Byte Magazine Volume 08 Number 01 - Looking Ahead

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owerful

DPU card with error-correctingmemory and controller cards

68000-Powered

Once again you get a big stride forward with Cromemco.

This time it's our new DPU Dual Processor Unit. It givesenormous power to Cromemco computer systems such asour System One shown here.

Compares with mainframes

With the new DPU you get the almost unbelievablypowerful 68000 processor and its 32-bit data-handlingcapabilities combined with its 16 Megabyte address space.

In other words with the System One/DPU combinationyou get a small machine that's the equal of superminis andmainframes in some areas.

8-Bit and 68000 software

The dual part of the DPU refers to its on-board Z-80Aprocessor. With this you have access to existing CP/M*software.

for tomorrow

But besides being compatible with this wealth of existing8-bit software, the System One/DPU has available a wholefamily of new 68000 system software. This includes a widerange of high-level software such as our 68000 Assembler,FORTRAN 77, Pascal, BASIC, COBOL, and C.

Beyond all this there's a version for the 68000 of ourwidely admired CROMIXt Operating System. It's likeUNIXJ but has even more features and gives multi-taskingand multi-user capability. In fact, one or more users can runon the Z-80A processor while others are running on the68000. Switching between the Z-80A and 68000 is auto-matically controlled.

The System One itself is a bus-oriented machine that hasoptions for color graphics, for 390K or 780K of floppystorage, a 5 MB hard disk option, communications capabil-ity, and multi-processor capability using our I/O processorcard.

Powerful new micro.Powerful software.

System One CS-1H

Highly expandable

i/ith the System One/DPU combination, you gettremendous expandability. Right now you can have up to 2MB of RAM storage. You get this with our new MemoryStorage cards and our Memory Controller. The Controllerfully supports the 16 MB storage space of the 68000, allow-ing you vast future expansion capability.

Further, the memory has built-in error detection andcorrection, a feature normally found only in much morecostly systems.

Present customers can field-upgrade their Cromemcosystems to use the DPU and still be able to run their presentsoftware using the Z-80A on the DPU. It's one more

3102 Terminal

instance of Cromemco's policy of providing obsolescenceinsurance for Cromemco users.

Low priced

With all this performance you might not be ready for thelow price we're talking about. With 256K of RAM and 780Kof floppy storage, the price of the System One/DPU is only$5495. That's hard to beat.

So contact your rep now. Hell fill you in on the manymore features that this outstanding and powerful machineoffers.

*CP/M is a trademark of Digital ResearchtCROMtX is a trademark of Cromemco, Inc.tUNIX is a trademark of Bel] Telephone Laboratories

>TM

Q Cromemcoincorporated280 BERNARDO AVE., MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040 • (415)964-7400Tomorrow's computers today

Circle 128 on Inquiry card.

M> INTERFACES

COLOR GRAPHICS

I*

11-MBYTE

COLOR

FLOPPY DISK

HARD DISK

JOYSTICK

SOFTWARE

ERMINAL

PRINTERS

MONITORS

DRIVES

DRIVE

CONSOLE

SUPPORT

at Cromemco computer cardcapability can do for you

The above diagram shows in a func-tional way one of the most completelines of computer cards in the industry.

Look it over carefully. It could be wellworth your while.

These are all cards that plug into ourS-100 bus microcomputers.

You can also assemble them into acustom system in convenient Cromemcocard cages.

MULTI-PROCESSING ANDINTELLIGENT I/O

The range of capabilities and versatilityyou can draw upon is enormous.

In processors, for example, you have achoice of CPU's including our extremelyuseful new I/O Processor. This can beused as a satellite processor to do off-lineprocessing, multi-processing, and to formintelligent I/O. It opens the door to awhole new group of applications andtasks. Ask us about it.

HIGH RESOLUTIONCOLOR GRAPHICS

Again, you can have beautiful high-resolution color graphics with our colorgraphics interface. You can select fromover 4000 colors and have a picture witha resolution at least equal to qualitybroadcast-TV pictures.

You have an unprecedented selectionof memory including our unusual 48Kand 16K two-port RAMs which allowhigh-speed color graphics.

LOTS OF STORAGE

These days you often want lots of diskstorage. So you can select from our diskcontroller card which will operate our 5"and 8" floppy disk drives (up to 1.2megabytes). Or select our WDI interfaceto operate our 11-megabyte hard diskdrives.

POWERFUL SOFTWARE ANDPERIPHERAL SUPPORT

There's much more yet you can dowith our cards. And, of course, there's aneasy way to put them to work in our 8-,12-, and 21-slot card cages. Our PS8power supply makes it simple to get thesystem into operation.

Finally, Cromemco offers you thestrongest software support in the industry

with languages like FORTRAN,COBOL, ASSEMBLER, LISP, BASIC andothers. There is also a wide choice fromindependent vendors.

To top it all off, you can draw fromsubstantial array of peripherals: terminals, printers, color monitors and disdrives.

There is even more capability thawe're able to describe here.

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For your convenience Cromemoproducts are now available at Hall-MarkElectronics and Kierulff Electronics. Contact these national distributors for immediate product delivery.

CROMEMCO COMPUTER CARDS• PROCESSORS — 4 MHz Z-80 A CPU, single cardcomputer, I/O processor • MEMORY — up to 64Kincluding special 48K and 16K two-port RAMS andour very well known BYTESAVERS® with PROMprogramming capability • HIGH RESOLUTIONCOLOR GRAPHICS — our SDI offers up to 754 x482 pixel resolution. • GENERAL PURPOSE IN-TERFACES—QUADART four-channel serial com-munications, TU-ART two-channel parallel andtwo-channel serial, 8PIO 8-port parallel, 4PIO4-port isolated parallel, D+ 7A 7-c:hanncl D/A andA/D converter, printer interface, floppy disk con-troller with RS-232 interface and systemdiagnostics, wire-wrap and extender cards for yoidevelopment work.

Q Cromemco'"incorporated280 BERNARDO AVE., MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040 • (415)964-7400Tomorrow's computers today

Circle 129 on Inquiry card.

In The Queue

BITE

Volume 8, Number

January 1983

Features

30 The Compaq Computer by Mark Dahmke / The

latest IBM-compatible microcomputer, this portable machinecan run all IBM system software, and it costs less than thePersonal Computer.

40 Microcomputing, British Style by Gregg

Williams / Our Senior Editor braved the crowds and theclamor of the fifth Personal Computer World Show to bringus this firsthand account.

54 Build the Circuit Cellar MPX-16 ComputerSystem, Part 3 by Steve Ciarcia / The final installmentdescribes the design of the MPX-16, which is I/Ocompatible with the IBM Personal Computer.

86 Heath's HERO-1 Robot by StevenLeininger / This microcomputer-controlled robotdemonstrates the principles of automation and robotics.

100 IBM's "Secret" Computer: the 9000 by Chris

Morgan / IBM Instruments Inc. manufacturers a68000-based instrumentation computer that could becomea powerful business machine.

1 28 The Next Generation of Microprocessor by

Timothy Stryker / Before too long, integrated-circuitmanufacturers will be marketing single-chip processors thatdirectly implement high-level languages in hardware.

152 Maximizing Power In Multiuser Architectures

by Mark Garetz / A system design combines theadvantages of a single-processor multiuser system withthose of both loosely and tightly coupled networks.

166 Personal Computers In the Eighties by

Greggory S. Blundell / A recent study shows that themarket potential for the next decade is enormous.

186 Meet You at the Fair by Philip A. Schrodt / A

first-person report of the S 12.5-million high-tech rockconcert sponsored by Steve Wozniak.

198 Public Key Cryptography by John Smith / An

introduction to a powerful cryptographic system for useon microcomputers.

234 Atari Player-Missile Graphics In BASIC by PaulS. Swanson / The Atari computer offers a unique way tomanipulate graphics in a BASIC program.

254 Problem Oriented Language, Part 2: Writing a

Module by Mark Finger / Develop a problem orientedprogram with simplified data input.

283 Eratosthenes Revisited: Once More throughthe Sieve by Jim Gilbreath and Gary Gilbreath / A closerlook at a benchmark prime-number program and variousPascal and C compilers.

371 Vector Graphics for the TRS-80 by Dan

Rollins / How to incorporate machine-language graphicsinto your BASIC programs.

396 Simulation of Simple Digital Logic througha Computer-Aided Design System by Robert

McDermott / Computer-aided design for hobbyists.

418 User's Column: Burnouts, Bargains, and TwoSleek Portables by Jerry Pournelle / The tireless industrycritic mourns Ezekial and seeks comfort from the exquisiteAdelle, who happens to be an Otrona Attache.

Reviews

110 Apple-Cat II by James A. Pope

330 Whitesmiths C Compiler by Larry Reid and Andrew

P. McKinlay

346 Analyst and Qsort by Structured Systems Group

by Jack L. Abbott

364 The Timex/Sinclair 1000 by Billy Garrett

446 Supervyz and Organizr: Two Menu-Driven Front

Ends for CP/M by Christopher O. Kern

Nucleus

6

14

222,

272,

387,

386,

391

463

469

470

476

480

481

486

541

542

544

Editorial: New Hardware

Letters

381 System Notes: Exploring the Commodore

VIC-20; Autograph: A Plotting Subroutine in TRS-80

Level II BASIC

276, 386 Book Reviews: Teletext and Videotex in

the United States; Structured Systems Programming;

Silent Witness: A Novel of Computer Crime

454 Programming Quickies: Another Binary to BCD

Conversion Routine; High-Speed Pascal Text File I/O

468, 475, 479, 485 BYTE's Bits

BYTE's Bugs

BYTELINES

Clubs and Newsletters

Event Queue

Software Received

Books Received

Ask BYTE

What's New?

Unclassified Ads

BOMB, BOMB Results

Reader Service

hTTT^TTTTTTi

Page 40

^^^^■^■B

Page 54

^^^^^^wmBBr&KESsS

Paqe 100

Page 110

Editor in ChiefChristopher P. Morgan

Managing Editor

Mark Haas

Technical Editors

Gregg Williams, Senior Editor;Richard S. Shuford, Curtis P. Feigel.George Stewart, Arthur Little, StanleyWszola, Pamela Clark, Richard Malloy;Phillip Lemmons, West Coast Editor; SteveCiarcia, Mark Dahmke, Consulting Editors;Jon Swanson, Drafting Editor

Copy Editors

Beverly Cronin, Chief;

Faith Hanson. Warren Williamson, Anthony J.

Lockwood, Hilary Selby Polk, Elizabeth Kepner,

Nancy Hayes, Cathryn Baskin, Tom McMillan;

Margaret Cook. Junior Copy Editor

Assistants

Faith Kluntz. Beverly Jackson, Lisa Jo Steiner

Production

David R. Anderson, Assoc. Director;Patrice Scribner. Jan Muller, Virginia Reardon;Sherry McCarthy, Chief Typographer; DebiFredericks, Donna Sweeney, Valerie Horn

Advertising

Deborah Porter, Supervisor;

Marion Carlson, Rob Hannings. Vicki

Reynolds, Cathy A. R. Drew, Lisa Wozmak;

Patricia Ackerley, Reader Service Coordinator;

Wai Chiu Li, Advertising/Production

Coordinator; Linda J. Sweeney

Circulation

Gregory Spitzfaden, Manager;

Andrew Jackson. Asst. Manager;

Agnes E. Perry, Barbara Varnum, Louise

Menegus, Jennifer Price, Sheila A. Bamford;

James Bingham. Dealer Sales, Deborah J.

Cadwell, Asst; Linda Ryan

Marketing Communications

Horace T. Howland. Director;

Wilbur S. Watson. Coordinator;

Timothy W. Taussig, Graphic Arts Manager;

Michele P. Verville, Research Manager

Controller's Office

Kenneth A. King, Asst. Controller;Mary E. Fluhr, Acct. & D/P Mgr.; KarenBurgess, Jeanne Cilley, Linda Fluhr, VickiBennett. L. Bradley Browne. Vern Rockwell

Business Manager

Daniel Rodriguez

Traffic

N. Scott Gagnon, Manager;Scott Jackson, Kathleen Reckart

Receptionist

Jeanann Waters

Publishers

Virginia Londoner, Gordon R. Williamson;John E. Hayes. Associate Publisher;Cheryl A. Hurd, Publisher's Assistant

fll

Officers of McGraw-Hill Publications Com-pany: Paul F. McPherson, President; ExecutiveVice President: Gene W. Simpson; Senior VicePresident-Editorial: Ralph R. Schulz; VicePresidents: R. Bernard Alexander; Kemp Ander-son, Business Systems Development; Shel F.Asen, Manufacturing; Harry L. Brown. SpecialMarkets; Robert B. Doll, Circulation; James E.Hackett, Controller; Eric B. Herr, Planning andDevelopment; H. John Sweger, Jr., Marketing.

Officers of the Corporation: Harold W.McGraw Jr., Chairman and Chief ExecutiveOfficer; Joseph L. Dionne, President and ChiefOperating Officer; Robert N. Landes, Senior VicePresident and Secretary; Ralph J. Webb,Treasurer.

January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

In This Issue

The microcomputer industry is still moving along at a good clip. New andimproved products proliferate and the battle for shelf space and consumers'cash is as heated as ever. This month we feature several of the latest offeringsand look ahead at the shape of things to come. Showcased in our coverphoto, by Paul Avis, are three such items: the Compaq computer, a portableunit that boasts complete compatibility with the IBM Personal Computer; theHERO-1 Robot from Heath Co., an educational device that demonstrates prin-ciples of automation and robotics; and the Epson QX-10/Valdocs System, amachine noteworthy for the way in which its software and hardware are in-tegrated (for a product description see September 1982 BYTE, page 54). ChrisMorgan describes "IBM's 'Secret' Computer: the 9000," Billy Garrett reviews"The Timex/Sinclair 1000," Timothy Stryker discusses "The Next Generation ofMicroprocessor," and Greggory S. Blundell looks at "Personal Computers inthe Eighties." Gregg Williams reports on his recent trip to the Personal Com-puter World Show in London in "Microcomputing, British Style." Philip A.Schrodt gives us a first-person report of the U.S. Festival, a high-tech rock con-cert, in "Meet You at the Fair." Steve Ciarcia concludes his three-part article"Build the Circuit Cellar MPX-16 Computer System." Plus we have our regularfeatures and reviews.

BYTE is published monthly by BYTE Publications Inc, 70 Main St, Peterborough NH 03458, phone [603)924-9281, a wholly-owned subsidiary of McGraw-Hill, Inc. Office hours: Mon-Thur 8:30 AM - 4:30 PM, Friday8:30 AM - Noon, Eastern Time. Address subscriptions, change of address, USPS Form 3579, and fulfillment ques-tions to BYTE Subscriptions, POB 590. Martinsville NJ 08836. Second class postage paid at Peterborough, N.H.03458 and additional mailing offices. USPS Publication No. 528890 [ISSN 0360-5280). Canadian second classregistration number 9321. Subscriptions are S21 for one year, $38 for two years, and S55 for three years in theUSA and its possessions. In Canada and Mexico. S23 for one year, S42 for two years, $61 for three years. $53 forone year air delivery to Europe. $37 surface delivery elsewhere. Air delivery to selected areas at additional ratesupon request. Single copy price is $2.95 in the USA and its possessions, $3.50 in Canada and Mexico, $4.50 inEurope, and $5.00 elsewhere. Foreign subscriptions and sales should be remitted in United States funds drawn ona US bank. Printed in United States of America.

Address all editorial correspondence to the editor at BYTE, POB 372, Hancock NH 03449. Unacceptablemanuscripts will be returned if accompanied by sufficient first class postage. Not responsible for lost manuscripts orphotos. Opinions expressed by the authors are not necessarily those of BYTE. Entire contents copyright © 1983by BYTE Publications Inc. All rights reserved. Where necessary, permission is granted by the copyright owner forlibraries and others registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) to photocopy any article herein for thebase fee of S1.00 per copy of the article or item plus 25 cents per page. Payment should be sent directly to theCCC, 21 Congress St, Salem MA 01970. Copying done for other than personal or internal reference use withoutthe permission of McGraw-Hill is prohibited. Requests for special permission or bulk orders should be addressed tothe publisher.

BYTE® is available in microform from University Microfilms International, 300 N Zeeb Rd, Dept PR, AnnArbor Ml 48106 USA or 18 Bedford Row, Dept PR. London WC1R 4EJ England.

Subscription questions or problems should be addressed to:BYTE Subscriber Service

P.O. Box 328Hancock, NH 03449

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SCION'S Series CS5000 builds an image with up to 8 bitplanes, each generated by a MicroAngelo board. Youselect the assignment of those bit planes to transpar-encies. Each transparency can display 2n-1 colors wheren is the number of bit planes it uses... 2 bit planes wouldmake a three color transparency, 8 bit planes wouldmake a 255 color transparency. Once each transparencyhas been defined, your host can work with it inde-pendently, generating and modifying its graphics andtext without interacting with the others. The indepen-dent transparencies are combined by the Color Mixerboard which also assigns one of 16.8 million possiblecolors to each color of each transparency.

Your computer talks to the SCIONColor System in SCREENWARE™,SCION'S high level display firm-ware language. SCREENWAREcommands are used by the com-puter in each MicroAngelo bitplane to generate graphics andtext primitives. User interface ismade simple with prompted sys-tem set-up using SCION's ColorPak.

MicroAngelo based color graphics systems are easy touse. Just plug the boards into your Multibus or S-100host. Or use the freestanding work station configurationwith its RS-232 interface. In each case, you get high reso-lution color graphics for such a low price you can'tafford to design your own.

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Editorial

New Hardware

by Chris Morgan, Editor in Chief

The January issue of BYTE has traditionally been our showcase for newmicrocomputer hardware because it follows on the heels of the NovemberCOMDEX show and the scores of fall product announcements. This month isno exception—you'll find a wealth of the latest items herein.

The industry's new product fever rages on, spurred by record growth insales and profits. Apple, Tandy, and Commodore, the three biggest names inour business, posted fiscal 1982 sales increases of 75 percent, 70 percent, and63 percent, respectively—all in the midst of a recession. Equally encouragingare the many product introductions coming from companies new to the com-puter market. The Compaq from Compaq Computer Corporation, Houston,Texas, is featured in our cover photo this month (for story see page 30). Alongwith it on the cover are the Heath HERO-1 microcomputer-controlled robot(see page 86) and the Epson QX-10/Valdocs System, which was described bySenior Editor Gregg Williams in the September 1982 BYTE (page 54).

6 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Photo 1: The Compaq, a portable IBM look-alike from Compaq Computer Corp.

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Percom Data has been manufacturing disk-drive systems, and other accessoriesfor personal computers since the mid-1970's and is the industry standard tofollow when it comes to data separation and system compatibility.

The Percom Data AT-88 combines Percom Data quality and reliability at a pricethat is not a budget-buster.

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Editorial

■

The Compaq

Take the IBM Personal Computer and the Osborne 1,put them in an inertia bonding machine, flip the switch,and you have the Compaq computer. At least, that wasmy first impression when I saw the machine this pastsummer.

The Compaq was designed to be totally compatiblewith the IBM Personal Computer. It accepts all theperipheral boards for the IBM, and it was able to runevery piece of IBM software we tried in it. It costs lessthan a comparably equipped IBM Personal Computer($2995 for the 128K-byte system with one double-densitydrive, versus $3735 for a similarly equipped IBM PC).And at 28 pounds, the Compaq is definitely transport-able. Combining the monochrome and color graphicsboards onto one board is another good idea used in theCompaq. The machine's designers deserve straight As fortheir efforts.

The Compaq will undoubtedly give IBM much to thinkabout. In fact, a spate of IBM look-alikes will soon des-cend on the marketplace, most likely forcing IBM torestructure its pricing schedules.

Epson's QX-10

First described by Gregg Williams in his Septemberarticle, the QX-10 is, at first glance, not a revolutionarymachine. Yet in many subtle ways it is. On the surface,its specs are not spectacular: 8 bits, CP/M, two 5Vi-inchfloppy-disk drives, and a monochrome monitor. But thereal power of the machine lies in its careful integration ofsoftware and hardware. The software was designed withthe hardware in mind and vice versa.

To use an overly familiar phrase, the QX-10 is user-friendly. For example, the Valdocs (for "valuable docu-ments") software system lets you work with characters,numbers, graphics, and time (in the form of an electronic

Photo 2: The Epson QX-10/Valdocs System.

8 January 1983 © BYTE Publicahoru Inc

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Delayed sweepmeasurements:

Accurate to ±3%with single time-base 2213; to±1.5% with dualtime-base 2215.

Complete triggersystem. IncludesTV field, normal,vertical mode, andautomatic; internal,external and linesources; variableholdoff.

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Editorial,

datebook and event scheduler). The keyboard, patternedafter Epson's proposed keyboard standard (see "An In-troduction to the Human Applications Standard Com-puter Interface" by Chris Rutkowski, Part 1, October1982 BYTE, page 291 and Part 2, November 1982 BYTE,page 379) allows even naive users to work with theValdocs system quickly and easily.

Such products reflect a growing concern for the user, arecognition that the old standards for hardware and soft-ware performance are no longer good enough. We needbetter-quality products, more attention to details, better-written manuals, and state-of-the-art features. Fortunate-ly, the industry is listening.

Commodore 64 Guide

We just saw the Commodore 64 Programmer's Refer-ence Guide (published by Commodore Business

Machines Inc. and Howard W. Sams and Co. Inc.). Thebook explains the workings of the Commodore 64, amachine we didn't fully appreciate until now. The Com-modore 64 gives you a lot for its $599 suggested list price:64K bytes of RAM, another 28K bytes of ROM (most ofthe top 32K bytes of memory can switch among variouscombinations of RAM and ROM), two text modes (mono-chrome and four-colored text), two high-resolutionmodes (320 by 200 pixels in monochrome and 160 by 200in four-color mode), eight sprites (easily movable,colored, user-defined shapes), and a sophisticated three-voice sound synthesizer. In addition, you can mix graph-ics and text modes, display up to 24 rows of 64 characterseach, and do smooth scrolling of video images (as on theAtari 400 and 800 computers). The machine is far fromperfect, but it is, in its own way, as sophisticated as thestate-of-the-art Atari machines. Look for a review of theCommodore 64 in an upcoming issue of BYTE. ■

Articles Policy

BYTE is continually seeking manuscripts of high quality written by individuals who are applying personal computer systems, designingsuch systems, or who have knowledge that will be useful to our readers. For a formal description of procedures and requirements, poten-tial authors should send a legal-sized, self-addressed envelope with 37 cents U.S. postage affixed to BYTE Author's Guide, FOB 372, Han-cock, NH 03449.

Each month, the authors of the two leading articles in the reader poll (BYTE's Ongoing Monitor Box or BOMB) are presented with bonuschecks of S100 and S50. Unsolicited materials should be accompanied by full name, address, and return postage.

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OscilloscopeProgram Extended

Larry Korba's article 'Turn Your AppleII into a Storage Oscilloscope" has manyapplications besides the one discussed.(See the September 1982 BYTE, page 520.)Looked at from a more general viewpoint,his program will log analog data atregularly spaced intervals. The displayportion may or may not be important to aparticular data-logging operation, butdata-logging techniques have many ap-plications.

The purpose of this letter is to removeone of the limitations of the program. Inhis program, the time between samples islimited to a maximum of 50 milliseconds(ms) corresponding to a sweep time of1000 ms/division. The sample interval caneasily be extended to periods as long astwo hours, allowing data to be loggedover a period of days or weeks.

The following modifications are re-quired. The Tl timer on the 6522 registeris set up to run in its free-running mode,toggling pin PB7. The T2 timer/counter isset up to count pulses. Both of these modi-fications are accomplished by loading theACR with 0E0 hexadecimal on lines 174and 175 of Korba's listing lb. Next, pinPB7 is connected to pin PB6. Now, T2 iscounting pulses from Tl. The time T be-tween interrupts from T2 is:

T = 2(Nl + 2){N2 + l)Tc

where Nl is the 16-bit number in the Tltimer and N2 is the 16-bit number in theT2 timer. (For further information, seeMarvin L. De Jong, Apple II AssemblyLanguage. Indianapolis, IN: Howard W.Sams & Co., 1982.) Tc is the clock fre-quency and is approximately 0.97779microseconds, not 1 microsecond. Ofcourse, the IER should be loaded with 0A0hexadecimal rather than 0C0 hexadecimal(lines 180 and 181 in listing lb), andanother ASL A instruction should followthe ASL A instruction on line 76 of listinglb.

A short sequence of BASIC instructionswill convert the desired time T betweensamples into Nl and N2, which you canthen POKE into the appropriate 6522registers. It is probably useful to start withN = 0 for short sample intervals and in-crease N2 as necessary to achieve thedesired sample interval.

For example, with Nl = 60898 and

N2 = 60455 a sampling interval of twohours is obtained. You could collect dataover a period of 20 days at this rate.

Again, the modifications are simple andthe versatility of the program is increasedif, in effect, the timers on the 6522 arecombined to provide a 32-bit timer ratherthan a 16-bit timer.

Marvin L. De Jong, ProfessorDepartment of Mathematics-PhysicsThe School of the OzarksPoint Lookout, MO 65726

No Shortageof Multiuser Unix Systems

In the BYTELINES section of theAugust 1982 BYTE, a brief editorial waspresented concerning the apparent short-age of actual shipments of Unix-basedmultiuser microcomputer systems. (See"Unix Where Art Thou," page 448.)

Codata Systems Corporation has beenshipping Unix-based multiuser systems formore than a year. These systems operateunder Unisis, our variant of Unix version7, and provide users with all of the bene-fits of this powerful operating system.

Codata was the first to offer a micro-computer-based Unix on the M68000; thefirst to offer APL under Unix; and morerecently the first to offer a microcomputerversion of BASIC compatible with DigitalEquipment Corporation's powerfulXBASIC-Plus.

Inasmuch as Codata has more than 500multiuser Unix systems in the field, and isincreasing that number by 50 per month,it was distressing to read that article.

Beau Vrolyk, Vice President, MarketingCodata Systems Corp.285 North Wolfe Rd.Sunnyvale, CA 94086

Pascal Defended

Some computer hobbyists may, likeMr. Pournelle, be disappointed by somePascal compilers and by the limitations ofone or two of the hundreds of texts avail-able on the subject. (See "Letters, Pascal,CB/80, and Cardfile," September 1982BYTE, page 318.) Professional program-mers, however, will rightly perceive theseas superficial grounds for evaluating acomputer language. They will more likely

be interested in the strong points of Pas-cal: its emphasis upon structured tech-niques, its strong data typing, the flexibili-ty of its user-defined data structures, andthe mathematical elegance of its grammar(as reflected in the Backus-Naur formula-tion).

As one such professional, Pascal en-ables me to create, very quickly, highlyreliable and extraordinarily complex pro-grams for the real-time control of preci-sion automatic machinery.

Pascal is not the end-all of computerlanguages (being somewhat deficient instring processing and file handling), yet itcan prove a most useful tool for anyonewho takes the trouble to understand itsstrengths. But only a fool would attemptto master Pascal in an afternoon.

Dr. Gerald Hull

RD 1, Box 85

Little Meadows, PA 18830

BYTE Scoops Others

Although I spend $300 per year for IEEEand ACM journals, it was BYTE that firsttold me about France's new World Com-puter Center. Keep up the good work.

William Randolph Franklin

School of Engineering

Electrical, Computer, and Systems

Engineering DepartmentRensselaer Polytechnic InstituteTroy, NY 12181

Letter of the Law

BYTE readers should be aware of aserious omission in Richard Stern's articleregarding legal protection for object code.(See 'The Case of the Purloined ObjectCode, Part 1; The Problems," September1982 BYTE, page 20.) Mr. Stern proceedsfrom the premise that the key determina-tion is whether the work in question is em-bodied in a "copy." He then argues thatobject code stored in a ROM (read-onlymemory) may not be a "copy" entitled tocopyright protection under the 1976Copyright Revision Act and under the1980 amendment to that Act regardingcomputer software. Mr. Stern states(pages 430-431) that a "copy" is a tangibleembodiment of a work from which it canbe—as Mr. Stern quotes the statute—

14 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Letters.

"perceived ... or otherwise communi-cated." He then argues that it may notmake sense to say that object code can be"perceived" or "communicated" becauseobject code is primarily intended to con-stitute a list of instructions for a machine,rather than an expression directed towardanother human being.

Mr. Stern's quotation left out wordscritical to the statutory definition as ap-plied to computer programs. According tothe Act, "copies" are "material objects,other than phonorecords, in which a workis fixed by any method now known orlater developed, and from which the workcan be perceived, reproduced, or other-wise communicated, either directly orwith the aid of a machine or device."(Emphasis added.)

I believe Mr. Stern's argument, even asstated, is tenuous, in that object code is in-telligible (albeit with difficulty) and clear-ly conveys information. However, whenthe complete statutory definition of"copy" is considered, his argument isrendered unsupportable. There can be noquestion that a work in object-code formcan be "reproduced" from a ROM "withthe aid of a machine or device."

In addition, Mr. Stern fails to note thatthe 1980 Software Copyright Act specifi-cally defines "computer programs" to in-clude "a set of statements or instructionsto be used directly or indirectly in a com-puter in order to bring about a certain re-sult." By any straightforward interpreta-tion, object code falls within this defini-tion.

Denying copyright protection for objectcode would, as a practical matter, renderuseless the protection which even Mr.Stern concedes Congress established forsource code. Most programs are distribut-ed in object code, and, even where theyare not, copyright would offer mean-ingless protection if a purchaser of a copyof the source code could make and marketmultiple copies of the object code for prof-it without the copyright owner's consent.An interpretation such as that urged byMr. Stern puts an enormous loophole inthe copyright protection provided byCongress. This, in fact, is exactly whatwas found in the most recent federal ap-pellate decision on this subject (August 2,1982), William Electronics Inc. v. ArtieInternational Inc., squarely upholding thecopyrightability of object code.

Mr. Stern made errors in analysis in thearticle as well. For example, in character-izing object-code programs as "utilitarianobjects," he seems to be confusing infor-

mation with the medium in which the in-formation is stored. Distinguishing thecomputer programs stored in a ROMfrom the ROM itself (i.e., the utilitarianobject) should be no more difficult thandistinguishing what is written in a bookfrom a blank ream of paper.

Ronald AbramsonFenwick, Stone, Davis & WestTwo Palo Alto SquarePalo Alto, CA 94304

Solution Doesn't Fit Problem

We'd like to take issue with some com-ments made in Jerry Pournelle's Septem-ber BYTE User's Column. He criticizesPascal compiler systems for their handlingof syntax errors. The observations arevalid; however, his proposed solution isquestionable and fails to address theprimary problem.

A Pascal compiler can do a lot to iden-tify and. describe mistakes, but syntax cor-rection is extremely difficult and often in-correct. For instance, Mr. Pournelle doesnot understand why " = " cannot bereplaced by ":=" in obvious situations.This simple example illustrates the dif-ficulties that can arise:

You want: IF A = B

You type: IF A = B

The compiler corrects as: IFA : = B

Many similar problems require compli-cated heuristics to provide reasonable cor-rections. The same constraints applywhen inserting missing semicolons. Manypeople do not recognize that semicolonsare statement separators, not statementterminators. Statement separators arenecessary for multiple-statement lines andmultiple-line statements. How many peo-ple, for example, are thrilled with FOR-TRAN'S single statement per line restric-tion?

What can be done if the compiler doesnot remove such annoyances? Certainly,switching languages is a drastic measure.Pascal is more portable than BASIC (trymoving a BASIC program written in onedialect to another BASIC system). Also,BASIC programmers encounter simplesyntax errors. The interactive nature ofBASIC suggests a strategy.

The approach employed in the UCSDPascal system offers a solution. When theUCSD Pascal compiler detects an error, itinvokes the editor. The location of theerror is highlighted, and the diagnostic

16 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Letters.

message is displayed. The error is quicklyfixed and compiling resumes. This interac-tive technique is very fast. Syntaxcheckers or pretty printers can also scantext to locate syntax errors before compil-ing. Syntax-directed editors are a sophisti-cated solution that prevents errors beforethey occur. Knowledge of the languagegrammar allows these editors to signifi-cantly reduce program text entry time.

We do not think Pascal should be"stuffed into a culvert" for the reasonsoutlined by Mr. Pournelle (though Pascaldoes have shortcomings). His commentsdo have merit as a critique of availablesoftware tools.

Mark A. MorelyStephen J. Schmitt2400 Science ParkwayOkemos, MI 48864

Jerry Pournelle Replies

Your point is well made; I shouldn'twant a compiler to make that correction,and I see the problem of making one smartenough to know what I do want. Yet—though your point is well taken—theproblem is, why would a practical pro-grammer use a compiler (rather than aninterpreter)? Surely there must be ways tolet the computer do bean counting.

Some may program splendidly, withouttrivial errors. Alas, I don't. 1 don't pro-gram for a living, and when I want mycomputer to do something, I simply wanta job done. Thus, simple old interpretiveBASIC survives, because it gets the simpleproblems solved fast.

As to Pascal's portability, you talkabout moving BASIC programs from onesystem to another: we've had terribleproblems moving Pascal programs fromone compiler to another on the samesystem! Yet for all that, I continue towork with Pascal because I too like its"philosophy"; it's the way thatphilosophy was implemented that I don'tcare for.

That's why I'm searching for the properextensions to the standard. . .

Perhaps the SCUD (UCSD) Pascal is in-deed the solution, especially on fastmachines like the 68000; we're supposedto get a Sage computer that runs UCSD asthe operating system, and if that solvesthe problem, believe me, I'll be glad to telleveryone.

Meanwhile, please read what I said,which is "there are times when I am will-ing to take Pascal and stuff the languageinto a culvert," which, I would have

thought, implies that those times are out-numbered by times when I'm not so in-clined—else why would I devote so muchspace to the language? But I can't think ithurts to chronicle the pains of a computeruser in trying to learn the language. . . .

A Source for ComputerAids for the Disabled

It was very encouraging to see theSeptember 1982 BYTE devoted to the ad-vancements being made with computersfor the disabled.

As a manufacturer of speech-synthesisproducts and a long-time advertiser inBYTE, Street Electronics missed the op-portunity to inform BYTE readers of ourdedication in that area.

A sizable share of Street Electronics'sales efforts have been directed to thedisabled community, including the blind,the nonvocal, and others with variouslearning disabilities. The Echo II allows ablind individual to program on the Applecomputer. Our Talking Terminal programturns the Apple into a terminal withfeatures similar to those discussed inDavid Stoffel's article ("Talking Ter-minals," page 218) for a substantiallylower price.

We hope BYTE readers find this infor-mation as informative as we found theSeptember BYTE.

Andrew Clare, Vice PresidentStreet Electronics Corp.1140 Mark Ave.Carpinteria, CA 93013

Passive ResistanceAids Pirates

Last year the Soviet Union paid$500,000 to steal ADABAS source codeon tape in the United States because, I amtold, they were unable to buy a paperbackedition at W. H. Smith's in London.

But by Mr. Leach's reasoning (see "OfPaperbacks and Program Protection,"June 1982 BYTE, page 28), it would ap-pear that it is Software A. G.'s fault thatthe Soviets had to steal. Had it pricedADABAS at $100 instead of $100,000 theSoviets could have bought 5000 copieslegally!

Similarly, am I expected to rationalizeobtaining a photocopy of InternationalResource Development (IRD) Inc.'s in-dustry analysis and forecast, The RobotMarket Explosion, because $1285 for 150pages could only be justified by gold-impregnated ink and then only if pagesare embellished with solid print areas.

In thumbing through BYTE and otherpublications, I have come across nu-merous attempts at oversimplifying what,after all, is a complicated subject. Mr.Neiburger's and Mr. Pelczarski's decisionsmust not be mistaken for do-all, cure-allsolutions. (See "Outsailing the SoftwarePirates," June 1982 BYTE, page 26.) AppleComputer's Mike Markkula has merelymade a decision that is a far cry from asolution—and then again such a decisionis easier made by a hardware vendor thana software vendor.

Attempts to solve the problem mustfirst of all recognize what the problem is(i.e., giving due benefit to owners of in-tellectual property). Marc Brown in hisarticle "New Court Created to StrengthenPatents" (Electronics, June 30, 1982, page24) reports on how the U.S. Court of Ap-peals for the Federal Circuit can makelitigation less expensive and heard byjudges in the know. Bill HR 6420 seeks topunish software pirates. And Atari wouldnot hesitate to take any pirate to court.

Why is there preference for legal protec-tion and expensive, tedious legal redress?The answer lies in the absolute belief onthe part of intellectual property ownersthat pirates are not pirates because theyare naive or dumb. On the contrary, theyare smart enough to hide behind an im-practical legal quagmire. So let us look atsome basic facts:

1. The price of software is notsynonymous with the cost of its repro-duction. In addition, the developmentcost must be recouped. Other factorsinclude the applaudable desire to makemoney and pride in being able tocharge more than the guy next doorbecause you have a superior product.Mr. Leach is trying to enforce uniformmediocrity, which is fundamentallyagainst the concept of free competi-tion.

A person buys software because it isworth it. So we have $10 software andwe have $1 million software. But $1million paperbacks are difficult to sell,and in the absence of intimidatingpaperwork and antipiracy con-trivances, impossible to insure.

18 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 191 on inquiry card.

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Because the MIDDI is completely software compatible with ALTOS, ONYX™, Dynabyte™ andothers using CP/M™ 2.2, MP/M™ II or OASIS™, you can transport your applications software to theMIDDI without modification. So why not take the benchmark test yourself.

If you are an OEM, system integrator, multiple end user, or dealer for any of our competitors,send a copy of your application program to IBC. We will run your software on the MIDDI withoutmodification and give you the elapsed time in minutes. You be the judge. If it really is fasterthan your current hardware and it is, then you owe it to yourself and your customers to switch toIBC.

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"Paperback" software is suitable forconsumer-type software. But certainlynot for any old software. In fact, somepublishers practice antipaperbackstrategy. For example, Walt DisneyProductions would not license video-tape (video tape is the paperback offilms) distribution of full-length car-toons. Consequently, it is easy to pro-secute anyone who sells Snow Whiteon tape.

2. The price of software is not related tothe price of hardware. You should beable to buy $100 software for the IBM3081 and $10,000 software for theOsborne 1. Again, one buys softwarebecause it is worth it, not because it ischeap. But the same software for largecomputers can cost more than it doesfor small computers. Example, Cin-com's Total for minicomputers costs$20,000 but for mainframes it may cost$100,000; not because of relation tocost of hardware, but because themainframe user derives more benefitsfrom its use. Similarly, software maybe "free." Hewlett-Packard lets youhave Image when you buy a minicom-puter. Of course, you can bet yourbottom dollar that this software willnot run on any other machine.

3. Somewhere in the world there are peo-ple and businesses whose only sourceof income is the sale of software. Canyou blame them for being chagrined byuncontrolled copying of their soft-ware?

4. Somewhere in the world there are peo-ple who are conspicuously, naively, orconveniently unaware that somewherein the world there are people andbusinesses whose only source of in-come is the sale of software. So it ispointless in counting on conscience toprotect your investment in softwaredevelopment.

Mr. Neiburger's control of the situa-tion—by sending updated softwareonly to licensed users—is a good butincomplete solution. Who wants up-dated Pac-Man?

5. Somewhere in the world there are peo-ple who have no qualms about givingdisks upon disks full of other people'ssoftware when they sell a machine.Because they derive no direct benefitfrom this copying, how would the lawcatch up with them7

6. Somewhere in the world there are peo-ple who would make money sellingpirated software. It is worth it. Applewon't prosecute. Tandy won't pro-

20 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

secute. Papa and Mama cannot affordto prosecute. And even Mr. Neiburgerwould not prosecute discoveredpirates; he prefers to convert them todealers. Those not discovered get awayscot-free.7. Copyright and patent legislation is im-precise for the purpose of softwareproperty protection. Because Mr.Neiburger, for example, dishes outsource code, can he prosecute someonewho modifies it and then sells themodified object code? Is the modifiedprogram provable by Mr. Neiburger asa derivative of his software, or can themodifier simply say his software isreverse-engineered ?

Even then, is reverse-engineering avalid defense7 If a game can bepatented, who cares if you wrote thesource code yourself by understandingwhat someone else's implementationdoes7 The end result is the same game!The recent Atari judgment seems onlyto be concerned with whether it is thesame game—not whether one programis a copy of the other!

Therefore, is SB-80 an infringementon CP/M? After all, SB-80 uses thesame system calls and parameters. Itdoes what CP/M does. And, is Idris aninfringement on Unix?

Clearly, we have not heard the last ofsoftware copyright and patents. Clearly,there is no panacea. Clearly, there shouldbe no romanticism in the criticism of soft-ware pirates. But it's also clear that anylegislative attempt to protect softwarecopyright owners will not stop piracy. Itmerely makes more criminals. And pleasedon't go away thinking humans by naturerefrain from breaking laws. Fifty percentof working Americans drive above 55miles per hour every day! Nobody saysyou cannot break laws. All it means isthat you are liable to get caught if you do.

The situation, apart from being frus-trating for our business, is rather in-sidious. A system vendor who insists onlicensed copies of operating systems, lan-guages, utilities, and applications is at adisadvantage to pirates, is assailed by pro-spective customers as do-gooders, andgiven absolutely no backup by copyrightowners to handle the situation.

While the legislature is mulling overwhat laws to enact, I think the least copy-right owners can do is to stand up. It maybe expensive to sue the user of an in-fringed copy. But it is also not worthspending thousands of dollars to defendText continued on page 24Circle 416 on inquiry card. —^

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24 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Letters.

the "savings" of $750 by using, saypirated Microsoft COBOL.

My questions to companies like Micro-soft, Digital Research, Visicorp, Softechand others are quite simple:

• Do they agree their software is of valueto licensed users and pirates alike?

• If the software is of value, would it thenstand to reason that a pirate user cannotsimply do without the software in hisbusiness or profession?

• Should such users be found, it wouldcost them plenty to either defend an in-fringement suit or stop using the software,making it penny wise and pound foolishto use pirated software in the first place.Therefore, will these software companiesprosecute such users if the identities ofthese individulas are brought to com-panies' attention?

I guess the ball is in the court of thosewho are hurt most by pirates. If they donot stand up for their rights, pretty soonnobody else will.

K. C. Toh, Group Managing Director

Unidata Snd. Bhd.

6th Floor

Syed Kechik Foundation Building

Bangsar, Kuala Lumpur 22-16, Malaysia

PC Software Irksome

I recently got a personal computer afteryears of intermittent use of various main-frames and languages. My new computer,an IBM Personal Computer, is apparentlyconsidered a well-designed, well-imple-mented system. I have no complaintsabout the hardware except the usual onesabout the keyboard. But if its software istruly well designed and executed comparedwith that on other microcomputers, then Iam astounded. Microsoft, which wrotePC-DOS and BASIC for the machine,forces users to memorize a large amountof arbitrary material and seems to expectall users to be system programmers.

For example, most I/O statements inBASIC take arguments. I know at leastfour different syntaxes for specifyingmultiple arguments:

(x,y),z

x.y

x;y

(x,y)-(w,z)

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Letters.

PC-DOS uses slashes (/) to separate somearguments and commas for others. Fur-thermore, commands that are common toboth PC-DOS and BASIC are completelydifferent. (DIR versus FILES, forexample.)

The crowning example of an avoidableidiocy is the names of the commands forfinding the cursor position. To find theline the cursor is on, use "CSRLIN". Tofind the cursor column, however, insteadof "CSRCOL", we have to use "POS(n)".Not exactly consistent or easy toremember. And the argument (n) is only adummy argument. It can be anything theprogrammer wants (i.e., the computerdoesn't really need it!). My only hypo-thesis about why one is required is that itis intended to confuse and discourage newprogrammers, so that they will be forcedto buy canned software.

Finally, I must mention BASIC'S on-screen editor. It is wonderful. But it wouldhave been more wonderful if Microsofthad defined the first five function keys todo what they do in EDLIN, which is theeditor when you are in DOS and whichhas some very useful functions. Instead,you have some rarely used expressions,such as TRON and "LPTl:", to save a fewfractions of a second of typing time.

I admit it: I don't like BASIC to beginwith. I'm really just waiting for a decentversion of APL to come out. (IBM'sBASIC doesn't even support two-dimen-sional matrices. The ability to use n di-mensional arrays again and to manipulatethem easily will make my fingers dancewith joy.) But I pity all the people whowill think that writing their own programshas to be this painful.

None of these problems are critical ormake the machine unusable. Indeed, forsomeone who writes programs on it everyday, they probably soon recede from con-sciousness as the various quirks arememorized. But why should I, who willnever do much programming, have tostruggle to remember or look up eachfunction I use? Am I expecting too much?Perhaps for people who have usedprevious generations of microcomputersthese problems are trivial compared withwhat they are used to. But I see no reasonto accept such obvious flaws.

Roger E. Bohn73 Boston St.Somerville, MA 021431

26 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 337 on inquiry card.

I run out of memory?"

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•VisiCalc is a registered trademark of VisiCorp. Apple II isregistered trademark of Apple Computers, Inc.

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Circle 362 on inquiry card.

BYTE January 1983 27

Ranas disk drive was

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We put our heads togetherto give you a superior disk drive.

We designed the Elite Three to give you nearhard disk capacity, with all the advantages of aminifloppy system. The double sided head oper-ates on 80 tracks per side, giving you a capacity of652K bytes. It would take 41/2 Apples to give youthat. And cost you three times our Elite Three'sreasonable $849 pricetag.

Rana's double sided heads give AppleII superior disk performance powerthan second generation personal com-puters such as IBM's.

It takes 41/2 Apples to equal the capacityof our superior Elite Three.

The Elite Two offers an impressive 326K bytesand 40 tracks on each side. This drive is making areal hit with users who need extra storage, butdon't require top-of-the-line capacity. Costwise, ittakes 21/2 Apple drives to equal the performance ofour Elite Two. And twice as many diskettes. Leave itto Rana to produce the most cost efficient diskdrive in the world.

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Available at all participating Computerland stores and other fine computer dealers.

Product Description

The Compaq Computer

A portable and affordable alternativeto the IBM Personal Computer.

Mark DahmkeConsulting Editor

What emulates an IBM Personal Computer, can easilybe carried from place to place, and costs a lot less thanthe competition? The Compaq computer, and because itcan run any major business and professional softwarewritten for the IBM PC, it looks like a sure winner. Ivisited the Compaq Computer Corporation's head-quarters in Houston recently to try out a prototype of itsbrainchild.

The Compaq computer is a full-function portable busi-ness computer that resembles the IBM PC in almost everyway. Not only did Compaq obtain a license to useMicrosoft's MS-DOS, but the company's designers alsorewrote the low-level system functions used by BASICand the operating system from the specifications required

Photo 1: The Compaq computer is a portable system that iscompatible with the IBM Personal Computer and less expensive.

by the higher-level software. By rewriting instead ofcopying the code, the designers circumvented copyrightinfringement yet still created a computer that can runIBM PC software. This interesting approach toduplicating the functions of the IBM PC, as well as theoverall quality of the machine, is a testament to thedesigners' engineering expertise. The designers, whocame from such major microelectronic corporations asTexas Instruments, have experience in every aspect of theindustry, from portable terminals to Winchester diskdrives. Their efforts led to the development of a proto-type Compaq in less than six months. (See photo 1.)

The Physical Design

The Compaq computer is designed to be portable, andalthough it weighs 28 pounds, it achieves that goal. Totransport it, you simply secure the keyboard to the mainunit by locking two sliding latches. The closed case mea-sures 20 by 8.5 by 15.3 inches and has a built-in carryinghandle.

The cabinet is a plastic shell that has access panels onthree sides for servicing. You can reach all of the circuitboards by removing the top panel and exposing thealuminum chassis. You can then open three main key-hole-mounted aluminum panels to reach the video dis-play, the 120-watt power supply, the expansion slots,and the motherboard (see photo 2). The aluminumchassis, panels, and a special front panel around thevideo display and disk drives are elements in a design thatcomplies with all FCC emission standards for personalcomputers. (In fact, an independent lab report indicatesthat for all frequencies tested, the Compaq was morethan 10 decibels below the standard.)

30 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 203 on inquiry card.

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Photo 2: By removing the top, you can easily reach the circuitboards, video display, and power supply for servicing.

Photo 3: A sliding door conceals a storage compartment, thepower switch, and the ventilation fan.

At a Glance

Name

The Compaq Computer

Manufacturer

Compaq Computer Corporation12337 Jones Rd.Houston, TX 77070(713) 890-7390

Components

Size: width 20 inches, depth 15.3 inches, heiqht 8.5

inchesWeight: 28 pounds

Processor: Intel 8088 16-bit microprocessor and socket for

future addition of Intel 8087 coprocessorMemory: 128K bytes of RAM (random-access read/write

memory), expandable to 256K on the main system

boardDisplay: 9-inch high-resolution video display: 25 lines, 80

characters; high-resolution graphics with RGB color

monitor connection; adjustable viewing angle;

composite video connector; RF modulatorKeyboard: detachable 6-foot retractable coiled cord; 83 keys

in IBM-identical keyboard layout; 10-key numeric

pad and 10-key function pad; adjustable typing

angleStorage. 320K-byte double-sided 5 'A-inch floppy-disk drive

included; optional second 320K-byte driveExpansion. three IBM PC-compatible expansion slots; parallel

printer interface included

Software

MS-DOS operating system and BASIC licensed from Microsoft; IBMPC-compatible; can run all major business and professional soft-ware packages sold for use on the IBM PC

Options

serial-interface board, 320K-byte disk drive; 64K-byte memory in-crements to an additional 128K bytes; light pen for use with colormonitor; asynchronous communications interface

Price

S2995 for a basic system with 128K bytes of memory, one320K-byte disk drive; S3590 for a two-disk-drive system.

On each side of the computer, you'll find a slidingdoor. One conceals a storage compartment for the powercord and the power switch and provides an opening forthe ventilation fan (see photo 3). To plug the power cordinto its standard chassis socket, you must first open theaccess door, which prevents the computer from overheat-ing. The second access panel covers the expansion slots(see photo 4).

Although the Compaq keyboard is the image of theIBM PC, it is actually quite different in several respects.The Compaq's keys have a softer touch and the hard-wired click is missing. You can select your own level ofaudible feedback for keystrokes by simultaneously press-ing the ALT key and the + or — key to raise or lower

The Compaq's floppy-disk drives

have major advantages, including

320K bytes of storage capacity

each.

the volume from no click to a loud one. The keyboardconnects to the computer by a 6-foot coiled cord that isstored in a tube built into the front of the unit. Both thecomputer cabinet and the keyboard have recessed feetthat let you elevate the unit to a five-degree angle. Youcan also angle the video display five degrees.

Disk Drives

The Compaq uses Control Data Corporation SVi-inchfloppy-disk drives because they have three major advan-tages. First, they are much quieter than the IBM PC'ssingle-sided Tandon drives. Second, when you turn theCompaq off, the two read/write heads remain unloaded,so they won't touch each other. For a portable computer,that's an important feature because it eliminates thepossibility of the heads damaging each other in transit.

32 January 19W © BYTE Publications Inc

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Photo 4: A second access panel covers the three expansion slots.

The Brains Behind the Operation

The Compaq Computer Corporation was founded in Feb-ruary of 1982 by three former Texas Instruments (TI) seniormanagers. Rod Canion, president and chief executive officer,was manager of three different TI Product CustomerCenters, where research, engineering, and marketing depart-ments combine their efforts to create new products and bringthem into the marketplace. James Harris was a vice-presidentof engineering who managed several key engineering andproduct-development efforts at TI, including 5V-i- and 8-inchWinchester disk drives, the 770 intelligent terminal, and thedevelopment of bubble-memory storage for other products.Harris also shares the patent for the architecture of the TI 990computer. William Murto, a former vice-president of mar-keting and sales for TI, managed business development andproduct planning there.

Compaq has raised more than $10 million in funding frommajor venture-capital firms. The lead investor was SevinRosen Partners, headed by Benjamin Rosen, the respectedpersonal computer industry analyst who publishes the RosenElectronics Letter, and L. ]. Sevin, founder of Mostek.

While the company recommends that you insert a card-board retainer when you transport the unit, the designersassume that most people would forget or wouldn't beable to find the cardboard when they wanted to move thecomputer. To offer additional protection, the drives areshock mounted. The third advantage of these drives istheir storage capacity. Each double-sided disk drive holds320K bytes of programs or data. You can still read stan-dard IBM disks with the Compaq, but you also have theoption of formatting user disks for twice as much storageas the standard IBM PC offers.

Unlike the IBM machine, the Compaq does not have adisk-drive expansion connector from the disk-interfaceboard, but you can plug an IBM floppy-disk controllerboard into one of the expansion slots and add two addi-tional drives. Finally, the Compaq, in another variationfrom the IBM PC, does not have a cassette interface; the

Compaq's disk drive is a standard feature, so its designerschose not to include one.

Memory Capacity

The Compaq comes with 128K bytes of RAM(random-access read/write memory) soldered in to in-crease reliability. You can expand to 256K bytes of RAMon the motherboard. By comparison, the IBM PC comeswith 16K bytes of RAM and can expand to 64K bytes onthe motherboard. The design of the Compaq mother-board gives you access to the additional memory-chipsockets without requiring you to remove the board.

The large amount of RAM in the Compaq enabled itsdesigners to omit the cassette BASIC interpreter in ROM(read-only memory), one of the IBM PC's features. With128K bytes of RAM on the Compaq, you can useBASICA (Advanced Disk BASIC on the DOS disk)without sacrificing RAM memory space needed forprograms.

Monochrome and Graphics

The Compaq improves upon the design of the IBM PCby consolidating monochrome and color graphics intoone board. Hence you get the best of both worlds in onemonitor display. Internally, the software always recog-nizes the color-graphics board and acts accordingly.When you specify the 80- by 25-line mode, however, the

With both monochrome and color

graphics on one board, you get the

best of both worlds.

hardware switches to the character set of the mono-chrome board. The available character sets are identicalto those on the IBM PC, and the Compaq has both RGB(red-green-blue) and composite-video outputs as well asan RF (radio-frequency) modulator output so that youcan connect the computer to your television.

Ultimate Compatibility

When a company advertises a computer as being "IBMPC-compatible," the best way to test its claim is to try toload an IBM release of PC-DOS, CP/M-86, or the UCSDp-system. I didn't have the p-system, but I did have bothPC-DOS and CP/M-86 and was able to try both of themon a prototype of the Compaq computer. The systemsloaded and executed perfectly, with the exception of theBASIC on PC-DOS, which wouldn't execute because theCompaq doesn't have ROM BASIC. The BASICA pro-vided on disk and all of the IBM PC sample BASIC pro-grams found on the PC-DOS disk ran without incident. Ialso tried some CP/M-86 assembler-level software that Ihad written, and it worked without a hitch as well. Ispent about an hour loading and running a number ofgame programs and some professional packages such asWordstar and Supercalc. With one exception, they allworked correctly. The one that didn't was a game pro-gram that ran perfectly but died when I tried to terminate

34 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 22 on inquiry card.

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the game. One of the programmers told me that the prolem was probably a result of not initializing the hardwarecorrectly when the system was powered up. The com-pany assured me that the problem would be solved beforeany machines were shipped.

Other Features

Several special features deserve mention. Instead ofproviding a connector for external disk drives, the Com-paq has a parallel printer-port connector that is fully sup-ported by all system software. In addition, the Compaqhas been designed to handle 128K-bit RAM memory com-ponents as soon as they become commercially available.Many features of this computer indicate that thedesigners anticipated possible problems and solved thembefore the Compaq was announced. A case in point is thekeyboard cable, which is designed to supply 12 volts in-stead of 5 to the keyboard, thus preventing the voltagefrom dropping to marginal levels at the end of its 6-footcord. In another anticipatory design feature, the RGBmonitor interface has internal jumpers that allow reverse-signal polarity for some nonstandard RGB monitors.

Documentation

I can only assume that the same level of quality that ischaracteristic of the Compaq computer will be found inthe documentation. The company was preparing theuser's manual when I looked at the Compaq, but thetypeset text and numerous diagrams and tables I sawlooked quite professional.

The Bottom Line

Considering all of the ways in which the Compaq im-proves on the IBM PC, the most significant differencebetween the two is price. An IBM PC with one double-sided drive (320K bytes), both the monochrome andcolor-graphics boards, a parallel-printer port, amonochrome monitor, and 128K bytes of RAM wouldcost approximately $3735. All of these features are stan-dard on the Compaq for $2995. With this configuration,you would have only one remaining expansion slot onthe IBM PC, while three slots would be available on theCompaq. All of the options are also less expensive withthe Compaq. For example, an additional double-sideddrive for the IBM PC would cost $650 in contrast to the$595 for the Compaq. A 64K-byte memory board costs$195 for the Compaq versus $350 for the IBM, and aserial-interface card for the Compaq costs $145, while itsIBM counterpart is $150.

Conclusions

The Compaq computer has everything going forit—design, compatability, portability, and price. Theonly possible obstacle Compaq faces is IBM itself. IBMhas a longstanding reputation for deliberately designinghardware and software that render plug-compatible pro-ducts incompatible. Barring that occurrence, Compaqshould do well by introducing a comparatively low-costand portable alternative to the IBM PC.H

36 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 285 on Inquiry card.

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BYTE January 1983 39

Microcomputing, British Style

The Fifth Personal Computer World Show

by Gregg Williams, Senior Editor

Quick: what's the most microcomputer-hungrycountry in the world? The United States, ofcourse, right? We've got Silicon Valley andRoute 128 (recently dubbed Technology Highway) nearBoston. We've got BYTE, Apple, Atari, and IBM. Trueenough, but Britain has the people—and it has a lot morethan we do.

There's ample evidence that, compared to the U.S.,proportionally more of Britain's population is interestedin microcomputers. The Fifth Personal Computer WorldShow, a business and hobby microcomputer show hostedby one of Britain's leading computer magazines, PersonalComputer World, is a case in point. From September9 to 12, 1982, 47,461 people attended the show—12,000more than visited this year's West Coast Computer Faire,which also lasted four days and was—until now—theworld's largest microcomputer show. If that's not enoughevidence, consider that the Personal Computer WorldShow held at the Barbican Center in London had farfewer exhibitors and less exhibition space than the Com-puter Faire, yet drew roughly one-third more people. Aquick check in an almanac confirms that the populationof the United States is almost four times that of theUnited Kingdom, which makes the attendance figureseven more impressive. Something rather important ishappening over there.

Last September, I attended the show to observe thestate of microcomputing in Britain firsthand. And if thecrowds I saw in London were any indication, moreBritons from a wider range of ages (still almost exclusive-ly men and boys, though) are clamoring for microcom-puters than Americans are on the basis of any Americanconvention I've ever attended. On the weekend, I saw aline—er, excuse me, queue—of people several blockslong waiting to buy tickets. It must have taken hours toreach the window, and once inside you couldn't move orsee anything.

Why are the British so enthusiastic about microcom-puters? Part of the answer lies in the official support ofthe British government, which decided that microcom-puters are important enough to warrant government-sponsored public education on the subject. The BritishBroadcasting Corporation (BBC) sponsored a tutorialseries on computers and commissioned an officialmicrocomputer to be used in conjunction with the pro-grams. I'm told that the television programs have been

The Personal Computer World Show on one of theslow days. You should have seen it when it got crowd-ed! (Photos by Gregg Williams and Chris Morgan.)

The ACT Sirius 1, as popular in Britain as the IBMPersonal Computer is in the United States, is said to bethe Victor 16-bit microcomputer in a different housing.An entire section of the show was devoted to ACT andthird-party hardware and software vendors.

Although the Personal Computer World Show had separatebusiness and hobbyist sections, Acorn (maker of the BBCMicrocomputer) had booths in both. Left: a dozen peoplewere able to get hands-on experience with the BBCMicrocomputer. Above: a screen shot of Snapper, a BBCMicrocomputer game whose graphics and sound are great.

The Sinclair machines may be the most popular in Britain, but that doesn't mean that people like their keyboards—a briskmarket exists for add-on keyboards and enclosures for Sinclair machines. This one, from DK'tronics, includes a full-sizekeyboard with keypad and an enclosure large enough to fit the computer board and other Sinclair peripherals. Its £45 pricetag (almost as much as the £50 ZX81 computer) indicates the amount of interest in such products.

■

augmented by books and materials to be used in thepublic school system. A BBC series on programming isplanned, and the National Extension College, a home-study institute, already has a course on BASIC program-ming using a generalized version of the language.

Jack Schofield, editor of another leading British micro-computer magazine, Practical Computing, has his ownhypothesis for the popularity of microcomputers in Brit-ain. The past decade has not been kind, economically orsocially, to Britain, and as a result most people havelearned to accept long lines and high prices as part ofdaily life. Fearful that high technology may put him outof a job someday, the average Briton has accepted thecomputer as a potential influence, but one that he hassome control over. This, Schofield says, may explain thestrong interest in microcomputers that transcends Britishclass and economic boundaries.

Whether or not Schofield's hypothesis is correct, theBritish appetite for microcomputers owes a good deal tothe pivotal work of one man: Clive Sinclair. As head ofSinclair Research, the company that makes the ZX80, theZX81, and the Spectrum microcomputers, Clive Sinclairis to the British small computer what Adam Osborne is tothe American business computer: the creator of a productwhose price is so low that the competition finally ac-cepted it as the price to beat. Before Sinclair brought outthe ZX80 at about £100 (less than $200), the British hadonly expensive American imports. Discounted Com-modore VIC-20s and Atari 400s, for example, sell foraround £200 and £300 respectively, almost twice theirAmerican prices. Because it is so expensive abroad, theApple II is known primarily in Britain and Europe as abusiness machine, believe it or not. American microcom-puters have always been just too expensive for theaverage person. You can then imagine the exultationwhen Sinclair Research brought out the ZX80 for under£100—one-half to one-third the price of the imports.Granted, it wasn't as good a computer, but more peoplecould afford it, and that made the difference. Now morethan half the microcomputers in Britain are ZX80s andZX81s. The ZX81 now sells for £50, and British manufac-turers are interested in creating a full-featured computerfor less than £300.

My first observation at the Personal Computer WorldShow was that people were insatiably curious aboutmicrocomputers. After that, I was impressed by thediversity of inexpensive machines. I've written shortdescriptions of the six machines most worthy ofnote—the Acorn BBC Model B, the Dragon 32, theEACA Genie III, the Camputers Lynx, the GrundyNewbrain AD, and the Sinclair Spectrum. (All but theGenie III are low-cost machines.) I've included a chartthat compares those computers, a collection of photosfrom the show, and a list of addresses for all the productsmentioned in this article. So lean back and enjoy theshow—at least you don't have to fight the crowds. ■

Here's a 3-inch disk pack for the Grundy NewbrainAD computer. The Newbrain disk-drive modulehouses two 3-inch disk drives in a small unit the size ofthe computer itself—in fact, the disk-drive module ismeant to fit unobtrusively under the computer.

The Osborne computer is very popular in Britain. (Ac-tually, I'm a sucker for a clever ad.)

A section of the show was devoted to the Third European ChessChampionship, a tournament among microcomputer chess pro-grams. Tournament rules stipulated that all machines average 30moves per hour, a computational limit that put several computersat a disadvantage.

The Microwriter is one of the most interestingdevices I saw at the show. A one-handed data-entry unit, it can be hooked up to a printer or amicrocomputer, and it even has some limitedword-processing features. You enter data bypressing down and releasing certain combinationsof the six buttons. At £557.75 (less than $1000).it's a bit expensive, but its portability and one-handed operation make it desirable to some.

Even more interesting than the Microwriter is theJupiter Ace, a low-cost microcomputer that hasFORTH instead of BASIC in ROM. Anyresemblance to the Sinclair Spectrum is not ac-cidental; Steve Vickers and Richard Altwasser,who designed the Ace, were the codesigners of theSpectrum and are now running their own com-pany. The Jupiter Ace is a very interesting im-plementation of Forth Interest Group FORTHwith some innovative extensions to adapt it to acassette-only environment.

These stamps, issued recently by the British Post Office, reflect Brit-ain's commitment to and awareness of computers in everyday life.

The Sinclair Spectrum

If Clive Sinclair's black-and-white ZX80 and ZX81have become the most popular microcomputers inBritain (and, for that matter, in the rest of the world),is it any wonder that his company's new colormicrocomputer, the Spectrum, is doing just as well?

The success of the Spectrum is a source of greatcomfort to Clive Sinclair, especially since the BBCchose Acorn's design over his for use in its computer-literacy program. (Incidentally, Sinclair could be ac-cused of the same tactic for which he had beratedAcorn: advertising the product long before he was ableto deliver it.) As the British ad for the Spectrum pointsout, the Spectrum is markedly simpler and moreelegant than the Acorn BBC Microcomputer whenmeasured by the number of chips on its main circuitboard. However, the Spectrum shows a quirkinessthat is the price we pay for its circuit board eleganceand low cost. And Clive Sinclair's statement that theSpectrum is "less than half the price of its nearest com-petitor—and more powerful" is only half right: halfthe price, yes, but definitely not more powerful.

First of all, you have to consider the keyboard. For£125, we can't quite demand the full keyboards offeredby machines that are considerably more expensivethan the basic Spectrum. Given the price differential,we can make allowances for the Spectrum's uniquekeyboard, which is basically a pressure-sensitive mem-

brane (like those of the ZX80 and ZX81) mountedunder a piece of molded gray rubber that protrudesabove the plastic cover to make "keys." This in-teresting scheme works surprisingly well, but thecramped 9.3-inch-wide keyboard has other faults thatare harder to excuse.

Inexpensive or not, the keyboard layout is impossi-ble to justify. It may be innovative, but it's also poorlydesigned in several respects. The layout is clever inthat you can use it to enter letters, numbers, one-stroke BASIC keywords, graphics symbols, and thelike. But that scheme makes the keyboard busy. Mostkeys have five legends: three printed on the key andone each immediately above and below the key. Thisdesign may be necessary, but it also causes eyestrainand confusion. I'd be willing to forgive all this, but Ican't excuse such thoughtless "innovations" as pro-viding only one Caps Shift key (in the lower left-handcorner; the one on the right is used as a Symbol Shiftkey) and placing the space key in the lower right-handcorner of the keyboard.

The Spectrum's BASIC is a superset of the SinclairBASIC used in the ZX80 and ZX81, and it has somevaluable features, most of them having to do with therather clever way graphics are implemented. ZX81cassette tapes will not load on a Spectrum, and most

Continued on page 50

44 January 19S3 © BYTE Publications Inc

The Acorn BBC Model B Microcomputer

The BBC Microcomputer enjoys a colorful reputa-tion because of its history. (See "The BBC Computer,"Popular Computing, October 1982.) More than twoyears ago, the BBC decided to start a computer literacytelevision series. The network realized that, with morepowerful and increasingly inexpensive microcom-puters, it would soon be possible to create them withenough computing power to offer their owners per-sonal hands-on experience with microcomputers at anaffordable price. The BBC considered the Newbraincomputer and rejected it. Acorn and Sinclair Research,along with other companies, then submitted designs,and the Acorn won. (Sinclair went on to market itsdesign as the Sinclair Spectrum.) Clive Sinclair hasbeen quick to point out problems with the Acorn unit,and the interaction between the two companies hasbeen a source of entertainment for the British com-puter community.

Although the BBC Model B is more expensive thansome units (see page 49), it has an advantage overmost of the very-low-cost ones: it is a no-compromisecomputer that has many uses beyond self-instruction incomputer technology. I will confine my remarks to theModel B unit instead of the less expensive Model A (at£299) because the latter lacks most of the features thatmake the BBC Microcomputer competitive with othersimilarly priced units.

The BBC Model B has eight video-display modes,five pixel-graphics modes in which you can displaytext, and three text-only modes. The highest graphicsmode (640 by 256 pixels, 2 colors) requires a videomonitor, while the lowest one (160 by 256 pixels, 4 or16 colors) offers roughly the same resolution, prac-tically speaking (i.e., once the image is displayed on astandard color television) as the Apple and Atari com-puters, but it also offers additional colors.

The most innovative feature of both BBC computersis the Tube, a special interface built into the computerthat enables the main computer (which uses a 6502board) to communicate with any suitably designedauxiliary microprocessor board. This is, not coin-cidentally, a way for Acorn to provide a Z80 board sothat the BBC computer can run business softwareavailable through Digital Research's popular CP/Moperating system. At first, the Tube sounds like theMicrosoft Consumer Products' Softcard for the AppleII, but the connection it uses is different. The Softcardand similar boards share the address and data lineswith the main microprocessor. The Tube, however,uses a dedicated 2-MHz serial link with memory buf-fers on each side of the link and interrupt-driven soft-ware. This scheme allows true coprocessing with bothprocessors running at full speed. Acorn has plans to

Continued on page 51

January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 45

The Dragon 32

The Dragon 32 is named for its standard 32Kbytes of memory—quite a selling point in a countryaccustomed to microcomputers with memories assmall as IK bytes. And because the Dragon 32 isone of the newest British microcomputers, it offersmore features for the money than most of its com-petitors (see table 1).

The Dragon 32 seems to be a very adequatemachine, but there's nothing exceptional about it.In fact, I can sum it up in one sentence: it looks likea Radio Shack TRS-80 Color Computer with 32Kbytes of memory. (I've found that some ColorComputer cartridges will run on the Dragon 32, butthey must be taken out of their plastic shells to fit inthe Dragon 32 cartridge slot.) Its similarities to theTRS-80 Color Computer include use of the 6809Emicroprocessor and Microsoft's Extended ColorBASIC (right down to command names—PMODE,HEX$, and DEFUSR, for example), nine colors forcolor graphics display, five graphics modes,joysticks, and cartridge software.

The Dragon 32, however, does have several ad-vantages over the TRS-80 Color Computer. First, inBritain it is considerably cheaper than the ColorComputer. Second, the Dragon 32 can be expandedto a full 64K-byte workspace (unlike the ColorComputer, which can only be expanded from 16Kto 32K bytes of memory). Third, the Dragon 32 hasa typewriter-style keyboard that is somewhat betterthan the TRS-80 Color Computer's adequate butcalculator-like keys. Finally, the Dragon 32 includesa Centronics-type parallel-printer port.

Dragon Data Ltd. plans to market its computer inAmerica but hasn't decided on a date. You can besure the company will take care of its home marketbefore expanding internationally. When that hap-pens, American buyers will have a choice of low-cost color computers.

The EACA Genie III

The Genie III is the only one of the six microcom-puters profiled here that doesn't fall in the low-costcategory. I included it because, of all the businessmachines at the show, it's the one that caught myeye. Like the IBM Personal Computer, it isnewsworthy not because it's innovative but becauseit carefully combines the best features of other com-puters. It is manufactured by EACA Internationaland distributed in Britain by Lowe Electronics.

The Genie III is housed in two units. The mainone contains the computer itself, a 12-inch green-phosphor video display, and two SVi-inch double-sided 80-track floppy-disk drives. (These can beaugmented by either two 5Vi-inch or two 8-inchfloppy disks.) The other unit is a detachable 86-keykeyboard, which includes a numeric keypad aroundwhose two edges eight function keys are wrapped.

Emulation capabilities are the Genie Ill's mainclaim to fame. It is supplied with two operatingsystems, NEWDOS-80 version 2.0 and CP/M 2.2.If you load NEWDOS-80, the BASIC loaded is aRAM (random-access read/write memory) versionof Radio Shack TRS-80 Model I BASIC supplied(legally) by Microsoft; the video display shows 16lines of 64 characters each, and the machineemulates a TRS-80 Model I. If you load CP/M, thevideo display shows 24 lines of 80 characters each,and the machine emulates a CP/M system with astandard screen size. (Under software control,NEWDOS can also use the 24 by 80 video format.)

Table 1 lists some of the Genie Ill's features. Itsbuilt-in real-time clock, optional high-resolutiongraphics (288- by 640-pixel) board, and optionalprogrammable-character interface board are also ofinterest. With additional hardware, the Genie IIIcan support multiple users and run DigitalResearch's MP/M operating system. You can alsoadd an external 5-megabyte hard disk.

46 . January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

The Grundy Newbrain AD

In the July 1982 issue of Personal Computer World,managing editor Dick Pountain writes, "When theNewbrain was announced to the world two years ago,the design concept was significantly in advance ofanything that had been seen in the field of handheldcomputing." And so it was—even though problemsplagued the design. In fact, the company that createdit, Newbury Labs, sold the design to its current owner,Grundy Business Systems Ltd. At one time, theNewbrain was in line to be the BBC computer, butdesign problems and the change in ownership causedthe BBC to look elsewhere.

The machine is now being advertised as a compactbut powerful microcomputer, and the number of hard-ware and software features and options it offers sup-ports this point of view. The Newbrain AD, whichcontains a 16-character fluorescent display, is com-plemented by a cheaper version, the Newbrain A,which sells for £199. The Newbrain M, a third modelthat includes a battery-backup option, is scheduled tobe released soon.

The basic unit includes a Z80A microprocessor thatruns at 4 MHz, a National Semiconductor COP 420Mmicroprocessor dedicated to handling input and out-put, 32K bytes of RAM, and 29K bytes of ROM (read-only memory). Through an external expansion box,you can increase this to a staggering 2 megabytes ofRAM and 4 megabytes of ROM. Grundy plans tomarket the CP/M operating system and popular

applications-software packages in ROM, which willconvert the Newbrain to a "crashproof," stand-alonecomputer dedicated to one task. The keyboard has cal-culator-type keys in a standard configuration; thespaces between keys are just slightly smaller than thoseon a standard typewriter keyboard. The Newbrainvideo-display character set contains 512 letters,numbers, and graphics as well as videotex symbols.The character set is divided into two 256-characterbanks, only one of which can be selected at a time.

A Multiple Communication/Network Module adds8, 16, or 24 (depending on the model) RS-232/V24bidirectional serial ports. According to the manufac-turer, Newbrains connected through this module con-stitute a de facto network that can share floppy orhard disks, printers, and other peripherals.

An optional Videotex Module enables Newbrainowners to access British Teletext and Prestel services.

The Newbrain produces a monochrome text orgraphics video image. The macjjjne offers a choice ofseveral pixel densities: 256, 320, 512, or 640 pixels perrow. In addition, you can split the video display intoseparate graphics and scrolling-text areas (with textabove graphics); a graphics-only display has 250 rowsof pixels.

The Newbrain software is equally versatile, if con-fusing on occasion. The 29K bytes of ROM contain theNewbrain operating system as well as its BASIC,

Continued on page 51

January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 47

The Camputers Lynx

The Lynx, from Camputers Ltd., is one of the new-est machines I saw in England. "Previewed," not an-nounced, at the Personal Computer World Show, itoffers more computing power for the money than anyother machine I saw there.

The unit itself is almost Spartan in appearance andsize, but it has some rather attractive features. Thekeyboard, which houses the entire computer, is full-sized and conventionally laid out. Unfortunately, theDelete key is where the Return key usually is, and theReturn key is, oddly enough, to the right of the rightShift key. The Lynx comes with 48K bytes of memory,

but it can be expanded to an impressive maximum of192K bytes. The computer runs a Z80A micropro-cessor and can optionally run CP/M. It has a good40-character, 24-line video display that converts to an8-color, 248- by 256-pixel graphics display. With addi-tional memory, video resolution doubles to 80characters per line and 248- by 512-pixel graphics. Iwas told that the unit allows user-defined characters.Representatives from Lynx say a 5V4-inch disk drivewill be available for the unit and that the company willeventually market an adapted version of the machinein the United States.

Vendor List

Ace: Jupiter Cantab, 22 Foxhollow, Bar Hill, CambridgeCB3 8EP, England. Telephone 0954-80437.

BBC Models A and B: Acorn Computers Ltd., FulbournRoad, Cherry Hinton, Cambridge, England. Telephone0223-245200.

Cambridge Ring (network system): Orbis Computers Ltd.,4a Market Hill, Cambridge CBZ 3NJ, England. Telephone0223-312449.

Dragon 32: Dragon Data Ltd., Queensway, Swansea In-dustrial Estate, Swansea SA5 4EH, England. Telephone0792-580651.

Genie III (British distributor): Lowe Electronics, BentleyBridge, Chesterfield Rd., Matlock, Derbyshire, DE4 5LEEngland. Telephone 0629-2430.

Genie III (manufacturer): EACA International Ltd., EACAIndustrial Bldg., 13 Chong Yip St., Kwun Tong, Kowloon,Hong Kong. Telephone 3-896323.

Lynx: Camputers Ltd., 33a Bridge St., Cambridge CB2WW, England. Telephone 0223-315063.

Microwriter: Microwriter Ltd., 31 Southampton Row,London WC1B 5HJ, England. Telephone 01-831-6801.

Newbrain A and AD: Grundy Business Systems Ltd.,Grundy House, Somerset Rd., Teddington TWll 8TD,England.

Sirius: ACT(Sirius) Ltd., Ill HagleyRd., Edgbaston, Bir-mingham B16 8LB, England. Telephone 021-454-8585.

Spectrum: Sinclair Research, 6 Kings Parade, Cambridge,Cambridgeshire CB2 1SN, England. Telephone0276-685311.

ZX81: see Spectrum, above.

ZX80/ZX81/Spectrum enhanced keyboard and enclosure:DK'tronics, 23 Sussex Rd., Gorleston, Great Yarmouth, Nor-folk, England. Telephone 0493-602453.

48 January 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc

How They Compare

BBC Model B

Dragon 32

Genie III

Lynx

Newbrain AD

Spectrum

Price (pounds, includingValue Added Tax)

£399

£199

£2185

£225

£229

£125

Microprocessor used

2 MHz 6502

6809E, speedunknown

4 MHz Z80A

4 MHz Z80A

4 MHz Z80A

3,5 MHz Z80A

Standard RAM

32K bytes

32 K bytes

64K bytes

48K bytes

32K bytes

16K bytes

Maximum RAM

32K bytes(see note 1)

64 K bytes

64 K bytes(see note 2)

192K bytes

2 megabytes

48K bytes

ROM included

16K bytes

16K bytes

2K bytes

16K bytes

29 K bytes

16K bytes

Text display

(columns, rows)

40 by 24 or80 by 25

32 by 16

64 by 16 or80 by 24

40 by 24(see note 3)

40 by 30,or 80 by 30

32 by 24

High-resolution graphicsdisplay (in pixels)

640 by 256

192 by 25

160 by 72,optional640 by 288

248 by 256(see note 3)

640 by 256

176 by 256

Number of colorsavailable

16

9

monochromeonly

8

monochromeonly

8

Type of keyboard

full-size

typewriter styleplus functionkeys

full-sizetypewriter style

full-size

typewriter styleplus keypad andfunction keys

full-sizedtypewriter style

full-sizedkeyboard withcalculator-stylekeys

smaller-sizedkeyboard withrubber mem-brane keys

Subjective rating ofkeyboard (1 = unaccep-table, 10 = excellent)

8

7

8

6 (see note 4)

7

3 (see note 5)

Interfaces included

(excluding TV output)

RS-423 serialparallel port,RGB monitoroutput, 8-bit I/Oport, four 12-bitanalog inputchannels

parallel portjoystick andcartridge ports,color monitoroutput

RS-232C andparallel ports

RS-232C port

two RS-232C

ports,

composite

none

Disk drive available?

yes

yes

two 5 Vi -inch

yes

yes

yes

Other features

high-speedserial link forsecondprocessor

includes

Extended

Microsoft

Color

BASIC

drives (800Kbytes each)included

detachable optional

keyboard, runs Videotext

NEWDOS-80 moduleand CP/M 2.2

Note 1: Acorn is working on a 16-bit processor with 128K bytes of RAM that connects to the BBC Model B computer via a high-speedserial link; this would bring the computer (in an unconventional way) to 160K bytes of RAM.

Note 2: In the multiuser system, the Genie III has 192K bytes of memory.

Note 3: With an optional expansion box, the Lynx can display 24 rows of 80 columns each and 248 by 512 pixel graphics.

Note 4: The Lynx keyboard suffers from having a Return key to the right of the right Shift key and a Delete key where the Return key wouldbe on most keyboards.

Note 5: The Spectrum has a very idiosyncratic keyboard that is partially excusable because the unit is so inexpensive. See the main textfor more details.

January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 49

Sinclair Spectrum continued from page 44:

ZX81 BASIC programs will require some modification to

work.

Sinclair used his earlier computers as a testing groundfor several original features. Some of these (like the "in-telligent" cursor that prevents you from entering syntac-tically incorrect BASIC statements) have remained in theSpectrum, while others (like the nonstandard charactercode used in the ZX80 and ZX81, abandoned for theASCII code in the Spectrum) are mercifully absent.

The character-oriented video image is 24 lines of 32characters each. Each character has a separate attributebyte (each one of eight colors, chosen independently) thatdetermines its foreground and background colors,brightness, and flashing/steady status. The screen isalways in the bit-mapped graphics mode (192 by 256 pix-els), and characters are "painted" onto the video displayin a pixel pattern. (This makes possible unrestricted mix-ing of text and graphics as well as an OVER commandthat merges a character string with whatever image isalready on the screen.)

Actually, it's easiest to think of the video screen interms of monochrome pixel graphics (i.e., each pixel iseither on or off), with each 8- by 8-pixel square(character) having its own foreground and backgroundcolor. Using the metaphor of images being "printed" onvideo "paper," the BASIC commands INK and PAPERset the foreground and background, respectively, of thenext character to be printed. Unfortunately, this scheme

restricts the color combinations of two adjacent pixels(unlike most high-resolution graphics schemes, whichallow two adjacent pixels to be almost any color pair).The Spectrum also has 21 user-defined characters, each ofwhich can be defined via special BASIC commands (thussimplifying the process more than other micro-computers).

Like the ZX81, the Spectrum has a rear-edge connectorthat contains a full set of address, control, and data lines.The Spectrum will accept the same ZX printer that theZX81 uses, but, unlike the ZX81, it is upgraded to itsmaximum 48K bytes of memory via an internal 32K-byteboard and won't work with the ZX81 16K-byte memorypack. Other peripherals in the works from Sinclair are a£20 RS-232C/network interface board and a £50 3-inchdisk drive. The company's Microdrive (as it is called) isnoteworthy because it costs well under $100. Each 3-inchfloppy disk can hold up to 100K bytes of data; its averageaccess time is 3.5 seconds, and its data-transfer rate is128K bits per second.

How will the Spectrum fare in the American market?That depends. Timex Corporation has the rights tomarket the Spectrum (it already markets a modified ZX81as the Timex/Sinclair 1000). If the Spectrum were to sellfor the equivalent of £125, its price in Britain, it wouldcost roughly $220 in the United States—hardly competi-tive with comparable low-cost American units. My guessis that Timex will market an American version of theSpectrum for somewhere between $125 and $175 within

50 January 19*3 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 425 on Inquiry card.

the next six months.

In any case, the Spectrum is a promising machine. I'llreserve further judgment until it becomes available herein the United States.

Acorn BBC Microcomputer continued from page 45:

offer 6502 and Z80 auxiliary boards and is experimentingwith a board containing National Semiconductor's 16-bit16032 chip.

Acorn is offering an interface to its Econet local net-work system that will make it possible to hook up asmany as 254 microcomputers using inexpensive 4-wiretelephone cable. Orbis, a subsidiary of Acorn, supportsthe Cambridge Ring (developed at the CambridgeUniversity Computer Laboratory), a high-speed localnetwork in a ring configuration that can connect toanything from mainframes to microcomputers.

BBC BASIC is closely modeled after the de facto stan-dard Microsoft versions, but it adds several good exten-sions. The most important of these are local variables,subroutines that pass parameters, and recursion. BASIChas always been severely handicapped because it lacksthese features (especially the first two), and I applaud theBBC's inclusion of them in the language. (Languagedesigners, especially Microsoft, take note.) Anotherfascinating feature is a built-in 6502 assembler that allows6502 assembly-language code in a BASIC pro-gram—bravo again! How Acorn got these and manyother features into a 16K-byte BASIC, I'll never know.

The BBC Model B includes an RS423 serial port, whichis said to be an RS-232C-compatible interface thatfacilitates a higher data-transfer rate and a longer max-imum cable length than the RS-232C. In addition, theModel B includes an 8-bit Centronics-type parallel port,an 8-bit input/output (I/O) port, an RGB (red-green-blue) color-monitor output, and four 12-bit analog-to-digital ports.

Although some other British microcomputers offer

more features for a given price, none of them surpassesthe BBC Model B microcomputer in terms of versatilityand expansion capability. Acorn has plans to produce aversion of its computer for American use but has not yetset an availability date.

Grundy Newbrain AD continued from page 47:

mathematics package, screen editor, graphics package,and device-driver software. The BASIC conforms to theANSI (American National Standards Institute) x3.2/78standard instead of the more common de facto MicrosoftBASIC standard. The Newbrain's graphics package com-bines traditional point-to-point drawing with Logo-like"turtle" commands (e.g., move-forward-drawing-a-lineand rotate-pen-to-new-facing-angle). In addition, com-mands that draw arcs and fill areas with color areavailable.

The most useful commands relate to data streams,which are the "pipeline" through which all data transferoccurs. As with the Atari 400 and 800 computers, all in-put and output is handled through the operating system.This procedure accomplishes two things: first, it allowsI/O to be handled in a standard way, regardless of thelanguage or hardware involved; second, it is an open-ended approach that lets you write software interfacesthat will work with any hardware you connect themachine to. Up to 255 data streams can be open at onetime. For example, multiple data streams opened to theNewbrain screen editor give you multiple graphics"pages" that can be written to and displayed in-dependently.

The Newbrain is obviously a complex, capablemachine designed with open-ended expansion in mind. Ipersonally do not like its small size, and its design issometimes too complex. I would, however, want to ex-amine it more carefully before making a final decision onit.l

Introducing P T77 iTTTTn 128K 70NS CMOS.CR0TECH? I J l'J H f 1'1.0*1 ',1 f I Static S-100 Memo

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□ 16-bit addressing option: powerful Macrotechmemory mapping (M3) "bankselect" architecture allows each4K block of the 16 bit (64K)logical addresses to be dynamicallytranslated to any 4K block of the128K on-board physical memory.

□ 24-bit addressing option.

□ Comprehensive technical manual with complete installation guide and source listingstor MP/MII™ and "virtual disk" solidstate disk applications.

□ 8/16 data transfer protocol.

Memory

□ 6-layer printed circuit board pro-vides ultra high stability.

□ External battery backup

support with dedicated

internal power plane

for RAM array and

associated chip

select circuitry.

□ Full one year warranty.

$1,350.00

Manuals available at $25.00 each,refundable with order.OEM & dealer inquiries invited.

MACROTECH international Corp.

22133 Cohasset Street, Canoga Park, CA 91303

Telephone: (213) 887-5737

Circle 238 on inquiry card.

January 19S3 © BYTE Publications lnc 51

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with all the features that earned 2.0 somuch praise—PLUS the many new featuresshown here. The price?—still just $29.95!This astonishing price includes the completeJRT Pascal system on diskettes and thenew expanded user manual. Not a subset,it's a complete Pascal for CP/M.*

Modern computer languages recognizethe advantages of dividing programs into easy-to-use functional modules. JRT's externalprocedure modules give you flexibility to runprograms of almost unlimited sizes. Becausethe procedures are separately compiled, if onepart of a program changes only that part needsrecompiling. And libraries of external proce-dures can be built-up containing code anddata common to many main programs; thetime and duplication savings are obvious.

Faster and more reliable than ever,for beginner or expert, engineer or business-man, JRT Pascal 3.0 provides a set offeatures unequaled by any other Pascal...or any other language.

52 BYTE January 1983

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When you receive JRT Pascal 3.0, lookit over, check it out, compare it with similarsystems costing ten times as much. If you'renot completely satisfied, return it—with thesealed diskettes unopened—within 30 days,and your money will be refunded in full.That's right: satisfaction guaranteed or yourmoney back!

A JRT bonus: if you want to copy thediskettes or manual—so long as it's not forresale—that's o.k. with us. Pass it on to yourfriends. But don't delay. Send the coupon orphone today and start enjoying the Pascaladvantage; at $29.95, there's no reasonto wait!

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NEW SEARCH procedurefor fast table look-up

Extended CASE statement

Graphing procedures

Statistic procedures

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14 digit BCD FLOATINGPOINT arithmetic

True dynamic storage

Advancedassembly interface

Fast one-step compiler;no link needed

Efficient compiler needsonly 85K diskette space

Maximum program size:more than 200,000 lines

More than 200

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Separate compilationof auto-loadingexternal procedures

No limits on proceduresize, nesting or recursion

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Here's my $29.95; please send me JRT Pascal. I understand that if I'mnot completely satisfied, I can return it within 30 days—with the sealeddiskettes unopened—for a full refund. (Allow 2-3 weeks for shipping.)I need the 5-1/4" diskettes for D Apple CP/M; □ Heath, Hard Sector;Q Heath, Soft Sector; □ Northstar; D Osborne; □ Superbrain;D Televideo; D Xerox 820. I need D 8" SSSD diskettes.

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BYTE January 1983 53

Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar

Build the Circuit CellarMPX-16 Computer System

Part 3

The final installment describing the design of the MPX-16,which is I/O-compatible with the IBM Personal Computer.

This month's article is the last ofthree on the construction of the Cir-cuit Cellar MPX-16 computer, whichis built around the Intel 8088 micro-processor. In part 1, I presented anoverview of the system and a discus-sion of the coprocessors and busstructures. Last month, in part 2, Idescribed the memory, interrupt me-chanism, expansion bus, and I/O-(input/output) decoding sections.This month I'd like to finish by de-scribing the serial and parallel I/O,counters and timers, the floppy-diskinterface, and an overview of certainparts of the CP/M-86 operatingsystem.

Because the MPX-16 is somewhatmore complex than the typical CircuitCellar project, I've had to simplify or

Copyright © 1983 by Steven A. Ciarcia. Allrights reserved.

IBM and IBM Personal Computer are trade-marks of International Business MachinesCorporation.

CP/M-86, CP/M-80, and MP/M are trade-marks of Digital Research Inc.

Steve Ciarcia

POB 582

Glastonbury, CT 06033

abbreviate my treatment of manydetails to fit the articles into onlythree issues of BYTE; to learn somenuances of the individual systemparts, you should consult the refer-ences I have listed on page 82. (Moredetailed information on the MPX-16,including timing diagrams and list-

Most of what you canlearn about the

MPX-16 applies also to

the IBM Personal

Computer.

ings, is available in the MPX-16Technical Reference and User'sManual, available from The Micro-mint.) But these articles containenough information for you to under-stand the basic functions of all thesubsystems and how they worktogether. And most of what you canlearn applies also to the IBM PersonalComputer and other similar ma-

chines. We'll continue the presentation after we review the major features of the MPX-16.

MPX-16 Features

The Circuit Cellar MPX-16 com-puter system, shown in photo 1 onpage 56, fundamentally consists of asingle 9- by 12-inch five-layer printed-circuit board (containing 120 inte-grated circuits), to which various pe-ripheral devices are attached. Its I/O-expansion bus is completely compati-ble with that of the IBM PersonalComputer but has nine expansionpositions instead of five.

The MPX-16 uses the Intel 8088microprocessor and the optional Intel8087 numeric coprocessor; the maincircuit board has room for 256K bytesof user memory and contains twoserial and three parallel I/O ports, afloppy-disk controller, and EPROMs(erasable programmable read-onlymemories) containing the BIOS (basicinput/output system) module ofDigital Research's CP/M-86 16-bitdisk operating system. The MPX-16can be expanded by plugging invarious circuit boards and interfaces

54 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

?

Bored Waiting?

Here's The Board You VeBeen Waiting For.

A HarePius

Tape Cc

Teletek's HD/CTC

A hard disk and cartridge tapecontroller together on one board?Magic? Not really. It's Teletek'sHD/CTC. The hard disk and cartridgetape drive controller provide thesupport necessary to interface botha rigid-disk drive and a cartridgetape deck to the S-100 bus.A colorful addition to Teletek'salready impressive line of S-100boards, the HD/CTC's specifica-tions include:

A Z-80A CPU providing intelligentcontrol of the rigid-disk andcartridge tape drives.

Support of 5V4" rigid-disk driveswith transfer rates of 5 megabits persecond. Minor changes in on-boardcomponents allow the support ofother drive types/sizes and transferrates up to 15 megabits per second.(Interface to disk drive is defined bysoftware/firmware on board.)Controller communications with thehost processor via 2K FIFO at anyspeed desirable up to the limit of2 megabytes per second for a datablock transfer. Thus the controllerdoes not constrain the host proces-sor in any manner.

• Two 28-pin sockets allowing theuse of up to 16k bytes of on-boardEPROM and up to 8k bytes ofon-board RAM.

• Individual software reset capability.

• Conforms to the proposed IEEE-696S-100 standard.

• Controller can accommodate tworigid-disk drives and one cartridgetape drive. Expansion is madepossible with an external card.

Teletek's HD/CTC Offers A Hard DiscController, Plus Cartridge Tape Controller,

All In One Board

FELETEK

9767F Business Park Drive Sacramento, CA 95827 (916)361-1777 Telex #4991834. Answer back-Teletek

©Teletek 1982

Circle 400 on inquiry card.

Photo 1: The MPX-16 has been designed to be compatible with the IBM Personal Computer in that peripheral devices madefor use with the IBM PC can be plugged into the I/O-expansion bus of the MPX-16.

Photo 2: This keyboard, made by Key Tronic Corporation (Building 14, SpokaneIndustrial Park, Spokane, WA 99214), is nearly an exact copy of the keyboard ofthe IBM Personal Computer.

to provide a full megabyte of usermemory and additional external massstorage. A more detailed list of char-acteristics appears in table 1 on page59.

The MPX-16 was initially designedto run CP/M-86, but eventuallyMicrosoft's MS-DOS operating sys-tem will be available for it, making itpossible to run most software writtenfor the IBM Personal Computer onthe MPX-16, except software thatuses unique features of the IBMmachine. The principal difference isthis: with the present operating-sys-tem BIOS, the MPX-16 communi-cates with the user through a seriallyinterfaced display terminal instead ofthrough a memory-mapped video dis-play. In theory, you could plug anIBM Display Adapter into one of theexpansion slots and connect a serialkeyboard (such as the Key Tronicmodel shown in photo 2) for exact

56 January 19» © BYTE PublicaHoni Inc

Photo 3: Blasts and flying fluids won't faze an MPX-16 computer protected by a Hoffman heavy-duty NEMA 12 enclosure. (Photocourtesy of Owl Electronic Laboratories Inc.)

hardware emulation.

The MPX-16 is well suited for useas a low-cost 8088-based computerfor integration into a complete hard-ware/software package chieflybecause it combines so many func-tions on a single printed-circuitboard. Putting together the hardwareof a complete system, you need onlyadd a power supply, a serial video-display or printing terminal, and onefloppy-disk drive (either 5V4- or8-inch). By the time you read this, anenclosure for the circuit board shouldbe available. Many applications neednothing more.

Photo 3 shows the MPX-16 alongwith all the other components neededto create an industrial control system,including a NEMA 12 (a NationalElectrical Manufacturers Associationspecification) enclosure, whichshould protect it from any environ-ment you'd want to operate it in.

Parallel I/O Interface

The MPX-16 System Board sup-ports four independent parallel I/Oports; of these, two are dedicated tosingle purposes and two are availableas general-purpose I/O ports. Thetwo dedicated ports use the Intel8255A-5 programmable peripheral in-terface (PPI), which appears as IC60in section 4 of the schematic diagram,figure 1 on pages 60 and 61. The othertwo ports are implemented using theIntel 8155H-2 chip, IC47 in figure 1,which contains two I/O ports, a14-bit counter/timer circuit, and 256bytes of read/write memory. (Thismemory is not used in the MPX-16.I've written about the 8155 before; seereference 3.) The relationship of theparallel I/O subsystems with theglobal system bus structures can beseen in the system block diagram (seefigure 2 in part 1, November 1982BYTE, pages 84 through 86). Most

notably, the 8155 communicates overthe local address/data bus sharedwith the processors, while the 8255receives its data through the bufferedresident data bus.

One of the dedicated ports is usedduring system initialization to readthe settings of DIP (dual-inline pin)switches SWl through SW8, whichform an 8-bit system-configurationvalue. The eight lines of the con-figuration switches drive the port-Alines of the 8255. These lines are in-itialized by the power-up software in-itialization routine as input lines inthe 8255's operating-mode 0 (basic in-put/output). The operating systemcan read the switch settings via an in-put instruction from I/O addresshexadecimal 1A0. Data bits 0 to 7 inthe value obtained contain the respec-tive settings of SWl to SW8.

The second dedicated parallel portin the 8255 is normally set up as a

January 19«3 © BYTE Publications Inc

57

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Equipment Resources

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Gentry and Associates

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National ComputerSyndicate

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1. designed to use a 5-MHz Intel 8088 microprocessor, which combines a 16-bitarchitecture with an 8-bit bus interface and has 20-bit addressing capability for up to1 megabyte of system memory, operating in maximum mode to support multipro-cessing

2. optional Intel 8087 math coprocessor

3. onboard space for four 64K-byte banks of dynamic RAM for a total of up to 256Kbytes, with parity generation and error detection.

4. sockets for up to 64K bytes of JEDEC 24- or 28-pin standard ROM or EPROM devices

5. two RS-232C serial interface ports

6. two 8-bit general-purpose parallel I/O ports with handshaking control lines

7. one Centronics-compatible parallel printer port

8. four programmable timers (one for a real-time clock, two for data rates, one formemory-refresh requests)

9. four independent DMA (direct memory access) channels

10. sixteen levels of vectored, prioritized interrupt control

11. single- or double-density floppy-disk controller for controlling up to four 5 V4 -inch or8-inch drives

12. five 62-pin l/O-expansion-channel connectors (hardware compatible with the IBMPersonal Computer) with space for four more

13. five-layer 9- by 12-inch printed-circuit board

14. BIOS for CP/M-86 in EPROM

Table 1: Features of the MPX-16 computer system.

Centronics-compatible printer port.This second port can also be used as ageneral-purpose 15-bit parallel inter-face with 10 output lines and 5 in-put lines. Fourteen of the I/O linesare connected to the port-B and port-Clines of the 8255. All 15 lines are buf-fered and connected to the 20-pinBergstik connector J15. The 10 outputlines from port B and bits 6 and 7 ofport C drive sections of the open-collector buffers IC77 and IC78. The5 input lines are buffered by IC77 andIC76, with pull-up resistors on the in-put lines to allow for use of open-collector drivers on the other end.Signal-return paths are provided onpins 14 through 18 of J15.

The two nondedicated parallelports, which communicate to the out-side world through the two 20-pinBergstik connectors J16 and J17, areimplemented with the 8155H-2, IC47.These two identical I/O ports, eachwith 11 I/O lines (three of which areused for handshaking control), are in-itialized by the software initializa-tion routine as one 8-bit output port(116) and one 8-bit input port (J17).Because these ports are meant to beused for varying purposes, the appli-cation software of the user willtypically reinitialize the 8155 to suitthe application. This is accomplished

by writing a new control word intothe 8155's command/status registerlocated at I/O address hexadecimalICO.

Serial Interface

The MPX-16 system board con-tains two independent RS-232C asyn-chronous serial I/O ports (alsoknown as serial channels). These areprimarily intended to be used in con-necting the system to video-displayterminals, but they may be attachedto any compatible RS-232C devices.One of the serial channels (CHO) hasbeen defined as the console I/O portfor the CP/M-86 operating-systemsoftware. The second serial port(CHI) is available for user-definedapplications.

The two RS-232C serial ports areimplemented with Intel 8251AUSARTs (universal synchronous/asynchronous receiver/transmitters),as shown in figure 1. An 8251A iscapable of transmitting and receivingsimultaneously at different data rates;however, the MPX-16 system re-quires that the same rate be used forboth transmitting and receiving. Asplit-speed application may be sup-ported by using both serial ports,programmed to operate at differentrates.

January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 59

*(2)•(3)

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Figure 1: Section 4 of the schematic diagram of the MPX-16 computer. Section 1 appeared in November's article; sections 2 and 3appeared in December's article. Connections to other sections of the schematic are shown by the notation *(n), where n is the numberof the other section.

SIGNALRETURNS

Here are shown the interface circuits for the serial and parallel I/O ports: the 8251A USARTs and the 8255A-5 and 8155H-2parallel-interface components.

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Both transmitter-ready and receiv-er-ready interrupt-request signals aregenerated during communication se-quences. These signals are fed intointerrupt-request lines IR0, IRl, IR2,and IR3 of the slave 8259A program-mable interrupt controller, IC62(which appeared in section 1 of theschematic diagram in November's ar-ticle). The channel-0 interrupts havepriority over the channel-1 inter-rupts, and the receiver-ready inter-rupt requests have priority over thetransmitter-ready requests.

Both types of request signals areactive-high. The receiver-ready inter-rupt request, which signals the mainprocessor that a character has beenreceived and converted to a parallelformat, is obtained from the 8251AUSART's RXRDY output line. Simi-larly, the transmitter-ready interruptrequest, which signals the processorthat the 8251A is ready to transmitanother character to a peripheraldevice, is taken from the TXRDY out-put line of the 8251A. (Each USARTalso provides four control lines thatcan be used for modem control.)

Counter/Timers

Four independent counter/timersare found on the MPX-16 systemboard. All four are used for dedicatedsystem functions and generallyshould not be used for other pur-poses. Three of these counter/timercircuits are part of the Intel 8253-5programmable interval timer (PIT),IC61. The fourth one is the timer sec-tion of the 8155H-2, IC47, which wasdiscussed above. All of the counter/timers are visible in section 4 of theschematic diagram, figure 1.

The 8253-5 PIT contains three inde-pendently programmable 16-bitcounter/timer circuits capable ofclock rates of up to 2 MHz (mega-hertz). These counters can be oper-ated in any of six different modes:terminal-count-interrupt generator,programmable one-shot, rate gener-ator, square-wave generator, soft-ware-triggered strobe, and hardware-triggered strobe.

On the MPX-16 system board, allthree counter/timers of the 8253 PITare programmed by the power-up-initialization software routine to

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operate in mode 3 (square-wave gen-erator). The input clock signal thatdrives all three of the 8253's counter-clock-input lines is obtained from asimple crystal-controlled oscillatorcircuit consisting of a 4.9152-MHzcrystal, a couple of inverter gates, afew resistors, and a capacitor. Theoutput of this circuit, a 4.9152-MHzsquare wave, is then divided down bya 74LS393 binary counter to form a2.4576-MHz USART clock and a1.2288-MHz clock to drive the 8253PIT counters.

The first counter circuit of the 8253PIT is used as a software-program-mable data-rate generator, producinga signal called BAUDO. Similarly, thesecond counter circuit is used to pro-duce the data-rate signal BAUDl.The data rate for both serial channelsis set at power-up for 9600 bps (bitsper second) using a data-rate multi-plier factor of 16. The system soft-ware then automatically initializesthe data rate for the console serialchannel (channel 0) when the usertypes a Return character in ASCII

(American Standard Code for Infor-mation Interchange). The first char-acter must be Return for proper data-rate initialization. If the input datarate of the console terminal is not9600 bps, the program reinitializesthe counter-1 circuit of the 8253 tomatch the new data rate.

So that system crashes

will not occur,

the memory-refresh

signal must never

be altered by

application software.

The third counter/timer circuit ofthe 8253 PIT is intended for use as areal-time clock for either time-of-dayor software-timing-delay applica-tions. This clock is initialized atpower-up by software, preset for a10-ms (millisecond) period (100 Hz).This clock output drives the IR0 lineof the master 8259A interrupt con-troller, IC35, and forms the highest-

priority maskable system interrupt.This timekeeping capability can bevery useful in interrupt-driven, real-time process-control applications.

The fourth counter/timer on theMPX-16 system board is the timersection of the 8155H-2, IC47. Thistimer is driven by the SYSCLK2(2.386-MHz) clock signal to producethe square-wave signal REFRQST,which has a period of 15.1 /is (micro-seconds). The REFRQST output sig-nal activates the periodic refreshoperation required by the dynamicRAMs (random-access read/writememories). This vital signal mustnever be altered by the user's applica-tion software; if it is, system crashesmay occur.

Floppy-Disk Drive Controller

The MPX-16 system supports up tofour floppy-disk drives. Versatility isprovided by jumper-selectable fea-tures of the MPX-16's floppy-diskcontroller interface: either 5Vi-inchor 8-inch drives may be used and upto four drives may be attached to the

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64 January 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc

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A. Power Lines

All power to the disk drives is supplied from an external power supply through separate power cables. A typical 5'/i-inch floppy-disk drivewill require approximately + 5 V (volts) DC at 0.5 A (amps) and + 12 V DC at 1 A. A typical 8-inch drive will require + 24 V DC at 1.3 A, + 5 VDC at 0.8 A, -5 V DC at 0.05 A and 115 VAC at 0.3 A.

B. Output Lines

DRIVESEL x: The four drive-selection lines, numbered 0 through 3, are provided to enable the selected drive to respond to input signalsand consequently to output data and/or status information. Each individual drive must be configured to respond to one of the four drive-select signals. This is usually accomplished via a programmable shunt header or a DIP switch. A drive is selected by a logic low state on theselect line assigned to it.

DIRECTION: This control line defines the direction of motion of the selected drive's read/write head during a step operation. A high state(equivalent of logic 1) will cause the head to move out, toward the outer edge of the disk. A low state (logic 0) will cause the read/write head tomove in, toward the center of the disk.

STEP: This control line causes the selected drive to move its read/write-head carriage one position in the direction controlled by thedirection-select line. Each step is initiated by the low-to-high transition of the STEP pulse. Direction changes must occur at least 1 pS beforethe trailing edge of the step pulse.

WR ENABLE: The write-enable, or write-gate, signal enables the writing of data onto the disk when it is active-low. When this line isinactive-high, the read-data logic and head-step logic circuits are enabled.

HEADLOAD x: The four head-load lines, numbered 0 through 3, are alternative output lines which usually require the user to install orconfigure the drive unit to accept them. The head-load line can be used to load and unload the read/write head from the disk's surface. Ifdesired, the heads may be kept loaded to avoid the 50-ms head-load time. Typically a drive will be configured so that the read/write headloads when either the drive-select line or the motor-on control line becomes active.

MOTOR ON x: Three output lines, numbered 0, 1, and 2, are provided for motor-on/motor-off control. The MOTOR ON 0 line on pin 16 ofJ11 and J12 is the standard floppy-disk interface signal. The MOTOR ON 1 and MOTOR ON 2 lines are available as alternative output con-trol lines. When the MOTOR ON line of the floppy-disk drive (if available) is driven active-low, the drive motor will be turned on, allowingreading or writing on the drive. Typically, a 1-second delay is required after activating the motor control line prior to reading or writing. Tomaximize motor life, the motor for the drive is usually turned off after 2 seconds if no commands have been issued to the drive.

SIDESELECT: This output control line is used to select which side of a two-sided floppy disk is to be used for reading or writing. This lineis provided for future system expansion; it is not supported by the current MPX-16 system software. A logic high on this line designates theread/write head on side 0, and a logic low indicates selection of the side-1 read/write head. A typical delay of 100 /*s is required beforereading or writing after switching sides.

LOW CURRENT: This output control line is an active-low signal used only by 8-inch drives. It causes a reduced current flow through theread/write head when writing data on tracks 43 to 76. When tracks 0 through 42 are selected, the low-current signal is high, causing agreater current flow.

FAULT RESET: This is an active-low output signal which can be used to reset a disk drive's fault logic, if the drive has some.

WR DATA: The write-data output line contains the serial data information to be written onto the disk. This signal is enabled by the WRENABLE control line. Each positive transition on the WR DATA line causes the current through the read/write head to be reversed, thuswriting a data bit onto the disk.

C. Input Lines

READY: The active-low READY input line can be used to indicate the status of the disk drives when the circuitry in the drive supportssuch a function. This signal typically indicates that the drive motor is rotating at the correct speed and that two index holes have beendetected after a disk has been inserted into the drive. If drive-ready indication is not supported by the drive being used, the jumper to groundmust be installed. The READY signal is conditioned by a 150-ohm pull-up resistor and a Schmitt-trigger inverter.

INDEX: The INDEX interface line is an active-low signal that occurs once for each revolution of the disk. This signal indicates the logicalbeginning of a track. It is conditioned by a 150-ohm resistor and a Schmitt-trigger inverter.

TRACK0: This input line is active-low when the drive's read/write head is positioned over track 0 of the disk (the outermost track) and theaccess logic circuitry is driving current through phase 1 of the stepper motor's windings. This signal is at a logic 1 at all other times. TheTRACKO signal is conditioned by a 150-ohm pull-up resistor and a Schmitt-trigger inverting buffer.

TWOSIDED: The active-low TWOSIDED input signal, for 8-inch drives, indicates that a double-sided disk is contained in the drive whenlow, and a single-sided disk is in the drive when high. This signal is terminated by a 150-ohm pull-up resistor and a Schmitt-trigger invertingbuffer. This signal is not supported by the current system software but is available for future use as two-sided drives become more widelyused

WRITE PROTECT: This active-low input signal indicates that the disk inserted on the selected drive has been write-protected, and thusno write operations can be performed. On 8-inch drives, the write-protect notch is left uncovered to write-protect the disk; conversely for5 V4 -inch drives, the write-protect notch on the disk must be covered to write-protect the disk. This input line is terminated by a 150-ohm pull-up resistor and a Schmitt-trigger inverting buffer.

FAULT: When available, on 8-inch drives, this input line indicates that a fault condition has been detected by the drive-control logic andthat further operations on the drive should not be permitted. Thus active-low input is terminated by a 150-ohm pull-up resistor and a Schmitt-trigger inverting buffer.

RD DATA: The read-data input signal contains serial data and clock-bit information read from the disk when the WR ENABLE control lineis high (inactive). This line provides an active-low pulse of approximately 200 ns for each flux reversal detected by the drive electronics,whether a data bit or a clock bit. This raw data signal is conditioned by a 150-ohm pull-up resistor and a Schmitt-trigger inverter.

Table 2: Descriptions of the floppy-disk-drive interface signals found in the MPX-16 system. Both 8-inch and 5Vt-inch drives aresupported by the floppy-disk controller.

66 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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system. Three drive-motor-controllines and four head-load-control linesare available; both 34-pin and 50-pinconnectors, with industry-standardsignal/pin assignments, are providedfor 5V4-inch and 8-inch drives, re-spectively. A description of the func-tions of each interface signal is givenin table 2 on page 66.

Either single- or double-densityrecording may be selected under soft-ware control. The normal disk formatis compatible with the IBM 3740 for-

mat (in the 8-inch size) or with theIBM Personal Computer (in the 5Vi-inch size—what might be called theIBM 5150 format), but this can bechanged via a software modification.Single-density recording uses the FM(frequency modulation) technique,while double-density operation usesthe MFM (modified frequency modu-lation) technique. (See reference 7 foran explanation of FM and MFM asapplied to floppy disks.)

The heart of the floppy-disk inter-

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face is an Intel 8272 single-chipfloppy-disk controller, or FDC(IC21). This device appears in section5 of the schematic diagram, figure 2on pages 70 and 71, along with therest of the floppy-disk interface logic.

The Intel 8272 was designed to bepin- and function-compatible withthe NEC (Nippon Electric Company)/iPD765 floppy-disk controller. Thesecontrollers support 15 software com-mands, processor-interrupt genera-tion, DMA (direct memory access)data transfers, and generation ofseveral control signals that can beused to reduce the amount of hard-ware support logic required to em-ploy double-density recording for-mats. The 8272 FDC, in conjunctionwith the 8237A DMA controller,IC48, forms an efficient disk-interfacesubsystem.

There are six basic functional sec-tions in the disk interface: clock-sig-nal-generation logic, motor-on/offlogic, drive-control logic, data-writelogic, processor-interface logic, anddata-recovery logic for reading thedisk.

Clock-Signal Generation

The 8272 FDC requires two exter-nal clock signals as input: a 4- or8-MHz square-wave clock and a data-write clock, with a pulse duration of250 ns (nanoseconds), that is pulsedat one of three frequencies.

The square-wave clock input at pin19 of the FDC is derived from an8-MHz crystal oscillator, IC10. If8-inch drives are to be used, jumperJP16 must be installed and JP17 re-moved. This routes the 8-MHz clockdirectly to pin 19. When 5V4-inchdrives are to be used, JP27 must be in-stalled and JP16 removed, applying a4-MHz signal to pin 19, instead.

The repetition rate of the 250-nsdata-write clock pulse is 1 MHz, 500kHz (kilohertz), or 250 kHz, depend-ing on the disk-drive type and diskformat. Multiplexer IC3 selects thecorrect clock frequency for thedesired recording density. When theMFM signal coming from the 8272 isin a logic low state, single-density fre-quencies are selected. When MFM ishigh, the double-density frequenciesare selected.

Text continued on page 72

68 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 263 on inquiry card.

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V-SPOOL instantly buffers up to 16K in memory -roughly 6 full pages. Instead of waiting for the text toprint you retain complete computer control while thebuffered text is sent to the printer. Edit another letter orenter an invoice while the previous one prints.

The time saved with V-SPOOL can be substantial.Using a letter quality printer, you'll save up to a minuteper page. If you print 60 pages of letters or invoices a day,that's an hour saved.

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V-SPOOL costs a fraction of a hardware buffer.Instead of three hundred dollars, V-SPOOL isjust $79. Italso requires no power, will never break down and is inmany cases faster - a hardware buffer may take 17seconds to fill up while V-SPOOL will buffer the textalmost instantly.

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One command activates V-SPOOL. It's thatsimple. Its operation is foolproof and transparent toyour application programs - you'll want to use it all thetime.

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V-SPOOL requires no hardware or softwaremodifications. Just CP/M 2.2. It occupies only 3K ofmemory space plus the size of the print buffer (variablefrom 2K to 16K). Installation is very simple - it comesready-to-run on most CP/M computers.

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Circle 118 on inquiry card.

*(2)»(3I

SYSTEM CONTROL BUS

■

SYSTEM ADDRESS BUS

RESIDENT DATA BUS

RFRnflT7 — . ..

J10 (MOLEX 22-05-3151)

GND rr

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Figure 2: Section 5 of the MPX-16 schematic diagram. Here are shown the system-board power connections and the floppy-disk con-troller, including the PLL (phase-locked loop) circuitry used to recover data read from a disk. Connections for both 8-inch and5'A-inch drives are shown.

SYSIOWR -SYSRES -

SYSAO-

RESDATO-RESDAT1 -RESDAT2 -RESDAT3 ■RESDAT4 -RESDAT5 -RESDAT6 -RESDAT7 -

IC674LS173

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24

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-| 22 I 1 38 I WR DATA

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-CD—Hhi J12

8 FDC CONNECTOR -

ALL ODD NUMBERED PINS TIED TO GROUND

* (SECTION #) DENOTES CONNECTION TO INDICATED PINOR SIGNAL ON OTHER NUMBERED CIRCUIT SECTIONS.

A complete table of the MPX-16's integrated circuits was printed in the part 2 of this series (December 1982 BYTE, pages 56 and 60).The table included a listing of power connections and a cross-reference by schematic section.

Motor Control

The floppy-disk-drive interfaceprovides three separate motor-on/offcontrol lines for the floppy-diskdrives: MOTOR ON 0, MOTOR

ON l,and MOTOR ON 2. Thesesignals are generated by a 74LS173quad D-type register chip, IC6. The4-flip-flop register is addressed as anI/O device residing on the residentdata bus at hexadecimal address 0A0.The Q0 output of IC6 controls the

MOTOR ON 0 line. To turn themotor on, a logic 1 is written into Q0,and to turn off the motor a logic 0 iswritten. The Ql and Q2 outputs ofIC6 similarly control the MOTOR

ON 1 and MOTOR ON~2~ lines.

The MOTOR ON 0 line is con-nected to pin 16 on both Jll (the 5XA-inch-drive connector) and J12 (the8-inch-drive connector). Use of thispin for motor control in floppy-diskinterfaces is fairly standard through-out the computer industry. The othertwo motor-control lines are not stan-dard but are provided to allow addi-tional control, if needed, by wiring

the interface cable appropriately.The most common arrangement is forMOTOR ON~0 to control drive A,MOTOR ON 1 to control drive B,and MOTOR ON 2 to control drivesC and D. All three control lines havean onboard jumper that can be usedto disconnect the signal from the disk-drive connectors.

Drive-Control Logic

The floppy-disk-interface drive-control logic consists of all controlsignals other than the motor-on/offcontrol signals supplied to or receivedfrom the electronic circuitry insidethe floppy-disk drives. All of the out-put signal lines are driven by type-7406 open-collector inverting driversor type-7407 open-collector nonin-verting drivers. All input signal linesare conditioned by 150-ohm pull-upresistors and 74LS14 Schmitt-triggerinverter gates. All of the signals, in-put and output, are active-low.

The RW/SEEK line of the 8272FDC is used to multiplex eight DC in-

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terface signals onto four pins of the8272. When the FDC is in the seekmode (with RW/SEEK low), pin 19of the 74LS240 octal inverting bufferIC22 is driven low. This causes theTRACKO and the TWOSIDEDsignals to be input into pins 33 and 34of the FDC, and the DIRECTIONand STEP signals from pins 38 and37 to be output to the drives.

When the FDC is in the read/writemode (with RW/SEEK high), pin 1 ofthe inverting buffer IC22 is drivenlow. This allows the WRITEPROTECT and FAULT signals topass into pins 34 and 33 of the FDCand lets the FAULT RESET andLOW CURRENT signals from pins37 and 38 of the FDC pass to thedrive. Note that the four signals thatwere gated by a low state on theRW/SEEK line are now blocked bythe high-impedance state of their buf-fer sections. A pull-up resistor is pro-vided to ensure that a false STEPcommand is not issued to the driveunits.

The 8272 FDC provides two con-trol signals to select one of fourdrives, USO and USl on pins 29 and28. These two lines drive the 74LS139dual 2-to-4-line demultiplexer, IC26,which selects the desired drive byplacing a low state on the correspond-ing DRIVESEL x line. The signalsfrom USO and USl are tapped off toanother section of the demultiplexerto activate the head-load signal at thesame time. (The interface may bewired to load all heads together orseparately.)

The HD (head-select) output of the8272, pin 27, is available for applica-tions where two-sided disk drives areavailable. This signal can be used toselect one of the two read/writeheads. Initially, the MPX-16 systemsoftware supports only single-sideddrives and does not use this controlsignal. A two-sided modification willeventually be incorporated.

Two input pins, the READY and

INDEX signals are conditioned by74LS14 Schmitt-trigger inverters androuted directly to the 8272. The

READY line can be jumpered toground if the attached drives do notprovide a status-ready indication. Anindex pulse occurs once per revolu-

72 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 66 on inquiry card.

Expand your possibilities withConcurrent CP/M.™

If you have to wait impatiently for your personalcomputer to finish a job before moving on to anothertask, you need Concurrent CP/M. This new software tech-nology from Digital Research increases the productivityof your IBM PC by allowing you to do more with it.

Using Concurrent CP/M, you can run severalprograms simultaneously, switching instantly from oneprogram to another. For the first time you can write a letterwhile you do your financial planning. For the first timeyou can write text while printing other documents. Forthe first time you can edit programs while your programcompiles. Concurrent CP/M is the best investment

you can make in microcomputing because it multipliesthe value of your hardware and lets you use all the CP/Mcompatible programs. And if you're developing software,it ensures that you're on the crest of the hottest newwave in the business.

There's nothing like Concurrent CP/M in thepersonal computer world, and you can get it only fromDigital Research. For more information, contact DigitalResearch, Inc. (408) 649-5500.160 Central Avenue.Pacific Grove, California 93950 Circle 148 on inquiry card.

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tion of the disk when a soft-sectoredfloppy disk (the type supported bythe MPX-16) is being used in theselected drive.

Data-Write Logic

The data-write logic consists of the74LS175 quad type-D flip-flop IC17and the 74LS153 4-to-l decoder,ICll. The 74LS175 is configured as ashift register clocked by the single/double-density write clock, whichprovides the precompensation re-quired for double-density recording.The actual value (250 or 125 ns)depends on the particular drive sizebeing used and is selected by jumpersJP20 and JP21.

Data-Recovery Logic

The data-recovery (data-read) logicof the floppy-disk interface, shownon page 70 of figure 2, is fairly com-plex, due to the subtleties of MFMdouble-density recording. TheMPX-16 uses a PLL (phase-locked-loop) circuit to decode the double-density data. The 8272 floppy-disk

controller, IC21, requires two inputsignals, the RDD and RDW signals atpins 23 and 22, respectively, to begenerated from the raw-data signalread from the disk and transmitted tothe interface by the drive electronics.The RDD signal consists of one posi-tive pulse for each magnetic-fluxreversal read from the disk, whichcan signify either a clock bit or a databit. The RDW signal tells the 8272 ofthe status of the "data window" (aperiod of time in which a pulse mayor may not occur), which is used bythe 8272 to determine if the fluxreversal is a data bit or a clock bit (seereference 7).

The 8272 provides two outputsignals, the VCOSYNC and MFM sig-nals, that simplify the implementa-tion of a PLL data-recovery circuit.The VCOSYNC signal goes active-high when valid data is being readfrom the disk and is used to enablethe PLL logic. When a gap area (aplace on a floppy disk where no datais recorded—for example, betweenthe disk's identification and data

fields) is being read by the read/writehead, the VCOSYNC signal goes lowto disable the PLL. In addition, theVCOSYNC signal can be high onlyafter the read/write head has beenloaded and the head-load time haselapsed. The MFM signal from the8272, when active-high, indicates thatthe 8272 has been programmed fordouble-density operation; whenMFM is inactive-low, single-densityoperation is indicated. This signal,along with the data-recovery logic,allows the recording mode to be soft-ware-selected between single- anddouble-density operation.

The active-high RAWDATA pulsesfrom the disk-drive circuitry triggertwo one-shot multivibrator sections,both in IC2, which serve as pulseshapers for the phase-detector logic.Section IC2a shapes the single-density(FM) data pulses, while section IC2bworks for double-density (MFM) data.Separate one-shots are provided forthe MFM and FM modes so that therecording format can be selected onlyby software.

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allows from 5 to 104 megabytes of storage for applicationsthat require large database files and records. The four para-llel and six serial ports provide the muscle to support nu-merous peripherals.

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74 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 84 On inquiry Card.

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ASCOM works on IBM PC, MS-DOS,CP/M-86, and CP/M-80 compatiblemicros.

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The one-shots take the raw datapulses from the drive and stretch orshrink them to a constant length, asrequired. The duration of the outputpulses of the one-shots is determinedby resistors Rl through R4 and capa-citors C6 and C7. Jumper connectionsJP9 through JP12 are used to set upthe correct pulse duration for 51/*-inch or 8-inch drives. The RC (resis-tance/capacitance) values are chosento provide a shaped data pulse widththat is one-half the duration of thedata window. These values are 2 fisfor 5a/4-inch and 1 /us for 8-inchFMDAT (single-density data) pulses,and 1 ^s and 500 ns for 5l/4-inch and8-inch MFMDAT (double-densitydata) pulses, respectively.

A type-74Sl24 voltage-controlledoscillator (VCO), IC4, generates afree-running 8-MHz VCO output fre-quency used to track the incomingdata stream. The VCO frequency isalso divided by 2 to produce a 4-MHzclock pulse. Jumpers JP8 and JP15select the correct VCO frequency forthe type of drive in use (8 MHz for8-inch and 4 MHz for SVi-inch).

The read-data pulse for the 8272'sRDD input is derived from IC13 andIC16. Pin 5 of IC13 (the Q output)goes high when this flip-flop detectsthe rising edge of each inverted datapulse, which corresponds to the lead-ing edge of the negative-going rawdata pulse from the disk drive. On therising edge of the next inverted8-MHz VCO-clock pulse, the Q out-put of IC13 is then clocked into flip-flop IC16, forming the positive RDDpulse required by the 8272.

CP/M-86 BIOS

Digital Research's CP/M-86 oper-ating system is designed to operate inalmost any 8086- or 8088-based micro-computer system. This flexibility hasbeen made possible by dividing theoperating-system code into functionalsections, one of which is accessible tothe computer's manufacturer,dealers, and users. This section is thelowest-level portion and is called thebasic input/output system or BIOS(usually pronounced "by-ahs" or "by-ohs" for short).

The higher-level BDOS (basic diskoperating system—"bee-dahs"), the

76 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

nucleus of CP/M-86, calls on theBIOS to gain access to the physicalhardware of the computer system, inour case, the MPX-16. This providesa very machine-independent environ-ment for the BDOS.

Imagine the BIOS as a slave thatthe BDOS can order around. TheBDOS knows what it wants to do(communicate with the disk con-troller or console serial port, for ex-ample) but doesn't know exactly howto talk to the hardware. It does haverapport with the BIOS, though, andcan ask the BIOS to communicatewith the hardware and return theresults.

As a user, you will almost alwaysreceive your CP/M-86 computer sys-tem with a customized BIOS pre-viously installed by your manufac-turer or dealer. But if you buyCP/M-86 directly from Digital Re-search, it will not contain a BIOS thatwill work with the MPX-16. To sup-port this project, I have arranged fora customized BIOS to be written,burned into EPROMs, and distrib-uted by The Micromint for use withthe MPX-16.

The inner workings of the BIOSand full instructions on how tocustomize it are too complex to dealwith in this article and are covered ingreat detail in the CP/M-86 docu-mentation, so rather than duplicatethat material, I shall attempt to ex-plain in English terms what thevarious parts of the BIOS do.

BIOS Organization

The BIOS portion of CP/M-86resides constantly in user memoryduring normal system operation.When power is first applied to theMPX-16, the 8088 processor comesup executing instructions at the verytop of memory, in the space assignedto EPROM in the MPX-16. The firstinstruction it encounters is an in-itialization vector that causes controlto branch to the initialization routine.This routine first performs diagnosticoperations to make sure that thesystem is working properly, then itcopies the BIOS out of its storagelocations in the EPROM intoaddresses low in memory. Control isthen transferred to the cold-start vec-

Clrcle 176 on inquiry card. >

sTTTl 11 rrgfiW =i loi*

Runs With The Best!

