price: $59.95

PI80C PARALLEL PRINTER INTERFACE

Use a parallel printer with your Color Computer! Serial-Parallel converter plugs intothe serial port and allows use of Centronics-compatible printers You supply theprinter cable. Price: $69.95

THE MICRO WORKS COLOR FORTH

Color Forth is easier to learn than assembly language, executes in less time thanBasic and is faster to program in than Basic. Rompack comes with 112-pagemanual containing glossary of system-specific words, full standard FIG glossaryand complete source. A fascinating language designed for the Color Computer1Price: $109.95

SDS-80C SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM

SDS-80C is a Rompack containing a complete editor, assembler and monitor. Itafows the user to write, assemble and debug assembly language programs withno reloading, object patching or other hassles. Supports full 6809 instruction set.Price: $89.95 '

80C DISASSEMBLER

Runs on the Color Computer and generates your own source listing of the Basicinterpreter ROM. Documentation includes useful ROM entry points, completememory map. I/O hardware details and more. Cassette requires 16K system.Price: $49.95

GAMES: Star Blaster • Pac Attack • Berserk • Cave Hunter • Starfire • Astro Blast • Starship Chameleon •Adventure Black Sanctum • Adventure: Calixto Island •

THE

Also Available: Machine Language Monitor Books Memory Upgrade KitsParts and Services Call or write for more information

W©\^^ P.O. BOX 1110 DEL MAR, CA 92014

California Residents add 6% Tax

Master Charge/Visa and

COD Accepted

714-942-2400

Circle 293 on inquiry card.

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 531

Conducted by Steve Clarcla

Battery Powerfor Apples

Dear Steve,

I live in a rural area with-out AC power. I would liketo run my Apple II Plus com-puter and disk, drive from a12-volt marine battery.Do you have a schematic fora power supply that wouldallow this?Paul WalkinsBastrop, TX

Power supplies for com-puters using 4116-type dy-namic RAMs (random-accessread/write memories) mustbe carefully designed toassure proper sequencing ofvoltages during turn-on andturn-off. A better way is tojust use the present powersupply in the Apple. I wouldrecommend that you use a12-volt DC to 120-volt ACinverter (instead of trying tobypass the Apple's powersupply). You will find thatthere are a number ofdevices on the market thatwill let you run your Apple IIfrom a rechargeable battery.Radio Shack sells one (partnumber22-130) for $99.95. Itcan handle 300 watts ofpower, which is more thanenough for the Apple II and amonitor. . . . Steve

PC Info Source

Dear Steve,

What do you know aboutthe TRS-80 Pocket Computeror the Sharp PC-12117 I'd liketo use one to control lightsaround my house.Jeffrey WoodheadDavis, CA

The Pocket Computer

Newsletter (35 Old State Rd.,Oxford, CT 06483) has up-to-the-minute information onpocket computers such as theRadio Shack TRS-80 PC andthe Sharp PC-1211. It con-tains operating tips, pro-grams, and product andequipment reviews. It shouldgive you the information thatyou need.

For a general description ofthe pocket computers, see"The Panasonic and QuasarHand-Held Computers" byWilliams and Meyer (January1981 BYTE, page 34) and"Introducing the TRS-80Pocket Computer" (Micro-computing, February 1981,page 162). . . . Steve

Computer Burnout

Dear Steve,

I'm curious about thepossible wearing out of acomputer. I have heard thatit may be better to leave thecomputer on all the time thanto turn it off, because theshock of applying power canwear out semiconductors.Edward M. RobertsGlen Head, NY

The enemies of solid-stateelectronic circuits are heatand transients. Leaving acomputer on for an extendedperiod will cause no harm if itis properly ventilated becausecomponents reach a steady-state operating temperature.If components are not hot tothe touch, the heat dissipa-tion is probably adequate andno damage should result.

On the other hand, if thepower lines to which thecomputer is connected aresubject to large transients(e.g., with switching induc-tive loads), there is a greater

risk of component damage ifthe computer is in operation.In a properly designed powersupply, the transients gener-ated by on or off switchingare not harmful to operation.In summary, there is reallyno middle road for computerdurability. Use the computeras required and do not worryabout component wear-out.. . . Steve

Lifelines and

Lifeboats for CP/M

Fans

Dear Steve,

I have heard about a CP/Muser's group in New YorkCity. Do you have anydetails?

Siegfried SeiffertMonmouth Beach, NJ

To contact the CP/M usersgroup in New York City,write to CP/MUG, attn:Marcia Coltun, 1651 ThirdAve., New York, NY 10028.CP/MUG is operated as anadjunct of Lifeboat Associ-ates, an international dis-tributor of commercial soft-ware. Lifeboat operates thegroup with the assistance ofCACHE (Chicago Area Com-puter Hobbyist Exchange).CACHE edits and catalogspublic-domain software andcompiles each volume (85disks, so far), whileCP/MUG collects, produces,and distributes the software.

If you are interested inlearning what specific soft-ware is available throughthese groups, you can pur-chase a printed CP/MUGlibrary catalog for $6 fromLifeline Publishing Corp.,1651 Third Ave., New York,NY 10028, (212) 722-1700.

Also, Lifeline produces amonthly 20-page newsletter

that provides informationabout Lifeboat and CP/MUGsoftware. Subscriptions are$18 per year. . . . Steve

Boggled byCassette Tapes

Dear Steve,

We've developed some spe-cialized applications pro-grams on yacht design forTRS-80, Apple II, andTI-99/4 computers. Theywork best with a disk, butwe've found that manypotential customers don'thave disk drives. Therefore,we've included cassette I/Oroutines and attempted todistribute the programs oncassette.

We are now experiencingthe legendary lack of reliabili-ty of cassette data storage, aswell as a lack of portability.On a 14K-byte program, ithas taken us 5 to 10 tries toget a copy that our computerwill read back, and then theodds are less than half thatthe customer will be able toread it. We've tried five dif-ferent cassette recorders(including two CTR-80As,which Radio Shack sells forthis purpose) and severalbrands of cassettes, headdemagnetizers, cleaners, etc.,etc. Honestly, if cassettestorage is as bad to everyoneelse as it has been to us, Idon't see why manufacturersbother documenting it in themanuals.

Do you have any sugges-tions? Are there higher-quality recorders available,or any modifications thatmight be made to a standardcassette recorder? Is there anychance of improving the sig-nal between the recorder andcomputer? How does any-body make tapes for program

532 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

distribution? I've had notrouble reading in programsthat I bought on cassette.John S. Letcher Jr.Letcher Offshore DesignSouthwest Harbor, ME

The high-frequency re-sponse of many cassetterecorders leaves a lot to bedesired. You will have muchmore success with cassettedata storage if you use a high-quality ($100-range) recorderwith a tone control. Pana-sonic and Sony make suchmodels, and some even fea-ture a speed adjustment.

Cassette tapes differmarkedly (you get what youpay for). Tapes with drop-outs are perfectly satisfactoryfor audio use because it's dif-ficult for the ear to pick up agap of several milliseconds ona recording. For the com-puter, that dropout meansthe loss of several bytes ofdata. Generally, the high-quality audio tapes willwork. I have had consistentlygood luck with Maxell UD-60tapes where others weresomewhat sporadic. Onceyou find a tape that works,stick with it.

Don't use tapes longer than60 minutes (i.e., 30 minutesper side). The longer tapesare thinner and are more sub-ject to stretching, bleed-through, and breakage.Before recording, wind thetape from one end to theother and back to ensure thatit is uniformly wound andwill have equal tension on it.

A disk can't be beat forspeed and accuracy, but ifyou follow my recommenda-tions, you may even likeusing cassette tapes. . . . Steve

Low-CostEPROM Eraser

Dear Steve,

Several years ago, somemagazine published a design

for a device that erasedEPROMs (erasable program-mable read-only memories);it used a lamp from an elec-tric clothes dryer. I was ableto obtain only one bulb be-fore they became obsolete,and it was defective. Do youknow of any source for an in-expensive EPROM eraser?

Also, do you know anycompany that can provide ausable DOS (disk operatingsystem) for computers basedon the 6502 microprocessor?I've got a growing KIM-basedS-100 system to which I'madding an 8-inch drive, so I'mbeginning to think aboutoperating systems. I can writea make-do DOS, but if CP/Mwere available (or Unixor . . . ), I'd probably be bet-ter off.

Myron CalhounManhattan, KS

A very effective EPROMeraser can be made with a GE(General Electric) G4T4/1germicidal lamp and a GE89G435 ballast. The total costfor the eraser is under $25 atcurrent prices, and both com-ponents are available fromany electrical supply house.

A unit using these compo-nents was described in theMarch 1978 issue of Micro-computing (see "Faster EraseTimes," by Mike L. Simon,page 90).

Percom Data Companymakes an impressive DOS forthe KIM. It has patches forMicrosoft BASIC, TEC65text editor, and the MicroadeAssembler. It supports up tofour 5Vt-inch disk drives, hasthe operating system in ROM(read-only memory), and in-cludes full source listings forall patches. It currently costs$600. Further informationcan be obtained from PercomData Co., 211 North KirbySt., Garland, TX75042, (214)272-3421. . . . Steve

PET ROMs

Switchable

Dear Steve,

I would like my Commo-dore PET computer to dis-play Greek characters insteadof English characters. Can Iswitch the ROM (read-onlymemory) character generatorwith one programmed forGreek characters? Wherecould I find such a charactergenerator? Is there a way tomake my Epson MX-80printer print Greek char-acters?

Frederick N. HarrisAmerican EmbassyAPO, NY

Within the last year, I'veseen two programmable char-acter generators for the PETadvertised. One is made byIntegrated Computer Tech-nologies and is available fromMicro Mini ComputerWorld, 74 Robinwood Ave.,Columbus, OH 43213. It'scalled the ICT ProgrammableCharacter Generator. Itallows you to reprogram anyof the PET's 256 standardscreen characters and wouldcertainly allow the use ofGreek characters. The otherunit is manufactured by Sys-tems Formulate Corp., 39Town and Country Village,

Palo Alto, CA 94301. It willallow up to 64 programmablecharacters.

Another device, known asa Soft ROM, consists of a cir-cuit board that plugs into thePET's character-generatorROM socket to provide 4Kbytes of programmable mem-ory; an alternate character setmay then be loaded into this.This card is available fromCanadian Micro DistributorsLtd., 365 Main St., Milton,Ontario L9T 1P7, Canada. Itsells for $129.

In November 1980, a com-pany known as Kobetek Sys-tems Limited (R.R. §1 Wolf-ville, Nova Scotia, BOP 1X0,Canada, (902) 542-9100) ad-vertised a foreign-languageROM for the PET from WestRiver Electronics. You maysee if they still carry it, but Ihave not seen any advertise-ments recently.

The Epson MX-80 has anoption known as Graftrax. Itis a set of three ROMs thatplug into the main circuitboard inside the printer togive it high-resolution graph-ics capability. With this pack-age, you should be able toprint any character set thatyou can put on the screen.The Graftrax option lists for$100 and is available fromany large computer store.. . . Steve ■

In "Ask BYTE," Steve Garcia answers questions on any area ofmicrocomputing. The most representative questions received eachmonth will be answered and published. Do you have a naggingproblem? Send your inquiry to:

Ask BYTE

c/o Steve Ciarcia

POB 582

Glastonbury CT 06033

If you are a subscriber to The Source, chat with Steve (TEC3I7)directly. Due to the high volume of inquiries, personal replies can-not be given. Be sure to include "Ask BYTE" in the address.

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 533

Event Queue

November 1982

November-December

Computer CommunicationsTechnology Seminars, varioussites throughout the U. S.Among the seminars offeredare the "James Martin 5-DayFourth Generation Methodo-logies," "Managing the Data-base Environment," and"Database: A Builder'sGuide." For complete infor-mation, contact the Technol-ogy Transfer Institute, 74110th St., Santa Monica, CA90402, (213) 394-8305.

November-December

Courses from Don WhiteConsultants, various sitesthroughout the U.S. andCanada. Among the coursesbeing offered are "Groundingand Shielding" and "MIL-STD462/462B and System-LevelElectromagnetic InterferenceTesting and Procedures."Course fees range from $815to $945. For complete details,contact Don White Consult-ants Inc., State Route 625,Gainesville, VA 22065, (703)347-0030.

November-DecemberCourses from Fairchild Cam-era and Instrument Corpora-tion, Santa Clara, CA.Among the courses beingoffered are "F16000 Family In-troduction," "Pascal forMicroprocessors," and "F8and F3870 MicrocomputerSystems." For more informa-tion, contact Fairchild Cameraand Instrument Corp., Educa-tion Center, 3420 Central Ex-pressway, Santa Clara, CA95051, (408) 773-2161.

November-December

IEEE Computer Society Con-ferences and Meetings, vari-ous sites throughout the U.S.,Europe, and Asia. Among theevents scheduled are "Comp-sac '82," "Very Large-Scale In-tegration and Microcom-

puters: Today and Tomorrow(Tencon '82)," and "The 1982Real-Time Systems Sympo-sium." For a complete listingof conferences and meetings,contact the ExecutiveSecretary, IEEE ComputerSociety, POB 639, SilverSpring, MD 20901, (301)589-3386.

November-DecemberInformation Management andTechnology Seminars, varioussites throughout the U.S.Among the wide variety ofseminars offered by Datama-tion Institute are "DistributedSystems: Concepts and Man-agement Overview," "Man-agement of Software Engi-neering: Lowering Costs,Boosting Productivity," and"Data-Processing Conceptsfor Management and Users."Registration fees range from$595 to $795, depending uponduration and the topic cov-ered. For details, contact Ms.Joan Merrick, Datamation In-stitute Seminar CoordinationOffice, Suite 415, 850Boylston St., Chestnut Hill,MA 02167, (617) 738-5020.For information on in-housepresentations, contact ArtGutmann, Datamation In-stitute for Information Man-agement and Technology,Seminar Coordination Office,Suite 803, 331 Madison Ave.,New York, NY 10017, (212)697-2361.

November-DecemberIntensive Seminars for Profes-sional Development, Worces-ter Polytechnic Institute cam-pus and various sites in theNew York City and Bostonmetropolitan areas. Some ofthe topics to be presented are"Project Management,""Leadership Skills and Man-agement Tools for High-Technology Professionals,"and "Microprocessors: Hard-ware, Software, and Applica-tions." Fees range from $495to $990. Complete details areavailable from Ms. Ginny

Bazarian, Office of Continu-ing Education, Higgins House,Worcester Polytechnic In-stitute, Worcester, MA 01609,(617) 793-5517. For informa-tion on in-house seminars, callRobert J. Hall at (617)793-5574.

November-DecemberSeminars of Interest toWomen Professionals, varioussites around Boston, MA.This series of one- and two-day seminars is presented byBoston University Metro-politan College. Among thetopics on the agenda are"Managing Word Processingto Increase Productivity andProfitability," "A Manager'sIntroduction to Computersand BASIC," and "Data Pro-cessing Fundamentals for Ac-counting and Financial Mana-gers." The seminar fees are$325 and $495, depending onduration. For registration in-formation, contact Ms. JoanMerrick, University SeminarCenter, Suite 415, 850Boylston St., Chestnut Hill,MA 02167, (617) 738-5020.

November-January 1983

Courses from Q.E.D. Infor-mation Sciences, various sitesthroughout the U.S. Amongthe courses offered are "Data-base Concepts and Systems,""Human Factors in OfficeAutomation," "Screen De-sign," and "Designing SystemsControls." Complete courseoutlines are available fromQ.E.D. Information SciencesInc., Q.E.D. Plaza, POB 181,Wellesley, MA 02181, (617)237-5656.

November 9-11

The Government-IndustryData Exchange Program-GIDEP, McCormick Inn, Chi-cago, IL. This annual work-shop is open to anyone inter-ested in the exchange of tech-nical information relating toengineering, failure experi-ence, reliability and maintain-ability, and metrology. For

more information, contact theOfficer-in-Charge, GIDEPOperations Center, Corona,CA 91720.

November 9-12

Computer Graphics, NewYork, NY. This course is de-signed to provide a compre-hensive overview of state-of-the-art computer-graphicssoftware and hardware and topresent an integrated ap-proach to implementation ofgraphics applications. Topicsto be addressed include tech-nology fundamentals, soft-ware and hardware avail-ability and selection criteria,and raster scan, vector, andcolor techniques. Participantsreceive a take-home graphicssoftware package. The coursefee is $845. Information can beobtained from Ruth Dordick,Integrated Computer Sys-tems, 3304 Pico Blvd., POB5339, Santa Monica, CA90405, (800) 421-8166; inCalifornia, call (213)450-2060.

November 9-12

Distributed Processing, Mini-and Microcomputer Imple-mentations, Boston, MA.This course will cover distri-buted processing concepts andtechniques suitable for micro-processor applications. Othertopics include design require-ments of distributed systems,how to partition system tasksand hardware, and how toimplement data links and pro-tocols. The fee is $845. Con-tact Ruth Dordick, IntegratedComputer Systems, 3304 PicoBlvd., POB 5339, SantaMonica, CA 90405, (800)421-8166; in California, call(213) 450-2060.

November 10

Living in a ComputerizedWorld: Challenges to Privacy,Education, and Society, Stu-dent Union, Brooklyn Col-lege, New York, NY. Thisconference is a joint presenta-

534 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

tion of the New York StateLegislative Commission onScience and Technology andthe Humanities Institute ofBrooklyn College. Contactthe Legislative Commission onScience and Technology,State of New York, 14thFloor, Agency 4 Building, As-sembly POB 167, Albany, NY12248, (518) 455-5081.

November 10-12

Accounting and InformationSystems Expo '82, MGMGrand Hotel, Reno, NV. Thisexposition is designed to ex-pand on recent legal, tech-nological, and methodologicaladvances in accounting andcomputer-related fields.Among the 27 seminarsplanned are "ComputerizedBudgeting," "Auditing Com-puterized Systems," and"Stress Management." Semi-nar fees range from $125 forone day to $350 for threedays. For complete details,contact Shirley Beck, Divisionof Continuing Education,University of Nevada, Reno,NV 89557, (702) 784-4801.

November 11-12

Microcomputers in Educa-tion, Biloxi, MS. This work-shop is sponsored by the Col-lege of Education at the Uni-versity of South Alabama incooperation with the Schoolof Continuing Education. Fordetails and registration forms,contact Ms. Judy Campbell,University of South Alabama,Mobile, AL 36688, (205)690-6528.

November 11-14

The Fourth Annual NortheastComputer Show and OfficeEquipment Exposition, HynesAuditorium, Boston, MA.This show will feature micro-computers, business systems,peripherals, accessories, andsupplies. Admission is $5.Contact Northeast Exposi-tions, 822 Boylston St., Chest-nut Hill, MA 02167, (617)739-2000.

November 14-19

Data Processing TrainingManagers' Workshop, WestinBay Shore Inn, Vancouver,British Columbia, Canada.This workshop is designed forpeople with less than 18months' experience in coor-dinating data-processingtraining programs. Partici-pants learn how to establishin-house education programsthat will meet managements'objectives and ensure a highreturn on their organizations'investment in training. The feeis $850. Full details are avail-able from Linda Hubacek,Deltak Inc., 1220 KensingtonRd., Oak Brook, IL 60521,(312) 920-0700.

November 15

Knowledge Engineering in the1980s, San Francisco, CA.This executive briefing pro-vides an overview of thepower and potential of arti-ficial intelligence. It is de-signed to introduce executivesand senior technical personnelto the concepts of knowledgeengineering and knowledgesystems. Topics to be coveredwill assist participants inassessing the utility ofknowledge engineering, pin-pointing areas of impact, andoutlining costs and strategiesfor initiating knowledge-engi-neering projects. The fee is$750, which includes mate-rials, luncheon, and a recep-tion. For further information,contact Dina Barr, Teknowl-edge, 151 University Ave.,Palo Alto, CA 94301, (415)327-6600.

November 15-17

Microcomputer Interfacing,Design and ProgrammingUsing the Z80/8085/8080,Virginia Polytechnic Instituteand State University, Blacks-burg, VA. This is a hands-onworkshop with the participantdesigning and testing conceptswith the actual hardware. Thefee is $395. Contact Dr. LindaLeffel, C.E.C, Virginia Poly-technic Institute and State

University, Blacksburg, VA24061, (703) 961-4848.

November 15-19

Auditing in the Contem-porary Computer Environ-ment, New York, NY. Thiscourse is sponsored byCoopers & Lybrand. It's de-signed for internal auditorsand financial and data-pro-cessing professionals. A com-prehensive audit approach forcomputer-based systems, in-cluding how to evaluate con-trols, will be presented.Topics of interest are how toprepare an audit report andhow to design a program oftests using questionnaires,checklists, software tools, andflowcharts. Obtain full detailsfrom Marge Umlor, EDPAuditors Foundation, 373South Schmale Rd., CarolStream, IL 60187, (312)682-1200.

November 15-19

The IX Latin American Con-gress on Banking Automa-tion, ATLAPA ConventionCenter, Panama City, Repub-lic of Panama. This confer-ence is sponsored by the LatinAmerican Federation ofBanks, the Latin AmericanCenter for Banking Automa-tion, and the Panama BankingAssociation. Seminars, con-ferences, and lectures will becomplemented by exhibits ofautomatic data-processingand telecommunicationsequipment related to bankingoperations. For details, con-tact Asociacion Bancaria dePanama, Apartado 4554—Panama 5, Republic dePanama; Tel: 25-1863.

November 15-19

Unix Workshop, Los Angeles,CA. This introductory courseis open to engineers, program-mers, managers, and design-ers. Subject areas include in-troduction to the Unix editor,file system and directories,and word-processing tools.The fee is $1000. Course out-lines are available from Joan

Hall, Plum Hall Inc., R.D. 2Box 235P, Pleasantville, N]08232, (609) 927-3770.

November 16

Writing User Manuals ThatSell Software, Doubletree Inn,Dallas, TX. This seminarfocuses on the user manual asan integral part of a softwarepackage. Special attention isgiven to the manual's role atpoint-of-sale. Topics on theprogram include analyzing themanual's part in meeting bothuser and vendor needs, plan-ning and outlining, and effec-tive writing, packaging, andediting techniques. The fee is$150, which includes a manualon planning and executing adocumentation project. Con-tact Michele Keplinger,Promptdoc Inc., Suite 113,833 West Colorado Ave., Col-orado Springs, CO 80905,(303) 471-9875.

November 16-19

Computer Graphics, SanFrancisco, CA. For details, seeNovember 9-12.

November 17-19

Local Networks: Designingand Implementing Applica-tions for the 80s, InternationalHotel, Washington, DC. Thisconference is intended to pro-vide in-depth evaluations ofthe advantages and limitationsof local networks for differentapplications, such as howlocal networks fit into anoverall communicationsstrategy. Hardware, software,and services for local net-works will be exhibited. Con-tact U.S. Professional Devel-opment Institute, 12611Davan Dr., Silver Spring, MD20904, (301) 622-5696.

November 18

Writing User Manuals ThatSell Software, Howard John-son—O'Hare International,Chicago, IL. Refer to Novem-ber 16 for information.

November 18-21

Applefest, Brooks Hall, San

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 535

Event Queue

Francisco, CA. Applefest is aconference convention and ex-position featuring Apple com-puters and Apple-relatedproducts such as software, pe-ripherals, accessories, andpublications. The admissionfee is $5. Contact NortheastExpositions, 822 Boylston St.,Chestnut Hill, MA 02167,(617) 739-2000.

November 18-19

The Sixth Western Educa-tional Computing Confer-ence, Kona Kai Club, SanDiego, CA. This conference ispresented by the CaliforniaEducational Computing Con-sortium. It's intended for in-structors and administrativepersonnel at the college anduniversity level. The theme is"Bringing the Information Ageto the Campus." Papers willaddress such topics as studentinvolvement in database de-sign, administrative comput-ing in continuing education,the educational softwaredilemma, and learning eco-nomics with a microcom-puter. Contact ProfessorFrances Grant, Center for In-formation and Communica-tions Studies, California StateUniversity, Chico, CA 95929.

November 19-21

Electronica, Civic Center,Houston, TX. This show willfeature a wide variety of per-sonal electronics equipmentincluding computers, elec-tronic games, ham radios, andprojection TV. For more in-formation, contact NortheastExpositions, 824 Boylston St.,Chestnut Hill, MA 02167,• (617) 739-2000.

November 29-December 2The 1982 Global Telecommu-nications Conference (Globe-corn '82), Sheraton Bal Har-bour Hotel, Miami, FL. Thetheme for this IEEE Communi-cations Society-sponsoredconference is "Communica-tions—A Synergistic Technol-ogy." Topics to be exploredinclude local-area networks,

fiber optics, satellite commu-nications, computer/commu-nication security, networkperformance evaluation, andLSI/VLSI (large-scale integra-tion/very large-scale integra-tion) communications. Paneldiscussions and about 60hardware and software ex-hibits will highlight this con-ference. Globecom was form-erly known as the NationalTelecommunications Confer-ence (NTC). General confer-ence information is availablefrom Dr. Liang Li, Gould S. E.L., 6901 West Sunrise Blvd.,POB 9148, Fort Lauderdale,FL 33310. For registrationdetails, contact Dr. Thomas J.Harrison, Registration Chair-man, IBM Department 2K1/203, POB 1328, Boca Raton,FL 33432.

November 29-December 2

COMDEX '82, ConventionCenter, Las Vegas, NV. Thisconference and exposition,designed for small-systemsvendors and independentsales organizations, is one ofthe largest annual computershows. Full details are avail-able from The InterfaceGroup, 160 Speen St., POB927, Framingham, MA01701, (800) 225-4620; inMassachusetts, (617) 879-4502.

November 30-December 1Understanding and UsingCAD/CAM, Barbizon Plaza,New York, NY. This seminarwill be led by Carl Machover.It is intended to provide an in-troduction to and the historyof computer graphics, thecomputer-graphics environ-ment, and basic computer-graphics technologies. CAD/CAM (computer-aided de-sign/manufacturing) topics tobe addressed include designand analysis, simulation, thesize of the market and its ex-pected growth, and manage-ment issues. Practical infor-mation about hardware, soft-ware, systems, and applica-

tions will be provided. Work-shops and class discussionswill follow the concluding ses-sion. Full details are availablefrom Carol Sapchin, Frost &Sullivan, 106 Fulton St., NewYork, NY 10038, (212)233-1080.

November 30-December 2

Midcon/82, High-TechnologyElectronics Exhibition andConvention, Dallas Conven-tion Center, Dallas, TX. Con-tact Electronic ConventionsInc., 999 North SepulvedaBlvd., El Segundo, CA90245, (800) 421-6816; inCalifornia, (213) 772-2965.

November 30-December 2

The 1982 Autofact 4 Confer-ence and Exposition, CivicCenter, Philadelphia, PA.This show is sponsored bythe Computer and Auto-mated Systems Associationof the Society of Manufactur-ing Engineers (CASA/SME).The focus will be on com-puter-aided design and manu-facturing (CAD/CAM) andthe expanding technologies ofcomputer-integrated manu-facturing (CIM) and the auto-mated factory. Tutorials andsessions will address analysisand simulation, robotics, as-sembly, quality assurance,scheduling, material han-dling, and other relatedtopics. Additional informa-tion is available fromCASA/SME Public Rela-tions, One SME Dr., POB930, Dearborn, MI 48128,(313) 271-0777.

November 30-December 3

Computer Graphics, Wash-ington, DC. See November9-12 for details.

November 30-December 3Digital Modal Analysis,Marina International Hotel,Marina del Rey, CA. Contactthe Continuing Education In-stitute, Oliver's CarriageHouse, 5410 Leaf TreaderWay, Columbia, MD 21044,(301) 596-0111.

December 1982

December-March 1983

Courses for Developers and

Users of Computer Systems,

various sites throughout theU. S. Among the courses of-fered by the AMA (AmericanManagement Associations)are "Fundamentals of DataProcessing for the NondataProcessing Executive,""BASIC: A Computer Lan-guage for Managers," and"Database Concepts and De-signs." For complete registra-tion and course information,contact the AMA, 135 West50th St., New York, NY10020, (212) 586-8100.

December 1-2

MECC '82, Educational Com-puting Conference, Minnea-polis, MN. The theme for thisconference is "Sharing aDecade of Experience." Pre-and post-conference work-shops on implementing com-puting and programmingmicrocomputers are planned.Practical sessions and discus-sions will cover in-servicetraining techniques, softwareand hardware evaluations,classroom teaching strategiesand activities, and kindergar-ten through 12th grade cur-riculum planning. For com-plete details, contact MECC'82, 2520 Broadway Dr., St.Paul, MN 55113, (612)376-1131.

December 1-3

Software Information Interna-tional, Wembley ConferenceCentre, London, England.Particulars are available fromSoftware/expo, Suite 400, 222West Adams St., Chicago, IL60606, (312) 263-3131.

December 2-3

Understanding and UsingComputer Business Graphics,Barbizon Plaza, New York,NY. This workshop offers anintroduction to and the his-tory of computer graphics, thecomputer-graphics environ-

536

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

ment, and basic computer-graphics technologies. Areasaddressed are justifying busi-ness graphics, time- andmoney-saving techniques,business graphics choices, andsuccessful operating tech-niques. Workshops and classdiscussions will follow theconcluding session. The semi-nar leader is Carl Machover.Contact Carol Sapchin, Frost& Sullivan, 106 Fulton St.,New York, NY 10038, (212)233-1080.

December 3-5

Electronica, Moscone Hall,San Francisco, CA. See No-vember 19-21 for further de-tails.

December 5-10

Data Processing TrainingManagers' Workshop, Sher-aton Universal Hotel, LosAngeles, CA. For details, seeNovember 14-19.

December 6-7

Farm Computer Seminar,Argos Computers, Fresno,CA. This seminar is sponsoredby Argos Computers. It's de-signed for the farmer consider-ing investing in an on-farmcomputer system, the opera-tors to be responsible foroperating the system, and thecontroller, accountant, andbookkeeper planning the in-stallation of a farm computersystem. The program is in-tended to provide a generalunderstanding of computers,computerization, and com-puterized farm management.The program covers hard-ware, software, database-management systems, how tospecify system requirements,charting information flows,and preparing a farm for com-puterization. Hands-on ex-perience will be provided. Thefee is $250. A full seminardescription is available fromAlan R. Thodey, Argos Com-puters, Suite 360, 790 WestShaw Ave., Fresno, CA93704, (209) 221-7211.

December 6-8

Hands-on Pascal Workshop,

Los Angeles, CA. This coursewill provide the opportunityto learn Pascal through hands-on experience on Apple IIPascal systems. Topics to beaddressed include coding thelanguage, using structuredprogramming techniques, de-veloping portable and main-tainable software, and imple-menting real-time software formicrocomputer and minicom-puter applications. The coursefee is $695. For information,contact Ruth Dordick, Inte-grated Computer Systems,3304 Pico Blvd., POB 5339,Santa Monica, CA 90405,(800) 421-8166; in California,(213) 450-2060.

December 6-9

Computers in Science, Con-rad Hilton, Chicago, IL. Thisconference seeks to provideinformation on how changingcomputational technologieswill influence future scientificresearch. Sessions, lectures,and presentations will coversuch topics as "Products of theTechnological Revolution:Building Blocks of FutureComputer Systems," "Com-putational Systems: Man/Ma-chine Synergism and the Con-duct of Scientific Research,"and "Scientific Communica-tion and Collaboration: Con-ducting Research in the NewComputational Environ-ment." In addition, pre-conference tutorials on hard-ware, software, and commu-nication technology areplanned. This conference issponsored by Science maga-zine in cooperation withScherago Associates Inc.,1515 Broadway, New York,NY 10036, (212) 730-1050.

December 6-10

Unix Workshop, Boston, MA.Details are listed underNovember 15-19.

December 7-8

Plenary Technology, New

York, NY. Details are avail-able from the Yankee Group,POB 43, Harvard Square,Cambridge, MA 02138, (617)542-0100.

December 7-8

Computers—Can You Afford

Not to Understand?, St.Charles, IL. The fee for thisexecutive seminar is $500.Contact the Registrar, ArthurAndersen & Co., Center forProfessional Education, 1405North Fifth Ave., St. Charles,IL 60174, (800) 323-0815; in Il-linois, (800) 942-0851.

December 7-10

Distributed Processing, Mini-and Microcomputer Imple-mentations, Washington, DC.See November 9-12 fordetails.

December 9-11

The 1982 California Educa-tional Exposition, AnaheimConvention Center, Ana-heim, CA. This exposition'stheme is 'Public Education:Our Purpose—Our Future."Exhibits and an all-daycomputer-literacy workshophighlight this event. Addressinquiries to Alice Lytle, Cali-fornia School Boards Associa-tion, 916 23rd St., Sacra-mento, CA 95816, (916)443-4691.

December 9-12

Southeast Computer Showand Office Equipment Exposi-tion, Civic Center, Atlanta,GA. For details, contact Com-puter Expositions Inc., POB3315, Annapolis, MD 21403,(800) 368-2066; in Maryland,(301) 263-8044.

December 10

The 1982 Computer Network-ing Symposium, Gaithers-burg, MD. "Planning for theNear Term: The Next ThreeYears" is the theme for thissymposium, which is spon-sored by the IEEE ComputerSociety Technical Committeeon Computer Communicationand the Institute for Com-

puter Sciences and Tech-nology of the National Bureauof Standards. Papers relatedto the design, selection, andimplementation of networksystems within the next threeyears will be delivered. Areasof particular interest includelong-haul networks, local-area networks, and satellitesystems. Full details are avail-able from Computer Net-working Symposium, IEEEComputer Society, POB 639,Silver Spring, MD 20901,(301) 589-3386.

December 12-17

Small Computers in Bio-medical Research, WoodsHole, MA. This course issponsored by the MarineBiological Laboratory. It em-phasizes hands-on exercisesusing several fully equippedmicroprocessor systems. Theconcentration is on basicmachine operation andassembly language. Othertopics include number sys-tems, machine logic and archi-tecture, operating systems,and flowcharting and inter-rupts. Contact the MarineBiological Laboratory, WoodsHole, MA 02543, (617)548-3705.

December 13-15

Office Automation for Man-agement Productivity, Shore-ham Hotel, Washington, DC.Conference sections will focuson better methods to evaluateproductivity, to select equip-ment or procedures, to inte-grate equipment or proce-dures into an organization,and to get people to work ef-fectively in a changing en-vironment. For further details,contact the Information Ex-change, Suite 334, 4500 SouthFour Mile Run Dr., Arlington,VA 22204, (703) 820-5720.

December 13-17

C Programming Workshop,Boston, MA. This workshopis designed for programmersor engineers able to programin another language. Areas to

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 537

Event Queue,

be explored include Coperands and operators, Cpreprocessors, pointers andarrays, and structures andunions. The fee is $1000. Afull course outline is availablefrom Joan Hall, Plum HallInc., RD 2 Box 235P,Pleasantville, NJ 08232, (609)927-3770.

December 13-17

Digital Continuous-SystemSimulation, University ofMaryland University College,Adelphi, MD. The fee for thiscourse is $975. For details,contact Marc Rosenberg,UCLA Extension, ContinuingEducation in Engineering andMathematics, 6266 BoelterHall, Los Angeles, CA 90024,(213) 825-1047.

December 14-15

Plenary Technology, PaloAlto, CA. Details are avail-able from the Yankee Group,

POB 43, Harvard Square,Cambridge, MA 02138, (617)542-0100.

December 14-16

A Business Approach to Sys-tems Controls, Chicago, IL.The fee for this seminar is$600. Contact the Registrar,Arthur Andersen & Co.,Center for Professional Educa-tion, 1405 North Fifth Ave.,St. Charles, IL 60174, (800)323-0815; in Illinois, (800)942-0851.

December 14-17

Systems Project Management,Chicago, IL. The fee for thisseminar is $900. For fulldetails, contact the Registrar,Arthur Andersen & Co.,Center for Professional Educa-tion, 1405 North Fifth Ave.,St. Charles, IL 60174, (800)323-0815; in Illinois, (800)942-0851.

Micromint will put both a

computer development system

and an OEM dedicated controller

in the palm of your hand

for only $195

28 MICROCOMPUTER•On board liny BASIC interpreter.•Parallel and serial I/O ports.•6 interrupts.

RS-232 CONNECTOR•Just attach a CRT terminal and

immediately write

control programs in BASIC.

4K BYTES OF RAM•Z6132 4K X 8 low power quasi-static

RAM. EPROM pin compatible.

SWITCH SELECTABLE BAUD RATES•110-9600 BPS.

FULLY EXPANDABLE

• Data and address buses available Sfor 124K memory jjKJand I/O expansion. «K§!

• 2 onboard parallel ports. MXv/

• 7.3728MHZ crystal for fast control operations

JUMPER SELECTABLE MEMORY OPTIONS•4K RAM, 2716 or 2732 EPROM operation.

LOW POWER•Consumes only 1Vi WATTS at +5, +12

and-12V

Optional power supply

( + 5, + 12and-12V) $35.

Please include $4 for shipping and handling.

To Order:

Call Toll Free: 1-800-645-3479

(In N.Y. State Call: 1-516-374-6793)

For Information Call

1-516-374-6793

MICROMINT INC.

917 Midway

Woodmere, N.Y. 11598

Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar,

Byte Magazine,

July and August 1981.

28 is a trademark oi Zilog inc

Circle 518 on inquiry card.

538 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

January 1983

January 5-7

The Sixteenth Hawaii Interna-tional Conference on SystemsSciences, Honolulu, HI. Thisconference will focus on re-cent developments in thetheory and practice of com-puter software, hardware,and advanced computer sys-tems applications as related toinformation and systemsscience. Special emphasis willbe placed on medical informa-tion processing, decision sup-port systems, and office sys-tems and technology. Furtherinformation is available fromEmily M. Yano Jorgensen, Of-fice of Management Pro-grams, College of BusinessAdministration, University ofHawaii, 2404 Maile WayC-202, Honolulu, HI 96822,(808) 948-7396.

January 18-20

Southcon/83, High-Tech-nology Electronics Exhibitionand Convention, GeorgiaWorld Congress Center,Atlanta, GA. Contact Elec-tronic Conventions Inc., 999North Sepulveda Blvd., ElSegundo, CA 90245, (800)421-6816; in California, (213)772-2965.

January 20-21

The Twelfth Annual NationalMeasurement Science Confer-ence and Exhibition, HyattRickeys Hotel, Palo Alto, CA.This conference is intendedfor managers, scientists, engi-neers, and operating person-

nel. Its theme is "Accuracyand Automation." Seminarsessions will stress practicalapplications of new equip-ment and techniques to solvemeasurement problems. Byformat and objective, thisconference will promote pro-fessional and state-of-the-artapproaches and emergingtechnologies in the fields ofmeasurement science. For reg-istration information, contactBob Weber, Lockheed Missile& Space Corp., Sunnyvale,CA 94046, (408) 742-2957.

January 31-February 2

Communication Networks'83, the Rivergate, NewOrleans, LA. This conferenceand exposition will encompassthe voice, data, and telecom-munications industry with ses-sions and demonstrations.The theme is "Communica-tions Cost Control Via HighTechnology." Topics on theagenda include electronic mailand office communications,local-area networks and inter-netting, and modems andmultiplexers. Optional in-depth skill seminars will beheld. These seminars, led byindustry leaders, include lec-tures, class activities, and aworkbook. General registra-tion fees are $395; skill semi-nars cost $295. Contact LouiseMyerow, Conference Man-agement Group, CW Com-munications Inc., POB 880,Framingham, MA 01701,(800) 225-4698; in Massachu-setts, call (617) 879-0700 col-lect. ■

In order to gain optimal coverage of your organization's com-puter conferences, seminars, workshops, courses, etc, noticeshould reach our office at least three months in advance of thedate of the event. Entries should be sent to: Event Queue, BYTEPublications, POB 372, Hancock NH 03449. Each month wepublish the current contents of the queue for the month of thecover date and the two following calendar months. Thus a givenevent may appear as many as three times in this section if it is sentto us far enough in advance.

Clubs and Newsletters

Down EastTRS-80 Group

The Southern MaineTRS-80 Group meets on thefirst Tuesday of every monthat 6:30 p.m. in classroom 2,Maine Medical Center, Bram-hill St., in Portland, Maine.Dues are $10 annually or $1 amonth. The group's newslet-ter is called Byte Babble.Contact the Southern MaineTRS-80 Group, 15 MountainView Rd., Cape Elizabeth,ME 04107.

IBM GroupIn Toronto

The recently formedToronto Area IBM PersonalComputer Users Group seekscommunication with mem-bers of other IBM usersgroups. Joint activities will besponsored and a newslettermay be published. To contactthe Toronto group, send abrief description of yourequipment, a legal-sizedenvelope, and your group'sname, address, and telephonenumber to the IBM UserGroup of Toronto, POB1376, Station B, Downsview,Ontario, M3H 5V6, Canada.In Canada, send a stampedenvelope, elsewhere enclose$1 (U.S. funds).

British Form 68'Micro User Group

Software and hardware forthe 6800 series of micropro-cessors is the focus of a newlyformed British users group.Meetings are held once amonth and a newsletter isplanned. Further informationcan be obtained by sending aself-addressed, stampedenvelope to Jim Anderson, 41Pebworth Rd., Harrow, Mid-dlesex, HA1 3UD, England.

Second call for Clubs and Newsletters Directory

To be included in the fifth edition of the BYTE Clubs andNewsletters Directory, your club or publication must supplythe following information:

1. name of organization or publication

2. mailing address

3. contact person and telephone number

4. name of newsletter or publication

5. special interests

Send your information to Clubs and Newsletters Direc-tory, BYTE/McGraw-Hill, POB 372, Hancock, NH 03449.

IBM PC UsersConnect

IBM Personal Computerowners in Stamford, Connec-ticut, have organized a cluband planned a substantialagenda for future meetings.The club meets on the thirdTuesday of each month at6:30 p.m. at Computerland,111 High Ridge, Stamford,CT. Dues are $5 annually andinclude mailing fees. Furtherdetails are available fromDave Foulger, 69 River St.,New Canaan, CT 06840.

Save Timeand Money

Flexible Automation, TheNewsletter of AutomatedSystems, reports recent de-velopments in computerhardware and software asthey are introduced. Com-puter-integrated manufactur-ing businesses that subscribewill have information rele-vant to flexible productionsystems. Subscriptions to thetwice-monthly publicationare $144 for one year (23issues) and $250 for twoyears. Contact Flexible Auto-mation, POB 175, Ho-Ho-Kus, NJ 07423.

Suggestions Welcome

Commodore VIC-20 usersare invited to send their sug-gestions for a new club form-ing in North Carolina toMicrocomputers Users Club,POB 17142, Bethabara Sta-tion, Winston-Salem, NC27116.

Atari AustralianStyle

The Atari Computer En-thusiasts (New South Wales)is an Australian users groupfor both beginning and ad-vanced users of the Atari400/800 home computer sys-tems. Meetings are held thefirst Monday of every monthat 6 p.m. at LP. Sharp Asso-ciates, 8th floor of theCarlton Centre, 55 ElizabethSt., Sydney. The group has asmall reference library ofAtari literature, is developinga software exchange, andpublishes a newsletter calledInside Info. Membership toA.C.E. (N.S.W.) is $15 plus a$15 annual subscription fee(Australian dollars). CallGarry Francis at (02) 2-0933ext. 354 or write to AtariComputer Enthusiasts(N.S.W.), 78 Ayres Rd., St.Ives, New South Wales,Australia 2075.

Keeping Up withCommunications

The Electronic Mail &Message Systems (EMMS) isa twice-monthly newslettercovering technology, user,product, and legislativetrends in graphic and recordcommunications. Subscrip-tions are $210 a year for 24issues; single copies are avail-able for $10. Overseas sub-scriptions are $245 a year.Write to EMMS, 30 High St.,Norwalk, CT 06851.

NY Amateurs Meet

The New York AmateurComputer Club holds meet-ings open to the public on thesecond Thursday of eachmonth from 7 to 10 p.m. inthe Main Building of NewYork University, 100 Wash-ington Square East, NewYork City. Because meetinglocations change, call (212)864-4595 for room number.The group publishes amonthly newsletter, holdsmonthly board meetings, andparticipates in area computerconventions. It has also pub-lished a catalog of more than100 volumes of public-domain software. For infor-mation call Don Wiss at (212)532-5722 or write POB 106,Church St. Station, NewYork, NY 10008.

North Star in NYC

Affiliated with the NewYork Amateur ComputerClub is the New York CityNorth Star Users Group. Itmeets once a month for infor-mation exchange and discus-sions of hardware and soft-ware. Contact Dr. JeremyShapiro at (212) 496-6050 or302 West 86th St., NewYork, NY 10024. ■

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 539

BYTELINES

News and Speculation about Personal Computing

Conducted by Sol Libes

§\andom Rumors: Stillno word on when Commo-dore's new 16-bit micropro-cessor, the 65000, will be an-nounced, but specificationsare starting to leak out.Scuttlebutt has it that thechip will be mounted in astandard 40-pin DIP (dual-in-line package) that shouldallow the manufacturer tohold down its cost. The 65000will have 24 address bits, al-lowing it to directly access 16megawords (32 megabytes)of memory. It will containsixty-four 8-bit registers andwill be designed to providedirect support for high-levellanguages via descriptorsthat associate data typeswith variables. The initial ver-sion is expected to have aprogrammable I/O channelwith 22 associated instruc-tions, which will let it serviceI/O devices without disturb-ing the main processor.Rumors are circulating thatbefore the microprocessorwill be made available tooutsiders, the initial produc-tion runs will be used for anew computer that Commo-dore has in the works. . . . It'sestimated that IBM soldmore than 250,000 PersonalComputers during the firstyear of production, fully halfthe number of Apple Us soldin that machine's first 5 yearsof production. IBM is ex-pected to greatly expand itslist of independent retailersof the Personal Computer.. . . According to reports,Motorola is shipping sample68000 microprocessors ratedto run at 16 MHz and thecompany may distribute aversion of Digital Research'sCP/M disk operating systemfor 68000-based machines.. . . Tecmar Inc., Cleveland,

Ohio, is said to be working ona 68000 processor card forthe IBM Personal Computer.. . . Any day now, Microsoft isexpected to release MS-DOSversion 2 (known as PC-DOSon the IBM Personal Com-puter). It may have multitask-ing capability. Microsoft isalso rumored working on aversion that will run as a taskunder multiuser Xenix so thatowners of that operating sys-tem will be able to run MS-DOS-based software too.Microsoft may soon have aword-processing program,possibly called Multiword, tocomplement Multiplan.Microsoft is also rumored tobe interested in buying PCMagazine from Tony Cold(formerly of Lifeboat). Wewonder what that will do

to PC's credibility MH

. . . American Bell, the newAT&T computer subsidiary, isexpected to start releasing ahost of new computer prod-ucts starting early next year.You can anticipate a lot ofsoftware, terminals, andminicomputers Althoughmost of the new products willbe directed toward the tele-phone industry, many willfind use in general applica-tions (the terminals, for ex-ample, use Motorola's 68000microprocessor, are said tobe highly intelligent, havesuper graphics, cost about$1000 each in quantity, andmay be well suited for text-editing and work-station use).AT&T denies it, but rumorspersist that a 32-bit micropro-cessor designed specificallyto run Unix System III (thelatest officially released ver-sion) will be introduced. ... IfTimex is successful in mass-marketing the ZX81, expectSinclair Research to turn over

the new Spectrum color com-puter to that company, too.. . . Lanx Corporation, SanJose, California, and IMI (In-ternational Memories Inc.)are thought to be readying a100-megabyte 8-inch Win-chester-disk drive using ver-tical recording. . . . Sourcessay that Shugart Associates isshipping evaluation samplesof its new optical mass-stor-age system to potential cus-tomers. Production is slatedfor late next year. The stor-age system is said to be ofthe write-once variety, whichmeans that information writ-ten cannot be erased.Because the system has acapacity of 1 gigabyte peroptical-disc surface andbecause the media are remov-able, the write-once philo-sophy is easily justified. . . .Look for Panasonic to an-nounce a system compatiblewith IBM's Personal Com-puter. . . IBM is said to besquaring away a souped-upversion of the Personal Com-puter that uses Intel's 8086microprocessor and has morememory-addressing capabil-ity and larger disks. Expect itsintroduction by year's end.. . . Rumor has it that thewell-known Wall Streetanalyst Benjamin M. Rosen,who publishes the RosenElectronics Letter on the elec-tronics industry, is activelybacking a new personal com-puter venture. Formal an-nouncement of the new com-pany and its product shouldoccur early this month. Staytuned for more details.CM

vommodore Status Re-port: Commodore BusinessMachines appears to be try-

ing to compete with every-body by introducing five newmachines with list pricesranging from a low of $179 toa high of $2995. The low-costMAX is essentially a gamemachine, but it does incor-porate some of the featuresof the VIC-20, PET, and thenew Commodore 64. It ap-pears to be intended to com-pete with the Atari VideoComputer System.

In the meantime, theVIC-20 is selling like hotcakesat discount prices as low as$229 (list is $299); however,industry pundits speculatethat it will soon be replacedby an upgraded model witha better display, graphics,and sound. The Commo-dore 64 ($595 list)—with 64Kbytes of memory and a goodkeyboard —may turn out tobe the lowest-cost machinecapable of running CP/M. Anoptional plug-in Z80 car-tridge should be available forit sometime next year.

With the introduction ofthe PI28 (list $995), Com-modore finally appears to bereplacing the PET computer.The P128 has 128K bytes ofmemory and is compatiblewith PET peripherals. Thenew B128 ($1695) and BX256($2995) computers appear tobe replacements for theCBM8032. Both have 80-character by 24-line videodisplays and built-in floppy-disk drives. The B128 carries128K bytes of memory, whilethe BX256 has 256K and asecond processor, an Intel8088. Both systems accept upto 640K bytes of memory andhave detachable keyboards.These machines seem de-signed to rival the IBM Per-sonal Computer and AppleIII.

540 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Commodore's line of ma-chines is larger than that ofany other manufacturer in theindustry. Previously, RadioShack had the broadest linewith four different machines.Commodore's new machinespresent a new price-versus-performance standard andshould shake up the industrywhen they become availablein quantity early next year.

.drmpple Rumors: Apple isexpected to announce thelong-awaited successor to theApple II, the Apple ll-E, earlyin January. The ll-E shouldhave an 80-column video dis-play and more than 64Kbytes of memory—featurespresently available on theApple II only through add-onperipherals. It may sell at aslightly lower price than theApple II, and it's expected touse only 11 integrated cir-cuits [less memory) and incor-porate many manufacturingeconomies. It is believed thatthe ll-E will maintain soft-ware compatibility with exist-ing Apple II software.

Apple's long-rumored of-fice-of-the-future using the68000 microprocessor maybe announced next year. In aminimum configuration ofthe system, code-named Lisa,prices should start at about$10,000. Apple Computermight wait until late in 1983to announce a new low-costsystem, presently referred toas Macintosh; its base price isestimated at $1500. Macin-tosh should have many of thesame capabilities found inLisa. Apple's avowed goal inpresenting these new systemsis to reduce the time requiredto learn how to use them toless than an hour and to eli-minate the programmingbottleneck by providing alarge base of off-the-shelfsoftware.

In the meantime, a federaldistrict court has deniedApple's request for a prelimi-nary injunction against

Franklin Computer Corpora-tion. Apple accused Franklinand its Ace Computer of pa-tent and copyright infringe-ment. The Ace 1000 is nowbeing shipped and is pur-ported to be hardware- andsoftware-compatible with theApple II. Also, the FederalTrade Commission hasclosed its investigation ofalleged unfair business prac-tices by Apple without takingany action. The investigationwas initiated after Appledropped mail-order and over-the-phone dealers.

u,

'CSD p-System GainsAcceptance: The UCSDp-System, developed bySoftech Microsystems, willsoon be the standard operat-ing system on the portableOsborne 1 computer. Os-borne chose the p-Systembecause it will let users easilytransfer software from othersystems, such as the IBM Per-sonal Computer, DEC (DigitalEquipment Corporation)VT180, and the Apple IJ — allof which have different diskformats. Softech has intro-duced an attachment tothese computers, called theUniversal Medium, thatmakes it possible to take adisk from one vendor's ma-chine and read it with an-other's by converting the diskcontroller's format specifica-tions. The p-System operatingsystem supports BASIC,FORTRAN-77, and Pascaland offers programs to helpyou develop software to rununder it.

fc80 Sales Strong AsEver: Zilog reports that Z80microprocessor sales arestronger than ever (probablydue to the popularity of theSinclair ZX81). Recently,Zilog closed two deals tosupply other companies withone million processors andthree deals for one-halfmillion processors each. In

Do You Use a Printeror Modem?

The average microcomputer "moves" data at120,000 characters a second. A typical disk drivetransfers it at 27,000 CPS. Most printers howeverplod along at 100 CPS and many modems squeak out30 CPS. That's quite a drop in efficiency not tomention a waste ofcomputing power!

We've brokenthis bottleneckwith a smart little"white" box called the PRINTER OPTIMIZER" thatfeatures a 64,000 to 256,000 character memorybuffer. Now you can "print" your inventory in 2seconds instead of 10 minutes, and no longer willyour computer be tied up transmitting or receivingmodem transmissions. The OPTIMIZER is smarttoo. You'll notice a keypad and display in ourpicture. You can tell the OPTIMIZER to convertdata, send control sequences, pause on cue, andmore. For example: access all of your printer'scapabilities (graphics, font size, forms control,special symbols) with the ease of selecting astation on a pushbutton car radio. Use it to adaptan XYZ printer to your ABC computer running aPDQ word processing program. Run a serial print-er or modem from a parallel port. If you can affordand justify a disk drive, then you certainly needour OPTIMIZER to bring your printer, plotter ormodem "up to speed" with the rest of your system.

If You Need A Letter

Quality Printer p-r*-J

. . .then consider our affordable ■ ^J

yet high quality alternative. Our MEDIAMIX ETI2""converts an IBM Electronic Typewriter (and someother brands) into a computer printer. Everyoffice needs a typewriter. So for example, you canbuy an IBM Model 50 ET that costs about $1200 andhave a superior typewriter, and then with ourETI2 have a printer that produces probably thehighest quality printed image available. You caneven do typesetting like this ad! And for financialprinting you can't beat a wide carriage IBM ET.It's a truly cost effective investment. There are anumber of arguments in favor of choosing thisroute over a single use computer printer, and wehave an article on this subject you should read.

We apply technology creatively, with insightand with respect for the, non-technical end user.Feel welcome to write or call our toll free numberfor more information.

APPLIEDCREATIVETECHNOLOGY, INC.

2723 Avenue E East, Suite 717Arlington, Texas 76011[817]-261-6905[8O0J-433-5373

COPYRIGHT 1982

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 541

START YOUR OWNCOMPUTER CO.

HOW TO START YOUR OWN SYSTEMS HOUSE S36.

7th edition. November 1981

Written by the founder of a successful systems house, this fact-filled 220-pagemanual covers virtually all aspects of starting and operating a small systemscompany. It is abundant with useful, real-life samples: contracts, proposals,agreements and a complete business plan are included in full, and may be usedimmediately by the reader. Proven, field-tested solutions to the many problemsfacing small turnkey vendors are presented.

HOW TO BECOME A SUCCESSFUL COMPUTER CONSULTANT S28.

by Leslie Nelson. 4th revised edition. December 1981

Independent consultants are becoming a vitally important factor in the micro-computer field, filling the gap between the computer vendors and commercial/industrial users. The rewards of the consultant can be high' freedom, more satis-fying work and doubled or tripled income. This manual provides comprehensivebackground information and step-by-step directions for those interested to ex-plore this lucrative field.

HOW TO SELL YOUR MICRO SOFTWARE S19.95

by B.J. Korites. Ph.D. May 1982

The best practical guide for those with software to sell Detailed discussion of the

eight best marketing strategies How to sell through distributors, brokers,

computer manufacturers. Advertising techniques Pricing strategies. Software

security

HOW TO START YOUR OWN WORD PROCESSING SERVICE S48.

by Leslie Nelson, 2nd edition. October 1982

Turn a small investment into a steady, money making business that adds S10.000.S50.000 or $100,000 to your income Detailed start-up. marketing and operationsplans are included

Send check, money order. VISA. Master Charge or American Express -» and expdate Publisher pays 4th class shipping Add S1 00 per book lor UPS shipping(USA) only) NJ residents add 5% sales tax For faster shipment on credit cardorders call (201) 783-6940 Circle 182 on inquiry card.

ESSEX PUBLISHING CO. Dept 2

285 Bloomfield Avenue • Caldwell, N J 07006

LEARN VISICALC™

THE EASY WAY WITH READY-MADE TEMPLATES

Load your Visicalc™ with our templates,then key your numbers in.

DO YOUR:

ESTIMATING IN CONSTRUCTION JOB COST - The BuildingSite • Preliminary Costs • Site Clearing, Excavation, and Fill •Footings • Foundation • Floor System • Super Structure •Roofing • Electrical, Plumbing, Heating, and Air Conditioning •

Brickwork • Energy Saving Materials • Interior Wall and CeilingFinish • Exterior Trim • Concrete Floors, Walks, and Terrace •Interior Trim • Painting, Floor Covering and Appliances • Gutters,Onsite Improvements and Misc. • Overhead Contingency andProfit.

ANALYSIS IN FINANCE - Break-Even Analysis • CashBudget • Pro-Forma PSL • Pro-Forma Balance Sheet • RatioAnalysis • Depreciation Tables (5) • Net Present Values.

PROJECTIONS IN REAL ESTATE - NIREB Forms: CID B- Property Analysis • CID C — Comparative InvestmentAnalysis • CID D - Individual Tax Analysis • CID G - ExcessDepreciation • Net Proceeds • CID l-A - Internal Rate ofReturn.

BUDGETS FOR THE HOME - Personal Budget • ShoppingList • Mortgage and Loan • Individual Retirement Account • IRSSchedule A.

Future Templates - Retailing • Energy Audit • Engineering •Statistics • Multi-Level Marketing. Customize Templates $30.

Run on Apple l:Commodore

' TRS-80 I, II. Ill • IBM PC • Atari 400, 800 •

Orders Only - (800) 525-9391 ext. 533Inquiries - (714) 338-5075

COD — CashiersChk. or Money OrderOnly Prepaid—Personal Check O.K. • UPS-Add $2.50 shippingand handling Street Address required. ' Calif. — add6.5% sales tax

SOFTWARE MODELS

"The Template People"

P.O. Box 1029

Crestline, CA 92325

BYTELINES.

this quantity, Z80 prices aretypically around $3 a piece.Zilog claims that it is current-ly supplying 60% of the Z80market, that Mostek supplies20%, and that SCS and Sharpchip in the remaining 10%.Zilog expects to ship about 6million Z80s this year, upfrom 4 million last year. Thismeans that about 10 millionZ80s will be sold this year.

Dataquest, a market-re-search outfit, recently re-ported that 50% of the newmicrocomputer products in-troduced at the recent Na-tional Computer Conferencecontained Z80s. CurrentZilog Z80s are rated for6 MHz and 8 MHz operation.Zilog expects to introduce alow-power CMOS (comple-mentary metal-oxide semi-conductor) Z80 next year.

I ersonal ComputerRebate Offered: Followingthe example of the auto com-panies, Texas Instruments in-augurated a $100 rebate onits 99/4A computer, whichnow retails for $299. This isbelieved to be an attempt toreduce an inventory rumoredat between 40,000 and 50,000units. It also steps up theprice war that has developedin the low-cost consumer-oriented segment of thepersonal computer market. Itis likely that Commodore,Atari, and Tandy will respondwith a new round of pricecuts if Christmas sales beginto falter.

I andy Broadens Dis-tribution Via Dealers:

Bowing to the increased com-petition in the low-end per-sonal computer arena, Tandy(Radio Shack's parent com-pany) has authorized 60 RCAconsumer-product distri-butors to market the TRS-80Color Computer (it will becalled the TDP System 100and its enclosure will be

white instead of grey)through about 2000 indepen-dent dealers. This should putTandy in a better position tocompete against Texas In-struments, Atari, Commo-dore, and Timex, which havelined up such mass merchan-disers as K-Mart and SearsRoebuck. This should pro-vide an incentive for inde-pendent software developersto write software for the ma-chine. It's likely that Tandywill distribute some otherlow-end computer productsthrough this network.

Latest 32-Blt Micropro-cessor News: The June1982 issue of Computer Ar-chitecture News reported onsome benchmarks recentlyrun at Berkeley comparingthe latest microprocessorswith Digital Equipment Cor-poration's VAX, a popularand powerful minicomputer.The results, expressed in frac-tions of a VAX, are that Intel'siAPX-432, a 32-bit, 4-MHz,multiple-chip processor, isequal to 0.05 VAX; Intel's8086, running at 5 MHz, isequal to 0.4 VAX; andMotorola's 68000, at 8 MHz,is equal to 0.6 VAX and, at16MHz, it's 1.75 VAX.

Several universities al-ready have systems based onIntel's iAPX^32 running andare developing software. Agroup at the University ofWashington is developing anobject-oriented language/operating system designed torun on one to four 432 micro-processors and to be a net-work component. The proj-ect, called Eden, is intendedto build a powerful environ-ment for computer-scienceresearch.

Intel is rumored to be rede-signing the 432 so that it willbe faster and easier to make;this probably involves somechanges in the processor's ar-chitecture. Intel has alsolaunched an intensive effortto design the iAPX-386, a

542

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 415 on inquiry card.

32-bit microprocessor thatwill be upward-compatiblewith the 16-bit 8086 and itssuccessors, the 80816 and80286. This move is inresponse to the strategy ofMotorola, National, andZilog, whose forthcoming32-bit processors will besoftware-compatible withtheir 16-bit processors.

Elite Corporation, WichitaKansas, is believed to be thefirst company to announce asystem based on the new Na-tional Semiconductor 16032microprocessor (a multiple-chip set). A desk-top systemusing the Motorola VME bus,Elite's computer system willhave a $12,400 base price.

AMD (Advanced Micro De-vices), currently a secondsource for many Zilog micro-processors, has announcedthat it will not second-sourceZilog's forthcoming 32-bitZ8000 microprocessorRather, it will second-sourceIntel's new 32-bit iAPX-386.

DEC has introduced a16-bit microprocessor with32-bit architecture, called theMicro/J-11. Its software iscompatible the firm's PDP-11minicomputer and containson-board memory manage-ment to address up to 4megabytes of memory.

B,

lubble Memory Grow-ing In Popularity: Withthe introduction of severalportable microcomputer sys-tems, the demand for bubble-memory devices has in-creased dramatically. Theresult is that Intel is reported-ly increasing productioncapacity for bubble-memorydevices. Intel's bubble-mem-ory facility is working aroundthe clock, in three shifts, try-ing to keep up with the in-creasing demand. Motorolaand Intel have signed a5-year pact to jointly developa new generation of bubbledevices with a common pin-out and a standard architec-

ture. The first device willhave a capacity of 1 megabit,and it will be followed by a4-megabit device.

Motorola will second-source Intel's current line ofbubble-memory devices. Thiswill be Intel's first secondsource and Motorola's thirdattempt at second-sourcingbubble memories. Motorolahad previously entered intoagreements with Rockwell In-ternational and NationalSemiconductor, only to havethese companies abandon thebubble-memory business. In-tel has also been discussingsecond-sourcing with Hitachi.

CEPROMS and Adap-tive Microprocessors: In-tel, Seeq, General Instru-ment, National Semiconduc-tor, and Hitachi are expectedto begin shipping 16K-byteEEPROMS (electrically eras-able programmable read-only memories) that requireonly a 5-volt power supply.This may signal the beginningof the end for ultraviolet-erasable EPROMs (mostPROMs used today are pro-grammed electrically, butmust be exposed to ultravio-let light to be erased).EEPROMs are expected tosell for 8 to 10 times the costof today's EPROMs, but theyshould drop to about twicethe EPROM's price by 1985.Sometime next year, 32K-bitEEPROMs should becomeavailable, and 64K-bitdevices should appear in1985. Seeq has disclosed thatit plans to introduce a256K-bit CMOS (comple-mentary metal-oxide semi-conductor) part in 1985 andwill then move on to a1-megabit CMOS device.

Current EEPROM devicesare so expensive because theEE (electrically erasable)memory cell is about 4 timesas large as the modernEPROM's memory cell. Man-

ufacturing EE devices is con-sidered the most complexsemiconductor process to-day; however, some of thecost is offset by the fact thatEEPROMs can be housed inlow-cost plastic packages,while EPROMs must behoused in ceramic packageswith an expensive quartz win-dow.

Seeq also expects to intro-duce an EEPROM-backedversion of Zilog's Z8 micro-processor, which, in effect,creates an adaptive micro-processor that can learn,remember, and change itsmicrocode. Presently, micro-processors are not capable ofdoing anything other thanwhat the designer thought ofbeforehand.

WP/M Versus Unix:

Finally, we are beginning to

see microcomputers beingsold with Unix as the stan-dard operating system.Western Electric does notpermit other companies touse the name Unix, eventhough many have Unixlicenses. One example ofthat is the Xenix operatingsystem, which was developedby Microsoft under a licensefrom Western Electric. Micro-soft claims that Xenix is anenhanced version of Unix.Naturally, people are begin-ning to compare the priceand performance againstother 8-bit disk operating sys-tems such as Digital Re-search's CP/M and MP/M, amultiuser version of CP/M.

Several trends are emerg-ing from these comparisons.For example, 16-bit Unix sys-tems have base prices ofmore than $10,000 and, intypical multiuser configura-tions, may cost $20,000 or

Model EP-2A-79

EPROM Programmer

Three years in the field with unsurpassed performance. Software is available forthe EP-2A-79 for most all of the microcomputers including the popular CP/Nt,FLEX, HDOS operating systems. Write or call for specific hardware/software inter-facing. Driver packages available for F-8, 6800, 6809, 8080, 8085, Z-80, 1802,6502 and 2650 based systems.EP-2A-79 115V50/60HZ $169.00

PM-0

TMS2708 . . .

PM-1

2704,2708 . .

PM-2

2732

PM-2A

2732A . . . .

PM-3

TMS2716 . . .

PM-4

TMS2532 . . .

Personality Modules

$17.00 PM-5 2716,2758 . .

17.00 PM-5E 2816

33.00 PM-8 MCM68764 . .

33.00 PM-9 2764

17.00 SA-64-2 TMS 2564,25128

33.00 SA-64-3 2764.27128 . .

$17.0035.0035.0035.0039.0039.00

Optimal Technology, Inc.

Phone (804) 973-5482Blue Wood 127 Earlysville, VA 22936

Circle 337 on inquiry card.

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 543

ELECTRONIC/COMPUTER ENGINEERS

S <=^. VOLTS

( PROM

> BASIC *

fioi mo

FORTRAN J L , A 0/s/WL <

YOU SPENT LONG HOURS STUDYING TO GET

YOUR DEGREE , BUT NOW YOU'RE PUZZLED

ABOUT WHERE YOU CAN GO TO BEST

USE THOSE SKILLS .

WARNER ROBINS AIR LOGISTICS CENTER

offers a civil service career as an engineer with a chance to

work with state-of-the-art technology to support the most

advanced defense weapons system in the world.

Warner Robins ALC will hire approx. 180 electronic/computer

engineers. For more info, call toll free

1-800-841-9193 or 1-800-342-0570 (in Georgia)

or write to: DPCSC—Employment office, Robins A.F.B., Georgia 31098

WARNER ROBINS AIR LOGISTICS CENTERROBINS A.F.B., GEORGIA 31098

U.S. CITIZENSHIP REQUIRED - AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER

EPSON PRINTER STAND

Discounted to

FEATURES

• Fits Both MX 80and MX 100

Solid Wood Core

Smooth Paper Flow

Refold Form Platform

Attractive and DurableWood Grain Finish

STRUCTURALLY SOUND TO WITHSTANDHEAVY VIBRATIONS

See your local EPSON

Dealer, or Send Check or pR,NTfr racp rn

Money Order or use Master ™E Pf"NTER BASE co-Card or Visa R O. Bw 1SWB

Dallas, Texas 75225TELEPHONE ORDERS:Call (214) 631-5732

BYTELINES,

more. On the other hand,multiuser CP/M-based sys-tems (MP/M) usually cost lessthan half of that. Microsoft isrumored working on a Unixsystem for the Radio ShackModel 16 (a version of theTRS-80 Model II that hasboth 16- and 8-bit pro-cessors); the operating sys-tem will accommodate threeusers. This is the least expen-sive Unix/68000 combinationin sight.

CP/M, a single-user opera-ting system, was created in1974. It was designed to runwith memory systems assmall as 16K bytes, so it wasengineered to take up only6K bytes of memory. It hasgrown in size, and version 3,due for release shortly (withadded features), will be a lit-tle larger still, having beendesigned to run in systemsthat average 48K bytes orlarger. In turn, CP/M-basedapplications software runsvery nicely in small-memorysystems (we are at the pointtoday where anything lessthan the 64K-byte maximumof most 8-bit machines isconsidered small memory).