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Run with the best. Call or write today for the nameof your local authorized Franklin dealer.

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"fffffffffw > •

'

#

'lllllllllllllllllllll

>

BIOS<

BDOS (

TRANSIENT PROGRAM AREA

DISK PARAMETER TABLES

BIOS

(BASIC INPUT/OUTPUT SYSTEM)

BIOS JUMP VECTORS

BASIC DISK OPERATING SYSTEM

CONSOLE COMMAND PROCESSOR

-CS + 3500(APPROXIMATELY)

-CS + 253F-CS + 2500

JUMP VECTORS

CS = CODE-SEGMENT REGISTER

DS = DATA-SEGMENT REGISTER

SS = STACK-SEGMENT REGISTER

ES= EXTRA-DATA-SEGMENT REGISTER

-CS.DS.ES, SS(WHEN CP/M-86IS IN CONTROL)

CP/M-86

CODE AND DATA

Figure 3: Memory map of the CP/M-86 operating system as configured for the MPX-16.In 64K-byte systems, the CS, DS, SS, and ES registers will all contain a value of zero,and the segments will overlap. User programs are loaded into the TPA (transient pro-gram area).

Offset fromStart of BIOS

0000000300060009000C000F001200160018001B001E002100240027002A002D0030003300360039003C

Instruction

JMP INITJMP WBOOTJMP CONSTJMPCONINJMP CONOUTJMP LISTJMP PUNCJMP READERJMP HOMEJMP SELDSKJMP SETTRKJMP SETSECJMP SETDMAJMP READJMP WRITEJMP LISTSTJMP SECTRANJMP SETDMABJMP GETSEGBJMP GETIOBJMP SETIOB

BIOSFunctionNumber

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

91011121314151617181920

Description

cold start

warm start

console status check

console character input

console character output

list-device character output

punch-device character output

reader-device character input

move to track 0

select a disk drive

set track number

set sector number

set DMA-offset address

read selected disk sector

write selected disk sector

return list-device status

sector translation

set DMA segment address

get MEM region table offset

get IOBYTE

set IOBYTE

Table 3: BIOS (basic input/output system) jump vectors for CP/M-86 on theMPX-16. These jump instructions are the 21 entry points to the BIOS. The BDOSmodule calls these subroutines when it needs to send commands or receive data fromthe actual hardware (machine-dependent) interfaces, such as disk drives or serialports. The offset address is from the start of the BIOS, which is located at an addressin memory hexadecimal 2500 locations up from the start of the CCP/BDOS codesegment.

tor of CP/M-86, and normal opera-tion begins.

Figure 3 shows a typical memorymap for a CP/M-86 installation. TheBIOS is made up of several subsec-tions. The first 63 bytes contain 21jump vectors, each 3 bytes long. Eachjump vector is an instruction totransfer control to the address inmemory of a routine that performs anassigned low-level function, such asrestarting CP/M-86 or getting a con-sole character. These functions arelisted in table 3.

As shown in figure 3, the BIOS re-sides in memory at an address offsetby hexadecimal 2500 from the baseaddress of CP/M-86. This offset isconstant, but the upper boundary ofthe BIOS may change, depending onthe size and special requirements ofthe microcomputer hardware. For ex-ample, some disk controllers areinterrupt-driven, some are set up touse DMA transfers, and some useregular I/O transfers to communicatewith the processor. The complexity ofthe BIOS depends on how many dif-ferent features like these it must sup-port.

The first two jump vectors, asshown in table 3, are for system re-initialization. The first one is calleddirectly by the CP/M-86 loader pro-gram and performs any needed hard-ware initialization when CP/M-86 isloaded "from cold start" (for the firsttime after the computer is turned on).The second is called the "warm-start"vector because it is called whenever aprogram terminates (through BDOSfunction 0). After the warm-startoperation has been completed, con-trol is immediately transferred to thepart of CP/M-86 with which the userconverses, the console command pro-cessor, or CCP.

The next six jump vectors in table 3transfer control to various character-I/O routines. In all of the routines, acharacter being sent out to a devicemust be placed in the CL register, andany character or status informationbeing returned will appear in the ALregister. For example, CONST,CONN, and CONOUT pass charac-ters to and from the logical consoledevice in this manner. The next vec-tor (LIST) sends a character to the

78 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 415 on inquiry card.

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logical list device (usually theprinter). Further down, we see thatfunction 15 (LISTST) returns thestatus of the list device.

The reason why the list-status rou-tine is not located adjacent in mem-ory to the list-output routine is sim-ple: when the first version ofCP/M-80 was written, no list-statusroutine existed. It was added later,but to avoid rearranging all the jumpvectors, it was added as function 15.In CP/M-86, other jump vectors wereadded after it. The logical devicenames Reader and Punch are actuallyobsolete. They were intended for apaper-tape reader and punch, butthese routines are now used to oper-ate various auxiliary input and out-put devices.

Disk I/O Routines

BIOS functions 8 through 14 andfunction 16 are used for disk-con-troller communications. For example,the HOME function causes the cur-rently selected disk to return to track0 (that is, it causes the read/writehead to seek to the outermost track).The SELDSK function activates thedisk drive whose address is passed inthe CL register and makes it the cur-rent disk (this is how the default diskis activated).

The READ and WRITE functionstransfer a single record (128 bytes)

from the current DMA buffer (setwith SETDMA) to or from the cur-rently selected disk (SELDSK) at thecurrent track and sector (SETTRKand SETSEC). The BDOS refers tothe disk directory on disk to knowwhere to read or write informationwhen needed.

Disk-Definition Tables

All of the recently introduced oper-ating systems from Digital Research,including CP/M-86 and CP/M-80version 2.2, are table-driven. Thismeans that all the disk definitions andstorage-allocation information is keptin tables in the section of memory oc-cupied by the BIOS, rather than inthe BDOS. This allows for flexibilityin interfacing disk drives and otherperipheral devices to the system.Early versions of CP/M-80 assumedthat all disks attached to the systemwere identical: 8-inch single-densitydrives. Now, many systems have oneto four floppy disks, and perhaps anadditional hard disk, for massstorage. A few even have so-calledRAM disks (large-capacity semicon-ductor random-access read/writememories set up to simulate diskdrives). Because the modification ofthe tables is usually performed by anexperienced programmer, the userrarely has the need to modify them.(To keep this article from running

overlong, I'll let those of you who arereally interested look to the CP/M-86documentation to learn those soft-ware mysteries.)

In Conclusion

That's all the information on theMPX-16 we can reasonably cover inthree magazine articles, but more in-formation is available for those ofyou who need it in the MPX-16 Tech-nical Reference and User's Manual,available separately from The Micro-mint.

You've probably noticed a great re-liance on Intel components through-out the computer. These are presentin the MPX-16 for compatibility,because they are used in the IBM Per-sonal Computer, but I suspect thatIBM's design team selected these com-ponents because of Intel's foresight inpromptly supporting its 16-bit micro-processors with parts that work welltogether, at reasonable cost, in acomplete solution to a computer-design problem.

Overseeing the design of theMPX-16 has been quite an adventurefor me these past few months. I hopeyou've enjoyed reading this epic.

Next Month:

We'll look at a single-line alphanu-meric liquid-crystal display for use ina portable computer terminal. ■

Saturday

February 5th, 1983

10AM to 6PM

Question:

Why do they call it Computer Swap

America if it's only held in Northern

California?

Answer:

Because manufacturers, softwareproducers, computer stores, consumerelectronic outlets and individuals comefrom all over the country to sell theirproducts within the highest concen-tration of computer enthusiasts in thecountry —the San Francisco Bay Area.

^■^naa/ohn Craig'*1

COMPUTER% SWAP 1AMERICA

A High-Technology Flea Market and Mini Showfor Personal Computing Enthusiasts

Santa Clara County Fairgrounds

Exposition Hall

344 Tully Road

San Jose, California

Admission: $5.00

Seller's Information Package:

Computer Swap America

PO Box 52

Palo Alto, CA 94302

(415) 494-6862

Consignment Table Information:415-351-3177

Single Selling Spaces: $ 40 for selling personal items, all others $125

Auctions, door prizes and a bit of

make this a fun event, .not one to be missed.

80 January 19(3 © BYTE Publications Inc

You can wait for industry standards

to mandate improved performance.

Or you can have it now on Maxell.

The Gold Standard.

What distinguishes a Maxell floppy disk?Improvements great and small, achieved in adecade of innovation. We developedunique, uniform crystals to assure denseoxide packing. Intensified the calenderingprocess to minimize the need for aPrasiveburnishing. Created an improved binderand lubricant. And a new jacketdesign that leaves industry standardsin our wake.

It would require photomicrographsto make some of these improvementsobservable. On the job, the advan-tages become obvious. Resolutionenhanced by 20% creates a cleaner

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Circle 247 on inquiry card.

To receive a complete list of Ciarcia'sCircuit Cellar project kits available from theMicromint, circle 100 on the reader serviceinquiry card at the back of the magazine.

Editor's Note: Steve often refers to previousCircuit Cellar articles as reference material foreach month's current article. Most of these pastarticles are available in reprint books fromBYTE Books, McGraw-Hill Book Company,POB 400, Hightstown, NJ 08520.

Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Volume I, coversarticles that appeared in BYTE from September1977 through November 1978. Ciarcia's CircuitCellar, Volume II, contains articles fromDecember 1978 through June 1980. Ciarcia'sCircuit Cellar, Volume III, contains the articlesthat were published from July 1980 throughDecember 1981.

Acknowledgments

Thanks to Jim Norris, George Martin, andLinda Spencer of Owl Electronic Laboratoriesfor their contributions to the design.

Thanks to Mark Dahmke and Gordon Heinsfor their help with the documentation.

Thanks to Bill Morello and his staff atTechart Associates for their careful work indrawing the schematic diagrams.

References

1. Cantrell, Thomas. "An 8088 Processorforthe S-100 Bus." Part 1, September1980 BYTE, page 46. Part 2, October1980 BYTE, page 62. Part 3.November 1980 BYTE, page 340.

2. Ciarcia, Steve. "Build the Circuit CellarMPX-16 Computer System." Part 1,November 1982 BYTE, page 78. Part2, December 1982 BYTE, page 42.

3. Ciarcia, Steve. "Ease into 16-Bit Com-puting." Part 1, March 1980 BYTE,page 17. Part 2, April 1980 BYTE, page40. Reprinted in Ciarcia's CircuitCellar, Volume II. Peterborough, NH:BYTE Books, 1981, page 171.

4. Ciarcia, Steve. "The Intel 8086."November 1979 BYTE, page 14.Reprinted in Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar,Volume II. Peterborough, NH: BYTEBooks, 1981, page 120.

5. Component Data Catalog. Santa Clara,CA: Intel Corporation, 1981.

6. The 8086 Family User's Manual. SantaClara, CA: Intel Corporation, 1981.

7. Hoeppner, John F. and Larry H. Wall."Encoding/Decoding Techniques Dou-ble Floppy-Disc Capacity." ComputerDesign, February 1980, page 127.

8. iAPX Book. Santa Clara, CA: Intel Cor-poration, 1981.

9. iAPX 86,88 User's Manual. SantaClara, CA: Intel Corporation, 1981.

10. iSBX 218 Flexible Disk ControllerHardware Manual. Santa Clara, CA: In-tel Corporation, 1981.

11. IBM Personal Computer TechnicalReference Manual. Boca Raton, FL:IBM Corporation, 1981.

12. Morgan, Christopher L. and MitchellWaite. 8086/8088 16-Bit Micropro-cessor Primer. Peterborough, NH:BYTE Books, 1982.

13. NEC Application Note AN10: Con-sideration for Interfacing the NECnPD765 to the CDC9404 and 9406-21-8Flexible Disk Drives. Mountain View,CA: NEC Electronics USA, 1981.

14. NEC Application Note AN8: ASingle/Double-Density Floppy-DiskController Using the nPD765. Moun-tain View, CA: NEC Electronics USA,1981.

15. NEC Data Book. Mountain View, CA:NEC Electronics USA, 1982.

16. Shugart SA400 Minifloppy DisketteStorage Drive OEM Manual. Sunny-vale, CA: Shugart Associates, 1977.

17. Shugart SA800/801 Diskette StorageDrive OEM Manual. Sunnyvale, CA:Shugart Associates, 1977.

18. Signetics Logic-TTL Data Manual.Sunnyvale, CA: Signetics Corporation,1982.

19. Tandon TM848-1/TM848-2 ProductSpecification. Chatsworth, CA: TandonCorporation, 1980.

The following items are available from:

The Micromint Inc.561 Willow Ave.Cedarhurst, NY 11516(516) 374-6793

(for technical information)(800) 645-3479

(for orders only)

1. MPX-16 single-board computersystem: assembled, tested, and burned-in. Includes 64K bytes of RAM, DigitalResearch CP/M-86 operating systemon 8-inch or 5'/4-inch floppy disk,CP/M-86 BIOS in EPROM, MPX-16Technical Reference and User'sManual. Requires power supply andone floppy-disk drive.

Single-quantity price $1895

2. MPX-16 single-board computersystem, as above, but with 256K bytesof RAM installed.

Single-quantity price $2135

3. MPX-16 single-board computersystem, assembled and tested, with64K bytes of RAM.

In OEM quantities of 100 $1200 each

4. Complete MPX-16 disk-based sys-tem: includes MPX-16 single-boardcomputer, assembled, tested, andburned-in, with 256K bytes of RAMinstalled, CP/M-86 operating systemon S'A-inch floppy disk, CP/M-86BIOS in EPROM, power supply, onesingle-sided 5V*-inch floppy-diskdrive, connecting cables, MPX-16Technical Reference and User'sManual. Enclosure sold separately.

Single-quantity price $2895

5. Wave-soldered printed-circuitboard for MPX-16, with all sockets, allpassive components, and 5 expansionconnectors installed; no integratedcircuits included $595

6. Digital Research CP/M-86documentation (three-volume set),sold separately $40

7. MPX-16 Technical Reference andUser's Manual, sold separately.... $35

8. Enclosures for MPX-16 circuitboard, power supplies, and floppy-disk drives call for prices

9. Unpopulated (blank) printed-circuit board for the MPX-16 computersystem: five-layer, screened, andsolder-masked. Includes CP/M-86BIOS in EPROM, MPX-16 TechnicalReference and User's Manual.

Single-quantity price $300

When it becomes available for theMPX-16, Microsoft's MS-DOS operat-ing system may be optionally substi-tuted for CP/M-86.

The MPX-16 is available to OEMs inlarge quantities. Various forms of kitsand subassemblies will eventually beavailable. Call The Micromint forprices and delivery information. TheMicromint will test previously wave-soldered circuit boards assembled byusers for a fee of $50.

For orders within the continentalUnited States, please include $10 forshipping; overseas orders please in-clude $30. Residents of New Yorkplease include 7 percent sales tax.

82 January 19«3 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 187 on inquiry card.

More Apple II owners choose HayesMicromodem II than any other modemin the world. Compare these featuresbefore you buy. You should. It's yourmoney. Thousands of other Apple 11owners have already com-pared, considered, and are nowcommunicating — all over theU.S.A.— with Micromodem II.The best modem for the AppleII. The most modemfor your money. ,t

A completedata communi-cation system.Micromodem IIis not "basepriced"plus necessary "options." It's acomplete, high performance data com-munication system. The printed circuitboard tils quickly and easily — into yourApple II.eliminating the need foraserialinterlace card. And the Microcoupler'"(Included)connects the Apple II directlyto a standard modular telephone jack.Auto-dial and -answer features are builtin. Operation can be full or half duplex.

with a transmission rate of 300 bps. And keyboards, further extending yourit's Bell 103compatible and FCC approved, capabilities. Incoming data can be

Now there's Hayes Terminal Pro-gram, tool Developed by Hayes speci-fically for Micromodem II, this new

Terminal Program allowsyou to access all the greatfeatures of your modemin a matter of seconds.With it, you can use

printed (on serial or parallel printers)as it's displayed on your screen.

Micromodem II is available withor without the Terminal Program. Buy

your modem by itself, or optionally pack-aged with the Terminal Program diskand user manual at extra cost. The soft-ware is also sold separately, for those

yourCP/M," DOS who already own a Micromodem II.

3.3 or Pascal for-f matted disks to

create, send, re-ceive, list and deletefiles. Hayes TerminalProgram is a complete,stand-alone disk.And because it's menu

If you're ready to communicatewith other computers, to access infor-mation utilities, time-sharing systems,or use bulletin boards, then you'reready for Micromodem II. Come on.Compare. Consider. Then buy.

Micromodem 11 is already thebest-selling modem for the Apple II.

driven, you can choose from And Hayes' new Terminal Programa wide variety of options to set ^^f^\ _ makes it better than

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WHAT YOU SEEIS WHAT

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Introducing themost advancedcomputeranimationever createdforthe Apple8!

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'They told us that graphic animation this sophisticated

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STICKYBEAR andOld Ironsides areregistered trademarks ofmum Resource, Inc.

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Unlike other programs, where the pictureson the packaging bear no resemblance tothe screen images, these programs deliverprecisely what's promised!

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Apple and Apple II are registeredtrademarks of Apple Computer, Inc.

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Stickybear Bop

Three animated shooting galleries ofSTICKYBEARS, ducks, planets, balloons,more...to knock off the screen. Each roundrequires more skill. FREE game, poster andstickers. For ages 3 to 99.

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Big, full-screen full-color moving pictures,with sound, represent each letter in thealphabet. FREE poster, book and stickers.For ages 3 to 6.

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Circle 440 on inquiry card.

Product Description

Heath's HERO-1 Robot

Steven Leininger

Leininger and Associates

5402 Summit Ridge Trail

Arlington, TX 76017

Heath, a leading supplier of educational electronic kits,began a few years ago to design an industrial electronicscourse. Intending to teach the broad range of skillsnecessary for electromechanical control and real-worldinterfacing, the instructors wanted a hardware trainingkit that would demonstrate stepper-motor control, soundinput and output, and object detection and ranging.

Photo 1: The assembled Heath HERO-1 robot.

86 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

One proposed kit had all of the actuators and sensorsmounted on a breadboard chassis plus a book detailingthe experiments that could be performed. That was theway Heath instructors had taught computer technologywith their classic microprocessor trainer. But theydecided to go beyond the microprocessor-trainer conceptand build an educational device that would be fun to useafter the experiments were over. A robot seemed to be theideal solution.

The engineers at Heath approached the robot projectwith great enthusiasm. Imagine having the charter todesign a robot that demonstrates virtually all principlesof automation and robotics. The final product of thisengineering effort is now available as HERO-1 (HeathEducational Robot-1).

The Mobile Robot, Circa 1982

The HERO-1, completed and "fully clothed" (see photo1), looks like a distant cousin of R2D2. It stands about 20inches high on its three-wheel base and weighs 39pounds. Though HERO-1 is not as strong, fast, or ac-curate as its industrial counterparts, it does have an im-pressive list of capabilities. It can sense sound, light, mo-tion, distance, and time; it can move about the room andgrasp objects with its optional programmable arm. It caneven do a credible job of speaking with its optionalspeech synthesizer.

The robot is controlled by an onboard computer thatcan be programmed manually via the hexadecimalkeypad on top of the head assembly. Each function of theHERO can be exercised with just a few lines of code toverify correct operation or to demonstrate one or moreprinciples of industrial automation. After the low-levelfunctions of the robot are understood, the user can thenget a taste of real-time robot programming with the

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IBS p-NET is a trademark of IBS, Inc.

UCSD PASCAL II is a trademark of the Regents

of U. of C.

CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research, Inc.

TURBODOS is a trademark of Software 2000.

IBS is a trademark of IBS, Inc.

SLAVENET is a trademark of IBS, Inc.

Photo 2: The Heath HERO-1 robot from the assembler's perspective. Note the teaching pendant (remote control) and the variety ofsensors in the robot's head.

teaching pendant (see photo 2). The teaching pendant,basically a remote controller connected to the robot bywires, can be used to select the desired motion, such asforward motion at half speed or raising the arm to ahorizontal position, as well as to control the duration ofthat motion.

Inside the HERO-1

Fourteen printed-circuit boards, three wiringharnesses, and four heavy-duty rechargeable batteriesmake up the bulk of the electronics. The main processorboard comes from Heath already assembled and tested sothat the student of robot technology does not have to be acomputer-troubleshooting technician as well. The pro-cessor board has 4K bytes of programmable memory, 8Kbytes of ROM (read-only memory), and a Motorola 6808microprocessor. The ROM contains the machine-language debugger program that allows hexadecimal datato be loaded into the HERO-1 via the keyboard. It alsocontains the Robot Interpreter program, which simulatesa possible ideal instruction set for the control of themotors, speech, and real-world interfacing.

Power for the HERO-1 comes from four gelled-electrolyte rechargeable batteries connected as two in-dependent 12-volt (V) supplies. Enough power isavailable to run the robot for at least an hour ofuntethered operation. The robot can also operate con-

tinuously if connected to the battery charger includedwith the HERO-1, but of course mobility is impaired bythe line cord.

An internal power-supply board contains a switchingregulator that generates the required voltages for thecomputer, control, and sensory circuitry and providesthe necessary regulation when recharging the batteries. Aswitching regulator was chosen because its high efficiencytranslates into longer battery life and cooler operation.

The basic HERO-1 has two stepper motors and apermanent-magnet DC motor. One stepper motor is usedto rotate the head, so that sensors can be pointed in thedesired direction independent of the body attitude. Theother stepper motor is used to set the direction of thedrive wheel with respect to the body for steering.

Heath chose a large DC motor as the main drivebecause of the torque required to move nearly 40 poundsof plastic, metal, and electronics. In order to providesome sort of feedback to the system about the distancetraveled, an optical sensor was mounted on the frontwheel with an encoder disk to send pulses to the com-puter for counting.

The HERO-1 senses distance with a pulsed ultrasonicSONAR (sound navigation/ranging) system operating at35 kHz. An ultrasonic transmitter emits a pulse to be de-tected by an ultrasonic receiver. The time interval be-tween the transmitted and received pulses is proportional

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to the distance to the object. The system has a resolutionof 0.42 inches over a range of about 8 feet. This rangingfeature is primarily useful for avoiding obstacles whilemoving about under program control.

The motion, sound, and light-detection circuits are in-

At a Glance

Name

HERO-1 Robot

Manufacturer

Heath/Zenith Educational SystemsDepartment 150-145Benton Harbor, Ml 49022|616) 982-3200

Price

Basic HERO-1 kit (ET-18), without the arm and speech synthesizer,S999.95; arm add-on kit, S399.95; speech add-on kit, S 149.95;HERO-1 package including arm and speech synthesizer, S1495;training course, S99.95; assembled HERO-1 (ETW-18), S2495

Features

Size: maximum of 20 inches high by 18 inches wide (50 cm by 45cm); 39 pounds |1 7.6 kg)

Sound detection: frequency range, 200 Hz to 5000 Hz; amplituderange, 256 discrete steps; directional characteristics, almosthorizontally and vertically uniform

Light detection: frequency range, visible spectrum; amplituderange, 256 discrete steps; sensor beam angle, approximately 30degrees

Ultrasonic ranging: pulsed ultrasonic, 35 kHz; range, 0 to 8 feet (0to 2.4 meters); resolution, 0.42 inches |l cm); sensor beamangle, approximately 30 degrees

Motion detection: continuous-wave ultrasonic field; range, candetect an adult at about 15 feet (5 meters); directionalcharacteristics, horizontally and vertically uniform if pointed atwall

Time sensing: battery-powered clock IC: in units of

seconds, minutes, days of week, days of month, months; ac-curacy, plus or minus 120 seconds per year

Mechanical: head, rotates 350 degrees in horizontal plane;

shoulder, rotates 150 degrees in vertical plane; arm, extends 5inches (12.7 cm); wrist, pivots 180 degrees, rotates 350degrees; gripper capacity, 0 to 6 inches (0 to 15.2 cm); armpayload, horizontal and retracted, 16 ounces (450 grams);horizontal and extended, 8 ounces (225 grams); gripper force,5 ounces (140 grams); minimum turning radius, 12 inches

Battery charger: power requirements, 120/240 V AC, 50/60 Hz,60 watts maximum; output voltage, 27 V DC (maximum)unregulated; output current, 1.9 A (maximum) into fully dis-charged batteries; recharge time, 10 hours (maximum) withrobot off

Batteries: four 4-amp-hour, 6-V gelled-electrolyte rechargeable cells

Speech (optional): phonemic speech IC; number of phonemes, 64;levels of inflection, 4

Documentation

Assembly manual, user's manual, technical manual, and speechdictionary

Audience

Anyone interested in learning about robots

terfaced to the onboard microprocessor with an 8-bitA/D (analog-to-digital) converter. This produces abinary digital number ranging from 0 to 255 in responseto an input voltage from a sensor selected by the con-troller. The higher the voltage from the sensor, the higherthe output value to the 6808 microprocessor.

Motion is detected by using a continuous-waveultrasonic field like that used in an ultrasonic burglaralarm. The robot looks for a change in the amplitude ofthe reflected ultrasonic waves to indicate that somethingis moving in its field of coverage. Of course, the robotmust remain stationary during motion detection so that itis not simply detecting its own motion.

Light can be detected and quantized with a light-dependent resistor connected to the robot's A/D con-verter. The robot can aim the light sensor by moving itshead so that it can determine the direction of a lightsource by looking for the maximum intensity. (This way,the HERO-1 can surely find the light at the end of the tun-nel.)

Sound is detected with a microphone connected to theA/D converter. While it is not capable of any sort ofcomplex speech recognition, the properly programmedrobot can listen for and count syllables to effect cruderecognition. In other program applications, the ambientsound level may be important. Once again, the A/D con-verter provides an 8-bit representation of the sound levelat any given instant, which can be processed as desired inthe user's program.

The HERO-1 uses the Votrax SC-01 speech synthesizerintegrated circuit as its "larynx." This device producesphonemes in response to digital inputs. These phonemes,which are the basic building blocks of intelligible speech,can be combined under program control to producewords, phrases, and sentences. The HERO-1 comes withseveral built-in phrases, such as "Warning! Warning! In-truder! I have summoned the police!," "Your wish is mycommand," and "Oh no! I do not do windows!" You canprogram your own phrases and sound effects into therobot via the keypad, so that the speech can be tailored tosatisfy your special requirements.

An onboard calendar/clock counts seconds, minutes,hours, days of the week, days of the month, and months.You can use this in programs and experiments to delaythe actual execution of an event until some future time(like having HERO-1 say "happy birthday" when youcome within detector range on your birthday).

An experimenter's solderless breadboard, with connec-tions to an I/O (input/output) port and interrupt line onthe microprocessor board, is mounted on HERO-l'shead. Ground signals and 5-V and 12-V power are sup-plied so that an external power supply is usually not re-quired. Heath provided this breadboard to give the user achance to perform experiments from Heath's RoboticsCourse and to encourage individual experimentation.

The optional manipulator arm has five more steppermotors and is attached to the head. The arm can pivotabout its shoulder, extend and rotate the hand at thewrist in two independent directions, and actuate its claw.

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This arm is not as fancy or as accurate as some stand-alone robot arms, but for $399.95, the HERO-1 armassembly is an outstanding bargain that helps an ex-perimenter become familiar with robot control.

Operation of the HERO-1 Robot

When power is first applied to the robot, it respondswith the synthesized word "ready." HERO-1 is now in theexecutive mode and is ready to enter one of the five othermodes.

The utility mode can initialize the mechanical com-ponents, set the internal clock, and handle the saving andloading of program data. The initialize command causesthe robot to seek a known position by stepping eachmotor until a limit switch corresponding to that motor istripped. HERO-1 is now in its home position. As therobot performs head and arm movements, it remembersjust how far it has moved, so that it can return the arm tothe home position via the shortest route when given theHome Arm command.

With the utility mode you can save programs on orload them from cassette tape. Lengthy experiments can besaved for further study, or application routines can beloaded after power-up, eliminating the drudgery ofreentering previous work manually. This mode also has acommand that allows the user to set and display the timeand date in the clock/calendar. The clock runs even when

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the robot is turned off, so that the time is always accurateonce it has been set.

The manual mode permits operation of HERO-1 withthe teaching pendant, whose cable and connector at-taches to the rear of the robot. Unfortunately the pendantallows only one function at a time, so the operator can'tmove the arm and drive at the same time. There are fourswitches on the teaching pendant:

• The trigger switch acts as a dead-man switch, meaningthat no motion is allowed unless this switch is pressed.

• The function switch selects between arm functions(moving the head, arm, and gripper) and the body func-tions (drive and steering motor operations).

• The rotary selector switch is used for motor selection inthe arm mode and combined speed and forward-or-re-verse selection in the body mode.

• The motion switch is a three-position, return-to-centerrocker switch. In the arm mode, it determines the direc-tion of the selected motor, thus providing the com-plementary tasks of opening and closing the hand,extending and retracting the arm, and so on. In the bodymode, you can choose the direction of travel with themotion switch. When the motion switch is released in thebody mode, the drive wheel is returned to the straight-ahead position.

The learn mode is very similar to the manual mode, ex-cept that the commands from the pendant are enteredinto memory at the same time that the motions are beingperformed. You can then instruct the robot to repeat theprevious movement sequence in its entirety or to movethrough the sequence a step at a time. You can even tellHERO-1 to reverse arm and head motions to undo whatit did.

The program mode is entered from the executive modeand is a hexadecimal debugger/monitor program likethose usually found on microprocessor training kits.With this mode the real die-hard hackers (computer ex-perimenters) can enter machine-language code to be exe-cuted directly by the 6808 microprocessor.

The repeat mode is an improvement over the programmode because it provides access to the Robot Language, arobotics interpreter that supports motion control andsensor management as additions to the 6808 machinelanguage. The interpreter runs 10 to 100 times slowerthan its pure machine-code equivalent, but the simplifica-tion of applications-program writing usually makes thiscompromise worthwhile.

Both the program and repeat modes help the user per-form apparently simultaneous operations—such as armmotion, sensing, talking, and moving around—by alter-nating tasks so quickly that they appear to be happeningat the same time.

Taking the HERO-1 for a Test Drive

On a visit to the Heath facilities in Benton Harbor,Michigan, I had a chance to evaluate (read that "play

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with") one of the preproduction prototypes of theHERO-1. When the robot was first initialized, it respond-ed with a mechanical-sounding "ready." I picked up theteaching pendant, and everyone stood around confident-ly watching as I examined the controls.

I directed HERO-1 around the room

and trapped it between some

chairs . . . Going back to the arm

mode, I reached for a coffee cup

and picked it up.

Having recently completed my review of a robot arm(see "Colne Robotics Armdroid, The Small SystemsRobot" in the May 1982 BYTE, page 286), I decided totest HERO-l's arm first. After some practice, I was ableto zero in on a Styrofoam coffee cup and pick it up(hmm, not bad).

Of course, the microcomputer had stored all of mycommands in its memory and could repeat those motionsto duplicate my feat. When my commands were "playedback," the robot waved its arm back and forth just as Ihad done while becoming familiar with the controls. TheHeath engineers showed me how the sequences could beexamined with the keyboard and display and how they

could be edited to remove or adjust undesired sequences.

For the mobility test, I flipped the function switch onthe pendant from "arm" to "body," selected the speed anddirection, and pulled the trigger to make it go. Boy didpeople move fast! I almost drove one of only threeHERO-ls off the conference-room table! The Heath peo-ple invited me to continue the trial run with the robot onthe floor, (Ah, that's what I needed, running room!)

With the pendant in my hand, I directed HERO-1around the conference room and trapped it between somechairs. A little change of direction and I backed it out ofthe dead end and steered for the table. Going back to thearm mode, I reached for another coffee cup and suc-ceeded on the first attempt.

After evaluating HERO-1 for about an hour, I cantruly say that it is a product of extraordinary flexibilityand function. I've seen speech synthesizers before,worked with robotic manipulators, watched maze-solv-ing, microprocessor-controlled "mice," and used micro-processor trainers and breadboarding systems, but I havenever seen all of that in one package before!

The Written Word

HERO-1 comes with four manuals. At the time thisreview was being typed, only the user's manual wasavailable for preview; but well-written manuals havealways been a mark of the Heath company, and after exa-

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mining the user's manual, it looks as if the ones for thisproduct will be no exception.

The user's manual is a basic overview of the robot'soperation, a quick lesson in how to use HERO-1. Thisdocument gives the first-time user the information neces-sary to perform simple tasks with HERO-1. It explainsthe different modes of operation and gives some shortsample programs that demonstrate the sensory andspeech capabilities of the robot.

Heath will include the assembly manual with allHERO-1 kits. While there are a lot of printed-circuitboards to be assembled and tested, the task doesn't ap-pear to be significantly different from that of building acolor television set, so an assembly manual for HERO-1should be a simple matter for Heath.

Heath will supply a technical manual to describe thefunction and use of the robot in detail. This will perhapsbe the most challenging manual that Heath has under-taken. To adequately describe, in detail, all the subtletiesof the sensory, motion, manipulative, and speech sys-tems is truly a formidable task. I've been assured that alot of time is going into making this a "heavy-duty,here's-everything-you-need-to-know" document.

A speech dictionary made up of the most commonwords will also be supplied to help users build their ownsentences and phrases to use with the speech synthesizer.

A Training Course Too

Heath will be offering a robotics training course to sup-plement hands-on experience with the HERO-1. Studentswill learn the principles and fundamentals of industrialrobotics. The course will cover robot terminology, types,and applications; motors and power sources; basichydraulics and pneumatics; robot control and con-trollers; and sensors and real-world interfacing.

The course, to be available for $99.95 (excludingHERO-1, of course), covers a 1200-page manual and hasexperiments that you can perform on HERO-1 to demon-strate concepts.

The Bottom Line

If you are interested in robotics, Heath will show youthe way. HERO-1 is available in kit form for $999.95, lessarm and speech synthesizer. The manipulator arm costsanother $399.95, and the speech synthesizer costs an ad-ditional $149.95. A combination package with all threecosts $1495. If you don't want to spend 35 hours buildingthe robot, plus 3 hours on the voice, and 10 hours on thearm, a fully assembled, ready-to-roll HERO-1 is availablefor $2495. Anticipating interest from hobbyists, industry,and educational institutions, Heath is going to support aHERO-1 users group so that programs, ideas, and ap-plications can be presented, swapped, and supported. ■

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The QX-10.

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That, of course, was the promise nearly all com-puter manufacturers made to us.

But along the way, the promise was unfulfilled.

People found out that even the simplest com-puter languages were as troublesome and time-consuming as high school French — fine if youlike that sort of challenge, but a real barrier ifwhat you want to do is use a computer, asopposed to learning to use a computer. A lot ofpeople found they could live their whole liveswithout ever knowing what GOSUB, LOGIN, orMID$ meant.

The first anybody-can-use-it computer.That, in a nutshell, is what makes the EpsonQX-10 the most astonishing breakthrough inpersonal computer technology ever. Not onlydoes it have some of the most advanced hard-ware available on the market today, it is a systemthat requires no computer classes, no study, nolectures, no books; a system you can use, rightout of the box, backed by little more than logic,intuition and native intelligence.

It's a software system called VALDOCS. Andit's designed on a whole new standard to makeserious, useful computing no more difficult thantyping. Someday all computers may be built thisway. But for now, there's only one.

The Epson QX-10.The manageable manager.The QX-10/VALDOCS system was designed

from the very beginning to handle the details ofhuman existence in a remarkably straightfor-ward, accessible, human manner. For all intentsand purposes, it has already built into it all thesoftware you will ever need to successfully man-age the details of your life.

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Simply stated, what the QX-10 does betterthan any other personal computer system inexistence is to free you from manipulating thecomputer, and allow you to manipulateinformation.

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The keyboard is the key.

The HASCI keyboard — short for Human Appli-cations Standard Computer Interface — has beendesigned to place important fundamentals likeSTORE and RETRIEVE in plain view on dedicatedfunction keys. Virtually every program in othercomputers does these fundamentals differently,and how to do these functions is hidden rightdown with the most obscure technical details.The VALDOCS system.

What VALDOCS does better than any other soft-ware system currently available is to take the"interactive" concept to its logical conclusion; itasks you to make choices, then executes com-mands based on your decisions.

The common sense of such a system reduces theamount of time needed to master the QX-10 to afraction of that needed for other computers: in

effect it displays the message, "Press this key toperform this function; press that key to performthat function; or press another key to move on tosomething else."

No brochure, of course, can do justice to theVALDOCS system; to fully appreciate it, youmust sit down at a QX-10 and experience it. But toappreciate the range of its capabilities, examinethem one by one.Word processing.

When you turn the QX-10 on, it comes to life asa word processor. And as such, it does every-thing you'd expect a word processor to do.

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Scheduling.

Scheduling, in its essence, is the manipulation oftime. And the QX-10 makes it easy in a way thatno appointment book, or calendar, or list ofthings to do ever could.

To begin with, the QX-10 always knows whattime it is. The internal clock/calendar has a bat-tery backup which keeps track of the date andtime, even if the computer has been unplugged.

As a scheduler, the QX-10 works like a deskcalendar, but gives you instant, electronic accessto dates and times, past, present and future.It automatically opens to today's electronic"page," it allows you to make appointments, jotdown notes and reminders, list things to do, or

even set an alarm for yourself.

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To simplify the entering of numeric data, theQX-10 has a separate 10-key pad that lets youadd, subtract, multiply and divide. Just like a cal-culator. Its decimal tab key allows you to auto-matically align columns of numbers. But theQX-10 can sum the numbers within a document

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being word processed or place the total of a cal-culation at any point within a document. That'sthe sort of thing that makes the QX-10 usable.Graphics.

Generally speaking, pictorial information (chartsand graphs) is a lot easier to digest than numericinformation (columns of figures). Fortunately,the QX-10 makes graphics very, very simple.

In the DRAW mode, the QX-10 allows you tocreate a line graph, a bar graph, or a pie chart.Based on your choice, it will ask you for pertinentinformation such as the names, range and inter-vals for each axis, and the numeric value of eachdata point to be charted or graphed. Once all theinformation is entered, it will automatically plot

the coordinates and draw the graph, even stimposing different types of data on the samegraph. It couldn't be easier.Filing.

The block of File Control keys on the HASCI key-board allow you to do everything you need to dowith a finished document: STORE it; RETRIEVEit; MAIL it to someone else's computer electron-ically; or PRINT it on the printer. Each with thestroke of a single key.

But those functions can't hold a candle to thepower of INDEX. In the QX-10/VALDOCS sys-tem, every document, every graph — everythingis indexed by up to eight keywords of yourchoice. And instantly available.

CALC SCHED DRAW

APPLICATIONS

VALDOCS

DOCUMENT PROCESSOR

TYPESTYLES

Here's how it works: for every file, you assigna name up to eight words long. Like "Mom'sRecipe for Thanksgiving Pumpkin Pie fromScratch/' or "Personal Financial Statement forSB A Loan Application." When you need to, youcan retrieve any file, using one or more of thekeywords you assigned in the name. For exam-ple, "Mom's Recipe," "Thanksgiving," "Finan-cial Statement," or "SBA," will give you all thedocuments having to do with those topics.

And that is the most astonishing and usefulfiling system you're ever likely to run across.Electronic mail.

On the QX-10/VALDOCS system, sendinginformation to, or receiving information fromanother computer starts with a single key. Itprovides you, in effect, with electronic "in"and "out" baskets, gives you an "address book"of your correspondents, even allows you toschedule transmission times to coincide withless expensive telephone rates. Best of all,VALDOCS handles all your electronic mailfunctions without interfering with any of theother computer functions. So you can wordprocess, calculate or graph while VALDOCShandles your mail.System controls.

Say you're in the middle of a project and youdon't know what to do next; or you give the com-puter a command and then wish you hadn't; or

you want to stop some function the computer isperforming — now. VALDOCS makes it easy.

The HELP key is always available to you, andcan be pressed any time the system offers you achoice. The STOP key immediately stops what-ever function the computer may have beenperforming; the UNDO key undoes the last thingyou told it to do — so you can un-select a func-tion, or even wn-delete a file.CP/M compatibility.

The Epson QX-10 has a side benefit that's goingto make it very popular with some people — it'sCP/M 2.2 compatible. Which means that mostany CP/M software you have — or would like tohave — will run on the QX-10. Most of these willbe accessible under the MENU key which dis-plays a menu of all the non-VALDOCS pro-grams on file, in English, and lets you select theone you wish to run.State-of-the-art hardware.

Up to now, we've only talked about what theQX-10/VALDOCS system does for you, becauseafter all, what a computer does is far more impor-tant than how it does it.

But in order to create a system like the QX-10,we've had to come up with some of the mostadvanced — and spectacular — hardware on thepersonal computer market.

When you unpack the QX-10, here's what youget: a detachable HASCI keyboard with its own

processor; an ultra high resolution monochromedisplay; two ultra thin 5xk" disk drives with acapacity of 340K bytes per disk; a Z80 micropro-cessor with 256K of main memory; a separatedisplay processor chip with 128K of video-dedicated memory; a DMA controller; an inter-rupt controller; a built-in calendar/clock withbattery back-up, an RS-232C interface; a parallelprinter interface; a light pen interface; internalspace for up to five peripheral cards; and theVALDOCS software package.

All that for under $3,000.

Frankly, none of the so-called "third genera-tion" microcomputers will do for you what theQX-10/VALDOCS system will do. And all ofthem cost more; some of them cost a lot more.

But for the price, none are more advanced.

The QX-10 video display features both bit map-ping and the more usual character operation. Thebit mapping allows multiple type fonts or highresolution graphics to be displayed on the screenin a remarkable 640 by 400 dot format — a featureavailable in only a few of the world's highest-priced systems. To get this performance, weturned to a new 16-bit video controller chip fromNEC to give us the additional "oomph" weneeded. But the central processor is the 8-bit Z-80,instantly compatible with the world's largest baseof software — CP/M. Our five expansion slots arenot used for any of this performance.

Relax — it's from Epson.

Epson is best known in the U.S. for its full line ofprinters. We're known for the fact that everythird dot matrix impact printer sold in this coun-try has our name on it; for the fact that we makemore printers and print mechanisms than all theother manufacturers in the world combined; andfor the fact that Epson printers have a reliabilityrate of over 98%.

But that doesn't mean we're new in compu-ters. Not by a long shot. Epson has been buildingand selling fine quality business computers inother countries since the 1970's, and we have ahistory of precision manufacturing dating backmore than a hundred years.The most important component is you.You don't buy a computer for how "smart" it is.You buy one for how smart it makes you.

The Epson QX-10 was conceived, designed,engineered and built with just one thought inmind: to vastly expand your ability to see, tothink, to create with a system that acts as a natu-ral extension of the human mind.

And the critics agree the design concept is oneof the best they've seen.

The QX-10 is not a computer designed to playgames, although it plays games as well as anyand better than most.

It's a computer for people who think.

And who want to think better.

SPECIFICATIONS

CPU and Memory

Interfaces

Main CPU

Z80A Microprocessor, 4 MHz Clockrate

Serial RS-232 Programmable, DB-25 Connector,

Main Memory

64Kto256KRAM

Synchronous or Asynchronous

CMOS Memory

2K RAM Battery Backup

Printer Standard Parallel

IPL

Up to 8K

Light Pen

Controllers

Option slots Five

Video/Graphic

NEC 7220 Graphic Display Controller

Speaker Controlled by Countertimer

Disk

Double Density Floppy Disk Controller

Environmental

DMA

Programmable DMA Controllersifen^rj^MA Channels

Requirements

Temperature Operating Range 41° to 104°F(5°to40°C)

Interrupt

Programmable Interrupt Controllers

Storage Range 22° to 158°F(-30°Cto70°C)

(15 Interrupt Levels)

Control/Timer

Two Programmable Interval Timers

Humidity Operating Range 10 % to 80 %Non- CondensingStorage Range 10% to 90%Non-Condensing

Physical Characteristics

Printer I/FSerial I/F

Programmable Parallel InterfaceMulti-Protocol Serial Controller

Clock

CMOS Realtime Clock/Calendarwith Battery Backup

Size CPU Monitor Keyboard

Width 20.3 in 12.4 in 20 in

Display

12" Green MonochromeHigh-Resolution Monitor

640 x 400 Pixels

(508mm) (312mm) (510mm)

80 characters x 25 lines

Depth 13.6 in 13.6 in 8.9 in

Non-Glare Screen

(340mm) (340mm) (224mm)

Dedicated Memory 32K or 128K

Height 4.1 in 10.6 in 1.9 in

Mass Storage

Two 5V4-inch, Double Sided Floppy Disk

(103mm) (266mm) (49mm)

Detachable

Drives;Capacity: 340K Per Disk

Weight 20.61b 12.11b 5.51b(9.4kg) (5.5kg) (2.5kg)

Keyboards

ASCII

Power Requirements 115 VAC, 60 Hz; with Switching Power

HASCI

Supply100 Watts

PDC

Specifications subject to change without notice.

EPSON AM

ERICA, INC.

COMPUTER PRO

3UCTS DIVISION

3415 Kashiwa Street • Torrance,

California 90505 • (213) 539-9140

© 1982 EPSON AMERICA. INC

PRINTED IN USA 11QX82

Mr. Dow and Mr. Jones

introduce

Dow Jones Software™

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serving the business and financial community for over 100years. Are you sure this new software will be as reliable asThe Wall Street Journal and Barron's?"

Dow: "Of course, Jones. Our software is so reliable we back it upwith a full-year warranty. People trust Dow Jones Softwarethe same way they trust the Journal. And we have a toll-free Hotline number in case they want expert help."

Jones: "Couldn't that be a lot of phone calls? After all, we've gotthe Dow Jones Averages to get out every day."

Dow: "Don't worry, Jones. Our software is very easy to use, andwe have a fully staffed Customer Service Department to

respond to our dealers and customers."

Jones: "Just what can our software do?"

Dow: "In a nutshell, Jones, with a personal computer, a tele-phone, a modem and Dow Jones Software, you can easilyperform complex analyses on the information availablefrom our information service, Dow Jones News/Retrieval®."

Jones: "People really use our software to make decisions?"

Dow: "Absolutely. Once you've stored the information you want,our software does the rest. For instance, with one DowJones Software product you can follow indicators for stocks,sort, rank, screen and set critical points for buying andselling. With another, you can easily construct technicalcharts. Look at this beautiful graph."

Jones: "You mean all those calculations I've been doing by handI could do in a fraction of the time with this software?That's great!"

Dow: "It is, Mr. Jones. Just like the Journal, Dow Jones Softwareis a resource you can bank on!"

Dow JonesMarket Analyzer'"

A technical analysis product

that allows private and profes-sional investors to automaticallycollect, store and update histor-ical and daily market quotes, andto construct technical analysischarts at the touch of a key.

Dow Jones

Market Microscope™

A fundamental analysisproduct that allows professionalmoney managers to choose andfollow indicators for extensivelists of stocks and industrygroups, and to sort, rank, screenand set critical points for buyingand selling.

Dow Jones

Market ManagerA portfolio managementproduct for private or profisional investors who desireimmediate access to pricingfinancial information, and whoneed an accounting and controlsystem for their portfolios ofsecurities.

nd

Dow JonesConnector'"

A communications product

for the business or professionalperson who wants instant elec-tronic access to news, facts andvital data at the home or office,via personal computer, simpleterminal, communicating wordprocessor or teletypewriter.

See your computer dealeror call

1-800-345-8500

for a free brochure(Alaska, Hawaii and foreign,

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1 TO 16 USERS TO GO

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You get a choice of 8086 or68000-based family processors,memory management to one MBof RAM, an intelligent Z80™ I/Oand disk controller, plus up to 160megabytes of fast Winchesterstorage.

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In addition. Altos supportsremote communications protocolssuch as 2780/3780. 3270, X.25,and SNA/SDLC.

Altos has all the 16-bit soft-ware you need, too. With popularoperating systems like XENIX'" /UNIX" (with a user-friendly "busi-ness command menu interface"),CP/M-86,'" MP/M-86,™ 0ASIS-16,MS'"-DOSand PICK for 8086-basedsystems; plus UNIX System III"and RM/COS" for 68000-basedsystems.

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ALTOS is a registered trademark and ALTOS-NET Is a trademark of Altos Computer Systems. Ethernet is a trademark of Xerox Corporation. CP/M-86 and MP/M-86 are trademarks of Digital Research. Inc.MS and XENIX are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. XENIX is a microcomputer Implementation of the UNIX operating system. UNIX is a trademark of Bell Laboratories. UNIX System III Is a trade-mark of Western Electric RM/COS is a trademark of Ryan-McFarland. Inc. OASIS-16 Is a product of Phase One Systems. Inc. PICK Is a product of Pick & Associates and Pick Computer Works.Multibus is a trademark and 8086 is a product of Intel Corporation. 68000 is a product of Motorola. Inc. UNET is a trademark of 3Com Corp. Z80 Is a trademark and product of Zilog. Inc.• 1982 Altos Computer Systems.

Product Description

IBM's "Secret" Computer

The 9000

IBM Instruments Inc. manufactures a 68000-basedinstrumentation computer that could become a powerful

business machine.

Chris MorganEditor in Chief

The best-kept secret of 1982 may have been that IBMmakes a 68000 computer. If that surprises you, you're notalone. The unit, called the IBM Instruments ComputerSystem, is IBM's second major microcomputer pro-duct—the first, of course, is the IBM Personal Computer.The 9000 made its debut in June 1982 at the COMDEXshow in Atlantic City, even though it was publicly an-nounced the previous month by IBM's subsidiary, IBMInstruments Inc., in Danbury, Connecticut. The an-nouncement was so unhyped that few people took notice.

The machine is marketed as a laboratory instrumenta-tion computer, yet its design innovations and modularitymake it a natural candidate for a business or general-pur-pose computer—with the appropriate engineering andcosmetic changes, of course. IBM has declined to com-ment on this possibility, however.

In this article I'll describe the features of the machine,which I saw during a recent visit to the IBM Danburyfacility, and speculate about the impact of a 68000-basedmicrocomputer from the world's largest computer com-pany.

Features

The IBM 9000 is well suited to the laboratory: itsmodular construction revolves around a basic chassiscontaining a processor board, a 12-inch black-and-whiteCRT display, and a 57-key keypad, all included in the$5695 price. The 9000 has been engineered with crowdedlab benches in mind: the modules stack vertically to con-serve space. When augmented by the printer/plotter,

keyboard, and a host of other options, the 9000 becomesa powerful 16-bit computer system. A full-blown con-figuration typically costs $10,000 or more.

Design Methodology

Why has IBM decided to offer a 68000 computer? Toanswer that question, I interviewed the machine'sdesigners at IBM Instruments, a recently acquired, whol-ly owned subsidiary of IBM. For years it has been activein the design of computer-oriented laboratory equip-ment. The division's status as a separate profit centerwithin IBM allows it to experiment more freely withunusual computer designs—in particular, development ofa laboratory-oriented microcomputer.

The incentive to do this came from a major change inthe instrumentation field. During the 1970s laboratorytechniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance and gaschromatography became more popular—techniques thatrequired masses of sophisticated mathematical calcula-tions. These calculations demanded more in the way ofmathematical analysis than 8-bit computers coulddeliver. For example, fast Fourier transform (FFT)analysis (a common mathematical technique in the lab-oratory) consumes huge portions of memory. Thus lab-oratories had to stick to more expensive but powerfulminicomputers. A real need arose for ways to improvethe productivity and cost-effectiveness of data acquisi-tion and processing in the laboratory.

So the IBM 9000 was born. It has the memory space (upto 5 megabytes of RAM!) to handle sophisticated labora-

Text continued on page 104

100 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Photo 1: The new IBM 9000 Instrumentation Computer,manufactured by IBM's instrumentation division in Danbury,Connecticut. The machine uses the Motorola 68000 processorand includes (in this implementation) a 12-inch CRT display, a57-key keypad with user-definable keys, an 83-key keyboard,four-color printer/plotter, custom IBM multitasking operatingsystem, five I/O ports, disk controller for up to four 5'A-inch or8-inch floppy-disk drives or hard disks, Versabus interface, androom for up to 5 megabytes of RAM onboard. The implementa-tion shown in the photo costs close to $10,000.

Photo 3: The IBM 9000 seven-layer planar processor board,showing the remarkably dense population of ICs and VLSIs.This state-of-the-art board has over 1600 test points and couldnot have been manufactured just over a year ago because of thedensity of the components. By plugging in an optional expan-sion board, up to five Versabus (a 32-bit bus standard developedby Motorola) cards can be plugged into the main board.

a i laini ii a a a m ■ ■ i

aalinaaaaaaaa

E E

Photo 2: Close-up of the 57-key keypad (at top) and the 83-keykeyboard on the IBM 9000.

Photo 4: The stripped-down version of the IBM 9000, with CRTdisplay, 57-key keypad, processor board, and chassis, retails for$5695.

Photo 5: Close-up of output from the dot-matrix printer/plot-ter, which features four-color printing, 200 characters per sec-ond in draft mode, and 220 by 336 dots per inch of resolution.

January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 101

At a Glance

Name

The IBM Instruments Computer System

Manufacturer

International Business MachinesIBM Instruments Inc. DivisionOrchard ParkPOB 332Danbury, CT 06810

Components

Basic System Module

(comprises processor board, CRT display, keypad, and chassis)

Size: width 22.3 inches, depth 17.2 inches, height 23.2 inches(with CRT display positioned on bridge); weight (mainchassis alone): 31.5 pounds; weight with CRT, printer, andkeyboard added: 78.8 pounds

Electrical needs: 120 volts AC

Processor: Motorola 68000, with 32-bit registers/16-bit

data flow; 24-bit addressing (up to 16megabytes)

Memory: 128K bytes of RAM; up to 128K bytes of

ROM

Keypad: 57 keys for data entry, arranged in three

color-coded rows, pressure-sensitive typewith audible click; all keys are user-definable, and six keys have LEDs underprogram control

CRT display: 12-inch raster-scan type with 768- by

480-pixel bit-mapped display, 80 charactersby 30 rows, green-on-black display; 10 userdefinable keys beneath the display withuser-chosen legends at bottom of screen;display has unique single-lever tilt andswivel adjustment

Interfaces: IEEE-488 interface, standard bus, I-MHz

operation; three RS-232C serial ports, ASCIIcoded, asynchronous, 19,200 bps maximumdata rate, software-settable parameters; one8-bit parallel bidirectional port with hand-shaking signals and TTL-level signals

System bus: superset of Motorola Versabus; main board

accepts up to five Versabus cards via at-tachable expansion card; 32 programmableinterrupts on four hardware levels; sevenhardware levels total; four channels ofDMA at I MHz maximum

Standard software: IBM custom operating system, with real-time, multitasking nucleus; drivers for I/O(input/output) including CRT, printer, sen-sors, etc.; graphics; file handling and disks;debugger; and diagnostics

Miscellaneous: three built-in 16-bit timers with up to 2-MHi

pulse source; built-in real-time clock withbattery backup

Keyboard:

Options

Printer/plotter:

impact, dot-matrix type, bidirectional; 200characters per second in draft mode; plot-ting resolution: 220 by 336 dots per inch;four-color ribbon; accepts 8'/2- by I 1-inchregular paper or 9'/i-inch pinfeed fanfoldpaper; unit mounts in processor unit chassis

Disk drives.

Expansion card:

Additionalmemory card:

Hard-diskcontroller card:

Analog sensor

card:

Software options:

Planned futuresoftware:

83-key keyboard, virtually identical to IBMPersonal Computer keyboard; has full ASCIIcharacter set with numeric keypad (not tobe confused with 57-key keypad on mainchassis); cursor control, print control, 10programmable function keys (distinct fromsoftkeys on CRT display); automatic repeaton all keys; keyboard is movable, withdetachable 6-foot coil cableup to four drives in any combination;available in 5 'A -inch size: double-sided,double-density, 327K bytes formatted,250,000 bits/second transfer rate. In 8-inchsize: double-sided, double-density, 985Kbytes formatted, 500,000 bits/secondtransfer rate, IBM standard formatsystem bus card with five additional Ver-sauus card slots

up to 1 megabyte per card in increments of256K bytes; 500-nanosecond access time;memory includes single-bit error checking inhardware

controls up to four 5'/i-inch 5-megabyteand/or 10-megabyte formatted hard-diskdrives, 625,000 bytes/second transfer rate,using SA1000 and ST506 interface

available in five versionsBASIC with extensions; operating system ex-tension on disk; editor; macroassembler;linker/loader/librarian; disk utilities;chromatography application program

FORTRAN 77 compiler; Pascal compiler;mathematics/statistics package; communica-tion capabilities through IBM 3101 and3270 emulation software; full-screen editor

Hardware Prices

Basic unit (with processor board, keypad, CRT)

Memory expansion card with 256K bytes of RAM

Additional 256K bytes of RAM expansion

Single 5 'A-inch disk drive mounted in display

Cabinet with one 5 'A -inch disk drive

Additional 5 'A -inch disk drive

Cabinet with one 8-inch disk drive

Additional 8-inch disk drive

Hard-disk controller

5-megabyte hard-disk drive with cabinet

Additional 5-megabyte hard-disk drive

10-megabyte hard-disk drive with cabinet

Additional 10-megabyte hard-disk drive

Keyboard

Printer/plotter

Sensor board "A"

Expansion feature with five slots

Software Prices

BASIC language

Operating system extensions

Chromatography applications package

$5695

1095

995

650

795

650

1495

975

1295

2495

1995

2695

2195

270

2095

850

95

SI 95155495

102 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 42 on inquiry card.

^^g^-^xv^t'V-;^^.^^'-.

Have you put aside buying a color monitor

because it's too expensive?But, have you looked at the new TAXAN RGBvision

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SB*"

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DO VIE HAVE GOOD NEWS FOR YOU!

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Can you really afford to turn all that down without looking atthe TAXAN RGBvision monitors? See your local dealer for ademonstration.

,AXAN 12 green phosphor monitor,model KG12N, features an 800 lineresolution at center, 2000 characterdisplay

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TSK ELECTRONICS CORPORATION

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Apple II and III are trademarks of Apple Computer. IncIBM PC is a trc

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RACET NECDOS does more for your PC-8001 than any other DOS. It's faster, more efficient andeasier to use Its loaded with extra features to let you stretch the limits of your systemEMPHASIZES INTEGRITY. NO MOUNT or REMOVE commands. Excellent protection fromimproper diskette swapping File password protection.

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KFS-80 KEYED FILE SYSTEM KFS-80' S150MACHINE language BASIC ISAM utility provides keyed and sequential access to multiple filesSimple interface to BASIC. Binary tree keyed-tile index system provides rapid access lo records.

CONVERT TRS-80* PROGRAMS TO RACET NECDOSWITH PROTRAN' $99.95COMPLETE utilities for tile transfer and BASIC program conversion. MOD III diskettes may be readdirectly; MOD I and II via RS-232. Transfer BASIC programs, data files, or machine language files.NO SUPPORT is provided for conversion of machine language files or PEEK'S, POKE'S or USR's tofunction on PC-8001 Substantial knowledge of TRS BASIC and NBASIC required Packagedesigned for software authors.

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■ ELECTRIC SPREADSHEET IS A TRADEMARK OF DAN G HANEY 8, ASSOCIATES

Photo 6: Close-up of the 12-inch, green-on-black raster-scanCRT display, with 768- by 480-pixel bit-mapped display and 80characters by 30 rows. Ten user-definable keys are located alongthe bottom of the display, with user-chosen legends on thescreen. The display has a unique single-lever tilt and swivel ad-justment.

tory mathematics. It has modular hardware featuresneeded in the lab, such as a high-resolution color printerto create graphs and charts, a swiveling CRT display, anda movable keyboard that can go where the experiment is.More important, it has the Motorola 68000, a powerful16-bit processor. Long a favorite with many softwaredesigners, the 68000 was chosen by IBM despite the factthat the IBM Personal Computer uses the Intel 8088 pro-cessor (which is not a true 16-bit processor). The 68000won out mainly because of its superior benchmark per-formance. According to its designers, the 68000 gives the9000 a better price/performance ratio and provides astandard method to control all IBM instruments. The9000 has real-time multitasking capability—important indata acquisition—and its five I/O interfaces allow it to beeasily connected to a variety of laboratory instruments.

The real star of the 9000 is its remarkable state-of-the-art planar processor board. Seven layers deep, it is literal-ly crammed with ICs and VLSIs to the saturation point.IBM says the board could not have been manufacturedjust over a year ago because of its high chip density (theboard has more than 1600 test points). On this singleboard are the complete computer, five I/O ports, the diskcontroller, and slots for an auxiliary expansion card thatwill hold up to five Versabus cards. The advantage tosingle-board construction is the freedom from printed-circuit board connection points—a major source of com-puter failure. (Incidentally, IBM will swap processorboards with customers in an overnight service in case ofhardware failure.) The 32-bit Versabus ensures com-patibility with future instruments. In addition, the Versa-bus stands an excellent chance of becoming a standardbus in the future.

One look at the 9000's processor board reveals its

104 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 350 on Inquiry card.

ACTIVE FILTER AMPLITUDE RESPONSE

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HORTHWEST INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS- INCMODEL 85 DIGITAL MEMORY OSCILLOSCOPEOPERATIONS MENU

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WHICH OF THESE DISPLAYS WERE GENERATEDBY A PERSONAL COMPUTER?

Every single one of them. Andnot just generated, either. The instru-ment settings were configured,signals acquired, and analysis per-formed via a personal computer,also. An Apple II®, to be specific.Equipped with Disk II®, 48K mem-ory, DOS 3.3 and a remarkable,make that revolutionary, engineeringbreakthrough known as the Model85 aScope™. Remarkable becauseaScope transforms any computerin the Apple 11 series into a dual chan-nel , DC to 50 M Hz repetitive signalbandwidth (25 KHz real time sam-pling rate), fully programmable,digital memory oscilloscope. Revolu-tionary because it does all this forless than $1,000.

The way we achieved this cost re-duction was by not following the pathof conventional instrument archi-tecture, combining a stand-aloneprogrammable oscilloscope with ageneral purpose computer controller.Instead, we integrated. MakingaScope a peripheral. Supplying onlywhat was needed to make the per-sonal computer a high performanceinstrument.

Result? An oscilloscope systemthat allows you to configure a setup,define the analysis you desire andproduce an end result display in themost useful format. Many frequently

performed routines are already partof aScope's software. But more im-portantly, the system's architecture isdesigned to accommodate consider-able user modification via co-resident BASIC or assembly languageprograms. (One example: the user-defined program to plot the ampli-tude response of an active filtershown in display 1 above.)

a Scope will average waveforms.Store waveforms on disk in binary ortext files. Store instrument settingsfor automated setup. Or load anddisplay a reference waveform fromdisk (display 3 above).

aScope also delivers waveformvoltage readings utilizing a cursor-controlled digital voltmeter(display 2). And generateshard copy via an EpsonMX-80™orSilentype®printer.

Space permitting,we'd go on about aScope'smenu driven single keystroke com-mands (display 4), its sub-menus withcomplete prompting and so forth. Butfrankly, we suspect you're probablyas intrigued as you could be on thebasis of one ad.

So here's how to find out more.Call 800-547-4445. This will pro-vide you with the name of the aScoperepresentative or authorized com-

puter dealer in your area, as well asan opportunity to invest $10 in ourcomprehensive aScope demonstra-tion disk.

The Model 85 aScope. We admit,the performance it delivers for theprice is so remarkable, it may initiallystrike you as unbelievable. But then,when you think about all the break-through products this industry hasseen over the last decade, soundingunbelievable at first is almost atradition.

NORTHWESTINSTRUMENTSYSTEMS, INC.

RO. Box 1309,

Beaverton, Oregon 97075800-547-4445(503)297-1434

Apple II®, Disk II®, and Silentype® are registered trademarks of Apple Computers, Inc. Epson MX-80™is a trademark of Epson America, Inc.

Circle 296 on inquiry card.

BYTE January 1983 105

' The Best In Price, 'Selection and Delivery

Call Now

TOLL FREE

800-368-3404

(In VA, Call Collect 703-237-8695)

AMPEX'INTERTEOTEXAS INSTRUMENTS'GENERAL DATA

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Std. Forms Tractor $ 200

3510 $1390

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3515 $1395

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Sprint 9/45 FP $1794

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Mail Merge FREE*

Spell Star $ 149

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Plan 80 $ 249

d Base II $ 529

CalcStar $ 191

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MACRO 80 $ 183

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SOROC TERMINALS

IQ120 MiW*H*l

NOTE IBM and Burroughs compatibleterminals available Please inquire

In addition, we can make EIA RS 232 or RS 449 cables to your order,and supply you with ribbons, printer stands, print wheels, thimbles forall printers listed. And many, many more items. CALL NOW.

All items shipped freight collect either motor freight or UPS unless other-wise specified. All prices already include 3% cash discount. Purchase withcredit card does not include discount. Virginia residents, add 4% Sales Tax.For fastest delivery send certified check, money order or bank-wire transfer.Sorry, no C.O.D. orders. All equipment is in factory cartons with manufac-turers' warranty (honored at our depot). Prices subject to change withoutnotice. Most items in stock.

T€RP)MALS

Terminals Terrific, Inc., P.O. Box 216, Merrifield, VA 22116Phone: 800-368-3404 (In VA, Call Collect 703-237-8695)

designers' eclectic approach: it contains ICs from over adozen U.S. and Japanese companies—Advanced MicroDevices, Signetics, Motorola, National Semiconductor,Texas Instruments, Intel, Intersil, Hitachi, WesternDigital, and others. Each chip was chosen for its specsalone. This would have been heresy back in IBM's mono-lithic days, when practically every IC inside an IBM com-puter was custom made by IBM.

Other Features

In addition to the RAM and ROM within the machine,a 64K-byte (12-bit word) graphics memory handles thescreen display; the Motorola 6845 CRT controller chipmanages the display logic in the IBM 9000. Other featuresinclude a memory-protect scheme (useful in multitaskingapplications) and composite video.

The IBM 9000 automatically conducts a power-ondiagnostic routine, and a second diagnostic routine canbe initiated by the user.

The CRT display has excellent resolution (768 by 480pixels) and one felicitous feature: a single handle controlthat lets you quickly shift the position of the displayhorizontally and vertically by merely pulling the handletoward you and repositioning the screen. Beneath thescreen is a row of user-definable keys like those onHewlett-Packard machines. The printer/plotter is wellsuited to the 9000, with 220 by 336 dots per inch and ex-cellent four-color printing.

The 57-key user-definable keypad is perhaps the 9000'soddest feature; yet having that many user-definable keyscould be a boon for some applications. One spectator atthe COMDEX show suggested using the keys to representWordstar commands. Though I'm no fan of this type oftouch-sensitive key, I suppose it does the job.

The 9000 operating system (custom designed by IBM)has multitasking capability and a sophisticated I/O man-ager that queues up all I/O requests. The software ismenu driven with keyword bypass for the expert user.The system features contiguous file allocation to mini-mize access time, and the various high-level languages(BASIC, Pascal, and FORTRAN 77) all share a commongraphics interface—a decided plus.

Laboratory-oriented software available includes a gaschromatography program. A nuclear magnetic resonancestation is also available for $250,000.

Speculation

The IBM 9000 is ideally suited to the laboratory. But itstrikes me that the 9000's processor board could becomethe heart of a general-purpose microcomputer for thebusiness market. As I said earlier, IBM is not commentingon this speculation. (Incidentally, IBM 9000 customerdeliveries should have begun by the time you read this.)

I think the 9000 is, in its quiet way, one of the most ex-citing new arrivals on today's microcomputer scene. Ipredict it will start showing up in all sorts of unexpectedapplications. In one gesture IBM has legitimized a micro-processor that deserves more attention: the Motorola68000.■

106 January 19«3 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 401 on Inquiry card.

,i-r -r- ■■ ■ i > i . v-~'"it- : ! : :! : : : ; I : : : ; :

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: ■k'^.i

Still short of featureson your QUAD function IBM PC board?

This may really be the only board you needto expand your IBM personal computer.We've now added the most wanted featureon a quad function board: two asynchronousports along with memory, clock/calendar,and parallel printer port. And unlike mostbig memory boards, you don't have tosacrifice multiple functions to get51 2k of add-on memory in a singleslot.

THE BASICS

The main board has three functionsstandard: Parity checked and fullysocketed memory up to 256k in64k increments, clock/calendarwith battery back-up, asynchronouscommunication port (RS232C ser-ial) which can be used as COM1 orCOM2, (DCE for a printer, or DTEfor a modem). Optional is a 100%IBM compatible parallel printer port,and a second async port for another $50each. Also included are: SuperDriveTM diskemulation and SuperSpoolerrM printer buf-fer software.

NO CORNERS CUT

We didn't lower the quality to give you allthis. The board is a four layer design withsolder masking, silk screened locations,and gold plated edge connectors. Compo-nents are premium grade and meet orexceed IBM specifications. Each board isburned in and tested prior to shipment.CLOCK/CALENDAR& CLIP-ON BATTERYOur clock is powered by a simple $4 lithiumwatch battery available at your corner drugstore. It is clipped on, not soldered likesome other clock boards. How useful is abattery warranty that requires you to sendyour board to the manufacturer to replaceit? We send you a diskette with a programthat sets the time and date when you turnon your computer. Now your programs willalways have the correct time and date onthem without you ever having to thinkabout it. (Just which version of that programyou were writing is the latest one?)MEGAPAK OF MEMORYThe picture in the inset shows the optional256k MegaPakTM board mounted "piggy-back " on the main board. This expandabilityfeature gives those who need it 512k ofadd-on memory in a single slot. Now youcan create disk drives in memory up to

320k, set aside plenty of space for printspooling, and still have plenty of memoryfor your biggest programs. An exclusivedesign allows the memory to be split at twomemory addresses to take full advantage ofthe memory disk feature of concurrentCP/M.

FREE SOFTWARE

The disk emulation software creates "diskdrives" in memory which access your pro-grams at the speed of RAM memory. Theprint spooler allows the memory to acceptdata as fast as the computer can send it andfrees your computer for more productivework. Some manufacturers sell hardwareprinter buffers that do only this for hundredsof dollars. SuperSpoolem/i eliminates theneed for these slot robbing products.

CHEAP SOFTWARE TOOWhat good is great hardware without somegreat software to use it with? We offersome terrific prices on some of the popularprograms you will want to use your boardwith. How about the cream of the spread-sheet programs, SUPERCALC, for just $1 76.Or maybe dBASE II by Ashton-Tate for just$469.

WHY BUY IT FROM US?

Because we provide the service and supportmost companies just talk about. We realizehow integral this board is to the use of yourcomputer. What good is a warranty if ittakes weeks for repairs to be made? Weoffer 48 hour turnaround or a replacementboard on all warranty repairs. Do you hearanyone else making this promise? If youstill are not convinced, and want to compareprices, remember we don't charge extra forcredit cards, shipping, or COD fees. If youstill want to buy elsewhere, ask them ifthey will face the acid test.

THE ACID TEST

Qubie (say que-bee-A) gives you a 30 daysatisfaction guarantee on all board pur-chases. If you are not completely satisfiedwe will refund the entire cost of yourpurchase as well as pay the postage toreturn it. If you can get one of our competi-tors to give you the same guarantee, buyany other board you think compares andreturn the one you don't like. We're notworried because we know which one youwill keep. We also offer a one year partsand labor warranty. An additional one yearextended warranty is available for $50.

TO ORDER BY MAIL SEND

—Your name and shipping address—Memory size, and options requested—Software and cables needed—Daytime phone number—California residents add 6% sales tax—Company check or credit card number

with expiration date (personal checks

take 18 days to clear)

TO ORDER BY PHONEIn California (805) 482-9829Outside California (800) 821-4479PRICES: 64k $375 192k $499128k $439 256k $599512k $998(Includes async port, memory, clock/calendar, SuperDriveTM, and SuperSpooler™ software)OPTIONS:

Parallel Printer Port $50

Second Async Port $50

MegaPakTM with 256k of memory $399Cable to parallel printer $35

Cable to modem or serial printer $25Memory Diagnostics Program $10

SUPERCALC by SORCIM $ 176

dBASE II by Ashton-Tate $469

SHIPMENT

We pay UPS surface charges. UPS 2 dayair serive $5 extra. Credit crad or bankcheck orders shipped same day.

QUBIE'DISTRIBUTING

918 Via AlondraCamarlllo, CA 93010

Circle 435 on inquiry card.

BYTE January 1983 107

THE FIRST AND ONLYBOARD\DURlBMPCMAY EVER NEED.

Your IBM personal computer is a veryversatile piece of equipment. Perhapsmore versatile than you realize. Newapplications and functions are being

by Quadram you can keep your optionsopen for tomorrow's technology. Followingin the tradition of Quadram Quality, fourof Quadram's best selling IBM boardshave been combined into one board.Your remaining slots will be left free andavailable to accommodate future expan-sion needs and uses which you may not

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PROVEN DESIGN.

Quadram has been shipping IBM boardswith each of the Quadboard functionson separate boards since December,1981. They are still available as separates(including a Dual Port Async Board) forthose who desire a quality board but donot need to keep slots open for futureexpansion. And they all come with aone year warranty from the leader intechnology applications.

256K MEMORY EXPANSION.

Socketed and expandable in 64Kincrements to 256K, full parity generationand checking are standard. A Quadboard exclusive feature allows parity tobe switch disabled to avoid lock-upupon error detection. The dip switchesalso allow it to be addressed startingon any 64K block so that it takes up onlyas much as it has memory installed.Memory access and cycle time naturallymeet all IBM specifications.

CLOCK/CALENDAR.

Quadboard eliminates the hassle ofmanually inputting the date on systemboot-up by providing for the clock andall software routines necessary forinserting the appropriate programs onyour diskettes. The internal computerclock is automatically set for compati-bility with most software routines whichutilize clock functions. On-board batterykeeps the clock running when thecomputer is off.

SEE OUR AD ON PAGE 339

9K9I

ALL ON ONE BOARD

Now you can utilize all the PC's capacitywith Quadram's extremely flexible con-figurations. And it's totally compatiblewith IBM hardware, operating systems,and high level languages. It's a full-sizeboard that can be inserted into any freesystem slot and it even includes a cardedge guide for securely mounting thecard in place.

SOFTWARE TOO!

With Quadboard you receive not onlyhardware but extensive software at noextra cost. Diagnostics, utilities, andQuad-RAM drive software for simulatinga floppy drive in memory (a super-fastSOLID STATE DISK!) are all part of theQuadboard package.

$595

with 64KInstalled

.-

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DBOARDf

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PARALLEL PRINTER I/O.

A16 pin header on Quadboard is usedfor inserting a short cable containing astandard DB25 connector. The connectoris then mounted in the knock-out holelocated in the center of the PC back-plane. The parallel port can be switchdisabled or addressed as Printer 1 or 2.No conflict exists with the standardparallel port on the Monochrome board.The internal cable, connector and

hardware are all included.

ASYNCHRONOUS (RS232)COMMUNICATION ADAPTER.

Using the same chip as that on the IBMASYNC board, the device is softwareprogrammable for baud rate, character,stop, and parity bits. A male DB25connector located on the back connectoris identical to that on the IBM AsyncAdapter. The adapter is used forconnecting modems, printers (manyletter quality printers require RS232),and other serial devices. Switchesallow the port to be configured as COM1or COM2 and the board fully supportsIBM Communications Software.

INCREDIBLE PRICE!

Priced at $595 with 64K installed, $775

with 128K, $895 with 192K and $995

with 256K.

ASK YOUR DEALER.

All products are sold through local

lMl i:!lf[:Ii I: id Avil

does not stock Quadram,please ask him to call usat (404) 923-6666. /TV7 \

QUADRAM fcr

CORPORATION

4357 Park Drive/Norcross, Ga. 30093Circle 340 on inquiry card.

Hardware Review

Apple-Cat II

A Communications System from Novation

James A. Pope

458 Elm St.

Denver, CO 80220

A modem, of course, is merely adevice used to convert digital signalsinto analog form and vice versa,thereby allowing computers to com-municate with each other over tele-phone lines. Novation's Apple-Cat II,the latest in the "Cat" series ofmodems, has been promoted as not

merely another modem but the baseunit for a sophisticated "personalcommunications system" for theApple II computer.

In this article I will discuss theproduct as it currently exists, describesome of the enhancements that arebeing developed, and give you some

At a Glance

Name

Apple-Cat

Communications System

Type

Modem for the Apple II Plus, expandableto a full communications system

Manufacturer

Novation Inc.18664 Oxnard St.Tarzana, CA 91356|213) 996-5060

Price

Base system: S389; Options: ExpansionModule: S39; Bell 212 upgrade module:S389; BSRX-10 controller: SI9; Touch-Tone decoder: $99; ROM firmware chip:$29

Computer

Apple II Plus, with 48K bytes of RAM(random-access read/write memory) andone disk drive; printer (optional)

Hardware

Base system: single circuit board,telephone cable, and telephone sockets;Options: Bell 212 protocol expansionboard, BSR X-10 controller, telephonehandset. Expansion Module, Touch-Tonedecoder chip, firmware ROM (read-onlymemory) chip

Software

Single disk, DOS 3.2, copyable, containinga terminal operation program, test pro-grams, and file-conversion programs

Features

300 bps full-duplex (Bell 103) transfer,1200 bps half-duplex (Bell 202) transfer,auto-answer, 27K-byte buffer, statusdisplay line, onboard RS-232C port

Audience

Apple II users who want to transfer dataover telephone lines

help in using the present system to itsfullest extent.

"1200 Baud"

Like many companies, Novationhas planned its product developmentin such a way as to provide for futureexpansion. This includes the wordingof certain pieces of advertising copy.For example, the early advertisingand sales materials for the basicApple-Cat II system claimed speedsof "0-1200 baud." You will indeed beable to communicate with someone at1200 baud (or to be more precise,1200 bits per second or bps), but youmay have trouble finding someone tocommunicate with.

The Apple-Cat II can transmit at1200 bps, but only with the Bell 202protocol that very few computers useanymore (see text box on page 112 on1200-bps protocols). Of the 1200-bpsprotocols, the Bell 212 and Racal-Vadic VA3400 are much morepopular. This means that 300 bps islikely to be your maximum transmis-sion rate unless you are talking toanother Apple-Cat using Bell 202.

Fortunately, by the time you readthis an add-on card will be available

110 January 1963 © BYTE Publications Inc

Anadex sileint-Quietly goin

be printers,our business.

SILENT/SCRIBE MODELS

Now and then office noiselevels can go sky-high. But withSilent/Scribe - our new family ofmatrix impact printers - you can raiseyour printer expectations while signifi-cantly lowering your office noise level.

How quiet is "silent"? Silent/Scribe operates atless than 55 dBA, which means that in the averageoffice you may have to look at it to determine

whether it's printing.

And Silent/Scribeis as easy to buy as itis to live with. Youcan select a varietyof printing speeds,fontsand line widths.Some models pro-vide both draft andenhanced qualitycopy. All modelshave superb dot-addressable graphicsat no extra cost.

Also standard are sophisticated communi-cations controls and protocols, flexible and

easy-to-use operator controls, quick-changecontinuous loop ribbon cartridge, and universalinterfaces that work with virtually any computersystem.

For full details on how Silent/Scribe can fit yourapplication - quietly - contact Anadex today. You'llfind the units attractively packaged, quality en-gineered, modestly priced, and available now.

Standard £/ / / / / /

Features ^

<f

<? <?'

<?'

£'

Printing Speed 10

150

150

120

120

200

(Char, per Sec.) 1 12

180

180

—

—

120

12.5

—

—

150

150

—

13.3

200

200

—

__

—

15

_

—

180

180

150

16.4

—

—

200

200

164

Enhanced I 10

—

—

—

—

100

Expanded Print

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

(Double Width)

Dot Addressable

Graphlcs(Dot/ln.,H/V)

60/72

60/72

75/72

75/72

72/72

Max. Line Width (In.)

8.0

13.2

8.0

13.2

13.2

Audible Alarm

Opt,

Opt.

Opt,

Opl.

Yes

Out-of-Paper Sense

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Ribbon, Continuous

Loop Cartridge (Yds)

30

30

30

30

30

Interlacing:

Parallel Cent. Comp.

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

RS-232-C Serial

Ybs

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

A

A Quality Circle Member

nnadex

©Copyright 1982Anadex, Inc.

Silent/Scribe. The Quiet Ones from Anadex.

ANADEX, INC. • 9825 De Soto Avenue • Chatsworth, California 91311, U.S.A. • Telephone: (213) 998-8010 • TWX 910-494-2761U.S. Sales Offices: San Jose, CA (408) 247-3933 • Irvine, CA (714)557-0457 « Schiller Park, IL(312)671 -1717* Wakefield, MA (617)245-9160Hauppauge, New York, Phone: (516) 435-0222 • Atlanta, Georgia, Phone: (404) 255-8006 • Austin, Texas, Phone: (512) 327-5250ANADEX, LTD. • Weaver House, Station Road • Hook, Basingstoke, Hants RG27 9JY, England • Tel: Hook (025672) 3401 • Telex: 858762 ANADEX G

Circle 27 on inquiry card.

BYTE January 1983 111

UNIX,

with change.

Idris is a trademark of Whitesmiths, Ltd./UNIX is a trademark of Bell Laboratories.

Put off by the UNIX price tag and licensing restrictions? If you are,take a closer look at Idris.

Idris gives you all the power of UNIX at a fraction of the cost—and they're highly compatible—even pin-for-pin in some cases.Upfront expenses are much lower, you only pay for the parts youship, and the end-user licenses can be transferable.

What's more, we wrote Idris ourselves—from the ground up—so you'll have fewer licensing hassles. We wrote it almost entirelyin C, for maximum portability across a wide range of processors.And we kept it small.

Idris can run comfortably where UNIX can't even fit: On anMC68000 with no memory management hardware, for example.On a bank-switched 8080 or Z80. Or on any LSI-11 or PDP-11 withmemory management. A very big Idris plus.

Find out how you can put Idris to work in your favorite con-figuration today. Write Whitesmiths, Ltd., 97 Lowell Road, Concord,MA 01742. Or call (617) 369-8499, TLX 951708 SOFTWARE CNCM.

With Idris, you pocket the change.

Whitesmiths, Ltd.

Crafting SoftwareTbols for your Trade*

Distributors: Australia, Fawnray Pty. Ltd. P.O.B. 224 Hurstville NSW 2220 (612) 570-6100Japan, Advanced Data Controls, Corp., Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo (03) 263-0383United Kingdom, Real Time Systems, Newcastle upon Tyne 0632 733131

Circle 427 on inquiry card.

1200 bps:

Half- vs. Full-duplex

The most popular mode of transmit-ting data to and from personal com-puters over telephone lines is the Bell103 protocol, which transmits data atthe rate of 300 bps (bits per second) orabout 30 characters per second. Threeprotocols for 1200-bps data transferare available, however: Bell 202,Racal-Vadic VA3400, and Bell 212.

Bell 202 was the first of these high-speed protocols, but it can send data inonly one direction at a time. In otherwords, it is a half-duplex protocol.This method is difficult to use because,among other things, it is hard to deter-mine the direction in which data istraveling. Bell 103, on the other hand,is slow (300 bps), but it can transmitdata simultaneously in both directions(i.e., full-duplex, using both originateand answer channels) and is rathereasy to use.

Then came theVA3400 and Bell 212protocols. These can transmit at 1200bps in full-duplex mode, using both anoriginate channel and an answer chan-nel just like the much slower Bell 103protocol. Unfortunately, modems forthese protocols require special phasemodulation hardware that has causedthem to be about two to four timesmore expensive than a Bell 103modem. . . .R.M.

that will enable the Apple-Cat II touse the full-duplex, 1200-bps Bell 212protocol, but this will add about $390to the price of the modem. Novationshould make this point more clear inits advertisements.

The System

As I mentioned before, Novationhas produced not just a modem forthe Apple II, but a communicationssystem that allows your Apple to"communicate with the outsideworld." As of this writing, however,Novation has not produced all of theadditional components of such a sys-tem. The basic unit as it stands todaygives you the following capabilities:

• Full-function, low-speed (0-300bps), full-duplex, originate/answer

Photo 1: The Apple-Cat II basic system circuit board with the telephone connectorcables. The cables are connected to pins located along the top of the card. Also shownare the two empty sockets for chips. The one on the left is for the Touch-Tone receiverchip; the other one (near the upper right corner) is for firmware ROM chips. (All photosare by the author.)

Photo 2: The Expansion Module contains sockets for a modular telephone line andhandset, an RS-232C connector, a BSR X-10 controller, and a tape recorder. Also pre-sent is an LED to indicate an "off-hook" condition. The module mounts on the back ofthe Apple with double-sided tape and connects to the Apple-Cat II via the three cablesshown here (the single pair for the phone line, the double pair for the handset, and theribbon for the rest).

modem capabilities which, with thesoftware provided, allow you to setup a very intelligent terminal.• Full-function, 0-1200 bps commu-nication through an RS-232C portallows for in-house transfer of infor-mation.

• Data may be transferred at 1200 bps(half-duplex, Bell 202) over phonelines to another Apple-Cat II system.

• With the addition of a standardtelephone handset (optional), you canuse the Apple-Cat II as a telephone orchange to voice communications

before or after a data transfer toanother computer.

• A 27K-byte memory buffer is avail-able for data-transfer storage.

• The system offers a high capabilityfor expansion.

Installation

The Apple-Cat II is fairly easy toinstall. When you open the box youwill find a single printed-circuit board(see photo 1), two modular telephonesockets (RJll), a telephone cord, anda manual. The circuit board can beinserted into any slot other than slot 0(although slot 2 is best for reasons I'llexplain soon). One of the telephonesockets is for the telephone line, andthe other is for the optional telephonehandset. Both of the telephonesockets have attached wires that mustbe plugged into the circuit board.After these are connected, the socketsthemselves are slid into the slots inthe back of the Apple and the appro-priate telephone cables are pluggedin.

If you are like many Apple owners,however, the several cables you prob-ably already have coming out of theback of your machine may not leaveenough room for the two sockets tofit in the slots. The optional Expan-sion Module (see photo 2) eases thisproblem somewhat. This unit con-tains telephone sockets, tape recorderjacks, "off-hook" LED indicator, BSRX-10 controller connector, and RS-232C port. When installed (see photo3), this unit saves quite a bit of spaceand also allows you to take advan-tage of future developments. It reallyshould have been part of the basicsystem, but $39 is a reasonable priceto pay for the convenience this unitprovides.

Documentation

The documentation for the Apple-Cat II is adequate but not excep-tional. Editing and organization arethe primary problems. For example,general specifications given early inthe manual are contradicted later on.The use of green blocks with inversetype for highlighting and green ink todistinguish the computer responses isa nice idea, but it's not well exe-cuted—the effect makes the manual

January 1983 © BYTE Publication* Inc 113

Just when the businessworld is up to its white collarsin visiclones, calcalikes andother spreadsheet packages,Apple's* come out withsomething entirely different.

Introducing Senior Analyst.

Like other financialmodeling packages, it allowsmanagers and professionalsto ask all those proverbial"What If?"questions.

Unlike the others, thispowerful financial planningtool was designed to be usedin a corporate environment,by lots of people. So you getlots of advantages.

For example, you cantransfer data (across diskettes)from one financial modelto another. Or consolidatemany models into one.

So sales, manufacturing,administration and anynumber of other depart-ments (even in other cities)can easily share information.Giving each the power tocreate comprehensive and

With Senior Analyst, you can now cultivate forecastsby merging reports from distant divisions.

flexible financial projections,budgets, cash flow statementsand the like.

Want to combine selecteddata (such as importantsubtotals) from six differentdivisions? With Senior

Senior Analyst lets different departments share and consolidate data. That way the company doesn't makemore pitchforks than it can sell.

Analyst, you can do it. Andeven print out a formattedreport that includes only theinformation you need.

A report that anyone canunderstand. Because theheadings are in English, notin code.

Easy to follow commands allow employees tocreate models without learning a second language.

You can also documentand print out all thoseassumptions used to createyour model, to give others aconcrete understanding ofhow you reached yourconclusion. (The program

even allows you to continueworking while a model isbeing printed.)

To complement all theseaccommodating features,you'll also find built-infunctions for depreciation,linear regression forecasting,and other powerful virtuesnot found in most financialsoftware packages.

All of which we'd like youto experience in person, atany of our 1300 authorizedfull-support dealers (theyalso offer a vast library of otherquality software distributedby Apple for Apples).

And don't ask for just anyspreadsheet package.Tell themyou need to see an analyst.

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Call (800) 538-9696 for the location of the authorized Apple dealer nearest you, or for information regarding corporate purchases through our National Account Program.In California (800) 662-9238. Or write Apple Computer Inc., Advertising and Promotion Dept., 20525 Mariani Ave., Cupertino, CA 95014- © 1982 Apple Computer Inc.

Circle 30 on inquiry card.

BYTE January 1983 115

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Photo 3: The Apple-Cat II and Expansion Module installed. Using the ExpansionModule reduces cable clutter. The author has turned the unit sideways to permit full useof the adjacent slot on the back of the Apple.

hard to read. Also, some portionsseem to be missing. But all in all,reading the manual will teach youhow to use the basic system.

The Corn-Ware II Program

Unless you are a fairly sophisti-cated 6502 assembly-language pro-grammer, the only way you can cur-rently use the Apple-Cat II is withCorn-Ware II, the software packageprovided with it. Other packages thatare compatible with Apple-Cat II,such as ASCII Express: The Profes-sional System and Visiterm, havecome out recently, but in this review Iwill focus on only the Corn-Ware IIprogram.

If you didn't insert the circuit boardinto slot 2, your Apple II will soundan alarm the first time you boot thesoftware disk. The reason is verysimple—a configuration section ofthe terminal program has certaindefaults set when it is created, and thedefault slot number is 2. If the card isnot in that slot, the program will tellyou so. When this happens, call theterminal configuration program andchange the slot number. The com-mand for this and any of the otherfunctions is a single keystroke.

The terminal configuration pro-gram sets the various operating pa-

rameters, including card location,tone or pulse dialing, Touch-Tone de-coding, input/output selection(modem or port), operating mode,speed, number of data bits, numberof stop bits, parity type, and upper-case or lowercase display. Any of theparameters may be changed while thesystem is online. A list of the variousCorn-Ware II program functions isshown in table 1.

The actual operation of the AppleII as a terminal is uncomplicated.Files may be transmitted in text orbinary form, and program files can beconverted to binary using a routineprovided. (They will have to bechanged back after being received bythe other system, however.)

A helpful feature is a status linethat appears on the bottom rows ofthe screen. This line tells you the con-ditions of the various options andfunctions, such as upper- or lower-case, carrier detect, full/half duplex,on/off line, operating mode (origi-nate, answer, or automatic), andmemory buffer conditions, includingon/off, amount used, and amountfree. All in all, it is a very friendlyprogram (see photos 4-6).

Unfortunately, without the Corn-Ware II program, the Apple-Cat IIitself is difficult, if not impossible to

116 January 1903 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE January 1983

Circle 204 on Inquiry card.

Main/Frames

Key Function

<ESC> Escape. Places you in "Command" mode.

A Auto-dial. Allows for entry of up to 56 digits and can sense additional dial

tones and pauses in 2-second increments. You may also re-dial the last

number entered.B Print memory. Sends the contents of the 27K-byte buffer to the configured

printer port.C Terminal CHAT mode. Allows for two-way communication without affecting

the buffer contents.D Disk command. Allows for the entry of any DOS command, e.g., CATALOG,

to allow you to see what data files are on the disk.F High-speed Corn-Ware transfer. Allows for 1200-bps transfer rate between

two Apple-Cat II systems (Bell 202).H Hang up. Does just that.

I Toggle local echo (on/off). Sometimes known as full/half duplex on some

terminals, this controls the echoing of characters to the Apple's screen, as

opposed to true full/half duplex, which signifies whether there is full two-way simultaneous transfer capability.K Keyboard to memory. Allows for direct entry into buffer for later transmis-

sion.L Load memory from disk. Loads a specified text or binary file from disk into

memory.M Terminal memory mode. In this mode all keystrokes (transmitted and

received) are stored in memory.N Serial number. Performs a self-test of the operating software and returns a

status message.P Pick up phone. Answers incoming voice call and allows for switching from

data transmission mode to voice.Q End program.

R Reconfigure terminal/printer. Calls the configuration program.

S Save memory. Writes buffer contents to disk.

U Unattended answer/memory on. Gives you an Apple II answering machine

(data only).V Verify memory. Verifies the contents of the buffer and returns a checksum

for comparison.X Send memory. Transmits the contents of the buffer.

Table 1: A list of one-key commands for the Corn-Ware II program of the Apple-CatII.

access through BASIC or Pascal. Incontrast, other modems, such asthose manufactured by Hayes Micro-computer Products, are fairly easy toaccess, and dozens of programs thattake advantage of this have beenwritten. Novation has provided ameans for easier access, which I willtouch on later.

The RS-232C Port

A 25-pin connector included on thecircuit board of the basic system pro-vides access to various auxiliarysignals for expanded use of the sys-tem. Table 2 describes these pins andexplains their uses. One group ofthese pins comprises an EIA (Elec-tronic Industries Association) stan-dard RS-232C connection. If you usethe optional expansion module, thesesignals, together with those from pins5 through 14, are brought out to the

118 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

connectors on the back of themodule.

The use of the RS-232C connectoris not well documented in themanual. The printer portion of theconfiguration program refers to aNovation printer port, while the ter-minal portion of the same programrefers to an external port for in-put/output. These references seem toindicate that you can communicatethrough an external port rather thanthe phone line and also access aprinter hooked up to an onboardprinter port. Well, you can, but notreally at the same time—the twoports in question are, in fact, one andthe same. The system doesn't carewhich way you use the port, and itdoesn't have a built-in check to see ifyou have the port configured to beused both ways at once. As you cansee, some conflicts could arise.

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120 January 1983 © BYTE Publicatioiu Inc

Photo 4: The main menu of Corn-Ware II, the Apple-Cat Us terminal program, asshown on the author's screen. The two lines at the bottom form a status display. Com-mands are entered via a single keystroke. Pressing <ESC> in any mode will return youto this screen.

Photo 5: After typing A in the main menu (photo 4), you get this screen, which showsthe auto-dial menu. Pressing R now will redial the last number entered. Pressing D willgive you the next screen (photo 6).

A section on printer characteristicsappears in the configuration portionof the Corn-Ware II program. Thissection allows you to choose whetheryou wish to send printer output to theport or to a card in another slot. Youalso determine the handshaking

method to be used and at what speedyou want the port driven, along withthe structure of the data (length,parity, and number of stop bits).Because most users who have aprinter also have an interface card,this option might not be used very

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often. However, you may want todrive another serial device as if itwere a printer, and this optionenables you to do that. Once set up,this option can be designated as adefault condition if you wish.

If you elect to use the port as aprinter port and want to print thecontents of the Apple-Cat II buffer,you'll find the commands for doing soare very easy. You merely type B,which causes the contents to be trans-mitted to the printer via the port. Youmay stop the transmission by press-ing < ESC >. It is as easy as itsounds. (Actually, the command isthe same whether you're printing us-ing the built-in port or an interfacecard in another slot.)

Photo 6: Selecting D from the previous screen (photo 5) gives this entry screen forphone numbers. Note that the options include pauses and waiting periods for a seconddial tone. Since the Apple-Cat II can dial using either tone or pulse dialing, it can beused with private branch exchanges (PBX) or long-distance services that require tones,such as MCI. Most other modems do not function in both dialing modes.

Pin

Signal Name Description

Option

1

PRT-TXD output, transmit data

RS-232C

2

PRT-RVD input, receive data

and

3

PRT-CTS input, clear to send

printer

' 4

GND signal ground

port

5

60Hz input, AC line reference

BSRX-10

6

GND signal ground

controller

7

+ 12V output, +12 V DC

9

BSR-SIG output, 120-KHz control signal

8

+ 12V output, +12 V DC

off-hook

12

OH LED output, LED drive

LED

10

TAPE 1 output, tape recorder control

tape

11

TAPE 2 output, tape recorder control

recorder

13

AUDIO output, signal to tape

14

GND signal ground

15

212-RXD input, receive data

Bell 212

16

212-TXD output, transmit data

modem

17

212-TXE output, transmitter enable

card

18

212-CAR input, carrier detect

19

212-XMT input, transmitter signal

20

GND ".,' signal ground

. .1"'

21

AUDIO output, audio, phone line

speech

22

AUDIO output, audio, phone line

synthe-

23

SPCH-EN output, speech enable

sizer

24

SPCH-IN input, synth. speech signal

card

25

GND signal ground

Table 2:

This is the pin configuration for the expansion

input/output port on the

Apple-Cat II board. The Expansion Module plugs into pins

1 through 14; the remain-

ing pins

are reserved for future developments.

Driving an External Device

This is one of the nicer features ofthe Apple-Cat II. If you need to com-municate with an in-house host andoutside sources as well, you canswitch from one to the other withoutundoing a lot of cables or buyinganother interface card. The Apple-Cat II can be switched from modemto port communications via the con-figuration portion of the program. Infact, some rather interesting com-binations are available to you. Let'sconsider the following situation: Youneed to use both low-speed (300 bps)and high-speed (1200 bps) dial-upcommunications, and the higherspeed uses Racal-Vadic VA3400 pro-tocol, which means you have an addi-tional modem to drive occasionally.If you hook the VA3400 modem intothe RS-232C port, you can configurethe system to drive the externalmodem whenever necessary. Thiscapability saves you the need foranother interface card and gives youbuffer and auto-dial capabilities withthe higher-speed communications.

Expansion Capabilities

The following optional attach-ments will probably be available bythe time this review appears in print:

• a Bell 212 protocol card that willallow you to transmit data at 1200bps in full-duplex mode•a separate BSR X-10 controller unitthat will plug into the Expansion

122 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Our standard 16-Bit 8088 hardware configuration pro-vides 128K RAM with parity, two RS-232 serial ports,Centronics parallel printer port, interrupt and DMA con-trollers, dual floppy disks with 640K storage, Winchesterdisk and keyboard interfaces, and eight IBM-PC compat-ible expansion slots... and lists for only $2995. Winches-ter hard disk configurations, featuring cache buffercontrollers for enhanced disk access performance arealso available, starting at $4995.

So, when you need to grow, why gamble and hasslewith independent third party hardware and operatingsystem vendors which may or may not be compatible ...not to mention the hidden expense and frustration ofimplementing peripheral drivers in the different operat-ing systems and upgrades? Who needs the finger-pointingwhen things don't work out?

After you review our chart, you will agree... for overall16-Bit microprocessor superiority, expandability, flexi-bility, compatibility and real economy, Columbia Data isyour total source.

Our Multi-Personal Computer . . . the 16-Bit systemborn to grow!

Get yours now. Circle 85 on Inquiry card.

rV/

MAIN FEATURES

USER Memory

IPC IBM-PC OTHERS]

16-Bit 8088 16-Bit fl-BH Z-80

IBM-PC CompaExpansions Slots BeyonProfessional ConligutatiResident FIopdv

Hard Disk Storage

5M/10M

OPTIONAL OPERATING SYSTEMS (Supported by Company)2

MS-DO!

OPTIONAL HARDWARE EXPANSION BOARD (Supported by Company)

RS-232 Common Yes Yes

Hard Dis

3

Tape Cartridge System Yes =

:For comparison pu1

sist of 16-Bit 8088 Processor. 128K RAM with Parity. Dual 320K 5-inch

Floppies. DMA and Interrupt Controller Dual RS-232 Serial Ports.

Centronics Parallel Port and Dumb Computer Terminal or Equivalent

'Columbia Data Products also supports CP'M 80" with an optionally

available Z-80 CP/M Expansion Board.

•As advertised in BYTBMagazine. August 1982.

COLUMBIA

DATA PRODUCTS, INC.

Home Office:8990 Route 108Columbia. MD 21045Telephone 301-992-3400X 710-862-1891

West Coast:

3901 MacArt

Suite 211

Newport Beach. CA 92663

Telephone 714-752-5245

Telex 277778

Europe:

P.O. Box 1118450 Moenchengladbach 1West GermanyTelephone 02161-33159Telex 852452

trademarks of MICROSOFT.

>t Digital Research OASIS Is the trademark of Phase One. MS-DOS and XENIX are

Module and allow you to control BSRremote units without using a BSRCommand Console

• a Touch-Tone decoder chip that,when plugged into the basic circuitboard, will allow the system todecode Touch-Tone codes (from aremote phone, for example)

• a firmware ROM chip that will easi-ly allow specialized applications

Other options that are still under de-velopment include a tape recorderoutput that would allow you torecord Apple-Cat II transactions anda speech synthesizer card that wouldenable the Apple-Cat to "speak."

As mentioned before, one of themost frustrating aspects of the Apple-Cat II is the inability to access itdirectly from BASIC, Pascal, or byany other way than via the providedsoftware or special software pack-ages. Novation has just recently de-veloped an EPROM that will allowyou to access the Apple-Cat II fromthe BASIC environment. This

EPROM will feature commands thatare compatible with the Hayes Micro-modem II. However, only those pro-grams for the Micromodem II that arewritten in BASIC will function, as thetwo units are accessed differently inthe 6502's assembly-language en-vironment.

Conclusions

You might have gotten the impres-sion at the beginning of this articlethat I was disappointed about the fea-tures Novation or its dealers werepushing to market the basic Apple-Cat II unit. I still am. While I feel thatNovation should flaunt its accom-plishments, I feel even more stronglythat the company's literature shouldbe very explicit about the unit's pre-sent capabilities and future develop-ments. After all, we, the professionalhackers of the microcomputer world,are going to use these products inmany ways—including some thatNovation never imagined. I feel thatit is only fitting that we be given ac-

curate information as to just how farthe manufacturer has gone and whereit plans to go from here.

I would feel much better if I hadfound an insert in the manual saying,"This manual has been written with afully developed system in mind. As ofthis date, xx/xx/xx, the followingareas have been finished: A, B, C,etc. Future developments are. . . ."After all, we pay for the product, andkeeping us informed would show alot of goodwill.

As for the future of the Apple-CatII, it's clear that Novation has the bestcombination going in the field of Ap-ple II communications. My advice tocurrent modem owners (Hayes andothers) is to watch the developmentsand weigh the advantages of switch-ing. If you don't, you may find your-self left behind. Apple users shoppingfor a modem would be wise to con-sider this system very carefully if theyeven contemplate using the Apple IIas something other than a dumb ter-minal. ■

INDUSTRIES, INC.

In Texas Orders

Questions & Answers

1-713-392-0747

22511 Katy FreewayKaty (Houston) Texas 77450

To Order1-800-231-3680800-231-3681

SAVE BIG DOLLARS ON ALL TRS-80 HARDWARE & SOFTWARE

TRS-80 BY RADIO SHACK. Brand new in cartons delivered. Save state sales tax.Texas residents add only5% sales tax. Open Mon.-Fri. 9-6, Sat. 9-5. We pay freight and insurance. Come by and see us. Call us for areference in or near your city. Ref: Farmers State Bank, Brookshire, Texas.

WE OFFER ONREQUEST

Federal Express (Overnight Delivery)

Houston IntercontinentalAirport Delivery (Same Day)

U.P.S. BLUE (Every Day)

References from people who havebought computers from us probablyin your city

* TRS 80 is a Registered Trademark of Tandy Corp

ED McMANUS

0

0

0

In stock TRS-80 ModalII and III

0 No Tax on Out of Texas Shipments!

10% 15%

OR MORE

Reserve Your Model 16 Today

Telex 77-4132 (Fleks Hou)

WE ALWAYSOFFER

0 NO extra charge for Master Cardor Visa.

0 We use Direct Freight Lines. Nolong waits.

0 We always pay the freight andinsurance

0 Toll free order number

0 Our capability to go to the giantTRS-80 Computer warehouse 5hours away, in Ft. Worth, Texas,to keep you in stock.

JOE McMANUS

124 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 245 on Inquiry card.

Stay in touclwith the worldanywhere you go.

Plug into the largest informationbanks ever compiled, with the inex-pensive and easy-to-use RCA VideotexTerminal.

Electronic news . . . stock marketupdates direct to home or office . . .published articles . . . governmentand industry reports . . . electronicmail. . . there's hardly anything goingon, anywhere in the world, that can'tbe captured by giant computers,ready to be examined at the touch ofa button. But until recently, these vastresources were available only to aselect few: those having access to thelargest computers and the skill touse them.

Suddenly, that's all changed. Nowthe information of the world is availa-ble to anyone who can tap out a fewwords on a keyboard. The reason: anextraordinary piece of portable equip-ment that weighs less than six pounds,takes no special training to operate,and gives you instant access to theworld's major information and commu-nication services.

TheRCAVP3501 Videotex Terminal.

With the VP3501, you don't need apersonal computer. If you have a tele-phone and a TV set, you have every-thing you need to get in touch with theincredible range of services at Compu-Serve, The Source, the Dow JonesNews/Retrieval Service and others.

The world of videotex.

A subscription to such servicesgives you ready access to literally thou-

sands of "menu" selections coveringsubjects of vital interest.

• Read electronic editions of impor-tant newspapers and magazines,right on your TV screen . . . nationaland international news. . . weather,sports. . . direct from the newswires.

• Research almost any subject indepth . . . with published articles . . .government and industry reports. . . other authoritative sources.

• Keep up with the world of finance. . . latest stock market prices . . .commodity reports . . . marketand business commentaries . . .detailed information on thousandsof publicly held companies.

• Send and receive electronic mailwith other subscribers nationwide,including private person-to-personcommunication at less cost than along distance phone call.

• Bank and shop at home . . . choosefrom thousands of electronicallycatalogued items . . . made availa-ble at discounted prices.

• Enjoy a wide selection of home serv-ices, including dozens of challeng-ing games to test your family's playingskills.

Quick and easy start-up.

The VP3501 is as easy to use as avideo game. Just follow the easy-to-understand instructions you get in theUser's Guide. Connect the VP3501to your phone and TV set, turn it on,touch a few keys, and you're in directcontact with a whole new world ofinformation.

Other VP3501 applications.

The VP3501 may also allow you tocommunicate with your company orschool computer, in addition to themany subscription services available.There are expansion interfaces for aprinter and cassette recorder. Thesefeatures can provide you with hardcopy and a full cassette of down-loaded information for review off-line,at your convenience. You can even

write and run your own programs onhost computers. In addition to thebuilt-in direct connect modem and RFmodulator, the VP3501 has 58-keyalphanumeric and 16-key calculatorkeypads. . . resident and user-defina-ble character sets. Color-locking cir-cuitry provides sharp graphics . . .and there are programmable tonesfrom a white noise generator.

Order now: only $399.

We know of no comparable videotexdata terminal available today at thislow price. The VP3501 terminalcomes with basic cables and connec-tions for your TV set and telephone(with certain phones, the optionalRCA acoustical coupler may be neces-sary), and the illustrated User's Guidewith comprehensive instructions.Order now and you'll also get a freehourofconnecttimefrom CompuServe,The Source and the Dow Jones News/Retrieval Service. Try the VP3501 forjust 10 days. If not completely satis-fied, you can return it to RCA for afull refund.

Call toll-free: 800-233-0094.

In Pennsylvania, call collect to 717-393-0046. Visa and MasterCardorders are accepted by phone or mailyour order direct to RCA Microcom-puter Products, Dept., BT-183, Cus-tomer Service, New Holland Avenue,Lancaster, PA 17604. Be sure toinclude name and shipping address,telephone, and payment: $399.00each, plus $3.00 each shipping, plusapplicable state and local taxes. Sendcheck or money order payable to RCACorporation. Prices and specifica-tions subject to change without notice.

RC/1

Circle 353 on inquiry card.

BYTE January 1983 125

nputer Exchange - The Supply Center for the IBM-PC

SOFTWARES

BUSINESS

♦ ASHTONTATE, dBa ■ •. I28K

dba ,8K

APPLIED SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY. Versalorm N£W>

DATAMOS! Real Estate Iffveslmfni ProiM-i NEW

Write-OnOEKVER SOFTWARf .„ >v tern)

EAGLE SOFTWARE >' NEW

HOWAROSOFT. Real Estate AiaiyzerJNFOttMATION UNLIMITED

Easyspe'le-' iS8« Words)tasy'ilet 15 DBMS)Easy FiaitssrlyE SOFTWARE, T I M III (a DBMS)::« Design la powerful easy to use DBMS) NEW!Guard :eMagic: --SEEmagic NEW

Gi ii • >:..':':■. • -.- NEW*

SpElh f M 86}

iCRAF?

Legal E-i n eji^g

P'c'e a t Sis" te

* MICRO MS tt»t

-p micropro, swii5idt» 3k,s , v

E MailMerge' u :tE SpellStsr'

3 Pat Word i Mail » Spell above 3

'■if v.iNORElt, Visualize

Easy Data DBMSNORTH AMt . - An we

PBl CORPOP ■ ! Investor

♦ PEACHTRfrE. Peach Pat 6 (81. AR * AP)PERFECT SOFTWARE. Perfect Writer' »

Perfect Speller':*':: ' ' = Perfect Filer Tl¥

SELECT INFO. Select [a WPS). SOBCIM/TSA. SopeiCaicSuperWrtletSfNESiilSTIC. Cats Reporter

♦ VISICORP . )'■« <5MtVisiDexV it »„ i pmtVislfile

Desktop Pan iVisiScileaiiieaus.ssss EsnKsstin*! ■rEssfsS s

UTILITY

')>»»'

NfWl

LISTPSICE$ 700S 700J 389S 130S 130$ 7505 150J 250S 350S 175S 400I 25CJ 495$ 225$ 295$ 90$ 90S 160$ 495

$ 750$ 750$ 250$ 495S 250$ 2505 845J 50J 100$ 250J 250S H5% 595S 389J 189S 289S 595$ 295$ 395J 2505 250$ 250} 300S 300J 300$ 300$ 100

Aim

WO,

♦ CON

NAGY SYSTEM. Cop, , Utilities $ 35

NORELL DATA. System Backup. Bil Copier $ 50

NORTON, Morton Utilities, 14 powerful urograms, 3 disks $ SO

!M.'.l*ld.IIM:I.M.'MM

ACORN, tost Colony $ 30

AUTOMATED SIMULATIONS temple ot Apsha, I 4.

Oil Barons NEW! J 100

R0OER8UN0, Apple Panic $ 30

ONTINENTAi. lie « • p,ib $ bO

DATAMOST. Pig Pen : $ 30

Space Strike $ 30-

DAVIDSON, the Speed Reader S 75

INFOCOM, Deaoi.oe % 50

Zork I $ 40

: Zorkli :$■■„ 49

tZork III NEW! $ 40

Golf Challenge NEW! $ 25

ljlyst<: » fleece % 35

■ 145

SENTIENT, Cyborg NEW! $ 35

SIRIUS, Conquest ot Call to Arms " $ 30

KINNAKER, snooper troops; HI or *2 J 45

Story Ma.h.ne or Ease Maker S ,35

RATEGIC, The Warp Factor $ to

RSACOMf * 25

DISKETTES

OUR

PRICE$449$449IMSS 89S 89$545Si.29$189MS9

sin

tjiSIN

$365|8KM$ 69$65SI OS. $249

$395

$355

Si.SE!

$249

* 79

SS29

SMS

t 35

J 75

$189

$169

f 99:.

$395

$23?

$119

$179

UJ»

$199

$269

$169

S17S

SI 99

$219

S239

$233

S2IS

J 7S

$ 29$ 39S 65

Control Data Corporation 12 for 10 Special.CDC. 120 each, 5H with ring, SS. SD (Apple, IBM, etc.)

12 each, 51/., with ring, SS, SD (Apple, IBM, etc.)

12 each. 51/. with ring, SS, SD (H/P, IBM 320K. etc.)

12 each 8", SS, SD

10 each, 51/. with ring, DS, DD (IBM)IBM, 10 each, SS», SS, SD (Apple, IBM, etc.]

10 each, 5'/., SS, DD (H/P, IBM 320K, etc.)VERBATIM. 10 each 5%, with ring, SS, SD or SS, DDMAXELL. 10 each, 5M, SS, SDDVSAN. 10 each. 5'/,, SS. SD10 each, 5, DS, DD

Limited Time!$ 450 $195

• Means a BEST buy.AD #950

Hot Line For InformationOn Your Order(503) 772-3803

64K IBM-PC . . . $2,995

Or 256K . , . $3,430

by iem In-1 e|P§§20K Disk Qppg

12" Green Monitor

Momtoi Not 4s Shown

Call For Details

HARDWARE

for th»

IBM-PC

OURPRICE

MMMCM

Combo PE '- port $ 495 $359

S =35 SEISE?

' sync & para $ 555 $395

ComboPlus 64k «/async para 4 clock'cal J 595 $429

> . u t/ to: !92K'aad $192.

256K add $256

Parity W IK $ 395 $265

i?8K $ 535 $349

I92K $ 675 $435

256K $ 795 $495

Call

CURTtS. Pf n PC $ 80 $ 65

9 1 i pi,, xteod*3 !0gis 5g j 45

DAVONG

DSl 501 Hatd Disk, 5 Meg

Microsoft 64k ram cam w/pano

2«R RAM d w/Panti256K RAM Card . Pirdy_ _ 64K RAM Chips < "

lecrnsr inc. au no« p.tar-: ■.;»

128K

*QUADRAM

{■ -*■;.:;..' ,:

1 naoi'-r f,J» , t , j,Jdr-|

it - 4 or t(" •xa'i

QMciiwatu • \ exriantlacls to-25.6K. i 'iinsirai: ixor::'4-

Memot, Board. 512k. •.in Serial Port. H6517Memurv

M.i.nu.er Snapon SK Par-Far Epson «MFB » PS IMictola/e EME64, »7PS1

1 * k (9V ;ESi

TG PRODUCTS joystick

t 350

$ 525$ 875S 175

S 565% 736

■I ,95S ;75$ 895$ 995:,!.EEJ 150$ 159J 2.99$ 20S 65

landon

'a i i-

1 ea % 350■ft 2 0! Biore $ 350Same Disk Drives as now supplied oh IBMPC.;

S259

SE»E

JEE,:

$129

$415

S53S

$435

SEES

mi

$670$995$ 95

$145SEEES 15$ 49

$259$249

XEDEX

«BOby«Bluc

64K plus

CP/M-80 operatiso :::$60O: $449

PRINTERS AND ACCESSORIES

EPSON, See Epson section below

STAR MICRONICS. Gemini 10 $ 499

Gemini 15 $ 649

APPLE COMPUTER. INC.. Silentype Printer lor Apple II $ 395

IDS. Microprism 480, near letter quality, HOcps, 80 col. $ 799

Prism 80 Color, 200cps (all options-color, sprint, auto) $1795

If Paper Tiger, 440 w/Graphics and 2K. Limited Special $1295

LETTER QUALITY — DAISY WHEEL PRINTERS:•ft OLYMPIA. ES-100, Printer/Typewriter, complete with all

interfacing to the Apple II $1735

COMREX, Comriter CR-1, RS232 Serial l/F, 200 wpm $1199

Comriter Tractor Feed for CR-1 SI 18

$385$495$335$699$1450$495

$1295$845$ 99

SUPPLIES: Tractor Feed Paper, Ribbons, Heads, Qume Daisy Wheels & Ribbons.

EPSON PRINTERS & ACCESSORIES

■ft MX80 F/T III. with GraftraitMX100 F/T III, with Graftrai*IBM-PC to Epson Cable

Apple Interface and Cable tor MX80 or MX100Grappler+ by Orange Micro, specify printerApple Graphics DumpAtari to Epson CableTRS-80 to Epson CableOther cables, interfaces, ribbons, heads and paper in stock.

$ 745

S525

$ 995

$695

$ 60

S 45

$ 120

$ 95

$ 165

$119

S 15

$ 9

$ 40

$ 30

$ 40

$ 30

8" CP/M-80

BUSINESS!. SYSTEMSOFTWARE

♦ASHTONTATE dBase IICOMSHARE TARGET. Target PlannerCalcMasterplanner

PlannerCalc Applications PkgPlannerCalc Combo Pkg.INFOCOM. DeadlineZorklZork II

Zork III NEW!

Starcross NEW1

ISM, MatheMagicMICROCRAFT, Legal Billing S Time Keeping

Prof. Billing & Time Keeping — Billkeeper♦MICROPRO, WordStar* plus free WordStar Training ManualMailMerger mSpellStarTM

3 Pak, Word S Mail & Spell, 3 aboveSuperSortDataStarCalcStar

MICROSOFTr^o

BASIC CompilerCOBOL-80BASIC-80

muLisp/muStar-80MSort-80Edit-80Macro-80OASIS. The Word Plus (45,000 word verification)PEACHTREE, Magic Wand

Series 4 GL, AR, AP or Inventory, eachSeries 8 GL. AR, AP, lire, or Pay eachSeries 9 Peach TextSeries 9 Spelling ProofreaderSeries 9 Calc. Mail List or Telecomm.. eachPERFECT SOFTWARE. Perfect Writer *"Perfect Speller™Perfect Filer™SELECT INFO.. Select (a WPS)

LISTPRICE$ 700$ 99S 325

$ 100$ 750$ 750$ 495$ 250$ 250$ 845$ 250S 295$ 145$ 275S 500S 395$ 750S 350S 200S 195$ 120S 200$ 150$ 500$ 600$ 750$ 500$ 300$ 375S 389S 189$ 289$ 595

OURPRICE$449$ 39$225$ 40$ 65S 45$ 39$ 39$ 39$ 39$ 75$395$395$249$ 79$129$395$169$199S 99$199$325$295$545$275S14S$145$ 80$145Call$195$395$495$330$195$245$239$119$179$359

MONITORS

Special Truckload Sale

NEC. 12" Green

12" Color, CompositeSANYO, 9" BSW

9" Green■ft 12" B&W

12" Green

13" Color, Composite

13" Color RGBZENITH, 12" GreenAMDEK. 12" Green #300

13" Color I, Composite

13" Color II, RGB, Hi Res. (Ap. II, III I IBM-PC)

13" Color III, RGB, Commercial, (Ap. II, III)

DVM, Color II or III to Apple II Interface Note: Color II and III come with cable for IBM-PC

S 249$ 450S 190$ 200$ 250$ 260$ 470S 995$ 150$ 200$ 449$ 899$ 569S 199

$159$349S149$139$139$199S349$795$119S159$359$799$469$175

MODEMS ANDTELE COMMUNICATIONS TERMINAL

HAYES, Mictomodem II (for the Apple II) $ 379 $275

Apple Terminal Program for Micromodem II $ 99 $ 69

NOVATION, Applecat II Modem $ 389 $269

212 Apple Cat $ 725 $599

HAYES. Stock Chronograph (RS-2321 $ 249 $189

Stock Smartmodem (RS-2321 $ 289 $225

Smartmodem 1200 (RS-232) $ 699 $535

Micromodem 100 (S 100 bus) $ 399 $275

SIGNALMAN. Modem MKI (RS-232) $ 99 $79

IBM-PC to Modem Cable $ 39 $ 29

AXLON. Datalink 1000 Hand Held Communications terminal $ 399 $325

* * CORVOS SYSTEMS

^ 6 Meg Hard Disk, w/o interface $2995 $2095

• # 11 Meg Hard Disk, w/o interface $4795 $2695

w 20 Meg Hard Disk, w/o interface $5795 $3495

IBM PC Interface (IBM DOS), Manual & Cable 5 $ 300 $239

Mirror built in for easy backup $ 790 $595

Apple Interface, Manual & Cable 5 $ 300 $239Other Interfaces, Omni-Net, Constellation. Mirror. All in Stock,

ca

H/P 7470A Graphics Plotter $1550 $1195

H/P41C Calculator $ 195 $169

H/P 41CV Calculator with 2.2K Memory $ 275 $239

Portland. OR. Cash S Carry Outlet 11507-0 SW Pacific H»y.. Tetrace Shopping Center, Tigatd. OR Over the-countet sales only. On 99W between Rte. 217

flPnPDIWr IWFflDM/MinW AMIt Tronic- A" mal1 ,0 P0 Bo> 138°- Jacksonville, OR 97530

UnUCnllll) llirUnlllHI IVJn HnU ICnWIO. All ttems usually in stock. We immediately tionor Cashiers Checks, Money Orders, Fortune 1000Checks and Government Checks Personal or Company Checks allow 20 days to clear. No COD Add 3% lor VISA or MC Include telephone number Add 3% for shippinginsurance and handling (S l&H) with $5 minimum. UPS ground is standard so add 3% more tor UPS Blue with $10 minimum Add 12% total lor S l&H tor US Postal, APO or FPOwith $15 minimum For Hawaii, Alaska and Canada, UPS is in some areas only, all others are Postal so call, write, or specify PO Foreign orders except Canada for S l&H add 18%or $25 minimum except for monitors add 30% or $50 minimum. Prices subject to change and typo errors, so call to verily. All goods are new, include factory warranty andare guaranteed to work. Due to our low prices, all sales are final Call before returning goods for repair or replacement. Orders received with msutlicent S l&H charges willbe refunded. ORDER DESK HOURS 8 to 6 PST. M-F and 10 to 4 Sat. 1 PM here is 4 PM in NY.

nilDDCtTCDCUPrC- We have been a comPuter dealer Slnce 1978 and in mail order since 1980 Banks: First Interstate Bank, (503) 776-5620 and fettersonUUrl nCrLnCril/CO. State Bank, (503) 773-5333. We belong to the Chamber of Commerce, (503) 772-6293, or call Dun & Bradstreet if you are a subscriberComputer Exchange is a division of O'Tech Group, Inc.

Professio

fOlV PRICES TO PROFESSIONALS WHO KNOW WHAT THEY WANT AND KNOW HOW TO USE IT.

Manufactured g] g^, & g^^, £ap|

Exclusively for L=y ^»»>*>

pic con

nputc

LIST

OUR

PRICE

PRICE

B&H APPLE It*

64K (48K ♦ COEX 16K)

•1725

•1150

Disk, M icro Sci A2 w/3.3 Controller

•579

»378

Disk, Micro Sci A2 Only

'479

$299

cippk»n/ii+ _

supply center

The B&H Apple 11+ differs from thtApple Apple 11 + only in that it is inblack hammertone color and itswarranty is longer.Warranty: Factory warranty is byBell and Howell (not by Apple) andis one year parts plus 90 day labor.Warranty service available at Belland Howell service centers orreturn to Computer Exctianf

I

3ARDWAI

for Apple 11/11*

LIST

OUR

SOFTWARE

on disk for Apple 11/11 +

RAM EXPANSION:

COEX RAM Card 16KALS. AODRam 16K

PRICE$ 179S 149

PRICES 59J 79

*

BUSINESS

*

*

Microsoft. RAMCard 16K

J 195

J 89

LIST

OUR

*

Saturn Systams, 32K

S 249

S169

PRICE

PRICE

64KAxlon 128K

$ 425S 475

S319$375

Apple Computer. Inc.The Controller GL, AR, AP $ 625

$399

*

A»lon. RAM Disk 320K

J1395

$995

Apple Writer II $ 150

$119

*

80 COLUMN VIDEO CARDS:ALS. Smarterm

$ 345

$249

Apple Pascal $ 250Apple Fortran $ 200

$199$159

Videx, Videoterm

J 345

$239

DOS Tool Kit $ 75

$ 59

Vista. Vision 80

S 395

$199

DOS 3.3 Upgrade Kit $ 75

$ 59

MISCELLANEOUS:

Apple Pilot $ 150

$119

ALS. Smarterm 80 Col. Card Specia

S 345

$249

DJ Portfolio Evaluator $ 50

$ 45

Z Card [Z 80) W/CPM Specia

J 269

$199

How to! $ 50

$ 25

■ejl

S 149

$ 79

Microcouner $ 250

$125

Synergizer w/S'calc + Condor

S 749

$529

Micro Telegram $ 250

$125

Aalon. 320K RAM Disk System

$1395

$995

Apple Logo $ 175

$149

ASTAR. RF Modulator

$ 35

$ 25

Applied Soft Tech.. VersaForm $ 389

$265

CCS. Serial Interface 7710A

S 150

$129

Artsci MagicWindow II New! $ 150

$ 99

Other CCS Cards in stock

Call

Call

Ashion-tate. dBase II (CP/M) $ 700

$439

Dan Paymar. Lower Case Chips

$ 50

$ 39

Continental. GL. AR. AP or PR. ea. $ 250

$169

Don't Ask. DAO 003 S.A Mouth

S 125

$ 85

1st Class Mail s 75

$ 49

Kensington. System Saver

S 90

$ 69

Home Accountant $ 75

$ 49

Kraft, Joystick

S 65

$ 49

Hayden. Pie Writer (Specify bid.) $ 170

S 99

Paddle

S 50

$ 39

.* High Tech.. Job Control Sys. $ 750

$350

MSR. Sup R Ian

S 50

$ 39

Into Master $ 189

$119

*

Microsoft. Z80 Softcard Pack

S 345

$245

Howard Soft.

*

Sottcard Premium Packs 695

$495

Real Estate Analyzer II $ 195

$129

*

16K RAMCard

$ 100

$ 89

Tax Preparer $ 150

S 99

Mountain. CPS Multifunction Card {239

$199

Info. Unlim Easywriter (PRO) $175

$119

Orange Micro. Grappier Plus

S 165

$119

•* ISA. Spellguard (CP/M) $ 295

$ 99

Practical Peripherals.

UK. Letter Period w/Mail Merge $ 150

$ 99

M8S 8K Serial (Epson)

5 159

$129

ay Micro Craft. (CP/M)

MBP 16K Para (Epson)

S 159

$129

Professional Billkeeper $ 750

$395

Microbutfer II 16K. (specify)

J 259

$209

Legal Billing & Timekeeping $ 750

$395

Microbufter II 32K. (specify)

S 299

$229

Micro lab. Invoice Factory $ 200

$ 99

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The Next Generationof Microprocessor

A proposed inexpensive microprocessor that can directlyexecute a high-level language.