Unix systems, however, re-quire several times morememory (16 bits wide). It isnot uncommon for Unixoperating systems to occupymore than 50K words (100Kbytes) of memory. Hence,Unix systems characteristi-cally require a minimum of128K words, and most Unixsuppliers recommend a mini-mum of 256K, which ac-counts for a good deal of theincreased cost.

The operating speed of themultiuser Unix-like systemsnow available leaves some-thing to be desired in termsof response time. The prob-lem appears to be a combina-tion of the large amount ofoperating-system code beingexecuted and the fact thatmost of the work is handledby one processor. Suppliersare trying to cope with this byintroducing a second pro-

cessor, typically a Z80, tomanage all I/O operations.Math processors and mem-ory-management devices areused to off-load these tasksfrom the main processor.Both Motorola and Intel willsoon have versions of their16-bit processors with virtual-memory-management facili-ties to improve multiuser per-formance. These approaches,coupled with additional finetuning of the software, areexpected to improve the per-formance of 16-bit Unix sys-tems. In the meantime, 8-bitmultiuser systems have alsobeen improved.

The great popularity ofCP/M is directly attributableto the huge amount of appli-cations software availablefor it (much in the public do-main). Another factor is adisk-format standard (8-inchsingle-density) that lets CP/Musers exchange softwarewithout hassles and allowscommercial suppliers to easi-ly distribute CP/M-based soft-ware. Although a large bodyof Unix-based applicationssoftware had been developedat universities, little of thishas yet been transported to16-bit Unix systems. Addi-tionally, the lack of a disk-format standard and dif-ferences between variousUnix operating systems notonly makes exchanging soft-ware difficult but vendorshave trouble selling softwarefor these systems. The systempurchaser must, therefore,rely on a supplier for his orher software needs. At thistime and for the near future,the result is that anapplications-software voidfor these systems exists. I ex-pect that it will take a longtime to fill that void.

The Unix user interfaceleaves a great deal to be de-sired, according to someviews. It has difficulties withconsistency and commandsyntax and it lacks promptsand helpful error messages.To a great extent, this is also

544 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 98 on Inquiry card.

true of CP/M. Both systemswere originally intended toserve system and softwaredevelopers in scientific andengineering communities.The expectation now is thatUnix systems will be used inbusiness and commercial ap-plications. Some Unix-systemsuppliers are attempting tocope with the problem byadding menu screens. Theyalso plan to overcome Unix'slack of security by addingrecord- and file-lockingschemes. This, however, willresult in a lack of consistencyamong different Unix imple-mentations.

M,

lultluser. Multipro-cessor Systems Flourish-ing: On several occasions, Ihave expressed concern overthe slow operation of multi-user (timesharing) microcom-

puter systems. This slug-gishness is a by-product ofthe traditional way of using asingle processor to handlemultiple users. With each ad-ditional user, the processormust work harder, and itquickly reaches what somecall the "Von Neumann bot-tleneck": the computer pro-cesses instructions serially ata finite speed, so as differentusers' work is switched in andout of memory, the systemappears to slow down.

The alternate approach,which is rapidly gaining pop-ularity, is to use multiple pro-cessors on a common bus sothat each user has his or herown processor and memory.Each user shares resourcesvia the bus and has access tofacilities such as the disk sys-tem and printer. In effect,this creates a network of pro-cessors within one computersystem. Each user is effec-

tively independent of the busexcept when he or she wishesto communicate with otherusers or peripheral devices bymeans of the bus. Such sys-tems are already in operationon Z80-based computers us-ing the S-100 bus (also knownby its IEEE-696 standardspecification) using CP/M,CP/NET, and TurboDOS andon a new system fromColonial Data Services. Inoperation, they have alreadyproved to have a better per-formance record than mostmultiuser computers withsingle 16-bit processors.

w,

here Is The Ja-panese MicrocomputerInvasion? The Japanesehave long been expected tobecome a major force in theAmerican personal computermarketplace. This has yet to

develop, and many market-ing experts are wonderingwhy. About 70 companies arealready manufacturing per-sonal and small-businesscomputers in Japan but, asyet, less than 20 are exportingproducts to the U. S.

Those companies thathave introduced systems intothe U. S. market have doneso in a very low-keyed andcautious manner. Some haveshown systems at tradeshows but have not yetbegun selling them. A num-ber of industry analystsspeculate that the Japaneseare testing the Americanmarket and experimentingwith different forms of hard-ware and software. Althoughthe hardware is being de-signed and manufactured inJapan, the software, in mostcases, is of American origin.This is particularly true inrespect to operating systems,

Get your computer talking and save $126.The Type-'N-Talk™ speech synthesizer is now available for only $249.

TheType-'N-Talk'" text-to- u _ □ Spelling and phoneme access modes,

speech synthesizer automaticallytranslates your text into electronispeech and allows your computeto speak with an unlimited vocabulary. Standard with an RS-232Cinterface, Type-'N-Talk has aninternal microprocessor and750 character buffer. Andremember, it doesn't use yourcomputer's memory to makeyour text speak.

^L . ^^ • □ 750 ch;

l .talkis^cheaper

-M. CO

Here's what you get.

D Unlimited vocabulary SC-0 lspeech synthesizer chip.

Q Text-to-speechalgorithm fortranslation.

□ RS-232Cinterface.

□ SelectableBaud(75-9600).

Type-'N-Talk is covered by a limited

warrant)'. Write Votrax for a free copy.

500 Stephenson Highway,

Troy, MI 48084.

character buffer,echo of ASCII characters,ete installation andprogramming instructions.Great new softwareis available forType-'N-Talk equippedcomputer systems.To order, see your localcomputer retailer or call toll-free

1-800-521-1350

Michigan residents, call (313)588-0341. MasterCard, VISA orpersonal check ac-cepted. The priceis $249 plus $4for delivery.Educational dis-count available.Add sales tax inMichigan andCalifornia.

© VOTRAX 1982

Circle 475 on inquiry card.

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 545

Circle 408 on inquiry card.

SENECA ELECTRONICSSUPER DISCOUNTS TRS-80® AND OTHERS

TRS-80®

BELL & HOWELL~ (APPLEf

ATARI"

VIC COMMODORE"

and OTHERS...

TRS-80" 16K MODEL III $810.00 m

TRS-80" 64K MODEL II $2995.00ATARI" 800 W/16K $650.00VIC-20" HOME COMPUTER $245.00ALL MACHINES COME WITH FULLMANUFACTURERS' WARRANTY!!

COMPUTER FURNITURE, PRINTERS, PERIPHERALS, YOU NAMEIT, WE GOT IT, AT THE PRICE YOU WANT TO PAY. WE ACCEPTCERTIFIED CHECKS, MONEY ORDERS, VISA & MASTERCARD.SHIPPING CHARGES WILL BE ADDED TO CHARGE CARD ORDERS.

SENECA ELECTRONICS

RD #1, HARMONY, PA 16037

(412) 452-5654

IT'S YOUR MOVE

akK MAKE IT NOW

EPSON

CARTRIDGE RIBBONS

MX-80 MX-100

$9.95

$12.95

MINIMUM ORDER OF 3 RIBBONSSAVE 10% WITH PURCHASE OF A DOZEN

A3

LABEL SPECIAL

1 ACROSS 3V2 x '5/,6" CONTINUOUS LABELS

NOW2.99/M (5MMin.)

CHECK-MATE is now a distributorof Memorex Diskettes AA a

Check-Mate

Toll Free 800-343-7706 $S$ Ma 617-963-7694P.O. Box 103 Randolph, Ma. 02368

WE ACCEPT MASTERCHARGE AND VISA

BYTELINES.

languages, and business pro-grams. The Japanese are,however, proving quite origi-nal in creating computergames.

The Japanese may notmake major inroads into theAmerican personal computermarket for another year ortwo (or possibly three?).Some market analysts arepredicting that in 5 years theJapanese will control half ofthe American personal com-puter market. This predictionis based on the assumptionthat such companies as Sony,NEC, Sanyo, Hitachi, andMatsushita Electric (maker ofTechnics and Panasonicequipment) will capitalize ontheir tremendous marketingcapabilities.

^mslan Copying Situa-tion Worsens: Apple Com-puter is actively combatingthe production of illegalcopies of the Apple II in theFar East by filing court suitsagainst companies in NewZealand, Taiwan, and HongKong. So far, these suits donot appear to have had anyeffect, because the copiedcomputers are becoming in-creasingly available in FarEastern countries. In In-donesia and Singapore, re-portedly swarming withbogus Apples, prices are saidto be as low as $500.

Counterfeit Apples can bepurchased assembled, in kitform, and even as bareprinted-circuit boards, with-out integrated circuits. Theboards are identical to thegenuine Apple II board, withthe exception that the ROM(read-only memory) socketshave been reconfigured toaccept standard 2716-typeEPROMs (erasable program-mable ROMs). Peripheralssuch as the 80-column videocards, Microsoft's Softcard(with the Z80 microproces-sor), language cards, and soon are being copied too.

Tandy has also filed suitagainst a number of HongKong firms for copyingTRS-80 firmware. The situa-tion with software is re-portedly worse: virtually anygame can be bought for$0.50 above the cost of ablank floppy disk and popu-lar business-applications soft-ware is being sold at tremen-dous discounts.

I V And Movies Turn-ing To Computer Graph-ics: Television stations andmovie studios have dis-covered that computer-gen-erated images expand crea-tive horizons and, in manycases, reduce productioncosts. TV studios are usingmore and more computergraphics to animate commer-cials, create channel logos,and to zoom program titlesinto place or put themthrough wondrous transfor-mations.

Movie studios are usingcomputers to create back-grounds for scenes, as well asfor special effects. Instead ofbuilding full-size props orminiature models, computersnow generate three-dimen-sional images, and the liveaction is then superimposedon the backdrop imagesphotographically. The im-ages are produced on colorvideo screens having up-wards of 2 million pixels(picture elements) and thencaptured on film. Movementis animated on a theaterscreen by flashing a se-quence of thousands of im-ages, with each being slightlydifferent from the precedingone. Previously, each of theimages had to be individuallymade by an artist, but nowthe computer quickly andeasily constructs each frameat substantially less cost.

H,

lotllne For The Dis-abled: SICCAPH (Special In-

546 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 74 on inquiry card.

terest Croup on Computersand the Physically Handi-capped), a subgroup of theACM (Association for Com-puting Machinery), has set upa hotline for people seekinginformation on computer andhigh-technology aids for theblind, deaf, or motor im-paired. The number is (503)357^354.

Vomputer To PinchCar Thieves: Creat Britain'sHome Office, ScientificResearch and DevelopmentBranch, has developed a sys-tem in which a TV camera islinked to a computer thatcontains the latest data onstolen cars. As a car passesby the camera, the computerreads its license plate, deter-mines if the car is stolen, andalerts the police to a stolenvehicle within seconds. Aprototype has already beendemonstrated, and the HomeOffice expects the system tobe in operation soon.

Vustomj Service Im-pounds Chess Computer:

Intent on stopping the flowof sensitive technology to theSoviet Union, the U. S. Cus-toms Service recently seizedand impounded Belle, theworld-champion chess com-puter. Ken Thompson, theBell Laboratories scientistwho built Belle, was taking itto Moscow for a chess exhibi-tion at the time. The Com-merce Department said thatBelle, winner of the 1980World Computer-ChessChampionship tournament,might be of military use toMoscow.

When asked to comment,Thompson said, "the thingplays chess .. . that's all."He added that the only way itcould be used militarilywould be "to drop it out ofan airplane. You might kill

somebody that way."

A Commerce Departmentspokesman said Thompsonwould be subject to a penaltyfor violation of the ExportControl Act. The penaltyranges from a cash fine tolosing the computer alto-gether.

Thompson, noting that allthe parts used in Belle areeasily purchased in this coun-try, added, "I just don't seethe point of all this."

R

i andom News Bits:

Centronics, which originallyslated the introduction of itsQuietwriter printer for thespring of 1981, has begunshowing the unit to potentialcustomers, but still hasn'tgiven any word on delivery.The Quietwriter uses a stylusto print in much the samemanner that a human uses apen to write on paper. . . .Atari recently introducedERIC (Electronic Retail Infor-mation Center), really a"computer salesperson" con-sisting of an Atari 800 tied toa videodisc player. It asksprospective customers toanswer a few questions, thenit selects one of 13 differentsales presentations on thedisk. . . . Zilog has begun pro-viding samples of the Z8O03and Z8004, enhanced ver-sions of the Z8001 andZ8002. When used with theZ8015 paged MMU (memory-management unit), the newmicroprocessors will give theprocessors paged virtual-memory capability. . . . Com-puterland Corporation andKanematsu-Cosho Limited,Tokyo, have entered into anagreement to open Com-puterland stores in Japan.Ten stores are expected to beopened next year, with aneventual total of 250planned. Currently, there area little more than 800 com-puter stores in Japan, most ofwhich are geared toward thehobbyist. . . . Consumers

Union, publisher of Con-sumer Reports, is reportedlyworking on a study of per-sonal computers... . IBM isselling a 68000-based systemvia its recently acquired Dan-bury, Connecticut, subsidi-ary, IBM Instruments. Thecomputer uses the Versabusand comes with a multi-tasking operating system.

Price is $5700 Did you

know that there are almost600 database systems ac-cessible to computer users bytelephone and that the num-ber of systems is growing at avery healthy rate? The Direc-tory of Online Data-bases,from Cuadra Associates,Santa Monica, California,lists them all.

Vftuotatlon Of TheMonth: "Eight Things YourComputer Won't Do: 1) A

computer won't save youmoney. 2) A computer won'tmake your organization runright. 3) A computer won'tsolve every problem. 4) Acomputer won't run itself.5) A computer won't alwaysbe right. 6) A computer won'tprotect itself. 7) A computerwon't meet all its own needs.8) A computer won't becomeobsolete." Joe Makower,"Plugging Into The NewComputers," Eastern Review,June 1982, published by East/West Networks.

MAIL: I receive a largenumber of letters each monthas a result of this column. If youwrite to me and wish aresponse, please include a self-addressed, stamped envelope.

Sol Llbes

POB 1192

Mountainside, NJ 07092 ■

BDOS ERROR

ON B:BAD SECTOR

Before disk errors ruin your work again order BADLIM.

■ BADLIM assures the reliability of your CP/Mcomputer.

■ You can use your disks 1 0 times longer withoutlosing your data AND your time.

■ BADLIM checks thoroughly your disk marking allthe blocks which have defective sectors. Theoperating system will know that those sectorsshould be skipped.

■ BADLIM is the only program that gives protectionfor soft and hard errors.

■ The first time BADLIM will list which files in yourdisk are on bad sectors, so you can take action tocorrect it.

■ But thereafter the bad areas in your disk will beautomatically by-passed.

■ For CP/M 1.4 single density and for CP/M 2.xx ofany format and density. It is a must for Winchesteras the media cannot be replaced.

BADLIM cost only $73. Whatever the reason you have

to use a computer you need BADLIM. Contact your

dealer or call us today:

BLAT R&D Corp., 8016 188th. St SW, Edmonds

WA 98020. Phone: [206] 771-1408 _ n ._ T Tx g

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED. BADLIM

Circle 58 on Inquiry card.

Novmber 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc 547

Books Received

Amateur Radio: Theoryand Practice, Robert L.Shrader. New York: Gregg/McGraw-Hill, 1982; 340 pages,18.5 by 23.5 cm, softcover,ISBN 0-07-057146-5, $14.95.

Basic BASIC-English Dic-tionary for the Apple, PET,and TRS-80, Larry Noonart.Beaverton, OR: DilithiumPress, 1982; 147 pages, 14 by26.3 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-918398-54-1, $10.95.

The BASIC ConversionsHandbook for Apple, TRS-80,and PET Users, David A.Brain, Philip R. Oviate, PaulJ. A. Paquin, and ChandlerD. Stone Jr. Rochelle Park,NJ: Hayden Book Co., 1981;80 pages, 14.6 by 22.6 cm,softcover, ISBN 0-8104-5534-X, $7.95.

BASIC for Beginners,William E. Conley. Prince-ton, NJ: Petrocelli Books,1982; 162 pages, 13.8 by 20.8

cm, softcover, ISBN 0-89433-141-8, $9.95.

Building Effective DecisionSupport, Ralph H. SpragueJr. and Eric D. Carlson.Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Pren-tice-Hall, 1982; 329 pages,15.5 by 23.5 cm, hardcover,ISBN 0-13-086215-0, $24.95.

Color Graphics for Inte-color 3651 and CompucolorII Computers, David B. Suits.Hilton, NY: Joseph J. CharlesPublishing (POB 750), 1981;152 pages, 21.5 by 27.5 cm,softcover, ISBN 0-9607080-1-4, $15.

Computer Awareness Book,2nd edition, Donald D. Spen-cer. Ormond Beach, FL:Camelot Publishing Co.,1982; 32 pages, 21.5 by 28cm, softcover, ISBN 0-89218-051-X, $2.90.

Computer Science, DavidWoodhouse, Greg Johnstone,and Ann McDougall. Milton,

Queensland, Australia: Jacar-anda Wiley Ltd. (65 ParkRd.), 1982; 612 pages, 18.3by 24.6 cm, softcover, ISBN0-471-33389-1, $14.94 (Aus.).

The Custom TRS-80 &Other Mysteries, DennisBathory Kitsz. Upland, CA:IJG Computer Services (1260West Foothill Blvd.), 1982;335 pages, 21 by 27.5 cm,softcover, ISBN 0-936200-02-2, $29.95.

Design and Analysis ofComputer CommunicationNetworks, Vijay Ahuja. NewYork: McGraw-Hill, 1982;306 pages, 16.5 by 24.5 cm,hardcover, ISBN 0-07-000697-0, $29.95.

Electronics for the ModemScientist, Paul B. Brown,Gunter N. Franz, and HowardMoraff. New York: ElservierNorth-Holland Co., 1982;496 pages, 18 by 26 cm, hard-cover, ISBN 0-444-00660-5,

$29.95.

File and Data Base Tech-niques, James Bradley. NewYork: Holt, Rinehart &Winston, 1982; 562 pages,18.1 by 24.2 cm, hardcover,ISBN 0-03-058673-9, $27.95.

A First Course in Com-puter Programming UsingPascal, Arthur Keller. NewYork: McGraw-Hill, 1982;306 pages, 21.5 by 27.9 cm,softcover, ISBN 0-07-033508-7, $14.95.

Games for the Atari, S.Roberts. Pomona, CA: El-comp Publishing Inc. (53Redrock Lane), 1982; 115pages, 13.5 by 20.9 cm, soft-cover, ISBN 3-911682-84-3,$7.95.

Handbook of Cubik Math,Alexander H. Frey Jr. andDavid Singmaster. Hillside,NJ: Enslow Publishers (POB777), 1982; 193 pages, 15.2by 23 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-

NSS Offers

An Incredible

Advantage.

NSS software written specifically for Northstar's ADVANTAGE'", is the "Second Generation"

of software for Northstar computer systems. Our fully integrated accounting packages,making extensive use of the computer's graphic capabilities, include general ledger, accountsreceivable, accounts payable, inventory control, and payroll—the first Northstar payroll.Other packages coming soon include Inventory Control, Order Entry, Payroll Job Costing.

and Accounts Payable Job Costing.

Why NSS software? If you're a Northstar dealer, you have a toll free support hotline and

cassette training tapes—Let the ADVANTAGEru'talk to you! Or, if you own a Northstar computer

it means greater flexibility with extensive integrated graphic capabilities.

That's The Incredible Advantage!

CALL TOLL FREE FORMORE DETAILS

1-800-722-3446

NATIONAL SOFTWARE

SYSTEMS

P.O. Bo* 510911

Sail Lake City. Utah 84151

a messageto our subscribers

From time to time we make the BYTE subscriber listavailable to other companies who wish to send oursubscribers promotional material about their products. Wetake great care to screen these companies, choosing onlythose who are reputable, and whose products, services orinformation we feel would be of interest to you. Directmail is an efficient medium for presenting the latest personalcomputer goods and services to our subscribers.

Many BYTE subscribers appreciate this controlled use ofour mailing list, and look forward to finding information ofinterest to them in the mail. Used are our subscribers'names and addresses only (no other information we mayhave is ever given).

While we believe the distribution of this information is of

benefit to our subscribers, we firmly respect the wishes of

any subscriber who does not want to receive such

promotional literature. Should you wish to restrict the use

of your name, simply send your request to the following

address.

BYTE Publications Inc

Attn: Circulation Department

70 Main St

Peterborough NH

03458

548 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 318 on inquiry card.

89490-058-7, $9.95.

How to Solve StatisticalProblems with Your PocketCalculator, Vicki F. Sharp.Blue Ridge Summit, PA: TabBooks, 1982; 257 pages, 12.6by 20.7 cm, softcover, ISBN0-8306-1303-X, $8.95.

IBM's Personal Computer,Chris DeVoney and RichardSumme. Indianapolis, IN:Que Corp. (6515 East 82ndSt.), 1982; 320 pages, 18.9 by23.5 cm, ISBN 0-88022-100-3,$14.95.

Industrial Electronics: AText-Lab Manual, 3rd edi-tion, Paul B. Zbar. NewYork: Gregg/McGraw-Hill,1981; 278 pages, 21 by 28 cm,softcover, ISBN 0-07-072793-7,$12.95.

Information and Commu-nication Technology for theCommunity, 2nd edition,Steve Johnson. Portland,OR: Rain Community Re-sources (2270 Northwest Ir-ving St.), 1982; 33 pages,

21.5 by 27.2 cm, softcover,ISBN-none, $6.

Interfacing to S-100/IEEE696 Microcomputers, SolLibes and Mark Garetz.Berkeley, CA: Osborne/Mc-Graw-Hill, 1981; 321 pages,16 by 23.5 cm, softcover,ISBN 0-931988-37-3, $15.

Introduction to Com-puters, 2nd edition, Alton R.Kindred. Englewood Cliffs,NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982; 542pages, 17.5 by 23.5 cm, soft-cover, ISBN 0-13-480079-6,$18.95.

An Introduction to Micro-computers, Volumne 0: TheBeginner's Book, 3rd edition,Adam Osborne and DavidBunnell. Berkeley, CA: Os-borne/McGraw-Hill, 1982;233 pages, 16.7 by 23.3 cm,softcover, ISBN 0-931988-64-0, $12.50.

Introduction to Simula-tion: Programming Tech-niques and Methods of Anal-ysis, James A. Payne. New

York: McGraw-Hill, 1982;324 pages, 16.4 by 24.2 cm,hardcover, ISBN 0-07-048945-9,$27.95.

Managing the System LifeCycle, A Software Develop-ment Methodology Over-view, Edward Yourdon. NewYork: Yourdon Press, 1982;144 pages, 17.7 by 25.3 cm,softcover, ISBN 0-917072-26-X, $27.

The Master Handbook ofIC Circuits, Thomas R.Powers. Blue Ridge Summit,PA: Tab Books, 1982; 532pages, 12.6 by 20.7 cm, soft-cover, ISBN 0-8306-1370-6,$14.95.

Microcomputer Math,William Barden Jr. In-dianapolis, IN: Howard W.Sams & Co., 1982; 128 pages,13.5 by 21.5 cm, softcover,ISBN 0-672-21927-1, $11.95.

Microprocessor Inter-facing, Joseph J. Carr. BlueRidge Summit, PA: TabBooks, 1982; 246 pages, 12.6

by 20.7 cm, softcover, ISBN0-8306-1396-X, $7.95.

Pascal Programming, ASpiral Approach, Walter S.Brainerd, Charles H. Gold-berg, and Jonathan L. Gross.San Francisco, CA: Boyd &Fraser Publishing, 1982; 584pages, 20.2 by 25.2 cm, soft-cover, ISBN 0-87835-122-1,$17.95.

Personal Computing, 2ndedition, Daniel R. McGlynn,New York: John Wiley &Sons, 1982; 335 pages, 17 by25.3 cm, softcover, ISBN0-471-86164-2, $14.95.

The Pocket Guide of Com-puter Terminology, DonaldD. Spencer. Ormond Beach,FL: Camelot Publishing Co.,1982; 16 pages, 10.7 by 28cm, softcover, ISBN 0-89218-066-8, softcover, $1.25.

Programming the PET/CBM, The Reference En-cyclopedia for CommodorePET & CBM Users, RaetoCollin West. Greensboro,

=^=

$595.00

^s

/

The Last Expansion Unit YouWill Ever Have To BUY

The six mosi commonly required add-on features for your IBM PC

Without Using Any Additional Slots!

\

Six additional system slots.

Extra heavy duty power supply topower a 5" Winchester in yourPC.

Up to 192k oi additional memorywith our exclusive DPECC (R)

(Dynamic Parity Error CorrectingCircuitry).*

Two Asynchronous serial ports.*

Three parallel ports.*

Real Time Clock.*

The 192k RAM, 2 asynchronous serial ports, 3 parrallel ports, and a RealTime Clock are all built on to the motherboard, so you won't have to wasteprecious slots on them.

'ITie Expansion Unit comes without these options installed.* So you don'thave to pay for them if you don't need them. But when you do, all you have\ to do is plug in the chips and you are ready to go.

*All options are available installed with the ExpansionUnit.

2116 WALSH AVENUESANTA CLARA CA 95050(408) 727-7548

J

^

DEVELOPMENTHARDWARE/SOFTWARE

GTEK MODEL 7128EPROM PROGRAMMER

Compare the features:

• Microprocessor based intelligence for easeof use and interface.

• RS-232 interface and ASCII data formatsmake the 7128 compatible with virtuallyany computer with an RS-232 interfaceport.

• Auto-select baud rate, Xon/Xoff or conver-sational handshake.

• Program and read the following:

2508, 2758, 2516, 2716, 27C16, 2532,2732, 2732A, 27C32, MCM68766, 2564,2764, 27C64, 27128 . . . plus more as newtypes become available.

• Automatic use of proper program voltagebased on type selected.

•Optional support for EEPROMS

• Menu driven eprom type selection, nopersonality modules required.

• Supports Intel and Motorola data formatsas well as conversational hex formats.Formatted screen dump and block readcommands.

• Interupt driven type ahead, program andverify real time while sending data.

• Program single byte, block, or whole eprom.

• Intelligent diagnostics discern betweeneprom which is bad and one which merelyneeds erasing.

• Erasure check command.

• Busy light indicates when power is beingapplied to program socket.

• Complete with zero insertion force socketand integral 120 VAC power supply.(240 VAC/50HZ available at slight addi-tional charge)

• High Performance/Cost ratio.

Model 7128 PRICE $389.00

MODEL 7128/24 - budget version of the7128. Supports 24 pin parts thru 32Konly. Upgradable to full 7128 capacity.Model 7128/24 PRICE $289.00

Accessories

Erasers, Eproms, Cables

Gtek"

INC.

GTEK MODEL 9000 SERIES COMPUTERS

•4 MHz 280 CPU, no watt states

• 128K byte RAM with bank select

• DMA floppy disk operation with track buf-fering for fast disk I/O.

• 2 serial ports with type ahead, speeds to76.8K baud.

• Parallel printer port, with 47K interruptdriven spooler.

• Winchester interface port.

• Dual mini-floppies, FORMATTED storageto 1.6 Megabyte.

• Eight inch drives available also.

• One year warranty (90 days on drives)

High Performance/Cost ratio

Prices start at $2390.00 + CP/M*

Contact GTEK direct for quotation on

Series 9000 tailored to your specific needs.

CROSS ASSEMBLERS by Avocet Systems,Inc. (For CP/M" based machines)For the following families:6805, 6809, 1802, 8048, 8051, 65026800, NEC7500, F8, COP400, Z8

Cross Assembler price $200.00 each exceptNEC7500 price $500.00

* Trademark of Digital Research, Inc.

Post Office Box 289

Waveland, Mississippi 39576

(601)467-8048

Circle 391 on inquiry card.

Circle 201 on inquiry Card. November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 549

Books Received

NC: Compute! Books, 1982;504 pages, 18.7 by 25.8 cm,softcover, ISBN 0-942386-04-3, $24.95.

Projects in Machine In-telligence for Your HomeComputer, David L. Heiser-man. Blue Ridge Summit,PA: Tab Books, 1982; 337pages, 12.6 by 20.7 cm, soft-cover, ISBN 0-8306-1391-9,$9.95.

6502 Assembly LanguageSubroutines, Lance A. Leven-thal and Winthrop Saville.Berkeley, CA: Osborne/Mc-Graw-Hill, 1982; 550 pages,18.5 by 23.5 cm, softcover,ISBN 0-931988-59-4, $15.95.

Structured FORTRAN 77Programming, Seymour V.Pollack. San Francisco, CA:Boyd & Fraser Publishing,1982; 496 pages, 21.6 by 27.7cm, softcover, ISBN 0-87835-095-0, $17.95.

Swift's 1982 EducationalSoftware Directory, Apple IIEdition. Austin, TX: Sterling

Swift Publishing Co., 1982;358 pages, 14 by 21.5 cm,spiral binder, ISBN 0-88408-150-8, $14.95.

The Theory and Practice ofReliable System Design,Daniel P. Siewiorek andRobert S. Swarz. Bedford,MA: Digital Press, 1982; 772pages, 19 by 24 cm, ISBN0-932376-13-4, $55.

Understanding ComputerSystems, Harold W. LawsonJr. Rockville, MD: ComputerScience Press, 1982; 164pages, 17.2 by 25.4 cm, soft-cover, ISBN 0-914894-31-5,$9.95.

Using Personal Computersin the Church, KennethBedell. Valley Forge, PA:Judson Press, 1982; 109pages, 13.8 by 21.4 cm, soft-cover, ISBN 0-8170-0948-5,$6.95.

Visicalc for the TRS-80Model II and Model 16 Com-puters, E. J. Desautels.Dubuque, LA: Wm. C. Brown

Co., 1982; 144 pages, 22 by27.9 cm, spiral binder, ISBN0-697-09955-5, $16.95.

Visicalc: Home and OfficeCompanion, David M.Castlewitz, Lawrence J.Chisausky, and PatriciaKronberg. Berkeley, CA: Os-borne/McGraw-Hill, 1982;181 pages, 21.2 by 27.5 cm,softcover, ISBN 0-931988-50-0, $15.99.

What to Do When You GetYour Hands on a Microcom-puter, Charles P. Holtzman.Blue Ridge Summit, PA: TabBooks, 1982; 188 pages, 17.6by 25.3 cm, softcover, ISBN0-8306-1397-8, $10.95.

The Wonders of MagicSquares, Jim Moran. NewYork: Vintage Books, 1982;227 pages, 21.5 by 27.5 cm,softcover, ISBN 0-394-74798-4, $5.95.

Working Robots, FredD'Ignazio. New York: El-sevier/Nelson, 1982; 149pages, 15.5 by 23.5 cm, hard-cover, ISBN 0-525-66740-7,$11.50.

Writings of the Revolu-tion, Edward Yourdon, ed.New York: Yourdon Press,1982; 460 pages, 21 by 27.5cm, softcover, ISBN 0-917072-25-1, $30. ■

This is a list of books received at BYTE Publications during thispast month. Although the list is not meant to be exhaustive, itspurpose is to acquaint BYTE readers with recently published titlesin computer science and related fields. We regret that we cannotreview or comment on all the books we receive; instead, this list ismeant to be a monthly acknowledgment of these books and thepublishers who sent them.

IT'S AROM CARD!

IT'S ARAM CARD!

o?

\P

512KROM

IT'S BOTH!

WMiiI*J*

S-I00

**>

fo

128KSTATIC RAM

Featuring two independent banks of 8 sites (28 pin sockets) the ADSMemorizefMallows you mix RAM with ROM or dedicate to either.Independent wait states (0-5) per bank supports fast RAMS with slow EpromslAllows system to run at max speedl Uses any IK x 8 to *32K x 8 part *SingieRAM or ROMI Extended memory address or bank select. supply

Ackerman DigitalSystems, Inc.

110 N. York RoadElmhurst, IL 60126(312) 530-8992 riftc

COPYRKWT flij

550 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 9 on inquiry card.

MaxellDiskettes

The floppy disks that meetor exceed every standardof quality. Dealer inquiriesinvited.

Call Toll Free ^1-800-237-8931.

In Florida, call813-577-2794. >

E

Tech* Data Corporation

3251 Tech Drive NorthSt. Petersburg, FL 33702

5%" Floppy Disk Drives

(Direct IBM® Plug-in)

TANDON Model TM 100-1 . $199* ea.TANDON Model TM 100-2 .. $269* ea.12" Green Phospher Zenith Monitor $109* ea.

Also available - TM 602S. 603S. and603E Winchester Drives.

For info or orders

Call —316-683-9225or 316-685-9445MC / VISA or COD. with certified checkor money order. Kansas residents add

3% sales tax.

" Plus shipping.

oo«Nf>u£«*

G-H Computer Systems, Inc.

P.O. Box 871 Hope, AK 71801

(501) 777-9859

wabasK

When it comes to

Flexible Disks, nobody

does it better than

Wabash.

MasterCard. Visa Accepted.Call Free: (800)235-4137

PACIFICEXCHANGES

100 Foothill BlvdSan Luis Obispo. C A93401 (In Cal cal(805)543-1037

Circle 440 on inquiry card.

Circle 196 on Inquiry card.

Circle 344 on Inquiry card.

HHI™ HeathUsers

Double Your5'/i" disk storagecapacity without adding a drive.

Get twice as much from your H88 orH89 microcomputer. Our FDC-880Hfloppy disk controller, in conjunctionwith your 5'/i" drives, for example,expands memory capacity from 256bytes to 512 bytes per sector.

And it handles single and double-sided, single and double-density, 8" and51/," drives — simultaneously.

Or

C.D.R. Systems Inc.

Controlled Data Recording Systems Inc.

7210 Clairmont Mesa Blvd., San Diego, CA 92111

(714) 360-1272

GRAPHIC SOFTWRRE ON CP/M FORENGINEERING & BUSINESS SYSTEMS

ON PLOTTERS. CRT'S. DOT MATRIX. AND H.P. PRINTERS

|:~5

;=j|

III!

i-M=.\

t

PLOTWRRE-Z

THY IT OUT AND BUYFROM YOUR DERLEFl. OR CULLTHE ENEHCOMP COMPANY

1303)986

1640

PLOTHHRE-Z GIVES YOU HRXIrlUH RESOLUTION GRAPHICS.NOT H -BLOCKY' MEH0HT HAPPED DRAWING WITH BOXES■ [NTERACnVE. MENU DRIVEH. iDOT HBTR1 X : EPSON. IDS, ETC.■OR ASCI! DISK FILES. OH. iPLDTTEH:H[PLOT. OTHERS.

"COHPILEA I-REL flLESl «CRTS : TEK1H0.NIX. SCION,ETC-

■EASY USER INTERFACE iU.P. PRINTERS:OUME.DlABLO

■SOFTHRRE UPWARDS COMPATIBLE ICflLCOHP. DISSPLA. PL0TIO1■rlARDHAAE UPWARDS COMPATIBLE 1PQP1I. PEAIMN ELHEH. IBM 1DrWTIHG QUALITl CMAAACTEA SET ISHOMK HERE 1 OR COMPLEX.SCRIPT. ITALL1CS. GOTHIC. ARABIC. OR 'MAKE-YOUR-OHN' 11

S399 COMPLETE, S35 I MANUAL ONLY). VISA. H.C.

THIS AD OHRHN TOTHLLT BY PLDTWARE-I ON H1PL0T DHP-4

Get Serious About

Computing

PROFESSIONAL KEYBOARD. Makes your ZX81 easier louse. Enter programs quickly and error-free, Plugsstraight into your ZX81 without any soldering. Has 47keys and a full space bar. S85.00

32K RAM. Expand the memory capacity of your ZX81with this direct-plug-in module. Fully compatible withSinclair's 16K RAM (to give your ZX81 system a full48K). S99.95

64K RAM, Expand your ZX81 memory capacity to itsmaximum. Plugs indirectly to your ZX81. S149.95

Software on Cassette

MULTIFILE PLUS.

Data slorage syslem lor I6K lo64K syslems. Flexible, user-defined setup Includes pro-gram tape, ttelaiied instructionmanual. 3 data lapes. storagecase

$34.95

GAMES

MAZOGS

Amaze-adventureINVADERS

10 levels of playSTAR TREK

Zap Ihe KlingonsDICTATOR

Political adventure

Call 716 874-5510 for Visa, MC Orders.

GLaDSTOtlE

1585 Kenmore■ money orders

=We., Bullalo NY. 14217No CODs Add shipping

Circle 70 on Inquiry card.

Circle 180 on Inquiry card.

Circle 200 on Inquiry card.

EDGE-86

AN INDUSTRIAL QUALITY8086 OEM SYSTEM

• HARDWARE

— A Multibus' COMPATIBLE 8086 CPU BOARDWITH DMA FLOPPY CONTROLLER, INTERRUPTCONTROLLER, PROGRAMMABLE TIMERS. 3SERIAL PORTS. TWO PARALLEL I/O PORTS, AND8K BYTES OF PROM WITH BOOT STRAPLOADER FOR CPM/86'".

— 128K BYTES DYNAMIC RAM BOARD.

— 4SLOT MULTIBUS CARD CAGE, WITH COM-PLETE DOCUMENTATION AND SCHEMATICS;ALL FOR $1250.

• SOFTWARE

— CPM/86 O.S. WITH COMPLETE UTILITIES. . .$250.

— OFF THE SHELF DELIVERY—

3XE MICRO SYSTEMS

195 W. EL CAMINO REAL, SUNNYVALE, CA 94086TELEPHONE: 408-738-4729

' Multibus TM ol Intel, ™CPMIB6 TM ol Digilal Research.

DISK DRIVES

SANYO EXTERNAL

$320

IBM INTERNAL

$270

TRS 80 DRIVES

Bare $205

Complete $250

ORDERS ONLY: 1-800-327-6590

Voice: 305-877-2830 DATA: 305-877-2829

638 S. DillardSt.

ttll West Orange Shppg.Cntr.

jBStyStemS Winter Garden,

1gSOMi||!a> Fl 32787-0915

ANALOGS DIGITALDIGITALS ANALOG

CONVERSION MODULES

SOFTWAREGAIN CONTROL

vnplifiet - custom board test S-100 PiolSkh*onversion timp, - mlxable high and low inputs - gain

.from 1 to 1024 - IS-bi! '.nmplr? ond hold ompiifip.r,8-thonnnl differential 16-channcl - nnnloq todinilol

!rnm I in lOi-V) IS-blt

B-channel differential -high accuracy pron/r

sample and hold amplifieri-rhnnnel - analog to digital

For additional details about the ad-iocm and otherfine California Data Corporation 100% individuallytested, high reliability products, circle the readerservice card number below or for faster responsewrite or call us.

CALIFORNIA DATACORPORATION

3475 Old Conejo Road, Suite C-10Newbury Park, CA 91320

(805) 498-3651

Circle 170 on Inquiry card.

Circle 66 on Inquiry card.

Powerful •..

because it's Relational

The new RL-1 Database® from ABW Corporation gives you the power of a sophisticated relationaldatabase management system for your IBM Personal Computer*, Cromemco*, or CP/M* computer.

Why a Data Base Management System?

Whether your business is accounting, engineering,or production your main use of a computer is tomaintain and process information. A Data BaseManagement System allows that information to bemaintained independent of a particular application.Different programs can easily process the same datawithout modification or data re-entry.

Why Relational?

The relational model presents data in simple, easy touse tables. The simplicity and power of this tabularform allows the user to answer complicated ques-tions by learning only three operations: Selection,Projection, and Join.

The RL-1 System Includes:

Relational Data Base

A complete implementation of a relational data base.

Query Language

An interactive high level query language, similar to SQL.This query language uses simple English phrases for theoperations selection, projection, and join. Thus, even thenovice user can easily ask sophisticated questions.

Relational Editor

A screen oriented editor to create, delete, and update yourdata files.

Program Interface

Allows you to access the data base through high levellanguage programs.

File Transfer Programs

Utility programs to assist the user in transferring to/fromexisting programs and other machines.

These five packages allow you to create and maintain a sophisticated data base system for many diverse applications.

Application Packs

To assist the user several application packages will soon be available for use with the RL-1 system.

Report Generator

Automatically formats data from multiple files for reportgeneration.

Input Processor

Allows user to input data via custom designed "forms" foreasy operator entry.

General Ledger

Includes General Journal, Posting to Accounts, TrialBalance, Balance Sheet, and Income Statement.

Accounts Receivable

Generates invoices and statements. Handles aging ofaccounts receivable.

Accounts Payable

Handles checks, check register, vouchers, and vendor files.

Payroll

Processes 940, 941, and W-2 forms. Maintains employeefiles and payroll register.

Inventory and Production Control

Maintains inventory status and current price lists. Gener-ates reorder report, bill of materials, etc.

Executive Planner

Assists in the generation of business plans and projec-tions. Allows for optimization of key parameters.

Graphics Processor

Allows data to be displayed graphically. Compatible driversfor the IBM Personal Computer, Cromemco SDI, Tektronix*4010, Houston Instruments DMP' plotters, and many

others.

RL-1 is available for IBM DOS, Cromix, CDOS, and CP/M system for only $495.t Application Packs at additional costs.

Copyright 1982 By ABW Corporaiion'IBM Personal Compuier is a registered trademark ofInternational Business Machines.SDI. Cromix. COOS, and Cromemco areregistered trademarks ol Cromemco, Inc.CP/M is a registered Irademark of Digital Research. IncTektronix is a registered trademark of Tektronix, IncDMP is a registered irademark ol Houston InstrumentjMtgr's suggested retail once

®

ATIONAL^, DATA BASE

RELATIONAL

For further information contact:ABW CorporationP.O. Box M1047Ann Arbor, Ml 48106(313)971-9364

552 BYTE November 1982

Circle 8 on inquiry card.

What's New?

Graphics

Graphics

The NJC-M140 J seriesof graphics terminals fromNippon Computer Com-pany can mix graphicswith text. Standard featuresinclude RS-232C- and Cen-tronics-compatible 8-bitparallel ports, 274K bytes ofmemory, a 14-inch raster-scan display, 1032- by780-dot picture resolution,and compatibility with theTektronix Plot 10. Plottingcommands supplied in-

Terminals

elude point, straight line,circle, ellipse, elliptical arc,grid, oblong, polygon, andsymbol. Standard controlcommands include virtualwindow, fact, rotor, andmode. Full specificationsare available from NipponComputer Co. Ltd.. NaitoBuilding, NihonbashiHamacho 2-25-1, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan 103.Circle 600 on inquiry card.

GraphicsPresentation Tool

Plotstar is a graphics pre-sentation tool from Cov-ington Computer Sales Ltd.Designed for CP/M-basedsystems and the IBM Per-sonal Computer, Plotstarlets you prepare graphs foruse in business and scien-tific presentations. It hasthe ability to mix graphicswith word processing forreport preparation and it

uses existing accountingand statistical informationto prepare graphs.

Plotstar costs S975. Forthe name and address ofyour nearest Plotstardealer, contact CovingtonComputer Sales Ltd., 269Pleasant Park Rd., Ottawa,Ontario KIH 5M7, Can-ada, (514) 337-0844.Circle 601 on inquiry card.

Two Graphics

Products Marketed

by Peachtree

The PGL (PeachtreeGraphics Language) inter-active graphics program-ming language and theBusiness Graphics Systemare being marketed byPeachtree Software. PGLlets you create high-preci-sion text, graphs, and barcharts in both color andblack-and-white. It includestwo- and three-dimen-sional graphics trans-formations and featuresmultiple exploded pie-chartsegments, zooming, pan-ning, strip-chart scrolling,multiple independentgraphs, rotation, and an-notation. Many populardigitizers, light pens, cursorkeys, and joysticks are sup-ported. Its price is S600.

The Business GraphicsSystem is a menu-drivengraphics-applications pro-gram for CP/M-based micro-computers. It can be usedto develop presentationgraphics such as transpar-encies, slides, businesscharts, and graphs. A pre-sentation designed by theBusiness Graphics Systemcan contain any combina-tion of bar and pie charts,line and area graphs, andword charts using as manyas seven character fonts.It's supplied with an inter-face to the company'sPeachcalc electronicspreadsheet and to thePeachtext word processor.The suggested retail price isS400. Contact PeachtreeSoftware Inc., 3445 Peach-tree Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA30326, (404) 239-3000.Circle 602 on inquiry card.

Easy-to-UseBusinessGraphics

The Redding Group de-signed its fully interactiveGraftalk graphics packagefor business users. Graftalkcan make bar charts, piecharts, and line and symbolcharts on most CP/M-based microcomputerseguipped with graphicsdevices and color or black-and-white monitors. Graf-talk features English-lan-guage commands and aninstall procedure to con-figure the program to yourmicrocomputer and graph-ics devices: screens,printers, or plotters. Graphcharacteristics are adjust-able through simple com-mands, and Graftalk letsyou design graphics usingmore sophisticated com-mands, ranging frommoves and draws to win-dows and viewports. Graf-talk lets you execute com-mands in three ways:typed in for execution, col-lected in the built-in editor'sworkspace and executedin a seguence, or collectedand run as a file from adisk. For most businessgraphics, knowledge ofGraftalk's more complexcommands is not required.

Graftalk requires thatdata be entered in the formof a table of numbers. Datatables can be entered whileyou are using Graftalk ortables can be stored ondisk. The price is S450. Fulldetails are available fromthe Redding Group Inc.,609 Main St., Ridgefield, CT06877.

Circle 603 on inquiry card.

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 553

What's New?

Graphics Generator

The RG-GG7 is a two-board Multibus-compatiblegraphics generator fromRaster Graphics. It has a512 (horizontal) by 480(vertical) display format,and it provides you withdual refresh memories,refresh-memory readback,light-pen interface, verticalscrolling, and a 4K-bytedual-port RAM (random-access read/write memory)for instruction storage.Other standard features in-clude text and graphics,rectangular fill, selectiveerase, circles, variable-sizecharacters, bold characters,point-to-point draw forcoordinate list, and RS-170composite video and TTL(transistor-transistor logic)output signals. RG-GG7can be configured for red/green/blue or for black-and-white use.

The RG-GG7 costs$1295. Further details areavailable from RasterGraphics, POB 23334,Tigard, OR 97223, (503)620-2241.Circle 604 on inquiry card.

Full-Color VideoFilm Recorder

Polaroid's VideoprinterModel 8 is an 8 by 10color-film recorder thattransforms video signals in-to full-color instant photo-graphs. The microproces-sor-controlled display pro-duces continuous-tonePolaroid 8- by 10-inchoverhead transparenciesand prints of computer orvideo images. The systemhas automatic settings for

brightness, contrast, andcolor balance, all of whichare manually adjustable.The Videoprinter measures24 by 16 by 25 inches andweighs 50 pounds.

The Model 8 Videoprint-er has a suggested retailprice of approximatelyS6000. For further details,contact Polaroid IndustrialMarketing, 575 Technol-ogy Square, Cambridge,MA 02139, (800) 225-1618; in Massachusetts,call collect (617) 547-1577.Circle 605 on inquiry card.

RGB Board for Apple

A video board that pro-vides the Apple II withcomposite synchronizationsignals for any RGB (red/green/blue) monitor isavailable from Video Mar-keting. The board can beused with the 80-characterVidex card, so you can dis-play both color graphicsand 80-column text on thesame monitor. The boardplugs into Apple slot 7 andpermits text-page displaysin one of eight colors. Mea-suring 4/4 by 23A inches,the board's output signalsare +TTL (transistor-tran-sistor logic), and its com-posite signals are -TTL.

The board comes withgold edge contacts and 5feet of five-conductor rib-bon cable for signal output.It costs $ 1 79 and is avail-able from Video MarketingInc., POB 339, Warring-ton, PA 18976, (215)343-3000.Circle 606 on inquiry card.

Cursor-ControlOption

The Cross Hair Cursoroption from Selanar Cor-poration is fully compatiblewith the company's graph-ics enhancements foralphanumeric terminals.This multifunction controlpad consists of a pressure-sensitive keypad with eightdirectional keys, six mode-selection keys, and twouser-definable function-control keys. Keys suppliedinclude term and graphclear, print, term mode,jump, and fast. The CrossHair Cursor can operate inthe Tektronix Emulationmode. It measures 4 by 6inches.

The Cross Hair Cursor isprovided with a 36-inchcable that connects it tothe Selanar Graphics boardthrough the terminal. Thesuggested listrjrice is S250.For complete details ongraphics boards and theCross Hair Cursor, contactSelanar Corp., 437-A AldoAve., Santa Clara, CA95050, (408) 727-2811.Circle 607 on inquiry card.

Graphics PackageHas Got a Secret

Avant-Garde Creations'Hi-Res Secrets Graphics Ap-plications System, by DonFudge, is designed to showyou what's needed tocreate marketable graphicsprograms. Based on theApple Hi-Res Secrets pack-age, Graphics Applicationsextends that package byleading you step by stepthrough procedures that

explain how faster and bet-ter high-resolution BASICand assembly-languagegraphics programs can bedesigned. Procedures pro-vided include businessgraphs, electronic and ar-chitectural design, arcadeand adventure game crea-tion, three-dimensionalshapes, scene creation,shape drawing, and shapeand scene saving.

The Hi-Res SecretsGraphics Applications Sys-tem is composed of threeunprotected disks and amanual. An Apple II Pluswith 48K bytes of memoryis required. The price is$75. Available from Avant-Garde Creations, POB30160, Eugene, OR97403, (503) 345-3043.Circle 608 on inquiry card.

GraphicsProcessing System

GPS (Graphics Process-ing System) from Stone-ware lets you create, edit,and manipulate images onyour Apple II. GPS, whichrequires any Apple-com-patible joystick or paddle,lets you create images withsix primary colors. You candraw with and mix anycolors. GPS features theability to work on anyscale, 4 and 16 times zoomcapabilities, two-dimen-sional rotation, image en-largement or reduction,and the ability to changeproportions horizontallyand vertically. Standardtext fonts are uppercase.

The Professional GPS iscompatible with the Apple

554 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

What's New?

Graphics Tablet, the Sym-tec Light Pen, and HoustonInstrument's Hi-Plot DMP3, 4, 6, and 7. The Profes-sional GPS has a suggestedretail price of $179; thestandard version costs

S69. GPS is manufactured

by Stoneware Inc., 50

Belvedere St., San Rafael,

CA 94901, (415) 454-

6500.

Circle 609 on inquiry card.

SYSTEMS

Stand68000

Computer System Asso-ciates has introduced a self-contained, MC68000-basedtraining and prototypingsystem called the Micro68000. It comes with a6-amp switching powersupply, 20-key keyboard,28-digit hexadecimal dis-play, 80-bit binary display,and keyboard-monitor pro-gram. Micro 68000 permitsdirect entry of machine-lan-guage instructions.

Encased in a wood andclear plastic cabinet, Micro68000 is available factory-direct for $1495. It's sup-plied with 68000 Assem-bly Language Program-ming by Gerry Kane, DougHawkins, and LanceLeventhal (Osborne/Mc-Graw-Hill] and Prentice-

■AloneTrainer

Hall's 16-Bit Microproces-sor User's Manual. Con-tact Computer System As-sociates Inc., 7562 TradeSt., San Diego, CA 92121,(714) 566-391 1.Circle 610 on inquiry card.

MultipurposeOEM Boards

National Semiconductoris marketing two versionsof a complete, multipur-pose, single-board com-puter designed for OEM(original equipment manu-facturer) applications orprocess-control and cus-tom-testing systems. Desig-

nated the BLC-80/24 andthe BLC-80/28, both ver-sions support up to 32Kbytes of ROM (read-onlymemory) and are upward-compatible with National'sBLC-80/204. Standard fea-tures include an 8085A-2central processor, jumper-selectable 4.8- or 2.4-MHzclock rates, and 48 pro-grammable I/O lines with asingle programmable RS-232C serial port. ThePL/M-80 programming lan-guage is available as an op-tion.

In production quantities,the BLC-80/24 is $945,which includes 4K bytes ofRAM (random-access read/write memory). For $ 1095,the BLC-80/28 provides 8Kbytes of RAM. Contact Na-tional Semiconductor,2900 Semiconductor Dr.,Santa Clara, CA 95051,(408) 721-5000.Circle 611 on inquiry card.

Single-Board68000 Computer

Educational Microcom-puter Systems' M-68000single-board computer kit isbased on Motorola's 16-bit68000 microprocessor. Thesystem operates at 10 MHzand is equipped with 20Kbytes of on-board staticRAM (random-access read/write memory), 16K bytesof on-board EPROM (eras-able programmable read-only memory) space, andfive 16-bit counter/timers.Standard features includeseven levels of prioritizedinterrupts, two memory-ex-pansion buses, two RS-

232C serial communica-tions ports, a 16-bit bidirec-tional parallel port, on-board real-time clock, andan on-board hardwareprotection circuit. TheM-68000 is software-com-patible with Motorola'sMEX68KDM board.

Prices for the M-68000board begin at $99.95(bare board). For completepricing and technicalspecifications, contactEducational Microcom-puter Systems, POB 16115,Irvine, CA 92713, (714)553-0133.Circle 612 on inquiry card.

Portable ComputerHas Bubble Memory

Teleram's 3000 portablecomputer features 128Kbytes of internal bubblememory. Under CP/M op-erations, the nonvolatilememory is configured as adrive A. The 3000 has a4-line by 80-character LCD(liquid-crystal display) win-dow that scrolls up anddown a 24-line by 80-char-acter display memory.Other display attributes in-clude a 5 by 7 matrix, 160displayable characters, anda choice of viewing angles.The 3000's keyboard has83 keys, 16 of which areuser-definable, arranged ina standard typewriter for-mat and a 12-key numericand cursor keypad. Stan-dard features include a2.5-MHz Z80L central pro-cessor, a serial RS-232Cport, 64K bytes of RAM(random-access read/writememory), and 4K bytes of

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 555

What's New?

ROM (read-only memory)with bank-switched diag-nostics and housekeeping.Power is supplied by bat-teries that recharge during9- to 15-volt DC or 1 10- to230-volt AC operations.

Options include an ex-panded 256K-byte mem-ory and an expansionchassis made up of a cardcage, up to four 5'A -inchfloppy-disk drives, and adisplay screen. Prices beginat $2995. For additionaldetails, write to TeleramCommunications Corp., 2Corporate Park Dr., WhitePlains, NY 10604.Circle 613 on inquiry card.

Winchester DiskStandard with E'Lite

Barrington InternationalCorporation's E'Lite micro-computer has a built-inIrwin 510 5 'A -inch Win-chester-disk drive for .10megabytes of formatteddata storage. Carrying 64Kbytes of RAM (random-ac-cess read/write memory).Elite uses a 6-MHz Z80Bmicroprocessor and is sup-plied with built-in con-trollers for a printer, displaymonitor, floppy-disk drive,

and communications. Stan-dard features include an in-tegral 3-inch cartridge tapebackup that, according toBarrington, can copy 10megabytes of data in 8minutes and a 2K-bytecache memory. Suppliedsoftware is made up of theCP/M operating system,Micropro's Wordstar wordprocessor, an electronicspreadsheet, and the Con-dor Series 20 databasemanagement system, a fullrelational system.

E'Lite has a suggestedretail price of $7995. Dealerinquiries are invited. Formore information, contactBarrington InternationalCorp., Suite 4, 738 AirportBlvd., Ann Arbor, Ml48104, (313) 769-761 1.Circle 614 on inquiry card.

6-MHz Super Cadet

The Super Cadet from In-tegrated Business Com-puters uses Zilog's 6-MHzZ80B microprocessor. It hasa 150-nanosecond RAM(random-access read/writememory) and uses 64K-byte integrated circuits fora total of 256K bytes ofmemory. Standard featuresinclude double-sideddouble-density floppy-diskdrives with voice-coil ac-tuation rather than steppermotors, and switch-select-able MP/M-to-Oasis-to-FAMOS operating systems.The single-board SuperCadet can be expanded toinclude 10 I/O ports (ninefor users, one for a printer).

large SMD disk drives, andreel-to-reel or cartridge-tapeunits.

The basic 64K-byteSuper Cadet is available ineither a desktop or a rack-mounted unit for $5595.Write or call IntegratedBusiness Computers,21592 Marilla St., Chats-worth, CA 91311, (213)882-9007.Circle 615 on inquiry card.

PERIPHERALS

Bisynchronous

Communications for

the Apple

IE Systems is marketing aserial synchronous I/Oboard that lets a CP/M-based Apple II or III com-municate with remotecomputers using bisyn-chronous protocols. Whencombined with the bisyn-chronous software prod-ucts from Micro-IntegrationInc., an Apple can emulatean RJE (remote job entry)terminal using either 3780,3741, 2780, and 2770 pro-tocols or a 3271/77,3274/78, 3275, and 3276bisynchronous device.

The serial I/O board withone bisynchronous soft-ware product costs $ 1 195.Dealer discounts are avail-able. For full informationon the asynchronous, bi-synchronous, and syn-chronous data-link controlsoftware for 8- and 16-bitmicrocomputers, contact IESystems Inc., 98 Main St.,POB 359, Newmarket, NH03857, (603) 659-5891.Circle 616 on inquiry card.

Keyboards Designedfor Disabled

EKEG Electronics Com-pany markets remote andexpanded Apple II key-board attachments forphysically disabled in-dividuals. The remote key-board features an ad-justable bracket that letsyou mount the board inany position appropriatefor the user and joystickand push-button controls.The unit is designed to beeasily accessible by meansof a mouthstick or head-stick and features latchingswitches on the shift, con-trol, and repeat keys.

The expanded keyboardis designed to accommo-date individuals with avariety of disabilities, suchas motor or limb dysfunc-tions, visual impairments,and learning disabilities.The board does not requirean external power supply,nor does it interfere withthe Apple keyboard's stan-dard operation.

Both keyboards are de-signed to ignore uninten-tional movements associ-ated with involuntarytremors. The suggestedprice for either keyboard is$675. Other expandedkeyboards are available forthe Sinclair ZX81, the Com-modore PET, the CasioOrgan, and Texas In-struments' Speak & Spell,Speak & Read, and Speak &Math. Full details are avail-able from EKEG ElectronicsCo. Ltd., POB 46199, Sta-tion G, Vancouver, BritishColumbia, V6R 4G5,Canada, (604) 685-7817.

Circle 617 on inquiry card.

556 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

What's New?

Off•iOCKtl,

4j

ON

MIMICMODEPROG

mJ

$&

gl

BURNMOD*PROG

2716EPROM2732A

GLOUCESTER BUS COMPANY INC

PBQMOUEEN

RESET

BIOCK

To the VIC Belongs

The PROMQueen Car-tridge from the GloucesterComputer Bus Companyprovides EPROM program-ming, operating, and emu-lating capabilities for theCommodore VIC-20 com-puter. PROMQueen sup-ports 2716, 2732A, and2732 EPROMs (erasableprogrammable read-onlymemories]. A Mimic switchpermits an external com-puter to access programswritten in PROMQueen's4K bytes of RAM (random-access read/write mem-ory). A DIP [dual-in-linepackage) switch is used todetermine which of theVIC's four expansionblocks is occupied byPROMQueen so thatPROMQueen's RAM can

the PROMQueen

be used to expand theVIC's user BASIC memory.The DIP switch allowsPROMQueen to be usedwith other cartridges, suchas the Commodore VIC-MON 6502 assembler andeditor, without addressconflicts. A ZIF (zero inser-tion force) socket that canbe run directly on the VICis included.

The PROMQueen Car-tridge costs S 199, whichincludes a tutorial-typeuser's manual and a gener-al-purpose machine-lan-guage loader, editor, anddebugging program. Con-tact Gloucester ComputerBus Co. Inc., 6 Brooks Rd.,Gloucester, MA 01930,(617) 283-7719.Circle 618 on inquiry card.

Controller Card HasFour-Drive Capability

Rana Systems' Elite Con-troller Card has a four-drivecapability and can be usedwith any combination ofElite Minifloppy or Apple IIdisk drives. Elite automat-ically boots 13- and 16-sector disks and is compat-ible with DOS 3.3, PascalII, and CP/M 2.20B. Stan-dard features include LED(light-emitting diode) in-dicators for operatingmodes and diagnostic aids,power-reduction capabili-ties, and an interface-buffering design.

Elite comes with a man-

ual and a disk enhancer.The price is S135. Fulldetails are available fromRana Systems, 20620South Leapwood Ave.,Carson, CA 90746, (213)538-2353.Circle 619 on inquiry card.

Multiuser Memory Board

Macrotech Internation-al's 256K-byte dynamicmemory board is designedfor 8- and 16-bit S-100-based computer systems.The board supports 24-bitaddressing and features amapping option for usewith systems eguippedwith 16-bit addressingcapabilities. A memory-mapping scheme lets youtranslate each 4K block ofthe 16-bit (64K) logic ad-dress to any 4K block of the256K-byte on-board mem-ory. The board operates at

6 MHz with Z80/8085-typeprocessors and at 8 MHzwith most 16-bit processorswithout wait states.

A complete installationguide for MP/M 11 BIOS andCP/M 2.2 virtual-disk appli-cations is included in themanual. The board, calledthe Model SS256, costsSI379; a faster version isavailable on reguest. Con-tact Macrotech Interna-tional, 22133 Cohasset St.,Canoga Park, CA 9/303,(213) 887-5737.Circle 620 on inquiry card.

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 557

What's New?

SOFTWARE

Programmer UsesShorthand

Advanced OperatingSystems' Programmer pro-vides a "programmingshorthand" by taking yourideas and writing thenecessary BASIC programlines. It presents your op-tions in a menu format, letsyou copy any program ondisk, and has the ability togenerate graphics andmusic programs.

Programmer is currentlyavailable for the Apple IIPlus with 64K-byte Apple-soft BASIC. Apple CP/Msystems, and 64K-byte IBMPersonal Computers withtwo disks drives, a mono-chrome display or printercard, and PC DOS. Com-plete with documentation,the Programmer costsS199. The documentationalone is available on re-quest for $30. Contact Ad-vanced Operating Systems,450 St. John Rd., MichiganCity, IN 46360, (800)348-8558; in Indiana, (219)879-4693.Circle 621 on inquiry card.

Filer: Apple DiskUtility

The Filer is an Apple disk-utility system for 35-, 40-,and 70-track drives. Pro-duced by Central PointSoftware, the Filer packagecontains a disk-drive speedcheck, disk-drive test, a35-second fast-copy pro-gram, and a file manager.Options include catalog

with space on disk, delete,lock and unlock files,change booting program(name and file type), andcopy files, disk, and DOS(disk operating system).

The Filer has a suggestedretail price of $19.95. It'savailable at computerstores or factory-direct fromCentral Point Software Inc.,POB 19730-#203, Port-land, OR 97219, (503)244-5782.Circle 622 on inquiry card.

IBM Software Line

Lifeboat Associates hasannounced that its 8086Software Library programscan now run on the IBMPersonal Computer withPC-DOS and on other8086/8088 computers thatrun MS-DOS, such as Seat-tle, Godbout, and Tecmar.Emulator/86 is among theprograms in the library. Itlets you run CP/M-86 soft-ware under PC-DOS fasterthan with CP/M-86. An-other member of the libraryis the Pmate text editor. Itfeatures single-keystrokeediting, expression evalua-tion, horizontal scrolling,and macro command de-finitions.

Also available is the Lat-tice C Compiler. A full im-plementaion of the C lan-guage, Lattice C is Unixversion 7 compatible. Itproduces relocatable ma-chine code in Intel's 8086object-module format foruse with the linker suppliedwith DOS. For system utili-

ties, Lifeboat offers theUT86 system, which givesyou formatted and sorteddirectories, interactive copyroutines, and formattedprintouts. For completedetails, contact Lifeboat As-sociates, 1651 Third Ave.,New York, NY 10028,(212) 860-0300.Circle 623 on inquiry card.

IntegratedWord Processor

The Finalword is an inte-grated word-processingsystem that runs withCP/M, CP/M86, or PC-DOS. Produced by theMark of the Unicorn, andrequiring a 56K-byte com-puter, Finalword is con-figured to support mostprinters and terminals. Itfeatures automatic word-wrap and insert mode,global search and replace,justification, multiple-linespacing, move and deleteblocks of text, and cursorpositioning according towords, sentences, lines,and paragraphs. WithFinalword, index entriesand footnotes are placed inappropriate text areas.When you output a docu-ment under Finalword, anindex is created with ap-propriate page numbersand entries. Other featuresinclude multiple buffers andwindows that allow you tosplit the screen and displaytwo separate files simultan-eously, directory accesswhile editing, simultaneousediting and printing, crashrecovery, state save, andtrue proportional spacing.

In addition, eight menus,callable at any time, areprovided.

The Finalword costs$300. For full details, con-tact Mark of the Unicorn,POB 423, Arlington, MA02174, (617) 489-1387.Circle 624 on inquiry card.

PUBLICATIONS

Accounting PlusTraining Manual

The Accounting PlusTraining Manual is a self-teaching guide coveringthe accounting principlesnecessary to run a businessusing a microcomputerand Systems Plus's Ac-counting Plus system, anintegrated eight-moduleCP/M- and MP/M-compat-ible system. After explain-ing accounting terminol-ogy and detailing the audittrail from the ledger to in-dividual departmentrecords, this manual givesyou hands-on experiencewith the software's busi-ness, accounting, andmanagement-reportingfunctions. From there,you'll learn the entire oper-ation of Accounting Plus,including its general ledger,payables, receivables, salesorder entry, payroll, andpoint-of-sale capabilities.

The Accounting PlusTraining Manual is avail-able through your localSystems Plus retailer. Con-tact Systems Plus Inc., 1 120San Antonio Rd., Palo Alto,CA 94303, (415)969-7047.Circle 625 on inquiry card.

558 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

What's New?

S-100 BusBuyers Guide

Ironoak Company'sS-100 Bus Buyers Guidelists more than 450 S-100bus-compatible board-levelproducts, including single-board computers, periph-eral controllers, and videoboards. Product descrip-tions provide design andperformance specifications,prices, delivery/availability,date first manufactured,and manufacturers' localsales offices. More than 65companies are represented.

The S-100 Bus BuyersGuide is produced semi-annually. Single copies cost$25. Additional copiesshipped to the same ad-dress are S9.95 each; addS 10 per copy for ordersoutside the U. S. Availabledirectly from Ironoak Co.,

3239 Caminito Ameca, La

Jolla, CA 92037. (714)

450-0191.

Circle 626 on inquiry card.

Free Brochureon Flexydisks

A 6-page productbulletin on Flexydisks isavailable free of chargefrom BASF Systems Corpor-ation. The brochure ex-plains how Flexydisks aremade and offers tips onproper disk care and han-dling. Also included is aproduct listing. BASF Flexy-disks are available in both5!/4- and 8-inch formats.Write to BASF SystemsCorp., Computer MediaMarketing, Crosby Dr.,Bedford, MA 01730.Circle 627 on inquiry card.

Local Networks andTeletext Explored

Local Network Hand-book and Teletext andVideotex in the UnitedStates are two recentpublications from the DataCommunications SpecialProject Center. A collectionof articles first published inData Communicationsmagazine, Local NetworkHandbook explores allaspects of local network-ing. Professionals will findthis book a comprehensivereference tool that providesan overview of networktechnology ranging fromhistorical to specific applica-tions. This book was editedby George Davis, editor-in-chief of Data Communica-tions.

Teletext and Videotexin the United States is anall-encompassing guide tothe technological revolu-tion that may somedayalter the manner in whichAmericans shop, work,and communicate. Com-missioned by the NationalScience Foundation, thisbook's team of authorsfrom the Institute for theFuture have created chap-ters on technology, appli-cations, marketing oppor-tunities, and sociologicalimplications. It is writtenwith the hands-on profes-sional and mature enthusi-ast in mind.

Local Network Hand-book costs S25. Availablein hardcover, Teletext andVideotex in the UnitedStates is priced at $30.Order from Data Commu-nications Special ProjectCenter, McGraw-Hill Publi-cations Co., 1221 Avenue

of the Americas, New

York, NY 10020, (212)

997-2015.

Circle 628 on inquiry card.

Brochure DescribesGraphics Software

Precision Visuals has afree S-page brochure illu-strating its device-inde-pendent approach tographics software. YourComplete System forBuilding Better Graphicsdescribes the company'sDI-3000 FORTRAN-callablegraphics subroutines, itsGrafmaker data-presenta-tion subroutines, a three-dimensional display pack-age called Contouring, andthe Metafile translator, a"time-independent" pic-ture editor. For your copyof this full-color brochure,contact Dave Glander, Pre-cisioh Visuals, 250Arapahoe, Boulder, CO80302, |303) 449-0806.Circle 629 on inquiry card.

Graphics and ImageProcessingAlgorithms

Theo Pavlidis's Algo-rithms for Graphics andImage Processing is avail-able from the ComputerScience Press. This book ex-plores most aspects of pic-torial information process-ing by computer, includingcomputer graphics, com-puter image processing,and pictorial pattern recog-nition. Although its em-phasis is on mathematical

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 559

What's New?

tools, the book also coversimage synthesis, analysis,and encoding. Detailedlistings of many algorithmsare provided.

Algorithms for Graph-ics and Image Processingcosts $24.95. Contact theComputer Science PressInc., 1 1 Taft Court, Rock-ville, MD 20850, (301)251 -9050.Circle 630 on inquiry card.

Logo Book DoublesAs Self-Study Guide

A text and a self-studyguide suited for use withthe Logo programminglanguage, Turtle Geo-metry: The Computer as aMedium for ExploringMathematics has been re-leased by the MIT Press.The authors, Harold Abel-son and Andrea diSessa,are members of the LogoGroup at the Massachu-setts Institute of Technol-ogy's Artificial IntelligenceLaboratory, where Logowas developed. Some ofthe topics explored are ran-dom motion, branchingprocesses, space-filling de-signs, vector operations intwo and three dimensions,topology of curves, maze-solving algorithms, andspherical and "cubical"geometry. Three hundredillustrations enhance this477-page book, whichcosts $22.50 and is avail-able from the MIT Press, 28Carleton St., Cambridge,MA 02142, (617) 253-2884.Circle 631 on inquiry card.

Bulletin DescribesSonic Digitizer

Science Accessories Cor-poration is offering a free2-page technical bulletindescribing the capabilitiesof its Grafbar Model GP-7sonic digitizer. The bulletincontains technical specifi-cations, descriptions of theGP-7's menu features andoutput formats, and dis-cusses available styli, cur-sors, and sensors. TheGP-7 permits left- or right-hand digitizing on anywork surface.

For your copy, requesttechnical bulletin GP-7-3-82 from Science Acces-sories Corp., 970 KingsHighway W, Southport,CT 06490.Circle 632 on inquiry card.

VIC-20 User Guide

The VIC-20 User Guide,

by John Heilborn with RanTalbott, addresses experi-enced and beginning pro-grammers alike. Producedby Osborne/McGraw-Hill,this 250-page paperbackbook provides operating in-structions for the Commo-dore VIC and its associatedperipherals, such as diskdrives, printers, andmodems. It has tutorials inVIC-20 BASIC and detailedcoverage of BASIC state-ments and functions, in-cluding advanced colorgraphics. Appendices offerfurther information on trig-onometric functions andassembly codes and ma-chine-level subroutines.Also provided is a memorymap specifying many PEEKand POKE locations.

The VIC-20 User Guide

costs $16.95. ContactOsborne/McGraw-Hill, 630Bancroft Way, Berke-ley, CA 94710, (415)548-2805.Circle 633 on inquiry card.

MISCELLANEOUS

Fujitsu to MarketPlasma Display

The Component Divi-sion of Fujitsu America ismarketing a 480-characterplasma-display panel calledthe FPC 4012 NRUL. Ituses monolithic integratedcircuits for its drive circuitsand CMOS (complemen-tary metal-oxide semicon-ductor) LSI (large-scale inte-gration) devices for controllogic. The unit featureshigh-contrast orange char-acters on a black back-ground and a CRT- (cath-ode-ray tube) compatibleinterface that connects tovarious system busesthrough a CRT controller.Power consumption is 13watts.

The FPC 4012 NRULcosts $597 in OEM (ori-ginal equipment manufac-turer) quantities. ContactGeorge Neeno, FujitsuAmerica Inc., ComponentDivision, 918 SherwoodDr., Lake Bluff, IL 60044,(312) 295-2610.Circle 634 on inquiry card.

Fast Floating Pointfor Atari

The Fastchip floating-point mathematics ROM(read-only memory| fromNewell Industries is said toprovide up to three andone-half times the speed ofthe original Atari BASICfloating-point routines.Fastchip is pin-compatiblewith the ROM it replacesand requires no modifica-tions, -cuts, or wires.

Fastchip costs $41.95,including shipping andhandling. It comes with a90-day warranty. Overseasorders are $2 higher. Foradditional information,contact Newell Industries,3340 Nottingham Lane,Piano, TX 75074, (214)423-1781.Circle 635 on inquiry card.

Stack Rack

The Stack Rack fromRemtron lets you tuck morethan 600 sheets of paperunderneath your EpsonMX-80 printer. Stack Rackfeatures a bail guide thatprevents the paper fromsnagging and a paper stopthat halts the paper fromsliding out the rear duringoperation or transporta-tion. The unit is con-structed of clear acrylic andis equipped with skid-resis-tant padded feet.

Stack Rack costs $14.95,plus $2 shipping and han-dling. Order from Remtron,POB 2280, Santa Clara, CA95055.Circle 636 on inquiry card.

560 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

EPSON

MX 80 F/T 499.MX 100 699.

OKPATA

82 A

83 A

399.649.

DAISY WHEELPRINTER

599.

We will beat any advertised price

APPLE COMPATIBLECOMPUTERCALL FOR LOWEST PRICE

16K RAM CARD

For Apple® 11/11 +COMPATIBLE WITH:DOS 3.3® CP/M®,VISICALC ®, PASCAL ®,

2 YearWarranty

Fully testedand assembled

59

ET CETERA

PRINTER INTERFACES

IBtvl PC Cable 40

ATARI Cable 25

16K Wizard BPO 159.Apple Card & Cable 49.Microbuffer II 32K 259.

PERIPHERALS

Amdek Color II 749.

Apple Cat II 299.

d/Base II 495.

DB Master 169.

Data Factory 249.

David's Midnight Magic 29Microsoft Softcard 269.Micromodem II 269.

MX-80 Ribbons 10.

MX-100 Ribbons 20.

Okigraph for 82A/83A79.TKC Keypad 119

TPI Printwheels $CALLWizardry 39.

16K Upgrade 200NS 11.64K Upgrade 200NS 110.

%

f VlSlCORP

Buy 2 Get 1 Free!

(Apple products only)

Visicalc (IBM or Apple) 179.

Desktop Plan II (Apple) 179.

Desktop Plan (IBM) 249.

Visidex (IBM or Apple) 179.

Visifile (Apple) 179.

Visifile (IBM) 249.

Visiplot (Apple) 145.

Visischedule (Apple) 229.

Visiterm (Apple) 75.

Visitrend/Plot (Apple) 229.

APPLE PRODUCTS

EZ Writer (Pro)

$129.

EZ Mailer (Pro)

129

EZ Pack (Pro)

239.

EZ Mover

79

Datadex

119.

IBM PRODUCTS

EZ Writer II

245.

EZ Speller

119.

EZ Filer

265.

WordstarSpellstarData StarMail MergeSupersortCalcstar

189. 249.229.119. 149. 149.179. 225. 199.79. 79. 79119. 150.

119. 189. 180.

S Mountain Computet

CPS Card

149.

CPS Cable

$CALL

Ramplus+ 32K

139

Rom Writer

139.

Clock

195.

Music System

299.

Super Talker

149.

Expansion Chassis 559.

Card Reader

$CALL

A/D-D/A

269.

V-C Expand

$CALL

5 1/4" Drive (Apple) 339.Drive control card 89.8" Drive Products $CALL

\ferbatim

5 1/4" (10) $25958" (10) 3995

Head cleaning kit 750

uompurer m ~~r~zz;

^£ Company. /Q

Products

Vision 80 $239.

8" Controller 495.

IBM Interface 169.Time Card III 169.

Type-ahead-buffer 35.Prom Development 399.

IBM 256K Ramcard SCALL

Paddles 29.

Joystick II 40.

Select-A-Port 47.All of Above 109.Joystick III $CALLJoystick IBM 45.

()bmc

12" Green (12AU)$88.Amber monitors $CALL

COLOR SPECIAL

YOUR CHOICE

13" Color Composite

or

13" RGB Color

i STfSlSTHS

64 K $319.

128 K 459.

V-C Expand 80 75.

269.

A ATARI

Atari 800 (16 K) $169.Atari 400 (16 K) 299.

Visicalc 189.

16K memory exp. 55.Software & acces. $CALLLJK Letter Perfect 119.

APPLE COMPATIBLE DISK DRIVE $299.

COMPUTERDISCOUNTPRODUCTS(408) 985-0400

MAIL ORDERS &RETAIL STORE

860 S. Winchester Blvd.

San Jose, CA 95128

MON.— FRI 8-5 SAT 10-4

Mai

and phL

ne Old

eleome

CA inside

is add

HW

,TAX P

ices si

bjeoMC

Ic clia

ge All lie

isEOEi

San

Jose -

VISA

AMEX

MO CASHIERS

CHECK COD OK P

(SOI

al cher

is allow 2

weeks

lui

ig be!

Dill

POs a

cealed

Circle 101 on Inquiry card.

What's New?

Overview ofProcessor Activity

Micro View's 256 LEDs(light-emitting diodes) keepyou informed of micropro-cessor activity. Manufac-tured by Micro Logic Cor-poration, Micro View has16 switch-selectable modesthat let you choose addressor data, read and write, I/Oor memory, detailed oroverview modes, and one,several, or all pages inmemory. Its display alsoprovides you with informa-tion on program flow,memory references, portactivity, and hardware andsoftware interaction. Theprogram stack is depicted

as a moving bar graph.

A variety of personalitypacks are available forMicro View, includingpacks for 1802, 6502,6800, 6808, 8039, F8,Z80, Apple, STD Bus,TRS-80, and a user-defin-able model. Micro Viewcosts S995, complete withaccessories and yourchoice of personality pack.Prices for additional per-sonality modules begin at$95. Contact Micro LogicCorp., 100 Second St., POB174, Hackensack, NJ07602, (201) 342-6518.Circle 637 on inquiry card.

Monitor Standfor Osborne

Montop locks on top ofthe Osborne 1 and holdsany monitor firmly in place.Produced by SGW Enter-prises, Montop can helpreduce eye and neck strainby placing the screen at amore comfortable viewingangle. On Osbornes withthe new vented case,Montop lifts the monitor upoff the vent. No hardware

is required.

Made of clear plexiglass,Montop has a $21.95 sug-gested retail price. Largeand small plexiglass printerstands and Osborne deskcovers are also available.Contact SGW Enterprises,POB 1015, Del Mar, CA92014, (714) 755-8324.Circle 638 on inquiry card.

Line Status

The Tech's Helper is anRS-232C-compatible linestatus indicator from Elec-tro-Service Company. Itshows the high, low, anddata status of the sevenmost commonly used pinsof a serial (i.e., DB25) con-nector. Indicators fornumbers 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8,and 20 are provided aswell as a shield to number1 and the common to pin

Indicator

number 7. The device istested to data rates up to9600 bps (bits per second)and is supplied with maleand female connectors.

The Tech's Helper costsless than $50; dealer in-quiries are invited. OrderModel 827L from Electro-Service Co., POB 92, Red-mond, WA 98052, (206)881-0709.Circle 639 on inquiry card.

Where Do New Products Items Come From?

The information printed in the new products pages of BYTE isobtained from "new product" or "press release" copy sent by thepromoters of new products. If in our judgment the informationmight be of interest to the personal computing experimenters andhomebrewers who read BYTE, we print it in some form. Weopenly solicit releases and photos from manufacturers and sup-pliers to this marketplace. The information is printed more or lessas a first-in first-out queue, subject to occasional priority modifica-tions. While we would not knowingly print untrue or inaccuratedata, or dats from unreliable companies, our capacity to evaluatethe products and companies appearing in the "What's New?"feature is necessarily limited. We therefore cannot be responsiblefor product quality or company performance.

562 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

THE COMPUTER SPECIALISTS

Apple II plus 48K,

Apple Disk Drive II with

Interface DOS 3.3, Apple

III. 12" Monitor and the

Apple Monitor Stand

All lor Only S179900

BONUS! Apple Writer II

Reg. '149™ Special' tyw/purchase of above package

BUSINESSMAN'SSPECIAL

Apple II plus 48K, Apple

Disk Drive w/interface

DOS 3.3, 12" Hi Res

Green Monitor. Visicalc

3.3. Planning & Financial

Forecasting Software

Or,/KS197900

16K RAM Card s7495w/purchase of above package

apple®

WORD PROCESSORSYSTEM

Apple II plus 48K. Apple

Disk Dr w/interface DOS

3.3. 12" Hi Res Green

Monitor. OKIDATA

Microline 80 Printer,

Printer Interface Card &

Cable. Screenwriter II

Only S232500

I HEWLETTI PACKARD

HP-83A stages

HP-85A s209995

s700 Free Software!

direct from manuf..

Call or write for details!

HP 87 $192495

HP125 $198195

— Accessories —

82901M 5'/<" Dual

o.*c0ri.«.. *16949S

82905A Serial Prr,rr$6199s

HP-7470A Graphics plotter

atso available in Serial for

use with the Apple' and

Franklin' Computers

■0n/,s12699S

No.*

FRANKLIN

®

DATA BASEMANAGER

Franklin ACE 1000 64K,

Micro-Sci Disk Drivew/interface, 12" Hi Res

Green Monitor,

Stoneware DB-Master

Data Base Manager

Call or Write

NEW! ACE 1000

THE PERSONAL

PROFESSIONAL COMPUTER

THAT'S HARDWARE AND

SOFTWARE COMPATIBLE

w/APPLE II PLUS™

64K RAM, Upper & Lower

Case. 12 Key Numeric

Keypad, Built-in Fan.

Typewriter Style Keyboard

Call or Write

BUSINESSMAN'SSPECIAL

ACE 1000 64K, Micro-Sci

Disk Drive w/controller.

12" Hi Res Green

Monitor. Visicalc 3.3

Call or Write

SOFTWARE & ACCESSORIES FOR APPLE® and FRANKLIN

®

RANA

Elite 1 Disc Drive, with 15% more storagecapacity than Apples' drive . .Only s37950Controller Card Only 119.95

MICRO SCI

A-2 Disc Drive, the cost effective alternativeto the Disc II, with controller .Only s46995without controller Only 369.95

KENSINGTON

System Saver Fan, with built-in surge protec-tor for Apple- II Only s7495

MICRO PRO Spec/a/ Offer!

Word Pack Includes WordStar, MailMerge,and SpellStar All 3 tor Only s32900

NOVATION

Apple Cat, direct line modem Only s29995

Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

VISICORP PROGRAMS

Visicalc S1849S Visifile s18485

Visiplot s23995 Visiterm s7995

Visidex s18495 Visischedule.s23995

Desktop Plan II s1949s

ADDITIONAL "ADD-ONS"

DC HAYES Micromodem II s28995

VIDEX Keyboard Enhancer s11995

VIDEX Videoterm 80 Col. Board . . . $25995

VIDEX Function Strip (l/use w/Enhancer II) *6295

TKC Numeric Keypad (Apple- only) . . .$13495

ABT Numeric Keypad (Apple- only) s9995

THUNDERCLOCK PLUS M1995

PKASO Parallel interface «13495

MICROSOFT Z-80 CP/M Card s27995

MICROSOFT 16K Ram Card «12995

TG Joystick s475° TKC Joystick . $4495

VOTRAX TYPE-N-TALK

Lets your computer talk to you Only $29995Available for Apple/Franklin/Atari/VIC-20

NEW! APPLI CARD

Z-80 Card with 64K RAM Only s36995

FORMAT II WORD PROCESSOR

with mail list, user friendly. . .Only $27995MICROSOFT PREMIUM PACK

Z-80 CPM Card, VIDEX Videoterm 80 Col. board,

CPM user's guide & MICROSOFT RAM Card

All for only *59995Plus you receive a FREE Videx Soft Switch (a s30 Value!)

MICROBUFFER llby Practical Peripherals

32K . ..Only s24995 16K . ..Only S21495

MICROBUFFER for EPSON

16K Parallel ..s13495 8K Serial . ,s13495

Franklin ACE is a trademark of Franklin Computer Co.

COMPUTER SPECIALS!

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS

Tl 99 4/A wifh RF Modulator . .I199"Alter Mfg's Cash Rebate, Plus 2 FREEoffers from Tl Call or Write tor details!

COMMODOREVIC-20 -»iin RF Modulator . . «184"RCA VP-3501 buili-m modem . ,*359"

ATARI 400 «269"

TIMEX SindaiMOOO ,.'99"

48K V...-W, 49.95 32K Wen-ory. 99.95

SHARP (Handheld)PC-1500 »214" PC-1211 . 599'6

CE ISO Pi.iifa 174.95 CE-122 Primer 69.95

IBM" PERSONAL COMPUTER

Call or write for special low price!

ATARI

— BUSINESSMAN'S SPECIAL—

Atari 800 48-K, Atari 810 Disk Drive

andVis^o3,/yM39995

WORD PROCESSOR

Atari 800 48K, Atari 810 Disk Drive,Atari Word Processor, 850 Interface,Okidata Microline 82A Printer withConnecting Cable „ ,

Now Only9199900

OSBORNE

Software & t :ies

■■'■' Mow if? ;»vv'

MAXELL-fylD-l (10 pic) ..«34S9

Buy"- ■ ..-ks and receivea FREE ■ case!

liiiATIM 525 tn;|io:pp^3i.«'

;MEMORiW0pk:):.::::;:...s2395

:CONTROCDATA(12).:: 525ss

. Foi qu -ihi, ii ou it prif „s

. .■ . . please call or write!

EPSON

MX-80 III F/T 80-136 Column DotMatrix, Tractor or Friction Feed, Bidirec-tional, 80 CPS, Graftrax Plus Call

MX-100IIIF/T 136-233 Column, Tractoror Friclion Feed, Bidirectional, 80 CPS,

Graftrax Plus Call

OKIDATAMICROLINE 82A 120 CPS, Bidirec-tional, Parallel-Serial, 80/132 Columns,

Friction & Pin Feed 449.95

MICROLINE 83A F/T 120 CPS, Bidirec-tional, 136 Columns. Serial/Parallel, Fric-tion and Tractor 699.00

New! MICROLINE 84A F/T 200 CPS,Bidirctional, 136 Column, Parallel, Fric-tion and Tractor 1099.00

Serial w/2K Buffer 1199.00

C.ITOH F-10 Daisy Wheel, Letter Quali-ty Printer, 40 CPS. Parallel 1499.00

PRINTERS TO FIT EVERYNEED & BUDGET

BQB

SMITH-CORONA

TP-1 LETTER QUALITYELECTRONIC TEXT PRINTER

Low cost daisy wheel printer.Microprocessor electronics,Serial or parallel interface, 120words per minute

_CABLES FOR MOST PERSONALCOMPUTERS IN STOCK!

New.' C.ITOH 1550 120 CPS, 136/232

Column, F/T Graph Parallel 769.00

Parallel and Serial 809.00

C.ITOH 8510 Pro Writer, 120 CPS, 136

Col. Parallel/Serial, Bidirectional, F/T,Graphics 499.00

MONITORS

159.00189.00389.95149.95369.00769.00

Only

USI PI-2 12" High Res. Green .USI PI-3 12" High Res. Amber.

SANYO 13" Color

AMDEK 300 12" Green

AMDEK 13" Color

AMDEK Color II RGB High Res.

AMDEK Color Interface Board f/RGB159.00

NEC JB 12" Green 179.95

NEC JC 12" Color 349.95

BMC-1200 12" Green 149.00

ELECTROHOME ECM-1302-113" RGB Monitor Lowers with NTSCInterface (Reg. 600.00) 420.00

CORPORATE ACCOUNTS WELCOME (212)260-4410

jflMfe TOLL FREE OU I-Oh-il Al t

M 800-221-7774800-221-5858

'67 West 47th Street, New York, N.Y. 10036

115 West 45th Street, New York, N.Y. 10036

MAIL ORDER ADDRESS: 36 E. 19th St. New York, N.Y. 10003

only, and are subject to limited availability. Not responsible for typographical errors. This ad supersedes all other ads prior to Nov. 19821982 and are subject to change without notice. All orders subject to verification and acceptance. Minimum shipping and handling $4.95

Circle 493 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982

563

Circle 459 on inquiry card.

^8 JF S2* MICRO

SALES

8" DISK DRIVES

SA801R 388.00ea Twofor379.00ea

SA851R 535.00ea Twofor529.00ea

QUME DT-8... 540.00ea Twofor529.00eaTandon 848-1 ..395.00ea Twofor388.00eaTandon 848-2 .. 525.00ea Two for 51 9.00ea

We carry a lull Line of 5'A" Drives and Subsystems.CALL TOLL FREE FOR PRICES!

SOFTWARE

BASIC 80 $290.00

BASIC COMPILER 320.00

CALCSTAR 1 50.00

C BASIC 118.00

C COM PI LI ER 175.00

COBOL 80 600.00

DATA STAR 265.00

DISK DOCTOR 85.00

FORTH 170.00

FORTRAN 80 400.00

MACRO 80 1 65.00

MACRO ASSEMBLER 90.00

MAILMERGE 115.00

PASCAL/M 320.00

SPELLSTAR 1 90.00

SUPERCALC 235.00

SUPERSORT 1 1 90.00

SSS FORTRAN 21 5.00

WORDSTAR 275.00

EXTRA MANUALS AVAILABLE

DUAL DRIVE SUBSYSTEMS

HORIZONTAL

VERTICAL

w/two Shugart 801 R SS/DD $ 975.00

w/two Shugart 851R DS/DD 1 225.00

w/two Qume DT-8 DS/DD 1 250.00

w/two Tandon 848-1 SS/DD 995.00

w/two Tandon 848-2 DS/DD 11 95.00

Cabinet A &Tw/Power Supply and Aces 235.00Cabinet Top and Bottom 69.50

PRINTERS

ANADEX9001A $ 1225.00

ANADEX9501A 1325.00

EPSON MX-80 449.00

EPSON MX-80FT 559.00

EPSON MX-1 00 735.00

I.D.S. MICROPRISM 480 565.00

OKIDATA82A 465.00

OKIDATA83A 750.00

OKIDATA 84 1 275.00

PROWRITER 8510 Par 525.00

PROWRITER 8510 Ser 625.00

-© CALL FOR QUANTITYPRICES'

California flV

Computer

Systems WM

SPECIAL! |

CCS SYSTEM 2410 . . $1995.00

• Includes CP/IVT 2.2 • 2-Serial/1 -Parallel Port

• DMA Disk Controller • Hardware Vectored Interupts

• 2-Real Time Clocks • Supports CP/M-,MP/M',OASIS

CCS 2200 System, A & T.. 1625.00

• 2810 CPU Only—255.00

• 2422 Disk Controller Only— 330.00

• 2065C 64K Only— 320.00

• 2200A Mainframe Only—475.00

• CCS Apple Boards. . . CallToll Free For Prices

TERMINALS

ADDS VIEWPOINT $519.00

Green Screen, Detachable Keyboard

ADDS REGENT 20 569.00

ADDS REGENT 25 745.00

ZENITH Z-1 9 745.00

TELEVIDEO

• THE NEW 910+ $569.00

Green Screen, Block Mode Terminal and 10Preprogrammed Function Codes.

• THE NEW 925 $739.00

With 22 Function Keys, Green Screen andDetachable Keyboard.

• Time of Day • Self Test • And More! •

• THE NEW 950 $945.00

S-100 Single BoardWINCHESTER

EASY DISK CONTROLLER"

• Works with any S-100 OH) + IEE 6%

• Supports 5'A". 8" and 14" DrivesST-506. SA-1000. SA-4000 Interfaces

• Record Accessible 1-K sector bufferfrees host memory, matches DMA speed

• On-boarcl microprocessor— auto seeks*

simple, very small software driver

• Dealers and Distributors invitedAssembled and tested with formatter testprogram and operating system drivers.VISA. MasterCard - specify drive - S545.

Monitor Dynamics, Inc.

1121 West Ninth St. • Upland. CA 91786

(714) 985-7214

Make any key

on your keyboard

a special-function key

with ordinary BASIC.

"Power Programmingin BASIC"

At your computer store ororder direct

$16.95

plus $1.50 postage

TJD EnterprisesSuite 512

2401 Blueridge Ave. XWheaton, MD 20902 V,

ORDERS ONLY 800/638-2000

Wash DC Metro 301/933-4801MC/VISA/AMX ACCEPTED

Dealer/retail inquiries invited

SUPERBRAIN USERS!

SLPERLETTER is for you!

It's the exciting bi-monthly packed withtechnical tips, feature articles, display andclassified ads plus hardware and softwarereviews written just for the SuperBrainand CompuStar user.

Now in our second year, we offer:

■ Substantial DISCOUNTS on popularnationally-advertised CP/M software.

■ A full line of hard-to-find enhancedPROMS, BIOS's and GRAPHICSpackages.

■ A direct link to thousands of Interteccomputer users around the world.

Subscriptions: $20 in USA$35 foreign

IBack-issues available at $3.50)To order, call or write:

SLPERLETTER

P. O. Box 3121

Beverly Hills, CA 90212

(213) 277-2410

Circle 515 on inquiry card.

Circle 514 on inquiry card.

564

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

tV EAST Coast Call (815) 485-4002ft WEST Coast Call (714) 891-2677

out ®^©^ TOLL [FGSiiB

STATE H = i@® - ^3i=®3i^s

TERMS: 4We accept VISA/MC, prepay, check or money order. Please allow personal check two weeks to clear beforeshipment. $5.00 handling charge on all orders under $50.00.15% Restocking Fee. All orders shipped via U.P.S. unlessotherwise specified. -A-Our products carry a full 6 months parts and labor warranty excluding drives, printers andterminals which carry the full O.E.M. factory warranty. PAIGES SUBJECT TO CHANGF WITHOUT NOTICE.

IB W 3K9? MICRO

IVI. HI. SALES

• EAST • 11 Edison Drive, New Lenox, Illinois 60451

• WEST* 15381 Chemical Lane, Huntington Beach, CA 92649

XOR Z-80 CPU

* Two RS-232 Serial Ports

• Three 8-Bit Parallel Ports

* Powerful 2K Prom Monitor

* Extended Addressing

* On Board CTC CapabilityAssembled and Tested $255.00

Order Part* S-1000-35

XOR DISK CONTROLLER

• Full 4MHZ Operation*• Multi-Sector Operation+ Mixed Density Operation

* Runs 8" and 5Vi" Drives'

• Utilizes W. D.'s 1395 Chip Set1

Assembled and Tested $275.00

Order Part* S-1000-36

XOR 64K RAM

• 4116 200NS Ram Chips

• 16K Banks -Selectable

• 4MHZZ-80 Operation*■ Reset Enable/Disable

* No R/C Networks Tied to TTL

Assembled and Tested $259.00

Order Part* S-1000-37

H®®^

$1695.00

• 4 Slot S-100 Bus • Inculdes CP/M' 2 2 and Man!

• Two Separate Power Supplys * All Cables Provided

• XOR S-100 Brd Set (above) • Dimensionsonly9"x9'x 18"/'

S-100-4 System Complete with:

2-Tandon Thinline 8" (Model TM-848-1 SS/DD)Part#S-1000-40 $1695.00

2-Tandon Thinline 8" (Model TM-848-2 DS/DD)Part#S-1000-39 $1950.00

"BARE BONES" PRICES

S-100-4 System - Includes Two Power Supplys,

Two Transformers, 4 Slot S-100 Bus, Card Cage,

Chassis and Cabinet

• Kit Onlv $299.00 • A & T S385.00 *

MicroPro™

WORDSTARSPELLSTAR

MAILMERGE

Software Special

#v^'0NLY

fj** $495.00

See Our Ad in MICROSYSTEMS Magazine

^UNIVERSAL POWER SUPPLYA

For Big Board, Apple or Aim 65

+5VDC @ 3 Amps

12VDC @ ,750 Amps

-12VDC @ .750Amps

-5VDC @ .500 Amps

Dimensions:4"x4"x 11"

$69.95

DISK DRIVE POWER SUPPLY

For 2- 8" or 5" Shugart 801R

or 851R, Qume DT-8 with

DC Cables for 8"

AC Cables for 2 Drives $7.50

Dimensions: 4" x 4" x 11"

$59.95

S-1 00 POWER SUPPLY

+8VDC @ 30 Amps+ 16VDC @ 6 Amps-16VDC @ 6 Amps

PC Board DesignDimensions: 5" x 6" x 11"

$89.50

y&CALL FOR QUANTITYprices:^

Wi$M95.00

°^&\ TERMINAL

• Feather Touch Capacitance Kybrd • 60 Key Standard ASCII

• SOROC Type Screen Attribute Set * 8 Special Function Keys

• Half Intensity * 20 Screen Editing Keys

COMPUTER

• XOR S-100 Board Set (Above) • Includes CP/M" 2,2

• Programmable Keyboard Set • 8 Slot S-100 Bus

S-1 00-8 System Complete With:

Shugart 801R Subsystem- (#S-1000-13),, $2675.00Shugart 851R Subsystem- (#S-1000-02).. 2925.00

Qume DT-8 Subsystem- (#S-1000-03) 2950.00

Shugart SA400 Minis (#S-1000-04) 2350.00

Complete System ,No Drives (#S-1000-01). 1 795.00'Available in Horizontal or Vertical Cabinet

ZENITH DATA SYSTEMS

CALL TOLL FREE FOR PRICES1 - 800 -435-9357

Controller Board for 8" and 5" Drives for the Z-89, Z-90 orH-89 Computers .Comes w/CP/M! 2.2 on 8" and 5" media

Only $550.00

•H

® MY

by XOR

For test or systems applications.Complete S-100 12 Slot Main-frame with Disk Drive Power Supplyfor 4 Drives.

SPECIFICATIONS

Regulated+ 5V @ 5A+24V @ 3A-5V @ 1AS225.00 Kit with 1 2 S-100 Bus Connectors$255.00 Assem. and Tested with 1 2 Bus Connectors

S15.00 AC/DC Drive Cable Set for 2 DrivesDimensions 6" x 10" x 18" — Shipping Weight 25 lbs.

Unregulated+8V @ 30A+16V @ 6A

^Coolingv Power

4y8"

Low VelocityWhisper'-'- FansOn/y$18.00eaFinger Guards. $2.50 each.

XOR

S-100 MOD

Circle 460 on Inquiry card.

$1350.00

* With the XOR S-100 MOD • XOR S-100 Brd Set(above)

• 12 Slot Motherboard and • Includes CP/M' 2 2 SoltwareCard Cage and Manual

• +8V f 30A • #16V 9 6A * All Cables Provided

* DC Power to Run up to 4 Drives • Complete Manual Set

S-100-12 System Complete With:

2-Shugart 801R (#S-1000-30) S 21 25.00

2-Shugart 851R (#S-1000-31 2425.00

2-Qume DT-8 (#S-1000-32) 2450.00

Cabinet only - Includes Switches, Fan & AC/DC Wiring

(#S-1000-28) 250.00

Dimensions 11" x 21" x 22"CP/M' is a trademark of Digital Research

Apple 8" Disk Controller Card $395.00

ZVX4 Dual Density, Single & Double Sided - Auto BootDisk 2 + 2 Single Density Single or Dual SidedySVA) 300.00

Complete line of add on drives for AppleCALL TOLL FREE FOR PRICES .

BYTE November 1982 565

C compilers

and

Cross compilers

Available for:

PDP-11 RT-11/RSX-11

6809 SDOS/FLEX

8080 CP/M

8085 CP/MZ80 CP/M

8086 CP/M868088 MSDOS CP/M86

OTHERS PENDING

The full C language, as described in "The

C Programming Language" by Kernighan

and Ritchie.

UNIX version 7 compatible.

Starting at $200.00

UNIX is a trademark ol Bell Labs. RT11/RSX11 are trademarks of Digital Equip-ment Corp. SDOS Is a trademark dt Soft-ware Dynamics. CP/M is a trademark ofDigital Research. FLEX is a trademark ofTechnical Systems Consultants

TELECON SYSTEMS

90 E. Gish Road, Suite 25

San Jose, California 95112

408-275-1659

O Dysan

^CORPORATION

Solve your dtoc problem*, buy 100% surfacetested Dyean dhltfrtei AH order, shippedfrom stock, wWiki 24 hours. Csll toll FRKF(800) 2354137 (or prices and information.VU« and Master Card accepted

PACIFICEXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd.San Luis Obispo. CA93401. (InCal. call(805)543-1037.)

64 K

DYNAMIC RAMS and EPROMS

TOSHIBA

HITACHI

FUJITSU

NEC

OKI

MITSUBISHI

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL

Monarchy Engineering Inc.

380 Swift Avenue, Unit 21

So. San Francisco, CA 94080

Phone (415) 873-3055

WRITE OR CALL FOR OURLATEST INVENTORY LIST.

Circle 445 on inquiry card.

Circle 344 on inquiry card.

Circle 308 on inquiry card.

CONTROL DATA

DISKETTES

5 1/4" SPECIFY SOFT, 10 or 16 SECTORS

PRICE/10 PRICE/50 PRICE/lOO

SSSD S2300 S112.00 S215.00

SSOD 2600 126.00 235.00

DSDD . 3200 15600 295.00

8" SPECIFY SOFT or 32 SECTORS

PRICE '10 PRICE'50 PRICE/100

SSSD _ . $25.00 S122.00 S223.00

SSDD 30.00 145 00 26300

DSDD 34.80 165.00 303.00

CALL TOLL FREE - ORDERS ONLY800-824-7888 all states except ca800-852-7777 for ca residentsask for OPERATOR #906

CHECKS. MO. VISA M C . ■ AOD S2 00 SHIPPINGCA RESIDENTS ADD 6\ SALES TAX

fteativity

P.O. Box 3304. Saratoga, CA 95070-1304

Circle 132 on Inquiry card.

telecommunications?use SOFTCOM®

SOFTCOM is a CP/M based commu-nications utility which can be used asan intelligent terminal program and asa CP/M to CP/M file transfer utility.Intelligent terminal mode supports300/1200 baud modems. Data sent tothe host computer can be entered atthe terminal or it can be sent directlyfrom disk files. Data received fromthe host can be saved in disk filesand/or printed.

File transfer mode supports transfersof text and binary files with errordetection and automatic retry. Threelicense options are available: singleCPU ($150), dual CPU ($250) andmulti CPU ($450). Call our softwareHOT LINE 906/228-7622.

The Software Store

706 Chippewa Square ■ Marquette Ml 49855

NEW! M-68000

SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER

'< J,J>

\ntm: mmm mm

n ■ .■■!■ .. :;". . j

FEATURES:

U Wi MoMmti6*000 trruprr«iiiit& UMHcNtCbftaofonbeanilMMMfclUM,

16K L.irs of on bond i.HlnM <picr. T lotli of priortiifd autovrclorrd fnrrfruplt,1 mcmor; txpintlon bum (up M 2*6 K|. J wriil cummuniciliun purti (RS-Utt ),I Mill hidfrtclloiul parallel purl, 6H00 prrlphrn] iccumodiliim hin, *>16-bil ciiunlrr/llmrri »i[b ttclorrd Inlmiipty cin limrd nil limt cluck. kjIIkiic nimpmiblr with

Motototi MEXMKDM boird.PHICEi

Bur bmrd xilh durum.nl.liun I99.9S

MEXMKDM cnmpiliblt i..r in 1764 KPROM'i il20.00

Mi 1000 ( PI i memuf) map I'llOM ill*.00

Shippini»nd hindlini(l)cimrilic| . JJ.00

(Fantm) iis.oo

""WW ii«™~'" 714-553-0133

Circle 171 on inquiry card.

C°° ' ca«s(nC

Qoroes

if*

■tfSts*

■>«"",?,; °<

^••^--ssss

,nan9eS

P°aaI89.95.

[\ pRO

micro

SY

;terns

S-J****

6fc

e?

mm

I

V:I

CLEARANCE SPECIAL

PERTEC TAPE DRIVES

T6860-9-25

New S1595

Used S795

T6848-9-25

New S1495

Used $695

WANGCO TAPE DRIVES

MODEL 812

New S995

Used $495

(714) 973-4773

SOUTH COAST COMPUTER SYSTEMS. INC.

1415 E McFoddenSanta Ana. CA 92705

1

i "it

it

r.r"fcQ

^~~^^i

®

A

MM

Circle 420 on inquiry card.

S-100 ULTRA-RES GRAPHICS

- N.E.C. UPD 7220 GRAPHICS PROCESSOR

- 1024 x 1024 PIXEL MEMORY PLANE

- 1 TO 8 VIDEO PLANES

- 8 COLORS USING RGB TTL INTERFACE

- HARDWARE ZOOM 1 TO 16 TIMES

- DIRECT DRIVE VIDEO OUTPUTS

- MULTI-GRAPHICS PROCESSORSSUPPORTED

- PROGRAMMABLE DISPLAY RESOLUTIONFROM 1024 h by 1024 v

- SOFTWARE DRIVERS

- GRAPHICS PROCESSOR,1 MEG. PIXEL PLANE

$995.00

CSD INC.P. O. BOX 253SUDBURY, MA. 01776(617) 443 - 2750

Circle 417 on Inquiry card.

Circle 367 on inquiry card.

Circle 65 on inquiry card.

CEnTRDfllCS

730-1

(parallel)Dot Matrix Printer

*Same as TRS-80 LinePrinter II formerly soldby Radio Shack for $995

730-1 $349

List $860 CEN-27301-0

STANDARD FEATURES

• 100 characters/second@10CPI;132CPL@16.7CPI

• 80 characters/line

• 30 Ipm with 80 columnsprinted

• 75 Ipm with 20 columnsprinted

• microprocessor electronics

• 7x7 dot matrix

• 10 characters/inch and 16.7characters/inch

• 6 Ipi vertical

• unidirectional print andreturn approximately 10 ips

• 3-way paper handlingsystem

• 96 character ASCII

• 1 Line Buffer, Parallel256 Char. Buffer.Serial

Other Outstanding Printer Values...

ANADEX DP-9500 $1349

DP-9501 1349

PAPER TIGER IDS 445G Special!599

PRISM PRINTER IDS-80, w/o color... Call

IDS-80, w/color Call

IDS-132, w/color 1695

C.ITOH Pro Writer, Parallel 549

SeriaJ and Parallel 689

DIABLO 630 RO RS232C, 55CPS 2299

NEC3510.RORS232C35CPS 1945

NEC 3530. RO, Centr. Inter. 35CPS 1945

NEC 7710, RO RS232C 55 cps 2395

NEC 7720, KSR. RS232C 55CPS 2999

NEC 7730, RO, Centr. Inter. 55CPS 2395

QUME Sprint 9/45

Ltd or Full, 45 CPS, RS232C. . . . NEW LOW!

CENTRONICS 730-1, Parallel 349

737-3, RS232C 389

739-1 w/Graphics, Parallel 525

739-3B w/Graphics, RS232C 639

704-11, Parallel 1695

704-9, RS232C 1595

122G, Parallel, 120 CPS 949

EPSON

MX80

MX80FT

MX100FT

RS232 Serial Interface

RS232/2K Bufferlnterface.

Graftrax II

Apple Printer Interface

489

589

789

65

125

90

75

TI810 Basic, RS232C 1349

810 Basic, RS232C & Parallel 1395

810 w/full ASCII, vertical forms

control compressed print, 1599

820 RO, Basic 1645

820 KSR, Basic 1839

OKIDATA Microline80 359

Tractor-feed option 50

Microline82A 479

Microline83A 759

Microline 84 parallel 1149

Microline 84 serial 1249

All prices F.O.B. shipping point, subject to change. All of-fers are subject to change without notice. Advertised pricesreflect a 2% cash discount (order prepaid prior to shipment!.C.O.D.'s and credit card orders are 2% higher.

737-3 Dot Matrix Printer

(RS232 Serial) CEN-27373-0STANDARD FEATURES

• 80 CPS — Proportional SpacedMode

• 50 CPS — Monospaced Mode

• Proportional Spacing, Plus 10 CPIand 16.7 CPI

• Nx9 (Proportional) or 7x8(Monospaced) Dot Matrix

• 3 Way Paper Handling System•96 Character ASCI I

• Microprocessor Electronics

• Expanded Print

• Right Margin Justification

• Print Underlining

• 9-Wire Free Flight Print Head

• Bidirectional Stepper Motor PaperDrive

• Full One Line Buffer

• 21 LPM With 80 Columns Printed

• 58 LPM With 20 Columns Printed

• 6 Lines Per Inch Vertical Spacing

• Paper Tear Bar

$389

PAPER HANDLING

Roll Paper:Fan Fold:Cut Sheet

8'A"

9"

8V5"

MiniMicroMart, Inc

943 W. Genesee St. P.O. Box 2991B Syracuse, IM.Y. 13220 (315)422-4467 TWX 710-542-0431

Circle 305 on Inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982 567

IEEE-488 TO TRS-80* INTERFACEEverything needed to add powerfulBASIC GPIB-488 controller capabilityto TRS-80 Model 1 or 3, Level 2 orDOS with a minimum of 16K.

488-80CFar Modal 3

Operation

■t WKkvHtJ*W>

488B0BFor Model 1Operation

Model 488-80B or 488-80C Price: $375.

+ shipping, insurance & taxWHEN OHDEWNG SPECIFY DISK OR TAPE

SCIENTIFIC ENGINEERINGLABORATORIES

11 Neil Drive • Old Bethpage, NY 11804Telephone: (516) 694-3370' Trademark ol Tandy Corp.There is no alliliation between ScientificEngineering Laboratories and Tandy Corp. orRadio Shack.

ONE BOARD CP/M SYSTEM!

only $750

Assni., Tested

& Burned-In

for one week

Features:

• 81'2 by 12 inches

• 10MHZ808SCPU

• 64K RAM

• 3 RS-232 channels

• 8272 Floppy Disk Controller

• Handles Single/Double DensiLy

• One lo Four Drives. 80lit or850R.

Documentation $15.

CP/M Floppy Disk Operating System S150

Check or Money Order

c

autoconfroll

11400 Dorsell Rd.

St. Louis. MO 6304:1

(314) 739-0055

3

AUDEC-1

the EAR & MOUTH for

APPLE & AIM-65

• Recognition and Response in One Unit•You can make your own vocabulary

• Good-Speech Quality

•Up to 98% Recognition Accuracy•In a 3'/i" X 5!/i" x IVi" Box•Assembled and Fully Tested

• EPROM Version avoids cassette loading

$169.00 68. plus shipping and handlingcharge: U.S. $5.00 Overseas, 10%

NJ Residents, add 5% sates tax.

— VISA, Mastercharge Welcome —

AUDEC CORPORATION (Dept. LA)

728 Larch Avenue

Teaneck, NJ 07666 (201)692-1729

Circle 403 on Inquiry card.

Circle 39 on Inquiry card.

Circle 38 on inquiry card.

Its Now Available!The Ught Pen For TheIBM PersonalComputer

Ideal For: ■ Program In-terface and menu selec-tion. ■ Interactive graph-ics for engineering, business and CAD.■ Very effective educational programs,without keyboard problems. ■ SUPERgames, exciting demonstrations and justplain fun. Professional Quality and Dur-able Construction, yet Inexpensive. FullySupported Under IBM Basic for Color/Graphics Adapter with Monochrome orColor Displays or TV's. (Not for use withIBM Monochrome Display). IntroductoryPricing: FT-156 Light Pen — $159.95;Demo/Games Diskette — $39.95. Call orwrite us, or see your participating IBM®dealer.

FTG DATA SYSTEMS

10801 Dale Street, Suite M-2

P.O. Box 615

Stanton, California 90608

(714) 995-3900 VISA & M/C Accepted

Circle 186 on Inquiry card.

Cables

EIA RS 232-C

Quality cables with immediatedelivery and low prices.

Conductor

Price

1-4

$11.50 + .15/ft.

5-7

12.00 + ,25/ft.

8-12

13.00 + .30/ft.

13-16

14.00 + .40/ft.

17-25

1 6.00 + .50/ft.

Specify; Male or female connectors, length ofcable and pins to be connected, OEM & quantitydiscounts available to qualified customers. Onprepaid orders add $4.50 tor shipping/handling.We also supply DECand IBM Compatible cables.

CommunicationCable Company

319 Louella Ave. Wayne, PA 1 9087V_ 215-964-9404 _J

Electronic

Circuit

Analysis

DC and AC analysis

Very fast, machine language

Infinite circuits on multiple passes

Worst case, sensitivity analysis

Dynamic modification

54 Nodes, 127 branches

Compare circuits

Log or linear sweep

Full file handling

Frequency response, magnitude and phase

Complete manual with examples

TRS-80 (TRSDOS) 590.00

CP/M 5150.00

Tatum Labs

P.O. Box 722

Hawleyville, CT

06440

(203) 426-2184

Circle 437 on Inquiry card.

CP/M COMPATIBLE-CP/M EFFICIENT

• 4 MHz Z-80A CPU • Two banks of 64K RAM

• Two RS-232 serial ports • Full Centronicsprinter port «True hard disk interface •Exter-nal DMA 1/0 • Compatible with 5 inch and8 inch drives, single/double density • Realtime clock* 5 volts only at 1.5 amps • Com-pact size • Source Listings are included

**>+

\<\V° fi00- INSIGHT ENTERPRISES. CORPORATION

fjtjvl 373N Western Ave., Suite 12.

tos Angeles, CA 90004, (213) 461 -3262

Dealer, OEM, International Inquiries Welcome

maxEll

Floppy DisksSAVE 40% «""•">'»■""

5^/a Spscllysolt, Prlce/10'■• 10 or 16 sector

MD1 or MH1 SS/DD $33

MD2orMH2 DS/DD 47

MD1-DDM SS/QD/96 TP1 43

MD2-DDM DS/QD/96TP1 53

8"specify soilor 32 sector

FD1 or FH1 SS/DD 43

FD2 or FH2 DS/DD 53

CHECKS — VISA — MC — C O D.1313) 777-7780 ADD $2 SHIPPING

LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS

27204 Harper Ave.

St. Clair Shores, Ml 480S1

Circle 254 on Inquiry card.

Beautiful Plots with

PLOTPAK™

PLOTPAK Is a complete plottinglibrary that runs under FORTRAN-80and Includes drivers for the followingscreens and plotters:

• MicroAngelo MA 512

• ADM + Renographies

• TEK 4010 compatible terminals

• Houston Intruments DMP-4

• HP plotters 7225B and 7470

• Radio Shack Printer/PlotterPLOTPAK (REL file): $275.

PLOTPAK source codeplus two drivers: $365.

Computer Company

DIVISION OF Sea Data Corporation

One Bridge Street, Newton, MA 02158TEL. (617) 244-8190 TLX: 951107

Circle 91 on Inquiry card.

Circle 218 on inquiry card.

Circle 60 on inquiry card.

Find your Digital product here, & we'll give you up to

Get your magnifying glass outand find yourself great deals onthese brand new and fully guaran-teed Digital products. Better hurrythough, prices are good until Janu-ary 2,1983, but supplies are limited.

To order, simply call the specialtoll-free number listed below anyweekday between 8:30 A.M. and6:00 P.M. Eastern time. StandardAccessories and Supply Group dis-counts apply. Standard terms andconditions apply except as other-wise noted here. You must agree toaccept immediate delivery. Digital

reserves the right to limitorder quantities. Ordersmust be a minimum of $35unless charged to MasterCard orVISA. Maximum order by phoneis $5,000. All orders over $5,000must be accompanied by a pur-chase order and should be mailed to:Digital Equipment Corporation,P.O. Box CS2008, Nashua, NH 03061

Call 800-258-1710 now to order.In New Hampshire, Alaska,and Hawaii, call: 603-884-6660,or contact your local DigitalSales Representative.

PartNumber

Description

RegularPrice

Sale,Price*

%Ofl

PartNumber

AW-M8149-00

Description

Mem Transceiver Card

RegularPrice

$ 943

Sale,Price*

S 472

OH

AW-00871-A

120V 12A Power Control Unfil

$ 444

S 222

50

49

AW-A6I3-00

12 Bit DA Converter

307

199

35

AW-M820-00

Data Path Control

336

168

50

AW-BC07O-15

H856 2-20COND Ribbons 15'

140

91

35

AW-M8260-00

Multiport Array

2.464

1.232

50

AW-BC08H-4F

M937 To M936 60 CnrJ Mylr 4.5'

265

133

49

AW-M8261-00

Multiport Synchronizer

3,009

1.505

49

AW-BC08M-0M

H807ToH807Mylar11"

250

125

50

AW-M8268-00

Cache Hex Module

3.798

2.469

34

AW-BC10K-05

Cable 5 Ft.. Quick Latch

2.373

1.543

34

AW-M829100

CR11 CM11 Conlrol

1.121

561

49

AW-BCIOK-10

10 Mem Bus Cable 10 Ft.

2.551

1 558

35

AW-M8294-00

32K Timing Unibus Inlface

506

253

50

AWBC11S-25

H856 To H856 18 TW PR 25"

138

69

50

AW-SDKC8-AA

DKC8-AA Spare Module Kit

790

514

34

AW-BC20Z-25

TU58Cable,25Ft.

120

60

50

AW-SKD11-D

KDlt-D Spare Module Kit

2.270

1.135

50

AW-BC21V-15

RS 170 Vid Cable ForVK170-CA

110

55

50

AW-SMS10-BA

MS10-BA Spare Memory Kit (M86)

6.000

4.500

25

AW-G111-00

Sense Inhibit

817

409

49

AW-SPMM8-AA

MM8-AA Spare Memory Kit

2.675

1.869

34

AW-H207-00

Memory STK.3W.3D.4096 Word 16

1.910

1.242

34

AW-SPRL8-A

RL8-A Spare Module (M8433)

1.720

860

50

AW-H7835-00

VT 103 Universal Power Supply

1.480

962

35

AW-SRX01-CC

RX01 Spare Drive (50HZ)

1.926

1.252

34

AW-H808-00

Connector Block

25

13

48

AW-29-22234-00

PCBA Position Servo

1.193

895

24

AW-H933-CB

System Unit With 3 H863

125

63

49

AW-4A.RLV12-00

RLV12 Spare Module (M8061)

3.900

2.535

35

AW-H934-CB

Dbl Sys Unit W/6-H863,3-H8030

200

too

50

AW-54.11023-00

LA180PCB WContRom

507

254

49

AW-K138-00

Eight Inveners

29

15

48

AW-54-11280-00

VT 61 Memory Board

539

350

35

AW-K579-00

AC Input Schmitt Trigger

168

84

50

AW-54-11736-00

Power Board LA180

542

271

50

AW-K604-00

Isolated AC Swilch,4 Channels

230

150

34

AW-70-09779-02

XformerAssy

146

95

34

AW-LKOOVA

LA36 Keyboard W/O Numeric Pad

195

98

49

AW-70-10935-02

Transformer Assy 50HZ

394

197

50

AW-M5864-00

Optical Isolator Input Module

171

112

34

AW-70-11212-25

Cable

200

130

35

AW-M6865-00

Optical Isolator Outpul Module

149

97

34

AW-70-12909-00

~ 5V Regulator Assy

646

420

34

AW-M7068-00

Bit Map

1.725

1.294

24

AW-70-13585-02

TE 16 7 Track Narrow Radius

1.935

968

49

AW-M7071-0O

Waveform Generator

1.287

644

49

AW-70-14115-01

54-12610-01 Logic Board Assy

604

393

34

AW-M7238-00

KE11-EEISBrd

1.875

1.219

34

AW-70-16502-00

11/44 Back Plane Assy

779

506

35

AW-M7843-00

Digital IODR11-K

902

587

34

AW-M7880-00

FP11E FNUA (Floating Point)

2.484

1.615

34

AW-M7881-00

Low Data Path

932

606

34

AW-M8047-HA

MXV11-HA:16KW Ram. 2 Async EIA

1.517

749

49

AW-M8138-00

Modified M8108SSR

1,495

972

34

AW-M8147-00

Memory Control Timing Met

1.190

774

34

Circle 153 on Inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982 569

^Scoter.

DISKETTES

Call Toll-Free1-800-328-DISC for prices and infor-mation. Dealer inquiries invited.C.O.D. and charge cards accepted.All orders shipped from stock, within 24hours. Call toll FREE

w

North Hills Corporation

3564 Rolling View Dr.

White Bear Lake, MN 55110

1-800-328-DISC

MNCall Collect 1-612-770-0485

Circle 490 on inquiry card.

FORECASTING

EAS1/ARIMA — The first and only microcom-puter program to develop and run ARIMA(Box-Jenkins) models...all automatically. De-signed for the stock or commodity trader.Create a database or read Compu Trac filesdirectly. Requires no knowledge of statistics.$300.

TWG/ARIMA — The statistician's version ofEASl/ARIMA. Complete control and more op-tions, such as seasional models and Box-Coxtransformations. $300.

ELF is our general purpose statisticalpackage. $200.

All are for the Apple I!" with 48K ofmemory, Applesoft* and DOS 3.3.

Visa and MasterCard accepted.

Call or write:

*7& 7ViHC&*Hd&K &UMlfl

3907 Lakota RoadP.O. Box 10114Alexandria, VA 22310(703) 960-2587

'Trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc.

THIN is IN!

5rare-of-rhe-orr 8" disk drive subsystemsgive you o remarkable 2.4 MB in the spaceof a single-drive cabiner, 4.8 MB storagecapacity in the space of a 2-drive cabiner.Perfecr add-ons for IBM, Apple, Radio Shackand oil 8" Shugarr compatible computers.

Systems Introductory Price Retail

2-Driue S1695 $1995

4-Drive $2995 $3495

2-Drive Horizontal S1750 S2050write protect switch option — S30/drive

Columbia microsystems, Inc.

905 E. Broadway, Columbia, MO 65201(314) 875-8900

Circle 87 on inquiry card.

MEMOREX

FLEXIBLE DISCS

WE WILL NOT BE UNDER-SOLDfl Call Free (800)235^1137

for prices and information. Dealerinquiries invited and C.O.D.'saccepted

PACIFICEXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd.San Luis Obispo. CA93401. In Cal. call(800)592-5935 or(805)543-1037

^y^ Hear Amazing Sounds (^ jp\£y from your Apple Speaker! £*^'

CUaftrft

c

3-VDICE MUSIC SYNTHESIZERNo hardware madi ficati on5

PUT YOUR MUSIC IN AN APPLE BOX!

Listen to lore

t^iari i half-hour's

demonstration music>

then witfl your own1

6 nice Chnstias s1^^ David F. Smith

gift for a friend - j£*^ 3033 Turk Blvd, #3

get soie flpple-ah's'/san Francisco, CA 91118

192 K ExpansionMemory for

The IBM P*rSOna<Computer

Just Plug It In, No Switch To Set

■ Parity Generate & Check

' Fully Tested & Burned-In

■ Full 1-Year Warranty' Regularprice $47 5

$425

INTRODUCTORYOFFER

CHINTRONICS CO.

19 Longmeadow RoadChelmsford, MA. 01824VISA,M/C 1617! 256-7862

Circle 482 on inquiry card.

Circle 344 on inquiry card.

Circle 76 on inquiry card.

CROSS REF. PROGRAM

forMBASIC & BASCOM

Source FilesM80 and CP/M's ASM

MXREF will list all program variables,functions, key words, strings, con-stants and line number references inalphabetical order. 1000 variablenames allowed. Requires an 8080 orZ80 running CP/M ver. 1.4 or laterand at least 48K RAM. Price $96.00.Manual only $15.00. Add $5.00 COD.MXREF available in CP/M format on5" NorthStar or 8" single or doubledensity soft sector.

COMPUTER TOOLBOX INC.

1325 East Main St.

Waterbury, CT. 06705

(203)754-4197

**

rf%

MEGA!

"£2§*

COMPATIBLE MEMORY BOARD

FEATURES:

- On Board Memory Expansion from 6-iK lo IM Hwr

- Memory Write Prelect (nmmmd

- program Controlled Bunking Captbifit) in IZ8K or S12K Blocks

- Memory Error Detection

- Flexible Memory Boundary Selection

- On Board I mi Ml)()S Supported Asynchronous RS-232-C Ports

- Price Siarts at SJSfeOf? $395.00

P.O. BOX 16115, IRVINE, CA 92713(714)553-0133 (714) 727-0202

AUTOMATE YOUR OFFICEWITH

ASCI* SOFTWARE

CONTROLLABLE

SWITCHES

1 User selectable/software controllable

> Switches computers and peripherals

► User determined control words' Supports 150 to 19200 baud

* Totally portable with AC option

• Features manual override operation

Advanced Systems Concepts, Inc.

P.O.Box Q

Altadena, California 91001

(213) 684-5461 or 794-2308

Circle 116 on inquiry card.

Circle 173 on Inquiry card.

Circle 15 on inquiry card.

Why use other computer media

when you could be using

MEMOREX

high quality error free media?

Free Memorex Mini-Disc Offer- Get free discs!

You'll save money when you buy Memorex, because every carton of 10Memorex 51A inch mini-discs sold by Communications Electronics hasa coupon good tor a free Memorex mini-disc. For every case of 100Memorex mini-discs you buy from CE, you'll get 10 free Memorex mini-discs, directly from Memorex. The more you order, the more you save.Offer expires December 31, 1982. All Memorex flexible discs sold byCE are of the highest quality, certified 100% error free and backed by afull one year factory warranty.

Flexible Disc Quantity Discounts Available

Memorex Flexible Discs are packed 10 discs to a carton and 10cartons to a case. Please order only in increments of 100 units forquantity 100 pricing. We are also willing to accommodate your smallerorders. Quantities less than 100 units are available in increments of 10units at a 10% surcharge. Quantity discounts are also available.Order 500 or more discs at the same time and deduct 1%; 1,000 ormore saves you 2%; 2,000 or more saves you 3%; 5,000 or more savesyou 4%; 10,000 or more saves you 5%; 25,000 or more saves you 6%;50,000 or more saves you 7% and 100,000 or more discs earns you an8% discount off our super low quantity 100 price. Almost all MemorexFlexible Discs are immediately available from CE. Our warehousefacilities are equipped to help us get you the quality product you need,when you need it. If you needfurtherassistancetofindtheflexiblediscthat's right for you, call the Memorex flexible disc compatibility hotline.Dial toll-free 800-538-8080 and ask for the flexible disc hotlineextension 0997. In California dial 800-672-3525 extension 0997.Outside the U.S.A. dial 408-987-0997 between 9 AM to 4 PM Pacific Time.

SAVE OH MEMOREX FLEXIBLE DISCS

Product Description

8" SSSD IBM Compatible (128 B/S, 26 Sectors)8" SSSD Shugart Compatible, 32 Hard Sector8" SSSD CPT 8000 Compatible, Soft Sector8" SSDD IBM Compatible (128 B/S, 26 Sectors)8" DSDD Soft Sector (Unformatted)8" DSDD Soft Sector (128 B/S, 26 Sectors)8" DSDD Soft Sector (256 B/S, 26 Sectors)8" DSDD Soft Sector (512 B/S, 15 Sectors)8" DSDD Soft Sector (1024 B/S, 8 Sectors)5V»" SSDD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring5'A" SSDD 10 Hard Sector w/Hub RingSVt" SSDD 16 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring5W' DSDD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring5V»" DSDD 10 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring51A" DSDD 16 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring5Va" SSQD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring (96 TPI)5'A" DSQD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring (96 TPI)

SSSD = Single Sided Single Density; SSDD = Single Sided Double Density;DSDD = Double Sided Double Density; SSQD = Single Sided Quad Density;DSQD = Double Sided Quad Density; TPI = Tracks per inch.

Special offer on Memorex computer tape.

If you mail your order to us and enclose prepayment, deduct $1.00 perreel from our quantity 100 prices. This means Memorex 25JW can beas low as $12.99 in 100 quantities. Memorex Computer Tapes arepacked 10 tapes to a carton. Please order only in increments of 100units for quantity 100 pricing. Quantities less than 100 units areavailable in increments of 10 units at a 10% surcharge. Quantitydiscounts are also available. Order 500 or more tapes at the sametime and deduct 1 %; 1,000 or more saves you 2%; 2,000 or more savesyou 3%; 3,000 or more saves you 4%; 4,000 or more saves you 5% and5,000 or more tapes earns you a 6% discount off our super low quantity100 price. If you need further assistance or information to find the tapethat's right for you, call the Memorex Computer Tape TechnicalSupport Group at (408) 987-2937.

Part*

CE quant.100 priceper disc ($)

3062

2.09

3015

2.09

3045

2.99

3090

2.74

3102

3.34

3115

3.34

3103

3.34

3114

3.34

3104

3.34

3481

2.34

3483

2.34

3485

2.34

3491

3.09

3493

3.09

3495

3.09

3504

2.99

3501

3.99

SAVE ON MEMOREX COMPUTER TAPE

Product Description

Part#

25JW25 J R25 FW

Memorex IV 2400 feet Wrightline SealMemorex IV 2400 feet Easy Load II CartridgeMemorex IV 1200 feet Wrightline Seal

Memorex Quantum 2400 feet Wrightline Seal 27JWMemorex Quantum 2400 feet Easy Load II Cart. 27JRMemorex Quantum 1 200 feet Wrightline Seal 27FW

Memorex Cubic HD 2400 feet Wrightline Seal 39JWMemorex Cubic HD 2400 feet Easy Load II 39JR

Memorex Cubic HD 1200 feet Wrightline Seal 39FW

Circle 92 on inquiry card.

CE quant.100 priceper reel ($)

13.9914.9910.65

16.2016.9912.50

18.9919.9913.99

New Memorex Lifetime Rigid Disc Pack Product Warranty

All Memorex disc packs sold by CE have a lifetime product warranty.This is your assurance that Memorex disc packs will give you a lifetimeof performance and service. Only Memorex can offeryou the superiorreliability of their exclusive M Formula. In addition, Memorex will assistthe original user in isolating and correcting any technical issues thatrelate to the Memorex product as well as, when appropriate, replaceuptooneset of read/write heads. If you need further information to findthe rigid disc that's right foryou, call the Memorex rigid disc compatibil-ity hotline. Dial toll-free 800-538-8080 and askforthe rigid disc hotlineextension 1642. In California dial 800-672-3525 extension 1642.Outside the U.S.A. dial 408-987-1 642.

SAVE ON MEMOREX RIGID DISC PACKS

Product Description

CE quant,one pricePart # per pack ($)

Mark III 5 MB. Cartridge Front Load (8 to 32 Sect.) 95-522XX-03 65.00

Top Load (1-to 24 sectors) 94-522XX-03 -70.00

CMD-16 "Phoenix Type" CDC Cartridge 98-26600-31 160.00

NCR Cartridge 98-26600-32 160.00

Mark VIII 80 MB. Error Free 72-16600-03 330.00

Flag Free 72-26600-03 320.00

Mark XI 200 MB. Error Free 03-35041 720.00

Flag Free 03-35031-02 560.00

DEC Flag Free 03-35031-03 560.00

Mark XII 200 MB. NCR/CDC Flag Free 03-39001-01 515.00

Honeywell Flag Free 03-39000-01 515.00

Mark XIII 300 MB. Error Free 03-47021 795.00

Flag Free 03-47009 670.00

Mark XIV 80 MB. Unformated Error Free 74-16600-03 365.00

Flag Free 74-26600-03 300.00

Honeywell Format Flag Free 74-26600-08 315.00

CDC Format Flag Free 74-26600-09 315.00

Mark XV 300 MB. Error Free 03-49011 825.00

Flag Free 03-49001-01 725.00

Smith-Corona TP-1 Letter Quality Printer Special Offer

Buy any Memorex product on this page, and get a Smith-Corona TP-1 letter qualityprinter for only $585.00 plus $20.00 shipping. Specify serial or parallel version.

Buy with Confidence

To get the fastest delivery from CE of your Memorex computerproducts, send or phone your order directly to our Computer ProductsDivision. Be sure to calculate your price using the CE prices in this ad.Michigan residents please add 4% sales tax. Written purchase ordersare accepted from approved government agencies and most wellrated firms at a 30% surcharge for net 30 billing. All sales are subject toavailability, acceptance and verification. All sales are final. Prices,terms and specifications are subject to change without notice. Out ofstock items will be placed on backorder automatically unless CE isinstructed differently. Minimum prepaid order $50.00. Minimumpurchase order $200.00. International orders are invited with a $20.00surcharge for special handling in addition to shipping charges. Allshipments are F.O.B. Ann Arbor, Michigan. No COD'S please. Non-certified and foreign checks require bank clearance.

For shipping charges add $8.00 per case or partial-case of 100 8-inch flexible discs or $6.00 per case or partial case of 100 SVi-inchmini-discs. For tape shipping, add $1.00 per reel. For Disc packs add$10.00 per cartridge (Mark III or CMD-16) or $15.00 per disc pack forU.P.S. ground shipping and handling in the continental U.S.A.

Mail orders to: Communications Electronics, Box 1002, Ann Arbor,Michigan 481 06 U.S.A. If you have a Master Card or Visa card, you maycall and place a credit card order. Order toll-free. Dial 800-521 -4414. IfyouareoutsidetheU.S. orin Michigan, dial313-994-4444. OrderyourMemorex computer products from CE today.

Copyright B1982 Communications Electronics-

Ad #090282

MasterCard)

MEMBER

MIECT UIL/UMEIIIKISSOCUTIM

Order Toil-Free! MEMOREX(800)521-4414

In Michigan (313) 994-4444

COMPUTER TAPE

DISC CARTRIDGES RIGID DISCS

FLEXIBLE DISCS

COMMUNICATIONSELECTRONICS"

Computer Products Division

854 Phoenix □ Box 1002 □ Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 U.S.A.

Call TOLL-FREE (800) 521 -4414 or outside U.S.A. (31 3) 994-4444

BYTE November 1982 571

VOICE SYNTHESIZER

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM

CREATE YOUR OWN CUSTOM VOCABULARIES

For Tl 5220 or Gl SP-250 Speech Synthesizers

Using Your S-100 or INTELLEC™ Micro

INCLUDES HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE FOR:

DMA Voice Digitizing and Playback (8 bit mu-law codec)

• Parameter Extraction and Coding • Screen Oriented

Parameter Editor • Voice Synthesis

MODEL VPP-696 lor S-100 (IEEE-696 Compatible) - CP/M80MODEL VPP-79G lor INTELLEC MDS ■ ISIS

$3900

(Includes Hardware and Software)sis/J A si r*jyJrps>Jriy jJjjJt

APPLIED DIGITAL SIGNAL ANALYSIS

P.O. Box 1364 Palo Alto, CA 94301 (415) 3267303

Inleilec is a trademark ol Intel Corp.

COMPUTER SUPPLIES

Write for complete list

FAN-FOLD PAPER

91/2" x 11" White BondPin-perf, detachable edges15# 1000 sheet box $14.9520# 1000 sheet box $16.95

PRESSURE SENSITIVE LABELS

3'/2" x %" box 5000 $15.95

RIBBON CARTRIDGES

Epson MX-70 or MX-80 $7.95Epson MX-100 $12.95

DAISY PRINT WHEELS

Diablo or Qume $6.50

UPS Shipping Included

Minimum Order $25

CHECKS — VISA — MC

Call (313) 777-7780 or Write:

LYBEN COMPUTER

27204 Harper

St. Clair Shores, Ml 4B081

#

A DISK QWIK 4,

• Quick access to diskettes

• Holds up to 58 diskettes

• Protection from dust

• EZ write, EZ erase labels

• Convenient carrying handle

• Durable plastic

• Black, brown, or blue box

• 51A" diskettes only

ONLY $17.95 EACH

(Utah residents add 4.75% tax)

Send Check or Credit Card # to:

Davis Computer Products

Box 2258, Provo, Utah 84603

Circle 10 on inquiry card.

Circle 255 on inquiry card.

Circle 148 on inquiry card.

DISKETTES

3M Scotch BRAND

AT SUPER LOW PRICES

WE WILL SHIP YOUR

ORDER WITHIN 24 HOURS

AND WE PAY THE

SHIPPING CHARGES

COD ACCEPTED

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

CALL TOLL FREE800 922-8193

IN CALIFORNIA800 468-1068

Tayco Business FormsComputer Supplies

M—\ Post Oflice Box 605_i Newbury Park. CA 91320

Circle 438 on inquiry card.

INTERFACE <<

lor

SUPERBRAIN™ COMPUSTARTELEVIDEO™

andother Z80A based computers

• Access tape drives, 8" drives andother S-100 functions

• All read/write data, address, status& control signals generated perIEEE-696

• Functional support of interruptsDMA, & temporary bus masters

Immediately Available for

*600

i^^-^gyg-yjg^y] 11510 Georgia Avenue¥jft£ttwlGf\ Silver Spring, MD 20902(301)585-7480

SUPERBRAIN" COMPUSTAR" areiegistBieaiiMemaiKSGnniBflacDaiaSysiemsTELEviDEO"" isaregisie<edtraoeniaj*olTeieviOeoCo'TipuierSysiems

S-100 COLOR GRAPHICS!

THE STATE-OF-THE-ART COLORGRAPHICS BOARD FOR THE S-100 BUS.

■ Display consists of backdrop and pattern planes plus 32 spriteplanes.

■ Each pixel in a plane can be colored or can be transparent toreveal the underlying planets).

• Prioritized planes eliminate the need lor hidden object routinesin applications requiring 3D simulation.

• Sprites are moved on screen by changing two-byte pointers thussimplifying animation applications.

■ Up to 15 colors or 8 gray levels with a resolution of 256 pixelshorizontally and 192 pixels vertically.

• Standard NTSC video output connects directly to color monitoror to RF modulator for use wilb regular color receiver.

• One text and three graphics display modes.

■ On-board 16K byte display RAM separate from system RAM.

• High quality PC board with solder masks, silkscreen and gold-plated contact fingers.