It will not be long beforeintegrated-circuit manufacturersbegin to come out with single-chipprocessors that can directly executehigh-level-language instructions.When this happens, the resulting ex-plosion in the availability of high-speed, high-quality software couldmake the present stage of the com-puter revolution look like ahalfhearted warm-up exercise bycomparison.

The reason for this is very simple:it is far more convenient to developsoftware in high-level languages thanit is in the assembly languages thatare currently available. This conve-nience factor has meant that mostcustom-designed software has beenwritten in high-level languages, eventhough, under current micropro-cessor architectures, an enormouspenalty in terms of performance istypically paid. One commonly hearsstatements that an assembly-languageprogram will run a hundred timesfaster than the equivalent programwritten in BASIC. The only reasonthat most programs continue to bewritten in BASIC is that it is perhaps

Timothy Stryker

Samurai Software

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Pompano Beach, FL 33062

a hundred times easier to do so.Although compilers are available thatcan boost high-level-language perfor-mance, they are costly and requirethe use of large, expensive computers.And even a compiled program maybe 10 times slower than an assembly-

An inexpensive

processor whose

assembly language was

itself a high-level

language would gain

wide market

acceptance virtually

overnight.

language program. An inexpensiveprocessor whose assembly languagewas itself a high-level language wouldgain wide market acceptance virtual-ly overnight. IC manufacturers arenaturally aware of this, and concreteevidence of this awareness (i.e., anactual chip) can be expected soon.No doubt a fair amount of confu-

sion exists at present as to just how togo about the implementation of ahigh-level language in hardware. Na-tional Semiconductor and Zilog haveeach introduced single-chip micro-computers incorporating smallBASIC interpreters in on-chip ROM(read-only memory). While this is astep in the right direction, the utilityof these chips is greatly diminished bytheir slow processing speeds. Thelow-level architectures of both chipsare entirely conventional in nature,and the fact that they happen to in-corporate BASIC on-chip rather thanin an external ROM represents merelyan advantage in terms of decreasingsystem chip count. Higher up on thescale are Western Digital's Pascal andAda Microengines, multichip pro-cessors that have experienced onlylimited market acceptance due totheir high costs. The Intel iAPX-432processor appears to be a promisingdevelopment in this area, but thegreat complexity of its architecturewould appear to put it out of thesights of most potential users for thetime being.Another much-discussed approach

128 January 19S3 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Why Microsoft? Microsoft was the first personal computersoftware manufacturer.The very first.Today, Microsoft softwareis running on well over a million computers worldwide.There's a reason. Microsoft has earned a reputation for better

software. Products that work. Products that areconstantly being enhanced. And when theenhanced versions are ready, we makethe enhancements available to our

customers. Like the 60K enhance-ment for the SoftCard system. Thatkind of product support is just one ofthe ways we earned our reputation.Ask your dealer. Ask about the superiorapplications programs the SoftCardsystem makes available to your Apple. Highquality programs for almost every area of home,business, and professional use. Then, ask for ademonstration of the complete Microsoft SoftCardpackage..: and any of those thousands of new programsyou can introduce to your Apple.

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Circle 272 on inquiry card.

USER OBJECT COOE

ONE

MACHINE-LANGUAGEROUTINE

Figure 1: Simple threaded object code. The program counter points to certain objectcode, which in turn points to a machine-language routine. When that routine isfinished, the program counter is incremented and points to the next object code, whichpoints to the next machine-language routine.

USER OBJECT CODE

PROGRAM COUNTER

ML ROUTINEPOINTER

ANOTHERMACHINE-LANGUAGEROUTINE

Figure 2: Threaded object code, FORTH style. In FORTH the object code points not to amachine-language routine, but to another pointer, which then points to the routine. Ifthe routines are short, more time is spent jumping to the routines than executing them.

to the question has centered aroundthe prospects for a FORTH machine.FORTH would appear at first to bethe perfect candidate for implementa-tion in hardware because of itsreverse Polish syntax and its inherent-ly stack-oriented nature. The reasonthat these factors single FORTH outas a prime candidate for hardwareimplementation is that other types ofhigh-level languages must invariablytranslate user requests for expression

evaluation into stack-oriented termsat some level. In order for a high-levellanguage to appear as the true, one-for-one, assembly-level equivalent ofmachine language, it is almost anecessity that the high-level languageitself be stack-oriented. FORTH is theonly well-known stack-oriented high-level language; hence, FORTH comesto mind as a major contender forhardware implementation.

A more detailed examination of the

structure of FORTH may, however,help explain why the implementationof this language in hardware has notgained wide support. FORTH wasconceived as an inherently threadedlanguage. This means that its objectcode, unlike that of most compiledlanguages, is set up as a series ofpointers, rather than as directly ex-ecutable machine code. In principle, athreaded language could be designedin which these pointers directly in-dicated executable machine-languageroutines (see figure 1). FORTH, how-ever, is set up so that the pointers in-dicate other pointers, which, in turn,point to the executable machine-language routines (see figure 2). Theway in which FORTH transfers con-trol from one machine-language rou-tine to the next is by having eachmachine-language routine terminatein a JUMP to a routine called NEXT.This routine increments FORTH's"program counter" to address thenext object-code pointer in sequence.Control is then passed by another se-quence of pointers (or a double-indirect JUMP) to the next machine-language routine desired.

This double-indirect control-trans-fer process is all very fine as long asthe number of machine cycles re-quired to accomplish the effect of atypical FORTH operator is large incomparison to the number requiredfor the double-indirect JUMP itself. Indesigning a processor with a stack-oriented architecture, however, onewould certainly intend to createsingle-byte op codes like ADD andSUBTRACT, whose function wouldbe to accomplish, in very few cycles,the addition or subtraction of the toptwo stack entries to or from oneanother. Under these circumstances,the number of machine cycles re-quired for getting to the op codes inquestion, via the double-indirectJUMP, could be substantially greaterthan the number required to do theoperations themselves. This observa-tion applies even if the machine's in-struction set were to incorporate a1-byte NEXT instruction that couldbe placed at the end of each machine-language routine instead of a JUMPto a whole NEXT routine. Thus, itwould appear that, paradoxically, the

130 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

WHY A FORMSPROCESSINGDATARASE? "

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Ever since the introduction of low-costmicrocomputers, business professionalshave asked for a system that lets officeworkers use the knowledge they have andthe procedures they already understand.

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THE IDEAL WAY TO USEA COMPUTER

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OPEN-ENDED SYSTEM.

For special requirements, an optionalOEM Pascal Interface provides sophisti-cated users and software developers withpowerful VersaForm tools, allowing directaccess to the B-tree indexed database.System integrators can add value bycreating templates and writing custominterfaces.

Users say VersaForm is the most power-ful and easy to use system around. That'sbecause it's more than just a database; it'sa true Business Form Processor.

MANAGEMENT REPORTS INA HURRY

The real power of a forms processingdatabase is evident with VersaForm'sreporting facility. You need only pointto the data items within a form you wantqueried, sorted, counted, subtotalled, andtotalled. There's no complicated format toenter—VersaForm automatically producescolumnar formats, titled, dated and pagenumbered.

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BYTE January 1983 131

Circle 14 on inquiry card.

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very object structure attributes thatmake FORTH nearly ideal for non-stack-oriented hardware make itrelatively ill-suited for use as the basisof a true stack-oriented machine.

An Alternative

The primary disadvantage of usingFORTH as the basis for the hardwareimplementation of a high-level lan-guage is, as discussed, its threadednature. I would like to present analternative scheme that skirts thesedifficulties and that represents aviable, cost-effective approach to theimplementation of a high-level lan-guage in hardware. This scheme is theresult of more than three years of ex-tensive commercial refinement andtesting in such applications as real-time industrial process control, com-piler development, and databaseanalysis.

One of the first things to be estab-lished in the design of any new pro-cessor is the range of intended ap-plications that the processor shouldaddress—in commercial terms, its in-tended market. The market segmentthat is ripe for exploration at thispoint is the small, inexpensive, butlargely custom-programmed, soft-ware-intensive system for whichspeed of development and speed ofdata manipulation must go hand inhand. For systems of this type, 16-bitdata-handling and 16- to 24-bit ad-dressing capabilities should be suffi-cient for the next several years. Ofprimary importance is that the costsassociated with both hardware andsoftware development in systems ofthis type should be minimized.

If we agree that software develop-ment costs are best minimizedthrough the implementation of astack-oriented high-level language asthe assembly language of themachine, the design problem thenrevolves around the question of howto best optimize system efficiency interms of both processing speed andmemory-space usage, at the lowestpossible cost in silicon. In optimizingthe design of the system for process-ing speed and memory-space usage,we must consider the typical uses towhich the system will be put—in par-ticular, we must ask three questions:

132 January 1°*3 © BYTE Publication* Inc

Circle 136 on inquiry card.

Powerful CB'NI Software.

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NEVADA

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When we introduced Nevada COBOL three years ago, it was

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according to an independent study*. What's more, it's easier

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□ Extremely Compact. You can compile and execute up to2500 statements in 32K RAM, 4000 statements in 48K, etc.

□ It's based upon the ANSI-74 standards with level 2 featuressuch as compound conditionals and full CALL CANCEL.GYou get a diskette, 153-page manual with lots of examplesand 16 complete COBOL source code programs.

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□ Perfect for industrial training, office training, drill and test-ing, virtually all programmed instruction, word puzzle games,and data entry facilitated by prompts.

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To make our software available to even more micro users, we've slashed our prices.What's more, we're offering a money back guarantee. If for any reason you're notcompletely satisfied, just return the package—in good condition with the sealeddiskette unopened—within 30 days and we'll refund your money completely.

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Shipping/handling fees. Add $4.00 for first package and $2.00 each additionalpackage. OVERSEAS Add $15.00 for first package and $5.00 each additionalpackage. Checks must be in U.S. funds and drawn on a U.S. bank!

'A Compiler Benchmark: A Comparative Analysis of Four COBOL Compilers'' byStephen F Wheeler. Trademarks: CP/M, Digital Research; TRS-80, Tandy Corp.;Apple II, Apple Computer Inc.; Osborne 1, Osborne Computer Corp. © 1982 EllisComputing.

o

ELLIS COMPUTING

MAIL TODAY! To: Ellis Computing

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The CP/M operating system and 32K RAM are required.

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Exp. Date

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Offer expires 1/31/83

Circle 165 on inquiry card.

BYTE January 1983

133

• What operations are necessary inorder to provide the minimum levelof power consistent with the user'sneed for high-level-language capabil-ities?

• What additional operations wouldbe desirable, and how does the cost oftheir inclusion compare with the soft-ware development costs that wouldbe incurred by leaving them out?

• What will the relative frequencies ofoccurrence of each of these opera-tions be in terms of both time and

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In answer to the first question, mostpeople would agree that the opera-tions considered vital would includethe following:

• 16-bit numeric push and pop

• top-of-stack duplicate and top-pairswap

• 16-bit two's-complement additionand subtraction

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• 16-bit Boolean AND, OR, andNOT operations

• 16-bit comparison operations(greater-than, less-than, and equals),and some means for using the resultsof comparisons to control programflow (if-then)

• subroutine call and return

• 16-bit memory-fetch and memory-store

• GOTO (all structured program-ming ballyhoo to the contrary)

Note that we do not have to concernourselves here with any questions asto addressing modes. The stack-orientation of the language takes careof all that automatically. Forexample, the memory-fetch operationwould be expected to replace the topstack entry with the contents of thememory location originally addressedby that stack entry. To do an indirectfetch then, one would simply performtwo ordinary memory-fetch opera-tions in a row. To do an indexedfetch, one would merely get the baseaddress and the index into the toptwo positions on the stack, performan addition, and then perform a nor-mal memory-fetch. Other addressingmodes of arbitrary complexity, suchas triple-indirect and doubly indexed-indirect, can be similarly formulatedsimply by using the basic operationsas building blocks. This synergy is afunction of the beautiful simplicityand cleanliness of the stack-orientedapproach. We can achieve a fullysymmetrical, easy-to-learn instruc-tion set of enormous power withoutspending a fortune on silicon.

One is tempted at this point tobegin wondering just how the variouscapabilities listed above would bemade available to the user, how theywould be implemented in the hard-ware, and so on. Let us leave thesequestions aside for the moment untilwe have had a chance to address thelast two questions raised earlier. Theabove collection of operations wouldappear to represent the true bare-bones minimum needed. What elsewould it be desirable for the architec-ture to support in the form of hard-ware primitives?

Here we enter into a realm ofspeculation in which there is con-

134 January 1983 © BYTE Publication! Inc

Circle 173 on Inquiry card.

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siderable room for disagreement.Each individual has a different idea asto what constitutes the ideal mix ofhardware capabilities, and we find lit-tle in the way of objective criteria togo on, because the whole field ofstack-oriented high-level-languagedevelopment is still in its infancy. Forthis reason, actual working ex-perience with such languages is in-valuable. It is only by having used astack-oriented language extensivelythat one can get a feel for whatfeatures are particularly desirable andwhat features are not. As notedabove, I have been experimentingwith these languages for more thanthree years now, and my personal ex-perience is reasonably representativeof many of the kinds of applicationsin which a processor such as the onediscussed here would be used.

Turning first to the question of ad-ditional arithmetic operations,multiplication and division arise asprime candidates for inclusion. I havefound considerable use for both, evenin connection with entirely logic-based tasks. Multiplication is of par-ticular use in multidimensional arrayindexing and singly dimensioned ar-ray indexing in cases where the arrayelement size is not a power of 2. Theneed for division crops up somewhatless frequently, but it and its cor-ollary, the modulo operation, are suf-ficiently time-consuming (in bothdevelopment and execution time) fora programmer to implement in soft-ware that it is a real blessing to havethem available as language primi-tives. Thus, full 16-bit unsignedmultiplication (with a 16-bit result),division, and modulo are all includedin the architecture presented here.

Right-shift and left-shift operationsare commonly found in current as-sembly languages for good reason,and we would hope to have themavailable here as well. Left-shift, syn-ergistically enough, can already beaccomplished very easily using thetop-of-stack-duplicate and additionfunctions. Right-shift cannot. I wouldpropose to rectify this, not by supply-ing a right-shift operator, but bydesigning the division hardware suchthat if division by a power of 2 iscalled for, the operation will be car-

ried out as a simple right-shift of theappropriate number of bit-positions.This arrangement has the additionalbenefit that ordinary divisions needtake no longer to execute than theminimum amount of time, even incases where the programmer does notknow in advance whether or not thedivisor in the computation will be apower of 2.

The exclusive-OR or XOR opera-tion is the only Boolean operationconspicuously missing from theabove list. It is infrequently needed,but to derive it using the otheroperators is comparatively time-consuming. One possibility would beto design the equals function as a bit-wise exclusive-NOR. This, however,while intriguing, would lead to prob-lems in other areas. Given that XORis not particularly costly to imple-ment in hardware, it should be in-cluded as a hardware primitive.

In writing programs in a stack-oriented language, one constantlyfinds the need for stack-manipulationoperators more powerful than thesimple top-of-stack-duplicate (let'scall this DUP, as FORTH does) andtop-pair-swap (SWAP). Because it isfrequently useful to create a freshcopy of the stack entry just below theone on top (as FORTH's OVER oper-ator does), this operation should beincluded as a hardware primitive. It iseven useful to have the ability to ac-cess entries arbitrarily deep in thestack. Sometimes the depth withinthe stack of the desired entry can bespecified literally by the programmerin the source code; at other times it isuseful to allow the depth of stack ac-cess to be a computed variable. Bycovering the latter case, we cover theformer as well. Thus, we will imple-ment an operator called N-TH thatwill take the top stack entry as itsargument, and replace it with a freshcopy of the nth item in the stack.

I have also found considerable usefor a peculiar stack-manipulation op-erator, not ordinarily found inFORTH, called ROTATE. This oper-ator bears the same relation to SWAPthat N-TH does to OVER, that is, ittakes the top stack entry as an argu-ment and rotates out the nth item inthe stack, placing it on top of the

136 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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stack and deleting it from its previousposition. This operator would berelatively costly to implement inhardware (presenting perhaps a levelof difficulty comparable to that of im-plementing multiplication hardware).However, it is impossible to simulatethe effect of this operator using a se-quence of other operators. Also, inmany situations, having it availablecan substantially simplify softwaredevelopment. For these reasons,ROTATE should be included as partof the instruction set presented here.One might also envision the need foran inverse-rotate operator, one thattakes the top stack entry and inserts ita given depth into the stack. Such acapability is rarely needed, however,and using ROTATE, we could con-struct such an operation in softwarefairly easily.

Control of program flow is a vitalaspect of software design. Handlingof conditional branches is best donethrough the use of an IF operator thatexamines the top stack entry. If it is 0,IF loads the program counter with the

address of the point to be branchedto. This allows the programmer thefreedom to make branches condi-tional on the basis of the evaluationof any arbitrary expression involvingboth arithmetic and logical quantities

With a stack-orientedapproach, we can

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and relations. Note that, with aGOTO operator, an IF-THEN-ELSEconstruct can easily be provided viaassembly-time macroinstructionswithout any need for further instruc-tion-set support. At the point in theuser's code at which the ELSE occurs,the assembler can automatically

generate a GOTO pointing to the ad-dress of the end of the else-clause.

The other prime flow-controllingconstructs of structured program-ming, such as DO...WHILE,REPEAT...UNTIL, and CASE, canall be implemented using various ar-rangements of IF and GOTO, gener-ated, where desired, under the con-trol of assembly-time macroinstruc-tions.

One construct, however, standsout as being so useful that it deservesfurther consideration: the iterativeloop. My proposed architecture con-tains a FOR instruction that expectsupper- and lower-loop bounds to bepresented to it on the stack; it also hasa NEXT instruction that executes as aconditional branch back to the cor-responding FOR, along with incre-mentation of the loop variable. Thisarrangement has a number of im-plications for our machine architec-ture. For one, it implies that we musthave a second stack for storing thisFOR...NEXT loop context (we knewwe needed this extra stack anyway to

Text continued on page 142

138 January 1983 © BYTE Publication! Inc

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support the subroutining feature). Foranother, it means that we will needtwo additional instructions, one topush the current value of the loopvariable onto the main stack (the cor-responding operator in FORTH isgenerally called either PI or I ), andanother to cause the currentFOR.. .NEXT loop context to go awayif the FOR...NEXT loop is terminatedprematurely (sometimes calledLEAVE in FORTH).

Whether or not there should alsobe a STEP instruction, for changingthe loop step size, is open to debate. Ihave occasionally found the need forsuch an instruction, but have alsofound that convenient alternativesoftware solutions are usually avail-able where this need exists. For thesake of minimizing the cost of thesilicon, I am in favor of leaving it out.One area I have purposely left tothe end of the discussion of desirablefeatures is that concerning data types.So far we have spoken only about16-bit integers. Certainly, however,hardware support for other datatypes could be extremely useful;single-byte data, for one, butfloating-point numbers and characterstrings also come readily to mind.Here, however, we must be carefulnot to get carried away on the wingsof overworked imagination. The sup-port of floating-point arithmetic inhardware is a gigantic undertaking. Ifwe are seriously interested in design-ing an inexpensive high-levelmachine, we will have to forgo thisluxury for the time being. Perhaps inthe year 1995, when chips are fabri-cated using genetic-engineeringtechniques and gates are only 5 or 10protein molecules in size, inexpensivefloating-point hardware will becomefeasible. Until then, softwarefloating-point arithmetic or, at themost, coprocessor architecturesshould remain the rule for inexpen-sive systems.

On the other hand, single-byte dataand character-string data present nosuch overwhelming design burden.We can expect that the addition of8-bit memory-fetch and memory-store operations would require littlein the way of additional processorlogic. Also, if these operations are set

up so that they behave just like their16-bit equivalents except that theypertain only to the low-order 8 bits ofeach 16-bit stack word, all our ex-isting 16-bit operators will work with8-bit data as well. Character strings,being nothing more than sequences ofsingle-byte data, should also be easyto support in hardware. If strings arerepresented on the stack in the formof length foremost followed by stringbody, with one 8-bit character per16-bit stack entry, they are in factvery convenient to deal with, as ex-perience has shown. I have found thestring-push-immediate operation tobe the most useful, followed bystring-push-absolute (in which thestring address is taken from the top-of-stack), and, somewhat less useful,string-store-absolute. This last opera-tion, in fact, is rather infrequentlyneeded, rather costly to do in hard-ware, and rather easy to do in soft-ware. Therefore, I think it would bestbe omitted.

The veteran FORTH user may bewondering at this point what all thefuss here is about. So far, everythingwe have discussed has appeared toresemble FORTH so strongly that tosay we are not speaking of imple-menting FORTH in hardware wouldappear to be an exercise in semantics.This is no accident. As mentionedearlier, FORTH is currently the mostpopular stack-oriented high-levellanguage, and any source-level com-patibility that we can preserve be-tween FORTH and the language thatis proposed here can only be benefi-cial to users of both languages. Thedriving differences between FORTHand the language proposed here ap-pear primarily at the object-codelevel. FORTH object code is thread-ed, whereas what we are discussinghere is an object code based on ex-ecutable op codes. This means that,for example, the way in which asubroutine invocation will occur hereis for the address of the called routineto be pushed onto the stack, afterwhich a CALL instruction will be ex-ecuted in order to actually transfercontrol to the desired routine.

Nothing in what has been said sofar has in any way touched on thequestion of I/O (input/output) struc-

142 January 1983 © BYTE Publication* Inc

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BYTE January 1983 143

Circle 407 on Inquiry card.

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3

is INTERTEC

Edata

= SYSTEMS.

OperationName

Push

Pop

Dup

Swap

Over

N-th

Rotate

Plus

Minus

Times

Divide

Modulo

And

Or

Xor

Not

Grtr

Less

Eauals

If

Goto

Call

Return

Fetch

Store

Peek

Poke

For

Next

Pi

Leave

Spshim

Stgfch

FORTH

Mnemonic Description

<0-9>

DROP

DUP

SWAP

OVER

/

MOD

AND

OR

XOR

NOT

>

<

C!

DO

LOOP

PI

LEAVE

Push a 16-bit quantity onto TOS

Pop entry on TOS

Push a new copy of TOS

Swap TOS with NOS

Push a new copy of NOS

Replace TOS with the TOSth deep stack entry

Rotate TOSth stack entry out to TOS

Replace NOS with NOS plus TOS; pop TOS

Replace NOS with NOS minus TOS; pop TOS

Replace NOS with NOS times TOS; pop TOS

Replace NOS with NOS divided by TOS; pop TOS

Replace NOS with NOS mod TOS; pop TOS

Replace NOS with NOS Boolean-AND TOS; pop TOS

Replace NOS with NOS Boolean-OR TOS; pop TOS

Replace NOS with NOS Boolean-XOR TOS; pop TOS

Replace TOS with its 1's complement

Replace NOS with logical NOS>TOS; pop TOS

Replace NOS with logical NOS<TOS; pop TOS

Replace NOS with logical NOS = TOS; pop TOS

Jump to address on TOS if NOS = 0; pop TOS and NOS

Jump unconditionally to address on TOS; pop TOS

Call subroutine at address on TOS; pop TOS

Return from subroutine

Replace TOS with word pointed to by TOS

Store NOS into word pointed to by TOS; pop both

Replace TOS with byte pointed to by TOS

Store single-byte NOS into addr on TOS; pop both

Begin For...Next loop, from TOS to NOS; pop both

End For...Next

Push For...Next counter value

Exit For...Next context prematurely

Push-string immediate

Push-string absolute (string equivalent of @)

Table 1: A list of operations that should be included in a microprocessor that coulddirectly execute a FORTH-like high-level language. TOS means top-of-stack; NOSmeans next-on-stack.

hire. This is because the most rationalI/O structure known is the memory-mapped structure, and little needs tobe said about it other than that itshould be used here. Memory-mapped I/O is clean, infinitely ex-pandable (to the capacity of theaddress space), and requires zero pro-cessor support. I have never under-stood why a computer architectwould want to choose any othermethod.

We should also touch briefly on thequestion of interrupt structure here, ifonly to say that a simple one such asthose found in the 6502 and the 6809should perform admirably. Becauseof the stack orientation of ourmachine, nothing but the current pro-gram counter and program-statusregister (condition codes) need besaved on the stack when an interruptoccurs. Note the tremendous advan-

tage that stack orientation gives us inthis area over register-oriented micro-processors, with their need to saveand restore all user registers that havethe possibility of being altered by theinterrupt-handling routine (indeed,the more powerful the processor, themore registers there are to be savedand restored—hence, paradoxically,the more time consumed in respond-ing to interrupts). This alone shouldgive our system the ability to respondextremely rapidly to interrupts of allkinds . . . not to mention the factthat our ability to write interrupt-handlers in high-level code will makethe whole process considerablysimpler and more glitch-resistant.

Putting It All Together

Table 1 lists all the basic operationsthat I have proposed for ourhardware-implemented instruction

144 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Circle 98 on inquiry card.

BYTE January 1983 145

8-BIT INSTRUCTION REGISTER

15_BIT s—i _. 1

PUSH ^—I °^<vj

6-BITPUSH

NORMAL6-BITOP CODE

f<3

A BYTE OF THE FORM:

1 0 X X X X X I X

EXECUTES AS A PUSH OF THE NUMBER XXXXXX,

A BYTE-PAIR OF THE FORM:

OYYYYYYY YYYYYYYY

EXECUTES AS A PUSH OF THE NUMBER OYYYYYYY YYYYYYYY,

A BYTE OF THE FORM:

1

1

z

z

z

z

z

z

INVOKES THE EXECUTION OF OP CODE ZZZZZZ

Figure 3: An instruction decoding method for the proposed numeric push operations.Using only 1 byte, you could push any number from 0 to 63 onto the stack. With 2bytes, you could push any number up to 32,767.

set. Compared to existing micropro-cessors, it is remarkably short, sim-ple, and straightforward. In par-ticular, because so few op codes willbe required to implement this set, wehave the opportunity to do somethingquite astonishing here.

One of the questions I raised at thebeginning of this discussion calledattention to the possibility that someoperations may be found to occurmore frequently in typical user pro-grams than others. This is in fact thecase: experience has shown that thenumeric push operation typically oc-curs far more frequently, in both timeand space, than any other singleoperation. It stands to reason, then,that if we can somehow optimize theimplementation of the numeric pushfor both speed and space efficiency,we can create an architecture whoseperformance is as unassailable as itsease of use. The fact that so few opcodes are needed to implement the

rest of the instruction set gives us thisopportunity.

Let's suppose that we wish to stickwith the standard of the 8-bit byte asthe basic unit of memory ad-dressability. The total number of op

A processor of this

type could of course be

programmed in many

other languages, in

addition to its

high-level

assembly language.

codes shown in table 1 is only 33.Allowing room for expansion androunding up to the next higher powerof 2, we decide to make allowance for64 distinct op codes in our instructionset. This leaves 256 minus 64, or 192,

bit patterns available for other pur-poses. What better use to put these tothan as short, high-speed forms of thenumeric push operation?

The design adopted for these short,high-speed numeric push operationsis very simple. Small numbers such as0, 1, and 2 are the most commonlypushed quantities. These could be setup in the form of ultrashort, single-nybble instructions, but this wouldgain us little because we are alreadypresupposing at least an 8-bit-widedata bus for the purpose of reading inthe ordinary op-code bytes. In addi-tion, numeric pushes of larger num-bers—typically those representing theaddresses of data areas, jump points,and subroutines—are very common,and we would like to optimize theseto whatever extent we can. For thesereasons, I have found it desirable torecognize two distinct flavors ofshort-form push, one of which con-sumes 64 of the available bit patterns,and the other of which consumes theremaining 128. The first of these en-codes single-byte pushes of numbersfrom 0 up to 63; the other acts as thefirst byte of a 2-byte instructionwhose effect is to push numbers that,while large, do not cover the full16-bit range.

The way this works is outlined infigure 3. When the processor entersthe execution phase of its instructioncycle, it examines the high-order 2bits of the byte it has just fetchedfrom memory. If these 2 bits are bothhigh, the remaining 6 bits in the byteare treated as a normal op code (e.g.,ADD, FETCH, etc.). Otherwise, ifthe high-order bit of the byte is high,but the next-to-high-order bit is low,the remaining 6 bits in the byte aretaken as a 6-bit quantity to be pushedonto the stack. Finally, if the high-order bit of the byte is low, the rest ofthe byte is taken as the high-orderbyte of a 2-byte quantity to bepushed, and the low-order byte ofthis quantity is taken from the nextsequential location in memory. In thisway, numbers up to 32,767 can bepushed onto the stack in 2 bytes orless—by locating one's object codewithin this address range, one cangenerate incredibly space-efficientcode.

146 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Circle 149 on inquiry card.

There is a further bit of serendipityto be exploited here. Because, as nowenvisioned, all operations besidespushes of numbers exceeding 63 canbe encoded in a single byte, we havereason to suppose that we may notneed more than an 8-bit-wide externaldata bus in order to derive virtuallythe full level of performance of a16-bit machine. All we need to do inorder to take advantage of this is toseparate out our two stacks from theuser's address space and to place them(and their internal 16-bit-wide bus)entirely on-chip.

In fact, doing so will have the addi-tional advantage that we can then im-plement the stack-manipulation andarithmetic hardware much more easi-ly and directly—indeed, it even makessense under these circumstances toconsider making the processor cyclerate a significant multiple of themain-memory-access cycle rate. It isas though, without half trying, wehave arrived at a low-cost architec-ture incorporating a high-speed cachememory (i.e., the stacks) whose con-tents are always guaranteed to be themost useful possible because itscontents are entirely under programcontrol!

Figure 4 shows a possible pinoutfor a microprocessor of the kinddescribed here. Astute readers mayrecognize the pinout as being iden-tical to that of the well-known 6502.Rearranging the pins slightly, onecould imagine a processor of this kindbeing made pin-compatible with the6809 or any of several other currentlycommon microprocessors.

VssC

1

40

]RES

rdy[

2

39

1*2

*1[

3

38

]N.C.

IRQ[

4

37

3*o

N.C.[

5

36

]n.c.

nm1[

6

35

]N.C.

SYNC[

7

34

]R/W

vccC

8

33

]DB0

AB0[

9

32

]dbi

AB1[

10

31

]DB2

AB2[

11

30

]DB3

AB3[

12

29

]DB4

AB4[

13

28

]DB5

AB5[

14

27

]DB6

AB6[

15

26

]DB7

AB7[

16

25

]AB15

AB8[

17

24

] AB14

AB9[

18

23

]AB13

AB10[

19

22

]AB12

AB11[

20

21

]vSs

N.C. " NO CONNECTION

Figure 4: A possible pin diagram for a pro-posed microprocessor that could directlyrun a FORTH-like high-level language.Some readers may notice that this is thesame pinout as that for the 6502microprocessor.

Some Closing Remarks

A processor of this type could ofcourse be programmed in many otherlanguages, in addition to its high-level assembly language. Most if notall currently popular high-levellanguages, including BASIC, Pascal,PL/I, APL, FORTRAN, COBOL,LISP, and Ada, would be con-siderably easier to implement on aprocessor of this sort than they havebeen on existing microprocessors.

More to the point, the compilers andinterpreters for these languageswould consume much less memoryspace on a machine like this than theydo now, which would allow systemsmanufacturers to cut their pricessubstantially on systems supportingthese languages.

The ideas outlined here weredeveloped independently (with agreat deal of help from Mr. KenWasserman) but are no doubt similarin many respects to those presentlyunder discussion at all the majorintegrated-circuit manufacturers'engineering facilities. Stack-orientedhigh-level-language hardwarerepresents an eminently practical,cost-effective mechanism for extract-ing minicomputer performance frommicrocomputer hardware—at "nano-computer" cost.

The reason that this developmenthas been so long in coming is due to anumber of factors, not the least ofwhich is that until recently software-oriented personnel have had little in-put into instruction-set design. In ad-dition, an architecture of the sortpresented here would probably nothave been feasible prior to the adventof VLSI (very-large-scale integration)as a commercially viable mass-production technology.

In this connection, it is amusing tonote that Electronics magazine onceran as part of a "New Year's WishList" the fervent hope that Intel Cor-poration's Gordon Moore be granted"inspiration on what to do with achip holding 1 million transistors."This wish may be granted yet.B

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Hardware Specifications -

The Panasonic portable computer offers 6502microprocessor (1 MHz) technology.

□ It offers 4K or 8K internal nonvolatile RAM

□ 48K internal ROM

□ Built-in Ni-Cad rechargeable battery pack

□ External AC adapter/recharger

□ 26-character liquid crystal display

□ 65-key completely redefinable keyboard

Introducing Peripherals for Additional Solutions —

Modular peripherals let you customize your system.

□ Multiple RS-232C serial interfaces

a Asynchronous modem with cassette interface(110 or 300 baud)

□ 40-character microprinter (thermal dot matrix printing)a 8K or 16K RAM memory expansion packs

□ X-Y four-color plotter (up to 80 characters per line)

□ TV adapter (32 characters X16 lines with colorand graphics)

The Panasonic portable computer. It's improved the way you solve problems. Because we believeits portable modules and multiple software applications can vastly improve your productivity. And thatcan be an important solution to your profit problems.

The portable computer from Panasonic. We've improved the way you solve problems.

Link Panasonic. It's changing the way the world uses computers.

Please send me more information.

Panasonic Company, Hand-Held ComputersOne Panasonic Way, Secaucus, New Jersey 07094

Dealer Inquiries Invited

Name (PLEASE PRINT).Title & Company

II Type of Business,^fc Address

City-

Phone Number (

.State.

.Zip_

Panasonic.

just slightly ahead of our time.

Circle 319 on inquiry card.

Maximizing Powerin Multiuser Architectures

A system design combines the advantages

of a single-processor multiuser system

with those of both loosely and tightly coupled networks.

Mark Garetz

Compupro Systems

Box 2355

Oakland Airport, CA 94614

The microcomputer industry is wit-nessing a trend toward more power-ful (i.e., 16-bit) systems. At the sametime we see a demand for systemscapable of serving a number of userssimultaneously. Multiuser environ-ments can be achieved in many ways.In this article I'll discuss Compupro'sapproach to the problem, but firstlet's consider a few basic multiuser ar-chitectures.

The classic multiuser system con-sists of a single CPU (central process-ing unit), lots of memory, and the ap-propriate number of I/O (input/out-put) ports. The single processorserves all the users of the system bymeans of timesharing. The concept isfairly simple (although implementa-tion is quite tricky): every fewmicroseconds, a timer causes an inter-rupt to the system that causes the pro-cessor to suspend what it is doing forthe current user and to do somethingelse for the next user in line. In a two-user system, the processor switchesback and forth between the users. In asystem with more than two users, theprocessor usually goes around thecircle, servicing each user in turn. Amore sophisticated system might givecertain users more time than others,according to each user's priority.

Although it is by no means simpleto write, the software for the classicmultiuser system is all written for oneprocessor. This means that the

operating system is in tight control ofall the system resources (in theory,anyway). The effectiveness of this ap-proach depends greatly on the effi-ciency of the hardware used to imple-ment it. Hardware that performs wellin a single-user environment may per-form miserably in a multiuser en-vironment (but we'll delve into thatlater). At some point, the maximumcapacity of every single-processormultiuser microcomputer system isreached, usually at around three tofour users. In simpler terms, we couldsay that the maximum capacity of thesystem is reached when the speed orperformance suffers noticeably ifanother user is added to the system.With poorly designed hardware, thiscould happen at the two-user level;with well-designed hardware, it couldoccur as high as the eight-user level.Of course, the application of the sys-tem has a lot to do with the point atwhich performance seems affected.For example, in a computation-inten-sive environment, the maximumcapacity of a well-designed systemmight be reached at four users. In aless intensive environment (such as adatabase inquiry system in which ter-minal use is low, and the chance ofeverybody's using the system at onceis minimal) the maximum capacity ofthe system might be 16 users.

The point of this discussion is thatevery single-processor multiuser sys-

tem will at some point reach its maxi-mum capacity, and if the desirednumber of users exceeds the maxi-mum capacity of the system, the sys-tem will slow down. The degree ofslowdown depends on how many usersthe system is handling above its max-imum capacity. Depending on the ap-plication, the slowdown may betolerable. In most cases (with well-de-signed hardware) the system will stillbe many times faster than timeshar-ing with a large computer at 300 bps(bits per second) over the phone lines.

But many of us are accustomed tofast single-user microcomputers andnotice (and resent) the least slow-down. An obvious solution is to keepour single-user microcomputers andlet the other people in the office gettheir own if they need computers. Inmany cases this is a good solution,although it's usually much more ex-pensive than a multiuser system. Themajor problem with this solution isthe difficulty of sharing commonresources, such as an expensive hard-disk drive, a letter-quality printer, ora common database that everyoneneeds to access. With independentmicrocomputers, sharing of commonresources is next to impossible.

Of course, it's possible to hooktogether all these independent sys-tems to form a network of microcom-puters. In a network, each connecteddevice is called a node. Every node

152 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

THE PERSONALCOMPUTER ADOUR COMPETITIONDOESN'T WANTYOU TO READ.

It's an ad for NEC's APC™Advanced Personal Computer.A solutions-oriented system thatsolves business problems in thesimplest, most cost-effective way.The APC supports both CP/M-86™and MS-DOS™ It can store moreinformation than any system in itsprice range. In short, it's got thebest price/performance of anypersonal computer. That's why our

competition would prnever see our systr 4We asked somlen who sjjJus why t'reason'The\Tonly p

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"That APC of yours is thpowerful computer of f^I saw. I don't know hovfor that price."

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Our business software1was optimized to takeadvantage of the APCsunique hardware features. Thatmakes system operation fasterand easier.

Our software includes a full setof general accounting packages,word processing, mailing listmanagement, business planning,database management, and communications. And we're readyingmany more.We're the only company toback our software with a uniquenconditional guarantee. It wi■vork or you get your money"back.Smaller businesses use the'APC as their principal data prong system. It handles everythinting and order pr~ to mailing list anfflagement.

ger companies use thedecision support andications tool for managers

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See the personal computer ourcompetition wishes had never beeninvented. The Advanced PersonalComputer from NEC. Return thecoupon to NEC InformationSystems, Inc., 5 Militia Drive,Lexington, MA 02173.

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Send me more information on the BE183Advanced Personal Computer.

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The Benchmark in World Class Computers

Circle 287 on inquiry card.

A WORD TO THE WISE.

No one gives you more in an economically engineered

smart terminal than Wyse.

These days there's little room forwaste of the corporate dollar. Andthese days the WY-100 smart terminallooks even better when you compareit to the other guys.

You definitely get more from Wyse— the leader in low-cost, high-per-formance, ergonomically engineeredsmart terminals.

To begin with, you get a greatlooking terminal that features diecast aluminum packaging and takesup a minimum of desktop space.

You also get a terminal with anuncanny way of pleasing people. Itcomes with an easy-on-the-eyesgreen phosphor screen. And a fullytilting/rotating display and detachedkeyboard. (After all, one person'sjust-right-tilt is another's not-quite-right-tilt).

When the workload seems impos-sible, horizontal and vertical splitscreen capabilities with independentscrolling allow you to be in two placesat once.

There's more. You get program-mable function keys and transparentprint. Plus 128 characters with upperand lower case, line drawing andgraphics, and a keyboard with 105keys — including cursor pad, specialmode and function keys.

Of course, all of this wouldn't meanmuch if you couldn't count on Wysequality. That's why each WY-100 isput through an extensive on/offtesting program.

On top of that, WordStar® and otheremulations are now available fromyour distributor. Which means youcan automatically get 32 of WordStar'smost commonly used multi-key com-mands fully-implemented on our func-tion keys for faster, easier use.

We think you'll be quite impressedwhen you compare the WY-100 toother terminals in its class. But don'ttake our word for it. Call or write ustoday. We'll send you detailed infor-mation on why the WY-100 smartterminal gives you more. A lot more.

2184 Bering Drive, San Jose, CA 95131(408) 946-3075 TLX 910-338-2251

In the East, call (516) 293-5563.

WordStar is a registered trademark of MicroPro, Inc.UL and FCC approved. & 1982 Wyse Technology, Inc.

154 BYTE January 1983

Circle 493 on inquiry card.

must have a certain amount of intelli-gence. A combination terminal/com-puter/mass-storage node (commonlyreferred to as a workstation), musthave the raw computing intelligenceto perform normal computing tasksand to send and receive messagesover the network. If the node is aprinter, it need possess only enoughintelligence to send and receivemessages.

Distributed Processing

Networking is one form of what iscalled distributed processing. Thename comes from the fact that theprocessors are distributed throughoutthe computing environment. In thecase of networking, these processorsare located some distance from oneanother, and they are not linkedtogether very tightly; that is, it wouldbe very difficult for one processor inthe network to control the actions ofanother. Appropriate software couldmake one processor appear to controlanother, but in reality each processoris quite isolated from the others. Sucha system is said to be loosely coupled.

Another form of distributed pro-cessing involves multiple processorshoused in the same cabinet. In this in-stance, a master processor usuallycontrols the actions of all the slaveprocessors. In a single-user environ-ment, various parts of the computingtask would be divided among the pro-cessors; each would perform a certainpart of the task but simultaneouslywith the other processors, thus speed-ing up execution. This process iscalled parallel processing becausemany processors are used to completethe task, each processor running inparallel with the others.

Large-scale computers use parallelprocessing to get very high through-put. The technique is being im-plemented at the chip level as well.For example, the Intel 8086 uses twoprocessors internally: one to handleoperations on the bus and the other todecode and execute the instructions.This has a measurable effect on per-formance. The concept has been ex-panded further in the Intel iAPX 286(also known as the 80286) with fourinternal processors, further sub-dividing the tasks. The effect on per-

formance is dramatic.

The above-mentioned form ofparallel processing is also a networkof processors. However, it differsfrom the networks I discussed pre-viously in being tightly coupled; thatis, one master is in tight control of allits slaves.

In microprocessor systems, parallelprocessing has been used to increasethe throughput of multiuser systemsby essentially assigning a processorand independent memory to each

user. The advantage of such a systemis that the maximum system capacityis extremely high, usually onlylimited by the speed of mass storage.Such systems operate as networks,with each processor running in-dependently. Some implementationsare loosely coupled, and others aretightly coupled.

Hardware That SupportsMultiuser Architectures

System designers can prevent per-

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January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 155

formance degradation in multiusersystems in several ways. The mostobvious method is to use high-speedRAM (random-access read/writememory), high-performance disk-drive controllers, and powerful, high-speed processors. One of the reasonsthat Compupro has designed its familyof products to such high standards ofperformance is to make certain thatnothing will impede multiuser archi-tectures. In fact, much of our hard-ware is designed to enhance the per-

formance of multiuser architectures.Later in this article, I will describe anew processor board that brings un-precedented multiuser computingpower to the realm of microcom-puters and the IEEE (Institute of Elec-trical and Electronics Engineers)696/S-100 bus. First, however, I willdiscuss other ways of enhancing theperformance of multiuser systems.

Our processor and memory boardsare the fastest available. Our disk-controller boards use DMA (direct

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memory access) transfers, which offermaximum throughput because theymove data between an I/O channeland memory without going throughthe processor. Our I/O boards aredesigned to allow easy integrationinto a multiuser environment.

All of our products are designed forthe IEEE 696/S-100 bus. The modu-larity and flexibility of that bus arevital to our ability to offer the widerange of multiuser solutions we areabout to discuss. In our multiuserSystem 816/C, one central processorboard's time is shared among all theusers in the system. The processorboard happens to be our innovativeCPU 8085/88 dual-processor board,which allows simultaneous executionof both 8- and 16-bit programs. Theoperating system is a proprietary im-plementation of Digital Research'sMP/M-86 that we call MP/M-816. Itis a true 16-bit operating system; 8-bitapplications are handed off as a taskto the 8-bit processor for execution.This system can handle up to 15users, depending on the application.

However, this system incorporatesproducts that system integrators havebeen familiar with for years. Let's dis-cuss some of our newer hardware de-signed specifically for multiuser ap-plications.

Multiplexer Channels

IBM developed a type of data chan-nel, known as the multiplexer chan-nel, that is actually a separate, smallcomputer dedicated to increasing thespeed of input/output operations.The channel controls the flow of databetween the system's RAM and theoutside world. A channel that servesonly a single I/O device (such as aterminal) is called a selector channel.A multiplexer channel serves morethan one I/O device by interleavingdata from the various devices underits control.

Compupro's MPX-1, a multiplexerchannel for the S-100 bus, contains a6-MHz 8085 processor, 4K or 16Kbytes of RAM, up to 8K bytes ofEPROM (erasable programmableread-only memory) using a 2764device, an 8259A interrupt controller,and a complete TMA (temporarymaster access) interface to the bus.

156 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 349 on inquiry card.

The 8085, RAM, and EPROM allowexecution of programs on the MPX-1in parallel with the CPU on the bus.The interrupt controller monitors anyor all of the eight vectored-interruptlines on the bus. The TMA interfaceallows the MPX-1 to talk to anymemory location or I/O port on thebus. Also included are a mechanismthat enables the master CPU (some-times called the host CPU) to get theMPX-l's attention and a mechanismby which the MPX-1 can cause an in-terrupt to the host.

The purpose of a multiplexer chan-nel is to off-load the task of process-ing system interrupts from the hostCPU. Consider what happens in anormal system when an I/O boardcauses an interrupt because acharacter is ready from a terminal.The CPU has been running a task forits current user when a second userpresses a key. The I/O board receivesthe character from the terminal andcauses one of the vectored-interruptlines to go into the active state. TheCPU must suspend what it is doingfor the current user (which it does bysaving its entire state on the stack)and jump to the service routine forthat interrupt. The service routinereads the character from the I/Oboard and puts it into a buffer. Firstthe service routine may check thecharacter to see if it is any of severalspecial control characters such as aback space or carriage return. If a linehas been completely entered (in-dicated by a carriage return) it mayset a flag so that the task that requiresthis input will know that it's ready forprocessing. Buffer pointers need to beupdated along with a status byte thattells the number of bytes in the buf-fer. Then the service routine returnsto a routine that restores the state ofthe previous task and resumes execu-tion of that task.

This whole operation, simply toprocess one character, may takeseveral hundred processor cycles forexecution. This is time stolen fromthe original current task, which hasthe result of slowing that task down.

Now consider the same process if amultiplexer channel such as theMPX-1 is in the system: the same in-terrupt line is made active on the bus,

but this time the MPX-1 sees the inter-rupt and the onboard 8085 respondsinstead of the host CPU, which con-tinues its execution undisturbed. TheMPX-1 then steals one bus cycle toread the character from the I/Oboard. The MPX-1 checks the char-acter for special control charactersand responds accordingly. Bufferpointers are updated, and the char-acter may be written to a buffer in thehost's memory space (stealing onemore bus cycle) or be kept in a bufferon the MPX-1. A flag may be set if itwas a carriage return (again stealinganother cycle).

The difference is that the MPX-1processed the interrupt in parallelwith the host CPU, stealing only afew cycles from another task, ratherthan several hundred. It is clear that amultiplexer channel can greatly in-crease the throughput of a multiusersystem. The MPX-1 is capable of per-forming many other tasks in a system(printer spooling is another), andmore than one MPX-1 can be used inthe same system.

Slaves and Masters

We have seen how the addition of afront-end processor can speed up theoperation of a single-processor multi-user system, but in many situationseven that speed improvement is notenough. In these cases, devoting aseparate processor to each user is theonly way to get maximum through-put, but it is also nice to retain the ad-vantages of a tightly coupled environ-ment.

Compupro has recently introducedtwo new products to satisfy these re-quirements. However, before I get in-to the specifics of these products, Ishould clarify the various ways thatmultiple processors can exist on theIEEE 696/S-100 bus.

Each S-100 system must have amaster processor that is in control ofthe whole system. This is called thepermanent master. In most systems,this is the processor board that we areall familiar with. The system mayalso have up to 16 temporary mastersthat request control of the bus fromthe permanent master. A priority sys-tem decides which of the 16 tempo-rary masters gets control of the bus.

The process of requesting and receiv-ing control of the bus (and the subse-quent running of bus cycles by thetemporary master) is called TMA(temporary master access). TMA dif-fers from DMA (direct memory ac-cess) in that a temporary master mayeither access memory or perform I/O.

The MPX-1 and all of Compupro'sdisk controllers are implemented astrue IEEE 696 temporary masters.They request use of the bus from thepermanent master and arbitrate forpriority in the manner prescribed bythe IEEE standard.

Memory and I/O boards on thebus are known as bus slaves becausethey are subservient to the masters.Any bus master (permanent or tem-porary) may talk to any bus slave.The bus-interface circuitry is muchmore complicated for a master than itis for a slave.

Compupro's two new products thataddress the need for a processor peruser are called slave processors fortwo reasons. One is that there isalways a powerful master CPU over-seeing system operations (which we'llget to later). The other is that theseprocessors are implemented as IEEE696-bus slaves rather than as tem-porary masters.

We had many reasons for im-plementing our slave processors asbus slaves instead of temporarymasters. As I mentioned earlier, thebus-interface circuitry for a slave isless complex (meaning it takes up lessprecious board space) than it is for atemporary master. When we get intothe specifics of each slave processor,you'll see why that's important.

Also remember that a temporarymaster can access any memory or I/Olocation on the bus. If the slave pro-cessors were implemented as tem-porary masters, it's possible that oneslave could severely mess up theoperation of another slave, causingslave or system crashes. Protectingone user from crashing another or thewhole system is vital. How protectionwas achieved by implementing theslave processors as slaves will be-come clear later.

Another important design con-sideration in developing a processor-per-user system was the limitation on

January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 157

the number of temporary mastersallowed by the IEEE 696 arbitrationscheme. Up to 16 temporary mastersare allowed, but that doesn't translateto 16 users. Remember that disk con-trollers and the like are also im-plemented as temporary masters, andthis would cut down the number ofusers a system could support.

Last came the consideration of thesoftware required for such a system.The orchestration of multiple tem-porary masters is a much greater taskthan programming a single, powerfulCPU to handle interprocessor com-munication.

The first slave processor we de-signed was intended to fill two basicneeds. The first requirement was toprovide 8-bit and 16-bit capability forour 16-bit-only processor boards—CPU 8086/87, CPU 68K (the Motoro-la 68000), CPU 16032 (the NationalSemiconductor 16032), and CPU 286(more on this later). When we devel-oped the first 8- or 16-bit dual-processor board, the CPU 8085/88,we realized that we were fulfilling the

very real need to use the newer 16-bitsoftware while retaining the ability touse older 8-bit software. Unfortunate-ly, we couldn't fit an 8-bit processoron every new 16-bit processor board,so we needed a slave 8-bit processorto give dual-processing capabilities tosystems based on the newer processorboards.

The second need was for a high-performance, 8-bit node in a pro-cessor-per-user multiuser system.

Compupro has filled both theseneeds with a Z80B-based slave-processor board called the SPU-Z(SPU for slave-processing unit, Z forZ80). The SPU-Z contains the follow-ing: a 6-MHz Z80B processor, 192Kbytes of DRAM (dynamic RAM),two RS-232C serial ports, an atten-tion port so that the host CPU can getthe SPU-Z's attention, a method bywhich the SPU-Z can cause an inter-rupt to the system, 2K bytes of start-up EPROM, and 4K bytes of fast,static, and dual-port RAM for com-munication between the bus and theSPU-Z.

'INVENTORY REDUCTION SALE*

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Most sale items still in factory cartons. Write or call for complete list.

5-100 Boards and Systems

QTY ITEM UNIT PRICE

1 CCS 22I0A SYSTEM 1,450

5 CCS 2065 64K Dynamic RAM 250

3 COMPUT1ME Clock/Calendar 100

2 CROMEMCO TU-ART 250

1 CROMEMCO 64KZ - 520

1 CROMEMCO 16FDC 445

1 CROMEMCO D+7A 220

1 CROMEMCO SYSTEM ONE

1 IMS 32K Static RAM 370

4 IMS 4SIZO 235

3 IMS 5" FDC 380

1 IMS 16K STATIC RAM 195

1 IMS Cartridge Disk controller 590

3 ITHACA INTERSYSTEMS 64K RAM 400

1 ITHACA INTERSYSTEMS V I/O 345

1 ITHACA INTERSYSTEMS FDC 450

1 MEMORY MERCHANT 64K RAM 450

1 PER SCI 1170 Floppy disk controller 300

1 SD SYSTEMS VERSAFLOPPY II (assembled) 350

1 SD SYSTEMS Video Board 370

3 SIERRA DATA SBC -100 SLAVE 500

1 SSM I/O 4 KIT 140

4 SSM I/O 4 ASSEMBLED 200

1 SSM Terminator Board 45

1 SSM PB1 Prom Burner 180

1 SSM CB1A CPU 130

2 SYSTEMS GROUP DMB 64K RAM 495

1 TARBELL FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER 320

1 TELETEK FDC II 245

1 TELETEK SYSTEMASTER 650

SOFTWARE (for CP/M or TURBODOS Operating Systems) on 8" single sided,single density media

1 COMPILER SOFTWARE: CBASIC .. - 50

1 CCS; CP/M 2.2 ' 50

2 DIGITAL RESEARCH: PASCAL MT +

1 INNOVATIVE SOFTWARE: SPELLGUARD 150

1 INNOVATION: TIM III 100

4 ITHACA INTERSYSTEMS CP/M 2.2 100

5 MICROCALL M-CALL Communications 50

1 MICROPRO SUPERSORT .100

1 MICROPRO SPELLSTAR 100

1 MICROSOFT MACRO 80 120

1 MICROSOFT MULISP/MUSTAR 160

1 SORCIM PASCAL M 135

2 TARBELL DISK BASIC .65

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8 SHUGART 801 8" SINGLE SIDED DRIVES

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1 INTEGRAND PS700 POWER SUPPLY

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1 INTEGRAND 700 DS DISK ENCLOSURE

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2 INTEGRAND 800R DISK ENCLOSURE

400

29 TEI RM 12 SLOT RACK MOUNT MAINFRAME .

400

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1 TEI DFD FLoppy disk enclosure

295

CRT TERMINALS

2 HAZELTINE 1500 (demo units, out of warrantee)

300

490

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1 HAZELTINE 1421 (out of warrantee)

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2 TELEVIDEO 912C

600

1 TELEVIDEO 920

650

2 TELEVIDEO 910

S25

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2 NOVATION ACOUSTIC MODEMS

125

3 NOVATION APPLE CAT

.275

3 PMM1 MODEM S-100

300

1 D.C.HAYES 300 BAUD SMART MODEM

3 TELETYPE AAB MODEMS FOR TTY 43

200

APPLE RELEATED EQUIPMENT

1 APPLE FORTRAN

,. 115

1 APPLE ENHANCER

4 EPSON 8131 APPLE INTERFACE BOARD

25

3 NOVATION APPLE CAT

2P5

PRINTERS

1 DATASOUTH LA 35/36 UPGRADE KIT

400

9 EPSON 8141 RS232 INTERFACE FOR EPSON II

25

92 GRAFTRAX FOR EPSON 1 AND I!

15

1 NEC VERTICAL TRACTOR FOR 7700

SO

1 TELETYPE MODEL 4320 AAK

... ., , 935

3 AAB MODEMS FOR TTY 4320

200

MISC

175 16K RAM CHIPS

5

1 LOBO EXPANSION INTERFACE FOR TRS80

150

3 LDOS OPERATING SYSTEM FOR TRS80

50

2 MAURO PROAC PLOTTERS

650

11 220 VOLT STEP DOWN TRANSFORMERS

20

6 SUBSCRIPTIONS TO SOURCE

70

e. All orders for Inventory Reduction Items

COD.

SPU-Z Specifics

Let's examine the various portionsof the board in more detail: The Z80Band 64K bytes of DRAM form themain execution engine for any 8-bittask. The two serial ports provideconnection for a terminal and localprinter for the user. Having the ter-minal and printer local rather than onthe system bus helps to keep bususage down and therefore increasethe bus capacity.

The SPU-Z's dual-port RAM prob-ably requires the most explanation.Dual-port RAM is memory that twoprocessors can access. In this case, thetwo processors are the onboard Z80Band any other S-100 bus master(either permanent or temporary). Thedual-port RAM is used by SPU-Z totransfer information to and from thehost system. The dual-port RAM canreside on any 4K-byte boundary inthe full 16-megabyte address space onthe S-100 bus. Internally, the dual-port RAM can be made to overlayany 8K-byte section of the DRAM(along with the EPROM). Also, Com-pupro's disk controllers and theMPX-1 can transfer data directly tothe dual-port RAM, again maximiz-ing throughput.

Lastly, the SPU-Z may cause an in-terrupt to the host system, and thehost system may signal the SPU-Z byits attention port, much like theoperation of an MPX-1.

Super Slaves

We realized that the need existedfor a truly high-performance slaveprocessor, which meant that the slaveitself should have 16-bit capability.High-speed number crunching wasalso at the top of the want list forusers who needed a higher perfor-mance node.

Having one of the few multiusersystems in existence with a place for ahigh-speed Intel 8087 math processor(on the CPU 8086/87), Compuprowas one of the first companies torealize a definite limitation of the8087 in multiuser systems.

The problem is that the 8087 hasquite a number of registers, all 80 bitslong. Remember that to switch users,all these registers must be saved on

158 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

The new TEAC half height disk drive gives you everything you expect from a topquality disk drive, and one more thing, space. Now you can have up to 3.2 megabytes offloppy storage for the IBM PC without adding an expansion cabinet. Choose four 40 trackdouble sided drives and get 1.2 Mb. Or four 80's for 3.2 Mb. Mix two 40's and two 80's for2.2 Mb. The TEAC drives operate under PC DOS 1.1 (80 track drives come with JFORMAT,providing electronic disk, print spooling and ten sector formats). Now you can have bothincreased storage and space. The TEAC double sided 40 track and 80 track drives arepriced at just $299 and $365 respectively.

Save on ourline of other IBMcompatibleproducts.

DRIVES

• Single and Double sided 40 trackdrives. Fully supported by PC DOSversion 1.1. Drives are easily installed inminutes. Tandon single sided (160K) —$225, Double sided (320K) - $299.

• Double sided 80 track (650K) Tandondrive. Available with JFORMAT for PC DOS1.1 - $435.

• 5 megabyte Winchester internal orexternal disk drive — $1695.

BOARDS

• RAM Card - uses 64K dynamic RAMchips, with parity. 64K card - $149,additional 64K increments (expandableup to 256K) available for $79.

• Combo Card. Adds parallel printer, RS232 async comm and clock calendar

functions. Uses only one slot — $199. RS232 Cable - $24.95. Parallel PrinterCable - $29.95.

• Clock Calendar Card. Featuresseconds, minutes, hours, day of week,date, month and year. Battery backupmaintains time and date even whensystem is turned off — $99.

• Prom Blaster. Programs most 4K to64K bit 24 PIM EPROMs. Complete withpersonality modules and read/writesoftware - $129.

• Prototype Card. 3.5 by 8 inchwire-wrap area holds over 85-14 pin dips- $29.95.

• 48K Additional Ram. 27 chips plugeasily into master PC board — $75.

HARDWARE

• 64K Byte Hardware Print Spoolers.

Internal spooler comes with parallelprinter adapter. External versionconnects easily between computer andprinter. Both buffer 32 pages of printoutput and are user programmable —$319.

SOFTWARE

• Home Finance. Easy to use checkbook

&; budget manager — $34.95.

• Apparat Game Diskette. Includesblackjack, othello, matches andspiralgraph - $24.95.

MONITORS

• Your choice of high quality and reliableAmdek 12" green or amber screens.Choose the V300 Q/A for the colorgraphics card priced at just $170, or theV310 Q for the monochrome card at just$199. Both monitors are 18 Mhz BW andare anti-glare.

• Princeton graphics HX-12 RGB colormonitor $695. Other Amdek and MECmonitors also available at big savings.Call for prices.

PRINTERS

• A variety of the newest Epson, C. Itoh,Okidata and NEC printers available. Callfor prices.

To order any of the above products,write Apparat, Inc., 4401 S. TamaracParkway, Denver, Colorado 80257,303/741-1778. Or to speed up your order,call us toll free at

800/525-7674. sm

Apparat, Inc.

Circle 28 on inquiry card.

Figure 1: A typical system configuration with a CPU 286 master processor (based on Intel's iAPX 286) with its main system memoryand floppy- and hard-disk storage. Up to 4 megabytes of M-Drive/H solid-state disk is supported by the system for ultrafast accesstimes. Any mix of up to sixteen 8-bit or 8-/16-bit slave processors may be plugged into the system. (Figure provided courtesy of Com-pupro Systems.)

the pushdown stack (where a micro-processor temporarily puts data thatwill be needed later) and anotheruser's previous register's contentsmust be moved into the 8087. Well,that's a lot of information to movethat often, and that means operationgets slower. The solution seemed ob-vious to us: give users who need tocrunch numbers their own 8087s.

Because many people are accus-tomed to using both 8-bit and 16-bitsoftware, we decided to give thishigh-performance slave node an 8-bitprocessor as well.

So there you have the basic ar-chitecture for the SPU-D—an 8-MHz,16-bit Intel 8088, an 8087 socket, anda 6-MHz Z80B. We also needed atleast 192K bytes of DRAM (16-bitprograms are big), the same dual-portRAM and EPROM as are on the SPU-Z,and two serial ports. That's a lot of

computing power to give each user ina multiuser environment.

The SPU-D operates with its dual-port RAM in an identical fashion tothe SPU-Z. The two boards differmainly in the addition to the SPU-Dof the 8088/87 pair.

Power and User Protection:CPU 286

Any of Compupro's previous CPUboards (CPU Z, CPU 8085/88, CPU8086/87, CPU 68K, CPU 16032) canbe used to control a system consistingof any number of slave processors(limited by the available slots in themotherboard), but we wanted to pro-vide a processor board that couldserve as the foundation of a multiusermicrocomputer system with un-precedented power.

The CPU 286 is a processor boardbased on Intel's 80286 super 16-bit

microprocessor, and is particularlysuited to this task (see figure 1). TheIntel 80286 can address 16 megabytesof RAM (from a 1-gigabyte virtualaddress space), has full memory map-ping and protection built into thechip, and is designed to switch be-tween tasks very quickly. In fact, the80286 can switch tasks in only 17 to22 microseconds {us); by comparison,the admittedly powerful Motorola68000 takes around 150 ps and itsenhanced descendant, the 68010,takes 110 /is. Furthermore, the 80286will run any code written for the8086/88 but executes the code fourtimes faster than an 8086 running atthe same clock speed. Incidentally,the CPU 286 board runs at 10 MHz. Italso has a socket for the 80287 mathcoprocessor chip, and additional cir-cuitry to allow the use of either 8- or16-bit memory.

160 January 1983 © BYTE Publication* Inc

=indi£0;

data systems, inc.

PC MultiBoard

Up to 256K bytes of reliable parity checkedsystem memory plus an IBM compatibleRS-232 serial communications port and a realtime clock/calendar. Three of the most fre-quently desired functions are integrated on asingle board to keep your budget in line andyour expansion slots free. And the PC Multi-Board™ is the perfect mate for Spool-It™and Drive-It . One year warranty. 64K-S495,128K-S640, 192K-S775, 256K-S895.

Spool-It™

Utilize up to 64K of extra memory as a printerbuffer and eliminate valuable time spentwaiting on the printer. Works with Visi-Calc® , Super-Calc™ WordStar™, Easy-Writer™, Peachtree, BPI, BASIC, and mostother PC DOS software. $44.95

Drive-It™

Eliminate time spent waiting on disk drivesby converting 32K to 320K of extra memoryinto an ultra-fast drive. Supports all standardDOS functions. $59.95

Print-It ™ (IBM/Epson printers)The graphics screen print capabilities thatIBM omitted are provided by this uniquescreen print utility which dumps eithermonochrome or color screen images (textand graphics) to IBM/Epson printers (withgraphics installed). Other features includefull IBM special character set support,shading, and print abort. Expanded, rotated,and inverse modes are available. $44.95

Color-It™ (Prism/IDS printers)Color printing has never been easier. Color-It™provides the same screen print capabilitiesas Print-It™ , but for the IDS Prism colorprinter. Up to 8 colors will be reproduced asdisplayed on the screen. Also supports thenoR-color IDS 460/560 and Microprism print-ers. $49.95

Software by M.A.P. Systems Inc.

The It series of software can be used in-dividually or in combination to get the mostout of your application software.

Indigo Data Systems, Inc. is dedicated tomaking USEFUL and USEABLE products forthe IBM PC. Each product is designed withperformance, compatibility, value, and qualityin mind. We insist on it - So should you.

Indigo Data Systems, Inc. 100 E. NASA Rd. 1Suite 107 Webster, Tx. 77598 (713) 488-8186.

Circle 494 on inquiry card.

HOLIDAYSPECIAL

256K PC MULTIPAKFOR THE PRICE OF 192K

»-8775

Offer good thru Jan. 31, 1983

Among the 80286's many impres-sive features, none is more importantthan its built-in memory protection.One of the drawbacks of a single-processor multiuser system is that it isextremely difficult to keep thesophisticated user from crashinganother user or the whole system.Because a single processor is doingeverything, it also has access toeverything. It can get to the last bit ofevery user's memory area. Processorssuch as the 80286 provide a great dealof protection between users, but it'sstill possible for one user to crash theentire system.

The advantage of using the slaveprocessors is that the master pro-cessor is in direct control of com-munications within the system. Themaster processor also never has to ex-ecute a program for a user; it's onlyexecuting the operating system. (In asingle-processor system, the pro-cessor executes the program and theoperating system.) It now becomeseasy to restrict the system-wideeffects of a single slave processor. Ofcourse, sophisticated users can crash

their own slave, but they can't affectany others. The system still runs.

Summing Up

We at Compupro believe that ourmultiuser architecture embodies thebest of both network systems andsingle-processor systems. The ar-chitecture includes a network of high-performance slave processors that ex-hibits the best characteristics of bothloosely and tightly coupled networks,with the network organized around asingle processor of tremendouspower.

Because our systems are based onthe IEEE 696/S-100 bus, we can mixand match any combination of themultiuser systems I've discussed (soft-ware permitting). We could start outwith a single-processor system suchas a System 816/C, later upgrade thatto use a CPU 286 as the master pro-cessor, and add an MPX-1 to increasethroughput even more. Then wecould add an M-Drive/H solid-statedisk emulator (for up to 4 megabytesof super-fast storage). When that sys-tem reaches its limit (which shouldn't

be for quite a while) we can start togive some users their own SPU-Zs.Those users who need even greatercomputing power can get their ownSPU-Ds.

The Next Step:

Networking Multiuser Systems

I haven't talked much about howCompupro proposes to connectseveral of the above systems into anetwork of multiuser systems. To betruthful, we're waiting for the dust tosettle a bit with all the various net-working schemes presently in opera-tion before we decide which one touse. For the time being, severalpeople are using the synchronousserial channels on our Interfacer 3and 4 boards to connect multipleCompupro systems together. Imaginethe potential of several 16-user, SPU-D/CPU-286-based systems allhooked together in a single network.We intend to continue producing themost powerful microcomputersystems possible while maintainingflexibility to use future technologicalinnovations. ■

.4l?ION introduces trie

.INTERSTELLAR*^DRI^E

/A solid statedisk emulator for yourAPPLE*, TRS80**, SI 00,or SS50 computer

• A FAST mass storage device. Speeds upany program requiring disk access.

• No head seek time, no motor startup time,no moving parts.

• Standard 2 5 6K bytes of storage expandableto 1 megabyte.

• Independent regulated power supply.

• Automatic power failure detect and batterybackup.

• Hardware error detection and write protect.

• Only 4 bytes-ports of address I/O space used

• Hardware optimized for block transfersand access.

• Drivers, diagnostics, and utilities softwareprovided.

IntroductoryPrice $1095.

plus tax and shipping-

SEND FOR

BROCHURE

Identify your model.

PIOIM#INC. Tel. (617)648-1717

74 Appleton St., Arlington, MA 02174

•Trade Mark Apple "Trade Mark Tandy Corp.

Micromint will put both a computerdevelopment system and an OEM dedicatedcontroller in the palm of yourhand for as little as $127.'

'In quantities of 100

Z8 SERIAL EXPANSION BOARDBCC08 Z8 Serial BoardAssembled & Tested ... $180.00

MOTHER-BOARDMB02 Z8 Mother Boardwith 5 connectors (Gold)Assembled & Tested .... S81.00

UNIVERSAL POWER SUPPLY

+5@300ma. +12&-12V@50 ma.UPS01 Assembled and

Tested $ 35.00

UPS02 Kit S 2700

+5 @ 1 amp. +12 & -12V @ 50 ma.UPS03 Assembled and

Tested $ 60.00

UPS04 Kit S 50.00

Z8 CROSS ASSEMBLERS

FROM ALLEN ASHLEY

XAS01 ForTRS-SOModl . S 75.00

XAS02 For TRS-80 Mod III S 75.00

XAS03 For CP/M-8" 5150.00

FROM MICRO RESOURCES

MR01 CP/M-8" Diskette .. S 75.00

MR02 APPLE II CP/M 5V S 75.00

To Order:

Call Toll Free1-800-645-3479For Information Call:

1-516-374-6793

MICROMINT INC.

561 Willow AvenueCedarhurst, NY 11516

Z8 is a trademark of Zilog Inc

CP M is a trademark of Digital Research

As featured in Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar.Byte Magazine, July. August, 1981.

Z8 BASIC COMPUTER/CONTROLLER

BCC01 Z8 Basic Computer

Assembled & Tested ... $199.00BCC02 Z8 Basic Computer

Kit S169.00

Z8 MEMORY, I/O EXPANSION &CASSETTE INTERFACEBCC03 Z8 Expansion Board

w/4K memory S140.00

BCC04 Z8 Expansion Board

w/8K memory $170.00

Z8EPR0M PROGRAMMERBCC07 Z8 EPR0M ProgrammerAssembled* Tested$145.00

162 lanuary 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 497 on inquiry card.

Circle 498 on Inquiry card.

£#!/&€ Mmmpj $*)Qimm mathi

L&JUU^LIL

HARDWARE

8 MHZ 16 bit (8088) CPU6 MHZ 8 bit (8085) CPUUp to 1 megabyte 10 MHZ

static RAM2.4 Megabytes of IBM

compatible 8 inch

floppy disk storageup to 80 Megabytes

Winchester disk storage20 Slot IEEE 696/S-100 bus

9 RS-232C serial ports

SOFTWARE

MP/M,M8-16IM including:

CP/M-80™

CP/M-86'*'

MP/M-86'dBASEM™ Data Base

ManagementSuperCalcIMFinanci

PlanningWordStar™ Word

Processing (optional)

16 bits-Financial planning

Not all computers canlead your business intothe future.

Buying a multi-user com-puter system is a big invest-ment. In time, training, andmoney. So you'd betterchoose a system that won'tbecome obsolete.

Circle 211 on inquiry card.

16 bits-Accounting

You can begin your invest-ment with a single user in-stallation.Then, you can addup to 6 more terminals asyour business grows. And

as you need it.

it does the job of twogenerations of computersat the same time.

With a Gifford Computer Sys-tem you can use any of thethousands of 8 bit cp/M"programs available. And anyof the faster 16 bit CP/M pro-grams, too. if you're using

CP/M already, your invest-ment in training, softwareand data is protected.

Our systems are designedwith your future in mind.

1*1* f Wlf KM •/» M-H Wi

as new technology becomesavailable it can be in-tegrated into your com-puter at an affordable price-protecting your hardwareinvestment.

you get all the supportyou II ever need.

We have centers in San Fran-cisco and Los Angeles, with

complete demonstrationand support facilities. Callnow for a demonstration.

Cifford Computer Systems.

your future.

mpm 8 16 is a proprietary implementa-tion of MP/M-86 and was configured forcomouPro bvG&G Engineering CP/M andMP/M are registered trademarks of Oigital Research SuperCalc Is a trademarkof sorcim WordStar is a trademark ofMicroPro international corpdBASEll isa trademark of AshtonTate compuProis a trademark of codbout Electronics

Cifford Computer Systemsis an authorizedCompuPro Systems center.

Circle 181 on inquiry card.

HOME COMPUTERS

A

ATARP

16K $199

BOO

32K

iNon Atari Ram

T. $274 48K $499

48K.'...."... $359

410 Recorder $74 00

810 Disk Drive $429.00

822 Printer $26900

825 Printer $589.00

830 Modem $159.00

820 Printer $259.00

850 Interface $169 00

CX40 Joysticks (pair) $ 18.00

CX853 Atari 1 6K Ram $77.95

New low price effective January 1. 1 983

Microtek 16K Ram $ 74.95

Axlon Ramdisk (128K) $429.95

Intec 48K Board $159.00

Intek 32K Board $ 74.00

One Year Extended Warranty $ 70.00

CX481 Entertainer Package $ 69.00

CX482 Educator Package $130.00

CX 483 Programmer Package $54.00

CX 484 Communicator Package $344.00

SOFTWARE FOR ATARI

Pac ManCentipedeCaverns of MarsAsteroids

ATARI

$33 Missile Command ... $29

$33 Star Raiders $35

$32 Galaxian $33

$29 Defender $33

ON-LINE

Jawbreaker $27 Mission Asteroid $22

Softporn . $27 Mouskattack . $31

Wizard & Princess.... $29 Frogger S31

The Next Step $34 Cross Fire (ROM) $36

SYNAPSE

File Manager 800. . . $89 Shamus $26

Chicken $26 Protector. $26

Dodge Racer $26 Nautilus $26

Synassembler $30 Slime $26

Page 6...! $19 Disk Manager $24

DATABOFT

Pacific Highway. $25 Graphic Generator $13

Canyon Climber $25 Micro Painter $25

Tumble Bugs $25 Text Wizard $79

Shootmg Arcade $25 Spell Wizard $64

Clowns & Balloons $25 Bishop's Square $25

Graphic Master $30 Sands of Egypt .. $25

EPYX

Crush Crumble $24 MorlocsTDwer $16

Undead Crypt $24 Rescue at Rigel $24

Curse ot Ra .-£16 Ricochet S16

Datestones $16 Star Warrior $29

Invasion Onon $1Q Temple Apshai $29

Arthur's Hen $24 Upper Reaches $16

APX

Text Formatter Si8 50 Holy Grail S24

Family Budget $1850 Pia>er Piano $13.50

Easlsrn Front $24 Keyboard Piano $1850

Family Cash $18 50 Number Blast $13

Jukebox $13 Frogmaster $1850

Downh.il $1850 747LandSimul *;I8.50

Out'aw $18 50 Word Processor S40

K-razy Shoot OutK-razy Kritfers

CE3S

$32 K-razy Antics$32 K-star Patrol

STICK STAND

$6"

VIB1CORP

For Apple, IBM Si Franklin

Visidex $189.00

Visifile." $189.00

Visiplot $1 59.00

Visiterm $89.00

Visitrend/Plot $229.00

VisiSchedule $229.00

Desktop Plan $189.00

VISICALC for Apple II plus. Atari, CBM & IBM 1 79.00CONTINENTAL

The Home AcountanMApple/Franklin) $59.00

The Home Accountant (IBM) $ 119.00

1 st Class Mail (Apple/Franklin) $59.00

SIRIUBFree Fall $24 Space Eggs $24

Beer Run $24 Sneakers $24

Snake Byte $24 Bandits $28

BRODERBUNDApple Panic $23 Arcade Machine . $34

David's Magic $27 Choplifter $27

Star Blazer $25 Serpitine $27

INFOCOM

Deadline $35 Zork I $29

Star Cross $29 Zork II or III $29

MPC

Bubdisk H28K Ram) $719.00

PRINTERS

Smith Corona

TP 1 $599.00

C.ITOH (TEC)

Starwriter (F10-40CPS) $1399.00

Printmaster (F10-55CPS) $1 749.00

Prowriter 80 Col(P) $499.00

Prowriter 80 Col (S) $629.00

Prowriter 2 (132 Col) $799.00

OKI DATA

82A $429.00

83A $659.00

84P $1079.00

84S $1199.00

IDB

MicroPrism $649 00

132 (fully configured) $1599.00

80 (fully configured) $ 1 399.00

Call for other configurations.DAI BYWRITE R

Letter Quality $1 049.00

DIABLO

620 $1179.00

630 $ 1849.00

DISK DRIVEB FORATARI COMPUTERS

51 Single Drive $549.00

A1 Add-On Drive $339.00

52 Dual Drive $879.00

Single Side Dual Head . . $679.00Dual Drive Dual Head. . $1046.00

B/

u-sa

■■■Val

MICRQ-SCI

DIBK DRIVES FOR

FRANKLIN B. APPLE

A2 $299.00

A40 $369.00

A70 $499.00

C2 Controller $79.00

C47 Controller $89.00

FLOPPY DISKS

MAXELL VERBATUM

MD I (Box of 10) $32 5V4" SS DD $26

MD II (Box of 10) $44 SW DS DD $36

MFD I (8") $40 ELEPHANT

MFD II (8"DD) $50 5%" SS DD $19.99

MONITORS

AMOEK

300G $ 169 00

Color I $339.00

Color II $699.00

Color III $429.00

BMC

12" Green $85.00

13" Color 1400 $279.00

13" Color 1401 (Mid Res) $369.00

ZENITH

ZVM121 $99.00

BHARP

Sharp 13" Color TV $275.00

PANASONIC

TR-120 MIP(High Res. Green) $159.00

CT-160 Dual Mode Color $299.00

MODEMS

HAYES

Smart $239.00

Smart 1200 (1200 Baud) $549.00

Chronograph $199.00

Micromodem II (with Term) $309 00

Microdem 100 $309 00

NOVATION

Cat $144.00

D-Cat $159.00

Auto Cat $219.00

21 2 Auto Cat $589.00

Apple Cat II $279.00

212 Apple Cat II $609.00

ANCHOR

Mark I (RS-232) $79.00

Mark II (Atari) $79.00

Mark III (TI-99) $109.00

Mark IV (CBM/PET) $125.00

Mark V (OSBORNE) $95.00

Mark VI (IBM-PC) $179.00

Mark VII (Auto Answer Call) $119.00

TRS-80 Color Computer $99.00

9 Volt Power Supply $9.00

west

800- 648-33 11

IN NV. CALL (70E) B8B-5BB4P.O.BOX SB89 STATEDNE, NV. 89449

west

international OBDEBB:Ali shipments outside continental United States must be pre-paid by certified check only! Include 3% (minimun $3.00)shipping and handling.educational OlSCOUiMTBrAdditional discounts are available from both Computer Mail Order locations to qualified

Educational Institutions.

Circle 107 on inquiry card.

F

FRANKLIN

$ $ §

M

ACE 10 with Controller CardACE Writer Word Processor

CALL...

FOR SYSTEM PRICE.

NEC

3BBO PrinterSEOS9

PERCOM DRIVES

5V4" 160K Disk Drive

5'A" 320K Disk Drive

AMDEK

310A Amber Monitor

AmdiskOW) Drive

DXY Plotter

$329$449

$179

$729

.$759

RAIMA DISK DRIVES

Call for price and availability on tnenew Rana Disk Drives for the Apple andFranklin Computer Systems

commodore

8032 $999.00

CSM 64 CALL

4032 $749.00

8096 Upgrade Kit $369.00

Super Pet $1599.00

2031 $369.00

8250 Double Sided Disk Drive $1 699.00

D9060 5 Megabyte Hard Disk $2399.00

D9060 7.5 Megabyte Hard Disk $2699.00

8050 $1 299.00

4040 $969.00

8300 (Letter Ouality) $1 549.00

8023 $599.00

4022 $399.00

New Z-Ram, Adds CP/M and 64K Ram $549.00

The Manager $209.00

Magis CALL

Word Pro 5 plus $319.00

Word Pro 4 plus $299.00

Word Pro 3 plus $ 199.00

The Administrator $379.00

InfoPro Plus $219 00

Power $79.00

VIC 20 Dust Cover $6.99

CBM 8032 Dust Cover $14.99

CBM 8050/4040 Dust Cover $10.99

I vic »o 'i;"5S"$179

VIC 1530 Commodore Datassette $69.00

VIC 1540 Disk Drive $339.00

VIC 1541 (64 Disk Drive) CALL

VIC 1525 Graphic Printer $339.00

VIC 1210 3K Memory Expander $32.00

VIC 1110 8K Memory Expander $53.00

VIC 1111 16K Expansion $94.00

VIC 1011 RS232C Terminal Interface $43.00

VIC 1112 VIC IEEE-488 Interface $86.00

VIC 1211 VIC 20 Super Expander $53.00

VIC Mother Board $99.00

SOFTWARE

I.U.S. Easywriter II

I.U.S. Easyspeller

Peachtree Peach Pak (GL/AP/AR)...MPC Bubdisk

$249.$129

$419... call

Whp\ HEWLETTWLkM PACKARD

HP 41CVCALCULATOR

209

HP41C...HP 10C...HP 11C.HP 12C...HP 15C...NEW 1 6C

*m

64K RAM

780 KB Disk Storage

Word Processing, Ultracalc CP/M

C-Basic Software

Smith Corona TP1

Letter Quality Printer

$2995.00

HEWLETT PACKARD

ra

HP«85

HP-125 $1969 00

HP-85 16K Memory Module $169 00

5'/4"Dual Master Disk Drive $1 799.00

Hard Disk w/Floppy $4349 00

Hard Disk $3549.00

"Sweet Lips" Printer $1199.00

80 Column Printer $649.00

PC-1500

POCKETCOMPUTER

$209

CE 150 Printer, Plotter and Cassette

Interface Unit $1 72.00

CE152 Cassette Recorder $69.00

CE 1 55 8K Ram Expansion Module... $94.00

Timex Sinclair 1000

$89

TELEVIDEOTERMINALB

910 $579.00

91 2C $699.00

920C 749.00

925C $749.00

950 $950.00_

800A $131900

802 $2649.00

802H $4695.00

806 $5495 00

816 $9495 00

16K Memory Module

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In-stock items shipped same day you call. No risk, no deposit on COD orders Pre-paid orders receive free shipping within the continental United States with no waiting periodfor certified checks or money orders Add 3% (minimum $3 00) shipping and handling on all COD and Credit Card orders NV and PA residents add sales tax All items subiectto availability and price change NOTEi We stock manufacturer's and third party software for most all computers on the market' Call today for our new catalogue

Personal Computersin the Eighties

A recent study shows the market potentialfor the next decade is enormous.

Data-processing managers,manufacturers, and market analystsalike have raved in unison about thevast potential for personal com-puters. The diverse applications, theencouraging price/performanceratios, and the vast untapped marketall promise big things for those smallsystems. But just how big will thefuture market be and what will it in-clude?

According to a recent study by TheEastern Management Group, a firmspecializing in market forecasts forthe data-processing industry, themarket potential over the next decadeis enormous. The Eastern Manage-ment Group interviewed many of themajor manufacturers and vendors ofpersonal computers, some potentialmanufacturers of these computers,and more than 850 owners or

About the Author

Greggory S. Blundell is a market analystwith The Eastern Management Group, a NewJersey-based market-research firm. Mr.Blundell has participated in numerous studieson both the telecommunications and data-processing markets. He is currently involved ina study of the computer peripherals market.

Greggory S. Blundell

The Eastern Management Group

520 Speedwell Ave.

Morris Plains, NJ 07950

operators of microcomputers. Weweighed the information receivedfrom these interviews against severalfactors, including the present andprojected economic climates, the keychoices confronting the personalcomputer marketplace (such as thatbetween 8- and 16-bit micropro-cessors), and the potential acceptance

One of the principalforces contributing to

the recent market

growth has been the

gradual acceptance of

personal computers by

corporate data-processing managers.

of microcomputers in the home,business, and educational marketsthroughout the decade. Combiningall of these factors, we were able tomake several forecasts by ex-trapolating two different types ofsales data: that concerning personalcomputers sold as replacements andthat concerning computers sold as

new systems or additions. We thencollected the results of all this workinto a report called 'The Ten YearMarket for Personal Computers."Here I will present several findingsfrom that report that may be of in-terest to BYTE readers.

Growth of the Market

It turns out that 1982 was a banneryear for microcomputers. Approx-imately 1,440,000 personal com-puters were shipped around theworld; more than 1 million were soldin the United States alone. Thattranslates into a 70 percent leap overthe previous year's shipments—andthat in the midst of an ailingeconomy. And this looks to be onlythe beginning (see figure 1).

Why has this happened? For onething, personal computers are under-going a liberation from "basementtoy" status. As this changeover accel-erates, more and more home users,who at one time merely contemplatedthe purchase of a personal computer,will now actually take the plunge andbuy one.

Furthermore, through the late

166 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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iii

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Power and ease-of-use. That's why Chart-Master is in daily use at major corporations like GE,Eastman Kodak, Exxon, Union Carbide, GM, AT&T,DuPont, 3M, Citibank, Motorola, Proctor & Gambleand GTE.

The retail price of Chart-Master is $375. For acomplete information kit and name of your nearestdealer, contact Decision Resources, Inc., 21 BridgeSquare, Westport, CT 06880. (203) 222-1974.

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Visicalc is a trademark of Visicorp. Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer Inc.IBM is a trademark of International Business Machines Corporation.

Circle 144 on inquiry card.

121110987654321

WORLDWIDE SHIPMENTS

1

■ 1

f%

wammm^mmrm i ■ i

w^mmmmm i i i i

^mmm^am i i i ■ i

i ■ i i i i i

■ i

I I I I I I

m

M

ill

n i

ill

i i i i i i

81

82 83

84

85 86 87YEAR

88 89

90 91

Figure 1: Predicted worldwide shipments of personal computers.

1970s and early 1980s, a growingchange in the structure of the laborforce became evident. New managersentering the business communitybrought with them a keen awarenessof computer systems gained fromboth college study and home use.

Indeed, one of the principal forcescontributing to the recent marketgrowth has been the gradual accep-tance of personal computers by cor-

porate data-processing (DP)managers. From 1975 to 1982, an ini-tial reluctance on the part of DPmanagers to use personal computerswas slowly supplanted by a grudgingadmittance of the microcomputer'susefulness. In 1983, DP managers willplay a commanding role in the pur-chase of personal computers. Notonly will they be buying Apple lis,TRS-80s, etc., for themselves, but

they will also be laying downguidelines as to what systems may beused by their employees.

The change is significant. It in-dicates the emergence of a coor-dinated approach on the part of thebusiness sector toward personal com-puters. In 1983, 45 percent of per-sonal computers brought into busi-nesses will be acquired through thedecision-making policies of corporatedata-processing managers; by 1985,the number will rise to 70 percent.

Home users also will approach per-sonal computers deliberately and sys-tematically. These buyers will includenot only experimenters and pioneersbut also educated consumers whomeasure system excellence in terms ofperformance and productivity.

The Business, Home, andEducational Markets

During the 1980s, most of the per-sonal computer users will be in thebusiness community. The primaryusers will continue to be white-collarmanagers, administrative personnel,scientists, and engineers.

Many manufacturers realize this.IBM has followed Apple and Tandyinto the business market. Thelatecomers, Digital Equipment Cor-poration (DEC) and Wang, will alsofocus on the business sector. By 1985,revenues will clearly indicate that forcompanies like IBM, DEC, and

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168 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE January 1983 169

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o

Figure 2: The predicted shipments of personal computers in the U.S. broken down intothree market segments: businesses, homes, and educational institutions. Although amajority of personal computers will continue to end up in businesses, an increasinglylarger portion will be purchased by home users and schools.

Wang, the path to greatest successleads (as it always has) directly intothe business market.

Accordingly, DP managers andother business users can expectenhanced marketing and advertisingcampaigns directed at them, andmore systems permitting a greatvariety of applications will be pro-moted in the marketplace with gusto.

The reason for this enthusiasm isthat the potential business market ishuge. Approximately 55 millionwhite-collar workers are employed inthe U.S. alone. At the end of 1982,1,600,000 systems were spreadamong U.S. business establishments;thus only 1 out of every 34 white-collar workers could boast a personalcomputer.

Throughout the 1980s many cor-porations that have not yet purchaseda system will buy one. By 1991, ap-

proximately 55 percent of allbusinesses owning one system willhave invested in an additional per-sonal computer. The result will be asubstantial number of new personalcomputers claimed by the businesssector each year. In 1983, 1,026,000new systems will be shipped to U.S.companies, bringing the installedbase (total units installed) of businesspersonal computers up to 2,642,000.By 1988, about 12,500,000 will havebeen installed. As we embrace the1990s, U.S. business establishmentswill have accrued an installed base ofmore than 15 million personal com-puters (see figures 2 and 3).

U.S. households will also beginbuying personal computers at an in-creasing pace, although not as rapidlyas domestic businesses. New low-priced systems such as theTimex/Sinclair 1000 (for a review in

170 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 284 on Inquiry card.

PERSONAL COMPUTERS

TOTAL UNITSINSTALLED IN THE U.S.

</>

20

15

10

/

BUSINESS /

/ home yS

^

1 1 1 1

EDUCATIONi i i

81 82 83 84 85

86 87YEAR

88 89 90 91

Figure 3: The predicted total number of personal computer units installed in the U.S.,broken down by market segment.

this issue, see page 364), the Com-modore VIC-20, and the Atari 400will appeal to finance-minded house-holds that once viewed personal com-puters as unjustified luxuries. Ag-gressive and clever advertising, suchas that evidenced by Commodore, isaimed at the heart of the home mar-ket. Personal computer technology isbecoming less a threatening conceptand more a familiar acquaintance.

Families with annual incomes ofmore than $25,000 will account forthe overwhelming majority (90 per-cent) of households investing in asystem. Such a system will be pur-chased with money set aside forrecreation. These households willnaturally have fairly large recreationfunds to tap and, therefore, be willingto approach the personal computermarketplace.

At present, 621,000 systems arescattered throughout U.S.households. One year from today,that number should jump to morethan 1 million. According to ourstudies, five years from now, 4.2

million systems will be located inU.S. homes; and as 1990 rounds thebend, U.S. home users should ac-count for 6.8 million systems (seefigure 3).

A third part of the personal com-puter market triad, the education seg-ment, will be slower to turn to per-sonal computers than the other two.Lack of response to date has beenprimarily due to the poor economicfactors plaguing school districts anduniversities. Simply stated, schoolbudgets at the local level have notgrown at the same rate as expenses.

Despite financial limitations,however, a change is in the offing.Computer training and literacy are onthe rise at all levels of education. Us-ing personal computers as teachingaids, universities and colleges are of-fering many courses in computerscience, while at the same time pro-viding easy access to the personalcomputer regardless of the student'sfield of study.

Basic data-processing courses arespringing up in high schools and even

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ADM 3A (dumb terminal) 595

ADM 5 (dumb with visual attributes) 645

ADM 31 (two page buffer) 1095

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Tl 940 (high performance, 1-page buff.) 1650

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VT125 (DEC ReGIS firmware) 3280

VT100 (Tektronix 4010 emulation) 3250

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VT100 w/TI 810 plot. (Tektronix emu.) 5920

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LA 34-AA DECwriter IV 1095

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600 BAUD TELEPRINTERS

Epson MX-80 645

Tl 825 KSR impact 1570

Tl 825 KSR pkg 1795

1200 BAUD TELEPRINTERS

Epson MX-100 895

LA 120 RA (receive only) 2095

LA 120 AA DECwriter III 2295

LA 100 RO Letterprinter 1995

LA 12-A (port/modem/coupler) 2840

Tl 783 (Portable thermal teleprinter) 1480

Tl 785 (port./built-in coupler) 1750

Tl 787 (port/internal modem) 2125

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B-300 (300 Ipm Band Printer) 5455

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Ohio: 216/464-6688

January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 171

grammar schools. And, of course,there are those intriguing computercamps where children can attend one-to two-month courses in computerprogramming during their summervacations.

Educational institutions are grow-ing more receptive to computers eachyear. Their logic is simple: the invest-ment of often less than $300 per stu-dent to introduce him or her into theintricacies of data processing is an in-vestment well made. At this time,barely 250,000 systems exist in U.S.schools. By the beginning of 1990,that number will jump almost tenfold(see figure 3).

8 Bits versus 16 Bits

The proliferation of personal com-puters is not occurring in a vacuum.Several competitions are pulling andshaping the marketplace. One ofthese is the tacit yet intense battle be-tween 8-bit and 16-bit personal com-puters.

Prior to 1981, very few 16-bit per-sonal computers existed. Data-

processing managers and home usersstudied the market and generallycame away with an Apple II, aTRS-80 Model II, or a CommodorePET—all 8-bit systems.

But soon advances in semiconduc-tor technology permitted a reductionin prices, and affordable 16-bitmicroprocessors began appearing in

The competition

between 8-bit and

16-bit systems means a

far wider selection,

especially for the

business segment.

personal computers. During 1982, awave of personal computers carrying16-bit microprocessors washed overthe marketplace. A majority of thesesystems were built around twomicroprocessors: Motorola's 68000chip and Intel's 8086 chip. (Indeed,within the 16-bit microprocessorranks, there seems to be a contest to

see who will be king of the hill, Intelor Motorola. In terms of numbers, In-tel holds an advantage. But,Motorola is coming on strong with its68000, which was chosen by Tandyfor its Model 16.)

As the number of systems carryinga 16-bit architecture increased, so toodid the number of 16-bit operatingsystems. Currently, the two mostpopular 16-bit operating systems areMicrosoft's MS-DOS and DigitalResearch's CP/M-86. But the com-petition here is also heating up, andmore entrants, such as perhaps a16-bit Unix-like system, are sure toenter the fray.

This competition between 8- and16-bit machines means a far widerselection of products to choose from,especially for the business segment.The various 16-bit systems nowavailable—and you can bank onmore appearing as the year pro-gresses—allow wider and moresophisticated applications. The upperechelon of the white-collar workforce will turn to these 16-bit systems

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CYNTHIA-$149.50

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VT131 CRT DECscope 1,745 167 93 63

VT132 CRT DECscope 1.995 190 106 72

VT18XAC Personal Computer Option 2,395 230 128 86

TI745 Portable Terminal 1,595 153 85 58

TI765 Bobble Memory Terminal . 2,595 249 138 93

TI940CRT 1.795 173 96 65

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TI820 KSR Printer 2,195 211 117 80

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ADM5 CRT Terminal 645 62 36 24

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925 CRT Terminal 850 82 46 31

950 CRT Terminal 1,075 103 57 39

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172 January 1°83 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE January 1983 173

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precisely because of their greaterpower.

So far, businesses have used per-sonal computers most often for clientrecords and accounting purposes, textediting, mailing lists, and financialplanning. Applications such as stock/investment analysis and graphics donot appear to be as common. Thepower of the 16-bit systems will pro-mote more sophisticated applicationsby businesses. Because of their pricetag—a typical system costs $5000—these 16-bit personal computers willinitially find their way into largerorganizations. But that too will beginto change during the 1980s as 16-bitsystems become less expensive. Theywill gradually supplant 8-bit systemswithin the business market segment.

The home market segment, on theother hand, doesn't really have a needfor a personal computer carrying a16-bit microprocessor. According toone of our surveys, the top four ap-plications in the home market seg-ment are, in descending order, games(entertainment), financial planning,education, and banking. The 8-bitmachines on the market now can han-dle those applications as well as a16-bit machine. And in the case ofgames, some 8-bit machines aredistinctly better.

This does not mean 16-bit systemswill not affect the home market.Quite the contrary, 16-bit personalcomputers such as the Fortune 32:16and the TRS-80 Model 16 will havegreat impact. Because of the extreme-ly competitive nature of 16-bitsystems marketing, vendors of 8-bitsystems will have to keep loweringtheir prices. And as prices areslashed, it is ultimately the home userwho will benefit.

The shift from 8-bit to 16-bitmachines will also affect the softwareindustry. For a long while, indepen-dent software vendors focused on the8-bit operating system called CP/M.But no longer are they concentratingsolely on 8-bit software. Their effortsare more and more being directedtoward the 16-bit world. For thebusiness user this means a widerselection of enhanced software; andhome users will find more softwaredirected specifically toward them.

174 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Be Wise.Be Thrifty.

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Photo 1: The Osborne 1 portable computer.

Photo 2: The Compass portable computer by Grid Systems.

In short, the division of the per-sonal computer marketplace into twosegments, 8-bit and 16-bit systems,will mean a greater selection for usersin terms of both price and perfor-mance.

Portable Systems

One of the biggest changes in thepersonal computer marketplace dur-ing the 1980s will be a marked in-crease in the number of portable com-puters. Personal computers designedto be carried comfortably from onelocation to another are rapidly work-ing their way into the repertoire ofsales representatives and executivesacross the country. Businesses thatalready operate an Apple or Tandydesktop computer are investing inportable units such as the Osborne 1(see photo 1) and using them as con-venient and effective tools for theroad.

Sales personnel, who make upmore than 12 percent of the totalwhite-collar work force, will prob-ably be the prime impetus behind theboom in portables. Even those salespersonnel who normally interact withterminals or executive workstationswill be seeking company sanction of aportable system to be used forbusiness trips, conferences, and, yes,overtime at home.

But sales personnel will not be theonly ones using portable units.Managers, professionals, and even

people from the clerical ranks will beturning to these briefcase computers.Consider for a moment that, depend-ing on system sophistication, you canuse portables for the following pur-poses: accounts receivable, mailinglists, financial planning, stock/in-vestment analysis, sales tracking, in-ventory, limited graphics, invoicing,general ledger, and more—all in asystem that can be convenientlytransported from one place toanother.

Indeed, next to processing power,probably the key factor is weight.Portable computers come in allshapes and sizes: The Osborne 1weighs about 24 pounds; the OtronaAttache, 19 pounds; Grid Systems'Compass, 9.25 pounds (see photo 2);and the list goes on.

Other factors to consider are price,microprocessor size, and the amountof random-access read/write memory(RAM). These are good indicators ofthe operational scope of the portablesystem. Osborne, the company thatvirtually pioneered the portable com-puter market, is today the mostpopular. The computer's basicstatistics are impressive even for adesktop unit: $1795, Z80A 8-bit pro-cessor, 64K bytes of RAM, two diskdrives, and a small pile of software.

As the 1980s mature, the dominanttrend will be toward greater power insmaller size. To date, the mostsophisticated portable personal com-

puter, and not coincidentally themost expensive, is the Compass fromGrid Systems Corporation.

The Compass offers more thanmany desktop systems. At $8150, thissystem has 256K bytes of RAM plus256K bytes of nonvolatile bubblememory and a flat display screen. Itis, in effect, the elite choice of the por-tables. Corporate executives andother high-ranking white-collarworkers make up the target market.The prestige factor alone should en-sure its success.

Like the rest of the personal com-puters, different portables will beassigned to either the low- or high-end markets. Consumers will be ableto select from a range starting with aninexpensive basic processing tool,priced at less than $100, and movingup to a sophisticated multipurposecomputer system with a cost thatcould easily approach $10,000. Somekey players to watch in this relativelynew game are Osborne, Grid,Otrona, and IBM.

Each year, portable systems willaccount for a larger share of totalpersonal computer shipments. By theend of 1983, 12 percent of all ship-ments will be portable; by 1990, theshare will reach 25 percent (figure 4).

Personal Computer Pricing

Before we discuss prices, let'sdefine exactly what we mean by per-sonal computer. In putting our study

176 January 1'83 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 388 on inquiry card. ■

Which Spreadsheet lets you:

Use every cell (never see "out of memory")Consolidate multiple spreadsheetsSplit the screen asoften as you want

VisiCalc NO

SuperCalc NO

CalcStar NO

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^A I ^

FIRST IN SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY P.O.Box1628 Champaign, IL61820 (217)359-2112 Telex270365

PORTABLE COMPUTERS

PERCENT OF TOTAL WORLDWIDEPERSONAL COMPUTER SHIPMENTS

8%

25%

©

1982

20%

1985

1990

Figure 4: Because of a growing response from white-collar workers, portable personalcomputers will account each year for a greater percentage of personal computershipments.

3500

3000

2500

W 2000<

_i

§ 1500

1000

500

AVERAGE PERSONAL COMPUTER PRICES

BUSINESS

^ '"- 1 | _L_

HOME

i i i i i i I J

82

83 84

85

86 87YEAR

88

89

90 91

Figure 5: Over a 10-year period, the average price of a business desktop computershould decrease from $3275 to $2700. Home computer prices should drop from anaverage of $530 to $350.

together, we placed a price ceiling of$10,000 on personal computers.Home personal computers are simplydefined as any personal computersthat are to be used mostly in thehome. Home system prices may ormay not include peripherals such asdisk drives and printers, dependingon the computer.

What we considered to be theaverage price of a business systemwould cover the integral keyboard,monitor, and starting amount ofRAM and only necessary peripherals,such as a low-cost dot-matrix printerand two floppy-disk drives.

The last seven years of this decadewill see system pricing for home and

business users either drop or remainstable while products deliver moreprocessing power and more RAM.Between 1982 and 1987, averagesystem prices will drop 20 percent,while the average amount of RAMwill increase over fivefold (48K bytesto 256K bytes).

Beyond 1987 and into 1990,average prices will drop even more ashome-user purchases of low-endmodels increase. In 1990, the averagepersonal computer price, includingbasic peripherals and software, willbe $2350, down from the early 1983mark of about $2600.

Average pricing of the entire per-sonal computer industry, however, issomewhat deceptive. The crux of thematter is that the range of systemsavailable to the buyer will besignificantly larger in the next 10years than it was in 1980, 1981, andeven 1982.

The average price of a home per-sonal computer is currently about$530. These low-end systems arebought by both businesses andhouseholds, but their greatest poten-tial by far rests with the home user.

With the exception of a few hobbykits, initial systems shipped in thehome sector have for the most partfallen in the high-end range, i.e.,generally $1000 or more. Until recent-ly, the prices of home personal com-puters often paralleled the prices ofbusiness personal computers. Thereseemed, for instance, to be almost asmany Apple lis being set up in U.S.homes as there were in U.S.businesses.

Last year more companies likeCommodore and even Timex becameaware of the home market. The keyto their marketing tactics, whichmany other companies will follow, isaggressive marketing through lowprices. They know that home usersrecoil from the idea of paying what inmany instances is the price equivalentof a fine used car for what remains inmany eyes to be an elaborate toy.Therefore, much of the potentialhome-user market has remained un-tapped. Low-cost systems withenough RAM and application poten-tial to be useful are what home usersare now after.

178 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

iBm PC compatible produces Co rememoer.

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The home market, accordingly,will see the average cost of a low-endsystem fall from $530 in 1982/1983 to$370 by 1990 (figure 5). Home userscan look forward to more personalcomputers breaking the $200 and$100 barriers as manufacturers gearup production and begin slashingprices to compete in what is rapidlybecoming an overcrowded market.

Although the typical cost of a per-sonal computer sold in the businesssegment has recently been substan-tially higher than the price of atypical home system, the averagebusiness system too will enjoy areduction in cost. Between 1983 and1990, the cost of a typical businesssystem will drop from $3300 to$2700.

Probably the single factor carryingthe greatest weight for businesssystem pricing is the battle between8-bit and 16-bit systems. The newbreed of personal computers, thosebuilt around 16-bit microprocessors,is generally priced at about $5000. Amajority of 8-bit systems is ap-proximately half that amount. Fur-thermore, 8-bit systems, in order tocompete in both home and businessmarkets, will continue to undergoprice reductions. Prices of personalcomputers for business will naturallyfollow suit.

The final outcome of this pricejockeying will be a truly completerange of personal computers. Dif-ferent systems boasting differentcharacteristics and carrying vastlydifferent price tags will be available.

Companies on the Move

As 1983 begins to roll, three primecontenders for the personal computercrown emerge: Apple, Tandy, andCommodore. No surprise there. Thequestion is, with establishedbehemoths like IBM, and dynamicnewcomers like Sinclair, will the "BigThree" still retain that title as thedecade comes to a close?

What will ultimately determine theanswer to that question is the marketfocus the various competitors adopt.Corporate market emphasis will varydepending on the structure of presentstrategies, and the unfolding develop-ments within each of the three market

segments. For example, it is indis-putable that the biggest potentialmarket is the home market. If thehome segment were to live up to itspotential, the company that couldwin the lion's share of that market(Timex/Sinclair?) would steal awaythe personal computer crown. But,home consumers are for the most partstill extremely wary about therelatively new personal computertechnology. Although they willgradually open their doors to per-sonal computers, their purchases willnot even come close to the number ofsystems absorbed by buyers from thebusiness market, that is, at least notby 1990.

The business market holds tbgreatest immediate rewards for per-sonal computer vendors. Businessusers will pay higher prices, makemultiple system purchases, and,guided by the data-processingmanager, boldly explore all thediverse avenues in the personal com-puter terrain. All the major vendor:are aware of this.

Through the 1980s, then, thgreatest emphasis will be placed oithe business market. Apple, Tandy,and Commodore each havepenetrated this market very nicelyand established a good position.

But IBM, DEC, Wang, Burroughs,and other data-processing and office-product companies are already be-sieging that position. And they have abackground in the U.S. businessmarketplace that will help facilitatethe entire sales process.

Look at IBM. Big Blue shippei40,000 systems in the first fivimonths of market participation.DEC, Wang, and several of the otherlarger contenders should run into lit-tle difficulty following suit.

Accordingly, during the next sevenyears, the lead of the Big Three willerode. In 1983, Apple, Tandy, andCommodore will, between them-selves, record 54 percent of world-wide personal computer shipmentstotaling 2.2 million units (19.3 per-cent, 17.7 percent, and 17.0 percent,respectively).

By 1990, the competition will haveseverely narrowed the gap. IBM willclaim 11 percent of 1990 shipments,

180 January 1983 © BYTE Publication! Inc

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THE CHANGING MARKET SHARE OFWORLDWIDE PERSONAL COMPUTER SHIPMENTS

OTHER25% \

APPLE/21%

OTHER44%

TIMEX

fck /—-TANDY

SINCLAIR'

^L/ 19%

12%

/^

\

IBM

COMMODORE

6%

18%

12%

COMMODORE

12%

1982

1.5 MILLION UNITSTOTAL

1990

9.8 MILLION UNITSTOTAL

Figure 6: As the 80s progress, the top five contenders for the personal computer crownwill be Apple, Tandy, Commodore, IBM, and Sinclair. But, although the market willexpand, the present Big Three—Apple, Tandy, and Commodore—will lose much oftheir present market share.

exceeding 9.8 million systems. At thesame time, Apple will ship 11.6 per-cent; Tandy, 11.5 percent; and Com-modore, 11.9 percent (figure 6).Commodore, therefore, will even-tually assume a slim market lead inshipments, thanks to a strongworldwide presence, and an almostequally divided tapping of both thehome and business market reservoirs.But close behind and nipping away atthe lead will be companies like IBM,DEC, NEC, and, of course, Timex/Sinclair.

Users can also look forward to newsystems from unfamiliar sources. Lastyear showed conclusively that therestill is enough time for more last-minute entrants into the personalcomputer race. In 1982, at least 10new manufacturers announced plansto market a personal computer. But,although more will do likewise in1983, the number will not be quite ashigh.

In the past three years, the influxrate of entrants into the personalcomputer marketplace has beennothing short of incredible. So far,the market has been open enough tosupport just about any and every in-terested vendor. But by 1990, toomany personal computer vendors willbe competing for a market that canno longer support them all. The in-evitable outcome, by 1990 or perhapsas early as 1988, is an industryshakeout.

When looking back at the 1980s,

future analysts will no doubtcharacterize it as a decade of transi-tion for the personal computer in-dustry. In this time frame, the per-sonal computer industry will achievematurity. System capability willundergo a constant upgrading, ven-dors will widen product lines, andbuyers from each segment will in-crease their spending. In 1990,worldwide personal computerrevenues will exceed $23 billion;domestic revenues, $14 billion.

Increases in memory storage,greater processing power in morecompact sizes, and a general loweringof system prices will combine to effectan overall enhancement of the con-sumer's image of personal computers.

In the final analysis, what has hap-pened in the early 1980s and will con-tinue throughout the mid and late1980s is the unfolding of a technolog-ical revolution. The advent of a moreaffordable, accessible, and versatilepersonal computer and its potentialmarket acceptance have alwayspromised to have enormous impacton U.S. businesses and homes. Thecoming-of-age of these small systemsreflects not only a growing awarenesson the part of industry of the needs ofthe mass market, but also a growingacceptance of personal computers inthe minds of more and more con-sumers, who are now turning con-fidently to the personal computermarketplace, and who will continueto do so throughout the 1980s. ■

182 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

HOW TO SELLMORE SOFTWARE

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Introducing Computer-assisted Writing

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3. Pause while computer builds a skeleton manualin Preformatted CP/M® text files

4. Use your word processor to edit the skeletonmanual into a working draft

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6. Revise, polish and publish manual as instructedby documentation

Compared to your current process that may soundmore like a software maker's dream than a real product.It's a dream all right—a dream come true called thePromptDoc® Manual Maker. It's the only product of itskind.

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Now available for use with WordStar® and other wordprocessors on the Apple® II with the Softcard® and onstandard 8" CP/M® systems.

See Your Dealer For aDemo or Use The CouponNow

You know a better way tomake better manuals canenhance your competitiveposition. Why wait anotherminute? Seeyourdealerfora demonstration or completethecouponnowandmailittoPromptDoc®, 833 WestColorado Avenue, ColoradoSprings, CO 80905. Or, ifyou'd rather not wait for the

mail, call (303) 471-9875.

PramptOoc

Prompt Doc is a registered trademark of Prompt-Doc, Inc. Apple and Apple11 are registered trademarks of Apple Computer Inc. Softcard is a registeredtrademark of Microsoft Corporation. CP/M is a registered trademark ofDigital Research, Inc. WordStar is a registered trademark of MicroProInternational Corporation.

I need the Prompt Doc Manual Maker now! Send a copy to:

Name

Address.

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□ 8" CP/M

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□ Send manual only.

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Signature

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Send it to the address above.

Circle 335 on inquiry card.

BYTE January 1983 183

Fruitful Connections.

There are more people in moreplaces making more accessoriesand peripherals for Apples thanfor any other personal computerin the world.

Thanks to those people —in hundreds of independentcompanies—you can make thehumblest 1978 Apple II turn tricksthat are still on IBM's Wish Listfor 1984.

But now we're coming out withour very own line of peripheralsand accessories for Apple® PersonalComputers.

For two very good reasons.

First, compatibility. We'vecreated a totally kluge-free familyof products designed to take fulladvantage of all the advantagesbuilt into every Apple.

Second, service and support.

Now the same kindly dealer whokeeps your Apple PC in the pinkcan do the same competent jobfor your Apple hard-disk and yourApple daisywheel printer.

So if you're looking to expandthe capabilities of your Apple IIor III, remember:

Now you can add Apples toApples.

Gutenberg would be proud

Old Faithful Silentype® has now been joined by New Faithfuls, theApple Dot Matrix Printer and the Apple Letter Quality Printer.

So now, whatever your budget and yourneeds, you can hook your Apple to a printerthat's specifically designed to take advan-

V^ , tage of all the features built into your

^^>'****"lllfflllll Apple. With no compromises.^ |||liL. The 7x9 Apple Dot Matrix\__jfp""— | Printer is redefining "correspondence.—-""^ quality" with exceptional legibility.With 144x160 dots per square inch, it canalso create high resolution graphics.

The Apple Letter Quality Printer,which gets the Words out about 33%faster than other daisywheel printersin its price range, also offers graphics

t~^L agp^ capabilities. See your authorized

i^^fl j>^^0^^ Apple dealer for more information and

\ ^^0?^ demonstrations. Because, unfortunately, all^gt^""""^ the news fit to print simply doesn't fit.

©1983 Apple Computer Inc.

«"^**,

A joy to behold.

The new Apple Joystick II isthe ultimate hand control devicefor the Apple II.

Why is it such a joy to use?

With two firing buttons, it'sthe first ambidextrous joystick -just as comfortable for leftiesasrighties.

Of course, it gives you 360°cursor control (not just 8-way likesome game-oriented devices) andfull X/Y coordinate control.

And the Joystick II containshigh-quality components andswitches tested to over 1,000,000life cycles.

Which makes it a thing ofbeauty. And a joystick forever.

G

the creekwithouti paddle?

Or left in space? Or down inhe dungeons?

Whatever your games, you'lle happf to know that someonehas findly come out with gamepaddlefbuilt to hold up underblistermg fire. Without giving youblisters!

App|e Hand Controller IIame paddles were designed withne recew discovery in mind:teopll|playing games get:ed ari<| can squeeze very, veryard.So we ftlade the cases extrarugged. Wejised switches testedto 3,000,00(|life cycles. We shapedthem for hoping hands and placed

e firing Mtton on the right rearside for maidmum comfort.So yogf 1 never miss a shot.

A storehouse of knowledge.

and reliability, you need only storeone word of wisdom:Apple.

If you work with so much dataor so many programs that you findyourself shuffling diskettes con-stantly, you should take a look atApples ProFile™ the personalmass storage system forthe Apple III PersonalComputer.

This Winchester-based5-megabyte hard diskcan handle as much dataas 35 floppies. Even moreimportant for some, itcan access that dataabout 10-times faster •than a standard floppydrive.

So now your AppleIII can handle jobs oncereserved for computerscosting thousands

As for quality ^0

Launching pad for numeric data.

Good tidings for crunchers ofnumerous numbers:

Apple now offers a numerickeypad that's electronically andaesthetically compatiblwith the Apple IIPersonal Computer. JSo you can enternumeric datafaster than -*•

ever before.

The AppLNumeric Key-pad II hasa standardcalculator-style layout.Appropriate,

because unlike some other key-pads, it can actually function as acalculator.

The four function keys to theleft of the numeric pad should beof special interest, to people who use

H. VisiCalc? Because|p j 1| they let you zipH | H around your' work sheet moreeasily than ever,adding anddeleting entries.

With oneland tied be-hind yourback.

VisiCata is a registered trademark of VisiCorp. I

Circle 29 on inquiry card.

Meet You at the Fair

High-tech meets an old tradition at the US Festival.

Saturday, September 4, 1982, 8:30a.m. Glen Helen Regional Park, SanBernardino County, California. Thedesert sun hangs low, the air still clearof windblown dust, the surroundingmountains starkly etched brown andstone-white in the low morning light.A campground slowly stirring tolife —100,000 people camped in asandy treeless desert wash —100,000people who had been amazingly con-siderate and quiet the night before,despite media fears of mass orgies andpunk-rock terror. The US (United inSong) Festival, Steve Wozniak's$12.5-million gamble on humannature, is into its second day.

To the south, a perfect amphi-theater the size of 40 football fieldshas been created. A stage the size ofan office building towers above with

About the Author

Philip A. Schrodt is an associate professor ofpolitical science who specializes in interna-tional relations, mathematical modeling, andapplications of microcomputers to socialscience. He is also vice-president of PolymathAssociates Software in Skokie, Illinois, a firmthat develops Pascal statistical software.

Philip A. Schrodt

Department of Political Science

Northwestern University

Evanston, IL 60201

500,000 digitally coordinated watts ofperhaps the finest sound system everassembled. The festival has its owninterstate off-ramp and its own air-port control tower, deserves its ownzip code, and, with a total attendanceof about 250,000, is larger than anyone of the 14 smallest members of theUnited Nations. It is Wozniak's follyor Wozniak's gift to the "US" genera-tion, depending on your perspective.And it is the first rock concert ever tofeature a computer technology ex-hibit.

The music doesn't start for at leasttwo hours, but already a steadystream of people heads into thefestival grounds. Joining the cattledrive through the entrance gate, pass-ing the innumerable booths sellingsoft drinks, food, and rock memora-bilia, I head down to the three largecircus tents that house the computerexhibits. Wozniak (cofounder of Ap-ple Computer Inc.) thought youcould mix rock music and computers.Friday was the trial run. And it'sworking.

The exhibitors are feeling pleased.Yesterday was good, the traffic is

coming through. In fact the exhibitorsare feeling smug. They are thepioneers — they bet this thing wouldwork and risked at least $1000 onrenting and running a booth. Theytrusted Woz's latest crazy idea andfeel it paid off, and they sound a noteof contempt toward those in the tradewho couldn't see how the rock crowdcould benefit them. The exhibitorshere feel vindicated — they knew thiswould work, they knew you couldreach out to the masses. In short, theyshared Woz's dream and participated,while the bulk of the industry stayedback.

I wander about, people-watching,talking with exhibitors, checking outthe displays. There's something oddlyfamiliar about this —the heat, thetents, the music, the technology. Yetthis is supposed to be a novel ex-perience . . . but wait, this deja vu isnothing more than recollections ofsultry August days in rural JohnsonCounty, Indiana. Woz has reinventedthe county fair!

Suppose an International Harvest-er, John Deere, or Funk Hybrid Seeddealer wanted to introduce his prod-

186 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

The UniFLEX™OperatingSystemextracts

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Some of the features supported include:

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• variety of absoluteand relocatableassemblers

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Technical Systems Consultants, Inc. alsooffers a line of single user FLEX™ softwareproducts for 6800and 6809 processors.Forthose having an absolute need fora16 bit processor, UniFLEX™ will be avail-able through OEM licensing arrange-ments forthe 68000 microprocessor.Please call orwrite for additionalinformation on individual products orOEM licensing arrangements.

UNIX'" is a trademark of Bell Laboratories.FLEX7" and UniFLEX™ are trademarks of TechnicalSystems Consultants. Inc.

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uct to American farmers at the turn ofthe century. How would he do it? Thecounty fair. He'd provide a goodtime, including a midway, horseraces, beauty pageant, and countrymusic. And he'd bring in his finestnew tractor and combine and putthem on display. The average farmermost likely couldn't afford the equip-ment, probably didn't even need it,but he'd look at it and admire it. Somaybe he doesn't buy the combine,but he does buy the plow, and twoyears down the line when hisneighbor is in the market for a trac-tor, he puts in a good word for theproduct he saw at the fair. And sogradually the fruits of the nineteenth-century industrial revolution reachout to the mass markets of the coun-tryside and life changes beyondrecognition.

Woz may have never been to arural county fair, but he's got the ideadown perfectly. With the county fairthe fruits of the industrial revolutioncame to the rural masses; with thetechno-rock concert the fruits of theinformation revolution can come to

the urban and rural masses.

The industry, however, was spliton the efficacy of this approach. Ap-ple, Atari, and Mattel had large, pro-fessional exhibits. Commodore waswell represented by its dealers, withVIC-20s much in evidence. The newportable computers, a la Osborne,could be found without difficulty indealer displays. But the old-line elec-tronics firms —Texas Instruments,Hewlett-Packard, Xerox, Tandy, andneedless to say IBM—were no-shows.

Oh well, well have fun withoutthem.

The Exhibitors

To see what Apple had accom-plished, you just have to lookaround. Not only at the concertfinanced with Wozniak's millions, butalso at the displays. At least 80 per-cent of the machines in use are Applelis, as impressive an advertisement asany. Apple's display is low key andconfident —mostly hands-on demon-stration graphics programs, nogames — effectively drawing the dis-tinction between a video game and a

computer in a nonthreateningfashion. You can't walk by the dis-play without being handed a halfdozen Apple logo stickers. At night,Apple's hot-air balloon towers in thesky like a giant lantern, and theGoodyear blimp floats overhead withthe message "Thanks Woz." If Appleever has problems making it as a cor-poration, it might consider applyingfor tax-exempt status as a religion.

Atari has the largest computer ex-hibit, though it is concentrating ongames and is pushing the Atari 400rather than the 800. Atari provides aninteresting twist by having thepresidents of five of the largest Atariusers' groups present, explaining soft-ware and talking about their groups.You see the human and social side ofthe computer revolution.

Mattel has the usual set ofultralow-resolution games. Thedisplay is just a larger version of whatyou'd find in a department store. Farand away the main attraction at Mat-tel is a new electronic drum set thatconsists of four pads about 3 inches indiameter, which simulates, rather im-

188 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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pressively, a complete drum set. It isalways mobbed.

An assortment of dealers featuresbusiness machines —usually either$10,000 hard-disk systems or $2500portables that resembled you-know-what with a larger screen. Yes, theOsborne 1 has clearly emerged as thesmall computer people love to hate,replacing the TRS-80 in that vauntedposition. And speaking of theTRS-80, Tandy is conspicuously ab-sent from the Festival.

The real fun is at the small exhibits.The small exhibitors see themselvescollectively as "the industry." Theyhave had the time to talk amongthemselves and have analyzed theiraudience. This is not the West CoastComputer Faire. The consensus isthat the Festival goers are about 1percent people in the trade, maybe 9percent who have some acquaintancewith computers, and the remaining 90percent no exposure at all, ever. So itis fun and a challenge presenting topeople for the first time a technologythat they've heard about, seen in themovie Tron, but never experienced

firsthand. And the industry ex-hibitors are encouraging the viewersto sit down, relax, and chat a while,avoiding the pressure of the tradefairs.

The fascination of it is you can't tellthe programmers from the druggies(always a problem, admittedly). Italk with a Silicon Valley dealer forthe lovely new Jonos Ltd. "Courier"portable (Z80A, 64K bytes ofmemory, 9-inch video display,3V2-inch Sony floppy disks, state ofthe art): "What kind of people do weget? All kinds. This tall guy comesalong, strange looking, missing a cou-ple of teeth. Sits down and startspounding away at the keyboard. I'mgetting worried. Then he asks, 'Hey,how do you install Wordstar on thismachine?' Gets into the operatingsystem, pretty soon has everythingswitched around. And finally ex-claims, What are you guys doingwith Apple II Wordstar in thismachine?' Turns out he's a program-mer for Micropro. But he liked themachine and wants to help usupgrade the Micropro software for

it. . . . Two other types of people arethose who don't know the first thingabout computing and those whostand here in front of the air condi-tioner."

Behind the Scenes

The Festival is organized by pro-moter Bill Graham's organization,and the computer people know a lotmore about rock 'n' roll than BillGraham knows about computers.When I unsuccessfully tried to getpress credentials, they asked me howto spell BYTE, a somewhat discom-forting inquiry. Never heard of it,and my explanation that BYTE wasthe Rolling Stone of microcomputingdidn't seem to impress anybody.Meanwhile several exhibitors weregiving detailed critiques of the USFestival, Woodstock, and the finalStones tour, all based on personal ex-perience.

However, the organization was notflawless. Take the case of RanaSystems, the disk-drive company.Rana had a disk problem —10,000disks to be precise. Frisbee disks.

January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 189

Mike Mock and I talked standing infront of a 3-foot-high pile of RanaFrisbees. "We've been planning thispromo for months. Talked to Unuson[a corporation formed by Steve Woz-niak to fund this Festival and futureFestivals] on the phone; they saidFrisbees weren't on the prohibited list.Sounded great. We sent them thedesign so they could approve the USlogo —no problem. So we show uphere and now they tell us that Frisbeesare prohibited at the Festival. ..."So? "Well, we're having people fill outthese little cards . . . ," Mike pausesto stop some people from helpingthemselves to Frisbees, "and welldistribute the Frisbees through localdealers. Probably work out betterthat way anyhow, for the dealers.And Unuson's beginning to talk abouthelping us pay postage."

No Frisbees? At a rock concert?That's right —no wine, no coolers, nobeach balls either, no Hare Krishnas,no Moonies, security everywhere. Isuppose it's necessary— beingsmacked in the eye with a Frisbee isno fun —but Woodstock this ain't.Twenty years of organizing concertsand Graham's people have this to ascience. Los Angeles Times rock criticRobert Hilburn called it "humane,"which is accurate. It works —it issmooth, it is safe, but it is not spon-taneous. Can't be. The trains run ontime, period— Benito Mussoliniwould have been proud.

More Exhibitors

You can see an assortment of stan-dard exhibits. Maxwell Corporationhas the inevitable fake robot —bodyby Toys-R-Us and all the intelligencethat could be programmed into 50flashlight bulbs and a CB transceiver.Ah, for the day when we will be deal-ing with real robots. All of the musicand art exhibits are getting a lot of at-tention. The outer space exhibits —L-5 Society, Delta Vee, and anelaborate UFO exhibit—are not: thisis definitely a low-tech crowd.Curiously, the banks of video gamesalso attract little attention. Music isthe priority here.

And with a music crowd at this ex-hibition, the Syntauri Corporation,which produces a sophisticated syn-

thesizer running on an Apple II, is inparadise. At the intersection of rockmusic and computers, with a framedletter of appreciation from some folksmaking a movie called Tron, and abooth right under the air-condition-ing vents, Syntauri couldn't have itbetter.

Lenore Wolgelenter, sales directorfor Syntauri, explains the responsethey are getting. "The musicians areunfamiliar with this technology, butthey are willing to learn. Show themthat computers are something theycan use, and they'll take the time tolearn about them. It's only beginning.Only recently have we started gettingcalls from musicians who say, 'I wantto do the following. . . . Can you tellme how to do it?' But that is the kindof thing we're hoping to encourage."

They're so right. I pass the Syntauribooth and a couple of guys lookingvery much at home with a keyboardare trying one of the demos. They arestill there a half hour later, ex-perimenting. Syntauri may havesomething: Rock music is in the ab-solute doldrums. Computers givecomposers an unparalleled creativetool. Maybe at the US Festival in 2001the computers will be on stage, andthe tents will display electric guitarsand mechanical drum sets.

Outside of the music field, theresponse is harder to predict. For ex-ample, take the Stahler and Via Videoexhibits. Stahler Company is a smallSan Jose firm that produces special-ized drill bits for preparing printed-circuit boards without etching. It islargely a family operation, and MaryStahler, daughter of the companypresident, was happy to have the op-portunity to represent the firm at thisfair for the same reason that herparents wanted to avoid it — the rockconcert. Stahler is doing surprisinglywell given the completely technicalnature of the product —no Pac-Manhere —and figured to about breakeven with the exposure as a bonus.