• Meets or exceeds all aspects ol IEEE-696 (S-100) standard.

• Documentation includes comprehensive user's manual withdemonstration programs and Texas Instrument's manual for thenew TMS9918A Video Oisplay Processor used on the board.

■ Typical applications include business graphics, industrial pro-cess monitoring, drafting/design aid, educational systems andvideo game development.

$249.95

(assembled & tested]We pay UPS ground shipping in thecontinental U.S. UPS ait add $2.00.COD add SI 50 Foreign add $15.00.TN residents add 6% sales lax. VISAS MASTERCARD welcome

MicroDynamics

Corporation

P.O. Be* 17577

Memphis TN 38117

(9011-755-0619

Circle 295 on inquiry card.

ATR8000: THE DOUBLE DENSITYDISK INTERFACE FORATARI®800/400

• 16K RAMupgradableto 64K.

• With OSA+Version 4 is double density.

• Runs standard 5'/." or 8" drives.

• A Z80 4 MHz controller.

• A serial and a parallel port.

• Software compatible with existingATARI software.

• Is CP/M compatible (with 64K).

ATR8000 $499.95

OSA+ Version 4 $ 49.95

5V4" drive $399.95

64K Upgrade —Call—

SOFTWARE PUBLISHERS, INC.

2500 E. Randol Mill Rd., Suite 125Arlington, TX 76011 (817)469-1181

DEC VT18 MICROIBM PC, MS-DOSOSBORNE, CP/M

— talks to —

DEC VAX/VMS, RTTSX-P, RSTS, RSX

• UAPLINK Transfers Files

• Mix/Match Operating Systems

• Protected Binary/Text Data

• Single User Control

• Data Compression

• Virtual User Facility

• Other Configs Available

11

unique Automation Products

17922 SkyParkCr., Suite L

Irvine, CA 92714

(714) 549-4832

7A

Circle 465 on inquiry card.

Forthe

XVfc'lr IBMPCand

•iloR2)r CP/M-86.

>ly 8087 CHIP $223

APPLICATIONS

FFTs $75

MATRIXPAK $75

18 DIGITTRIGONOMETRICS $75

LANGUAGE SUPPORT

87MACRO" $150

87BASIC™ $125

87PASCAL" $125

87FORTRAN™ $125

IBM Personal Computer is a regislered trademark

ol IBM Corp CP/M-86 is a Irademark ol Digital Re- ^?^_

search. Inc 8D87 is a trademark ol Intel Corp m *

87/88GUIDE. 87MACRO. 87BASIC 87PASCAL87FORTRAN and MicroWare are trademarks olMicroWare. Inc

Mmm p ° Bo*79

IVIIKsHJ Kingston, MA

Mlorya 02364

JTVCIfC? (617)746-7341

Circle 242 on inquiry card.

Circle 416 on inquiry card.

Circle 302 on inquiry card.

WE STOCK EAGLE COMPUTERS

USI Video Monitors—Green or AMBER 20 MHz hhres

Dealer and OEM inquiries invited

SPECIALS on INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

6502 7.45 10/6.95 50/6.55

100/6.15

26502 A/6512A 8.40 10/7.95 50/7.35

100/6.90

6520 PIA 5.15 10/4.90 50/4.45

100/4.15

6522 VIA 6.45 10/6.10 50/5.75

100/5.45

6532 7.90 10/7.40 50/7.00

100/6.60

2114-L200 2.45 25/2.30

100/2.15

2716EPR0M 4.90 5/4.50

10/4.00

2532EPROM 8.90 5/8.45

10/7.90

6116 Hitachi 2KX8

CMOS RAM 8.90 5/8.45

10/7.90

4116 RAM

8 for 14

Zero Insertion Force 24 pin Socket (Scanbe)

2.00

S-100 Wire Wrap

2.40

A P Products 15% OFF

gra

APHobby-Blox 15% OFF

u

\

S N

—i - ■••[_!

€k

Anchor Automation Signalman Modems

All Signalman Modems are Direct Connect, and include cables

to connect to your computer and to the telephone. Signalman

Modems provide the best price-performance values, and start

at less than S100. Dealer and OEM Inquiries invited.

Mark I RS232

Mark II lor Atari 850

Mark III lor TI99/4A

Mark IV tor CBM/PET with software

Mark V (or Osborne (software available)

Mark VI lor IBM Personal Computer

Mark VII Auto Dial/Auto Answer

Mark VIII Bell 212 Auto Dial/Answer

DC HAYES SmarlmodemHS232 MODEM - AccouslicRS232 MODEM - CCITT frequencies

229119175

We carry Apple 11+ fromBell & Howell

)6K RAM Card \J*^ for Apple

Apple LOGO

Video Recorder Interface

Super Serial Card

Thunderclock Plus

Z80 Softcard and CP/M

Parallel Printer Interface/Cable

Integer BASIC Card

Grappler Interface

T G Products Joystick for Apple

T G Paddles

DC Hayes Micromodem II

Videx 80 Column Card

fullFORTH+for Apple (fig-Forth)

Silentype Printer and Card

Graphics Tablet and Card

Apple PASCAL Language

Apple FORTRAN

We stock EDUWARE Software

GENIS I Courseware Development System

Unicom Grade Reporting or School Inventory

Executive Briefing System with fonts

Apple Dumpling (Microtek) Printer Interface

Appie Dumpling with 16 K Buffer

65

150545149119295

75150139

48

32299259

85310645195160

185250225115160

Qcommodore

See us for Personal, Business,and Educational requirements.Educational Discounts available.

PETSCAN I $245 base price.

Allows you to connect up to 35 CBM/PET Computers toshared disk drives and printers. Completely transparent to theuser. Perfect for schools or multiple word processing con-figurations. Base configuration supports 2 computers. Addi-tional computer hookups $100 each.

VIC 20

VIC 1515 Printer

VIC 3K RAM

VIC 8K RAM

VIC 16K RAM

VIC Disk Drive

VIC Pinball

VIC Omega Race

Spiders of Mars (UMl)

VIC Draw Poker

19033532539946532323924

VIC Sargon II ChessVIC GORFMeteor Run (UMI)VIC Radar RatraceAmok (UMI)SnakmanRubik's Cube

32323924201513

Programmers Reference 15

Renaissance (UMI)VIC Superslot

VICTORY Software for VIC

Street Sweepers 12 Maze in 3-D

Night RiderTreasurers ol Bat CaveGames Pack IVictory CasinoAdventure Pack II

3923

11 Cosmic Debris 12

12 Grave Robbers Adventure 1112 Games Pack II 12

8 Adventure Pack I 12

12 Trek 11

TNW 488/103 with DAA 450

Computers First Book of PET/CBM 11

WordPro 3+ - 32K CBM. disk, printer 195

WordPro 4+ - 8032. disk, printer 300

SPELLMASTER spelling checker for WordPro 170

VISICALC for PET. ATARI, or Apple 190

PE-TRAX PET to Epson Graphics Software 25

SM-KIT enhanced PET/CBM ROM Utilities 40

Programmers Toolkit - PET ROM Utilities 35

PET Spacemaker II ROM Switch 36

2 Meter PET lo IEEE or IEEE to IEEE Cable 40

Dust Cover for PET or CBM 8

IEEE-Parallel Printer Interface for PET 110

IEEE-RS232 Printer Interface for PET 120

The PET Revealed 17

Library ol PET Subroutines 12

SADI Intelligent IEEE-RS232 or parallel 235

Programming the PET/CBM (Compute!) - R. West 20

Compute! First Book of VIC 11

Whole PET Catalog (Midnight Gazelle) 8

Color Chart Video Board lor PET 125

PET Fun and Games (Cursor) 11

FlexFiie for PET/CBM $ 1 Yd

Database, Report Writer with Calculations, Mailing Lists.

FORTH tor PET full FIG model - Cargill/Riley $50Metacompilerfor FORTH for independent object code 30

KMMM PASCAL for PET/CBM

EARL lor PET/CBM Disk-based ASSEMBLER

8565

Super Graphics - BASIC Language Extensions 45

Fast machine language graphics routines for PET/CBM

RAM/ROM for PET/CBM

4K $75 8K $90

DISKSPECIALS

SCOTCH (3M) 5" 10/2.45 50/2.35

SCOTCH (3M) 8" 10/2.60 50/2.45

We stock VERBATIM DISKS

Write for Dealer and OEM prices,

BASF 5" or 8" 10/2.00 20/1.95

Wabash 5" 10/1.80 50/1.75

Wabash 8" 10/2.25 50/2.20

We stock MAXELL DISKS

Write for dealer and OEM prices.

Disk Storage Pages 10 for $4 Hub Rings 50 for $6Disk Library Cases 8" - $3.00 5" - 2.25

100/230

100/2.40

100/1.85

100/1.70100/2.10

CASSETTES-

-AGFA PE-611 PREMIUM

High output, low

noise. 5 screw housings.

C-10

10/56 50/.50

100/48

C-30

10/.73 50/.68

100/.66

SPECIALSWE STOCK EPSON PRINTERS

Zenith ZVM—121 Green Phosphor MonitorINTEX Talker Text to Speech SystemOkidata and Prowriter printers availableBrother Daisy Wheel PrinterSTARWRITER Daisy Wheel Printer F10We Stock AMDEK Monitors

109265

1445

Watanabe Intelligent PlotterStaticide anti-static spraydBASE II

990 6-pen 1240

6

445

ALL BOOK and SOFTWARE PRICES DISCOUNTED

Synertek SYM-t Microcomputer SALE 189

KTM-2/80 Synertek Video and Keyboard 349

KTM-3/80 Synertek Tubeless Terminal 385

£± Alspa Computer, Inc.

The price-performance leader. Includes Z80A, 1 or 2 full 8"drives (double density, double sided), 3 serial and 1 parallelport, and Winchester port. Prices start at less than $2000.DEALER and OEM inguiries invited.

T£N/rH I data

I systems

Z90-80 64K 1995

Z90-82 64 K, 1 double dens, drive 2245

Z37 1.3 Megabyte Dual Drive 1355

Z19 Video Terminal (VT-52 compatible) 695All Zenith Hardware and Software Discounted.

ZT-1 Intelligent Communications Terminal 550

Z100 16-bit/8-bit System CALL

ATARI"

SPECIALS

800 Computer400-16K810 Disk Drive825 Printer850 InterfaceInside Atari DOSJoysticks or Paddles16K RAM (Microtek)32K RAM (Microtek)Pilot

Super BreakoutAPX Software

675

269

440

625

170

18

19

69

99

65

29

Call

Microsoft BASICMISSILE COMMANDASTEROIDSSTAR RAIDERSSpace InvadersMusic ComposerCaverns of MarsPAC-MANCENTIPEDEFirs! Book of AtariAnchor Modem - AtariOther Atari products

7229293429353336361185call

252 Bethlehem PikeColmar, PA 18915

215-822-7727

A B Computers

WRITE FOR CATALOG

Add $1.25 per order for shipping. We pay balance of UPS surfacecharges on all prepaid orders. Prices listed are on cash discountbasis. Regular prices slightly higher. Prices subject to change.

Circle 6 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982

573

NEW!

MICROCHIP JEWELRY

Jewelry crafted from actual

24K Gold microchips.

A must for electronics buffs. Perfect for

incentive awards or gifts for the entire

staff.

Available in gold-tone as:

1 DOZ.

$13.50/ea$13.50/ea$13.50/ea$17.95/ea

2 DOZ.

$12.75/ea$12.75/ea$12.75/ea$16.95/ea

ITEM EACH

Tiebar $14.95

Tietac $14.95

Lapel Pin $14.95

Earrings $19.95(pierced)

Specify order and price. Add $1.00 forhandling. Allow two weeks for delivery. Sendcheck or money order to:

CHIPWEAR

P.O. Box 221

New Almaden. CA 95042

Dealer Inquires invited

Can't find thatreference?

REference Access with Computer Help)

REACHtm-Si99

(Introductory price)Create & SEARCH (and-or-not logic) apersonal bibliographic database. UseKEYWORDS. RESEQUENCE citations in textand extract bibliographies automatically.ALPHABETIZE & REFORMAT bibliographiesinto the style needed. 4000 citations/megabyte disk (1-4 floppys). FAST & veryEASY to use! REACH needs a 64K CP/M«microcomputer and editing program (notsupplied). Standard single density 8" orNorthstar 5V Manual $19. Check. Visa.MC. COD. Mass. residents add 5% tax.

Write or Call NOW: 413-256-0751

"tm Digital Research

MEMOREXDiskettes

Top-quality

Memorex

Diskettes

from Tech'Data, your complete

word and data processing supply

center. Dealer inquiries invited.

Call Toll Free

1-800-237-8931.

In Florida, call

813-577-2794.

B

Tech*Data Corporation

3251 Tech Drive NorthSt. Petersburg, FL 33702

Circle 78 on inquiry card.

Circle 363 on inquiry card.

Circle 441 on inquiry card.

ALIST

An alphabetical database programDesigned for micro-computersFeatures include:

* Input buffering (enter up to 50 records with NO DISK WAITS)

* Output selection by conditions on ANY combinations of"elds

alection conditions:

alphabetical or numerical ranges

contains or not contains

equols or not equals

ignore CASE (UPPER/lower) option

* Output can be sent to:

Printer (Page/Title Format)Printer (Forms/MAIL LABELS Format)Screen (Page or Form Format)CP/M file (word processor/MERGE)new ALIST file

* Merge records from ANY other ALIST file

* RE-SORT on ANY field or PART of ANY-FIELD

ALIST MANUAL ONLY $20.00 (refundable with purchase).System requirements: 4BK CP/M and ONE DRIVE.ALIST is available for the Osborne I, SuperBroin. 8" CP/M. andothers (coll for other CP/M disk formats).

HONOR SYSTEM SOFTWARE

2562 E. Glade $ 1 00 intra, price

Mesa, AZ 85204 (Siso.oo reg.)

(602) 892-2434 Visa/Mastercard

TeleVidea USERS!

Enhance your TeleVideo computer

capabilities with

OUR exclusive software!

COGITATE Fast Dump/Restore System for TS802H. 806 & 1602H.

• Back-up files twice as last as PIP.

• Double the storage, up to 600K/diskette. withmultiple diskette capability $90.00

COGITATE Keyboard BufferforTS 800.802 & 802H

• Never lose a keystroke.

• Interrupt driven 64 byte buffer

• Compatible with CP/M" operating

system $40.00

COGITATE 2780/3780 Communications System.

• Communicates with most IBM systems.

• Many lealures lor remote job

entry $700.00

CP/M" is registered trademark of Digital Research. Inc.

COGITATE, Inc.

SPECIALISTS IN UNIQUE TELEVIDEO SOFTWARE

24000 Telegraph Road, Southfield, Ml 48034

(313) 352-2345

VISA/MASTER CARD Accepted

D/"^ D H' Resolution Colornd D RGB Displays

■ Hlgtl Conlmt Bltck-Strips Tl

■ UlIra Sir.bio Converginca

■ 15.7 KHi, 50-60 Hi Sync.

• Full Documtnlitlon

• 110/220 VAC, 80w

■ 90 Day Wirranly

• Analog Inputs

13" ■ $3590C

420 pixels x 525/625 lines, 32 IL

19" ■ $3890t

IBM Cable - $49°°

Bezels 13" ■ $17"5

CftS 19" ■ $2495

Note: Enclosed Models Now Available

-APPLE-

16K RAM DISK DRIVE

$59.95 $289.00

Fully Tested & GuaranteedJust Plug 'N Run

Circle 206 on Inquiry card.

Circle 82 on inquiry card.

Circle 149 on Inquiry card.

\ferbatim

flexible disks

Call Free (800) 235-4137 for

prices and information. Dealerinquiries invited. C.O.D. andcharge cards accepted.

VISA-

PACIFICEXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd.San Luis Obispo, CA93401. In Cal. call(800) 592-5935 or(805) 543-1037.

WE

WILL BEAT

ANY COMPETITORS' PRICES ON

TTL CMOS

LINEAR MAJOR

BRAND

IJOOO CMOS

74LS138

0.30

74LS153

0.30

4001

0.16

74LS161

0.35

4011

0.16

74LS163

0.30

4069

0.16

74LS166

0.45

4013

0.2O

74LS257

0.35

4046

0.40

74LS36?

0.30

4066

0.26

74LS373

0.60

4511

0.48

4518

0.48

MEMORY

4584

0.29

2114

1 .00

?4LS00 TTL

2115

1.60

2147

2.50

74LS00

0.17

2732

3.50

74LS02

0.17

4ll6(350NS)

1.10

74LS04

0.17

4164U50NS)

5.20

74LS08

0.17

6116(200NS)

5.00

74LS11

0.17

58981(300NS;

1 .80

74LS32

0.20

6840

3-50

74LS51

0.17

6847

5.20

74LS42

0.25

6850

2.00

74LS86

0.19

MC3470

3.50

74LS92

0.29

Z80(2.5MHZ)

2.50

MINIMUM ORDER S15C

.00. Call for

VOLUME QUOTES & UNLISTED ITEMS.I

elivery

within 5 wee

ts or

less, we reserve the

right to limited quantity & substitute

manufacturer

. Prices subject to

changey back.

without noti

ce. Guaranteed mone

MICRO COMPONENT

jO- TLX 791649 MICROCOMDA1

P O BOX 8L>I 244 • DALLAS, TX 75382 (214)669-

9217

NEW! S-lOO BUS COMPATIBLE

SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER WITH VIDEO OUTPUT

FEATURES:

»MH2ZB0A*.up«»«to(«PROM upio««SuwcRAM,iiwSJJlT^iuii>mts.one»8IT

PRICE:

Biin- hwrd with documenl.ilion H9.«

Monitor ind uideo lermin.il toftuara (in EPHOMl S4S.00

Source lutings (wiih Monitor purchoM) SI5.00

Hwd 10 find Parts K.i (crystal and tow link RROWs) jis.oo

H>rfl9 set-"—

714-553-0133

Circle 344 on inquiry card.

Circle 284 on Inquiry card.

Circle 172 on Inquiry card.

PECADES OF SERVICE

Washington Computer Services

97 Spring StreetNew York, New York 10012TO ORDER: CALL OUR TOLL-FREE NUMBER: (800)221-5416In N.Y. State and for technical information: (212) 226-2121

HOURS: 9 AM-5:30 PM (EST) Monday-Friday

anaffiliateo. «K£SgBBJ» *.™

CUSTOM COMPUTER ROOM WIRING SINCE 1960

TELEX: 12-5606 CABLE: WASHC0MP NYK

FULLY CONFIGURED BUSINESS SYSTEMS

The following are some examples of the fully assembled and tested business andscientific computer systems which we offer:

The Premier Multi-User Computer System18000 SX, multi-user, multi-processor, turbo DOS SCALL

~r~a™n!l CPM 2.2. FULL 2 YEAR WARRANTY!5000IS, S-100 desk top mainframe

On-Site Service Contracts Available

8" DISK DRIVE SALE

NOW!$540

*pfi!Pi

8"SHUGARTSA801R $385 8"SHUGARTSA851R

QUME DATATRACK 8 or MITSUBISHI

Enclosure, power supply for 2 8" drives A & T

MORROW DISCUS 2D + CP/M® MICROSOFT BASIC, CONT.

VISTA

HARD DISK SPECIALS

S550

8088/8055-

color. CP/M,

-Runs both IMS-DOS

& 16 bit software. Green or high res.

1024x1024 Color Graphic,from $3295

. ,-~,^ APC-80B6, 16 bit, 128K, 8" DRIVESiV-feW 32bitF.P. Proc.,MSDOS,CP/M86

PC-8000 Personal Computer

The Professional's Work StationNEC on N.Y.S. Contract #P-07220

68000 16 bit multi-user, S-100. UNIX V. 7 SCALL

CORVUSTERMINALS

TELETYPETELEVIDEOLEAR SIEGLER

MORROWDESIGNS

PMMI MODEM

ADDS

ANN ARBORVISUAL

JFS? California|j"J" Computer

Systems

8086 16 bit, 128K RAM, S-100. Syst. #2

XEROX

S3499

MORROWDESIGNS

ALTOS

NorthStaP

8 & 16 BIT BOARDS& SYSTEMS

SCION MicroAngelo Hi Res Graphics Systems

Similar savings on SSM, DELTA, DYNABYTE, TELEVIDEO, DIGIAC,

DATA GEN., ATARI, TECMAR AND MANY OTHERS

PRINTERS

SCALLADDS, DEC.

AMPEX Dialogue 81™

Interactive Terminal

S»Full cursor control•Full editing keys• Full visual attributes—i»2 pages (4 pageoptional)• Printer port• BlackS, White, Green, orAmber screen

SOFTWARE

2 for $1025

2 for $1050

$350

$950

SCALL

XCOMP

$359

IBM 1301

DIGITAL EQUIP. CORP.

HAZELTINE

BACK TO SCHOOL SPECIAL!ZENITH ZT-1

Built-in Auto DialModem Terminalgl DEC VT-52 Compatible;96 ASCII+ 33graphics cursor

$795

control keys. Editingfunctions. Many otherfunctions.

$669

Teletype 40. 300 LPM-typerwriter quality, RS-232 from Onlyinterface. This quality printer is available in many $3200

configurations including forms access, quietized case, etc.

T^

Teletype 43

from $995

ANADEX

DIABLO

MANNESMANN TALLY

CENTRONICS

EPSON

NEC AMERICA

C. IT0H

FACIT

QUME

DATA PRODUCTS

OKI DATA

SMITH CORONA

DIGITAL EQUIP. CORP.

OLIVETTI

TELETYPE

INTERGRAL DATA SYS.

QANTEX

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS

DBASE II $525

F&GQUICKC0DE $CALL

MBASIC-80 $275

MBASIC COMPILER $316

FORTRAN-80 $349

C0B0L-80 $574

PL/1-80 $425

PASCAL MT+V5.5 $398

WHITESMITH'S C $660

CB-80 $420

RIYI COBOL $699

LIFEBOAT SOFTWARE SCALL

SUPERSOFT SCALL

BSTAM.BSTMS $200

PASCAL I SCALL

PEACHTREE $CALL8"SDSS;

WORDSTAR $300

MAILMERGE $110

DATASTAR $230

CONDOR III $716

MILESTONE $235

SUPERCALC $221

FMS-80 $649

SELECTOR V $396

SPELLGUARD S236

CHANG-MICROPLAN SCALL

PEARL (LEVEL 3) $549

AMERICAN BUS. SYST. SCALL

ACCOUNTING PLUS SCALL

VANDATA/OSBORNE $500

STRUCTUREDSYST. SCALL

GRAHAM-DORIAN SCALLCall For Other Formats

PI PAQF! Do no^ confuse us with mail order dealers. We are arLLnuL. full service distributor serving the data processing &installation needs of business & industry from micros to mainframes.System houses, Educational institutions & governmental agencies givenspecial consideration. Leasing available.

N.Y. State agencies, municipali-ties, and schools — call us forinformation on our O.G.S. termcontracts on hardware & software.

DEALER and INTERNATIONAL INQUIRIES WELCOME

For fast delivery, send certified check, money order or call to arrange direct bank wire transfer. Personal or company checks require two to three weeksto clear. Prices subject to change without notice; call for latest prices. Prices include 3% cash discount. N.Y. residents add sales tax. Qantex is a trade-mark of North Atlantic industries, Inc. Accounting Plus is a trademark of Software Dimensions. CP/M® is a trademark of Digital Research. All salessubject to our standard sale conditions (available on request). Call for shipping charges. Above prices do not include customization or installation.Circle 477 on inquiry card. byte November 1982 575

s

IMMOMM. \io\n ON riMK-SH\

tKSKKYH KS! ; I

>

1

» LOGICSIM

«*

&

C P/M basedprofessionallogicsimulator

..«

*

„t riiiii „,,„,„,

*

•ir timi-arriiv, custom and nil other H dtsitttwm

*

»r digital nystwn coginetn*

Sin

ite abililj wsirmualeTTL NMOS/CWOS PMOStofiic ROM's

and

RAM'

ihrce-stuie -inJ transfer gates, Hired

ir'«l nudes, propagation

.Jd.i

.ind wee analysis. expandable pin-numb

r based TTL macro librar)

pita

art! >n

m other features make LOGICSIM

comparable 10 industr;

In

,„„„

•urul us a S30 check for i.t)(il( SIM d

mn e.ipv and

i m

\ Mai

tut,

Ptei

r* «" IBM ."411 5" APPLE 11 «13

16 sector}. C'P/Sl based

?(>h

mMk

systems 1 U'H.K's withC I'M tardi

Introductory price S276.

ur mi

u Information, call i408! 57fMH»6, i

r writs:

/ \SS()( 1 \ 1 ES. 55>W Sfarcnst Dr.. San Jose. CA 95133

i H . LOB ICSIM are tr<

Jpjur 1 t, o< flpc 1 e

,uU'

. Diqi t-al Research an

J E/Z ASSOCIATES

audi

B

™ ATADI

APKL

■t

.«• A1 Aril

FOURTH DRIVE

S294.95

LOWEST PRICED BOO (48K) - CALL!

FOURTH (W/CDntroller)

S384.95

8D0I48K) 5 LOWEST V.

FOURTH DUAL DRV.

$984.95

PERCOMO/DDISKDHV $588.00

APPLE DUMPL1NG-GX

S75.95

810 DISK DRIVE S42S 00

410 RECORDER S74.00

SargonlHDl

$24 9b

B50INTERFACE S164.00

Software Automatic Moutn

SB6.95

40OC0MP(16K) S265.D0

Snack Attack .. .

ENTERTAINER S66 95

ZorklorlllDi

J2B95

BOOKKEEPER KIT S179.95

32K RAM (Mosaic) $104.95

152 95

1st Class Mail (0)

S52 95

48KRAM(ln1ec/4D0| S139.95

UllimatDi

RAM0ISK $425.00

IM.9S

SIGNALMAN MK II S7B 95

WICOJOYSTICK %?i 95

WICO TRACKBALL S54.9S

Mai ■ (Assfiin a Editor <0) IK-'Jh

ftasem&let Editor [Rl 14-195

Visicalc 3.3(01

$174.95

Chopllliw (DJ 125 95

FrogoeilCi'O) 124 95SlarBla/er(Dl S22 95

PRINTERS

S469.0Q

SMITH CORONA TP1AXIOM GP-1M

S5B9.D0S263.00

File Manager B00- lOi Sr:"JS

COMMODOIIE

Deadline iDi 135 95

vic-zn

S1B2.SE

GorflDi 129 95

153OREC0R0Efl

S63.95

1525 PAINTER

S314.SS

154D DISK DRIVE

1314.95

WayOutlDi $2H 95

D - DISK C

. CASSETTE R - ROM iCAKTRIDGFi

FREE PRICE-LIST

THE ABOVE PRICES ARE FOR PREPAID ORDERS

COSMIC

..'"'I'.. "'"■.,- ,.'"'■„,-. " SSm»

COMPUTERS s&ss

OHOEH LINES OPEN

turchugg - :^ 1*8 ■ ^ ■■: il ■'■■■■ i«0

226 N. PROSPECTORS RD. l# 1 *rJ OU 1 " 1 tDO

DIAMOND BAR CA. 91765 m , >'« »<*» Ml B

ComputerControlledSwitch

Ideal tor home electrical control and energy

management/security systems.

Interfaces to all popular computers and security

systems.

Self contained - mounts at the load. No external

power supply needed!

Allows local "over-ride" ot computer control. Uses

wall switch (as normal) to provide the flexibility of

BOTH local and computer control

Switches 20 Amp electrical loads in 110 VAC. 220

VAC. and 277 VAC configuration.

U.L. recognized.

Dealer inquiries invited.

$68.50 each, MasterCharge and Visa accepted.

Caprock Enterprises, Inc.

3417 73rd St.

Lubbock, Texas 79423

Circle 167 on inquiry card.

Circle 128 on inquiry card.

Circle 69 on inquiry card.

:.^^*i,v

1*1*.

THE SBC80A designed for multiprocessor/slave or I/O processor, has on boardZ80A-CPU; DMA; 128K dual ported RAM,nowait state, byte/word accessible;£promsockets up to 32K; 2 HS232; 2 parallelports;Memory Map Prom;3 counter/timer;floppy controller;hard disk interface;math chip AM9511;20 bit Intel Multibus21 vectored interrupts;auxiliary powerinput for stand alone.From $895(qty.l)

4864(200ns) 1-49 S6.75 ea.

2732(450ns) 1-49 $6.85 ea.

INNOVATIVE RESEARCH, INC.17071 Kampen Ln,Huntington Dch,CA92647714-842-0492.Multibus Intel trademark.

NEW TRS-80* PROGRAM LETS

YOU CHART STOCKS LIKE

A WALL STREET PRO.

Wall Street TAP is a professional stock market tradingtool. It employs the same technical analysis methods,used by successful market experts to buy and sell. Timesensitive point & figure, moving average and on volumebalance charts are at your fingertips.User friendly Wall Street TAP spots trends and comparesstocks instantly. It is a technical analysis package for theTRS-80 Model I or III 48K, 1 disk drive. 'TRS-80. TandyCorp. Trademark.

Order Your Wall Street TAP Today!

Send check or money order for US $199.95 along withyour name, address, city, state and zip to: Think SoftwareInc.. Oept. B 572 - 810 W. Broadway, Vancouver, B.C.Canada V5Z 4C9. Or use your Visa/MasterCard, includecard no., expiry date and signature Card user phoneorders accepted - call (604) 261-7261 24 hrs.

You'll Receive: Wall Street TAP Tape Plus

documentation, sample printouts, help desk support.Postage, handlings FREE BOOK- Understanding WallStreet is included in price. Documentation only available.US $29.95 + $2 shipping Dealer inquiries welcomed.

TAP

WALLSTREET

* Technical Analysis Package.

Now Chart Stocks For More Profits & Bigger Gains.

• COMPUTE •

S100 EPROM PROGRAMMER & 16K MEMORY MODULEM^—rs^H $195 (KM)^ • PROGRAMSH • COPIESI • VERIFIES

H • CHECKS

Handles the most popular 5 Volt EPROMs (2758 251o2710. 2532 & 2732)FEATURES

• Adjustable 25 Volt supply • External orogrammmgeonsole (ZIF socket & capie included) • Provision tor up to 8memory chips (EPROM or RAM) • Memory addressing in2K windows* Memory management. Fully documented

• 90 day warranty • and moteSOFTWARE

Optional support program (ESP 1 0)available on8 CP/M

format Orskette

PRICES

EPP/M(kit) $196

EPP/M(A& I) $240

ESP 10 Program S15

EPROM 2716(450 NS) S500

2732(450 MS) S90O

RAM 2016 (150 NS) 510 25

Terms Check, money order COD. PO's on approvalShipping add S2 00. Calif tes add sales tax CODsadd S3 50

SIERRA COMPUTER PRODUCTS

Suite 205-317. 2864 Rdy Lawyer Dl

Placerville. CA 95667 • (916) 644 5932

Circle 216 on inquiry card.

Circle 451 on inquiry card.

Circle 409 on inquiry card.

SCOtCh® DISKETTES

LOWEST PRICESANYWHERE

Call collect for our special dealerprogram. C.O.D.'s accepted.

(213)896-2485

U.S. EXCHANGE

9391 Remick Ave.Pacoima. CA 91331

Authorized DistributorInformation Processing Products

3M

5'A" Tandon Drives

TM 100-1 SI 99

(single sided, 40 TRK, single Free

or double density) Shipping

TM 100-2 S279

Idouble sided. 40 TRK/side Free

single or double density) Shipping

TM 100-4 $359

[double sided. SO TRK/side Free

96 TPI, double density) Shipping

ORDER - TOLL FREE

1 -800-531 -5475 |ir outside of Texasl

(512) 250-1523 (If inside of Texas|

"If we can't ship the next working day,we won't take the order."

Master Card/Visa or check.Texas Residents add 5% sales tax.

CompuAdd Corp.

13010 Research Blvd - #218 Austin. Texas 78750

MEMOREXFlexible Discs

SAVE 40% Writ, lor you,W*^ » ^ "fw /a complMa Hit.

51 /a Speclty aolt, Pttc.ntl

'"• 10or 16s.eto,

1 Side, double density $24.70

2 Sides, double density 36.40

1 Side, 80 track, double density 32.50

2 Sides, 80 t,ack, double density 44.20

(All 5V." have Hub-rings)

ft^'spsclly soft** or 32 sector

1 Side, single density 23.40

1 Side, double density 30.60

2 Sides, double density 35.80

LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS

27204 Harper Ave.

St. Clair Shores, Ml 4B0B1

Circle 462 on inquiry card.

Circle 94 on inquiry card.

Circle 256 on inquiry card.

FULL LINE ALL PARTS & COMPUTER PRODUCTS

P.O. Box 4430XSanta Clara, CA 95054'Will calls: 2322 Walsh Ave.(408) 988-1640

Same day shipment. First line parts only. Factory tested. Guaranteedmoney back. Quality IC's and other components at factory prices.

INTEGRATED CIRCUITS Phone orders only (800) 538-8196

(ELECTRONICS

MU0TU

7402N

74C4N

!WH

741 ON

7414N

7«0N

7J30N

7442N

744SN

iU?H

7446N

7474(1

747SH

74B5N

7469N

?490N

7495S

741 DON

74107N

74I23N

74I25N

74 MSN

74I50N

MIStN

74154N

74I57N

M16IN

74lfi?N

741G3N

74174N

7417SN

7419QN

J4192N

74193N

74221N

74298N

7.136SN

7J3ISN

mBTN

65

74L1D0TTL

74L500I* 25

74LS02N 25

74LS04M 25

74LS05N 25

74LS0BN 35

74LS1DN 25

74LST3N 45

T4LS14N 99

74LS2DU 25

T41S22N 25

74LS2B^ 35

TALS30H 25

74LS33H 55

74LS38M 35

74LS74SI 45

741S75S 50

74LS90S 60

741S93N 65

74LS95M 85

74L51D7N 40

74LSU2N 45

74LS1UN 45

74LS13IN 75

74LS136N 49

74LSI51N 75

74LS155N 79

74LS157N 75

T4LS161H 95

T4LS163N 95

74LS174H 95

7JLSI9JN I 00

74LS221N I 19

74LS255N 69

74LS367N 69

LINEAR

CA3045 90

CA3046 1 >0

CA30B1 1 60

CA3082 I 90

CA30B9 3 40LM301A'. an 3J

LM305M 67

LM307N 35

LM303N 98

IM309* 1 25

LM311HN 64

LIW31HLM317KLM316LM320-.-5

LMJ20K-';

1.MJ201 iLM320T-8LMJZOT-li"

umaar-is

LM323K-5

IM324N

LM339N

LM340K-S

-'.':•:■ -

LM340K-12

LM340K-15

LM34CK.24

LW34015

LM340T-8

IM34QT-I2

IM34QT-15

LH340T-1S

i.m:moi ;m

LM350

LM377

LM3B0N

LM381

LM3B2

LM709H

LM723M N

LM733N

LU741CH

LB74tN

LM747H N

LM748N

LM1303N

LM1304

LM1305

LM130?

LM1310

LM1458

LM1B12

LM1BB9

LM2I11

LM2902

LVJrCCf.

LM3905

LM39:9'.MCM58VNE5SW

NE556ANE565A

NE566V

NES67V

NE570S

7BL05

7BL0S

78M05

751DB

7549'Cfi

75492CN

75494CN

' 6b C04019

3 75 CD4020I 49 CD40211 35 CD4022I 15 CD4023t 35 CD4024

85 CD4025

65 CD4026

B5 CD4027

85 C04028

4 95 CD402959 CD403099 C04035

1 35 CO4040

1 35 C04042

t 35 CD4043

' 35 C04044

1 35 CD404675 CD404975 CD405075 CD405175 C0406075 CD406675 CD4068

5 50 CD4069

2 29 CD407D1 00 CO4071! 60 CD40721 60 C04Q73

59 CD4075

49 CD407685 CD407635 C040S135 CO406275 C04116

50 CD44901 75 CD45071 10 CD450B

1 ?7 CD4510t to CD451I

2 75 CD451555 CD4516

3 25 :0451B2 49 CL>452Q

1 75 C04527

2 25 CD4528

59 C04553i 25 C04566

95 CD45B3

55 C04SB5

1 30 CO40192

39 "COO

65 «C04

I 00 74C10

t 50 "CM

t 00 "C20

4 75 74C30SO 74C46

60 "C74B5 MC76

t 49 74C90

50 74C93

55 "CI 54

B9 74C160

(5 MOS MEMORYRAM UAHI FIFO

"1 AY5 1013 3 95

i AY5-10UA 1612 6 95

2102-1

2102AL-4

2102AN'2L

2104A-4

2107B-4

Z1141300ns

2114L 450ns

4116 200ns

3 4116200ns

3 4116150ns

yM5280

«M532i

7V.5330

PS10IL

1200A

9368

410D

416

TMM2016

HM6116-4

HM61I6LP3

4164 200ns

UK 4816

eScl

9 50

S PFIOM

1 1702A5 25329 2705

3 2716TIi 2716 5 Voltg 8 2716 5 Voll\ 2732

\ m60 B741A

2 6748° B75S

5 NB2S23: NF32S123-- !.B2S'-c

»Nizsia

S NB2S131;»:w.mi>1 ns;:si37

■' [1M85775 2716-1

Slopiulcri KM 26 95 b

1 Aula Clack Kll 17.95

i Dlgllll Clock Kll 19 75; RESISTORS A wan sr. ■

lOser lype 05

i 100 pet lype 015

j 1000 pet lype 3, 5000 w type

350 pi

:pac»

5 per type

39 9529 95

3195 '..an 5'. MM*

2 95 ■•a":,■B«•',

3 95 DIP SWITCHES

6 95

MONITORS12 GREENS129 0012 B W

SHE 01)

CLOCKS

MM5311

MU5312

ion

MM53M

140

MH5369

1 4S

MM5B41

14 4S

MM5B65

IV*

CT7010

flflh

CT7015

HSJS

MMlr>.'S'l.'..r

:i<mi

MM'i.: "lAt; I

4%

7205

16 Ml

7207

7 50

720B

\SV>

7209

«%

MSM5832

8 95

MICROPROCESSOR

5502A

7 ?S

i4qs

5504

6 96

1C SOCKETSSolder Tin Low ProfilePIN (UP PIN 1UP

IfOS

RerjTOlB

Green Yeno* 101B

Jumto «eo

Green Orange Venoi

Cllpllle LED Mounlln

ispec ted arnset. ot

CONTINENTAL SPECIALTIES In stockComplete lino oloreadSoarc-iESl equip

18 20 35 58

WIRE WRAP LEVEL 3

74C175A !o 0 CONVERTER 74C192803BB 4 50 74C221

B700CJ 13 95 74C905

iroira 22oo uisu

8750CJ 13 95 74C922S4Q0CJVF 7 40 74C923

9 504 2!

CMOSCD4C00CD4M1

CD4002CD4006CD4007CD40D8CD4009CDiO'OQH011C04012C040T3

crj40u

CDJCI5CD4016CD40I7CD4016

74C92574C92674C927INTERFACE

1 reocTC

i ZBQACTC

I 260 DA^T

1 ZBOADAFU

BOOM*

IBOA DMAi 180 S10| BOA SIC

i zeosio i

■ zaoAS'O i

ZB0S10 2 _, 280AS10 2 2B95: 2B0BCTC 15 50

CRYSTALS

1 MHz 4 50

2MHi 3 95

4 MHi 3.95

SMHi 3 95

10 MHz 3 95

IB MHz 3 90

20MHI 3 90

32 MHz 3 90

32768 Hz 4 00

1 B432MHZ 4 503 5795 MHz 1202.0100 MHz 1 95

2 097152 MHz 3 95

2 4576 MHz

3 2768 MHz

SPECIAL PRODUCTS

2 S MM; Freq Counter K.1 37 M

30 MHI Freq Counter Kil 47 75

AC TRANSFORMERS

FRAME WALL PLUG

6V500m3 S4 00 10V 2 amp S7 95

6 3VCT60ama 4 60 12V 250 ma 2 95

12V 250 ma 1 95 12V CT 250 ma 3 75

12 6VCT6O0ma 4 95 12V 500 ma 4 50

12 6VCT2amps 5 95 12V1am(! 5 95

12 6VCT4amp 8 60 l2V2amp 7 95

I2 6VCT8amp 10B0 6. 9. I2VOC

24V CT 100 ma 3 S5 300 ma B 95

24V CT 600 ma 4 95 9 VDC 500 ma 3 75

Coniltfil Vollige Transformers 12V II amp

5V 23amp 24V it amp 15M

BMHz

3 95

23 95

E212

5 185MHZ

5 7143 MHz 3.95

6 5536 MHz 3 95

7 15909 MHz 3 9514 31B1SMHZ 3 9513432MHz 39522 1164 MHz 3 95KEYBOARD ENCODERSAY5-2376 1195AY5-36OOPH0 119574C922 S 4974C923 5.50HD0165-5 7 95

D Connector* RS232

OB25P 2 95

DB25S 3 50

DE9P I 95

DISPLAY LEDSMAN72 74OL704

OL707 DL707R□L727 72B□ L747 750FND359FND500 507FND503 5I0FNDBM B07TO Oier! oispiay7520 D*rr -HUH He-

f.'.MHKMAN4710

MANBMfl

'.'AS6"43

phoiei

CACA 300 75

CC 300 1 25

CA 300 1 00

CA CC 500 1 90

CA CC 600 1 49

CC 357 7Q

CC CA 500 99

CC CA 500 90

CC CA BOO 2 20

1 25

39

CC 55CA 60CC 60

1B02Eplas1861P

4116 200ns Dynamic RAM 8.S12-40

Apple Peripheral Kits

SERIAL UQ INTERFACE 0 to 30,000 baud,D.T.R.. Inputs output from monitor or basic, oruseApple as intelligent terminal, Bd only (P/N 2)$14.95, Kit (P/N 2A) $51.25, Assembled (P/N2C) $62.95.

PROTOTYPING BOARD (P/N 7907) $21.95.PARALLEL TRIAC OUTPUT BOARD 8 triacs,eacn can switch 110V, 6A loads, Bd only (P/N210) $19.20, Kit (P/N 210A) $119.55.APPLE II GAME PADDLESAdam and Eve $38.00.16K RAM Board to take you to 64K. Assem.$67. Kit $57.

Interlace Kits

SERIALVPARALLEL INTERFACE Bidirectional,Baud rates from 110 to 19.2K, sw selectablepolarity of input and output strobe, 5 to 8 databits, 1 or 2 stop bits, parity odd or even or none,all characters contain a start bit, +5 & -12Vrequired.Bd only (P/N 101) $11.95, Kit (P/N101A) $42.89.

RS-232/TTL INTERFACE Bidirectional, re-quires ±12V, Kit (P/N 232A)$9.95.RS-232/20mA INTERFACE Bidirectional, 2passive opto-isolated circuits, Kit (P/N 7901A)$14.95.

PROM Eraser

Will erase 25 PROMs in 15 minutes. Ultraviolet,assembled. 25 PROM capacity $37.50 (withtimer $69.50). 6 PROM capacity OSHA/UL ver-sion $83.00 (with timer $119.00).

Z8Q MicroProfessor $135.00

Single board computer. Learning, teaching, pro-totyping. 2K RAM, keyboard, displays; cassetteinterface. Tiny BASIC $19.00. All fullyassembled.

Z80 Microcomputer Kit $69.00

16 bit I/O, 2 MHz clock, 2K RAM. ROM Bread-board space. Excellent for control. Bare Board$28.50. Full Kit $79.00. Monitor $20.00. PowerSupply Kit $35.00. Tiny Basic $30.00.

Modem Kit $60.00

State of the art, orig., answer. No tuning neces-sary. 103 compatible 300 baud. Inexpensiveacoustic coupler plans included. Bd. only$17.00. Article in June, July, Aug. RadioElectronics, 1981.

60 Hz Crystal Time Base Kit $4.40

Converts digital clocks from AC line frequency tocrystal time base. Outstanding accuracy.

Video Modulator Kit $9.95

Convert TV set into a high quality monitor w/oaffecting usage. Comp. kit w/full instruc.

Multi-volt Computer Power Supply

8v 5 amp, ±18v .5 amp, 5v 1.5 amp, 5v.5 amp, 12v .5 amp, -12v option. ±5v, ±12vare regulated. Basic Kit $35.95. Kit with chassisand all hardware $51.95. Add $5.00 shipping. Kitof hardware $16.00. Woodgrain case $10.00.S1.5Q shipping.

Type-N-Talk by Votrax

Text to speech synthesizer with unlimited vocabu-lary, built-in text to speech algorithm, 70 to 100bits per second speech synthesizer, RS232Cinterface $359.00. Speech IC $59.00.

Direct Connect Modem $99.00

Fully assembled in case with RS232 cable.Orig/answer, 103 compatible, 9V battery orwallplug.

INTRODUCING A BRAND NEW MICROCOMPUTER

VENTURE is a singleboard computer that is anadventure for the hobbyist.It is a learning, trainingcomputer as well as justplain fun for anyone whowants to get into a state-of-the-art computer af rea-sonable cost.

VENTURE comes in kitform or fully assembled andtested. You can get it in itsminimum configuration lor as little as $195.00or take it all the way to floppy disks and voice.It can be expanded as a kit or fully assembled,at your own pace and choice.

VENTURE is a 16" by 20" main board withseparate ASCII and HEX keyboards. It runs fast.almost 4 MHz, and has the capability of putting1.5 megabyte of RAM and ROM on the boardalong with a variety of inexpensive options.

A 16-channel analog-to-digital converter al-lows use of joysticks, control lunctions, in-strumentation, temperature sensing, etc. T1sound generator, software controlled music,Votrax voice synthesizer and real time clockcalendar add to its versatility.

VENTURE connects directly to a monitor orto your TV set through an RF modulator. Andnow for the heart of VENTURE ... its videodisplay. VENTURE has a high resolution pro-grammable video display with up to 16,384user-defined characters, alphanumeric sym-bols, special graphics or objects, such as spaceships, etc. Each character is 8 pixels wide by15 pixels high, with 2 grayscale maps; it has64 levels of grayscale plus video invert/compli-ment and hidden screen update lor a "snow"free display. The display is 512 x 512 pixelmapped with 2 planes of video RAM per dis-play. VENTURE video is in short... astounding!

VENTURE has complete software supportwith full BASIC, 3 ROM monitors, disassem-bler/assembler/editor. It will run real-time videogames, all RCA chip 8 programs and all current

^Venture

Quest 1802 software. VENTURE DCS will accommo-date up to four 5V<" doubledensity floppies. A com-plete 1802 programmingbook is available. All ver-sions of VENTURE areshipped with a set of man-uals written to be under-stood by the inexperiencedas well as experienced user.A standard 60-pin buswith 5 slots, parallel ports and 2 serial portswith full handshaking (75 to 9600 BAUD) allowexpansion into lloppy disks, color, EPROMprogrammer, printer, model of your choice.Later expansion will add a light pen, a universaluser programmable music sound board, Gen-eral Purpose Instrument Bus, and a high reso-lution color/grayscale pixel mapped video board.On-lloard Oplions

16 channel A to D; 5 slot 60 pin bus, 2 serialports, parallel ports, 4 video options incl. color,48K RAM, Votrax voice synthesizer, soundgenerator, EPROM, full BASIC disassembler,editor, assembler, metal cabinet, additionalpower supply, ASCII keyboard real time clockcalendar.Expansion Options

Floppy disk, EPROM programmer, light pen,universal user programmable music, soundboard high resolution color/grayscale pixelmapped video board. General Purpose Instru-ment Bus. 8088 co-processor board.Minimum VENTURE System S195.0DKit includes CPU and control with 4K of RAM,1K of scratchpad, 2K monitor. 1861 videographics, cassette interface and separate HEXkeyboard with LED displays for address andoutput. Power supply is included along with 2game cassettes. The main board is 16" x 20"and includes space lor all of the previouslydiscussed on-board options. Full on-board ex-pansion can be completed for under $1000.00.Call for further details, option prices, etc.

RCA Cosmac 1802 Super Elf Computer $106.95

The Super Elf is a tremendous value as it combinesvideo, digital displays, LED displays, and music,all on a single board for $106.95.The Super Elf expansion capability is virtually un-limited and you can do it inexpensively one step ata time. Expansion includes casstte interface, addi-tional memory, color video, Basic, ASCII key-board, printer, floppy, S-100 bus, RS232, etc.The Super Elf comes complete with power supplyand detailed 127 page instruction manual whichincludes over 40 pages of software, including aseries of tessons to help get you started and amusic program and graphics larget game. Manyschools and universities are using the Super Elf asa course of study. OEM's use it for training and

R&D. A monthly newsletter. Questdata is devoted

exclusively to software for the Super Elf and there

are many software books available at low cost.

The Super Elf computer system is now available as

a series of bare boards as well as full kits and

assembled.

Bare Boards: Super Ell $35.00. Super Expansion

$35.00. Power Supply $10.00. S-100 Color

$35.00. Dynamic RAM $40.00. Manuals $10.00.

Super Basle $45.00.

"Eat & Run" cassette $14.95

Free 14 Page Brochure

Send or call for a free brochure on alldetails and pricing of the Super Elf and itsexpansion. We will get it right out to you!

Voltage Mate $18.50

$1.25 shipping. Switching regulator kit withadjustable AC/DC voltage conversion. 3 modesof operation; step up, step down, inversion.Jumper selectable modes ol operation. Inputvoltage 5-15 VDC, output voltage - 24 to + 30VDC, current draw 30-250 ma.

UHF Preamplifier Kit $34.95

$2.00 shipping. Improves uhf reception dra-matically, 25 db gain assem. version $57.50.Articles Radio Elect. Mar, May, 1981.

Fluke Multimeters

D800 S125.—D802 $189.-

-D804S249.

Rockwell AIM 65 Computer

6502 based single board with full ASCII key-board and 20 column thermal printer. 20 char,alphanumeric display ROM monitor; fully ex-pandable. $439.00. 4K version $454.00. 4KAssembler $35.00, 8K Basic Interpreter $65.00.

Special small power supply 5V 2A 24V ,5Aassem. in frame $59.00. Molded plastic enclo-sure to fit both AIM 65 and power supply$52.50. AIM 65 1K in cabinet with power sup-ply, switch, fuse, cord assem. $571.00. 4K$586.00. A65.40-5000 AIM 65 40 W.T6K RAMand monitor $1295.00. RAM Board Kit (16K,$195) (32K, $215). VD640 Video Inturface Kit$119.00. A&T $149.00. Complete AIM 65 inthin briefcase with power supply $532.00.Special Package Price: 4KAIM, 8K Basic, powersupply, cabinet $615.00.

AIM 65/KIM/SYM/Super Ell 44 pin expan-sion board; board with 3 connectors $22.95.'Send for complete list of all AIM products.

Elf II Adapter Kit $24.95

Plugs into Elf II providing Super Elf 44 and 50 pinplus S-100 bus expansion. (With Super Ex-pansion). High and low address displays, stateand mode LED's optional $18.00.

Super Color S-100 Video Kit $99.00

Expandable to 256 x 192 high resolution color Igraphics. 6847 with all display modes computercontrolled. Memory mapped. 1K RAM expand-able to 6K. S-100 bus 1802, 8080, 8085, Z80,etc. Dealers: Send for excellent pricing/marginprogram.

TERMS: $5.00 min. order U.S. Funds. Calif, residents add 6% tax. Prices

$10.00 min. VISA and MasterCard accepted. $1.00 insurance optional. subjectShipping: Add 5%; orders under $25.00—10%. to change

FREE: Send for your copy of our 1982QUEST CATALOG. Include 880 stamp.

Circle 382 on Inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982

DATA COMMUNICATIONS

SPECIALISTS FOR

IBM PC & SEATTLE

COMPUTERS

Teleprocessing software available forabove computers to time-sharing host orbetween two users (send binary files, also).Version 2 software, $60; Version 3, IBM PC$95, SEATTLE $160. Write for details or$3.00 for manuals.

SEATTLE 8086 computer and MS-DOS*,

Pascal, BASIC, FORTRAN, COBOL,

Perfect Writer, or Multi-Plan.

SPECIAL PRICE for SEATTLE SYSTEM 2 +

4-port serial board + cables + choice of

Microsoft BASIC, Pascal, FORTRAN, or

COBOL.

SEATTLE 8086 GAZELLE Computer

system.

Write for literature and prices on above

systems, or call for quote.

■ PCPCB COMPUTER & STATISTICALLjiDLjvDB CONSULTING SERVICESP.O. BOX 5351TERRE HAUTE, IN 47805(812)466-4111'Trademark of Microsoft, Inc.

ttar

AW0»°'

dvraf

MicroAngelo Graphics Board (MA-512) with

Screenware Pak II $795.00

MicroAngelo Graphics Board (MA-520) with64K memory $995.00

GRAPH-PAK Fortran Plotting Software forMicroAngelo and pen-plotters. . . . $270.00Complete systems available - call for prices.

Laboratory Computer Systems, Inc.139 Main Street, Cambridge. MA 02142(617)547-4738

•Trademark of SCION Corp

SYSTEM/Z'S BASIC/Z

A New COMPILED Basic for CP/M or MDOS

• No Royalties - No Run-time Charges

• Generates machine code (8080/Z80)

• Sort Verb • 2000 elements in 2 seconds

• Alpha-numeric Labels

• Chain with common

• BCD Floating Point Math to 18 Digits

• Editor Tests Syntax As You Type

• Recursive, Multi-line, user Functions

• Dynamically Dimension Arrays

• selectively Erase Arrays

• Trace and Single-step debugging

• Multi-tiered Error Trapping

• Cursor Addressing, Reverse and BlinkingVideo

want to see how it works?

Gee DAMANS Mail-List program for S30 BASIC Z runtime

packages are included

nim-manual

BASICZ lists for S345, but from DAMAN It S:

S312 Post Paid to North America

visa and Master card Accepted, COD available or S298 with

cash discount leash, check, money order)

Add S7 for airmail shipment outside n Americaspecify 8". Microp /vector Graphic. Apple, oscorneNEC. N. StarFull BASIC/Z Documentation S35 (Credited to full orden

Suite l<3-043322 MemParkway. S.W

daman

(205) 883-8113

Huntsvitte.Alabama 35801

Circle 136 on inquiry card.

Circle 243 on inquiry card.

Circle 138 on inquiry card.

See our Sept ad.DEALER COST $3812NATIONWIDE SERVICE

MORROW OE5IGN5

DECISION 1$3795

lory warranty and out warranty We ieeTIha, of a local store, however, we do have a Degi

W-5MEGHD& 5lV'DSDDFLOPPY DISK

Sruprrionl liorn factory

benefit from the feia.il

package al S750 intra Call9 AM ■ IDPMCDT(or major savings

Cost Pius

hai begini

all Morrc

Decision I M Slot S-100. Z-80 6SK Sialic. 1 to 6 user |Nued more memory. Soflware. &IO lor 6 users) Desk lop wrthCP M', Wordstar ■ iMicwsnli Basic 80 \ 3 Serial R 1 P

Mlgs Retail Your PriceDl CompulorOnly, NoDisk $2395 SIB95

D2 Wilh Two 5 W DSDD Floppy Disk 3495 2695

D3B Willi Ono 10 Meg A One 5V« FL DSDD 5995 4495

DX WiihOmi i6Meg S One 5W FL DSDD 6495 4849

Ic'iHViihOniHO Mag HDaOneB" DSDD 7195 5449

R2D With One 20 Meg HD£ One 8' DSDD 8095 6195

CHRISTMAS SPECIAL

♦ ♦4

1995 1545

1934 1495

5V 5 Meg WConlroller 51695. Add 5 Meg lor $1249 10 Meg W Control$2195 Add 10 lot SI 695 16 Meg W Control lor $2tj'J5, Add 16 tor $2195 8H Disks lOMagWConlrollef $2849,AddlOfor $2295 20 Meg W Controller$3449, Add 20 for $2945 14 Inch. 26 Meg ^Controller $3395. Add 26 Meglor $29-15.

Mir-ioniK$449 Whitesmiths C $599 C A Pascal $749 All 3 tor only $79')M.crtif.ori H.isic 80 $199. Wordstar $295. Sunnrsoit 4M9. MailMergrr $99.Spr-UStar 149. CalcSlar $ 199 Dala Star $199 Micmsill Fortran $399DM PRINTER Okidata BO 80 CPS S349. B2A 120 CPS $429. 83A (Wide 8?)$699 84P 200 CPS $999 84S (Serial 84) $1099. 2350SSP 350 CPS [3S[:.j-.-i];i;j;>79 NEC SPIN WRITERS 3510S1699 77 10 S2I49. Page Foodei$1 099. Tractor $225

Puces sulked to change,moslly downwardCALLUS 9AMto 10PM

205 879-5976205879-4735 po box e

CostPlus

COMPUTERS

OF ALABAMAnmgham, AL 35259-6114

Scotch Diskettes

Rely on Scotch* diskettes to keep your valu-able data safe. Dependable Scotch diskettesare tested and guaranteed error-free. The lowabrasivity saves your read/write heads.They're compatible with most diskette drives.

(800)235-4137

Dealer InquiriesInvited

Circle 129 on inquiry card.

Circle 326 on inquiry card.

Circle 344 on inquiry card.

C LANGUAGEPROGRAMMERS

c-systemsC COMPILERNow with: c-window™

The first c language source level

program testing and debugging tool.

• Single step by c source line.

• Set breakpoints at line numbers.

• Display and alter variables by symbolname, using c expression syntax.

• No more printf or assembler leveldebugging!

c-window is a support package forthe c-systems C COMPILER for

8086/8088 based systems.

Contactc-systems

P.O. Box 3253

TM c-systems

Fuller-ton, CA 92634714-879-1123

WAS THAT BYTE LOST?

THE DETECTABYTE8 - Model BD1

• Detects Occurrence of Preset Byte.

• 8-TTL Inputs Plus 2 Qualifiers.

• 2-Outputs-Pulse & Stretched Pulse.

• 8 LED Display.

• 2 Units May Be Connected For 2Byte Detection (16 Bits).

• Provides Scope Sync For LowRep. Rate Data Streams.

(Powered From Circuit Under Test -5 v. @ 200 ma. max.)

Price $119.50 Plus $3.00 Shipping(California Residents Add 6% Sales Tax)

The Partan Company

2520 S. Fairview Street, Suite FSanta Ana, CA 92704 (714)662-0709

64K Dynamic RAM ICs

200 ns $6.25; 150 ns $6.75

EPROM 2764 250 ns $1250

2732 450 ns $ 5.00

2532 450 ns $ 6.00

2716 450 ns $ 3.75

STATIC 6116 150 ns

$6.00

Z80A CPU/CTC/or PIO $3.50DART $7.50

MICROPROCESSORS UNLIMITED

24,000 South Peoria Ave.BEGGS, OK 74421

) All Prime Parts (

M/C or VISA or UPS CASH COD

Call any hour (almost).

(918) 267-4796

Circle 64 on inquiry card.

Circle 353 on inquiry card.

Circle 298 on inquiry card.

WE WILL NOT BE UNDERSOLD

SOFTWARE

APPLE SOFTWARE

COMPUTERS

MICROPRO

Wordstar

Mailmerge

Customization Notes

Spellstar

Datastar

Calcstar

MICROSOFT

Basic Interpreter

Basic Compiler

Fortran 80

CobolBO

DATA BASE

FMS80

dBase II

$239.00$89.00$359.00$239.00$199.00$199.00

$349.00$389.00$499.00$695.00

$595.00$599.00

NEW! IBM PC SOFTWARE NEW!

INFORMATION UNLIMITED

Easy Writer

Easy Speller

Easy Filer

VISICORP

Visicalc 256K

VisiDex

VisiFile

VisiTrend/VisiPlot

MICROPRO

Wordstar

MISCELLANEOUS

Supercalc by Sorcim

Superwriter by Sorcim

Home Accountant Plus

ENTERTAINMENT

Deadline

Temple of Apshai

Curse of Ra

Call For More IBM Software And

$289.00$149.00$319.00

$199.00$199.00$229.00$229.00

$239.00

$229.00$289.00$139.00

$39.00$29.00$15.99

Accessories

DISK DRIVES

CCI 100 for the TRS-80 Model 1

5% 40 track $299.00CCI 189 for the Zenith Z-89

5'/4 40 track $379.00

CORVUS 5M with Mirror $3089.00

CORVUS 10M with Mirror $4489.00

CORVUS 20M with Mirror $5389.00

CORVUS Interfaces CALL

RANA SYSTEMS add-on Disc Drive for the Apple II

Elite One 40 Track CALL

Bite Controller CALL

Elite Two 80 Track CALL

Elite Three 80 Track double-sided CALL

DISKETTES

Maxell 5% single sideMaxell 8 single sideMaxell 574 double sideMaxell 8 double sideBASF 554BASF 8Verbatim 5'AVerbatim 8Wabash 5'A

$39.00$49.00$45.00$55.00$26.95$36.00$26.95$36.00$21.95

IBM PC ACCESSORIES

64K Card by Microsoft

Joystick by T & G

128K Card

192K Card

256K Card

Combo Card by Apparat

Call for more IBM PC add-ons

$435.00$49.00$579.00$629.00$699.00$249.00

For fast delivery, send certified checks, moneyorders, or call to arrange direct bank wiretransfers. Personal or company checks requireone to three weeks to clear. All prices aremail order only and are subject to changewithout notice. Call for shipping charges.

MICROPRO

Wordstar

Mailmerge

Spellstar

DataStar

CalcStar

VISICORP

VisiCalc

VisiTerm

VisiDex

VisiPlot

VisiFile

VisiSchedule

VisiTrend/Plot

MISCELLANEOUS

Micro Courier

Screen Director

Executive Briefing System

Supercalc

Personal Filing System

PFS Report Writer

Word Handler

ENTERTAINMENT

Beer Run

Zork I, II

Deadline

Chop Lifter

Cannonball Blitz

Knights of Diamonds

Midnight Magic

Wizardry

Tuesday Morning Quarterback

Crush, Crumble & Chomp

Datestones of Ryn

Morloc's Tower

Snack Attack

Star Blazer

$199.00$89.00$149.00$199.00$189.00

$199.00$79.00$199.00$169.00$199.00$259.00$239.00

$219.00$129.00$169.00$199.00$115.00$75.00$169.00

$28.00$26.95$39.00$24.95$29.95$29.95$32.00$45.00$24.95$24.95$15.99$15.99$23.95$24.95

APPLE ACCESORIES

ADVANCED LOGIC

Add-Ram 16K Card $99.00

Z-Card CP/M for the Apple II $225.00Smarterm 80 Column Board w/Softswitch $249.00

Z-80 Card by Microsoft $319.00

16K Card by Microsoft $159.00

32K Card by Saturn $199.00

Keyboard Enhancer II by Videx $125.00

Videoterm by Videx $259.00

Game Paddles by TG $49.00

Joystick by TG $49.00

Numeric Keypad by Keyboard Co. $139.00

ALF 9 Voice Board $159.00

ALF 3 Voice Board $229.00

System Saver by Kensington $75.00

Versacard by Prometheus $229.00

Microbuffer II 16K w/graphics $259.00

Microbuffer II 32K w/graphics $299.00APPLE INTERFACE CARDS BY CCS

Serial Asynch. #7710 $139.00

Centronics #7729 $149.00Call for other CCS cards

RAM

16K Ram Kit for Apple II; TRSBO200 nano seconds, 4116 chips

$17.50

Dealer (National/Interna-tional) Inquiries Invited.

Send for FREE catalogue

$485.00$265.00$569.00$359.00

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEM

Mainframe 2200a

Z-80 CPU 2810a

64K RAM 2065

Floppy Controller 2422a

ZENITH

Z-89 48K CALL

Z-90 64K CALL

Z-100 CALL

Call For Prices On The Complete Zenith Line

CASIO FX702P Pocket Computer $179.00

Sanyo MBC 1000 64K CALL

Call For Prices On Complete Sanyo Computer Line

PRINTERS

NEC 7710 Serial

NEC 7720 KSR

NEC 7730 Parallel

NEC 3510 Serial

NEC 3520

NEC 3530 Parallel

NEC 8023 Dot Matrix 100cps

Epson MX-80

Epson MX-80FT

Epson MX-100

IDS Micro Prism

IDS Prism 80

IDS Prism 132

Okidata Microline 80

Okidata Microline 82A

Okidata Microline 83A

Okidata Microline 84

Datasouth 180 cps

$2395.00

$2749.00

$2395.00

$1850.00

$2099.00

$1850.00

$539.00

CALL

CALL

CALL

CALL

CALL

CALL

CALL

CALL

CALL

CALL

CALL

MONITORS

Amdek 13" ColorSanyo 9" B & WSanyo 9" GreenSanyo 12" B & WSanyo 12" GreenSanyo 13" ColorZenith 12" GreenZenith 13" ColorElectrohome 13" HI-RES

Color MonitorElectrohome 13" ColorElectrohome 12" B&WElectrohome 12" GreenElectrohome 9" B&WElectrohome 9" Green

$329.00$135.00$140.00$179.00$189.00$359.00$105.00$339.00

$829.00$349.00$179.00$189.00$149.00$159.00

SPECIAL OF THE MONTH

IDS MICRO PRISM

Dot Matrix - correspondence

quality 110 CPSDot Plot Graphics CALL

TERMINALS

ADDS ViewpointZenith Z-19Televideo910Televideo 925Televideo 950

$495.00$679.00$595.00$779.00$969.00

TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Prentice Star ModemNovation Cat ModemNovation D-CATNovation AUTO-CATNovation APPLE CATHayes Smart ModemSmart Modem 1200Hayes Micro-ModemHayes ChronographSignalman Mark I

$129.00$139.00$149.00$199.00$299.00$249.00CALL$295.00$225.00$85.00

The CPU Shop

TO ORDER CALL TOLL FREE 1 -800-343-6522 *

420-438 Rutherford Ave., Dept. BY-11, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129

V/SA*

Hours 9 AM - 9 PM (EST) Mon.-Fri. (Sat.

Technical information call 617/242-3361

Circle 130 on inquiry card.

6)

TWX-710-348-1796

Massachusetts Residents call 617/242-3361Massachusetts Residents add 5% Sales Tax

BYTE November 1982

579

FREE! FREE! FREE! FREE! FREE

3 THOUSANDS 0NIC g

maxell

Floppy Disks

BEST PRICESIN THE U.S.

Call collect for our special dealer

program. C.O.D.'s accepted.

(213) 896-2485

U.S. EXCHANGE

9391 Remick Ave.Pacoima, CA 91331

8086/8087/8088

CROSS SOFTWARE PACKAGES

1C cross compiler for the 8086. All facilities of thecomplete C language, including floating pointfor the 8087, are supported. Optionally, memorycan be allocated for use with the 8088. Output issymbolic assembly language. The compiler is suita-ble for use in porting UNIX to the 8086.2Cross assembler/linker/librarian/downlineloader for the 8086. Assembler input is an ex-tension to that used by Intel. Loader output is a filein standard Intel hex format.

3 Simulator/debugger for the 8086. Capabilitiesinclude display, breakpoints, interpretive execu-tion, as well as many others.Host System: PDP-11 running RT-11, RSX-1IM,UNIX/V6, UIMIX/V7; or VAX-11 running VMS,UNIX/32V.For additional Information:

f Advanced

igital Products, Inc.

1701 2lstAve. S., Suite 222 • Nashville, TN 37212Phone (615) 383-7520

Intel Is a trademark of Intel Corporation; UNIX and UNIX/32V aretrademarks ol Bell Laboratories; RT-11, RSX-11M, PDP- II. VMS. andVAX-! I are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation.

Circle 17 on inquiry card.

Circle 463 on Inquiry card.

Circle 12 on inquiry card.

9&>

v^g

ARCADE GAMES-

BERSERKCAVE HUNTER

Cassette (16k) $24.95

Disc. (32k) S29.95

— ADVENTURE GAMES'Calixto Island

ullje Ulack Sanctum

Cassette (16k) $19.95

Pre paid shipping on domestic ordersOverseas add S3.00California residents add 6% tax

MARK DATA PRODUCTS

23802 Barquilla • Mission Viejo.CA 92691■^bhm(714) 768-1 551«bm—

FLOPPY DI5K5

ALL DRIVESPRETESTED BY METAVAN

NEW Shugart SA4CDL 33333.00

NEW Shugar-t SA450 333.00

NEW Shugart SABD1 R 3SO.OO

NEW Shugart SABS1 R 51QOO

NEW Shugart SA41D 345.00

NEW Shugart SA4SO -431 OO

NEW Shugart SAB1 O BS7.0D

NEW Shugart SABBO 73D.OO

Enclosure—desk—2 / 8"—no

power—unwired "75.00

Enclosure—desk—3/B"—

w/power/wired—reftjrb 333.00

DISKETTES

1 Year warranty, 10 per plastic library case

B"„single scie-single density 29.4Q

S'lsingle side-double density -40.SO

S"~double sided-double density ., . 4S.~705'W Reinforced hub 1 O/plasticlibrary case soft sectored, 1 Oor 1 B holes

single side-single density 30."70

single side-double density 37.1 O

double sided-double density ... 44.90

TRACTOR FEED PAPER

S1/Sx11 Blank, 37DD Sheets, perf 20.23B1/3x11 Blue bar, 3700 sheets 35.73

ID METAVAN, INC.1B05 East Dyer Rd, Suite 3071 ' Santa Ana, CA 337D5

C71 «*] 5002457

EPSON

NEW REPLACEMENT

RIBBON CARTRIDGES

MX 70-80MX 100

$ 4.75 ea.10.75 ea.

Please add $.75 ea. handling/shipping.

LABELS

$12.00/5000

STOCK #10350-1-15/16"x3V2"x1 wide.

White—pressure sensitive—pin feed—

414" carrier, packed 5000 per bcx.Add £2.50 per box handling/shipping.

TERMS: Visa & M.C. (add.4%). checkov

money order. C.O.D.'s. add $2.00, min. order

$12.00. CA residents add 6% Sales Tax.

'COMPUTERSUPPLY CO.

25422 TRABUCO RD. SUITE #200EL TORO, CA. 92630 • (714) 768-0370

JVi

Circle 279 on inquiry card.

Circle 397 on inquiry card.

TRS-80 MODEL 16 AND68000 SYSTEMS

DATABASE AND FILESOFTWARE

Relational Database SystemEasy To Use - Powerful

INTRODUCTORY OFFER S595

Menus & English Subset

Query Language68000 Code Efficiency

Separate File & Sort Packages

Features Never Seen Before.

Send For Catalog.

DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

211 N. EL CAMINO REAL, 101C

ENCINITAS, CA 92024

or Phone: (714) 942-0744

TRS-80 Is a trademark or Tandy Corp.

10 MB-S19S5

INTRODUCTORY OFFER

5'A" 10 MB Winchester DriveFor S-100, Apple and TRS-80

Complete with Disk Drive,Power Supply, EnclosureCabling and System Software.

ASSEMBLED & TESTED

Circle 141 on inquiry card.

I AltfrCl»tW

Dealers or OEM's-Callington Park. MD 20653 for Multiple Unit Pricing(301)863-6764

Circle 35 on inquiry card.

SUPER I/O

Interface your TRS80' or Sinclair with 256bits ol 1/0(16 Input ports + 16 Output ports)asa micro development system to your ownbreadboard project, as a controller (lor periph-erals, switches. LED's, A/D's, UART'S.MOD EM's, voice chips, sensors, almost every-thing electronic), as an easy learning aid. orconnect multiple boards tor an intercomputerlocal area network! Simple to program (exam-ples provided in BASIC. FORTRAN & ASSEM-BLER)

Soon:Super-I/0'" for Apple II- & IBM PC*• SUPER- I/O" BOARD

includes Owners Manual,cables sold separately

S199«• ACCESSORIES

TRS-80" Cable ispecily model) S29

Sinclair* Cable S29

I/O Porl Ca ble (order as needed 1-161 S 9Owners Manual (manual only) S29

Application & Technical Manual S49SHIPPING & HANDLING -

(US only! add S5

Nevada residents add sales lax

"Check or Money Order

Credit Card orders add 10%

WIN/MILL RESEARCH INC.

453 Crampton Avenue

Reno. Nevada 89502

ORDER PHONE (only) (702) 329-0441

For priority info, send SASE.

■Trade Mark of respective companies.

Circle 481 on inquiry card.

SPEECH SYNTHESIZERS

6502 MICROCOMPUTER

MINI VIDEO 40X24

81-260 "SLIM"

JBEs Speech Synthesizers use theVotrax SC-01 Phoneme Synthesizerchip. The SC-01 phonetically syn-thesizes continuous speech ofunlimited vocabulary. The SC-01 con-tains 64 different phonemes and 4levels of inflection accessed by an 8 bitcode. It requires 10 Bytes per secondfor continuous speech. Both boardshave an audio amp for direct connec-tion to an 8 ohm speaker.

Documentation includes basic userprograms, a phoneme chart and listingof coded words to help you get started.Documentation for the AppleII* Speech Synthesizer includes a diskwith text to speech program.

81-088 Apple II Speech

Synthesizer $129.95

81-120 Parallel Input Speech

Synthesizer $149.95

Prices include the SC-01 ChipSC-01 sold separately for $ 39.95

AD & DA CONVERTER

JBE A-D & DA Converter can be usedwith any system having parallel ports

• Interfaces with JBE Parallel I/O Card

• DA Conversion time — 5^s • A-D con-version time — 20jjs • Uses JBE 5Vpower supply • Parallel inputs & out-puts include 8 data bits, strobe lines &latches • Analog inputs & outputs aremedium impedance 0 to 5 volt range.

79-287Bare Board

ASSM. $79.95$39.95

SOLID STATE SWITCH

Your computer can control power toyour printer, lights, stereo & any120VAC appliances up to 720 watts (6amps at 120VAC). Input 3 to 15VDC •2-14MA TTL compatible • Isolation —1500V • Nonzero crossing* Comes in 1or 4 channel version

79-282-1

ASSM. $13.95

Bare Board

$6.95

79-282-4

ASSM. $49.95

Bare Board

$24.95

rs: MSBwmm

6502 MPU, 6522 VIA, 2716 EPROM, 2114RAM single board computer. Single 5volt power supply at 400 Ma. Two in-dependent 8 bit I/O ports with hand-shake lines. RCcontrolled 1 MHzclock.

Complete documentation. I/O lines use50 pin edge connector. Data and ad-dress lines are not accessible. Mod. for2532 is included. EPROM is not includ-ed. 1K RAM, 2K EPROM. 2 l/Oports.

80-153 Assm.$110.95

Z-80 MICROCOMPUTER

Z-80 MPU, Z-80 PIO, 2716 EPROM, 2114RAM single board computer. Single 5volt power supply at 300 Ma. Two in-dependent 8 bit I/O ports with hand-shake lines. RC controlled 2MHz clock.

Complete documentation. I/O lines use50 pin edge connector. Data and ad-dress lines are not accessible. Mod. for2532 is included. EPROM is not includ-ed. 1K RAM, 2K EPROM, 2 I/O ports.

80-280 Assm. $129.95

This board can be used to add a videodisplay to your AIM or other computer.It can also, with the addition of aparallel keyboard, 5V power supply andvideo monitor, be used as a home com-puter. It will run Tom Pittman's TinyBasic. The 2716 character gen. will pro-duce 256 8x8 characters, ASCII upperand lowercase and graphic characters.The 44 pin expansion connector can beused to add up to 6K of memory or extraI/O ports. Power requirements: 5 volts600 MA 3 watts.

Documentation includes schematic,parts list, connector pin outs, andsource listing for video display andMonitor. Control character response;

H back space

t up one line

J line feed

L clear screen and home

M carriage return

U forward space non destructive

The curser is flashing underline type.

82-140A assm. W/O EPROMS $149.95

Character Gen. A7 $ 19.95

Tiny Basic + Monitor $39.95

GPIO Parallel Input $ 19.95

Bare Board with doc. $ 79.95

JBE I MICROCOMPUTER

CRT CONTROLLER

This intelligent CRT Controller uses an8085A CPU and an 8275 Integrated CRTController. It features:

• 25 lines (80 char./llne)

• 5x7 dot matrix

• Upper & lower case

• Two 2716's (controller & char,generator)

• Serial interface RS232 & TTL

• Baud rates of 110. 150.300.6001200, 2400, 4800 and 9600

• Keyboard scanning system

• Unencoded keyboard required

• Uses + 5V & ± 12V Power Supplies

• Does not have graphic capabilities.Documentation includes programlisting and composite video circuit.

Bare Board only (with doc) $39.95

2716Char.Gen.A7 $19.95

2716 Program A12 $19.95

2716 ASCII A12 $19.95

11.34 MHzXTAL $5.00

JBE's 7.75 x 11.75 6502 base Microcom-puter has the capacity for 16K ofEPROM, 4K of RAM, 8 Parallel Portsand 1 Serial Port. Monitor and TinyBasic are also available.

Both versions include sockets for2716s or 2532s, 8 16 pin sockets for I/Ointerfacing and a DB25 connector forRS232.

All address and data lines are broughtoff the board to the 50 pin edge connec-tor. (Similar to the Apple II bus.)

Single board large scale integrationMicrocomputer. This 4.5 x 6.5 boarduses the 6502 Microcomputer, two 6522VIA'S four 2114 RAM's. 2516, 2716 or2532 EPROM. The fully buffered 22/44pin bus is similar to the KIM-. SYM',and AIM" expansion connector. Thefour 8 bit I/O ports connect through 16pin dip sockets. This board was design-ed for control and is ideal for Personaland OEM use.

• 6502 MPU

• Two 6522 VIA'S

• Four 2114 RAM's (2K bytes)

• One EPROM 2516 or 2532

• Crystal clock 1 MHz

• Requires 5V 1AMP power

• 4.5 x 6.5 card

• Power on reset

• Fully buffered-expandable

• Solder mask-both sides

Use your Apple II Computer, JBE 6522Parallel Interface card and EPROM Pro-grammer as a development system for

SLIM.

81-260 A

Assm. $199.95

PHERIPHERALS FORSLIM

RAM EPROM Memory (32K)

81-330A Assm. W/O Memory $99.9581-330B Bare Board $49.95

6 Slot Mother Board

81-320A Assembled81-320B Bare Board

$99.95$49.95

24 Hour Real Time Clock

81-350A Assembled $149.95

81-350B Bare Board $ 49.95

Analog I/O Interface

This board also features powe

on reset

B1-036A Assembled

$199.95

and cassette interface.

81-036B Bare Board

$ 49.95

81-030C Fully

12 Port Parallel I/O (6-6522'S)

Populated

$399.95

82-036A Assembled

$169.96

81-030M Partially

82-036B Bare Board

$ 49.95

Populaled

$299.95

2716 EPROM

Tiny Basic +

(with Tiny Basic)

$ 19.95

Monitor EPROM

$39.95

•Johiv Bell Eivgiiveeriivg, live.

#244

ALL PRODUCTS ARE A VAILABLE FROM JOHN BELL ENGINEERING, INC. • 1014 CENTER ST., SAN CARLOS, CA 94070ADD SALES TAX IN CALIFORNIA • ADD 5% SHIPPING & HANDLING 3% FOR ORDERS OVER $100

10% OUTSIDE U.S.A.

SEND $1.00 FOR CATALOG

(415)592-8411

WILL CALL HOURS: 9am - 4pm

ADD $1.50 FOR CO.D.

BYTE November 1982

581

\ferbatim*

Floppy Discs

CALL NOW-TOLL FREE

1-800-328-DISC

Dealer inquiries invited. C.O.D.'s andcharge cards accepted.All orders shipped from stock,within 24 hours. Call toll FREE.

m

North Hills Corporation

3564 Rolling View Dr.

While Bear Lake, MN 55110

1-800-328-DISC

MNCa.ll Collect 1-6 1 2-770-048S

TANDON

BARE DRIVES

100-1 199.00

100-2 265.00

100-3 259.00

100-4 366.00

848-1 388.00

848-2 498 00

ANGEL'S

COMPUTER PRODUCTS

(213) 891-5546

9625 Sylmar Ave m Panorama City. CA 91402

DISCOUNT DRIVES

Apple II Disk Drives $295.00

Controller $95.00

Tandon TM100-2 5%M

d/s TRS-80 $269.00

Tandon TM 100-4 5V4"

d/s Zenith $369.00

Tandon TM848-1 8" $389.00

Tandon TM848-2 8"

thinline d/s $479.00

Tandon TM603 10 MB Wini $910.00

Tandon TM603E 14.2

MB Wini $1010.00

SASI Interface $125.00

Xebec Controller $349.00

Elephant floppy disks ss/sd $18.95 (box

of 10)

"ALL floppies discounted & 100%

guaranteed"

lEJHDLESFILE suppliers

Div. B.O.S.S. Inc.

P.O. Box 22428 Carmel, CA 93922Call (408) 373-0320

Circle 491 on inquiry card.

Circle 27 on inquiry card.

Circle 45 on Inquiry card.

I8085 - Z80

Structured Assembler

Get the benifits of high levelprogramming with the efficiencyof assembly language

Features:

PASCAL-LIKE STATEMENTSAUTOMATIC INDENTINGRELOCATABLE ASSEMBLERLINKER GENERATED LISTINGS

Available (or:

CP/M $149

TRS-80 $149

ISIS $329

Specfy disk size/density ■ CPU make/modelCheck ■ Money Order - Master Card ■ Visa

BLACKBEARD ASSOCIATES13534 PRESTON ROADSUITE 443DALLAS, TX 75240(214)255-9347

DISKETTES

3M Scotch' BRAND

AT SUPER LOW PRICES

WE WILL SHIP YOUR

ORDER WITHIN 24 HOURS

AND WE PAY THE

SHIPPING CHARGES

53

IICOD ACCEPTED

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

CALL TOLL FREE800 922-8193

IN CALIFORNIA800 468-1068

Tayco Buainaaa FormaComputer SuppllaaPost Office Box 605Newbury Park, CA 91320

68000

DISASSEMBLER

An easy to use program to cre-ate source files from MotorolaS-format files

The DISASSEMBLER runs on:EXORmacs under VERSAdos

and IDRISVAX under VMS

and UNIXNORD under SINTRAN

8" SD diskette $200

Pascal source on request

NorSoft Consultants

Veungsdalsveien 13600 KongsbergNorway

Circle 57 on inquiry card.

Circle 439 on Inquiry card.

Circle 157 on inquiry card.

ELIZA IS HERE!

AT LAST! A FULL IMPLEMENTATION of the original ELIZAprogram is now available to run on your microcomputer!Created at MIT in 1966. ELIZA has become the world's mostcelebraled artificial inlelligence demonstration program. ELIZA isa non-directive psychotherapist who analyzes each statement asyou typo il in and then responds with her own comment or quest ion— and her remarks are often starllingly appropriate!

Designed to run on a large mainframe, ELIZA has hitherto beenunavailable to personal computer users except in greatly strippeddown versions lacking the sophistication which made the originalprogram so fascinating.

Now. our new microcomputer version possessing the FULL powerand range of expression of the original is being offered at theintroductory price of only $25, And if you want to find out how shedoes it {or teach her to do more) we will Include the completeSource Program for only $20 additional.

Order your copy of ELIZA today and you'll never again wonder howto respond when you hear someone say "Okay, let's see what thiscomputer of yours can actually do!"

ELIZA IS AVAILABLE IN THE FOLLOWING DISK FORMATS:

1 Standard 6 inch single density (or all CP/M based compulers%2b tor ELIZA COM - add J20 lor Microsoft BASIC-80 Source

2. 5'/. inch CP'M tor AppW II equipped with Z-80 SotiCard

S25 lor ELIZA.COM - aod SZ0 tor Microsoll BASIC-flO Source

3 5v, .rich lor 4BK Apple II with Applesoft ROM and DOS 3 3S25 lor Prolecled File - add S20 for Apptesoll Source

4 S'. inch lor 64K IBM Personal Computer

S25 lor Protocted File - add S20 lor IBM Disk BASIC Source

5 S'.. inch lor Osborne I Microcomputer

$25 (or Prolectod File - add S20 lor Microsoll BASIC-80 Source

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE RESEARCH GROUP

921 NORTH LA JOLLA AVENUEBBBBBBaal LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 90046| ww* I (213) 656-7368 (213) 654-2214 MC. VISA and CHECKS ACCEPTED

|U|EUkf|| The Apple users group

"■■•**• software library bonanzaat truly affordable prices. For [he first timeenjoy your Apple to Its fullest capacityusing specially packed disks with over 60outstanding programs each. Not availablefrom any other source!

Applesoft • 3.3 DOS

'RDCBftM^PPJ-EUUflHE JNC

offersAn extensive variety of interesting,jseful and entertaining programsndispensable to the serious compulerisi

:luding:

Business •

Educational

■ Graphics

Games •

Music

■ Science

Utilities

Data Base

■ Finance .

Library disks 1, 2 & 3are mixed categories and newdisks 4 (Games), 5 (Utilities). 6 (Graphics) & 7 (Integer)al $59.95 each. Why pay more?

Order direct from this ad and Save up to $136.Buy disk library package 1, 2 & 3 and get aspecial bonus disk FREE — over 260 programsfor $179.95 + shipping. For best value, getall 8 disks for $349, postage prepaid, for over530 of our best programs at 65$ each!Call now toll free: 1-800-327-8664Florida: 1-305-987-8665

6400 Hayes St,Hollywood. FL 33024

Got a computer?

Get a Giltronix SelectorSwitch.

Eliminate unplugging and re-plugging your CPU's,peripherals, and modems. Eliminate expensiveduplication of interconnection hardware. Connectthree components to Giltronix Selector Switch#S8AB. Then select your connection with a simpleturn of the dial. Only $79 in OEM quantities.Monitoring options available, lull S year warrantyon all Giltronix units.SWITCH TO GILTRONIX.

UNIVERSAL INTERFACE PRODUCTS

970 San Antonio Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94303

Circle 33 on inquiry card.

Circle 30 on inquiry card.

Circle 199 on inquiry card.

"THE BIG BOARD"Xjfc OEM - INDUSTRIAL - BUSINESS - SCIENTIFIC

SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER KIT!

Z-80 CPU! 64K RAM!

*«*>

■D

r-

C

O

ra .

u.

£«>

2

TT 1

UJ

CO '

rr

S y

O

5

11

1-

^ •

z<

5

5-=

Q o

3

1L

THE BIG BOARD PROJECT: Three years in the works, and maybe too good to be true. A tribute to hard headed,no compromise, high performance, American engineering! The Big Board gives you all the most neededcomputing features on one board at a very reasonable cost. The Big Board was designed from scratch to run thelatest version of CP/M*. Just imagine all the off-the-shelf software that can be run on the Big Board without anymodifications needed! Take a Big Board, add a couple of 8 inch disc drives, power supply, an enclosure, CRT.,and you have a total Business System for about 1/3 the cost you might expect to pay.

*399

OQ (64K KIT*Jj* BASIC I/O)

FULLY SOCKETED!

FEATURES: (Remember, all this on one board!)

SIZE: m x

13% IN.

SAME AS AN 8 IN.

DRIVE.

REQUIRES

: SV @ 3 AMPS

■ - 12V @

5 AMPS

64K RAM

24 x 80 CHARACTER VIDEO

Uses industry standard 4116 RAM'S. All 64K is available to the user, our VIDEOand EPROM sections do not make holes in system RAM. Also, very special carewas taken in the RAM array PC layout lo eliminate potential noise and glitches.

Z-80 CPU

With a crisp, flicker-free display that looks extremely sharp even on smallmonitors. Hardware scroll and full cursor control. Composite video or split videoand sync. Character set is supplied on a 2716 style ROM, making customizedfonts easy. Sync pulses can be any desired length or polarity. Video may beinverted or true. 5x7 Matrix - Upper & Lower Case

Running at 2.5 MHZ. Handles all 4116 RAM refresh and supports Mode 2INTERUPTS, Fully buffered and runs 8080 software.

FLOPPY DISC CONTROLLER

SERIAL I/O (OPTIONAL)

Full 2 channels using the 280 SIO and the SMC 8116 Baud Rate Generator. FULLRS232! For synchronous or asynchronous communication. In synchronousmode, the clocks can be transmitted or received by a modem. Both channels canbe set up for either data-communication or data-terminals. Supports mode 2 Int.Price for all parts and connectors: $49

Usus WD1771 controller chip with a TTL Data Separator for enhancedreliability. IBM 3740 compatible. Supports up to four 8 inch disc drives. Directlycompatible with standard Shugart drives such as theSA800 or SA801. Drives canbe configured for remote AC off-on. Runs CP/M* 2.2.

TWO PORT PARALLEL I/O (OPTIONAL)

Uses Z-80 PIO- Full 16 bits, fully buffered, bi-directional. User selectable handshake polarity. Set of all parts and connectors for parallel I/O: $19.95

BASIC I/O

Consists of a separate parallel port (Z80 PIO) for use with an ASCII encodedkeyboard for input. Output would be on the 80 x 24 Video Display.

REAL TIME CLOCK (OPTIONAL)

Uses Z-80 CTC. Can be conligured as a Counter on Real Time Clock. Setparts: $9.95

of all I

BLANK PC BOARD — $149

The blank Big Board PC Board comes complete with full documentation(including schematics), the character ROM, the PFM 3.3 MONITOR ROM,and a diskette with the source of our BIOS, BOOT, and PFM 3.3 MONITOR.

CP/M* 2.2 FOR BIG BOARD

The popular CP/M* D.O.S. to run on Big Board isavailable for $159.00.

PRICE CUT!

PFM 3.3 2K SYSTEM MONITOR

The real power of the Big Board lies in its PFM 3.3 on board monitor. PFM commands include: Dump Memory, Boot CP/M*, Copy, Examine, Fill Memory, Test Memory, GoTo,Read and Write I/O Ports, Disc Read (Drive. Track. Sector), and Search. PFM occupies one of the four 2716 EPROM locations provided.Z-80 is a Trademark of Zilog.

Digital Research Computers

** (OF TEXAS) '

P.O. BOX 401565 • GARLAND, TEXAS 75040 • (214) 271-3538

TERMS: Shipments will be made approximately 3 to 6 weeks after we

receive your order, VISA, MC, cash accepted. We will accept COD's (for the

Big Board only) with a $75 deposit. Balance UPS COD. Add $4.00 shipping.

USA AND CANADA ONLY

'TRADEMARK OF DIGITAL RESEARCH.

NOT ASSOCIATED WITH DIGITAL RESEARCH OF CALIFORNIA,"1 TO 4 PIECE DOMESTIC USA PRICE.

THE ORIGINATORS OF CPM SOFTWARE

CC6502

C cross compiler for the 6502. Withthe exception of three minor features,all facilities of the complete C lan-guage are supported. Output is sym-bolic assembly language and is easilycustomized to existing assemblers. Thiscross compiler has been in use for overone year.

Host System: PDP-11 running RT-11,RSX-11M. UNIX/V6, UNIX/V7; orVAX-11 running VMS, UMX/32V.

For additional information, contact

A_\dvan

ced

I—J Jigital Products, Inc.

1701 21st Ave. S.. Suite 222 • Nashville. TN 37212Phone (61S| 383-7520UNIX and UNIX/32V are trademarks of Bell Laboratories;RT-I I, RSX-IIM. PDP-I I, VMS. and VAX-II are trademarks ofDigital Equipment Corporation.

SPEECH SYNTHESIZER

$70 Each(5 or more,$55 each)Order in Ones or Thousands

The SC-01A Speech Synthesizer is a completely self-contained solid state device. This single chip phoneti-cally synthesizes continuous speech ol unlimitedvocabulary.

The SC-OTA contains 64 different phonemes whichare accessed by a 6-bit code. Computer interfacesand text-to-speech algorithms also available for prod-uct development.Volrax is a iradematk of Federal Screw Works

Call 1-800-645-3479, in N.Y. 1-516-374-6793

MICROMINTINC.917 MidwayWoodmere, N.Y 11598

Call forquantity pricing.

SMITH-CORONA TP-1DAISY WHEEL PRINTER

• Serial RS232 /Parallel Centronics

• Ask about ourdiscount catalog

$575

MICRO TECHNOLOGY

7817 Ivanhoe Ave.. San Diego. CA 92037(714) 457-2149

Circle 13 on inquiry card.

Circle 229 on Inquiry card.

Circle 291 on inquiry card.

MEMOREX

Flexible Discs

0St

SPECIAL DEALERPROGRAM

THROUGH OCTOBER 31, 1982

FREE - 20% bonus on 5W Mini-Discs.PLUS - your customer receives 1 FreeMini-Disc for every 10 purchasedthrough 12/31/82. Call Collect.

(213)896-2485

U.S. EXCHANGE

9391 Remick Ave.Pacoima, CA 91331

RELATIONAL DBMSIN BASIC SOURCE

FOR SYSTEM INTEGRATORS

• CB-80 & RMAC Source & REL Files for easydevelopment of CP/M Application Systems

• Separate overlays perform: RETRIEVE, STOREOPEN, DELETE, REPLACE & MODIFY opera-tions, leaving more memory for applicationprograms

• RETRIEVE dynamically joins more than onerelation and sorts the results; no secondarylinks to reconstruct after storing data

• Numeric data is maintained in binary formatproviding more capacity and flexibility thantypical all-ASCII systems

• 24 BIT internal record numbers allow up to16 MILLION DBMS records per relation

CP/M, CB-80 8, RMACTradmark of Digital Research, Inc.

Basic System & Administration Pkg - $350Query & Aggregation Languages - $150Manual for All Software-$25 (refundable)Telephone for Complete Brochure

Applied Business Concepts, Inc.

PO Box 22664 / Rochester, NY 14692

(716) 262-3999

THE SORT lis

General Son and Merge Utility

Created exclusively lor the IBM Personal Computer

$95

THE SORT SORTS:

• BASIC. PASCAL. FORTRANCOBOL and MailMerge files

• sequential,random (ties

• records organized by items and lint's

• (or all common data types (string-text,integer, real, double precision)

• lor all common data lypes (strtng-iexl.integer, real, double precision)

• external and internal datarepresentations

• inleraclive parameter preparation

• record selection

Requires 48 K and one disk driveAlso OMS SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT SERIES

A. PASCAL SCREEN UNIT Access screen and

keyboard from Pascal program M0

B. PASCAL DOUBLE PRECISION ARITHMETIC

PACKAGE Increase your Pascal

integer arithmetic precision to 32 bits' $40

C UTILITY PACKAGE converts video modes,

opens communication lines, speeds up1/0. Sets Epson and NEC labs $25

Send order with check, money order to

ORGANIZATIONAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS. INC

3 Chickory Court. Glen Arm. Md. 21057

(301) 668-9011

MD residents include 5% sales tax

Circle 464 on inquiry card.

Circle 31 on inquiry card.

Circle 513 on inquiry card.

STOP

pBQttQliEEN

Wasting Money! We Have the World's MostCost Effective Development System.

• Includes Hexklt 1.0, a powerful100% machine code editor/debugger utility program thatmakes coding tor 8-bit Micros asnap.

• Program from CommodoreVIC-20 keyboard Into built-in4K ROM emulator

• Jumper to target ROM socket

• Teat programs In circuit

• Built-in EPROM programmerand power supply

• Burns & runs EPROMS torthe Commodore VIC-20, too

• Comprehensive manuals

• Fits EXPANSION PORT

PROMQUEEN CARTRIDGE ONLY $199

Send for Free Brochure

Gloucester Computer Bus Co.

6 Brooks Rd., Gloucester, MA 01030817-283-7719

VISA AND MASTERCARD ACCEPTED

Ol commodore approved product

SPECIAL

SPECIAL

>-cco

o

c~>

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

O

O

CD

m

m

to

m

oo

-=r

en

CD

CO

CVJ

CM

CD

u->

w

be

CO

*d-

<r

rr

c_>

<_)

o

LD

r—

CM

<

CO

I—

V±

go

COQ_O

f

oTc5£o o 5o :*: oo C/5 o

. o o

<LT> .. LU

Oct SCO Q_ >

M o

S _ X

5 Q oCO O. CO

O O CO

o o o

WLL>

<

nr luco :*:

M °- >- QCO O. Li_ nj

^ Q o x59 .A <=> H

— oGO £ r--

l J£ CNJ

—j <2 co

X -"

O ro —-

rr u ■»

°-ujE.

CXI CNJ

11 i en oo

i en cd

LT co oZj c\jQ_ -3- en

•^ s<

55 -z

q ,„ =^

O Q CO

*N. CO „ *

sis"

050 s

OOtj"

- co

O

1VI33dS

1VI33dS

$$$$

$

D/Punch?

$

O/Puneh Conversion Kits will help you SAVE MONEY,SAVE STORAGE SPACE, SAVE TIME D Punch Kitsare engineered so you con quickly, accurately. &safely make alterotians necessary to let you use bothsides of your H or S sectored SINGLE-SIDED DiskettesConverting 1 box of diskettes will more than pay foreach D/Punch Kit. * Hub-Reinfarcer Kit accuratelypositions Hub-Reinf. Ring to hub opening. * Disk-Sleeve lets you replace your lost or damaged sleevesIndicate your system config with order.

a. D/Punch Kit A — (5V*" drives & eq.) for ex.[Apple, Atari. CBM 4040, Franklin] S 6.9

b. D/Punch Kit B — (5 V drives & eq.) foi[TRS 80 (Mod I, III), ISM. Osborne. Zenitl

c. D/Punch Kit C — (8" drives & eq.) for i[Altos, Zenith, TRS 80 Mod II]

d. Labels — f 100 pes]

e. Write-Protect Stickers — [100 pes]

f. Hub-Reinfarcer Kit {S'A")

g. Hub-Reinforcer Kit (8")h. Hub-Reinforcer Rings (5'/*") — [50 pes)i. Hub-Reinforcer Rings (8") — [50 pes]j. Disk Sleeves (5V) — jlOpcs]k. Disk Sleeves (8") — J10 pcsl

Add- S? .hipping & handling for e<increment. AK. HI. & overseas cust write

MA res. odd 5% tax Send check or money ord

D/Punch Co. (BB-11)

P.O. Box 201. Newton Hldt. MA 0216!

Ml (617) 964-2126 Telex: 4991009 CMTRI

' 1982. D/Punch Corp . Pot Pend

14 95

5X.

16.953 002 6510.9912.99

5 85

6 202 353.85

jch SI 5 orderS&H charge*

$$

s$$

Circle 511 on inquiry card.

Circle 512 on inquiry card.

Circle 510 on inquiry card.

8" Double-Density Disk Drive $249

Save $500.00 Dual 8" Disk Drive Sub-System Kit - $695.00 Assembled & Tested - $795.00

Printers on Sale I ! 51/4" Disk Drives

NEW EPSONS with GRAFTRAX-plus

MX-80FT with GRAFTRAX-plus same as MX-ao with

friction teed and pin leed.

PRM-28082 MX-80FT w GRAFTRAX-plus $539.95

MX-100 with GRAFTRAX-plus 132/232 column,correspondence quality, up to IS" paper, friction teed &ad/ustable pin teed. 18 x 18 dot matrix. 80 CPS.PRM-28100 MX-100 wiGRAFTRAX-plus $729.95

PRA-27084 Serial interface $54.95

PRA-27088 Serial mil & 2K buffer $99.95

PRA-27081 Apple card $39.95

PRA-27082 Apple cable $19.95

PRA-27086 IEEE 488 card $59.95

PRA-27087 TRS-80 cable $24.95

PRA-27097 GRAFTRAX-plus 80 $59.95

PRA-27197 GRAFTRAX-plus 100 $64.95

PRA-27090 MX-80. FT print head $44.95

PRA-27190 MX-100 print head $49.95

PRA-27083 MX-80 ribbon cart $13.95

PRA-27101 MX-100 ribbon only $9.95

BETTER THAN EPSON ! - Okidata

Mlcrollne 82A 80/132 column. 110 CPS. 9 x 9 dot matrix,friction feed, pin feed, adjustable tractor leed (optional),handles 4 part forms up to 9.5" wide, rear & bottom feed,paper tear bar. 100% duty cycle/200.000.000 character printhead, bi-directional/logic seeking, both serial & parallelInterlaces Included. Iron! panel switch & program control of10 different form lengths, uses inexpensive spool typeribbons, double width & condensed characters, true lowercase descenders & graphicsPRM-43082 Friction & pin teed $479.95

Mlcrollne 83A 1321232 column, 120 CPS. forms up to 15"wide, removable tractor, plus all the features of the 82A.PRM-43083 with FREE tractor $699.95

Mlcrollne 84 132/232 column. Hi-speed 200 CPS, full dotgraphics built in, plus all the features of the B3A.

PRM-43084 Centronics parallel $1099.95

PRM-43085 Serial with 2K buffer $1149.95

PRA-27081 Apple card $39.95

PRA-27082 Apple cable $19.95

PRA-27087 TRS-80 cable $24.95

PRA-43081 2K hi speed serial card $99.95

PRA-43082 Hi-res graphics ROMs 82A $49.95

PRA-43083 Hi-graphics ROMs 83A $49.95

PRA-43088 Tractor option lor 82A $49.95

PRA-43080 Extra ribbons pkg. ol 2 $9.95

8023 DOT MATRIX - NEC

100 CPS, proportional spacing, hi-resolution graphics,correspondence quality printing, bi-directional tractor &friction teed.

NEC-8023A 8023 parallel $499.95

NEC-8023-01 8023 ribbon $11.95

TP-1 LETTER QUALITY - SCM

12 CPS daisy wheel printer from Smith Corona.

PRD-45101 Centronics parallel $648.95

PRD-45102 AS-232C serial $648.95

LETTER QUALITY PRINTER - Jade

Uses standard daisy wheels and ribbon cartridges. 16 CPSbi-directional printing, semi-automatic paper loader (singlesheet or Ian fold). 10/12/15 pitch, up to 18" paper, built-innoise suppression cover.

PRD-11001 Centronics parallel $899.95

PRD-11002 RS-232C serial model $969.95

PRA-11000 Tractor Option $169.95

KSR DAISY WHEEL - Anderson-Jacobson

Letter quality communications terminal/printer with lulltypewriter keyboard. 30 CPS Diablo print mechanism. RS-232 interface, includes tree printer stand with deluxe casters,orml wheel, ribbon, friction feed standard (tractor feedoptional), factory refurbished with 30 day warranty, shipped'reighl collect.

PRD-99100 AJ KSR printer $995.00

PRA-99200 Tractor option $150.00

PRINTER PALS - F.M.J. Inc.

Desk top printer stand and continuous form paper holder.PRA-99080 for MX-80. MX-80FT. Oki 82A. NEC .. $29.95

PRA-99100 tor MX-100. Oki 83A & 84 $34.95

PRA-99700 tor letter quality printers $49.95

Tandon TM100-1 smgle-sided double-density 48 TPIMSM-551001 S219.95 ea 2 lor $199.95 ea

Shugart SA400L smgte-sided double-density 40 trackMSM-104000 S234 95 ea 2 lor $224.95 ea

Shugart SA455 half-size double-sided 48 TPIMSM-104550 S349 95 ea 2 lor $329.95 ea

Shugart SA465 halt-size doulesided 96 TPIMSM-104650 5399 95 ea 2 for $379.95 ea

Tandon TM100-2 double-sided double-density 48 TPIMSM-551002 $294.95 ea 2 for $269.95 ea

Shugart SA450 double-sided double-density 35 trackMSM-104500 S349 95 ea 2 for $329.95 ea

Tandon TM100-3 smgle-sided double-density 96 TPIMSM-551003 $294.95 ea 2 for $269.95 ea

Tandon TM100-4 double-sided double-density 96 TPIMSM-551004 $394 95 ea 2 for $374.95 ea

MPI B-51 smgle-sided double-density 40 trackMSM-155100 S234 95 ea 2 for $224.95 ea

MPI B-52 double-sided double-density 40 trackMSM-155200 S344 95 ea 2 for $334.95 ea

MPI B-91 smgte-sided double-density 77 track

MSM-155300 5369.95 ea 2 for $359.95 ea

MPI B-92 double-sided double-density 77 trackMSM-155400 $469.95 ea 2 for $459.95 ea

5'/4" Cabinets with Power Supply

END-000216 Single cab w power supply $69.95

END-000226 Dual cab wpower supply $94.95

8" Disk Drives

Shugart SA810 hall-size single-sided double-densityMSF-108100 $424.95 ea 2 for $394.95 ea

Shugart SA860 half-size double-sided double-densityMSF-108600 $574.95 ea 2 lor $549.95 ea

Shugart SA801R single-sided double-density

MSF-10801R $394.95 ea 2 (or $389.95 ea

Shugart SA851R double-sided double-densityMSF-10851R $554.95 ea 2 for $529.95 ea

Tandon TM848-1 single-sided double-den thin-lineMSF-558481 $379.95 ea 2 for $369.95 ea

Tandon TM848-2 double-sided double-den thin-lineMSF-558482 $494.95 ea 2 for $484.95 ea

Qume DT-8 double-sided double-density

MSF-750080 $524.95 ea 2 for $498.95 ea

Mitsubishi M2894-63 double-sided double-densityMSF-289463 $494.95 ea 2 for $474.95 ea

Siemens FDD 100-8 smgle-sided double-densityMSF-201120 $274.95 ea 2 for $249.00 ea

Dual Disk Sub-Systems

Disk Sub-Systems - Jade

Handsome metal cabinet with proportionally balanced airflow system, rugged dual drive power supply, power cablekit. power switch, line cord, fuse holder, cooling fan, never-mar rubber feet, all necessary hardware to mount 2-8" diskdrives, power supply, and fan. does not include signal cable.

Dual 8" Sub-Assembly Cabinet

END-000420 Bare cabinet $59.95

END-000421 Cabinet kit $225.00

END-000431 AST $359.95

8" Sub-Systems - Single Sided, Double Density

END-000423 Kit w/2 FD100-8DS $695.00

END-000424 A & T w/2 FD100-8DS $795.00

END-000433 Kit w/2 SA-801RS $999:95

END-000434 A & T w/2 SA-801RS $1195.00

8" Sub-Systems - Double Sided, Double Density

END-000426 Kit w/2 DT-8s $1224.95

END-000427 A & T w/2 DT-8S $1424.95

END-000436 Kit w/2 SA-851RS $1274.95

END-000437 A & T w/2 SA-851 Rs $1474.95

Prices may be slightly higher at our retail locations. Pleasecontact the store In your area lor exact pricing.

IBM PC Accessories

512K PC/RAM STACK - Hammond

A high quality, high density memory expansion board toryour PC. cool-quiet-reliable operation, lull parity checking,unique stacking sockets, expandable from 256K to 512K.MDRIVE high speed RAMdisk software only $25.00 with256K or 512K board purchase.

MEX-25600A 256K assembled & tested $795.00

MEX-51200A 512K assembled & tested $999.95

MEX-25600S MDRIVE disk emulator $25.00

256K PC/RAM - Hammond Engineering

* User expandable from 64K to 256K. same high qualitystandards as the RAM Stack above, designed for mediummemory expansion requirements.

* MEX-64000A 64K assembled 8. tested $299.95

MEX-128000A 128K assembled 8. tested $399.95

MEX-192000A 192K assembled & tested $499.95

MEX-256000A 256K assembled & tested $569.95

PC/SASI RAM - Hammond Engineering

Three boards in one. 256K of RAM. RS-232 asynchronousserial interface, and a SASI (Shugart Assoc StandardInterlace) hard disk interface.IOX-6000A PC/SASI RAM $1095.00

PC EXTENDER CARD - Computel

High quality extender card with free connectors for IBM PC

bus.

TSX-300A A & T with connectors $42.95

WIRE WRAP BOARD - Computel

Highest quality, extremely versatile proto typing board with

gold plated card edge for IBM PC.

TSX-310A Proto board $59.95

Jade Bus Probe

THE BUS PROBE - Jade

Inexpensive S-100 Diagnostic Analyzer

So your computer is down. And you don't have anoscilloscope. And you don't have a front panel... You're notalone - most computers have their occasional bad days Butwithout diagnostic equipment such as an oscilloscope{expensive!) or a front panel (expensive!), it can be verydifficult to pinpoint the problem. Even if you have anextender board with a superfast logic probe, you can't seemore than one signal at a time. You're stuck, right?

Not anymore; Jade is proud to offer our cost-effectivesolution to Ihe problems mentioned above: THE BUSPROBE.

Whether you're a hobbyist with a cantankerous kluge or afield technician with an anxious computer owner breathingdown your neck, you'll find THE BUS PROBE speeds yourrepair time remarkably. Just plug in THE BUS PROBE andyou'll be able to see all the IEEE S-100 signals in action. THEBUS PROBE allows you to see inputs, outputs, memoryreads and writes, instruction fetches, DMA channels,vectored interrupts, 8 or 16 bit wide data transfers, plus thethree bus supply voltages.

An on-board pulse generator can provide repetitive resets.interrupts, or wait states, for trouble shooting.

TSX-200B Bare board $59.95

TSX-200K Kit $119.95

TSX-200A A&T $149.95

III

III

■

Place Orders Toll Free\

Continental U.S.800-421-5500

Inside California800-262-1710

For Technical Inquires or Customer Service call:

213-973-7707

:

Computer Products

4901 W. Rosecrans, Hawthorne, CA 90250

We accept cash, checks, credit cards, or Purchase Orders jfrom qualified firms & institutions. Minimum prepaid order $15 HCalifornia residents add 6y2% tax. Export customers outside the HUS or Canada please add 10% to all prices. Prices and avalllbllHy ■subject to change without notice. Shipping & handling charges Ivia UPS Ground 50t/lb. UPS Air $1.00/lb.minimum charge $3.00 I

Circle 233 on inquiry card.

Disk Drive for Apple $289.95

Modems

Single User System Single Board Computer

SIGNALMAN - Anchor

Direct-connect automatic answer/originate selection, 300Baud lull duplex, Bell 103, includes RS-232 cableIOM-5600A Signalman $89.95

SMARTMODEM - Hayes

Sophisticated direct-connect auto-answer/auto-diatmodem, touch-tone or pulse dialing, RS-232C interface,programmable

IOM-S400A Smartmodem $224.95

10 K -1500A Hayes Chronograph $218.95

IOM-2010A Micromodem II $328.95

IOM-2012A Terminal program for MMII $89.95

IOM-1100A Micromodem 100 $368.95

APPLE-CAT - Novation

Software selectable 1200 or 300 Baud, direct connect, auto-answer/auto-dial, touch & pulse dialing, auxiliary 3-wire RS-232C serial port for printerIOM-5232A Save $50.00 $324.95

1200 BAUD SMARTMODEM - Hayes

1200 and 300 baud, all the features of the standard

Smartmodem plus 1200 baud, 212 compatible, lull or half

duplex.

IOM-5500A Smartmodem 1200 $599.95

1200 BAUD AUTO CAT - Novation

212 Auto Cat, 1200 S 300 baud, auto dial/answer/disconnect,LED readout displays mode, analog/digital loop-back selltests, usable with multi-line phones.IOM-5231A 212 Auto Cat $649.95

Video Monitors

Hi-RES 12" GREEN - Zenith

15 MHz bandwith 700 lines/inch. F31 green phosphor,switchable 40 or 80 columns, small, light-weight S portable.VDM-201201 List price $r89.95 $129.95

12" GREEN SCREEN - NEC

20 MHz bandwidth, P31 phosphor ultra-high resolutionvideo monitor with audio.

VOM-651200 Deluxe model $199.95

VDM-651260 Economy model $149.95

12" COLOR MONITOR - NEC

High resolution color monitor with audio.

VDC-651212 Color monitor $389.95

NEC-1202D RGB color monitor $999.95

13" COLOR MONITORS - BMC

18 MHz RGB S composite video color monitors.

VDC-421320 13" RGB Color $369.95

VDC-421310 13" Composite video $329.95

VDX-420090 RGB card lor Apple $149.95

COLOR MONITORS - Amdek

Reasonably priced color video monitors.

VDC-80130 13" Color I $379.95

VDC-801320 13" Color II $894.95

IOV-2300A DVM board tor Apple $199.95

AMBER or GREEN MONITORS - Jade

High resolution 18 MHz compact video monitors.

VDM-751210 12" Amber phosphor $149.95

VDM-751220 12" Green phosphor $139.95

VDM-750910 9" Amber phosphor $149.95

VDM-750920 9" Green phosphor $139.95

EPROM Erasers

ULTRA-VIOLET EPROM ERASERS

Inexpensive erasers lor industry or home.

XME-3100A Spectronics w/o timer $69.50

XME-3101A Spectronics with timer $94.50

XME-3200A Economy model $39.95

Prices may be slightly higher at our retail locations. Please call the store nearest

THREE BOARD SET - SD Systems

4 MHz Z-80A CPU, 64KRAM (optional 256K). serial I/O port,parallel I/O port, double density disk controller, CP/M 2.2 Smanual set, system monitor, control & diagnostic software.Includes SBC-200. 64K ExpandoRAM II, Versalloppy II, SCP/M 2.2 - all boards are assembled & tested.

Board set with 64K ol RAM $1095.00

Board set with 256K of RAM $1295.00

Apple II Accessories

APPLE DISK DRIVE - Fourth Dimension

Totally Apple compatible. 143,360 bytes per drive on DOS3.3, half-track capability - reads all Apple software, plugsright in to Apple controller as second drive. DOS 3.3. 3.2.1,Pascal, S CP/M compatible.

MSM-123200 40 Track add on Apple drive $289.95MSM-123200 Controller with free DOS 3.3 $99.95

16K RAM CARD - for Apple II

Expand your Apple II to 64K, use as language card, full 1 year

warranty. Why spend $175.00 ?

MEX-16700A Save over $100.00 $69.95

Z-80 CPU CARD - for Apple II

Two computers in one. Z-80 & 6502, more than doubles thepower and potential of your Apple, includes Z-80 CPU cardCP/M and complete manual setCPX-62800A A & T with software $249.95

APPLE-CAT - Novation

Software selectable 1200 or 300 baud, direct connect, auto-answer/auto-dial, auxiliary 3-wire RS232C serial port forprinter.IOM-5232A Save $50.00!!! $325.95

8" DISK CONTROLLER - Vista

New Irom Vista Computer, single or double sided, single ordouble density, compatible with DOS 3.2/3.3. Pascal, SCP/M 2.2, Shugart S Qume compatible1OD-2700A A S T $499.95

2 MEGABYTES for Apple II

Complete package includes: Two 8" double-density disk

drives. Vista double-density 8" disk controller, cabinet.

power supply. S cables, DOS 3.2/3.3. CP/M 2.2. S Pascal

compatible.

1 MegaByle Package Kit $1495.00

1 MegaByle Package A & T $1695.00

2 MegaByle Package Kit $1795.00

2 MegaByle Package A & T $1995.95

VISION 80 - Vista Computer

80 column x 24 line video card lor Apple II. 128 ASCIIcharacters, upper and lower case, 9 x 10 dot matrix with 3 dotdescenders, standard data media terminal control codes,CP/M Pascal S Fortran compatible, 50/60 HzIOV-2400A Visla Vision 80 $299.95

CPS MULTICARD - Mtn. Computer

Three cards in one! Real lime clock/calendar, serialinterface. S parallel interface - all on one card.IOX-2300A A & T $179.95

HI-RES GRAPHICS CARD - Genie

Intelligent printer interface and control card allows lull highresolution graphics and screen dumps.

IOP-2405A Genie lor Epson $119.95

IOP-2410A Genie lor Okidata $119.95

IOP-2415A Genie for NEC/C. Itoh $119.95

Power Strips

ISOBAR - GSC

Isolates & protects your valuable equipment from highvoltage spikes & AC line noise, inductive isolated ground. 15amp circuit breaker, U.L. listed

EME-115103 3 socket $39.50

EME-115105 4 socket $49.50

EME-115100 8 socfcef $54.50

EME-115110 9 socket rackmount $74.50

SUPERQUAD - Adv. Micro Digital

Single board, standard size S-100 computer system. 4 MHzZ-80A. single or double density disk controller lor 5V4" or 8"drives. 64K RAM. extended addressing, up to 4K of EPROM.2 serial & 2 parallel I/O ports, real time interrupt clock. CP/Mcompatible.

CPC-30800A A 8. T $724.95

IOX-4232A Serial I/O adapter $29.95

Z-80 STARTER KIT - SD Systems

Complete Z-80 microcomputer with RAM. ROM. I/O.keyboard, display, kludge area, manual. & workbook.

CPS-30100K Kit with workbook $299.95

CPS-30100A AST with workbook $469.95

AIM-65 - Rockwell International

Complete 6502 microcomputer with alphanumeric display,printer, keyboard. & instruction manual.

CPK-50165A 1K AIM-65 $424.95

CPK-50465A 4K AIM-65 $474.95

SFK-74600008E 8K Basic ROM $64.95

SFK-64600004E 4K assembler ROM $43.95

SFK-74600020E PL/65 ROM $84.95

SFK-74600010E Forth ROM $64.95

SFK-74600030E Instant Pascal $99.95

PSX-030A Power supply $64.95

ENX-000002 Enclosure $54.95

SPECIAL PACKAGE

4K AIM-65. 8K Basic, power supply. & enclosureSpecial Package Price $649.95

S-100 EPROM Boards

PROM-100 - SD Systems

2708, 27)6. 2732 EPROM programmer with software.

MEM-99520K Kit with software $189.95

MEM-99520A A S T with software $249.95

PB-1 - SSM Microcomputer

2708, 27)6 EPROM board with on-board programmer.

MEM-99510K Kit with manual $154.95

MEM-99510A A & T with manual $219.95

EPROM BOARD - Jade

16K or 32K uses 2708 or 2716 EPROMs. 1K boundary.

MEM-16230K Kit w/o EPROMs $79.95

MEM-16230A A & T w/o EPROMs $119.95

S-100 Video Boards

SPECTRUM COLOR - CompuPro

Full-function color graphics board, up to 8 colors. 256 x 192graphics, parallel I/O port. 8K RAM.

IOV-1870A A & T $348.95

IOV-1870C CSC $398.95

MICROANGELO - Scion

Ultra-hlgh-resolution 512 x 480. 256 color or blacks, white S-

100 video board

IOV-1500A AST $799.95

S-100 MotherBoards

ISO-BUS - Jade

Silent, simple, and on sale - a better motherboard6 Slot (5V," x 8%")

MBS-061B Bare board $22.95

MBS-061K Kit $39.95

MBS-061A AST $69.95

12 Slot (9'/," x 8%")

MBS-121B Bare board $34.95

MBS-121K Kit $69.95

MBS-121A AST $109.95

18 Slot (U%" x 8%")

MBS-181B Bare board $54.95

MBS-181K Kit $99.95

MBS-181A AST $149.95

ACTIVE TERMINATOR - CompuPro

A true mother's helper.TSX-100A AST $59.45

you for local price and availability.

Circle 234 on inquiry card.

m

tatic RAM $299.95

S-100 CPU Boards

S-100 Memory Boards

S-100 I/O Boards

8086/8087 - CompuPro

16 bit. 8 or 10 MHz 8086 CPU with provisions for 8087 S80130

CPU-70520A 8 MHz 8086 AS T $624.95

CPU-70520C 8 MHz 8086 CSC 5764.95

CPU-70530A with 8087 AS T S1224.95

CPU-70530C with 8087 CSC S1455.95

8085/8088 - CompuPro

Both 8 8. 16 bil CPUs, standard 8 bit S-100 bus. up to 8 MHz.accesses 16 Megabytes of memory.

CPU-20510A 6 MHz A & T S398.95

CPU-20510C 6 8 MHz CSC S497.95

CPU-Z - CompuPro

2 4 MHz Z80A CPU. 24 bit addressing

CPU-30500A 2 4 MHz A & T S279.95

CPU-30500C 3 6 MHz CSC S374.95

SBC-200 - SD Systems

4 MHz Z-80A CPU with serial S parallel I O IK RAM. 8K

ROM space, monitor PROM included

CPC-30200A AS. T $399.95

THE BIG Z - Jade

2 or 4 MHz swilchable Z-80 CPU board with serial I/O.accomodates 2708. 2716. or 2732 EPROM. baud rales from75 to 9600

CPU-30201B Bare board wmanual $35.00

CPU-30201K Kit with manual $149.95

CPU-30210A A & T with manual $199.95

CB-2 - SSM Microcomputer

2 oi 4 MHz Z-80 CPU board with provision tor up to 8K ofROM or 4K of RAM on board, extended addressing. IEEE S-100. front panel compatible.

CPU-30300K Kit with manual $229.95

CPU-30300A AST with manual $274.95

2810 Z-80 CPU - CCS.

2 or 4 MHZ Z-80 CPU with serial I O port S on-board monitor

PROM, front panel compatible.

CPU-30400A AS. T with PROM 5289.95

2820 Z-80 DMA CPU - CCS.

4 MHz Z-80 CPU board with 2 serial I O ports & Centronicsparallel I O port, separate data & status ports. DMA daisychain compatibleCPU-30420A A & T with manual 5569.95

S-100 Disk Controllers

DISK 1 - CompuPro

8" or 5Vd" DMA disk controller, single or double density,single or double sided, 10 MHz.

IOD-1810A AST $449.95

IOD-1810C CSC $554.95

SFC-52506580F 8" CP/M 2.2 lor Z-80 5174.95

SFC-52506586F 8" CP/M 2.2 for 8086 $299.95

SFO-54158000F Oasis single user $499.95

SFO-54158002F Oasis multi-user 5849.95

VERSAFLOPPY II - SD Systems

Double density disk controller for any combination o/5',4"and 8" single or double sided, analog phase-locked loopdata separator, vectored interrupts. CP M 2.2 & Oasiscompatible, controldiagnostic software PROM included

IOD-1160A AST with PROM 5359.95

SFC-55009047F CPM 2.2 with VF II 599.95

2242 DISK CONTROLLER - CCS.

5'.," or 8" double density disk controller with on-board boot

loader ROM. tree CP'M 2.2 & manual set.

IOD-1300A AST with CP/M 2.2 $399.95

DOUBLE D - Jade

High reliablity double density disk controller with on-boardZ-80A. auxiliary printer port. IEEE S-100. can function inmulti-user interrupt driven bus.

IOD-1200B Bare board & hdwr man $59.95

IOD-1200K Kit whdwr S sttwr man $299.95

IOD-1200A AST w/hdwr & sftwr man $325.95

SFC-59002001F CP/M 2.2 with Double D $99.95

256K RAMDISK - SD Systems

ExpandoRAM III expandable from 64K to 256K usmg64K x 1RAM chips, compatible with CP/M. MP/M. Oasis.Cromemco. & most other Z-80 based systems, functions asultra-high speed disk drive when used with optionalRAMDISK software.

MEM-65064A 64K AST $474.95

MEM-65128A 128K A S T $574.95

MEM-65192A 192K A S T $674.95

MEM-65256A 256K AST $774.95

SFC-55009000F RAMDISK sftwr CP,M 2.2 $44.95

SFC-55009000F RAMDISK with EXRAM III 524.95

128K RAM 21 - CompuPro

128K x 8 bit or 64K x 16 bit static RAM board. 12 MHz. 24 bitaddressing.

MEM-12810A AST $1609.95

MEM-12810C CSC $1794.95

64K RAM 17 - CompuPro

64K CMOS static RAM board. 10 MHz, low power less than 4watts. DMA compatible. 24 bil addressing.

MEM-64180A 64K AST $549.95

MEM-64180C 64K CSC $698.95

64K RAM 16 - CompuPro

32K x 16 bit or 64K x 8 bit low power static RAM board. 10MHz. 24 bit addressing

MEM-32180A RAM WAST $598.95

MEM-32180C RAM 16 CSC 5698.95

64K STATIC RAM - SSM

IEEE696 S-100standard. upto6MHz 8Bit. 12MHz I6BH.24Bit extended addressing, disable-able in 2K incrementsMEM-64300A AST 5499.95

64K STATIC RAM - Mem Merchant

64K static S-100 RAM card 4 to I6K banks up to 8 MHz.MEM-64400A 64K AST $499.95

64K STATIC RAM - Jade

Uses new 2K x 8 static RAMs. fully supports IEEE 696 24 bitextended addressing. 200ns RAMs. lower 32K or entireboard phantomable. 2716 EPROMs may be subbed forRAMs. any 2K segment of upper 8K may be disabled, lowpower typically less than 500ma.

MEM-99152B Bare board $49.95

MEM-99152K Kit /ess RAM $99.95

MEM-32152K 32K kit $199.95

MEM-56152K 56K kit $289.95

MEM-64152K 64K kit 5299.95

Assembled & Tested add $50.00

2066 64K RAM - CCS.

64K RAM board with bank and block select switchingfunctions lor Cromemeco Cromix S Alpha Micro.MEM-64566A 64K A S T $424.95

64K EXPANDORAM II - SD Systems

Expandable RAM board from 16K to 64K using 4116 RAMchips.

MEM-16630A 16K A & T 5344.95

MEM-32631A 32K AS T 5364.95

MEM-48632A 48K AST 5384.95

MEM-64633A 64K AS T $399.95

MEMORY BANK -Jade

4 MHz S-100 bank selectable expandable to 64K

MEM-99730B Bare board w manual $49.95

MEM-99730K Kit with no RAM $179.95

MEM-32731K 32K kit 5199.95

MEM-64733K 64K kit $249.95

Assembled & Tested add $50.00

16K STATIC RAM - Mem Merchant

4tvlHz lo-power static RAM board. IEEE S-100. bankselectable, addressable in 4K blocks, disable-able in 1Ksegments extended addressing.MEM-15171A 16K A S T 5149.95

Prices may be slightly higher at our retail locations. Please call the store nearest

Circle 234 on Inquiry card.

SYSTEM SUPPORT 1 - CompuPro

Real time clock, three 16 bit interval timers, dual interruptcontrollers! 15 levels), up to 4K EPROM/RAM. RS-232Cserial channel, provision tor 9571A !9512 math chip.

IOX-1850A SS1 A S T 5359.95

IOX-1850C SS1 CSC 5459.95

I0X-1855A with 9511 A S T 5554.95

IOX-1B55C with 9511 CSC S654.95

IOX-1860A with 9512 A S T S554.95

IOX-1860C with 9512 CSC S654.95

INTERFACER 1 - CompuPro

2 serial I O ports 50-19.2K baud.

IOI-1810A AST S218.95

IOI-1810C CSC S288.95

INTERFACER 2 - CompuPro

3 parallel. I serial. S interrupt timer.

IOI-1820A /tsr $218.95

IOI-1820C CSC 5288.95

INTERFACER 3 - CompuPro

5 or 8 channel serial I O board for interrupt driven multi-usersystems up to 250K baud.

I0I-1835A 5 port AST 5558.95

IOI-1835C 5 port CSC 5628.95

IOI-1838A 8 port AS T 5628.95

IOI-1838C 8 port CSC 5749.95

INTERFACER 4 - CompuPro

3 serial. 1 parallel. 1 Centronics parallel.

IOI-1840A AST 5314.95

IOI-1840C CSC 5414.95

MPX - CompuPro

Multi-user 10 multiplexer S interrupt controller with on-board 8085A-2 CPU S 4K or 16K ol RAM.

IOI-1875A 4K MPX AST $444.95

I0I-1875C 4K MPX CSC 5534.95

IOI-1880A I6K MPX A S T $584.95

IOI-1880C 16K MPX CSC $674.95

I/0-8 - SSM Microcomputer

Eight software programmable serial I O ports. 110 -19.2K

Baud, ideal for multi-user systems

IOI-1018A AST 5469.95

I/0-5 - SSM Microcomputer

Two serial S 3 parallel I/O ports. 110-19.2K BaudIOI-1015A AS T 5289.95

MPC-4 - SD Systems

Intelligent 4-port serial I/O card, on-board Z-80A. 2K RAM,4K PROM area, on-board firmware, fully buffered, vectoredinterrupts, tour CTC channels, add to SD Board set forpowerful multi-user systemIOI-1504A AST w software 5495.00

I/0-4 - SSM Microcomputer

2 serial I O ports plus 2 parallel I O ports.

IOI-1010B Bare board w manual $35.00

IOI-10T0K Kit with manual 5179.95

IOI-1010A AST with manual 5249.95

2830 6 PORT SERIAL - CCS.

Six asynchronous RS-232C serial 10 ports with

programmable baud rates.

IOI-1040A AST with manual $529.95

2710 4 PORT SERIAL - CCS.

Four RS-232C serial I/O ports with lull handshaking.IOI-1060A AST with manual 5319.95

2719 2 SER & 2 PAR - CCS.

Two RS-232C serial I O ports plus two 8 bit parallel I O ports.IOI-1080A AST with manual $349.95

See page 585 for ordering informationyou for local price and availability.

DoKOtU Computer

Products,

VISIT OUR RETAIL STOREAND RECEIVE A 5% DISCOUNT!

3250 KELLER STREET, #9

74S00

74S02

74S03

74S04

74S05

74S08

74S09

74S10

74S11

74S15

74S20

74S22

74S30

74S32

74S37

74S38

74S40

74S51

74S64

74S65

74S74

74S85

74S86

74S112

74S113

74S114

74S00 SERIES

.34.34.34.34.34.38.38.34.34.34.34.34.34.44

1.79.85.38.34.38.38.54

2.35.54.54.54.54

74S12474S13274S13474S13574S13874S13974S14074S15774S15874S16174S16274S16374S16874S16974S17474S17574S18174S18274S18874S18974S19474S19574S19674S19774S20174S225

2.90

1.25

.49

.68

.88

.88

.54

.98

.98

2.75

3.70

3.70

4.65

5.40

.98

.98

4.40

2.90

3.90

7.95

2.90

1.80

4.90

4.20

12.90

8.90

SANTA CLARA. CA 95050

74S24074S24174S24474S25174S25374S25774S25874S26074S27474S27574S28074S28774S28874S28974S30174S37374S37474S38174S3B774S41274S47174S47274S47474S48274S57074S571

3.901.392.40.797.391.391.391.7918.0018.002.904.694.406.906.903.403.407.905.702.905.904.904.9014.957.757.75

INTERFACE

8T26

8T28

8T95

8T96

8T97

8T98

DM8131

DP8304

DS8836

1.65

1.95

.95

.95

.95

.95

2.90

2.25

1.25

1702

2708

2758

TMS 2516

2716

2716-1

TMS 2716

2532

2732

2764

MC 68764

EPROMS

Ins

450ns

5V 450ns

5V 450ns

5V 450ns

5V 350ns

450ns

5V 450ns

5V 450ns

5V 450ns

(5V 450ns)

(24 pin)

STATIC RAMS

3.002.999.755.753.497.858.757.856.49CallCall

DYNAMIC RAMS

TMS 4027

MK4108

MM 5298

4116-1

4116-2

4116-3

2118

MK4816

4164-200

4164-150

250ns

2.00

200ns

1.75

250ns

1.75

150ns

1.75

200ns

1.25

250ns

1.15

5V 150ns

Call

5V 300ns

Call

5V 200ns

Call

5V 150ns

Call

2101

2102-1

2102L-2

2111

2112

2114

2114 L-3

2114 L-2

2147

TMS 4044-4

TMS 4044-3

TMS 4044-2

MK4118

TMM2016

TMM2016

TMM 2016

HM6116-4

HM6116-3

HM6116-2

Z-6132

450ns450ns250ns LP450ns450ns450ns300ns LP200ns LP

55ns450ns300ns200ns250ns200ns150ns100ns200ns150ns120ns300ns

1.8!.71.5.2.4!2.6!1.7!1.8!1.98.93.2'3.5!3.99.7!5.4!6.4!7.4!CalCalCalCal

LP = Low Power

RESISTORS

1/4 WATT 5% CARBON FILM

ALL STANDARD VALUES

FROM 1 OHM TO 10 MEG OHM

50 PCS. SAME VALUE .0200

100 PCS. SAME VALUE .0150

1000 PCS. SAME VALUE .0125

We Will Beat

Any Competitors'

Prices

6500

1 MHZ

650265046505650765206522653265456551

5.496.907.659.904.357.959.9519.9511.75

2 MHZ

6502A 9.45

6522A 10.95

6532A 11.95

6545A 27.95

6551A 11.95

3 MHZ

6502B 11.95

7400 SERIES

74007401740274037404740574067407740874097410741174127413741474167417742074217422742374257426742774287430743274337437743874407442744374447445744674477448745074 5174537454746074707472747374747475747674807481

.19.19.19.19.22.22.22.24.24.19.19.25.30.35.55.25.25.20.35.29.29.29.29.29.45.20.29.45.29.29.19.45.65.65.65.59.65.65.20.22.22.22.22.35.29.32.32.45.32.551.05

7482

7483

7484

7486

7489

7490

7491

7492

7493

7494

7495

7496

7497

74100

74107

74109

74110

74111

74116

74120

74121

72122

74123

74125

74126

74128

73132

74136

74141

74142

74143

74144

74145

74147

74148

74150

74151

74152

74153

74154

74155

74156

74157

74159

74160

74161

74162

74163

74164

74165

74166

.95

.49

.65

.35

4.90

.35

.39

.49

.49

.65

.55

.69

2.69

.99

.29

.45

.45

.55

1.49

1.19

.29

.45

.55

.45

.45

.55

.45

.49

.65

2.90

2.90

2.90

.59

1.69

1.19

1.35

.65

.65

.55

1.39

.75

.65

.55

1.65

.85

.69

.85

.85

.85

.85

.99

741677417074172741737417474175741767417775178741807418174182741847418574186741907419174192741937419474195741967419774198741997422174246742477424874249742517425974273742767428374284742857429074293742987435174365743667436774368743767439074393744257442674490

DoKau

2.90

1.69

5.90

.75

.89

.89

.89

.75

1.10

.75

2.20

.75

1.99

1.99

18.00

L/Sj IxVaU Computer Products, Inc.

3250 Keller Street, #9

Santa Clara, CA 95050(800) 538-8800Calif. Residents Local Phone

(800) 848-8008 (408) 988-0697

.10

1.10

.79

.79

.85

.85

.79

.75

1.32

1.32

1.32

1.32

1.25

1.79

1.90

.79

2.20

1.90

1.20

1.99

3.69

3.69

.95

.75

.85

2.20

.65

.65

.65

.65

2.10

1.69

1.30

3.10

.85

2.49

UARTS

AY5 1014AY5 1013AY5 23 76TR 16021M 64021M 6403

5.853.9010.953.907.858.85

LEDS

Jumbo Red 10/1.00

Jumbo Green 6/1.00

Jumbo Yellow 6/1.00

DIP SWITCHES

4 Position

5 Position

6 Position

7 Position

8 Position

.85.90.90.90.95

EXAR

XR 2206

3.75

XR 2207

3.75

XR 2208

3.90

XR 2211

5.25

XR 2240

3.25

RCA

CA 3010

.95

CA 3013

1.99

CA 3023

2.75

CA 3035

2.49

CA 3039

1.25

CA 3046

1.25

CA 3053

1.45

CA 3059

2.90

CA 3060

2.90

CA 3065

1.75

CA 3080

1.10

CA 3081

1.65

CA 3082

1.65

CA 3083

1.65

CA 3086

.80

CA 3089

2.90

CA 3130

1.25

CA 3140

1.15

CA 3146

1.75

CA 3160

1.15

CA 3401

.59

CA 3600

3.45

CMOS

STORE HOURS:

MON-FRI 8:30 A.M.-6:00 P.M.

SAT 10:00 A.M.-3:00 P.M.

4000400140024006400740084009401040114012401340144015401640174018401940204021402240234024402540264027402840294030403440354040404140424043404440464047404940504051405340604066406840694070407140724073407540764078408140824085

.25.30.30.90.25.90.45.45.30.30.45.90.90.45

1.15.90.45.90.90

1.10.35.75.35

1.60.60.75.90.45

2.90.85.90

1.20.75.75.75.90.90.50.50.90.90

1.39.75.39.30.35.30.30.30.30.90.30.30.30.90

4086409340984099450245034508451045114512451445154516451845194520452245264527452845314532453845394543455545564581458245844585

80C0780C9580C9680C9780C98

74C0074 CO 274C0474C0874C1074C1474C2074C3074C3274C4274C4874C7374C7474C7674C8374C8574C86

.90

.90

2.49

1.90

.90

.60

1.90

,90

.90

.90

1.20

2.20

1.50

1.20

1.20

202020SO20909090907090901.901.90.90.90

.90.90.90.901.15

.35

.35

.35

.35

.35

1.50

.35

.35

.50

1.75

1.20

.65

.85

.80

1.95

1.95

.95

74C89

74C90

74C93

74C95

74C107

74C150

74C151

74C154

74C157

74C160

74C161

74C162

74C163

74C164

74C165

74C173

74C174

74C175

74C192

74C193

74C195

74C200

74C221

74C373

74C374

74C901

74C902

74C903

74C905

74C906

74C907

74C908

74C909

74C910

74C911

74C912

74C914

74C915

74C918

74C920

74C921

74C922

74C923

74C925

74C926

74C927

74C928

74C929

74C930

1440914410144111441214419

4.50

1.75

1.75

1.75

1.00

5.75

2.25

3.25

1.75

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.25

2.25

2.25

2.25

2.25

5.75

2.25

2.75

2.75

.80

.85

.85

10.95

.95

1.00

2.00

2.75

9.95

10.00

10.00

1.95

2.00

2.75

17.95

15.95

5.59

5.95

6.75

7.95

7.95

7.95

19.95

19.95

12.9012.9011.9012.904.90

BankAmericard

master charge]

TERMS: For shipping include $2.00 for UPGround. $3.00 for UPS Blue Label Air. $10.0minimum order. Bay Area residents add 6/2% SailTax. California residents add 6% Sales Tax. Wreserve the right to limit quantities and substitutmanufacturer. Prices subject to change withoinotice. Send SASE for complete list.

588 BYTE November 1982

Circle 161 on inquiry card.

DISKETTES554"

\THANASSSD SOFT.

\THANA

SS DD SOFT

\THANADS DD SOFT

23.9524.9531.95

Apple is a trademark

of Apple Computer, Inc.