In contrast, one of the most im-pressive displays is Via Video'sanimation system. With the sweep ofa pen across a graphics tablet, it cando the day's work of a Disney artist,in color and displayed on a 5-footmonitor. But this isn't attracting

much attention. Perhaps an audiencewho has never tried to do computeranimation doesn't appreciate the ac-complishment. Magic is magic, afterall.

Out to the Music

By midday, the exhibition tents arereally getting crowded. Must be theheat. I'm getting tired of interviewing,and I've always wanted to hear San-tana live. So, after an invigoratinglunch of nachos and Tecate, I wanderinto the brave new world of the con-cert amphitheater.

Any collection of 200,000 peoplesitting in the desert sun is bound to beimpressive. To take in the ambienceof the place, one must appreciate twofactors: skin and water.

Skin: the Southern California tan.These are not people who spend 12hours a day in front of video dis-plays, unless those monitors have realultraviolet leakage problems. Allshades of tan: tanned Nordic Cauca-sian blending into Sudanese Africanwithout missing a shade. Exposedskin —lots and lots of it. UnlikeWoodstock, there is very little nudityhere, as changes in fashion have madethat rather unnecessary. With the ad-vent of the string swimsuit, only a bitof imagination and a basic under-standing of human anatomy separatefashionable dress from nudity.

Water: this site is desert —quite abeautiful bit of desert, dust-shrouded,sun-bleached mountains as fine as I'veseen. But as in all deserts, the questfor water dominates. And so the"Ritual of the Spray Bottle," a newform of friendly social interaction,doubtlessly coded by the same seg-ment of DNA that causes chim-panzees to pick lice. Everybody hasspray bottles and is sprayingeverybody else with water. Massivefire hoses are mounted on the soundtowers, soaking the audience, wholoves it (as does this writer). Outdoorshowers — pure genius — a half-acre ofspraying water, fabulous, lowers thetemperature a good 20 degrees, an an-cient device, no self-respecting Per-sian or Islamic palace was withoutone.

It is, however, a rather subduedcrowd for a rock concert. Very few

190 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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drugs —by rock concert standardsthat is, meaning I have been proposi-tioned to buy dope only about 20times and was there a good half hourbefore smelling marijuana. But thecrowd isn't really lively, and the per-formers are clearly a bit uncomfort-able with this. The heat, theeconomy, the security, or maybe justthe 1980s?

Had any of the music fans been tothe tech exhibits? Just look for thepromotional material. Apple decalseverywhere. But then, you couldn'tdrive down the main streets of Cairo,Egypt, last summer without seeingApple logos everywhere, so that isn'tsurprising. But Syntauri stickers areseemingly on every third person. LinkSystems is making a big hit with its(prohibited) Datafax visors, whichread "Tame the Data Monster." Hereare thousands of people who don'tknow what a database manager is,much less know Link from Stone-ware, but they've got those visors on.

Computer nerds? Yes, I sawone — University of Arizona Depart-ment of Computer Science T-shirt,wire-rim glasses, white cords, palecomplexion, looking like he wasdreaming of a 32-bit microprocessorrather than taking in the music.Classic nerd. But I saw only one.

Santana is fine, with a guest ap-pearance by Herbie Hancock, buttime to get back to work. If you wanta review of the music, check RollingStone. Besides, by now I'm a bit leeryof the dust and heat. I had stayed outmost of the day Friday, and around6:00 p.m. Friday evening, I returnedto my tent with every expectation ofsuffering an agonizing demise via acombination of heatstroke andasthma,

By midafternoon Saturday, mostpeople have had their fill of the heat,and there is a general movementtoward the tents as the temperaturerises to the daytime maximum. Theexhibition tents are air-conditioned,remember? So in the afternoon, theyreally start getting the traffic. How,the scoffers had asked, are you goingto get a bunch of rock-crazed hippieswandering through these industrytents? Air-conditioning and 105degrees does it nicely. And the ex-

hibitors just smile. . . .

Still, not everybody was pleasedwith the turnout. Take the case of thenew magazine for the IBM PersonalComputer, PC. Its booth was aban-doned Saturday morning. As I heardthe story from the folks at Softalk,who were doing a brisk business ingiveaway posters, PC's publisherhad given up late Friday. The pub-lisher's assessment: "Look at thiscrowd. Do you see anybody who caneven afford an IBM PC?"

Brilliant deduction, Sherlock! Seethat scuzzy looking guy standingthere —filthy old jeans, a stupid felthat that's been through too manyrainstorms, idiotic T-shirt with a bigfat raccoon on it? Well, friend, he'smade the purchasing decisions on$20,000 worth of microcomputerequipment the past two years, in-fluenced the purchase of another$20,000, and he's got $5000 in a grantand is trying to decide between anApple III and IBM PC. I know-he'sme. Appearances don't mean much.That woman you were ogling in thebathing suit that contains slightlymore material than an 8-inch floppyis president of a software consultingfirm and those wizened old dudeswith the gold dog tags that say "WozGuest" in Epson expanded print aren'texactly tyros in this business. But ifyou'll talk only to those done up inthree-piece suits, you won't findmuch business here.

But protective camouflage aside, itmakes good business sense to talk tothat 90 percent who don't know athing about computers. There youhave Jane Six-Pack, out with herboyfriend listening to Tom Petty andthe Heartbreakers. She can actuallyplay with the graphics tablet on anApple II and draw pictures with itand see computers in applicationsmore sophisticated than a Space In-vaders machine. She can't afford anApple, but that VIC-20 or Timex/Sinclair 1000 is certainly inexpensiveenough, and her child is going to be inschool in a couple of years and theschool board really should get a cou-ple Apple lis or Atari 800s. And hey,look at that, you touch this dot andthe figure turns upside down; this iskind of cute. We are never going to

192 January 19»3 © BYTE Publications Inc

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get that audience into Computerland,and they are 80 percent of the con-sumer market.

Have you ever considered just howintimidating the average computerstore is? "Why yes sir, you would liketo touch our new Wombat 128KSupermicro? Most certainly, sir. Justshow us your American Express GoldCard, permit us access to your Swissbank account so that we may checkyour net worth, and I'm afraid wemust surgically remove your left armfor collateral, and then you arewelcome to read the manual." I'vebeen programming for 15 years, and Iget intimidated by most computerstores. Furthermore, about 90 percentof computer sales personnel fall intotwo categories — ignorant and ar-rogant—with about two months ex-perience separating the two.

To have a truly personal computermarket —as opposed to an elite com-puter market, or a Space Invadersmarket — the industry is going to haveto reach the masses. Not just the com-puter nerds, not just the Merrill-Lynch crowd, not just the college stu-dents. The mass market. And there isno better or more natural way thanthe rock concert and its analogs. Itworked for John Deere and Interna-tional Harvester, it will work forApple and Atari —and Syntauri andLink and Rana and Microflow andStahler and dozens of other smallfirms that took the chance to exhibithere.

Monday morning. Driving backnorth, California highway 101, soonto penetrate the heart of SiliconValley but now in the rich agricultur-al Salinas Valley, John Steinbeck'scountry. Dodging trucks haulingcauliflower, tuned in to KNBR, a SanFrancisco soft-rock station, low-classstuff, for jerks like me who don't careenough about music to install an FMradio and will listen to anything thatisn't disco. 'The next hour of music isbrought to you by Osborne, the per-sonal business computer!" TheOsborne 1, that aggravating micro-screen turnkey system, advertising ona rock 'ri roll station! And doubtless-ly laughing all the way to the bank.The personal computer revolution isonly beginning. ■

194 January 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc

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Public Key Cryptography

An introduction to a powerful cryptographic systemfor use on microcomputers.

Cryptography, the art of conceal-ing the meaning of messages, hasbeen practiced for at least 3000 years.In the past few centuries, it hasbecome an indispensable tool in themilitary affairs, diplomacy, and com-merce of most major nations. Duringthat time there have been many in-novations, and cryptography haschanged and grown to accommodatethe increasingly complex needs of itsusers. Present techniques are verysophisticated and provide excellentmessage protection. Current develop-ments in computer technology and in-formation theory, however, are onthe verge of revolutionizing cryp-tography. New kinds of cryptograph-ic systems are emerging that have in-credible properties, which appear toeliminate completely some problemsthat have plagued cryptography usersfor centuries. One of these newsystems is public key cryptography.

In public key systems, as in mostforms of cryptography, a piece of in-formation called a key is used totransform a message into crypticform. In conventional cryptographythis key must be kept secret, for it canalso be used to decrypt the message.In public key cryptography, how-ever, a message remains secure even ifits encryption key is publicly re-

John Smith21505 Evalyn Ave.Torrance, CA 90503

vealed. This unique feature givespublic key systems great advantagesover conventional systems.

This article deals with the theoryand application of public key cryp-tography. It reviews the methods andproblems of traditional cryptogra-phy and describes the remarkableconcept and advantages of publickeys. It also describes a real publickey cryptosystem, showing examplesof the encryption and decryptionoperations; and it attempts to clarifythe concept of trap-door one-wayfunctions, upon which public keysystems are based.

Computers are essential for im-plementing many modern cryptosys-tems, including the one describedhere. Several BASIC-language pro-grams (TRS-80) are included to il-lustrate algorithms used in thissystem. These can be used to experi-ment with the encryption, decryp-tion, and derivation of small keys.

Conventional Cryptosystems

A cryptosystem must have twomethods for transforming messages: amethod of encryption, which rendersmessages unintelligible; and a methodof decryption, for restoring them totheir original forms. For simplicity,normal message text shall be called

plaintext, and the encrypted form,ciphertext. Ciphertext messages majalso be called cryptograms, or mayjust be called messages when it is clearthat the encrypted form is meant.

To appreciate the significance of apublic key system, we need to knowsome of the methods and problems ofconventional cryptosystems. In aconventional system (see figure 1), aplaintext message is converted to acryptogram by an encryptor andsent over a communication channel.While in transit, the cryptogram maybe intercepted by someone other thanthe intended recipient. If it is en-crypted well, it will be meaningless tothe interceptor. At the receiving end,the cryptogram is converted back in-to plaintext by a decryptor. The en-cryptor and decryptor may be pro-cedures executed by people or com-puters or may be specially con-structed devices. In any case, they areboth supplied with keys from a keysource.

Cryptographic keys are analogousto the house and car keys we carry inour daily lives and serve a similarpurpose. In many modern systems,each key is a string of digits. For ex-ample, keys defined by the Data En-cryption Standard of the NationalBureau of Standards consist of 64

198 January 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc

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MESSAGES

II

ENCRYPTOR

^>

CRYPTOGRAMS

MESSAGES

II

DECRYPTOR

"FS

KEYS

KEYS

KEY

SOURCE

0

SECURE CHANNELS

»«■ PUBLIC CHANNELS

Figure 1: A conventional cryptographic system. Encrypted messages (cryptograms) aresent over a public communication channel, while the keys needed for encryption anddecryption are sent over secure channels, for example, via courier. The key source maybe located at the encryptor or decryptor, in which case one of the secure channels isvery short.

binary digits, 56 of which are signifi-cant. To encrypt a message, a keyand the message are somehow in-serted into an encryptor, and thecryptogram that emerges is a jumbleof characters that depends on boththe message and the key. To decryptthe message, the correct key and thecryptogram are inserted into adecryptor, and the plaintext messageemerges. In conventional systems, thecorrect key for decrypting a messageis the same one used to encrypt it.Obviously, the keys used must beclosely guarded secrets.

In a good system the number ofpossible keys should be very large,and decryption of any cryptogramshould be possible with only very fewof the keys, often with only one.These conditions make it impracticalto try decrypting a message with onekey after another until the one thatreveals plaintext is found. The DataEncryption Standard provides morethan 7 X 1016 keys (a 7 followed by16 zeros), and there is some con-troversy over whether this number issufficient!

The keys to be used are obtainedfrom a key source, which selectsthem, perhaps randomly, from thelarge set of all usable keys. The keysource may be located near the en-

cryptor, near the decryptor, orelsewhere. But each key to be usedmust be made available to both theencryptor and the decryptor. Thereinlies the most serious problem of con-ventional cryptosystems: some safemethod must exist for distributingsecret keys to the encryptor and thedecryptor.

This problem is illustrated with asimple example: let's say you want tocommunicate privately with a friendnamed Mary. Many communicationchannels are available to you, none ofwhich may be completely private:telephone, mail, and computer net-works, for examples. You could sendencrypted messages, but Mary couldnot read them without the keys. Andyou dare not send secret keys overthese public channels. One of youmust visit the other, so that you couldagree on a key to use for future cor-respondence. But if your communica-tion need was for only one privatemessage exchange, it could be trans-acted during the visit, rendering theconventional cryptosystem un-necessary. Or if your communicationneed were immediate, a personal visitcould cause an unacceptable delay.And if you need to communicate withseveral people, all the necessary visitscould entail considerable expense.

Most conventional cryptosystems, in-cluding the Data Encryption Stan-dard system, have this problem.Public key cryptosystems, however,can avoid this problem entirely.

Public Key Systems

The concept of public keys may beone of the most significant crypto-graphic ideas of all time. A public keysystem has two kinds of keys: encryp-tion keys and decryption keys. It mayseem that having two kinds wouldmake the key distribution problemworse, or at least no better. Thesekeys, however, have remarkable,almost magical, properties:

• for each encryption key there is adecryption key, which is not the sameas the encryption key

• it is feasible to compute a pair ofkeys, consisting of an encryption keyand a corresponding decryption key

• it is not feasible to compute thedecryption key from knowledge ofthe encryption key

Because of these properties, Maryand you can use a public key systemto communicate privately withouttransmitting any secret keys. To set itup, you generate a pair of keys, andsend the encryption key to Mary byany convenient means. It need not bekept secret. It can only encryptmessages—not decrypt them. Reveal-ing it discloses nothing useful aboutthe decryption key. Mary can use itto encrypt messages and send them toyou. No one but you, however, candecrypt the messages (not evenMary!), as long as you do not revealthe decryption key. Figure 2 il-lustrates the flow of information inthis situation, with Mary on the leftand you on the right. To allow you tosend private messages to her, Marymust similarly create a pair of keys,and send her encryption key to you.You can also go a step further.Since your encryption key need notbe kept secret, you can make itpublic, for example, by placing it in acomputer network public file. Onceyou have done so, anyone who wantsto send you a private message canlook up your public key and use it to

200 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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MESSAGES

II

ENCRYPTOR

CRYPTOGRAMS

MESSAGES

II

DECRYPTOR

7^

ENCRYPTION!KEY,

0

SECURE CHANNELS

■PUBLIC CHANNELS

DECRYPTIONKEY

KEYSOURCE

Figure 2: A public key cryptographic system. Encryption keys can be safely sent overthe ordinary communication channel because the information they contain cannot beused to decrypt messages. Decryption keys are created near the decryptor and are notsent anywhere else. Each person who expects to receive encrypted messages creates akey for encryption and a corresponding key for decryption and sends the encryptionkey to those who will originate the messages.

Key Length(digits)

50100150200250

Factoring Time

3.9 hours74 years1.0 million years

3.8 billion years

5.9 trillion years

Table 1: The time required to break theRSA public key system by factoringthe key, for several different keylengths. These factoring times assumeone computer operation per microsec-ond.

encrypt a message. Since you neednot transmit the decryption key, andsince it cannot be computed fromyour public key, the message issecure. Only you can decrypt it.Other people can place their encryp-tion keys in the same public file,which would thus become a directoryof public keys. Any two people withdirectory entries could then com-municate privately, even if they hadno previous contact. It would benecessary, however, to protect thekeys in such a file so that no onecould change someone else's encryp-tion key, for example, by substitutinganother encryption key. Fortunately,there is a way to protect the keysthemselves with a public key crypto-system, but that is another topic.

The RSA Cryptosystem

Now that the general concepts ofpublic key cryptography have beenexamined, the next problem is how todesign an actual working system. In-deed, when Whitfield Diffie and Mar-tin Hellman conceived the basic prop-erties of this cryptosystem in 1976, noone knew how to make a system thatcould employ them. The situationwas similar to that of space travel in1950. It was conceivable, but no onehad accomplished it. In 1977, threeresearchers at the Massachusetts In-stitute of Technology, Ron Rivest,

Adi Shamir, and Len Adleman, pub-lished an elegant method for creatingand using public keys.

In the Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (orRSA) cryptosystem, the keys are200-digit numbers. The encryptionkey is the product of two secret primenumbers, having approximately 100digits each, selected by the personcreating the keys. The correspondingdecryption key is computed from thesame two prime numbers, using anonsecret formula.

Anyone who knows the secretprime numbers can compute thedecryption key, but the primes arehidden because only their product,the encryption key, is revealed. Ofcourse, the primes may be discoveredby factoring the key, but factoringsuch a number is about as easy astraveling to Alpha Centauri, especial-ly if the person who constructs thenumber has done it in a way thatdiscourages factoring. Rivest,Shamir, and Adleman estimated thata fast computer would require 3.8billion years (nearly the estimated ageof the earth) to factor a 200-digit key.Estimates of the time required to fac-tor keys of several other lengths areshown in table 1.

Before encryption, a message isconverted into a string of numbers.This step is common in cryptosys-tems, as it is in computers and com-munication systems. Next, the

message is subdivided into blocks,much as computer text files are sub-divided into records or sectors. Eachblock contains the same number ofdigits, and is treated as one largenumber during encryption. To en-crypt the message, an arithmeticoperation involving the encryptionkey is performed on each block,resulting in a cryptogram containingas many blocks as the originalmessage. The arithmetic operation,described below, is the same for allblocks. To decrypt, the inversearithmetic operation, which requiresthe decryption key, is performed oneach block of the cryptogram. Theresult is the original message in itsnumerical form.

As you can imagine, it would becumbersome to illustrate these opera-tions with 200-digit numbers, so thedetailed descriptions below use smallkeys and messages; otherwise, theoperations shown are the same asthose used in a full-size RSA system.Also, the encryption method de-scribed here is actually a subset of theoriginal RSA method. This modifica-tion, which is due to Donald Knuth(see reference 3), uses the basic RSAtechnique, while lessening somewhatthe number of computations in-volved. (For more detailed informa-tion, the reader should refer to theoriginal Rivest-Shamir-Adlemanpaper, shown as reference 5.)

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BYTE January 1983 203

Arithmetic with a Modulus

The Rivest-Shamir-Adleman cryp-tography system uses arithmeticmodulo n in encoding, decoding, andkey selection. Because arithmeticmodulo n is almost the same as or-dinary arithmetic, it is easy to use.

To add or multiply modulo n, firstadd or multiply in the usual way. Thendivide the result by n, and use the re-mainder for the final answer. For ex-ample, in arithmetic modulo 5,3 + 4=2, because 3 + 4 is ordinari-ly 7, and 7 divided by 5 leaves a re-mainder of 2. This equation is usuallywritten

(3 + 4) mod 5 = 2

where the notation "mod 5" indicatesthat arithmetic modulo 5 is being per-formed. Using this notation:

(4X4) mod 5 = 1

since 4X4 = 16, and 16 divided by 5leaves a remainder of 1.

The number n is called the modulus,and may be any positive integer. Allanswers in arithmetic modulo n aresmaller than n, but are never negative.For example, when n is 5, every correctanswer is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4. If the initialresult of addition or multiplication isless than n, the division step is un-necessary.

When performing a chain of opera-

tions, such as

(2X3X4) mod 5 = 4

the division step may be performedafter each operation or at the end. Theanswer will be the same. When per-forming a chain of multiplications, it isbest to perform the division step afterevery multiplication to keep the in-termediate results from growing largerand larger. This is especially importantwhere the intermediate results couldoverflow a computer's storage area.

Several common devices inherentlyperform arithmetic with a modulus.For example, most automobileodometers use a modulus of 100,000. Ifsuch an odometer reads 99,987 at thestart of a 45-mile trip, it will read 32 atthe destination; in the notation ofarithmetic modulo H:

(99987 + 45) mod 100000 = 32

Computers are easily programmedto perform arithmetic modulo n. InBASIC, one extra statement is requiredfor each arithmetic operation. For ex-ample, to calculate (A XB) mod n:

500 X = A*B

510 X = X - INT(X/N)*N

Many interpreters allow placing bothstatements on the same line. INT(X/N)

is the quotient that would result fromdivision ofXby N; INT(X/N)*N is thequotient times the divisor; andX - INT(X/N) *N is the remainder.

In this article, an encryption opera-tion is described that requires that anumber be cubed modulo n. ThisBASIC subroutine computes B =(A3)mod n:

500 REM COMPUTEB = (A*A*A)

MODN510 B = A*A520 B = B - INT(B/N)*N:

REM MODN530 B = B*A

REM (A*A)* A.540 B = B - INT(B/N)*N:

REM MOD N550 RETURN

When multiplying integers, thenumber of digits in the result is usuallythe sum of the numbers of digits in theoperands. If the result has more digitsthan the interpreter uses in its vari-ables, the computed result will not beexact. Use double-precision variables,if they are available. Exact results willbe obtained if the number of digits inthe modulus is no more than half thenumber of digits used by the inter-preter, and all operands are smallerthan the modulus, which is usually the

How to Encrypt

While the encryption and decryp-tion operations are normally per-formed by a computer program, I willdescribe them as if you were perform-ing them by hand. Normally, the on-ly manual operation required is enter-ing the message to be encrypted.

Suppose you wish to encrypt themessage

MARY HAD A LITTLE LAMB.

Once entered into a computer, themessage will be in numerical form,frequently in ASCII (American Stan-dard Code for Information Inter-change). In ASCII, this message is

77 65 82 89 32 72 65 68 32

65 32 76 73 84 84 76 69 3276 65 77 66 46

This is not yet encrypted, of course. Itis merely written as a computer mightrepresent it (all the numbers in this ar-ticle are decimal). Group the messageinto blocks with six digits each:

776582 893272 656832 653276738484 766932 766577 664600

Each block except the last consists ofthree consecutive characters from theASCII representation above. The lastblock consists of the last two charac-ters plus two zeros added at the rightto make the final block as long as therest. Digits added for this purposemay have any value.

Suppose that the encryption key,usually called n, is 94815109. This isthe product of two prime numbers.To encrypt the message, treat eachblock as a number, and cube itmodulo n (see the text box'Arithmetic with a Modulus"). Forexample, to encrypt the first block ofthe message:

(776582 X 776582 X 776582)mod 94815109 = 71611947

Performing the cubing operation onall eight blocks produces the crypto-gram

71611947 48484364 0394470403741778 61544362 3533157788278091 50439554

204 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

The Well-Tempered Cross-Assembler

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BYTE January 1983 205

Arithmetic modulo n is a fun-damental part of the RSA system. It isalso used in decryption and creatingkeys. Most of us have used arithmeticmodulo n, although perhaps wedidn't call it that. For instance,arithmetic modulo 12 is frequentlyused in calculations related to keepingtime. The text box "Arithmetic with aModulus" reviews the mechanics.

Almost any method may be used toconvert the text to numbers. It wouldhave worked just as well to use A = l,B=2, . . . Z = 26, but the ASCII codeis already in wide use, and it includesnumbers for spaces and punctuation.The block length should be almostequal to the key length, because mak-ing it long minimizes the number ofblocks per message. When consideredas a number, however, no blockshould be as large as the key. For theabove key, no block should be largerthan 94815108. Making the blocklength slightly less than the key lengthensures that this requirement is met.Of course, with full-length keys,there will be about 100 characters perblock.

Listing 1 is a BASIC program thatuses the above key to encrypt a line oftext. Two lines of the program (670and 680) perform the encryption. Therest deal with input, formatting, andprinting. If desired, the encryptionkey in line 220 may be changed; use akey with seven or eight digits, orreduce the number of characters perblock (line 210).

The programs in listings 1 through4 were written for the TRS-80 BASICinterpreter, which is capable of16-digit precision. They may beadapted for use with other inter-preters, and I have tried to structureand annotate them well enough tomake them easy to modify.

How to Decrypt

Since the RSA system is a publickey system, the decryption key,usually called d, differs from thepublic encryption key. For the aboveencryption key, d is 63196467. Know-ing the value of d, you can decryptthe message by raising each crypto-gram block to the power d, modulon. That is, if a cryptogram block is C,you must compute (Cd) mod n. For

example, to decrypt the first block ofthe above cryptogram:

(7161194763196467) mod 94815109 =776582

converts this block back to the firstthree ASCII codes of the originalmessage. Each of the remainingblocks is decrypted in the same way.Fortunately, raising a number to alarge power does not require per-forming a comparable number ofmultiplications. One efficient algo-rithm is a variation of the "RussianPeasant Method" of multiplication(see reference 4). It computesM = (C) mod n, as follows:

1. Let M = 1.

2. If d is odd, let M = (MxC) modn.

3. Let C = (CXC) mod n.

4. Let d = integer part of d/2.

5. If d is not zero, repeat from step 2;otherwise, terminate with M as theanswer.

To raise a number to the power63196467, this algorithm executes itsloop (steps 2 through 5) 26 times. It isemployed as a subroutine in theBASIC-language decryption programof listing 2. Line 200 contains thekeys, which may be changed, ifdesired. Lines 340 through 380 ex-ecute the algorithm.

Text continued on page 210

Listing 1: A program in BASIC (TRS-80) to demonstrate the encryption process de-scribed in the text. Lines 670-680 perform the encryption. When the program promptsyou, type the text to be encrypted. The program will then print the text in numericalform, followed by the cryptogram. Use uppercase letters only.

1001101201301401501601701801902002102202302402502602702802 90300310320330340350360370380390400410420430440

ENCRYPT MESSAGES, USING A MINIATURE VERSION OF THERIVEST-SHAMIR-ADLEMAN PUBLIC KEY CRYPTOSYSTEM.

PROMPT FOR THE MESSAGE TO BE ENCRYPTED, PRINT THENUMERIC FORM OF THE MESSAGE, AND PRINT THE CRYPTOGRAM.

DEFINE PARAMETERS.

DEFDBL C,M,NDIM M(100)CHRS = 3N - 94815109

C, M, AND N HAVE 16 DIGITSMESSAGE BLOCKSCHARACTERS PER BLOCKENCRYPTION KEY, OR MODULUS

GET THE MESSAGE FROM THE USER.

PRINT : M$ - ""INPUT "MESSAGE"; M$IF MS = "" THEN ENDPRINT

MESSAGE FOR ENCRYPTIONSTOP IF NOTHING IS ENTERED

' ADD ZEROS TO MESSAGE, IF NECESSARY, TO MAKE ITS LENGTH' A MULTIPLE OF THREE (AN EVEN NUMBER OF BLOCKS) .

L - LEN(M$) ' LENGTH OF MESSAGE

Q = INT( L/CHRS) ' NUMBER OF COMPLETE BLOCKS

R = L - Q * CHRS ' LENGTH OF PARTIAL BLOCK

IF R > 0 THEN M5 = M$ + CHR$(0) : GOTO 340 ' ADD A ZERO?

' CONVERT THE MESSAGE TO NUMERIC FORM, AND PRINT IT.

FOR 1=0 TO Q-l ' I IS THE BLOCK NUMBER

M(I) = 0 ' CONVERT BLOCK I TO NUMERIC

FOR J=l TO CHRS ' FOR EACH CHAR IN BLOCK

A = ASC(MID5(M$,3*I+J,1)) ' CONVERT TO NUMBER

Listing 1 continued on page 208

206 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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A. The Osborne 1™ includes two built-in 100K byte floppy disk drives. The IBM® and APPLE II® drives provide approximately 160K bytes ofstorage. B. From the IBM Product Center Personal Computer Price Schedule. C. From the Apple Computer Suggested Retail Price List.D. The Osborne includes MBASIC® from Microsoft. E. The Osborne includes CBASIC®, a business-oriented BASIC language from DigitalResearch.™ F. The Osborne includes CP/M®, the industry-standard control program from Digital Research. The list of software packageswhich will run with CP/M is considerable. IBM offers CP/M 86 (a version of CP/M) at extra cost. There are optional hardware systems whichallow the Apple II to run CP/M; the Apple II control program is highly comparable to CP/M. G. The Osborne includes WORDSTAR® wordprocessing with MAILMERGE®—products of MicroPro™ International. H. The Osborne includes SUPERCALC™, the electronic spreadsheetsystem from Sorcim Corporation. I. Exact price comparisons cannot be presented, because the software and hardware options chosen tocreate the "equivalent" of the Osborne 1 Personal Business Computer vary in price. The range indicated was computed using price listsfrom IBM and Apple. Documentation of the computations are available on request from Osborne Computer Corporation. Trademarks:OSBORNE 1: Osborne Computer Corporation; SUPERCALC: Sorcim Corporation; Digital Research: Digital Research, Inc.; Registered Trade-marks: WORDSTAR, MAILMERGE: MicroPro International Corporation of San Rafael, CA; MBASIC: Microsoft; CBASIC, CP/M: Digital Research,Inc.; IBM: IBM Corporation; Apple, Apple II: Apple Computer Corporation.

Circle 308 on inquiry card.

BYTE January 1983 207

Circle 384 on Inquiry card.

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Listing 1 continued:

4504604704804905005105205305405505605705805906006106206306 40650660670680690700

M(I ) = M( I ) * 100M(I) - M(I)+ ANEXT JPRINT M( I);NEXT IPRINT : PRINT

' SHIFT BLOCK LEFT' ADD THE CHARACTER

PRINT THE BLOCKDO THE NEXT BLOCK

' ENCRYPT THE

MESSAGE, AND PRINT THE

CRYPTOGRAM.

PRINT "CRYPTOGRAM:"

: PRINT

FOR 1=0 TO Q-l

I IS THE BLOCK NUMBER

M = M( I )

GOSUB 670

ENCRYPT

THE

BLOCK

PRINT C;

PRINT IT

NEXT I

DO THE

NEXT

ONE

PRINT

1

GOTO 260

RUN THE

PROGRAM AGAIN

' SUBROUTINE.

ENCRYPT ONE MESSAGE BLOCK.

• COMPUTE C =

(M-3)

MOD N.

C = M * M : C

= C -

INT(C/N)

* N

(M * M) MOD

N

C = C * M : C

= C -

INT(C/N)

* N

(M * M * M)

MOD N

RETURN

Listing 2: A program in BASIC (TRS-80) to demonstrate the decryption process de-scribed in the text. Lines 340-390 decrypt one block of a cryptogram by raising it to apower. The program asks for a cryptogram block to be decrypted. Several secondslater, it prints the decrypted characters in ASCII. If you enter 0, the program will ter-minate.

100110120130140150160170180190200210220230240250260270280290300310320330

DECRYPT MESSAGES, USING A MINIATURE VERSION OF THERIVEST-SHAMIR-ADLEMAN PUBLIC KEY CRYPTOSYSTEM.

PROMPT FOR THE CRYPTOGRAM BLOCK TO BE DECRYPTED, ANDDECRYPT AND PRINT THE MESSAGE BLOCK, IN NUMERIC FORM.

• DEFINE PARAMETERS.

DEFDBL C,D,M,N

N = 94815109 : D = 63196467

DOUBLE PRECISIONKEYS

' MAIN PROGRAM LOOP.

INPUT "CRYPTOGRAM BLOCK"; CIF C = 0 THEN ENDGOSUB 340PRINT MGOTO 240

USER ENTRYSTOP IF NO ENTRYDECRYPT BLOCKMESSAGE BLOCKREPEAT

SUBROUTINE. DECRYPT C, CRYPTOGRAM BLOCK.

COMPUTE M = (CAD) MOD N. USE MODIFIED RUSSIAN PEASANT

ALGORITHM (BYTE, OCTOBER 1981, PAGE 376).

Listing 2 continued on page 210

208 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Listing 2 continued:

340 Dl - D : M - 1

350 IF Dl/2 = INT(Dl/2) GOTO 370

360 M = M * C : M=M- INT(M/N) * N

370 C=C*C : C=C- INT(C/N) * N

380 Dl = INT(Dl/2) : IF Dl > 0 GOTO 350

390 RETURN

IF Dl IS EVEN, SKIPM = (M * C) MOD NC = (C * C) MOD N

How to Derive Keys

Earlier, I said that it is feasible toderive a pair of keys, n and d, for en-cryption and decryption, but notfeasible to calculate d from n. Thatseems incredible, but experts believeit is true when n and d are constructedin the following way.

The encryption key, n, is the prod-uct of two large prime numbers, pand q:

pq

(1)

The decryption key, d, is calculatedfrom p and q by

d = [ 2(p-l)(q-l) + 1 1/3 (2)

Although n is made public, p and qremain secret. If n is sufficientlylarge, say 200 digits, it is practicallyimpossible for anyone to factor it anddiscover the values of p and q; andwithout knowing p and q, it is equal-ly difficult to compute d.

For the encryption and decryptionexamples given earlier, the keys wereconstructed as follows:

prime number,prime number,encryption key,

p = 7151q = 13259n = 7151X13259= 94815109decryption key, d = (2X7150X13258+ l)/3= 63196467

Because p and q may have 100 ormore digits in an operational RSAsystem, their selection requires com-puter assistance. The following threerestrictions apply to how they shouldbe chosen. First, neither p — 1 norq — 1 must be divisible by 3, or thedecryption operation will not workcorrectly. Second, p—1 and q — 1

should both contain at least one largeprime factor. Third, the ratio p/qshould not approximate a simple frac-tion, e.g., Vi, Vi, etc. These last tworestrictions help ensure that n will bedifficult to factor. Donald Knuth, inthe second edition of his book (seereference 3), gives a detailed pro-cedure for selecting p and q, whichensures that these restrictions aremet. While the procedure described isfor constructing 250-digit keys, it isapplicable to other key lengths.

Enough keys are available foreveryone. The number of 250-digitkeys constructible with Knuth's pro-cedure is much greater than 10200. Forcomparison, the number of atoms inthe known universe is about 1080.

To create a different pair of seven-or eight-digit keys, find primes p andq such that neither p — 1 nor q — 1 isdivisible by 3, and the product n = pqis a seven- or eight-digit number.Then calculate d from formula (2).Divisibility by 3 is easily checked bycasting out 3s, and the BASIC pro-grams described below are helpful infinding prime numbers.

How to Find LargePrime Numbers

To find a large prime number,select a random odd number of the re-quired size and determine whether itis prime. If it is not, increase it (ordecrease it) by 2 and try again,repeating until finding a prime. It isnot necessary, however, to attempt tofactor a number to determine whetherit is prime.

To test whether a number n isprime, select any number greater than1 and smaller than n, say x, andcalculate

y = (x"~l) mod n

210 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE January 1983 211

If y is not equal to 1, n is not prime.But if y = 1, h may be prime, andfurther testing is required. Repeat thetest using another value of x. If thistest is performed with many differentvalues of x, and if y = 1 for all thetest cases, n is probably prime.Listing 3 is a BASIC program thatuses 10 values of x to test a numberfor primality. If the program says thenumber is not prime, it is not prime.But if the program says the number isprobably prime, there is a smallchance that it is not.

What is the probability that thisprogram will make an error? I don'tknow, but it illustrates a class of pro-grams, some of which are very good.Knuth (reference 3, page 375)presents one that is slightly morecomplicated, for which the oddsagainst an error are a million to onewhen 10 values of x are used fortesting, and are a million million toone when 20 values are used. Forserious work I would use the morecomplicated program, but the onepresented here illustrates the processof testing without factoring—and itdoesn't seem bad. It has not made anerror in several hundred trials.

Listing 4 is a BASIC program thatsearches for a prime number using thesame test method as the previous pro-gram. The program will begin withthe number you enter and searchdownward until it finds a probableprime, which it will identify. If youenter 99999999, it will find the largesteight-digit prime. This program helpsto find primes for constructing smallkeys like the ones above.

One-Way Functionsand Trap-Doors

Public key cryptosystems derivetheir unusual properties from mathe-matical functions called trap-doorone-way functions, which are usefulbecause they can act as ordinaryfunctions or as one-way functions.

One-way functions are like one-way streets. The ordinary cube func-tion, B = A3, resembles a one-wayfunction in that it is easier to calculateB, given A, than it is to calculate A,given B. The latter calculation, thecube-root function, is called the in-verse of the cube function. The in-

Listing 3: A program in BASIC (TRS-80) to test whether a number is prime. This pro-gram demonstrates a primality test that does not attempt to factor the number beingtested. For very large numbers, it is much faster than factoring.

100110120130140150160170180190200210220230240250260270280290300310320330340350360370380390400410420430440450460470480490500510520530540550

TEST WHETHER A NUMBER IS PRIME.

USE PROBABILISTIC TEST BASED ON FERMAT'S THEOREM.

SEE KNUTH, "SEMINUMERICAL ALGORITHMS".

PROMPT FOR NUMBER, TEST IT, AND PRONOUNCE VERDICT.

DEFINE PARAMETERS.

DEFDBL N,P,X,YK = 10

DOUBLE PRECISIONNUMBER OF TEST CASES

GET A NUMBER TO BE TESTED. CHECK THE SIZE.

PRINT

INPUT "NUMBER"; N

IF N < 3 THEN END

IF N > 99999999 THEN PRINT "TOO BIG"

GET A NUMBER TO TESTGOTO 2 40

' DETERMINE WHETHER N IS PRIME.

PRINT "TEST NUMBER: ";

FOR 1=1 TO K ■ TEST CASES

X = 2 + INT((N-2 )*RND(0)) ' TEST VALUE

PRINT X;

GOSUB 490 ' PERFORM TEST

IF Y <> 1 GOTO 380 ' NOT PRIME?

NEXT IPRINT : PRINT ' NOT PRIME IF Y <> 1

' PRINT THE VERDICT.

IF Y = 1 THEN PRINT N; "IS PROBABLY PRIME."IF Y <> 1 THEN PRINT N; "IS NOT PRIME."

GOTO 240

• RUN THE PROGRAM AGAIN

SUBROUTINE. COMPUTE Y = [X"(N-1)] MOD N.

Y = 1 : P = N-l •

IF P/2 = INT(P/2) GOTO 520

Y = Y*X:Y = Y- INT(Y/N ) * NX=X*X:X=X- INT(X/N) * NP = INT(P/2) : IF P > 0 GOTO 500RETURN

IF P IS EVEN, SKIP(Y * X) MOD N(X * X) MOD N

verse of an automobile would convertsmog to gasoline. A mathematicalfunction is said to be one-way if it ismuch more difficult to compute theinverse than to compute the functionitself. To qualify as a one-way func-tion, the inverse must be very dif-ficult to compute, even by machine.

A function that could be computed ina few seconds, for which computingan inverse required thousands ofyears, would fit the definition.

To create a public key cryptosys-tem, a trap-door one-way function isused. It is easy to compute an inverseof a trap-door one-way function, but

212 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE January 1983 213

it can be very difficult to determinehow. Computing an inverse can takemillions of years because finding outhow to do it can take that long. If themethod is known, computing an in-verse may take only a few seconds.This is a completely different situa-tion than that created by a one-wayfunction, for which there is no easyway to compute an inverse. When atrap-door one-way function is beingconstructed, the person constructingit has access to information, calledtrap-door information, that revealshow to compute inverses. Once thefunction is constructed, the trap-doorinformation is hidden so well that itcan take millions of years to find.

The Knuth modification of theRSA system encryption function,cubing a number modulo n, is a trap-door one-way function. Its inversefunction is the cube root modulo n. Inarithmetic modulo n, "cube root" isdefined as in ordinary arithmetic: if Bis the cube of A, then A is the cuberoot of B. Notice that this definitiondoes not say how to compute cuberoots (in either kind of arithmetic). Ifyou know how to compute cube rootsmodulo n, you know how to decryptmessages. In modulo n arithmetic, thecube root of B is computed by raisingB to some power d, modulo n. Butknowing this doesn't help unless youknow the value of d. And d can becomputed by formula (2) if n has twofactors (p and q), and p—1 and q — 1are not divisible by 3. If you con-struct the modulus, n, you know pand q, and can therefore calculate thevalue of d. Knowing d, you can com-pute cube roots; in other words,decrypt cryptograms. The values of pand q are hidden from other peopleby the difficulty of factoring n. Theyare deprived of the value of d, andtherefore cannot compute cube roots.Hence, they cannot decrypt crypto-grams created by cubing modulo n. Inthe RSA system, the value of d is thetrap-door information that revealshow to compute inverses (cuberoots). You might think of p and q ascomprising a trap-door throughwhich the value of d is obtained. Fac-toring n is analogous to finding thetrap-door, but it is very difficult todo.

Listing 4: A program in BASIC (TRS-80) that searches for a prime number. It illustratesthe search technique and may be used to help construct small keys for the public keycryptosystem described in the text. Enter any number of eight digits or fewer, and theprogram will find a prime number that does not exceed the number entered.

100110120130140150160170180190200210220230240250260270280290300310320330340350360370380390400410420430440450460470480490500510520530540550560570580

' FIND A PRIME NUMBER NO LARGER THAN THE NUMBER ENTERED.' USE PROBABILISTIC TEST BASED ON FERMAT'S THEOREM.' SEE KNUTH, "SEMINUMERICAL ALGORITHMS".

' DEFINE PARAMETERS.

DEFDBL N,P,X,YK = 10

DOUBLE PRECISIONNUMBER OF TEST CASES

' GET A NUMBER TO BE TESTED. CHECK THE SIZE.

I

PRINT

INPUT "NUMBER"; N ' GET A NUMBER TO TEST

IF N < 3 THEN END " STOP IF SMALL NUMBER

IF N > 99999999 THEN PRINT "TOO BIG" : GOTO 220

I _____ _____

' DETERMINE WHETHER THE NUMBER ENTERED IS EVEN.• IF SO, SUBTRACT ONE.

IF N/2 = INT(N/2) THEN N = N - 1

PRINT N, THEN DETERMINE WHETHER IT IS PRIME.

PRINT N;FOR 1=1 TO K

X = 2 + INT( (N-2)*RND(0))

GOSUB 520

IF Y <> 1 GOTO 400NEXT IREM

' TEST CASES' TEST VALUE• PERFORM TEST■ NOT PRIME?

' IF N IS PRIME, TERMINATE THE PROGRAM. OTHERWISE,' DECREASE IT BY TWO, AND TRY AGAIN.

IF Y - 1 THEN PRINT "IS PROBABLY PRIME." : ENDPRINT "NO." : N = N - 2 : GOTO 340

GOTO 220

RUN THE PROGRAM AGAIN

~

SUBROUTINE. COMPUTE Y = [X~(N-1)] MOD N.

Y = 1 : P = N-l

IF P/2 = INT(P/2) GOTO 550

Y = Y*X : Y = Y- INT(Y/N) * NX=X*X : X=X- INT(X/N) * NP = INT(P/2) : IF P > 0 GOTO 530RETURN

IF P IS EVEN, SKIP(Y * X) MOD N(X * X) MOD N

Other trap-door one-way functionsundoubtedly exist, and these could bethe foundations for other public keycryptosystems. For each of these

systems, the same principles wouldapply. The creator of the systemparameters would have access to cer-tain trap-door information, which

214 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Editor's Note: Recently, a softwareproduct became available that allowsZ80 system owners to take advantageof the benefits offered by public keycryptography in their private cor-respondence. Called The Protector(from Standard Software of Randolph,Massachusetts; list price: $165), thenew system uses a 77-digit key. On a4-MHz Z80 microcomputer runningunder the CP/M operating system,message encryption and decryptiontake about one minute plus thenecessary disk access time. The timeneeded to generate the encryption anddecryption keys ranges from 15minutes to 4 hours. The memory re-

quirement is 38K bytes.

Although the 77-digit key is muchshorter than the 200-digit key pro-posed for the full-size Rivest-Shamir-Adleman system, the key may be morethan adequate for most applications.The author of the system, CharlesMerritt of PKS Inc., has receivedestimates of the time needed to breakthe system ranging from three uninter-rupted days on a Cray-1 to one year.

When asked about the people whowere using the system, Mr. Merrittreplied that he had not heard from anyof them. Apparently, they also want tokeep their identities secret. . . .R. M.

would reveal how to compute in-verses. For everyone else, the trap-door would be hidden, and for themthe encryption function would be, ineffect, a one-way function.

Is the RSA System Unbreakable?

Successfully analyzing a cryptosys-tem, and being able to read its crypto-grams without authorization, iscalled breaking the system. Theoreti-cally, the RSA system can be brokenby a determined analyst. Factoringthe encryption key, or modulus,would do the trick, for then thedecryption key could be easilycalculated from formula (2), afterwhich any message could easily bedecrypted. However, factoring a keyof the recommended length and con-struction does not seem feasible.Knuth gives a procedure for con-structing a 250-digit key and con-siders it inconceivable at this timethat such a key could be factored. Ex-perts acknowledge that a break-through in the art of factoring largenumbers would render the RSA sys-tem worthless but consider such abreakthrough extremely unlikely.Apparently, factoring large numbersis not a new problem, but one that ex-pert mathematicians have attackedfor centuries, and it is known to bevery difficult.

Another way to break the system isto determine the value of d withoutfactoring n. Although you can ap-proach this problem in several ways,

experts believe that none of them arelikely to be fruitful.

Yet another method of breaking thesystem is to learn how to computecube roots modulo n without know-ing the value of d. Less seems to beknown about the difficulty of doingthis than is known about the difficul-ty of factoring n. At this time, no oneknows how to compute such cuberoots in a reasonable time withoutknowing d.

Any new cryptosystem should beviewed with suspicion. The acceptedmethod of demonstrating the ade-quacy of a new system is to subject itto prolonged, concerted attack bypeople with experience in breakingother systems. If the new systemproves resistant to such an attack, itmay tentatively be considered secure.The process of validation is continu-ing, but a fairly large number ofpreliminary studies done so far in-dicate that the system is quite secure.

Digital Signatures

Very closely related to public keycryptography is the concept of digitalsignatures. One problem with cor-responding electronically, such as viaa computer network, is that messagescan be easily forged—you usuallycannot be certain that the sender of areceived message is actually the per-son claimed in the message. A publickey cryptosystem, however, can beused to provide positive identificationof any sender who has a public key

216 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Late Developments

Ron Rivest, one of the authors of theRSA public key cryptosystem, reportsthat it is presently finding commercialapplication in the transmission of keysfor the U. S. Data Encryption Stan-dard, a conventional system that canprocess information at a much fasterrate. He and the other authors of thesystem are now at work producing asingle-chip implementation of thesystem that can be used on a micro-processor bus, which should be able toprocess about 150 characters per sec-ond.

In a related item, Adi Shamir,another of the RSA authors, claims tohave broken a rival public key systemcalled the Knapsack System. Shamir'sreport, however, remains to be inter-preted, and some variations of theKnapsack technique may still beusable. This system, developed byRalph Merkle and Martin Hellman, isbased on a well-known problem ofdetermining which numbers of a givenset of numbers were added together toproduce a given sum.

on record. If, for example, Mary hasfiled a public key in some public ac-cess file, she can digitally sign amessage to you by decrypting it withher private key before transmitting it.After receiving the message, you (oranyone else) can read the message byencrypting it with Mary's public en-cryption key. The process is essential-ly the reverse of the cryptosystem:the message is first decrypted andthen encrypted, and anyone canreveal the message, but only Marywith her secret decryption key cancreate it.

In addition, messages using digitalsignatures can be subsequently en-crypted with another key. AfterMary decrypts her message to youwith her secret decryption key, shecan then encrypt it with your publicencryption key. The result is amessage that only Mary could havecreated, and only you can read!

Messages with digital signatureshave other interesting and usefulproperties and may be used to ad-vantage with other (non-PKC) cryp-tosystems. These properties and ap-plications might easily justify an arti-cle on digital signatures alone.

Summary

This article has described the prin-ciples of public key cryptosystems.One example has been given, theRivest-Shamir-Adleman system. Wehave seen how keys are constructedand used, and have at our disposalfour BASIC programs for further ex-perimentation. These programs mayalso be useful as models for assembly-language programs that could manip-ulate larger numbers and run faster.We have seen that the RSA crypto-system provides public keys in morethan astronomical quantities andthat it is believed to be unbreakable.

Several questions come to mind: Isa personal computer powerfulenough to run a full-size RSA system?How long would a small computertake to construct a 200-digit key? Oreven a 100-digit key? How longwould it take to decrypt a medium-length message?

Regardless of the answers to thesequestions, the prospects are good forusing public key systems with smallcomputers. New computer modelsappear almost monthly, and theirperformance is improving rapidly.The theoretical work that gave birthto the RSA system is also proceedingat a rapid pace, and we can expectnew and different public key systemsto result from that work. Some ofthese may be suitable, perhaps evenoptimized, for small machines, andthe prospects are exciting. ■

References

Diffie, W. "Privacy and Authentication: AnIntroduction to Cryptography." Pro-ceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 67, March1979, pages 397-427.Diffie, W. and M. E. Hellman. "New Direc-tions in Cryptography." IEEE Transactionson Information Theory, Vol. IT-22, No. 6,November 1976, page 644.Knuth, Donald E. The Art of Computer Pro-gramming: Semi-Numerical Algorithms,Volume 2, 2nd ed. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1981,

Nyberg, Jostein. "A Fast, Ancient Methodfor Multiplication." BYTE, October 1981,page 376.

Rivest, R. L, A. Shamir, and L. Adleman."A Method for Obtaining DigitalSignatures and Public Key Cryp-tosystems." Communications of theAssociation for Computing Machinery,Vol. 21, No. 2, February 1978, page 120.

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*PCDOS is a trademark of IBM CORP. MSDOS is a trademark of MICROSOFT. UNIX is a trademark ofBELL LABS. RT11/RSX-l 1/PDPl I is a trademark of Digital Equipment Corporation. FLEX/UNIFLEX is atrademark of Technical Systems consultants. CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research. OS 9 is a trademarkof Microware & Motorola

TELECON SYSTEMS

1155 Meridian Avenue, Suite 218San Jose, California 95125

218 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 399 on inquiry card.

Picture where youcan go with a $99.95 computer.

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The TS1000 is the lowest priced personalcomputer on the market. In addition to beingvery affordable, it's very expandable.

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Computers are here to stay. They are becom-ing as commonplace as owning a TV set, astereo, even a clock radio.

And now with this software offering, you'venever had a better reason to own a personalcomputer. You can buy the computer and bothIK programs and 16K programs right fromyour home. No crowds, no waiting lines, noparking worries. Selecting from such a largevariety of software has never been easier ormore convenient.

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Call toll free: 800-543-3000. Ask for operator509. In Ohio call: 800-582-1364. Ask for opera-tor 509. In Canada call 513-729-4300, operator509. Have your MasterCard or VISA readywhen calling. Phones open 24 hours a day, 7days a week. These numbers are for ordersonly.

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□ Check or Money Order enclosed Price Qty.

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TS1000Computer

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$99.95

$49.95

Check the boxes of all software cassettes you want.

IK Cassettes forD 1) StatisticsIncludes Statistics,Regression and Trend,CHI Squared Text andGraphics PlotD 2) Super Program 1Invasion from Jupiter,Skittles, Magic Square,Doodle, Kim, LiquidCapacity

.■rniputer: $9.00

D 3) Super Program 7Racetrack, Chase, Nim,Tower of Hanoi, Dockingthe Spaceship, GolfD 4) Super Program 2Rings Around Saturn,Secret Code, MindBoggling, Silhouette,Memory Test, MetricConversion

IK

Cassettes

$9.00each

Cassettes for 16K Module: $15.00

D 5) Space Raiders. Bomber

The popular Arcade

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D 6) The Flight Simulator

Control a highly

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aircraft

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List coupons by store or

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evaluate ROI, annual ROI

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16KCassettes

Shipping/Handling

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$ 4.95

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Total:

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Name

Street

City

State

Zip

925C

Protected fields, optional 2nd page o) mem-ory, visual attributes, tilt swivel screen (non-glare P31 green), 25th status'user line, timeof day, can emulate 912/920, RS232C printerport, 50 Baud to 19.2KB., 8x10 character reso-lution, switchable character sets, function keysself test.

910C $595

910C + 595

912C 739

920C 789

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950C 989

Esprit I $499

Esprit II , Call

1420 595

1500 949

1510 1089

1520 1389

Exec. Basic 20 1065

Exec. Basic 30 1189

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SOROC IQ 130 $595

Tl CRT Terminals

940, Basic $1599

940, Package 2079

ADM 22 $595

ADM 3A . . 535

ADM 5A 579

YfNtrH | data

systems

Z 19 Video Terminal

Green

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$729

" \ NEWZXA,

■W SSL (Terminal

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Microline 80, Parallel $359

Microline 82A Serial a Parallel 479

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Microline 83A, Serial & Parallel 759

Microline 84, Parallel 1149

Microline 84, Serial 1249

Olograph 82A 85

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630 R155.IAII purpose interface) 1998

630 KSR 2825

QUME

Qume 9/45, Full Panal $2049

CENTRONICS

737-3, RS232C New iow/..$389

730-1, Parallel New Low!..$349

704-9,150 CPS (RS 232C) 1595

704-11,150 CPS Parallel 1695

122G 120 CPS Parallel 949

NEC Spinwriter

INTEGRAL DATA SYSTEMS

3510 RO, 35 CPS $1699

3530 RO, 35 CPS (Centronics Interface) 1859

7710 RO, (RS232C) 55 CPS 2395

7720 KSR (RS232C) 55CPS 2999

7730 RO, 55CPS (Centronics Interface) 2395

IDS 445G Special! $599

MICROPRISM 599

PRISM 80, Basic Call

PRISM 80, w/o color 1149

PRISM 80, w/color 1499

PRISM 132, Basic Call

PRISM 132, w/o color 1469

PRISM 132, w/color 1695

Texas Instruments

Tl 810, Basic $1349

Tl 810, VCO, ASC II Full 1599

Tl 810, Enhanced 1950

Tl 810, VCO/Full Enhanced 2099

Tl 820, RO w/LC 1645

Tl 820, RO w/comp. print, DFC 1795

Tl 745, Portable Terminal 1399

EPSON

MX-80 $489

MX 80FT 589

MX-100FT 789

RS232, w/4K Buffer 135

C.ITOH

ProWriter 8510, Parallel $549

ProWriter 8510 ACD, Parallel & Serial.... 649

ProWriter 1550, Parallel 789

ProWriter 1550, Serial 845

F-10, Parallel or Serial 1599

Daisy Wheel Tractor, For F-10 275

ANADEX

DP 9000A/01A $1375

DP 9500A/01A 1469

DP 9620A 1569

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All prices FOB. shipping point, subject tochange. All offers subject to withdraw! with-out notice. Advertised prices reflect a 2%cash discount (orders prepaid prior to ship-ment). C.O.D.S& Credit Cards, 2% higher.

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Ki

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ZPU Z-80 CPU 2/4MHz 335

16KZ Dyn. RAM Memory 419

48K TP 2Port 48K Memory 845

64KZ Dyn. RAM Memory 595

16 FDC Disk Controller DD 499

8K Bytesaver II Prom Prog 249

32K Bytesaver Prom Card (2716s) 295

TU-ART I/O Interface 289

D 7A Digital/ANALOG Interface 249

8PIO 8 Port Parallel Interface 249

4PIO 4 Port Parallel Interface 335

QDRT4Ch. Syn/Asyn Interface 499

IOP int. I/O Processor 419

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SDI High Resolution Color Graphics 675

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WWB-2 Wire Wrap Board 38

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FDB 16K Extended Basic 95

FDC COBAL Compiler 196

FDF Fortran IV Compiler 149

FCR RATFOR, includes FORTRAN IV 298

STB 32K Structured Basic 186

SGB Super Dazzler Graphics 299

DBM Data Base Management w/report 196

WPS Word Processing System 249

TSS Trace System Simulator 86

WRMR Writemaster Word Processor 499

SLMR Slidemaster 499

SPMR Spellmaster 249

FOMR Fontmaster 499

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3102 CRT Terminal $1949

3355A Letter Quality Printer

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All prices FOB. shipping point, subject tochange. All otters subject to withdrawl without notice. Advertised prices reflect a 2%cash discount (orders prepaid prior to ship-ment) C.0.D.S& Credit Cards, 2% higher.

System Notes

Exploringthe Commodore VIC-20

Joel Swank12550 SW Colony #3Beaverton, OR 97005

I was excited when I first obtained my CommodoreVIC-20, and I spent several contented days playing withthe new system. I soon realized, though, that it wascapable of much more than simple games, so I decided toexplore further. The nontechnical users manual offeredlittle help; I would have to do my exploring on my own.Moreover, because the VIC has only CBM BASIC, deter-mining its internal workings would be difficult.

The first step in unraveling the mysteries of the VIC isto find the location of the system functions (memory, in-put/output ports, and programs) in the memory space of

RUN1 Hexadecimal dump of memory. Enter the starting andending addresses when prompted. Memory is dumped4 bytes per line.

RUN2 ASCII dump of memory. Enter the starting and endingaddresses when prompted. Memory is displayed inASCII, 8 bytes per line.

RUN3 Hexadecimal to decimal conversion. Enter the hexa-decimal number; the decimal equivalent will bedisplayed.

RUN4 Decimal to hexadecimal conversion. Enter the

decimal number; the hexadecimal equivalent will bedisplayed.

RUN5 Hexadecimal to binary conversion. Enter a hexa-decimal number up to four digits long; the binaryequivalent will be displayed.

RUN6 Jump to machine-language program. Enter the ad-dress of the program in hexadecimal. The SYS com-mand is used to execute the program.

RUN7 Hexadecimal POKE. Enter the starting address in

hexadecimal and then each byte in hexadecimal afterits address is displayed. Type END to stop.

Table 1: Memory Utility Program functions. When you enterthe commands RUN1, RUN2, etc., the program will performthe corresponding functions.

its 6502 microprocessor. All documentation for the 6502processor uses hexadecimal numbers to describe its fea-tures, but the VIC's BASIC uses decimal numbers only.Working with the 6502 requires using hexadecimalnumbers. To solve this problem I wrote the VIC MemoryUtility Program, a BASIC program that emulates a few ofthe capabilities of a monitor program (see listing 1). It hasseven functions executed by typing RUNl, RUN2, RUN3,etc. (see table 1). The utility program allows you to dis-play memory in hexadecimal and ASCII (American Stan-dard Code for Information Interchange), alter memory inhexadecimal, convert hexadecimal to decimal anddecimal to hexadecimal, convert hexadecimal to binary,and execute a machine-language program. The base con-version of numbers can be of great help to those un-familiar with hexadecimal and binary notations. Usingthe utility program, I was able to learn a great deal aboutthe VIC's functions.

Memory Locations

Some of the locations of the VIC's functions are givenin the users manual in decimal numbers. Using these as astart, I soon had mapped the entire 64K-byte memoryspace (see figure 1). The lower half of the address space isreserved for RAM (random-access read/write memory),while the upper half is for ROM (read-only memory) andI/O (input/output). The control program for the VIC isstored in ROM, and BASIC programs are stored in RAM.Some of the things that I found while exploring the VICare described in the following paragraphs. All addressesare given in both hexadecimal and decimal. Hexadecimalnumbers are preceded by a dollar sign ($); decimalnumbers are in parentheses.

The patterns for the VIC's character sets are contained

222 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

A Complete GraphicsDepartment For Just $ 1995

Realize day-in and day-out solid performance froma quiet and capable desktop plotter. It's true. For only$1995* the Houston Instrument HIPL0T™ DMP-29 willprovide you with world-class multi-color hard copygraphics, and deliver a level of quality and perfor-mance that you would expect in a plotter costingthree times as much.

It's a hard worker. The DMP-29 goes about its jobwith amazing speed and precision. Unbeatable resolu-tion and repeatability are yours in both 8V2" x 11" and11" x 17" formats, and 8-pen capability assures you offast attention-free flexibility when multi-color output isrequired. High pen speed combined with an ad-dressable resolution of O.OOl" assures fast, accurateand stepless traces.

If s friendly. You can call 21 different functions directlyfrom the front-panel membrane keyboard. It's toleranttoo. The DMP-29 will modestly protect itself from user

errors, as when attempting to place a pen in analready occupied stall.

And it's smart, An extensive set of firmware routinesmakes life easier for the user. A small sampling of thebuilt-in talent inherent in the DMP-29 includescharacter generation, circle, arc and elipse synthesis,line type variations, viewport/windowing, clippingand scaling.

For more information on the hard working, friendlyand smart DMP-29 plotter, contact Houston Instrument,RO. Box 15720, Austin, Texas 78761. (512) 835-0900. Forrush literature requests, outside Texas call toll free1-800-531-5205. In Europe, contact Houston Instrument,Rochesterlaan 6, 8240 Gistel, Belgium. Telephone059/27-74-45.

BAUSCH & LOMB ©

U.S. Domestic price onlyTrademark of Houston Instrument

Circle 49 for literature.

Circle 50 to have representative call.

Listing 1: Memory Utility Program. This operates much like a monitor program, enabling you to examine and modify the VIC-20'smemory.

e REM

1 SOT

2 SOT

3 SOT

4 GOT

5 SOTS GOT7 SOT

10 relee p

150 '200 '

see

4»e i

450

see :see i

1600

lies

12001300140S190B20002100299030003220323033003320333035003990400040304050410©41504200430044004500460047005©00510052005300540055005900680061006200630064006500

VIC MEMORY100

O4S00

O10000

O1100 0

O 6 0 Ei 0

000

oi2eee

M

RINT"HE!

UTILITVHEX DUMPASCI I DUMPHEM TO DECIMALDECIMAL TO HEXHEX TO BINARVJUMP TO SUBROUTINEHEX POKE

DUMP"OSUB200eOSUB 3000= 1

OR I=SSTOENF..T= 1 THE NGO SUBS 000K=PEEK f I)OSUB 9600PR INT" " ;

J=J+1IF JC5 THEN1390PR INT : J=lNEXTEND

REM SETUP SUBHEX*="0123456789ABCDEFRETURN

REM INPUT STARTINPUT "ENTERB00

AND ENDSTART";S*IFTTC0THEN 3000

"ENTER END";S*

7000 :IFTT<6THEN33ee

DUMP"

SOSUBSS=TTINPUTGOSUBEN=TTRETURNREM

PR INT"ASCI ISOSUB 3B88J=l SOSUB 2000FOR I=SS TO ENIF JrlTHENSOSUB 8000X = PEEK C I>IFX>191THENX=32PRINTCHRt<X>;J=J+1:IFJ=9THENJ=lNEXTEND

PRINT"JUMP TO MLSOSUB2000INPUT"ENTER 'TO'GOSUB 7000SVS < TT>ENDREM

PR INT"HEX TO BINARYINPUT "ENTER HEIF LEN<S*)>4GOSUB 7000:M=2tl5!J=0FOR I=1T016

PR INT

PROGRAMADDRESS

IFTT<0 THEN

S*GOTO5200

. S*THENGOSUB 7756IFTT<0THEN6100

SOTO6100

660067006800690070007050710071507200725073007350740074507500755076007650770077507800790030008100820083008400

9500

9600

9700

9800

9900

9950

9960

18000

18130

10200

10300

10400

10900

1100011100

1115011200113001140011500128881218012200123001240012580126 0012780127501280012900READ

J = J

IF

PR I

M = M

REM

TT =

T*

IFT

IFT

J = V

SOT

FOR

IFT

NEX

J = J

TT =

NEX

RET

TT =

PR I

RET

REM

x:<

GOS

XK

GOS

PR I

RET

REM

vx

■2.V.Tl*T2$PR IRETPR

INGOPRENREPR

INSOPRGOGOENPRSO

INGOAD

1 =

IFSO

IFPOtil'

: IFJ-M> =

"0" ;

: NEXONVEFORD* C.S"0"T"9"T< T*>75501T06MID$GOT

=5THENJ=1 :PR INT" ";0THENPRINT"1";:TT=TT-M:SOT06

T :END

RT HEX TO DECIMAL SUB

L=1T0 LEN<S»)

*,L,1>

HEN 7700

HEN7358

<"ABCDEF",J,t)THEN7500O7700

INVALID HEX H"N

RINT I AS 4 HEX DIGITST C I/256>

9600TU-INK 1/256::' *256)

9600

N

RINT XX AS 2 HEX DIGITS

T <XX.-"16>

-VX*16

ID* (HEX* , V/S + l , 1>

ID*(HEX* , zy.+l, 1>

Tl*;T2*;

N

T"HEX TO DECIMAL"

T "ENTER HEX";S*

B 7000:IFTT<0THEN10100

TS*;"=";TT

DECIMAL TO HEXNT"DECIMAL TO HEX"UT "ENTER DECIMAL";IUB2000NT I ; " = " ;UB2000UB 8088

NT"HEX POKE"

UB2000

UT"ENTER START ADDRESS".S*

UE7000 : IFTT<0THEN12280

= TT

DD : GOSIJB8008 : INPUTS*

*="END"THEN ENDSUB7000 IF TT<0THEN12500TT>255THENGOSUB7750:GOTO12508KEADD,T TD = ADD + 1 :GO TO12580

ENHANCE YOUR COLOR COMPUTER WITH THESE GREAT PRODUCTS!

MACRO-80C DISK BASED EDITOR/ASSEMBLER

This is a powerful macro assembler, screen oriented editor and machine languagemonitor. It features local labels, conditional assembly, printer formatting and crossreference listings. Assemble multiple files. Program comes on Radio Shackcompatible disk with extensive documentation. Price: $99.95

MICROTEXT COMMUNICATIONS

Make your computer an intelligent printing terminal with off-line storage! UseMicrotext for timesharing interactions, printing what is received as it is receivedand saving text to cassette, and more! Price: $59.95

PI80C PARALLEL PRINTER INTERFACE

Use a parallel printer with your Color Computer1 Serial-Parallel converter plugs intothe serial port and allows use of Centronics-compatible printers. You supply theprinter cable. Price: $69.95

THE MICRO WORKS COLOR FORTH

Color Forth is easier to learn than assembly language, executes in less time thanBasic and is faster to program in than Basic. Rompack comes with 112-pagemanual containing glossary of system-specific words, full standard FIG glossaryand complete source. A fascinating language designed for the Color Computer1Price: $109.95

SDS-80C SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM

SDS-80C is a Rompack containing a complete editor, assembler and monitor. Itallows the user to write, assemble and debug assembly language programs withno reloading, object patching or other hassles Supports full 6809 instruction set.Price: $89.95

80C DISASSEMBLER

Runs on the Color Computer and generates your own source listing of the Basicinterpreter ROM Documentation includes useful ROM entry points, completememory map, I/O hardware details and more. Cassette requires 16K system.Price: $49.95

GAMES: Star Blaster * Pac Attack • Berserk * Cave Hunter * Starfire • Astro Blast • Starship Chameleon •Adventure: Black Sanctum * Adventure: Calixto Island •

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224 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 265 on Inquiry card.

Performance Breakthrough

-TNI,

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13.5 or 27 million bytes of disk capacity in a single cabinet withan integrated mini-cartridge tape for secure data backup.

the

Setting an exciting new microcomputer standard,CYBERDRIVE1 combines a full package of features.

It offers new, higher performance levels, with an inte-grated business-oriented backup device.

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This basic speed, coupled with disk cache buffering anda peak transfer rate of 1 million bytes per second, make theCYBERDRIVE a performance champ!

The integrated mini-cartridge tapes used for backup ofdata allow dumping of (for example) 10 million bytes of datain about 10 minutes... much faster than other tape or floppydisk backup techniques. Hardware read-after-write errorchecking is incorporated in the tape device.

...And don't fail to ask about our superb lineup of seriousbusiness software (also offered in CYBERDRIVE format)including:

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The software is available on a variety of industry-standarcOperating Systems including CP/M5-MP/M5 (both -80 & -86),OASIS6, PCDOS, and UNIX7. Inquire for specific details andprices.

Trademarks of:

d

© Copyright 1M2 by Cybernetics Inc. All right* reserved.Prices and specifications subject to change without notice.

■ ^^

1 Cybernetics. IncMmt-Computer Business Applications Inc 5 . Digital He

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ix. e is 15.1^^1^ ii. is &it*.

IS-

8041 NEWMAN AVE., SUITE 208

HUNTINGTON BEACH, CA 92647

714/848-1922

HEXADECIMAL DECIMAL0 0

400

1000

1E0O

2000

8000

9000

AOOO

COOO

FFFF

1024

4096

7680

8192

32768

36864

40960

49152

66535

IK BYTES OF RAM

3K BYTES RAM EXPANSION

4K BYTES OF RAM

SCREEN BUFFER

24K BYTES RAM EXPANSION

CHARACTER SET PATTERNS

INPUT/OUTPUT PORTS

8K BYTES ROM EXPANSION(PR06RAM CARTRIDGE)

16K BYTES VIC CONTROL PROGRAMAND CBM BASIC IN ROM

Figure 1: The V1C-20 memory map shows the organization ofthe VIC's memory with starting addresses in both decimal andhexadecimal for each block.

TV controller

Horizontal position controlVertical position controlCharacter set selectionSound controlScreen/border color controlFirst 6522 VIA; controls userport, joysticks, and light penSecond 6522 VIA; controlskeyboard, printer, disk, andtape

Table 2: Input and output addresses. The values at thesememory locations control the video and sound output aswell as the input and output from the keyboard andperipherals.

$9000-$900F

(36864-36879)

$9000

(36864)

$9001

(36865)

$9005

(36869)

$900A-$900E

(36874-36878)

$900F

(36879)

$9110-$911F

(37136-37151)

$9120-$912F

(37152-37167)

in a 4K-byte ROM located at $8000 (32768). The patternfor each character requires 8 bytes of data. The bits of thefirst byte determine which dots of the top row of thecharacter will be on, the second byte does the same forthe second row, and so on. The order of the characterpatterns in the ROM is the same as the order in the tableon page 141 of the users manual. There are actually fourseparate character sets contained in this ROM, each tak-ing IK bytes for the patterns of the 128 characters per set.The first set, located at $8000 (32768), is the standardVIC character set. The next, at $8400 (33792), is the

reverse standard character set. At $8800 (34816) is theVIC alternate character set that includes lowercase lettersin place of graphics. At $8C00 (35840) is the reverse ofthe alternate character set. The byte at $9005 (36869)determines which of these character sets is used. Whenthe VIC is powered on, this location is set to F0 hexadeci-mal, which selects the standard character set. When theshift and Commodore keys are pressed together, thevalue in $9005 (36869) is changed to F2 hexadecimal. Thisselects the alternate character set at $8800 (34816). Press-ing the shift and Commodore keys a second time changesback to the standard set. The value in location 36869 canalso be changed from the keyboard with a POKE com-mand or even from a BASIC program.

The integrated circuit of the VIC's TV controller usesthe value in location 36869 to determine which characterset is currently in use. It always assumes that the reversecharacter set immediately follows the selected one inmemory and uses that reverse character set to blink thecursor. The cursor flashes between the character and itscounterpart in the succeeding character set. Location36869 can also be used to select other character sets. Forinstance, storing Fl hexadecimal in 36869 selects thereverse character set at $8400 (33792). This makes all nor-mal characters on the screen reverse. Because the TV con-troller selects the immediately following character set forreverse characters, the alternate character set at $8800becomes the reverse in this mode. That means that thecursor blinks between reversed uppercase and normallowercase characters.

The value of the byte at $9005 (36869) can select stillmore character sets. If FC hexadecimal is stored there, theRAM starting at $1000 (4096) is used for the characterpatterns. This allows you to design your own charactersets. Character sets at $1400 (5120), $1800 (6144), and$1C00 (7168) can also be selected with values FD, FE, andFF hexadecimal respectively. In fact, the 4K-byte block ofRAM at $1000 (4096) will completely replace the ROM at$8000 (32768), and all features mentioned above willwork for the user-designed character sets. Of course, onthe standard VIC this RAM area is used for the BASICprogram buffer and therefore cannot be used entirely foryour own character sets. Also, the screen buffer takes thetop 512 bytes of this area.

Input/Output

The entire area from $9000 (36864) to $9FFF (40959) isreserved for I/O (see table 2). Locations $9000 (36864) to$900F (36879) are for the TV controller. The charactersets, screen and border color selections, and sound con-trols are all located here. Locations $9000 (36864) and$9001 (36865) control the horizontal and vertical positionof the VIC's screen within the border. I sometimes use myVIC with an ancient black-and-white television. Becausethe corners of the screen are rounded on this set, eachcorner of the VIC's display loses three characters off theedge of the screen. To circumvent this, I store an 8(instead of the normal 5) in location $9000 (36864). This

226 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE January 1983 227

Pointer for POKE and SYS commands

Address of start of BASIC memory

Address of start of BASIC variables

Address of start of BASIC arrays

Address of end of BASIC arrays

Address of bottom of BASIC strings

Address of end of BASIC memory

Subroutine to load next BASIC text

character

Time of day clock in 60ths of a second

since midnight

Data pointer for SAVE and LOAD

Tape buffer pointer

Length of file name for SAVE, LOAD,

and OPEN

Device code

File name pointer for SAVE, LOAD, and

OPEN

Current key down (if any)

Key-input stack pointer

Current cursor position in screen buffer

Current cursor position in color buffer

Table 3: Page 0 memory locations. These addresses show thelocations of the various functions of the VIC's operatingsystem.

$14

(20)

$2B,$2C (43,44)

$2D,$2E

(45,46)

$2F,$30

(47,48)

$31,$32

(49,50)

$33,$34

(51,52)

$37,$38

(55,56)

$73

(115)

$A0-$A2 (160-162)

$AE,$AF (174,175)

$B2,$B3

(178,179)

$B7

(183)

$BA

(186)

$BB,$BC (187,188)

$C5

(197)

$C6

(198)

$D1,$D2 (209,210)

$F3,$F4

(243,244)

$200-$258 (512-600)

$277-$27F (631-639)

$286 (646)

$28D (653)

$300-$332 (768-818)

$30C-$30F (780-783)

Line input buffer

Key-input stack

Current color

Shift-key-down flag (if any)

User exit vectors

Processor register save area for SYS

$33C-$3FB (828-1019) Tape buffer

Table 4: Page 2 and 3 memory locations. The VIC uses theseaddresses as a scratch-pad memory for the operating system.

$300

(768)

BASIC error routine

$302

(770)

BASIC warm start

$304

(772)

Keyword-to-token conversion

$306

(774)

LIST command

$314

(788)

IRQ processor interrupt

$316

(790)

BRK processor interrupt

$318

(792)

NMI processor interrupt

$31A

(794)

OPEN command

$31C

(796)

CLOSE command

$324

(804)

Input line from keyboard/screen

$326

(806)

Output a character to screen

$330

(810)

LOAD command

$332

(812)

SAVE command

Table 5: User exit vectors. You can access particular routinesin the VIC's ROM programs by using these addresses.

228 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 326 on inquiry card.

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moves the VIC's display to the right, allowing me to seeall of the leftmost characters, but more characters arelost off the right side. Because the left side of the screen isused the most, this solution takes care of most situations.I can always use a POKE command to enter a 2 into loca-tion 36864 whenever I need to see all of the right side ofthe display.

Locations $9110 (37136) through $912F (37167) areused to operate the VIC's two 6522 VIAs (versatile inter-face adapters). These VIAs provide 32 programmableexternal-control lines that the VIC uses for communica-tion with external devices such as tape, disk, or joysticks.

At location $9400 (37888) are 512 bytes of RAM orga-nized as 1024 half-bytes, or nybbles. A nybble may con-tain any number between 0 and 15. The nybbles from$9600 (38400) to $97FF (38911) are used for the screencolor codes. There is one nybble for each character posi-tion in the screen buffer at $1E00 (7680). The color for acharacter is selected by using a POKE command to enterthe color code (0-7) into the desired nybble.

Memory Organization

The RAM on the standard VIC is divided into two sec-tions, the 4K-byte block at $1000 (4096) to $1FFF (8191)and the lK-byte block at 0 to $3FF (1023). All of thelK-byte block is reserved for special purposes. Page 0(0-$FF) is accessed in a special way by the 6502microprocessor; it contains much of the VIC's most im-portant data. Table 3 lists some of the data that is storedthere. Page 1 ($100-$1FF) is reserved by the 6502 for thehardware stack and should not be used by any programs.The VIC uses pages 2 and 3 ($200-$3FF) for various data(see table 4).

One of the VIC's most important features, found atlocations $300-$332 (768-818), is the series of user exitvectors. The user vectors are pointers to locations in theVIC's ROM programs. The VIC uses these vectors as the

addresses of important routines. This allows you tochange the addresses of these routines by changing theaddresses in the vectors. The concept of user vectors iscommon in larger computer systems, but it is just catch-ing on in the microcomputer world. User exits are signifi-cant because they make it easy for you or professionalsoftware developers to add new features and I/O devicesto the VIC, increasing its flexibility (see table 5).

The VIC's design also allows for memory expansion.The logical first step in such expansion is to fit 3K bytesof new RAM into the gap from $400 (1024) to $FFF(4095), between the two blocks of RAM on the standardVIC. This brings the total up to 8K bytes and allows user-designed character sets to be fully implemented. This newRAM also allows the VIC to create high-resolutiongraphics.

Up to an additional 24K bytes of RAM may beadded in the range from $2000 (8192) to $7FFF (32767),giving the VIC a maximum capability of 32K bytes ofRAM. Locations $9800 (38912) through $9FFF (40959) arereserved for expansion of the VIC's I/O capability. Anyof a wide variety of I/O devices could be added here (upto 2048 of them). Locations $A000 (40960) through $BFFFare reserved for ROM expansion. This is where the VIC'sfuture hardware cartridges will reside. A routine in theVIC's initialization program checks this area for thepresence of a cartridge during cold and warm starts. If acartridge is present, it will be initialized instead of VICBASIC, thus allowing the program in the cartridge toassume complete control of the VIC.

Conclusion

This article is not meant to be a comprehensive studyof the VIC. Nonetheless, the information provided here,together with the VIC Memory Utility Program, shouldbe enough to give you a good start on using your VIC-20to its fullest potential.■

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230 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Atari Player-MissileGraphics in BASIC

The Atari computer offers a unique method to manipulate

graphics in a BASIC program.

If you have ever tried to move anobject around on the screen usingBASIC, you probably made the ob-ject look like it was jumping from onepoint to the next instead of movingalong smoothly. One reason for thisis that BASIC, which is an inter-pretive language, has a major draw-back—it is too slow. You may haveresorted to a crash course in machinelanguage to find a solution to thisproblem. But machine language, evenwith the aid of an assembler to formthe code from assembly-languagestatements, takes longer to programand debug than BASIC.

In addition to being slow, BASICcompounds the problem of movingthe object. If it is more than one linehigh, computations must be made to

Editor's Note: This article covers one of themethods for working with player-missilegraphics. For details on working with playfieldanimation, see "The Atari Tutorial, Part 3:Player-Missile Graphics," BYTE, November1981, page 312. For an excellent overview ofAtari BASIC, see "The Atari Tutorial, Part 6:Atari BASIC," BYTE, February 1982, page91. . . S. J. W.

Paul S. Swanson

97 Jackson St.

Cambridge, MA 02140

determine where each line will fallafter the move. If the object is 5 dotshigh and 5 dots wide, you move 25dots using 5 calculations for deter-mining placement of the object. Thisdoes not include the fact that youmust first erase the old image, whichusually means drawing the shape in

Consider the possibilityof superimposing anobject on the screen

without disturbing theimages already there.

the old location using a backgroundcolor. This doubles the time requiredfrom the amount required to drawit—first you "undraw" it in one loca-tion, then draw it in the next location.To complicate matters even fur-ther, consider the case where youwant to move the object "in front" ofsome other images that you want onthe screen. How do you calculatewhat colors to put back in the placeof the old shape? If you don't put

them back, the object will leave apath through the images on the screenin the color you are using to erase theobject when you move it.

The Atari Solution

Consider the possibility of super-imposing an object on the screenwithout disturbing the images alreadythere. The object will not be "on" thescreen in memory. Therefore, it willnot destroy any part of the imageswhen it moves. Since the Atari com-puter has two-, four-, and five-colorgraphics modes, wouldn't it also benice to use an extra, independent col-or for this object? That would add athird, fifth, or sixth (depending on thegraphics mode) color to the display.As long as we have gone this far, howabout having four of these objects,called players, all with independentcolors and movements and all withdifferent shapes?

Player-missile graphics on theAtari can do all these things, plus afew other tricks. In addition, it alsooffers you four 1- or 2-byte-wide"missiles" that you can use.

234 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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RESOLUTION

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Figure 1: A 5- by 5-dot X-shape can bedefined with only 5 bytes of memory.

The players are 8 dots wide. In ad-dition, the dots for the players andthe missiles can be single, double, orquadruple width. The width defini-tion can be controlled for eachplayer, but all missiles must have thesame width.

Player-missile graphics also solvesanother problem. The 5- by 5-dot ob-ject that was described earlier will re-quire only 5 bytes to describe itsshape and the bytes are next to eachother. No separate calculations foreach line are required to display theobject.

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PLAYER 0

PLAYER 1

PLAYER 2

PLAYER 3

Figure 2: Memory allocation for the player-missile graphics. Definitions for the shapeand vertical position of both the players and missiles are kept in this area of memory.

Controlling the players is a fairlysimple task. You must describe to thecomputer the player's position, color,shape, and size. You must alsospecify what happens if another coloris on the screen in the same positionas part (or all) of the player. After afew initial steps required to set up theplayer-missile graphics mode, whichis done once for all players andmissiles, each of the players is con-

trolled the same way.

Each player occupies a 128-bytestrip in memory. A player is one col-or and is shaped by using one byte inthe strip for each horizontal line.Each of the 8 bits will turn on a dot ofthe player color if it is a 1 and turn offa dot if the bit is a 0. For example, asimple shape such as an X can bedefined in a 5- by 5-dot grid (seefigure 1), which is what you would do

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236 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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if you wanted to PLOT the characteron the screen.

In figure 1, the values of the 5 bytesrequired to define it are computedusing each horizontal row as 1 byte,taking empty squares as 0 and fullsquares as 1. The value of the firstrow converted from binary todecimal is 17, the second row is 10,and the third row is 4. Rows five andsix are the same as rows two and one,in that order. The shape may then bedefined as a string of characters with

the values 17, 10, 4, 10, and 17. (If thefigure is not symmetrical, the firstbyte defines the top of the figure.)Using this method defines the 25-dotfigure with only 5 bytes.

Movement

Player-missile graphics uses twodifferent methods to move the playerin horizontal and vertical directions.Horizontal motion is the easier. Allyou do is use the POKE command toenter the horizontal position (0-255)

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into a memory location. Vertical mo-tion is a little harder. You must movethe player up and down in the128-byte strip.

As you may have suspected, thereis one catch to using player-missilegraphics. The player-missile areamust be located in a certain positionwith respect to a IK- or 2K-byteboundary. The sample program (seelisting 1) uses a double-line resolutionplayer, which requires that the posi-tion be aligned with respect to alK-byte boundary (see figure 2). Afiner method of describing the playershape (single-line resolution) that re-quires that it be set up starting at a2K-byte boundary is also available.In that method, the player strips are256 bytes long.

In the double-line resolutionmethod (i.e., each horizontal line ofthe player is represented by two tele-vision scan lines), the missile areamust start 384 bytes after a lK-byteboundary. The missile area is 128bytes long. After the missile area, at512 bytes after the lK-byte bound-ary, players 0 through 3 take 128bytes each so that player 3's area endson the next lK-byte boundary.

The problem with this is thatBASIC locates the string area inmemory depending on the length ofthe program statements as rep-resented in memory. If you modify aprogram by adding a statement ortwo, the strings are started in a highermemory location. This makes it dif-ficult to guarantee that a string willstart on the lK-byte boundary.

One solution is to find the areaabove the memory that BASIC isusing and place the player-missileareas there. Then you can use POKEto move the player vertically. Thisworks, but vertical motion is veryslow. If the player is moved with aFOR. . .NEXT loop, the vertical mo-tion distorts the shape of the player sothat it looks like it is swimming upand down the screen. A loop is tooslow. FOR. . .NEXT statements witha POKE in between are not the fastestway to do this.

BASIC can move data around instrings at very high speeds. ThePOKE command is not too fastbecause it moves only 1 byte at a

238 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 219 on Inquiry card.

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Listing 1: Sample program using player-missile graphics. The program requires ajoystick.

910

20

29

30

39

40

49

50

58

59

60

69

70

79

80

90

:l. 0 0

:L 1 0

:l.20

129

130

140

15 0

159

160

170

180

190

20 0

2.10

22 0

230

24 0

25 02602702302902993 0 030931031932032933033934034935 0359

REM ** FIND START OF STRING SPACE: **

DIM X*(l>

A=ADR(X*>

REM ** GET FIRST IK BOUNDARY ******

B-INT < < A-512)/i024+1> *1024

REM ** FILL UP TO PLAYER 0 AREA ***

F*<B-A+511)

** P0*. IS PLAYER ZERO AREA ****

P0$(128)

DIMREMDIMREMREMDIMREM

S $=-":'

REM

HM AND VM AREJOYSTICK ******

** S* IS SHAPE,,♦.USED TO READS*<12),HM<15>,VM<15>** DEFINE PLAYER ZERO SHAPE ***A**A"

** READ JOYSTICK VALUES *******15

FOR 1*1 TO

READ HP,VP

HM<I>=HP

VM(I)=VP

NEXT I

REM ** CLEARP0*»CMR*<O>P0t<12B)*CHR'*<0>P0*<2>*P0*REM ** DRAW SCREENGRAPHICS 4SETCOLOR 0,0,10COLOR 1PLOT 45,18DRAWTO 45,12

30,12

30,24

55,24

55,6

20,6

20,30

65,30

65, 0

20,0

SET PRIORITY

PLAYER ZERO AREA ****

BACKGROUND ****

DRAWTO

DRAWTO

DRAWTO

DRAWTO

DRAWTO

DRAWTO

DRAWTO

DRAWTO

DRAWTO

REM **

POKE 623,1

REM ** GIVE

*l Mrf W W Mr" Mr" W V/ Mr* *mf Mr',1, ^v •*. m m m m Jr. /n /& m

ANTIC P/M BASE PAGE **

P 0 K E 5 4 279,1. N T ( B / 2 5 6)

REM ** SET TWO-LINE GRAPHICS *****

POKE 559,46

REM ** ENABLE P/M GRAPHICS *******

POKE 53277,3

REM ** COLOR :::: 2, LUM. » 4 *******

POKE 704,36

REM ** HORIZ* POSITION * 110 *****

HP=11Q

REM ** VERTi POSITION » 50 *******

240 January 1983 © BYTE Publication Inc

Listing 1 continued on page 244Circle 358 on Inquiry card. «■—♦•

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Listing 1 continued:

Circle 517 on Inquiry card.

244 Janunry 1983 © BYTE Publicatloni Inc

36 0369

37 0379

38 03893904 0 941041942042943 043944044945 046047 043949 04995005105:1.2

52 0522

53 0540550

56 0

57 0575

58 0

59 0

60 061062063063564 0650

66 0

67 06997 0 0

71 0

72 0

73 0

74 0750999

1 0 0 0

VP=50

REM ** SET HORIZONTAL POSITION ***

POKE 53248,HP

REM xx SET DOUBLE SIZE PLAYER mjkjk

POKE 53256,1

REM ** SET NO,BYTES IN PLAYER xxxx

LS-LEN(S$)

REM ** I NIT, COLLISION FLAG x*****

HITC-0

REM xx DISABLE CURSOR kxokjkmokxcxososoiok

POKE 752 , 1

REM xx CLEAR COLLISION RESISTER xx

POKE 53273*0

REM xx PUT PLAYER IN AREA xjkxjkjkxx*

P0$<VP,VP+LS)»=S$

REM xx WAIT UNTIL USER IS READY xx

? "PRESS TRIGGER TO START"

IF STRIG(0)=1 THEN 460

? "V'tEEM CLEAR SCREEN

REM xx INITIALIZE SCORE COUNTER xx

COUNT=0

REM xx PLAYER MOVE LOOP xxxx******

P0*(VP,VP+LS)=S*

COUNT^COUNT+0,1

IF O O U N T =» IN T < C 0 U N T ) T H E N S 0 U N D J. ,20,12 , 7

HIT=PEEK<53252)

SOUND 1 ,0,0*0

S=STICK<0>

KP«HP+HM<8)

VP=VP+VM(S)

POKE 53243,HP

POKE 53273,0

IF HP<80 THEN 70 0

? INT(COUNT);""

IF HIT-0 THEN HI TOO J SOTO 500

IF HITOl THEN 50 0

SOUND 0,20,12,7

? t? "YOU HIT THE WALL! !"

? "THAT COSTS YOU 25 POINTS!!"??

COUNT"CQUNT+25

? IN T(0 0 UN T)I""?R E M MOV E CU R S 0 R UP

SOUND 0,0,0, 0

HITC=l

GOTO 50 0

REM xx END OE CAME ROUTINE xx

POKE 752,0

? "::■"$ REM CLEAR SCREEN

? "YOUR SCORE : "JCOUNT

? "PRESS RETURN TO PLAY AGAIN"?

INPUT X*

GOTO 130

REM xx DATA FOR HMOVE, VMOVE xokxosok*:

DATA 0,0 , 0 , 0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,~1,1,0,0,0,

■••■ 1,1 , •••• 1 , -• 1 , ~-1,0,0,0,0,1,0,-1,0,0

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BYTE January 1983 245

time. First, BASIC must read thecommand and interpret what to do.After all that "overhead," all you getis 1 byte transferred. Using LETstatements between strings is a muchmore efficient method because youhave the overhead of reading and in-terpreting only once. Then the state-ment can be one that moves as manybytes as you want. It is therefore verymuch to your advantage to usestrings instead of POKE in player-missile graphics.

Sample Game

Listing 1 is included here to helpdescribe how to implement player-missile graphics in BASIC usingstrings. It is a simple game using abackground screen over which player0 can move. It uses the joystick to getthe player out of a simple maze.

Lines 10 through 50 set up anddimension P0$ for player 0, so thatthe starting location of the string is512 bytes above a lK-byte boundary.Lines 10 and 20 find where the stringarea starts. Line 30 sets B equal to thevalue of the lK-byte boundary that iswithin 512 bytes of the start of thestring space. Player 0's area mustbegin 511 bytes above that locationminus A. That is handled by placing afiller string (line 40) to move thepointer that will locate P0$ at theright spot. Line 50 dimensions P0$.

This method will always place P0$at 512 bytes above a lK-byte bound-ary, no matter how long the programis, until you run out of memory. Touse players 1 through 3, you cansimply add the strings Pl$, P2$, andP3$, each dimensioned to 128, ontothe dimension statement (keep themin order).

Now that the string has been set inthe correct position, initialization ofall the variables and other items cantake place. The first part defines theplayer shape. The player in this gameis a flattened X. The design is in figure3. Two zero bytes are used, one oneach end of the player (vertically) sothat it will erase the old image whenyou create the new image (the pro-gram allows the player to move onlyone vertical position at a time). Thebytes from top to bottom are 0, 65,42, 28, 28, 42, 65, and 0. Line 70

Figure 3: The modified X-shape as used inthe program.

defines the player using a control-comma for the zero bytes, capital Afor 65, an asterisk for 42, and escape-control-hyphen for 28. The charac-ters to use for most values can befound in Appendix C of the AtariBASIC Reference Manual. If you arenot that ambitious, you can substi-tute a FOR. . .NEXT loop. The fol-lowing loop will work in place of line70:

70 FOR 1 = 1 TO 8

72 READ S

74 S$(I)=CHR$(S)

76 NEXT I

78 DATA 0,65,42,28,28,42,65,0

The DATA statement in line 78 willnot interfere with the operation of thenext FOR. . .NEXT loop because thedata for that will begin at line 1000.

The loop starting at line 80 readsvalues into two arrays that will helpdecode the joystick movements into+ 1, 0, or —1 horizontally and ver-tically. The two arrays defined herewill make the reading of the joystickmuch faster; speed is important inthat loop.

The next series of statements, start-ing at line 130, sets all bytes in P0$ to0. The only bits we want set arewhere the player is to be. All theothers must be 0.

Lines 160 through 290 draw themaze the player is to move through.This maze is actually a spiral-likeseries of lines at right angles, as youwill see when you run the program.Any shape that the player can fitthrough will work.

The next section of the program,starting at line 300, sets up the player-missile area. One part writes tospecial memory locations, calledhardware registers. These are actuallydata lines to the graphics controllermicroprocessor, called ANTIC. Itcontrols the screen display and allgraphics commands go through it.ANTIC also superimposes the playersand missiles over the screen image.

You can't read what is in the hard-ware registers, but you can read andwrite to the shadow registers. Theshadow registers are memory loca-tions, which in this case are below1024. The operating system reads theshadow registers and sends theirvalues to the corresponding hardwareregisters. These values are sent whenthe screen is blanked-out before thescanner starts to trace the next videoframe. Since ANTIC receives thesevalues 60 times per second, the delayis minimal.

Line 300 refers to one of theseshadow registers. This sets up thepriority of the players and missiles.Using the POKE command to enter a1 in this location causes the playersand missiles to have priority, whichmakes them look as if they are mov-ing in front of the images on thescreen. A value of 8 causes theplayers and missiles to appear tomove behind the screen image.

Line 310 tells ANTIC (directly—noshadow register) where to find theplayer-missiles. The value put in thislocation using POKE is the pagenumber of the lK-byte boundary thatis just below the player-missile area.It adds to this location (INT(B/256))to find your images.

Line 320 tells ANTIC through ashadow register that you wantdouble-line resolution on the players.Other "legal" codes are at this loca-tion that will do different things. Bevery careful what you put here withPOKE.

The color of player 0 is set at line340. The value is the color numbertimes 16 plus the luminance value.This location, which is a shadow reg-ister, controls the color of player 0and missile 0 (the missiles are thesame color as the player of the samenumber). You can set the colors for

246 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE January 196)3 247

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players 1, 2, and 3 by adding lines toPOKE values in registers 705, 706,and 707.

Lines 350 and 360 set the variablesthat will be used by the program forthe horizontal and vertical positionvalues of the player. Line 370 tellsANTIC what the horizontal positionof player 0 is to be. Players 1, 2, and 3are in locations 53249, 53250, and53251. The horizontal positions formissiles 0 through 3 are at locations53252 through 53255.

Line 380 sets ANTIC to display theshape at double its horizontal size.Values of 0 and 2 at this location setsingle size; a value of 3 sets quadruplesize. This is read in binary and thelast 2 bits are the only ones that areread by ANTIC. Therefore, a valueof 4 will be interpreted as a 0, a 5 as a1, etc. Players 1, 2, and 3 use loca-tions 53257, 53258, and 53259.

LS is set to the length of S$ in line390. The variable LS is used in mov-ing the player instead of LEN(S$)because it is faster.

There is a provision for readingwhen players are in "conflict" withother players, screen colors, andmissiles. Also, another provisiondetects a conflict between missilesand screen colors. Separate locationscan be read to find out if such a con-flict has occurred, one of which isused in this program. HITC is used inthe program (line 410) to store a flagof 1 if a conflict has taken place andhas not been cleared.

A constantly updated display willbe in the text window that showselapsed time. ■ Because the cursorwould serve no purpose in it andwould make the number harder toread, line 420 shuts it off.

When a conflict has taken place,the corresponding location is set to 1.It is not reset when the player ormissile is moved out of conflict. Loca-tion 53278 resets all the conflict in-dicators (Atari uses the term "colli-sion" instead of conflict). ANTIC setsthe registers again a few millisecondslater if there is still a conflict.

Line 440 places the player on thescreen by putting the shape into theplayer area. This string statement cannow be used because the player-areastring is in the correct position. This

248 January 1983 © BYTE Publication. Inc

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System 816. MP/M 816. and M-Drive are trademarks of CompuPro; CP/M. CP/M-86. and MP/M are trademarks of Digital Research; SuperCalc is a trademark of Sorcim; dBase IIis a trademark of Ashton-Tate Terminal, courtesy of Qume Corp.

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Circle 97 on Inquiry card.

Line

Number Description

500 Places the player image into the player area at vertical location VP. The first time

through this has already been done, but the loop must always end by reposition-ing the player. It branches back to 500 to do this.

510 Increments the counter by 0.1. This is incremented each time the loop is run and

will have the effect of timing the game in arbitrary units.

512 At each tenth increment, when COUNT is an integer, the computer will generate

a click in the television speaker. The person playing can keep track of timewithout referring to a number that he or she hasn't got time to look at.

520 Reads the collision register for player-to-playfield position.

522 Shuts off the sound started in line 512.

530 Reads the value of joystick 0.

540-550 Updates the horizontal and vertical positions using the two arrays to interpretthe joystick value returned.

560 Tells ANTIC what the new horizontal position is.

570 Clears the collision registers. ANTIC has plenty of time between this statement

and the next read of the collision register (line 520) to update them several times.

575 Detects the end of the game.

580 Displays the current time value.

590 Clears the HITC flag and returns to the beginning of the loop if there is no con-

flict.

600 Begins the routine that is used when the player hits the side of the maze. If the

HITC flag is 1, the hit was already counted. Therefore, this statement goes backto the beginning.

610 Begins sound effect of hitting the wall.

620-640 Displays message that the player hit the wall, adds a penalty to the timer, andredisplays the timer.

650 Stops sound effect started at line 610.

660 Sets HITC flag to indicate hit has been counted.

670 Goes back to start next loop.

700 Line 575 branches here if the player is moved beyond the left edge of the maze,

which is assumed to end the game. Since a message will be printed followed byan INPUT statement, line 700 turns the cursor back on.

710-740 Displays the full score (previous displays were the integer value) and waits forthe RETURN key.

750 Goes back for another game.

Table 1: Description of the main section of the sample program. Lines previous toline 500 initialized the player-missile graphics.

statement replaces, in this example, 8POKE statements, which would takemuch longer to execute. The state-ment in line 440, placed in aFOR. . .NEXT loop that goes from 1to 1000, takes 15 seconds. Using acorresponding POKE statement in aFOR. . .NEXT loop to place 8 byteswould have taken 2 minutes, 38 sec-onds in the same FOR. . .NEXT loop.Allowing 8.5 seconds for theFOR. . .NEXT loop, a simple divi-sion shows that line 440 is more than17 times faster than using a POKEstatement.

Lines 450 through 490 first wait forthe person playing the game to pressthe trigger button and then set thescoring variable COUNT to 0. Notethat the clear screen statements clearonly the text window.

Now that everything is initialized,we can use player-missile graphics in

the game. Because of the concern forspeed of execution, REM statementswere minimized in the next portion ofthe program. The function of thesestatements is described in table 1.

The program cannot

check to see If you go

"through" a wall when

you hit It—It merely

fines you 25 points.

Error Checking

This game does have a few faults(meaning that it is not idiot-proof). Ithas no checks if the player is movedoff the screen and out of the playerarea. This will result in errormessages. The program cannot checkto see if you go "through" a wall

when you hit it. It will fine you 25points when you hit the wall, but hasno way of determining if you got outof the conflict on the correct side ofthe wall. Lastly, it tests for the "gameover" condition by checking thehorizontal position of the player. If itis low enough, it is assumed that theplayer left the maze at the correctpoint.

The above faults can be eliminatedby using extra statements in the loop(lines 500 through 670) to test theconditions. Testing if the player wentthrough a wall instead of going backfrom where it came may be a little dif-ficult, but the range check issimple—just test that HP is between 0and 255 and that VP is between 1 and128-LS. You can refine the finish testby also testing that the vertical posi-tion is less than 18 (like the screenvertical positions, the player-missilevertical positions go from thetop = 1 to the bottom = 128).

The collision-detection register willnot be 1 for a collision if you do notuse, in this case, the COLOR 1 state-ment for the maze. The detection isbit-coded so that it may also tell youwhat you hit. Because the low-order 4bits are used, the value never exceeds15. The positions of the bits that areon correspond to the SETCOLORnumbers of the color bit. The registerindicates 1 for color 0, 2 for color 1, 4for color 2, and 8 for color 3. TheBASIC COLOR statement COLOR 1actually specifies the color from colorregister 0, which is why it returns avalue of 1. If the maze were drawnwith a COLOR 2 statement precedingit, the collision detection wouldreturn a 2 when there is a conflict.The program would have to bealtered to compensate for this.

Note one very important item inthe use of strings for the player-missile graphics. The player positionswill move when you go from deferredmode while the program is running toimmediate mode. This is caused byBASIC moving things around whenthe program is not running. Anyposition tests you do on the playermust be done during the time the pro-gram is running. Stopping the pro-gram with the Break key, then usingCONT to resume, will also alter the

250 January 19*3 © BYTE Publication! Inc

position. The program should beRUN from the beginning to get an ac-curate position.

You may also have noticed that,when you go to the second or subse-quent game by pressing Return at theend of one game, the player turns intoa jittering stripe running vertically thefull length of the screen. This happenswhen a player is on the screen duringa GRAPHICS statement execution.This will destroy the position of theplayer, causing the line of garbage. Inthis program, the player-missilegraphics is reinitialized completely,which puts the player back where itbelongs. When writing the initializa-tion part of programs that use player-missile graphics, remember to executethe GRAPHICS statement before youset up the player-missile graphics.The stripe can be eliminated in thisprogram by adding the line

745 POKE 53248,0

This moves the player off the left sideof the screen. The vertical stripe still

exists, but it occurs in the part of thevideo cycle where the scanner isturned off to go from the end of oneline to the beginning of the next line.You can also move the player fasterby making it increment twice in eachloop. The fastest way to do this is tofirst add zero bytes at the beginningand ending of S$ so that it starts andends with two zeros instead of one.Second, alter lines 540 and 550 to addHM(S)*2 and VM(S)*2 instead ofHM(S) and VM(S). The player willnot move quite as smoothly asbefore, but will still be vastlysmoother than if you plotted it direct-ly on the screen.

Conclusion

This is only a brief introductionand one example of player-missilegraphics. Atari can supply you withmanuals that describe them in moredetail. You can combine the informa-tion from Atari manuals with thismethod to create some very impres-sive graphics. The method of locatingboundaries for setting the start of ar-

rays can also be used to place alter-nate character sets for charactergraphics, screen displays, and displaylists.

This method of moving the playersin BASIC opens up more uses forBASIC in graphics, but it is still avery slow way to execute graphicsroutines if they require smooth mo-tions around the screen. It can beused only if the computations andtesting required in the loop are smallin number. Remember that BASIC isrunning in milliseconds, not micro-seconds like machine language; it is1000 times slower at its best.

The incredible graphics power ofyour Atari computer can, as shown inthis modest example, compensate forthe speed difference somewhat andperform some things that are notpossible in BASIC on any othermicrocomputer I have used. If youtake advantage of the right things, forexample, the speed of string-to-stringtransfers in LET statements, you willbe amazed at what your Atari cando—even in BASIC. ■

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Problem Oriented Language

Part 2: Writing a Module

Mark Finger2439 Overlook CircleLawrence, KS 66044

In part 1 of this series (December1982 BYTE, page 314), the concept ofa Problem Oriented Language (POL)was introduced. POL uses input thatincorporates terms normally used indescribing a particular problem.These terms are organized intophrases and sentences that resembleEnglish sentences. The input isrelatively free of the format restric-tions normally associated withquestion-and-answer or menu input.Much more information can be inputwith a single entry. A typical entry,such as, "Draw an XY graph, X from0 to 4, Y from -2 to 3, Title 'ContourPlot', Execute", would replace dozensof responses required for other typesof input. POL-type programs are nor-mally used in technical or graphicsapplications where there are manypossible parameters to change butonly a few need to be set at any giventime.

The Problem Oriented LanguageProgramming System (POL/PS) wasintroduced in order to provide micro-computers with the capability ofhandling POL, especially in terms ofsolving technical problems. The seriesof routines (POL-80) for handlingPOL input was presented and theircapabilities were examined.

Developing a Module

One of the goals of POL/PS is toenable the user to write programs in a

modular format. Programs can thenbe easily extended, and the modulescan be used in other programs.

POL-80 was developed from myexperiences with a FORTRAN systemcalled GRIP. One of the problems en-countered in the writing of GRIP-compatible modules (see part 1 formore background on GRIP) is thelack of proper program development.Frequently, GRIP programs have hadinput that is as awkward as thequestion-and-answer sessions theywere designed to replace. In addition,there has been some resistance to the

One of the goals ofPOL/PS is to enable theuser to write programs

in a modular format.

use of GRIP because of the "diffi-culty" in understanding what it didand how it could be used. Rick Hilst(current developer of GRIP) and Ihave discussed at length how tosimplify the learning process. Basedon classroom experience, we havedeveloped a series of eight steps thatcan be useful in the writing of mostprograms, but which must be used inwriting POL programs. The stepsmust be followed faithfully. Usingthese steps can cut the learning time

in half for POL/PS and can reduceprogram development time by 25 to50 percent.

As a sample problem, we're goingto develop a module to find the rootsof polynomial equations by using fivecommon methods. (The root of apolynomial equation, such as P(X), isa number A such that P(A)=0.) Al-though this module can be used byitself, it is best used as part of a largernumerical-methods program, or itcan be used as a module in other pro-grams. Actually, this module is rathersmall and its application is somewhattrivial, but it is representative of themuch more complex and powerfulmodules that would be part of an ap-plication package. Larger modulesmay have more statements, but thepart of the module relating to theframework of POL/PS would not beany more complicated. Root findingwas chosen because the actual com-putations are relatively simple. Thus,the user may be able to concentratemore on the input and other aspectsof POL/PS. Larger, more complexmodules will have a greater degree ofdifficulty in their mathematical com-putations, but the input should not beany more difficult.

For those not familiar withnumerical methods, root finding isdone by making an initial estimate ofone of the roots of an equation,checking the value obtained, and ad-

254 January 1983 © BYTE Pubucations Inc

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justing the estimate according tosome formula. This trial-and-errormethod is continued until the root isfound within some acceptable errorcriteria.

Step by Step

The first step in developing a POLprogram follows.

1. Write a paragraph identifying thegoals of the program or module. Bespecific! The more careful you arenow, the fewer problems there will belater. For the sample module, thegoals are these:

The module will find roots ofequations using five methods:Newton's, Approximate Newton's,Secant, Interval-Halving, andRegula Falsi. Failure to find rootswill be indicated, if necessary.

This paragraph lists the main resultdesired and the standard algorithms(plans for step-by-step solutions) thatwill be used. A secondary goal (anadditional or alternate output) is alsoindicated—a possible alternative tothe main result.

2. Define all the expected forms ofoutput. Our sample module requiresthat (A) the numerical value of theroot found will be output to the ter-minal, along with the number ofevaluation attempts required, and (B)

failure to find a root will be indicatedby a message to the terminal listingthe number of evaluations attempted.The specific form of each output iswell defined, whereas it was onlyhinted at in step 1. Frequently, pro-grammers begin to plan the actualcode at this point. This is unfortunatebecause both the output and the inputmust be defined before the programdesign can be done well.3. Identify the information requiredto produce the desired output. The in-formation inputs required for rootfinding include:

• the method to be used

• the equation to be solved

• the derivative of Y with respect to Xwhen Newton's method is used

• initial estimates of the roots

• the maximum number of evalua-tions permitted before declaringfailure

• the absolute value of Y that is thecriterion for success

Each of these inputs must bechangeable because different situa-tions may require different values. Itis also desirable to be able to changeany of the inputs without leaving theprogram, especially when changingequations.

At this point, we realize that weneed the ability to verify that thestarting values required for the regulafalsi and interval-halving methods ac-

tually trap a root between them. Thismeans that one point gives a positivevalue for Y; the other gives a negativevalue. In verifying that the two start-ing points give proper Y values, wemust add an additional output to step2: (C) output the value of Y of theequation for any given X.

The inputs identified in step 3 aredetermined by steps 1 and 2, i.e., theyare the ones required to meet thegoals of step 1 and produce the out-put of step 2. Other input should notbe required within this module.

4. Choose the format of the input.We identified three input formats inpart 1: question-and-answer, menu,and POL. POL will be our choice forseveral reasons: (A) the user of thismodule is expected to be familiar withnumerical methods, and probablywill use this module frequentlyenough to remain familiar with thekeywords; (B) usually, several testsor trials will be run at one sessionwith only minor changes in theparameters between trials; and (C) ina large numerical-methods package,the initial keyword can eliminate aquestion or a menu, and the whole in-put is much faster and easier.

Not all problems are suited to thePOL method, but technical problems,especially those requiring graphics,are easily adapted to this form of in-put.

5. Design the input. Now is the time

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to actually choose the keywords usedto enter the information. To identifythis module, we will use the word"Roots." Command sequences forvarious types of input are thenformed. These sequences should useterms that normally describe the typeof problem involved. A sample inputfor this module might be this:

Roots using secant, the equation is'Y = SIN(X)\ starting points are 2and 2.1, execute

Many other possible lines could beshown, but this one will serve as anexample.

At this time, the number ofcharacters to be matched within eachkeyword should be chosen. (I choosefour unless I feel that I must havemore.) Rewriting the input, capitaliz-ing the required letters of the key-words, results in

ROOTs USINg SECAnt, the

EQUAtion is'Y = SIN(X)',

STARting points are 2 and 2.1,

EXECute

Note that some words do not havea portion capitalized. These are"filler" words used to make the inputmore readable. However, the pro-gram must be able to recognize andskip over them. Some common fillerscan always be omitted. The ones

omitted for this module are"AN_", "THE_", "FOR_","AND_", "OF_", "EQUAL_","EQUALS_", "IS_", and "ARE_"(where the underscore represents aspace). In addition, two characterswill always be skipped—"," and " = ".The word "points" in the previous ex-ample is skipped on a location-by-location basis.

6. Write the "tree" structure. As wewrite the input lines for the previoussection, we should also arrange thekeywords in a hierarchical structure.The simplest way to show this struc-ture is a "tree" diagram. Each branchshould have only one meaning orfunction. Sometimes, severalbranches will use the same words andsections of the program, but internalflags can maintain the difference.

The tree for this module is shownin listing 1. Sufficient keywords andoptions are available in it to performall the actions listed under step 3.

7. Write the "Help" routine. Nowthat keywords have been chosen forthis problem, we should begin writingthe exact functional definitions ofeach input term and how this termwill help attain the desired goals. Atthis time, the following items shouldbe considered:

• What internal flags will be used tocontrol routines?

• What exact information is required

Listing 1: Tree structure of keywords forthe ROOTs program. The words are ar-ranged in hierarchical order.

USINg

NEWTon

APPP.oximate NEW^on

SECAnt

INTErval HALving

REGUla FALSiSTARTing (points) ##.# (##.#)MAXImum (EVALuations) ##EPSIlon ##.#

VALUe (at) ##.#,##.#

EQUAtion 'Y=function of X'DYDX 'YPRIME=function of X'CLEArEXECute

to perform the action associated witheach possible input?•What default values will be used ifthat information is not supplied?

For example, a flag calledMETHOD % is used to keep track ofwhich method is used. A second flagkeeps track of the number of startingpoints currently entered. An errormessage would be printed if, for ex-ample, the interval-halving methodwere attempted using only one start-ing point.

The full version of the functionaldefinitions is used to assist in writingthe program. A condensed text ver-sion, saved on the disk in a file called

" ROOT", is used to assist the

user (see listing 2). The blank in thefilename is the prefix. This prefixconsists of the first four letters of themajor program name, NUMR in thiscase, because it is planned as part of a

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numerical-analysis package.

A list of errors should also beplanned to catch mistakes and omis-sions in input. The list for the samplemodule is given in listing 3. It at-tempts to cover almost any input er-ror and also checks that necessary in-formation has been entered. Be sureto rewrite and revise the tree, theHELP list, and the error listing severaltimes before starting to write thecode.

Before we proceed, note that in allthe development done so far, very lit-tle time has been spent on planningthe actual program code (other than

choosing a few needed flags). All thesteps so far have concentrated solelyon the problem to be solved, not onthe programming language to beused. Usually, the first seven stepswill take about half of the develop-ment time for a module. The extratime spent on planning will save a lotof time later in changing programcode and debugging. This emphasison planning, on examining the prob-lem, and on using terms normallyassociated with the problem in aphrase or sentence structure is whythis type of input is called ProblemOriented Language.

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8. Write the program. During thediscussion on writing the program,consult listing 4 and the variables inlisting 5. The comments on POL-80 inlistings 4 and 5 in part 1 of this seriesare also important for understandingthe explanations below.

Begin by writing the keywordrecognition lines and the required ac-tion if a match is found. This consistsof the following four actions:

• Set the pattern to be matched inAM (line 3200).

• Set the number of letters to bematched in NLET. This may includenumbers and one space at the end ofthe entity.

• Call the matching routine (GOSUB750).

• Determine if the match was suc-cessful (FLAG = 1) and perform therequired actions accordingly.

Because "ROOTS" will be checkedat a higher level (by the program thatwill call this module), the firstkeyword we are interested in is"USINg". Its line is

3200 AM = "USING":NLET = 4:GOSUB 750:IFFLAG = 1

THEN GOTO 4000

The first option at line 4000 is now

4000 FCD = 1

:AM = "NEWTON": NLET = 4: GOSUB 750:IFFLAG = 1

THENMETHOD%=l:GOTO 3200(Check for the next com-mand on the line)

The remainder of the matches forwords can be written in a similarmanner.

Organizing the Program

The portions written so far cannow be organized into a program for-mat. The highest level of matching islocated at line 3200, immediatelyafter the initializing statements. Each

Text continued on page 268

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Listing 2: These HELP messages will assist an inexperienced user in working with theROOTs program.

The ROOTS module is used to find the real roots of any equation.

The following words are always skipped over at any place in the line:

A

AN

THE

FOR

AND

EQUALS

EQUAL

IS

ARE

OFCommas(,) and equivalence signs(=) are also skipped.

The options of ROOTS are:

USINg method

where the methods are:

NEWTon (Newton's method)

APPRoximate NEWton (Approximate Newton's method)

SECAnt (Secant Method)

INTErval HALving (Interval Halving Method)

REGUla FALSi (Regula Falsi Method)

STARTing (points) ##.# (##.♦)

sets the start points for the methods.Newton's method requires 1 point.

Approximate Newton's method requires 2 points close together(4.99 & 5)Secant Method requires 2 points.

Interval Halving and Regula Falsi require 2 points that bracket theroot between them.

MAXImum (EVALuations) ##

## is the maximum number of evaluations before reporting failure tomeet convergence requirements.

EPSIlon ##.#

When ABS(Y)<##.#, the root is considered to be found.VALUe (at) ##.*,##.#,

will give the value of the current equation at the values of X entered

EQUAtion 'Y=function of X'

used to enter the current equation in correct BASIC syntax.

DYDX 'YPRIME=function of X'

used to enter the derivative of X needed by Newton's Method,using correct BASIC syntax.

used to set values of variables to their default valuesequivalent to the following commands

USINg SECAntSTARting 0 1MAXImum EVALuations 20EPSIlon 0.1EQUAtion 'Y=X'DYDX 'YPRIME=1'

EXECute

causes the root to be found.

Listing 3: Error messages for the ROOTs program. When developing an error-messagelist, try to anticipate all typical errors.

1521,"Unexpected entity after ROOTs"

1522,"Unexpected name of method after USINg"

1523,"Missing first number after STARt"

1524,"Both starting numbers are equal"

1525,"Expecting integer (between 2 and 10000) after MAXImum EVALuations"

1526,"Expecting real number (<10) after epsilon"

1527,"Expecting a number after VALUe"

1533,"Missing string after EQUAtion"

1534,"Missing string after DYDX"

1535,"Missing 2 starting values when method requires 2"

1536,"Did not redefine DYDX after changing EOUAtion"

1541,"Failed to decode remainder of line"

9999,"******Last entry in an error list must always be Line 9999*******"

260 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

THE FORTH SOURCE

TM

MVP-FORTH - A Public Domain Product

MVP Forth is fig-FORTH modified by 100% ot the FORTH-79 StandardRequired Word Set plus the vocabulary for the instructional book StartingFORTH. Editor, assembler and utilities are included.

Transportability of programs is assured since the kernal of MVP-FORTHis the same for all computers to the machine dependent READ/WRITEinstructions.

Modification and extension (up or down) is simplified by having thesource code and through the use of MVP-FORTH Programming Aids andCross Compilers.

The CP/M" are supplied on 8". SS/SD, IBM 3740, format disks. Theinclude a track and sector calculation array for down loading to othersizes and formats. Other disks are machine specific.

All About FORTH is an annotated glossary of MVP-FORTH words as wellas other dialects. It is in 8080 code, other MVP-FORTH implementationsinclude documentation of the differences between it and other CPU's andcomputers.

MVP-FORTH PRODUCTS for CP/M® IBM-PC® and Apple®□ MVP-FORTH Programmer's Kit including disk with

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FORTH. Assembly source listing versions. $100

I ; MVP-FORTH Disk with documentation. Assembly source

listing version. , $75

U MVP-FORTH Cross Compiler with MVP-FORTH source in

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! I MVP-FORTH Programming Aids for decompiling,

callfinding, and translating. Specify computer. $150

I ! MVP-FORTH Fast Floating Point for Apple II/II+ on boardwith 9511 math chip. Requires MVP-FORTH for Apple $400

LJ MVP-FORTH Assembly Source Printed listing $20

LI ALL ABOUT FORTH by Haydon. MVP-FORTH reference,plus fig-FORTH and FORTH-79 $20

**• MVP-FORTH operates under a variety of CPU's, computers,and operating systems Specify your computer and operatingsystem CP/M supplied on 8", SS/SD, 3740 format.***

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FORTH with editor, assembler, and iD APPLE 11/11 + by

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□ IBM-PC" by LaboratoryMicrosystems $100

□ NOVA by CCI, quad

floppy $100

nanual.LJ PET"' by FSS $90

LI TRS-80/r by Nautilus

Systems $90

□ 6800 by TalbotMicrosystems $100

I i 6809 by Talbot

Microsystems $100

C Z80 by Laboratory

Microsystems $50

LJ 8086/88 by Laboratory

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□ VIC FORTH byHES, VIC20cartridge $60

FORTH MANUALS, GUIDES & DOCUMENTS

G ALL ABOUT FORTH by

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reference. $20

U And So FORTH by Huang A

college level text. $25

U FORTH Encyclopedia by

Derick & Baker. A complete

programmer's manual to fig-FORTH with FORTH-79

references. Flow charted,

2nd Ed. $25

Starting FORTH by BrodieBest instructional manual

Enhanced FORTH with:S-Stand Alone, M-MathExtras, 79-FORTH-79I APPLE 11/11+ by Micro-Motion, F, G, 8.79 $140G ATARI by

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[J CP/M by MicroMotion,

F&79 $140

D Apple ll/ll +, GraFORTH by

Insoft, stand alone

graphics $75

[J H89/Z89 by Haydon,

T & S $250

iJ H89/Z89 by Haydon, T $175[ I IBM-PC, PolyFORTH by

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TUTORIAL by Laxen &

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I ] Software Floating

Point $100

LJ 8087 Support

(IBM-PC or 8086) $100

U 9511 Support

(Z80 or 8086) $1 00

L] Color Graphics

(IBM-PC) $100

LJ Data Base

Management $200

available, (soft cover)t J Starting FORTH (hard

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1981 FORML Proc.

2 Vol. $40

] 1982 FORML Proc. $25

1981 Rochester FORTH

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i 1982 Rochester FORTH

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Using FORTH $25

A FORTH Primer $25

Threaded Interpretive

Languages $20

U Installation Manual for fig-FORTH, contains FORTHmodel, glossary, memory map and instructions

□

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I AIM FORTH User'sManual $12

[ : APPLE User's Manual

MicroMotion $20

I : TRS-80 User's Manual,

MMSFORTH $19

a METAFORTH by CassadyMeta compiler in 8080code $30

LJ Systems Guide to fig-FORTH $25L! Caltech FORTH Manual $12D Invitation to FORTH $20LJ PDP-11 FORTH User'sManual

□ CP/M User's Manual,MicroMotion

G FORTH-rt Standard

□ FORTH-79 StandardConversion

D Tiny Pascal infig-FORTH

□ NOVA fig-FORTH by CCIwith editor, assembler, andutilities $15

□ MVP-FORTH Source ListingsQ IBM-PC □ CP/M□ Apple ll/ll +

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$20$15

$10

$10

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$15

Source Listings of fig-FORTH, for specific CPU's and computers. TheInstallation Manual is required for implementation Each $1 5

X & 79 $395

CROSS COMPILERS Allow extending, modifying and compiling for

speed and memory savings, can also produce ROMable code. 'Requires

FORTH disk.

[J CP/M $200 LJ IBM- $300

I ] H89/Z89 $200 [J 8086» $300

I 1 TRS-80/I $200 1.1 Z80» $300

I I Northstar9-- $200 I I Apple ll/ll + $350

I i fig-FORTH Programming Aids tor decompiling, callfinding,and translating. Specify CP/M, IBM-PC, 8086. Z80, orApple ll/ll + $150

□ AlphaMicroG APPLE II

□ PDP-11/LSI-11

G 1802 G 6502 G 6800

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G PACE Q 6809 G NOVA

LJ 68000 G Eclipse G VAXOrdering Information: Check, Money Order (payable to MOUNTAIN VIEW PRESS,INC.). VISA, MasterCard or COD'S accepted No billing or unpaid PCs Californiaresidents add sales tax Shipping costs in US included in price Foreign orders, payin US funds on US bank, include for handling and shipping by Air: $5 for each itemunder $25, $10 for each item between $25 and $99 and $20 for each item over$100 Minimum order $10. All prices and products subject to change or withdrawalwithout notice Single system and/or single user license agreement required onsome productsDEALER & AUTHOR INQUIRIES INVITED

MOUNTAIN VIEW PRESS, INC.

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Circle 281 on inquiry card.

BYTE January 1983 261

Circle 193 on inquiry card.

FOR HOME orBUSINESS

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Age

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262 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Listing 4: ROOTs program listing. ROOTs is designed to work with the POL-80 pro-gram.

********************************************************************************

Module ROOTs

********************************************************************************

3000 REM MODULE ROOTS(NUMRROOT)

3001 REM COPYRIGHT MARK FINGER 1981

3010 GOSUB 7100 **Stores return addresses and

:FCD=0 initializes parameters

3020 FART=1

:AART(0)="A "

:AART(1)="AN "

:AART(2)="THE "

;AART(3)="IS "

:AART{4)="ARE "

:AART(5)="EOUALS "

:AART(6)="EQUAL "

:AART(7)="AND "

:AART(8)="FOR "

:AART(9)="OF "

:NART=93030 FCOM=l

:ACOM(0)«","

:ACOM(l)="="

:NCOM=l********************************************************************************

Matching on the highest level of the tree structure below roots

********************************************************************************3200 AM="USING":NLET=4:GOSUB 750:IF FLAG=1

GOTO 40003210 AM="START":NLET=4:GOSUB 7 50:IF FLAG=1

GOTO 41003220 AM="MAXIMUM";NLET=4:GOSUB 7 50:IF FLAG=1

GOTO 42003230 AM="EPSILON":NLET=4:GOSUB 750:IF FLAG=1

GOTO 43003 240 AM="VALUE":NLET=4:GOSUB 750:IF FLAG=1

THEN FVA=0

:GOTO 44003250 AM="E0UATTON":NLET=4:GOSUB 7 50:IF FLAG=l

GOTO 46003260 AM="DYDX":NLE'T'=4:GOSUB 7 50:IF FLAG=1

GOTO 47003270 AM="EXECUTE":NLET=4:GOSUB 7 50:IF FLAG=1

GOTO 50003280 AM="CLEAR":NLE,r'=4:GOSUB 7 50:IF FLAG=1

GOTO 4800

3290 IF FCD=0

THEN NERP-15 21

:GOSUB 1200

3291 IF FGD=1 AND IEOC=0

THEN NERR=1S41

:GOSUB 12003295 FERR=13300 GOSUB 7000

:CHAIN MERGE ARET,IRET,DELETE 3000-99Q9

Matching for the method under USINg

********************************************************************************

4000 FCD=1

:AM=" NEWTON"

:NLET=4

:GOSUB 7 50

:IF FLAG=1

THEN ME'"HOD% = L:GOTO 32004010 AM^'APPROXIKAT"

:NLET=4

;GOSUB 750

Listing 4 continued on page 264

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Circle 506 on inquiry card.

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In California (805) 482-9829

Outside California Toll Free (800) 821-4479

Dealer Inquiries Invited

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Listing 4 continued:

:IF FLAG=1

THEN AM="NEWTON"

NLET=4GOSUB 750METHOD%=2

CALL

:GOTO 320040 20 AM="SECANT":NLET=4

YOUR

:GOSUB 750:IF FLAG=1

THEN METHOD%=3

LOCAL

:GOTO 32004030 AM="INTERVAL":NLET=4

DYSAN

:GOSUB 750

:IF FLAG=1

THEN AM="HALVING"

OFFICE

NLET=3GOSUB 750

CA: Los Angeles

METHOD%=4

(213)907-1803

:GOTO 32004040 AM="REGULA"

Orange County

:NLET=4

(714)851-9462

:GOSUB 750:IF FLAG=1

THEN AM="FALSI"

Sacramento(916)966-8037

:NLET=4

:GOSUB 750

:METHOD%=5

San Francisco/Sunnyvale

(408) 727-9552

:GOTO 32004050 NERR=1522

DC: Washington

:GOSUB 1200

(703)356-6441

:GOTO 3295

********************************************************************************

GA: Atlanta

*(404) 952-0919

Setting the number of STAPting POINts and their values

IL: Chicago

********************************************************************************

(312)882-8176

4100 FCD=1

:FT=1

(800) 323-5609

:GOSUB 950:IF FLAG=1

MA: Boston

THEN X1=DV

(617)273-5955

:FSP=1:GOTO 4150

*(617) 229-2800

4110 AM="POINT"

Ml: Detroit

:NLET=4

:GOSUB 750

(313)525-8240

:IF FLAG=1

GOTO 4100

MN: Minneapolis

4120 AM="AT "

♦(612)814-7199

:NLET=3

:GOSUB 7 50

MO: St. Louis

:IF FLAG=1

(314)434-4011

GOTO 4100

4140 NERR=1523

NY: New York

:GOSUB 1200:GOTO 3300

(212)687-7122

4150 FT=1

:GOSUB 9 50:IF FLAG=0

OH: Cleveland

(216)333-3725

GOTO 3200

4160 X2=DV

PA: Pittsburgh

:FSP=2

(412)261-0406

:IF X2oXl

GOTO 3200

Philadelphia

4170 FSP^l

(609) 939-4762

:NERR=1524

:GOSUB 1200

IX: Dallas/Ft. Worth

:GOTO 3295

*|817)261-53I2

WA: Seattle

(206) 455-4725

********************************************************************************

Setting the number of MAXImum EVALuations

********************************************************************************

4 200 FCD=1:FT=3

♦Includes OEM Sales

:BB1=2:BB2=10000

Dysan Diskettes are also available

: GOSUB 850

from all ComputerLand Stores,

:IF FLAG=1

Sears Business Systems Centers, and

THEN NUMEVAL=IV:GOTO 3200

many independent computer outlets

4210 NERR=1525

nationwide.