CLOCKCIRCUITS

MM 5314 4.90MM 5369 3.90MM 5375 4.90MM 58167 8.90MM 58174 10.95

MSM 5832 6.90

FOR APPLE* II USERS

DISK DRIVE

279.00

Includes metal cabinet

Color matches Apple

35 Tracks/single side

Includes cable

Use with Apple II Controller

16K APPLE RAM CARD

Upgrade your 48K Apple IIto full 64K

BARE BOARD 14.00

KIT 39.90

ASSEMBLED & TESTED 45.00

6800

1 MHz

6800

6802

6808

6809

6809 E

6810

6820

6821

6828

6840

6843

6844

6845

6847

6850

6852

6860

6862

6875

6880

6883

2

68B0O68B0268B0968B0968B1068B2168B456BB50

4.75

8.65

8.45

11.95

17.95

2.90

3.50

3.50

14.90

7.95

32.95

32.95

16.90

11.95

3.20

3.50

10.90

11.90

6.90

1.80

22.95

VOLTAGE REGULATORS

7805T7808T7812T7815T7824T

7805K7812K7815K7824K

7905T

.75.75.75.75.85

1.291.291.291.29.85

7908T7912T7915T7924T

.85.85.85.95

7905K 1.39

7912K 1.39

7915K 1.39

7924K 1.39

T = TO-220K = TO-3

Z-80

Z80280Z80Z80Z80Z80Z80Z80Z80

CPU

PIO

CTC

DMA

DART

SIO/0

SIO/1

SIO/2

SIO/9

4.0 MHZ

Z80A-CPUZ80A-PIOZ80A-CTC

3.754.954.9516.9514.9517.9517.9517.9516.95

4.954.956.95

Z8Z8Z8

28Z8Z8

Z8

Z8Z

0A-DMA

0A-DART

0A-SIO/0

0A-SIO/1

0A-SIO/2

OA-SIO/9

6.0 MHZOB-CPU0B-PIO0B-CTC

ZILOG

Z6132Z8671

MHz

10.0021.952B.9529.907.9012.0034.0012.00

8 MHz

68000 95.95

ORDER TOLL FREE

(800) 538-8800(800) 848-8008

(CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS)ALL MERCHANDISE IS 100% GUARANTEED

16.95

14.9514.95

CallCall

74LS00SERIES

9000 SERIES

.952.393.698.95

.691.391.79

3163343684016016026S02

MISC.

11 C 903242MC 3470MC 3480ULN 2003CA 31462513-001 up2513-002 low

12.956.957.958.955.951.759.699.69

UPGRADE

YOUR APPLE or TRS-80

H16 200ns 8/10.00

POWER SUPPLIES

MOUNTED ON PC BOARD

MANUFACTURED BY CONVER

+5 VOLT 4 AMP

±12 VOLT 1 AMP

34.95

CONNECTORS

RS232 Male

RS232 Female

RS232 Female Right Angle

RS232 Hood

30 pin Edge

44 pin Edge

50 pin Edge

86 pin Edge

100 pin ST

100 pin W/W

3.003.504.951.202.492.492.693.903.904.90

CRYSTALS

32.768 KHZ

10 MHZ

1.8432

2.0

2.097152

2.4576

3.2768

3.579545

4.0

5.0

5.0688

1.904.504.503.903.903.903.903.003.003.003.90

5.185

5.7143

6.5536

8.0

10.0

14.31818

18.0

18.432

20.0

22.1184

32.0

3.903.903.903.003.003.903.003.003.003.003.90

8000

8035

8039

8080A

8085A

8088

8155

8156

8185

8741

8748

8755

8202

8205

8212

8214

8216

8224

8226

8228

8237

8238

6.95

7.59

3.90

7.95

34.95

7.75

8.75

29.00

39.00

14.95

29.95

27.95

3.45

1.80

3.75

1.75

2.45

1.80

4.50

19.00

4.75

8239

8243

8250

8251

8253

8253-5

8255

8255-5

8257

8259

8272

8275

8279

8279-5

8282

8283

8284

8286

8287

8288

8289

4.75

4.75

14.90

4.50

8.75

9.75

4.50

5.20

8.50

6.85

39.00

29.00

9.25

9.95

6.50

6.50

5.50

6.50

6.50

25.00

49.00

74LS00

74LS01

74LS02

74LS03

74LS04

74LS05

74LS08

74LS10

74LS11

74 LSI 2

74 LSI 3

74LS14

74 LSI 5

74LS20

74LS21

74LS22

74LS26

74LS27

74LS28

74LS30

74LS3 2

74LS33

74LS3 7

74LS3 8

74LS40

74LS42

74LS47

74LS48

74LS49

74LS51

74LS54

74LS55

74LS63

74LS73

74LS74

74LS75

74LS76

74LS78

74LS83

74LS85

74LS86

74LS90

74LS91

74LS92

74LS93

74LS95

74LS96

74LS107

74LS109

74 LSI 12

74LS113

74LS114

74LS122

.24.24.24.24.24.24.24.24.30.30.40.89.30.24.30.24.30.24.30.24.36.55.55.35.30.49.75.75.75.30.35.351.20.39.44.49.39.49.75.95.39.65.79.65.59.79.79.39.39.39.39.49.45

74LS12374 LSI 2474LS12574 LSI 2674LS13274LS13674LS13774LS13874LS13974LS14574LS14774LS14874LS15174LS15374LS15474LS15574LS15674LS15774LS15874LS16074LS16174LS16274LS16374LS16474LS16574LS16674LS16874LS16974LS17074LS17374LS17474LS17574LS18174LS18974LS19074LS19174LS19274LS19374LS19474LS19574LS19674LS19774LS22174LS24074LS24174LS24274LS24374LS24474LS24574LS24774LS24874LS24974LS251

.95

2.90

.95

.79

.75

.49

.95

.75

.75

1.10

2.20

1.20

.75

.75

1.75

.89

.89

.75

.75

.95

.95

.95

.95

.95

.95

1.95

1.69

1.69

1.69

.75

.89

.89

1.99

9.50

.89

.89

.89

.89

.89

.89

.79

.79

1.10

.95

.95

1.79

1.79

.95

1.89

.79

1.20

.89

1.25

74LS25374LS25774LS25874LS25974LS26074LS26674LS27374LS27574LS27974LS28074LS28374LS2 9074LS29374LS29574LS29874LS3 2474LS35274LS35374LS36374LS36474LS36574LS36674LS36774LS36874LS37374LS37474LS3 7 774LS37874LS37974LS38574LS38674LS3 9074LS3 9374LS3 9574LS39974LS42474LS44774LS49074LS66 874LS66974LS67074LS67474LS68274LS68374LS6 8474LS6 8574LS6 8874LS6 89

81LS9581LS9681LS9781LS9 8

.80

.80

.80

2.80

.60

.49

1.60

3.25

.49

1.95

.95

1.20

1.79

.99

.99

1.75

1.49

1.49

1.49

1.95

.89

.89

.69

.69

.99

'1.69

1.40

1.15

1.35

1.89

.59

1.79

1.79

1.59

1.59

2.89

.75

1.89

1.65

1.85

2.10

9.50

2.99

2.39

2.39

2.39

2.39

2.39

1.651.651.651.65

DoKau

IS\J IVVAlJ Computer Products, Inc.

13250 Keller Street, #9

Santa Clara, CA 95050

(800) 538-8800

alif. Residents Local Phone

;00) 848 8008 (408) 988-0697

STORE HOURS:

MON-FRI 8:30 A.M.-6:00 P.M.

SAT 10:00 A.M.-3:00 P.M.

BankAmericard

[master charge]

TERMS: For shipping include $2.00 for UPSGround. $3.00 for UPS Blue Label Air. $10.00minimum order. Bay Area residents add 6!4% SatesTax. California residents add 6% Sales Tax. Wereserve the right to limit quantities and substitutemanufacturer. Prices subject to change withoutnotice. Send SASE for complete list.

Circle 161 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982

589

Circle 258 on inquiry card.

Super Sale!

40% Off On Ohio Scientific Superboard IIA Complete Computer System On A Board

Includes full-size 53-key keyboard, video and audio cassetteinterfaces; SWAP, Modem, sampler cassettes; manual; 8KBASIC-in-ROM, with 8K RAM. Requires 5-V/3 amp regulatedDC power supply. 30-day limited warranty. Supply is limited.ONLY $200.00

Plus Sensational Limited-Time SavingsOn Ohio Scientific C1P Series personalcomputers, Superboard and C1Paccessories, spare replacement parts,printers, monitors, integrated circuits,and other computer-related components.

To Order

Call us directly or return order coupon withyour check, money order, or Mastercard orVisa Account Number. Orders will normally beshipped within 48 hours after receipt.$100.00 minimum order.

FREE

Sampler Cassettes with each Superboard II andC1P series order!

Taxi (Game), Electronic Equations, Loan Finance, Straightand Constant Depreciation, Uneven Cash Flows

Tiger Tank, Flip Flop, (Logic Game), Hectic, Black Jack,Master Mind

II Cleveland Consumer Computers & ComponentsImm 1333 S. Chillicothe Road, Aurora, OH 44202

TO ORDER: CALL 1-800-321-5805 TOLL FREE(Ohio Residents Call 216-562-4136)

□ SUPERBOARD II, $200.00

□ Send Detailed Catalog/Order Form

Name

Address

State.

City

Payment by enclosed check or money order or charge to:MasterCard □ VISA

Account # Expiration Date

Total Amount Charged or Enclosed $

-Zip.

Ohio Residents Add 5.5% Sales Tax. All Orders Will Be Shipped Insured By UPS UnlessRequested Otherwise.

THE COST OFLIVING.

GIVE TO THE AMERICAN CANCER SOCIETY.?

And thenthere

were none

The list of already extinct animalsgrows . . . the great auk, the Texas graywolf, the Badlands bighorn,the sea mink,the passenger pigeon . . .

What happens if civilizationcontinues to slowly choke out wildlifespecies by species?

Man cannot live on a planet unfit foranimals.

Join an organization that's doingsomething about preserving ourendangered species. Get involved. Write-■»^ the national Wildlife Federation,AAlMfe Department 105, 1412 16thggSpga Sheet, NW. Washington,

It's not too late.

590 BYTE Novembtr 1982

m

rii-rrihi;

ameco

ELECTRONICS

™ JE664 EPROIU PROGRAMMER

8K TO 64K EPROMS - 24 AND 28 PIN PACKAGES

COMPLETELY SELF-CONTAINEDREQUIRES NO ADDITIONAL SYSTEMS FOR ITS OPERATION

OPERATIONS AVAILABLE:

• PROGRAMS AND VALIDATES EPROMS

• CHECKS FOR PROPERLY ERASED EPROMS

• EMULATES PROMS OR EPROMS

• RS232C COMPUTER INTERFACE FOREDITING AND PROGRAM LOADING

• LOADING DATA INTO RAM BY KEYBOARD

• CHANGING DATA INTO RAM BY KEYBOARD

• RAM LOAD FROM AN EPROM

• COMPARE EPROMS FOR CONTENT DIFFERENCES

• EPROM COPYING

The JE664 EPROM Programmer emulates and programs various 8-BIT-WORD EPROMS from 8K to 64K-BIT memory capacity. Data can beentered into the JE664's internal 8K x 8 BIT RAM in three ways: (1) from a ROM or EPROM; (2) from an external computer via the optionalJE665 RS232C BUS; (3) from its panel keyboard. The JE664's RAMS may be accessed for emulation purposes from the panel's test socket toan external microprocessor. In programming and emulation, the JE664 allows for examination, change and validation of program content. TheJE664's RAMS can be programmed quickly to all "1"s (or any value), allowing unused addresses in the EPROM to be programmed later with-out necessity of "UV" erasing. The JE664 displays DATA and ADDRESS in convenient hexadecimal (alphanumeric) format. A "DISPLAYEPROM DATA" button changes the DATA readout from RAM word to EPROM word and is displayed in both hexadecimal and binary code.The front panel features a convenient operating guide. The JE664 Programmer includes one JM16A Jumper Module (as listed below).

SIZE: 1 5-5/8"Lx 8-3/4"D x3-1/2"H.

POWER INPUT: 115VAC, 60Hz, less than 10W power consumption.

ENCLOSURE: Color-coordinated, light tan panels with molded end pieces in mocha brown

WEIGHT: 5-3/4 lbs.

MODEL NO.

JE664-A

PRICE

EPROM PROGRAMMER-ASSEMBLED & TESTED (INCLUDES JM16A MODULE)

$995.00

OPTION

JE665 RS232C INTERFACE OPTION - The JE665 RS232C Interface Option implements computer access to the JE664's RAM. Asample of software written in BASIC is provided for the TRS-80® Model I, Level II Computer. Baud Rate: 9600; Word Length: 8 Bits — OddParity; Stop Bits: 2. This option may be readily adapted to other computers.

JE664-ARS

EPROM PROGRAMMER W/JE665 OPTIONASSEMBLED & TESTED (INCLUDING JM16A MODULE).

$1195.00

EPROM JUMPER MODULES'

The JE664's JUMPER MODULE (Personality Module) is a plug-in Module that pre-sets the JE664 for the proper programming pulses to theEPROM and configures the EPROM socket connections for that particular EPROM.

JE664 EPROMJUMP. MOD. #

EPROM

EPROMMANUFACTURER

PRICE

JM08A

2708

AMD, MOTOROLA,NAT'L, INTEL, Tl

$14.95

JM16A

2716TMS2516ITI)

INTEL, MOTOROLA,NATL, NEC, Tl

$14.95

JM16B

TMS2716(3 Voltages)

MOTOROLA, Tl

$14.95

JM32A

TMS2532

MOTOROLA, Tl

$14.95

JE664 EPROMJUMP. MOD. #

EPROM

EPROMMANUFACTURER

PRICE

JM32B

2732

AMD, FUJITSU, NEC,HITACHI, INTEL

$14.95

JM64A

MCM68764MCM68L764

MOTOROLA

$14.95

JM64B

2764

INTEL

$14.95

JM64C

TMS2564

Tl

$14.95

CHECK FOR AVAILABILITY OF JUMPER MODULES FOR EPROMS NOT LISTED ABOVE.Please include $5.00 Postage and Handling and 6/2% Sales Tax (Calif, residents).

JAMECO ELECTRONICS, 1355 SHOREWAY RD., BELMONT, CA 94002 (415) 592-8097

Circle 235 on Inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982

591

f WW*

MICROPROCESSOR COMPONENTS

SN74Q0NSN7401NSN7402NSN7403N

SN/J04N

SN7405NSN7406NSN7407NSN7408NSN7409NSN7410NSN7411NSN7412NSN7413NSN7414NSN74I6NSN7417NSN742DN5N7421NSN7422NSN7423NSN7425NSN7426NSN7427NSN7428NSN7430NSN7432NSN7437NSN7438NSN7439NSN744QNSN7441NSN7442NSN7443NSN7444NSN7445NSN7446NSN7447NSN744BNSN7450NSN7451NSN7453NSN7454NSN7459ASN7460NSN7470N

74LSQQ74LS0174LS0274LS0374LS0474LS0574LS0874LS0974LSS074LSH74LSI274LS1374LS1474LS1574LS2074LS2174LS2274LS2674LS2774LS2874LS3074LS3274LS3374LS3774LS3874LS4074LS4274LS4774LS4874LS4974LS5174LS5474LS5574LS7374LS7474LS7574LS7674LS7874LS8374LSB574LS8674LS90

74S0074S0274S0374S0474S0574S0874S0974S1074S1174S1574S2074S2274S3074S3274S3874S4074S5174S6474S6574S7474S86

14

.55

CA30T0H .99

CA30I3H 2.15

CA3023H 3.25

CA3035H 5.95

CA3039H 1.35

CA3046N 14 .89

CA3059N 14 3.25

SN7472NSN7473NSN7474NSN7475NSN747GNSN7479NSN7480NSN7482NSN7483NSN7485NSN7486NSN7489N5N749DNSN7491NSN7492NSN7493NSN7494NSN7495NSN7496NSN7497NSN74100NSN74104NSN74105NSN74107NSN74109NSN74116NSN74121NSN74122NSN74123NSN74125NSN74126NSN74132NSN74136NSN74141NSN74I42NSN74143NSN74144NSN74145NSN74147NSN7414BNSN74150NSN74151N5N74152NSN74153NSN74154NSN74155N

16 2.9524 2.9524 2.95

CA306DNCA3D80ECA3081NCA3082N 18CA3Q83N 18CA3D86N 14

SN74158NSN74157NSN7416QNSN74161NSN74162NSN74163NSN74164NSN74165NSN74156NSW74167NSN74170NSN74172NSN74173NSN74174NSN74175NSN74176NSN74177NSN74179NSN74180NSN74181NSN74182NSN741B4NSN741B5NSN74190NSN74191NSN74192NSN74193NSN74194NSN74195NSN74196NSN74197N5N7419BNSN74199NSN74221NSN74251NSN74276N5N74279NSN74283NSN74284NSN74265NSN74365NSN74366NSN74387NSN7436BNSN74390NSN74393N

74LS92

14

.55

74LS93

14

74LS95

14

74LS96

IB

.89

74LS107

14

.39

74LS109

IB

.39

74LS112

tl

.39

74LS113

14

74LS114

14

74LS122

14

.49

74LS123

IB

79

74LS125

14

.49

74LS126

14

.49

74LS132

14

.59

74LS133

IB

74LS136

14

74LS13B

1B

.59

74LS139

IB

.59

74LS151

18

.59

74LS153

m

.59

74LS154

74

.99

74LS155

18

.69

74LS156

IB

.69

74LS157

1B

.89

74LS158

IB

.59

74LS160

IB

.69

74LS161

1fi

.69

74LS162

1B

.69

74LS163

1A

.69

74LS164

14

.69

74LS165

IB

1.19

74LS16B

IB

1.19

74LS169

IB

1.19

74LS170

1B

1.49

74LS173

IB

.69

74LS174

lit

.59

74LS175

IB

.59

74LS1S1

74

2.49

74LS190

18

.89

74LS191

IB

.89

74S124

IB

9

2.95

74S133

IB

.45

74S134

IB

.50

74S135

IB

.69

74S136

14

1.39

74S138

IB

.89

74S139

18

.89

74S140

14

.55

74S151

1H

.99

74S153

18

.99

74S157

16

.99

74S15B

18

.99

74S160

18

2.49

74S174

1B

.99

74S175

IB

.99

74S188'

IE

1.49

74S194

16

1.49

74S195

16

1.49

74S196

14

1.49

74S240

IB

2.25

74S241

n

2.25

74S242

14

2.49

74LS192 18

74LS193 16

74LS194 16

74LS195 1G

74LS197 14

74LS221 18

74LS240 20

74LS241 20

74LS242 14

74LS243 14

74LS244 20

74LS245 20

74LS247 16

74LS248 IB

74LS249 IB

74LS251 16

74LS253 16

74LS257 16

74LS258 16

74LS260 14

74LS266 14

74LS273 20

74LS279 IB

74LS2B3 16

74LS290 14

74LS293 14

74LS29B 18

74LS352 1fl

74LS353 16

74LS365 16

74LS366 16

74LS3B7 IB

74LS368 IB

74LS373 20

74LS374 20

74LS375 16

74LS386 14

74LS393 14

74LS399 16

74LS670 16

a 1LS95 20

81LS97 20

CDP1B02 40 CPU

265D 40 MPU ........

IDM2901ADC 40 CPU—4bit slice (Com Tomp Gf )

MCS6502 40 MPU w/Clock (65K byles mem.)

MC6802CP 40 MPU w/Clock iinu RAM

INS8035N-6 40 MPU—8-bll (6MKi)

INSBG39N-6 40 CPU-Snl.cliip8-blt(12Bbts.Ram|

INS8040N-6 40 CPU (256 byles RAM)

INSB070N 40 CPU (64 byles RAM) .. .

1NS8073N 40 CPU w/Basic Micro Interpreter

P8085A 40 CPU

ZBD, ZBOA, ZBOB, Z8000 SERIES-

Z80 _ 40 CPU 1MK3BB0N)(780C) 2MHz .

28 Caunior Timer Circuit ..... .

14.9519.95.9.95

ZBO-CTC

Z80-OART

ZBO-OMA

Z80-P10

Z8D-S10/0

Z80-S1D/1

Z8Q-S10/2

ZBO-S10/9

ZBOA

ZBOA-CTC

ZBOA-DAKT

Z8DA-DMA

Z80A-P10

Direct Memory Access Circuit

40 Parallel I/O Interface Conlrollor.

40 Serial I/O (TxCB and RxCB Bonded)

4D Serial I/O Lacks DTHB)

40 Serial I/O (Lacks SVNCB) .

40 Serial I/O

40 CPU f.MK3BBON-4)(?80C-l) 4MHz

2B Counier Timer Clrcull

40 Dual Asynchronous Rbc./Trans.

40 Olrecl Memory Access Circuit ..

40 Parallel I/O Interlace Controller. .

Z8OA-S10/0 40 Serial I/O (TxCB and RxCB bonded)

Z80A-S10/1 40 Serial I/O (Lacks DTRB)

40 Serial I/O (Lacks SVNCB) .

40 Serial I/O

40 CPU(MK3BB0N-6]6MHz

iflUB-UU 28 CountBf Timer Circuil

ZBOB-PIO 40 Parallel I/O Interface Controller

ZB001 48 CPU Segmented

ZB002 40 CPU Non-Segmented

40 Serial Comm. Controller

40 Counter/Timer & Parallel I/O Unll

-6800/6BDDD SERIES

40 MPU

40 MPU wilt) clock and RAM

28x6 Static RAM

Z8OA-S10/2ZBDA-S10/9ZBOB

>B002

zao3o

Z8036

MCB8O0

MC6802CP

MC6810API

MC6B21

MC6B28

MC6B30L8

MC6S50

MC6852

MC6860

MC6B62

MC68B0A

MC68000LB

MC684BBP

MC68652P2

MCB8661PB

40 Peripheral Inler. Adapt (MC6B20] .4.95

24 Priority Interrupt Controller . ,15.95

24 1024xB-bit ROM (MC6BA30B) 10.95

24 Asynchronous Comm Adapter 4 95

24 Synchronous Serial Daia Adapter . 5.75

24 0-600bps Digital MODEM 9.95

24 2400bps Modulator 12.95

IB Quad 3-staie bus. trans. (MC8T2B) ..2.25

64 MPU 16-BH(8MHz| 69.95

40 General Purpose In I. Ad a pier .. .8.95

40 Multi. Protocol Comm Controller 24.95

28 Enhanced Prog, Comm, Inl, .. . S.95

fluBOA SERIES

INS8080A 40 CPU 3.95

TMS5501 40 Synchronous Data Inlerlace (SIRC) 14.95

INS8154 40 128 Byte RAM 16-BIM/O 13.95

INS82CD6 20 Octal 6 Flip Flop Trl-State (74C374) .2.49

DPB212 24 8-0lilnput/0ulput(74S4l2) 2.25

DPB214 24 Priority Interrupt Control 3.95

OP8216 IB Bl-Dlrectlonal Bus Driver 2.25

DPB224 16 Clock Generalor/DNvsr 2.25

DP8226 16 Bus Driver 2.25

0PB22S 26 System Cont./Bus Driver (74S42B) 3.49

DP8238 28 Sysiem Conlroller(74S43S) 4.4B

INSB243 24 I/O Expander for 48 Series 5.95

INS82-15 IB 16-Key Keyboard Encoder (74C922) 4.49

INSB246 20 20-Key Keyboard Encoder (74C923) 4.95

1NS8247 2B Display Controller (74C911) 8.95

INS8248 26 Display Controller (74C912) 8.95

INS8250N 40 Asyn. Comm. Element IINS8250] 10.95

DPB251 28 Proo. Comm. I/O (USART) 4.49

DPB253 24 Prog, Interval Timer B.95

DP8255 40 Prog. Peripheral I/O (PPI). 4.49

DP8257 40 Prog. DMACortirol 7.95

DP8259 28 Prog. Interrupt Control . .6.95

DP8275 40 Prog. CRT Controller 29,95

DP8279 40 Prog. Keyboard/Display Interlace ... .6.95

DP6303 20 8-BilTrl-SlaleBI-Dlrecllonal Trans. 3.95

DPS304 20 B-bil Bl-Directional Receiver . . .2.49

DP8307 20 8-bll Bl- Directional Receiver 2 49

DPB30S 20 8-bit Bl-Directional Receiver . 2.49

DPS310 20 Octal Laiched Peripheral Driver 4.95

DP8311 20 Octal Laiched Peripheral Driver. . .4.95MICROPROCESSOR MANUALS & DATA BOOKS

M-280

M-CDP1802

M-2650

10400

30001

30002

30003

30005

30008

30011

30013

205610

User ManualUser ManualUser Manual1982 Intel Daia Book (1405 pg.).. .

1981 Nat. CMOS Book (628 pg.)

19B0 Nat. Interface Book (640 pg )

1982 Nat Linear Book (1952 pg.).19B1 Nat. TIL Book (634 pg ) ., .19B0 Nat Memory Daia Book (464 pg.)

1980 Nat. Linear Applications (736 pg.)1983ZIIDB Data Book (641 pg.).. . .

1981 Intel Peripheral Design (B2B pg.]

■•Pins

-DYNAMIC RAMS-

Prlct

4027

4116N-2

4116H-3

4116N-4

4164N-1S0

4164N-200

MM5261

MM5262

MM5270

MM52BO

MM5290-2

MM:,;."'i, :;MMb-'SU-lMM529B-3

IB 1024x1 (300ns) 99

16 4096x1 (250ns) .. 2.49

IB 16.3B4x1 (150ns) 1 89-8/14.95

16 16.384x1 (200ns) . 1.69-8/12.95

16 16.3B4xl (250ns) 1.49-8/10.95

16 65.536x1 (150ns) 7.95-6/59.95

IB 65.536x1 (200ns) .. . 7.4!) 8/5-1.Si-ll 1024x1 (300ns 49-8/1.9522 2048x1 (365ns .. . 49-8/1.9518 4095x1 (250ns) MK4096 4.95

22 4096x1 (200ns)2107 3.95

16 16,384x1 (150ns .... 1.89-8/14.95

16 16,384x1 (200ns) 1.69-B/12.95

16 16,384x1 (250ns .. . 1.49 ■ B/10.95

16 8192x1 (200nsj 1.69

-STATIC RAMS

2101

2102

21L02

2111

2112

2114

2114L

2114-2

2114L-2

2141-3

2147

2148

TMS4044

TMS4045

5101

MM5257

HM6116P-3

HM6116-4

HH6116LP--

7489

74C920

74C921

74C929

74C930

74S189

74S200

74S206

74S2B9

B2S1Q

82S25

16 256x122 256x4

"* 1024x1

(650ns)

|450ns)810l

(350ns)

1702A

270B

2708-5

TMS2516

TMS2532

TMS2564

TMS2716

2716

2716-1

2732

27560

MM2/6J

MM2764-3

74S18B

74S2B7

74S266

74S387

745471

74S472

74S473

74S4 74

74S475

74S478

74S570

74S571

74S572

74S573

B2S23

B2S115

82S1J3

825126

82S129

82S130

82S1B5

DMB7S1B0N

DMB7S1B1N

DMB7S184N

DM87S185N

OM87S190N

OM87S191N

16 1024x1 (45DnsJL.P.

18 356x4 (450ns)ai11

16 256x4 (450ns) MOS

1B 1024x4 (450ns] ,.,

1B 1024x4 (450ns) L.P..

1B 1024x4 (200ns) ...

IB 1024x4 (200nsiL-P-

18 4096x1 (150ns)

18 4096x1 (70ns)

IB 1024x4 (70ns)

18 4096x1 (450ns). , .

18 1024x4 (450ns

22 356x4 (450ns) CMOS

1B 4096x1 (450ns) 4044

24 2048x8 < 150ns) CMOS

24 2048x8 (200ns) CMOS

24 2048x8 (200ns) LP. CMOS

16 16x4 (50ns)3101

22 256x4 (250ns) CMOS 16551)

18 256x4 (250ns CMOS .

16 1024x1 (250ns)CMOS(6501)

16 1024x1 (250ns)CMOS(651B)(35ns)93405(80ns)93410(60ns)93411

(35ns) 3101

IE 1024x1 (50ns)O.C. (93415)

16 16x4 (50ns|O.C.(74S269)

EPROMS

24 256x8 (1us) ,.,

24 1024x8 |450ns)

24 1024x8 (550ns) SM00246

24 2048x8 (450ns 2716 . .

24 4096x8 (450ns NMC2532

26 8192xB (450ns

24 204BxB (450ns) 3 voltage .

24 2048x8 (450ns)

24 204Bx8 (350ns ... .

24 4096xB (450ns

24 1024x8 (450ns single+5V

28 8192x8 (450ns)

2B 6192x8 (300ns)

PROMS-

...2.95

..2.951 95-8/13.952,25-8/15.952.25-8/15.952.49 B/17.95 3.95

16 16x4

16 256x1

16 25Gx1

16 16x4

16 32x6

16 256x4

IB 32x8

16 256x4

2D 256x8

20 512x8

20 512>8

24 512x8

24 512x8

PROM O.C. (6330-1) 1.49

PROM T.S. (6301-1) 1.95

PROMT.S. (6331-1) 1.95

PROM O.C. (6300-1 1.95

PROM T.S. (6309

PROM T.S. (6349-

PROM O.C (634B)

PROM T.S. (DM87S296N) .4,95

PROM O.C. (6340) . .4.951024x8 PR0MT.S.ITBP2BS86) . .6.95512x4 PROM O.C. (6305) 2.95

Part Ho.

7045IPI

7045EV/KII*

7106CPL

7106EV/KII"

7107CPL

7107EV/KII'

7116CPL

7117CPL

72011 US

7205IPG

7205EV/KIC

7206CJPE

7206CEV/KII'

7207AIPD

72Q7AEV7KH'

7208IPI

7209IPA

7215IPG

7215EV/KII*

7216AIJI

7216CIJI

7216DIPI

7217IJI

7217AIPI

7224IPI

7226AIJL

7226AEV/KH'

72401JE

7242IJA

7250IJE

72601JE

7555IPA

7556IPD

7611BCPA

7612BCPA

7621BCPA

7631CCPE

7641CCPD

7642CCPD

7660CPA

B03BCCPD

8048CCPE

8069CCO

8211CPA

8212CPA

CMOS Precision Timer , ,

SlopwalchChlp.XTL

3Vr DigilA/D (LCD Drive)IC, Circuit Board. Display .. .377 Oigil A/0 (LEO Drive) ... .IC. Circuit Board, Display

3V; nigltA/DLCDDls.HLD

3V; Digit A/D LED Dis.HLD. .Low Baltery Voli Indicator .CMOS LEO Stopwatcti/Timer ....

Slopwafctt Chip. XTL

Tone Generator

Tone Generator Chip, XTL

Dsclllalor Controller

Fret}. Counter Chip. XTL

Seven Decade Counter

Clock Generator

4Func. CMOSSlOpwatChCKT .4Func. SlopwatchChlp. XTLB Digit Univ. Counter C. A.BOigltFreq. Counier C.A..8 Digll Fretj Counter C.C.4 Digll LED Up/Down Counter C.A

4 Digll LED Up/Down Counier C.CLCD 4 7: Digit Up Counier DR1

8 Digit Univ. Counier

5 Function Counter Clip, XTL . ..CMOS Bin Prog. TImer/CounierCMDSOivida-by-256RCTimer ..CMOS BCD Prog. Timor/CounterCMOS BCD Prog Tlmer/Counler

CMOS 555 Timer

CMOS 556 TimerCMOSOpAmpComparalor

CMOS Op Amp Exl. CmvrCMOS Dual Op Amp Comp.CMOSTnOpAmpCompCMOS Quad Op Amp Comp.CMOS Quad Op Amp Comp.

Voltage Converter

Wavelorm Generator

Monolilhic Loganltimlc Amp50ppm Sand—GAP volt Rel. DiodeVolt Rel/lndicatorVoll Rel/lndicalor

11.95

29.95

16.95

. .15 95

2.25

12.95

. 14.95

...4.95

.7.95

5.95

10.95

II 95

10.95

29.95

74.95

4.95

2.25

6 00

5 25

1 45

2.20

5MV 2.25

5MV 2.95

5MV 395

1QMV 5 35

10MV 7.50

10MV 7 50

2.953.95

16 32x8

24 512x8

16 32x8

16 256x4

16 256x4

~ 512x4

DAC0806

ADC0809AV-5-1013A

16 512x4 PROM T.S. (6306)18 1024x4 PROMO.C.(6352) .■ - PROMT S.(82S137|PROMO C127S16)PROM T.S. 27S15)PROM T.S. (27S19) . .PROM O.C (27S20) .PROMT S (27S21JPROM O.C. (27S12)1fl 2048x4 PROM T.S. (TBP24SB1)24 1024x8 PR0MOC.(82S1B0) .24 1024KB PROMT.S.IB2S181) .1B 204Bx4 PROM O.C. (82S1B4)IB 204Bx4 PROMT S.(82S1B5)24 2048x4 PROM O.C. (B2S190)24 2048x8 PROMTS (82S191)

— DATA ACQUISITION

Moslok DC/DC Convert. +5V10-9V

1B Floppy Disk Read AMP Sysiem

16 7-bilD/A Convener (OAC0807LCN)

15 8-bilD/A Convener (DACOBOBLCN]20 a-Dit A/D Convener (l LSB)

16 8-bltD/AConvener (0.78'/b Lin.)28 8-blt A/D Convener (B-CM, Mulll.)40 30KBAUDUART(TR1602|

PflODU

„, 74HC High Speed CMOS

74HC13B 16

1.49

74HC243 14 2.79

74HC139 16

74HC251 18 1.19

74HC266 14 .99

74HCD8 14 .75

74HC151 IB

1.19

74HC28Q 14 4 95

74HC157 16

1 19

74HC373 20 3 95

74HC20 14 ,75

74HC160 18

1 79

74HC374 20 3 95

74HC27 14 .75

74HC161 IB

1.79

74HC533 20 3 95

74HC74 14 .99

74HC164 14

1.79

74HC534 20 3.95

74HC75 16 .99

74HC174 16

1.39

74HC4075 14 75

74HCB6 1* .99

74HC175 16

1.39

74HC4538 16 295

74HC109 16 1.39

74HC242 14

2.79

74HC4543 16 4 95

■74HCU04isunbutlereo

ail ethers are Dutlere

.

S)nrJS.30!arOltlSflllt.

'Programmable Array Logic (PALS)

PAL10H8PAL12H6PAL14H4PAL10L8PAL12L6PAL14L4PAL16L8PAL16R8PAL16R6PAL15R4

Octal 10-lnput AND-OR Gate Array (High Oulpul)Hex 12-lnpulAND-OR Gate Array (High Output)Ouad 14-lnpul AND-OR Gate Array (High Outpul)Oclal 10-lnpul AND-OR-lnvert Gate Array (Low Output)Hex 12-lnpul ANO-OR-lnverl Gale Array (Low Oulput>Ouad 14-lnput AND-OR-lnvert Gate Array (Low Oulpul)Octal 16-lnpul AND-OR-lnvert Gate Array (Low Output}Octal 16-lnpui Register AND-OR Gate ArrayHex 16-lnput Register AND-OR Gale Array□uad 16-lnpul Register AND OR Gale Array

itn

llll'

V

CD409S

IB

CD4506

CO4040

16

.79

CD4507

CD4041

14

.79

CD4508

CD4042

IB

.69

CD4510

CD4043

18

.79

CD4511

CD4044

IB

.79

CD4512

IB

C04046

18

.89

CD4514

CD4047

14

.89

CD4515

74

CD4048

18

.39

CD4516

18

CD4049

IB

.39

CD4518

C04050

IB

.39

CD4519

IB

C04051

18

79

CD4520

C04052

IB

.79

CD4526

18

CD4053

1B

,79

CD452B

16

CD4056

18

2.95

CD4529

16

CD4059

24

7.95

CD4543

18

CO406O

16

.89

CD4562

14

C04066

14

.39

C04566

18

CD4068

14

.39

CD4583

18

CD4069

14

.29

CD45S4

14

CD4070

14

.39

CD4723

IB

CO4071

14

29

CD4724

IB

C04072

14

.29

MC14409

18

CD4073

14

.29

MC14410

16

CD4075

14

.29

MC14411

H

CD4076

1B

.79

WC14412

16

CD407B

14

.49

MC14419

16

C040B1

14

.29

MCI 4433

?4

C04082

14

.29

MCI 4538

IB

CD4093

14

.49

MC14541

14

NE570N 16 3 9

LM703CN B 1.1

LM709N 14 4

LM710N 14 6

LM711N 14 7

LM723N 14 5

LM733N 14 1 0

LM739N 14 1 9

LM741CN B 3

LM747N 14 6

LM74BN 8 5

LM1310N 14 1.4

LM145BCN B 5

LM148BN 14 6

LM1489N 14 6

LM1496N 14 I 9

LM18O0N 16 1 4'

LM1BB9N IB 19

LM1896N 14 2 9:

LM2002T 1 41

LM3189N 16 1 5)

LM39O0N 14 51

LM3905CN B 1 I1

LM3909N 8 9'

LM3914N 16 34

LM3915N IB 3 4

LM3916N IB 3.4'

RC4136N 14 1.2

RC4151NB B 1 9

ICLB03BB 14 3 9

LI4130BOS 1 1 1

mtSBMM 16 i 1MORE AVAILABLE

CAPACITOR CORNER

$10.00 Minimum Order — U.S. Funds OnlyCalifornia Residents Add SVz% Sales TaxPostage — Add 5% plus $1.50 InsuranceSend S.A.S.E. tor Monthly Sales Flyer!

Spec Sheets — 30c eachSend $1.00 Postage for yourFREE 1983 JAMECO CATALOGPrices Subject to Change

ameco

ELECTRONICS

1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002PHONE PAPERS WELCOME — (415) 592-8097

:JT NEW! %

2. r»'e* 7/6043 S

: DISC CAPACITORS

Value

1-9

10-99

100+

Value

1-9

10-99

10 pi

.08

.06

.05

.OOIjjF

.08

.06

.1)5

22 p(

.OS

.06

.05

.004 7uF

.OB

.06

.OH

47 pf

.08

.06

.05

.08

.06

.OS

100 pi

.08

.06

.05

.022/1F

.09

.07

.06

220 pf

.08

.06

.05

,047uF

.09

.07

06

470 pi

.08

.06

.05

.15

.12

.10

MINI. A

_UMI

MUM

= LEC

rROLVTIC CAPACITORS

Axial

1-99

10(W99

500+

Radial

i-99

100-499

500-1

.47/SOV

.16

.14

.10

.4 7/25 V

.15

.13

.1?

l.O/SOV

.19

.16

.12

.47/50V

.16

.14

.13

3.3/50V

.17

.15

.11

1.0/16V

.15

.13

17

4.7/2SV

.18

.15

.11

1.0/2SV

.16

.14

.13

10/25V

.16

■ 15

.11

1.0/5OV

.17

.15

.14

10/50V

.19

.16

.12

4.7/16V

.IS

.13

22/25V

.19

.16

.12

4.7/25V

.16

.14

.13

22/50V

.24

.20

.18

4.7/50V

.17

.15

.14

47/25V

.25

.21

.19

10/16 V

.15

.13

.1?

47/50V

.29

.25

.23

10/2SV

.16

.13

1O0/25V

.28

.24

.22

10/50V

.17

.15

.14

100/50V

.41

.37

.34

47/50V

.25

.21

.»

220/25V

.39

.34

.33

100/ 16 V

.21

.17

.14

220/50V

.49

.45

.41

10O/25V

.25

.23

470/25V

.54

.49

.45

100/50V

.37

.34

.31

1000/16V

.79

.69

.61

220/16 V

.25

.21

11

2200/16V

.89

.79

.69

470/25V

.35

.31

.ii

592 BYTE November 1982

Circle 236 on inquiry card.

r

JE600HexadecimalEncoder Kit

FULL 8-BITLATCHED OUTPUT19-KEY KEYBOARD

The JE600 Encoder Keyboard Kit provides two separatehexadecimal digits produced from sequential key entriesto allow direct programming for 8-bit microprocessoror 8 bit memory circuits. Three additional keys are pro-vided for user operations with one having a bistableMitpul available. The outputs are latched and monitoredwith 9 LEO readouts. Also included Is a key entry strobe.Features: Full 8-bit latched Output for microprocessoruse. Three user-define keys with one being bistableoperation. Debounce circuit provided for all 19 keys.9 LED readouts to verify entries. Easy interfacing withstandard 16-pin IC connector. Only +5VDC requiredfor operation. Size: 3V,"H « 8%"W x 8Ji"D

JE600/DTE-HK SS

K19 19-Key Keyboard [Keyboard only) .... $14.95DTE-HK (case only 3V;"HxBVWxB^MD) $44.95

JE610 ASCII Encoded Keyboard Kit

in.: JE61Q ASCII Keyboard Kit can be interfaced intomost any computer system. The kit comes completewith an industrial grade keyboard switch assembly(62-koys). IC's, sockets, connector, electronic compo-nents and a double-sided printed wiring board. Thekoyboard assembly requires +5V @ 150mA and —12V&> 10 mA for operation. Features: 60 keys generate the126 characters, upper and lower case ASCII set. Fullybuffered. Two user-define keys provided for customapplications. Caps lock for upper-case-only alpha charac-ters, Utilizes a 2376 140-pin) encoder read-only memorychip. Outputs directly compatible with TTL/DTL orMOS logic arrays. Easy interfacing with a 16-pin dip or18-pin edge connector. Size: 3H"H x 14JVW x 8M"D

ir-/*i r\ \t -j. 62-Key Keyboard, PC Board, * _,,-i „,-

JE610 Kit & Components (no case). . . . .$ 79.95

K62 63-Key Keyboard (Keyboard only) ... $ 34.95

DTE-AK {case only-3V4"Hxll"Wx8V«"D)$ 49.95

JE212 - Negative 12VDC Adapter Board Kit'NEW!? for JE610 ASCII KEYBOAHD KIT Kit/

■TwvW1 Provides-12V DC from incoming SVDC . $9.95

jvWrWL

£newk

JE215 Adjustable Dual Power Supply

General Description: The JE215 is a Dual Power

Supply with independent adjustable positive and nega-tive output voltages. A separate adjustment for eachof the supplies provides the user unlimited applicationsfor IC current voltage requirements. The supply canalso be used as a general all-purpose variable power

Supply. FEATURES:

• Adjustable regulated power supplies,pos. and neg. 1.2VDC to 15VDC.

"V. -» • Power Output leach supply):

5VDC @ 500mA, 10VDC&A 750mA,12VDC(s> 500mA, and15VDC@ 175mA.

• Two, 3 terminal adj. IC regulatorswith thermal overload protection.

• Haatsink regulator cooling

• LED "on" indicator

• Printed Board Construction

• 120VAC input

• Size: 3 1/2"w x 5 1/16'L x 2"H

JE215 Adj. Dual PowerSupply Kit (asshownl. . $24.95

KEYBOARDS — POWER SUPPLIES

MICRO SWITCH 69-KEY KEYBOARD

Data EMry Keyboard, Encodtd Output 8-blt Parallel EBC DIC. Switching: Hill Elfscl. 24-pin EdgeCard Conneclion. Complete with Pin Connection.

H Part No. KB69SD12-2 (Fits Into 0TE-2Q Enclosure) 519.95 each

DATANETICS 74-KEY KEYBOARD

ASCII Encoded Kuytiojnl. Oulput: Even Pulty ASCII, Supply vollioe + 5, -12 volt. Switching.:Mechmlcil SPST - 50-pln Connection. Complete with Pin Connection.

h Part No. KB354 (Fits Into DTE-20 Enclosure) S29.95 Bach

MICRO SWITCH 85-KEY KEYBOARD

Word Processing Keyboird, 26 Pin Edge Cerd Connection. Supply Voltege + 5VDC. Miln KeyboirrJIs QWERTY. Additional Key Pad! lor Curior and word processing functions.i Part No. 65SD18-1 S29.95 e-ach

MICRO SWITCH 88-KEY KEYBOARD (PARALLEL)

Dale Entry Keyboard used In a Diablo 1640 Terminal. Supply Voltege: + 5V, -12V. Switching: HallEllecl — 10-pln Edge Card Connection. Schematic Included. Uaei BQ48 Encoder Chip.

Part No. 88SD22 (Fits Into DTE-20 Enclosure) $69.95 each

POWER SUPPLY - 5V0C © 1 AMP REGULATED Tr.nMctionT.ch

Output + 5V0C Q 1 amp (alio + 30VDC) rag. Input 115VAC BOH*. Two-lone (black/beige) isll-enclDied caie. 6 ft.. 3 cond. black powir cord. Size: 6VW > 7"0 x 2V,"H. wi 3 lbs.

Part No. PS51194 $19.95 each

POWER SUPPLY - 5VDC @ 1 AMP REGULATED B InriuattriM

Output + 5VDC Q 1 amp. +36-42V0C adj. 400mA or less, 30VAC |ltol.) Q 1.5 amp. Input 115VACBOHi. Cite brkr. re-iot button. Blk. tellencl. case w/4 rubber leel. 6 It., 3 cond. blk. pow. cord.On/ofl switch GV."W i 7VQ i 3-7/8"H - wt. 7 Ibl.Part No. PS407D $24.95 each

POWER SUPPLY - 5VDC @ 3 AMP REGULATED Deltron

input 115VAC, 47-44GHZ. Output: 5VDC Adjustable (8j 3 emp, EVDC Q 2.5 amp. Adjustable cur-rent llmil. Ripple & Nolle: IMVrmi. 5MV p-p — 2 mounting surfaces. UL recognlted. Slis:4"Wx4V."L x 2-7/16'H - wl. 2 Ibl.

Part No. QPS-1 $29.95 Bach

POWER SUPPLY - 5VDC @ 7.5 AMP. 12VDC @ 1.5 AMP SWITCHING

Input: 115VAC, 50-GOHi Q 3 amp/230VAC, 5011/ in 1.6 amp. Fan volt./powor supply select swit-ches (11S/230YAC). Output: 5VDC ® 7.6 amp, 12V0C &1.6 amp. B ft. blk. pow. cord. tlV."W i13V.'D « 3V. "H. Wl. Elba.

Part No. PS94VD $49.95 Bach

MULTI-VOLTAGE POWER SUPPLY - +5. + 12.-12VDC REG.Input: 1Q5-125VAC. 47-63Hz/205-250VAC, 47-63H/. Oulpul: +5VDC @ 2 imps Ad).. 5V0C 050mA Fixed, + I2V0C Qc 1 imp Adj., — 1 ?V 0 2 amp ad|. OvervDttaga protection. Size: 12'A"L x4-7/B"W i 3%"0.

Part No. RA0250 $39.95 Bach

SORENSEN Regulated Power Supplies

Sorensen's open construction (SOC) power supplies are series-regulated solid-state systems, designed to provide reg. DCvoltages at 6 levels (2-28 v/range). These units are open-framedon sturdy black anodized aluminum for excellent mounting.

FEATURES: 115/20B/230VAC Input Q 50-63H*. low Ripple: 1.5mVims, 5nW P-P maximum. Ad-justable current limit Voltage adjustment control. All schematics and speculations suppllod with unit.Series A.U.r.E have three nrounllng surfacis (Series F, bottom mounllng only).

m.P" '*

DM Ilnchxl

W.«jht

M.

lG.O0.4.8Ba4,8K

12^

1600x4.BB>4.88

__La"- _

_i»:BS

9.5 160O»4B8.«8fl

'—iG.Tn

~~ 4SBB

35 | 7CO>4.88.337

6.GI1K.

30.es

50 1 M.00.4.BIJ. 163

.'- ""■

44.05

*° 1 oWOl1.-! 6^"—

—fTSf—

931

22D3QO (Pictured)

Powertec Sub-Modular DC Power Supplies

SM Series power supplies include rectifying, filtering,regulating, overload and overvoltage protection functions. Youneed only connect the sub-module to the appropriate secondary

transformer tap and bolt the unit to a heatsink.

REGULATION; LINE: .10* lorichange Irom-10% to 4-10% Inputvollege. LOAD: .15K lore0-100Klaid change {units below 5V output maintain 5V regulation). OUTPUT RIPPLE: ImV flMS, 3mV P-Ptypical. 5mV P-P maximum. INPUT CHARACTERISTICS: Require! low-level AC Inpul. Derate output

current 15% lor operation! ll 50Hz.

-ido

■{I?,.

-300 ' -500

IT"> ••"•

^.iiST,*)'"

uSb

.L

22AA300

0 23A

H5--t20VAC

17VAC ,5A no CT

2.50 x 3.00 x .98

2o; S14.<J'i

22B20O :

2.2A

1I5-120VAC

22VAC.3Aw/CT

3.00 .bft.l IB

8 or. j 14.95

22B300 '

l./A

115-I20VAC

23VAC2.5AWCT

2.75x5.75* 1.18

8 or. ' 19.85

22C-100

6.0A

tl&--12tJVAC11S-12QVAC115-120V AC

IfiVACBAw/CT

2.BO x I,BO* 1.18

8 o( 24.958oi 24.S5

22C-500

25A

48VAC3Aw/CT

2.80*7.50* 1.18

22D-3O022E-10O

ISjOOA

6flA

28VAC IOAiWCT

3.00 * 7.00 > 3.302790* 7.00*3.30

2 Ibi. , 24.952 Ibt. I 29.95

II6-120V AC

16VAC24Aw/CT

(Picture noi shown but similar in construction to above)JE200Reg. PowerSupply Kit (5VDC, 1 amp) . . $14.95JE205 Adapter Brd. (to JE200l±5,±9 8i t!2V. . $12.95JE210 Var.Pwr.Splv.Kit,5-15VDC,tol.5amp. . $19.95

HP-Display Sale-National

5082 Series — 0.43 Inch — 7-Segment

PartNumber

Color

Description

1-3

Price

SALEPRICE

5082-7650

Hi Ell Red

CA - LHO

99

4/S2.49

5082-7651

Hi Ell Red

CA - RHD

.99

4/S2.49

5082-7653

Hi Ell Red

CC - RHD

.99

4/12.49

5082-7656

Hi Ell Red

OverflowilRHD

.99

4/S2.49

5082-7660

Yellow

CA - LHD

.99

4/S2.49

5082-7661

Yellow

CA • RHD

.99

4/S2.49

5082-7663

Yellow

CC- RHD

.99

4/S2.49

5082-7670

Green

CA - LHD

.99

4/J2.49

5082-7671

Green

CA - RHD

.99

4/S2.49

5082-7673

Green

CC - RHD

.99

4/S2.49

5082-7676

Green

Overflow si RHD

.99

4/J2.49

5082-7750

Red

CA - LHO

.99

4/S2 49

5082-7751

Red

CA - RHD

.99

4/S2.49

5082-7756

Red

Overflow ±1RHD

.99

4/S2.49

5082-7760

Red

CC - RHO

.99

4/S2.49

CA.Comm.Anod> CC-Comm. Cathode LHDfRHDLeltJrlghl hand dec.

\r**ip.

MinisWeo>^M4VAM/FM J°£0$j?

Receiver

WITH HEADPHONESFor Joggers, Cyclisis,Skaters & Sports Events

FEATURES: Lightweight headphones. Left/rightbalance control. Full fidelity stereo sound. Addi-tional black soft carrying case & shoulder strap. Beltclip (hands free). Operates on 3 AA cell batteries (notincl.j. Compact size: S%" x 4%" x 1", Wt. 6 oz.

V Model 2830 $29.95

924102 12

nd 12"

■1.7S

0.114.2

! 92*102-24

nrJ 24"

2.05

OJ14-3

' 324102 36

1-itf.

-n 36"

IJ5

324 IDS (2

end 12"

330

DJU2 1-

924T06 24

i-d J4-

1.49

DJ14 J 14

924106 3S

14

•toublt

*nU 36"

J.79

ojioi

92*132 12

...

I-,. '■

13"

6.89

DJ40I

924132 2*

40

24"

DMO-3

92*13236

■:

>■»*' ■"

36'■

7.68

924136 12

40

10J15

DJ40-24O

02*13Q 2*

d 241'

1188

DJ40340

H2J136 36

40

rl 30"

11.78

STANDARD DB25 SERIES CABLES

No* vou can order DB25 P or S connectors with ll.cCibW nteussary to tit your jpphutiun Dioose Iromour standard flat cable in 4 fool lengthl Call todny.

STANDARD CABLES

Pan No, Cable Length Connector* Puce

OB2SP-4 4 teci 1-DB25P S 9.95e».

DB25S-4 4 test 1-DB2&S 10.96«».

DB25P4-P 4 teei 2-DB25P lS.95e..

D62SP-4S 4leei I DB25P1 DB25S 17.95 ea.OB25S-4S 4 feel 2DB255 1B.95 ■■.

$10.00 Minimum Order — U.S. Funds OnlyCalifornia Residents Add G'/:% Sales TaxPostage — Add 5% plus $1.50 InsuranceSend S.A.S.E. for Monthly Sales Flyer!

Call f°r

Quantity

Z_ Discounts^

JKi

ameco

Spec Sheets — 30c eachSend $1.00 Postage for yourFREE 1983 JAMECO CATALOGPrices Subject to Change

ELECTRONICS

1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002PHONE ORDERS WELCOME — (415) 592-8097

• SHIPMENT IN 24 HOURS •&& 7:00AM to 5:00 PM (PST) ^V

**°.i * * 3 New ^~

SU# Call: (415) 592-8097 ^ftf

jjjjg;, JUMPER AND CABLE ASSEMBLIES

STANDARD DIP JUMPERS

SVa" Mini-Floppy Disc Drive

FOR TRS-60 MODEL I [Industry Standard)Features single or double density. Recordingmode: FM single. MFM double densityPower: + 12VDC (s0.6V) 1.6 amps max.,5VDC ( = 0.25V) 0.8 amps max. Unit as pic-lured at left (does noi incl. esse, power supplyor cables). 30-page data book Included.Weighs 3'/j pounds. Size: 5V."W x 8"D x

Part No. tftirftodQiwiitfW pr|cfl

FD200 $179.95

Slngle-slded, 40 tracks, 250K bytes capacity

FO250 $199.95

Double-Mded, 35 tracks, 43BK bytes capacity

EXPAND YOUR TRS-BO

to 16K. 32K, or 40K■Model 1 = From 4K lo 16K Requires (i| One KMModel 3 = From 4K to 48K Requires |3| Three KitsColor ■ From 4K to 1GK Requires (1) One Kit

"Model 1 equipped with Expansion Board up to 48K Two Km Required

TRS-80 16K Conversion Kit

Kit comes complete with 8 each MM5290 (UPD41B/4116) 16KDynamic RAM (*ns) and documenlation for conversion.

TRS-16K2 '150ns S14.95

TRS-16K3 "200ns S12.95

TRS-16K4 '25005 S10.95

TRS-80 Color 32K or 64K Conversion Kit

Kit comes complete with 8 ea. 4164-2 (200ns). 64KDyn. RAMs& conversion documentation. Converts TRS-80 color computersIrom 4K-32K Memory or 16K-64K Memory.TRS-64K2 izopni) $54.95

Universal —^ Computer Keyboard Enclosure

"DTE" Blank Desk-Top Enclosuresam designed lor easy medita-tion. High slreng.n epoxy moldedw *i end pieces in mocha Drown finish.A* Sliding lear/bottom panol for service/'j* component access Top/tw!l panels OBO"V tnick alum atodine type 1200 timsh (oold lintcolor) lor Pest paint adhesion alter modilicaticnVented top & bottom panels for cooling efficiency.',,J> -->- ' DTE-20 PanalwIdihM- $39.95

D Sprite-style Fan• 36cfm Iree air delivery jwvv,• 3.125" sq. x 1.665" depth f'M.iJuJ• 10 yrs. cont. duty at 20°C ^if'am^S• 115V 50/60H2 1wnt>• For Apple usersPWS2107U SSfilidi ■■•.« 9-95 ea. -PWS2107F no. St4.95ea.

Muffin-style Fan

• 105cfm free air delivery JT^VVt.

• 4.68" sq. x 1.50" depth. Zf?,"oS

• 10 yrs. cont. duty at 20°C H^v^

• Impedance protected,ambients to 70°C

• 115V 50/60HZ 14W Wt. 17 02.

Mu2Ai.il axiJu 59-95ea-

•MU2A-1N N.».. S14.95ea.

JOYSTICKS

■c ci/ 5K Linear

Ji'M Taper Pets S5.25

1? innir 100K Linear

■ Ji'"1°°K Taper Pots $4.95

% flK * k ictnkf 150K Lineark <^H>, 1 ■'»-'*'"■ Taper Pols S4.75

JVC 40 40K I2) We° ':,,n-

js-sk ipiciui.di troller in Case S4.95

UV-EPROM Eraser

8 Chips — 51 Minutes

1 Chip — 37 Minutes

Erases 2708, 2716, 2732, 2764, 2516, 2S32, 2564. Erases up lo S chipswithin 51 minutes (1 chip in 37 minutes). Maintains constant exposuredistance of one Inch. Special conductive foam liner ellmlnales sialicbuildup. Built-in safety lock to prevent UV exposure. Compact — only9.00" x 3.70* x 2.60". Complete with holding Iray for 8 chips.

UVS-11 EL Replacement Bulb M6.95

DE-4 UV-EPROM Eraser ... .S79-95

-^Cj^fc Wall Transformers"^gW AC and DC Types

AC250 (Pictured)

Part No. Input Output Price

AC 250(flbove) 117V/60Hz 12VACZ50mA S3.95

AC 500 117Vr60Hz 12VAC500mA S4.95

AC1000 117V/60HI 12VAC1 amp $5.95

AC1700 117V/6QHI 9VAC1.7amp $3.95

AC9004 117V/60HI 9.2VAC 2.5 amp.. $2.95 or 2/$4.95

DC BOO 12OW60HZ BVDC 400mA $1.95 or 2/$2.9S

DC6912 120V/60HZ 6,9,12VDC 300mA $9.95

DVS490 117V/60HZ 9.5VDC 275mA .. . $2.49 or 2/13.95

OC900 120V/60HZ 9VDC 500mA $3.95

DC 1200 120V/6QHZ 12VDC 300mA . $2.95 or 2J$4.85

Sjernws g „ F|oppy QJSk DHVe

'''■wjE?*v • SIngle-Slded

WMWJir * 77 Tracks

IHp • 400/800K Bytes%4,W ^BP Capacity

k F^ TW * ' -Industry Standard

The FDD1008 8' Floppy Disk Drive (Industry Standard) featuressingle or double donslli. Recording mode: FM single, MFM doubledensity. Transfer rate: 250K bits/sec. slnrjlo density; 500K blta/sec.double density. The FDD10Q-8 Is designed to work with the slngle-slded soil sectored IBM Diskette I, or equivalent disk cartridge.A hard-sectored option is available. Power: 115/230VAC at 50-60HZ,+ 24VDC K 1.7 amps max., +5VDC rjr 1.2 amps max. Unit aspictured above (does not include case, powor supply, or cables).Size: a.55"W x 14"L x 4.5"H. Weighs 12 lbs.Part No. Price

FDD100-8 Buy 1 for $299.95 each _

FDD100-8 Buy 2 for $279.95 each /

FDD100-8 Buy 10 for $249.95 each>/

Circle 236 on inquiry card.

BlfTE November 1982

593

AnfZA 64K DYNAMICt I O1! 200 NS

ALL MERCHANDISE 100% GUARANTEED!

TMM2016

2KX8 STATIC200 NS

CALL US FOR VOLUME QUOTES

STATIC RAMS

r DISCCONTROLLERS

2101

256x4

(450ns)

1.95 1

17711791

16.9529.95

5101

256x4

(450ns) (cmos)

3.95 ■

2102-1

1024 x 1

(450ns)

.89 ■

1793

38.95

2102L-4

1024 x 1

(450ns) (LP)

1.29 ■

1795

54.95

2102L-2

1024 x 1

(250ns) (LP)

1.69 ■

1797

54.95

2111

256x4

(450ns)

2.99 ■

6843

34.95

2112

256x4

(450ns)

2.99 ■

8272

39.95

2114

1024x4

(450ns)

8/14.95 ■

UPD765

39.95

2114L-4

1024x4

(450ns) (LP)

8/15.25 ■

1691

18.95

2114L-3

1024 x 4

(300ns)(LP)

8/15.45 ■

2143

18.95

2114L-2

1024x4

(200ns) (LP)

8/15.95 ■

INTERFACE

2147

4096 x 1

(55ns)

4.95 ■

8T26

1.69

TMS4044-4

4096 x 1

(450ns)

3.49 ■

8T28

2.49

TMS4044-3

4096 x 1

(300ns)

3.99 ■

8T95

.99

TMS4044-2

4096 x 1

(200ns)

4.49 ■

8T96

.99

MK4118

1024x8

(250ns)

9.95 ■

8T97

.99

TMM2016-200

2048 x 8

(200ns)

4.15 ■

8T98

.99

TMM2016-150

2048 x 8

(150ns)

4.95 ■

DM8131

2.95

TMM2016-100

2048 x 8

(100ns)

6.15 ■

DP8304

2.29

HM6116-4

2048 x 8

(200ns) (cmos)

4.95 ■

DS8835

1.99

HMS118-3

2048 x 8

(150ns) (cmos)

5.95 ■

DS8836

MISC.

.99

HM6116-2

2048 x 8

(120ns) (cmos)

8.95 ■

HM6116LP-4

2048 x 8

(200ns) (cmos)(LP)

6.95 ■

3242

7.95

HM6116LP-3

2048 x 8

(150ns) (cmos)(LP)

8.95 ■

3341

4.95

HM6116LP-2

2048 x 8

(120ns) (cmos)(LP)

10.95 ■

MC3470

4.95

Z-6132

4096 x 8

(300ns) (Oslat)

34.95 ■

MC348011C90

9.0013.95

LP : Low Power

Qstal = Quasi-Static

95H90

7.95

DYNAMIC RAMS

TMS4027MK4108MM52984116-3004116-2504116-2004116-1504116-1202118MK48164164-200I 4164-150

1702

2708

2758

2716

2716-1

TMS2716

TMS2532

2732

2732-250

2732-200

2764

2764-250

2764-200

TMS2564

MC68764

4096 x 1

8192x1

8192 x 1

16384x1

16384x1

16384 x1

16384 x1

16384 x1

16384 x1

2048 x 8

65536 x 1

65536 x 1

(250ns)(200ns)(250ns)(300ns)(250ns)(200ns)(150ns)(120ns)(150ns) (5v)(300ns)(5v)(200ns)(5v)(150ns) (5v)

5V - single 5 volt supply

EPROMS

256x81024 x 81024x82048 x 82048 x 82048 x 84096 x 84096 x 84096 x 84096 x 88192x88192 x 88192x88192 x 88192x8

(1us)(450ns)(450ns)(5v)(450ns) (Sv)(350ns)(5v)(450ns)(450ns) (5v)(450ns)(5v)(250ns) (5v)(200ns)(5v)(450ns) (Sv)(250ns) (5v)(200ns)(Sv)(450ns)(Sv)(450ns) (5v)(24 pin)

1.99

1.95

1.85

8/11.75

8/11.95

8/13.95

8/15.95

8/29.95

4.95

24.95

6.25

7.28'

4.503.955.953.956.257.957.954.9512.9516.9516.9518.9519.9524.95 |call

5v = Single 5 Volt Supply

EPROM ERASERS

Capacity Intensity

Timer

Chip

(uW/Cm!)

PE-14

6

5,200

83.00

PE-14T

X

6

5,200

119.00

PE-24T

X

9

6,700

175.00

PL-265T

X

20

6,700

255.00

PR-125T

X

16

15,000

349.00

PR-320

X

32

15,000

595.00

2513-001 UP 9.952513-002 LOW 9.95

SOUND CHIPS

76477 3.95

76489 8.95

AY3-8910 12.95

MC3340 1.49

CRTCONTROLLERS

| 6845 14.95

68B45 35.95

HD46505SP 15.95

I 6847 12.25

68047 24.95

8275 29.95

| 7220 99.95

CRT5027 39.95

I CRT5037 49.95

I DP8350 49.95

BIT-RATEGENERATORS

MC14411 11.95

BR1941 11.95

4702 12.95

COM5016 16.95

COM8116 10.95

MM5307 10.95

UARTS

AY3-1014 6.95

AY5-1013 3.95

PT1472 9.95

TR1602 3.95

2350 9.95

2651 8.95

| TMS6011 5.95

IM6402 7.95

IM6403 8.95

INS8250 14.95

KEYBOARDCHIPS

( AY5-2376 11.95

AY5-3600 11.95

74C922 See 74C00

| 74C923 Series Prices

CLOCKCIRCUITS

I MM5314 4.95

MM5369 3.95

MM5375 4.95

MM58167 8.95

MM58174 11.95

IMSM5832 6.95

Z-80

2.5 Mhz

Z80-CPU 3.95

Z80-CTC 5.95

Z80-DART 15.25

Z80-DMA 17.50

Z80-PIO 5.75

Z80-SIO/0 18.50

Z80-SIO/1 18.50

Z80-SIO/2 18.50

Z80-SIO/9 16.95

4.0 Mhz

Z80A-CPU 6.00

ZB0A-CTC 8.65

Z80A-DART 18.75

Z80A-DMA 27.50

Z80A-PIO 6.00

Z80A-S1O/0 22.50

Z80A-SIO/1 22.50

Z80A-SIO/2 22.50

Z80A-SIO/9 19.95

6.0 Mhz

Z80B-CPU 17.95

Z80B-CTC 15.50

Z80B-PIO 15.50

ZILOG

Z6132 34.95

,Z8671 39.95,

CRYSTALS

8000

6800

32.768 khz

1.95

1.0 mhz

4.95

1.8432

4.95

2.0

3.95

2.097152

3.95

2.4576

3.95

3.2768

3.95

3.579535

3.95

4.0

3.95

5.0

3.95

5.0688

3.95

5.185

3.95

5.7143

3.95

6.0

3.95

6.144

3.95

6.5536

3.95

8.0

3.95

10.7836

3.95

14.31818

3.95

15.0

3.95

16.0

3.95

18.0

3.95

18.432

3.95

20.0

3.95

22.1184

3.95

32.0

3.95

DATA

ACQUISITION

ADC0800

15.55

ADC0804

3.49

ADC0809

4.49

ADC0817

9.95

DAC0800

4.95

DAC0806

1.95

DAC0808

2.95

DAC1020

8.25

OAC1022

5.95

MC1408L6

1.95

MC1408L8

2.95

8035 5.95

8039 6.95

INS-8060 17.95

INS-8073 24.95

8080 3.95

8065 5.95

8085A-2 11.95

8086 29.95

8087 CALL

8088 39.956089 89.95

8155 7.95

8156 8.958185 29.95B18S-2 39.958741 39.958748 29.95

.8755 32.00,

8200

8202

29.95

8203

39.95

8205

3.50

8212

1.80

8214

3.85

8216

1.75

8224

2.25

8226

1.80

8228

3.49

8237

19.95

8238

4.49

8243

4.45

8250

10.95

8251

4.49

8253

6.95

8253-5

7.95

8255

4.49

8255-5

5.25

8257

7.95

8257-5

8.95

8259

6.90

8259-5

7.50

8272

39.95

8275

29.95

8279

8.95

8279-5

10.00

8282

6.50

8283

6.50

8284

5.50

8286

6.50

8287

6.50

8288

25.00

8289

49.95

FUNCTION

GENERATORS

MC4024

3.95

LM566

1.49

XR2206

3.75

8038

3.95

INTERSIL

ICL7103 9.50

ICL7106 9.95

ICL7107 12.95ICL803B 3.95

ICM7107A 5.59

ICM7208 15.95 .

68000

99.95

6800

4.95

6802

7.95

6808

13.90

6809E

19.95

6809

12.95

6810

2.95

6820

4.95

6821

3.25

6828

14.95

6840

12.95

6843

34.95

6844

25.95

6845

14.95

6847

12.25

6850

3.45

6852

5.75

6860

9.95

6862

11.95

6875

6.95

6880

2.25

6883

24.95

68047

24.95

68488

19.95

6800 ■

1MHZ

68B00

10.95

68B02

22.25

68B09E

29.95

68B09

29.95

68B10

7.95

68B21

12.95

68B45

35.95

66B50

12.95

68B00

= 2 MHZ

6500

6502

5.95

6504

6.95

6505

8.95

6507

9.95

6520

4.35

6522

8.75

6532

11.25

6545

22.50

6551

1.1.85

2 MHZ

6502A

9.95

6522A

11.70

6532A

12.40

6545A

28.50

6551A

12.95

EXAR

XR 2206 3.75

XR 2207 3.85

XR 2208 3.90

XR 2211 5.25

XR 2240 3.25

9000 SERIES

93169334936894019601960296S02

1.002.503.959.95.751.501.95

JDR MICRODEVICES, INC.

1224 S. Bascom Avenue

San Jose, CA 95128

800-538-5000 • 800-662-6279 (CA)

(408) 995-5430 • Telex 171-110

©1982 JDR MICRODEVICES, INC.