:GOSUB 1200•GOTO 3295

For the location of the Dysan sales

********************************************************************************

outlet nearest you, contact Dysan at:(408) 988-3472

Setting the value of EPSIlon

Toll Free: (800) 538-8133

********************************************************************************

Telex: 171551 DYSAN SNTA

4 300 FCD=1: FT=3

TWX: 910-338-2144

:BBl=lE-20

0WH W~\.

:BB2=10

EuM m lim/~«fi

:GOSUB 950

mm f #V7\//##

:IF FLAG=1

Wm) l^fOlif 1

THEN EPSILON=DV

^/corporation

:GOTO 3200

4310 NERR=1526

:GOSUB 1200 , ,

• GOTO 3295 Listing 4 continued on page 266

264 January 1983 © byte Publication* inc Circle 154 on Inquiry card.

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That's where Dysan's quality comes in. Dysan disk-ettes and mini-diskettes are manufactured tothe toughest quality standards in the industry.Every diskette is tested between the tracksas well as on the tracks to insure you 100%error-free recording over the entire discsurface. Dysan quality protects yourinvestment of $186.50.You know how costly time and datalosses can be should your "bargain"diskette be faulty. Every penny youthink you save on the purchase ofmagnetic media could cost youdearly. Why take the risk when youcan have Dysan?

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* $182.50 represents the cost of dataloading (approximately 22 hours at11, 106 keystrokes/hour at a labor costof $8.23/hour), based on 1981 DataEntry Management Association(DEMA) National Averages.

Verbatim!Diskettes

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Listing 4 continued:

Circle 394 on Inquiry card.

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Circle 68 on inquiry card.

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********************************************************************************

Returning the value (s) of Y at the requested Xfs)

***********ft************* * ******************************************************4400 FCD=14430 AM="AT ":NLET=3: GOSUB 750:FT=1

:GOSUB 950:IF FLAG=1

THEN FVA=1:X=DV

:GOSUB 9000

:PRINT "The value at "rX;" is ";Y:GOTO 44304440 IF FVA=1

GOTO 32004450 NERR=1527

:GOSUB 1200:GOTO 3295********************************************************************************

Entering the EQUAtibn

********************************************************************************4600 FCD=1

:GOSUB 800

:IF FLAG=0

THEN NERR=1533GOSUB 1200GOTO 32954610 AEQ="9000 "+AB+":RETURN"

:FEXT=0

:FDX=04620 OPEN "O",#7,"EQUATION.BAS"

:PRINT#7,AEQ

:CLOSE*7

:CHAIN MERGE "EQUATION",4630,ALL,DELETE 90004630 GOSUB 1480

:GOTO 3200********************************************************************************

Entering the derivative of the equation(required by Newton's method)

********************************************************************************4700 FCD=1

:GOSUB 800

:IF FLAG=0

THEN NERR=1534

:GOSUB 1200:GOTO 32954710 AEQD="9001 "+AB+":RETURN"

:FDX=14720 OPEN "O",#7,"EQUATION.BAS"

:PRINT#7,AEQD

:CLOSE*7

:CHAIN MERGE "EQUATION",4630,ALL,DELETE 90014730 GOSUB 1480

:GOTO 3200********************************************************************************

CLEAring the parameters to default values

********************************************************************************4800 FCD=1

:METHOD%=3:X1=0:X2=1!FSP=2:NUMEVAL=20:EPSILON=.l

:AEQ="9000 Y=X:RETURN":AEQD="9001 YPRIME=1:RETURN":FDX=1:GOTO 3200********************************************************************************

EXECution of root-finding

********************************************************************************5000 FCD=1 "Initial i zing values

:X=X1:IF FSP=2

THEN X=X2

:GOSUB 9000:YLAST=Y:XLAST=X:X=X15010 IF METH0D%<>1 AND FSP<>2 "Checking for 2 starting

THEN NERR=1535 points for methods that

:GOSUB 1200 require 2

:GOTO 32955020 IF METHOD%=l AND FDX=0 **Checktng for derivative

THEN NERR=1536 update if Newton's method

:GOSUB 1200 Is used

:GOTO 3295

Listing 4 continued on page 268

Circle 389 on Inquiry card.

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SID 65

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COMPILER ONLY 309

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RMAC 175

LINK-80 90

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LEGAL BILLING Demo .. 75TIME BILLING Demo.... 75

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SPELLSTAR 159

DATASTAR 249

CALCSTAR 145

SUPERSORT 199

Customization Notes ... 349WORDMASTER 119

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BASIC COMPILER 325

FORTRAN 80 345

COBOL 80 569

MACRO 80 144

EDIT 80 84

M-SORT 144

MULTIPLAN 239

MU MATH/MU SIMP ... 219MU LISP/MU STAR .... 149

Z-80 SOFTCARD 269

PREMIUM PAK 699

64K RAMCard (IBM) ... 289128K RAMCard (IBM) .. 429192K RAMCard (IBM) .. 609256K RAMCard (IBM) .. 69964K RAMChip (IBM) ... 139

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PERFECT CALC 149

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CP/M (TRS-80) 179

CP/M HARD DISK 259

SOFTWARE DIMENSIONS®

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THE PROTECTOR 239

MAILDROP 129

SUPERSOFT®

DISK DOCTOR 84

DIAGNOSTICS 49

C COMPILER 199

FORTH 169

SSS FORTRAN 199

ADA 229

SCRATCHPAD 229

DATA-VIEW 169

STATS-GRAPH 229

MACRO 1 59

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Circle 383 on inquiry card.

BYTE January 1983 267

Listing 4 continued:

5030 IF METHOD%=4

THEN GOSUB 9000:XOTHER=X:YOTHER=Y5050 NUM=05100 NUM=NUM+1

:ON METHOD% GOSUB 6000,6200,6400,6600,68005110 XCTHER=XLAST:YOTHER-YLAST:XLAST=X:YLAST=Y:X=XNEW:Y=05200 IF NUM>NUMEVAL

GOTO 54005210 IF ABS(YLAST)>EPSILON

GOTO 51005220 PRINT "The root is ",XLAST

:PRINT NUMj" Evaluations were required."5260 GOTO 3200

5400 PRINT "The root was not found in ";NUMEVAL;" attempts."5410 PRINT "The last values were X =";XLAST;" and Y =";YLAST5420 GOTO 3200********************************************************************************

Methods Subroutines

********************************************************************************

•♦Computation loop

"Adjusting to maintain thepoints for the next timethrough the loop

"Checking if too many

evaluations"Checking if done

**The desired root has beenfound

"Newton's Method

"Approximate Newton's Method

"Secant Method

"Interval Halving Method

"Peguia Falsi Method

6000 GOSUB 9001

:GOSUB 9000

:XNEW=X-Y/YPRIME

:RETURN6200 XOTHER=X

:X=X+(X2-X1)

:GOSUB 9000

:YLAST=Y

:XLAST=X

:X=XOTHER

:GOSUB 9000

:XNEW=X-Y/((YLAST-Y)/(XLAST-X))

:RETURN6400 GOSUB 9000

:XNEW=X-Y/( (YLAST-Y) / (XT.AST-X) )

:RETURN6600 X=.5*(XLAST-XOTHER1+XOTHER

:GOSUB 9000

:IF Y*YLAST>0

THEN XLAST^XOTHER:YLAST=YOTHEP6610 XNEW=X-Y/((YLAST-Y)/(XLAST-X))

:RETURN6800 GOSUB 9000

:XNEW=X-Y/((YLAST-Y)/(XLAST-X))

:XLAST=XOTHER

:YLAST=XOTHER

:RETURN********************************************************************************

Subroutine for saving variables when leavinq

********************************************************************************7000 OPEN "O",#6,ADISK+"SAVEROOT"

:KRITE*6,AE0

:WRITE*6,AEQD

:WRITE*6,EPSILON,FCD,FDX,FSP,FVA,METHOD%,NUMEVAT,,Xl,X2

:CLOSE*6

:GOSUB 1400

:RETURN********************************************************************************

Subroutine for restoring variables when returning

********************************************************************************7100 OPEN "I",#6,ADISK+"SAVEROOT"

:INPUT#6,AE0

:INPUT»6,AE0D

: INPUT*6 , EPSILON , FCD , FDX , FSLP , FVA,MFTHOD% ,NUMEVAI,, XI , X2

:CLOSE*67110 OPEN "O",*7,"E0UATION.BAS"

:PRINT*7,AE0

:PRINT*7,AEQD

:CLOSE*7

:CHAIN MERGE "EQUATION",7120,ALL,DELETE 9000-90017120 GOSUB 1450

:RETURN********************************************************************************

Equation subroutines will be inserted here

********************************************************************************

9000 REM

9001 REM********************************************************************************

Remember—

Line 9999 must be present in the module, even if only as a remark.

********************************************************************************9999 END

Text continued from page 258:

successful match, except for EX-ECute, directs the computer to a linein the 4000s for further processing onthat branch. For example, lines 4000to 4050 handle matching for themethods and set a flag (METH-OD %) for internal use by the pro-gram. Each of the other keywords, atthe same level in the tree as USINg,has its own sections for further pro-cessing.

Error Trapping

What happens if someone goofsand misspells a word or simply gets awrong word? Line 3290 checks forthis. A flag (FCD) is set to 0 uponentering this module. A successfulmatch on any of the acceptable wordsresults in FCD being set to 1 (see lines4000, 4100, etc.). If line 3290 isreached, we may or may not have aproblem. If the end of the currentcommand has been reached, and wehave already found at least one validcommand (FCD = 1), we may returnto the calling program. If no validkeyword has been found (FCD = 0),or if we have not reached the end ofthe current command, implying thatthere are more words to be processed,we have an error.

One of the variables (FEOC) in thePOL-80 program is set whenever anend-of-command is reached. It can beexamined as needed. If an error isfound, an error number is set, amessage is printed (the subroutine atline 1200), the remainder of the cur-rent command line is ignored(FERR = 1), and control is returned tothe calling module or main program(line 3300). Each error in the ROOTsprogram is handled similarly; line4050, for example, is reached if an ac-ceptable root-finding method is notchosen.

Variations in Input

Not all input is in words, however.Sometimes a number is required, forexample, the maximum number ofevaluations for MAXImum EVALua-tions. Line 4200 in ROOTs shows thesteps required to extract a number.The type of number is set by FT. Inthis case FT is positive, implying thateither an integer or a real value is ac-

268 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Listing 5: Variables and their descriptions as used in the ROOTs program.

AEO

AEODEPSILON

FCDFDX

FSPFVA

METHOD%NUMEVAt,

X

XIX2Y

YPRIME

XOTHER

YOTHER

XLAST

YLAST

XNEW

Tnternal equation containing the root Default is "Y=X"to be found

Contains the derivative of AEO

The value for determining success offinding root—success ifABS(Y)<=EPSILON

Flag for checking command syntax

Flag for making sure a new AEOD isentered if AEO is changed(required for Newton's Method)

Number of starting points entered

Flag for syntax after VALUe (AT)

Flag for method to be used

Maximum number of attempts (to findroot) before failure is declared

Independent variable in AEO and AEOD

Starting point 1

Starting point 2

Dependent variable in AEO

Dependent variable in AEOD

A previous X value attempted

Y value at XOTHER

Another previous X value attempted

Y value at XLAST

X value for next attempt

Default is "YPRIME=1"Default = .01

Default = 2

Default=3 (Secant)Default=20

Default = 0Default = 1

ceptable, but that it should be round-ed to the nearest integer. Acceptablevalues are between 2 and 1000.Because other values are not accept-able, FT is set to 3. An error is set ifthe number is not in the proper range.Lines 4100, 4300, and 4535 showother examples of extractingnumbers.

Sometimes strings are required. InROOTs, strings may be required forthe equation and its derivative (lines4600 to 4630 and 4700 to 4730, re-spectively). To get a string, GOSUB800 is called. If the current entity is astring, it returns FLAG = 1, and thestring is stored in AB. Because thestring .represents an equation we wishto use in the program, a line ofBASIC code is built up as a subrou-tine by placing one of the reservedline numbers, 9000 or 9001, at thebeginning of the string and aRETURN at the end. The line of codeis stored in a BASIC program file.Then, that line is put into the currentprogram using CHAIN MERGE, andthe files are reset.

Although it is not done in ROOTs,a match may be done on a specificcharacter, if desired, by usingGOSUB 750 as if a word that is onecharacter long were being matched(NLET-1).

The portions of the programdiscussed so far can be directly tied tothe "tree" and the HELP listings.Because each keyword has veryspecific actions associated with it, theactual coding is relatively simple.Standard sequences for matching orextracting entities are used; normally,one or two flags or values are set, oran error may be set. Compare lines3200 to 5000 with the tree. Whatseems complex is actually simplewhen examined in detail. The difficultpart of programming in POL isdesigning the input and writing thetree (steps 3 to 6 above).

Lines 5000 to 7000 form the maincomputational section. Flags are firstchecked and appropriate actionstaken, then the computational loop isstarted (lines 5100 to 5210). The twopossible endings are handled in lines

5220 to 5420. Lines 6000 to 7000 con-tain the subroutines for the five root-finding methods.

Finally, initialization routines arerequired. Lines 3010 to 3030 and thesubroutine at line 7100 do initializa-tion on a normal entry, while line3300 and the subroutine at line 7000handle return to the main program.The procedures in these lines are aminimum set for a simple module.

Summary

This part of the series has presenteda step-by-step procedure for writingan individual module. In part 3, wewill look at the relationship betweenmodules, how to write the main pro-gram that links modules, and ways inwhich modules can be made moreuseful. I will also present a more flexi-ble and comprehensive method of en-tering and exiting modules. ■

The following items are availablefrom the author:

1. The POL/PS User's Manual and theROOTs User's Manual for $20. Thesemanuals generally supplement but donot duplicate the material presentedhere. Topics include detailed rules ofinput, theory and examples of opera-tion, and programming rules andhints.

2. The two manuals above and a diskcontaining all the appropriate files for$30.

3. The items listed above and thegraphics package (which includes thecontour plotter module) for $200. TheROOTs module in this package willhave additional graphics capabilities,such as plotting the equation andgraphically following the root-finderas it seeks the root.

These items will be offered onseveral disk formats (CP/M 8-inch,Osborne, and others as I can make ar-rangements). A user's group will be setup, and I will sell software written byothers for the POL/PS on a royaltybasis. For more information, or toorder items, contact:

His Programsc/o Mark Finger2439 Overlook CircleLawrence, KS 66044

January 1983 © BYTE Publication Inc

269

WILL SOMEONE PLEASE TELL

ACCOUNTING

Account Keeper

Accounting Plus II

Accounting Plus II Biz Package

Accounts Receivable

Accounts Receivable Balance Forward

Accounts Receivable/ Sales Analysis

ACS Basic Accounting System

AMI Client Write-Up

Asset Record System

8/F Accounts Receivable System

Billings Management

Bookkeeper II Genera! Ledger

Bookkeeper II-Depreciation

BP1 General Ledger

Business Accounting

Business Check Register and Budget

Business Control System

CPA.

Client Accounting System

Construction Accounting

CPA Client Write-Up

Datawnte Client Write-Up System

Delivery Service Automation

Depreciation Calculations and Reports

Executive Accounting System

Financial and Management Accounting

Financial Parmer

Fixed Asset Accounting

Fixed Asset Depreciation

Fixed Assets/ Depreciation Schedules

Fund Accounting System

General Accounting

General Accounting Package

General Ledger

Glector

lnsoft Accountant System

Integrated Accounting System

IRAP

Ledger System Business Module

Management - Financial Reporting

MAXILEDGER

Microaccountant Accounting System

MICROLEDGER

M)A Multi-journal Accounting

Nominal Ledger

One-Type Accounting System I

One-Type Payroll and Accounting

Paysystem Accountant

Peachtree General Ledger

SBCS General Ledger

SNIP - Integrated Accounting

TCS Accounting

TCS Client Ledger

TCS General Ledger

TCS Total Ledger

The Accountant Finance Data Base

The Bookkeeper System

The Boss Financial Accounting

The Business Bookkeeping System

The Controller

The Depreciation Planner

The Software Fitness Program

AGRICULTURE

Adjusted Weaning WeightsBEEFUP-Herd Management

PerformanceCattle Feeding EconomicsCorn Harvest LossesCorn vs. an Alternate CropCow-Calf ProfitabilityCrop Yields

Economics of Com ProductionFarm ManagementFarrow-lb-Finish Swine ProductionFeeder Pig ProductionFertilizer FormulationField PopulationField Size

Finishing Feeder PigsJob Cost (Crop Cost)Least Cost Fertilizer ApplicationLiming Soil

Liquid Manure and FertilizerNet Energy for Feedlot CattlePEDIGREE-5 Generation Annotated

PedigreeProtein Balancing for Feedlot CattleSBCS Agri-LedgerSelling Wet Com vs. DrySheep Production EconomicsSoil Erosion

Soybean Harvest LossesSwine Ration AnalysisSwine Ration Formulation

APPLICATION PROGRAMDEVELOPMENT AIDS

A-FORTH

ABT Pascal Tools

APEX-6502 Assembly Language

Apple-80 Disassembler

Assembly Language Development

SystemAUDEX-Audio Programming AidCBASIC Program Maintenance UtilitiesCINDEX

Cosapple 1802 DisassemblerCRTFORM Programmer ProductivityDiagnostics II

DISTEL-Disk Based Disassembler

Executive Planning System

Floating Point Dictionary

Forms 2

Key Perfect-Checksum Table Generator

Linkdisk-Disk Utility for Apple Pascal

Link video-Screen Utility

Lower Case Character Generator

MULISP/MUSTAR-80

OGI-Forth-Implementatton of FIG-Forth

Pascal Programmer

Pascal Level 1

Pearl Ill-Rapid Logic Generator

Personal Programmer

Prism/Ads Data Base Generator

Program Development System 1

Program Writer for Non-Programmers

Programming Aids 3.3

Quic-N-Easy Application Development

RAID-Real Time Assembly Debugger

Scientific Data Base

SID-Symbolic Instruction Debugger

Stok Pilot-Menu Generator

STRING-80

STRING-BIT

Systems Analyst

Teacher Plus Teaching &. Reference Pkg

The BASIC Teacher

The Last One-Program Generator Pkg

The Toolbox Programming Utilities

Tiny-C-Interactive Programming

UCSD Pascal

Unlock Development Tool

V-COM Disassembler Package

Z8000 Cross Assembler

BUSINESS MANAGEMENT TOOLS'Analyst-Business ProductivityApple Sack General Business ProgramBookkeeper II-Sales AnalysisBusiness Pac 100Business PlannerCreative Financial PackageDesktop/ Plan

Execuplan Planning &. ForecastFinancial Modeling SystemFinancial Planning SeriesFinancial Planning/AnalysisFinplan/Financia! PlanningEP2020 Financial PlannerFPL-Financial Planning LanguageMagic WorksheetMagicalc-Rirecasting PackageMic ro-D S S/ FinanceMicrofinesse-Financial ModelingMilestone-Critical Path Network AnalysisOptimiser

PFS-Personal Filing SystemPersonal Report SystemPlan 80-Financial Planning &. AnalysisProject Boss-Mgr's Cost Control SystemProject Planning and BudgetingRetail Purchasing & PricingSalary PlannerSenior Analyst

Supercalc-Electronic Spread SheetSupport Pkg for Real Estate MgmtT/Maker II-Visual Calculating ToolThe AnalyzerThe Budget PlannerUniversal Business Machine Planning

and ForecastingVisiCalc III

VisiCalc Real Estate Template

CAPITAL PROJECTSPLANNING Sl CONTROL

Angle Project SchedulingAPM-Project Management Systemjobtrak-Project TrackingMilestone Project ManagementProject Management SystemProject Planning

COMMUNICATIONSApple Access IIIB1SYNC-80BSTAM

Class Data RecorderCM-900 Burroughs Network ServicesCommunications ProgramCrosstalk Smart Terminal/File TransferData Capture 40Data Transporter PackageDatalink

DTS-3-Serial Data Transfer^Electronic Mail1BM-CP/M Allows Transfer of DataIE/Modem

Intercom CommunicationsMETTY-Intelligent Terminal PackageMicro-CourierMicro-Telegram

Microlink-80-File Transfer ProgramReformatter-CIYM IBM Data TransferRemote Console ProgramSmarterm-Cr/M Terminal ProgramTerm II-Computer IntercommunicationsTerm Intercommunications PackageTTY-Communications With Other

Computers i

U-Net-Shared Resources Network

Ultimate Transfer

Visiterm-Communications ProgramVT-100 EmulatorWestern Union Interface

DATA MANAGEMENT

ANALYST

CBS-Configurable Business System

CCA Data Mgt System

CM 2020 Configurable Manager

Condor Series 20

Data Management Program

Data Manager

Data Master

Data-View Electronic Filing Cabinet

Database II

Database Management

Datafax

Dataflow-Info Processing

Datastar

Datastore

Datatree

Disk-Edit-Screen Oriented Disk Editor

DMS-Data Mgmt System

FABS II-Rapid Keyed Access

Fast Entry for Tabs Business Modules

FINDAFYL-Reference Retrieval System

FMS 80-Data Base Management System

GBS Database

General Database

HDBS-Hierarchial Data Base

IFO Database Manager

Information File Organizer

Information Master-Data Mgmt System

KTDS-Key to Disk, Data Entry

Linkindex-Pascal Utility

MAG/Base-Data Base Management

Manager-Relarional Data Base

MDBS DRS-Micro Database Mgt System

MUMPS-Language for CP/M Database

Optimum Data Mgmt Program

PRISM/IMS-Informaiion Mgt System

RADAR-Random Access Data Acquisition

Reprogrammable Data Base

Scientist-Data Base & Statistical Pkg

Selector Ill-Data Base Processor

Selector IV-Data Base Mgt

Selector IV-Key Access Info

Selector V-Data Base Mgmt

STATPRD-Integrated Database System

Stoneware Utility Package

Super Kram II — Multi-Keyed

Random AccessThe Reprogrammable Data Base ProgramVisiDex-Data Base Mgt SystemVisiFile Data Base Mgt PackageWhatsit?-Conversational Query/Retrieval

DATA SECURITY SYSTEMS

Absolute Security

Encode/Decode Security System

DISTRIBUTIONABT Retail ManagerBeer Distributor ManagementInventory, Order Entry, InvoicingOil jobber Management SystemOrder Entry and Inventory ControlThe Store ManagerWholesale/ Retail Distribution System

EDUCATION - BUSINESSAccounting TutorComparative BuyingIncome Meets ExpensesInteractive Typing TutorJob Readiness-Assessment &

DevelopmentMastertype-Typing InstructionMoney Mgmt AssessmentTypingTyping TutorYou Can Bank On It-Bank Concepts

EDUCATION - CHEM/PHYSICS

Acid-Based Chemistry

Atomic Structure

Chem Lab Simulation

Chemical Equilibrium

Chemistry With A Computer

Fundamental Skills for General Chemistry

High School Chemistry

High School/Jr. College C.A.I Biology

High School/Jr. College CA.I. Physics

Organic Nomenclature

Physics

EDUCATION-ENGLISH

A Batch of EndingsAgreement of Pronoun/ AntecedentAlphabetizeCapitalizationCatalog CardsCommasCompu-ReadCompu-SpellCoordinationEnd MarksExcess WordsFaulty Coordinationi Hearing the HomonymsIrregular Verbs

Is It "ie or ei?"

Language Drill

Locate Books on the Shelf

Magic Spells

Misplaced Modifiers

Parallel Structure

Possessing the Possessives

Prefixes & Suffixes

Quotations

Reading Level

Readings In Literature

Run On Sentences

Scramble

Sentence Diagramming

Sentence Fragments

Speedreader

Spell-N-Time

Spelling Bee with Reading PrimeT

Spelling Those Plurals

Srill More Nasty Demons

Subject/Verb Agreement

Subordination

The End of the Endings

Those Nasty Demons

Understand the Card Catalog

Understand the Title Page

Use an Index

Use the Table of Contents

Using Adjectives/Ad verbs Correctly

Word Scrambler ex Super Speller

EDUCATION - MATHAddition & SubtractionAlgebra IBasic Marh SkillsCompu Math: Arithmetic SkillsCompu-Math DecimalsCompu-Math FractionsCounting BeeDecimal EstimationDivision DrillDrill II

Elementary MathFractionsGeometry

Geometry and Measurement DrillLessons in AlgebraMatching and Using NumbersMatching Geometric FiguresMath-Addition & SubtractionMatrix Mathematics PackageMeasurementsMultiplication ck DivisionMumath-PO Symbolic MathNew SubtractionNumerical Analysis MathematicsProblem Solving

Problem Solving in Everyday MathSets

Sign Drill/TypingStatistical Analysis I MathematicsStatistics 3-0Typing Fractions

EDUCATION - M1SC

2ES CoursewareAmerican History Through

BiographiesAmerican IndiansAntonyms

Apple Sack 2 Home EducationApproximate MeasureAstronomy I Si IIConcentration-TaxingCounting CaloriesEarly CivilizationEducational PackageEducator's DiskFamily Fun

Farm and Farm ProductsHI-Res LifeHistory

Home Safe HomeInsects

Light Pen QuizLiteratureLiving ThingsMath. Sporrs, Etc.Middle AgesMoneyMoptown

Mother Goose RhymesMusic/ArtOur Bodies

Poison Proof Your HomeQuestions & Answers in BiologyQuestions St Answers in HistoryQuizstat

Reverse/ SamplingSchool DaysSentence BeginningShore FeaturesSoundSupermapSynonyms

Systems of the BodyTeacher Create SeriesTeacher PlusTelling TimeThe Basic Teacher PacThe Earth and It's CompositionThe Professional-Teaching Program

The Solar SystemTransportation HistoryTyping

United StatesVisual Perception TestsWeather FrontsWork RelationshipsWorld Desert RegionWorld Polar Regions

FINANCE-INVESTMENT &

PORTFOLIO ANALYSISAnalysts 1-StockTrend Data AnalysisCommoapx SystemComputickerComputrac File ReaderDow Jones News Sl

Quotes ReporterDow Jones Porrfolio EvaluatorDowlog-MC

Electronic Stock PackageEngineer's System For TradingForecast IForecast II

Fotofolio-Visual Display w/StatisticsGann's Square of Nine AnalysisIntelligent InvestorInvestment AnalysisMarket Charter-Technical AnalysisMoneybee-Investment AnalystOptions 80-Stock Options AnalyzerPortfolio MasterQuotecharterQuoteprocessorRatortn-Investment AnalysisStock and Options AnalysisStock ForecastingStock Market ManagementStock Market UtilityStock Option AnalysisStock TrackerStock Valuation ProgramSrocksheetsStrategy M-Monitor Price Change

DynamicsThe Clover Method Trading SystemThe Stock Portfolio ProgramTickertec-Tickertape ProgramWilers 6 Systems Analysis

FOREIGN LANGUAGES

Chinese Lessons

Foreign Words and Phrases

Greek Roots and Prefixes

Japanese Lessons

Latin Roots and Prefixes

The French Hangman

The Russian Disk

The Spanish Hangman

GAMES

Adv.

Alien Rain

Alien Typhoon

Almanac — The Time Machine

Amaze

Analiza

Animal

Anti-Baliistic Missile

Apple Adventure

Apple Bowl

Apple Fun

Apple Panic

Apple Sack 3 — Adventure Pak

Apple Sack 7 — Space Sack

Apple Sack 8 - Game Sack

Apple Sack 9 - Base Star

Apple Stellar Invaders

Apple-oids

Asteron

Astro-Scope

Astrology

Autobahn

Backgammon 20

Battle of Midway

Beer Run

Best of Muse

Biorythms

Blackjack

Both Barrels

Brands

Bridge 2.0

Bridge Tutor

Bubbles, Planetoids and Burnout

Cartels and Cutthroats

Castle Wolfenstein

Chambers of Xenobia

Chebychev 1

Chebychev 2

Chronicles of Osgroth

Civil War

Compu-Math Arithmetic

Compu-Math Decimals

Compu-Math Fractions

Computer Air Combar

Computer Baseball

Computer Bismark

Computer Conflict

Computer Napoleonics

Computer Quarterback

Cops and Robbers

Cosmo Mission

Counry Carnival

Cyber Strike

Disk Talker

Dr. Chips

Dragon Fire

Dungeon

Executive Fitness

Falcons

Fantasyland 2041

Fastgammon

Hight Simulator

Galactic Attack

Galactic Wars

Galaxy Wars

Games People Play

Gamma Goblins

Gobbler

Golf/Cross-Out

Gorgon

Hammurabi

Head On Game

Hellfire Warrior

Hi-Res Football

Hi-Res Soccer

In The Army Now

Into Ships

Jet Fighter Pilot

Klondike 2000

Lost By Ship

Mastermind

Meteoroids in Space

Micro Othello

Mimic

Mind Games Package

Mission Asteroids

Mystery House

Need an Analyst

Nominoes Jigsaw

Oil Tycoon

Olympic Decathlon

Operation Apocalypse

Orbitron

Outpost

Paddle Fun

Pegasus II

Perception 3.0

Phantoms Five

Planetoids

Plot 3D

Pokeno

Poker Slot Machine

Pool 1.5

Pot 'O Gold I

Pot O Gold 11

President Elect

Pro Football

Pro Picks

Project Omega

Pulsar II

Race for Midnighi

Raster Blaster

Red Baron

Rendezvous

Robot Wirs

Sahara Warriors

Sargon II (Chess)

Satellite Irak

Shell Games

Shuffleboard

Sky bombers

Skybombers II

Sneakers

Snoggle

Soft Porn

Softside Publications

Space Eggs

Space Warrior

Spellguard

Spelling Bee

Star Cruiser

Star Dance

Star Thief

Startraders

Startrek

Stock

Sub Attack

Tawala's Last Redoubt

Teacher's Pet

Temple of Apshal

Terrorist

Tetrad

The Strip

The Asteroid Field

The Great Escape

The Horse Selector 11

The Prisoner

The Scorekeeper

The Shattered Alliance

The Warp Factor

Three Mile Island

Torpedo Fire

Ultima

Voyage of the Valkyrie

War and Games

War Games

Warp Factor

Watch Your Moves

Win at the Races

World's GreatestBlackjack

Wumpus

Xplode

ME WHAT AN APPLE CAN DO?

GRAPHICS/COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN

3-D Surface Plotter Package

A2-3D1 Graphics Family

ABT Barwand Software

Action Sounds & Hi-Res Scrolling

Apple Plot

AppleG raphics II

Artist Designer

Bar Chart (Histogram) Graphics

Business Graphics III

Circuit Designer Graphics

Circuit Simulator

Creativity Tool Box

CURVFIT

Data Plot

E-Z DRAW

FLGDZINE

Graforth — Development Tool

Graph-Fit

Graph-Pak

GRAPHPOWER

Hi-Res Secrets

Line Graphics

MC Painting

ORIFICE

Pascal Animation Tools

Pascal Graphics Editor

Perspective Plot — 3-D Graphic

PGE — Graphics Editing F

PILOT Animation Toolkit

Polar Coordinate Plot

RGL Real Time Graphic System

Screen Director

Shape Table Generator

Stats-graph

Super Shape Draw & Animate

Tablet Graphics

The Coloring Board Program

The Designer

Topographic Mapping

Ultra Plot

Utopia Graphics Tabler System

VACVESL - Vacuum Vessel Design

VESDZINE - Design of Vessels

V1SITREND/VISIPLOT

X-Y Vector Plot Package

HOME MANAGEMENT

Address File

Auto Records

Checkbook Balancing

Checking Account Management

Chequemate

Diet Analysis

Financial Analyzer

Five Minute Financial Check-Up

Grocery List

Home Finance

Home Inventory File

Home Money Minder

Home Purchase Analysis

Magazine File

Mortgage Analysis

Personal Accounting System I

Personal Expense Record

Personal Finance Manager

Personal Financial Planning

Programmed Exercise

The Personal Check Manager

INCOME TAXDow Jones Portfolio EvaluatorIndividual Tax PlannerMicro-Tax Individual Tax PackageMicro-Tax Integrated State Income TaxMicro-Tax Partnership PackageSHORTAX - Tax Planning PackageTax PlannerTax PreparerTRPS — Tax Return Preparation System

INVENTORY CONTROL

ARM-1000 - Rental Business

Basic Business Inventory

Bill of Marerials

BPI Inventory Control

Imotory Inventory System

Inventory Accounting

Inventory Control

Inventory Management

Inventory Management for Stock Control

Inventory Pac

Inventory System Business Module

Manufacruring Inventory Control

MATSTAT-Materials Tracking

Order Entry/Inventory Conrrol

Peachtree Inventory System

Point-Of-Sale Retail System

Property Manager for Moveable

EquipmentRetail Inventory

Rogis Stock Control for ComponentsStock ControlStock RecordingStockfile Inventory System

Stockroom Inventory and PurchasingSrructured Systems Inventory ControlTCS Inventory ManagementThe Order Scheduler

JOB & CONTRACTCOST ACCOUNTINGBillflow

Bookkeeper II-Job CostingBPI job CostingContract BillingContractor Job CostCost AccountantJob Accounting SystemJob Control SystemJob Cost AccountingProject Cost Accounting for ArchitectsProject Cost Accounting for EngineersThe Software Fitness Job Cost AnalystTime Recording-Job Cost AnalystTimerec-Transaction Carry Forward

MAILING LIST & LABEL PROCESSING

Address Book Mailing List

Apple III Mail List Manager

Apple Mail Sack

Appie Post

Benchmark Mail List

Commercial Mailer

Mail List

Mail80 Mailing List Software

MAILER-Name &t Address Management

SystemMailing AddressMailing List PackageMailing SystemMAILMERGEMAILPRO

Mailroom-Mailing List ManagementMaster Mailing List

NAD-Name & Address Selection SystemName And AddressPostmaster-Mail ManagementProfessional MailoutSchool Mailer

Small Business Mailing & FilingSuper-M-List Mailing List ProgramUltra Plot/ Mailing &. Filing System I

MARKETING/SALES ANALYSIS ~

EASYTRAK-Salesmen Monitoring Package

Marketing Systems — Proposal Developer

Office and Agent Productivity Package

Sales Analysis

Sales Pro Prospect Mgt Package

Sales Tracker

SALESLOG - Sales Mgt Program

SNAP — Questionnaire Design and

PrintingTCD Life Insurance Computer System

MISCELLANEOUSBILL - Building Energy UseCircuit AnalysisHand Holding BASICInsulate

Mini-Warehouse SystemStepwise Multiple Regression

MUSICAlpha Syntauri Music SynthesizerApple Music TheoryApple Sack Music &. GraphicsAppleodion Music Synthesis SystemMusic SystemMusicompThe Electric Duet

ORDER ENTRY/ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE

BPI Accounts Receivable Program

Cash Receipts System

Company Sales

Invoice Compiler

Invoicing

Membership Billing

M1CROREC

Multi-Properry Accounts Receivable

Open Item Accounts Receivable

Order Entry

Order Entry and Billing

Order Entry and Invoicing

Order Tracking System

Peachtree Accounts Receivable

Peachtree Sales Invoicing

Progressive Billing

Purchase Order System

Receivables System Business Module

Receiver

Sales Invoicing

Sales Ledger

Sales Order Processing

Software Fitness Program — A/R System

Structured Systems Accounts Receivable

T-SOP Sales Order Processing

TCS Accounts Receivable Package

TCS Total Receivables

The Biller

PAYROLL PROCESSINGAdvanced Payroll PackageAfter-Trie -Fact- Pay roll — updates recordsApple Payroll SystemBookkeeper II-PayrollBPI Payroll

Business Basic Payroll SysremContractor PayrollJobcost PayrollMicropayrollPassive PayrollPaymaster

Paymaster-Payroll SystemPayrecord IPayroll

Payroll Accounting PackagePayroll AssistantPayroll I

Piece Rate Payroll System

Post Facto Payroll

Print/ Paycheck Accounting System

Run Time Payroll Program

Sheltered Workshop Reporting

Structured Systems Group Payroll

TCS Payroll Package

TCS Total Payroll

Variable Worker's Compensation

WH-347-Accessory program for Jobcost

PERSONNEL MANAGEMENTAMI Post-Facto PayrollMICROPERS - Payroll & Personnel MgmtPersonnel Data RecorderPersonnel Office — Federal CompliancePersonnel Record

Personnel Record/ Employee RecordsSystem

PROFESSIONAL OFFICE SYSTEMS

AMI Omegabyte Time &. BillingBETA - Stand Alone Time & Billing

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Book Reviews

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(313)973-8422

Teletext andVideotex In theUnited States

John Tydeman, HubertLipinski, Richard P.Adler, Michael Nyhan,and Laurence ZwimpferData CommunicationsMcGraw-HillPublications CompanyNew York, 1982314 pages, hardcover$30

Reviewed byRich MalloyTechnical Editor

Back in 1974, a British re-search engineer named SamFedida displayed a workingmodel of a new telecommuni-cations system that he calledviewdata. The basic idea ofthe system was to attach aninexpensive converter to ahome television set and there-by enable viewers to accesstremendous amounts of datastored on huge central com-puter systems. This systemwould enable people toretrieve information, sendmessages, make bankingtransactions, and calculatetheir income tax, all in theprivacy of their homes.

Fedida's effort resulted inthe British telecommunica-tions system called Prestel,which was started in 1979 andnow has 15,000 subscribers.The name viewdata has sincebeen replaced by the genericterm videotex, now defined asany two-way data communi-cations link between a hostcomputer and a low-cost ter-minal (usually a home televi-sion with an attached decoderusing telephone lines for com-munication).

Shortly before Prestel wasput into service, a videotexsystem was started by theCanadian government. Thissystem, called Telidon, allows

high-quality graphics becauseit has much sharper resolutionthan the British system, but itrequires a more expensive de-coder. In 1980 several othercountries, including France,West Germany, the Nether-lands, Austria, and Japan,began testing their own video-tex systems—usually slightvariations of the BritishPrestel system.

Meanwhile, a similar tech-nology called teletext was alsodeveloping. In teletext, hometelevision sets can receivenews and other data from ahost computer via a one-waycommunications link—usual-ly part of a broadcast televi-sion channel. Because it re-quires a less expensive de-coder, teletext has becomemuch more popular thanvideotex. Two British teletextsystems, Ceefax and Oracle,have over 300,000 sub-scribers.

But what about the UnitedStates? What is the presentstate of videotex and teletextdevelopment here? How willthese new technologies work,and, perhaps more important,how much will they cost?Teletext and Videotex in theUnited States answers all ofthese questions and manymore.

From the authors we learnthat AT&T has developed inthe U.S. a new videotex andteletext protocol called NorthAmerican Presentation LevelProtocol (NAPLP), which isan expanded version of theCanadian Telidon system.The authors report thatseveral experimental projectsare being conducted through-out the U.S. using either thePrestel or the NAPLP system.Also, a rudimentary teletextservice (National CaptioningInstitute closed captioning)now provides captioning forabout 40,000 hearing-im-paired television viewers.

Tydeman et al. have done avery thorough job of collect-

272 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 484 on inquiry card.

ing almost all the informationnecessary to make informeddecisions about videotex.Their book is aimed at "cor-porate, trade, consumer, andgovernment decision makers,"and a major portion of thebook is indeed devoted topublic policy issues. This maybe the first time that the im-plications of a new technologyhave been so well examined soearly in its development.

The book contains manyinteresting facts not only onvideotex but also on everytechnology associated withvideotex, including com-puters, telephone networks,cable networks, and televisionbroadcasting. For example,the authors note that differenttechnological advances havebeen accepted at differentrates. It took 70 years beforeeven half of all U.S. house-holds had telephones, but tele-vision was in 75 percent of allhouseholds in just 11 years.

One of the problems withvideotex as it now stands isthe tendency of its proponentsto regard personal computersmerely as hobbyists' devices.Tydeman et al. are moreopen-minded than most inthat they treat personal com-puter networks such as TheSource, CompuServe, andDow Jones News RetrievalService as bona fide videotex

puters and videotex: (1)Whichever standard (Prestelor NAPLP) is adopted in theU.S., personal computer userswill probably be able to useeither one. (2) For the sameprice as a videotex decoder, aperson could buy a personalcomputer that can do all thata videotex decoder can doplus much more. (3) Personalcomputer users will be able to

The book contains many interesting

facts on videotex and every

technology associated with It.

networks. Actually, the totalnumber of subscribers to theseservices (77,000) is more thantwice the number of videotexsubscribers in the rest of theworld combined.

The book unfortunatelydoes fail to explore three im-portant points about thepotential of personal corn-

generate, not just receive,videotex images.

Another complaint aboutthe book is that parts of itread as if it had been writtenby committee. Indeed, thebook is the result of a studyby a California group calledthe Institute of the Future andwas sponsored by the Nation-

al Science Foundation. Per-haps as a consequence of this,some of the sentences are a bitlong-winded: 'The aim of thepolicy analysis is to provide acontext for policymakers toassess their role in the emer-gence of teletext and videotexservices."

Overall, though, the bookis a very valuable reference foranyone involved in communi-cations and, in one sense oranother, that includes justabout all of us. In fact, thebook has been so popular thatits first printing sold out inabout two months. It's alsoextremely timely; the pub-lisher has done an excellentjob getting the book out whilethe information is still current.If you're professionally in-volved with communicationor just want to know what allthe fuss is about, Teletext andVideotex in the United Statesshould answer virtually all ofyour questions. ■

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January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 273

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Book Reviews

Structured

Systems

Programming

Jim Welsh andR. Michael McKeagPrentice-Hall Inc.Englewood Cliffs, NJ,1980

324 pageshardcover, S26

Reviewed byDavid D. Clark246 South Fraser St.State College, PA 16801

Whether you're a hobbyistor a professional programmer,at some point you'll probablytoy with the idea of writing acompiler or operating systemtailored to your needs. Andwhen you do, Structured Sys-tems Programming may beyour most valuable guide.Part of the Prentice-Hall Inter-national Series in ComputerScience, the book explainshow to apply structured tech-niques to the development ofcompilers and operatingsystems. C.A.R. Hoare, theseries' editor, states in the for-ward that the books arededicated to elevating com-puter programming from acraft to a profession. Becausestructured programmingmethods lead to reliable andunderstandable programs, thetopic is an integral part of thesequence.

The authors chose a pro-gramming language calledPascal Plus, a variant ofPascal, to illustrate the con-cepts they cover in the text.Several important extensionsto standard Pascal make thelanguage particularly useful insystems programming. For ex-ample, the language supportsseparate compilation throughthe use of a construct called an"envelope." Similar to theUCSD Pascal UNIT, anenvelope lets you declarepublic and private constants,data structures, variables, and

procedures and lets you ini-tialize and terminate them.The language supports con-current processes as well.

Structured Systems Pro-gramming is clearly and func-tionally organized. UsingPascal Plus as a vehicle, theauthors instruct the reader inbasic structuring techniquesby dividing their presentationinto three main parts. The firstof these, appropriatelyenough, is an introduction tostructured programming.Welsh and McKeag use thestepwise-refinement methodto demonstrate programstructuring. By making use ofPascal's excellent facilities forconstructing new data types,the authors explain data struc-turing in a manner that is easyto understand.

The block structuringmethod includes the use ofprocedures, envelopes, pro-cesses, and monitors. InPascal Plus, a process isroughly equivalent to a pro-cedure that can run concur-rently with the main programand other processes. Amonitor program enablesseveral processes to have ac-cess to common buffers andprocedures, but only one at atime. The need for suchmutual exclusivity is obviousif you consider what mighthappen if one process ischanging a piece of data whileanother process is using it.The monitor program pro-vides a simple, structuredmethod for avoiding chaos.

With the preliminariestaken care of, the second sec-tion of the book tackles an ap-plication: the construction ofa structured compiler for asimple programming lan-guage. The authors were wiseto illustrate the value of struc-tured programming tech-niques by applying them to anontrivial program that couldotherwise become a quagmireof patches and afterthoughts.

The analysis of the problem

276 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE January 1983 277

Book Reviews

begins with a precise specifica-tion of exactly how the com-pleted program shouldoperate. Next, the authorsdefine Mini-Pascal, the lan-guage the model compilertranslates. The authorsanalyze the problem in alogical order, treating sourcehandling, lexical analysis, syn-tax analysis, semanticanalysis, and code generationin sequence. In each of thesesections, the authors specifythe problem and break itdown into its various parts.At the end of each section,you have a working piece ofprogram that fulfills the objec-tives it was designed to meet.Almost before you know it,you have been lead throughthe development of a workingcompiler for a simple languagethat runs on a hypotheticalmachine.

The third and final sectionof the book details the pro-gramming methods you'll

need to build a structuredoperating system. For tworeasons, the operating systemis more complicated than thecompiler presented in the pre-vious section. First, theoperating system must be ableto handle system resources

including the main store, pro-cessor, and several peripheralssuch as card readers, lineprinters, typewriters, and thefile store. As in the precedingsection, the authors use step-wise refinement to divide eachtask into smaller and simpler

The operating system is more

complicated than the compiler

because it must be able to handle

system resources concurrently and

it has to interact more intimately

with its hardware.

concurrently. Second, theoperating system has to inter-act more intimately with thehardware it runs on. Onceagain, the authors start with aprogram specification. Theanalysis proceeds with an ex-amination of the resourcesthat the operating systemmakes accessible to the user,

pieces, then they devise amethod to handle each ofthese smaller tasks. Pieces ofthe working operating systemare listed at the end of eachchapter.

The book has several strongpoints. It is both well writtenand well organized. The com-piler and the operating system

have been implemented suc-cessfully, which eliminates thesubtle errors that often appearin books when the programsthey detail have not actuallybeen tested. In terms of itsunderlying philosophy thebook resembles NiklausWirth's Algorithms + DataStructures = Programs, ex-cept that Welsh and McKeag'spresentation is more geared toan experienced programmer.My main criticism is that theauthors might have discussedconcurrent programmingmore thoroughly, because it isa topic that will be new tomany programmers.

The book's rather for-midable price of $26 (ap-parently the going rate forbooks in the series) mightdeter some prospective read-ers, but its contents make itworth the money to anyonewho is seriously interested in aclear introduction to systemsprogramming. ■

We give you thepower to gostraight to thetdp.

278 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Eratosthenes Revisited

Once More through the Sieve

A closer look at a benchmark prime-number programand various Pascal and C compilers.

You can measure a computersystem's performance in much thesame way as you measure that of aracehorse: take out a stopwatch andmeasure how long it takes to go thedistance. The "distance" for a com-puter, however, is often a set ofbenchmarks, programs that aredesigned to test the capabilities of agiven system.

In a previous article in BYTE (see"A High-Level Language Benchmark,"September 1981 BYTE, page 180) weproposed a simple benchmark pro-gram for microcomputers and usedthis program to compare a number of

Acknowledgments

Thanks are due to the many readers whocontributed timing data and other comments.Special thanks are also due to the softwarehouses that provided their latest versions fortesting and help when problems arose.

About the Authors

Jim Gilbreath is the head of the ComputerSciences and Simulation Department at theNaval Ocean Systems Center. Gary Gilbreathis a third-year student of electrical engineeringand computer science at University of Califor-nia at San Diego and owner of his own soft-ware company.

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high-level languages on various com-puters. The particular program weused was a variant of the Sieve ofEratosthenes (pronounced Er-ah-TOS-the-neez), which finds all of theprime numbers between 3 and 16,381.

It is probably presumptuous to dig-nify this effort with the term "bench-mark." A benchmark is usually verycomprehensive and may requirehours to run, even on a large main-frame computer. But the largevolume of mail generated by ouroriginal article indicates that there is asignificant interest in language testingand that many readers found theresults to be useful as well as intrigu-ing. In fact, several compiler writersindicated a rekindled interest in bettercode generation and have improvedtheir products as a result. But the pro-gram is, at best, just one point on avery long curve and should be used asonly one of many considerations inpicking a language or a system.

In this article, we will take a closerlook at this Sieve benchmark pro-gram, and we will pay particular at-tention to several Pascal and C com-pilers that have recently come ontothe market.

The Program

A brief review of the program (list-ings 1 and 2 in Pascal and C, respec-tively) seems in order for the benefitof those who don't have ready accessto the first article. The Sieve ofEratosthenes is a simple procedure forfinding prime numbers, which wasdeveloped in the third century B.C. Aprime number can be defined as anatural number that has two and onlytwo distinct divisors (our thanks toJames C. Fairfield for this definition).Thus 2 is the first prime, and all therest are odd numbers. In the classicsieve procedure, you arrange all ofthe natural numbers in order and thencross out every second number after2, every third number after 3, and soon, crossing out every nth numberafter n. The numbers that are notcrossed out, which "pass through thesieve," are prime numbers.

Because all primes after 2 are odd,we start with the prime number 3 and"strike out" entries in an array offlags that represent odd numbersonly. This array can now be only halfas long as the largest prime we desireto calculate.

One feature of the program is that

January 1983 © BYTE PubUcatioiw Inc 283

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Listing 1: The Sieve of Eratosthenes prime-number program in Pascal.

(* Eratosthenes Sieve Prime Number Program in Pascal *)

program prime;

const

size = 8190;var

flags : array [0..size] of boolean;i,prime,k,count,iter : integer;begin

writeln('10 iterations');for iter := 1 to 10 do begincount := 0;

0 to size doflags[i] := true;0 to size doif flags[i] then begin

frime := i+i+3;writeln(prime);}k := i + prime;

for ifor i

do program 10 times}prime counter}

(set flags all true}

found a prime}twice the index + 3}

{first multiple to kill}

while k <= size do begin

flags[k] := false; {zero a non-prime}k := k + prime {next multiple}

end;

count := count + 1 {primes found)

end;

end;

writeln(count,' primes')end.

{primes found in 10th pass}

Listing 2: The prime-number program in C.

/* Eratosthenes Sieve Prime Number Program in C */fdefine true 1tdefine false 0#define size 8190

char flags[size + 1];main() {

int i,prime,k,count,iter;

printf("10 iterations\n");for(iter = 1; iter <= 10; iter++) {count=0;for(i =0; i <= size; i++)

flags[i] = true;for(i =0; i <= size; i++) {if(flags[i]) {

prime = i + i + 3;printf("\n%d",prime);/*for(k=i+prime; k<=size; k+=prime)

flags[k] = false; /*kill all multiples*/

count++; /*primes found*/

/*do program 10 times*//*prime counter*//*set all flags true*/

/*found a prime*//*twice index + 3*/

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}

}

}

printf ("\n%d pr imes.",count); /*primes foundon 10th pass*/

it avoids multiplication and divisionbecause these operations are usuallyslow, especially on microcomputersthat do not have native instructionsfor these operations.

The first article listed several imple-mentations of the Sieve program invarious languages, but some of these

listings contained errors. In theFORTH program, the word PRIMEon line 11 should have been FLAGS.The FORTRAN program used arraysubscripts beginning with 0 (which isillegal for many compilers). And theCOBOL program was not fully com-pliant with the ANSI (American Na-

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Listing 3: The prime-number program in FORTH.

( Eratosthenes Sieve Prime Number Program in FORTH )(This program does ONLY ONE iteration)(Multiply times by 10 for comparison)

8190 CONSTANT SIZE0 VARIABLE FLAGS

SIZE ALLOT

C! OVER + REPEAT

DO-PRIME

FLAGS SIZE 1 FILL ( SET ARRAY )0 ( 0 COUNT ) SIZE 0DO FLAGS I + C@

IFIDUP + 3+DUPI +BEGIN DUP SIZE <WHILE 0 OVER FLAGSDROP DROP 1+THENLOOP. ." PRIMES" ;

Listing 4: The prime-number program in FORTRAN IV.

C Sieve Program in "Structured" Fortran IVlogical flags(8191)integer i,j,k,count,iter,prime

100

10

C200

609192

300

write(1,100)

formatC 10 iterations')do 92 iter =1,10count=0i=0do 10 i = 1,8191

flags(i) = .true,do 91 i = 1,8191

if (.not. flags(i)) go to 91prime = i + i + 1write(1,200) primeformat(lx,i6)count = count + 1k = i + primeif (k .gt. 8191) go to 91do 60 j = k, 8191, primeflags(j) = .false,continuecontinue

write(1,300) prime, count

format(lx,i6,' is the largest of ',i6, *■■ primes'end

Listing 5: The prime-number program in BASIC.

5 DEFINT A-Z

10 dim flags (8191)

20 print "10 iterations"

30 for m = 1 to 10

40 count = 0

50 for i = 0 to 8190

60 flags (i) = 1

70 next i

80 for i = 0 to 8190

90 if flags(i) =

0 goto 170

100 prime

= i + i + 3

105 REM print

prime

110 k = i

+ prime

120 while

k <= 8190

130

flags (k) = 0

140

k = k + prime

150 wend

160 count

= count + 1

170 next i

180 next m

190 print count,"primes"

200 end

286 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

tional Standards Institute) 74 stan-dard. Improved versions of these pro-grams are given in listings 3 through 6.Three other languages, Ada,Modula-2, and APL, are less commonin the microcomputer world but aresignificant, especially Ada for thefuture. For the benefit of those whohave access to compilers for Ada,Modula-2, and APL, we have in-cluded versions of the Sieve program,as contributed by readers, in listings 7through 9.

The ratio of speed

between the fastest

and slowest execution

times was more than

700,000 to 1.

As you can see, in each version ofthe program there is a comment lineto print out each prime when found.You can change this line to an actualprogram line and use it as a debug-ging aid, but it should be changedback to a comment for the actual tim-ing tests.

Thanks to BYTE's Readers

In response to our original article,many readers have contributed tim-ing results for several additional lan-guages and computers that were notincluded in that article. We did notverify these results, but they are sum-marized in tables 1 and 2. Table 1 (onpp. 292-300) is a list of all the resultssorted by computer, while table 2 (onpage 303) is a comparison of the 10fastest and slowest systems that weretested. Please note that all of the exe-cution times in both tables have beenadjusted for an array size of 8191 anda total of 10 iterations. We had to runthe algorithm through some of thefastest computers thousands of timesto get an accurate timing, whereassome of the slower languages couldbe accurately timed in only one itera-tion. As in the original article, execu-tion time is defined as the time on astopwatch between the beginning ofthe algorithm (signified by the ap-pearance of the words "10 iterations"on the display screen) and the end ofthe program (when the screen dis-

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Listing 6: The prime-number program in COBOL.

* Eratosthenes Sieve Prime Number Program in COBOLIDENTIFICATION DIVISION.PROGRAM-ID. PRIME.ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.CONFIGURATION SECTION.DATA DIVISION.WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.01 MISC.

03 I

03 K

COMP.COMP.

PIC 9(4)PIC 9(5)03 TOTAL-PRIME-COUNT PIC 9(4) COMP.

03 PRIME PIC 9(5) CCMP.01 FLAG-AREA.

04 FLAGS PIC 9 COMP OCCURS 8191 TIMES.PROCEDURE DIVISION.

P. DISPLAY " 10 iterations'.

PERFORM ITER-ROUTINE 10 TIMES.

DISPLAY TOTAL-PRIME-COUNT * primes'.

STOP RUN.ITER-ROUTINE.

MOVE ZERO TO TOTAL-PRIME-COUNT.PERFORM TABLE-FILLER-ROUTrNE VARYING I FROM 1 BY 1

UNTIL I > 8191.PERFORM DETAIL-COMPARE THRU D-C-EXIT VARYING I FROM 1 BY

UNTIL I > 8191.TABLE-FILLER-ROUTINE.

MOVE 1 TO FLAGS (I).DETAIL-COMPARE.

IF FLAGS (I) = 0 GO TO D-C-EXIT.

COMPUTE PRIME =1+1+1.

COMPUTE K = I + PRIME.

PERFORM STRIKOUTUNTIL K > 8191.

ADD 1 TO TOTAL-PRIME-COUNT.

DISPLAY 'FOUND PRIME = ' PRIME.D-C-EXIT.

EXIT.STRIKOUT.

MOVE 0 TO FLAGS (K).

ADD PRIME TO K.

Listing 7: The prime-number program in Ada.

— Erathosthenes Sieve Prime Number Generator

PRAGMA Rangecheck IS(off);PACKAGE BODY Sieve IS

Size : CONSTANT := 8190;

Flags : ARRAY (O..Size) OF BYTE;

Y : BYTE := BYTE(l) ;

N : BYTE := BYTE(0);

Count : INTEGER;

K : INTEGER;

Prime : INTEGER;BEGIN

Program in Ada

— Faster execution

— Largest index

— Array of flags

Number of primes foundIndex into flag arrayPrime number

PUT ("10

Iterations");

—

Type starting message

NEW LINE;

—

Output end of line

FOR Iter

IN 1..10 LOOP

—

Do whole thing ten times

Count := 0;

—

No primes yet

FOR

I IN 0 .. Size LOOP

—

Set arrav of flags to

Flags(I) := Y;

—

TRUE (Y)

END

LOOP;

FOR

I IN 0 .. Size LOOP

—

Go through whole array

IF Flags(I) = Y THEN

—

We have a prime

Prime := I+I+3;

—

Value of prime

K := I+Prime;

—

Index to multiple

WHILE K<=Size LOOP

—

Loop to kill multiples

Flags(K) := N;

—

Set non-primes to FALSE (N)

K := K+Prime;

—

Next non-prime

END LOOP;

—

End of kill multiples loop

PUT(Prime) ;

—

Display prime

NEW_LTNE;

—

Output end of line

Count := Count+1;

—

Up count of primes

Listing 7 continued on page 290

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Listing 7 continued:

END IF;END LOOP;END LOOP;POT(Count);PUT(" primes ");END Sieve;

— End of found primes

— End of loop through array

— End of iteration loop

— Output number of primes

— found

Listing 8: The prime-number program in Modula-2.

(♦Eratosthenes Sieve Prime Number Program in MODULA-2 *)(* Info = Gunter Dotzel, Institut fur Informatik *)(* ETH-Zentrum CH-B092 Zuerich *)MODULE Prime (* $T-,$S- *)

FROM INOut IMPORT Writeln, Writelnt, WriteString;CONST Size=8190VAR Flags: ARRAY[0..Size] OF BOOLEAN;

i,prime,k,count,iter: CARDINAL;BEGIN

Writeln; WriteString("10 iterations");FOR iter:=l TO 100 DOcount:=0;

FOR i:=0 TO Size DO FLags[i]:=TRUEEND;

FOR i:=0 TO Size DOIF Flags[i] THENprime:=i*2+3;k:=i+prime;WHILE k <= Size DOFlags[k]:=FALSE;INC(k,prime);END;

INC (count) ;END;END;END;

Writeln; Writeint(count,6); WriteString(' primes');END Prime.

Listing 9: The prime-number program in APL. Because our machinery cannot handlesome of the APL characters, Alpa K. Kehta of Telecompute Integrated Systems Inc. haskindly sent us this listing.

V PRIME N[1] B«-I«-l»PTR-*-NpO

[2] LI :->-(N<BxB«-PR[I«-I+l ] )/END*PR*-(-[3] ST :-+LlHPTR-*-PTRv(BpO) , B + Np l<t>B-M[4] EMD:6 30pPR,180pO[5] V

PTR)/iN

plays "1899 primes"). Information re-garding compile time, the amount ofcode generated, and the amount ofmemory used is not shown because itwas usually not provided by the con-tributors. It is interesting to note thatthe ratio of speed between the fastestand slowest is more than 700,000 to1.

Later Versions of the Compilers

Because we gathered most of thedata for the first article somewhat in-

290 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

formally, many significant productswere not tested. When we first pre-sented our results at a local computersociety meeting prior to submittingthem to BYTE, we used whatever lan-guages were accessible in computerstores or available from members ofthe San Diego Computer Society.Many of the latest and greatest ver-sions were not available for testing,which disappointed some softwaredevelopers who felt they were com-pared unfairly with a competitor's

later work. Unfortunately, this prob-lem will always be present to someextent because this field is continuallyblossoming with new implementa-tions.

For this article we decided to con-centrate on the Pascal and C pro-gramming languages because of tworecent events that have made theselanguages particularly noteworthy:the advent of a $29.95 Pascal com-piler from JRT Systems, and RonCain's generous gift to the world ofthe source code for a small C com-piler. This gift has spawned a numberof low-cost and very useful versionsof C, which are rapidly being imple-mented in just about every hardwareenvironment.

The 8-bit Pascal and Ccompilers were testedon a 4-MHz Z80 systemwith 8-inch double-density floppy-disk drives.

To be sure that a comparison ofthese products would be reasonablycurrent, BYTE's editors helped in ob-taining the latest versions of 6 Pascalcompilers and 10 C compilers for the8080/Z80 and 8086 microprocessors.

We tested the 8-bit Pascal and Ccompilers using a 4-MHz Z80 systemwith 8-inch double-density floppy-disk drives. The few 16-bit compilersavailable were tested on an 8-MHz8086 system with the same diskdrives. Compiler options for in-creased speed, such as turning off ar-ray-bounds-checking and code-debug-ging capabilities, and so on, wereused as available. The Pascal pro-gram was changed a bit from theoriginal version (see 1981 BYTE arti-cle) to eliminate the use of theFILLCHAR keyword because not allPascal systems support it. It was re-placed by a simple FOR loop, whichmay be a few percent slower but, atleast, is the same for all. The resultsof these compilers on the prime-number program are given in table 3(on page 303).

Improving the Execution Speed

Some compilers (most of the CText continued on page 300

If your printer uses your Apple

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If your Apple is locked into the "PRINT"mode so much that you've taken up soli-taire to kill the boredom, you need abuffer. And if your computer is the AppleII or III, the only buffer for you is TheBufferboard. Expandable to 64K of stor-age, The Bufferboard stores an instantane-ous bucketful of print data from yourcomputer. Then it feeds the data to yourprinter at its own printing rate. Your Appleis set free from driving your printer and isready for more data from you.

or expensive power supplies are neededbecause The Bufferboard fits right intoyour Apple—and docks onto your existingprinter interface. The result is convenient

Take your existing interface—and buffer it!

Only The Bufferboard has a simpleInterface-Docking System. No bulky boxes

and economical buffering of most popu-lar printer interfaces, including theGrappler + ™ interface, Epson interface,and Apple printer interface. Thirty sec-onds and a single hook-up are all you needto end the printer waiting game forever.

Up to 20 letter-size pagesstored at a time.

The Bufferboard comes standard with16K, and is expandable to 32K or 64K ofbuffering capacity with the addition of

memory chips. This "bucket" will hold upto 20 pages of a print job, allowing youfreedom to use your Apple.

The Bufferboard—designedexclusively for the Apple Computer.

Specifications:

• Versions for Grappler + interface, Epsoninterface, Apple interface, and other popu-lar printer interfaces • 16K buffer standard

• Upgradeable to 32K or 64K • Automaticmemory configuration • Automatic selftest • Includes interface docking cable.

The Bufferboard is made by OrangeMicro, Inc.; the same people who broughtyou the popular Grappler + printer inter-face. Both the Grappler + and TheBufferboard are now available at yourlocal Apple dealer.

Apple is a registered trademark of Apple, Inc.

Epson is a registered trademark of Epson America, Inc.

^Orange Micro

inc.

3150 E. La Palma #G, Anaheim, CA 92806(714) 630-3620, TELEX: TX 183511CSMA

For Apples and Printers

Circle 303 on inquiry card.

©Orange Micro, Inc. 1982

Operating

Time

Computer

System

Language

(seconds)

Contributor

6502 OSI Superboard

Assembly

13.9

Paul Von Huben

6502 1 MHz OSI

XPLO

245

Don Box

6502

FORTH

265

BYTE, Sept. 1981

6502 1 MHz

RPL (Samurai Software)

265

Timothy Stryker

6502 1 MHz

FORTH (Figforth)

287

Timothy Stryker

6809

Assembly

5.1

Douglas K. Beck

6809

Lucidata Pascal

735

Douglas K, Beck

6809

TSC XBASIC

965

Douglas K. Beck

6809

C'ware BASIC

4303

BYTE, Sept. 1981

6809 1 MHz

MDOS

Omegasoft Pascal

40

Robert Reimiller

6809 1 MHz

Figforth

89

Raymond Mannarelli

6809 2 MHz

IMS Pascal native

8.78

Steve Keller

6809 2 MHz

IMS Pascal p

105

Steve Keller

6809 2 kHz

Flex

C (Introl)

11.0

John Wisialowski

6809 2 kHz

Figforth

45

Raymond Mannarelli

6809 2 MHz Gimix Ghost

TSC XBASIC

700

Conrad Swartz

68000 8 MHz

Assembly

0.49

Andrew Wood

68000 8 MHz

SMPL (Ebnek)

2.6

Steve Keller

68000 8 MHz (Sun PM68K)

ROS

Pascal (Telesoft)

4.28

Craig Maudlin

68000 8 MHz (Sun PM68K)

ROS

Ada (Telesoft)

4.4

Craig Maudlin

68000 Wicat 150WS

MCS/Unix

C (Johnson)

4.71

Authors

68000 8 MHz (HP-9830)

ROS

Ada (Telesoft)

5.0

Craig Maudlin

68000 8 MHz (HP-9830)

ROS

Pascal (Telesoft)

5.0

Craig Maudlin

68000 8 MHz

UCSD

Pascal (Softech native)

5.0

Softech

68000 8 MHz

Pascal (IMS Inc.)

5.8

Steve Keller

68000 8 MHz (HP-9830)

Pascal 1.0

Pascal (Hewlett-Packard)

5.9

Craig Maudlin

68000 Charies River 68

UNOS

C

6.3

Authors

68000 Wicat 150

Pascal

6,5

Richard Lane

68000 (4 MHz)

Pascal (Pascal MT)

9.00

BYTE, Sept. 1981

68000 8 MHz Exormacs

C (Whitesmiths)

9.82

Douglas K. Beck

68000 (4 MHz)

Pascal (Telesoft)

10.2

BYTE, Sept. 1981

68000 8 MHz Exormacs

Pascal (Motorola 1.2)

11.2

Douglas K. Beck

68000 8 MHz

MSP68000

FORTH (Hemenway)

27

Walt Patstone

8080 (MDS 8080)

ISIS

PUM (Intel)

48.0

BYTE, Sept. 1981

8080

Dada

49

Dannie E. Davis

8080 (MDS 8080)

FORTH (JKL)

440

BYTE, Sept. 1981

8086 8 MHz

Assembly

1.90

BYTE, Sept. 1981

8086 8 MHz

CP/M-86

C (Digital Research V1.0)

2.8

Digital Research

8086 8 MHz

CP/M-86

Pascal (Digital Research MT+86)

4.76

Steve damage

8086 (Altos)

Xenix Unix

C (Microsoft)

6.0

Authors

8086 8 MHz

CP/M-86

C (Computer Innovations)

7.2

Authors

8086 8 MHz

MS-DOS

C (Computer Innovations)

7.2

Authors

8086 SBC 86/12 5 MHz

PL/M 86

8.8

Fred Dunlap

8086 5 MHz

Pascal (Intel Pascal-86)

9.05

BYTE, Sept. 1981

8086

UCSD

Pascal (Softech native)

17

John Tennant

8086 SBC 86/12 5 MHz

FORTH (Figforth 8086)

64

Fred Dunalp

8088 5 MHz

Assembly

4.0

Raymond Mannarelli*

8088 5 MHz

UCSD

Pascal (Softech native)

19.4

John Tennant

8088 5 MHz

FORTH (Laboratory Microsystems)

55

Ray Duncan

Apple II

Pascal (Apple Pascal)

160

Daniel Moroz

Apple II

FORTH (Fullforth)

190

Raymond Mannarelli

Apple II

FORTH (Cap'n Software)

198

Raymond Mannarelli

Apple II

FORTH (Figforth 1.0)

208

Guido Bettiol

Apple II

BASIC (On-line expediter)

213

James D. Childress

Apple II

Pascal (Mill-enhanced)

273

Raymond Mannarelli

Apple II

Sweet 16

292

Raymond Mannarelli

Apple II

FORTRAN (Mill-enhanced)

333

Raymond Mannarelli

Table 1: Execution times of the Sieve

of Eratosthenes p

rime-number program as run on various computers, operating systems, and

programming languages. The results

are listed alphabetically or numerically according to

computer name. The results were either

taken from the original BYTE article (September 1981

page 180), contributed by readers

, or determined by the authors. We did

not verify the results from contributors but simply printed them as we received them. That is why the

number of significant digits

varies. An asterisk (*) indicates a result that confirms a time listed in the original article.

Execution time of the Sieve program, of

course, should be regarded as only one of several considerations in choosing a particular language,

system, or processor.

Table 1 continued on page 294

292 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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So at these prices, you should milliseconds 369.00

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BYTE January 1983 293

Table 1 continued:

Operating

Time

Computer

System

Language

(seconds)

AprJe II

Pascal (Apple)

390

Apple II

FORTRAN (Apple)

509

Apple II

UCSD Pascal

516

Apple II

FORTH (Insoft Transforth)

1080

Apple II

FORTH (Transforth)

1150

Apple II

BASIC (Apple integer)

1850

Apple III

BASIC

1860

Apple II

BASIC (Applesoft)

2806

Atari 800

Pascal (Atari)

190

CDC Cyber 760

FORTRAN

0.723

CDC Cyber 170 Model 720

BASIC

9.5

Cray-1

FORTRAN

0.110

DEC-20

BASIC

7.7

H-6000

FORTRAN

2.06

Harris/6

Assembly

2.39

Harris/6

FORTRAN 77

3.66

Harris/6

C

4.89

Honeywell 6080

FORTRAN

0.80

HP-85

Assembly

21

HP-85

BASIC

3084

HP-1000F

Assembly

3.5

HP-1000F

FORTRAN 77

4.6

HP-1000F

FORTRAN IV X

5.3

HP-1000F

Pascal 1000

5.8

HP-1000F

C

6.6

HP-1000F

Algol

23.2

HP-3000

FORTRAN

10.0

HP-3000

RATFOR

10.0

HP-3000

Pascal

20.0

HP-3000

COBOL

58.0

HP-3000

BASIC

60.00

H-89

UCSD Pascal

450

H-89

BASIC

4100

IBM 3033

Assembly

0.0078

IBM 3033

PL/I

0.036

IBM 3033

COBOL

0.0824

IBM 3081

PL/I

0.034

IBM 4341

CMS

PL/I

0.135

IBM 3033 AP

FORTRAN H

0.258

IBM 3033

CMS

FORTRAN

2.1

IBM Series 1 4955

EDX

COBOL

38.7

IBM PC

DOS

C (Computer Innovations)

22.1

IBM PC

CP/M-86

C (Computer Innovations)

22.1

IBM PC

DOS

FORTH

70

IBM PC

DOS

BASIC (Integer)

1950

IBM PC

DOS

BASIC (Integer BASICA)

1990

IBM PC

DOS

BASIC (Floating BASICA)

2400

LSI-11/23

Xenix Unix

C (register variables)

4.0

LSI-11/23

Xenix Unix

C

9.3

LSI-11/23

Xenix Unix

RATFOR

11.4

LSI-11 Heath H-11

UCSD Pascal

221

LSI-11 Heath H-11

UCSD FORTRAN

281

LSI-11 (Terak)

UCSD Pascal

317

Microengine

UCSD Pascal

63.0

Modcomp Classic 7835

FORTRAN

4.56

Modcomp II/26

FORTRAN

7.5

Northstar Z80

N* BASIC

1580

NOVA 3

Assembly

4.2

NOVA 4

Assembly

3.1

Pascal 100

UCSD

UCSD Pascal

54.0

PDP-11/03

UCSD Pascal

128

PDP-11/15

FORTRAN

63

Contributor

Raymond MannarelliRaymond MannarelliRaymond MannarelliCharles WellsGuido BettiolBYTE, Sept. 1981R.W. ShoreRaymond Mannarelli

Raymond Mannarelli*

Kerry ChesbroTerry J. DeveauKerry Chesbro

Peter Fallon

Clark A. CalkinsPeter M.B. ShamesPeter M.B. ShamesPeter M.B. ShamesRichard LaneRonald B. JohnsonRonald B. JohnsonRick PerinsRick PerinsRick PerinsRick PerinsRick PerinsRick PerinsBYTE, Sept. 1981BYTE, Sept. 1981BYTE, Sept. 1981BYTE, Sept. 1981BYTE, Sept. 1981Desmond J. CharronDesmond J. Charron

Andrew WoodJames GerberJames C. FairfieldJames GerberJames GerberRichard FrankeRichard LaneA. Ross StewartAuthorsAuthors

Raymond MannarelliRaymond MannarelliRaymond MannarelliRaymond Mannarelli

John WilsonJohn WilsonJohn WilsonGeorge SchreyerGeorge SchreyerBYTE, Sept. 1981

BYTE, Sept. 1981Bob Van CleefBrad Boyce

Warren LambertAnne AndersonAnne Anderson

BYTE, Sept. 1981Daniel MorozClark A. Calkins

Table 1 continued on page 298

294 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE January 1983 295

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Table 1 continued:

Operating

Time

Computer

System

Language

(seconds)

Contributor

PDP-11/23

OMSI Pascal

4.8

Daniel Moroz

PDP-11/23

NBS Pascal

7.5

Gunter Dotzel

PDP-11/23

Modula-2

8.8

Gunter Dotzel

PDP-11/23

UCSD Pascal

40

Daniel Moroz

PDP-11/34

FORTRAN

30

Matti Kataja

PDP-11/40

Unix

C (Unix, 6)

6.10

BYTE, Sept. 1981

PDP-11/60

Unix

NBS Pascal

4.50

BYTE, Sept. 1981

PDP-11/70

Unix

C (Unix, 6)

1.52

BYTE, Sept. 1981

PDP-11/70

Unix

NBS Pascal

2.60

BYTE, Sept. 1981

PDP-11/70

BASIC Plus

8.1

Sam Malenfant

PDP-11/70

Unix

DECUS FORTH

11.8

BYTE, Sept. 1981

PDP-11/70

Unix

FORTRAN

15.8

H.P. Smith

PERQ-1

POS

Microcode

0.239

Gary Bickford

PERQ-1

Unix

C

5.8

Gary Bickford

PERQ-1

POS

Pascal

8.5

Gary Bickford

PERQ-1

POS

FORTRAN 77

15.1

Gary Bickford

PET

BASIC (PET)

3180

Raymond Mannarelli

Prime 300

Primos

FORTRAN

0.78

Richard L. Maurer

Prime 300

Primos

TIL FORTH

10.4

Richard L. Maurer

Prime 300

Primos

COBOL

50.4

Richard L. Maurer

Prime 300

Primos

BASIC

670

Richard L. Maurer

Prime 550

FORTRAN

2.13

John L. Homer

Prime 750

Primos

FORTRAN

1.4

Richard Lane

Prime 750

Primos

PL/I

2.5

Richard Lane

Superset PGM

FORTRAN (Superset)

12.0

BYTE, Sept. 1981

SWTPC 6809 1 MHz

OS-9

BASIC 09

410

Slim Cummings

SWTPC 6809 1 MHz

Flex

TSC XBASIC

1320

Slim Cummings

SWPTC 6809 2 kHz

Uniflex

TSC Pascal

34

Slim Cummings

SWTPC 6809 2 MHz

Flex

TSC Pascal

54

Slim Cummings

SWTPC 6809 2 MHz

OS-9

BASIC 09

238

Slim Cummings

SWTPC 6809 2 MHz

Flex

Dynasoft Pascal

309

Slim Cummings

SWTPC 6809 2 MHz

Uniflex

TSC XBASIC

810

Slim Cummings

SWTPC 6809 2 MHz

Flex

TSC XBASIC

840

Slim Cummings

Tl 99/4

BASIC (TI-BASIC)

3960

Victor Dodier

Tl 990/10

FORTH (Polyforth)

60.2

BYTE, Sept. 1981

TM 990/189

Assembly

14.8

Robert D. Hardy

TM-16 (bit slice)

Assembly

0.96

Glenn A. Toennes

TM-16 (bit slice)

FORTH

55

Glenn A. Toennes

TMS9900 3 MHz

Assembly

6.5

Peter Butterworth

TRS-80 Mod I

MMSFORTH 1.9

190

Raymond Mannarelli

TRS-80 Mod I

Miller FORTH

253

BYTE, Sept. 1981

TRS-80 Mod II

UCSD Pascal

274

Raymond Mannarelli

TRS-80 Mod II

BASIC

1430

John L. Homer

TRS-80 Mod II

TRSDOS

MBASIC

2250

Raymond Mannarelli*

TRS-80 Mod III

BASIC

2880

John L. Homer

TRS-80 Mod III

TRSDOS

Disk BASIC

4780

Matt Ewing

Univac 1100/82

OS 1100

FORTRAN 77

0.668

Tom Gruber

Univac 1100/83

OS 1100

FORTRAN V

0.76

Desmond J. Charron

Univac 1100/82

OS 1100

COBOL

1.42

Tom Gruber

Univac V77-600

POL (Taylor Instrument)

10.84

Patricia Farrell

VAX-11/780

Unix

C (UC Berkeley)

1.42

H. P. Smith

VAX-11/780

VMS 2.3

FORTRAN V2.3-53

1.45

Clark A. Calkins

VAX-11/780

VMS

FORTRAN (DEC)

1.55

Pete Ridley

VAX-11/780

VMS

C (DECUS)

2.3

Pete Ridley

VAX-11/780

VMS 2.3

Pascal T1.2-80

2.31

Clark A. Calkins

VAX-11/780

Unix

FORTRAN 77

2.34

H. P. Smith

VAX-11/780

VMS/ROS

Pascal (Telesoft)

4.94

Craig Maudlin

VAX-11/780

VMS/ROS

Ada (Telesoft)

5.6

Craig Maudlin

Xerox 820 Z80

CP/M

RMCOBOL

5740

J. Stevens Blanchard

Z80

CP/M

Assembly

6.8

Raymond Mannarelli

Z80

CP/M

Coral

13.8

John Wilson

Z80

CP/M

FORTRAN (Microsoft V3.2)

13.9

Authors

Z80

CP/M

PUI (Digital Research)

14.0

BYTE, Sept. 1981

Z80

CP/M

C (BD Systems V1.46)

15.2

Leor Zolman

Table 1 continued on page 300

298 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE January 1983 299

Table 1 continued:

Operating

Time

Computer

System

Language

(seconds)

Contributor

Z80

CP/M

BASIC (Digital Research CB80)

15.7

Authors

Z80

CP/M

RATFOR (TSW)

16.5

BYTE, Sept. 1981

Z80

CP/M

FORTRAN (Microsoft)

17.0

BYTE, Sept. 1981

Z80

CP/M

BASIC (Microsoft BASCOM)

17.7

Authors

Z80

CP/M

ZSPL (V1.58)

18.0

Pete Ridley

Z80

CP/M

C (Interactive Systems ZC)

18.5

BYTE, Sept. 1981

Z80

CP/M

ZSPL V1.38

18.5

BYTE, Sept. 1981

Z80

CP/M

BASIC (Microsoft BASCOM)

18.6

BYTE, Sept. 1981

Z80

CP/M

Pascal (Pascal/MT + )

19.0

BYTE, Sept. 1981

Z80

UCSD

Pascal (Softech native)

19.7

John Tennant

Z80

CP/M

PLMX (Syscon)

22.5

BYTE, Sept. 1981

Z80

CP/M

Pascal (Pascal/MT+ V5.5)

22.7

Authors

Z80

CP/M

C (Software Toolworks 2.0)

25.4

Authors

Z80

CP/M

C (Whitesmiths 2.1)

25.5

Authors

Z80

CP/M

C (Whitesmiths 2.0)

25.7

Authors

Z80

CP/M

Ada (Janus 1.0)

27

Pete Ridley

Z80

CP/M

Pascal (Pascal/Z V4.0)

31.4

Authors

Z80

CP/M

C (Manx Aztec C 1.04)

32.9

Authors

Z80 Apple II Softcard

CP/M

FORTRAN (Microsoft Card)

34

Raymond Mannarelli

Z80

CP/M

C(Supersoft 1.1.0)

34.1

Authors

Z80

CP/M

c(BD Systems V1.0)

35.0

BYTE, Sept. 1981

Z80

CP/M

Ada (Janus 1.4.3)

36

Tom Lettington

Z80

CP/M

C (Telecon)

37.9

Authors

Z80

CP/M

C(BDS 1.46)

39.9

Authors

Z80(Kaypro II 2.5 MHz)

CP/M

C (Software Toolworks 2.0)

40.6

Authors

Z80

CP/M

C(Q/C 1.10)

48.8

Authors

Z80

CP/M

C(BD Systems V1.32)

49.5

BYTE, Sept. 1981

Z80

CP/M

C (Infosoft 2.03)

50.8

Authors

Z80

UCSD

Pascal (Softech native)

51.2

Authors

Z80

CP/M

C (Code Works 1.0)

53.2

Authors

Z80

CP/M

Pascal (Whitesmiths)

63.0

Jay Allen

Z80

FORTH (Timin release 3)

75.9

Mitchell E. Timin

Z80

FORTH (Laboratory Microsystems)

78

Ray Duncan

Z80

FORTH (Figforth)

84

Jonathan Sachs

Z80

CP/M

Pascal (Pascal/Z V3.0)

109

BYTE, Sept. 1981

Z80

FORTH (JKL FORTH)

112

BYTE, Sept. 1981

Z80 2 MHz Sorcerer

FORTH (Laboratory Microsystems)

150

R.S. Neuman

Z80

UCSD

Pascal (Softech IV.03)

156

John Tennant

Z80

UCSD

UCSD Pascal

239

BYTE, Sept. 1981

Z80

CP/M

Pascal (JRT V2.0)

383

Authors

Z80 4 MHz

CP/M

Pascal (Pascal/M 4.02)

416

C. Clifton Smith

Z80

CP/M

Ada (Supersoft 1.20A)

422

Tom Lettington

Z80

CP/M

Pascal (Pascal M)

450

BYTE, Sept. 1981

Z80

CP/M

Pascal (jRT)

470

BYTE, Sept. 1981

Z80

CP/M

CBASIC2 (integer)

484

BYTE, Sept. 1981

Z80

CP/M

C (tiny-c 2 compiler)

930

BYTE, Sept. 1981

Z80

CP/M

CBASIC2 (real)

1430

BYTE, Sept. 1981

Z80

CP/M

MBASIC (Microsoft 5.2)

1476

Authors

Z80

CP/M

MBASIC (Microsoft)

1920

BYTE, Sept. 1981

Z80

APL (Telecompute)

3276

Alpa K. Mehta

Z80

CP/M

C (tiny-c)

4720

BYTE, Sept. 1981

Z80

CP/M

COBOL (Microsoft V2.2)

5115

BYTE, Sept. 1981

Z8000 Onyx

Unix

C (Onyx)

3.20

BYTE, Sept. 1981

Z8000 Zilog Systems 8000-20

C

4.06

Zilog Inc.

Z8000 Z-Lab

Zeus Unix

C

4.8

John Wilson

Z8000 (Zehntel SDM)

Xenix Unix

C (Microsoft)

6.0

Authors

Z8001, 5.5 MHz

Unix

Assembly

1.1

Lawrence A. Leske

Z8001, 5.5 MHz

Unix

C

1.97

Lawrence A Leske

compilers, for example) provide alter- often at the expense of something else

data into the global area, thus effec-

native data storage methods that can such as

recursion ability or memory

tively making the data static (i.e.,

be optimized for some appl

ications. size. We experimented with these

keeping

the data in memory rather

Forcing variables to be

register, things on all the C compilers to see

than on a

stack). Table 4 (on page 303)

static, or global instead of automatic just how fast we could get each to run

gives the results of the best speed we

(stack-dwelling) can, with some com- the program. The most dramatic im-

attained with each compiler, but there

pilers, provide dramatic improve- provement was obtained with the BD

may be

room for improvement. We

ments in execution speed,

though Systems

compiler by moving all the

probably

didn't find all the secrets.

Text continued on page 306

300 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Expansion Chasis (8 Slots 1 569

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Tl LCD Programmer 55

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Sanyo 9"Gr 159

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MX-100 715

NEC

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Operating

System

Language

Assembly

PL/I

PL/I

COBOL

FORTRAN

CMS

PUI

POS

Microcode

FORTRAN H

Assembly

OS 1100

FORTRAN 77

BASIC

PET BASIC

APL

TI-BASIC

BASIC

BASIC

CP/M

C (tiny-c)

TRSDOS

BASIC

CP/M

COBOL Microsoft

CP/M

RMCOBOL

Computer

IBM 3033

IBM 3081

IBM 3033

IBM 3033

Cray-1

IBM 4341

PERQ-1

IBM 3033 AP

68000, 8 MHz

Univac 1100/82

HP-85

PET

Z80

Tl 99/4

H-89 2 MHz

6809

Z80

TRS-80 Mod III

Z80

Xerox 820

Table 2: The ten fastest and slowest systems of those tested with the Sieve of Eratosthenes prime-number program as listed in table1. Again, execution time of the Sieve program should be regarded as only one of several considerations in choosing a particularlanguage, operating system, or processor.

Time

(Seconds)

Contributor

0.0078

Andrew Wood

0.034

James Gerber

0.036

James Gerber

0.082

James C. Fairfield

0.110

Kerry Chesbro

0.135

James Gerber

0.239

Gary Bickford

0.258

Richard Franke

0.49

Andrew Wood

0.67

Tom Gruber

3084

Ronald B. Johnson

3180

Raymond Mannarelli

3276

Alpa K. Mehta

3960

Victor Dodier

4100

Desmond J. Charron

4303

BYTE, Sept. 1981

4720

BYTE, Sept. 1981

4780

Matt Ewing

5115

BYTE, Sept. 1981

5740

J. Stevens Blanchard

Pascal Compilers

UCSD Pascal, Softech, IV.03 with Z80 Native-Code Generator

Pascal/MT+ , Digital Research, V5.5

Pascal/Z, Ithaca Intersystems, V4.0

UCSD Pascal, Softech, IV.03

JRT Pascal, JRT Systems, V2.0

Pascal/MT + 86, Digital Research (8-MHz 8086)

C Compilers

C/80, Software Toolworks, V2.0

C, Whitesmiths Ltd., V2.1

Aztec C, Manx Software, V1.04

C, Supersoft Inc., V1.1.0

C, Telecon Systems

BDS C, BD Software, V1.46

(with -e and -o options)

Q/C, Quality Computer Systems, V2.0b

C, Infosoft Systems, V2.03

CW/C, The Code Works, V1.0

C86, Computer Innovations, V1.29B (8-MHz 8086)

Table 3: Performance of the Sieve of Eratosthenes prime-number program on several new Pascal and C compilers. Compilers arelisted in order of execution speed. Memory used does not include the 8191-byte array but does include necessary library routinesand p-code interpreters.

Memory

Compile

Execution

ompiled

Used

Plus Load

Time

Bytes

(bytes)

(seconds)

(seconds)

442

18,874

87.9

19.7

344

3816

50.8

22.7

687

3645

75.0

31.4

237

18,669

46.7

156

224

22,008

34.5

383

301

11,129

50.2

4.76

279

3106

37.2

25.4

332

12,018

310

25.5

355

8515

86.2

32.9

394

17,729

84.7

34.1

382

5751

201

37.9

311

3701

20.7

39.9

354

3839

20.9

24.7

361

3310

49

48.8

410

8655

96

50.8

399

1833

71

53.2

250

4097

58

7.2

C Compilers

BDS C, BD Software, V1.46

C, Whitesmiths Ltd., V2.1

Aztec C, Manx Software, V1.04

C/80, Software Toolworks, V2.0

Q/C, Quality Computer Systems, V2.0b

C, Telecon Systems

C, Infosoft Systems, V2.03

CW/C, The Code Works, V1.0

C, Supersoft Inc., V1.1.0

C86, Computer Innovations, V1.29B (8-MHz 8086)

Table 4: Performance of the Sieve of Eratosthenes prime-number program on various C compilers using optimized data allocation.As in table 3, compilers are listed in order of execution speed, and memory used does not include the 8191-byte array but does in-clude the necessary library routines.

Memory

Compile

Execution

Compiled

Used

Plus Load

Time

Bytes

(bytes)

(seconds)

(seconds)

240

3664

20.7

15.2

227

11,913

310

15.9

219

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Listing 10: The improved prime-number program in C.

/* Improved Sieve Program in C */♦define true 1♦define false 0♦define size 8190#define maxi 127

/* maxi is sqrt(2*size) */char flags[size + 1];int i,k,prime,count,iter,strikout;main(){

printf("10 iterations\n");for(iter = 1; iter <= 10; iter ++) {strikout = true;count=0;

for(i =0; i <= size; i++) flags[i] = true;for(i =0; i <= size; i++) {if(flagstil) {

prime = i + i + 3;/* printf(" %d",prime); */

count ++;if(strikout) {

if(prime > maxi)

strikout = false;else

for(k = i + prime; k <= size; k += prime)flags[k] = false;

}

}

}

}

printf("\n%d is largest of %d primes.",prime,count);

Listing 11: A further improved Sieve program in C. This program saves time by blank-ing out multiples of primes starting at the square of the prime rather than at the primetimes 3. Unlike the other programs, this program uses multiplication.

/* A C version of the Sieve program as suggested by KNUTH */

/* (uses a multiply, though) */

♦define true 1

♦define false 0

♦define size 8190

char flags [size + 1];

int i,k,prime,count,iter,strikout;

main()

pr intf("10 iterations\n");for(iter = 1; iter <= 10; iter ++) {strikout = true;count=0;

for(i =0; i <= size; i++) flags[i] = true;for(i = 1; i <= size; i++) {if(flags[i]) {

prime = i + i + 1;

printf(" %d",prime); */

count++;

if(strikout) {

if((k = ((prime*prime)-l) » 1) < size)for(; k <= size; k += prime)flags[k] = false;else {

strikout = false;continue;

}

}

}

}

printf("\n%d is largest of %d primes.",prime,count);

A Better Algorithm

Two readers, Charles Marcus andDwight Divine III, have pointed outto us that the algorithm used in thefirst article can be improved a bit. Bythe time the program has looped 63times (producing the prime number127) all of the nonprime numbers lessthan 16,381 will have been flagged atleast once, and the remaining loopswill redundantly flag nonprimes yetagain. Listing 10 gives a program in Cthat avoids this problem by setting aflag after reaching 127 so that non-prime flagging is not done after thistime. It runs about 26 percent fasterfor an array size of 8191 and wouldbe even faster with larger arrays.

Can we do better yet? Definitely!Marcus also noted that althoughEratosthenes was recognized by hiscontemporaries as a man of great dis-tinction in all branches of knowledge,in each subject he fell just short of thehighest place. And so it is that Pro-fessor Donald E. Knuth suggests tohis students in an exercise in volumetwo of The Art of Computer Pro-gramming (see references) that theblanking of nonprimes begin with thesquare of the prime rather than primetimes 3. The C program in listing 11provides this optimization but usesmultiplication. This algorithm runs in15.2 seconds in BDS C. A similar pro-gram in Microsoft FORTRAN re-quires 11.9 seconds. It can also bedone without multiplication, asshown in a program (in FORTRAN)contributed by Mr. Marcus (listing12). This algorithm runs in 12.9seconds in both BDS C and MicrosoftFORTRAN.

Can we improve it further? Marcuspoints out that a great deal of workhas been done in devising linear algo-rithms for the sieve problem wherebyeach nonprime is removed only once.If this can be done without multipli-cation, significant improvement inexecution time could be achieved. Ifyou find a way, let us know.

Machine Code versus P-Code

It should be noted that two of thePascal compilers we concentrated onproduce object code and two pro-duce p-code (pseudocode), which isthen interpreted, usually at a slower

306 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Listing 12: An improved Sieve program in FORTRAN written by Charles Marcus. Thisprogram saves time by blanking out multiples of primes starting at the square of theprime and does not use multiplication.

C Charles Marcus' Fortran version without multiplicationinteger size,prime,countlogical flags(8191),lastdata size /8191/

write(1,10)

10 format (' 100 iterations')do 20 iter =1, 100

count = 0do 30 i = 1, size30 flags(i) = .true,

k = 4

last = .false,do 40 i = 1, size

if (.not. flags(i)) go to 50prime = i + i + 1count = count + 1C write(l,ll) prime

11 formal (lx,i6)

if (last) go to 40

do 60 j = k, size, prime60 flags(j) = .false.

50 if (last) go to 40

k = k + i + i+i + i + 4if (k .gt. size) last = .true.40 continue

20 continue

write(l,12) count

12 format (lx, i6, ' primes')end

speed for this type of program. Bothtechniques have their place. P-codeallows sophisticated features such astrue dynamic storage, unrestrictedrecursion,, and easier implementationon a variety of hardware but at theexpense of speed for most problems.Softech Microsystems' Z80 NativeCode Generator attempts a marriageof both methods. It processes a.CODE file from the p-code compiler,producing a second .CODE file thatcontains Z80 machine code whereverfeasible. It increased the executionspeed for the prime program by a fac-tor of nearly eight if range checkingwas turned off.

Another Benchmark

Since the Eratosthenes Sieve pro-gram does a lot of looping and arraysubscripting and is thus biasedstrongly toward machine-code com-pilers, we decided to compare thePascal and C compilers on anotherprogram that does a lot of file readingand writing and simple string process-ing. This second program is an ele-mentary wire-list program, which we

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310 BYTE January 1983

Circle 301 on inquiry card.

originally presented in an article inMicrosystems (Jan/Feb 1982, page66), titled "Use Your Computer toBuild a Computer."

The purpose of this program is toprepare a list of wires to connect thepins of the integrated circuit chipsand components of a given circuit. Todo this, the program takes as input alist of the pin numbers and corre-sponding signal names for each com-ponent of the circuit. The program'soutput, after it is sorted, is a list inwhich all of the pins with the samesignal name are grouped together.This grouping makes it very easy fora technician to connect these pins,whether by wire-wrap or printed-circuit board.

Listings 13 and 14 present the pro-gram in Pascal and C. The input fileused for the comparisons is the codedschematic for a Z80 processor board.(A copy of the input file is availablefrom the authors on 8-inch CP/Mdisk for $5 in case you need it forcomparisons with other languages orhardware.)

Performance of this program de-pends very much on the specific im-plementation of the run-time inter-face to the operating system. Buffersizes and blocking procedure arestrong influences, and so is any exist-ing fragmentation of the file system.We ran each test on a "clean" disk sothat seek-time differences would beminimal. Some changes from the list-ings had to be made for some of thecompilers. Transporting the programto the different C environments wasrelatively easy. Implementing thePascal program was considerablymore difficult because of differencesin string abilities and the widely dif-fering file input/output (I/O) pro-cedures. We have probably not takenbest advantage of every language'sI/O possibilities, and we did not at-tempt to write the Pascal program inadherence to "standard" Pascal,which has no strings, because all thecompilers tested have some type ofstrings available. The results of ourtesting are given in table 5 (on page323).

Opinions and Impressions

This article is not intended to be a

Text continued on page 320

Listing 13: The wire-list program in Pascal.

program wirelist;

Program to process a CP/M file in the form:

•SOCKET =ICTYPE

PIN-NO SIGNAL, PIN-NO SIGNAL,PIN-NO SIGNAL, ETC

The program asks the input file name. It then asks for an outoutbase file name, and produces 3 output files, named BASE.ERR,BASE.IC, and BASE.PAR, containing error messages, parts list, andparsed signal-pin list, respectively, the .PAR file, when sortedinto alphabetical order, becomes a network list which is usefulfor wire-wrap, PC layout, error checking, and documentation.

var

error :

boolean;

result

integer;

inname,

outname

: string;

infile

text;

errfile

: text;

icfile

text;

parsefile : text;

linenum

: integer;

term : char;

word : string;

socket,

1CS,

pinname

: string;

file }

ask for output file ]

file of input data }

base file name for output info }

where data comes from ]

where errors go }

where parts list goes }

where parsed output goes }

keeps track of line numbers on input

what terminated each word }

where getword puts the word it got I

where socket name goes }

string to save socket and ic type }

so it is }

procedure initfiles;var

dummy : string;begin

write('Input file name? *);

readln(inname);

assign(infile,inname);

reset(infile);

writeln;

write('Base name of output files: ');

readlri(outname);

assign(errfile,concat(outname,'.ERR'));

rewrite (errf j.le);

assign(icfile,concat(outname,'.IC'));

rewrite(icfile);

assign(parsefile,concat(outname,'.PAR'));

rewrite(parsefile);end;

procedure check_for_eoln;begin

if eoln(infile) thenlinenum := linenum + 1;end;

function start_of_word(c:char):boolean;begin

if (c = chr(13)) or (c = chr(9)) or (c = ' ') then

start_of_word := false { not start of word }

else

start_of_word := true; { it is start of word ]

end;

function end_of_word(c:char):boolean;begin

if (c = chr(13)) or (c = ' ') or (c = chr(9)) or (c = ',') then

end_of_word := true { it is end of word }

else

end_of_word := false; { not end of word }

end;

{ gets next word into global string word }

function getword:char;

var

i : integer;begin

while (not start_of_word(infile~)) and (not eof(infile)) do

begin Listing 13 continued on page 314

January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 311

Uommitment: ltd pi

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Listing 13 continued:

check_for_eoln;get(infile);end;if eof(infile) thengetword := chr(0)elsebegini := 1;repeat

word[i] := infile";i := i + 1;get(infile) ;checkfor_eoln;until (end_of_word(infile")) or (eof(infile));if eof(infile) thengetword := chr(0)else if eoln(infile) then

getword := chr(13) f return c/r for end of line

{ pass by spaces, tabs }

{ return end-of-file }

{ assemble the word now }{ build string }

"i

else

getword := infile"get(infile);word[0] := chr(i-l);end;

else return termination characterset string length }

{ ignore any word beginning with $ }{ if not end-of-file }

' "') then

end;

procedure process_pin;begin

if word[l] = '$' then

term := getword;if term <> chr(0) thenbegin

if (term = chr(9)) or (term = chr(13)) or (termbegin

pinname := word; { save pin name ]

term := getword; { read signal name }

if (term = *,*) or (term = chr(13)) or (term = chr(0)) then{ output completed line of signal, socket, pin }writeln(parsefile,word,' ',socket,' ',pinname)else

error := true { signal name must end in comma or c/r }endelse

error := trueend;end;

{ pin didn't end in tab, space or c/r

begin (* main program *)linenum := 1;initfiles;term ;= chr(l);error := FALSE;while term <> chr(0) dobeginrepeat

term := getword;until word[l] = '.';socket := word;ics := word;term := getword;

while (not error) and (term <> chr(0)) dobegin

if wordfl] = '=' then

ics := concat(ics,word)else if word[l] = '.' thenbegin

socket := word;writeln(icfile,ics);ics ;= word;endelse

process_pin;if term <> chr(0) then termend;

if error then beginwriteln('Error on line ', linenum);writeln(errfile, 'Error on line ',linenum);error := false; { set back to norma] for next try }end;en<3; Listing 13 continued on page 316

{ assign non-zero value to term

get next word into word 1

save IC socket name }also in another string }read pin name, probably 1

add IC type to socket stringnew socket name }

save new socket name }

save it here too 1

getword;

314 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Listing 13 continued:

writeln(icfile,ics); { write last of: carts list Iclose Unfile, result);close(errfile,result);close(icfile,result);close(parsefile,result);writeln('Finished');end.

Listing 14: The wire-list program in C.

/* Program to process a CP/M file in the form:.SOCKET =ICTYPE

PIN-NO SIGNAL, PIN-NO SIGNAL,PIN-NO SIGNAL, etc

If not supplied on the command line, the program asks for theinput file name. It then asks for an output base file name, andproduces 3 output files, named BASE.ERR, BASE.IC, and BASE.PAR,containing error messages, parts list, and parsed signal-pin list,respectively. The .PAR file, when sorted into alphabetical order,becomes a network list which is useful for wire-wrap, PC layout,error checking, and documentation.V

#define YES 1♦define NO 0♦define NULL 0

char error;

char

FILE

int

char

char

mainO

inname[20],outname[20]j*infile,*errfile,*icfile,♦parsefile;linenum;term;word[40],socket[40],ics[40],pinname[40];

error = NO;linenum = 1;InitFilesO;while (1) (do

/* name of input file */

/* base name of output files */

/* channel number of input file */

/* channel number of error file */

/* channel number of ic file */

/* channel number of parse file */

keeps track of line numbers on input file */

what terminated each word */

where getword puts the word it got */

where socket name goes */

string to save socket and ic type */

so it is */

/* open output files */

/>

/*/*/*/*/*

term = GetWbrd();while (*word != '.');strcpy(socket, word);strcpy(ics, word); /

do {

term = GetWbrd(); /if (*word = '=') /strcat(ics,word);else if (*word =='.') {

strcpy(socket, word);fprintf(icfile,"%s\n",strcpy(ics, word);

/* get next word into word *//* find first period *//* save ic socket name *//* also in ic string */

read pin name */

add ic type to */

/* socket string *//* new socket *//* save socket */ics);

/* process pin/signal pr */

else

ProcessPinO ;} while (lerror);

printf("Error on line %d\n", linenum);

fprintf(errfile, "Error on line %d\n", linenum);

error = NO; /* reset for next try */

/* ProcessPin - process next pin/signal pairProcessPinO

Listing 14 continued on page 318

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dUTIL

The dBASE II Utility Program

dUTIL is Fox & Geller's utility program fordBASE II. dUTIL decreases the runningtime of dBASE II command files. dUTILcombines your command filesautomatically to produce a faster runningtime.

When using dBASE II, you may oftenfind yourself writing the same instructionsover and over again. With dUTIL, you canput these instructions into a standard textfile using your favorite text editor or wordprocessor, and automatically use them inas many dBASE II command files as youwish.

When debugging a dBASE II commandfile with dUTIL, you can have all yourIF/END IF and DO/ENDDO sequencesautomatically indented and aligned so thatthey are readable. dUTIL will alsohighlight all dBASE II reserved words bysetting them to upper case.

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dBASE II is a trademark of Ashton-Tate WordStar and MailMerge is a registered trademark ot MicroPro InternationalQUICKCODE. dGRAPH. dUTIL dSCAN autoGRAPH are trademarks tor Fox & Geller

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Circle 175 on inquiry card.

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Listing 14 continued:

Circle 189 on inquiry card.

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if (*word = '$') /* ignore any word */

term = GetWordO ; /** starting with $ */switch (term) {case ' ':case '\t':case '\n':

strcpyfpinname, word); /* save pin name */term = GetWordO ; /* read signal name */switch (term) {case ',':case An':

fprintf(parsefile,"%s %s %s\n",word,socket,pinname);break;default:

error = YES;break;

default:

break;

error = YES;break;

/* InitFiles - open all the output files */

InitFilesO

{

char filename[20];

printf("Name of input file —>");

gets(inname);

if ((infile = fopen(inname, "r")) = NOLL) {

printf("Can't open %s\n", inname);

exit();

}

printf("Base name of output files —>");

gets(outname);

strcpy(filename, outname);

strcat(filename,".IC"); /* make .IC file */

if ((icfile = fopen(filename, "w")) = NULL) \

printf("Couldn't open %s\n", filename);

exitO;

}

strcpy(filename, outname);

strcat(filename,".ERR");

/* make .ERR file */

if ((errfile = fopen(filename, "w")) = NULL) \printf("Couldn't open %s\n", filename);exit();

}

strcpy(filename, outname);

strcat(filename,".PAR"); /* make .PAR file */

if ((parsefile = fopen(filename, "w")) = NULL) {

printf("Couldn't open %s\n", filename);

exit();

/* GetWord - gets next word into global string word */GetWordO

{

int i;int c;

c = getc(infile); /* get character from input file */while (!StartOfWOrd(c) && c != EOF) \ /* pass by white space */

ChkForNewLine(c);

c = getc(infile);

}

if (c =

= EOF)HandleEOFO;

i = 0;

/* assemb

do {

} whileword[i]

word[i++] = c;c = getc(infile);ChkForNewLine(c);(!EndOfWord(c));= '\0';

/* build string */

/* tack on end of string char */

Listing 14 continued on page 320

Circle 500 on inquiry card. *

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Listing 14 continued:

return (c);

/* return termination character */

/* ChkForNewLine - see if character is a newline. bump line counter */ChkForNewLine(c)char c;

if (c == '\n')

linenum++;

/* if new line character *//* bump line counter */

/* HandleEOF - take care of end of file condition */HandleBOFO

{

fprintf(iofile,"%s\n",ics)• /* write out last of parts list

fclose(infile); /* close input file */

fclose(icfile); /* close .IC file */

fclose(errfile); /* close .ERR file */

fclose(parsefile); /* close .PAR file */

printf("\nFinished\n");

exit(); /* go back to operatinq system */

/* StartOfWbrd - see if c is a start of word character */StartOfWbrd(c)char c;

t

switch (c) 1

case '\n':

case '\t':

case * ':

return (NO)•

break;default:

return (YES);

break;}

*/

/* not start of word char */

/* it IS a start of word char */

/* EndOfWbrd - see if c is an end of word character */

EndOfWbrd(c)

char c;

{

switch (c) {case *\n*:case '\t':case * ':case *,*:

return (YES); /* it IS an end of word char */

break;default:

return (NO); /* not an end of word char */

break;

gets(s)char s[] ;

int c;

while ((c = getcharO) != EOF && c != '\n')

*s++ = c;*s = '\0';

review of these languages and com-pilers. However, in the course of themany long hours of fussing with theseproducts trying to get them all to runthe programs, we developed somelikes and dislikes, which you may beinterested in knowing. They shouldbe regarded merely as opinions.

First, some observations about thePascal compilers. During the process

of getting these two programs (espe-cially the wire-list program) to run onthe Pascal compilers, our previousenthusiasm for Pascal has diminisheda bit. It is not as portable as we ex-pected. The language itself is basical-ly standard, but of the four types ofPascal compilers tested, no two ofthem handled file I/O in the samemanner. Pascal file I/O is clumsy at

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BYTE January 1983 321

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Pascal Compilers

Pascal/Z, Ithaca Intersystems, V4.0Pascal/MT + , Digital Research, V5.5JRT Pascal, JRT Systems, V2.0UCSD Pascal, Softech, IV.03

UCSD Pascal, Softech, IV. 1 with Z80 Native-Code GeneratorPascal/MT+ 86, 8-MHz 8086, Digital Research (floppy disk)

(hard disk)

C Compilers

C, Telecon Systems

C/80, The Software Toolworks, V2.0

CW/C, The Code Works, V1.0

BDSC, BD Software, V1.46

C, Supersoft, V1.1.0

Q/C, Quality Computer Systems, V2.0b

Aztec C, Manx Software, V1.04

C, Whitesmiths Ltd., V2.1

C, Infosoft Systems, V2.03

C86, Computer Innovations, V1.29B (8-MHz 8086)

•Failed to close output file. Estimated time.

Table 5: Performance of the Pascal and C compilers running a wire-list program that required file reading and writing and simplestring processing. Memory used includes necessary library routines and p-code interpreters.

Memory

Compile

Execution

Compiled

Used

Plus Load

Time

Bytes

(bytes)

(seconds)

(seconds)

2276

8052

141

34.0

1637

11,511

86

52.0

1410

24,194

70

171

2373

20,805

67

288

3398

21,830

185

287

2491

14,192

58.5

51.9

2491

14,192

50.2

15.1

1392

6948

169

22.8

1127

4434

67

24.2

1439

5393

125

24.2

1640

7132

37

26.5

1115

21,338

124

28.0

1068

8731

89

30.5

1279

4604

122

30.1

1366

21,813

296

40.1*

1518

10,918

176

54.0

1271

14,464

79

21.8

best, and that's one reason why theModula-2 language may catch on.

The Pascal documentation we re-ceived was generally complete butoverwhelmingly voluminous and, insome cases, difficult to read with100-plus loose-leaf pages. But thenPascal is a big language. Softech'sfour manuals were typeset and nicelybound. The Pascal/MT+ andPascal/Z manuals had invaluable in-dexes, which we used a lot.

We had few problems in getting thewire-list program to run with eitherPascal/MT + or Pascal/Z. On theother hand, we had a great deal oftrouble with both JRT Pascal andUCSD Pascal. We could not get thetext files in JRT Pascal to work andfinally had to resort to Binary filesand checking for end of file (EOF) andend of line (EOLN) directly. BothPascal/MT 4- and Pascal/Z provideda convenient means to set the lengthof a string arbitrarily whereas neitherof the other two did (it cannot bedone in JRT Pascal, and in order todo it in UCSD Pascal, you must turnrange checking off first). Though ar-bitrarily setting the length of a stringis not something you need to do a lot,it was absolutely necessary in orderfor this program to work.

We liked the C compilers much bet-ter. The file I/O was handled pretty

much the same with all compilers.The only differences were in the"getc" and "putc" functions. CP/Munfortunately uses a two-charactersequence (CR-LF) to indicate end ofline, and Unix uses the single charac-ter newline (LF). Because you might

The degree ofcompatibility among

the C compilers is

remarkable in that no

C standard exists.

occasionally need to fiddle with abinary file, having "getc" and "putc"ignore all CR bytes (hex 0D) is in-tolerable. To get around this, you cando one of three things: (1) providetwo separate "getc" and "putc"routines, (2) open the file in optionalBinary or Text mode and have theroutines remember which mode theywere in; or (3) consider all files to bein the Binary mode.

None of the compilers support theentire Unix Version 7 C language, butthat would be expecting a lot. Thedegree of compatibility that does existis remarkable since there is no C stan-dard. All the compilers support"argc" and "argv" and file redirectionin some way. The Aztec C compiler

supports "long," "float," and"double" types very nicely. OnlyWhitesmiths supports bit fields.

The libraries included with theSupersoft, BD Systems, and Azteccompilers were the most complete(Supersoft had just about all the func-tions one could want, including allthe various "printf" and "scanf"variations). Infosoft and BD Systemsprovided "long" and "float" opera-tions but only as function calls (no ex-pressions or data types). The Q/Ccompiler was the only one not to sup-port structures (a collection ofvariables grouped together under onename).

The fastest compiler was the BDSystems C compiler. (Most othercompilers were still chugging awaywhen this one had already gonethrough two compile passes and alink and was beginning execution.)

Turnaround Time

The complete production cycle(compile, test, edit, and compileagain) is an important considerationfor programming productivity, andwe think the compile-plus-load timesare significant, especially in a profit-oriented environment. Hardware im-provements such as hard disks anddisk-simulating memory can in-fluence this profoundly. But so can

Circle 524 on inquiry card.

January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 323

the software environment. Softech'sUCSD Pascal system and Digital Re-search's Speed Programming Packagefor Pascal/MT + both offer a well-integrated environment for programediting, which is tied closely with thecompiler and/or fast syntax checker.

Compiler Output

Most of the C compilers produceassembly language, which means an-other step is required to produce ma-chine language. Usually, this extrastep is a nuisance, but it is an advan-tage for incorporating machine-levelcode. This is probably the reasonwhy C is experiencing such a growthin popularity and portability becauseit is relatively easy to change code-generation tables for another type ofassembly language. Most of the Ccompilers can produce assembly lan-guage acceptable to the MicrosoftM80 assembler, which means there iscompatibility at the de facto industry-standard .REL level (.REL is theCP/M file extension for relocatable

code files). The BDS compiler is fastand generates relocatable code direct-ly, thus avoiding the assembly-lan-guage level entirely. But its output isnot .REL-compatible. 'Tis a pity!

JRT Pascal has a remarkably lowprice at $29.95. Whether or not that isa bargain depends on the application.

Programming in C is

fun, like driving a small

car: it feels zippy, but

beware of takingcorners on two wheels!

Because it is a p-code interpreter, it isslow, but that may not matter formany applications. For those whowant to learn Pascal with a minimuminvestment, it is an excellent value. Ifspeed is important, we think youshould look to a well-supportedobject-code compiler.

Frustrations and Kudos

We found Softech's UCSD P-sys-tem (p-code) difficult to bring up forthe first time via a CP/M bootstrap.The delivery system is evidently notintended for the end user, but ratherfor original equipment manufacturerswho will have a lot of customizing todo anyway. Support from Softech'sstaff was truly outstanding, however.

We didn't find as much to complainabout with the C compilers, exceptwe couldn't get Whitesmiths' version2.1 to close the wire-list files proper-ly. In fact, the execution time forWhitesmiths C in table 5 had to beestimated. The Whitesmiths peoplewere notified of the problem, butthey declined to send us a revised ver-sion of their compiler for testing. TheWhitesmiths compiler is very com-plete and provides a lot of flexibilityat each step in the compilation andlink process. But this process requiresfive separate programs to go fromsource code to executable code. Itsrobustness seems to make it very

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324 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE January 1983 325

large and slow (which may not be aproblem with a hard-disk system). It'sa professional's tool, like a Macktruck. It takes a long time to get itmoving and to stop, but it can carrythe freight. The language itself isessentially standard, but unfortunate-ly the function names in the libraryare quite atypical. For example, thecommand "printf" is missing, though"putfmt" is similar but with differentconversion specs, as in the following:

putfmt ("%i %p", x, str)

instead of

printf ("%d %s", x, str)

This kind of thing makes portabilityto and from other C systems moredifficult, especially to Unix-likesystems. Code generation, however,looked good.

The Aztec C compiler has virtuallyeverything except bit fields and in-cludes all the extended data types

such as unsigned, long, float, anddouble, which are missing from mostof the others. It also has full macrosubstitution in the preprocessor, andwe found it to have good source com-patibility with other C systems exceptfor the "getc/putc" problem withCP/M mentioned before (use "agetc"instead).

C/80 has unsigned numbers, typecasts, good debugging aids, and goodportability of source code to othersystems and is an all-around solidproduct and good deal at $49. Weespecially appreciated the trace andexecution-time-profiling utilities thatcame with C/80. With utility pro-gram CPROF you can see just howyour execution time is distributed andwhere the greatest potential is for im-provement.

Q/C has the advantage of comingwith the source code for the compiler(written in C of course), so you cansee what makes it tick and, in the pro-cess, really learn C.

We had available for test only two

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16-bit compilers (both for the 8086):Pascal/MT + 86 from Digital Re-search and C86 from Computer In-novations. Both ran the programswithout any changes on the first at-tempt. C86 seems to have all of thefeatures of Aztec C and is claimed tobe entirely source-level compatible. Ifso, C86 and Aztec C form a nice soft-ware bridge between the 8080 worldand the 8086 world. This is also truefor Pascal/MT + , by the way.

Computer Innovations has a codeoptimizer in the works, and DigitalResearch has a C compiler cooking.By the time you read this, severalmore exciting products will surely beavailable, especially for the C lan-guage, since this field is bursting withthe labors of love of some verytalented people who work with C allday, then go home at night and workwith it for fun.

The Joy of C

We're not knocking Pascal; itsplace in the world as a versatile andsafe language is quite secure. But Cwas more fun to work with. Pro-gramming in C is a bit like driving asmall car: it gets the job done quick-ly, briefly, and with a minimum of re-strictions. It feels zippy and maneu-verable. But you can get into a jam ifyou take too many corners on twowheels! When it won't run right it canbe puzzling until you see yourblunder, a blunder that Pascal mighthave warned you about. It is quitepossible to write clever, innovativecode that you may not understand sixmonths later. It is equally possible,however, to write clear, structured,well-documented code that is adelight to produce and read. Pleasedo so, by all means. ■

References

Gilbreath, Jim. "A High-Level LanguageBenchmark." BYTE, September 1981,page 180.

Gilbreath, Jim and Gary Gilbreath. "UseYour Computer to Build a Computer,"Microsystems, January/February 1982,page 66.

Knuth, Donald E. The Art of Computer Pro-gramming: Semi-Numerical Algorithms,Vol. 2 Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1969.

326 January ISM © BYTE Publications Inc

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Software Review

Whitesmiths C Compiler

Larry Reid and Andrew P. McKinlay

Datatec Computer Systems Ltd.

344 Second Ave. S

Saskatoon, Saskatchewan

S7K 1L1, Canada

C is a high-level structured language that offers a con-cise and regular syntax, along with great flexibility. Ageneral-purpose language, C's consistency makes it easyto use and remember. Its flexibility allows programmersto get very close to machine level when necessary, yet it

At a Glance

Name

Whitesmiths C compiler

Type

Compiler for the C programming language

Manufacturer

Whitesmiths Ltd.Building BParkway Towers485 U. S. Route I SIselin. NJ 08830(201) 750-9000

Price

$700, plus $50 media charge

Format

RK05 hard-disk packs. 9-track tape, RX0I 8-inch floppy-disks, andCP/M single-density single-sided 8-inch floppy disks

Computer

Versions of the compiler are available for the following operatingsystems and processors: CP/M and derivatives (for Intel's 8080 and8085, Zilog's Z80). Unix, Idris, RSX-11, RTI1, RSTS, IAS (LSI-11,PDP-I I), VMS (VAX-11), and Versados (Motorola 68000). TheCP/M version requires at least 60K bytes of memory.

Documentation

Two manuals

Audience

Serious programmers

still retains the features of a high-level language. It en-courages programmers to write modular programs, notby restricting them to certain language features but ratherby making modular programs a natural result of thinkingin C. Its modularity helps programmers when writinglarge applications programs, while its ability to get closeto the machine level also makes it an excellent systems-programming language. Listing 1 gives an example of aprogram written in Whitesmiths' flavor of C.

The definitive description of C is The C ProgrammingLanguage by Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie (seereference 2). This book contains a tutorial on C, the Creference manual, and many examples that demonstrateboth the C language and a good programming style. Thereference manual is the definition of the C language. Youshould have some knowledge of programming before youread this book. A good review of the C language ap-peared in Electronics magazine (see reference 3).

We have evaluated the Whitesmiths C compiler packageusing the following criteria: amount of language sup-ported, portability of the compiler and compiledprograms, ease of use of the compiler and compiled pro-grams, efficiency of the compiler and compiled programs,the support offered by Whitesmiths, and the cost of thepackage. (To prevent you from getting lost in the maze ofjargon, we have included a glossary of compiler terms—see the text box on page 334.)

Contents of the Package

Whitesmiths' products are available on RK05 hard-diskpacks, 9-track tape, RX01 8-inch floppy disks, and CP/Msingle-density single-sided 8-inch floppy disks. (We re-viewed the CP/M-disk version.) The documentation con-sists of two printed manuals, bound with plastic rings in-side a plastic cover.

The software itself comes in relocatable form, with an

330 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Listing 1: A sample C program that totals the number of lines, words, and characters that are input.

/* count lines, words, and chars, in input */

^include <std.h>

#define NEWLINE «\n'#define BLANK ' •//define TAB '\t'

main( )

{

TEXT c;

COUNT nl, nw, nc;

BOOL inword = NO;

nl = nw = nc = 0;while(E0F != (c = getch())){++nc ;if(c == NEWLINE)

++nl;if(c == BLANK !! c == NEWLINE || c == TAB)

inword = NO;else if(inword == NO){inword = YES;++nw;}}putfmt(n%± lines, %i words, %i chars.\n", nl, nw, nc);}

executable version of the linker. Before you can use anypart of the package, you must link the relocatablemodules with routines from the various libraries. This isa nuisance, but only a minor one, especially because itallows you to make changes to some aspects of White-smiths' programs relatively easily. Whitesmiths suppliessome submit files (i.e., files of CP/M commands) withthe CP/M version to do most of the work of linking theprograms.

Whitesmiths' C compiler package for CP/M systemscontains:

•pp, pi, and p2: the three passes of the compiler•an: a-natural assembler

• anat: a-natural translator

• ld80: CP/M link editor

• lib: a librarian program

• rel: a program for inspecting relocatable files

• clib: a portable subroutine library

• mlib: a machine-dependent subroutine library

• documentation

The Preprocessor pp

The first pass of the compiler is a macro processor(known as the preprocessor), called pp. It interprets cer-tain lines in a file as commands. These commands permit

332 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

definitions of symbols as other symbols (constants),definitions of parametized macroinstructions, conditional acceptance or rejection of lines in the input file, and inelusion of other files in a file.

From the C programmer's standpoint, these facilitiesare most useful. The definition of symbolic constantsmakes programs more readable and more easily modifi-able. For example, suppose the value —1 means end-of-file in some program. If you have to change the end-of-file value, you must recode each —1 individually to en-sure that you convert only —Is that mean end-of-file.This process is tedious and error prone. If, however, youcould define the symbol EOF to mean —1, then to changethe end-of-file value you need only rewrite the line defin-ing EOF as —1.

Macroinstructions can be used to implement sub-routines that do not have to worry about the type (i.e.,integer, long integer, floating point) of their arguments. Itis often convenient to put commonly used symbol andmacro definitions in one file and to use the preprocessorto include them with each C source file. For this purpose,Whitesmiths supplies a standard header file, called std.h.(See listing 1 for examples using some of the preprocessorfeatures.)

Because the preprocessor can evaluate simple condi-tions, lines may or may not be compiled, based on condi-

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tions existing at compile time. This is a convenient way ofturning on (or off) debugging output or of compilingseveral slightly different versions of the same program,pp is also useful by itself as a general macro processor foran assembler because none of its operations are inherent-ly dependent on C. It could be used, for example, as amacro processor for an assembler.

The Parser pi

The C parser, pi, analyzes a program syntactically,reports any errors, and passes flow graphs and parse treesto the code generator. Whitesmiths' parser accepts thefull set of C commands; including long integers (usually 4bytes), floating-point numbers, and structures.

The Code Generator p2

An assembly-code generator that creates an assembly-language program for the target machine, p2 is the onlytarget-machine-dependent program in the compiler itself.The CP/M version produces a-natural assembly code;a-natural is an assembly language for 8080-type pro-cessors.

Using assembly language as an intermediate form hasseveral advantages. The compiler-writer has a simplerinterface to many operating systems, because mostsystems have an assembler. You can inspect, or evenmodify, the assembly-language program. This optimiza-tion of code after compilation is a good way of obtainingprograms that are both fast and small. You let the com-piler do most of the work, and you can then do what op-timization is necessary.

The a-Natural Assembler an

The a-natural assembler for the 8080, an, wasdeveloped by Whitesmiths. For an assembly language,a-natural has a rather unique syntax. This syntax is sup-posed to make a-natural easier to read and write than or-dinary assembly language. (One of the authors, who hasno experience with 8080 assembly languages, findsa-natural easy to read, although we both fear that noassembly-language experience can make writing 8080code less than frustrating. See listing 2 for a comparisonof a-natural and standard assembly language.) The out-put of an is a relocatable object file, so an can be used asan assembler by itself.

The a-Natural Translator anat

anat translates a-natural assembly language to stan-dard assembly language that is accepted by either theISIS-II asm80 or the Microsoft Macro-80 assembler. It isuseful for interfacing C or a-natural programs to existing8080 code.

The 8080 Link Editor ld80

Relocatable object modules produced by an are linkedby ld80. It also produces an executable machine-languageprogram. The input routines may be from several files. Csupports (or rather, does not prevent) separate compila-tion of routines in one program. The linker loadsmodules from any library, if they are needed. By default,the CP/M version loads programs starting at locationhexadecimal 100 in memory. The user can specify a dif-ferent starting address and separate loading addresses for

A Glossary of Compiler Terms

Compiler writing has become a science. In developing this science, compiler authors have coined many terms or have given oldterms new meaning. Here is a glossary of some common compiler terms. Nonitalicized words are cross-referenced to other entriesin this glossary.

Code generator: The last pass of the compiler. It produceseither an assembly-language or relocatable machine-codeversion of the high-level program.

Compiler: A program or series of programs that takes a pro-gram written in a high-level language (e.g., C, PL/I,ALGOL) and translates it into a low-level language. Thislow-level language is usually, but not always, the assemblyor machine language of the host computer.

Compiler-compiler: A program to help write compilers. Ittakes a grammar for a language and generates a parser for acompiler.

Cross-compiler: A compiler that generates machine- orassembly-language programs for a computer other than thehost computer (e.g., a compiler running on a PDP-11 thatproduces machine code for an 8080).

Data Type: The logical class of a data item (variable). Somedata types are string, integer, and floating point.

Executable: An executable program is a program completelyready to run on a computer.

Flow Graph: A description of some properties of a program.

Grammar: A high-level description of the syntax, or con-struction rules, of a language.

Library: A special file that contains many useful, and usuallyrelated, modules or subfiles. The built-in subroutines of alanguage are commonly stored in a library.

Link Editor: See linker.

Glossary continued on page 338

334 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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INFORMA X is an Information Man-agement System which provides thestructure for information (data) organ-ization and filing to allow for quick,efficient storage and retrieval of thatdata. In effect, it provides the mostsophisticated framework for an ele-gant computer filing system. Tradi-tionally, database management sys-tems are structures designed to assistsystem programmers in their program-ming tasks. But the achievement ofINFORMA X is to provide a program-mer-less environment that allowseven first-time users to achieveprofessional results in creating pro-grams that store information, retrievethat information, and report on thatinformation in the formats the userpersonally desires. INFORMA Xuses neither "cryptic statements" nor"English type" statements and re-quires no "computereze", or othercomputer languages.