VISIT OURRETAIL STORE

— NEW HOURS —

M-W-F, 9-5

T-Th.,9-9 Sat. 11-3

PLEASE USE YOUR CUSTOMER NUMBER WHEN ORDERING

TERMS: For shipping include $2 lor UPS Ground or $3 tor UPS BlueLabel Air. Items over 5 pounds require additional shipping charges.Foreign orders, include sufficient amount for shipping. There is a $10minimum order. Bay Area and Los Angeles Counties add 6' .■■' SalesTax. Other California residents add 6 Sales Tax. We reserve theright to substitute manufacturer. Not responsible (or typographicalerrors. Prices are subject to change without notice. We will match orbeat any competitor's price provided It is not below our cost.

594 BYTE November 1982

Circle 237 on inquiry card.

2716

16K EPROMS

2732

32K EPROMS

ALL MERCHANDISE 100% GUARANTEED!

CALL US FOR VOLUME QUOTES

74LS00

74LS00

.24

74LS86

.39

74LS169

1.75

74LS323

2.75

74LS01

.25

74LS90

.55

74LS170

1.49

74LS324

1.75

74LS02

.25

74LS91

.89

74LS173

.69

74LS352

1.29

74LS03

.25

74LS92

.55

74LS174

.55

74LS353

1.29

74LS04

.24

74LS93

.55

74LS175

.55

74LS363

1.35

74LS05

.25

74LS95

.75

74LS181

2.15

74LS364

1.95

74LS08

.28

74LS96

.89

74LS189

8.95

74LS365

.49

74LS09

.29

74LS107

.39

74LS190

.89

74LS366

.49

74LS10

.25

74LS109

.39

74LS191

.89

74LS367

.45

74LS11

.35

74LS112

.39

74LS192

.79

74LS368

.45

74LS12

.35

74LS113

.39

74LS193

.79

74LS373

.99

74LS13

.45

74LS114

.39

74LS194

.69

74LS374

.99

74LS14

.59

74LS122

.45

74LS195

.69

74LS377

1.39

74LS15

.35

74LS123

.79

74LS196

.79

74LS378

1.18

74LS20

.25

74LS124

2.90

74LS197

.79

74LS379

1.35

74LS21

.29

74LS125

.49

74LS221

.89

74LS385

1.90

74LS22

.25

74LS126

.49

74LS240

.95

74LS386

.45

74LS26

.29

74LS132

.59

74LS241

.99

74LS390

1.19

74LS27

.29

74LS133

.59

74LS242

.99

74LS393

1.19

74LS28

.35

74LS136

.39

74LS243

.99

74LS395

1.19

74LS30

.25

74LS137

.99

74LS244

.99

74LS399

1.49

74LS32

.29

74LS138

.55

74LS245

1.49

74LS424

2.95

74LS33

.55

74LS139

.55

74LS247

.75

74LS447

.37

74LS37

.35

74LS145

1.20

74LS248

.99

74LS49Q

1.95

74LS38

.35

74LS147

2.49

74LS249

.99

74LS624

3.99

74LS40

.25

74LS148

1.35

74LS251

.59

74LS668

1.69

74LS42

.49

74LS151

.55

74LS253

.59

74LS669

1.89

74LS47

.75

74LS153

.55

74LS257

.59

74LS670

1.49

74LS48

.75

74LS154

1.90

74LS258

.59

74LS674

9.65

74LS49

.75

74LS15S

.69

74LS259

2.75

74LS682

3.20

74LS51

.25

74LS156

.69

74LS260

.99

74LS683

3.20

74LS54

.29

74LS157

.65

74LS266

.55

74LS684

3.20

74LS55

.29

74LS158

.59

74LS273

1.49

74LS685

3.20

74LS63

1.25

74LS160

.69

74LS275

3.35

74LS688

2.40

74LS73

.39

74LS161

.65

74LS279

.49

74LS669

3.20

74LS74

.35

74LS162

.69

74LS280

1.98

74LS783

24.95

74LS75

.39

74LS163

.65

74LS283

.69

81LS95

1.49

74LS76

.39

74LS164

.69

74LS290

.89

81LS96

1.49

74LS78

.49

74LS165

.95

74LS293

.89

81LS97

1.49

74LS83

.60

74LS166

1.95

74LS295

.99

81LS98

1.49

74LS85

.69

74LS168

1.75

74LS298

.89

25LS252125LS2569

2.804.25

IC SOCKETS

7400

CMOS

1-99

100

8 pin ST

.13

.11

14 pin ST

.15

.12

16 pin ST

.17

.13

18 pin ST

.20

.18

20 pin ST

.29

.27

22 pin ST

.30

.27

24 pin ST

.30

.27

28 pin ST

.40

.32

40 pin ST

.49

.39

ST » SOLDERTAIL

8 pin WW

.59

.49

14 pin WW

.69

.52

16 pin WW

.69

.58

18 pin WW

.99

.90

20 pin WW

1.09

.98

22 pin WW

1.39

1.28

24 pin WW

1.49

1.35

28 pin WW

1.69

1.49

40 pin WW

1.99

1.80

WW = WIREWRAP

16pinZIF

6.75

call

24 pin ZIF

9.95

call

ZIF ' TEXTOOL

(Zero Insertion Force)

CONNECTORS

RS232 MALE 2.95 I

RS232 FEMALE 3.50 |

RS232 FEMALE

RIGHT ANGLERS232 HOODS-100STS-100 WW

DIP SWITCHES

4 POSITION .85

5 POSITION .90

6 POSITION .90

7 POSITION .95a POSITION .95 j

Prices Slashed!74S00

MasterCard

VISA

74S00

.32

74S163

1.95

74S02

.35

74S168

3.95

74S03

.35

74S169

3.95

74S04

.35

74S174

.95

74S05

.35

74S175

.95

74S08

.35

74S181

3.95

74S09

.40

74S182

2.95

74S10

.35

74S188

1.95

74S11

.35

74S189

6.95

74S15

.35

74S194

1.49

74S20

.35

74S195

1.49

74S22

.35

74S196

1.49

74S30

.35

74S197

1.49

74S32

.40

74S201

6.95

74S37

.88

74S225

7.95

74S38

.85

74S240

2.20

74S40

.35

74S241

2.20

74S51

.35

74S244

2.20

74S64

.40

74S2S1

.95

74S65

.40

74S253

.95

74S74

.50

74S257

.95

74S85

1.99

74S258

.95

74S86

.50

74S260

.79

74S112

.50

74S274

19.95

74S113

.50

74S275

19.95

74S114

.55

74S280

1.95

74S124

2.75

74S287

1.90

74S132

1.24

74S288

1.90

74S133

.45

74S289

6.89

74S134

.50

74S301

6.95

74S135

.89

74S373

2.45

74S138

.85

74S374

2.45

74S139

.85

74S381

7.95

74S140

.55

74S387

1.95

74S151

.95

74S412

2.98

74S153

.95

74S471

4.95

74S157

.95

74S472

4.95

74S158

.95

74S474

4.95

74S161

1.95

74S482

15.25

74S162

1.95

74S570

2.95

74S571

2.95

ORDER TOLL FREE

800-538-5000800-662-6279

(CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS)

IF YOU CAN FIND A PRICE LOWERELSEWHERE, LET US KNOW ANDWE'LL MEE T OR BE A T THEIR PRICE1

<SEE TERMS BELOW;

* Computer managed inventory—virtually no back orders!

* Very competitive prices!

* Friendly staff!

* Fast service — most ordersshipped within 24 hours!

7400

7401

7402

7403

7404

7405

7406

7407

7408

7409

7410

7411

7412

7413

7414

7416

7417

7420

7421

7422

7423

7425

7426

7427

7428

7430

7432

7433

7437

7438

7440

7442

7443

7444

7445

7446

7447

7448

7450

7451

7453

7454

7460

7470

7472

7473

7474

7475

7476

7480

7481

7482

7483

7485

7486

7489

7490

7491

7492

7493

7494

7495

7496

7497

74100

74107

74109

74110

74111

74116

74120

74121

74122

74123

74125

74126

74128

.19.19.19.19.1935.29.29.24.19.19.25.30.35.49.25.25.19.35.35.29.29.29.29.45.19.29.45.29.29.19.49.65.69.69.69.69.69.19.23.23.23.23.35.29.34.33.45.35.591.10.95.50.59.352.15.35.40.50.35.65.55.702.751.75.30.45.45.551.551.20.29.45.49.45.45.55

741327413674141741427414374145741477414874150741517415274153741547415574156741577415974160741617416274163741647416574166741677417074172741737417474175741767417774178741797418074181741827418474185741867419074191741927419374194741957419674197741987419974221742467424774246742497425174259742657427374276742797428374284742857429074293742987435174365743667436774368743767439074393744257442674490

.45

.50

.65

2.95

2.95

.60

1.75

1.20

1.35

.55

.65

.55

1.25

.75

.65

.55

1.65

.85 I

.69

.85

.69 |

.85

.85

1.00

2.95

1.65

5.95

.75

.89

.89

.89

.75

1.15

1.75

.75

2.25

.75

2.00

2.00

18.50

1.15

1.15

.79

.79

.85

.85

.79

.75

1.35

1.35

1.35

1.35

1.25

1.85

1.95

.75

2.25

1.35

1.95

1.25

.75

2.00

3.75

3.75

.95

.75

.85

2.25

.65

.65

.65

.65

2.20

1.75

1.35

3.15

.85

2.55 .

40004001400240064007400840094010401140124013401440154016401740184019402040214022402340244025402640274028402940304034403540404041404240434044404640474049405040514053406040664068406940704071407240734075407640784081408240854086409340984099144091441014411144121441945024503450845104511451245144515451645184519452045224526l 4527

.29

.25

.25

.89

.29

.95

.39

.45

.25

.25

.38

.79

.39

.39

.69

.79

.39

.75

.79

.79

.29

.65

.29

1.65

.45

.69

.79

.39

1.95

.85

.75

.75

.69

.85

.79

.85

.95

.35

.35

.79

.79

.89

.39

.39

.29

.35

.29

.29

.29

.29

.79

.29

.29

.29

.95

.95

.49

2.49

1.95

12.95

12.95

11.95

12.95

7.95

.95

.65

1.95

.85

.85

.85

1.25

1.79

1.55

.89

.39

.79

1.25

1.25

1.95

4528

4531

4532

4538

4539

4543

4555

4556

4581

4582

4584

4585

4702

74C00

74C02

74C04

74C08

74C10

74C14

74C20

74C30

74C32

74C42

74C48

74C73

74C74

74C76

74C83

74C85

74C86

74C89

74C90

74C93

74C95

74C107

74C150

74C151

74C154

74C157

74C160

74C161

74C162

74C163

74C164

74C165

74C173

74C174

74C175

74C192

74C193

74C195

74C200

74C221

74C373

74C374

74C901

74C902

74C903

74C905

74C906

74C907

74C908

74C909

74C910

74C911

74C912

74C914

74C915

74C918

74C920

74C921

74C922

74C923

74C925

74C926

74C927

74C928

74C929

74C930

1.19

.95

1.95

1.95

1.95

1.19

.95

.95

1.95

1.95

.75

.75

12.95

.35

.35

.35

.35

.35

.59

.35

.35

.39

1.29

1.99

.65

.65

.80

1.95

1.95

.39

4.50

1.19

1.75

.99

.89

5.75

2.25

3.25

1.75

1.19

1.19

1.19

1.19

1.39

2.00

.79

1.19

1.19

1.49

1.49

1.39

5.75 [

1.75

2.45

2.45

.39

.85

.85

10.95

.95

1.00

2.00

2.75

9.95

8.95

8.95

1.95

1.19

2.75

17.95

15.95

4.49

4.95

5.95

7.95

7.95

7.95

19.95

19.95 ,

TRANSISTORS DIODES

LED DISPLAYS

rLED LAMPS

1-99 100-up

HP 5082-7760

.6" CC 1.29 1

Jumbo

MAN 72

.3" CA .99 I

Red .10 .09

MAN 74

.3" CC .99 I

Jumbo

FND-357 (359)

.375" CC .75 ■

Green .18 .15

FND-500 (503)

.5" CC .99 1

Jumbo

FND-507 (510)

.5'' CA .99^B

Yellow .18 .15

PN2222PN29072N22222N29072N30553055T2N39042N3906IN4148 (IN914).IN4004

NPN SWITCHPNP SWITCHNPN SWITCHPNP SWITCHNPN POWERNPN POWERNPN SWITCHNPN SWITCHSWITCHINGRECTIFIER

TO-92

TO-92

TO-18

TO-18

TO-3

TO-220

TO-92

TO-92

10/1.00

10/1.25

.25

.25

.79

.69

10/1.00

10/1.00

25/1.00

10/1.00

100/8.99

100/10.99

50/10.99

50/10.99

10/6.99

10/5.99

100/8.99

100/8.99

1000/35.00

100/8.99 J

Circle 237 on Inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982

LINEAR

LM301

.34

LM340 (see

7800)

NE5S8

1.50

LM1489

.69

LM301H

.79

LM348

.99

NE561

19.95

LM1496

.85

LM307

.45

LM350K

4.95

NE564

2.95

LM1558H

3.10

LM30B

.69

LM350T

4.60

LM565

.99

LM1800

2.37

LM308H

1.15

LM358

.69

LM566

1.49

LM1812

8.25

LM309H

1.95

LM359

1.79

LM567

.89

LM1830

3.50

LM309K

1.25

LM376

3.75

NE570

3.95

LM1871

5.49

LM310

1.75

LM377

1.95

NE571

2.95

LM1872

5.49

LM311

.64

LM378

2.50

NE592

2.75

LM1877

3.25

LM311H

.89

LM379

4.50

LM703

.89

LM1889

1.95

LM312H

1.75

LM380

.89

LM709

.59

LM1896

1.75

LM317K

3.95

LM380N-8

1.10

LM710

.75

LM2877

2.05

LM317T

1.19

LM381

1.60

LM711

.79

LM2878

2.25

LM318

1.49

LM382

1.60

LM723

.49

LM2900

.85

LM318H

1.59

LM383

1.95

LM723H

.55

LM2901

1.00

LM319H

1.25

LM384

1.95

LM733

.98

LM3900

.59

LM319

1.25

LM386

.89

LM741N-8

.35

LM3905

1.25

LM320 (see 7900)

LM387

1.40

LM741N-14 .35

LM3909

.98

LM322

1.65

LM389

1.35

LM741H

.40

LM3911

2.25

LM323K

4.95

LM390

1.95

LM747

.69

LM3914

3.95

LM324

.59

LM392

.69

LM748

.59

LM3915

3.95

LM329

.65

LM394H

4.60

LM1014

1.19

LM3916

3.95

LM331

3.95

LM399H

5.00

LM1303

1.95

MC4024

3.95

LM334

1.19

NE531

2.95

LM1310

1.49

MC4044

4.50

LM335

1.40

NE536

6.00

MC1330

1.69

RC4136

1.25

LM336

1.75

NE555

.34

MC1349

1.89

RC4151

3.95

LM337K

3.95

NE556

.65

MC1350

1.19

LM4250

1.75

LM337T

1.95

NE558

1.50

MC1358

1.69

LM4500

3.25

LM338K

6.95

NE555

.34

LM1414

1.59

LM13080

1.29

LM339

.99

NE556

.65

LM1458

.59

LM13600

1.49

LM1488

.69

LM13700

1.49

H = TO-5 CAN

T =

TO-220

K

= TO-3

RCA

VOLTAGE

CA 3023CA 3039

2.75

1.29

CA 3082CA 3083

1.65 ■1.55 ■

RE

CA 3046CA 3059CA 3060

1.25

2.902.90

CA 3086CA 3089CA 3096

.80 ■2.99 ■3.49 ■

7805T7808T

.89.89

7905T7908T

.99

.99

CA 3065

1.75

CA3130

1.30 ■

7812T

.89

7912T

.99

CA 3080

1.10

CA3140

1.15 ■

7815T

.89

7915T

.99

CA 3081

1.65

CA3146

1.B5 ■

7824T

.89

7924T

.99

7805K

1.39

7905K

1.49

7812K

1.39

7912K

1.49

7815K

1.39

7915K

1.49

Tl

7824K

1.39

7924K

1.49

TL494

4.20

75365

1.95 1

78L05

.69

79L05

.79

TL496

1.65

75450

.59 ■

78L12

.69

79L12

.79

TL497

3.25

75451

.39 ■

78L15

.69

79L15

.79

75107

1.49

75452

.39 ■

75110

1.95

75453

.39 ■

78H05K

9.95

LM323K

4.95

75150

1.95

76454

.39 ■

78H12K

9.95

UA78S40

1.95

75154

1.95

75491

.79 ■

T = TO-220

K = TO-3

75188

1.25

75492

.79 ■

L =

TO-92

75189

1.25

7549375494

.89 ■.89 ■

BIFET

TL071

.79

TL084

2.19

TL072

1.19

LF347

2.19

TL074

2.19

LF351

.60

TL081

.79

LF353

1.00

TL082

1.19

LF355

1.10

TL083

1.19

LF356

1.10

LF357

1.40

BEST SELLINGBOOKS

OSBORNE/MC GRAW-HILL

Apple II User's Guide 14.95 I

CRT Controllers Handbook 9.95 |

68000 Assembly Language

Programming 16.99 I

CBASIC User Guide 15.00 |

SYBEX

Your Your First Computer 8.95

The CP/M Handbook 14.95

The PASCAL Handbook 18.95

Microprocessor InterfacingTechniques 17.95J

VISIT OURRETAIL STORE

• NEW HOURS •

NOW OPEN

TUESDAY & THURSDAY

EVENINGS TILL 9:00 P.M.

66

JDR SUPER SPECIALS"

RAM

HM61 1 6-4 2KX8 CMOS $495

TMM2016-200 2KX8NMOS200NS $415

4164-200NS *625

EPROM

12732 45ons $495

2764 450ns *1695

2564 45ons $2495

CAPS

.01 uf Disc 100/$600

.1 uf Disc 100/$800

.1 uf Monolithic 100/$1500

51A" DISK DRIVES

TANDON

ITM100-1 (FOR IBM) 229.00

|TM100-2 (FOR IBM) 295.00

SHUGART

I SA 400L (40 TRACK) 199.95

|SA400 (35 TRACK) 189.95

CABINET FOR 5V«"DISK DRIVE

I • COLOR MATCHES APPLEI* FITS SHUGART

SPECIAL — $29.95

MICROCOMPUTERHARDWARE HANDBOOK

FROM ELCOMP —$14.95I Over 800 pages of manufacturers datasheets on most commonly used IC's.Includes:

* TTL — 74/74LSand 74F

* CMOS

* Voltage Regulators

* Memory — RAM, ROM, EPROM+ CPU's - 68O0. 6500. Z80, 8080,

8085, 8086/8I * MPU support & interface — 6800,6500, Z80, 8200, etc.

WE NOW STOCK A

COMPLETE LINE OF

DISC, ELECTROLYTIC,

MONOLITHIC AND

TANTALUM CAPACITORS

RESISTORS

V* WATT 5% CARBON FILM ALL

STANDARD VALUESFROM 1 OHM TO 10 MEG OHM50 PCS. SAME VALUE .025 EA.

100 PCS. SAME VALUE .02 EA.

,1000 PCS. SAME VALUE .015 EA.

JDR MICRODEVICES, INC.

1224 S. Bascom Avenue

San Jose, CA 95128

800-538-5000 • 800-662-6279 (CA)

(408) 995-5430* Telex 171-110

VISIT OURRETAIL STORE

— NEW HOURS —

M-W-F, 9-5

T-Th.,9-9 Sat. 11-3

(40

©1982 JDR MICRODEVICES, INC.

PLEASE USE YOUR CUSTOMER NUMBER WHEN ORDERING

TERMS: For shipping include S2 for UPS Ground or S3 lor UPS BlueLabel Air, hems over 5 pounds require additional shipping charges.Foreign orders, include sullicient amount tor shipping There is a $10minimum order Bay Area and Los Angeles Counties add 6'.■ ■ SalesTax. Other California residents add 6". Sales Tax We reserve theright to substitute manufacturer. Not responsible for typographicalerrors. Prices are subject to change without notice We will match orbeat any competitor's price provided it is not below our cost

596 BYTE November 1982

Circle 238 on inquiry card.

THE ULTIMATE APPLE

COOLING FAN $6995

• Easy Installation

• No modification of Applerequired.

• Color matches Apple.

• Switch on front controls fancomputer and monitor.

• Ultra-quiet, reliable fan.

• Completely eliminatesproblems caused byoverheating

MONITORS

GREEN PHOSPHORNECJB12CMM $16900

ZENITH zuM-121 *11900

COLOR

|AMDEKcolori*33500NECjci2oiM $32900

16KRAM CARD

Upgrade your 48K Apple II to full 64K of RAM.

Fully software and hardware compatible with the Apple I

anguage card and microsoft Z80 card.

Eliminates the need for the Applesoft or Integer Basic

ROM card when used in conjunction with DOS 3.3.

Allows you to run Apple Fortran or Pascal with i

difficulty.

Available as bare board, kit, or assembled and tested

PRICE REDUCED

ASSEMBLED & TESTED $49.95

BARE CARD $14.95 KIT $44.9sl

PRINTERS

MX-80

MX-80FT

MX-800

CALL FOR PRICE

WE HAVE APPLE AND TRS-80INTERFACE CARDS AND CABLES

95'

rDISK DRIVE $299

• Includes metal cabinet

• Color matches Apple

• 35 Tracks/single side

• Includes cable

• Use with Apple IIController

ORDER TOLL FREE

800-538-5000800-662-6279

(CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS)

SA400 35 TRACKDISK DRIVE

CLEARANCE

• VERY LIMITED SUPPLY

• MODIFY FOR USE INAPPLE

* PRE-REVISION "L" MODEL|

* THEY WONT LAST LONG

$189

95

51/4" DISKETTES'

ATHANA ss sd soft 24.95

MEMOREXsssdsoft .... 26.95VERBATIM sssdsoft .... 29.95VE R BATI M 10 section hard 29.95

1982 JDH MICROUEVICES. INC.

Circle 238 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982

AllTORNIA LMGITA

Post Office Box 3097 B • Torrance, California 90503

FREE*

Plastic library case supplied with all| diskettes purchased from California Digital

*24?5

the

Art

rivals labeled for California Digital by

iosl respected producers of magnetic mcuia.diskette is certified double density at 40s. To insure extended media life each dig-is manufactured with a reinforced hub-hole.<f course, a plastic library case is Includedrvery box of diskettes. MMD-CDS(OlKtO)IQ specify computer or required seen

Ten boxes '22.75 One hundred boxes '21.50

WITH LIBRARY CASE

26.50

Your Choice

SCOTCH

MEMOREX

VERBATIM

Single Side Double DensitySoft Sector 10 Sector 16 Sector

SCOTCH

744D-0

7440-10

744D-16

26.50

MEMOREX

3481

3483

3485

26.50

VERBATIM

52501

525-10

NA

26.50

MAXELL

MD1

MH1-10

MH1-16

29.85

DYSAN

104/1D

107/1D

NA

45.00

Double Side Double Density

SCOTCH

7450

745-10

745-16

42.50

VERBATIM

550-01

550-10

NA

42.50

MAXELL

MD2-D

MH2-10D

MH2-16D

45.00

DYSAN

104/2D

107/2D

NA

49.50

DYSAN 96

204/2D

NA

NA

59.50

EIGHT INCH DISKETTES

Single Side Single Density

SCOTCH

MEMOREX

DYSAN

740-0

3060

3740/1

29.50

29.50

39.50

Thirty Twn Sector

SCOTCH 740-32 29.50

ScsIcAHtidChlnaigKli '>'■PUilclUHityOltl SV.((~fkiktntupTuhi By dirt MilCUMlt Ftp Tutl litly

Single Side Double Density

SCOTCH

MEMOREX

DYSAN

741-0

3090

3740/D

39.00

35.00

57.50

Double side Double Density

SCOTCH

MEMOREX

DYSAN

743-0

3114

3740/2D

47.50

39.50

65.00

Each keyboard contains 81 high reliability Hall Effect keys.Outputs seven bit parallel ASCII MIC-81SD5 3 Lbs.

$

ip&File1&95

VISA

MEMORY

2716EPR0M

4.50

450 ns

16K STATIC

7.00

6116 200ns I

64K DYNAMIC

6.95

4164 200ns

16K DYNAMIC

1.95

4116 200ns

2732 EPROM

SALE *6.95

DYNAMIC MEMORY

4116150ns 16k

41113-ZDDns 16k

4164-150ns 64k Japan 138 refresh

4164-150ns 64k Texas Inst. 256 refresh

..164-200ns 64k Japan 128 refresh

41256-200 256K dynamic memory

21L02-2O0ns Ik

21L02-450ns Ik

2112-450ns2k

214-300ns 4k

2H4-450ns 4k

4044-250ns 4k

4044-450ns 4k

5257-3O0ns 4k

6116-P3 150ns 16k 2d pin

6116-P4 200ns 16k 24 pin

6167 / 2167 100ns 16k 20 pin

STATIC MEMORY

EPROMS

270B-450ns 8k:>,'Hv.1!>0ns 16k

2716TMS-450ns 16k tii-vollarje2516450ns 16k2732-350ns 16k2733450ns 16k2532450ns 16k2764-450ns 64k27128-450ns 128k

AST EC SWITCHING POWER SUPPLY

Output; +5v. 3A; +12v .9A; -12v .075A.Suitable for Apple look-a-like. ATC-1298

SWITCHES

CONNECTORS

ItllilJtiM UAlil.E CONNECTORS17/34 5" disk 4.85 4.15 3.95•MHO 1HS-U0 5.65 5.05 4.70U/50 B' ilisk 5.SJ0 5.15 -1.90

old by California Digital is premium gt/e poanda $3.(10. Each additional $.50.

fl% shipping. Excest) will be refunded,ts add ft1,"/,, galea tax, COtVs discourse?ndod to state supported educational In*h a "strong11 Dun C- Br ad street.

nod Blvd. Visitor8 liy appointrr

no. sold by CMst five pounds

Eight Inch Single

Sided

One Two

Ten

SHUGART SA801R

s395

385

375

SIEMENS FDD 100-8

259

259

225

TAND0N 848-1 SLIMLINE

379

369

359

Eight Inch Double SI

SHUGART SA851R

525

495

475

QUME DATA TRACK 8

525

495

475

MITSUBISHI M2894-63

485

475

469

OLIVETTI 802/851

369

359

349

TAND0N 848-2 SLIMLINE

495

485

475

SHUGART 860 THINLINE

569

549

539

Five Inch Single Sided

SHUGART SA400

215

209

199

TAND0N TM 100-1

209

199

195

Five Inch Double Sided

SHUGART SA450

349

329

315

TAND0N TM 100-2

295

269

259

TAND0N 96TPI TM100-4

369

355

350

OLIVETTI 502 2h height

239

225

215

Three Inch Rigid Floppy

HITACHI-AMDEK

call for pricing

Five Inch Winchesters

SEAGATE 506 6 Megabyte

759

725

695

SEAGATE 512 12 Megabyte

995

960

960

TAND0N 603SE 14 Megabyte

995

960

895

WESTERN DYNAX removable

995

960

950

Upon request, all drives are suppliedwith power connectors and manual

Eight Inch Subsystem

Two Siemens FDD 100-8 disk drives with power supply,4" exhaust fan complete with al necessary power cables.

Same as above but with:ShugartSOin MSD2801 '1195 OUvetti 802 CAL280I '1250

ShugartB51R MSD2851 1450 I OumeDTS MS0BDT 1450

ECLIPSl100

*695<

INDUSTRIAL S-lOO MAINFRAMl

Suitable for hospital and industrial applications. Constructed tnjm 304 brushed stainless.Modular 500 wall toroid power supply provides •Svotts at 30Amps and >16votts a) 4Amps.Suppled with standard 1B slot Faraday mother board. Auxlary switched AC receptacles.The Eclipse 100 can be either table or rack mounted. Provisions tor ntemaly mounting a Jten megabyte Winchester disk drive.

The Ecipse 100 is the perfect mainframe to HI the void left by the now delunct TE1 CoraEPS-100 50 Lbs.

TOLL FREE ORDER LINE

800)421-5041

TECHNICAL & CALIFORNIA

213679-9001

CaIiFornIa DiqiTAl

Post Office Box 3097 B • Torrance, California 90503

er Buy $259

SIEMENS

FDD 100-88" DISK DRIVE,

10 Drives s225 • 100 Drives s209|

California Digital has recently participated in the purchase of several thousand Siemens FDD 100-8 floppy diskdrives. These units are electronically and physically similar to that of the Shugart 801R disk drive. Any applicationthat will accept an 801R will work with the Siemens FDD 100-8 drive.

All units are new and shipped in factory sealed boxes. Because ol the extremely low price we expect a quick sellout. Please reserve your units early. SEA-F1008 17 lbs. Manual and connectors supplied free upon request. Alsoavailable: Two drive subsystem supplied in steel enclosure with power supply and Ian. S750.00 CAL-2F1008

Scotch Diskettes

FREE

PLASTIC LIBRARY CASE

We have purchased the entire excess inventory o! 5'/," Scotch brand diskettes form Digital EquipmentCorporation. The diskettes are all single sided double density Available in soft, ten and sixteen sectors. Like alldiskettes purchased from California Digital, these are supplied in polypropylene library storage cases.Take advantage of this one time offer and stock up for the winter. Prime Scotch diskettes priced below dealer cost.(Soft sector for Apple & IBM) MMM-SD7440 (ten sector} MMM—SD74410 (sixteen) MMM-SD74416 2 lbs.

PRINTERS

MATRIX PRINTERS

Okidata 82A serial S parallel 9 5' paper 0KI-82A 45900

Okidata 83A serial S parallel 15" papci 0KI-83A 69500

Dkfdata 84A parallel only 15" paper 0KI-B4AP 1.079.00

OkirJala B4A serial 8 parallel 15' paper OKI-WAS 1.31900Epson MXBO with graphics and Iraclor feed EPS-MX8QEpson MXBOFT with graphics Inction & Iraclor feed

EPS-MX80FT 539 00

Epson MX100 witfi graphics 15 pace EPS-WX100 69500

NEC B023A parallel 9 5 paper, graphics NEC-B023A 489 00Aiiade* 9500A fiirjh speed aoi mairn punier 15"

ADX-9500A 1,279 00

AnaPR. 35U1A 15' paper with graphics ADX-9501A 1.279 00leias lns.li omen is 810 scnal 15 upper & lower case

TEX-8I0L 1,29900

Oalasoulh DS1B0 lugli speed 180 char/sec 15" DSI-1B0 1,295.00

Prownler 8510 parallel 9 5" PR0-8510P 495.00

Prownler 8510 serial 95" PR0-8510S 63900

Prownler II 15" paper PRQ-2P 75000Pnnlronix P300 high speed primer 300 lines/mm

PTX-P300 4.50000Prmtromx P600 high speed primer 600 lines/mm

PTX-P600 6.150.00

I0S pnsm 80 column, graphics (non-colon I0S-P80G 1.150 00IDS prism 132 COLOR with graphics 15" paper

IDS-P132CG 1,650 00

Mamtesmann Tally 1805 200 cps serial MAN-1805 1.650.00

WORD PROCESSING PRINTERS

»EC77l0 55criaresec Humble, serial only NEC-77I0 2.379 00

NEC7730 same as aoove parallel only NEC-7730 2.379.00

NEC351D senar 15NEC-35I0 1.77500

Diaolo C20R101 25 cps serial DBL-620 1.270.00

Diablo 630 40 cps serial DFJL-630 2,250 00

Simih Corona TP-1 daisy wheel parallel SCMTP1P 659.00

Smiih Corona TP-1 daisy wheel serial SCM-TP1S 659.00

Biolliei HR11 daisy wheel punier parallel BTH-HR1P 855.00

BrothBi huh serial Inttrfnn BTH-HR1S 895.00

DtablO 630 [1BL-630 2,09500

Slarwnler FtO serial PRQ-FI0S 1.475.00

Starwnlci F10 parallel PRO-FIOP 1,475.00

MONITORS

ZemlhZ12t green phosphor 12" 4G780 column switch ZTH-ZI21 115 00

BMC 12A green phosphor 15 Mft7. compose video BMC-12A 88.00

BMC I2EN green phosphor 20 Mhz high resolution BMC-12ENNEC JB1201 green phosphor 18 Mill composil video NEC-JBI201NEC JBI260 green phosphor commercial grade composil NEC-1260Motorola 23" open Irame blk/whne composit video M0T-BW23Motorola 12" open Iram; blk/white regrres Imr? sync 8powM0T-8W12Conrac 9' open frame requires horz sync & power supply CON-8W9

[count

NEC JClZOI composil color NEC-JC120I

NEC RGB monitor NEC-^(KDM

BMC 13" Composil video BMC-1400CL

BMC 13" RGB color monitor BMC-1401R6B

BMC interlace card lor Apple 11 lor above RGB BMC-61RGB

ComrexrHilachi 13" RGB high res monitor COM-6600

Comrei/Hilachi 13" Composrt color momlor COM-6500

Amdek color »1 composil video AMD-100

Amdek color «2 high res RGB color momlor AMD-200

Amdekjojnr n3 commercial grade color RGB AMO-300

139 00169 00129 001590069.0059 00

325 00875.00273.00

395 00349.00739 00475 00

Direct Connect

MODEMS

Hayes Micromodnm 100 S-100 modern HYS-IOOHayes Smart Model RS232 HYS-232Hayes Miciomoilem II Apple direct conned HYS-MM2Hayes Chronograph tine & date HYS-CHR232Novation Cat acoustic conned NOVCATNovation 0 Cat direct connect via handsel N0V-DCATNovation 212 Autocar Bell 2l?A N0V-2I2Hovalion Auto Cat 103 N0V-AUT0Universal 103LP direct connect line powered UDS-I03LPUniversal 103LPJ direc: connect auto answer UDS-I03LPJUniversal 202 direct connect 1200 baud hall duplex U0S-202LPUniversal 212LP direct conned 1200 baud, lull duplex UDS-2I2LPLSignalman Mark I direct connect with terminal cable SGI-MK1

VISA

31900229 00279 00199 0014900169 00595 0021900169 00209 00

TERMINALS

Ampex Dialogue 80 green screen. Iwo page, function keys APX-080C

Ampex Dialogue 80 amber screen, two page, (unction keys APX-DBCA

Ampex Dialogue 80 green screen Selednc keyboard APX-D81G

Ampex Dialogue 81 amber screen, Selecnic keyboard APX-D81A

Ampex Touch Term screen command lor data entry APX-T80

Wyse hot? & veri split screen metal case, deiatch keyed WYS-100

Televtdeo 910C emulator TVI-910C

Televuleo 910 Plus block mode TVI-910P

Tclevidco 025C dutalcnable keyboard 22 lonction keys IVI-925

Televidco 950 graphic char. spin screen. 22 functions TV1-950

IBM 3101-10 dclatchable keyboard, green IBM-3101

Zenith Z-19 keyboard ZTH-Z19

Adds Viewpotnl A1 detachable keyboard ADD-VP1

Adds Viewpoint A2 xy cursor, green screen A00-VP2

Adds Viewpoint A3 emulator. ADD-VP3

795 00795 00895 00895.00

S-100BOARDS

16 BIT MICROPROCESSORS

APPLE

48K Plus

*1195

APPLE BRAND PRODUCTS

APL-48P Apple Plus48K RAM

APL-DSK1 Apple disk wilh controller card

APL-DSK2 Apple disk wilhoul conlrollei card

XTN-G1Q Xiten 10 Megabyle Gallium hard disk

XTN-16K 16K RAM card lor Apple II

RANA SYSTEMS

RAN-APL1 Apsle add on disk drive with controller

RAN-APL2 Apale add on drive without controller

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS

CCS-7710 Asynchronous Serial Interlace

CCS-7728 Centronics Parallel Interface

CCS-7720 Apple Parallel Interface

CCS-7II4 12K Hom/Prom Module

CCS-7424 Calendar /Clock Module

CCS-7440 Programmable Timer

CCS-7811B Arithmetic Processor lor Apple II plus

MOUNTAIN COMPUTERS, INC.

MTN-CPS

MTN-TCLK

M1N-STLK

MTN-R0MF

MTN-ROMRTfl

MIN-ADDA

M1N-BSR

CPS Multifunction Card

Clo:k/CalendarSuperlalker SD200Rom Plus with Keyboard filterRom Writer wilh Eprom socketA-0/D'A ConvenerX-10 Control Card lor BSR systemMICRO SOFT

1,195.00560.00495 00

1.995 0069 00

525 00395 00

95001150095 0095 00319 00

169 00149 00

MCI-CNTHL Mico Sci disk drive controller

FOURTH DIMENSION

FDN-SPRDRV Super Drive-35 track Apple add on

SORRENTO VALLEY ASSOC

SVA-221 Single sided, single density controller

SVA-222 Double sided single density controller

SVA-223 Single or double sided double density

ADVANCED BUSINESS TECH

A8M3KEVN 13-Key pad lor new Apple

Godboul 6086/8087 Micropro,Goiltwui 5038(8085 dual 8 bi

microprocessorSeal tic Compuier 16 bil micr

SINGLE BOARD COMPUTERS

WAV-BUI Wavemate Bullet 1 with iioppy. Z56K

(notS-IOOl 79500

AMD7BO Advanced Micro Digital, (loppy * 64K 75000

TEL-FOCI lelctek FDC1 Single board NEC765

controller 67500

8 BIT MICROPROCESSORS

GBT-ZB0 Gndboul 1M 8 bit CPU 24 hit extended

address 250 00

CCS-2B10 Calilorma Computer Z-B0 microprocessor 27500SDS-SHC200 SD Syslem; SDC-200 Z-8C

microprocessor 27500

MSM-Z80 Measuremeil System Z-B0 2810

microprocessor 42500

80 laibelt Electronics Z-80 wilh iwo RS232

pons 30500

FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLERS

Godboul DiskClne double density NEC-765 39500Morrow Designs Disk Jockey II wilhCPM 35000Morrow Deigns Disk Jockey 1 single

CPM OPERATING SYSTEM

GB1-CPM22 Godbout CFM 22 for Disk One B bit

GBT-CPM8D0 Godbout CFM 86 lor Disk One lot use

wilh BOSSMil ■ CI'Mlffi Oiiilinml CFM 86 loi operation wild

B08G board

HARD DISK CONTROLLER

G01 0EK2 GOdbOUl Dfc* II hard disk controllerGRT0SK3 Gmltiout Disk III hard disk controllerMDS-WS06 Morrow Designs Winchester lor

Seagate i06WDI-1000 Western Digital WD-1000 (not S-1001

EPROM BOARDS

ADS-PQ1DQ Ackerman Cigital Prom Blaster 100SDS-PiOO SD Systems Prom-100 programmerSSM-PBl SSM Prom prgrammer up to 27160GR-P32 Digital Research 32X Eprom read only

STATIC MEMORY BOARDS

CAL-S64 California iiiqital Static 84 8' 16 bit

(6167]G0T-R16 Gncbou! Ram 16 64K memory B'16 bilGBT-H17 f-t;: ■■..' Ram 17 64K memory 8 bit

24 bit adoGBT-R20 GcrriCi: Ram JO 32k sialic memory A*.

boundG0T-R2' Gcdb:ti RaT- 21 128K B/16 bit slant

CCS-2V6 Caiilor.-.a C^mijler 2115 16K sialic

DYNAMIC MEMORY BOARDS

CAL-D2M Ca;iloin,a D.g.tal 256K dynamic memory

SDS-EX3 SDSysiemsEtpandoramlll^-iMM:.!^CCS-2D65 California Compulcrs 20G5 G4K rtynnmnMSM-DHB64 Measurement Systems 0MB6400 (Atphl

995 00335 00

495 DO795 DO395 DO

58500

M0SMIL1

GBI-133AGBI-150AGBM3£AGB1-138SGBI-1B7ACCS 27 IDCCS2720CCS-272D

INTERFACE BOARDS

Morrow Designs Switchboard 2 serial/

4 parallelMorrow Designs Mulhboard 3 serial/

2 parallelGodbout Interlace! I 2 serial porlsGodbout Intertacer II I senat/3 parallelGodooui fnrertacer III wilh 5 serial porlsGodbout Interlace: III, with a serial porlsGodMul Intertacer IV 3 senal/2 parallelCalilorma Compuier 4 porl serial interlaceCahlornia Compuier 2 serial / 2 parallelCalilorma Compuier 4 port parallel

275001990019900495005850029500295002950021900

SPECIAL FUNCTION BOARDS

HVS-M100 D.C. Hayes Micromodem S-100 FCC

approved 3

ADS-N100 Ackerman Digital Nmsemakcr with

Vorlrax module 1

0TC-CC100 QT Compuier rlock calendar board 1

SCN-M100 Scion Microangclo graplilcs.

GBT-SPCl Godboul Speclium 100 color vnteo hoaril 39900

TEC-AD212 Tecmar ArO 12 Oil accuracy 16 channel 46500

G0TSVS1 Godboul Sysiem support board 35000GBT-

SVS9511 Godboul System Support wilh B231/

9511 math chip 53900

MUL-IBl Mullins ealenrjer Board with test probe 7900

MUL-ICE10 Mullins Opto-lsolaror comrols 8 channels 17903

ADS-KGtfO Ackerman Oigilal Kluge prolotypt board 14900

IOTW100 1/0 Technology wire wrap prototype

board 4900

MT-WW100 Anec Electronics Wiie wrap pioio board 2500

ART-GP10Q Artec Eleclrontcs General purpose solder 2500

CAL-MBI8 Calilorma Digital IB slot motherboard 3500

23"

APPLEMONITOR

*159

Ideal monitor for classroom demonstrations.

gathering a ctas^roon: of students urowi'l n.iso :i 23" high resolution mmiochronir monlior.

nits ;icct'pl standard compoatlS Video si|,ii.ils cvrit-rated by most personal conipuU-ii; iIil- .Apple and IBM Ailalch it tn vnir computer anil in st-cands your ahoolinj; down

ljy California Digital is premium gradeadditional $,50.-ill be refunded.

irld b\% sales lax. cOD's discouraged.

?d to state supported educational Institu

"strnnc" Dun i; Bradstreet.

TOLL FREE ORDER LINE

800)421-5041

TECHNICAL & CALIFORNIA

(213)679-9001

V-/IAEMVNCED^A/PRODCXTS

MICROPROCESSORS

16K Apple™ Ramcard

LIST 195

ACPsgg95

• Full 1 year warrantyTop quality — gold fingers• Expand Apple II 48K to 64KCompatible with Z-80 Softcard'"• Allows system to run with CP/M'". PASCAL,DOS 3.3, COBAL, Visicalc, etc.Supplied with extra 16K RAM & has (2) LED's

32K STATIC RAM

2 or 4 MHzExpandable

Uses2114LS

16K4MHzKit $159.95

16K4MHZA&T 217.95

32K 4 MHz Kit $199-95~^e9*S.• 32K 4 MHz AST • 339 00

BARE BOARD 39 95

BareBdw/allp'artslessmem. 99 95

BARE BOARDS

S-100 Sound Board8080ACPU32KSIatic RAM (2114)8K EPROM (2708)2708/2716 EPROMACP Prolo BoardVector 8800 ProtoVector 8803 11 slo! MBACP Extender with connector13 Slol Molher Board (WMC)9 Slot Mother Board (WMC)8SI0I MolherBd (Expandable)Floppy PCB (8" SHUGART)S100 (A Y5-8910) Sound BoardApple Sound Board

S34.9534.9534 9524.9534.9522.9522.2029.9518.9532.9529.9534.9539,9534.9524.95

UV"EPROM"

ERASER

ModelUVs-11E$79.95

Model S-52T

Holds 4 EPROM'Sat a time.$325.00

16K MemoryExpansion Kits

for Apple/TRS-80

8 pes 4116 16K

200/250nS <Cl O Q*^

Specify computer v£> I L.uO

CALL FOR VOLUME PRICING

"0" SUB CONNECTORS

Unreal price. DB37male. D825 female.Gold PC mount withmounting holes.Mfg. AMP.Specify 25 or 37 pins.

BD37 $2.50 DB25 $1 .95

Astec RF Modulator

£fc - -^-_ for

^»mL -y COLOR^ H &

V B/W

P/N 1082 Channel 3 or 4 $6.95

1200 BAUD MODEM IC

^^.^^^ Features:

^^f^^aHIW • 1200 BaudSHPRBlPI1' »40P1n

^JlM"'1 • SVoltsOnly

SL1200 $129.00

64K CMOS RAM

S100(200nS)

Uses 2716's SQ/1Q00or6116's 0*+<3

Assembled S Tested S399.00

RAMS

MOSTEK "

290e

200.000 pieces in

stock —priced to move.

Same as MK4027 except ImS

refresh. MK4015 4Kx1 RAM.

PMI "Super Beta"LOW POWERAMPLIFIER

INTERNALLYCOMPENSATEDP/NOP12GJVollsel = 1,0 mV$6.95 Ibias = 5.0mA

ACP Gain = 40WmV

$1.95 (quantity limited)

4K STATIC RAM^•JkSELL-OFF

^fgli^i 10/S9.90

^Hffyi l •-' TMS4044

r^ffflT) " but designed specifically

1' lor 2-80 based systems. This

is a full-spec 4Kx1 RAM. 450nS.

Order P/N Zilog 6104-4 while supply lasts.

Zilog

Z8CPU

withTINYBASICDebug prog

Plus 6132 companionquasi-static RAM 29.95

x4?

>rog. $49.95

Stepper Motor

USED IN

DATA

PRODUCTS

PRINTER$19.95ea.

CONNECTORS

DB25P (RS232)

DB25S Female

Hood

Set with Hood, Sale

22/44 S/T. KIM

43/86 S/T, MOT

50/100 S-100 Conneclor W/W

50/100 S-100 Conneclor S/T

$3.253.751.257.502.956.504,953.95

PARALLEL ALPHA NUMERICPRINTER

19 Column Printer prints 16 numerical columns plus 3columns which have math, alpha and other notations.Each wheel has 12 positions with position 12 blank.Position 11 on numerical columns have decimal point or #. Utilizes 2.75"wide adding machine tape and a dual color ink ribbon. Input data parallelwith fourbitBCDcomparatorcircuit(schematic provided). Print rate, 3 linesper second. Operating voltage 22-28VDC with typical cycle time of340mS. 8lze6W*Wx3VV*Hx6%"Dp. New. $17.50ea. 3/S45

Z8001 S99 00

Z8002 6900

Z8D 9.95

ZBOA 11 95F-8 (3850) 1695

2650 16 95

1802 9 75

8080A 4.75

29012901A

9900JL -19.956502 9.95

6502A1M6100 29.956800 11.756800B 13 95

6802P 14 95

8035 14 95

8039 12 95

8073N 34 95

8755 '19.95

6 95 0748

4S.8

30 008086 49.95GfiOOO 129.95

$5.951.491.492.95

.99.35

6116/2016S7.958264-64K 8.504116-2 1.99

4116-2 8/12.95

2101 3.99

2102 .7921L02-221L02-4211121122114

2114L-22114L-42125

1.293.493.491.993.252.296.99

2147 $5.99

411 5.99

414 4.69

1101 .99

1103 .99

4027

4044

4050

4060

4096

4115

4200

4402

5280

3.994.69

riij.y.,1

8155 $9.953156 9.958202 29.958205 2.698212 2.758214 4.958216 2.758224 2.958226 2.958228 3.958243 9,50

8250 14.95

8251 6.508253 11.958255 4.508257 9,50

8259 $8,958275 19.958279 9.506810 4.75

6820 6,50

6821 6.506828 10.506834 16.956845 22.956847 27,956850 5.256852 5.256860 10.956862 10.956875 5.956880 249

68047 $22.95

68488 19.95

46505 22.95

6520 6.95

6522 9.95

6530-X 24.95

6532 17.95

6551 19.95

ZBO-PIO 6.50

ZHOA-PIO 9.50

Z80-CTC 6.50

Z80A-CTC 9.50

Z80-DMA 19.95

Z80A-DMA 2795

Z80-SIO 24.95

Z80A-SIO 29 95

MOS PROMS

2764 (SKx8) TS2732 (4Kx8) TS2716/2516:5V!2Kx8) TS7MS2716. 5V. 12V2758. 5V, (450nS,

7.9517.953.50

2708(450nS| S5 752708(650nS| 5.25I702A 5.75

MM5203AO 14 50MM5204Q 995

nnsa

2513-001 |GV] Upper $0.502513-005 (5VJ Lower 10.952513-ADM3[5V)Lomh 1495MCM667lOA5CllShilled 12.95MCMGG740Ma!h Symbol 13 95MCMG6750 Alpha Control 1345771-01 B" & Minifloppy 24 95

19,96

Floppy791-01 Dual Floppy791-02 Dual Floppy793 DO OS Floppy797 DD. OS Floppy691 Daia Separator2143 Clock Generate8700 S b.1 Binary6701 10 Dil Binary8703 S Bit TS9400 Volt lo Freq Com8750 3tt Oigi! BCD14Q8L6 6Ui1

DACCA

OAC100 9.35

8038 Punciton Geiwrntor 4 50

MC4II24VC0 295

LM56GVCO 195XR220G Function Genu .nor 5 25

II11602I1I5V, I2V1 395

AY5I013I5V, 12V] 4 95

AV51014A/1612I5-14V) 6 95

AY510I5A/1B63|5V| 695

IM6402 795

IM6403 895

2350 USHI 995

1G71BAslros 2495

MC14411 1195

4702 14 95

W0I941 995

COM501G 1695

INSB250 1595

AY5-2376 13 75

AY5-3600 13 75

MM574DAAC 8 95

122213

LOW PROFILESOCKETS (TIN)

8 pin LP14 pin LP16 pin LP18 pin LP20 pin LP22 pin LP24 pin LP28 pin LP40 pin LP

3L WIREWRAPSOCKETS (GOLD)

fl WWn WW (Tin)n WWn WWn WWn WWn WWn WWn WW

SUPER IC CLOS

78H05K

78M06

78M.G.

LM108AH

LM300H

LM301CN

LM304H

LM305H

LM306H

LM307CN

LM308CN

LM309K

LM310CN

LM311D/CN

LM312H

LM317T

LM318CN

LM319N/H

LM320K-XX' 1.35

LM320T-XX" 1.39

LM320H-XX*

LM323K

LM324N

LM337K

LM338K

LM339N

LM340K-XX"

LM340T-XX-

LM340H-XX'

LM344H

LM348N

LM350K

LM358CN

LM360N

LM372N

LM376N

LM377N

LM380CN/N

LM381N

LM383T

LM386N

LM387N

LM390N

NE531V/T

NE555V

NE556N

NE561T

NE565N/H

NE566H/V

NE567V/H

NE592N

LM702H

LM709N/H

LM710N/H

LM711N/H

LM715N

LM723N/H

LM733N/H

LM739N

LM741CN/H

LM741CN-14

LM747N/H

LM748N/H

LM760CN

LM1310N

MC1330

MC1350

MC1358

74S00$ .39

74502 .43

74503 .45

74504 .52

74505 .52

74508 .49

74509 .49

74510 .42

74511 .4274S1574S2074S2274S3074S3274S3874S4074S51 .42

74564 46

74565 .4674S74 .6974S86 .72

745112 .72

745113 .72

745114 .72

3.25

1.491.25

1.25

1.254.95

.955.956.95

.951.751.251.251.951.205.60

.981.491.953.752.751 251.791.951.25

19.951.251.751.502.75

1.95

1.15

2.951.901.951.951.75

LM1414NLM1458CN/NMC1488NMC1489N

LM1496N

LM1556N

LM1820N

LM1850N

LM1889N

LM2111N

LM2900N

LM2901N

LM2917N

CA3013T

CA3018T

CA3021T

CA3023T

CA3035T

CA3039T

CA3046N

LM3053N

CA3059N

CA3060N

CA3062N

LM3065N

CA3080T

CA3081N

CA3082N

CA3083N

CA3086N

CA3089N

CA3096N

CA3097N

CA3130T

CA3140T

CA3146N

CA3160T

CA3190N

CA3410N

MC3423N

MC3460N

SG3524N

CA3600N

LM3900N

LW3905N

LM3909N

LM3914N

LM3915N

LM3916N

RC4131N

RC4136N

RC4151N

RC4194TK

RC4195TK

ULN2001

ULN2003

SN75450N

SN75451 N

SN75452N

SN75453N

SN75454N

SN75491N

SN75492N

SN75493N

SN75494N

TL494CN

TL496CP

2.502.952.191.993.492.992.75

4.951.49

1 29

1.301.19

1.95.59

1.493.953.953.39

.983.753.953.752.951.103.704.955.401.251.50

.42

74S124 3.69

745133 .54

745134 .66

745135 1.15

745136 169

745138 1.29

745139 1.29

745140 7374S151 1.2974S153 1.29

745157 1.29

745158 1.2974S160 2.79

745174 1.49

745175 1.4974S188 2.69

745194 1.89

745195 1.89

745196 1.89

745240 2.75

745241 2.75

745242 2.99

745243 2.99

74S244 $2 99

74S251 1.35

74S253 1.35

745257 1.29

745258 12974S260 7574S280 2.79

745287 299

745288 2.55

745373 3 10

745374 31074S387 2.75

745471 7.95

745472 7.95

745473 7.95

745474 9.95

745475 9.95

745570 5.75

745571 5.75

745572 8.95

745573 8.95

745940 2.90

745941 2.90

DIPSWITCHES

2 Position

4 Position

5 Position

6 Position 1.35

1.19

7Posilion SI.39

8 Position 1.49

9 Posilion 1 65lOPosilion 1.69

MUFFIN® FAN

The dependable, lowcost, largest selling fanfor commercial coolingapplications.

• 105clm free air delivery

• 4.68" sq. x 1.50" deep.Weight- 17 oz.

SPECIAL PURCHASE

$9.50

ea.

EOUT SPECIALS

ULN2003 2/S1.99

74LS668

74LS377

74LS241

8259

6561 RAM

LM733CN

MC1414

3/1.992/1.992/1.996.952.953/1 993/1 99

2N6121 3/S1.00

SIG 2652 3.95

74S287 1.95

2758 EPROM 2.9574173/8T10 5/1.99Z80ACPU 4 95

6522 6,95

6502 CPU 5 95

8080A CPU 2.95

2102 RAM .75

4060 RAM 1.49

8X300 CPU 14.95

74S387 1.96

2708 EPROM 8/29 95

74LS93 3/1.00

2114

8/14.50

5027 CRT

59.95

11C24

695

95H03

2.89

MM5320

5.99

9131 RAM

1.99

EMM4402

1.99

1103 RAM

3/1.50

8700 A/D

2/1695

TOLL FREE

800-854-8230

TWX

910-595-1565

7400 S .19

7401 .22

7402 22

7403 22

7404 .22

7405 ,23

7406 .35

7407 35

7408 .26

7409 .23

7410 .22

7411 .29

7412 .29

7413 .39

7414 .59

7416 .29

7417 .29

7420 .22

7421 .35

7422 .29

7423 .29

7425 .29

7426 .29

7427 .25

7429 .45

7430 .237432 .29

7437 .25

7438 .29

7439 29

7440 .19

7441 .79

7442 .57

7443 95

7444 .95

7445 .79

7446 .79

7447 .65

7448 .79

7450 .19

7451 .19

7453 .19

7454 .19

7459 .25

7460 .237470 .29

7472 .29

7473 .34

7474 .34

74LS00S .2674LS01 .2874LS02 2874LS03 .2874LS04 .3574LS0574LS0874LS0974LS1074LS1174LS1274LS1374LS1474LS1574LS2074LS2174LS2274LS2674LS2774LS2B74LSX74LS3274LS3374LS3774LS3874LS4074LS4274LS47 7974LS48 .9574LS51 .2674LS54 .2974LS55 .2974LS73 .4574LS74 .4274LS75 .5974LS76 .4574LS78 .4574LS83A .7974L.S85 1.1974LS86 .4574LS90 .5774LS92 .7574LS93 .7574LS95 .8874LS96 .9874LS107 .4574LS109 4574LS112 .43

.35

.95

.26

4002 35

4006 1.05

4007 .25

4008 1.39

4009 .45

4010 .45

4011 .35

4012 .25

4013 .45

4014 1.39

4015 1.15

4016 .59

4017 1.19

4018 .89

4019 .45

4020 1.10

4021 1 19

4022 1,15

4023 29

4024 .75

4025 25

4027 65

4028 .85

4029 1.29

4030 .45

4031 325

4032 2 15

4034 3.25

4035 .95

7479

74807482748374857486743974907491749274937494749574967497

2.90

74100 2.90

74107 .32

74109 .37

74116 1.95

74121 .29

74122 .39

74123 .59

74125 .39

74126 .4474128 5974132 .6974136 .7574139 95

74141 .79

74142 2 95

74143 2.95

74144 2.95

74145 .62

74147 1.95

74148 1.20

74150 1.09

74151 .67

74152 .67

74153 .67

74154 1.19

74155 .78

74156 .78

74157 .69

74158 1.65

74159 2.49

74160 .88

74LS113$

74LS11474LS12274LS123 174LS124 174LS12574LS12674LS13274LS13674LS13874LS13974LS145 1.74LS148 V74LS15174LS15374LS154 1.74LS155 174LS15674LSI5774LS15874LS160 174LS161 174LS162 174LS163 174LS164 174LS16574LS166 274LS168 174LS169 174LS170 174LS17374LS17474LS17574LS181 274LS190 174LS191 174LS19274LS19374LS194 174LS19574LS19674LS19774LS221 174LS240 174LS242 174LS243 174LS244 1

.85

74161 S 88

74162 89

74163 .87

74164 87

74165 87

74166 1.20

74167 1.9574170 169

74172 4 75

74173 .7974174741757417674177

74179 1.34

74180 .75

74181 1.75

74182 .75

74184 2.25

74185 2.25

74186 9.9574188 3.9074190 1.15741917419274193 8574194741957419674197

74198 1.39

74199 1.3974221 1.1974251 .9574273 1.0574276 18974279 75

74283 1.40

74284 3.90

74285 3.9074290 1.2574298 .9574365 6874366743677436874390 1 4574393 1 9074490 1 90

1.15

.68

.68

74LS245S2.20

74LS247 1,10

74LS248 1.10

74LS249 1.19

74LS251 1.40

74LS253 1,40

74LS257 .85

74LS258 .98

74LS259 2.95

74LS260 65

74LS261 2.49

74LS266 .59

74LS273 1.75

74LS275 4.40

74LS279 ,59

74LS283 .99

74LS290 .99

74LS293 .99

74LS295 1.10

74LS298 1.19

74LS324 1.75

74LS347 1.95

74LS348 1.95

74LS352 1.19

74LS353 1.1974LS36374LS36574LS36674LS36774LS36874LS373

74LS374 1.89

74LS375 69

74LS377 1.95

74LS385 1.95

74LS386 65

74LS390 1.95

74LS393 1.95

74LS395 1.70

74LS399 2.35

74LS424 2.95

74LS668 1 75

74LS670 2.29

81LS95 169

81LS96 1.69

81LS97 169

81LS98 1.69

VOLUME PRICINGCALLTOLL FREE

I 49

1.75

40414042404340444046

4047 1.25

4048 99

4049 .45

4050 .69

4051 1.10

4052 1.10

4056 2.95

4059 9.25

4060 1 394066 75

4069 35

4070 49

4071 .35

4072 35

4073 35

4075 35

4076 1 29

4077 35

4078 35

4081 35

4082 .354085 1 95

409440984099

14408 12.95

14409 12.95

14410 12.9514412 12.9514415 89514419 4.954501

1.65

4502

4503 .69

4505 895

4506 .75

4507 .95

4508 3 75

4510 1 19

4511 1 19

4512 1 39

4515 2 75

4516 1 454518 1394520 1.25

4555 4 95

4556 994566 2 2580C95 1 5080C97 1 25

Mailorder: P.O. Bui 17329 Irvine. CA 92713

Retail: 1310BE. Edlnggr, Santa Ana CA92705(714) 558-8813

542 HI. Trimble, Sin Jose, CA 95131(498) 946-7010

s Check Bank W.'<

storr

Ada '

servicechanje -\uo Vwhichever is greate>USParcelPosl lr.cn.jrj.Prices subject lo changesubiecl lopriorsale Werrmanulaclurer Rclail fMK>

600 BYTE November 1982

Circle 11 on inquiry card.

V-/IAEMVNCED

Y "^-COMPUTER^A/PRODUC

t^'j^j^jSjJa •LC1PP*G computer

^iriTWtV+rA kW-Authorized Dealer

DIMENSION

^5 as reviewed in

May BYTE pg. 266This is the widely discussedCadillac 80 column cardfor theApple II The Vision 80 responds to more Apple lext screen commands thanany other hoard. It supports PASCAL. Microsofts Z80 Sottcard and can beused as an intelligent terminal.

List Price.... $395.00 Special Low Price $269.00

The Vision 80 can also be used in conjunction with the Vision 40 (allowsenhanced character sets) and the Vision 20 for lower case.

■go'

,**

&

• Truly Portable 18 lbs.

• Includes; CP/M".Wordstar-plus" Basic 80.Valet & Charton.

• Includes: (2) DoubleDensity. Double Sided thindrives. •380K Bytes each

acp price $3595.00

• Full 9'" Green Screen

• CP/M Based'WMt • • Portable Business

Computer• Complete w/CP/M 2.2 M BASIC. Magic Work-sheet, Selec Word Processing, and Teach.

ACP Price only $1795

AATAR

hb^^ Apple II

■ Compatible\ J H Disk Drive

Totally compatible to Apple Drives.

UST

ACP

Apple II Plus W/48K

£1530.00

$1099.00

Apple II Plusw/64K

1729.00

1199.00

Apple II System Special w/64K,

Z80 Card, Vision 80

2519.00

1775.00

Apple III W/128K

3495 00

2895.00

Apple III W/256K

4295.00

3495.00

ProFile Hard Disk Drive

3499.00

2899.00

Vista Apple III Timecard

195.00

169.00

"Apple Products Available In-store Only"

UNBEATABLEmemory ADD-ON PRICES!

VISTA 576K Expandable In 64K Increments

• W/256K populated only $999

• w/512K populated only 1599

• W/576K populated only 1 799

VISTA/SUPERCALC/SUPERCACHE"

• 192K with IBM SUPERCALC 799

MICROSOFT RAMCARD

• 64K w/RAMDRIVE (expandable) 419

• 256K W/RAMDRIVE 899

AST MEMORY CARD

• 64K EXPANDABLE 499

• 256K w/PARITY 899

AST "COMBO CARD"

• MEMORY. ASYNCH COMM. PARALLEL

• 64K SP 525

• 256K SP 1049

• INTERFACE CARDS

AST ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS

• 2 RS232 PORTS 269

• BABY BLUE Z80 CARD 550

• PROTOTYPE CARD 69

• EXTENDERCARD 29

• DISKDRIVES-ADD-IN(Compatlble) 239

• EPSON ADD-ON PRINTER 429

• SUPR'MODVRF MODULATOR 49

• EPSON TO IBM CABLE 49

MX80 S429.00

MX80FT 529.00

MX100FT 725.00

Apple I/O w/cable 54.95

Serial I/O w/cable 95.00

Serial I/O w/2k & cable 129.00

rapf Tax 89.00

Printer Pal (P30) 29,95

Printer Pal(PIOO) 39.95

MODEL

800 with 16K

800 with 48K

800 with 32K+ 128K

810 Disk Drive

825 Printer

830 Acoustic Modem

850 Interface Module

Atari Visicalc

Alari PAC-MAN

Microtek 16K RAM

Microtek 32K RAM

Axalon 128KRAM

400 with 16K

600.00999.00

199,00219.95200,00

99,00199.00

399.95

ACP

S689.95

789.95

1295.00

469.95

699.95

159.95

189.95

169.00

CALL

75.00

149.00

CALL

329.95

5V4" DISK DRIVES

TM100-1 SSDD. S219.95

SA40O SSDD 249.95

TM100-2 DSDD 298.95

TM100-3 SSDD 298.95

TM100-4 DSDD 419.95

B-51 SSDD 224.95

B-52 DSDD 334.95

B-91 SSDD 359.95

B-92 DSDD : 459.95

5V*" Cabinets with Power SupplySingle cabinet w/power supply .... S69.95Dual cabinet w/powersupply 94.95

SA801R SSDD $395.00

SA851 R DSDD 549.00

TMQ48-1 SSDD 425.00

TM848-2 DSDD 575.00

OT-8 DSDD 525.00

FDD100-8 SSDD 299.00

FDD20O-8 DSDD 399.00

V100O Case/Power Supply 375.00

Dual 6" Power Supply $99.00

Surge Suppressor Fan. $ Tf Q95

Double Outlet Receptacle I W

Add 8" Disk DrivesTo Your Apple II

Up To 2.4 Megabyte!

Now "TRIMLINE V1100" withTandon Thinline DS DD Drives.

Tandon Dual DS DD $1995.00

Qume Dual DS DD 1895.00

Shugart Dual 801R 1495.00

Mappkz computer

^W' Authorized Dealer

ON DISK FOR APPLE

SAVE UP TO 40% OFF

ACP

Visicalc 3.3 S189

Supercalc 189

Visi Trend/Visi Plot 235

Visl Dex 199

Visi File 199

Visl Plot 159

Desk top Plan ll/lll 199

Visl Schedule 239

Visl Term 89

Zork..

34

Versa Form 287

dBase II Ashton-Tate 489

Wordstar 235

Mail Merge 82

Spell Star 159

Data Star 189

CalcStar 189

Super Sort 132

Spellguard 219

DB Master (new) 178

DB Utility 72

PFS ll/lll 69

Report ll/lll 89

Locksmith 4.0 74

Accounting Plus 1195

Microcourier 229

Microtelegraph 229

HEWLETTPACKARD

Dot Resolution Grap-hics «9-wire stag,printhead• Lowercasedecenders' • Over I50cps• Bi-directional,Flogicseekjng»8character sizes»80-l32 col«Hi-resdol graphics* Proportional spacing• Tex. judication, UST Acp

Prism 80 S899 S 699

IDS Paper Tiaer 560G 1395 1099Prism 132 (color) 1995 1875

• 144 x 160 dois/inch» Proportional spac-ing • Lower case descenders* Nx9 dotmatrixes char, sizes* 5 unique alphabets

• Greek character set • Graphic symbols

• 100 cps* Bi-directional logic seeking

• Adjustable tractors* Single-sheet (nctionfeed* Vertical & horizontal tabbing

NEC 8023 List S795 ACP S549

TOIL FREE

MICROSOFT

Z80 Sottcard

16K Ramcard

The Premium PackageSSM

AIO-II 4 Function Serial/Parallel

AIO Serial/ParallelKEYBOARD COMPANY

Numeric Keypad

Apple II Joystick

Apple II HandcontrollersPROMETHEUS

VERSAbox Spool/Burr

VERSAcard Four-in-1

AUTO-DOC diagnosticsVISTA COMPUTER CO.

Vision 80 80x24 Card

Vision 40 40 col.enhance

Vision 20 Lo case ROM

A800 8" DS, DDController

PROM Development Bd 595.00

GB75 IBM typewriter I/O 195.00

40 Char Type-aheadBufferVI DEX

Videoterm 80x24 Card

Keyboard Enhancer II

Soft Switch

Function Strip Keys

149.9549.9529.95

249.00199.0099.00

395.00

199.0029.95

595.00

179.001 65.00

124.9544.5025.95

199.00166.0082.00

499.00399.001 89.00

49.95 35.00

345.00149.0035.0079.00

PRACTICAL PERIPHERALS

16KMIcrcbuffer 259.00

32K Mlcrcbuffer 299.00

Snapshot Option 69.00

VOTRAX

Type n1 Talk SpeechSCOTT INSTRUMENTS

Voice Recognita VET80 799.00CORVUS

5 Mb Hard Disk

10 Mb Hard Disk

20 Mb Hard DiskORANGE MICRO

TheGrapplsrl/OSATURN SYSTEMS

32K RAM Card

64K RAM Card

128K RAM CardNOVATION

Apple-Cat IIHAYES MICROCOMPUTER

Hayes Chronograph 249.00

Micromodem II 349,00

Smartmodem 299.00

MOUNTAIN COMPUTER

279.001 29.0030.0089.00

220.00

253.00

59.00

375.00 339.00

3750.005350.006450.00

195.00

239.00425.00599.00

389.00

2995.004325.005240.00

189.00355.00505.00

229.00289.00229.00

169.00139.00699.00335.00325.00249.00299.00189.00175.00129.0044.0044.00159.00

HP85A Computer $1 985

HP87 Computer 1945

• 82907A 32K Model 239

• 82908A 64K Model 349

• 82909A 128K Model 599

• 82900A CP/M with 64K 425

HP125 Computer 1985

7470 Low Cost Plotter 1 265

9895A 8" Dual Floppy 5135

HEWLETTPACKARD

CALCULATORS

HP41C Prog. Scientific $189

HP41CV W/2.2K Memory 256

HP41 Memory Module 26

HP41 Quad RAM 83

HP41 Card Reader 169

HP41 Printer 292

HP41 Optical Wand 99

HP-IL Interface Loop 119

HP11C Advanced Scientific 119

HP12C Financial 128

HP34C Prog. Scientific 112

HP38C Prog. Business 116

Mailorder P.O. Box 17329 living, CA 92713

395.00 279.00

CPS Multifunction 239.00

RAM PIUS 189.00

Expansion Chassis 750.00

Music System 395.00

100,000 Day Clock 375.00

The Clock 280.00

A/D plus D/A 350.00

Supertalker 199.00

Introl X-10Controller 200.00

ROM Plus 155.00

Keyboard Filter ROM 55.00

Copy ROM 55.00

ROM Writer 175.00M&R ENTERPRISES

Sup'rterm 30x24 Card

Sup'rSwitcher6 Amp

Power Supply 295.00 239.00

Sup'rMod II RFModulator 35.00 28.00

Apple Fan 55.00 43.00

ALS

The "Z" Card Z80 card 295.00 219.00

Smarterm 80x24 Card 349.00 279.00

The Synergiier Package 699.00 549.00

16K RAM CARD

Apple II16K

Compatible withZ80 Softcard ... PASCAL CP/M"

Full 1 year Warranty. Top Quality by COEX

69

95

NEW aLOW s>

PRICE

Also from COEX NEW EPSON

Parallel Interface for Apple.