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Through the use of menu driven,screen oriented, tutorial responsetechniques the first-time computeruser can create, modify or customizeprograms. Through the innovativetemplate (screen) system, user ac-ceptance is immediate. Each of thesystem's five components: THE DATA-

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Glossary continued:

Linker: Also known as loader or link-editor. A program thattakes relocatable modules, combines them with any neededroutines from available libraries, and produces an executableprogram.

Loader: See linker.

Macroinstruction: A macroinstruction (or simply a macro) isa predefined piece of text that may be inserted as a block intosome other text. Frequently used pieces of code are oftenmade into macros; instead of writing out the code each time,the programmer only has to name the macro. Macros mayhave arguments much like subroutines; however, a macro isnot the same as a subroutine. Many general assembly-language books discuss macros.

Module: A piece of code. Usually refers to a block ofmachine code.

Object Module: A module of machine code. The code isusually in relocatable form.

Parser: The first or second pass, or program (seepreprocessor,), of a compiler. It produces flow graphs andparse trees: to be passed on to the code generator.

Parse Trees: A description of some properties of a program.

Preprocessor: // present, it is the first pass of the compiler.Typical duties of the preprocessor include macro expansion,textual substitution, and passing or not passing lines to theoutput depending on some conditions.

Relocatable Module: A relocatable module is an object modulewhere one or more memory references have not been defined(e.g., the destination of a jump or the address of a variablehasn't been defined). Using a linker, a relocatable module canbe made into an executable module that can run anywhere infree memory.

Semantics: The meaning of a program.

Syntax: The structure of a language.

instructions and data (useful for programs that will beput into read-only memory).

The Librarian lib

The lib program maintains files, known as libraries,that contain many other files. The user can create, addto, and delete from libraries and can extract names andcopies of modules in the library. Its primary use is inmaintaining libraries of compiled subroutines that maybe connected by the linker.

The Portable Library clib

Whitesmiths standard subroutine library, clib, con-tains subroutines callable from C and a-natural routines.In clib are various routines to do I/O (input/output),string handling, memory management, number-to-textand text-to-number conversions, and a convenient sort-ing routine. The CP/M-dependent clib has a routine toallow direct CP/M system calls from C programs. Table1 lists some of the routines found in clib.

The Machine Library mlib

The machine-dependent mlib library of routines booststhe power of the 8080. Most of these routines do arith-metic on various types of numbers such as integer, longinteger, and floating point.

Documentation

A set of manuals comes with the compiler. Thesemanuals cover all the programs and routines in the pack-age. They do not cover the C language itself in any detail.Kernighan and Ritchie's The C Programming Language isnot included in the package but is available from White-smiths. You should also be able to find the book at yourlocal computer shop or at a university bookstore.

Use

Each program compiled with Whitesmiths C can berun under CP/M by simply typing its name. You maygive additional strings on the command line to be passedto the program as arguments. The program may interpretthese arguments as flags or file names. Flags specify op-tional actions or values for the program. For example, theflag most commonly used by CP/M users directs thenontext output of some of the programs to a file otherthan the default. In all cases, the program supplies areasonable default value.

Most of Whitesmiths' programs, and all programs nor-mally compiled under it, support the notion of com-mand-line I/O redirection. This is an incredibly simpleand powerful tool that allows most normal programs toread and write disk files, I/O devices, or the terminal inthe same manner and without changing the program atall. (See the accompanying text box about I/O redirec-tion on page 342.)

A CP/M submit file (command file) for operating thecompiler is part of the package. This submit file runs eachpass of the compiler and assembles and links a single Csource file. C permits, and even encourages, separatecompilation of each file that makes up a program; how-ever, this submit file is inadequate. Also, each pass of thecompiler can take some flag values from the commandline to specify optional actions for that pass. The submit-file mechanism does not allow the user to convenientlyset these flags. (We wrote a program to drive the variouspasses of the compiler, the assembler, the librarian, andthe linker so that a one-line command can perform a largenumber of operations, with a clean, concise, and consis-tent syntax. This driver program makes using the com-piler much easier.)

338 January 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc

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Listing 2: A comparison ofa-natural with assembly language. Inthis example, both programs are a code sequence for subtractingtwo 16-bit integers, one at location x, and the other at location4 + de.

a-natural

a = «(bc=&X) - «(hl=4+de) -> «bc =

«(bc+1) -A *(hl+1) -> «bc

assembly languageLXI B,X

LDAX B

LXI H,4

DAD D

SUB M

STAX B

INX BLDAX BINX HSBB MSTAX B

Library of Subroutines

alloc allocate space on the heap

cmpstr compare two strings for equality

cpm do CP/M and CDOS system calls

cpystr copy multiple strings

decode convert arguments to text under format control

encode convert text to arguments under format control

errfmt format output to error file

exit terminate program execution

fill propagate fill character in buffer

free free space on the heap

frelst free a list of allocated cells

getfiles collect files from command line

getflags collect flags from command line

getfmt format input from standard input

instr find first occurrence in string of characters in set

isalpha test for alphabetic character

isdigit test for digit

islower test for lowercase character

isupper test for uppercase character

iswhite test for whitespace character

lenstr find length of string

lower convert characters in buffer to lowercase

max find maximum of two numbers

min find minimum of two numbers

notstr find first occurrence of character not in set

onexit call function on program exit

prefix test if one string is a prefix of the other

putfmt format arguments to standard output

putstr copy multiple strings to file

remove remove a file

scnstr scan string for character

sort sort items in memory

squeeze delete character from buffer and compress

tolower convert character to lowercase if necessary

toupper convert character to uppercase if necessary

uname create a unique file name

Table 1: Some of the routines supplied by Whitesmiths in thesubroutine library clib.

Language Completeness

Whitesmiths' compiler compiles the full standard Clanguages as defined in Kernighan and Ritchie's book.We found only a few very minor syntactic differences,and Whitesmiths' compiler recognizes a few extensions tothe standard. Anyone who has used or is using Unix ver-sion 7 C will probably notice no difference at all.

Portability

Whitesmiths' compilers run on a number of operatingsystems and processors (see At a Glance text box). Withinthis family of compilers, a few possible portability prob-lems remain:

1. The processor influences the size of an integer foreach compiler. The 8080-family processors (i.e., theLSI-11, the PDP-11, and the MC68000) have 16-bitintegers; the VAX machine has a 32-bit integer.

2. The host operating system influences the length of,and legal characters in, external identifiers (i.e., sub-routine names and global variables).

3. The 8080 does not necessarily compare 16-bit quanti-ties correctly. Therefore, the results of a comparisoncan differ between an 8080 and a PDP-11. (We haveyet to encounter this problem in actual use.)

Of course, if you insist on writing programs that useabsolute memory locations, operating system calls, orother machine-dependent features, expect portability tosuffer. Whitesmiths' documentation has a section full ofhints to help you write more portable programs.

Ease of Use

The submit file supplied by Whitesmiths to drive thecompiler is adequate for most small programs, but it's in-flexible and inadequate for larger programs. Were White-smiths' programs not so easy to use individually, it wouldhave been very difficult to build the driver program men-tioned earlier. (This is a good illustration of the idea ofsoftware tools. That is, the idea is to write programs sothat they communicate with other programs in a stan-dard way. For further information, see reference 1.)

Programs compiled by Whitesmiths' compiler are easyto use because the command-line arguments and I/O re-direction facilities encourage the programmer to writeprograms with an intelligent interface to the user. Thesubroutine library contains some very useful routinesthat can make the programmer's task quite a bit easier,depending on the application. (See table 1.)

While explaining the ease of use of the C language itselfis beyond the scope of this article, we will make the boldstatement (without giving any support for our position)that C is the best general-purpose programming lan-guage. The portable library also contains many otheruseful routines. We make extensive use of it.

Efficiency

We'll discuss the classic definitions of efficiency: speedand object-code size. The compiler, assembler, and linker

340 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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I/O Redirection

To some degree or another, all C programs operate withcertain I/O conventions. The primary notion is the conceptof standard I/O locations. Most C programs write their out-put to "the standard output," which, by default, is the ter-minal. However, with a little hit of wizardry on the com-mand line, this output can be sent to a disk file, device, orI/O port. Similarly, most C programs will read from "thestandard input." This too is, by default, the terminalkeyboard. Again, this can be redirected at run time, so that aprogram that normally reads from the terminal can also readfrom a disk file or device.

How to Redirect

The wizardry is the command-line notation. The >(greater-than symbol) means "send the output to whatever isnamed next on the command line." The < (less-than symbol)means "take input from whatever is named next on the com-mand line." For example, pr, a program to print sourcelistings, writes its output to the standard output. To send itsoutput to a printer on a CP/M system:

pr filel.c filel.c >lst:

while to send it to a disk file:

pr filel.c filel.c >b:files.out

We liked this feature; it allows you to string several pro-grams together to perform complex tasks. A more esoteric,but perhaps more powerful, use of this feature is the follow-ing case: suppose you have to do the same series of editorcommands on several files. Simply create a file, let's call it

script, that contains the editor commands for each file. Thisis often easier to do than typing each command because mosteditors have a copy facility. When this is done, type:

ed < script

and go get a cup of coffee. All the editing is done auto-matically for you.

There is abo a standard place where error messages arewritten. It is always the terminal and is not redirectable. Inthis way, a program may write error messages even if thebulk of the output is being redirected.

Why Redirect?

Redirectable output is a very powerful tool. It means thatthe same program can write to a file, a device such as aprinter, or to the terminal with no change to the programitself. It encourages programmers to write well-defined pro-grams with clean interfaces. Simple programs with simpleinterfaces may be strung together by having one programwrite its output to a file, and then having another programuse that file as input, and so on. Users of the Unix operatingsystem can create pipelines like this without intermediateholding files. You can save a lot of time and money by doingnew things with old programs instead of writing new pro-grams that work in only one specific case.

The definitive work on the subject of software tools is thebook Software Tools by Kemighan and Plauger. (Seereference 1.) They discuss the concept of stringing togetherprograms in depth, and they present many programs thathave proved themselves to be good building blocks.

are quite large on the 8080—between 30K bytes and 50Kbytes. A full 64K-byte CP/M system is almost a require-ment to run the compiler. For CP/M users, you almostcertainly need two 5Vi-inch double-density drives or an8-inch drive. The compiler itself runs relatively fast: alarge C file (200 lines) can be compiled and assembled in aminute or two on a 4-MHz Z80A. The link times, how-ever, are another story. Most C programs take 2 to 5minutes to link; really large ones approach 10 minutes oflink time. It's great for catching up on your reading, but,more often than not, it's annoying.

The compiled programs are fast. The figures in table 2were given in The C Letter (see reference 5) for a bubblesort of a 256-integer descending-order vector, intoascending order on a Texas Instruments 3-MHzTMS-9900 processor. As table 2 illustrates, C's reputa-tion for speed is not unsupported.

The object-code size of a normal C program underCP/M is relatively large. This is because so much (i.e.,I/O redirection, argument passing, etc.) must be done ineach program. There is no free lunch: if you want thesefacilities, the code for them has to be somewhere. All isnot lost, however. If you do not want or need I/O

redirection or command-line arguments, the processingcan be bypassed relatively easily by using a methoddescribed in Whitesmiths' documentation. This may saveyou about 4K bytes of object code, depending on thelibrary routines your program uses. For example, thefollowing program is 6K bytes long:

main( ){}

This program is 2K bytes and does no argument handlingor I/O redirection:

main( )

A rewriting of the assembler output by an experiencedassembler programmer can usually result in a 15-percentdecrease in code size; a careful rearrangement and rewrit-ing of the whole program from scratch by the same pro-grammer may save another 15 percent. (Note this does

342 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Language

Pascal P4

Pascal Birch-Hansen

BASIC Interpreter

BASIC Compiler

fig-FORTH

PUI

Whitesmiths C

Whitesmiths C (using pointers)

Time (Seconds)

29292401225

3

3

2

Table 2: The results of a bubble sort of a 256-integerdescending-order vector into ascending order show the speedof Whitesmiths C.

not imply that an assembler programmer will always winby 30 percent.) Compilers, unlike humans, do not gettired and do not usually make mistakes. With the cost ofprogrammers going up and the cost of memory goingdown, the savings of writing in C can only increase.

Support

The support we have received from Whitesmiths hasbeen good. The company has patiently and courteouslylistened to us and allowed us to speak our piece. The CLetter, produced three times a year, is a good forum forusers of Whitesmiths C products. A users group is alsobeing formed.

The documentation is excellent. The manuals offer aclear and concise description of their subject matter.They're well organized, so it's relatively easy to find whatyou're looking for. We have found only a few bugs in thedocumentation. Our sole complaint about it is the bind-ing. The two manuals are bound in plastic rings with aplastic cover. This type of binding is relatively cheap andclumsy, and we immediately put one copy of the docu-mentation into loose-leaf binders. This is still not idealbecause the holes for the original binding do not line upwith a loose-leaf binder and, as a result, the pages tear

and come loose. It is somewhat annoying that otherwiseexcellent documentation is packaged in a relatively un-usable form, especially when so much impractical docu-mentation is packaged very smartly.

Price

This compiler is expensive. The cost is currently about$700. Why pay so much? One must weigh the costs andbenefits. The salaries of two people for one week almostmake the difference between Whitesmiths C and anotherleading C compiler and more than cover the differencebetween Whitesmiths C and most Pascals. We feel weeasily saved that one week's pay in the first month wehad the compiler.

Conclusions

Whitesmiths' C compiler compiles the full standard Clanguage and is highly portable, as are the programs writ-ten under it. It is easy to use and supports command-lineI/O redirection. The linker is slow, but most compiled Cprograms are quite fast. The support available and thedocumentation are good. The complete Whitesmiths Ccompiler package is quite expensive, but we feel that it isa wise investment for any serious programmer or pro-gramming shop.*

References

1. Kernighan, Brian W. and P.J. Plauger. Software Tools.Addison-Wesley, 1976.

2. Kernighan, Brian W. and Dennis M. Ritchie. The C Program-ming Language. Prentice-Hall, 1978.

3. Krieger, M. S. and P. J. Plauger. "C Language's Grip on Hard-ware Makes Sense for Small Computers." Electronics, May1980, page 129.

4. Thompson, K. L. "The Unix Timesharing System." CACM, July1974, page 365.

5. Whitesmiths Ltd. The C Letter. April 1981, volume 2, number 2.

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A few words on the system: a DBMS is a program thataccepts data in a format that you define, processes it asyou request, and then outputs the data in the report for-mat of your choice. Reports may take such forms astables, checks, receipts, invoices, and appointment lists.

Structured Systems Group states that Analyst is de-signed to "keep customer and employee records, salesstatistics, inventory lists, stock portfolios, schedules,name and address lists, student grades, class enrollmentrecords, book and record collections, plus many more."For many limited tasks of this kind, Analyst alone wouldbe adequate. For most applications, however, you willneed both Analyst and Qsort.

Documentation

Two users manuals accompany Analyst. The first, 66pages long, offers a clear and detailed description of howto generate a program to record the activities of fivesalespeople. It includes computations of commissions,subtotals, and totals as well as the formulation and print-ing of a tabular report. Each required keyboard entrycommand is listed, along with the video-terminal displayit produces. A second Analyst manual containing 149pages presents information that supplements the first.Both manuals give detailed instructions for using theCP/M operating system commands that are required tosupport Analyst.

Structured Systems' outstanding documentation makeslearning to use the program relatively easy. Even the

complex section on report generation is intelligible. (In-cidentally, of the six DBMS programs I have reviewed inrecent months, only this documentation is relatively freeof typographical errors.)

To turn to Qsort for a moment, most of the instruc-tions for its use appear in the larger Analyst manual, buta separate 22-page manual offers additional details aboutusing Qsort to sort files that were not produced byAnalyst.

Unfortunately, the three manuals lack indexes, whichwould facilitate finding and reviewing descriptions of anyprogram function covered in more than onemanual.(Unless otherwise noted, "Analyst" or "DBMS"will refer to the combination of Analyst and Qsort for theremainder of this review.)

Operation

Analyst is written in CBASIC, a compiler and inter-preter from Digital Research. The CBASIC compiler con-verts a programmer's high-level statements (source code)to nonexecutable intermediate code. When the programis run, the compiler translates the intermediate code intoexecutable form. Because the Analyst package includesboth the intermediate code for the program and theCBASIC interpreter, you don't need to purchase CBASICor compile the program.

Analyst runs under CP/M version 1.4 or 2.xx and re-quires 48K bytes of RAM (random-access read/writememory) and at least one disk drive that can store 300Kbytes. The parameter file can be modified so the programwill run on microcomputers with less than 48K bytes ofRAM, but a dealer should do this for you before you buythe package.

You will need a display of at least 16 lines by 64 col-umns, but a 24 by 80 format will improve operation. Aprinter with a formfeed and 80-column print capability is

346 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Standard features & Options: All QT mainframes are built on a strong steel chassis with sturdy heavygauge aluminum covers. Heavy duty power supplies have individually fused outputs and are shielded byan EMI/RFI filter & line surge protector. Standard I/O cutouts include provision for 16 DB 25's, 1 DC 37. 2DA 15's, Centronics parallel, 134 pin and 2 50 pin IDC ribbon cable connectors. Filtered positive pressurecooling fan Twin AC outlets provide convenient connecfion for and control over printer and terminal.Standard colors are charcoal/light grey to match Televideo terminals Optional colors include brown/tanand federal spec ivory at extra charge. Constant voltage power available on most models—add$100.00. EIA rack mount rails available on some units—add $95.00. Complete OEM customizationavailable on orders of 10 or more units. Contact factory tor details and pricing.

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any goods This facilitates our quick attendance to faulty goods We reserve the right to repair or return to the manufacturer tor repair all goods becoming faulty within the specified warranty period"Any goods (hardware or software) returned for restocking are sub|ecl to a '0°o restocking fee at our discretion No returns on game software We accept no responsibility for any false claims madebv manufacturers Prices quoted for stock on hand and subject to change without notice Specialists in APO and international deliveries "lease add 2°= (minimum S3 00) for shipping APO add to allprices 5°=. tor shipping (minimum $5 00) Please allow 10 working days plus mail time (if an order is mailed in for receipt of an UPS delivered goods All goods (other than APO or international) deliveredUPS ground

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Circle 116 on inquiry card.

At a Glance

Name

Analyst and Qsort

Type

Database management system (DBMS)

Manufacturer

Structured Systems Group Inc.5204 Claremont Ave.Oakland. CA 94618(415) 547-1567

Price

Analyst: $250; Qsort: $100Total: $350

Format

IBM soft-sector 8-inch single-density floppy disk; 5'/4-inchMicropolis double-density, North Star DD, Zerox, Toshiba, Sharp,HP-125. Some other formats through dealers.

Software Required

CP/M operating system, version 1.4 or 2.xx. Analyst and Qsortare furnished in compiled intermediate code accompanied by arun-time interpreter.

Language

CBASIC

Computer System

Any microcomputer with at least 48K bytes of RAM and at leastone 300K-byte disk drive. A 16-line by 64-column display; 24 linesby 80 columns improves operation. Printer required, preferablywith 132-column print capability.

Documentation

Three manuals: one 149 pages, one 66 pages (Analyst); one 22pages (Qsort)

Audience

Anyone who owns a microcomputer

essential. Because many program printouts require it, a132-column printer is desirable.

At the start of Analyst, you designate the appropriateCBASIC run-time interpreter (for CP/M version 1.4 or2.xx) and then specify either a 24-line by 80-column or16-line by 64-column display. The program retains theseselections, and you don't have to reenter them unless youmake changes in your computer system. Next, the pro-

* CelebrateWith Us

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gram asks for the date, and you have the option of enter-ing it or hitting a carriage return to save time.

A Sample Application

I developed a stock-market record-keeping program asa learning exercise and so that I could demonstrate someof the program's functions. The program, called STOCK,computes stock rates of return and provides informationthe Internal Revenue Service requires for income-tax re-porting. The stock-market file consists of five records,each including all the descriptive items (called fields) ofinformation about one stock. Listing 1 shows the specifi-cation for the stock-market record file that I developedfor STOCK. Analyst records can have up to 50 fields, butrecord length is limited to 255 characters (bytes). Thetotal number of records possible is determined by thestorage available on the system disks.

The first step in developing the stock-record program isdefining the input data format. To do this, select the com-mand DEFINE A DATA FILE from the menu. Analystasks for the total number of fields in one record and thenbrings up each number field in sequence. Each number isaccompanied by a program prompt asking the user tospecify the length and data type of each field. Fields maybe designated as numeric, integer, alphanumeric, or date.Alphanumeric fields can be up to 132 characters (num-bers, letters, or spaces) in length. Numeric fields (decimalnumbers) and integer fields (whole numbers) can be up to14 characters (bytes) in length. Dates are stored as 6characters.

To edit the file specification, you enter information se-quentially in each field in the record and then go back tothe beginning and display each field again to make anycorrections. In other words, Analyst lacks a full-screenediting capability. After you complete the file specifica-tion, Analyst will print it, but you must have a 132- col-umn printer. If you are using an 80-column printer, allcharacters in excess of 80 will overprint at the beginningof the line.

350 January 1983 © BYTE Publicaeions Inc

Circle 241 on inquiry card.

If a mananswers, don'thangup.

It's us.

Software Distributors.

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Circle 374 on inquiry card.

BYTE January 1983 351

Listing 1: A completed file specification under the Analyst program. The uppermost section contains general features including filename, record descriptions (in this case, information about stocks), the number of data items (fields) in the record, and the total lengthof each record (all the fields together pertaining to one stock). The bottom section gives a number and name for each field, its positionin the record (number of bytes into the record to where the field begins), its length, and its type.

ANALYST FILE SPECIFICATION

FILE DEFINITION FILE NAME:

STOCK.FIL

DATA FILE NAME:

ST0CK.DAT

DATA FILE DRIVE:

B

DATA FILE DESCRIPTION:

STOCK RECORDS

NUMBER OF ITEMS:

14

RECORD LENGTH

94

RECORD SPECIFICATIONS

ITEM NO ITEM NAME

ITEM POSITION ITEM LENGTH ITEM TYPE

1

DATE PURCHASED

2

COMPANY

3

NUMBER OF SHARES

4

DIVIDEND

5

COST PER SHARE

6

NET COST

7

COMMISSION

8

TOTAL COST

9

PER CENT RETURN

10

DATE SOLD

11

GROSS SALE PRICE

12

COMMISSION

13

NET SALE PRICE

14

NET GAIN OR LOSS

1

6

DATE

7

8

ALPHA

15

6

INTEGER

21

6

NUMERIC

27

6

NUMERIC

33

7

NUMERIC

40

6

NUMERIC

46

7

NUMERIC

53

6

NUMERIC

59

6

DATE

65

7

NUMERIC

72

6

NUMERIC

78

7

NUMERIC

85

7

NUMERIC

2 DIGITS TO RIGHT OF DECIMAL2 DIGITS TO RIGHT OF DECIMAL2 DIGITS TO RIGHT OF DECIMAL2 DIGITS TO RIGHT OF DECIMAL2 DIGITS TO RIGHT OF DECIMAL2 DIGITS TO RIGHT OF DECIMAL

2 DIGITS TO RIGHT OF DECIMAL2 DIGITS TO RIGHT OF DECIMAL2 DIGITS TO RIGHT OF DECIMAL2 DIGITS TO RIGHT OF DECIMAL

Next, you enter the data for each stock-market transac-tion. To do so, select from the menu the commandCREATE OR MODIFY A DATA FILE. Analyst sequen-tially brings up each data-field label as you earlierspecified it. Then you type in the descriptive items (fielddata) for each stock purchase. Again, Analyst does nothave full-screen editing capability, so you must return tothe beginning of the record and display each field sequen-tially, making corrections as you go.

Analyst assigns a record number to each record as it isentered. When you are in the EXTRACT mode, you canretrieve and display records by specifying the number ofthe desired record. You can also sort the file using a keyfield of your choice and then retrieve a record by enteringthe value of the key field in the desired record. For exam-ple, I sorted the STOCK files in ascending alphabeticalorder on the COMPANY field. After selecting the EX-TRACT mode from Analyst's menu, I entered EAL(Eastern Air Lines), and Analyst found and displayed allfields of the first record that had EAL in the COMPANYfield. I could have continued and displayed the nextrecord in the file by hitting the Return key.

Listing 2 is a sample report produced by Analyst fromdata in the STOCK data file. The best way to establish a

report format is to use graph paper. You can specify thelocations of the headings and the field data that go in thebody of the report by entering the line number and thenumber of columns from the left margin for each headingand data item. There may be as many as five rows foreach record. This allows you to generate mailing labels,which will be printed in a format that is one column wide(unfortunately, this is not as fast or inexpensive as print-ing multiple-column labels).

As many as five fields of one record may be designated"accumulators." You can use two other fields to performmathematical operations ( + , —, /, *), and the result willbe deposited in the accumulator. In the STOCK example,field 9 (% RETURN) and field 14 (NET GAIN OR LOSS)are designated accumulators. Whenever the STOCKreport is requested, the amount in the DIVIDEND field isdivided by the amount in COST/SHARE and the quo-tient is printed in the % RETURN location. The TOTALCOST is subtracted from the NET SALE PRICE, and thedifference is printed in the GAIN OR LOSS position.

You can designate additional accumulators to add datafor subtotals or totals desired. For example, the field datain the two IBM stock records NET G OR LS could have

Text continued on page 358

352 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE January 1983 355

Listing 2: A report generated by Analyst. Following instructions from the user, Analyst extracted this data from records of stocktransactions. See listing 1 for specifications of the stock records.

COMMON STOCK BALANCE SHEET

DATE PUR-COMPANY # SHARES—DIVIDEND—COST/SHARE—NET COST—COMMIS —

TOTAL COST—% RET DATE SLD- GROSS SP COMMIS NET SP NET G OR LS

12/17/30 EAL

100. $ 1.00 $ 12.00 $1,200.00 $ 50.00

$1,250.00 8.33 % 08/04/81 $1,092.00

.0.00

$1,042.00 $ -208.00

03/05/79 EXON # 100. $ 3.30 $ 27.50 $2,750.00 $ 76.00

$2,816.00 12.00 % 03/04/81 $4,300.00 $ 76.00 $4,224.00 $ 1,408.00

12/17/80 FORD MTR # 100. $ 1.25 $ 18.62 $1,862.20 $ 49.00

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11/P8/79 IBM fl 20. $ 8.50 $150.00 $3,000.00 $ 45.00

$3,045.00 5.67 % 03/07/81 $2,850.00 $ 45.00 $2,805.00 $ -240.00

01/10/81 IBM | 50. $ 8.50 $145.00 $7,250.00 $ 99.00

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Listing 3: Completed file specification for the CBASE file used to time the performance of Analyst. The file specification follows thesame general rules explained in the caption for listing 1. The data in the file, consisting of 2000 records, was generated by a CBASICprogram. The STOCK NUMBER field contains random integers in the range 10,001 to 99,999. TYPE contains integers in the range4000 to 8000, stepped by 2. QUANTITY also has random integers, this time ranging from 20,000 to 30,000. BASE METAL holdsmixed alphanumeric data. The file exceeds 40K bytes.

ANALYST FILE SPECIFICATION

FILE DEFINITION FILE NAME:DATA FILE NAME:DATA FILE DRIVE:DATA FILE DESCRIPTION:NUMBER OF ITEMS:RECORD LENGTH

CBASE.FILCBASE.INPB

CONVERTED CBASIC FILE420

RECORD SPECIFICATIONS

ITEM NO ITEM NAME

ITEM POSITION ITEM LEN6TH ITEM TYPE

1 STOCK NUMBER

2 TYPE

3 QUANTITY

4 BASE METAL

Text continued from page 352:

been subtotaled, then all the NET G OR LS data totaledafter each page. The results of mathematical operationsappear only on the printed report and do not modifystored field data. To change stored data one record at atime, you use the edit function. To modify fields globally(all or selected fields of all records in the entire file) youcan "extract" field data from the STOCK data file, pro-cess it, and deposit it in a new file. The new file isgenerated in the same manner as the STOCK illustration,but it is assigned a different file name. You can makelogical selections (extractions) by choosing one of thefollowing:

• RANGE—Does the field value fall within a range ofalphanumeric or numeric values?

• MATCH—Does the field value equal the value youspecify?

• NOT RANGE—Does the field value fall outside a rangeof values?

• NOT MATCH—Field data not equal.

In the case of the STOCK file, you can, for example, re-quest Analyst to MATCH COMPANY to EAL within aDATE PURCHASED RANGE of 01/01/80 to 01/01/81and in the COST/SHARE NOT RANGE from $15 to$1000. Because all these comparisons are true for the EALstock in our example, the EAL stock will be selected. Us-ing the same approach, you can then write this or anyother selected stock(s) to a new file. Analyst lets you useas many as 10 selection screens in one command string.After selection, the stock's field data can be

1610

INTEGERINTEGERINTEGERALPHA

mathematically manipulated before it is deposited in thenew file. You can use the same technique to select groupsof records for display. With the CP/M command ControlP (holding down the Control key and simultaneouslydepressing P), you can print selected records.

To assess Analyst's performance a second time, I useda file called CBASE, which contains 2000 records (seelisting 3 for a program listing of the CBASE file specifica-tions). Files generated by CBASIC can be transferred toAnalyst data files and vice versa.

STOCK NUMBER contains random integers from10,001 to 99,999. TYPE contains integers from 4000 to8000, stepped by two (4000, 4002, etc.). QUANTITY hasrandom integers from 20,000 to 30,000. BASE METAL ismixed alphanumeric data. Containing more than 40Kbytes, this file is large enough to provide an indication ofhow this DBMS performs with files of moderate size, butthe tests are not comprehensive enough to be consideredbenchmarks. I ran timing tests on a Dynabyte 8/2 micro-computer. Table 1 shows the results.

The times in table 1 show that Analyst is very fast forsome functions. Single-record find and display times areoutstanding. Program module load and run times are justacceptable but are long enough to mandate entering orretrieving "batch" data (a number of records at one time)to minimize the effect of the wait periods between dif-ferent program functions.

Summary

Although load times for the program modules areslower than machine-language programs, this is not a

358 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Analyst Program Modules

Load Analyst until main menu appears

(CP/M previously loaded)Go from main menu to start of

report printingGo from main menu to data entryReturn to main menu from data entryEnter 50 new CBASE recordsSort 2050-record CBASE on one fieldFind single record by key searchFind single record by recordSearch 2050-record file for logical selections

If desired records at start of file

If desired records at end of filePrint a report

Load Analyst to main menu

Select REPORT on menu until ready to print(plus actual print time; depends onspeed of printer and size of report)Return to main menu after printing

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Table 1: Timings of Analyst in use. Analyst was running ona Dynabyte 8/2 microcomputer. The data processed camefrom the CBASE file specified in listing 3. That file containsmore than 40K bytes of data. These tests, while they give arough idea of Analyst's performance, are not comprehensiveenough to be considered benchmarks.

360 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

limiting factor for many applications. The program canselect and display or print records from the database veryquickly and so compares favorably with DBMS pro-grams that cost two to three times more than Analyst.Newcomers to computing will have no difficultygenerating programs to perform these functions.

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Analyst's documentation is excellent, and anyone witha reasonable amount of programming experience willhave little difficulty. Beginners, however, will need help.

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Hardware Review

The Timex/Sinclair 1000

Billy Garrett

POB 18806

Greensboro, NC 27419-8806

Many BYTE readers own a personal computer, just as Ido. And like many readers, I justify the cost of the com-puter by using it for word processing, mathematical pro-grams, job-related applications, and even games. But ifyou're as addicted to computers as I am, you will even-tually do something that you may never be able to ex-plain—buy another one.

Sure, I could easily explain such a purchase if my oldcomputer was too slow or unable to do the things that thenew one could, but that's not the case at all. That excuseis reserved for some 16- or 32-bit processor that isn't onthe market yet. The fact is I suddenly found myself buy-ing a Timex/Sinclair 1000. And what's worse, I alreadyown a Sinclair ZX80! Clearly, this was going to takesome creative explaining.

At first, I thought I could convince people that Ibought it for experimentation, but that argument is a lit-tle shaky. I concluded that the only way to justify thepurchase was to write a review of it.

As most of you know, the Timex/Sinclair 1000 isessentially the same as the Sinclair ZX81. What youmight not know is that all along Timex has been buildingthe ZX81 for Sinclair. Under either name, the Sinclairpeople seem to have outdone themselves in designing it.It is similar to the older ZX80, and ZX80 users canupgrade their computers to the full capabilities of a T/S1000.

In this review, I will first give you a general idea ofwhat the unit is like. I'll then take you on a trip throughthe inner workings of the hardware. Finally, I'll try tocompare the BASIC interpreter against some known stan-dards. When I'm finished, I hope you'll see why the T/S1000 fascinated me, and why I bought one.

General Characteristics

The T/S 1000 comes completely assembled and testedfor $99.95. At one time, if you wanted to save $20 and

spend a few hours assembling a computer, you couldhave ordered the Sinclair ZX81 kit. But Sinclair has nowstopped selling the ZX81 and has allowed Timex an ex-clusive market in the United States. You can expect thenew Sinclair Spectrum color computer to be handled inthe same way. Sinclair will sell them exclusively for awhile, and Timex will then take over the marketing.

The basic T/S 1000 package consists of the unit shownin photo 1 plus patch cords for a recorder, a connectionwire and switch box for your TV, a manual, and atransformer. An optional 16K-byte RAM (random-accessread/write memory) pack is also shown in photo 1.

The computer is easy to set up and use. Clear instruc-tions show you what to do, and practically anyoneshould be able to set the computer up quickly. The ac-companying manual is well written. Although it is nottoo simplistic, people with no knowledge of computerswill be able to read it.

The T/S 1000 must of course be hooked up to a televi-sion set to be useful. The display, made up of blackcharacters on a white background, has 24 lines with 32characters per line. The two bottom lines, however, areused by the BASIC interpreter. Therefore, you reallyhave only 22 lines. Within the character set are severalgraphics characters that are useful for games and charts.The cursor on the screen acts as a prompt and appears asa reverse video K, L, F, G, or S, which shows how thecomputer is going to interpret the next key entered. It willbe interpreted as either a keyword, a letter (or number orsymbol), a function, a graphics symbol, or a letter to cor-rect a syntax error (if you make one, that isl).

The cassette interface is simple and reliable. You canname programs when you save them, and have the com-puter search through the tape and find a specific one, orjust load the next one found.

The most restricting thing about the computer is thekeyboard. I am used to typing, and it is impossible to

364 Jinuary 1983 © BYTE Publication! Inc

Photo 1: The Timex/Sinclair 1000 computer with the optional 16K-byte RAM pack, which attaches to a connector on the right rear ofthe computer. The basic unit powers the RAM pack. (Photo courtesy of Timex Computer Corporation.)

type on a keyboard as small as this one. Also, each keycan signify up to four things (a letter, a BASIC keyword,a function, or a graphics symbol). Although the keys arewell marked, it is hard to remember which key doeswhat. Some of the keywords, like Delete and Edit, are inawkward places. The keys themselves provide almost notactile feedback and are closely spaced; you constantlyhave to look at the screen to see if you have pressed theright key.

Also, although it's hard to use the keyboard as youwould a typewriter, it is not very easy to use as acalculator either. Most calculators have a Function keythat accesses a function written above certain keys. Witha calculator, you just press the Function key and then thekey you want. The Shift key on the T/S 1000 serves thesame purpose, but you must hold it down while you pressthe key you want. This means you have to use twohands. It would be easier if the Shift key could be used ason a calculator.

T/S 1000 BASIC is fairly easy to use. BASIC keywordscan be entered with just one keystroke, but that's the onlyway these keywords can be entered. Line numbers from 1to 9999 can be used. Multiple statements per line are notallowed. Error codes and program lines start on thebottom two lines of the display and work their way upthe screen. Because the error codes are displayed asnumbers, you will have to look them up in the manual tosee which error occurred.

A nice feature is that the names of most variables canbe any length. LONGNAME and LONGNAME2 are dif-ferent and distinct variables. The T/S 1000's string-handling capabilities are nonstandard, as will be ex-plained later. All things considered though/T/S 1000BASIC is powerful.

Finally, the T/S 1000 has a 90-day warranty, whichshould help most users if they find out that their com-puter is actually a lemon. Timex also offers a one-yearextended warranty for $12. This offer is good only forpeople whose warranty hasn't run out, or those who havejust had their unit in for repair. Timex even provides acomputer club, open to all T/S 1000 owners, that willkeep them up to date on any new developments, hard-ware and software products, and special offers. One lastthing, because the T/S 1000 is being marketed every-where, a good shopper can probably find it for a bit lessthan $99.95. I haven't even looked hard and I've seen itfor $87.

The Insides: The Less, The Better

The T/S 1000 uses state-of-the-art circuitry. Only fourICs (integrated circuit chips) are inside the smallenclosure, as is shown in photo 2. These four ICs, alongwith an IC voltage regulator; two transistors; severaldiodes, resistors, and capacitors; a video modulator; andthe membrane keyboard, make up the entire unit. One

January 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc 365

Video modulator

Voltage regulator

SCL (workhorse)

CPU (control and arithmetic)

RAM (note pad)

ROM (operaJMffg system)

Photo 2: The small circuit board inside the Timex/Sinclair 1000. Note that in this photo some of the chips have been put in backward sothat you could read what's on top. The silver plate on the bottom left side is the heat sink. The connector in the right rear is for expan-sion. The three jacks on the left side are for power, tape in, and tape out. The two small connectors that are part of the right front of theboard are where the keyboard is connected. The other parts are clearly labeled. (Photo courtesy of Timex Computer Corporation.)

big change between the ZX80 and the T/S 1000 (ZX81) isa custom 40-pin IC made by Ferranti (a large Britishsemiconductor manufacturer), which replaces 18 ICs thatwere in the ZX80 and adds additional logic circuitry. Thischip is called the SCL (Sinclair Computer Logic). Thenew logic circuitry inside the SCL allows the T/S 1000 todisplay a picture continuously on the TV, even when thecomputer is executing a program. This is a big improve-ment over the older ZX80 that couldn't display a picturewhile executing a program; the screen would go blankevery time a program was run or any time you pressed akey.

The Microace company sells a modification for theZX80 that allows a ZX80 owner to have the equivalent ofa T/S 1000. Unfortunately, although the additional logicboard is small and contains only seven ICs, the boardwon't fit inside the ZX80's case. But if you really want thecontinuous display, the upgrade is only $29.95 fromMicroace (see table 1). It works fairly well, but the boardis not made by Sinclair, and I had problems with it.Microace was prompt in responding to my request forhelp, but its response was that I must have assembledsomething wrong or that something wasn't workingproperly. The latter turned out to be the case. After I re-placed a 74LS00 chip, the modification board workedfine.

The basic T/S 1000 unit comes with 2K bytes of staticRAM (random-access read/write memory). This is theonly difference between it and the Sinclair ZX81; theZX81 had only IK bytes. In either case, this is hardlyenough to do any serious programming because thedisplay shares this RAM with the program. A programthat fills the TV screen will quickly run out of displayroom when the program is run. The BASIC interpreteruses 124 bytes of the RAM for its own internal process-ing, and the display can occupy a maximum of 727 bytesof memory. That leaves 173 bytes for a program in theZX81 and 1197 bytes in the T/S 1000. Of course, becausethe display is not hard-mapped to one location inmemory, it occupies only as much memory as it really re-quires.

In addition to the RAM, there is an 8K-byte ROM(read-only memory) chip in which the charactergenerator for the display and the BASIC interpreterreside. The character generator occupies about 512 bytesof the ROM; the rest is used for the BASIC interpreterand the I/O (input/output) procedures.

The central processing unit not only has to execute theBASIC interpreter, but also must handle the TV display.This is accomplished through a clever arrangement. Aftereach instruction is fetched from memory and executed,the display circuitry accesses the ROM and loads the bits

366 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Information on the flicker-free board for the Sinclair ZX80:Microace1348 East EdingerSanta Ana, CA 92705(714) 547-2526

Monthly newsletter:Syntax

The Harvard GroupRR 2, Box 457Harvard, MA 01451(617) 456-3661

Bimonthly magazine:

SYNC (Published by Creative Computing)39 East Hanover Ave.Morris Plains, NJ 07950(201) 540-0445

Schematics, etc.:

Heuristics25 Shute PathNewton, MA 02159

Table 1: The addresses of some companies that might be ofinterest to owners of the Timex/Sinclair 1000 or the SinclairZX81.

of the character to be displayed on the screen. The bitsare then serialized and sent to the TV with that custom-made 40-pin logic chip. The processor must coordinatethis activity, which requires a lot of its time. Because ofthis, the T/S 1000 offers two modes of operationavailable to the user: SLOW and FAST. When the unit isturned on or when a NEW command is executed, the'display enters the SLOW mode. This means that thedisplay is on continuously, even during the execution of aprogram. If you do not need to have the display on all thetime, you can use the FAST mode. In this mode, thedisplay is on only when a program has finished runningor when the unit is awaiting input. The manual states thatthe difference in execution speed of the two modes is afactor of about four, but in every test that I have run thedifference is almost a factor of six. I haven't run anybenchmark programs, but even in the FAST mode this isabout the slowest BASIC interpreter I have ever used.

The design of the circuit board is interesting. The cur-rent revision has provisions for different types of RAMchips to be plugged into the board. The ZX81s came withtwo 2114 chips, for a total of IK bytes. The T/S 1000 usesa single 2K-byte RAM chip. When you need morememory, you can buy the 16K-byte RAM pack for$49.95.

One of the most exciting things about the T/S 1000 cir-cuit is that the ROM socket was designed so that larger-capacity ROM chips could be plugged in. If you arefamiliar with the standard ROM pin arrangements, youknow that with a 24-pin package the maximum size of astandard, nonmultiplexed, byte-wide ROM chip is 8K

At A Glance

Name

Display Used

Timex/Sinclair 1000

Standard television set (RF

modulator included); 32

Manufacturer

black-and-white characters

Timex Computer

per line, 24 lines: the user

Corporation

cannot use the bottom two

POB 2655

lines, which are reserved for

Waterbury, CT 06725

the BASIC interpreter's use

(203) 574-3331

Other Features

Price

Membrane keyboard; built-in

S99.95

modulator (for TV); includes

all cables and transformer

Dimensions

6% inches wide by 7 incheslong by I '/2 inches high(16.8 by 17.7 by 3.9 cm)

Processor

Z80A, 8-bit, 3.25-MHz clockfrequency

Memory

2K-byte RAM standard;16K-byte RAM optional($49.95); 8K-byte ROMincluded

Mass Storage

Cassette I/O, only programstorage and loading; noBASIC controlled I/O

Documentation

154 pages, spiral-boundmanual

Software Included

BASIC in ROM

Software Options

Various application programsavailable on cassette

Hardware Options

16K-byte RAM ($49.95);electrostatic printer ($99.95);telephone modem ($99.95)

Audience

Students, businesspeople, oranyone else interested inlearning about computers fora very low cost

bytes. Well, Sinclair has already wired the board for a28-pin package, which would allow a 16K-byte ROMchip. Although Sinclair has not commented on thepossibility of a 16K-byte ROM for the T/S 1000 or itssuccessor, you can be sure that someone is thinking aboutit. A 16K-byte ROM would increase the capabilities ofthe T/S 1000 greatly, but it may be a while before wehear anything about that possibility.

Unlike the keyboard in the ZX80, the T/S 1000keyboard is not an integral part of the main circuit board.It thus can be easily replaced, and Sinclair could design amore conventional "full-travel" keyboard and offer it as areplacement. I, for one, would like a better keyboard;and with more than 200,000 T/S 1000s and ZX81s in ex-istence, Sinclair stands to make lots of money on anygood accessories. Current plans, however, include only aprinter and a modem.

T/S 1000 BASIC

The new 8K-byte BASIC included in the T/S 1000 isremarkably powerful for being just 7.5K bytes long(remember that the character generator occupies 512bytes of ROM). Tables 2 through 5 list all the availablecommands, while table 6 includes some commands thatare common for BASIC but not implemented in this ver-sion.

January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 367

Function

ABSACS

AND

ASN

ATNCHR$

CODE

COSEXPINKEYS

INT

LEN

LN

NOT

OR

PEEK

PIRND

SGN

SIN

SQRSTR$

TANUSR

VAL

Type ofOperand (x)

number

number

(-1 <= x <= 1)

binary operation

AND

number

(-1 < = x < = 1)

number

number (0 to 255)

string

number (in radians)

number

none

number

string

number (x > = 0)

number

binary operation

number

(0 < = x < = 65535)

nonenone

number

number (in radians)number (x = > 0)number

number (in radians)

number

(0 = < x = < 65535)

stringnumber

Result

Absolute magnitudeArc cosine in radians

A AND B = A (if B <> 0)

= 0 (if B = 0)Arc sine in radians

Arc tangent in radians

The character associatedwith a given code

The code of the firstcharacter in string (or 0if x is the empty string)

Cosine

Exponential function (e*)

Scans the keyboard onceand returns thecharacter if a key ispressed or returns theempty string if no key ispressed

Integer part (alwaysrounds down)

Length of string

Natural logarithm

NOT x = 0 (if x <> 0)= 1 (if x = 0)

A OR B = 1 (if B <> 0)= A (if B = 0)

The value of the byte inmemory whose addressis x

3.14159265

The next number in apseudorandom sequenceof 65,535 numbers

Sign of the number(-1,0,1)

Sine

Square root of x

The number x returned asa string

Tangent

Calls the machine-codesubroutine whose startaddress is x; on return,the result is the contentsof the BC register pair

Evaluates the string as anumerical expression

Negation

Table 2: Some of the functions found in T/S 1000 BASIC.

Symbol

Operation

+

addition

-

subtraction

*

multiplication

/

division

* *

raising to a power

=

equals

>

greater than

<

less than

< =

less than or equal

> =

greater than or equal

<>

not equal

Table 3: The binary operations included in T/S 1000 BASIC.

The manual does a good job explaining the language,and it is interesting to note how this manual wasdeveloped. First, there was a British version for theSinclair ZX81, which naturally tended to use Britishcolloquial expressions. That manual was much more in-teresting than the subsequent American Sinclair or Timexversions, although all are equally informative. For exam-ple, at one point the author of the British version refers tophoto 2 and writes, "As you can see, everything has athree letter abbreviation (TLA)." I thought this was arather amusing comment, and most of the examples arehumorous also. This is a good way of making the novicefeel a little more relaxed while he or she is trying to learnwhat all those darn abbreviations are for. Unfortunately,the humor was carefully excised from the Americanmanuals, even though the manuals are exactly the samein content and number of examples. Any one of thesemanuals, however, is an excellent introduction toBASIC. The many examples and exercises should make iteasy and fun to learn.

The manual is mostly devoted to BASIC, but it alsocovers some rather intricate details of the BASIC inter-preter. One interesting point about the manual is that itnot only tells you which bytes in memory are used, butalso what they are used for. This documentation ishelpful if you are going to write any machine-languageroutines. This is a useful piece of information for them toinclude, something that many other companies can't orwon't do because of their agreements with the authors oftheir BASIC interpreter.

T/S 1000 BASIC does differ substantially from theMicrosoft variety that many of us are acquainted with.This BASIC was apparently written by a group of Cam-bridge (England) mathematicians. The biggest improve-ment that this 8K-byte ROM has over the 4K-byte ROMthat was standard in the ZX80 is that this version handlesfloating-point numbers. Also included are the usual func-tions, such as SIN, COS, and LN, that are standard withmost BASICs. This version, however, suffers from onereally bad problem—string irregularities.

Most people who have used BASIC are accustomed tostring functions like LEFTS, RIGHTS, MID$, or otherfunctions like these. For example, LEFT$(NAME$) allowsyou to examine the first letter of a name. But the T/S1000 uses what they call slicing notation. A few exampleswill clarify this immediately:

LET A$ = "SINCLAIR"

PRINT A$(l TO 8)would print: SINCLAIR

PRINT A$(3 TO )would print: NCLAIR

PRINT A$(l TO 1) + "ILLY"would print: SILLY

368 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Command Function

AT Used in a PRINT statement to specify the

position of the cursor.CLEAR Deletes all variables, freeing the space they

occupied.CLS Clears the display file.

CONT Continues if the program has any executable

lines left.COPY Copies the contents of the screen to the

printer. The COPY command will not change

the display.DIM Reserves enough memory for an array of the

given dimension and deletes any arrays

already set up with that name.FAST Increases execution speed by turning the

display off when a program is running.FOR a = x Executes a FOR/NEXT loop and deletes anyTO y other variable that will conflict with the loop

STEP z variable a; will count from x to y by in-

crements of z.GOSUB Pushes the line number of the GOSUB

statement on a stack and calls the BASIC

code starting at that line number.GOTO Jumps to the specified line or the next one

after that number.IF exp If exp is true, then s is executed, and s must

THEN s be a statement.

INPUT v Stops and waits for the user to input an

expression.LET The variable assignment statement.

LIST Lists the program on the screen.

LLIST Same as LIST, except that it goes to the

printer.LOAD f Loads a program called f.

Loads the first program if f is null.LPRINT Same as print, except routed to the printer.

Table 4: T/S 1000 BASIC commands.

Command Function

NEW Deletes any program lines and variables,

setting aside all memory up to the top ofavailable RAM or to the system variableRAMTOP, whichever is lower.Also enters the SLOW mode.

NEXT Ends a FOR loop.

PAUSE n Stops computing and displays the display file

for n frames (at 60 frames per second) oruntil a key is pressed.

PLOT x,y Blacks in pixel x,y and moves the print position

one space to the right of that pixel (resolu-tion: 64 by 44).

POKE m,n Replaces byte at location m in memory with

byte n.

PRINT Prints whatever you specify in the print state-

ment on the screen.

RAND Seeds the random-number generator.

REM Makes that line a comment statement, which

is ignored by the computer. This is useful forplacing machine-language subroutines inREM statements since they don't moveabout in memory.

RETURN Pops the number from the GOSUB stack and

returns to the line after it.

RUN Runs a program beginning with the line you

specify, or the beginning if you don't.

SAVE Saves the program, variables, and other

system information on tape.

SCROLL Scrolls the display file up one line, replacing

the bottom line with a NEWLINE character.

SLOW Leaves the display on all the time, even during

the program execution. The computerpowers up in this mode and returns to theSLOW mode whenever a NEW command isexecuted.

TAB Prints at this position. Must be used in a PRINT

statement.

UNPLOTx.y Whitens out the pixel x,y.

As you can see, the slicing notation takes the number ofcharacters that you specify in the range given in paren-theses and prints them. If the first or last number is leftoff, it assumes the beginning or the end of the stringrespectively. This is not at all hard to get used to, but it isnonstandard.

One really good feature is that the strings can be anylength, but string names are limited to one letter followedby the string symbol "$". You can get more than 26strings, though, by dimensioning them. When you do so,however, you must specify how many characters are go-ing to be in each string. For example, if you type DIMX$(2,20), you get two strings each with a length of 20characters. This too is nonstandard for BASIC.

One bad point about the T/S 1000 is its lack of com-patibility with the old ZX80 programs (written using the4K-byte ROM). The programs will run, of course, but theuser must make some minor modifications, type them inagain, and save them on cassette tape.

As a cassette-based machine, the T/S 1000 has certainlimitations. For example, this BASIC does not allow youto save values of some of the variables without saving allthe variables and the program too. In fact, the entire state

of the machine is saved when you execute a SAVE com-mand, so that you can get right back where you wereafter loading the program and typing CONT. This limita-tion of the SAVE command makes the T/S 1000 difficultto use with programs that require saving data, but it isconvenient for the novice. One limitation is that theSAVE command must not be nested inside a GOSUB.Another limitation is that cassette I/O is slow, and theT/S 1000 is not a likely candidate for a floppy-disk inter-face mainly because of the expense. Certainly, a floppydisk could increase the capabilities of the T/S 1000, butwho would buy a controller and disk for $400 when thebasic computer was only $100? But we don't know whatClive Sinclair will be up to next ... a microfloppy for$100?

The actual process of entering a program is easy for thenovice but exasperating for the experienced computeruser, because BASIC keywords can be entered only byusing a one-key abbreviation. If you want to enter RUN,you just press the R key and then the NEWLINE key, in-stead of pressing R, U, N, and then NEWLINE. It willtake a while to learn the location of each keyword. Someare in awkward places. The RUBOUT (delete) key is a

January 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc 369

Command Function

EDIT Edits the current line.

Up arrow Moves the current line back one.

Down arrow Moves the current line forward.

Right arrow Moves the cursor forward.

Left arrow Moves the cursor backward.

BREAK Stops execution of a program.

NEWLINE Terminates every line.

RUBOUT Deletes the last character or keyword.

GRAPHICS The next keys pressed will be interpreted asgraphics symbols.

FUNCTION The next key pressed will be the function writ-ten below the key.

Table 5: Editing commands found in T/S 1000 BASIC.

AUTO

LINEINPUT

DATA

MEM

DEFSTR

MID$

DEFINT

ON ERROR

DEFSNG

ON x GOTO

DEFDBL

PRINT # (to cassette)

ELSE

READ

FNDEF

RESTORE

INPUT*

RIGHTS

LEFTS

USING

Table 6: Some common BASIC commands missing from T/S1000 BASIC.

shifted 0. Frequently, I forget to press the Shift key beforeI press the 0 key.

Like the ZX80, the T/S 1000 has 40 keys. Thekeyboard can be accessed in a BASIC program eitherthrough an INPUT statement or through the INKEY$function.

One more nonstandard feature is that the charactercode set is totally unique to the T/S 1000; it's not ASCII(American Standard Code for Information Interchange).For example, in ASCII the letter "A" is represented by 41(hexadecimal); the T/S 1000 refers to the same letter as 26(hexadecimal). Making this unit into a terminal wouldtake a little hardware and a considerable programmingeffort.

If you want more information on the T/S 1000,ZX80/ZX81, or the Microace computer (no longermade), see table 1 for addresses of these companies. Also,two other articles on these computers have appeared inBYTE. They are "The MicroAce Computer" by DelmarSearls, April 1981, page 46, and "The Sinclair Research

ZX80" by John C. McCallum, January 1981, page 94.

Conclusions

Although T/S 1000 BASIC is different, it is powerfulfor such a small, low-priced computer. I think thatanyone who buys it won't be disappointed. It does,however, suffer from its lack of standardization andomission of powerful BASIC functions.

The TV interface works very well, and the display caneasily be read on almost any TV.

The membrane keyboard makes the computer difficultto work with for long periods of time.

The cassette is easy to use for simple program storage,but it is limited and will hamper many application pro-grams.

The major use for this computer will probably be forlearning about BASIC or computers in general. The com-puter itself has limited expansion capabilities, and thekeyboard is too small and cramped for any seriouswork.H

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Vector Graphics for the TRS-80

Incorporate machine-language graphicsinto your BASIC programs.

Radio Shack has given the TRS-80Model I and III user a flexible alter-native to memory-gobbling high-res-olution graphics and functionallylimited low-resolution graphics— namely, the SET and RESET graph-ics commands. Unfortunately, due tothe size limitations of the BASICROM (read-only memory), RadioShack was unable to include anyvector-graphics functions. BASIC hasno command for drawing lines on thevideo monitor.

Radio Shack has, however, pro-vided excellent tools for interfacingmachine-language code to a BASICprogram-the VARPTR and USRfunctions. Using these tools, it ispossible to program graphics withfast, machine-language softwarewhile enjoying all the benefits ofBASIC programming.

KWIKLINE is a fast line-drawingprogram (see listing 1). Using theVARPTR and USR machine-languagefunctions as "hooks," it draws linescomposed of either pixels (picture ele-ments) or ASCII (American StandardCode for Information Interchange)characters. This article describes how

Dan Rollins

134 Olive St.

Glendale, CA 91206

to place a machine-language routinein a BASIC program line, howKWIKLINE works, and how to usevector graphics with BASIC.

Machine Languagein a BASIC String

To summarize the operation ofthese functions, a USR function willexecute a previously preparedmachine-language routine, passing

Using the VARPTR and

USR machine-language

functions as "hooks,"

it draws lines

composed of pixels

or ASCII characters.

the 2-byte expression as the singleargument. The VARPTR functionreturns an address from BASIC'S vari-ables table. This address may be usedas a pointer to the actual storage loca-tion of the variable.

Variables created during programexecution, e.g., A$ in the followingline:

100 A$ = CHR$(191) + CHR$(128)

are stored in high memory within thearea reserved by the CLEAR com-mand. But string variables such as A$in the line

100 A$ = 'THIS IS A LITERAL"

remain in program memory. Usingthe VARPTR function with A$ wouldreturn the address value of the char-acter on the program line directlyafter the first quotation mark.

The Level II BASIC ReferenceManual explains how to concatenatea string variable from DATA linevalues and use the VARPTR value ofthe string as the starting address ofthe USR routine. Going one step fur-ther, it is possible to create a"dummy" string on a program line,find the location of its first byte usingVARPTR, use READ and POKE toplace values into the string, and usethis string variable as a machine-language USR routine. The DATAlines containing the Z80 op-codevalues and the lines that contain thePOKE commands may then be

Text continued on page 375

January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 371

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Listing 2 continued:

130 POKE ADDR,M*16+L *.ADDR=ADDR+1

140 GOTO 80

150 IF CS = 3217 THEN PRINT "RUN UAS SUCCESSFUL "iELSE PRINT "** BAD DATA **" '.STOP

160

DELETE 60-1140 '** Kill all unnecessary lines **

999 '

The hexadecimal format of these codes allows for entryvis SUPERZAP or other disK or ir.emory monitor.

100010101020103 O10351040

105 O

106 O

107 O10751080109 OllOO111011151120113011401997

DATA CDf7F,0Ar23,5E»23f56.1B.D5.DD.E1.DD.66.03.DB.6EDATA 04,E5»DD.56.01»DD,5E,02,n5,7C,26,01,92»30»04.26DATA FF,ED»44>47.7D.2E»01.93.30.04.2E,FF.ED.44.4F.ilDATA FF.FF.13.B8.38.03»48.47,EB.BD.74.Q1.DB,73»02.DD

DATA 72»03,DD.75»04.6S,61.43»CB.39.04.Bl.Ii5.E5.C5.DDDATA 7E.05.FE,02»33.1A,63»6A»CB.25.CB.25.CB.2C.CB,1BDATA CB,2C,CB,1D,47»7C,E6,03.F6.3C.67.78.13.37.18,9BDATA 26.FF.7B»24.D6»03.30»FB.C6.03.47»6A»CB»25,CB»2C

DATA CB,in,CB.2C.CB.lD,CB,10»04»7C,E6,03,F6,3C,67.AFDATA 37.8F.10.FD,CB»7E»20.02.36.30.DD.CB.05.46.28.03DATA B6.18.02.2F»A6.77,C1.E1.7A.DD.36.01.57.7B.DD.86DATA 02,5F.79.84.4F.BD.38.0C.95»4F,7A.DD»86»03.57.7B

DATA DD,86,04,5F»10.87.D1»DD.72.01»DD,73.02.E1,DD.74DATA 03.DD.75.04,DD,7E,06.FE,26.CO.11.06,01,15,DD.19DATA 1B.8C.END

This is a single test of KWIKLINE

20OO CLS

2010 INPUT "STARTING POINT CX1.Y1) "JX1.Y1

202O INPUT "ENDING POINT <X2»Y2> "JX2,Y2

203O INPUT "SET, RESET, OR CHARACTER MODE (S,R,C) "5M4

204O IF h$="C" THEN INPUT "CHARACTER VALUE (ASCII) "JC

205O IF M$="S" THEN C = 1

206O IF M$="R': THEN C = 0

207O A*=CHR*( XI )+CHRt< Yl >+CHR$'; X2 )+CHR*( Y2)+ CHR$( C > +'

2080 UU=USR( VARPTR'. A* )) '* draw the line

2090 GOTO 2010

deleted from the program — leavingonly the machine-language code in aBASIC program line. The advantagesof this "packing" of the code directlywithin a BASIC program are:

1. The machine-language code issaved and loaded efficiently withyour program.

2. High memory need not be re-served at power-up.

3. Since the location of the string willnot change, the USR-routine entrypoint doesn't need to be redefined.

4. The routine will not interfere withother machine-language pro-grams, such as keyboard-debounce routines or printerdrivers.

5. The format is compatible withDOS (disk operating system) andBASIC for both Models I and III ofany size memory.

The limitations of this format are

mainly those encountered by theroutine's original programmer. Theprogram must:

•be fully relocatable, using no ab-solute jumps or calls to locationswithin the program•contain no bytes with values of 00 or22 hexadecimal, as these are BASICline and string delimiters•use no look-up tables within the pro-gram—the table's starting point willvary with the routine's location•be less than 241 bytes in length —thesize of BASIC'S program-line inputbuffer

List a program line containing such apacked string, and you'll see an oddcollection of BASIC tokens and print-ing control characters. It will looklike a bad load from cassette tape.This minor irritation is caused byBASIC'S LIST processor's misinter-pretation of the machine-language

bytes. The effect is harmless.

Listing 2 is the program that usesPOKE commands to place theKWIKLINE op codes into the dummystring. Line 10 reserves a block ofmemory for string storage andmanipulation. BASIC must encounterthis CLEAR command before the LN$definition or its location will beunknown and the VARPTR functionin line 30 will cause an error. Lines30-50 determine the location of LN$and set up the USR entry address.The same address is used in line 60 forthe reference position to begin thePOKEs. Then the DATA lines areread, converted from hexadecimalstrings to decimal integers, and in-serted into the dummy string. Line110 calculates a checksum to avoidthe possibility of a typo causing theprogram to bomb.

Once all the codes have beenplaced in the string, the unneededlines are deleted from the program,leaving the base lines required for anyaccess of KWIKLINE. Cassette-basedsystem users should save this portionwith CSAVE and use it as the startingkernel for experimentation. Disk-based system users must follow theinstructions on line 50 and rememberthat the kernel program will not becorrectly saved with the ASCII op-tion. Instead, save any applicationprograms with the command SAVE"DEMOl/BAS",A and merge thatfile with the result obtained from ex-ecuting listing 2.

Lines 2000-2090 in listing 2 performa simple test of the new graphicscapability. Input some sample pointsat the prompts to verify that every-thing is working correctly.

KWIKLINE Operations

KWIKLINE, based on the DDA(digital differential analyzer) algo-rithm described by Mike Higgins (see"Fast Line-Drawing Technique,"BYTE, August 1981, page 414), isvery fast — the longest line requires 45milliseconds to be drawn on an un-modified TRS-80 Model I. Theroutine uses only integer arithmeticand avoids redundant calculations.

Listing 1 is the assembly-languagecoding of KWIKLINE, showing thealgorithm and the control loops that

January 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc 375

a uy the POLYGON program. The figure took approximate-ly two seconds to draw by using the KWIKLINE program.

Figure 1: Hexagon produced by

implement it. Note that there are twonested loops. The inner loop plots thepoints along a line defined by theparameter string. The outer loopchecks the extension character andloops back for further lines if neces-sary.

The first lines initialize the IX indexregister to point to the parameterstring. The address supplied by theVARPTR function points to the vari-ables-table byte that defines thelength of the string. Since KWIKLINEdoes not use this byte, it is simply ig-nored. The following 2 bytes are thedesired address in normal Z80 reverseorder —LSB (least significant byte)followed by MSB (most significantbyte).

Next, the line parameters are readand saved on the stack —their storageaddresses will be temporarily used bythe program. Increments and offsetsfor points along the line are cal-culated by lines 920-1130 and placedin the temporary storage area by lines1160-1190.

The SET, RESET, and CHARAC-TER screen-address conversionroutines are the heart of the program.

Lines 1540-1680 find the screen ad-dress needed to place a byte inCHARACTER mode. Lines 1840-2170 convert an X,Y coordinate pairto the screen position and bit numberthat defines a certain pixel. The cor-rect SET and RESET action is per-formed according to the fifth argu-ment of the parameter string. Thisroutine is exceptionally fast, interac-tive with BASIC, and relocatable.

Once a point has been plotted, theKWIKLINE routine adds offsets toregisters D and E, which contain thecurrent X and Y values, respectively.The B register, initialized to thelength of the longest axis, is decre-mented and the rest of the line is plot-ted. When B goes to 0, lines2520-2570 restore the original valuesto the parameter string. This is doneto avoid having to redefine the string.

The EXTENSION character is thentested and, if it's not an ampersandcharacter (&), control passes back tothe BASIC interpreter; otherwise, theIX register is bumped to point to thenext series of bytes, and a jump ismade to the start of the outer loop.

One problem I encountered while

writing KWIKLINE is that the dis-tance between the start and end of theouter loop is greater than the 127bytes maximum allowed a relativejump. Since KWIKLINE is written tobe position-independent, the jumpmust be made via the "bridge" at line1720. Another abnormality seen inthe listing is the avoidance of byteswith a value of 00. After the code isplaced into a BASIC program line, azero byte would be interpreted as theEnd Of Line delimiter. The 2 bytesfollowing the zero byte would be mis-taken for a Next Line Pointer and thenext 2 bytes as the line number, etc.To avoid this mess, special stepsmust be taken. For example, it is nec-essary in line 2610 to load the DE reg-ister pair with the value 6 as an offsetfor the next set of line parameters.The op code

LD

DE,6

would ordinarily be assembled as11 06 00, with the zero byte beingunacceptable. Instead, the value isloaded in two steps:

LDDEC

DE,0106HD

The assembled code is 11 06 01 15,avoiding the zero byte. The end resultis the same, but the code takes a littlemore time and memory. The trade-offs of a slight loss in speed and sizefor relocatability and BASIC linecompatibility are, nevertheless, agreat bargain.

Drawing Lines from BASIC

KWIKLINE requires six 1-bytearguments —a starting coordinate(XI,Yl); an ending coordinate(X2,Y2); a SET, RESET, and CHAR-ACTER mode byte; and an EXTEN-SION character —for each line drawn(see figure 1). Since BASIC allows thepassing of only a single-integer argu-ment to a USR routine, the argumentsare concatenated into a stringvariable, and the storage address ofthis variable (VARPTR) is sent as apointer to the arguments.

The starting and ending points may

be anywhere on the screen and may

define the same point. However,

Text continued on page 379

376 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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378 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

i 12

: i

CLOCK-80I 11 »

18

»8

I 7

I I D I I

Figure 2: Screen dump of the CLOCK-80 program. Each new position of the hands isdetermined by the KWIKLINE program.

these values must agree with themode byte. If incorrect parametersare passed, lines may be drawn at in-determinate screen locations (theygenerally "wrap around" thescreen) —but the program will writeonly to video RAM (random-accessread/write memory).

Two Modes

Two types of lines may be drawnusing KWIKLINE. The SET/RESET

mode uses the TRS-80 graphics pixelas the display medium. This mode re-quires the fifth byte of the argumentstring to be either a CHR$(0) forRESET, or CHR$(1) for SET. Argu-ments one through four, in this mode,must be in the order XI, Yl, X2, Y2,with the X values: 0 < = X = < 127and the Y values: 0 < = Y = < 47.The fifth byte of the parameter stringin the alternate mode, CHARAC-TER, will have a value > =2. The

character in this position will berepeated along a line defined by theX,Y coordinate pairs, where 0 < = X< = 63 and 0 < = Y < = 15.

The sixth byte of the parameterstring defines whether or not anotherset of line parameters follows thefirst. This byte must be an ampersandcharacter (&), CHR$(38) for EXTEN-SION. Any other value forces areturn to the calling BASIC program.When this byte is an ampersand,KWIKLINE expects six more parame-ter characters in the correct format inadjacent memory locations. Thevalue of this function becomes ap-parent when a series of lines must bedrawn consecutively. So much over-head is involved, in compiling theparameter string and callingKWIKLINE from BASIC that op-timum speed will not, otherwise, beobtained.

This function allows the program-mer to define a parameter string ofvalues for multiple lines, say fourlines for a box, or two lines, one SETand the next RESET, for a phasor zapor bolt of lightning.

Listings 3, 4, and 5 demonstratesome techniques for compiling thestrings for drawing the desired lines.Listing 3 draws a polygon with allvertices connected (see figure 1). Theeffect can appear very three-dimen-sional. This program uses thesimplest form of parameter passing.The endpoints of the line are deter-mined—note the scaling done to keepthe figure symmetrical. Then, aGOSUB to line 2000 draws the line.

Listing 4 produces a simulation of

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January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 379

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an analog clock —digital-clock simu-lations being passe (see figure 2). Ituses a more advanced technique formaximum speed. An array of stringsis compiled from the lines to bedrawn. The lines define points be-tween the center of the screen andpoints along the circumference of oneof three concentric circles. The outer-most circle is for the sweep-secondhand, the middle one for the minutehand, and the inner circle defines thearc of the hour hand.

Once the array is compiled, diskBASIC'S real-time clock is monitoredand the screen is updated according-ly. The time is not determined fromthe TIMES function, as manipulatingthis as a string would cause the delaysassociated with string reorganization.Instead, the clock's storage memory isexamined using a PEEK command,and this numeric value is used as apointer into the array of lineparameter strings. So much stringspace is used by the program thatalmost any use of string-manipula-tion commands within this loop willeventually invoke the "garbage collec-tor," in effect stopping time.

This clock program also demon-strates a drawback of KWIKLINE.Extensive string manipulation is re-quired in defining each hand in everyposition on the face of the clock.Compiling all these strings takesabout two minutes, a lengthy wait fora supposedly fast program! But theresult, after the wait, is an example ofthe TRS-80 doing something thatwould seem beyond the capacity of anormal BASIC program. It is possibleto eliminate this initialization phaseby writing the string arrays to diskafter the first compilation, and thenreading the file upon subsequentruns.

Listing 5 produces demonstrationsof the CHARACTER mode of KWIK-LINE. These eye-catchers could beused in framing a company logo orluring an unsuspecting passerby intobuying a product.

Portability, speed, and flexibilitymake KWIKLINE a valuable additionto the BASIC library. Learn to usethis tool effectively, then stand backand watch as your graphics programscome alive !■

380 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 414 on inquiry card.

System Notes

Autograph: a Plotting Subroutinein TRS-80 Level II BASIC

No one who remembers charactergraphics would deny that the abilityto represent data graphically is an ex-tremely attractive feature of manymicrocomputer systems. Yet someprogrammers still shy away fromusing graphics because writing pro-grams for them can be tedious. And ifyou must include several formats orranges of data values, graphics pro-grams can get excessive.

My solution to such unwieldy pro-grams is a subroutine I call Auto-graph. This program module auto-matically scales, titles, and plots datathat is conducive to graphic treat-ment. When called, it displays a fixedchart border, automatically scales they (vertical) graph axis to include anyarbitrary data range, and positionsand displays arbitrary titling strings.The latter includes the main titlealong the top of the display, the lowtitle positioned along the bottom, andthe vertical title positioned on the leftside. In addition, the program labelsthe y-axis scale to match the datarange.

The routine has no horizontal scalevalues as such. It does, however,allow any arbitrary number of x(horizontal) axis positions up to 104.Each position may correspond to a

Patrick McGuire

102 Duncan Circle

Lafayette, LA 70503

day, a week, a year, or any incremen-tal value or event. The data for thesepositions can be automatically pre-sented as points, ranges, or in bar-graph (histogram) form.

For each horizontal

position, Autograph

plots y-axis data in

three forms: point

data, data ranges, and

histograms (bar

graphs).

I wrote Autograph in TRS-80Microsoft BASIC. Before discussingthe program in detail, however, abrief description of the TRS-80 ModelI graphics system is in order. Such anexplanation may help orient thosewho are interested in modifying thesubroutine to use on other machines.

TRS-80 Graphics andPrint-Character Positioning

Graphics for this popular micro-computer are implemented in thecommon rectangular format of cells.The cells on the video screen consistof rectangular elements that areoriented vertically and arranged in an

array that is 128 cells wide and 48cells high.

The programmer addresses the ele-ments of this array in BASIC accord-ing to coordinates x and y. For exam-ple: cell (0,0) is located in the extremeupper left-hand corner; cell (0,2) ap-pears two cells to the right. Followingthis pattern, cell (1,2) is immediatelybeneath (0,2). Cell (47,127) lies at theextreme lower right-hand position.

The BASIC statement SET(X,Y)turns on any particular graphics ele-ment. Similarly, RESET(X,Y) turnsoff any element.

This version of BASIC supportsnormal PRINT statements and makesalphanumeric character positioningeasier by providing the statementPRINT®. The TRS-80 has a1024-character display that is ar-ranged in a format of 16 lines by 64characters. The character (print) posi-tions are numbered from 0 to 1023 foruse in the PRINT® statement. Posi-tion 0 is the first character in the topline of the display. Position 63 is thelast character in this line. Position1023 is the last character in the bot-tom line of the display.

Autograph uses the PRINT® nstatement and the string-handlingoperations LEN and MID$ to position

January 1M) © BYTE Publications Inc 381

input to test the

Figure 1: An illustration of the screen layout of Autograph. Note the three automaticdata-display modes.

Listing 1: The complete Autograph program, including a test section (lines 80-120).The program is in TRS-80 Level II BASIC. To use Autograph as a subroutine, delete thetest section and the remarks at lines 50930-50950. Change line 50920 to RETURN.

10 •' RUTOGRRPH

26 'By: Patrick E. McGuire

36 'Lafayette, LR —1980

40 'R program module for automatic draphina

5@ 'of data versus, time.

66 'Test Section: This section allow;

70 'autograph routine.

30 CLS: CLEAR 1000: DIM PLT<104,2)

90 INPUT"DRTfl POINTS'" ;HDRT

180 FOR J=l TO HDRT: PRINT J

110 INPUT PLT < .J, 1 ), PLT < J, 2 > : NEXT J

120 INPUT"MTT*"J!MTT*: INPUT"LTT*" ;LTT$: INPUT"UTT*" iUTT*

130 'End Test section

140 ■'

50QO0 "'Besiiri Subroutine "Ruto^raph"

5001O 'This section establishes the data maximum ''Ml':>

58820 "and data minimum Q_0>.

50030 HI =PLT C 1, 1 ::•: LO=PLT < 1, 2 >

50O40 FOR 1=1 TO HDRT

50050 IF PLT<1,1)>HI THEN HI=PLT <1,1>

50060 IF PLT<I,2XL0 THEN L0=PLT<I,2>

50O7O NEXT I

50OSO "End "HI-LO" section

50O90 '"

50100 -'This section establishes the required number of

50110 "' V-ax i s di u i s i ons

50120 DIU~l: COM-11

5013O IF ''HI-LOX=COM GOTO 50150

Listing 1 continued on page 383

and print its titling strings. TheLEVEL II BASIC Reference Manualand numerous other publicationsoffer additional information aboutgraphics on the TRS-80.

Autograph Layout

The chart borders in Autograph arefixed. The vertical border occupies acolumn of two adjacent cells withcoordinates that begin at (22,3) and(23,3) and reach down to the two ad-jacent cells (22,41) and (23,41). Thehorizontal border is one cell high andextends from (22,42) through (127,42).The program reserves the spaceabove and below the graph area forthe main title and the low title,respectively. The space to the left ofthe graph area is for the y-scale labelsand the vertical title. Figure 1 illu-strates some features of the Auto-graph screen layout; 4000, 5000, and6000 represent y-scale labels. Auto-graph divides the horizontal chartborder into fixed increments of fourplotting positions. This is easy tochange, as I will explain later.

Figure 1 also illustrates Auto-graph's ability to plot data in threedifferent modes. For each horizontalposition, Autograph plots y-axis datain three forms: point data, dataranges, and histograms (bar graphs).The kind of plot it chooses dependson the data you give it. The methodfor giving data to Autograph is a sortof brute-force version of parameter-passing from the main program to thesubroutine. I will explain later how toset up the main program to pass thedata values to Autograph.

Using Autograph

To use Autograph, first enterlisting 1 in its entirety and save it ondisk or cassette tape. Listing 1 con-tains the Autograph subroutine, a testsection (lines 80-120), and someremarks. To use the subroutine with aBASIC program, strip listing 1 of itstest section and remarks (to savespace) and then change the last line oflisting 1 to RETURN. Save the result-ing shorter version of Autograph ondisk or cassette tape, too. When youstart writing a new program that willuse Autograph, you can first load thisshorter version, the true subroutine.

382 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Of course, your program will have tosupply data for Autograph. We'll getto that in a moment.

The calling program must supplythe following as assignment state-ments:

• NDAT: the number of horizontalincrements for which data is to beplotted. The maximum is 104.

• MTT$: any string of up to 64 char-acters that will comprise the maintitle. This will be displayed along thetop of the chart.

• LTT$: any string of up to 52 charac-ters to make up the low title displayedbelow the chart.

• VTT$: a string of up to 13 charac-ters that forms the vertical title. Thiswill be displayed to the left of thechart's vertical border and scalelabels.

These titling strings must be definedbut may be empty (null).

Of course, you also have to supplythe actual information to be plotted.The calling program does this by fill-ing the array PLT(NDAT,2) with theinformation to be displayed. Data forthe first horizontal position is insertedin PLT(1,1) and PLT(1,2). The processcontinues through the last data pairPLT(NDAT,1) and PLT(NDAT,2).Listing 2 shows how a program mightsupply data.

Supplying two data values for eachplot position implements the auto-matic display of point data, ranges,or histograms. If a single point wereto be plotted at position X, bothPLT(X,1) and PLT(X,2) would beloaded with the same value. If a datarange must be shown as a verticalstripe at the position, the programmust load PLT(X,1) with the highestvalue of the range and PLT(X,2) withthe lowest. To form a histogram witha base (bottom) value of V, PLT(X,1)would contain the data for position Xand all PLT(X,2) array entries wouldbeV.

In short, the entries in column 1 ofPLT(NDAT,2) are the highest valuesto be plotted at a particular horizon-tal position, while the entries in thesecond column are the lowest.

Once all the data is set up, the pro-gram can call the subroutine.

Listing 1 continued:

56140 DIU=DIU*10: C0M=C0M*18: GOTO 50138

58158 MRX= I NT'' HI -DIU > *01U+DIU

58160 MI N== I NT < LO-'D IU > +DIU

59170 DELTR=MRX-MIN: FRCT=:. 1

58190 FRCT=FRCT+18

58198 IF DELTR <= FRCT THEN SOI ELSE GOTO 58218

50280 GOTO 50348

58218 TF DELTR < = '::2*FRCT> THEN SC«2 ELSE GOTO 58238

58220 GOTO 50348

58238 IF DELTA < = <3+FRCT:> THEN SC=3 ELSE GOTO 58258

58248 GOTO 50340

58258 IF DELTR < = <4+FRCT> THEN SC=4 ELSE GOTO 58278

58268 GOTO 58348

58278 IF DELTR <= <6+FRCT:5 THEN SC=6 ELSE GOTO 58298

58298 GOTO 58348

58298 IF DELTA <= a2+FACT> THEN SC=12 ELSE GOTO 58198

58388 'End V-axis division section.

58318 •'

58328 'This section establishes the maximum and minimum

58338 'chart, values.

58348 IF SC<6 THEN GOTO 58398

58358 BTM=r1IN:

58368 HSC=MAX+INT<SC-IHT< 'r.MRX-BTMX'FACT::' :>+FRCT

58378 GOTO 58398

58398 HSC=MRX

58398 SKIP=768.-SC: LHS=SC

58488 IF SC=1 LNS=4

58418 'End chart, max—min section

58428 ''

58438 'This section displays the chart- borders.

58448 CLS

50450 FOR V=3 TO 41: SET<22, ';>:>: SET<:23, V) : NEXT V

50468 FOR X=22 TO 127: SET<X,42>: NEXT X

58478 FOR X=27 TO 127 STEP 4: RESET >:>'., 42 >: NEXT X

50490 'End chart border section

58498 •'

58588 'This section labels the V-axis scale.

58518 USC^HSC+F RCT

58528 FOR V=69 TO 337 STEP SKIP

58538 USC-USC-FRCT

58548 PRINT£V,USC;

58558 NEXT V

58568 'End V-axis labelling.

58578 •'

58588 'This section divides the chart vertically with

58598 'periods <•>.

58600 PS=76:CK=-1

58610 PRINTSPS,;

58620 FOR PT=1 TO 52: PRINT".";: NEXT PT

58638 PS=PS+<12-'LNS>+64: CK=CK+1

58648 IF CK=LNS GOTO 58698

58658 GOTO 58618

58668 ''End vertical division section.

58678 •'

58688 'This section prints titles.

58698 TL=LEN < MTT* > : LFT= I NT >'. < 64-TL > ^2 >

58788 PRINTSLFT,NTT*;

58718 HGT=LENO,iTT*:>

58728 IF HGTM3 THEN HGT=13

58738 PC-128+64+1 NT < < 12-HGT > .-'2 >

58748 F8R S=l TO HGT

58758 P*=M ID* •'. UTT*, S, 1 >

58768 PRINT «P€,P* i

58778 PC=PC+64

58788 NEXT S

58798 TL=LEN < LTT* >: LFT=971 +1 NT < < 52-TL :> .-2 )

58888 PRINT3LFT,LTT*;

58818 'End title printing.

58828 ■'

Listing 1 continued on page 384

January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 383

Listing 1 continued:

58830 "This section actually Graphs the data.

50848 X=23

50850 FOR 1=1 TO NDRT

50860 X=X+1

5O870 DH= I NT < >', < HSC-PLT < 1, 1 J > •" < HSC-MIN ) > +36 > +5

50880 DL= INTX < < HSC-PLT < 1, 2> ) -■' < HSC-M IN > > +36 > +4

58890 FOR V=DH TO DL: SET':X,V>

58900 NEXT V

5891.8 NEXT I

58920 GOTO 50928

58938 "'End of module. Change line 58920 to -'RETURN-' and

58948 "delete test section lines after debua^ind

58958 'keyboard program entry.

Listing 2: A routine that illustrates how to make a program pass data to the Autographsubroutine. NDAT is the number of horizontal points to plot, PTS is a variable repre-senting points to plot, and MTT$, LTT$, and VTT$ are strings to be printed on thegraph as titles.

130 NDAT=35

140 FOR PTS=1 TO NDAT

150 PLT(PTS,1)=WTEMP(PTS,2)

160 PLT(PTS,2)=WTEMP(PTS,1)

170 NEXT PTS

180 MTT$="TURTLE RUN, PA - TEMP."

190 LTT$="WEEKLY DATA"

200 VTT$="DEGREES, F."

An Example

The manipulation required prior toentering into the subroutine is bestdescribed by an example.

Assume that data representing theweekly temperature range for a smalltown in Pennsylvania is stored ina main program array calledWTEMP(35,2). This would represent35 weeks of data. Assume that thefirst row of the array contains thelowest temperature and the secondrow contains the highest, exactly theopposite order required by Auto-graph. One possible program se-quence to set up the data for use inthe subroutine appears in listing 2.This routine results in the display ofdata ranges.

To plot only the weekly high tem-peratures, you could replace line 160in listing 2 with

160 PLT(PTS,2) = PLT(PTS,1)

If, on the other hand, you wanted azero-based histogram of weekly lowtemperature, you could change lines150 and 160 to

150 PLT(PTS,1) = WTEMP(PTS,1)160 PLT(PTS,2) = 0

Note that the limits for the order ofmagnitude of data are about 0.1 to8999. Data outside these limits can beconditioned to fall within the boundswhen you set up the subroutine. Forexample, you could show five-figuredollar amounts as thousands ofdollars. The titling strings, of course,should reflect such a change. Theselimits are imposed not by the pro-gram algorithms but by the spaceallocated for labeling the y axis.

How Autograph Works

Listing 1 shows the Autograph pro-gram itself. The first section, lines

80-120, forms a short testing routine.Here you are asked to supply thenumber of data points (NDAT). Thiscontinues with data entry of the highand low values, in order, for eachpoint. Finally the test routine asks forthe titling strings. As I mentionedbefore, these lines would be deleted touse Autograph as a subroutine. Thissection simply tests the data to deter-mine the highest and lowest values.Lines 50030-50070 begin the actualAutograph subroutine.

The program section from lines50120 to 50290 determines the numberof major y-axis divisions needed todisplay the data. Given the layout ofAutograph, the maximum number ofdivisions is 12 (1 is the minimum).You can use intermediate divisions of2, 3, 4, and 6 to spread the data overmost of the screen area set aside.

The first part of this section nor-malizes the difference between thedata high and low to a range less than11. DIV is the variable that does this.The value of DIV is set by the numberof loops through the sequence50130-50140. Each loop through thesequence multiplies DIV and thevariable COM by 10. If HI-LO is lessthan the generated value of COM,then DIV is the correct divisor toform MAX and MIN. For example, ifyour data range were 80-105, MAXand MIN would end up 110 and 80.Thus the minimum scale range re-quired to display the data would beMIN to MAX. The section consistingof lines 50170-50290 establishes theactual number of divisions that willbe used on the y axis. This is also anormalization sequence that acts onthe value of MAX-MIN. It determineswhich of the six allowed division in-crements is the smallest that will fitthe data range. This number is passedon to the rest of the program as thevariable SC.

Lines 50340-50400 use data gener-ated in the previous program sectionto determine the value of HSC. Thisis the label for the maximum y-axisdivision. HSC and SKIP will laterestablish all the major division labels.The y axis is also subsequentlydivided by horizontal rows ofperiods. The number of rows is setequal to the number of labeled divi-

384 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 488 on inquiry card.

sions except when SC is 1. In thatcase, the scale will be divided intoquarters by additional lines ofperiods. LNS is the variable that con-trols period row-generation.

The sequence of lines 50430-50470is a simple graphics routine that setsthe chart borders. Note that line50470 is a FOR.. .NEXT loop to dividethe horizontal axis into increments offour plotting positions. You canchange this by altering the step size ofthe loop. For example, if you weredisplaying daily data, a more appro-priate step size might be 7, whichwould correspond to one week ofdata. If you wanted to, you couldmake the step size a variable that isset by the calling program.

The next section of listing 1, lines50471-50550, labels the y-axis scale.The variable y is initialized at 69 todefine the print position immediatelyto the left of the top scale line. Thisvalue is sequenced through print posi-tion 837, which is adjacent to the bot-tom of the y axis. The variable SKIPwas generated earlier and is directlyrelated to the number of major divi-sions fixed for the data being plotted.

The next sequence of lines, through50650, prints periods at the majordivisions to make the chart easier toread.

Next, a string-manipulating routinebeginning with line number 50680centers the titling strings and displaysthem.

The final section, beginning withline number 50840, plots the data.The algebraic manipulations in thissection proportion the data within thetotal range of plot positions, whichresults in cell addresses for the highestand lowest range to be plotted at par-ticular horizontal positions. A FOR...NEXT loop then turns on the appro-priate graphics cell or cells.

Final Remarks

Using Autograph will let you incor-porate graphics displays into pro-grams comparatively painlessly. Theonly thing you sacrifice for not usinga custom routine in every case isspeed. The information on Auto-graph's operation should help you todevelop a customized version if speedis a problem in your applications. ■

THE 64K DATABIN

THE IMPORTANT LINK BETWEENELECTRONIC TYPEWRITERS ANDFAST TALKING COMPUTERS

DATABIN is a buffered computer to electronictypewriter interface which can store up to 60,000characters of text. In less than a minute, up to 30pages of text can be transmitted to a DATABINequipped typewriter. The computer can thenbe "disconnected" and used for other tasks.The typewriter will print automatically fromthe buffer for up to an hour without anyfurther interaction with the computer.DATABIN has three big advantages overinterfaces without large buffers.

• tele-connect time is reduceddramatically

• computers are not printer bound

• DATABIN equipped typewriters willwork with almost any computer

DATABIN is also versatile. It has switch

selectable options for word size, stop j|

bits, parity and either XON, XOFF or

CTS, DTR handshake protocols.

ELECTRONIC MAIL- so often talked about

but so rarely implemented- is a logical use

of DATABIN equipped typewriters.

So many new opportunities begin with the

64K DATABIN.

Contact us today for more information.

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The MicroTLX software with your modem isall you need to connect to the WesternUnion network. Once online to WesternUnion, you may send and receive Telex,TWX®, Mailgram®, International Telex,Cable and Telegram messages directlyfrom your CP/M computer. MicroTLXprovides automatic dialing, auto-matic answer, unattended opera-tion and automatic retry of unan-swered calls. Included withMicroTLX is an easy to under-stand manual with examples of allmessage types, model messagefiles on disk, and an online helpfacility. MicroTLX is available to-day with support for the most com-mon modems, more are being added asnecessary. Price $150.00

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TWX" Mailgram* are registered trademarks of Western Union, Inc. c P/M' is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc.

Circle 8 on inquiry card.

January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 385

Book Review's

Silent Witness:A Novel ofComputer Crime

Ed YourdonYourdon PressNew York, 1982177 pages,hardcover, SI2.95

Reviewed by

Nancy Hayes

c/o BYTE Publications

POB 372

Hancock, NH 03449

As its jacket copy testifies,Silent Witness is a story of"computer crime, a missingperson, love, dashed dreams,and a chance to start over." Ifyou think that sounds like across between "Hill StreetBlues" and Love's TenderFury, high-technology style,you're not far wrong.

The premise of Ed Your-don's first novel is predictableenough. Tony and Max, acomputer operator and a pro-grammer, devise a get-rich-quick scheme that involvesembezzling $3 million fromMax's employer, a bank bythe unlikely name of Metri-polidollar. To put the plan inmotion, Max creates 30bogus corporations, autho-rizes them to borrow up to$100,000 without collateral,opens 600 personal accountsat different branches (are yougetting all this down?), andthen proceeds to withdrawthe maximum from each ac-count. Presto: $3 million.That's where the second halfof the plan comes in: they'llparlay the cash into multiplemillions and cover theirtracks before anyone's thewiser. What happens whenthe plan goes awry, as ofcourse if does, is the subjectof Silent Witness.

Enter a cast of characters ofthe stock variety. In additionto streetwise Tony and para-noid Max, we have Andrea,the (what else) beautifulrookie cop; Bernie Kaplan,super schlemiel; Hogie,rough-hewn programminggenius; Cooper Harrison,detective extraordinaire; anda few extras with names thatwould have made DamonRunyon proud. The entirecast, naturally, has a per-sonal or professional stake inthe final resting place of theaforementioned $3 million.

The telling of the tale ismore engaging. Silent Wit-ness is a series of entries,stamped with the date andtime, that are told from theperspective of different char-acters. Consequently, wehave a bird's eye view of theagonies and the ecstasies (I'llget to computer love in a mo-ment) of criminal, investiga-tor, and innocent bystanderalike. In between thesescenes, an omniscient narra-tor keeps us up to date on theother characters' movementsin and around Manhattan,the scene of the crime.

Because each segment fo-cuses on only a few hours—the action takes place in 23days—the story moves swift-ly, gathering momentumalong the way. Yourdon hasmanaged to sustain the ele-ment of suspense throughout;at times I distinctly heard aclock ticking dramatically inthe background.

Yourdon has clearly drawnon his background as a dataprocessing consultant, andhis technical expertise lendsthe dialogue and plot its ringof truth. Unfortunately, theauthor just can't keep theconsultant down, which re-sults in passages straight outof Computer Science 101:"Application programmerswrite English-like statementssuch as y = x + 1, which are

translated by the compilersinto assembly language. ..."Such explanations are in-structive, perhaps, but theyare tedious here.

Yourdon also uses SilentWitness to vent his views onthe hierarchy of the computerscience establishment. Osten-sibly for the benefit of theuninitiated, his chapters arelaced with lines such as these:

Computer professionals cantell a lot about each other bylooking at the way they dressand at the formats of the pro-grams they read. One whowears a suit, and who gets hishair cut regularly, is prob-ably an application program-mer or maybe a systemsanalyst. A data-processingexpert in baggy pants and awrinkled shirt, or sporting abeard and sandals, is likely tobe a systems programmer, orpossibly a computer oper-ator . . . in the computerfield, though, operators areregarded as mechanics . . .they rank at the bottom ofthe pecking order.

One passage that I foundinstructive and entertainingillustrates how a team of in-vestigators might use data-bases to track down a crimi-nal. The question in this caseis, "Can a new millionaire'sseemingly petty purchases be-tray him?" Databases may beold hat to a seasoned profes-sional, but Yourdon's de-scription of them is the sort ofgraphic example a novice canappreciate.

If believability is onecriterion of good fiction,Silent Witness succeeds onlyhalf the time. While most ofthe details of the crime andthe ensuing investigation areplausible, the ending is pure"Fantasy Island." The re-quisite love scene that Your-don included is just as embar-

rassing. A case in point: "Shefelt herself burst into flamesfeeling his tongue flickeragainst hers." Lines like thatgive fiction a bad name.

In spite of its obviouslapses, Silent Witness is afairly engaging behind-the-scenes look at the world ac-cording to computer profes-sionals. Because it illustratesthe extent to which com-puters pervade our cultureand explains certain fun-damental principles as well,the book may be particularlyappealing to anyone justdiscovering the world ofcomputers. This may be theperfect opportunity to in-troduce your technophobicfriends to the mysteries of thescience. ■

BYTE's Bits

IBM PC ProductsDatabase

Sapana Micro Software isdeveloping a database ofhardware and software forthe IBM Personal Computer.The listing will be divided in-to separate hardware andsoftware sections, indexed bytitle and source, and includethe product's name, config-uration required, availableform, distribution details,and other pertinent data.Two monthly listings will beproduced, one covering newadditions to the market andthe other listing productsavailable to date.

Interested parties develop-ing hardware and softwarefor the IBM Personal Com-puter and individuals seekingsuch items are invited to con-tact Sapana Micro Software,POB 748, Quincy, IL 62301. ■

386 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Programming Quickies

Another Binary to BCDConversion Routine

Pat Coghlan and George White

Computer Science Department

University of Ottawa

Ottawa, Ontario KIN 9B4 Canada

While trying to transport the multibyte binary tobinary-coded-decimal (BCD) routine described byMichael McQuade in the February 1980 BYTE (page 106)to a 6502-based computer, we discovered that theflowchart on page 112 would not work. As given, thisflowchart yields the proper results only if the value of thebinary field is 0. Inspecting the last small loop of theflowchart will reveal the reason for this quirk.

Suppose the BCD field is large compared to the binaryfield. The carry bit will be a 0 upon entry to the loop. Theleast significant byte of the BCD field is then added toitself along with the carry (which is 0), and eventually theRETURN box is entered. Since the least significant byte isalways added to itself, the resulting number will alwaysbe even.

Having one too many loops in a routine is a commonproblem that, once identified, is easily fixed. In this case,two changes are necessary. The bit counter should be ini-tialized to 8 X D - 1 rather than 8 X D, and the finalcarry should be added to the BCD field without also add-ing the byte to itself. Figure 1 shows the repairedflowchart. Our version uses two subroutines to enhancethe modularity and improve the understanding of thealgorithm. Although we made this change at the expenseof some run-time efficiency, we feel the trade-off isdefinitely worthwhile.

Listing 1 is the conversion routine implemented in 6502assembly language. It has been tested on an Apple II butshould work on any 6502-based machine, such as aKIM-1 or a PET.

Finally, rotation of the entire binary field is not strictlynecessary. A left shift of this field would do just as well.Implementing such an operation may best be done withseveral 9-bit rotations involving the carry bit.H

Listing 1 is on pages 388-390

( START J

BCD'O

X = (8* N)-l

,"

ROTATE BINARYNUMBER

ADD CARRYTO BCD

ADD BCD TO

ITSELF

X = X-1

N

£/x =

0 s

YES

ROTATE BINARYNUMBER

ADD CARRYTO BCD

f RETURN J

Figure 1: Flowchart of the binary to binary-coded-decimal(BCD) routine given in listing 1.

January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 387

Programming

Listing 1: The 6502 ass

embly-language implementation of the binary to binary-coded-decimal routine. Written on an Apple II,

it can

easily be modified to run on any 6502-based machine.

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388 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Listing 1 continued on page 390January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 389

Programming Quickies.

Listing 1 continued:

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REi URN Ir NO NORb UHRRYl

Farewell tothe Florida panther.

• *?&■*&-&•'•&&■'■'••&&£&:&'• •'*.?:. •";.*•'•'v'TK

^^^^••;-:3^W

rjv.'-.-..X5il»Cj>v.:-

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'■' --.•■'.^.-••••■.?o""

No one knows how manyFlorida panthers are stillalive. Perhaps fewer thanTOO. If these mountainlions die, another creaturewill be gone from the earthforever. . . the victim, first,of predator elimination pro-grams, and more recently,of ever-shrinking habitat.•■•.-.,.. But we don't have to bid fare-

•"•-.::..' ''•'•-.-. well to the Florida panther,s...'''"' The National Wildlife Federationhas awarded a grant to researchers*'^>* '••;, -to study the panther and its future . . .•'■'" aYid to draw up a plan for saving it. That's

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390 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

BYTE's Bugs

Heuristic Tree Search Not Admissible

A design error in the main program associated with GreggWilliams's article 'Tree Searching" ("Part 1, Basic Techniques,"September 1981 BYTE, page 72 and "Part 2, Heuristic Tech-niques," October 1981 BYTE, page 195) resulted in a program thatworks but is theoretically incorrect. For a heuristic search to beadmissible (i.e., finding an optimal solution), nodes of the searchtree must be evaluated by the function:

/(n) = g(n) + fa)

An oversight on the part of the author resulted in the BASIC pro-gram in part 1, listing la (page 80), evaluating the above equationwithout the g(n) term. (The g(n) represents the estimate of theshortest path from the start node to the current node n. Since weare dealing with trees, which have only one such path to anynode, the g(n) value is also a g(n) value, where g(n) is, theoretical-ly, the shortest path from the start node to node n.)

Although the program still solves the puzzles given to it, thelack of admissibility does not guarantee a solution under all cir-

cumstances, nor does it guarantee the shortest possible solution.The changes shown in the listing below, when added to listing la,correct the program to include the g(n) term. The format of anode stored in the string array 0$ is altered to be as follows:

0$(3) = "001U12345.786001"~*7

I g value of node, 08 digits long

row-major layout of board, R9*R9 digits long

move code to get from parent to current node

parent node number, 08 digits long

In an unrelated item, it should be pointed out that the programcan be expanded to deal with larger problems simply by expand-ing the dimensions of the O, 0$, and R$ arrays in line 100 oflisting la.

Finally, the author would like to thank Dr. Henry W. Davis,Associate Professor of Computer Science at Wright State Univer-sity (Dayton, Ohio), for pointing out this error. ■

Listing 13LIST 244-245

244 REM —B9 IS G-HAT VALUE FROM STRING O*

245 69 = VAL < MID* (O*(Nl),H2,08))

3LIST 402-405

402 REM —G-HAT VALUE OF SUCCESSOR—G9+1-

403 REM IN Rl TO GIVE TRUE F-HAT VALUE405 Rl = (G9 + 1) + Rl

IS ADDED TO H-HAT VALUE

3LIST 9301-9303

9301 REM —PUT G-HAT AT END OF STRING

9302 N9 = Nl: GOSUB 9400:Z9* = Q*:N1 = G9 *

9303 A*<A9) = Z9* + MID* <D*,S1,1) + F* +

1:Q*

GOSUB 9400:N1

N9

3LIST 9523952;

REM PUT 'Q2*="<STARTING PATTERN>":GOTO 9535' HERE TO BYPASS INPU

T OF PUZZLE EACH TIME PROGRAM IS RUN

Listing 1 continued on page 392

January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 391

BYTE's Bugs

Listing 1 continued:

DLIST 9551-9553

9551 REM —ADD G-HAT VALUE TO END OF STRING

9552 Nl = 1: GOSUB 9400:Z9* = Q*

9553 Nl = OS GOSUB 9400:0*(1) = Z9* + "B" + Q2*

+ Q*:N1 = 1

DLIST 9576-9577

9576 REM —H2=FIRST CHAR. OF 6-HAT VALUE WITHIN STRING O*

9577 H2 = 08 + L2 + 2

3LIST 9514-9615

9614 REM —04* IS BOARD IN STRING FORM

9615 Q4* = MID* <A*(M1),H1 + 1,L2)

; COMPARE TO GOAL STRING, Q3*

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Simulation of Simple Digital

Logic through a

Computer-Aided Design System

Home-computer logic designers now can have

a computer-aided design system comparable to professional

systems in all aspects but speed.

Computer-aided design is notsomething one normally considers forhome use—professional CAD (com-puter-aided design) systems cost halfa million dollars and require memorycapacity measured in megabytes. Butafter my son outgrew his "150-in-lElectronics Experiments" kit, CADseemed like the next logical step for atinkerer on a budget.

With the power of home computersapproaching that of the large com-puters of past decades, CAD for hob-by applications has become feasible.One of the basic CAD programs suit-able for such implementation is alogic simulator, a software-basedbreadboard that allows simulation ofa digital circuit with no investment inparts.

A large portion of the code andstorage requirements of a profes-sional logic simulator deals with so-phisticated processing to reduce runtimes and with the ability to handlechips containing 100,000 or morelogic gates. With the availability of

About the Author

Robert M. McDermott is the manager ofCAD Software Engineering at InternationalTelephone and Telegraph's LSI TechnologyCenter. He teaches computer science at Bridge-port Engineering Institute and has a B.E.E., anM.S. in computer science, and an M.S. insystems analysis.

Robert McDermott

33 Dora Circle

Bridgeport, CT 06604

"free" computer time at home, andthe expectation that hobby designswould be small (fewer than 100gates), I felt that a logic simulatorcould be squeezed into a typical16K-byte computer.

After completing the project, I wasamazed to find that such a systemcould be programmed with fewerthan 200 BASIC statements! My soncan now experiment freely, satisfying

Using a software-based

"breadboard," you

code a proposed design

into the computer as

an interconnection of

various types of logic

gates.

his curiosity and expanding hisunderstanding of logic design, andmy budget is still intact. I believe theavailability of this and other suchCAD systems (circuit simulators,etc.) will assist experimenters as wellas provide excellent and inexpensiveteaching tools. As more designers useCAD, the availability of CAD at highschool and college levels will in-crease, and students will receive im-portant exposure and experience incomputer-aided design. The follow-ing discussion, flowchart, examples,

and program listing are provided tofoster expanded CAD use.

Using a Logic Simulator

You use a logic simulator in thesame way that you use a hardware-based breadboard: you interconnectvarious logic gates to perform theproposed functions, apply power,and test the circuit by applying someinput stimuli and observing the resul-tant output.

If the output is as expected, youcan implement the design in a finalform (printed-circuit board, etc.). Alltoo frequently, however, the outputis not as expected, due to a basic flawin the logic implementation, amistake in the wiring, or a faulty gateon the breadboard. At this point, youmust go through the time-consumingprocess of locating the problem andrepeat the procedure.

A software-based "breadboard,"while used in the same way, has somesignificant advantages. You code theproposed design into the computer asan interconnection of the variouslogic gates (the number and types ofgates available for use is limited onlyby the program's capabilities, not bythe contents of your spare-parts col-lection). After all the devices are "in-terconnected" in software, you caninstruct the simulator to supply aseries of input stimuli to test and

396 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE January 1983 397

LOGIC DIAGRAM

FULL ADDER

CO-3

o^o-

-O SUM

to

-O CARRY

LOGIC DESCRIPTION TO SIMULATOR

X, 1 , 2 ,

X, 3 , 4 ,

A , 1 , 3 ,

A , 1 , 2 ,

A, 2 , 3 ,

0, 6 , 7 , 8

END

. ,4,

5,6 ■. , 7 ,

. ■ 8 ,

■ ,9,

INPUT STIMULI TIMING DIAGRAM

1 (A)

2 (B)

3 (C)

EXPECTED OUTPUT TIMING DIAGRAM

5 (SUM)

IJ \^7~\^

6 (CARRY)

£n^o~

SIMULATOR OUTPUT (INPUT AND OUTPUT NODES) 11111 11111 ;1 1 1 1 1 11111 11111

! u i i mi m ' liiiiuiii 11111

11111 ;i i i i i |i i i i i i i i i i ....

?? i i i i i i i i i i .... i i l ill l .. liil) liiinii

??.... , 11 ill l. . .1. . 111111 i l i l i i ill i

Figure 1: Example application of the simulator. The user provides a coded description ofthe electronic circuit (a full adder, shown at top), as well as a coded description of theinput stimuli desired (in this case, the eight possibilities provided by three binary digits).The simulator produces a list of the binary values at each input and output. The usercan then compare the list with the expected response. (A "." means logic 0, a "1" standsfor logic 1, and a "?" means logic unknown.)

verify the design; the complexity andinterrelationship of the stimuli are notlimited by the availability of signalgenerators and synchronous interfacedevices. The fact that the simulator issoftware based provides each de-signer with the equivalent of pro-grammable signal generators. Thevideo display of this software bread-board also allows you to monitor as

many signals as the screen will dis-play and so is comparable to a multi-trace oscilloscope or logic analyzer.

The one major drawback of a soft-ware breadboard, however, is thelack of real-time response and diag-nosis (i.e., it is a logic simulator notan emulator). If it is accepted that theprimary purpose of the system isvalidation of logical operation and if

timing analysis can be postponeduntil after the logic is verified (adevice that doesn't perform thedesired logical function is useless),then the impact of this limitation isminimal.

Figure 1 shows the use of a logicsimulator for verifying the properlogical operation of a proposeddesign for a full adder. Each gate iscoded as a five-input, two-outputgate, with unused "pins" left blank.You assign each external stimulus aunique number (nodes 1, 2, and 3).The output of each gate is also as-signed a unique number (nodes 4through 9). The code for each gatefollows the format:

TYPE, INI, IN2, IN3, IN4, IN5,

OUT, OUT-TYPE is the logic-gate type(A = AND, O = OR, X = Exclu-sive OR), INI through IN5 are thenode numbers of the signals used asinputs to this gate, and OUT (orOUT-) is the unique number assignedto this node. (If an inverted gate isused, e.g., NAND, NOR, or XNOR,the node number is placed in theOUT- position.) The simulator willsimultaneously exercise all gates sothat the order in which the elementsare entered is irrelevant. The end ofthe logic description is signaled by adummy END element.

The simulated circuit in figure 1 istested by applying each of the eightpossible input combinations (000,001, 010, . . . , 110, 111) and verify-ing that the SUM and CARRY signals(nodes 5 and 9) produce the outputsrequired (00, 01, 01, ... , 10, 11).The coding for scheduling inputstimuli is of the format:

NODE,INIT.VAL,INIT.TIME,CHG Tl, CHG T2, . . . ,CHGT5

NODE is the node number assignedto this stimuli, INIT.VALUE is theinitial logic value to be assigned,INIT.TIME is the time to apply theinitial value, and CHANGE Tlthrough CHANGE T5 are the times to"flip" the signal to its opposite value.(If more than five changes are re-

398 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE January 1983 399

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quired, subsequent lines with thisnode number are entered.) The end ofcoding is signaled by a 0 node.

You then enter the signals to bemonitored on the resulting timingdiagram (nodes 1, 2, 3, 5, and 9), andsimulation commences.

An analysis of the output producedby the logic simulator reveals someinteresting points. Notice that theoutputs are in an unknown state (in-dicated by a question mark) untildriven to a known state. This is oneof the significant advantages of logicsimulation over hardware bread-boarding. A good design should beinsensitive to the initial, or power-up,state. In a mass production of a poordesign, often some percentage ofdevices work, but not all. Usually,this is due to differing power-up ordefault conditions.

An effective logic simulator modelsat least three states: 0, 1, and "un-known." In the simulator presentedhere, all nodes are set to the unknownstate at the start of simulation andwill appear in a known state only

when driven unambiguously to thatstate. (For example, an OR gate willbe driven to a logic 1 state when anyinput is a logic 1, independent of theother, possibly unknown, inputs;similar rules can be developed forother logic gates as well.) Also, therelative time delay for the circuit isshown because the SUM and CARRYsignals do not change state until twogate times after the input is applied(corresponding to the two gate delaysbetween the primary inputs and out-puts).

The design produces the outputyou would expect from a full adder,so further analysis is not warranted.Had the output been illogical, inter-nal nodes could be monitored fordebugging.

Notice that you can do a completedesign, verification, and analysiswithout physically building the cir-cuit.

The Design of a Logic Simulator

The operation of a logic simulatoris similar to that of other time-

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oriented simulations. In the game ofLife, for example, each succeedinggeneration is determined by the pre-vious generation; typically, two ar-rays are maintained (old and new)and appropriate rules are applied totransform the old state into a newstate. After the entire new state isgenerated, it becomes the old stateand the next new state is generated.

A logic simulator, using predefinedlogical-gate models, operates similar-ly by using the old state (current sig-nal values), applying the logical rulesassociated with the logic gates, andgenerating the new state (resultantsignal values). The simulator departsfrom the Life-game analogy in the ac-ceptance of stimulations (changes inexternal signal values) during thesimulation.

The application of the logic rule isstraightforward for each predefinedlogic element, particularly if Booleanfunctions are supported by the pro-gramming language. The difficulty inlogic simulation is in deciding whichsignals are to be used for each in-dividual gate and managing signalpropagation for signals that drivemore than one logic gate.

Fortunately, judicious use of in-direct addressing and implicit net-listcoding simplifies this task consider-ably. (A net list is a representation ofthe interconnection of logic elements.An explicit net list is a specific list ofeach "wire" connecting the elements,as used in instructions for buildingkits; an implicit net list is a represen-tation from which an explicit net listcan be deduced, as used whenbuilding kits from a schematic.)

If each signal is given a uniquenumber, and this same number isused regardless of where the signalfans out, this number can be used to"point" to the value associated withthe signal in the old and new state ar-rays. When a signal is coded as an in-put to a gate, the value in the old statearray is used; when the signal appearsas an output, the resultant signalvalue is stored in the new state array.This structure also allows for easytransferring of new to old, in thatthere is a one-to-one correspondencebetween arrays.

You can implement the addition of

402 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Listing 1: The Logic Simulator program written in BASIC for the TRS-80. The programhas fewer than 200 lines and requires only 6K bytes of memory. The array space re-quired for most simulated circuitry is about 20 bytes per gate and 3 bytes per stimuluschange.

10

20

30

4B

50

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170

1S0

190

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24B

250

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DEFINT A-ZCLS

PRINT "A BASIC LOGIC SIMULATION SYSTEM"R.MCDERMOTT 3/26/81

****** DATA STRUCTURES ******'MAXIMUM NODES'MAXIMUM EXTERNALS'LOGIC ELEMENT ARRAY

'EXTERNAL STIMULI ARRAY•MONITOR SIGNAL ARRAY'OLD SIGNAL VALUE ARRAY'NEW SIGNAL VALUE ARRAY'TABLE LOOKUP FOR XOR GATE

N9 = 100

N8 = 30

DIM L<7»N9)

DIM E(7,N8)

I DIM M(10)

DIM 0(N9)

! DIM N(N9)

DIM X(6)

| 9

****

L0 = 0

Ll = 3

■ U * 1

I(L0) = Ll

I(Ll) = LB

I ( U ) = U

X(LB + L8) i

■ L0

X(LB + U) =

U

X(L0 + Ll) :

= Ll

X(L1 + U) =

u

X ( L1 + L 1 ) i

■ la

S*(L0) ■" ".

SS(Ll) = "1

S* ( U) = " ?

F = 0

E9 ■ 0

P = 0

VARIABLES USED ******

'INTERNAL REPRESENTATION OF LOGIC 0'INTERNAL REPRESENTATION OF LOGIC 1'INTERNAL REPRESENTATION OF LOGIC UNKNOWN'INVERT (COMPLEMENT) OF LOGIC 0'INVERT (COMPLEMENT) OF LOGIC 1'INVERT (COMPLEMENT) OF LOGIC UNKNOWN'TRUTH TABLE FOR XOR

"SYMBOL PRINTED FOR LOGIC 0'SYMBOL PRINTED FOR LOGIC 1'SYMBOL PRINTED FOR LOGIC UNKNOWN'END OF PAGE FLAG'ERROR FLAG'CURRENT PRINT LINE'Nl = LAST ELEMENT, N2•N3 = HIGHEST NODE #'L* = ALPHA CODING OF LOGIC TYPES****** READ LOGIC CODING ******

LAST EXTERNAL

PRINTI = IIF IINPUT LIF L* =GOSUB 1IF 1.(0?IF N3 >GOTO 41

'FROM L(.j0) THRU L(.,N1)INPUT CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION"

t

N9 THEN GOTO I860 ' CHECK FOR ARRAY OVERFLOW.*»L(1,I),L<2,I),L(3, I),L(4>I),L(5, I),L<6, I)-L(7- I)= "END" THEN GOTO 490 'CHECK FOR END.770 'CHECK FOR VALID TYPE. PUT INTO L(0,I!

I) ■ 0 THEN GOSUB 1900- N9 THEN GOSUB 1880

0

- 1

' ****** READ IN EXTERNAL STIMULI ******

PRINT "INPUT CIRCUIT STIMULI"

I = I + 1

IF I > N8 THEN GOTO 1930 'CHECK FOR MEMORY OVERFLOW

INPUT E(0, I ),EliE(2. I ) .E!3i I ) ,E(4, I ) , E ( 5 , I > , E(6. I ) , E(7i I )

'CHANGE INITIAL VALUE TO INTERNAL FORMATE ( 1, I ) - U

IF El ■ 0 THEN E(l:I! = L0IF El ■ 1 THEN E(1,I) = Ll

IF E(B,I) <> 0 THEN GOTO 540 'CHECK FOR END

N2 =1-1

' ****** READ IN MONITOR POINTS ******PRINT "PLEASE ENTER POINTS TO BE DISPLAYED*"PRINT "(UP TO 10- 0 TO END)"FOR I = 1 TO 10INPUT M!I)

IF M(I! = 0 THEN GOTO 700NEXT I

'ANY INPUT CHECKING WOULD GO HERE

' ****** DONE WITH INPUT PROCESSING, STOP IF ERRORS ******IF E9 <> 0 THEN STOP

' ****** INITIALIZE FOR SIMULATION (SET ALL NODES UNKNOWN)FOR 1=0 TO 1000(1) = U 'OLD VALUE ARRAY

Listing 1 continued on page 406

external stimuli during simulation byscheduling changes to occur atspecific times during the simulation.The use of two arrays, old and new,implies a unit delay: each outputfrom the old state array appears onecycle later as in the new state array.This unit of time is typically referredto as a gate time. If the simulatorkeeps track of the gate times, then theexternal stimuli can be applied (byputting its input value into the newarray) just prior to the scheduled gatetime for this change. Because uniquenumbers are used for each signal,each stimulus value will remain con-stant between changes. Hence, onlyscheduled changes need to bespecified and stored: only a single 1 isstored for a signal that is con-tinuously high.

The display of resultant logicvalues is trivial; the program needsonly to look at selected signals in thenew state array and convert the logicvalues stored there to human-readable form. With graphics avail-able on most microcomputers, thedisplay can be made to look like anoscilloscope's output, a logicanalyzer's output, or merely a truthtable representation.

A BASIC Logic Simulator

Listing 1 and the flowchart in figure2, demonstrate the feasibility of im-plementing a logic simulator on ahome computer. The program itselfrequires less than 6K bytes of mem-ory, and the array storage require-ment for a typical design using 100logic gates and 150 external stimulichanges is less than 3K bytes, so thata complete system is easily imple-mented in a TRS-80 with 16K bytes ofmemory.

Listing 1 shows the array require-ments, followed by the internalvalues used for logic 0, 1, and 7 andtheir inverses. I made this particularchoice of internal values (0, 3, and 1)to allow the use of the standard ANDand OR functions (or MIN and MAX)while maintaining the proper inter-pretation and propagation of logicunknown states. In other words, for atwo-input AND gate, if one input islogic unknown (internal value 1) andthe other is a logic 0 (internal value

404 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Features: Composite Video Input/Output • Switchable Input Impedance75 or 10K ohm • 750 Line Resolu-tion at Center and 500 Lines at Corners• Dimensions are 1 2.1 3"x11.34"x11.65" forthe 12" model and 8.66"x-8.54"x9.05" for the 9" model

12" 12MHz BANDWIDTH

Black and White $127.00

Green 130.00

Orange 134.00

Add $7.50 Shipping and Handling for this itemDealer Inquires Invited

9" 18Mhz BANDWIDTH

Black and White $117.00

Green 121.00

Orange 125.00

=*£=- SUNTRONICS CO, inc.

^^■^^^— 12621 Crenshaw Blvd., Hawthorne, CA 90250

'" STORE HOURS: MON.-FRI. 9:00am to 6:30pm

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date). Add $2.00 postage and handling to order. CA residents add 6% sales tax.

Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer Inc.

Circle 387 on inquiry card.

ComputersAnd

PeripheralsFor Sale

The items for sale have beenused for varying lengths of time,but are all in working order. Allunits are sold as is. Prices are FOBPeterborough, New Hampshire.

Three high-performanceSCION video-display subsys-tems for use with a micro-computer, each consisting of a:

Scion Screensplitter memory-mapped S-100-bus video-dis-play board,

Scion parallel-port keyboard.

Scion Wordsmith text-editingsoftware.

Ball Corporation green-phos-phor video monitor.

The units are all in excellentcondition.

Price: S999 each subsystem,S2500 takes all three.

Shaffstall EDI7700 photo-typesetter floppy-disk interface foruse with Compugraphic Edit-writer-series typesetting equip-ment, including standard ASCIItranslation software. (This devicereads and writes phototypesetterdisks with textual data transmittedor received through a serial RS-232C link.) Excellent condition.Price: S8500.

Pensee Pascal Mlcroenglne

computer system, including UCSDPascal version 3.0, 16-bit micropro-cessor, two Shugart 800R single-density 8-inch floppy-disk drives,and two RS-232C serial ports.Good condition.Price: SI300.

For more information, contact:

Jon Swanson

BYTE Publications Inc.

70 Main St.

Peterborough, NH 03458

(603) 924-9281

'NEW VALUE ARRAY

****** MAIN LOOP FOR SIMULATION ******' UPDATE ANY SCHEDULED STIMULI' MOVE NEW TO OLD

PERFORM LOGIC FUNCTIONSPRINT OUT OLD ARRAY, FLAS END OF SCREEN

Listing 1 continued.

760 Nil) = U

770 NEXT I

7813 G = -J

790

S00 G = G + 1

810

820 GOSUB 1000

830

840 FOR I = 1 TO N3

850 0(1) = N(I)

860 NEXT I

870

880 GOSUB 1150

890

900 GOSUB 1510

910 IF F <> 1 THEN GOTO 800

920 'END OF SCREEN, WAIT FOR INPUT

930 PRINT "CONTINUE ?(YES, NO, OR RESTART <Y,N,R>>"

940 INPUT A*

950 IF A* = "Y" THEN GOTO 800

960 IF A* = "R" THEN GOTO 640

970 STOP

980 '****** SUBROUTINES ******

990 '****** UPDATE STIMULI ******

1000 FOR 1=0 TO N2

1010 'CHECK SCHEDULED TIMES

1020 FOR J = 2 TO 7

1030 IF G <> E(J,I) THEN GOTO 1110

1040 'GOT A MATCH ON TIME, GET SIGNAL NUMBER

1050 X = E>0,I)

1060 'FLIP OR INITIALIZE

1070 XI = N(X)

1080 N(X) = I(X1)

1090 'CHECK FOR INITIALIZE

1100 IF J = 2 THEN N(X)=E<1,I>

1110 NEXT J

1120 NEXT I

1130 RETURN

1140 '****** PERFORM LOGIC FUNCTIONS ******

1150 FOR 1=0 TO MI

1160 'DO AND, OR, OR XOR OPERATION

117(5 0N t-<0,I) GOSUB 1210 ,1290 ,1370

1180 GOSUB 1450 'STORE OUTPUTS

1190 NEXT I

1200 RETURN

1210 Y = LI 'AND GATE

1220 FOR J = 1 TO 5

1230 X = Li J,I)

1240 IF X = 0 THEN GOTO 1260

1250 IF OCX) < Y THEN Y=0(X)

1260 NEXT J

1270 RETURN

1280 ******* OR GATE ******

1290 Y = L0

1300 FOR J =1 TO 5

1310 X = L<J,I)

1320 IF X = 0 THEN GOTO 1340

1330 IF 0(X) > Y THEN Y = 0(X)

1340 NEXT J

1350 RETURN

1360 '****** XOR GATE ******

1370 Y = U

1380 XI = L«l, I)

1390 X2 = L(2,I)

1400 IF XI = 0 THEN GOTO 1430

1410 IF X2 = 0 THEN GOTO 1430

1420 Y = X(0(X1) + 0(X2))

1430 RETURN

1440 ' ****** STORE TRUE AND COMPLEMENT OUTPUTS ******

1450 X = L(6,I)

1460 N(X) = Y

1470 X = L(7,I)

1480 N(X) = I(Y)

1490 RETURN

1500 ' ****** PRINT OUTPUTS ******

1510 IF P <> 0 THEN GOTO 1620 'HEADER REQUIRED ?

1520 'PRINT HEADER AND SIGNAL NUMBERS

1530 CLS

1540 PRINT

1550 PRINT "TIME ";G

1560 PRINT "SIGNALS" Listing 1 continued on page 408

406 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

LfADE^iTOAlTORDEffilSCOUNTllI

800 433-5184

SYSTEMS

Texas 817/274-5625

IBM Personal Computer

INTERNAL DISKS FOR IBM

Complete IBM Disk Systems $CALL I

Tendon Internal Disk .. single elded 100kTendon Internal Disk . double sided 320k |

HARD DISKS FOR IBM

Complete 5 meg. Systems ... from $1568 I

Multi-computer Network Systems available |

MONITORS FOR IBM

Green - hi resolution from $80 I

Matching PGS Color - super hi res . SCall [

OUADBOARD FOR IBM

Includes 64k to 256k additional Memory, I

Serial & Parallel Port and Calendar Clock |

ADDITIONAL MEMORY FOR IBM

16k Chips each $2 I

64k Chips SCall [

PRINTER FOR IBMEpson, Star & other matrix printers . SCall ]NEC 3550 Spinwriter IBM version .. SCall

ATARI

ATARI 800 COMPUTER

ATARI 810 DISK DRIVES

Percom Double Density EXT DRIVES

ATARI 850 Interface and Cable

Compatible PRINTERS and Cables

First DISK DRIVE w/controller, DOS 3.3,

cables and manual.... $419

Second DISK DRIVE with cable ... $319

APPLE to EPSON card and cable

Z 80 Card (Call

RAM Card SCall

Printer Interface Cards SCall

Graphic Printer Interface Card $139

Graphic Spooler Interface Care/16k to 84k

TANDON DRIVES

TCS DRIVE CABINET Is Industrial gradeheavy guage metal, safely fused, andcomes with gold plated external connectorwith extender cable.

1 DRIVE in Cabinet

40 track single sided $249

80 track (dual sided 40 track) $329

160 track (dual sided SO track) $449

1 DRIVE/DouWe Cabinet

40 track single sided $289

80 track (dual sided 40 track) $389

180 track (dual sided 80 track) $489

2 DRIVES Double Cabinet

40 track single sided $489

SO track (dual sided 40 tracks) $639

160 track (dual sided 80 tracks) .... $849

Drives in cabinets come aaeembled/testedwith power tupply Order cable separately

BARE DRIVES ONLY

40 track single sided SCALL

SO track (dual sided 40 track) ... IcALL

160 track (dual sided SO track) . tCALL

8 Inch Slimline sgi/dbi sided SCALL

Winchester hard drives 5-30 meg . $CALL

CORVUS HARD DISK

CORVUS HARD DISKS

Call for '83 prices - lowest anywhere

Add 5, 10 or 20 megabytes of storage to your TRS80, IBM, Apple, Atari, Heath, Zenith,Intertec, S 100 and many others. One or several computers can shares hard disk. Getsimultaneous access to data for multiple users. AVAILABLE NOW at SUPER SAVINGS

PRINTERS

TCS has the LOWEST PRICES on IN STOCK PRINTERS!LETTER QUALITY PRINTERS MATRIX PRINTERS

STAR GEMINI

Better than Epson and costs less!

100 cps .180 day warranty

Bit Image AND Block Graphics

Friction Feed and Pin Feed paperSTAR GEMINI 10 (10 inch carriage) SCallSTAR GEMINI 15 (15 inch carriage) SCall

C.ITOH 8510 / TEC / PMC SCall

DMP 100 $349

DMP 200 $689

DMP 400 $1029

DMP 500 $1564

ANADEX 9501 -A $1395

CENTRONICS 352/353 SCall

OKIDATA printers .. SCall for Low Prices

C.ITOH F-10 (40 cps) $1595

DAISY WHEEL II (RS) $1695

NEC 3510 / 3530 / 3550 SCall

NEC 7710 / 7730 $Call

SMITH CORONA TP-1 $649

BROTHER / COMREX $829

EPSON PRINTERS

EPSON MX 80 SCALL

EPSON MX 80 FT $CALL

EPSON MX 100 FT $CALL

GRAPHTRAX PLUS come free in EPSONS

Cables and Interfaces available

for most popular computers

For (as!, efficient service Heart Of we can air freight from Dallas

TEXAS COMPUTER SYSTEMS

P.O. Box 1327 Arlington, Texas 76004-1327

TEXAS ORDERS 817/274-5625

TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE 817/274-9221

ORDER STATUS 817/277-1913

TELEX/TWX/Easylink ELN 62100790

800 433-5184

No tax out of state. Texana add 5%. Prices subject to change at any time.

TRS-80

TCS MODEL III 48k 2 DISK

I wf* 188 day TCS fcsMeal warranty.

$1695

With standard 40 track

double density drives.

Over 340,000 bytes

Includes TDOS

$1995

With 2 dual headed 40

track dbl density drives.

Over 730,000 bytes.

Includes DOSPLUS 3.4

($150 value)

Fully assembled and tested systems that are software compatible and functionallyidentical to Radio Shack units sold at computer stores for $hundreds more.

□ CONTROLLER BOARDS are high quality double sided epoxy boards with goldplated contacts.

□ POWER SUPPLY is the finest switching type available.

o MOUNTING HARDWARE includes power and data cables.a DISK DRIVES are Tandon, the same ones used by Radio Shack .40 track, doubledensity, with a 5 millisecond stepping rate.

TCS MODEL III DISK EXPANSION KITS

1 Controller. Power Supply. Mounting Hardware 8 Instructions $370

2 Controller. Power Supply. Hardware 8 one 40 track Tandon drive $577

3 Controller, Power Supply. Hardware, two 40 track Tandon drives. 32k memory

(everything you need for 2 drive 48k upgrade) $799

3e Kit 3 but with two 80 track drives (dual sided 40s) $999

$1169

3b Kit 3 but with two 160 track drives (dual sided 80s)

MODEL III SYSTEMS

Original 90 day manufacturer's warranty.

MODEL III 4k $598

MODEL III 16k $Call

MODEL III 32k SCall

MODEL III 48k SCall

MODEL III 48k 2 Drive RS232 SCall

TCS MODEL III Systems use origlnsl RShardware and quality TCS memory.180 day limited warranty.

TCS MODEL III 16k SCall

TCS MODEL III 32k $798

TCS MODEL III 48k $828

Green or Amber Langley Sinclair CRT foryour customized Model III $Csll

COLOR COMPUTER

Original 90 day manufacturer's warranty.

COLOR COMPUTER 16k $249

COLOR COMPUTER 16k ext $335

COLOR COMPUTER 32k ext SCall

COLOR COMPUTER DISK 0 $479

COLOR COMPUTER DISK 1 $349

TCS COLOR COMPUTERS use originalRS hardware 8 TCS memory180 day warranty.

TCS COLOR COMPUTER 32k ext .. $379TCS COLOR COMPUTER DISK 0 .. $449TCS COLOR COMPUTER DISK 1 .. $249TCS 32k MEMORY $79

Model II .. Model 16 .. Accessories .. SCALL

TCS Is an authorized TRS-80 dealer F701 In Brady. Texas

DEALER INQUIRIES invited on all TCS MODEL III Systems and Kits

CUSTOM SOFTWARE FROM TCS

BTREE ScratchpadS39.95

BTREE Library$39.95

BTREE Mail List$49.95

TCS Exclusive THE PRODUCER $199

The ultimate solution in creating your own custom software. If you're In a )sm and can'tfind a program to fit your needs, use this fast and simple Program Development Systemto tailor make a solution to your problem. Custom design your own screen format withcomplete control over the number of characters assigned to each field. Fully view andedit all fields at all times. Create a B-Tree structured file allowing you to access datarapidly and without sorting. One key access to user-designed self-help or promptIntormstion. Expand your program to support up to 8 calculations for each data field.

AND MUCH MUCH MORE.This system comes complete with its own Disk Operating System. It will make you amaster of your software needs without hiring a programmer. Or If you are aprogrammer, this system will save you hundreds of hours in design work for yourclients. Saving time Is saving money!

WRITE FOR FREE BROCHURE ON TCS PROGRAM GENERATOR

Listing 1 continued:

10

157E FOR I = 1 TO

15B0 X = Mil)

1590 IF X <> 0 THEN PRINT 3128+64*1.X

1600 NEXT I

1610 'PRINT SIGNAL VALUES

1620 PRINT 307"CURRENT GATE TIME ";G;

1630 FOR I == 1 TO 10

1640 X = M(I)

1650 IF X = 0 THEN GOTO 1690

1660 Y = 0«X>

1670 PRINT ai2S+5+64*I+PiS*(Y);

1630 NEXT I

1690 'CHECK FOR END OF PAGE

1700 F = 0

1710 P = P + 1

1720 IF F

1730 P = 0

1740 F « 1

1750 RETURN

1760

1770 L(0 >I) = 0

17S0 IF L* =

1790 IF L* *

1S00 IF L* =

59 THEN RETURN

****** GET LOGIC TYPE ******

A" THEN L(0.I) - 10" THEN L(8hI) = 2X" THEN L(0!I) = 3

'AND GATE'OR GATE'XOR GATE

L(J.I)

******* ERROR PROCESSING ******TOO MANY LOGIC ELEMENTS < " S15 " ) CHANGE N9 (";N9!")"

1810 FOR J = 1 TO 7

1820 IF L ( J! I ) > N3 THEN N3

1830 NEXT J

1840 RETURN

1850

1860 PRINT '

1870 STOP

1880 PRINT '

1890 RETURN

1900 PRINT '

1910 1 = 1-

1920 RETURN

1930 PRINT '

1940 STOP

NODE NUMBER INVALID (INVALID LOGIC TYPE i"

;N3;") RE-ENTER"

L*; '

RE-ENTER."

TOO MANY STTMUl

( * ? I!

) CHANGE IMS

:NR;"i"

0), the AND (or MIN) function ap-plied to these values will produce a 0,as expected; if a ? and a 1 (internal 1and 3) are combined by an AND orMIN function, an unknown is pro-duced. The inverse of the values 0, 3,and 1, however, is not equivalent to aNOT function, and explicit coding ofthe inverses is specified (the I array).

Lines 390 through 680 provide thecode for reading the logic description,external stimuli, and monitoredsignals from the keyboard into the L,E, and M arrays. (Note: to reducerecoding of a design, you could placethe logic description and externalstimuli in DATA statements andreplace the INPUT statements withREAD statements.) Elementary errorchecking (array overflow, invalidlogic gates, etc.) is performed as thedata is read in; additional checking(wired output gates, undefined in-puts, etc.) could be added to assist indebugging.

If the simulator detects no errors,simulation commences; all nodes areinitially set to a logic unknown at

BITI

"back issues for sale

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The above prices include postage in the US. Please add $.50 per copy forCanada and Mexico; and S2.00 per copy to foreign countries.

'Payments from foreign countries must be made in US funds payable at a US

bank.

•Please allow 4 weeks for domestic delivery and 8 weeks for foreign

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name

address

city state.

.zip.

408 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

GEMINI-

FOR PRINTER VALUE THAT'SOUT OF THIS WORLD

Over thirty years of down-to-earth experi-ence as a precision parts manufacturer hasenabled Star to produce the Gemini seriesof dot matrix printers—a stellar combina-tion of printer quality, flexibility, and reliabil-ity. And for a list price of nearly 25% lessthan the best selling competitor.

The Gemini 10 has a 10" carriage andthe Gemini 15 a 151/2" carriage. Plus, theGemini 15 has the added capability of a bot-tom paper feed. In both models, Geminiquality means a print speed of 100 cps, high-resolution bit image and block graphics,and extra fast forms feed.

Gemini's flexibility is embodied inits diverse specialized printingcapabilities such as super/sub script, underlining, back-spacing, double strike modeand emphasized print mode. An-other extraordinary standard m

m

MAKING A NAME FOR OURSELVES

feature is a 2.3K buffer. An additional 4Kis optional. That's twice the memory of lead-ing, comparable printers. And Gemini iscompatible with most software packagesthat support the leading printers.

Gemini reliability is more than just apromise. It's as concrete as a 180 day war-ranty (90 days for ribbon and print head), amean time between failure rate of 5 millionlines, a print head life of over 100 millioncharacters, and a 100% duty cycle thatallows the Gemini to print continuously.Plus, prompt, nationwide service is readilyavailable.

So if you're looking for an incredibly

a high-quality, low-cost printer# that's out of this world, lookKA to the manufacturer with itsfeet on the ground—Star and® the Gemini 10, Gemini 15 dot

i c matrix printers.

1120 Empire Central Place, Suite 216, Dallas, TX 75247For more information, please call Bob Hazzard, Vice President, at (214) 631-8560.

Circle 385 on inquiry card.

c

LOGIC SIMULATION

5

INITIALIZE

READ LOGICDESCRIPTIONCODING INTOL ARRAY

READ EXTERNALSTIMULI CODINGINTO E ARRAY

READ SIGNALS TOBE MONITOREDINTO M ARRAY

INITIALIZE ALLOUTPUTS TOLOGIC UNKNOWN

INCREMENT GATETIME AND UPDATESCHEDULED STIMULI

MOVE NEW VALUESINTO OLD ARRAY

SIMULATE ALL GATES(INPUTS = OLD,NEW=OUTPUTS)

PRINT LOGICVALUES (OLD)TO SCREEN

Figure 2: Flowchart of the Logic Simulatorprogram. The simplicity of this diagramshould lend encouragement to those in-terested in simulating digital logic cir-cuitry. The implementation of this pro-gram in a high-level language (see listing1) can be quite short.

lines 730 through 760. The externalstimuli array (E) is then searched (seeline 990) for a scheduled initial valueor change and scheduled inputs areplaced in the new value array (N) inpreparation for the new to old trans-fer. The logic values currently storedin the old array (prior to the actualgate simulations) are printed to theTRS-80 screen; use of the PRINT @command allows the values to beprinted across the screen in a methodsimilar to that produced by a logicanalyzer.

Each logic gate is then simulated,using the logic values in the old array(pointed to by the node numbers) asinputs. The ON. . .GOSUB com-mand at line 1160 branches to the ap-propriate logical function routine.These functions each put the resultant(true) output in variable Y, and lines1470 through 1510 store Y and itscomplement I(Y) in the new array aspointed to by the true and comple-ment output node numbers (an un-used output, node 0, merely causesthe unused zeroth array location to beoverwritten).

The AND and OR routines are im-plemented as MIN and MAX func-tions for demonstration purposes,although the logical AND and ORfunctions could have been used. TheExclusive OR routine uses a form of"table lookup": the sum of the inputspoints to the appropriate logic output(array X).

After simulating all gates, the pro-gram loops back to process the nexttime interval, getting scheduledstimuli, printing values, and simulat-ing gates. After filling the screen, theprogram prompts for a user inputbefore continuing.

Note that this fixed time delay be-tween input and output provides foran apparent "simultaneous" simula-tion of all gates and also allows forthe simulation of sequential devices(flip-flops, counters, etc.) as well.Figure 3 shows a design of a JK flip-flop using a combination of NANDand inverter gates with feedback. TheNAND gates are coded as AND gateswith inverted outputs; the inverter iscoded as a single input NAND. Theoutput demonstrates the simulator'sability to accurately model sequential

devices such as cross-coupled gatesused as latches; as such, this simula-tor is capable of modeling any digitalsystem, subject only to the restraintsof the memory available for arraystorage. Variables N8 and N9 can bechanged to customize the program foradded elements or stimuli.

Advanced Simulation Techniques

The Logic Simulator program inlisting 1 is provided for demonstra-tion and use for relatively simpledesigns. It can be greatly enhanced ina few key areas: higher-level models,improved speed, and flexible output.

Higher-level models: Certainmedium- and large-scale integrationlogic devices have become as stan-dard as basic small-scale integrationlogic gates, specifically D and JK flip-flops, 4-bit counters, etc. A simulatorintended for practical applicationsshould contain these elements as pre-defined logical blocks. If you want tosimulate tri-state devices, a fourthlogic state (high-impedance) mustalso be added and models for trans-mission gates and buses provided.

Improved speed: Obviously, acompiled version of the program willrun significantly faster; but even if acompiler is not available, significantspeed improvements can be realizedusing the principle of selective trace.Selective trace is premised on theobservation that a gate's output willnot change state unless at least one ofits inputs changes. A coarse implemen-tation of this concept could be addeddirectly to the Logic Simulator pro-gram by setting a flag if, while chang-ing the new array to the old array,you notice that any signal changesvalue. Simulation of all the gatescould be performed only if this flag isset.

The decrease in time to performsimulation will be dependent uponthe relative activity in the circuit, butdecreases of as much as 50 percentcould be realized for typical designs.A complete implementation of theselective-trace concept could reducerun times by an order of magnitude;but this method requires that a drivetable or fan-out list be maintained foreach node. When the node changesstate, the elements driven by this

410 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

TRACK

THE SPACE SHUTTLE

ON AN APPLE?

YES. WITH MICROSPEED!

At the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, NASAscientists have discovered the power of MicroSPEED.Using this remarkable hardware/software system withan Apple II, they produced a continuous graphicdisplay of the Columbia's position relative to the earthduring the second Shuttle mission. This enabled theJ PL team to accurately follow the spacecraft in realtime, and to precisely control its powerful sensors atcritical points along the flight path.Surprised that such a demanding project is possibleon the Apple? So were JPL's engineers, and manyothers who have discovered .. .

THE MICROSPEED DIFFERENCE This extraordinaryLanguage System exploits the real potential of themicrocomputer for the first time. The differencebetween MicroSPEED and other programminglanguages is that with MicroSPEED, there is virtuallyno limit to what you can achieve. It may well be tbeultimate language for the Apple II and III (and soonthe IBM Personal Computer). MicroSPEED literallycombines the performance of a minicomputer with an

exhaustive set of user-friendly capabilities: hardwaremath processing, fast hi-res graphics and text, turtlegraphics, print formating, two text editors, unlimiteddata types, and incredible FORTH extensibility—allat speeds up to 100 times faster than Basic.

USER-FRIENDLY, EASY-TO-LEARN Starting withsimple commands that are comfortable even for non-programmers, MicroSPEED extends and builds,allowing you to create your own tailored applicationlanguages. The capability of your computer will growexponentially, as you work in an active partnershipwith the machine, exploring and developing newproblem-solving facilities—creating, correcting,refining your increasingly powerful system.

DEMANDING JOBS AT LOW COST MicroSPEEDhas been put to the test in fields as diverse as medicine,the stock market, oceanography, and the arts. In eventhe most challenging applications, MicroSPEEDusers have been unanimous in their praise of theSystem and manual. Typical comments are:

"... we are more than pleased with MicroSPEED... Ican't imagine using BASIC on any future applications."

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"I continue to marvel at its versatility and power."Carl R. Schramm, USCG Base, Kodiak, Alaska.

"An excellent package... No other language thanMicroSPEED... could perform this well."David Whittington, Boeing Computer Services.

"If you plan to use a personal computer for anydemanding task, then we built MicroSPEED for you."

Sam Cottrell, President of Applied Analytics.

MicroSPEED requires the Apple Computer with single disk. Micro-SPEED II includes 2 MHz math processor. MicroSPEED II + includes4 MHz math processor.Applied Analytics Incorporated8235 Penn-Randall PlaceUpper Marlboro. Maryland 20772

Please send me:

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MicroSPEED II+,$645.00

™l

(301) 420-0700

.160 Page Manual, $15.00.Detailed Information

Name:

Company:Address: _City

Circle 33 on inquiry card.

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LOGIC DIAGRAM JK FLIP-FLOP

SET O

JO

KO

CLK C>CLEAR G>

A

AAAAAAAAEND

12

33

13140,

1 1 ,

3 ,

4 ,6 ,6 ,

12 ,8,

9 ,

3 ,

1 ,

2 ,7 ,5 ,

1 2 ,

7 ,

1 1 ,

10,

0 ,0,0 ,30 ,0,0,

1 (J)

2 (K)

3 (CLK)

13 (SET)

14 (CLEAR)

10 (Q)

11 (Q)

12

3

13

14

10

11

*< C>a

Oo

18

27

5

35

35

5

5248 .104038999

LOGIC DESCRIPTION TO SIMULATOR

4

5

6

7

8

9

1 0

1 1

12

INPUT STIMULI CODING

999,999,99999 9,999,999

15 , 20 , 25

45, 50, 55999,999,999999,999 , 999

INPUT STIMULI TIMING DIAGRAM

1_

EXPECTED OUTPUT TIMING DIAGRAM

CJ

x\ cr^\u ^

SIMULATOR OUTPUT (INPUT AND OUTPUT NODES)

............. .\ . .\\\\\\\\\\

.... I .... | ..... 1

. . . . il 11 1 1 . . . . II 1 1 1j . . . . j11

i ii i li mi u 11 li 111 i 11 inn.... i u i u u 11111 u i 11 ui 11??? 1 .... 1 ....[.. niii

i i i n l i 11 > i i 11 i i i 11 i 111. |. . . . I . . 11 i 11

i i i i i i i i i i i i | i l i l i i i n i i . . .n i i i i i i n i i i i i i i i i i . . I ... .ill ... .iiiiij.... iliul....in l u u . .llliuilllllluilu tin l j 111 ii 11 i lji in in 11ii i in . J in 11 in . 1 ....[.. 11

I

11111111111.

Figure 3: Simulation of the logic of a ]K flip-flop. The design uses simple NAND and in-verter gates and is presented to the simulator in the same way as in figure 1. The successof this model demonstrates the simulator's accuracy with sequential systems. (Cross-coupled gates used as latches present no problem.)

412 January 1983 © BYTE Publication! Inc

The Software Machine

Powerful Fast Responsive

Performance, speed, control, ease of use. That'swhat you expect from a finely tuned machine. Andthat's what your data management software shoulddeliver too. The new FMS-80 Version 3 gives youthis and more-a fully integrated ApplicationsDevelopment System that makes even the mostcomplex application easy.

Almost everyone needs to manipulate information.With FMS Version 3 even a beginner can follow thesimple menu selections and be off and running inalmost no time. Customized screens and usermenus are easy to design. Powerful full-screen edit-ing makes entering, modifying, adding or deletingdata a snap.

FMS makes getting your information out easy too.Interactive QUERY and comprehensive SELECTcan extract the data you need almost instantly. Ourpowerful Report Generator can produce almost anyimaginable report with minimal effort. FMS takesyou by the hand each step of the way.

More Than Just a Database Manager.

If you've been around the track a few times already,FMS is for you too. Our enhanced Version 3 EFMprogramming language gives you total control. OurISAM-like multi-key data structure, access to 19open files, full string handling, alphanumeric vari-able, field and file names, 18 digit FP&BCDmath, structured programming constructsand other advanced features make EFMthe language of

choice for data management applications. FMS canmake you more productive and save you time andmoney, whether you're developing a simple mailinglist or a complex turn-key general accounting system.

The UNIX-inspired FMS Shell brings advancedcapabilities like command stream manipulationand dynamic input and output redirection to theCP/M world for unprecedented control of theoperating environment.

Don't Run Out of Gas.

FMS's capabilities go way beyond other datamanipulation programs. More fields per record,more open files, more variables, more everything.

FMS

dBASE

Condor

Maximum fields

per record

255

32

127

Maximum number

of variables

281

64

0

Maximum number of open

files in a program

19

2

2

Maximum number of open

files in a report

19

1

1

Maximum display pages

per record

255

3

1

Don't lock yourself into a system that can't handlethe big jobs!

A Proven WinnerFMS-80 has been leading the field since 1978.Now Version 3 sets new standards for thefuture. Contact your local dealer for a testdrive.

<(/r

DJR Associates, Inc.

303 S. Broadway • Tarrytown, N.Y. 10591(914) 631-6766 • Telex 646792 DJR NTAR

Circle 150 on inquiry card.

BYTE January 1983 413

SIGNALS

ENARES

CIK

Ql

Q2

Q3

Q4

111111 in 11 li in nni mi n in in mi h

urn. liiiiiiiiiiliuiuiiiiiiniiliiuimilH

.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1

????? 11..11..11..11. .11. .11.. 11. .11

????? 1111.... 1111.... 1111.... 1111.

????? Ill 11 111 11111111.

????? 1111111111111111.

11.1..111

1111111111111111

1.1.1.1.. .11. .11... .111111111111

Figure 4: Example of a modified output format. In this listing, the simulator printed theoutput values from a counter every 10 gate times.

node are flagged, and only flaggedelements are simulated on the nextpass. (The overhead for this markingand tracing can offset the time gainfor small circuits, but larger designs[with more than 50 elements] willshow significant gains.)

Flexible output: The format of theoutput can be modified to provide asweep control, similar to the sweepcontrol on an oscilloscope, whichselects from a range. A global view ofthe proper operation of the design canbest be accomplished by sampling theoutputs at periodic intervals insteadof producing an output at each gate

time. Figure 4 shows the output of acounter circuit sampled every 10 gatetimes, at half the clock (node 1) fre-quency, producing the traditional dis-play of the logical operation of a 4-bitcounter stepping through its 16 states(nodes 10 through 13 are the outputsof each stage of the counter).

With a system incorporating theabove enhancements, plus a few cos-metic changes (named signals ratherthan numbers, stored output, andhard copy), a logic designer wouldhave a system comparable to thoseused at professional design centers,albeit slower than most; but time is

usually not a critical factor for per-sonal computer users. The savings intime compared to the time that wouldbe spent building and debugging ahardware breadboard far outweighthe time required to perform thesimulation (typically a few minutesfor a circuit of 50 nodes and 1000 gatetimes).

A student can get the hands-on ex-perience required for an understand-ing of the operation of digital gatesand devices through this program.My 10-year-old son now has athorough comprehension of the func-tion of the basic logic gates and isbeginning to get a feel for the conceptof sequential devices. ■

Logic Simulator Program

The author plans to make availableto interested experimenters copies ofthe program presented here, as well asan advanced version. The price is $20.Please respond to:

Robert M. McDermott

33 Dora Circle

Bridgeport, CT 06604

Super Specials

Franklin Ace 1000 S999.00

AppleIIPIUS48K 999.00

BMC Crn. Screen Monitor. 74.00s-100 Mother Boards Call

New Year Specials

New Printer

Gemini 10 (same as MX80FT) .$399.00

Added features: 100 cps, underlining, 2.3K Buf-fer, Back spacing, 180 day warranty.

Gemini 15 (carriage) $529.00

Super Bowl specials

5V4 Wabash Floppy Disks with FreeLibrary Case. Soft Sector.

Box of 10 $18.95

TC Joystick $39.00

WE WILL BEAT ALL PRICES ON S-100 & APPLE PRODUCTS

Apple Drives

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8" Disk Drives

SA801RSSDD . $379.00

SA851RDSDD 479.00

DT-8 DSDD 478.00

FDD100-8SSOD 24900

Mitsubishi (Dbl. DPI.) 429.00

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• S-100 Power + 8V/16A + 16V/3A -16V/3A •Drive Power + 5V/1A-5V/6A + 24V/6A« EMI Filter

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All merchandise new. we accept MC,Visa, Check & P.O.'s from qualified firms.CA Res. add 61/2% Sales Tax. Please addshipping: S3.50 first 5 lbs., 60C ea. add. lb.

Printers

OkidataMicroline82A-80col

$419.00

OkidataMicroline83A-100col

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OkidataMicroline84P-Parallel

950.00

0kidataMicroline84PS-Par/Ser .

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C.ltohProwriter l-Parallel

441.0C

GeminMO

399.00

Cemini15

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Smith Corona TP-1

599.0C

NEC8023A

469.00

Monitors

amdek Monitors

• 12" Green Phospher Hires • Non-Glare

AMDEK Video 300

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• 13 color Monitor • For IBM/IMEC/Apple

AMDEKCOlOrl

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AMDEK COlOrll

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AMDEKCOlOrlll

435.00

ZENITH Monitors

zenith 12' Green Monitor

$113.00

TERMINALS

Televideo

925C $699.00 950

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ram (Prime Parts)

41161200ns) $l.l5ea. 41641200ns)

$6.00 ea

21141200ns) 1.00ea. 61161200ns)

4.99 ea

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414 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 486 on inquiry card.

14.4 MEGABYTES FOR APPLE II AND IBM/PC

PRICE:

CAPACITY:

EXPANSION:

NETWORK:

249S.OO complete*subsystem for Apple II or IBM-PC

14.4 megabytes unformatted.« . .11.3 megabytes formatted

Total expansion capability,to 57.6 megabytes using the same controllerand host interface.

Expansion capability to 18.8 megabytes by adding a second disk driveand using the same cabinet and power supply.

For Apple II only, Network capability is available at a cost of $200 perstation

GALLIUM SOFTWARE

For Apple II, the ROM resident software interfaces to DOS 3.3, CPM and PASCAL operatingsystems. All operating systems remain unmodified so there is no need to make any programchanges when using the Gallium. Any system can be booted directly from Gallium.

For IBM-PC, a connect program is provided which brings the Gallium-IO on line andbecomes accessible as Drives C and D.

APPLE

UTILITIES

Format Formats all Surfaces

Volume Initer Initializes With An "EMPTY"

File A Given Number of Volumes

in Single, Double or Triple

Size DOS 3.3 Volumes

File Finder Finds All Volumes On Which

Any Given File Is Resident

File Runner Finds & Runs The Given File

From the First Volume OnWhich It Is Resident

Partition Partitions The Disk For DOS 3.3,

CPM & PASCAL Allocating The

Reauired Number Of Sectors

For Each Given Operating System

Connect Connects Gallium To DOS

If Booted From Floppy Disk

IBM

UTILITIES

FDISK Formats All Surfaces, Once

Formatted Capacity is11.5 Megabytes

DSKLNK Connects Gallium to PC-DOS

CHKHRD Similar to PC-DOS CHKDSK

Utility, Reports Disk Usage

XitenSystems

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Lawndale, Ca 90260

(213) 370-3966

Circle 113 on inquiry card.

Only one CADsee the world as you do

Introducing the revolutionarySpace Tablet™ fromMCS.

"Experts" told us thatinteractive, 3-dimen-sional graphic design ona microcomputer wasstill only a future possi-bility. We couldn't wait.Instead, we developedan affordable, easy-to-use graphics system that

can construct and manipulate drawings in 3-dimen-sional space . . . the Space Tablet.

An added dimension. Like other digitizingsystems, the Space Tablet (patent pending) lets youplot and record X and Y coordinates on a two-dimen-sional plane. But unlike other systems, it also lets you

select points off the plane— along the Z axis — fora true 3-dimensionalcapability.

To digitize anypoint in space, just movethe Space Lift™ arm tothe desired location andrecord the point with thepush of a button or key.That's it. Lengthy key-boarding operations areunnecessary. Points plot-ted in the X, Y and Z axesmay then be joined withline segments to create awireframe drawing withthree-dimensional per-spective. 3-D models canbe created by tracing a physical object or an imagi-nary shape. Here's where the possibilities reallybegin . . .

Interactive manipulation means total flexi-bility. The Space Tablet's software packages allowinteractive manipulation and editing of points in allthree dimensions. 77li$ capability is unique in computergraphics. Space Graphics"' software for the IBM Per-sonal Computer lets you select a point in space and"pull" it, and all connecting lines, to another locationin 3-space. 3-D models can be scaled, rotated and

IBM Personal Computer Minimal Configuration: 128K, game paddle adapter.

color/graphics adapter.

Apple II microcomputer minimal configuration: b4K. DOS 3.3.

moved about any axis. New models can be composedby linking together individual components. Threeorthogonal views can be called up at once in a splitscreen format. Software included with the Apple IISpace Tablet system gives you similar capabilities.With either system, it's remarkably easy to try allkinds of "what if possibilities before generatinghard copy.

Now, 3-D design is surprisingly affordable.We've priced the Space Tablet systems well withinreach of Apple II and IBM PC users. (Software for

other popular microcomputers will be availablesoon.) Because it's an entry-level system, the SpaceTablet is being used creatively in ways not normallyassociated with larger, far more costly CAD/CAMsystems . . . molecular modeling, physical therapyprogramming, cell structure analysis, weaponsresearch, medicine, art, architectural planning and,of course, design and engineering. Additional appli-cations are being discovered by OEM purchasers.And, for those needing a 2-dimensional digitizer, theSpace Lift arm can be held as a pen, or stylus, to traceslides, X-rays, pictures, graphs, maps and more. Wesee it as a tool to unleash the imagination.

Our perspective of the world. If the realworld were 2-dimensional, conventional designmethods would be adequate. Obviously, they're not.Three-dimensional thinking is natural in the develop-ment and communication of complex design ideas.That's where MCS comes in. We're committedto the potential of 3-D computer aideddesign and manufacture. The SpaceTablet is the beginning of a revolu-tion in the use of microcomputersto process information and solveproblems. And we're just gettingstarted.

A high-resolution 2-D tabletequipped with the Space Lift arm isready for release. Called Microcad I™,

system lets your micro•.. in 3 dimensions.

MCS SPACE TABLET"' SPECIFICATIONS

The Space Tablet is a 13.5" x 16" clear plastic tablet on which is mounteda precision machined aluminum and delrin arm. It uses precision potenti-ometers with a linearity of .5%. The resolution of each axis is approxi-mately 1300 distinct states over an angle of 320 degrees. The armsoperate in polar coordinates, and the sampling time is approximately .5sec./pt. (slightly longer for the IBM system).

The Three Axis Model Standard model available only for Apple II.

The Professional Model Available either for the Apple II or the IBMPersonal Computer. This model has an additional fourth axis of rotation(a fourth degree of freedom) which provides a much higher degree of flex-ibility for reaching points in space. Recommended for 3 dimensionalwork in either a professional or amateur capacity.

For more information about MCS and ourproducts, call (203) 872-0602, or use the couponbelow. Micro Control Systems, Inc., 143 Tunnel

Road, Vernon, CT 06066. Circle 257 on inquiry card.

For orders only call toll-free: 800-243-3587

OK MCS, I see the potential in 3-D computeraided design. Show me more . . .

Name Phone { 1

it offers improved resolution (to.001") and includes a secondgeneration Space Graphics™software package with ex-panded capabilities. To put youin touch with other users, we'vedeveloped Space Communica-tions™ to allow transmission of afile — and software for its manip-ulation— through telephone linesto a receiving sta-tion. Architecturaland other customsoftware pack-ages will providean instantly ac-cessible 3-di-mensionalvocabulary for de-signers in any field.We see no limits to thevariety of 3-D graphicssystems for micro-computers -we have thetechnologyin hand.

Company.Address _City

State.

Zip.

We add a 3rd dimension toyour computer's potential.

Apple and Apple 11* Apple Computer. Inc. IBM Personal Computer " IBM Corp.

User's Column

Burnouts, Bargains,and Two Sleek Portables

The tireless industry critic mourns Ezekial and seeks

comfort from the exquisite Adelle,

who happens to be an Otrona Attache.

I've been away from my desk for amonth, and things are piled higherthan you can believe. As a conse-quence, this column is going to be abit disorganized (try total mishmash),and I hope you'll all forgive me.

I'm a bit upset anyway. Poor oldEzekial, my friend who happens to bea Cromemco Z-2, is stacked in theother room, waiting for Nor Singh totake him over to Tony Pietsch's shopfor a complete overhaul. While I wasgone, John Carr, our long-sufferingassociate editor here at Chaos Manor,was working on Space Viking'sReturn when Zeke, with no warningat all, simply died. Fortunately, Johnhas been trained to save the text earlyand often, and little was lost.

I suppose I shouldn't be surprised.Several million words went throughZeke. He was running constantly 18hours a day for nearly five years, andin all that time he wasn't out of ser-

Jerry Pournelle

c/o BYTE Publications

POB 372

Hancock, NH 03449

vice for more than a week. Moreover,from the description of the prob-lem—he keeps blowing fuses—it maybe no more than a blown capacitor inthe power supply. Tony is pretty surehe can get Zeke fixed—when he getstime.

What happens to

software when your

computer dies?... If

it's legal for you to lend

my books to a friend,

why can't my

computers lend

programs to each other?

But time is very much a problem.Tony is doing version 1.7 of WRITE(Writers' Really Incredible TextEditor) for Ashton-Tate, and he has

also put together my new Compuprothat will have memory-mapped videoand the new super-nifty keyboards. Iwonder if Zeke, hearing about thenew writing machine, simply wentaway like my old black cat did whenthe kids brought home a kitten? Butthat's ridiculous.

Anyway, I'm writing this on TheGolem, my big Warp Drive Compu-pro 8085/8088, using the Televideo950 terminal, and while it's infinitelyeasier than using a typewriter or acheap machine, it's also the first timein five years I've done major workwithout Zeke.

Of course, there have been excep-tions. We took the Otrona Attache toEurope, and I had a Kaypro II inChicago; more on those later.

Good Grief, Zeke Can't Die!

That is: not only is Ezekial myfriend, and practically a trademark

418 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Deciding Which Computer to Buy

Of the 1.9 million people who bought small computers lastyear, over 20,000 of them bought the wrong computer fortheir needs. And no wonder. New products are introducedinto the market at a breathtaking pace. The languagequestion. The terminology problem -RAMs, ROMs, bits,bytes, bauds, protocols and processors. What's important?What's standard and what's optional? Even the dealers areconfused.

To help you tackle this problem, we pulled together many ofour sources -including leading experts in the field,manufacturers, marketing analysts, computer dealers andcustomers. In addition, we utilized computer user groups,clubs and associations throughout the United States, contactsin Japan and numerous industry and business publications.COMPUTER GUIDE 1960 is the natural result of learning fromthe knowledge and mistakes of more than one millionpeople.

The following steps will help you with your computershopping -whether you're buying your first computer, orupdating the one you have COMPUTER GUIDE 1983 canhelp you make the right decision.

1. What is the computer to be used for?

You may want to use it for entertainment, financial planning,learning how to speak a foreign language, office work,drawing and many other tasks a computer does well. Thepossible uses of a computer are as varied as human activities.

2. Which program will do the best job?

There are thousands of application programs on the marketto consider. It is the program that gives you the power tocontrol the actions of the computer. You must choose the rightapplication program.

The first section of COMPUTER GUIDE 1983 surveys each of theapplication programs available with computers today.Similar programs are grouped together and compared -oneagainst another. COMPUTER GUIDE 1983 contains over 2,000application programs, grouped in over 100 categories-including programs for accounting, management,professional uses, word processing, graphics, research,games, learning and special applications. Programs aredescribed using comparison charts -listing for eachapplication program: the program name, computer(s) andsystem configuration(s) required, the documentationavailable and the price.

COMPUTER GUIDE 1983 provides you with a quick andefficient way of deciding which application program andwhich computer and options for that computer can do theright job for you.

3. The language?

You cannot get a computer to do anything useful unless youknow how to talk to it. This is no easy task. Dut, COMPUTERGUIDE 1983 can help.

The second section of COMPUTER GUIDE 1983 guides you inselecting the right language. Different dialects of languagesare grouped in their generic category. The BASIC language,for example, is a generic name and has many dialects-including Microsoft Basic, Atari Basic, Basic Plus and Basic-80.

COMPUTER GUIDE and CESS are trademarks of Computer & Electronic SupplyServices. P.O. Dox 345. MIT Branch P.O. Cambridge, MA 02139.

Each of these languages have their own machinerequirements. COMPUTER GUIDE 1983 provides the name,machine and machine requirements, documentation andprice of over 500 dialects, for over 50 languages. COMPUTERGUIDE 1983 helps you solve the language problem.

4. What about the machine?

Depending on your needs, there will probably be severalcomputers still in the running. Now the decision is based onthe guts of the machines (hardware). COMPUTER GUIDE 1983compares machine characteristics in an easy to followformat. You don't have to be an electrical engineer to makean intelligent decision.

The solution is to work top down and not to go any furtherdown than is needed Your uses for the computer determineswhich machine characteristics are important. COMPUTERGUIDE 1983 divides the machine into five areas -thekeyboard, video display, printer, other peripherals and I/O,processor and memory and direct access storage. These fiveareas correspond to your basic machine needs. For example,an accountant needs a keyboard with a numeric keypad;word processing requires a printer; games utilize a videodisplay; a mathematician wants a very fast machine; lots ofmemory is best when using the LISP language; and so on, asthe hardware combines with the application program todevelop a complete computer system.

COMPUTER GUIDE 1983 contains machine descriptions forover 250 computer systems, produced by over 150manufacturers. Information is displayed in spreadsheets-allowing you to get the information you need. You don'thove to bother with extraneous details and cumbersometext. COMPUTER GUIDE 1983 can accommodate millions ofpeople in making the right decision, as varied as thosedecisions will be.

5. Where to buy the chosen computer system.

COMPUTER GUIDE 1983 lists hundreds of vendors, bygeographical location, and by the products they sell. It alsoprovides additional consumer information. The first ship date,the ship rate, the number installed to date, prices and whatthat includes, purchasing terms and warranties. COMPUTERGUIDE 1983 contains the names, addresses and phonenumbers of hundreds of manufacturers, dealers and storesthroughout the United States.

No one wins when you buy the wrong computer or computerproduct. Moke the right decision. Use COMPUTER GUIDE1983.

Send me COMPUTER GUIDE 1983

The complete computer buyer's guide.

I'm enclosing my check for $32.75 plus $1.50 for shipping.(Mass. residents add 5% sales tax.)

Mail to:

Name^

CESS

P.O. Box 345, MIT Branch P.O.Cambridge, MA 02139(617)491-8925

Address_

City, State and Zip_

Please allow six to eight weeks for delivery.

Circle 89 on Inquiry card.

BYTE January I'M 419

(he gets nearly as much mail as I do),but there's the legal problem.

Consider: I have a ton of softwarerunning on Zeke. In theory it islicensed for "a single computer sys-tem." If Zeke is gone, have I any rightto the software? I suppose I shouldbuy it all anew or pay a licensetransfer fee. Perhaps, though, if Zekeis still connected to the "system"—that is, there he sits, connected into asingle "system net" so that I have metthe legal requirements—must he bealive? Can a dead computer be part of"a single computer system"?

Obviously I'm not serious. Or amI? Because somewhere along the linewe've got to come up with answers tosome questions. What does happen tosoftware when your computer dies? Ifyou sell the machine, who gets thesoftware? And the solution has to berealistic; I suspect that even thosewho rail loudest against computerpirates have not actually paid twicefor their BASIC (or even transferredthe license) after they upgraded froma beginner's machine to somethinglarger.

As for me, I've come to a decision:

• • • TECHNICAL SALES & SUPPORT STAFF • • •

WE OFFER A WIDE RANGE OF CRTs, PRINTERS, GRAPHICS EQUIPMENT, SOFT-WARE FOR ALL SYSTEMS. EACH SYSTEM COMPLETELY TESTED, INTEGRATED,READY FOR PLUG-IN OPERATION WHEN YOU RECEIVE IT. WE TAILOR & CON-FIGURE SYSTEMS TO MEET YOUR BUDGET AND NEEDS. WE WELCOME YOURREQUEST FOR TECHNICAL INFO BY PHONE OR LETTER.

MASTER MAX: Z80 S-lOO system with dual 8" drives with Intercontinental MicroSystems CPZ 48000. 4 DMA channels and universal interrupt controller give great ver-satility and speed. Complete with CP/M® S2540.

Options include double sided drives multi-user implementation with Turbo-DOS 220V50Hz operation at no extra charge. Manufactured by John D. Owens Associates.

EPSON QX-10/VALDOCS: Extremely user-friendly computer that can be used withlittle instruction. Has HELP key. Do Word Processing/Graphics/Calculation in 5minutes!

COLUMBIA DATA IBM PC LOOK-ALIKE: More features, lower prices. CompletelyPC hardware & software compatible & interchangeable. 8" drive option. Standardsystem has 128K RAM plus 8 expansion slots. Video controller at $310. handles bothmonochrome and color. Multi-user capability with MP/M or OASIS.

GODBOUT: 816A, B & C Dual Processor. 8085/88. Double sided drives. Up to 384KRAM. Turnkey systems with software. MP/M 816 allows simultaneous use of8085/8088.

IMS 2 yr. warranty on boards! SX systems w/8" or 5a/«" drives, optional 10, 20, or 40MB Winchesters, built-in tape back-up, Z-80 S-100 bus. 5000 System with integratedscreen now available. On site service for NY quad-state area.

MULTI-USER IMS: MPU/slave cards give each user CPU, 64K, 2 serial ports.

TURBODOS: Single or multi-user. Spectacularly FAST CP/M® compatible OperatingSystem. Cuts link/edit time in half. Z80 Code interrupt driven. Up to 6X faster thanCP/M® ; up to 35% increased disk capacity. For IMS, CCS.

FOX & GELLER the producers of QUICKCODE and D-UTIL, are enthusiatic users ofIMS multi-user systems with TurboDOS supplied by John D. Owens Associates.

CROMEMCO: 68000/Z80 Dual Processor systems with CROMIX. Also, new Z-80personal computer w/integrated screen, Model C-10.

LOMAS DATA 8086 SYSTEM: Complete Lomas card set in 4 or 12 slot mainframe, dualdrives, either single or double sided. Options: 8087 & 8089. CP/M® 86 or 86 DOS,10MB Winchester.

i SEATTLE 8086 Gazelle, 128K RAM, dual 8" drives, 3S + IP I/O, software package. i

MAX BOX 8" dual disk drive subsystem w/regulated power supply, fan, internalcabling. Ready to plug in. W/dual Shugart 801s/QUME DT-8s/Tandons/Mitsubishi.

Prices subject to change without notice. Write or call for product literature.

JOHN D. OWENS Associates, Inc.

12 Schubert Street, Staten Island, New York 10305212 448-6283 212 448-2913 212 448-6298

some of the user-threatening licensingagreements I simply will not sign; andI urge all of you to do likewise. As anauthor I'm hardly going to quarrelwith the idea that programmers andtheir publishers need protection frompirates; but some of them try for toomuch, and end with imbecile notions.If it's legal for you to lend (or evengive, if you don't copy them) mybooks to a friend, why can't my com-puters lend programs to each other?

Ada Now and Always

The chaps at RR Software continueto produce upgrades and updates tothe Janus/Ada package. Two revi-sions appeared while I was in Europe.RR also has an excellent upgradepolicy for its early customers.

Randall Brukardt of RR sent me hislatest upgrade with a mild complaint:my lament about the high cost ofmanuals is misguided. He says, "I amafraid that $30 is about the minimumone can charge for a decent-sizedmanual. Ours now cost $10 to print,gather, and bind (in quantity 500—you don't dare print more manualsthan you can use in a year or so).Shipping costs $2. Record keeping,advertising, and other overhead eatup more. And on top of that is themarkdown we must give distrib-utors. ..."

Randall isn't the only one who hasthat complaint, so perhaps I'd bettermake my point a bit clearer: I didn'tsay that one shouldn't charge thathigh a price for a manual, I said thatmost manuals I have seen are notworth that much.

I don't care what it costs to producethe manual; what it is worth is deter-mined by what's in it, and that'susually pretty poor. I fear that Ran-dall is confusing effort with work,which is a pretty common mistakewith programmers, authors, andmany others. You've heard it before:"It took me six months to write that.Don't I deserve a decent price for it?"And of course the answer is, "Notnecessarily."

I'm also pleased to report that asfar as I can determine, RR Softwaredoes not confuse effort with work. AsI said above, it has an excellent recordof seeing that its customers get needed

420 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

updates and revisions at reasonablecosts, and every edition of itsmanuals has been an improvement.The latest is better organized than thefirst, and has lots of examples.

If this sounds vague, it's becausewe still have no Ada experts here atChaos Manor. However, Alex justgot through talking with RandallBrukardt, and help is on the way. Itseems RR has a Pascal-to-Ada trans-lator. Alex is going to use that on hisPascal introduction programs, thenwith the help of some Ada con-sultants write new programs that il-lustrate Ada's unique features. Whenhe's done, he'll have an introductorytutorial to accompany the best Adatextbook we can find (which at themoment is still I. Pyle's The Ada Pro-gramming Language, Prentice-Hall,1981), and Workman can add it to itsbest-selling Pascal introductory pack-age. That plus the RR SoftwareJanus/Ada compiler should be morethan enough to teach Ada to anyoneseriously interested; and as I said inthe July 1982 column, learning Ada isone excellent way to guarantee your-self a reasonable job in the future.

I can say this with some con-fidence, because people whose opin-ions I respect and who are quitefamiliar with the RR Janus/Ada com-piler are highly impressed with it.

However, fair warning. Someother so-called Ada compilers formicrocomputers are so limited as tobe crippled. What's the point of learn-ing a strongly typed language withsevere limits on the data types youcan use? Janus/Ada, though, is a veryhealthy subset of the real thing.

Are My Old ColumnsReally Worth It?

Alas, Randall's lament about thecost of producing manuals is not sowide of the mark. Barry Workmantells me that to do a loose-leaf versionof "Pournelle on Computers"wouldn't be cheap, and if they're togo to bookstores and such, the dis-counts make things worse.

My problem is simple: Is a collec-tion of my ramblings, most previous-ly printed in one or another maga-zine, worth the 20 bucks Barry thinkshe'll have to charge? Now true: com-

mercial publishers would put out thebook for less. The problem with thatis obvious: they'd save by printing alot of them, which, while more profit-able for me, practically guaranteesthat much of what would be in thebook would be obsolete before all thecopies were sold. The idea of loose-leaf was to allow revisions as thingschange.

As of now we're still ponderingthat dilemma.

C ommunications

According to the inquiries Barry

Workman gets, the world is waitingfor a good microcomputer communi-cations system useful to beginners;something that starts by explainingwhat a modem is and how you mightinstall one, and goes on to tell how touse it.

The problem isn't simple and canconfuse experienced computer users.A good public-domain program formicrocomputer communications isavailable. Called Modem 7, orXMODEM, it's written by WardChristensen and is available from theCP/M Users Group. There's only one

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220v/50Hz models, same price.

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January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 421

problem: a lot of beginners aren't ableto get it running. I've had problemswith its documents myself, and unlessyou know something about the inter-nal architecture of your computer, it'snearly impossible to get Modem 7tailored to your system's needs.

Christensen, as is his ethical right,isn't interested in having someonerework the instructions for beginnersand then sell the program; and so far(as I write this, anyway) no onewants to do it for nothing, becauseeach kind of hardware you'd want toinstall it on needs a different set of in-structions (or at least some changes in

the old), and there'd also be lots oftelephone time spent answering ques-tions.

Of course, anyone has the legalright to repackage the program andsell it for anything they want to, and Ihave horror stories of one firm thatsold Christensen's public-domainprogram to the federal government. Itsold some 20 copies at several hun-dred dollars each (no discount forquantity purchase). A couple of othercommercially advertised programsare also clearly based on Chris-tensen's work. Some have decentdocumentation.

DATA PROCESSING

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Qualihed candidates interested in learning more about theseopportunities at Martin Marietta should forward resumes, in-cluding salary history to Martin Marietta Aerospace, DenverGlazier, BYTE-183, P.O. Box 29304, New Orleans, Louisiana70189. We are an equal opportunity employer, m/f/h.

hmxhtif* mametta

Some years ago, Larry Hugheswrote a program called LINK. It'savailable for $8 on Disk 19 of theCP/M Users Group. It is now mar-keted under various names. I supposethat some of those selling it havemade improvements, but I'm not cer-tain. LINK was somewhat limited, soLarry wrote a new program calledCLINK, which he marketed for awhile. That one is also available, witha few modifications, from severalcompanies, at least one of whichadvertises heavily.

The most painless method I knowfor getting communications is to buyLarry Hughes' MITE from MycroftLabs. Hughes has been around micro-computers, including CP/M systems,for a long time. MITE is a very goodmenu-driven program that will letyou send and receive files, link tocommunications nets such as Compu-Serve and The Source, and in generaldo the communications most peoplewould like to do.

MITE does a few things thatModem 7 doesn't do. It lets you getbinary (COM) files off other systemsthat don't speak Modem 7, for in-stance. It's also much easier for begin-ners to get MITE running and tooperate it after it is running; andMycroft Labs will assist with prob-lems.

MITE's documentation could beimproved, but it's still about the bestI've seen, because its purpose isn't toteach you to install MITE, but toshow you how to use it, and it doesthat quite well. MITE will let you talkwith most university stations; variousonline CP/M systems, includingthose running Ward ChristensenComputerized Bulletin Board Sys-tems; XMODEM protocols; etc.MITE is compatible with TRS-80systems running Modem-80 througha conversion program that convertsTRS-80 text files into CP/M format.

You can get MITE preinstalled formany systems, including Xerox 820,Televideo TS801, S-100 with PMMI(Potomac Micro-Magic Inc.) modemor Hayes Micromodem, Apple II withZ80 Softcard and Hayes Micro-modem II, and Zenith Z-89. You canalso get it "uninstalled" and write acommunications input/output sys-

422 January 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc

EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES

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Microcomputer programmers in-terested in working overseas onshort term assignments of 2weeks to 2 months. Must havecompetency in one or more for-eign languages. Good workingknowledge of microcomputerBASIC and Apple, Radio Shack,IBM or other microcomputersrequired. Experience with otherlanguages a plus. Send your re-sume to:

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Our fast paced demanding organization isn't for everyone, but if you're innovative andlike a challenge, we offer one of the most exciting work environments in the world today.You'll have the finest support backed up by one of the most outstanding computer systemsin industry. Aside from challenge and room to grow, we offer an excellent salary and out-standing benefits.

More important than ever, we offer a community you and your family will love. Located in theheart of the Mid-South, Memphis offers convenience of location with a climate that has made

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tern. If you're up to doing that,however, you may not need MITEsince one or another of the public-domain systems could be adequate.Those who don't know a lot aboutcomputer communications, though,ought to write Mycroft Labs and findout if there's a version available fortheir system. It's by far the simplestway to get in touch with the elec-tronic world.

There are good reasons for gettingcommunications, because there's somuch cheap—and even free—infor-mation available out there in micro-

computer land. You only have toknow how to get it.

Knowledgeable Promises

It doesn't happen often, butsometimes people send me stuff that Ifeel guilty about not reviewing. Onesuch package is from Knowlogy. It'sbeen sitting on the "Urgent" shelf fora solid year now. Usually, anythingthat handsome would have beenchosen as a project by one of thetroops, but somehow it just didn'thappen. Maybe the terminally cutename "Knowlogy" scared them off.

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Aside from the name, though,Knowlogy's package is a class act,with some of the most readabledocumentation I've yet seen in thisbusiness.

What Knowlogy sells is a Unix-likeshell for CP/M. It's called Unica, andit is supposed to let you use Unix-likecommands (some directly from Unix)in operating your microcomputer.

Probably the most desirable featureof Unix is that everything is a file.You can direct the output of one pro-cess to be the input of another, usingimaginary "pipes" to conduct the in-formation.

Knowlogy's Unica preserves this. Italso has wildcards (ambiguous filenames, such as "JA*.*", which willget every file beginning with the let-ters "JA"), announcements andverifications, and such like. Programswithin the Unica system include filecomparators, concatenation, copy,disk map, ways to link files, patternsearches, and more. Each is welldocumented.

Unica lets you useUnix-like commandson a microcomputer.

Knowlogy's other product isUnica/XM-80, which is a structuredapproach to assembly-language pro-gramming. To quote from thedocumentation, "Software synthesisis a methodology which encouragesthe programmer to design each soft-ware module in such a way that it canbe used in more than one program.Unica/XM-80 is a programming lan-guage which incorporates softwaresynthesis constructs into the Z80assembly language."

All of Knowlogy's documents arewritten that way: a bit too polysyl-labic, but clear, reasonably precise,and in good English. The claim thatUnica/XM-80 is a "language" is a bitstrong. From its own documents, it isa preassembler able to translate anumber of shorthand notationaldevices, expand macro instructions,and incorporate previously writtenroutines.

This is not a full review of

424 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 421 on Inquiry card.

SUPER MICRO COMPUTERS

from $1,995.00

CI-MWS03-SB — LSI 11/2 computer workstation.LSI 11/2 CPU, 64KB Memory, power supply, KEV11,in 16 slot rack mountable chassis. 2 port serial I/O.CRT terminal. 1 mega byte floppy disk system. Desk-top workstation $7,295.00

CI-MWS23-MB — LSI 11/23 computer work-station. LSI 11/23 CPU, MMU, 256KB Memory,power supply, in 16 slot rack mountable chassis. CRTterminal. 10 mega byte cartridge disk system. 4 portserial I/O. Desktop workstation $10,995.00

CI-103 DESKTOP COMPUTER —

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CM103LK — LSI 11/2 CPU, 64KBMemory, power supply, KEV 11 in 16 slotrack mountable chassis $1,995.00

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LSI II is a trademark of Digital Equipment Corp.

Circle 81 on inquiry card.

BYTE January 1983 425

Knowlogy's package, because wehaven't tried it out. Normally, I don'ttalk about stuff we haven't used here,and I don't intend to break that ruleoften. The reason in this case is that Ihave been so impressed with the clari-ty of writing in the Knowlogy docu-ments that I feel reasonably assured agood job has been done on the rest ofthe work.

Honorable Mentions

Not long ago, I started an article onsoftware for the masses. We collecteda whole bunch of stuff for less than

$100, much of it $50 or less.

Three of those items stood out andwill get a lot of space in that article.(I'd have it done already except forour vacation. So it goes.)

The first is Walt Bilofsky's Soft-ware Toolworks, which we've men-tioned here before. Bilofsky has awhole raft of programs that work,and he sells them for reasonableprices. I strongly recommend thatyou get his catalog.

Second, Comshare Target's Plan-nercalc, which, although it lackssome of the features of the bigger and

THE

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Function Keys

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Computer Aided Tutorial

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Descriptive Directory

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29 Character Title

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Author & Operator ID

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more expensive spreadsheet pro-grams, does a heck of a lot for themoney. One warning: we have nevermet anyone able to get Plannercalcrunning on a CCS (California Com-puter Systems) machine. It runs fineon our 8085/8088 and Z80s; ap-parently, there's an interaction be-tween Plannercalc and the CCS, butwhether that's CCS hardware orPlannercalc software I don't know.

Finally, there's JRT Pascal, whichat less than $50 is a fabulous bargain.JRT Pascal has limits; but it's a lot forthe money. We've had it for a monthnow. Alex, having finally finished his"Intro to Pascal" package forPascal/M and Pascal MT + , has beenworking with the JRT compiler withthe intention of writing a full in-troduction as a companion piece forit. The result will be a tutorial, com-piler, Programming in Pascal byPeter Grogono, and Software Toolsin Pascal by Brian W. Kernighan andP. J. Plauger for less than $150: abargain at any price.

Another Problem

I continue to get reports of long de-lays in getting service for CCS com-puters. Max, whom I've mentionedbefore, writes a continuation of hishorror story.

Max bought his CCS from a largemail-order discount house. That mayhave been a mistake, because heknows nothing of computers andlives in upstate New York far fromlarge dealerships and big repaircenters. He's working on a very time-dependent project that requires aworking computer and dBASE II. Hisproblem involves sending his boardsExpress Mail in the assurance therewould be loaners to replace them, on-ly to find that they'd changed thepolicy of providing loaners even ashis were on the way.

Max concludes, "If I had boughtCompupro I could have 48-hour ser-vice on the boards. Since Compuprois not twice as expensive as CCS, theyare the better buy in the long run."

Certainly, Bill Godbout's Compu-pro equipment is good stuff, and ifanyone asks me, that's what I gener-ally recommend (recall that it's alsowhat I'm most familiar with).

426 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 254 on inquiry card.

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Circle 338 on inquiry card.

BYTE January 1983 427

However, in fairness I have to saythat Alex has had no real problemswith his CCS, nor has Dr. Possony,and many of my friends are very hap-py with their CCS systems.

Ours were obtained through ColinMick of Decision Information Ser-vices, and what difficulties we've hadhave been taken care of quietly andefficiently. We're using Helen—Alex'sCCS—to transfer programs and filesto and from the Osborne 1, becausethe CCS can operate both 8- and5Vi-inch drives simultaneously. (Socan my Godbout, which writes5Vi-inch disks in the IBM Personal

Computer format.) Alex did havesome problems adding the little disks,but Colin soon straightened themout.

Now for a Travel Report . . .

I'm writing much of this in Chicagowith a thoroughly unfamiliar com-puter and text editor. Worse, when Ido get back home—not too longnow—I'll still be using unfamiliarsystems (although at least I'll haveWRITE to use) because Ezekial isdead.

I'm in Chicago for the WorldScience Fiction Convention. Before I

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went to the convention—the tradi-tional science fiction name for thesethings is "Worldcon"—we spent threeweeks in Italy, where I carried theOtrona Attache from Los Angeles toRome to Venice to Verona to Flor-ence. The Otrona worked splendidly,uncomplainingly chewing up strangevoltages and even stranger frequen-cies. I'd be using it still, except that Istupidly tried to operate it off theconverter we use for my wife's hairdryer. That, alas, simply didn't work.

Until I managed to damage it,though, the Otrona was a real de-light, and I'm sitting here lookingrather wistfully at it and hoping itwill be easy to repair.

Since I hate to be without a com-puter—I simply can't write withoutone—I had Alex ship me another tocatch up with me in Chicago for theWorldcon. Luckily, we had just re-ceived an evaluation copy of theKaypro II, and Alex just had time toget it to me.

It says a lot for the Kaypro that Igot it without any documentationwhatever, but I'm still able to writethis. It isn't that the Kaypro comeswithout documents, of course; it'sjust that when Tyler Sperry of Non-Linear Systems brought the Kayproover to the house a little before I leftfor Italy, he decided to take it backfor some adjustment, leaving thedocuments in my office; and when itcame time for Alex to ship themachine to me, he couldn't find them.

Doesn't matter. I'm using themachine and the Select text editorthat comes with it, and I'm not hav-ing any real trouble at all.

That surprises me. I am, after all,rather set in my ways, and more thanthat, I've just tramped all aboutEurope getting used to the Otrona,which runs Wordstar. Moreover, theSelect word-processing editor thatcomes with the Kaypro looks to be ofa type that at first sight I don't like atall, being one of the editors that hasvarious command modes. For allthat, I am using it, and am havingsurprisingly little trouble.

The editor is a little strange, and it

will never be my favorite, but by

gollies it does work. It is a full-screen

| editor, with the ability to let you

428 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 143 on Inquiry card.

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Circle 239 on Inquiry card.

BYTE January 1983 429

drive the cursor around and do thingsto the text. (I've just inserted thissentence after finishing the page. Thatworks fine.) You have to go into In-sert mode to actually write, and intoa Command mode to do anything else(including moving the cursor). Creat-ing text is therefore easier than editingit. It also has the misfeature I likeleast about Wordstar, namely thatevery time I hit a key there's a flickerat the top of the page as the editor in-forms me what line and column I'mat. For all that, Select is surprisinglyeasy to work with.

(Flash added back home in Califor-nia: the Select documents tell youhow to turn off the status line with itsflicker. Hurrah! Now back to Chi-cago.)

Learning Select is a snap. It's nearlyself-explanatory anyway, and there'sa long Teach program that does thejob also. If I seem to be rambling abit, I am; I'm learning about themachine even as I write this, and Ihope you'll all have patience becausethis column is due the instant I gethome, and there's nothing else towrite about just now.

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I'll undoubtedly have more to sayabout Select later; for now, my im-pression is that it wouldn't be my firstchoice, but it's at least as easy to useas Wordstar (so far; but I haven'tdone anything really tricky yet). It isby all odds the easiest editor to learnI've ever seen. I just sat down to itand started using it. Of course, I havesome idea of what to expect from atext editor, but even so, I'm im-pressed.

Now that I've gone back and donesome editing, I'm a little less happywith Select. For one thing, every timeyou insert something—anything,even a space—you then have to leavethe Insert mode before you can movethe cursor and type anything else.Before you can do that, though, themachine wants to rejustify your text,and it does it without your asking itto. Alas, it takes a while. How-ever—and this is important—it takesa while only in comparison withmachines a lot more expensive thanthe Kaypro II.

(Another flash from the homefront: the documents tell you how toturn off that feature as well, so thatyou can write away and globallyreformat the text once and for allwhen you're finished. I like the Selectapproach of letting you have choicesabout things like that.)

Leave the editor, then, with thebottom-line comment that it will do.Let's look at the computer itself.

The Kaypro II uses a Z80 chip andhas 64K bytes of memory. It comesall up; that is, there's a computer,keyboard, and video screen all in-cluded in the price. Kaypro II, fromNon-Linear Systems, is intended tocompete with Adam Osborne'sOsborne 1 and is priced accordingly.CP/M, the Select editor, a spread-sheet program I haven't had a chanceto try, and a compiling BASIC calledSB ASIC are included. The most im-pressive part of the package is themachine itself.

First, it's handsome enough. Itcomes in a metal case, with clips tohold the keyboard. The power cordand the telephone-curly cable to thekeyboard coil about some jigs on theback of the machine and can be putpretty securely in place. The handle is

430 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 60 on Inquiry card.

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also back there, so that you carry itwith the keyboard, cables, and plugsall exposed. I've suggested that they'dbe better off making a cover that thehandle could stick through, and Iunderstand they offer one as an op-tion.

The machine comes with dualsingle-sided double-density SVi-inchdisks, and it boots up on CP/M 2.2xon power-up or reset. This one, hav-ing been shipped by UPS to Chicago,came up instantly on being turned on.

(Now back home to California tofinish this. If this text is in the col-umn, you'll know I was able totransfer from the Kaypro to theCompupro.)

I brought the Kaypro home on theairplane. Indeed, I had the Kayproand the Otrona, two large suitcases, abriefbag, and a hanging garmentbag—I felt sorry for the people whohad to board just behind me, buteveryone was very nice. I can there-fore testify that you can put a KayproII into an aircraft overhead rack andget the rack door closed. It's a close

call, but it can be done. It will also fitunder an aisle seat.

I had to change planes in Denver,so the Kaypro got a complete ex-posure to aircraft hazards, wentthrough security twice, and washustled along airport corridors by aman with far too much luggage. Even

The Kaypro has a largescreen, certainly the

largest screen

you'll ever get in a

portable machine.

so, it booted up first crack on gettinghome, and I'm working with it now.Thus, it's certainly rugged. It hasother things to like, too. The key-board is full size and is a full ASCII(American Standard Code for Infor-mation Interchange) character-setkeyboard, complete with squiggleand curly braces and such like, aswell as a numeric keypad and fourcursor arrow keys. The key layout is

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more or less Selectric style. The Shiftkeys are oversize and in the rightplaces, the Return key is suitablylarge and placed near the home keys,and I've had absolutely no problemstouch-typing on the machine.

There's one annoying "feature": akey-click circuit that has an unfor-tunate sound. In fact, at first Ithought it was some kind of squeakand squirted in a bit of WD-40 to tryto still the noise. The "squeaky click"isn't all that loud, and after an houryou get used to it, but it would beawfully nice if they had a poten-tiometer on the thing to let you adjustthe pitch or volume. The Otrona hascomplete software control over bothpitch and volume. The Kaypro peo-ple tell me there's a program you canrun to turn the key click off.

The Kaypro also has a large screen,certainly the largest screen you'll everget in a portable machine. I measurethe glass areas at 7 inches across andnearly 9 inches diagonal. It's greenwith a brightness control and has theusual 24 lines of 80 characters. I wishit had a knob for contrast as well asone for brightness, but that's only amild preference.

The Kaypro will display the entireASCII character set. It has truedescender lowercase letters (that is,those with tails do go below the line).Even so, I'm not really fond of thecharacters. The lowercase "o" is orappears to me to be too large, andsome of the other characters seemodd in size. Still, the display isreadable, as you'd expect a largerscreen to be. People with bifocalsmay have problems; that is, it's bigenough for you to sit far enoughaway to look at it through the tops ofyour glasses, but for some reason theletters look better formed and justplain prettier if you get up closer andlook through the bottoms. Do recall,though, that I have unusual eye prob-lems, and my normal system has 16lines of 64 characters displayed on a16-inch screen.

Lovely Adelle

If my initial evaluation of Kayprois "Good stuff!," my initial reactionto the Otrona Attache is "Great!" Ofcourse, the Otrona costs about twice

432 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 75 on Inquiry card.

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what the Kaypro does; but you get alot for that.

For instance, all the minor an-noyances of the Kaypro vanish in theOtrona. Not only can you suppressthe Attache's key click, you canchange its pitch and volume; and allthis is simple to do. Just go Control-Escape and you're in a Setup mode;and across the top of the keyboardare a number of prompts that tell youprecisely what to do, from control ofscreen brightness to bell volume.

The Attache keyboard

is the nicest I've seen

on a portable machine.

■

The Attache keyboard is quite thenicest I've ever seen on a portablemachine. It doesn't have a numerickeypad; but it does have a full ASCIIkey set, complete with squiggle andvertical bar, etc. The key layout isSelectric style, with one not-too-pleasant surprise: the Delete key isdown left. You won't hit it often byaccident, but it takes a while to getused to finding it. I suppose there's no"standard" place for the Delete key,but I can't imagine why they put itthere.

Alas, unlike the Osborne, the At-tache has no place to stow the powercord or a box of disks (I don't thinkyou'd want to carry disks in thedrives). I've suggested to Otrona'smanagement that they make a smallLeatherette packet that will hold bothpower cable and disks and attach tothe Attache's handle; but it won't behard to make one if they don't do it.

Another minor deficiency is thatthere's no indicator light on the CapsLock key, nor does that key staydepressed when pushed. Otherwise,though, it's an excellent keyboardand layout. The Shift and Returnkeys are oversize (although not great-ly so). The keys are all placed prettyclose together, and they utterly fillthe lightweight little keyboard, sothat the Otrona's keyboard lookssmall. By both measurement and feel,however, it is a full-size keyboard,every bit as big as the one on a

434 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 306 on inquiry card.

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BYTE January 1983 435

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Televideo 950, or for that matter onan IBM Selectric (which it resembles).I know, because when I first saw theOtrona at a Los Angeles computershow, Greg Decoteau of Otrona and Iactually carried the Otrona Attachekeyboard to an exhibit that had aSelectric and laid the keyboard upagainst the IBM's. I have had noproblems typing text into the Otrona.

The Attache has even tamed Word-star. There isn't room on the littlekeyboard for any special word-pro-cessing keys, but Otrona has donesomething as good and perhaps bet-ter: it has made the numeric keysacross the top generate Wordstarcommands. As an example, 6 is nor-mal, and Shift 6 is the ampersand, butControl 6 toggles you into Insertmode, and Shift Control 6 starts aBlock in the text. Each key has bothControl and Shift Control specialmeanings for Wordstar, and attrac-tive little labels at the top make iteasy to figure out what the variouskeys turn into.

"Special-feature" keys get you totop of screen, change help levels,find/replace, margin release, refor-mat, and so forth. They make Word-star a lot easier to use, or at least Ifound it so; I was able to write inhotel rooms in Rome, at cafes inVenice, and in other unusual places.

There's been a lot of thought givento the Otrona. Some of it doesn'tshow until you need it. For example,the Reset key is on the keyboard,something I would have paid toavoid; but it has been tamed. The keyis on the left side, outboard of theShift key, and to use it to reset, youmust press Reset while holding downthe right-hand Shift key. Ingenious.

It has lots of other nice touches.The Otrona Attache's large handleswings underneath and locks in placeto put the display at a convenient up-tilted angle. The disk doors open andclose with a positive feel. The greenscreen is small—4 inches wide by 3Vtinches high—but it is bright and veryreadable, with well-formed charac-ters. I found that with the Otrona onthe table in front of me and thekeyboard in the natural position, Ihad no trouble at all reading the 24lines of 80 characters.

Continued on page 438

436 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 290 on Inquiry card.

"The merger of Victor and Sirius creates a

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marketing and worldwide distribution'.

The combination of Victor BusinessProducts and Sirius Systems Technology,Inc. creates a new company designed tomeet the most demanding needs of themodern business office. It unites theadvanced technology capabilities of Siriuswith the distribution, support and market-ing strengths of a company with over65 years of experience in solving businessapplication problems.

The result is Victor Technologies,Inc., a company ideally suited to dramati-cally impact today's internationalcomputer marketplace.

The new Victor:Streamlined for success.

The Chairman of the Board of thenew Victor Technologies is Fred Sullivan,Chairman and Chief Executive Officer ofKidde, Inc., a diversified $3 billion com-pany. The financial support of this giantconglomerate will help focus Victor's goalof becoming one of the three leadingcomputer companies in the world.

President and Chief Executive Officerof the new company is Chuck Peddle. Itwas Chuck Peddle's focus and insightwhich led to the design and manufactureof the Victor 9000, the first and mostpowerful of the "third generation" ofmicrocomputers. Acknowledged as the"father" of the personal computer con-cept, Peddle introduced this useful andvery affordable third generation micro-computer in the European market withstartling results.

The Victor 9000:Number One in Europe,in a class by itselfin America.

In Europe the Victor 9000, sold underthe name of Sirius 1, is the best sellingmicrocomputer in the market. As a matterof fact, it was recently named "Computerof the Year" in West Germany.

There are demonstrably good reasonsfor this success. As in the United States,the Victor 9000 is the most powerfulmicrocomputer available, offering substan-tially more internal memory, storagecapacity and engineering advances thanany other comparable product. And theVictor 9000 library of business application

Chuck Peddle, designer of theVictor 9000 microcomputerand President of the newVictor Technologies, Inc.

software and innovative line of peripheralsand accessories make it a business tool ofgreat versatility.

A vital part of the new Victor is atotal commitment to the development ofnew software, both internally and by thirdparties. The reputation of Chuck Peddleand the proven success of the productfamily will continue to attract the effortsof the brightest minds in the high tech-nology industry.

Over 10,000 outletsthroughout the world.

Victor, long established as a worldleader in desktop calculators and innova-tor of electronic cash registers, will beaccelerating and expanding the distribu-tion channels for these products. Andwith the outstanding acceptance of theVictor 9000 desktop computer, the newcompany is committed to make substantialnew product offerings and support for allproduct lines through its large branchesand dealer networks.

A commitment togrowth and excellence.

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Victor Technologies, Inc. P.O. Box 1135 Glenview, 111. 60025 1-800-VIC-9000Circle 519 on Inquiry card.

The Otrona uses double-sideddouble-density small disks, so thatyou have 360K bytes per disk; morethan I have ever had on Ezekial. Youcan put fair-size documents on them.I still retain some prejudice againstsmall disks, but I have to admit thatthe Attache may overcome mydoubts, since it has worked underhorrible conditions without a glitch.

The Attache comes with CP/M,Microsoft BASIC, and Wordstar. Italso includes an unusual programcalled Valet. The Attache alwaysknows what time it is, because itkeeps both time and date stored innonvolatile memory. With the Valetprogram, you can turn the Attacheinto an alarm clock with up to fouralarms that both sound audibly andflash messages on the screen. Valet inthe alarm mode interrupts your cur-rent job, but does it nondestructively.The Valet program also has a four-function calculator built in.

Communications gear lets youtransfer files to and from 8-inch disks,

and the Attache can become a verysophisticated terminal to drive eithera modem or another computer. TheAttache is supposed to do that pain-lessly, and I have no reason to doubtit since the little dear has doneeverything else I asked her to. Ihaven't actually used her as a ter-minal or extracted my files into The

As a sophisticatedterminal, the Attachecan drive a modem or

another computer.

Golem because I foolishly managedto blow something internal in Rome.That was particularly stupid of me.The Otrona comes with a simplemechanism that lets you change from110 to 140 on up to 250-volt (V) inputvoltage, and it apparently isn't in-terested in the frequency of that juiceeither. However, some of the older

Roman hotels have nonstandard225-V outlets. I had no way to plugthe Otrona in—so I foolishly con-verted it back to 110 and tried to runit with the converter for my wife'shair dryer. It did run, too, for aminute or so; then with a gentlepop, it expired. Otrona figures itwill be fixed in no time, though; itsdealers simply replace modules untileverything works, then send themodules back to the factory forrebuilding. Since mine didn't comefrom a dealer, it's taking them a dayto figure out which one is going to domy servicing; otherwise, I'd have herfixed already.

Anyway, since the Attache hassimple ways for getting stuff to andfrom your 8-inch disks, there's little Irun on Zeke that won't soon be avail-able on the Otrona, meaning that Ican carry a full desktop computeranywhere, use it, and bring theresults home for processing on my bigmachines. Of course, "big" here is arelative term, since the Otrona is

Not for sale in anybookstore! Not available atany price! The new ConsumerInformation Catalog!

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438 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE January 19*3 439

"bigger" in terms of memory andcomputing power than Zeke waswhen I first got all 70 pounds of him.Adelle (I think that's her name; we'llsee when they get the power supplyfixed) is only 18 pounds and looksgorgeous on a Venice cafe table.

Lots of New Machines . . .

It's really too early for a finalevaluation of these machines; Ihaven't used them long enough. Myfirst impression is that the Osborneremains the VW of the microcom-puter field; it's cheap, reliable,handles standard programs well, and,while inconvenient, has some plain-wrapper features to compensate. Thesoftware with the Osborne retails forabout as much as the whole Osbornepackage complete with computer.

Of course, I've had the Osbornelonger than the others, so I'm veryfamiliar with both its strengths andweaknesses. One real strength isOsborne service, which remains effi-cient and fair-dealing. That's been notonly my experience, but that of all

but one of those who have written meabout it.

The Kaypro is more like aChevrolet as the Chevy used to be,reliable and rugged, without muchtrim or visible frills. The softwarepackage with the Kaypro is not as ex-tensive as the one you get with theOsborne. The screen is larger and dis-plays all 80 characters of a line. Thekeyboard is more complete, and thedisks hold more. (Osborne now has adouble-density option and 80-char-acter screen.) Also, since the Kayprocomes with a compiling BASIC, itwon't be as immediately useful tobeginners who want to write theirown programs. However, you canbuy Microsoft interpretive BASIC forthe Kaypro.

Select, the Kaypro word processor,is unlikely to be as complete and fullof frills as Wordstar. Since I'm notreally fond of either Select or Word-star, I'm the wrong one to judge be-tween them. I did find Select remark-ably easy to just sit down and use,and I'm certain that Kaypro with

Uffi

THE SAGE IV.

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Call or write for the name and address of your nearestSage supermicro dealer.

Sage Computer Technology, 35 North Edison Way, #4,Reno NV 89502 (702) 322-6868.

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Select is more than adequate as aword processor. Provided that youlike the feel of the keyboard and arecomfortable with the display, I'dhave no hesitation in recommendingthe Kaypro as a good first machinefor a beginning writer, and indeed Imay recommend it to one of my part-ners as his first machine.

The Otrona is definitely the BMWof the portable machines. It comeswith an adequate if not extensive soft-ware package, it is the smallest andlightest of the portables, and it is byall odds the most gorgeous. The disksrun quietly and I had no hitches withthem, even after transporting Adellea long way across water; and that360K bytes per disk is very nice.

I loved the keyboard, and thescreen display was plenty goodenough. Since the Otrona Attachecomes with a video output alreadybuilt in, you can set it up with a largevideo monitor if you like. It is cer-tainly more than adequate as one'sonly machine. Of course, for itsprice, there are other machines thatuse a bus and are therefore moreeasily expanded.

(To continue the analogy, myCompupro is more like an Interna-tional Scout. Of course, my personalcar is a Scout. . . .)

The Bottom Line

The Osborne, as it stands, is just abit limited in file storage to be youronly computer, although now thatOsborne has the double-densitypackage, things will change quite alot.

The Kaypro would certainly workas an "only," although I have reserva-tions about the SBASIC that comeswith it.

The Otrona is beautiful, and I'veused it enough to know that I couldcertainly live with it as my onlymachine; and it's really portable, atrue desktop computer that you cancarry around.

And Still More Next Month

While in Chicago I saw the proto-type of Lobo's new $800 machine.One of those is supposed to be on itsway here. Meanwhile, we have anApple II up and running, and we're

440 January 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc

Circle 361 on Inquiry card.

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getting an Atari 800. (I'm going to doa book on small computers. I am alsoup to my clavicle in smallcomputers.)

Meanwhile, Ezekial, my first love,lies unconscious. Tony says he'll getto him after we set up yet anothermachine, one that makes use of whatI think may just be the world's best

keyboard and will deliver its outputto my 16-inch screen. It's anotherCompupro.

All this means that next month I'llbe able to continue my comparisonsof small machines. There's also alarge stack of software for review.The microcomputer revolution goeson. I love it. ■

Circle 72 on inquiry card.

Items Reviewed

Attache Computer

Otrona Corporation4755 Walnut St.Boulder, CO 80301(303) 444-8100

Janus/Ada Compiler

RR SoftwarePOB 1512Madison, WI 53701(608) 244-6436

JRT Pascal

JRT Systems

1891 23rd Ave.

San Francisco, CA 94122

(415) 566-5100

Kaypro II ComputerNon-Linear Systems Inc.533 Stevens Ave.Solana Beach, CA 92075(714) 755-1134

MITE

Mycroft LabsPOB 6045

Tallahassee, FL 32301(904) 385-2708

Osborne 1

Osborne Computer Corporation

26500 Corporate Ave.

Hayward, CA 94545

(800) 772-3545, ext. 905 (California)

(800) 227-1617, ext. 905 (outside California)

Plannercalc

Comshare Target SoftwareSuite 200

1935 Cliff Valley WayAtlanta, GA 30329(404) 634-9535

Software Toolworks

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Introducing the Sony small businesscomputer system. The Sony that showsthe top rated programs that help you makesmarter business decisions.

The Sony system that's easy enoughfor a doctor, lawyer or chief executive tolearn to use. Yet smart enough for accounting,billing, inventory word processing andendless other complex, profit oriented chores.It can even talk to other computers, bigand small.

(For those who speak computer,the Sony Microcomputer runs CP/M® basedprograms, and many other important businessoriented software customized for Sonyincluding the popular VisiCalc.®)

As sleek as it is, the Sony systemhas the basics to get you started and theexpandability to grow with your business. Ata price that won't drive you out of business.

Sony. You've always admired ourhardware, now come see our smartware. Orwrite Sony Microcomputer Products Division,7 Mercedes Drive, Montvale, New Jersey 07645.

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D 1982 Sony Corp. of America. Sony is a registered trademark of Sony Corp. CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc VisiCalc is a registered trademark of VisiCorp.

Circle 380 on inquiry card.

"< *"<"»'computa

«-°u!dbea„

A Colorful Introduction toComputers

Here's a fun and educational coloring bookto introduce your home computer to theyoungest members of your family. TheMagic Machine explores the excitement andwonder of computers from a young child'spoint of view. Theodore Cohen's story, writ-ten for beginning readers, answers many ofthe basic questions children ask about themagic machines that are coming into ourhomes in ever-growing numbers, andJacqueline Bray's line drawings capture thevivid and often funny images that arise fromthe inquisitive minds of children as theyseek to understand the world around them.Packaged complete with its own set ofcrayons, The Magic Machine will helpchildren appreciate computers even beforethey are old enough to begin using them.

Order Now Directly from BYTE The Magic Machine $2.00

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BYTE/McGraw Hill70 Main StPeterborough, N.H. 03458

A COLORINGBOOK

By Theodore J. Cohen and Jacqueline H. Bray

444 BYTE January 1983

Learning with Logo makes Logocome alive at home or in school

Learning with Logo is the ideal intro-duction to Logo for children and adults.Written for children between the ages often and fourteen, the book is alsoperfect for parents and teachers whowant to learn Logo from the ground upor to use this unique language withchildren. Many of the projects andactivities in the book were originated bychildren.

The book starts from the absolutebeginning with detailed informationabout the Logo system and basic com-mands for controlling the Logo turtle.Dozens of introductory turtle designsuggestions offer each learner a way tocreate projects that are uniquely his orher own, while later chapters map out arich universe of mathematical explora-tions in turtle geometry.

The second half of Learning withLogo goes beyond turtle graphics topresent a set of interactive computer

Circle 503 on inquiry card.

games, quiz programs, and language ac-tivities that introduce the learner tomore advanced programming concepts.

Special sections throughout the bookhighlight the powerful ideas contained ineach activity and warn about commonbugs and pitfalls. For adults, "Helpers'Hints" explain important concepts morefully and offer practical teachingsuggestions.

The book features detailed instruc-tions for creating a Logo ProceduresDisk (also available directly from theauthor) that contains sample programsand a number of "tool procedures"needed to carry out the projects in thebook.

Daniel Watt has been involved in educationas a curriculum developer, elementary schoolteacher, teacher trainer, and researcher. Heworked for five years on a series of Logoresearch and development projects as amember of the MIT Logo Group. A t presenthe is an editor with B YTE Publications and

contributes regularly to Popular Computingand BYTE magazines.

Learning with Logo is written specifically forusers of the version of Logo developed at MIT forthe Apple //® and distributed by Terrapin, Inc. andKrell Software, Inc. It contains appendices for usersof Apple Logo® and TI Logo9 .

Available at your bookseller or computerstore in Dec. 1982. Or use coupon for15-day FREE examination! „ , _

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Name

Address/Apt

City/State/Zip

Software Review

Supervyz and Organizr

Two Menu-Driven Front Ends for CP/M

Christopher O. Kern201 I St. SW, Apt. 839Washington, DC 20024

Supervyz and Organizr are two software products thatturn Digital Research's CP/M operating system into afriendlier environment for the nontechnical user bymediating between the user and the operating system.The user sees a menu of available operations and simplychooses the one desired. The operating system receives asyntactically correct command that is generated automat-ically in response to the user's selection. (Supervyz andOrganizr have a great deal in common, and unless other-wise specified, my comments apply to both.)

CP/M may be the most widely used disk operating sys-tem in the world of microcomputers, but obviously noteveryone finds it congenial. That's why there is a sub-stantial market for books explaining CP/M, and whymany hardware manufacturers and software vendors feelthey have to supplement the documentation provided byDigital Research.

For the "naive" user, especially the one who considersthe computer an appliance rather than a hobby, learningCP/M can present a formidable challenge. I recently sawthis first-hand when I set up a small computer system fora friend to use in his political-consulting business. Be-cause of the wide variety of CP/M-compatible software,I didn't seriously consider any other operating system. Itnever occurred to me that my friend would find it dif-ficult to learn how to use the basic system commands heneeded, such as those for copying a file, changing itsdirectory attributes (e.g., making it read-only), dis-playing the contents of a disk, or invoking an applicationprogram with the proper command-line syntax. He didhave trouble, though, and each foray into his software

manuals seemed to confuse him even more. Ultimately, Ihad to provide him with a "cookbook" containing preciseinstructions for each function and program he was likelyto use.

What CP/M Demands

To use CP/M (or any other general-purpose operatingsystem), you need to have a reasonably clear idea of howthe host computer system is organized. At the very least,you need to know when a new program must be executedto perform a given function, what options are availablefor each program or system command you intend to use,and the particular command syntax that is required tostart each program. The two menu-driven front ends re-viewed here make it possible to use CP/M without under-standing precisely what is going on. All you have toknow is what you want the machine to do.

For example, to copy a file under CP/M, you have tounderstand that copying files is performed by thePeripheral Interchange Program (PIP) and that PIP canbe executed only from the command level of the oper-ating system and not from within another program. Youmust also know which options are appropriate (or re-quired) for copying the particular file and that the com-mand syntax for copying files with PIP is:

PIP drive: new file, typ = drive: oldfile. typ[options]

where drive designates the disk drive on which a fileresides, oldfile and newfile are file names, typ is a filetype or extension, and options is a series of single-letter

446 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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At a Glance

Name

Supervyz

Version

1.34

Type

Menu-driven front end for the CP/M operating system

Distributor

Epic Computer Products Inc.1838! Bandolier CircleFountain Valley. CA 92708|714) 964-7722

Price

SI 50

Computer

8080-based machines running CP/M 1.4 or MP/M 1.1 or later

Documentation

77-page manual

Audience

CP/M users wanting a simplified command interface to thesystem; dealers, consultants, and other system integrators

or letter-plus-integer optional parameters that are to bepassed to PIP.

If you fail to use the correct command syntax, you'relikely to be rewarded with a terse error message thatserves as little more than a visible indication that some-thing is wrong. The response that you receive may beeven more confusing if you try to run the copying com-mand from within an application program—e.g., in re-sponse to a prompt from a word-processing or account-ing program—not realizing that a prompt from an appli-cations program is different than a prompt from CP/M.

Menus

Supervyz and Organizr simply present you with amenu that includes the item "copy a file." They ask youfor the appropriate disk drives and file names to use. Ifyou need help understanding the entries on the menu,they supply explanations in response to a question markentered from the keyboard, instead of forcing you tosearch through the system or application-programmanuals. (See listing 1.)

They also divide up the resources available on a par-ticular computer system into groups, each of which iscomposed of as many as 10 programs or functions withSupervyz and up to 12 with Organizr. Each group ispresented as a separate menu of related programs, andeach menu corresponds to one of the major applicationsof the computer system. On a business system, for exam-ple, one menu might provide word processing, anotherinventory management, a third might be for payroll, anda fourth for accounting.

Grouping related functions together on a menu in thisfashion is an important organizational convenience. It

At a Glance

Name

Organizr

Version

2.2.2

Type

Menu-driven front end for the CP/M operating system

Distributor

The Information People443 Hudson Ave.Newark, OH 43055(614) 349-8644

Price

SI95 [S25 for manual only)

Computer

8080-based machines running CP/M; requires 48K bytes ofRAM (random-access memory)

Documentation

31-page user and reference manual

Audience

CP/M users who want a simplified command interface to thesystem; dealers, consultants, and other system integrators

means that you are provided with an explicit reminder ofwhat options are available on the computer system toperform a given task. Commonly used programs or sys-tem commands, such as those to copy files or list direc-tories, can appear on more than one menu. This reducesthe need to flip from one menu to another in the course ofa session at the computer.

Menus of Menus

Both Supervyz and Organizr arrange menus into ahierarchy. Any entry on a given menu can invoke a sub-menu with 10 or 12 programs (or even sub-sub-menus) ofits own. In the example used earlier, one of the choices onthe main menu would be "inventory management."Choosing inventory management might lead to a menuwith choices for updating the inventory, reporting onturnover, ordering or recording the receipt of new sup-plies, etc. The updating and reporting choices mightrepresent individual application programs. But the "newsupplies" option might lead to a new menu with optionsfor writing a purchase order, matching an invoice againsta previous order, showing how many orders are out-standing from,a particular supplier, and the like. It mightalso contain a reference to the program for updating theinventory. This would be the same program that was ac-cessible from the main inventory-management menu, butused in a different context: to remind the employee usingthe new-supplies menu to update the inventory when thenew supplies are received.

Reorganizing a computer system's resources into ahierarchical structure helps clarify the relationshipamong the programs available. This approach is reminis-cent of the directory structure of Bell Laboratories' Unix

448 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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operating system, though the Unix system's generality islacking. Still, as the disk capacity of small computers in-creases, a logical arrangement of the programs that areavailable is a significant benefit. It helps you cope withcomplexity. You never have to choose among more thana dozen functions. Minimizing the number of optionsconfronting you makes each decision easier.

Speed and Stability

As you might expect, these programs exact a price forthe convenience they provide. Extra disk accesses arenecessary to display new menus or to execute CP/M

Listing 1: Sample screen displays of the two CP/M front ends.Supervyz (listing la) is supplied with a menu of file- and disk-support functions. Once an entry's number has been selected,the appropriate prompts for that function appear. The bottomof the screen is reserved for a catalog of the files relevant to thefunction selected. Organizr (listing lb) provides space for shortcomments about each entry and gives instructions about thepossible commands for the entry selected.

(la)

Supervyz

1 > Fo

Us

3) Select Default Disk and Us

4> Copy a file

5) Cora an entire disk

(Function 0

Support Function;;

6) Copy a SwsteM Area only

7) Disk Recover* and Refair-

8) Urite-Protect FileCs)

9) Write-Er.able Filets)

10) Extended Volume Table of Conter.5 to ne::t higher menu)

Please enter the number of the desired functiName.type of file to be copied' C

User Area you are copying from7 CO 1

New file name.tape? (if changed)C

Default Drive

I :DIAGNOSE HLP

,' IDISKSUP? HLP

! JED COM ■

I!HELP COM

i ILIST66 COM

ilREAD ME

uu-e Table of C!DIAGNOSE MNUIDISKSUFT MNUI FORMAT COMiHELP HLP,'MENUSHEF COMIREAD24 COM

<0 if :

(UTOC) DefaulIDIR22 COMi IDUMP22 COM!FORMFEED COM!INSTALLZ COMIPIF COM

elp) C4 J

Push DOWN-ARROW fo

(lb)

Organizr

========_

==

m..MW.MM>MfMMa^^>^«HMI>n*HM-f^«rtM«^W««l

V3. la

Office System 80 Function Selection

========-

==

========================================= ==== === === = == = = ==== = = = = = =

< 1>

_

Accounting System (AP, AR, GL, PR, Job Cost, Invoicing )

< 2>

-

BASIC Interpreter (Call MBASIC 5 interpreter cmd. mode )

< 3>

-

Calculator, MicroPro (CalcStar Key ";H" for instructions )

< 4>

-

Calculator, Sorcim (SuperCalc spread-sheet calc. system )

< 5>

-

CP/M command (Execute a CP/M command - use CAUTION)

< 6>

-

Data Base System (dBASE 11 relational DBM command mode)

< 7>

-

File Management (DataStar file entry and maintenance )

< 8>

-

Form Entry Generator (Create new entry forms for DataStar )

< 9>

-

Mailing System (MailSort edit, select/sort NAD file )

<10>

-

Maintenance Menu (Prepare New Disks, Copy Files, etc.)

<11>

-

Planning Language (Target planning language w/spreadsht)

<12>

-

Telecommunications (LYNC- Use ST ®A for menu. ©C to Link)

<13>

-

Word Processing (WordStar, MailMerge, SpellStar menus)

<14>

"

Finished with this function

Function

#

Type

1

Mount FINANCE.DSK on Drive A:Command: ORGANIZR

2

Command: MBASIC

3

Command: CS

4

Command: SC

5

Command: {(Type a CP/M command & press <ENTER>))Command: PAUSE- Function Complete

6

Command: DBASE

7

Command: DATASTAR

8

Command: FORMGEN

9

Menu: MAILSORT

10

Menu: SYSUTIL

11

Menu: TARGET

12

Command: LYNC

13

Command: WSCommand: ERA *.BAKCommand: A:

450 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

commands. It also takes more time to update the consoledisplay with the contents of each menu than it would todisplay the two characters that make up the CP/M com-mand prompt. On a computer that uses floppy disks formass storage, delays between commands are usuallyseveral seconds longer with Supervyz and Organizr thanthey are with unadorned CP/M. (By the way, neitherprogram has a signficant speed advantage over theother.)

A well-designed program should never bring about asystem crash, and program stability is especially impor-tant in software that is designed for inexperienced com-puter users. Stability is absolutely crucial for any pro-gram that attempts to replace or augment some aspect ofa computer's operating system. Fortunately, both Super-vyz and Organizr seem quite solid. Error recovery issmooth, even from errors that cause the premature ter-mination of applications programs.

Both products come with several utility programs inaddition to the menu-selection program. These utilitiesare used for configuring Supervyz or Organizr for a newcomputer system, creating and displaying menus andhelp messages, displaying disk directories, and the like(the expanded Supervyz directory-listing program pro-duces a display similar to a public-domain utility avail-able from the CP/M User's Group).

The Displays

The Supervyz display is more elaborate thanOrganizr's. It uses whatever special hardware features areavailable on the host system's video terminal, such asreverse-video and half-intensity fields. When you choosean option that requires specific parameters, such as adistinct file name to use or which disk drive to search, thequestions appear in a fill-in-the-blanks format below theoption list. Additionally, Supervyz provides a windowjust below the parameter field in which a disk directorysuddenly appears whenever you are asked to supply a pre-existing file name (see listing la). These features makeSupervyz very interactive, which gives the impression ofspeeding everything up.

By contrast, the Organizr display is relatively austere(see listing lb). The sole special terminal-hardware fea-ture that it supports is to clear the video screen. Only themenu itself is displayed on the terminal. Unfortunately,after you choose an option from a menu, Organizr has atendency to show on the screen the CP/M command thatit generated. Most users would no doubt get used to thatquirk, though it might be a bit confusing at first.

Installation

Both packages come preconfigured to use their intrinsicutilities along with the built-in commands and systemprograms common to CP/M, but custom installation isrequired to make use of the specialized application soft-ware that is available on a given computer system. Thiswill normally be done by the dealer or consultant who in-stalls the system for the end user; however, both Super-vyz and Organizr provide instructions for end users who

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want to change their system's configuration or install theproducts. Supervyz has the more complex installationprocedure (partly because it is the more flexible system),but, because it is well automated, it is quite painless.

As I mentioned earlier, these programs function asfront ends to CP/M. They translate the menu selectionsmade by the operator into standard CP/M commands.They do not replace the operating system. The CP/Mcommand interpreter is still doing the real work,although its operation is mostly invisible to the user.Supervyz occupies about 4K bytes of memory at the topof the host system's free address space. Organizr does nottie up any memory, although the manual says a 48K-bytesystem is required. Both programs can be loaded underCP/M or set to start automatically whenever the com-puter is turned on.

The amount of disk storage that is necessary to usethese products will vary with the number and size of themenus (and, with Supervyz, the number of help files thatare needed on a particular system). As distributed, theSupervyz package takes up 149K bytes of disk space.Organizr's distribution package takes up 31K bytes. Mostof this distribution software must be kept on-line, andboth products require that certain CP/M utilities be pre-sent on disk. As a rough estimate, I think the practical useof either product would require approximately the stor-age capacity of a single-density 8-inch disk (i.e., 256Kbytes).

Configuration

Both packages include configuration programs that cancustomize the products for various video terminals. TheSupervyz configuration process is more elaborate be-cause it uses more of the features of the available ter-minal. I tested it on a Heath H-19 and a Televideo 950.Shading, reverse video, and the use of multiple displayintensities (on the Televideo) made for impressive and at-tractive menu displays.

Most versions of CP/M allow Supervyz or Organizr tobe loaded automatically whenever the computer is turnedon. The Supervyz configuration program will do this forsome systems. In most cases, however, the installer willhave to determine the disk track and sector where theCP/M command interpreter resides if auto-start is neces-sary. In a few implementations of CP/M, such as the onefor my Heath H-8, none of that is necessary because anauto-start feature is provided as part of the CP/M BIOS(basic input/output system).

These are well designed products, and it is a pity thattheir documentation does not come up to the high qualityof the software. Both user's manuals are badly writtenand somewhat disorganized. Neither has an index. Despitetheir failings, both manuals will probably be adequate forthe average end user, because in most cases the systemwill be configured by a professional and, once it is in-stalled, it should rarely be necessary for the end user torefer to the written documentation. A computer systemthat is designed around these software packages willpretty much explain itself.

Conclusions

Supervyz and Organizr provide a simple, menu-drivenenvironment for the CP/M operating system. They makeCP/M accessible to inexperienced computer users; noknowledge of CP/M command syntax is necessary.

Both Supervyz's and Organizr's menus group com-puter-software resources into a hierarchy of functions.On computer systems that are used for multiple applica-tions, this helps the user decide how to perform a giventask.

These programs are well designed and stable, but bothrequire extra disk accesses that slow down CP/M some-what.

Supervyz and Organizr can be installed by either a sys-tems integrator or an end user, although installation re-quires some knowledge of CP/M.B

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Programming Quickies

High-Speed Pascal Text File I/O

K. Brook Richan371 West 1670 S.Provo, UT 84601

James S. Rosenvall2488 North 930 E.Provo, UT 84604

As avid fans and teachers of Pascal, we tell people tochange standard Pascal commands if they don't likethem. One way to do that is to create commands throughuser-defined procedures which can then be placed in alibrary. Using this technique, we developed proceduresthat solve a text file input/output (I/O) speed problem inApple Pascal.

Background

In the course of our work with Apple Pascal over thelast two years, we began using the Pascal Editor for someof our word-processing needs. We wrote a text-printingprogram to format text files with pagination, headings,underscoring, and so on. Eventually, what started as avery simple tool acquired some rather sophisticatedfeatures. Still, the program ran slowly. We assumed ourprogramming technique was responsible for the problem.At the same time, we were aware of speed problems inthe Apple implementation of the READLN command ontext files.

In an attempt to explore the problem, we wrote a smalltest program to examine the speed of the standard ApplePascal text file I/O commands READLN and WRITELN.After experimenting with the program, it became obviousthat the speed of our printing program was heavily in-fluenced by READLN and WRITELN. As a result, BrookRichan wrote a sequence of procedures (see listing 1) toreplicate the function of the RESET, REWRITE,READLN, WRITELN, and CLOSE commands on textfiles. A test program using these new procedures ran anastounding SVi times faster than the program that usedthe standard commands.

Technique

To implement our procedures, we chose to functional-

ly replicate the standard Pascal I/O commands (see table1). We also made the calling parameters compatible withthe standard Pascal commands. We used the followingfeatures in the fast I/O procedures:

A. File Variables: When a file is declared in the VAR sec-tion of a Pascal program, space is allocated (on the stack)for control information about the file. Because wewanted to override Pascal's method of reading text files,we declared our own file of type FILE. That enablesPascal to perform low-level, high-speed BLOCK I/O.

B. TYPE Statements: In order to functionally replicatestandard Pascal I/O commands, it was necessary todefine a special I/O buffer for use in the fast I/O pro-cedures. We defined a record that consists of a filevariable, a file buffer, a character count, an end-of-filestatus, and a mode status. Because Pascal will not allowthe definition of a file variable within a record type, itwas necessary to define the TYPE statement in the follow-ing manner:

TYPE BUFTYPE =

PACKED ARRAY [1..1025] of CHAR;

FILETYPE -

RECORD

FL:

AFILEOFTEXT;

BUF:

aBUFTYPE

CURPTR:

INTEGER;

ENDOFFILE:

BOOLEAN;

LASTMODE:

(WRITEMODE, READMODE);

END;

In the above statement, BUFTYPE is the size of thepage used by the Apple Editor +1.

There are some subtle maneuvers here. We circum-vented the file-reference problem by defining a pointer to

454 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE January 1983 455

Programming Quickies

Calling Parameters

RESET (file variable, file name)

FASTRESET (FILETYPE variable, file name)

REWRITE (file variable, file name)

FASTREWRITE (FILETYPE variable, file name)

READLN (file variable, string)*

FASTREADLN (FILETYPE variable, BIGSTRING variable)

WRITELN (file variable, string)*

FASTWRITELN (FILETYPE variable, BIGSTRING variable)

CLOSE (file variable, command)

FASTCLOSE (FILETYPE variable)**

*Only one of several variations of the verb. This happens to beone of the forms most commonly used with text files.* *We have chosen to use the CRUNCH option of the CLOSE if thelast action was a write and a LOCK if the last action was a read.

Table 1: A comparison of calling parameters. The standardversion is on top; the high-speed equivalent is below.

Listing 1: Fast input/output procedures include FASTRESET',FASTREWRITE, FASTREADLN, and FASTCLOSE. Twodemonstrations included at the end of the listing show the speedof the FASTREADLN and FASTWRITELN procedures.

PROGRAM FASTTODEMO;TYPE

TYPE STATEMENTS

TYPES for FASTRESET, FASTREWRITE, FASTREADLN and FASTCLOSE

BIGSTRING - STRINGC2 55J;

BUFTYPE - PACKED ARRAY[1..1025 J OF CHAR;

FILETYPE = RECORD

FLi FILEOFTEXT;

BUF: BUFTYPE;

CURPTRi INTEGER;

ENDOFFILE: BOOLEAN;

LASTMODE: (WRITEMODE,READMODE);END;FILEOFTEXT = FILE;

(* *)

(* Variables used in the demo at end of program *)

FASTFILE: FILETYPE;

I: INTEGER;

S: BIGSTRING;

RF: TEXT;

FN: STRING;

STRINGI: STRING;

CH: CHAR;

OLDFILE: TEXT;

a file variable (FILEOFTEXT). However, PASCAL willalso not allow a pointer to a file to be declared. To getaround this restriction, we defined a pointer to a file thathas not yet been declared. Therefore, this TYPE state-ment must follow the above FILETYPE declaration:

FILEOFTEXT = FILE;

Because reading and writing strings longer than 80characters may be desired, the following type is defined:

BIGSTRING - STRING [255];

C. Heap Allocation and Pointers: The fast I/O pro-cedures use heap allocation for a data buffer and filevariable. Because both the data buffer and the filevariable are on the heap, pointers are needed for access tothe data in the variables. The variable BUF in theFILETYPE record is a pointer to the data buffer. Thevariable FL is a pointer to the file variable.

D. Block I/O: If you are willing to pay the price in slight-ly increased code complexity, you can increase I/O speedsubstantially by using block I/O (BLOCKREAD,BLOCKWRITE) for reading and writing files. Thattechnique was an absolutely essential ingredient in thesuccess of our fast I/O procedures.

E. Variable Declaration: An example of the variablesneeded to call READLN and WRITELN is as follows:

VAR F: FILETYPES: BIGSTRING

These procedures should substantially increase thespeed of your Apple Pascal programs. And, of course,they are compatible with UCSD Pascal. ■

PROCEDURESPROCEDURES for fast I/O on TEXT files

PROCEDURE FASTRESET(VAR FrFILETYPE; FILENAME:STRING);

{* Do a 'RESET' for a TEXT file (open existing file) *)

VAR

I:INTEGER;

BEGIN

WITH F DOBEGIN

(* Allocate the FILE variable on the heap *}NEW(FL);

(* Allocate the data buffer on the heap *)NEW(BUF);

(* Initialize the FILE variable to binary zeroes *)FILLCHAR(FL,SIZEOF(FILEOFTEXT),CHR(0));

t* Initialize the data buffer to binary zeroes *)FILLCHAR(BUF,SIZEOF(BUFTYPE),CHR{0));

(* Turn off run-time I/O error checking *)(*SI-*)

(* Try to open the file *)RESET(FL,FILENAME);

(* Check for I/O error *)IF IORESULTOO THENBEGIN

(• Can not open the file, set the HEAP pointer back to

what it was before entering this procedure; then exit ")RELEASE(FL);EXIT(FASTRESET);END;

(* Read the first 2-block data page. Ignore the 1st 2-block header *)I:=BLOCKREAD(FL,BUF,2,2);

(* Turn run-time I/O error checking back on *)(*?I+*)

(* Set ENDOFFILE to TRUE if not able to read the blocks *)IF (I<>2) OR (IORESULTOO) THEN

ENDOFFILE:=TRUEELSE

ENDOFFILE:=FALSE;

(* Initialize read flags and buffer pointer *)LASTMODE : =READMODE ;BUF[1025J:=CHR(13);CURPTR:-1;END;

PROCEDURE FASTREWRITE(VAR F:FILETYPE; FILENAME:STRING);

(* *)

(* Do a 'REWRITE' for a TEXT file (open new file) *)(. *)

I:INTEGER;

Listing 1 continued on page 458

456 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE January 1983 457

Programming Quickies ^—^^_

Listing 1 continued:

BEGIN

WITH F DOBEGIN

(* Allocate FILE variable on the heap and initialize it *}NEW(FL);FILLCHAR(FL,SIZEOF(FILEOPTEXT),CHR(0));

(* Allocate data buffer and initialize it to binary zeroes *)NEW(BUF);FILLCHAR(BUF,SIZEOF(BUFTYPE),CHR(0));

t* Try to open the file *)

(*SI-*>

REWRITE(FL,FILENAME);

(* Check for errors *)IF I0RESULTO0 THENBEGIN

(* Free the heap space if an error occured *)RELEASE(FL);EXIT ( FASTREWRITE );END?

(* Write out two-block header *)I:-BLOCKWRITE(FL,BUF,2)rIF (I<>2) OR (IORESULT<>0) THENBEGIN

(• Set ENDOFFILE if cannot write blocks *)ENDOFFILE:«TRUE:EXIT(FASTREWRITE);END;

(**!+*)

{* Initialize flags and counter *)ENDOFFILE:-FALSE;LASTMODE:-WRITEMODE;CURPTR:-l;

END;

PROCEDURE FASTREADLN(VAR F:FILETYPE; VAR S:BIGSTRING);

(* *)

(* Do a 'READLN' on a TEXT file *}

I.NBK: INTEGFR;

BEGIN

(* Initialize input string to

WITH F DOBEGIN

(* Check for need to read the next data page ■)IF (BUF[CURPTR]-CHR(0)) OR (CURPTR>1024) THENBEGIN

(* Read the next page ")

1**1-*) v

NBK:«BLOCKREAD(FL,BUF,2);

(* Set ENDOFFILE to TRUE if cannot read any more blocks *)IF (NBK<>2) OR (IORESULTOO) THENBEGIN

ENDOFFILE:=TRUE;

EXIT(FASTREADLN)|ENDELSE

(* Set buffer character count to beginning of the new buffer *)CURPTR :-l;END;

(* Expand the space compression *)IF BUF[CURPTR]-CHR(16) THENBEGIN

CURPTR: =»€URPTR+1 ;

(* Turn run-time range checking off *)<**R-*)

(* Fill first part of string with specified number of blanks *)FILLCHAR(S[1 ],ORD(BUF[CURPTR])-32,CHR(32));

(* Set the string length *)S[0]:=CHR(ORD(BUF[CURPTRj)-3 2 );

(* Turn range checking back on *)(*$R+M

CURPTR: -CURPTR+1;END;

(* Scan for the next carriage return *)I:-SCAN(1026-CURPTR,*<:HR(13) , BUF [CURPTR] );

{* Allow for lines of more than 255 characters *)IF I+LENGTH(S)>255 THENI:-255-LENGTH(S);

(* Move data from buffer to the string and set string length •}

(**R-*J

MOVELEFT(BUF[CURPTR],S[LENGTH(S)+l],I)t

S[0]:-CHR(LENGTH(S)+I);

(*SR+*)

(* Increment character count and set mode flag *)CURPTR iK:URPTR+I+1;LASTMODE t-READMODE;

END;

PROCEDURE FASTWRITELN(VAR F:FILETYPE; S:BIGSTRING);

(* *)

t* Do a 'WRITELN' for TEXT files *)(» •)

VAR I,NBK: INTEGER|

BEGIN

(" Insert a carriage return at end of string *)S:-CONCAT(S, ' '); S[LENGTH(S)]:=CHR(13];

(* Do space compression at first of string *)IF LENGTH(S)>2 THENBEGIN

(* Scan for first non blank *}I:=SCAN(LENGTH(S),<>' ',S[lj)rIF I>2 THENBEGIN

(* Compress space with DLE character and delete blanksS[l J:=CHR(16);S[2J:=CHR(32+I);DELETE{S,3,1-2);END;ENDELSEI:-0;

WITH F DOBEGIN

LASTMODEI=WRITEMODE;

(* See if buffer is full and nIF LENGTH(S ) > 1024-CURPTR THENBEGIN

eds to be written *)

(* Write current blocks out *)(**!-*)NBK:=BLOCKWRITE{FL,BUF,2);

(* Check for no more room on the file *)IF (NBK<>2) OR (IORESULTOO) THENBEGIN

ENDOFFILE:-TRUE;EXIT(FASTWRITELN);END;

(* Move zeroes to the new buffer *)FILLCHAR(BUF,SIZEOF(BUFTYPE),CHR(0));CURPTR:-1;END;

(* Put string in buffer *)MOVELEFT(S[lJ,BUF[CURPTR],LENGTH(S));CURPTR: -CURPTR+LENGTH (S );END;

PROCEDURE FASTCLOSE(F: FILETYPE);

Do a 'CLOSE' for TEXT files *)

*)

VAR HEAPPTR: INTEGER;

I: INTEGER;BEGIN

WITH F DOBEGIN

(* Write last buffer if in 'WRITE' mode *)IF (LASTMODE=WRITEMODE) AND (CURPTR>1) THENBEGIN

(*5I-">

I: -BLOCKWRITE (FL, BUF, 2) r(*5I+")END;

(* Close file *)

IF LASTMODE-WRITEMODE THEN

CLOSE(FL,CRUNCH)ELSE

CLOSE(FL,LOCK);

(* Release file space if nothing else on the heap *)MARK(HEAPPTR);

IF ORD(HEAPPTR)-ORD(FL)=SIZEOF(FILEOFTEXT)+SIZEOF(BUFTYPE) THENRELEASE(FL);END;

(ft******************************************************

(*

(* END FAST I/O PROCEDURES

(*

(*******•******•

(*

(* E X A M P L

OF CALLING FAST I/O

WRITE('INPUT FILE: '):READLN(FN);

(* *)

(* Demo showing speed of READLN on TEXT filet* )

(*?I-*)

RESET(OLDFILE.FN):

(**I+*)

IF IORESULTOO THENBEGIN

WRITELN('IO ERROR'):EXIT(PROGRAM);

END;

Listing 1 continued on page 460

458 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Circle 477 on inquiry card.

Programming Quickies •

Listing 1 continued:

WRITELN;

WRITELN(CHR(7),"PRESS KEY TO START STANDARD TEXT FILE READING')-

READ(KEYBOARD,CH);

READLN(OLDFILE,S);WHILE NOT EOF(OLDFILE) DOBEGIN

WRITELN(S);READLN(OLDFILE,S);END;CLOSE(OLDFILE,LOCK);

(' Demo showing increased speed of FASTREADLN on TEXT file *)(* .)

FASTRESET(FASTFILE,FN);IF IORESULTOO THENBEGIN

WRITELN('IO ERROR');EXIT (PROGRAM);END;

WRITELN;

WRITELN(CHR(7),'PRESS KEY TO START FAST READ');

READ(KEYBOARD,CH);

FASTREADLN(FASTFILE,S);WHILE NOT FASTFILE.ENDOFFILE DOBEGIN

WRITELN (S);

FASTREADLN(FASTFILE,S);END;FASTCLOSE(FASTFILE);

WRITE('OUTPUT FILE; ')?READLN(FN);

(* *)

(* Demo showing speed of WRITELN on TEXT files *)

(*

(* Open a file named the user specified name with a 'S' in front to

indicate 'standard* way of doing TEXT I/O *)(*$I-*)REWRITE(OLDFILE,CONCAT('S',FN));

(*$I+*)

IF IORESULTOO THENBEGIN

WRITELN('IO ERROR');EXIT(PROGRAM);END;

WRITELN;

WRITELN(CHR(7),'PRESS KEY TO START STANDARD TEXT FILE WRITING');

READ(KEYBOARD,CH);

FOR I:=l TO 50 DO

BEGIN

WRITEf.'); (* Write a dot to show action on the screen *)

WRITELN (OLDF ILE, 'RECORD NUMBER ' , I: ?., ' ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ 'END;WRITELN(' DONE');

CLOSE(OLDFILE,LOCK);

(* *)

(* Demo showing increased speed of FASTWRITELN on TEXT files *)(* *)

{* Open a file named the user specified name with a 'F' in front to

indicate 'fast' way of doing TEXT I/O *)FASTREWRITEfFASTFILE,CONCATf'F',FN)){IF IORESULTOO THENBEGIN

WRITELN CIO ERROR');EXIT(PROGRAM);END;

WRITELN;

WRITELN(CHR(7),'PRESS KEY TO START FAST WRITING');

READ(KEYBOARD,CH);

FOR I:«l TO 50 DOBEGIN

WRITE('.'); (* Write a dot to show action on the screen *)

STR(I,STRINGI);

WHILE LENGTH(STRINGI)<2 DO

STRINGI:-CONCAT(' '.STRINGI);FASTWRITELN(FASTFILE,CONCATf'RECORD NUMBER ',STRINGI,

' ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ' } ) ;END;

WRITELN(' DONE');

FASTCLOS E(FASTFILE);

END.

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a messageto our subscribers

From time to time we make the BYTE subscriber listavailable to other companies who wish to send oursubscribers promotional material about their products. Wetake great care to screen these companies, choosing onlythose who are reputable, and whose products, services orinformation we feel would be of interest to you. Directmail is an efficient medium for presenting the latest personalcomputer goods and services to our subscribers.

Many BYTE subscribers appreciate this controlled use ofour mailing list, and look forward to finding information ofinterest to them in the mail. Used are our subscribers'names and addresses only (no other information we mayhave is ever given).

While we believe the distribution of this information is of

benefit to our subscribers, we firmly respect the wishes of

any subscriber who does not want to receive such

promotional literature. Should you wish to restrict the use

of your name, simply send your request to the following

address.

BYTE Publications Inc

Attn: Circulation Department

70 Main St

Peterborough NH

03458

460 January 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc

Circle 78 on inquiry card.

Circle 166 on inquiry card.

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BYTE January 1983 461

Foreword byDouglas Hofstadter

INVERSIONS

a catalog of calligraphic cartwheelsby Scott Kim

Illusion.. .calligraphy.. .visualmagic—Scott Kim's newbook, Inversions, delights theeye and enchants the mind.Filled with intriguing designs,words that read the sameright-side up and upside down,words-within-words, andunexpected symmetries, thesecompositions create a freshway to look at the alphabet.The text includes the visualprinciples of symmetry, letter-ing, and problem solving thatare basic to these images. Theauthor also draws parallels to

ISBN 0-07-034546-5

128 pages

softcover

over 50 illustrations

BYTE Books

70 Main St.,

Peterborough, N.H.

03458

"Kim is the Escher-of-the alphabet. He has createda new art form that blends beauty and ingenuity andhas made it so clear to us that we can try itourselves if we so desire. It may well become thenew amusement of the literate.'' Issac Asimov

"Scott Kim has perfected a personal art form—onewith grace, elegance, subtlety, and surprises."

Douglas Hofstadter, authorGodel, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid

"...sure to dazzle and delight anyone to whomwriting is dear."

The New York Times Book Review

"Scott Kim's /nvers/ons...is one of the mostastonishing and delightful books ever printed."

Martin Gardner Scientific American

related exercises in percep-tion in such diverse areas asart, music, word play, andmathematics. Scott Kim's

original inversion designs firstappeared in Omni magazine,inspiring an overwhelmingreader response. Anirresistible challenge, invertiblewriting appeals to everyonewho loves beauty inmathematics and design.Scott Kim is a doctoral stu-dent in Computer Science atStanford University.

$8.95

News and Speculation about Personal Computing

Conducted by Sol Libes

R

andom Rumors: Nextmonth, Epson is expected tointroduce the FX-80, the re-placement for the MX-80dot-matrix printer. TheMX-80 had captured an esti-mated 40 percent of theworld market for low-costprinters. The FX-80 is ex-pected to operate at a muchhigher speed and will in-clude some new features.Epson also plans to unveil anew low-cost printer some-time soon. . . . It's rumoredthat Hewlett-Packard willsoon introduce a moreelaborate version of itsHP-75 portable computer.. . . This year, expect to seethe merger and acquisitionof several software com-panies. ... A version ofMicrosoft's Xenix operatingsystem (itself a version ofthe Unix operating systemcreated years ago at BellLaboratories) is reportedly indevelopment for the IBMPersonal Computer. Inciden-tally, two single-user Unix-like packages are alreadyavailable for the IBM Per-sonal Computer, as previous-ly reported in this column(see the October 1982 BYTE,page 456). . . . Tl (Texas In-struments) is expected to in-troduce a family of hand-held and portable micro-computers, starting with anunder-$100 unit, during thefirst quarter of this year.. . . Mattel, which introduceda personal computer twoyears ago that had a less-than-sensational impact onthe market, is expected tomake a second attempt thisyear. . . . Analysts are pre-dicting the imminent intro-duction of a 100-megabyte514-inch Winchester-typehard-disk drive. The greatestcapacity presently availableis 80 megabytes. . . . Sony isexpected to introduce short-

ly a 16-bit system usingCP/M. . . . Expect the follow-ing Japanese companies tointroduce 16-bit systems intothe U. S. this year: Mit-subishi, Sord, Toshiba, Mat-sushita, Hitachi, and Sanyo.Most are expected to besoftware compatible withthe IBM Personal Computer.

I he Changing Scene:

Last year marked a dramaticchange in the personal com-puter market: what was oncea hobbyist-dominated mar-ket is now geared primarilytoward businesses. In theearly and mid 1970s, per-sonal computer use wasdominated by people inter-ested in experimenting inhardware; they formed asmall and determined groupthat pioneered the field. Thelate 1970s saw the introduc-tion of integrated hard-ware/software systems suchas the Radio Shack TRS-80,the Commodore PET, andthe Apple II, as well as anemphasis shift toward thesoftware experimenters, whowere still primarily hobby-ists.

Last year saw personalcomputer sales move wellpast the billion-dollar mark;large and well-establishedcompanies such as IBM andDEC (Digital Equipment Cor-poration) entered the mar-ket. Personal computers nolonger make up one marketbut several, with productsranging from the low-cost,appliance-type computersbeing merchandised like anyother appliance to com-puters intended for smallbusinesses and to the work-stations sold by the hun-dreds to the larger busi-nesses.

The hobbyists are stillthere, and their numbers are

growing, but now they are aminor factor in the industrythey created, just as theradio amateurs are long for-gotten for the industry theycreated and pioneered. Al-though I am amazed at whatwe are doing with micro-computers today, I still oc-casionally look back withtender feelings to the earlydays, to the camaraderie ofhobbyists helping one an-other to learn and exploretogether. I wonder about thebig, competitive, impersonalbusiness that personal com-puting is becoming.

■Sinclair News: It is

estimated that over 600,000Sinclair ZX81 and Timex/Sinclair 1000 computershave been sold already andthat the total may reach 1million by year-end. About40 percent of the sales werein the U. S. This monthSinclair will cease all mail-order sales of the ZX81 inNorth America, and thecomputer will be availableonly as the Timex/Sinclair1000. The agreement be-tween Sinclair and Timexcalled for all mail-ordersales to cease when sales ofthe Timex/Sinclair 1000reached 75,000 units. Themail-order sales includedboth those sold directly bySinclair and those sold byAmerican Express. It's esti-mated that American Ex-press sold some 70,000 units.Timex will pay Sinclair a 5percent royalty on all hard-ware and software sold. TheTimex/Sinclair 1000 has a$100 list price, but I havealready seen the unit dis-counted to $79.95. Sinclaircontinues to sell it outsideNorth America.

The Sinclair Spectrumcomputer, which I covered

in an earlier column (see theSeptember 1982 BYTE, page490), is expected to be intro-duced shortly in the U. S. Ithas been available in Eng-land for over seven months;however, the under-$100disk-drive announced for it isstill not available. Sinclair isexpected to sell the 16K-byteSpectrum initially throughmail order in the U. S.; theprice will be well under$200, as competitive unitsalready sell for $200 or less.A 48K-byte version is ex-pected to sell for about$275. The Spectrum is sell-ing extremely well in theUnited Kingdom and has atypical back-order delay ofthree months. Sinclair is alsoexpected to introduce itsflat-screen television intothe U. S. this spring.

Vommodore News:Commodore is believed tobe ready to introduce a3-inch micro-floppy-diskdrive for the VIC-20; the unitis being manufactured inHungary and will store 150Kbytes of data. The drive isalso expected to appear inproducts from Tandy andpossibly Apple. Commo-dore's new 16-bit micropro-cessors appear to have runinto some developmentsnags; there still is no wordon when samples will beavailable.

Commodore's new C64computer, which the com-pany is promoting heavily inmagazine advertisements,reportedly offers a CP/M op-tion and thus the availabilityof several thousand CP/Mapplication programs;however, this product doesnot appear close to releaseand no mention is made asto how users will obtain the

Circle 504 on inquiry card.

January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 463

While Visicalc * was growing up and becoming the inlanguage of business computing in America, a parallel revolu-tion has been taking place in Japan. SORD Computer Systems,Japan's fastest growing company, made it happen with PIPS,a sophisticated non-programming business system. PIPS isactually far superior to Visicalc for business purposes. It cando anything that Visicalc, Visifile*, or Visiplot* can do plus alot more—and a lot more easily. PIPS is perfect for strategiccomputing applications like marketing and product pricing, andyou don't need computer experience to put it to work for you.The PIPS revolution is about to happen here, too. PIPSis now available with a wide range of desktops from SOCIUS.There's the M23P: a portable desktop with 2 built-in micro-floppy drives, a Z-80A microprocessor and 128K of RAM—so light and compact, it travels in a briefcase, yet is morepowerful than many larger computers. There's also the M343:a compact giant with a 16-bit microprocessor, a high-speedarithmetic processor, 256K of RAM, color graphics with a1024 x 1024 dot memory, multi-terminal timesharingcapability, communications interface and more.

Lots more software is also available with SOCIUS com-puters, includingtheSB-80* oper-ating system forcompatibility withall CP/M* -basedprograms.The SOCIUSwonder computers.■-: O C111 <3 ^B ffiEa» Sorry to keep you

M23P * fe waitin8-

Suggestedretail price:

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"Visicalc, Visifile, and Visiplot are trademarks of Visicorp SB-80and CP/M aretrademarks of Lifeboat Associates and Digital Research Inc. respectively.

SORD Computer of America, Inc.

c/o Mitsui (U.S.A.) Inc., 200 Park Ave., New York, N. Y. 10166-0130Attn: M. Taketani or M. Kitamura, Tel: 212-878-4403

BYTELINES ——

software in the Commodoredisk format. The latter pointhas become a serious prob-lem for users of othermachines who have boughtso-called CP/M options onlyto find that most of thatwonderful CP/M software isavailable only on 8-inch,IBM-format, single-densitydisks.

IBM Happenings: Salesof under-$500 home com-puters are expected to ex-ceed $1 billion this year, andit's believed that IBM willenter this segment of themarket. This month, IBMwill exhibit at the CES (Con-sumer Electronics Show) inLas Vegas. CES is oriented todealers of such mass-marketproducts as video games,electronic toys, etc., and it isunlikely that attendeeswould be interested in thelikes of the IBM PersonalComputer, which in someconfigurations sells for closeto $5000.

IBM has taken a very largeexhibit space at the March1983 West Coast ComputerFaire, to be held in San Fran-cisco. Speculation has it thatIBM will introduce there anew, upgraded version of itsPersonal Computer using theIntel 80186 or 80188 micro-processors. These devicesare expected to significantlyimprove the system's perfor-mance while reducing the IC(integrated circuit) count byabout 20 and possibly reduc-ing the cost of the basic unitto under $1000. Also, Intelhas introduced the 80286version of its 8086 micro-processor, with performanceequal to or better than theMotorola 68000 family; it'srumored that IBM may intro-duce an enhanced PersonalComputer using this device.This modification would in-crease the Personal Com-puter's performance aboutsix times and would prob-ably double its cost. One

feature sure to be added ismultitasking.

Dynalogic Info-Tech Cor-poration, Ottawa, Canada,boasts that it will be the firstcompany to introduce anIBM Personal Computerlook-alike. Priced at $4995,the system will include 256Kbytes of memory, dual flop-py-disk drives, a built-invideo monitor, and amodem. Software will beavailable, and the unit willbe portable a la the Osborne1. An IBM Personal Com-puter look-alike is also ex-pected shortly from Hitachi;however, it is expected to of-fer better graphics, havemore storage space, andcost more than IBM'ssystem.

Also, IBM fired three em-ployees and accused themof stealing informationabout new personal com-puter products that IBM wasdeveloping. The three wereaccused of forming a com-pany through which theywere funneling advance in-formation to suppliers ofIBM peripherals productsand also of intent to marketsuch products through thecompany. Two of the formeremployees were supposedlythe leading designers of theIBM Personal Computer.

Ampple Doings: AppleComputer Inc. is now ship-ping an estimated 20,000Apple II and 3000 Apple IIIcomputers per month. Thesales of the Apple II havebeen holding level for thelast several months. Saleshad begun to falter in thespring as competition fromthe IBM Personal Computerincreased; however, a dropin price brought Apple IIsales back up. Sales of theApple III, which is pur-chased primarily by busi-nesses, increased when IBMintroduced the PersonalComputer, probably due tothe resulting increased ac-

464 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 505 on Inquiry card.

ceptance of personal com-puters in business. PerhapsApple should thank IBM forlegitimizing the use of per-sonal computers in theoffice.

Vil Iveaway Computers:

Personal computers havebecome the latest thing inpremiums. A home builder inNaperville, Illinois, is givingaway an Apple II computerto each home buyer; in Col-umbus, Ohio, a furnituredealer is offering a freeTimex/ Sinclair 1000 witheach furniture purchase over$799.

R

, adlo Shack News: It

is now over 10 months sinceRadio Shack announced itsdual-processor, multiuser

Model 16, and the companyhas yet to deliver the prom-ised operating system andlanguages that take advan-tage of the Motorola 68000processor. Softworks Limit-ed, a small software house inChicago, has already beatenRadio Shack to the punch byintroducing some languagesfor the unit, but for the mostpart purchasers of the Model16 have been compelled touse the existing Z80-based,single-user software original-ly designed for the Model II.It's rumored, however, thatMicrosoft has developed aUnix-like, three-user operat-ing system for the Model 16and that its introduction isexpected momentarily.

It is estimated that Tandyhas sold over 3000 Model16s. Jon Shirley, Tandy'svice-president of computermerchandising, has statedthat "we have more 68000

machines in the field thananyone." Of course, he ig-nored the fact that themachines are all using the8-bit Zilog Z80 coprocessorand not the 16-bit 68000 pro-cessor.

Matra S. A. of France hassigned an agreement withTandy to manufacture TRS-80Model III computers inFrance.

I rice Wars Intensify:

Competition among sup-pliers of computers sellingfor under $300 intensifiedover the summer as pricecuts, rebates, and giveawaysof software packages wereoffered by Tl (Texas In-struments), Commodore,and Atari. Dealers have cuttheir own margins so that ac-tual selling prices havemoved to under $200.In the $400-to-$1000 price

range, Atari increased thememory size of the Atari 800from 16K bytes to 48K bytes,yet the unit's list price re-mained at $899, and thedealer price stayed at $625(many dealers have dis-counted the selling price tounder $700). The net result isthat these systems, com-plete with display and twodisk drives, now sell for lessthan $2000.

In the under-$2000market, the Osborne 1,Kaycomp Kaypro II, MorrowDecision 1, and CromemcoC-10 are all selling for under$1800 and include muchsoftware that users have topay extra for on the Atari,Apple, Radio Shack, andCommodore systems. It isexpected that Osborne willsoon reduce its price tounder $1600, which is ex-pected to initiate a newround of price cuts.

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January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 465

BYTELINES

■9 tore Numbers AreDeclining: The number ofindependent computerstores has been decliningover the past year. Industryexperts contend that this isdue to business failures andthat only a small number ofthe stores are showing a de-cent profit. Computer storedealers are finding that thelower-cost systems are dif-ficult to sell due to competi-tion from mass-merchan-disers and mail-order dis-counters, who have cutprices tremendously. Theresult is that the stores aregenerally shying away fromsales of home-style systemsand are moving to the larger,more expensive business-oriented systems where thecustomer is more concernedwith support. Industry ex-perts are predicting that thenumber of independent

computer stores may drop tohalf their current numberwithin the next five years.(Incidentally, Tandy alreadyhas 330 Radio Shack com-puter centers in operation,with more to come.)