With cable $54.95

800-854-8230 He,al,: ""^-g^zr""*

910-595-1565

542 W. Trimble, San Jose, CA 95131(408| 946-7010

TERMS: MO Casmers Chock Bankwire Personalchecks alio* 2 weeks lot processing Include DriversLicense and credit can) »s Visa AMEX. CB add 3%service Charge. Add 3^> shipping a handling or S2 50,whichever is greater Add 10"" tor loreign orders orUS Parcel Post Include Telephone number. NO CODsPrices subiect lo change without notice Some itemssubject 10 prior sale We reserve the right to substitutemanufacturer Retail nrices may vary

Circle 11 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1982 601

Tl^lf it'/i/if*.

I

COMPLETE LOmpuPrO SYSTEMS

FREE SUPERCALC-86! FREE dBASE II!!AND A VISUAL 50 TERMINAL FOR ONLY $1.00

WHY SETTLE FOR LESS?!

PERFORMANCE, QUALITY, RELIABILITYHIGH PERFORMANCE SYSTEMS DESIGNED TO EXPAND WITH YOUR NEEDS

All CompuPro systems have been designed with your future in mind. Each system is expandable so you can upgrade yoursystem as your needs continue to grow. Hard disk storage is also available with the new DISK 2 DMA Winchester diskcontroller. Unlike many "personal" computers, your CompuPro system will not become obsolete when it is time to expand.The modular design of the IEEE 696/S-100 bus allows you to plug in additional boards when they are needed. CompuProsystem components feature the latest state-of-the-art technology to prevent obsolescence.

Each CompuPro system component is fully assembled and tested under rigorous burn-in conditions at the factory andthen shipped to Priority 1 Electronics, your authorized CompuPro Systems Center, for final integration and configuration.CompuPro systems carry the best warranty in the business: on full year. The Qume drives have a full six month warranty,the best drive warranty anywhere. The components are integrated into a complete system by a factory trained Priority 1Electronics technician. The systems are then partially disassembled for shipping. After a short time for unpacking andcheck-out, your CompuPro system will be ready to load and go!

SYSTEM BASICS

All systems include a CPU 8085/88 Dual Processor or CPU (8085 runs at 6M Hz, the 8088 runs at 8MHz); Disk 1 lightningfast DMA floppy disk controller; CP/M8 2.2 and CP/M 86'" operating systems, Sorcim's SuperCalc-86'" electronic spreadsheet program; two double-sided, double-density Qume DT-8 disk drives in an attractive desk top enclosure; rugged DeskEnclosure 2 with 20 slot actively terminated motherboard, fan, air and line filters, and constant voltage power supply foryears of reliable operation; internal I/O cables and floppy disk data cable; complete documentation for each systemcomponent with a system integration guide. In addition to the above hardware and software, each configuration adds aunique combination of RAM, I/O, and other special purpose boards.

System 816/A — Entry Level Single-User System

System 816/A is an excellent choice for an entry level, single user system that's designed with future expansion in mind.816/A includes Interfaced (three serial I/O ports, parallel port, and Centronics/Epson-style port), two RAM 17s for 128K offast, static memory, and System Support 1 (clock/calendar, RAM/ROM/match processor options, RS-232C serial port,interrupt controllers, interval timers, and more), and Ashton-Tate's dBase Junior'", an upgradeable subset of their populardBase 11 data base management software. This combination of components means superb computing today with an optionfor future expansion — all the way up to a multi-user system. System 816/A is priced al $5495.00, a savings of over$1000.00 compared to all components purchase separately.

BKBBTSYS816ADA Single User System Desk Top, Assembled & Tested $5495.00

BKGBTSYSB16ADC Single User System Desk Top, 200 hr. Burn-in $609: 00

BKVSL50BW Visual 50 Black & White with Purchase of above System $1.00

System 816/B — M-Drive Single user System

System 816/B is an ultra-high performance single user system which includes Intertacer 3-5 (five serial ports). 256K offast, static RAM, System Support 1, and Ashton-Tate's complete dBase II'" data base management software. Plus, System816/B's implementation of CP/M® includes M-Drive software, which turns the system RAM into a pseudo-disk drive forexceptionally fast computing. This system sells for only $6995.00, a savings of over $1800.00 compared to all componentspurchased separately.

BKGBTSYS81BBDA M-Drive System Desk Top, Assembled & Tested $6995.00

BKGBTSYS816BDC M-Drive System Desk Top. 200 hr. Burn-in $7795.00

BKVSL50BW Visual 50 Black & White with Purchase of above System $1.00

System 816/C — Entry Level Multi-User System

System 816/C is the only high performance multi-user system which allows both 8 and 16 bit programs to run simultan-eously; it also makes for an unparalleled single user system. It includes Interfacer 3-8 (eight serial ports), 384 K of fast,static RAM, System Suport 1, dBase II™, SuperCalc-86'", M-Drive software, and CompuPro's MP/M 816'" multi-useroperating system that allows you to run both 8 and 16 bit software simultaneously System 816/C suports up to threeusers simply by adding appropriate terminals: for more users, just add more CompuPro RAM and terminals. The system ispriced at $8995.00, a savings of over $2300.00 compared to all components purchased separately.BKGBTSYS816CDA Multi-User System Desk Top, Assembled & Tested $8995.00

BKGBTSYS816CDC Multi User System Desk Top, 200 hr. Burn-in $10,045.00

BKPDBTLV9252P* TeleVideo 925 with 2nd page of memory - with purchase ot above system $1.00'Limit 1 terminal at $1.00 per system. Purchase o< 8' RS232 Cable. Part Wumber CN0RSZ328F al SI9.95. is required forsystem/terminal integration.

Rack mount and CSC systems are also available: please call or write for details. All CompuPro systems are shipped viamotor or air freight collect; please specify at time of order. All boards are shipped in standard configurations.

'CP/M. CP/M 86. and MP/M are trademarks ot Digital Research. MP/M 816 is used under license from Digital ResearchSuperCalr-86 is a trademark of SORCIM. dBase II and dBase Junior are trademarks o' Ashton-Tate

A MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC

Better Than

QUME!Better ThanSHUGABTI

8", Double-sided, double-density, interchangeable with QUMl & ShugartBK MITM2894D3 Sh. Weight 16 lbs. $450.00

BKMITM2B9463M Manual t ll.tf

2 or More $435.00 each

^=3 Shugart so is

Singli sided, double density • most popular 8" driveBKSHU80IR S394.00 ea. or 2 or more II6 Ibsl lor $319.00BKSHUSA80IBM Manual tor 801R drives t ll.il

m

INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTATION, INC.

OUR BEST!!

UNIVERSAL DISK ENCLOSURES

• Accepts any combination of 8" drives (QUME/Shugart801R type or ''? size Tandon type) • Also accepts harddisks • Positive pressure • Optional Disk environmentmonitor shows supply voltage and internal cabinet temp-erature • Internal power and data cables provided.

UNIVERSAL DRIVE CABINET complete with power supply. Ian and liltet. andall internal cables lor altachment of two 3" floppy drives

BKIIIU0E004 Dual Drive Cabmel(Sh Wt 40 lbs) S495 00 MM DOBKIIIUOE004 With purchase ol two 8" Disk Drives $399.00

BKIIIUDE004EM w/Envitonmental Monitor installed S584 95 $515.00BKIIIUDE004EM With purchase of two 8" Disk Drives $485.00

BKIIIUDE0D4AUG Dual Drive cabinet with Aug- S733 00 $150.00

mentation power supply module to increase 5 Vsupply from 6 amps to 9 amps for use with Iwohard disks or 4 Tandon drives Also includesDisk Environment Momtoi [45 lbs)BKIIIUDEACK 19' Rack Mount kit UDE004 $ 11.15

THIN THREE DRIVE CABINET complete with power supply, and all internalcables lor attachment ot three thin 8" (loppy drives (Tankdon lype) One ACpower connector is also provided for use with full size driveBKIIIUDETT Three Drive Cabinet (Sh Wt 35 lbs) S495 00 $450.00BKIIIUDETTTEM with Environmental Monitor installed S584.95 $515.00

VISUAL 50

(See page 287 for more information,

• Law profile detachedkeyboard features sculpturedkeys with matte finish

• Screen tilts and swivels

• 80 x 24 display with 25th statusline

• 7 x 9 dot matrix with full decenders

• RS-232 Serial interlace w/auxillatyRS-232 port

• 128 Character ASCII set and 31character line drawing set

INTRODUCTORY OFFER!!

BJYSL50BW Non glare Black & While S695 00 $650.00

BJVSL50GN P31 green display S750 00 $685.00

(Shipping Weight 37 lbs.)

CD

Hayes

SMARTMODEM

• AuiuAnswei Aula Dial. Full or Hail-Duplex Loop Back Senalttinary andasynchronous data formats wilh ? or 8 data bits 1 oi2stopbits odd even orno gamy • 0-300/1200 baud • RS232C interlace • 280 Microproces-sor with 2Kb control program • 40 charade' command butter • Si/eI 5' x 55 x96

BKDCH0200P SmartinorJem ISh Wt 6 Ibsl S279 00 $225.00BKBCH0400P Srnarlmodem 1200 baud (6 IDs I S699 00 $599.00BKDCH0300P Chronograph ISH Wt 3 IPs I S249 00 $205.00BKDCK0ID0P Miciomodem 100 ISh Wl 4 Ibsl S39900 $325.00

BKDCH290ID CP/M'8" Terminal Program tot above $25.00

BKDCHD000P Miciomndem II 537900 $299.00

■«ii/^^ii;i*i»-nfv

uircie i)BO on inquiry car

SGLWABER

LINE MONITOR POWERCONDITIONERS

ee

Before you plug in your computer, you'd belterconsider how you are going to insure or pro-tect your investment from unwanted electricalpollution.

DATAGARD Performance Specifications

0G315P. DG31SSand DG3I5R

0GM5P and DG115S

Maximum spike energydissipation

50 |oules one lime 25loules repealed usageself restoring

50 foules one time. 25joules repeated usage,self restoring

Maximum spike voltage

7.000 volts

ij.000 volts

Clamping spike voltage

55 volts

155 volts

Surge currentclamping ratio

No greater than 1 5 1

No greater than 2 03 1

Maximum sp'ke currentiFor an 8 x 20 micro-second spike pulse)

2 0U'! amps

2.000 amps

Clamping responsetime

II) nanosecondMUxtO-^j

10 nanoseconds110*^** sec)

Noise rejectionFilie; networkFrequency rangeAttenuation

tKHZ lo 100 MHz20 to A0 dBvoltage ratiol

Mode notse protection

Transverse andcommon

-

Leakage current

Leakage to ground leaddoes not exceed 10microamperes

Leakage to ground leaddoes not exceed 10microamperes

DG115 SERIESSINGLE STAGE SPIKE PROTECTION

MODEL DESCRIPTION WT. LIST 19 10-24

BKWBRDGl 15P Wall unit plug in 2 $49.95 $38.95 S34.95

BKWBRDG1I5S b oullel strip w/SW&LT 3 S61 95 S49.95 S42.00

DG315

3 STAGE SPIKE FILTER AND FOUR STAGE NOISE FILTER

BKWBR0G31SP Wall nun plug in 2 £153 95 St 19.95 $99.95

BKWBR0G315S b outlet strip w/SW&LT 3SI9395 $149.95 SI 19.95

BKWBR1G315R 6 Outlet tack W/SW&LT 8SI93 95 S149.95 SI 19.95

FCC CLASS 2APPROVED

DATA DISPLAYMONITORS

SPECIFICATIONS:Viewing Scram

Scanning SystemHorizontal ResolutionSignal Input

12" diagonal. 75 sguare inches

DM2112 P31 phosphor

525 lines: 60 fields/second, overscan

600 lines, center

1 0 volt p-p composite video. 75 ohms

BKSY0DMZ112

List Price: $160.00 SALE: $119.00

OTHER SANYO MONITORS ON SALE TO Oil

Part No.

Description

LIU Plica SALE

BKSY0VIM50« 9"B4W P4. 10MHz (15 lbs) S19000

BKST00M51D9CX 9' Green, P31. 10MHz (15 lbs I $200 00

BKST0DM8012CX 12 B&W P4 IflMH; (24 Ibsl $250 00

BKSrOOMBI 12CX 12' GReen. P31. 18MHz (24 IDS.) S260 00

RKSY0VMC8OI3 13 Color 16 x 64 (35 tbsl S47000

BKST0DMetl3* 13 RGB Color (35 lbs I S895 00

•As used with IBM PC

V-100 VISTA DISK CABINET

• Desk or rack Miounlable • Internal power anddata cables • Drives pull out for easy serviceand maintenance

BKVISVTOO Disk Drive Cabinet $449.00

List Price S495.00 (Sh. Wt. 43 lbs.)

BKVISVIOO W/purchase of two $399.00

Disk Drives

PRIORITY

landon8-INCH THIN LINE

Exactly one-half the height of any other model.Proprietary, high-resolution, read-write heads patented

by TandonD.C- only operation - no AC. requiredIndustry standard interface.

Three millisecond track-to-track access time (9 lbs.)

BKTNDTMB481 Single Sided $380.00 2 or more $370.00

BKTHDTMB482 Double Sided $495.00 2 or more $485.00

DUAL THIN LINE CABINET by

lt\ COMPUTERS

fan Cooled24V n 4A 5A Surge5V ? 2AScratch ResistantBaked Enamel Finish

BKJMRTLC Cabinet & Po:.ei Supply List S200 00 $180.00

BUY THE CABINET AND DRIVES TOGETHER:

BKP0BJMBTND1 w'lwo TNDTM848I s S920.00

BKPDBJMRTND2 v. two TNUTM848? s $1150.00

Includes Power Cables

APPLE DISK DRIVES

Give your APPLE II* a Fourth Dimension — the totally compatible b'/i"drive that takes your system farther, faster. With read/write electronicsso advanced that leading errors are virtually eliminated. With a trackzero microswitch that keeps boot and Hack access smcoth and quietWith the ability to lead hall-track software and up to 143,360 bytes onDOS 3.3* With similar performance on DOS 3.2,1 *, Pascal* or CP/M*operating systems. And. the disk enclosure mates perfectly with APPLEcabinetry EXTENDED WARRANTY ittW

Fourth Oimension offers a 12 month parts and labor warranty at nocost to you' (Gee. this really looks goodyBKFDS40A List Price S329 00 SALE: $289.00

Shugart InterchangeableBKFDS40AC* APPLE IP' Disk Drive Controller $115.00

*Sc/rf only with purchase of Fourth Dimension Drive

CHECK YOUR MAILBOX

FOR YOUR 1982 FALL

ENGINEERING SELECTION GUIDE

FROM

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

ELECTRONICS

9161 DEERING AVE • CHATSWORTH. CA 9

ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 423-5922 - CA, AK, HI CALL (213) 709-5464

Terms US VISA. MC. BAC. Check. Money Order. US. Funds Only CA residents add 6'/?% Sales Tax MINIMUM PREPAID ORDER $15.00 Include MINIMUMSHIPPINGS HANDLING of S3 00 lor the tirst 3 lbs., plus 25« for each additional pound Orders over 50 lbs sent freight collect Just in case, please include yourphone number Prices subject to change without notice We will do our best to maintain prices through November 1982 Credit Card orders will be charged appro-priate freight if you haven't received your ! in R ' Engineering Selection Guide, send SI 00 for your copy today' Sale prices are tor prepaid orders only

I an do

WE JUST MM§.BURNEDTANDON'SPRICE SHEET!

Priority One Electronics has burned up Tandon's pricesheet with our special purchase of Tandon TM100-1 5Vt" 40track double density disk drives! We purchased a largequantity of new, factory-sealed drives from a large OEM whosimply bought too many. This is strictly a "one-shot" deal;when these are gone there will be no more! In fact, we areselling these drives below our regular cost as a volumepurchaser! At these low prices, these drives will not last long!So, if you ever thought of expanding the disk capacity of yourcomputer, now is the time!

Tandon drives are known throughout the industry for theirquality and reliability. That is why major computer manufact-urers such as IB M have chosen Tandon drives for inclusion intheir products. The TM100-1 is the same drive used in IBM'sPersonal Computer. Now you can add more disk storage toyour PC and save hundreds of dollars! But you don't have toown an IBM Personal Computer to take advantage of thisincredible Tandon sale! The Tandon TM100-1 has theindustry standard interface for 5V4" drives so it is compat-ible with just about every computer on the market!

SPECIFICATIONS:

TM10

TPI 48

Tracks/Diskette 40

Capacity Per Side

{untormatted)0ouble Density 250 KB

Access Time

Track-to-Track 5 ms

Average 75 ms

Head Settle Time 15 ms

Mechanical Dimensions:

Width: 5.75 in. Height: 3.25 in. Depth: 8.00 in

DC Voltage Requirements:

Current Requirements

•.;. ^

BKTND1001 Bare Drive

Qty - 1

$195.00 ea.

2 - 9

$180.00 ea.

10 - 24

$170.00 ea.

25+

$160.00 ea.

OEM and Dealer Inquiries invited

(Shipping Weight 4 lbs. each)

BKTN0TM1002' Double Sided, 500KB

2 or More $270.00

BKTNDTffllOOa Single Sided, SOOKB

2 or More $270.00

BKTNDTMT004 Double Sided, 1000KB

2 or More $375.00

Ms used in the IBM P.C.

$295.00 en.$295.00 ea.$395.00 ea.

^2

SINGLE/DUAL 51/V DISK CABINET

BKVIS980I Single +5V 9 1A +12V (S 1.5A $ 85.00

BKVIS9B02 Dual +5V 9 2A +12V 9 3A $110.00

■ •JinH'HIfiV/i/l'

■>Nf

/SIEMANS FDD100-8

' TRUCKLOAD PURCHASE!

WE'VE CAPTURED THE 8 FLOPPY DRIVE MARKETWITH A HUGE FACTORY DIRECT PURCHASE!!

See Previous PageFor More Great Deals!!

DUAL 8" SUBSYSTEM

BKCCS2422A Controller w/CP/M 2.2 1BKSIEFDD1008 8" Drive 2

IN A DUAL HORIZONTAL CABINETWITH POWER SUPPLY

AND DATA CABLE

SAVE $380.00

$995.00

(Include $30.00 lor shippings)

Same as above, with CCS2810 Z80

4MHz CPU and CCS 2065 64K Dynamic RAM:

$1450.00

BKPDBSIESUB2

/ SINGLE-SIDED

DOUBLE DENSITY

90 DAY WARRANTY

SHUGART 801R COMPATIBLE

$395.00$550.00$395.00

BUY DRIVES AND CABINETTOGETHER AND $AVE!

DUAL 8 SIEMANS FDD1008, DUAL 8 CABINET,POWER SUPPLY AND INTERNAL POWER CABLING.

IF BOUGHT SEPARATELY: $910.00

GOBBLE IT UPAT A MERE:

$695.00

PfUORfTY

ENVIRONMENT MONITOR PANEL

Temperature and voltage monitor with visual and audible alarm lor overtemp conditionDirect Digital Readout ol Internal temperature in C on standard DVNI

BKIIIFDE002 CABINET ONLY $295.00

BKPOBIIISIEEM 2-Dnves Catxnel and disk cnvuorimenl monitor $775.00BKIIIFDE002EM Cabinet only win disk environment monitor... $375.00

ELECTRONICS,

ORDER TOLL FREE (600) 420-5922

9161 Deermg Ave.. Chotswor th. CA 91311CA AK, HI CALL (210) 709-5464

BKPDBIIISIE

• Positive Pressusre Filter Cooling

• Power Supply: 4A § +5V, 3A (ffl +24V

1A @ -5V

• Each outputis individually fused

• Hinged top for easy access

• Heavy non-flex .090 aluminum base

• Modular power connectors

Terms US VISA. MC, BAC. Check. Money Order. U S Funds Only CA residents add 6 « Sates Tax MINIMUM PREPAID ORDER SI 5 00 Include MINIMUM SHIPPINGS HANDLING OIS3.00 for the lust 3 lbs., plus 40C loi eachadditional pound Orders over 50 lbs. sent freight collect Just in case please include your phone numbei Prices subject to change without notice We will do our best to maintain prices through November. 1982 Credit Card orders will becharged appropriate freight. If you haven't received your I ill B.- Engineering Selection Guide send SI 00 lor your copy loday! Sale prices are lor prepaid orders only

Unclassified Ads

NX/ANTED: Contributions of computers, software, and con-sultation sought by a Peace Corps volunteer in Anguilla. The newSocial Security office is in the process of installing a microcomputerto benefit statistics and record keeping. They will work withmanufacturers, dealers in testing, applications, etc. Craig Snively.POB 243, Anguilla. West Indies. 809-4972-451 or Telex: 301ADMIN AXA LA.

FOR SALE: CDC cartridge disk drive Model 9427H withbase, cover, and full maintenance manuals. Recently alignedand checked out by Alpha-Micro dealer on AM 100-T computersystem. Asking SI950. Sam Ulin. POB 216. Claymont. DE19703. \302\ 475-7355 5-10 p.m.

FOR SALE: IBM Personal Computer. 64K. color monitorboard. Sanyo medium-resolution color monitor, and one diskdrive Includes DOS. subscription to PC Magaigi •'■ adventuregame, and disk accessories. Used only two months, must sell.Best offer over S2500. Susan Glmert-Cole, RFD 2. South Wind-ham, ME 04082

FOR SALE: Mohawk Data Sciences Model 4025 digital-tapetransport, condition like new. 9-track. Vinch tape width.fOi-Hnch reels. Many spare parts including heads, servo-drivemotors, complete mechanical subassembly, etc. Also, two setsof shcematics and documentation. Mounted m 6-foot MDScomputer rack. Original price S5937. asking S420. FOB Albu-querque Gus Simmons, Box 584. North Hwy. 14, Cedar Crest.NM 87008. (505J 281-3590.

FOR SALE: Heath H-8 microcomputer w.th 48K RAM. H-I9video terminal. H-8-5 cassette interface. H-8-4 four-port serial in-terface, dual H-17 floppy disk, and H-14 line printer. Also in-cludes HDOS operating system. MBASIC. and Zenith ElectronicTyping word processor. Worth more than $4000 in kit form,asking S2900. Scott Thompson. 306 Palmetto St.. Bennettsville,SC 29512, |803| 479-4794.

FOR SALE: Two IBM communication :ermmals with oneASCII RS-232C interface. S 1000 total. Components may be pur-chased separately or as package. L. Leff. Box 274. PolytechnicInstitute of New York. 333 Jay St.. Brooklyn. NY 1 1201.

FOR SALE: IDS Paper Tiger Model 440G printer in excellentcondition Includes 2K buffer option for graphics, cable, andComputer Station Apple Pascal software allowing screen dumpto printer. All for S400. Originally cost S 1350. Bill Mack, 1650Sunset Strip. Sunrise. FL 33313. (305) 735-5627.

FOR SALE OR TRADE: Atari 800 with 32K. disk drive,three games. OS/A + with assembly language. Zenith greenscreen, two joysticks, and sound amplifier. Many extras. Alltechnical help available. SI 550. Mark Seidenfeld. 24 CedarLane. Monscy. NY 10952. (9 14) 425-0936 after 6 p.m.

FOR SALE: Heath H-19 terminal. H-8 computer, H-8-5serial/cassette interface. H-8 8K memory, Tronyx M-H8 |48KJ.and Panasonic cassette recorder SI250. Scott Halsted. 303East Fetnhill Lane. Oak Ridge. TN 37830. (61 5| 482-5003.

FOR SALE: Televideo 950 terminal in perfect conditionS800 Also, a SOROC 120 in good condition S500 CraigRudlin, 185 Freeman St. Apt. 243. Brooklme MA02I46. |6I 7)566-724 7

WANTED: Used Apple II disk drive |DOS 3.3) with con-uoik-r card Give price and pertinent details. James Poljanec.2910 San Miguel. Abilene. TX 79605.

FOR SALE: Three 33ASR Teletypes, two Teleray (Model3311). one DEC writer II. and four Multi-Tech FM300 couplers.Excellent condition FOB. Best offer accepted 30 days from dateof ad in BYTE Charles Weinman, Luverne High School.Luverne. MN 56156.

FOR SALE: Artec Model 853 word processor and Selectncball printer Ideal for conversion to letter-quality printer for mini-computer or microcomputer. In working older, with originalmanual. $150 FOB. Donald E. Weihl. 56 South 65th St,Belleville, IL 62223. (618) 397-3455

FOR SALE: Heath H-8 computer with 64K RAM; H-17 disksystem with three 5!/<-inch, single-sded, 40-track drives; H-14printer; H-19 terminal; and acoustic modem. Includes HDOS2.0. CP/M 2.02. and more than 90 disks of software. Best offerover SI800 within 30 days of publication date. John Efird.1109 Southeast Cypress Lane. Palm Bay, FL 32905, (305)724-9092.

FOR SALE: Processor Technology SOL-20 terminal com-puter with S-l 00 bus with five expansion slots. 8080A pro-cessor, parallel and serial communications interface. 16K RAM,cassette and video interface, and SOLOS personality moduleallowing full stand-alone terminal operation. Also included arecassette BASIC and advanced BASIC. This is in a kit form (about80 percent complete) with full documentation. Original cost:$1800. Asking S500 or best offer. Mike Spindler. 16803 ShrubOak Dr.. Humble. TX 77338.

FOR SALE: Z80 processor board, Mostek STD-Bus Model#MDX-CPU2. Won as door prize. Has never been out of bag.List price approximately S375: will sell for S175 or best offer.Dave Olson. 6202 Peabody Ave. N. Oak Park Heights. MN55082. (612) 439-1825.

FOR SALE: Apple II Plus computer with serial and parallelboards, four disk drives, Sanyo monitor. Applesoft BASIC com-piler. Visicalc. other games, and bjsmess software. S3000John Garuti. 35-36 190th St.. Flushing. NY 11358. (212)278-7900.

FOR SALE: Ohio Scientific CD-23 hard disk in near perfectcondition. Well maintained and operational. S3600 or best of-fer. George Massemburg. 2323 Corinth Ave.. West Los

Angeles, CA 90064. (213) 477-2004 days.

FOR SALE: ELF II microcomputer in excellent condition.The unit comes with a 4K RAM board, power supply, giantboard, video board. ASCII keyboard. Tiny BASIC, and all casesand manuals. Worth more than 5400. but I will accept the bestoffer. Raymond Giannamore. 83 Harwood Rd.. Waterbury. CT06706. {203} 574-4225

WANTED: Tax-deductible contributions of TRS-80 Model Ior other microcomputer equipment for nonprofit organization.Drives and printers especially welcome. Dr. Robert Epstein. Ex-ecutive Director. Cambridge Center for Behavioral Studies Inc.,1 I Ware St.. Cambridge. MA 021 38. (61 7) 495-9020.

FOR SALE: Commodore 2022 tractor-feed printer. Printsuppercase and lowercase. PET graphics, expanded characters,and formatted lines Dustcover, cable, manual, and several pro-grams included. S575 Steve Leth. 783 E4 Essex Ave.. Enal, NJ08081. (215) 629-0600 ex. 3164 days. (609) 346-91 16 eve-nings.

FOR SALE: Shuyart SA-400 single-density, 35-track floppy-disk drive. Used, with manuals; S225. Motorola MEK6800D2evaluation kit with 5-volt power supply and edge connector,cassette interface doesn't work; S150 George Risk Model 753keyboard. Assembled, never used. Ken Bartlett. 1 180 ReedAve. #39. Sunnyvale. CA 94086. (408) 249-7759.

FOR SALE: TRS-80 software, brand new with originaldocumentation. Communications Package (26-1149), S20.Astrology (26-1605). S15 BASIC Programming Assistant. S8.Pensa-wnte and Pensa-mail; $8. System-to-BASIC Utility. SI0RSM-2D; SI5. TLDIS; S8. Duplik and Renum; S8. Cfetch andCwnte; S5. Scarfman. SI0 Big 5 Attack Force; S10. GeorgeKwascha. 8007 Mahogany Dr.. Charlotte. NC 28212. (704)535-7575.

FOR SALE: Heath ET-3400 microprocessor trainer, assem-bled with manual. Asking SI 75. include SASE for written in-quiries. Julian King, 515 Spruce St., Roselle Park, NJ 07204,(20IJ 245-5048,

FOR SALE; Shugart SA-800 disk drive. Excellent conditionwith door-lock option. Guaranteed working., no problems.S250. Will consider swap. Greg Blanck, 2265 Murray Hill Rd..Cleveland. OH 44106. (216) 421-0814 (during summer- 1369Tanwood Dr.. Baldwin, NY 11510. (516)223-4692).

FOR SALE: Pertec 6840 9-track tape drive, software, and in-lerface to enable an S-l00 CP/M microcomputer to read andwrite IBM-compatible 9-track tapes. S2500. Also have MicrosoftCOBOL-80, license transferable; $300. IBM-to-CP/M disk-conversion program; S30. Faulkner White. 44 Briarwood. Ir-vine. CA 92714. (714) 857-2029.

FOR SALE: TRS-80 computer. Level 2. 16K Includes alloriginal equipment, huge software library, light pen, and cas-settes, including two Editor/Assemblers, FSI Flight Simulator,Sargon II, Super Nova, and 26 other store-bought programs(worth more than S500). Also includes large number of typed-m magazine programs. S950 oi best offer. Shipping extra. SeanSeLegue, 9630 Lemona Ave.. Sepulveda. CA 91343. [213]894-2585.

FOR SALE: SwTPC 6800 computer system including 4KRAM. 6800 microprocessor serial interface, motherboard,power supply. PR-40 alphanumeric printer. Also. CT-1024 ter-minal with serial and parallel interfaces, computer- and manual-controlled cursor boards, power supply, and memory boardAlso, AC-30 cassette interface. Available individually or as a set.Many components also available. Earl Wiese. 3434 W St.. Lin-coln. NE 68503. (402) 467-2254.

WANTED: One each 3622 and 81 I I PROMs thar are useden the IMSAI MPU-B board, if the PROMs are not available. Iwould like a copy of the codes in these PROMs from anyone us-ing this board. Doug Baker, R.R. 3. Box 11. Charlotte, TN37036.

FOR SALE: TRS-80 16K Model I Level II with cassette drive in-cluding about S300 worth of software. S700 or will trade forApple. Also, want PC-I00C printer and TI-59 software. TroyUnderwood. POB 133, Yreka. CA 96097. (916) 459-3667.

WANTED: Circuit diagrams for SOL Helios II Persci/270Assembly, with 200131 disk drive; in particular. Assembly200263-007 Rev R/S. Name your price. C. S. Hopman, B.P. 225,Noumea, New Caledonia. South Pacific.

FOR SALE: Large quantities of Motorola 4 164 64K by I. I 50ns of dynamic RAM chips for SI2. Also, Intel 8203 dynamicRAM controller for S45. AH chips are brand new and fully func-tional. Please send check or money order. Kourosh Hamzei.28120 Peacock Ridge Rd. Apt 304. Palos Verdes, CA 90274.

WANTED: Maintenance manual forMim-MAS video-displayterminal from Micro Applications Systems. Will pay reasonablecnarge for original or duplicate copy. I can copy; will providedeposit while copying, Harold Corbin. 11704 Ibsen Dr..Rockville. MD 20852. (301) 881-7571.

FOR SALE: Radio Shack Quick Printer II line printer, like new.$100. Apple II 3.3 disk-controller card, brand new; S25. TRS-80pocket computer, used once; $100. Jim Arsenault. 684AHoneyspot Rd.. Stratford, CT 06497, (203) 368-2332 days.

UNCLASSIFIED POLICY: Readers who have computer equipment to buy, sell, ortrade or who are requesting or giving advice may send a notice to BYTE for inclusion in theUnclassified Ads section. To be considered for publication, an advertisement must be non-commercial (individuals or bona fide computer clubs only), typed double-spaced on plainwhite paper, contain 75 words or fewer, and include complete name and address. This ser-vice is free of charge; notices are printed once only as space permits. Your confirmation ofplacement is appearance in an issue of BYTE as we engage in no correspondence. Pleaseallow at least three months for your ad to appear. Send your notices to Unclassified Ads,BYTE/McGraw-Hill, POB 372, Hancock, NH 03449.

November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 605

Unclassified Ads

FOR SALE: Heath H-9 video terminal modified for 24 by 80and uppercase/lowercase display; $275. SwTPC AC-30; S20.ASCII keyboard; S25. Many parts, including 6800s and I/Ochips. Heath HW010 SS8 transceiver with HP23A power sup-ply, S425. SASE for complete list. T. Glaser, R.R. I Box 312,Rochester, MN 55901, (507) 285-9871.

FOR SALE: Heath H-88 computer with cassette interface,manuals, system software, and two game tapes. Still underwarranty, never used, wired and tested, can't tell from new,S1050 cashier's check only; I pay shipping and insurance. MikeHuttinger, 728 Smalley Dr.. Norman, OK 73071. [405]321-6749.

WANTED: I need a 6800 assembler and editor, preferably oncassette. 300 bps KC standard. Either the SwTPC version or theTSC version. I will gladly pay a\\ charges. V. J. Silva, 43 AyersSt., Waterbury. CI 06706.

WANTED: Curta miniature mechanical hand-operatedcalculator. Michael Rainey, 5627 Columbia, St. Louis. MO63139, (314J 781-3994,

FOR SALE: 20-slot S-l 00 motherboard, 64K memory board,serial/parallel I/O board, and 25-A power supply. All are majormanufacturers' boards; some need parts to be complete. Allwith documentation. Make offer. Also, a Heathkit H-9 terminalwith uppercase/lowercase and 24-line conversion; S250. SteveSherman, 940 Poplar Ave.. Boulder, CO 80302, [303)440-0472 evenings.

WANTED: APF Imagination Machine programs. Also, in-foramtion as to compatibility of Atari, Intellivision, and othercartridges with APF equipment. B. Orr, 2515 GreencastleCourt. Oxnard. CA 93030, (805) 985-4696.

WANTED: Apple H Plus users who would like to correspondand exchange programs and ideas with 22-year-old male,graduate student. My system is complete and my software col-lection is large and diversified. Please send information aboutyourself and your system. Mark A. Brown, University of Idaho,POB 3488, Moscow. ID 83843.

WANTED: A mint, fully assembled Apple I computer.Wanted by a serious investor; replies from original owners on-ly. Please send picture and complete description. Paul Hoffman,2109 Shattuck, Berkeley, CA 94704.

FOR SALE: Aftalr 680b KCACR. Hard-to-find audio cassetteI/O board for the Altair 680b microcomputer. Includes board,cables, documentation, and BASIC-language software- SI00.Robert W. Senser. POB 3152, Laramie, WY 82071, (307)745-7082.

FOR SALE: Micro Technology Unlimited equipment forKIM-1: card cage, visible memory, I6K RAM. PROM I/O, diskcontroller with CODOS operating system, Gume DT-8 diskdrive, and KIM-1 microcomputer, This is a complete, workingsystem except for terminal; BASIC, FORTH, and assembler in-cluded; all KIM and MTU documentation, Bill Michelfelder,Cascade Rd„ Keene, NY 12942, [5 18) 576-4 751.

FOR SALE: Talk to your TRS-80 and have it answer youlRadio Shack Voxbox voice-recognition unit and voice syn-thesizer. Voxbox requires Level H, 16K; voice synthesizer, Level Ior II. 4K. Brand new in original boxes. Never hooked up. S275.May consider separating. Martin J. Schroeder, 702L EagleHeights, Madison. Wl 53705.

FOR SALE: Back issues of BYTE from July 1976 to June1980. All in excellent condition; reasonably priced. LarryJaycox. 1829 Forester Dr., Cincinnati. OH 45240, [513]851-9184.

BOMB

BYTE's

Ongoing Monitor Box

Article #

Page

Article

Author(s)

1

30

The Third NCGA and the Future

of Computer Graphics

Pournelle, A.

2

48

Tronic Imagery

SArenson

3

78

Build the Circuit Cellar MPX-16 Computer

System, Part 1

Ciarcia

4

118

Problem Solving with Logo

U/einreb

5

138

The Graphics Magician

Callamaras

6

148

Cambridge Development Lab's High-

Resolution Video Graphics System

DeKock

7

164

Executive Briefing System

Callamaras

8

174

Build a Video Digitizer

Keryan

9

194

Computer Animation with Color Registers

Fox, Waite

10

216

Victor Victorious: The Victor 9000 Computer

Lemmons

11

256

An Interview with Chuck Peddle

Lemmons

12

272

JETSET

Szymanski

13

324

Colonial Data Services' SB-80

Little

14

336

The Game of Rat and Dragon

Smith

15

379

An Introduction to the Human ApplicationsStandard Computer Interface, Part 2: Im-

plementing the HASCI Concept

Rutkowski

16

386

A Short History of the Keyboard

Lemmons

17

394

User's Column: Terminals, Keyboards, andHow Software Piracy Will Bring Profits

to Its Victims

Pournelle, J.

18

416

Inexpensive Transducers for the TRS-80

Barden

19

448

A Graphics Primer

Williams

20

474

Interactive 3-D Graphics for the Apple II

Pickholtz

21

508

Microvec: The Other Type of Video Display

Garrett

FOR SALE: DEC LSI-1 1 equipment: KD-I IF processor withKEV-I I floating-point chip, four MSV-I I CD 32K RAMs, twoDLV-I I serial units, REV-1 1 bootstrap. RXV-II with RX-01 dualfloppy-disk drive, two H9270 backplanes and card cages, twoH780 power supplies, quad-extender card, wire-wrap proro-card with Q-bus chip kit. Also includes manuals, cables, soft-ware, spare parts, and other items. Best offer over S2000 Ken-neth A. Scharf, 85 I Southwest 64th Terrace. North Lauderdale.FL 33068, (3051 979-4047 days. 972-1451 evenings andweekends.

FOR SALE: New Heath H-89 all-in-one computer (assembledApril 1982] with all manuals. Includes 48K memory, built-infloppy drive, HDOS (Ver. 2.0| operating system. Heath BASICProgramming Course (new), and Heath Users Group (HUG)catalog. A S3100 value fot S2575. Shipped postpaid in the U.S.Joe Douglas, 5014 Romford Dr.. Corpus Chnsti. TX 78413.|SI2| 991-7949.

FOR SALE: TRS-80 Model I Level II. with LNW expansion in-terface. 48K RS-232C. CTR-80 recorder, and covers; S800. Ex-atron Stringy/Floppy with starter kit and Level III BASIC; $200.Also, Heathkit H-14 printer. S350 Jack Mcllnay, 5620 Del Paz.Colorado Springs. CO 80918. |303| 599-5701.

\X/ANTED: TRS-80 Model I or III with disks, in good operatingcondition. Needed for training ex-offenders. Donations are tax-deductible and cheerfully accepted. Roger Logue. PrisonerRelease Ministry. Joliet. IL. |8I5| 723-8998.

NX/ANTED: To exchange by mail with other ZX81 computerowners any software, programs, and ideas for the 2X81 withoptional I6K memory module. William A Axsom. 661 Noah-west 75th Terrace. Plantation. FL 33317.

FOR SALE: DEC PDP-8/E processor and five RK05 disk driveswith connecting cables. Also, two DEC 861C power controls.Best offer takes all or any part. Call for more information. GtegMcDonald, (301) 559-3830.

WANTED: Back issues of BYTE. Vol 1, «\ through Vol 7,#3 and Kilobaud Microcomputing, #1 through #59 Issuesshould be complete and m excellent condition. Send list ofvolumes and their condition. Quatannens W, Melkwezerstt 39,B-3350 Lmter, Belgium, West Europe.

FOR SALE: Complete 9-track magnetic tape system. PertekNR2I formatter Model F849. two each Pertek Model 7840-96-inch reel, half-inch tape. 12.5 ips tead-after-wnte tape drives,plus full documentation and cables. Simple parallel interface toprocessor. Unused. Originally S9000; make offer: cash or trade.Andy Werback. 3670 Weedm Court, San Jose, CA 95132,(408) 262-8622.

Spritely Colored Winner

Steve Ciarcia is back in thenumber-one spot. His "High-Resolution Sprite-Oriented ColorGraphics" secured him first place inthe August BOMB contest. He'llreceive the S100 kitty. Secondplace goes to Harold Abelson forhis Logo primer, "A Beginner'sGuide to Logo." He'll be awardedthe second-place prize of $50. Anda very close third place goes totechnical editor George Stewart forhis article "Program Generators."Congratulations, George.

606 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Reader Service

Inquiry No.

Page No.

Inquiry No.

Page No.

Inquiry No.

Page No.

Inquiry No.

Page No.

493 47th STREET COMPUTER 563

1 800 SOFTWARE 195

2 800 SOFTWARE 367

3 A SYSTEMS CORP. 252

4 A.M.ELECTRONICS 170

5 A.S.T.RESEARCH 28, 29506 ABC DATA PROD. 489

6 AB COMPUTERS 573

7 ABACUS DATA INC. 248, 249

8 ABW CORP. 552

499 ACE INTERNATIONAL 332

9 ACKERMAN DIGITAL SYS 550

10 ADISA CORP. 572

11 ADV.COMP.PROD. 600, 601■ ADV.DIGITAL CORP. 181

12 ADV.DIGITAL PROD. 580

13 ADV.DIGITAL PROD. 584

14 ADV.LOGIC SYSTEMS 344, 345

15 ADV.SYS. CONCEPTS 570

16 AEGIS SYSTEMS 170

509 ALF PRODUCTS, INC. 435

17 ALL ELECTRONICS CORP. 580' ALL SYSTEMS GO 551

18 ALPHA BYTE COMP.PROD. 46, 47

19 ALPHA BYTE COMP.PROD. 338

20 ALPHA BYTE COMP.PROD. 378

21 ALSPA COMP.SYS. 281

22 ALTOS COMP.SYS. 240, 241

23 AMDEK CORP. 116, 117

24 AMER.SMALL BUSN.COMP. 469

25 AMER.SQUARE COMP. 243

26 ANADEX 191

27 ANGELS COMP.PROD. 582

28 APPARAT INC. 399

29 APPLE COMPUTER INC. 264, 265

30 APPLEWARE, INC. 582

31 APPLIED BUSN.CONCEPTS 584

• APPLIED CREATIVE TECH. 541

32 ARCHIVE 445

33 ARTIFICIAL INT'LRESRCH. 582

34 ASAP COMP.PROD.INC. 463

35 ASC ASSOCIATES 580

36 ASHTON-TATE312, 313

• ASPEN SFTW.CO. 18

37 ATARI 328, 329

38 AUDEC CORP. 568

39 AUTOCONTROL INC. 568

41 AUTOMATED EQUPMNT. 110

42 AVOCET366

43 A.V.T. ELECTRONICS 391

44 B&B ELECTR. 514501 BASF 409

46 BAUSCH & LOMB INSTR.SYS. 327

47 BAUSCH & LOMB INSTR.SYS. 327

48 BAY TECHNICAL ASSOC. 434

49 BELL & HOWELL 198, 199

• BELL, JOHN ENGR. 581516 BHRT316

50 BIBLIOGRAPHIC RETRIEVAL 145

51 BISHOP GRAPHICS 423

52 BISON PROD INC. 346

53 BISON PROD INC. 346

54 BISON PROD INC. 346

55 BISON PROD INC. 346

56 BISON PROD INC. 346

57 BLACKBEARD ASSOC. 582

58 BLAT RESRCH. & DEVELP. 547

• BOTTOM LINE, THE 375

59 BRIDGE COMPUTER 267

60 BRIDGE COMPUTER 568

61 BUSINESS SOLUTIONS 499

68 BYTE BOOK 113208 BYTE BOOKS 149492 BYTE BOOKS 515

• BYTE BACK ISSUES 322

• BYTE PUBL INC. 548

62 BYTEK COMP. SYS. 489

63 BYTEWRITER 102

64 C-SYSTEMS 578

65 C.S.D.INC. 566

66 CALIF. DATA CORP. 551

• CALIF. DIGITAL 598, 599

• CALIF.MICRO.COMP. 491

69 CAPROCK ENTERPRISES INC. 576

70 CDR SYSTEMS 551

71 CENTENNIAL SOFTWARE 396

73 CHATSWORTH DATA CORP. 268

74 CHECK-MATE 546

75 CHECKS-TO-GO 254

76 CHINTRONICS570

77 CHIPS & DALE 330

78 CHIPWEAR 574

79 CHRISLIN INDUSTRIES 467258 CLEVELAND CONS.COMP.&

COMPONENTS 590

80 CMC.INT'L 156

81 CMC.INT'L. 411

82 COGITATE 574

84 COLONIAL DATA SERV. 334

85 COLONIAL DATA SERV. 414

86 COLUMBIA DATA PROD. 239

87 COLUMBIA MICROSYS.INC. 570

88 COLUMBIA NATIONAL 471

89 COMMODORE BUSN.MACH. 351

90 COMMUNICAL, INC. 442

91 COMMUNICATION CABLE 568

92 COMMUNICATIONS ELECTR. 571

93 COMPONENTS EXPRESS 492

94 COMPUADD 576

95 COMPULINK CORP. 74

96 COMPUPRO/GODBOUT 258

97 COMPUSERVE 172, 173369 COMPUSHACK 472, 473

98 COMPUTER ACCESS. CORP. 544

99 COMPUTER AGE 486

494 COMPUTER CHANNEL 483

101 COMPUTER DISCOUNT PROD. 561

102 COMPUTER EXCHANGE 506, 507

103 COMPUTER EXCHANGE 506, 507

104 COMPUTER EXCHANGE 506, 507

107 COMPUTER INNOVATIONS 497

108 COMP. LEARNING TREE 269

109 COMPUTER MAIL ORDER 276, 277

110 COMPUTER PLUS 485

111 COMPUTER SHOPPER 483

112 COMPUTER SHOPPER 372

113 COMPUTER SOLUTIONS 8

114 COMPUTER SPCLTIES. 204, 205

115 COMPUTER STOP, THE 419

116 COMPUTER TOOLBOX, INC. 570' COMPUTER WRHSE. 299

117 COMPUTERMAXX 238

• COMPUTERS IN TAIWAN (192-1thru 192-24)

118 COMPUTERS WHOLESALE 190

119 COMPUTERWORLD INTL 368, 369

121 COMPUVIEW PROD.INC. 65

122 CONCORD COMP.PROD. 491

123 CONCURRENT CORP. 242

124 CONSUMER COMP. 284, 285

125 CONTEXT MANGMNT.SYS. 44

126 CONTEXT MANGMNT.SYS. 45

127 CONTROL DATA 128, 129

128 COSMIC COMP.UNLTD. 576

129 COST PLUS COMP. 578

130 CPU SHOP, THE 579

131 CREATIVE LOGIC 433

132 CREATIVITY UNLTD. 566

133 CROMEMCO Cll, 1

134 CROMEMCO 2

136 CSCS 578

137 CUSTOM COMP.TECH. 348' CYBERNETICS INC. 311

510 D/PUNCH 584

138 DAMAN 578

503 D. ARMSTRONG 493

139 DATA EXCHANGE 514

140 DATA GENERAL CS 477223 DATA MAIL 126

141 DATA MANAGEMENT SYS. 580

142 DATA SOURCE SYS.CORP. 451

143 DATA TECH INDUSTRIES 75

145 DATA-LINE 514

146 DATASOUTH COMP.CORP. 127

147 DATASOUTH COMP.CORP. 470

148 DAVIS COMP.PROD. 572425 DAVONG SYS, INC. 317

149 DEALIN' ELECTR. 574

150 DECISION RESOURCES 187

151 DELTA PRODUCTS 266

152 DIGITAL DIMENSIONS 352

• DIGITAL EQUPMNT.CORP. 226, 227

153 DIGITAL EQUPMNT.CORP. 569

154 DIGITAL MARKETING 6

155 DIGITAL MEDIA 514

156 DIGITAL RESEARCH 19

• DIGITAL RESRCH. COMP. 583158 DISCOUNT SOFTWARE 203

• DISK SUPPLY CO. 493

160 DJR ASSOC. 421

161 DOKAY COMP.PROD.INC. 588, 589

• DOW JONES SOFTWARE 143

162 DRAKE, R.L. CO. 120

163 DUAL SYS.CONTROL CORP. 362

164 DUPONT COMPANY 237

166 DYSAN CORP. 360, 361

167 E/Z ASSOC. 576

247 EASTERN ENTERPRISES 491

168 ECONOMY PERIPHERALS 514

169 ECOSOFT 259

170 EDGE MICROSYSTEMS 551

171 EMS 566

172 EMS 574

174 ELCOMP PUBLISHING INC 310

175 ELECTRONIC CONTROL 202

176 ELECTRONIC SYS.FURN. 72

177 ELLIS COMPUTING 209

178 EMERGING TECH.CONSLT. 525' EMPIRICAL RESRCH. GRP. 122

179 ENERCOMP 263

180 ENERCOMP 551

181 EPSON AMERICA 376, 377

182 ESSEX PUBLISHING 542

183 EVOLUTIONARY ELECTR.INC. 495

184 EXCALIBUR TECH. 291

185 EXPOTEK 244

186 FTG DATA SERV. 568

190 FLOPPY DISKS SERV.INC. 461

191 FORMULA INT'L. 441

193 FOX & GELLER INC. 349

194 FRANKLIN COMP.CORP. 63

195 G&G ENGINEERING 331

196 G-H COMPUTER SYS. 551

197 GENERAL SOFTWARE 501

198 GENIE COMPUTER CORP. 296, 297

199 GILTRONIX.INC. 582

200 GLADSTONE ELECTRONICS 551511 GLOUCESTER COMP. 584

201 GTEK INC. 549498 HA2ELTINE229

202 H&ECOMPUTRONICS457

• HAYDEN BOOK CO. INC. 261

203 HAYES MICROCOMP.PROD. 175

204 HEATH COMPANY 96, 97

• HILTON HOTEL CORP. 359

206 HONOR SYS.SOFTWARE 574

207 I.B.C. 9

209 IBM 232, 233

210 IBS COMPUTERTECHNIK 103

211 IMS INTERNATIONAL 247

212 IMSAI 283

213 INFOSCRIBE235

214 INNOVATIVE MEASUREMNTS. 348

215 INNOVATIVE MICRO SYS. 234

216 INNOVATIVE RESEARCH 576

217 INNOVATIVE SOFTWARE 133

218 INSIGHT ENTERPRISES 568

219 INT'L.MICRO SYS. 295

• INT'L.SOFTWARE ALLIANCE 480

220 INTEGRAL DATA SYS. 43

221 INTEGRAND 358

222 INTELLIGENT ARTEFACTS 126

224 INTERACTIVE MICROWRE. 142

225 INTERACTIVE STRUCT. 32

226 INTERCONTN.MICROSYS. 157

227 INTERTEC DATA SYS. 11

228 INTEX SYSTEMS 182

230 IPEX INT'L. 514

231 ISE 255

232 J.C.SYSTEMS 499

233 JADE COMP.PROD. 585

234 JADE COMP.PROD. 586, 587

235 JAMECO ELECTR. 591

236 JAMECO ELECTR. 592, 593

237 JDR MICRODEVICES 594, 595

238 JDR MICORDEVICES 596, 597

239 JRT SYSTEMS 185

240 KENSINGTON MICROWARE 245

241 KERN PUBLISHING 230

242 KRAMER SYS. INT'L. 572

243 LABORATORY COMP.SYS. 578

244 LABORATORY MICROSYS. 514517 LANGLEY ST. CLAIR 390

246 LEADING EDGE PROD. Clll

248 LIFEBOAT ASSOC. 177

249 LNW RESEARCH 279

250 LOGICAL DEVICES 120

251 LOMAS DATA PRODUCTS 381

252 LYBEN COMP.SYS. 372

253 LYBEN COMP.SYS. 514

254 LYBEN COMP.SYS. 568

255 LYBEN COMP.SYS. 572

256 LYBEN COMP.SYS. 576

257 LYCO COMPUTER 487

259 MACROTECH INT'L. 26

260 MAILCOMP INC. 455505 MANDAT SYS.LTD. 333

262 MANN.CHAS. & ASSOC. 487

263 MANNESMANN TALLY 61

264 MARCEY.INC. 453

•: MARK DATA PRODUCTS 580

266 MARK OF THE UNICORN 112

267 MARYMAC INDUSTRIES 80

• MASTER ELECTR.INC. 483

268 MAXELL DATA PRODUCTS 135

To get further information on the products advertised in BYTE, fill out the reader service card withyour name and address. Then circle the appropriate numbers for the advertisers you select from thelist. Add a 20-cent stamp to the card, then drop it in the mail. Not only do you gain information, butour advertisers are encouraged to use the marketplace provided by BYTE. This helps us bring you a big-ger BYTE. The index is provided as an additional service by the publisher, who assumes no liability forerrors or omissions. 'Correspond directly with company.

269 MAXTEK 456173 MBI 570

271 MCNEILL 495

* MCGRAW-HILL BOOK CO. 303

272 MCGRAW-HILL BOOK STORE 432

273 MCGRAW-HILL BOOK STORE 497

274 MCMILLAN BOOK CLUBS 353

512 MCP COMP.PROD. 584

275 MEDIA DISTRIBUTING 374

276 MEMOREX MEDIA PROD. 105

277 MEMORY MERCHANT 101

* MEMOTECH 41

279 METAVAN INC. 580

280 MFJ ENTERPRISES INC. 218

281 MICRO AGE COMP.STORE 95

282 MICRO BUSINESS WORLD 315

283 MICRO COMP.SERV.CTR. 501

284 MICRO COMPONENTS 574

285 MICRO CONTROL SYS. 446, 447

286 MICRO DEVELOPMENTS 525504 MICRO KING INT'L. 333

287 MICRO MAGAZINE 106

288 MICRO MANAGEMENT SYS. 275

289 MICRO MINT 479518 MICRO MINT 538229 MICRO MINT 584

290 MICRO SCI 159

291 MICRO TECH NOLOGY 584

293 MICRO WORKS, THE 531

294 MICROBYTE/EXT.PROCSS. 482

270 MICROCOMP.BUSN.IND. 193

295 MICRODYNAMICS 572

296 MICROHOUSE 12, 13

298 MICROPROCESSORS UNLTD. 578

299 MICROSOFT (CPD) 67

300 MICROSOFT (CPD) 335

301 MICROTECH EXPORTS 320

302 MICROWARE 572

421 MILLER MICROCOMP.SERV. 20

304 MINI MICRO MART 397

305 MINI MICRO MART 567

306 MINOLTA CORP. 513

308 MONARCHY ENG.INC. 566

* MONITOR DYNAMICS 564

309 MORROW DESIGNS 458, 459495 MORROW DESIGNS 392, 393

310 MOUNTAIN VIEW PRESS 365

311 MPC PERIPHERALS 287

312 MPI23

313 MTI SYSTEMS CORP. 371

* MULTI-LIST 502

314 MULTI-TECH SYSTEMS 104

315 MUSYS 495

316 N.W.S. INC. 373

317 NAT'L.INTEGRATED SFTW. 262

318 NAT'L.SOFTWARE SYS. 548

319 NATIONAL COMP.SHOWS 309

* NCC/AFIPS 475

320 NEBS 140

321 NEBS 462

322 NEC HOME ELECTR.USA 141

* NETRONICS 363, 439

324 NETWORK CONSULTING CORP. 186

325 NEW GENERATION SYS. 251

326 NEW VISION 578

157 NORSOFT CONSULT. 582

490 NORTH HILLS CORP. 570

491 NORTH HILLS CORP. 582

327 NORTH STAR COMP. 304, 305

* NRI SCHOOLS ELECTR. DIV. 465

330 O'HANLON COMP.SYS. 83

331 OASIS SYSTEMS 403

332 OFFICE AUTOMATION CONF. 425

334 OLIVETTI 437

335 OMEGA SALES 412, 413

336 OMNI RESOURCES 300

337 OPTIMAL TECHNOLOGY 543

338 ORANGE MICRO 270

339 ORANGE MICRO 301

513 ORGANIZTL. MGMT. SYS. 584

340 ORYX SOFTWARE 307

341 OSBORNE COMPUTERS 87

* OWENS ASSOC. 36, 37, 318

343 PACIFIC COMP. 364

344 PACIFIC EXCHANGES 373, 551,566, 570, 574, 578

350 PALOMAR COMP.EQUIP. 340, 341

351 PAN AMERICAN ELEC. INC. 501

352 PANASONIC 76, 77

353 PARTAN CO. 578

354 PC2 98

355 PC MAGAZINE 151

356 PEACHTREE SOFTWARE 400, 401

* PERCOM DATA 7

357 PERIPHERALS UNLTD. 219

358 PERSONAL COMP.PROD.INC. 253

359 PERSONAL COMP.SYS. 306

360 PERSONAL SYS.TECHN. 389

* PHASE ONE SYS.INC. 325

361 PICKLES & TROUT 66

* POPULAR COMPUTING 321

* POTOMAC MICRO-MAGIC 283

363 POWER TOOLS 574

364 PRACTICAL PERIPH. 24, 25497 PRECISION SOFTWARE 165

365 PRIORITY ONE 602, 603

November 1982 © BYTE Publications In

607

Reader Service

Inquiry No.

Page No.

366 PRIORITY ONE 604

367 PRO MICRO SYS. 566

368 PROCESSOR INTERFACES INC. 514

370 PROMPTDOC, INC. 107

371 PROTOSYS 68

372 PURCHASING AGENT.THE 62

373 QANTEXDIV. 115486 QUBIE DISTRIB. 155

375 QUAORAM CORP. 136, 137

376 QUADRAM CORP. 481

377 QUALITY SOFTWARE 429

378 QUANTECKNA211

379 QUANTUM DATA 444

380 QUARK ENGINEERING 99500 QUASAR COMPANY 407

381 QUASAR DATA PROD.INC. 183

382 QUEST ELECTR. 577

383 QUICK TAX 132

384 R.C. ELECTRONICS 260

385 R.W. ELECTRONICS 356

386 RACET COMPUTES 154

387 RADIO SHACK CIV

388 RCA 134

389 RCA SOLID STATE 73

390 RCE 449

391 RCS INC. 549

392 RED BARON COMP.PROD. 220, 221

394 RED GATE PUBLCO. 426, 427

395 RICKER DATA 373

396 S C DIGITAL 497

397 S&W COMPUTER SUPPLY 580

398 S-100 INC. 318

399 SAGECOMP. TECH. 15

Inquiry No.

Page No.

401 SATURN SYSTEMS INC. 33

402 SAVVY MARKTG.INT'L 123

403 SCIENTIFIC ENG. 568

404 SCION CORP. 5

405 SCM CORP. 431

• SCOTTSDALE SYSTEMS 354

406 SEATTLE COMP. PRODS. 404, 405

407 SEIKOSHA CORP. 231

408 SENECA ELECTRONICS 546

409 SIERRA COMP.PROD. 576

410 SIERRA DATA SCIENCES 121

411 SINGLE SOURCE SOLUTIONS 259

412 SLUDER 487

• SMITH, DAVID F. 570

414 SOFTWARE DISTR. 71

415 SOFTWARE MODELS 542

416 SOFTWARE PUBLISHERS 572

417 SOFTWARE STORE 566

• SOLID STATE SALES 488

418 SONICS MICRO SYS. 109

419 SONY CORP.OF AMERICA 383

420 SOUTHCOAST COMP.SYS. 566

422 SSM MICRO COMP. PROD. 382

423 STANDARD SFTW.CORP. 443

424 STAR MICRONICS 32383 STROBE 131

426 STROBE 319

427 SUNSHINE EXPRESS 314

428 SUNTRONICS 178514 SUPERLETTER 564

430 SUPERSOFT167

431 SUPERSOFT169

432 SUPERSOFT171

Inquiry No.

Page No.

434 SYBEX 215

435 TAB BOOKS 417

436 TARBELL ELECTR. 489

437 TATUM LABS 568

438 TAYCO BUSINESS FORMS 572

439 TAYCO BUSINESS FORMS 582

440 TECH-DATA CORP. 551

441 TECH-DATA CORP. 574443 TECMAR INC. 69

• TEKTRONIX INC. 153

445 TELECON SYSTEMS 566

446 TELETEK17

496 TELEVIDEO INC. 146, 147

447 TERMINALS TERRIFIC 499

448 TEXAS COMP.SYS. 395

449 TEXAS INSTRUMENTS 31

450 TEXAS INSTRUMENTS 289

451 THINK SOFTWARE 576

• THORN EMI 162, 163

452 THREE M COMPANY 161

453 THREE M STATIC CONTROL 286

454 TIMEX COMPUTER 39

■ TINNEY ROBT. GRAPHICS 342

515 TJD ENTERPRISES 564

455 TNW CORP. 212

• TRANS WORLD AIRLINES 370

457 TRISTAR DATA SYS. 70507 TSI MARKETING 452

458 TSK ELECTR.CORP. 189

459 U.S. MICRO SALES 564

460 U.S. MICRO SALES 565

461 U.S. ROBOTICS 27

462 U.S. EXCHANGE 576

Inquiry No.

Page No.

463 u.s. exchange 580

464 u.s. exchange 584

465 unique automation prod. 572

466 united sftw.co.jhe 206

467 VECTRIX 223

/68 VICTOR BUSN.MACH. 125

469 VICTORY COMP.SYS. 93

470 VIDEX21

• VISICORPINC. 81

472 VISTA COMPUTER CO. 139

473 VISUAL TECH,INC. 111

474 VOTRAX250

475 VOTRAX 545

• VR DATA 94

476 VYNET CORP. 493

• WARNER ROBINS AFB 544508 WASHINGTON COMP.SERV. 452

477 WASHINGTON COMP.SERV. 575

478 WESPER MICROSYSTEMS 10

479 WESTICO INC. 384

502 WEST STAR MICRO 339

• WHITESMITHS LTD. 293

45 WHOLESALE SUPPLIERS 582

480 WILD HARE COMP.SYS. 357

481 WIN/MILL RESEARCH INC. 580

482 WINCHENDON GRP..THE 570

483 WINTEK CORP. 372

484 WINTERHALTER & ASSOC. 485

485 WORDTECH SYSTEMS 269487 WYSE TECHNOLOGY 35333 ZAP MAT 214

'Correspond directly with company.

National Advertising Sales Representatives:

Northeast (617) 444-3946

Southeast (305) 628-3525

Northwest (415) 964-0706

ME, IMH, VT, MA, CT, Rl, DE, MD,

NC, SC, GA, FL, AL, MS, TN,

AK, HI, WA, OR, ID, MT, WY,

VA, WV, OK, TX, Upstate NY,

KY, LA

Northern California, Nevada Except

Eastern Canada

Hajar Associates

Las Vegas, Western Canada

Hajar Associates

Diplomat Bldg.

Hajar Associates

280 Hillside Ave.

5400 Diplomat Circle

1000 Elwell Ct.

Needham Heights, MA 02194

Suite 205

Suite 124

Orlando, FL 32810

Palo Alto, CA 94303

Mid Atlantic (201) 741-7744

Midwest (312) 966-0160

Southwest (714) 540-3554

NY, NYC, NJ, PA

MN, Wl, Ml, IA, IL, IN, OH,

UT, CO, A2, NM, Las Vegas,

Hajar Associates

MO, NE, KS, ND, SD, AR

Southern California

321 Broad St.

Hajar Associates

Hajar Associates

Red Bank, NJ 07701

5225 Old Orchard Rd.

3303 Harbor Blvd.

Suite 50

Suite H-4A

Skokle, IL 60076

Costa Mesa, CA 92626

European Advertising

Sales Representatives:

Mrs. Maria Sarmlento

Mr. Michael Sales

Mr. Fritz Krusebecker

Pedro Telxelra 8, Off. 320

McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.

McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.

Iberia Mart I

17 rue Georges Bizet

Llebigstrasse 27C

Madrid 4, Spain

F 75116 Paris

D-6000 Frankfurt/Main 1

45 52 891

France

West Germany

720 33 42

72 01 81

Mr. Andrew Karnig

Andrew Karnig & Associates

Kungsholmsgatan 10

Mr. Ello Gonzaga

112 27 Stockholm, Sweden

McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.

Far East/Pacific

08 51 68 70

Via Baracchini 1

Seavex Ltd.

Mr. Hans CsokorPublimediaRelsnerstrasse 61

20123 Milan, Italy86 90 617

05-49/50 Tanglln Shopping Center

19 Tanglln Rd. Singapore 1024

A-1037 Vienna, Austria

Mr. Simon Smith

Republic of Singapore

Mrs. Gurlt Gepner

McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.

Seavex,Ltd.

McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.115 Yosephtal St.

34 Dover St.London W1X 3RA

Room 102, Yu Yuet Lai Bldg.

Bat Yam, Israel

England

43-55 Wyndham St. Central

866 561 321 39

01 493 1451

Hong Kong

608 November 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

:***!•] kcj^mj :\\m :

ONE GREAT LINE. ONE GREAT WARRANTY

Finally, there's one full family of printers that covers every business or word processing application-all from C. Itoh, a company known for packing more product into less price; and all distributedexclusively by Leading Edge, a company known for searching out and providing that very thing.Which means that one call to one source can get you any printer, any time you need it, for any purpose.All backed by a full years' warranty from Leading Edge. (Try that on any other line of printers.)

THE PRO'S.

"he Prowriters: business printers—and more. The "more" is a dot-matrix process with more dots. It gives you denser,correspondence quality copy (as opposed to business quality copy, which looks like a bad job of spray-painting).Prowriter: 120 cps. 80 columns dot matrix compressable to 136.10" carriage. Parallel or serial interface.Prowriter 2: Same as Prowriter, except 15" carriage allows full 136 columns in normal print mode.

Parallel or serial interface.

PROWRITER 2

PROWRITER

THE STAR.

The Starwriter F-10. In short (or more precisely, in a sleek 6" high, 30-pound unit), it gives you more

of just about everything—except bulk and noise—than any other printer in its price range. It's a 40 cps letter-quality

daisy-wheel with a bunch of built-in functions to simplify and speed up word processing.

It plugs into almost any micro on the market, serial or parallel.

■■I' in i

STARWRITER F-IO

THE MASTER

The Printmaster F-10. Does all the same good stuff as the Starwriter except, at 55 cps, the Master does it faster.

PRINTMASTERF-IO

Distributed Exclusively by Leading Edge Products, Inc., 225 Turnpike Street, Canton, Massachusetts 02021.Call: toll-free 1-800-343-6833; or in Massachusetts call collect (6171828-8150. Telex 951-624.

Circle 246 on inquiry card.

"Get an Out-of-this-World DealOn My Favorite Color Computer!"

Save $100 With ThisIncredible OfferFrom Radio Shack!

"It's a fantastic deal on anexciting entertainer!" Take itfrom Isaac. Now you can save$100 on any TRS-80" Color Com-puter. That means you can getour 16K Standard BASIC ColorComputer, regularly $399.95, foronly $299.95! Add a pair of joy-sticks for $24.95 and you canplay Super Bustout — our excit-ing action game that's alsosale priced at just $19.95 — a$10.00 savings! You'll find theTRS-80 Color Computer to be anoutstanding entertainer andeducator for the whole family.

"It's also a very serious, hardworking computer." Just plug ina handy Program Pak'" andyour Color Computer can assistyou in everything from wordprocessing to setting up a fam-ily budget —even to creatingyour own electronic filingsystem. .-***,

"Just one of many fine com-puters from Radio Shack." The

Color Computer attaches eas-ily to any TV set. See it today atyour nearest Radio Shack store,Computer Center or participat-ing dealer.

"Hurry — this fantastic offerends December 31, 1982." Get

the $399.95 Standard BASICColor Computer for just $299.95— and pay only $19.95 for the$29.95 Super Bustout ProgramPak"! And save $100 on anyother TRS-80 Color Computer.

— Isaac Asimov

Renowned Science andScience Fiction Author

Radio /hack

The biggest name in little computers'"

A DIVISION OF TANDY CORPORATIONCircle 387 on inquiry card.