In the meantime, Com-puterland, with over 300franchised computer stores(60 outside the U. S.), is en-couraging its dealers toopen satellite stores to sellpackaged software and sup-plies to home computerusers in high-traffic areas.They will provide little in theway of support. Customersrequiring support andanyone wishing to purchasesystems for other than gameapplications will be referredto the main store. Computer-land expects to open 15 newfranchises per month thisyear. A Computerland fran-chise costs between

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$100,000 and $250,000depending on location andinventory. Computerlandthen takes an 8 percentroyalty on each sale, plus 1percent of the sale for adver-tising.

Store growth is also ex-pected in another new area:that of computer servicestores. Currently several na-tionwide service organiza-tions provide service supportfor many manufacturers ofmicrocomputer systems.Sorbus Service, secondlargest of the independentcomputer-maintenance con-cerns, has already openedstores in Los Angeles,Chicago, and Philadelphia.TRW (the largest firm incomputer maintenance)plans to open its first store inDallas. Clobuscope Inc., aNew York photo-equipmentcompany, plans to shortlyopen its first Computer Doc-tor store in New York City.RCA and Western Union arealso seriously consideringopening service stores.

These "third-party" main-tenance companies came in-to existence to service largecomputers and last yeargrossed over $500 million.With the expansion intocarry-in stores, they are look-ing to expand their businessto over $1 billion this year.Much of their business isalso expected to come fromcomputer retail stores.

N

lew Microproces-sors: Compupro ofOakland, California, takesthe prize as the first U. S.personal computer supplierto introduce a processorboard using the new Na-tional Semiconductor 16032microprocessor and the firstto show a board using the In-tel 80286 16-bit microproces-sor. Both are on S-1007IEEE-696 cards and operateat 10 MHz. Both also havesockets for optional floating-

point and memory-manage-ment coprocessors. Com-pupro is furnishing FORTHand a macroassembler forthe 16032, and if DigitalResearch proceeds with itstentative plans, a version ofCPM-86 will be available forthe 80286. It's hinted thatversions of Unix will beavailable for both.

Icro-Floppy Stan-dard: A tentative accord ap-pears to have been reachedbetween several U. S. andEuropean disk-drive anddisk-media suppliers toadopt a standard based onthe Sony 31/2-inch floppy-disk. Included in the accordare Shugart Associates,Micro Peripherals, and Ver-batim. A standard has beensubmitted to an ANSI(American National Stan-dards Institute) committeethat calls for the Sony diskto be made similar to the ex-isting 5Vi-inch floppy disks,having 40 or 80 tracks perside and being single- ordouble-sided. An 80-trackdouble-sided drive wouldhave a 1-megabyte capacity.Shugart disclosed that itexpects to start shippingsample drives compatiblewith this standard shortly, ata volume price of under$100 a piece. Volume pro-duction is expected towardthe end of the year. Theother companies who par-ticipated in the drafting ofthe standard include Oli-vetti, BASF, Xidex, andBrown Disc. Sony, however,has asked the ANSI commit-tee to accept its basic3'/2-inch design, rather thanthat proposed by these com-panies. The Sony disk is thesame in all respects exceptthat it uses a thicker mediumand faster rotational speed.

J IG<Disabled Founded:

The San Diego ComputerSociety has begun a SIG

466 January 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc

Circle 318 on inquiry card.

Circle 65 on inquiry card.

(special interest group) fordisabled individuals. TheSIC presently has 50 mem-bers organized into 6 sub-groups: communications(networks, etc.), education,home environmental con-trol, career/job enhance-ment, introduction to com-puters for novices, and prob-lem solvers. Of the groupmembers, 25 percent havesome type of disability. Forinformation contact BarbaraE. Sack, 2596 EscondidoAve., San Diego, CA 92123.AMRAD (Amateur RadioResearch and DevelopmentCorporation), a group ofradio amateurs, is also veryactive in the area of com-munications for the physi-cally disabled. For informa-tion write to AMRAD, 1524Springvale Ave., McLean,VA 22101.

•Software Legislation:

The House Subcommitteeon Courts, Civil Liberties,and Administration of Jus-tice is considering legisla-tion for software protection.If passed, the new law willamend the federal CopyrightAct as to the definitionof computer software andwill emphasize that relianceon copyright protection inno way precludes any statetrade-secret protection.Also, the use of a copyrightmark on unpublished soft-ware will not constitutepublication. The user willhave to deposit the com-puter software with theCopyright Office in the samemanner as printed material.

Womputer Games: It is

estimated that Atari hasshipped 6 million video-game units so far and grossedover a billion dollars fromsales (that doesn't includegame cartridges). Atari hasabout 75 percent of thevideo-games market, whileMattel has about 15 percent;

the remainder is shared byColeco, Astroarcade, andEmerson Radio.

After several years of sky-rocketing growth, sales ofvideo-game units are ex-pected to grow at a muchmore moderate rate. This isbecause personal computersare now selling in the sameprice range and offer otherbenefits besides the abilityto play games. Thus, gamemanufacturers such as Atariand Mattel have begun toslash prices and offerrebates. Atari is expected tointroduce a new game unitwith powerful graphics at aprice well under $200, whileprevious plans had calledfor a price over $250.

Similarly, Commodore,which had previously an-nounced a target price of$180 for its new Max gameunit, is expected to drop theprice to $150 when the unitfinally appears on dealers'shelves. Game-cartridge sup-pliers such as Parker Bros.,Imagic, and Activision,which previously suppliedcartridges only for gameunits, are expected to startsupplying their game car-tridges for personal com-puters as well.

lr Ideotex Starts In

U. S.: In Great Britain,where the videotex ideastarted, the Prestel system,after one year of operation,has revealed that 85 percentof its customers are busi-nesses, not the individualconsumer (for whom thesystem was originally de-signed). It is estimated thatthere are already 775,000Prestel, Viewdata, and Tele-text sets in operation in 15countries.

In the United States,AT&T—together with CBS-TV—is conducting a test ofvideotex involving 200homes. IBM has announceda private videotex systemcalled SVS/1. Chemical

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BYTELINES ——

Bank, in New York City, hasinaugurated a home-bankingsystem for users of Atari 400personal computers that willbe expanded to includeother videotex services.

Basically, two differenttypes of videotex servicesare envisioned: one for useby individual consumers,and another that is operatedas a private, in-housebusiness system. The IBMsystem appears aimed at thelatter category. ModularComputer Systems, FortLauderdale, Florida, andRediffusion Computers Ltd.,Sussex, England, also aremanufacturing privatebusiness systems. Further,Tandy has announced a pri-vate videotex system,although the company hasnot yet delivered any units.Wolfdata, of Ithaca, NewYork, already offers a video-tex system based on IBM

Personal Computer systems.The private business sys-tems generally rely on thetelephone lines for com-munications, although someare using video-cable sys-tems. The consumer systemsuse either telephone orcable and rely on the TV re-ceiver for display. In theAT&T tests, 1200-bps (bitsper second) modems areused. Half of the homes usea special keyboard andtelevision receiver while theother half are using com-plete video terminals. Bothsystems provide a graphicsdisplay that updates rapidlyusing algorithms thatreplace only those elementsin the display that change.

1% andom News Bits:

Intel is the first company tointroduce VLSIC (very-large-scale integrated circuits) to

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interface computer equip-ment to Ethernet local-areanetworks. Expect 3Com Cor-poration of Mountain View,California, to introduceshortly its set of integratedcircuits. With the availabili-ty of these devices, we canexpect to see Ethernet op-tions being offered soon onmany personal computers.. . . Okidata Corporation hasceased manufacturingprinters in the U. S. and willnow limit itself to importingproducts from its Japaneseparent. . . . National PublicRadio and the National In-formation Utilities Corpora-tion have formed INC Tele-communications to developthe delivery of data vianetwork-based FM (frequen-cy modulation radio) subcar-riers. . . . Design Aids Inc.,Laguna Niguel, California,has introduced a talkingdrafting system. The usersketches a drawing and then,with the aid of a digitizerand voice-feedback promptsvia headphones, enters thedata to the IBM PersonalComputer. Cost is $19,000.. . . Intel has introduced a64K-bit (8K- by 8-bit) in-telligent dynamic memoryIC called the iRAM2186 thatinterfaces as easily as astatic memory IC. . . . DEChas cut the price of itsVT-100:CP/M upgrade from$2400 to just under $1300.

That's quite a price cut.. . . Toshiba has unveiled a3V2-inch floppy-disk drivecapable of storing 3 mega-bytes on a single side; its in-troduction is expected latenext year. . . . Tandy hasbought the remaining 50 per-cent of Datapoint's share inTexas Peripherals, a floppy-disk manufacturer. The firmis a primary supplier offloppy-disk drives for RadioShack computers. . . . TheIEEE (Institute of Electricaland Electronics Engineers)Microprocessor StandardsCommittee has established agroup to develop a standardfor the STD-type bus using100- by 160-mm Eurocardsand DIN (Deutsche IndustrieNorm) 41612-C 64-way con-nectors. . . . Motorola hasintroduced a CMOS (com-plementary metal-oxidesemiconductor) version ofthe 6809 microprocessor,perhaps the most powerful8-bit microprocessor current-ly in production.

MAIL: I receive a largenumber of letters each monthas a result of this column. If youwrite to me and wish aresponse, please include a self-addressed, stamped envelope.

Sol Llbes

c/o BYTE Publications

POB 372

Hancock, NH 03449 ■

BYTE's Bits

Dow Jones Expands Services

The complete 20-volumeAcademic American Encyclo-pedia can now be accessed bysubscribers of the Dow JonesNews/Retrieval service. Pro-duced by Grolier ElectronicPublishing, the encyclopediahas 9 million words and morethan 28,000 articles indexedby subject. The encyclopediawill be updated twice a yearand can be searched using key-words. In addition, lists ofcross references are provided.

Dow Jones is also makingavailable a movie review data-base to its News/Retrievalsubscribers. This service,manufactured by CinemanSyndicate of Middletown,New York, provides brief plotdescriptions of some 50 films,rated on a scale ranging fromgreat to poor. Contact DowJones & Co. Inc., 22 CortlandtSt., New York, NY 10007,(212) 285-5466. ■

468 January 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc

Clubs and Newsletters

SD-ACE Newsand Meetings

San Diego Atari ComputerEnthusiasts (ACE) is a non-profit organization and usersgroup not connected with theAtari Corp. All meetings areheld at 6:30 p.m. on the thirdMonday of each month in theSocial Room of the NorthPark Recreational Center,4044 Idaho St., San Diego,California. A $5 membershipfee includes free access to theSD-ACE computer programlibrary, class information, anda subscription to the group'snewsletter. Address inquiriesto Dick Hiatt, President SD-ACE, 5353 Baltimore Dr. #39,La Mesa, CA 92041.

Tl Users inSouthwestern Ohio

The Tl 99/4 Users Group ofthe Cincinnati-Dayton areaproduces the monthly Cin-Day Users Group Newsletter.Subscriptions to the newslet-ter and other mailings are $5per year for nonmembers. Forfurther information, contactThe 99/4 Users Group of theCincinnati-Dayton Area,11987 Cedarcreek Dr., Cincin-nati, OH 45240.

Apple Readers

The Rainbow's Edge is anewsletter for Apple Com-puter users published by Rain-bow Computing Inc. It in-cludes product descriptions,articles, and reviews. Send $1($2 outside the U.S.) to Rain-bow Computing, 19517 Busi-ness Center Dr., Northridge,CA 91324, or call (213)349-0300 Tuesdays throughFridays.

From Tulsa,Oklahoma

The I/O Port is the officialmonthly newsletter publishedby the Tulsa Computer Soci-ety, a nonprofit, educationalcorporation. The $6 annualmembership fee includes aone-year subscription to TheI/O Port. The Tulsa Com-puter Society meets on the lastTuesday of each month at7:30 p.m. in the Tulsa Voca-tional-Technical School semi-nar center at 3420 SouthMemorial Drive in Tulsa. Forfurther information, write tothe Tulsa Computer SocietyInc., POB 1133, Tulsa, OK74101.

New JerseyMeetings Planned

The Computer Club ofOcean County is a nonprofitorganization in New Jerseywith plans to publish aperiodic newsletter and spon-sor specialized tutorials, semi-nars, and workshops. Meet-ings are scheduled for the firstFriday of each month and theproposed agenda includesspeakers and demonstrations.Annual dues are $9, payablein September of each year. Forfurther information, write toGerry Wagner, 1104 AspenDr., Toms River, NJ 08753, orcall (201) 349-6070.

Intercalc ServesSpreadsheet Users

Intercalc, an independent,international users group,focuses on the use of Visicalc-type programs. Intercalc alsopublishes Spreadsheet, a bi-monthly newsletter. It in-cludes tips, programs, appli-cations, and questions andanswers relevant to electronicspreadsheet programs. Mem-bership dues are $25 per yearand include Spreadsheet. For

more information, contactIntercalc at POB 254, Scars-dale, NY 10583.

ConsultingComputerists

The Independent is thenewsletter of the IndependentComputer Consultants Asso-ciation (ICCA). It is publishedsix times a year and containsinformation pertinent to com-puter consulting. Coverage isextensive as there are seven-teen chapters of the ICCAlocated in major Americancities. For further informa-tion, write to the ICCA, POB27412, St. Louis, MO 63141,or call (314) 567-9708.

Pomona HeathUsers Group

The Pomona, California,Heath Users Group (HUG)meets on the fourth Thursdayof each month at 7:30 p.m. atthe Heathkit Electronic Centerin Pomona. For more infor-mation, write to PomonaHUG, H. Friedman, 1555North Orange Grove Ave.,Pomona, CA 91767.

6809 and OS-9Users Unite

A users group for people in-terested in the 6809 processor,the OS-9 operating system,and Unix-like systems on the6800 series of microcomputersis forming. Goals include apublic-domain software li-brary, a commercial-softwareregistry, and a periodical to beeither in print or on electronicmedia. Anyone interested inparticipating in the formationof this users group may con-tact one of the following pro-visional officers: BrianCapouch, RR 1, Box 270,Monon, IN 47949; Shel Ep-stein, Box 400, Wilmette, IL

60091; Howard Harkness,POB 28954, Dallas, TX 75228;or Erwin Straehley, 1005Roble Lane, Santa Barbara,CA 93103.

An IBM Users Group

Has News and

Hotline

A worldwide IBM SmallSystems Users Group repre-sents owners, users, schools,and third-party software pro-fessionals on all IBM SmallSystems (the Personal Com-puter, Datamaster, 5120,S/34, and the Display writer).The group publishes BasicSociety News monthly, spon-sors local Basic Societychapters, and belongs to asoftware-source hotline. An-nual membership is $25. Formore information, contactKathy Ames, Basic SocietyInc., POB 345099, Dallas, TX75234, or call (214) 484-9900.

PortlandComputer Society

The Portland ComputerSociety meets every thirdSaturday and publishes amonthly newsletter. To keepinformed with its calendar ofevents, book reviews, and ar-ticles, write to Ted Peterson,W7WWG, POB 230221, Port-land, OR 97223.

Jlnsam Newsletter

Jinsam Newsletter, a publi-cation of Jini Micro-Systems,provides news releases andaccounts of applications ofthe Jinsam Executive data-base management system.Annual subscriptions are $5in the U.S. and $8 interna-tionally. For more informa-tion, contact Jinsam Newslet-ter, Jini MicroSystems Inc.,POB 274 Kingsbridge Sta-tion, Riverdale, NY 10463.■

January 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc 469

Event Queue

January 1983

January

Intensive Seminars for Pro-fessional Development, Wor-cester Polytechnic Institutecampus and various sites inthe New York City andBoston metropolitan areas.Some of the topics to be pre-sented are "Project Manage-ment," "Leadership Skills andManagement Tools for High-Technology Professionals,"and "Management Skills forFirst-Line Supervisors." Feesrange from $495 to $990.Complete details are avail-able from Ms. GinnyBazarian, Office of Continu-ing Education, HigginsHouse, Worcester Polytech-nic Institute, Worcester, MA01609, (617) 793-5517. For in-formation on in-house semi-nars, call Robert J. Hall at(617) 793-5574.

January

Courses from Q.E.D. Infor-mation Sciences, various sitesthroughout the U.S. Amongthe courses offered are "Pro-ject Management and Con-trol," "Teleprocessing Net-work Design," and "Leader-ship: Managing and Influenc-ing People." Complete courseoutlines are available fromPriscilla Goudreault, Q.E.D.Information Sciences Inc.,Q.E.D. Plaza, POB 181,Wellesley, MA 02181, (800)343-4848; in Massachusetts,(617) 237-5656.

January-February

Seminars of Interest toWomen Professionals, varioussites in the New York City andBoston metropolitan areas.This series of one- and two-day seminars is presented byBoston University Metro-politan College. Among thetopics on the agenda are "Tac-tical Innovations in MarketingManagement," "Advanced

Management for Women: Be-yond the Basics," and "DataProcessing Fundamentals forAccounting and FinancialManagers." The seminar feesare $325 and $495, dependingon duration. For registrationinformation, contact Ms. JoanMerrick, University SeminarCenter, Suite 415, 850Boylston St., Chestnut Hill,MA 02167, (617) 738-5020.

January-March

Courses for Developers andUsers of Computer Systems,

various sites throughout theU. S. Among the courses of-fered by the AMA (AmericanManagement Associations)are "Fundamentals of DataProcessing for the NondataProcessing Executive,""BASIC: A Computer Lan-guage for Managers," and"Database Concepts and De-sign." For complete registra-tion and course information,contact the AMA, 135 West50th St., New York, NY10020, (212) 586-8100.

January 11-12

Local Area Networks: Ar-chitecture, Technology, andProducts, Sheraton-Tara Ho-tel, Framingham, MA. Topicsto be covered at this work-shop include network con-cepts and architectures, local-network characterization,internetworking, and stan-dards. The registration fee is$570. For further information,contact Technology ConceptsInc., 730 Boston Post Rd.,Sudbury, MA 01776, (617)443-4637.

January 11-13

Unix Hands On, Atlanta, GA.This seminar will provide adetailed overview of the Unixoperating system. Hands-onexperience will be offered.Unix System III, Version 7,and the UC (University ofCalifornia) Berkeley enhance-ments will be covered. The

course fee is $850. For furtherinformation, contact Car-dinal Information Systems,POB 97, Dayton, OH 45449,(513) 435-4653.

January 12-14

Designing Systems Controls,

New York, NY. This courseexplains what systems con-trols are, why they are impor-tant, and how they can beanalyzed and evaluated. It isdeveloped for managers,designers, and analysts active-ly involved in new systemscontrols. Further details areavailable from Q. E. D. Infor-mation Sciences Inc.,Q. E. D. Plaza, POB 181,Wellesley, MA 02181, (800)343-4848; in Massachusetts,(617) 237-5656.

January 13

Network Optimization andTariff Impact Strategies, San

Francisco, CA. This seminarwill provide a concise over-view of how to maximize net-work potential and plan cor-porate strategies to minimizethe impact of tariff increases.Contact the DMW GroupInc., Publishing and SeminarDivision, 2020 Hogback Rd.,Ann Arbor, MI 48104, (800)521-7802; in Michigan, (313)971-5234.

January 18-19

Local Area Networks: Ar-chitecture, Technology, andProducts, Berkeley MarinaMarriott Inn, Berkeley, CA.For details, see January 11-12.

January 18-20

Microcomputers in Educa-tion, Tallahassee, FL. Thisworkshop is designed for theprofessional development ofeducators at all levels. Topicsto be covered include BASICand graphics, Logo, adminis-trative uses of microcom-puters, and microcomputersas laboratory instruments.Hands-on experience with a

variety of computers will beprovided. Information isavailable from Ms. SharonWoodruff, Technical Educa-tion Research Centers, 8 EliotSt., Cambridge, MA 02138,(617) 547-3890.

January 18-20

Southcon/83, High-Tech-nology Electronics Exhibitionand Convention, GeorgiaWorld Congress Center, At-lanta, GA. A few of the topicsto be covered include aero-space electronics, defense elec-tronics, and energy. For fur-ther information, contactElectronic Conventions Inc.,999 North Sepulveda Blvd., ElSegundo, CA 90245, (800)421-6816; in California, (213)772-2965.

January 18-20

Unix Hands On, Orlando, FL.For details, see January 11-13.

January 18-21

Defining Software Require-ments, Specifications, andTests, San Diego, CA. Partic-ipants in this short course willlearn how to analyze anddocument end-user require-ments, generate software re-quirements that include testplans, and plan the sequenc-ing of test and integration pro-cedures. The fee is $845. Fur-ther details are available fromRuth Dordick, IntegratedComputer Systems, 3304 PicoBlvd., POB 5339, SantaMonica, CA 90405, (213)450-2060.

January 19-24

NAVA '83/COMMTEX Inter-national, Louisiana Super-dome, New Orleans, LA. Thiscommunications and informa-tion technology expositionwill feature seminars, special-ized conferences, and the an-nual convention of the Associ-ation for Educational Com-munications and Technology.Seminar topics will cover

470 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

audio-visual management,new technologies of instruc-tion in education and training,and audio-visual applicationsfor trade, professional, andcorporate communicators.More than 400 manufacturersand producers will displaycommunications products, in-cluding audio-visual, videoand microcomputer equip-ment, accessories, and soft-ware. For further details, con-tact the National Audio-Visual Association, 3150Spring St., Fairfax, VA22031, (703) 273-7200.

January 20

The Annual Janus Seminar,

Sheraton Center, New York,NY. This year's seminar willfocus on the marketing of in-formation services. Panelistsand speakers will address mar-keting issues from variousaspects of information ser-vices, including online search-ers, information brokers, anddatabase or printed materialproducers. This event is co-sponsored by the Metro-politan New York Chapter ofthe American Society for In-formation Science and theNew York Chapter of theSpecial Libraries Association.For further details, contactCarol Tschudi, EngineeringSocieties Library, 345 East47th St., New York, NY10017, (212) 705-7610.

January 20-21

The Twelfth Annual NationalMeasurement Science Confer-ence and Exhibition, HyattRickeys Hotel, Palo Alto, CA.This conference is developedfor managers, scientists, engi-neers, and operating person-nel. With "Accuracy andAutomation" as the theme,seminar sessions will stresspractical applications of newequipment and techniques tosolve measurement problems.By format and objective, thisconference will promote pro-fessional and state-of-the-artapproaches, and emerging

technologies in the fields ofmeasurement science. For reg-istration information, contactBob Weber, Lockheed Missile& Space Corp., Sunnyvale,CA 94046, (408) 742-2957,

January 21-23

CP/M '83, Moscone Center,San Francisco, CA. This inter-national exposition and con-ference is designed for CP/Mmanufacturers, software de-velopers, distributors, andusers. The exposition is ex-pected to be one of the largestpresentations of CP/M-basedhardware and software everassembled. Seminars and con-ferences will explore CP/Mapplications, technical infor-mation, development aids,venture-capital programs, andsoftware distribution. AdamOsborne, Chris Morgan,Tony Gold, Sol Libes, andGary Kildall have assisted inorganizing this show forDigital Research Inc. ContactNational Computer Shows,824 Boylston St., ChestnutHill, MA 02167, (800)343-2222; in Massachusetts,(617) 739-2000.

January 24-25

Computers in AgricultureConference and Trade Fair,

Red Lion Inn, Sacramento,CA. This conference and ex-hibition is designed to addressthe needs of farmers andranchers in the West. Morethan 20 speakers and 60 hard-ware and software exhibitorswill attend. The conferenceseeks to answer basic ques-tions confronting farmers andranchers considering the pur-chase of a computer. For de-tails, write to Kim Schnoor,Western Agricultural Chemi-cals Association, Suite 209,6650 Belleau Wood Lane,Sacramento, CA 95831.

January 24-26

Unix Hands On, Dallas, TX.For details, see January 11-13.

January 25-27

The First Annual AutomatedOffice Expo, Moscone Center,San Francisco, CA. This showwill feature computer andtelecommunications systems,graphics, peripherals, andword-processing systems.This show is sponsored bylnfosystems magazine. Con-■' tact Automated Office Expo,

* Suite 400, 222 West AdamsI St., Chicago, IL 60606, (800)

• 621-2134; in Illinois, (312)I 263-3131.

January 25-28

Designing Real-Time Hard-ware for Digital Signal andImage Processing, Los

Angeles, CA. Participants inthis short course will learnhow to implement digitalfilters, fast Fourier transforms,correlation, modulation, andother real-time processes bydesigning with general-pur-pose 16-bit microprocessors.Case histories and lectures willbe featured. The fee is $845.Contact Ruth Dordick, In-tegrated Computer Systems,3304 Pico Blvd., POB 5339,Santa Monica, CA 90405,(213) 450-2060.

January 31-February 2Communication Networks'83, the Rivergate, NewOrleans, LA. This fifth annualconference and exposition willencompass the voice, data,and telecommunications in-dustry with sessions and de-monstrations. The theme is"Communications Cost Con-trol Via High Technology."Topics on the agenda includeelectronic mail and officecommunications, local-areanetworks and internetting,and modems and multiplex-ers. Optional in-depth skillseminars will be held. Theseseminars, led by industryleaders, include lectures, classactivities, and a workbook.The general registration fee is$395; skill seminars cost $295.Contact Louise Myerow,Conference Management

Group, CW CommunicationsInc., POB 880, Framingham,MA 01701, (800) 225-4698; inMassachusetts, (617) 879-0700collect.

January 31-February 2

Telefile User Group WinterConference, Queen MaryHotel, Long Beach, CA. Thisconference is for members ofthe Telexchange, a group forTelefile and Xerox/Sigmacomputer users. For furtherdetails, contact Brian Edens,Telexchange secretary/trea-surer, 17131 Daimler St., Ir-vine, CA 92714, (714)557-6660.

February 1983

February

Continuing Engineering Edu-cation, George WashingtonUniversity, Washington,D C, and the Hilton InnFlorida Center, Orlando, FL.Among the courses being of-fered are "Computer Graph-ics Systems: Design and Ap-plications," "ConfigurationManagement of SoftwarePrograms," and "SelectingSmall Computers for Busi-ness and Government."Course fees range from $685to $855. Course outlines areavailable from DouglasGreen, Continuing Engineer-ing Education, George Wash-ington University, Washing-ton, D C 20052, (800)424-9773; in the District ofColumbia, (202) 676-8515.

February 1-3

Unix Hands On, Houston,TX. For details, see January11-13.

February 1-4

Advanced MicroprocessorProgramming and Applica-tions Techniques, Los Ange-les, CA. This short course isdesigned to teach participantshow to use real-time operat-ing systems, design custom-ized modules to implement

January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 471

Event Queue,

real-time functions, apply16-bit microprocessorfamilies, and how to struc-ture multiprocessor andmulticomputer architectures.The fee is $845. Contact RuthDordick, Integrated Com-puter Systems, 3304 PicoBlvd., POB 5339, SantaMonica, CA 90405, (213)450-2060.

February 1-4

Defining Software Require-ments, Specifications, andTests, Washington, D C. Fordetails, see January 18-21.

February 3-6

The Rocky MountainRegional Computer Showand Software Exposition,

Denver Merchandise Mart,Denver, CO. This show fea-tures business computers,video games, and home com-

puters. Admission is $5 foradults and $3 for children.For more information, con-tact Northeast Expositions,824 Boylston St., ChestnutHill, MA 02167, (617)739-2000.

February 7-9

Microcomputers in Educa-tion, Washington, D C. Fordetails, see January 18-20.

February 8-9

Local Area Networks: Ar-chitecture, Technology, andProducts, Hyatt RegencyHotel, Atlanta, GA. Fordetails, see January 11-12.

February 15-18

Peripheral Array Processorsfor Signal Processing andSimulation, University ofCalifornia, Los Angeles. Thefee for this course is $845.

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February 15-18

Designing Real-Time Hard-ware for Digital Signal andImage Processing, Washing-ton, D C. For details, see Jan-uary 25-28.

February 16-18

The Third Annual TALMIS,

Ambassador West, Chicago,IL. This conference bringstogether software publishersand users of microcomputer-based training systems. Issueson the agenda include thehome market, local network-ing, new hardware, and suc-cessful distribution channels.Question-and-answer ses-sions will be held. Further in-formation is available fromMary O'Keefe, TALMIS Inc.,115 North Oak Park Ave.,Oak Park, IL 60301, (312)848-4000.

February 16-19

Data and Telecommunica-tions/Japan Exposition '83,Tokyo Ryutsu Centre,Tokyo, Japan. For informa-tion contact Cahners Exposi-tion Group, Cahners Plaza,1350 East Touhy Ave., POB5060, Des Plaines, IL 60018,(312) 299-9311. In Japan,contact Cahners ExpositionGroup S.A., Hino Building3F, 3-4-11 Uchikanda,Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101,Japan; tel: 03-254-6041.

February 17-19

Microcomputers in Educa-tion, New York, NY. Fordetails, see January 18-20.

February 21-23

Office Automation Con-ference, Civic Center, Phila-delphia, PA. More than 200exhibitors are expected toparticipate in this conference.Fifty technical sessions will

explore such topics as ad-vanced office technology,current office technology andsystems, and human factorsand social issues. Further de-tails are available from theAmerican Federation of In-formation Processing Soci-eties Inc., 1815 North LynnSt., Arlington, VA 22209,(703) 558-3624.

February 22-26

The Eighteenth Annual Bias-Microelettronica '83, Milan,Italy. This international ex-hibition is expected to attractmore than 80,000 visitors.Areas of interest include ac-tive and passive components,instrumentation and equip-ment for component manu-facturing, laboratory instru-mentation, microcomputers,peripherals, and telecommu-nications systems. For infor-mation, contact Ente ItalianoOrganizzazione Mostre, Bias-Microelettronica '83, VialePremuda 2, 20129 Milan,Italy; tel: 796.096; Telex:CONSEL 334022.

February 24-25

Computers in Construction,

San Diego, CA. This seminaris designed to assist construc-tion contractors and con-struction management firmsin acquiring computer sys-tems. The registration fee is$395. For further informa-tion, contact CIP Informa-tion Services Inc., 1105-FSpring St., Silver Spring, MD20910, (301) 589-7933.

February 25-27

The Second Annual Com-puter Expo '83, TupperwareConvention Center, Orlan-do, FL. This expositionfeatures mini- and microcom-puters. The focus is on hard-ware, software, word pro-cessing, graphics, peripher-als, supplies, services, andcomputer furnishings. Semi-nars will be held. For details,contact Tom Blayney, POB

472 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 371 on inquiry card.

1185, Longwood, FL 32750,(305) 339-1731.

March 1983

March 7-11

Computer-Aided Engineeringand Manufacturing: Semi-nars and Exhibition, McKim-mon Center, North CarolinaState University, Raleigh.This comprehensive programis designed to update manu-facturing managers, engi-neers, and professionals onthe capabilities of computers,microprocessors, robotics,and CAD/CAM (computer-aided design/manufacturing)systems through discussions,hands-on experience, and de-monstrations. Workshopswill focus on computer nu-merical control, shop floorcontrol and data collection,

finite element methods, simu-lation, and software andcomputing systems. For fur-ther information, write toRobert Edwards, IndustrialExtension Service, NorthCarolina State University,POB 5506, Raleigh, NC27650.

March 8-9

ACM SIGCOMM '83—Sym-posium on CommunicationsArchitectures and Protocols,

University of Texas, Austin.This symposium is sponsoredby the Association for Com-puting Machinery. Addressinquiries to Rebecca Hutch-ings, Honeywell/FSD, 7900Westpark Dr., McLean, VA22102, (703) 827-3982.

March 9-11

| Secretary Speakout '83,Sheraton Hotel, Boston, MA.The theme for this sym-

posium is "The ProfessionalSecretary's New Identity inthe Information Age." Speak-ers will address the impact ofoffice technology throughcase history presentations,panels, open microphone ses-sions, and small discussiongroups. This event is spon-sored by the ProfessionalSecretaries International Re-search and Educational Foun-dation. Full details are avail-able from Candace M. Louis,Crown Center G-10, 2440Pershing Rd., Kansas City,MO 64108, (816) 474-5755.

March 14-17

The Seventh Annual Federal

Office Systems Expo—FOSE

'83, Washington ConventionCenter, Washington, D C.Sixty high-level sessions willcover the development of in-tegrated office systems inboth government and in-

dustry. More than 200 com-panies will display the latestin office systems technology.For more information, con-tact Mary Beth Gouled, Na-tional Trade ProductionsInc., 9418 Annapolis Rd.,Lanham, MD 20706, (800)638-8510; in Maryland, (301)459-8383.

March 14-18

Computer Graphics Applica-tions for Management andProductivity—CAMP '83, In-ternational Congress Center,Berlin, West Germany. Thisconference features tutorials,technical papers, and exhibitsthat reflect the practical ap-plications and state of the artof computers and computer-graphics technology. Topicson the agenda includecomputer-aided design andmanufacturing, sales-supportgraphics, and improving the

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use of engineering data. Ahardware and software ex-hibition will be held. Full par-ticulars are available from theWorld Computer GraphicsAssociation, Suite 250, 2033M St. NW, Washington, DC20036, (202) 775-9556.

March 16-17

Business-Expo, Houston,TX. This show featureseverything from computers,copiers, and telephone equip-ment to interior decoratingoffice design, and financialconsulting. More than 20seminars on business tech-nologies will be offered.Complete details are avail-able from Business-Expo, 702East Northland Towers,15565 Northland Dr., South-field, MI 48075, (313)569-8280.

March 17-19

The Third Annual Micro-computers in Education Con-

ference, Arizona StateUniversity, Tempe. Thetheme for this conference is"Forward to the 3 C's: Com-municating, Calculating, andComputing." Demonstra-tions, workshops, and pre-sentations will emphasize thepotential of computers torevolutionize the learningprocess. Topics to be ex-plored include how com-puters are changing thenature of: content in subjectareas, teaching, and what itmeans to be well educated.University credit will beavailable. Further informa-tion can be obtained fromMarilyn Sue Ford, B-47Payne Hall, College ofEducation, Arizona StateUniversity, Tempe, AZ85287, (602) 965-7363.

March 18-20

The Eighth West Coast Com-puter Faire, Civic Auditor-ium and Brooks Hall, San

Francisco, CA. Attendancethis year is expected to reach40,000. More than 600 ex-hibitors and a wide assort-ment of seminars make thisone of the largest annualcomputer shows. For moreinformation, contact TheComputer Faire, 333 SwettRd., Woodside, CA 94602,(415) 851-7075.

March 21-24

Interface '83, Miami BeachConvention Center, Miami,FL. This conference willcover all aspects of data com-munications and informationprocessing in technology,management, policy, andstrategy. It is cosponsored byMcGraw-Hill's BusinessWeek and Data Communica-tions magazines. For furtherdetails, contact The InterfaceGroup, 160 Speen St., POB927, Framingham, MA01701, (800) 225-4620; inMassachusetts, (617) 879-4502.

March 21-24

Personal Microcomputer In-terfacing and Scientific In-strumentation Automation,

Virginia Polytechnic Instituteand State University, Blacks-burg, VA. This is a hands-onworkshop where the partici-pant designs and tests con-cepts with the actual hard-ware. The fee is $595. Formore information, contactDr. Linda Leffel, C. E. C,Virginia Tech, Blacksburg,VA 24061, (703) 961-4848.

March 24-25

Computers in Construction,

Orlando, FL. For details, seeFebruary 24-25.

March 25

Communication Aids andComputers: A Voice for theNon-Vocal, Stokes Audito-rium, Children's Hospital,Philadelphia, PA. This con-ference will present recent ad-vances in technology, me-

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thodology, and research asthey relate to computers andspeech technology. Sessionswill include lectures, video-tapes, and equipment demon-strations. The registration feeis $75 (if postmarked prior toMarch 4, 1983, the fee is $65).This conference is sponsoredby the Children's SeashoreHouse and the Division ofChild Development and Re-habilitation of the Children'sHospital of Philadelphia. Forfurther information, contactJoan Bruno, Chief Speech Pa-thologist, Children's Sea-shore House, 4100 AtlanticAve., Atlantic City, NJ08404, (609) 345-5191, ext.205.

March 25-27

Fantasylair '83, TonkawaHigh School, Tonkawa, OK.This annual spring gamingconvention is sponsored bythe Northern Oklahoma

Dungeoneers. It features fan-tasy and war games, tourna-ments, a costume contest,seminars, and prizes. The ad-mission is $3 per day; groupdiscounts are available. Forinformation, contact theNorthern Oklahoma Dun-geoneers, POB 241, PoncaCity, OK 74602, (405)762-0349.

March 28-31

National Design EngineeringShow and Conference, Mc-Cormick Place, Chicago, IL.The conference is sponsoredby the American Society ofMechanical Engineers' designengineering division. It willrun concurrently with theNational Plant Engineeringand Maintenance Show andConference. Details are avail-able from Clapp & PoliakInc., 708 Third Ave., NewYork, NY 10017, (212)661-8410. ■

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The Radio Shack divisionof the Tandy Corporationhas announced that $500,000worth of TRS-80 computerequipment has been commit-ted to a grants programdesigned to encourage andsupport the application ofmicrocomputer technology inAmerican educational institu-tions. The Tandy TRS-80Educational Grants Programwill award TRS-80 hardware,software, courseware, andrelated products to in-dividuals or nonprofit educa-tional institutions whose pro-posals are deemed as provid-ing the greatest benefit to theAmerican educational com-munity.

An Educational GrantsReview Board has been estab-lished to review proposals

and to make recommenda-tions for equipment alloca-tions. The committee ischaired by Dr. LeeDroegemueller of the Univer-sity of Arizona and includesrepresentatives from theAmerican Association ofSchool Administrators, theNational Council of Teach-ers, and distinguishededucators.

A packet of informationcontaining a cover letter,TRS-80 brochure, catalog,submission information, anda proposal cover sheet isavailable from the TandyTRS-80 Educational GrantsProgram, Radio Shack Edu-cation Division, 400 TandyAtrium, Fort Worth, TX76102.■

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January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 475

Software Received

Apple

The Arcade Machine, a

program that helps youcreate your own arcadegames. Games may have ani-mated full-color graphics,sound effects, and automaticscoring and are designed bymeans of menu selections.For the Apple II and II Plus;floppy disk, $59.95. Broder-bund Software Inc., Enter-tainment Software Division,1938 Fourth St., San Rafael,CA 94901.

Discover BASIC, a guideto problem solving withApplesoft BASIC. This pack-age includes a teacher's guideand a student workbook forlearning about BASIC. De-monstration programs andsample solutions are includ-ed. For the Apple II Plus;floppy disk, $74.95. SterlingSwift Publishing Co., 1600Fortview Rd., Austin, TX78704.

Earl's Word Power, aneducational program thathelps students develop a bet-ter vocabulary by introduc-ing new words and then usingShakespearean plays to testword retention. For theApple II; floppy disk, $29.95.George Earl, 1302 South Gen-eral McMullen, San Antonio,TX 78237.

Earth Defender, an arcade-type game. You must savethe Earth by manning yourlaser-equipped spaceship anddestroying all invadingaliens, nuclear missiles, andasteroids. For the Apple IIand II Plus; floppy disk,$29.95. New Vision, Suite 15,5150 Peachtree IndustrialBlvd., Chamblee, GA 30341.

Editor/Assembler, an edi-tor and assembler package.This menu-driven system fea-tures full-screen list and editcapabilities, system statusdisplay, and up to 27K bytesfor source code. For theApple II and II Plus; floppydisk, $89. Custom Micro Sys-tems Ltd., 16921 108 St., Ed-

monton, Alberta, T5X 3B2,Canada.

Free Fall, an arcade-typegame. As your player fallsthrough a maze, you mustmaneuver it around fallingdebris, which consists ofgirders, bio-bops, and gun-ners. This game has threelevels of difficulty. For theApple II; floppy disk, $29.95.Sirius Software Inc., 10364Rockingham Dr., Sacramento,CA 95827.

The Integer Fix, a systemthat converts disks contain-ing Integer BASIC so thatthey may be run on an AppleII Plus. Converted programscan operate with both Apple-soft and Integer BASIC. Forthe Apple II Plus; floppydisk, $20. Barrington Educa-tional Computer, POB 863,Barrington, IL 60010.

Inventory Manager, aninventory-control programthat can maintain records onup to 1200 items on a single-disk system or 2700 items ontwo disks. Items may have asmany as 13 categories. Forthe Apple II and II Plus; flop-py disk, $149.95. SynergisticSoftware, Suite 201, 830North Riverside Dr., Renton,WA 98055.

Kamikaze, an arcade-typegame. You are in control of acoastal defense ship that'sunder attack by successivewaves of kamikaze fighters,low- and high-level bombers,and mines. For the Apple II;floppy disk, $34.95. HaydenSoftware Co., 600 SuffolkSt., Lowell, MA 01853.

The List Handler, a data-base-management program.This program can create andmaintain a file of up to 3000records, with 255 fields each.It allows editing and can printlists and mailing labels. Forthe Apple II and II Plus; flop-py disk, $89.95. SiliconValley Systems Inc., Suite 4,1625 El Camino Real, Bel-mont, CA 94002.

Math Strategy, an educa-

tional program that teachesbasic mathematics skillsthrough the use of graphicsand techniques based on thelatest research in learningtheory. For the Apple II;floppy disk, $45. Apple Com-puter Inc., 20525 MarianiAve., Cupertino, CA 95014.

Micro Cookbook, a pro-gram that will save yourrecipes, select a recipe basedon ingredients on-hand or bycategory, and adjust a recipefor a number of servings. Forthe Apple II Plus; floppydisk, $30. Virtual Com-binatics, POB 755, Rockport,MA 01966.

Molec, a program thatallows you to view three-di-mensional models of mole-cules. The package is sup-plied with 13 organic mole-cules, or you can design yourown using up to 64 atoms permolecule. For the Apple II;floppy disk, $150. CambridgeDevelopment Laboratory, 36Pleasant St., Watertown,MA 02172.

Money Munchers, an ar-cade-type game. Enter themaze to grab all the moneyyou can, but look out for themoney munchers who willeat your booty. You mustalso evade spiders andsnakes. For the Apple II;floppy disk, $29.95. Data-most, 9748 Cozycroft Ave.,Chatsworth, CA 91311.

Psychological Diary, aprogram that will assist youin developing a better under-standing of your inner self.This program provides a per-sonal diary and such tests aspersonality, relationship, andsentence completion. For theApple II; floppy disk, $39.95.Psychological Systems, 1519Burlington Rd., ClevelandHeights, OH 44118.

Seafox, an arcade-typegame. Your mission is to pilotyour submarine and destroythe convoy of enemy shipsand their escorts. You mustdodge depth charges, mines,

and torpedoes. For the AppleII and II Plus; floppy disk,$29.95. Broderbund Software(see address above).

Shapes in Color, a systemthat lets you design high-res-olution animation andgraphics. A variety of colorshapes and character fontscan be constructed andsaved. For the Apple II; flop-py disk, $49.95. HaydenSoftware Co. (see addressabove).

Shuttle Intercept, anarcade-type game. You mustretrieve the friendly satellitesbearing vital data whileavoiding or shooting the ene-my satellites, missiles,saucers, and meteors. For theApple II; floppy disk, $34.95.Hayden Software Co. (seeaddress above).

Singles' Night at Molly's, apackage containing two soli-taire card games, Royal Flushand Sly Fox. These programsfeature high-resolutiongraphics and automatic scorekeeping. For the Apple II andII Plus; floppy disk, $29.95.Soft Images, 200 Route 17,Mahwah, NJ 07430.

Speed Reader, a five-partprogram designed to help im-prove your reading skills.The exercises and lessons willteach you to increase yourreading speed and percep-tion. For the Apple II; floppydisk, $70. Apple ComputerInc. (see address above).

Spelling Strategy, an edu-cational program that helpsyou to spell better by using avariety of techniques to visu-alize and remember the cor-rect spelling of words. For theApple II; floppy disk, $45.Apple Computer Inc.(see ad-dress above).

Starcross, an adventure-type game. Your mission wasto secure a black-hole powersource, but now you've comeacross gigantic alien space-craft. You must explore thecraft and discover its secrets.For the Apple II; floppy disk,

476 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

$39.95. Infocom Inc., 55Wheeler St., Cambridge, MA02138.

Star Maze, an arcade-typegame. Your mission is to findthe nine power jewels in eachlevel of the maze and returnthem to your mother ship.The maze has 16 levels. Forthe Apple II; floppy disk,$34.95. Sir-Tech SoftwareInc., 6 Main St., Ogdens-burg, NY 13669.

SuperPILOT, a new imple-mentation of the PILOT lan-guage. This system featuresimproved graphics control,flexibility to use video tapeand videodisc players, andturtle graphics. For the AppleII; floppy disk, $200. AppleComputer Inc. (see addressabove).

Type Attack, an educa-tional game. The objective ofthis game is to learn to touch-type by seeing characters onthe screen and pressing thecorresponding keys on thekeyboard. For the Apple II;floppy disk, $39.95. SiriusSoftware Inc. (see addressabove).

Warp Destroyer, an ar-cade-type game. After travel-ing through hyperspace, youwill be faced with mines,fighters, and probes. Youmust shoot these and go on tothe Zalbian bases before youcan return. For the Apple IIand II Plus; floppy disk,$29.95. Piccadilly SoftwareInc., 89 Summit Ave., Sum-mit, NJ 07901.

Wayout, an arcade-typegame. Working with thecardboard compass andglasses provided in the pack-age, find your way out of themaze by using the mapmakerand watching the fireflies. Forthe Apple II and II Plus; flop-py disk, $39.95. Sirius Soft-ware Inc. (see addressabove).

Word Weaver III, a word-processing system. This sys-tem uses all standard word-processing features, including80-column display, menu-driven functions, and global

editing commands. For theApple III; floppy disk,$99.95. Synergistic Software(see address above).

You're the Doctor, a simu-lation-type game. You be-come a doctor examining pa-tients, trying to diagnose andprescribe treatment. Thissimulation game includeshigh-resolution graphics andsound. For the Apple II; flop-py disk, $17.95. SimulationsSoftware, POB 608, StationU, Toronto, Ontario, M8Z5Y9, Canada.

Zork III: The DungeonMaster, an adventure-typegame. The final episode in theZork trilogy takes you to aconfrontation with theDungeon Master himself.This game responds to plainEnglish commands. For theApple II; floppy disk, $39.95.Infocom Inc. (see addressabove).

Atari

Claim Jumper, a two-player arcade-type game. Theobject is to get all the goldyou can, trade it for money,and get your money to thebank. Beware of claimjumpers, snakes, and killertumbleweeds. For the Atari400/800; floppy disk, $34.95.Synapse Software, Suite I,5327 Jacuzzi St., Richmond,CA 94804.

Escape from Vulcan's Isle,a graphics adventure-typegame. You're shipwrecked ona desert island. You must ex-plore and discover a way offthe island before the volcanoerupts. On your way, youcollect magic treasures—butavoid the monsters. For theAtari 400/800; floppy disk,$29.95. Epyx/AutomatedSimulations, 1043 Kiel Court,Sunnyvale, CA 94086.

King Arthur's Heir, agraphics adventure-type game.You must prove yourselfworthy to hold the crown ofCamelot. Your quest is tofind the Scroll of Truth, hid-den by Merlin. For the Atari400/800; floppy disk, $29.95.

Epyx/Automated Simula-tions (see address above).

Marathon, an educationalgame. The object in this mathquiz is to get your runneracross the screen first by cor-rectly answering the prob-lems. The game has fourlevels of play and is designedfor ages 8 to 16. For the Atari400/800; floppy disk, $19.95.Educational Software Inc.,4565 Cherry vale Ave., So-quel, CA 95073.

Protector II, an arcade-type game. You must rescue18 people from alien attackand deposit them safely onthe other side of a volcano.This game features improvedplay and action. For the Atari400/800; floppy disk, $34.95.Synapse Software (see ad-dress above).

Space Games, a gamespackage that includes adven-ture- and arcade-type games.You must find your way outof the maze and shoot thealiens to save your home inouter space. For the Atari400/800; floppy disk, $24.95.Educational Software Inc.(see address above).

Valley of the Kings, agraphics adventure-type game.You are in a mountainousregion of Egypt and you mustlocate objects and passages tosurvive the three levels of thegame. For the Atari 400/800;floppy disk, $29.95. Dyna-comp Inc., 1427 MonroeAve., Rochester, NY 14618.

CP/M

Cardbox, a simple data-base-management system.Entries to this database aretreated as electronic indexcards. You can select input,report, and display formatsand retrieve data using key-words. For CP/M-based sys-tems; floppy disk, $245. Cax-ton Software Publishing Co.,10-14 Bedford St., CoventGarden, London, WC2E9HE, England.

MCDisplay, a terminal in-terface program. With thisprogram, complete terminal

displays can be defined in ad-vance, which simplifies textand data entries and enhancesprompts and messages. Dis-play layout sheets are includ-ed. For CP/M-based systems;*.''*floppy disk, $175. Master-computing Inc., POB 17442,Greenville, SC 29606.

Medent, an accounts-re-ceivable system designed formedical and dental offices.This system features record-access by number or nameand automatic statementswith aging. For CP/M-basedsystems; floppy disk, $1900.Community Computer Ser-vice Inc., POB E, Auburn,NY 13021.

Members Program, amailing-list management pro-gram. Designed for maintain-ing member lists of organiza-tions, this program cancreate, modify, and outputalphabetically sorted lists ormailing labels. For CP/M-based systems; floppy disk,$75. Datamasters, Unit 10,12700 Northeast 124th St.,Kirkland, WA 98033.

Microsoft Multiplan, anelectronic spreadsheet systemthat features an on-line refer-ence guide, alphanumericsorting, up to eight displaywindows, use of Visicalcfiles, and variable-width col-umns. For CP/M-based sys-tems; floppy disk, $275.Microsoft Corp., C-97200,10700 Northrup Way, Bel-le vue, WA 98004.

Oubliette, an adventure-type game similar to Dun-geons and Dragons. Youmust seek the gold hidden inthe dungeon beneath the cas-tle. You can define yourplayer's characteristics. ForCP/M-based systems; floppydisk, $39.95. Computer Man-agement Service, 501 Jack-son, Charleston, IL 61920.

SCP/80, a set of utilityprograms to enhance CP/M.These programs facilitatedata movement or modifica-tion and display status offiles, memory, and devices.For CP/M-based systems;

January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 477

Software Received.

floppy disk, $100. A. B.Hutchison Engineering, 1354Southwest 12th Ave., Pom-pano Beach, FL 33060.

Yousable Youtilities, a setof 13 Unix-like utility pro-grams. Standard features in-clude redirecting console out-put to a disk file, comparingfiles, simple copy and backupprocedures, and concatenat-ing multiple files. For CP/M-based systems; floppy disk,$95. Software Island Inc.,Suite 109, 5858 Mt. AlifanDr., San Diego, CA 92111.

Commodore

Aggressor, an arcade-typegame. Your mission as a Ma-rauder pilot is to protect thesettarium ore dump on NewEarth from attacking Zaurianspacecraft. You are armedwith lasers and bombs. Forthe VIC-20; cartridge,$39.95. Human EngineeredSoftware, 71 Park Lane, Bris-bane, CA 94005.

The Count, an adventure-type game. You wake upsomewhere in Transylvaniaand you must escape withyour life. The game isadapted from the ScottAdams original. For theVIC-20; cartridge, $39.95.Commodore InternationalLtd., The Meadows, 487Devon Park Dr., Wayne, PA19087.

Dam Bomber, an arcade-type game. Pilot your planeand avoid the enemy fire ifyou can. You must carefullydrop your bombs to destroythe dam and release the floodwaters. For the VIC-20; cas-sette, $15.95. Human Engi-neered Software (see addressabove).

Gorf, a set of four arcade-type games: Astro Battles,Laser Attack, Space Warp,and Flagship. For the VIC-20;cartridge, $39.95. Commo-dore International Ltd. (seeaddress above).

Hes Mon, a 6502 machine-language monitor featuringmore than 25 commands fortesting memory, dumping a

screen display to a printer, ordisassembling machine codeinto assembly language. Forthe VIC-20; cartridge,$39.95. Human EngineeredSoftware (see address above).

Hes Writer, a word-pro-cessing program that incor-porates most standard fea-tures such as full-screenediting, right and left justifi-cation, move and delete text,and use of headers and pagenumbering. For the VIC-20;cartridge, $39.95. Human En-gineered Software (see ad-dress above).

Investment Allocation, aprogram that accepts, pro-cesses, stores, and displaysinformation concerning yourinvestment portfolio. Up to50 investments can be enteredand analyzed. For the VIC-20;cassette, $8.98. MartinGlasser, 121-B Birch Circle,Elgin AFB, FL 32542.

Maze of Mikor, an arcade-type game that challengesyou to steal the Warlock'sgold as you try to avoid a de-mon. For the VIC-20; cas-sette, $17.95. Human Engi-neered Software (see addressabove).

Mole Attack, an arcade-type game. You must try tokeep those nasty moles un-derground by bopping themon the head. Bop as many asyou can before time runs out.For the VIC-20; cartridge,$29.95. Commodore Interna-tional Ltd. (see addressabove).

Omega Race, an arcade-type game. In the middle of aspace arena, you must fightthree types of deadly androidwarrior ships and avoid twokinds of mines. For theVIC-20; cartridge, $39.95.Commodore InternationalLtd. (see address above).

Pak Bomber, a pak mon-ster drops bombs that youmust catch or an explosivechain reaction will be set off.For the VIC-20; cassette,$15.95. Human EngineeredSoftware (see address above).

Renaissance, a simulation

game in which the VICbecomes your opponent in anOthello-type game. The com-puter will give you hints anddisplay a recommended bestmove. For one player. For theVIC-20; cartridge, $49.95.United Microware IndustriesInc., 3503-C Temple Ave.,Pomona, CA 91768.

Sargon II Chess, a simula-tion game. Sargon II is asophisticated computer chessprogram that has seven levelsof play. You can set up thepieces for practice or endgames. For the VIC-20; car-tridge, $39.95. CommodoreInternational Ltd. (see ad-dress above).

Skier, an arcade-typegame. You become a skier ina downhill race. Avoid theflags and obstacles as youhurtle down the slopes. Thisgame features three levels ofplay. For the VIC-20; cas-sette, $17.95. Human En-gineered Software (see ad-dress above).

Spiders of Mars, an arcade-type game. As a MartianSpace Fly, you must defendyour planet against theSpiders of Mars and theirallies. You possess neutronbombs, but your enemies arenumerous and deadly. Forthe VIC-20; cartridge,$49.95. United Microware In-dustries Inc. (see addressabove).

Tank Trap, an arcade-typegame. You must build wallsto protect people from thecrazed tank driver. This gamefeatures four levels of dif-ficulty. For the VIC-20; cas-sette, $17.95. Human Engi-neered Software (see addressabove).

Tank Wars, an arcade-typegame. Match your wits againstthe computer as you driveyour tank around obstaclesand mines. For the VIC-20;cassette, $17.95. Human En-gineered Software (see ad-dress above).

Turtle Graphics, an intro-duction to computer pro-gramming. This program

provides an easy-to-learncomputer language that illus-trates the basic concepts ofcomputer programming. Itfeatures colorful graphics.For the VIC-20; cartridge,$39.95. Human EngineeredSoftware (see address above).

VIC FORTH, an imple-mentation of the FORTH lan-guage. An interactive com-puter language, FORTH isfaster than BASIC and verymemory efficient. This pack-age features sound, graphics,and a screen editor. For theVIC-20; cartridge, $59.95.Human Engineered Software(see address above).

Victrek and Victrek 8K, aset of two Star Trek-typegames. You must scan galac-tic maps and maneuverthrough starbases as you bat-tle the Klingons for control ofthe galaxy. For the VIC-20;cassette, $17.95. Human En-gineered Software (see ad-dress above).

IBM Personal Computer

Computer Chef, a com-puterized cookbook. Thisprogram lets you enter andsave recipes, find recipes withselected ingredients, and ad-just recipes for the number ofservings. For the IBM Per-sonal Computer; floppy disk,$49.95. Norell Data Systems,3400 Wilshire Blvd., POB70127, Los Angeles, CA90010.

Meteor-Math, an educa-tional game. Students canlearn basic mathematics byanswering problems. Thisprogram has two modes andfeatures sound, color, andgraphics. For the IBM Per-sonal Computer; floppy disk,$39.95. Brauer ComputerSupport, POB 86634, SanDiego, CA 92138.

Pig Pen, an arcade-typegame. You must find yourway out of the four levels ofthe maze and avoid the fiercewild pigs. Your only salva-tion is to find the potent pigpills. For the IBM PersonalComputer; floppy disk,

478 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

$29.95. Datamost, 9748Cozycroft Ave., Chatsworth,CA 91311.

Real Estate Analyzer, aninvestment analysis program.It allows you to make ac-curate investment decisionsand determine the rate ofreturn on real-estate pur-chases. Reports show cashflow and profits upon sale.For the IBM Personal Com-puter; floppy disk, $250.Howard Software Services,Suite 310, 8008 Girard Ave.,La Jolla, CA 92037.

System-Backup, a utilityprogram that allows you tomake a backup copy of anyIBM PC disk, regardless ofthe sector size and the trackformat used. This programautomatically formats disks.For the IBM Personal Com-puter; floppy disk, $50.Norell Data Systems (see ad-dress above).

Videolink 88, a telecom-munications package. Thisprogram changes the IBMinto an intelligent terminal.Specifications may be user-defined, and the programsupports the Hayes Smart-modem. For the IBM Person-al Computer; floppy disk,$59.95. Windmill SoftwareInc., 1058 Joan Dr., Burling-ton, Ontario, L7T 3H2,Canada.

TRS-80

Air Traffic Control, a real-time simulation game thatchallenges you to direct air-craft to a safe landing by us-ing radar and flight computerdisplays. For the TRS-80 Col-or Computer; cassette, $8.95.Geographies Software, 95Eastbury Hill Rd., Glaston-bury, CT 06033.

The Arranger, a computerdisk library program. Youcan create a master disk thatcontains a record of every fileon every disk you own. Youcan edit entries and locate in-dividual files and their disknumbers. For the TRS-80Models I and III; floppy disk,$29.95. Triple-D Software,

POB 642, Layton, UT 84041.

Brevi-T, a NEWDOS/80version 2.0 utility program.You can create abbreviationsfor commonly used or dif-ficult to remember DOS orBASIC commands. Com-mand abbreviations may beadded or changed at anytime.For the TRS-80 Models I andIII; floppy disk, $19.95. Sof-trends Inc., 26111 BrushAve., Euclid, OH 44132.

Colored Fonts, a character-generator utility packagewith which you can createyour own character sets forscreen display. Four prede-fined character sets and anEpson MX-80 screen-dumputility are standard. Avail-able in 16K- and 32K-byteformats. For the TRS-80 Col-or Computer; floppy diskand casstte, $29.95 and$24.95, respectively. Ren-aissance Game Designs, POB1232, Montclair, NJ 07042.

Color-FORTH, an imple-mentation of the FORTH lan-guage for the Color Com-puter. This version has wordsfor graphics, sound, fastmath, and an auto repeat andcontrol key. A ROM versionis available. For the TRS-80Color Computer; cassette,$58.95. Hoyt Stearns Elec-tronics, 4131 East CannonDr., Phoenix, AZ 85028.

Lasertank Duel, a two-player, arcade-type game.You and your opponent con-trol tanks maneuvering alongcity streets. The object of thegame is to score points by hit-ting your opponent with laserbeams. For the TRS-80 ColorComputer; floppy disk andcassette, $19.95 and $15.95,respectively. RenaissanceGame Designs (see addressabove).

Stopper, a BASIC pro-gramming utility. You can setbreakpoints at specific lineswithin a program, show thecurrent value of a variable, orsingle-step a program througha range of lines. For theTRS-80 Models I and III;floppy disk or cassette, $20.

The Alternate Source, 704North Pennsylvania, Lan-sing, MI 48906.

Strike Force, an arcade-type game. Your task is to de-fend your five cities fromalien attack and destroy thealiens' base. You are armedwith star shells and missiles.For the TRS-80 Model I andIII; floppy disk and cassette,$19.95 and $15.95, respec-tively. Melbourne HouseSoftware Inc., 333 East 46St., New York, NY 10017.

Other Computers

Home Financial Package,

mortgage analysis, IRA Ac-count Planner, and Bond In-vestment programs. For theSinclair ZX81; BASIC listing,$1. Florida Creations, De-partment P, POB 16422,Jacksonville, FL 32245.

Nos BASICode, a utilityprogram that enables the ex-change of BASIC programs

between different brands ofmicrocomputers. Most popu-lar brands are supported,with some modification re-quired. For the BASIC lan-guage system; cassette, 30Dutch guilders. BASICode,Administratie AlgemenSecretariat, Nos, POB 10,1200 JB Hilversum, TheNetherlands.

TV Sketch, a program thatallows you to create colorfulvideo paintings. For theTI-99/4; cassette, $9. Glo-Data, POB 374, Stony Point,NY 10980.

Z193D.ABS, a three-dimensional graphics pro-gram. It allows you to create,manipulate, and save three-dimensional images. Thisprogram features hidden lineand hidden surface removal.For the Heath H-19/H-89;floppy disk, $25. Color-works, 5337 East Bellevue,Tucson, AZ 85712. ■

This is a list of software packages that have been received byBYTE Publications during the past month. The list is correct to thebest of our knowledge, but it is not meant to be a full descriptionof the product or the forms in which the product is available. Inparticular, some packages may be sold for several machines or inboth cassette and floppy-disk format; the product listed here isthe version received by BYTE Publications.

This is an all-inclusive list that makes no comment on the qualityor usefulness of the software listed. We regret that we cannotreview every software package we receive. Instead, this list ismeant to be a monthly acknowledgment of these packages andthe companies that sent them. All software received is consideredto be on loan to BYTE and is returned to the manufacturer after aset period of time. Companies sending software packages shouldbe sure to include the list price of the packages and (where appro-priate) the alternate forms in which they are available.

BYTE's Bits

Call for Papers

The International Con-ference Committee for theEleventh Automatic Testingand Test InstrumentationConference is seeking paperson the subject of computer-aided design, measurement,and testing (CADMAT). Theconference will be held at theMetropole Convention Cen-

tre, in Brighton, England,from December 13 to 15,1983. Submit a 250-wordsynopsis to the CADMATConference Secretary, Net-work Exhibitions Ltd.,Printers Mews, Market Hill,Buckingham MK18 1JX,England; telephone (02802)5226. ■

January 1983 © BYTE Publications be 479

Apple BASIC, RichardHaskell. Englewood Cliffs,NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982; 183pages, 50.5 by 66 cm, soft-cover, ISBN 0-13-039099-2,$12.95.

Applications and Designwith Analog Integrated Cir-cuits, J. Michael Jacob.Reston, VA: Reston Publish-ing, 1982; 498 pages, 45 by 57cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-8359-0245-5, $30.95.

Artificial Reality, MyronW. Krueger. Reading, MA:Addison-Wesley, 1983; 312pages, 37 by 56 cm, soft-cover, ISBN 0-201-04765-9,$10.95.

Assembler Language forApplication Programming,Don H. Stabley. Princeton,NJ: Petrocelli Books, 1982;677 pages, 46 by 61.5 cm,hardcover, ISBN 0-89433-176-0, $35.

COBOL, A Comprehen-sive Treatment, Thomas L.Naps and Bhagat Singh. Res-ton, VA: Reston Publishing,1982; 498 pages, 42.5 by 56.5cm, softcover, ISBN 0-8359-0830-5, $17.95.

Comparative Studies inSoftware Acquisition, StevenGlaseman. Lexington, MA:Lexington Books, 1982; 131pages, 16.4 by 23.3 cm, hard-cover, ISBN 0-669-05422-4,$18.95.

Computing: An Introduc-tion to Structured ProblemSolving Using Pascal, V. A.Dyck, J. D. Lawson, J. A.Smith, and R. J. Beach.Reston, VA: Reston Publish-ing, 1982; 625 pages, 44.5 by57.5 cm, hardcover, ISBN0-8359-0902-6, $21.95.

Concepts of ARC LocalNetworking. San Antonio,TX: Datapoint Corp. (9725Datapoint Dr.), 1982; 70pages, 51 by 66 cm, soft-cover, ISBN-none, Docu-ment Number 50694, $4.

Digital, Analog, and DataCommunication, WilliamSinnema. Reston, VA: Res-

ton Publishing, 1982; 433pages, 44 by 57.5 cm, hard-cover, ISBN 0-8359-1301-5,$29.95.

Electronic Manufacturing,Sheldon I. Kohen andMichael Rose. Reston, VA:Reston Publishing, 1982; 308pages, 43.5 by 57.5 cm, hard-cover, ISBN 0-8359-1642-1,$25.95.

Experiments for ElectricalCircuit Analysis with BASICProgramming, Theodore F.Bogart Jr. Chicago, IL:Science Research Associates,1982; 288 pages, 51 by 65.5cm, softcover, ISBN 0-574-21565-4, $11.96.

How to Write an AppleProgram, Ed Faulk. Chats-worth, CA: Datamost Inc.(9748 Cozycroft Ave.), 1982;220 pages, 32 by 49.5 cm,softcover, ISBN 0-8359-2992-2, $14.95.

How to Write an IBM-PCProgram, Ed Faulk. Chats-worth, CA: Datamost Inc.(9748 Cozycroft Ave.), 1982;427 pages, 32 by 49.5 cm,softcover, ISBN 0-8359-2991-4, $14.95.

The Intelligent Microcom-puter, Roy W. Goody. Chi-cago, IL: Science ResearchAssociates, 1982; 344 pages,52 by 67 cm, hardcover,ISBN 0-574-21560-3, $19.16.

Interface Projects for theTRS-80 Mod III, Richard C.Hallgren. Englewood Cliffs,NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982; 152pages, 41 by 55 cm, soft-cover, ISBN 0-13-469429-5,$12.95.

An Introduction to ProcessControl and Digital Mini-computers, Peter L. Ginn.Houston, TX: Gulf Publish-ing, 1982; 291 pages, 16.4 by23.4 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-87201-180-1, $26.95.

Pascal Programming Struc-tures for Motorola Micropro-cessors, George W. Cherry.Reston, VA: Reston Publish-ing, 1982; 359 pages, 41.5 by56 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-

8359-5465-X, $15.95.

Pascal Text and Referencewith Waterloo Pascal andPascal VS, John B. Moore.Reston, VA: Reston Publish-ing, 1982; 398 pages, 42.5 by55 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-8359-5457-8, $16.95.

PET/CBM and the IEEE488 Bus (GPIB), 2nd edition,Eugene Fisher and C. W.Jen-son. Berkeley, CA: Osborne/McGraw-Hill, 1982; 319 pages,38.5 by 55.5 cm, softcover,ISBN 0-931988-78-0, $15.99.

Practical BASIC Programs,IBM Personal Computer Edi-tion, Lon Poole, ed. Berke-ley, CA: Osborne/McGraw-Hill, 1982; 162 pages, 50.5 by66 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-931988-80-2, $15.99.

Principles of EDP Manage-ment, Alexander Gaydasch.Reston, VA: Reston Publish-ing, 1982; 336 pages, 44 by 58cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-8359-5604-0, $19.95.

Profitable Small BusinessComputing, Frank Green-wood. Boston, MA: Little,Brown & Co., 1982; 168pages, 35 by 54 cm, soft-cover, ISBN 0-316-327123-3,$9.95.

Residential Electrical Wir-ing, Harry J. Edwards Jr. Res-ton, VA: Reston Publishing,1982; 224 pages, 44 by 59 cm,hardcover, ISBN 0-8359-6652-6, $17.95.

Software Engineering,

Analysis & Verification,T. G. Lewis. Reston, VA:Reston Publishing, 1982; 470pages, 45 by 57 cm, hard-cover, ISBN 0-8359-7023-X,$22.95.

Structured COBOL ReportWriter: A Programmer'sProductivity Tool, DavidSchechter and George W.Yvkoff. Reston, VA: RestonPublishing, 1982; 300 pages,43.5 by 57.5 cm, hardcover,ISBN 0-8359-7097-3, $24.95.

Structured ProgrammingUsing PL/I, 2nd edition,J. N. P. Hume and R. C.Holt. Reston, VA: RestonPublishing, 1982; 400 pages,41 by 55.5 cm, softcover,ISBN 0-8359-7131-7, $16.95.

Techniques for CreatingGolden Delicious Games forthe Apple Computer, How-ard M. Franklin, JoanneKoltnow, and Leroy Finkel.Somerset, NJ: John Wiley &Sons, 1982; 150 pages, 40.5by 60 cm, softcover, ISBN0-471-09083-2, $12.95.

The Visicalc Book: AppleEdition, Donald H. Beil. Res-ton, VA: Reston Publishing,1982; 301 pages, 45 by 57 cm,hardcover, ISBN 0-8359-8398-6, $22.95.

The Visicalc Book: AtariEdition, Donald H. Beil. Res-ton, VA: Reston Publishing,1982; 298 pages, 45 by 57 cm,hardcover, ISBN 0-8359-8394-3, $21.95. ■

This is a list of books received at BYTE Publications during thispast month. Although the list is not meant to be exhaustive, itspurpose is to acquaint BYTE readers with recently published titlesin computer science and related fields. We regret that we cannotreview or comment on all the books we receive; instead, this list ismeant to be a monthly acknowledgment of these books and thepublishers who sent them.

480 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Ask BYTE

Conducted by Steve Ciarcia

An Addressin Every Port

Dear Steve,

After owning a RadioShack TRS-80 Model I forthree and a half years, Ipurchased a Model III. I wassurprised to find that theprinter can be addressed atI/O ports 248, 249, 250, and251. When programming theModel I, it was always mypractice to poke a formfeedcharacter to location 37E8hexadecimal in order to cir-cumvent the Radio Shackprinter driver, which convertsformfeeds into an appropriatenumber of linefeeds. In theModel III, that location isassigned to ROM (read-onlymemory), although perform-ing a PEEK of that address willprovide the printer-status in-formation, as in the Model I.Which of the four ports is thecorrect address to use for theprinter, or does it matter (andwhy)?

Kerry A. WilsonOwensboro, KY

By referring to theschematic diagram of theModel III, I have found thatthe printer port is enabledwhen address lines A3through A7are high and whenA2 is low. Because lines A0and Al are not used, theydon't affect the decoding pro-cess. Any of the addresses 248through 251 will satisfy thedecoding requirements andenable the printer port.. . . Steve

Other Keyboardsfor the ZX80

Dear Steve,

I've just read Wayne J.Cosshall's article entitled"New Keyboard for the ZX80"(March 1982 BYTE, page 256).I have recently decided to

purchase a Sinclair ZX81microcomputer kit, but have.been somewhat hesitant be-cause of its small keyboard.Naturally, I was extremelyenthusiastic upon seeing thisarticle.

I happen to have a JelcoType PR-5701 keyboard thatlooks quite similar to the onein Mr. Cosshall's article. Iwould like to wire this intomy ZX81 kit, but I'm won-dering whether the printed-circuit boards for the ZX80and the ZX81 are all thatsimilar? With the 8K-byteROM (read-only memory) inthe ZX81, some 40 new func-tions accessible from the newkeyboard have been added.My question is can I still goahead and wire a full 57-keykeyboard in my ZX81, usingthe directions in Mr. Coss-hall's article? If not, how canI wire it into the ZX81? MyJelco keyboard is the sameone used in the Radio ShackTRS-80 series, and I also havea keyboard that is identical toone on Radio Shack's ColorComputer. Which one wouldbe better to use for my ZX81application? I appreciateyour time and considerationon this matter.Robert Y. MillionCupertino, CA

The printed-circuit boardfor the Sinclair 2X81 is dif-ferent from the ZX80, but thefull-sized keyboard can stillbe installed as described inWayne Cosshall's article. Ifyou buy the 2X81 kit, youwill have the schematic di-agram and you will be able toeasily locate the connectionsfor A8 through A15. DOthrough D4 are located on re-sistor package RP3 and arewired as follows:

DO = KBD1Dl = KBDOD2 = KBD2

D3 = KBD3D4 = KBD4

You might have some con-fusion in using the newkeyboard with all of the extrafunctions that the 2X81 nowincorporates. Some sort oflabeling for the keyboardshould help. Either of thekeyboards you mentionedshould be satisfactory foryour 2X81 application.. . . Steve

UninterruptiblePower SuppliesProblem Solved

The following letter pre-sents an innovative solution tothe problem of building unin-terruptible power supplies—atopic of perennial interest tomany of this column's readers.. . . Steve

Dear Steve,

On moving to Indonesialast year, I was faced with aproblem similar to the oneAlbert C. Pollard encountered(see "Power Backup," Febru-ary 1982 BYTE, page 366). Iwanted to use my RadioShack TRS-80 Model I, butthe commercial power is unre-liable: the voltage fluctuatesand can be out for quiteawhile. In addition, the poweris supplied at 220 V (volts) at50 Hz.

I sought advice from thesalespeople at the store whereI bought the computer andfrom a Radio Shack technicalrepresentative in Fort Worth,Texas, but they had no help tooffer. Then, a distributor ofTripp Lite inverters suggestedI try one of its units in com-bination with an automobilebattery. Tripp ManufacturingCompany of Chicago, Illinois,makes power inverters thatpeople often use to supply120 V at 60 Hz to televisionsets in their campers where

normally only 12 V DC isavailable.

I was a little dubious atfirst, knowing that the in-verter produced a squarewave (rather than the sinewave supplied by commercialpower companies), but the ar-rangement worked flawlesslywhen I tried it. I now have aUPS (uninterruptible powersupply) to run my Model Iwith its two 5Vi-inch diskdrives and Anadex DP-8000printer. My Tripp Lite PV-350inverter can supply about 250watts (W) to the computersystem when connected to my12-V Delco N-120 TS Freedombattery. The battery is keptcharged by a 12-V, 6-ampcharger built to work with thelocal 220-V power. Total costwas approximately $200.

With this system, my com-puter can run for hours—evenduring prolonged blackouts. Itisolates the computer systemfrom the frequent powersurges that are common here,and it has solved the frequen-cy mismatch as well. I havebeen using the power supplyfor nine months and have notlost a bit of data due to powerproblems.

The cost is less than a com-parable system I have seen ad-vertised. Also, the battery sizecan be reduced, depending onhow much you want to spendand how long a blackout youanticipate. The only draw-backs seem to be a slightly in-creased audible hum from thecomputer's transformer and aslight horizontal disruption ofthe video-screen's display thattravels up the screen about 40cycles per minute. Neither areparticularly distracting; I havetried several of the other TrippLite inverters (even the muchmore expensive PV-500 fre-quency-controlled unit) with-out any change in the videodistortion, which appears tobe inherent in the design of the

January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 481

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inverter (perhaps related tothe fact that it produces asquare wave).

I have no idea whether asimilar system would work forother computers, but it is asimple solution other TRS-80owners might want to try.Richard T. Nicholls, MDIndonesia

RS366 SpecificationExplained

Dear Steve,

In a recent advertisement, amodem was described as be-ing "RS366 and RS-232C"compatible. I know the RS-232C, but what is an RS366?

Thanks for the many finearticles you have written forBYTE.

Michael F. SmithAthens, TN

RS366 is a specificationdescribing the interface be-tween DTE (data terminalequipment) and ACU (auto-matic calling units) for datacommunications. The mostcommon system uses the Bell-type 801A ACU to generatepulses similar to a rotary-dialtelephone. The Bell-type 801Cgenerates Touch-Tone signals.

Each ACU requires anRS366 adapter, an RS-232Cinterface, and a modem con-nected to a single phone line.The RS366 interface uses thesame 25-pin connector as theRS-232C interface but has dif-ferent pin assignments andfunctions. . . . Steve

Advice for PotentialHomebrewers

Dear Steve,

I am just becoming a com-puter fan, but I don't knowwhich way to go to getstarted. My total experiencewith computers is on the col-lege level; I have a semes-ter of BASIC Plus using aDEC (Digital Equipment Cor-poration) PDP 11/70.

I would like some advice onacquiring equipment. I havebeen considering the SinclairZX81 with the 16K-byte mem-ory package, but even in thekit form, it costs more than$200. For a little more money,I could get Commodore'sVIC-20, but I would ratherbuild a computer myself, be-cause that way over a periodof time I feel that I could getmore computer for the money.

Actually, what I am look-ing for is an instrument thatcan be assembled by someonewith kit-building experienceand that would be able to in-terface with a TV as a videodisplay. It would have to beable to handle limited files incassette form. I am a MotorVehicle Department investi-gator and want to keep someof my work records and caseson it. (Tape is easier to storethan reams of paper.) I wouldlike the instrument to haveexpandable memory, becauseit will be for general use. Inaddition to my work, I wouldlike to be able to run gameson it.

T. J. WillisWaterbury Center, VT

With the variety of com-puters that are now on themarket, it is becoming dif-ficult to build a computerwith more features for lessthan you can buy one. Plus,if you have little technical ex-pertise or lack a good dual-trace oscilloscope, trouble-shooting a homebrew com-puter can be a nightmare.One approach to take wouldbe to buy assembled andtested boards that plug into amotherboard for a standardbus, such as S-100, SS-50,KIM, and Z8, to name a few,and expand as your interestsand finances warrant.

Determine how much youwish to spend for an entry-level system, try to establishwhat you ultimately will dowith your computer, andshop accordingly. A localcomputer store will give youa sales pitch on the brands

482 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 69 on inquiry card.

Circle 355 on inquiry card.

that they sell and will explainfeatures that you may not beaware of. Listen to them andask questions. That will giveyou a good idea of what isavailable.

One thing to consider witha home-built computer is thelimited software available,especially if it is a cassette-based system. If you are auser rather than a program-mer, this will be very impor-tant to you. . . . Steve

Tie Chipsfor More Memory

Dear Steve,

I have a problem I'm sure alot of people share. I have aTRS-80 Color Computer andwould like to expand thememory to 32K bytes. When Iinstalled the eight doubled-up(piggyback) 4116s, the PRINTMEM function still respondedas if there were only 16Kbytes. I have the old revisionD board, and it has no jumperfor 32K. I would appreciateyour help in this matter,because I have a limitedbudget and spent quite a biton the chips.Frank R. Durr IITampa, FL

Expanding the Radio ShackColor Computer to 32K isrelatively simple. Yourscheme of adding eight addi-tional 4116-type memorychips in parallel with the pre-sent chips is correct exceptthat pin 4 of the added chipsmust be separated. Tie pin 4on all of the added chipstogether and connect them topin 35 of the MC6883 (U10).This will provide the requiredchip select for the second bankand will give you the memoryexpansion that you desire.

An excellent article on theoperation and programmingof the Color Computer can befound in the March 1981BYTE. (See "What's InsideRadio Shack's Color Com-puter?" by Tim Ahrens, JackBrowne, and Hunter Scales,

page 90.) It is recommendedreading for anyone with aColor Computer. . . . Steve

TVs for Monitors

Dear Steve,

Could you please tell me ifthere is any information onusing a TV (without a radio-frequency modulator) as amonitor? I have some oldblack-and-white units that Iwould like to use. Would Ifeed the video via a field-effecttransistor to get the video-drive level? Thank you.Murray GilbertWest Hempstead, NY

Converting a television to avideo monitor is a relativelysimple task if you have someexperience. Be sure that thetelevision is the type that has apower transformer that iso-lates the 110-volt AC linefrom the chassis. It is extreme-ly important to avoid puttingpotentially lethal voltage onthe chassis and into your com-puter. (Many of the latemodel sets do not incorporatepower transformers.)

An article in the May 1978BYTE, "Convert Your TV Setto a Video Monitor," by DanFylstra (see page 22), describesthis conversion using a com-mercial kit. The Pickles &Trout TVM-04 direct-entryvideo kit will allow a cleardisplay of 64 characters perline. . . . Steve

Emulator Programs

Provide More

Software

Dear Steve,

I recently purchased aRadio Shack Color Computerwith the idea of designing aprogram that would allow itto run the numerous programson the market written forother computers.

I have thought about ap-proaching the problem fromthe software end by having

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January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 483

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the computer read the tapeand, from the signals it re-ceived from reading theleader, determine the com-puter type. From there, itcould select the proper simula-tion mode to understand andbe able to run the program.However, I realize that if theprogram were possible, itwould take up all the memoryin the computer and the pro-gram being translated couldnot be run. Therefore, I amnow trying to approach thehardware end of the problem(which I consider to be mucheasier than the software ap-proach). The problem is I amnot sure how to go about de-signing the hardware. Areeither of my two approachesfeasible enough to work with6809 microprocessor?

I felt that the project couldbe done because I don't thinkthat there is really that muchdifference between the 6502and the 6809 other than theway they record and input in-formation into various com-puters.

Chris WeaverEast Hartford, CT

The concept of a programthat would allow running pro-grams from other computers issound in theory, but fallsapart in practice. Assumingthat your program wouldrecognize the tape format ofthe desired program andenable it to be loaded intoyour computer's memory, thedesired program would stillnot run. Each computer onthe market has its ownoperating system andmonitor. Each computer hasits keyboard, screen, and I/Oroutines located in differentareas of memory. A call for acharacter to be sent to thescreen in one program wouldbe totally ignored by anotherprogram.

A more than casual dif-ference exists between the in-struction sets of the variousmicroprocessors, and thecodes for the mnemonics aretotally different. A program

that would recognize eachmachine and instruction setcould be written but wouldprobably take more memorythan you could afford.

A more realistic approach isto write an emulator program.This is a program thatsimulates the instruction set ofanother microprocessor.Several articles have beenprinted in various computermagazines for emulatingmicroprocessors. If you devisean emulator program, it ispossible to run programs froma specific computer on yourown computer. . . . Steve

CalculatingBandwidths

Dear Steve,

It seems to me that there's alack of information on videomonitors used on home com-puters—not one of descrip-tions of the various monitorsadvertised, but of what is re-quired to do what. For exam-ple, how much bandwidth isrequired for a satisfactory80-column line? How muchfor a good 80-column line7What do you gain by greaterbandwidth? Or, put anotherway, what does your com-puter need to use a betterbandwidth? Do most moni-tors accept the same input?What is the result of slightlydifferent sweep rates7 (Or isthe stability of the sweep ratemore critical than its absolutevalue?) Most monitors seemto have a 75-ohm input, so iscoaxial cable required or will agood audio cable do? In short,what criteria or specificationsshould one look for in select-ing a video monitor? I haven'tbeen able to compare any dis-playing the same data side-by-side.

J. T. MillerYucaipa, CA

The bandwidth required fora given line on a video moni-tor can be calculated by divid-ing the active-trace time by

484 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 213 on inquiry card.

the number of horizontaldots. For a monitor with ahorizontal-sweep frequencyidentical to a normal televi-sion (15,750 hertz), the totaltrace time is 1/15,750 = 63.5/is (microseconds). The active-trace time is this time minusthe retrace and blanking time,which is usually about two-thirds of the total or 42 /xs. Ifthe character matrix is 7 by 9with a one blank dot space,then 80 characters will require640 dots and 42/640 = 65.6nanoseconds per dot, or15.2 MHz. For a charactermatrix of 5 by 7, a bandwidthof 11.4 MHz results.

As the monitor bandwidthis reduced, it is less able toclearly display all of the dots,and smearing results. A12-MHz monitor is probablythe minimum bandwidth re-quired for a satisfactory80-column display. Monitorswith a greater frequency re-sponse can display 80-columnlines with greater sharpness. Arough estimate of monitorbandwidth can be made visu-ally. If all of the dots in eachcharacter in an 80-column lineare clearly visible, then the

monitor15 MHzpendingmatrix.Most75-ohm

has at least 12 toof bandwidth, de-on the character

monitors have ainput and are de-signed for a composite-videosignal (one that contains videoinformation along with thehorizontal and verticalsweep). Because the distancefrom the monitor to the com-puter is usually only a coupleof feet, an audio cable can beused. . . . Steve ■

BYTE's Bits

Universal Mediumfor SoftwareDistribution

Softech Microsystemsrecently demonstrated a con-cept called the UniversalMedium. Softech claims thatthis concept could greatlysimplify the distribution ofapplications programs be-cause it provides the meansfor a single version of apersonal-computer applica-tions program to be read andexecuted by another ma-chine. The applications pro-gram that the companydemonstrated was encodedon a single floppy disk andwas run without modification

on an Apple II, an IBM Per-sonal Computer, a Z80-basedsystem, and on theM68000-based Sage II.

Softech Microsystemspoints out that widespreaduse of its Universal Mediumconcept would mean thatonly one version of a pro-gram would have to be devel-oped and encoded on disksfor distribution to personal-computer users. The com-pany credits the portabilitycharacteristics of the UCSDPascal system as responsiblefor this development.■

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January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 485

What's New?

SYSTEMS

Multi-Personal Computer

Columbia Data Prod-ucts' Multi-Personal Com-puter (MPC) is available inan IBM Personal Computercompatible configurationfor approximately $4000.This system is based on a16-bit 8088 and comeswith 128K bytes of RAM(random-access read/writememory), dual serial ports,a Centronics port, and adetachable keyboard. Stan-dard features include a12-inch black-and-whitemonochrome display, colorgraphics video adapter,and a dual floppy-disk drivesystem. The MS-DOS andCP/M-86 operating systemsand BASIC and macro as-sembler languages are sup-plied.

A wide variety of op-tions are available, in-

cluding a Z80 CP/M board,a 16-bit Motorola 68000board, an 8087 mathe-matics chip, cache buffer,Winchester hard-disk drive,multiple RS-232C interface,and telecommunicationsand networking support.Also available are multi-user, multitasking operat-ing systems such asMP/M-86 and Oasis-16.High-level language sup-port is provided by BASIC,FORTRAN, COBOL, macroassembler, Pascal, and C.The Xenix operating sys-tem will soon be available.For full details, contact Col-umbia Data Products,8990 Route 108, Colum-bia, MD 21045, (301)992-3400.Circle 550 on inquiry card.

QDP

The QDP-100 micro-computer from QuasarData Products is an 8-bitZ80A-based system. Itcomes with dual 8-inchfloppy-disk drives, 64Kbytes of RAM (random-ac-cess read/write memory),cache memory, and CP/Mand BASIC. The QDP-100can be configured as asingle-user workstationwith the CP/M operatingsystem, or it can serve mul-tiple users when equippedwith MP/M software and

100

additional memory. Otherfeatures include an onlineHelp system and a menu-style listing of operations.

Options for the QDP-100include a 10- or 15-mega-byte hard disk and up to256K bytes of RAM. A bul-letin describing theQDP-100 is available freeby writing to Quasar DataProducts Inc., MarketingDepartment, 10330 Brecks-ville Rd., Cleveland, OH44141.Circle 551 on inquiry card.

ISB 80/85 HasExpandable STD Bus

The Microsystems Groupof GE Intersil Systems has in-troduced the ISB 80/85microcomputer. It has aslim-line STD bus card cagethat can accommodate asmany as six additional STDbus cards. The basic 80/85is built around a 64K-byteRAM card, a 12-inch dis-play, detachable keyboard,and your choice of a Z80 oran 8085 processor card.Mass storage is provided byeither two 5 /4-1'nch doublesided double-density floppy-disk drives or a single5/4 -inch floppy disk and a5'/4-1'nch 10-megabyteWinchester drive. TheCP/M 2.2 operating systemis standard. Optional scien-tific, business, and word-processing software pack-ages are offered by thecompany.

Prices for the ISB 80/85range from S 5990 for a ver-sion outfitted with dualfloppy-disk drives to S8990for the system with boththe floppy disk and Win-chester disk drives. OEM

(original equipment manu-facturer) prices are available.For details, contact GE In-tersil Systems Inc., 1275Hammerwood Ave.,Sunnyvale, CA 94086,(408) 743-4300.Circle 552 on inquiry card.

V

Micro-Professor II

Micro-Professor II is nowbeing marketed by Multi-tech Electronics. The 6502-based MPF-II personalcomputer offers users col-or graphics and printingcapabilities and comeswith a 49-key keyboard,including nine functionkeys, 64K bytes of RAM(random-access read/writememory), and a 12K-byteApple-compatible BASICinterpreter. Cassette tape is

486 January 1'83 © BYTE Publications Inc

What's New?

used for backup storage.Video-display capabilitiesinclude text and low- orhigh-resolution graphics in6 colors. The screen for-mat is 24 lines by 40 col-umns (960 characters),using a 5 by 7 dot matrix.Other standard features in-clude a Centronics inter-face for parallel printers, anRF (radio frequency) mod-ulator, and an onboard8-ohm speaker.Optional software car-

tridges provide the MPF-IIwith assembly, Pascal,Logo, and FORTH lan-guages. Hardware optionsinclude a 40-column ther-mal printer, joysticks, anda floppy-disk interface. TheMPF-II costs $399; volumediscounts are available.Contact Multitech Elec-tronics Inc., 195 West ElCamino Real, Sunnyvale,CA 94086, (408) 773-8400.Circle 553 on inquiry card.

Micro

Morrow Designs is mar-keting a 4-MHz Z80A-basedcomputer that has a single-sided 5'A-inch floppy-diskdrive and a full-featureddisplay terminal. Standardfeatures on this computer,called the Micro Decision,include 64K bytes of RAM(random-access read/writememory), two RS-232Cserial ports, detachable key-board, and the CP/M 2.2operating system. TheMicro Decision has a menu-driven front end to CP/Mthat can be deactivated bythe user, a virtual drive thatreassigns to drive A anyreference to a nonexistingdrive, and the ability to readand write multiple disk for-mats, such as Osborne,IBM, and Xerox 820. Sup-

Decision

plied software includesMicro Mike's Bazic, which iscompatible with North StarBASIC, Microsoft's BASIC 80and the Wordstar wordprocessor. Morrow De-signs' Correct-It spellingchecker, and SoftwareProducts International'sLogicalc electronic spread-sheet.

Micro Decision has a sug-gested list price of S 1790. Itcan be purchased withoutthe display terminal for$ 1195. A second disk driveis available for S350. Quan-tity discounts are offered.For complete technical andpricing information, contactMorrow Designs, 5221Central Ave., Richmond,CA 94804, (415)525-4715.Circle 554 on inquiry card.

16-BitBusiness Computer

NABU MaunfacturinngCorporation has introducedthe NABU 1600, a 16-bit In-tel 8086/8087 coprocessor-based business computer.The 1600 has 256K bytes ofRAM (random-access read/write memory) that can beexpanded up to 512Kbytes, a 10-meagbyte microWinchester disk drive, anda high-density minifloppy-disk drive with 800K bytesof formatted storage. Twooperating systems, Xenixand MS-DOS, are suppliedwith the 1600. Using stan-

dard asynchronous/syn-chronous links, the 1600can communicate withother computers or it canprovide access to broad-band cable networks. The1600 can handle threeusers simultaneously.

The NABU 1600 has asuggested retail price ofSI 2,995 (Canadian). Fulldetails are available fromNABU ManufacturingCorp., 1051 Baxter Rd., Ot-tawa, Ontario K2C 3P2,Canada, (613) 526-1426.Circle 555 on inquiry card.

SOFTWARE

IBM ProgramDevelopment Aids

The Lazycoder-Screen isthe first in a series of pro-gram and presentation de-velopment aids for the IBMPersonal Computer fromNelson Data Resources.Lazycoder has 35 built-infunctions that let you useyour screen for designingimages or for entering data.Completed designs can beprinted, generated into aBASIC file maintenanceprogram using the screenfor data entry, or puttogether for a slide show.With Lazycoder-Screen,you can create computer-ized educational aides orhelp systems, or you canuse its filing system optionto enter and retrieve infor-mation.

Lazycoder—Screen costsS125. A free demonstra-tion kit is available. Formore information, contact

Nelson Data Resources,Suite 118, 900 South 74thPlaza, Omaha, NE 681 14,(402) 397-3030.Circle 556 on inquiry card.

C Languagefor Model 16

Softworks Ltd. is market-ing a complete C compilerfor Radio Shack's Model 16computer. This version ofC is based on WhitesmithsC compiler, a complete im-plementation of the C lan-guage. Cross-compilers fordeveloping Model 16 Cprograms on different com-puters are available.

Softworks C costs $950.A documentation packageis S30. Dealer inquiries areinvited. Contact SoftworksLtd., 607 West Wellington,Chicago, IL 60657, (312)327-7666.Circle 557 on inquiry card.

January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 487

What's New?

Full-ScreenEditor for IBM

PCEdit is a full-screeneditor for the IBM PersonalComputer from PersonalSystems Technology.PCEdit features onlinehelps and prompts, globalsearch and replace, largefile editing, block move,and a limited undo capabil-ity. It permits full use of allfunction and editing keyson the IBM's keyboard.Minimum requirements arePC-DOS, one disk drive,and 96K bytes of RAM(random-access read/writememory).

PCEdit comes with com-plete documentation andfull support and service. It'savailable for $98 at se-lected Computerland storesor factory-direct from Per-sonal Systems TechnologyInc., 22957 La Cadena,Laguna Hills, CA 92653,(714) 859-8871.Circle 558 on inquiry card.

Fancy Fontsfor Epson Printers

Softcraft's Fancy Fontpersonal typesetting sys-tem provides Epson print-ers with a variety of typesets, sizes, and faces. Typesizes range from 8 to 21points, and Fancy Font letsyou specify up to 10 fontsor logo sets for any letter ordocument. Roman, SansSerif, Script, and OldEnglish with bold, italic,and regular typefaces areall standard. Word-process-ing capabilities include textcentering, justification, andunderlining. Parameterssuch as page size, tabs,

margins, fonts, line spac-ing, headers, and footersare user-specifiable, andtext files can be preparedwith any text editor, in-cluding Wordstar.

The Fancy Font packagecomes with the Hersheycharacter database, whichcontains more than 1500character and graphicssymbols that can be scaledto different sizes andformed into new font sets.Fancy Font costs S180 andis available in a variety ofdisk formats for CP/M-based systems. For a freebrochure, contact Softcraft,Suite 1641, 8726 SouthSepulveda Blvd., LosAngeles, CA 90045, (213)641-3822.Circle 559 on inquiry card.

Space SharksChallenges Gamers

Empire II: InterstellarSharks is a science-fictiongame system from Interac-tive Fantasies. The objectof the game is to manueveryour way through thewebs of bureaucratic redtape and occasionalclandestine dealings oflarge monopolies toachieve success: wealthand a spacecraft for yourescape.

Empire II: InterstellarSharks is available in Apple-soft for 48K-byte Applecomputers running DOS3.3. It costs $32.95, includ-ing a manual and a soft-cover novella. Contact In-teractive Fantasies, POB22222, Agoura, CA91301, (213) 706-0661.Circle 560 on inquiry card.

McGraw-Hill ReleasesNew Software Line

McGraw-Hill Book Com-pany's newly formedComputing & EducationalSoftware Group developstexts and software for com-puter courses and othereducational areas. Initial of-ferings are in finance,economics, and graphics.For investment analyses,the company has the Riley-Montgomery Investpak,and for time-series eco-nomic forecasting the Hall-Hall-Lillien: MicroTSP is of-fered. A generic graphicsprogram for constructingand displaying instructionalmaterials, the Ward-lrby:

Hypergraphics, is also avail-able.

Future software willtouch upon business, en-gineering, sciences, andother disciplines, as well astext-related and databasesoftware, stand-alonecomputational and tutorialsoftware, and generic soft-ware encompassing allareas. For details, contactthe Computing & Educa-tional Software Group,McGraw-Hill Book Co.,1221 Avenue of the Ameri-cas, New York, NY 10020.Circle 561 on inquiry card.

FarmAccounting Package

Harris Technical Systems'Agdisk Farm AccountingPackage offers farmers andranchers single-entry ac-counting with double-entry accuracy on either acash or accrual basis. Stan-dard functions includeentering transactions, theability to print standardfinancial reports, specialprovisions that prevent theaccidental loss of data,closing and beginning ac-count periods, and theability to modify accountnames, heading, etc.Agdisk will run on IBM,Radio Shack, Commodore,Digital, and Texas In-struments systems.

Agdisk costs $600 and isavailable at selected Appleand Team Electronicsdealers and Computerlandstores. The Agdisk manualcan be purchased sepa-

rately for $29.95. For moreinformation, contact HarrisTechnical Systems, 624Peach St., Lincoln, NE68508, (402) 476-2811.Circle 562 on inquiry card.

SecureYour CP/M Files

Secure is designed tostop unauthorized accessto CP/M files. Manufac-tured by Century Systems,Secure can encrypt anytype of file, such as binarymachine code, data, ortext, making the theft ofCP/M data virtually im-possible. Files can berepeatedly processed bySecure for greater levels ofsecurity. This system usestwo user-supplied "keys"to protect files on anyZ80-based microcomputer.It can safeguard financialdata and customer data,mailing lists, confidential

488 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

What's New?

correspondence, computerprograms, or data to betransmitted.

Secure version 3.0 isavailable in a variety of diskformats for systems run-ning CP/M 2.0 or later. Itcosts S150. Contact Cen-tury Systems Inc., Suite11B, 12872 Valley ViewAve., Garden Grove, CA92645, (714) 895-3381.Circle 563 on inquiry card.

ResumePreparation Program

Single Source Solution'sInteractive Resume is for

people seeking employ-ment. Through a series ofquestions, Interactive Re-sume automatically buildsyour resume, which can beupgraded or tailored tomeet the needs of a par-ticularjob.

Interactive Resume isavailable for the Apple,TRS-80, and IBM PersonalComputer. A version forCP/M owners is also avail-able. Interactive Resumecosts $49.95. For furtherinformation and a free soft-ware catalog, write toSingle Source Solution, POB578, Concord, CA 94522.Circle 564 on inquiry card.

PUBLICATIONS

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RIBBON CABLE ASSEMBLIES

j

La,. :■..,....;.iJl &&%£. -'-;-■■.:-■

Coaxial Ribbon-CableAssemblies Brochure

Computer Cable & Prod-ucts has issued a newbrochure describing its lineof miniature coaxial ribbon-cable assemblies. Includedare full specifications andordering information onthe firm's line of standarddual-latch housing coaxialcable assemblies andcustom assemblies. Withdual-row latch housingconnectors, these minia-ture coaxial ribbon cables

are available with im-pedances of 50, 75, and 93ohms and with up to 25flat conductors. Thebrochure is available fromComputer Cable & Prod-ucts Inc., Department D21,147 Gazza Blvd., Farming-dale, NY 11735, (516)293-1610.Circle 570 on inquiry card.

Commodore 64Software Catalog

Commodore BusinessMachines has announcedthe availablity of an 8-pagecatalog describing softwarefor the Commodore 64microcomputer. Business,financial, word processing,and games software arecovered. Contact Commo-dore Business Machines,The Meadows, 487 DevonPark Rd., Wayne, PA19807, (215) 687-9750.Circle 567 on inquiry card.

Hi

&?

. %

Guide

to Customizing

Apple Hardware

The Custom Apple, a

guide to customizing AppleII software and hardware,has been produced by IJGInc. Coauthored by Win-fried Hofacker andEkkehard Floegel, this bookguides you through a seriesof projects and applicationsthat show you how tocustom design hardwarefor the Apple. The book in-cludes a general informa-tion section that has tips ontools, logic diagrams,binary and decimal num-bering systems, and wire-wrapping and solderingtechniques. In addition,The Custom Apple has aglossary and a parts sup-pliers source list.

The Custom Apple isavailable at computerretailers or through thepublisher for $24.95. Con-tact IJG Inc., 1953 West11th St., Upland, CA91786. When orderingfrom the publisher, add $4for shipping and handling.Circle 568 on inquiry card.

IBM Products Guide

The current 28-pageBuyer's Guide for the IBMPersonal Computer de-scribes more than 100products. Software rangesfrom a health club mem-bership system to account-ing packages. Hardwaredescribed includes touchpanels, digitizers, lightpens, and furniture.

A new edition of theBuyer's Guide for the IBMPersonal Computer isavailable every six weeks.Single copies are $ 1, and aone-year subscription costs$8. Order your guide fromStarware, 1701 K St. NW,Washington, DC 20006,(202) 466-7351.Circle 569 on inquiry card.

DATA CABLE PRODUCTS

Catalog SpotlightsData-Cable Products

A full range of data-cableassemblies and related ac-cessories for data process-ing and computer-centerapplications is described ina catalog from KertechCorporation. Communica-tions assemblies coveredinclude EIA (Electronic In-dustries Association) RS-232C, RS-449, V.35, IBM

January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 489

What's New?

Serpentine, widebandmodems, telephone line,coaxial and twin axial, low-capacitance, null modem,Teflon-insulated cable, andrelated connector andadapter accessories. Alsoincluded in this 20-pagecatalog are technicalspecifications, pricing,ordering, and applicationsinformation for each as-sembly and accessory.

The Kertech Data CableCatalog is available free ofcharge from Kertech Corp.,1 Map Hill Dr., POB P, Bab-son Park, MA 02157, (617)235-5964.Circle 571 on inquiry card.

Computer LiteracySubject of Textbook

The Random HouseSpotlight on ComputerLiteracy worktext, by EllenRichman, serves as an in-troduction to computerawareness and program-ming. Written at the juniorhigh school level, this bookis divided into three sec-tions and comes with ateacher's manual that haschapter notes and answersto the exercises found ineach chapter.

The first section explainswhat computers are andhow they accept, store,process, and produce pro-cessed information. Thesecond section discussesthe history of computersand details how they arebeing used today and howthey might be used tomor-row. The last section con-tains both pencil-and-paperand hands-on activities forBASIC programming in-

struction so that studentscan learn how to programApple II, Atari, PET, orTRS-80 microcomputers.

Twenty-five copies ofEllen Richman's Spotlighton Computer Literacy costSI26.25. For further infor-mation, contact RandomHouse, 201 East 50th St.,New York, NY \0O22,(800) 638-6460; in NewYork, call (212) 751 -2600.Circle 572 on inquiry card.

PERIPHERALS

Business GraphicsPlotter and Software

The Strobe 100 GraphicsPlotter and Software pack-age lets you create hard-copy graphics directly fromyour computer. The Strobe100 Plotter has a drum plat-ten with X and Y steppermotors. It uses Pilot's Razor-point or Strobe's Trans-parency pens to plot onstandard 8'/2- by 11-inchpaper. The plotting area is 8by 10 inches, and theresolution is 500 points perinch. Power requirementsare 115 volts AC at 50 Hzor 230 volts AC at 60 Hz.The Strobe 100 measures3Vi inches (8.9 cm) tall by16!/4 inches (41.3 cm) wideby 8V2 inches (21.6 cm)deep. Parallel TTL (transis-tor-transistor logic) I/O is re-quired.

Software for the Strobe100 includes a stand-alone,menu-driven businessgraphics program that gen-erates alphanumerics andline, bar, and pie charts.

The company also has soft-ware that lets you manipu-late text and shapes and aprogram that helps youcreate reproducible graphicsdirectly from the data files ofsuch electronic spread-sheets as the Apple Busi-ness Graphics Package andVisicalc.

Options include a trans-parency package, pens, anRS-232C cable, and a50-sheet package of paper.Parallel interface cards makethe Strobe 100 Plotter andSoftware package availablefor the Apple II and III, Com-modore PET and SuperPET,the TRS-80 Model I, theFranklin Ace 1000, theOsborne 1, and S-100 bussystems. An RS-232C serialinterface can be obtained.For the name of your localdealer, contact Strobe Inc.,897-5A IndependenceAve., Mountain View, CA94043, (415) 969-5130.Circle 573 on inquiry card.

The Apple Quartet

Vista Computer Com-pany's Quartet dual floppy-disk drive system gives youthe capacity of four stan-dard Apple \\ drives in thespace of a single 5/4-inchdrive. Quartet disk drivesare styled to complementyour Apple, and they workin either dual-side 40-trackor single-side 35-trackmodes.

A complete Quartetpackage comprises twothinline disk drives, case,controller, and softwarepatches for DOS, CP/M,

and Pascal. The suggestedlist price is $699, which in-cludes a 120-day warranty.For further details, contactVista Computer Co. Inc.,1317 East Edinger, SantaAna, CA 92705, (714)953-0523.Circle 565 on inquiry card.

TRS-80 DisplayExpansion Unit

Holmes Engineering'sVID-80 is a plug-in adapterthat gives your Radio ShackTRS-80 a 24-line by 80-char-acter display. The VID-80 iscompletely self-containedand has its own memoryand video controller. TheVID-80 provides enoughextra RAM (random-accessread/write memory) andlogic to convert the TRS-80to a 64K-byte CP/M com-puter. Use of the VID-80does not interfere with nor-mal TRS-80 operations.

The VID-80 is available intwo versions. The VX-3 forthe Model III plugs intosockets inside the com-puter; no soldering is required. The VX-1 for theModel I is made up of asmall assembly that installsinside the Model I's key-board and a main printed-circuit board that must beconnected into an expan-sion mainframe, which isavailable from the manu-facturer. The suggestedretail price is $279. For moreinformation, contactHolmes Engineering Inc.,3555 South 3200 W, SaltLake City, UT84119, (801)967-2324.Circle 574 on inquiry card.

490 January B8 © BYTE Publications Inc

What's New?

Voice-based Learning System

Scott Instruments' VBLS(voice-based learning sys-tem), a computer-based ed-ucational/training systemincorporating speech-re-cognition technology, is forbusiness, school, industry,and home use. It lets userscommmunicate with anApple II by talking to it. Thefirm explains that VBLSevolved around a conver-sational approach to train-ing and education. Instruc-tors or authors determinethe educational materials inany language (e.g., VBLShas been trained to recog-nize English, Korean, Ger-

man, French, and Japan-ese) and specify its organ-ization (i.e., fill in the blankor true and false). The self-paced, interactive VBLS en-vironment is controlled bythe user's voice.

A VBLS system comprisesScott Instruments' VET-2voice-entry terminal andVBLS software. It costsS895.95, including man-ual. Contact the VBLS Na-tional Sales Group, ScottInstruments, 1111 WillowSprings Dr., Denton, TX76201, (817) 387-9514.Circle 576 on inquiry card.

RS-232C Interfacefor Commodore 64 and VIC-20

The Model CX-6402, afull RS-232C interface forCommodore's 64 andVIC-20 computers, is madeby Xitel Inc. This interface issaid to have all the featuresand levels required to inter-face any RS-232C device,such as modems andprinters. The CX-6402 con-nects to the computer'suser port and permits fulluse of the machine's eightactive RS-232C handshak-ing signal lines. Standardfeatures include full RS-232C

logic levels and the ability tooperate at all V\C-20 andCommodore 64 data rates.External RS-232C cablesand power supplies are notrequired.

The CX-6402 comesready to use. Completewith a 6-foot parallel cablefor connection to a printer,the CX-6402 costs S59.95.Further details are availablefrom Xitel Inc., 2678 NorthMain St. #1, Walnut Creek,CA 94596, (415)944-9277.Circle 577 on inquiry card.

Hard-Disk Storagefor Xerox 820

An interface that con-nects the Graymatter line ofhard-disk systems to theXerox 820 microcomputeris available from IQ Systems.The Xerox 820 TransparentInterface gives the micro-computer faster data ac-cess, an enlarged database,complete file-to-file analysisand reporting, and low-costdata storage. Graymattersystems use SeagateTechnology's 5'/4-inchWinchester-type hard-diskdrives and are available inexpandable 5-, 10-, or20-megabyte formattedstorage capacities.

The Xerox 820 Trans-parent Interface comes withstep-by-step illustrated in-structions and an adaptercard for interfacing and for-matting a Graymatter hard-disk system to the Xerox820. For more information,write to IQ Systems, 2931La Jolla St., Anaheim, CA92806.Circle 578 on inquiry card.

MISCELLANEOUS

DIP Adapter Plugs

Samtec's DIP adapterplugs are available in tendifferent sizes and in six dif-ferent terminal styles.These plugs can be usedfor interfacing all compo-nent leads to DIP (dual in-line package) pinout pat-terns, and as shortingplugs, I/O plugs, and com-ponent mounts. The ter-minals are precision-ma-chined brass with eithergold or tin finish and areavailable in a choice ofstyles, including solder-pin,solder-pot, or slotted-head.The body is '/8-inch-thickglass-filled polyester, UL-rated 94 V-O. All adaptersfeature pin I orientationand counter-bored-throughmounting holes.

Prices start at S0.69, in100-piece lots. Completespecifications are availablefrom Samtec Inc., POB1147, New Albany, IN47150, (812) 944-6733.Circle 586 on inquiry card.

January 1983 © BYTE Publicaeions Inc 491

What's New?

Disney Filmon Computers

Computers: The Friend- graphy. It costs S419. All

ly Invasion, a full-color16-mm film from the WaltDisney Educational MediaCompany, introduces stu-dents to computers. Yourpupils are shown howcomputers work, the typesof tasks that computersperform, and the opportu-nities computers offer inthe sciences and arts. Com-puter graphics and a fewscenes from Disney's Tronare featured in this 19'/2-minute film.

Recommended for grades5 through 12, Computers:The Friendly Invasioncomes with a teacher'sguide that provides back-ground information, aglossary of computerterms, suggested teachingstrategy, and a biblio-

Walt Disney 16-mm edu-cational films are availablefor a free two-week exa-mination. For further infor-mation, contact WaltDisney Educational MediaCo., 500 South BuenaVista St., Burbank, CA91521, (800) 423-2555. InCalifornia, Alaska, andHawaii, call collect (213)840-1726.Circle 579 on inquiry card.

RelocatableFlowchart Symbols

Proflo manufactures andmarkets a complete line ofpreprinted, pressure-sensi-tive, relocatable flowchartsymbols. These symbolseliminate the hassle of eras-

ing and relocating func-tions whenever flowchartrequirements change. Thesymbols produce a productthat is said to be essentiallycamera ready.

The manufacturer hasavailable a range of starterkits that contain an assort-ment of standard symbols.For complete details, con-tact Proflo, 327 East 5300South, Murray, UT 84107,(801) 266-5368.Circle 580 on inquiry card.

Practice Keyboards

The Computer PracticeKeyboard Company has in-troduced printed keyboardswith each special-functionkey explained so that it ispossible to practice fingerpositions at any time. Non-typists will find the practiceboards helpful aids whenattempting to familiarizethemselves with standardtypewriter-key positions aswell as special-key posi-tions.

The portable practicekeyboards with a laminatedfinish are printed on sturdy8'/2- by 1 1-inch stock. Theyare available for mostpopular computers, in-cluding Apple, Atari,TRS-80, TI-99/4, IBM,Wang, Xerox, Osborne,Heath, Advantage, andTimex/Sinclair. The boardscost S9.95 each, postagepaid. When ordering, besure to mention the nameand model number of yourcomputer. Contact theComputer Practice Key-board Co.. 616 9th St.,Union City, NJ 07087.Circle 581 on inquiry card.

Video Screen Cleaner

Visible ComputerSupply's Screenclean CRTcleaner removes dirt, dust,and other contaminantsthat can build up on videoscreens. This spray-can for-mula is also said to dissipatethe electrostatic charge onscreens, which is theprimary cause of dust at-traction and machinefailure. For a 164-pagecatalog of products, contactVisible Computer SupplyCorporation, 3626 SternDr., St. Charles, IL 60174,(800) 323-0628; in Illinois,call (312) 377-0990.Circle 582 on inquiry card.

Sinclair-CompatibleProducts Available

The 32K RAM Memo-pak, the Memopak HighResolution Graphics, theMemopak Centronics Pa-rallel Interface, and theMemopak RS232 PrinterInterface are Timex/Sinclair-compatible products fromMemotech Corporation.The 32K RAM Memopakgives Sinclair computers afull 32K bytes of directly ad-dressable RAM (random-access read/write mem-ory). The suggested retailprice is $109.95

A 2K-byte EPROM (eras-able programmable read-only memory) monitorcontaining graphics sub-routines, callable by aBASIC USR function or bymachine code, comesstandard with the Memo-pak High ResolutionGraphics device. This unitgives you fully program-mable high-resolution

492 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

The last ofthe American bald eagles?

The last passenger pigeon onearth died in a Cincinnati zoo in 1914.

We don't want the bald eagle togo the same way. There are fewerthan 3000 bald eagles left in thelower 48 states.

Civilization has crowded theeagles out of their eyries, yet eaglescan live only in wilderness wheretheir nests are undisturbed.

Even where there is uninhabitedland, eagles are being killed ... bycareless or malicious hunters, bypoisoned meat set out for predators,by insecticides polluting our waters.

We can keep these magnificentbirds . . . symbols of our own freedom

. . . alive and free to soar our skies.There are ways you can help.

Be careful with pesticides. Readthe labels for correct methods of useand disposing of leftover poisons.

Learn to identify the eagle. If youhunt, remember it's against federallaw to kill eagles, hawks, falcons andother birds of prey.

Never approach an eagle's roost-ing or nesting place. It's illegal evento disturb a nest—and you may causethe adult eagles to leave it for good.

The National Wildlife Federationis working to save the eagle too.

With the help of several Americancompanies, we've purchased landwith eagle roosting sites andpresented it to the American people.

And the federation has offereda $500 reward for substantialassistance in convicting anyone whokills an eagle.

You can support the NationalWildlife Federation's programs tosave the bald eagle. Join us. Write theNational Wildlife Federation, m_.Department 101, ^M|/

1412 16th Street, NW, «^W«.Washington, DC 20036.

What's New?

capabilities (192 by 248pixels), and the number ofvideo pages is limited onlyby the RAM size (eachvideo page consumes ap-proximately 6.5K bytes ofRAM). The High Resolu-tion Graphics Interfacecosts S 144.95.

The Memopak Cen-tronics Interface is fullycompatible with SinclairBASIC. A printer can be ac-tivated by the BASIC com-mands LLIST, LPRINT, andCOPY. The resident soft-ware in this unit providesthe ASCII (American Stan-dard Code for InformationInterchange) character set,and the interface permits afull 80-column display.Lowercase characters canbe printed by using the in-verse character set. Thisitem is available for$104.95.

The Memopak RS232Printer Interface has manyof the same features as theCentronics Interface, but itgives your Sinclair the abili-ty to communicate withperipherals and other com-puters. It can accommo-date data rates between110 and 19,200 bits persecond and acceptsmodems and printers re-quiring serial RS-232C in-put. It costs $139.95.

All Memopak productscome with a 10-daymoney-back guaranteeand a six-month warranty.Contact Memotech Corp.,Customer Services, 7550West Yale Ave., Denver,CO 80227, (800) 622-0949; in Colorado, call(303) 986-1516.

EPROM Programmer

The PROMPro-7 fromLogical Devices is capableof programming 2716,2732, 2732A, 2532, 8748,and 8749 EPROMs (eras-able programmable read-

only memories) either by aremote computer or ter-minal operation or as astand-alone unit. PROM-Pro-7 interfaces to a ter-minal or computer bymeans of an RS-232C serialinterface. It features user-selectable data rates andthe ability to copy oneEPROM from anotherwithout external control.After programming, eachEPROM is verified againstthe memory's contents.

In single units, thePROMPro-7 costs $489, in-cluding personalitymodules. It's available fromLogic Devices Inc., 781West Oakland Park Blvd.,Fort Lauderdale, FL 33311.Circle 583 on inquiry card.

Video-Taped ShortCourse on Pascal

A three-part, full-colorvideo-taped short coursecovering the concepts ofcomputer programmingwith Pascal is available fromColorado State University'sEngineering Renewal andGrowth Program. Thiscourse represents a struc-tured and disciplined ap-proach to programmingthat's firmly fixed on pro-gramming development,readability, and maintaina-bility. The course was writ-ten by Dr. G. R. Johnsonand is offered at ColoradoState University. For a freedescription, contact W. L.Somervell Jr., EngineeringRenewal and Growth Pro-gram, Christman Field,Building 1000, ColoradoState University, Fort Col-lins, CO 80523. (800)525-4950; in Colorado, call(303) 491-8417.Circle 584 on inquiry card.

Typesettingon CompuServe

CompuServe, in cooper-ation with Type Share, isoffering subscribers a type-setting service. This systemlets users compose andtransmit materials directlyfrom their home or place ofbusiness at any time of theday or night. Requiredequipment includes a com-puter, modem, transmis-sion software to sendstored files over telephonelines, and the Type Sharemanual. Users simply key-board the material to betypeset, specify type style,

size, and column width,save the material to tape ordisk, and transmit it overtelephone lines to Compu-Serve. Type Share then pro-cesses the material andsends galleys to the author.The cost for this service is$4 per foor for 4-inch-widepaper or $6 per foot for8-inch paper. A completesystem, including software,Type Share manual,modem, cassette-basedVIC-20, supplies, and on-site training, is available for$775. For futher details,contact CompuServe, 5000Arlington Centre Blvd., Co-lumbus, OH 43220, (614)457-8600.Circle 585 on inquiry card.

Where Do New

Products Items

Come From?

The information printed inthe new products pages ofBYTE is obtained from "newproduct" or "press release"copy sent by the promotersof new products. If in ourjudgment the informationmight be of interest to thepersonal computing ex-perimenters and home-brewers who read BYTE, weprint it in some form. Weopenly solicit releases andphotos from manufacturersand suppliers to thismarketplace. The informa-tion is printed more or lessas a first-in first-out queue,subject to occasional prioritymodifications. While wewould not knowingly printuntrue or inaccurate data,or data from unreliable com-panies, our capacity toevaluate the products andcompanies appearing in the"What's New?" feature isnecessarily limited. Wetherefore cannot be respon-sible for product quality orcompany performance.

494 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

EPSON

MX 80 F/T III

MX 100 M|:)bocPSr

BOTH WITH GRAFTRAX

HX-20 COMPUTER

Cards and cables for all computersPlease Call For Best Prices

OKIDATA

82 A

83 A

$39900$54900

16KRAMCARD

For Apple® 11/11 +

Compatible with:

Dos 3.3® CP/M®

Visicalc®, Pascal®,

S F3ASIS108

APPLE COMPATIBLE

COMPUTER

CALL FOR LOWEST PRICE

2 YearWarranty

Fully testedand assembled

$59

00

EPSON RIBBONS

MX 100

DEALER

INQUIRIES

INVITED

COMPUTERDISCOUNTPRODUCTS

(408) 985-0400

MAIL ORDERS & RETAIL STORE

860 S. Winchester Blvd.

San Jose, CA 95128MON-FRI 8-5 SAT 10-4

Mail and phone orders welcome CA residents add 6'4%TAX. Pricessubject to change All items FOB San Jose VISA, MC, AMEX, M0.CASHIERS CHECK. COD OK Personal checks allow 2 weeks forprocessing Schools P0 s accepted

Circle 478 on inquiry card.

« Sr 8K? MICRO

I. ill. S/IAESI

S-100-4 MINI'S

Choose the System that fits your needs!

A complete computer system ready to addon a terminal and printer. All Systems in-clude CP/M* software and system manualset. Full six-month parts and labor warrantyexcluding drives which carry the full O.E.M.manufacturers warranty. All S-100-4 Sys-tems advertised are in stock assembled andJested available for immediate delivery.

DUAL DRIVE SUBSYSTEMS

HORIZONTAL OR VERTICAL

Fully Assembled and Tested Units

w/two Shugart 801R SS/DO $ 975.00

w/two Shugart 851R DS/DD 1225.00

w/two Qume DT-8 DS/DD 1 250.00

w/two Tandon 848-1 SS/DD 995.00

w/two Tandon 848-2 DS/DD 1195.00

Cabinet A &T w/Power Supply and Aces. 235.00Cabinet Top and Bottom 69.50 j

CaliforniaComputerSystems

SPECIAL!

CCS SYSTEM 2410 . . $1995.00

• Includes CP/M" 2.2 • 2-Serial/1 -Parallel Port

• DMA Disk Controller • Hardware Vectored Interrupts

• 2-Real Time Clocks • SupportsCP/M'.MP/M",OASIS

CCS 2200 System, A & T . 1625.00

• 2810 CPU Only— 255.00

• 2422 Disk Controller Only—330.00

• 2065C 64K Only— 320.00

• 2200A Mainframe Only—475.00

• CCS Apple Boards. . . CallTollFreeForPrices

MINI FLOPPY

Only $1395.00

COMPLETE

!;: : *■ with 48 TPI single sided||f* double density 5%" $1395.00• with 48 TPI double sided

"j; double density 5'V $1495.00

|!:i! * with 96 TPI double sided

>>(; double density 5"a" $1650.00

An inexpensive but powerful system featuring a4 slot S-100 bus chassis with the XOR S-100board set; 4-MHZ Z-80 CPU • 64K dynamicmemory ■*• multi-sector mixed density disk con-troller * 2-RS232 output ports in the rear foryour terminal and printer * 3 eight-bit parallelports on the CPU ready to add a cable andinterface to your printer * All above systemsare in stock • Includes CP/M- 2.2.

CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research

HARD DISK

™

Only $2995.00

COMPLETEThese S-100-4 Systems maybe very small in size (9"H x9VW x 18"2"L) but look at thesize of the ATASf 5'V Win-chester hard disks we offer1

4 models to choose from

* Seagate 5 Megabyte System

* #3020 15 6 Megabyte- System

* #3033 26 Megabyte* System

* #3046 36 Megabyte- System

$2995.00$3495.00$3995.00$4495.00

The above systems include a 96 TPI double sided doub'e density 5'a"floppy as standard The hard disk is controlled via Western D'g'tai'scontroller for hard disks Other features are the same as system a! left-Megabyte sizes mentioned above are the available storage space afterformatting

TAPE BACKUP

WITH HARDDISK

Only $4250.00

COMPLETE

I—~—.i:,;:'; Now available throughU.$ Micro Sales, theXOR IRWIN 510 S-100-4 tape backup sys-|i tern with 10 megabytes

_i!l<i of hard disk storage.

Back up your hard diskon a mini-tape (we're talking 10 meg.) inless than 31/2 minutes! The above systemincludes a 96 TPI DS/DD floppy drive andthis system's modular design allows youto add a second floppy for only $395.00.

TRUE MAIL ORDER PRICES

With so many so-called Mail Order establishments using "toll free" lines, and grandiose advertising, howcan you, the customer, expect to receive true mail order savings? We have done away with large ads,and free phone lines to offer comparable service passing on the savings to you.THINK! You still SEND YOUR MONEY in the mail to an unknown untested party, and delivery is stilloften doubtful and certainly protracted in most cases.

PRINTERS

LETTER QUALITY

serial or parallel

PRINTER RIBBONS

NECPERSONAL COMPUTER

OKI DATA

C-ITOH F10 $1345

PC-8001

$699

80 no tractor

S 319

Brother HRl $ 849

IDS PRISM, Color

$459

80 with iractor

£ 369

Smith Corona TPI £ 569

IDS PRISM. Btack Only

$13.00

82A no tractor

$ 419

COMING!—NEW NEC-APC

82A with tractor

83A

84A parallel

$ 459

PRINTER

VERBATIM

$1009

CONNECTORS

5>" SS SD

$22.50

GENERIC DISKETTE!

2K BufferGraphics 82A 83A

$ 50$ 73

TRS-80 Cables only $ 22Apple Int & Cable $ 79Atan-pnnter Cable $ 24

5 V" DS DD8' DSDD8" SSDD

$35.00$39.00£35.00

51/4" SS/SD in plastic library case ...

$21

C-ITOH SPECIAL

IBM PC-printer Cable $ 24Male Centronics-printer Cable $ 24

Available in soft sector and hard sector 10 16

Library Cases Alone

5 V

$ 2 50

Comet II (125 cps)

Full IS" width text printer

$599

RS232 male-male $ 19"Configured for any computer,please specify your computer"

IBM/APPLE DRIVES

• Tandon TMS-100-1 $202

MODEMS

$ 350

C-ITOH PRINTEHS

80 coi parallel printer

80 col serial printer

132 col parallel printer

132 col serial printer

Prac Peripheral 8K Serial Buffer

IDS Cable . $ 33

TMS-100-2

$265

Hayes Smart Modem

$212

Apple Graphics Card with Cable

TMS-100-4

$383

Hayes Micro Modem

£259

$ 589$ 679$ 729

to Epson/NEC'C-ITOH $ 89

• Software patch for IBM

$ 66

Hayes Chronograph

$179

MONITORS

• RANA Elite 1 Add on DriveQuad drive Apple controller'

£333S 99

Apple - Cat II

IBM - Smart Modem Cables

$279$ 22

Zenith ZVM-121 Green $ 90

TECO ED 1200 line Hires Green ... $111

For Elite 23 4write for price availability

$ 99

RAM CARDS

with X on off Epson

$ 111

NEC Anti Glare Green $155

■ DAVONG (Apple and IBM)

Apple 16K Card

$ 66

Graphics Prownter (120 cps)

$ 444

AMDEK 300G $155

5 MB

$1525

32K Card

$125

AMDEK Color I $333

10 MB

$2025

IBM 64K Quad Board

. . . $375

AMDEK Color H (IBM Available) £699

15 MB

$2245

Send orders and inquiries to:

Computer Apparatus

P.O. Box 32063 • Aurora, CO 80041

TM

TELEPHONE ORDER INQUIRIES.

(303) 759-9251

10 a.m. to 2 p.m. Mountain Time. Monday to Friday

We have access to a vast range of computer products from the many stocking distributors in Denver We cater for

a range of brand name peripherals and software tor TRS-80, Apple, IBM, Atari and CP M users SEND in a card

stating your interests for our free catalog.

DELIVERIES: 4-6 weeks at worst, all orders are fully dated. (Includes mail and shipping time).

PERSONAL CHECKS: OKAY, but cashiers checks, money orders, etc . will receive shipping preference

VISA AND MASTERCARD: Add 4% to total we CHARGE only WHEN we SHIP

CATALOG: Descriptions charts pricing and availability on all our products Prices subject to change without notice

SHIPPING: VIA UPS add £2.00 plus 1% of order total.'

Please Circle Inquiry Card toReceive Our Comprehensive Catalog

496 BYTE January 1983

Circle 99 on inquiry card.

\JW© [L®©ffltifl®[JD© ft® ©@[?W® ^f@QIlit EAST Coast Call (815) 485-4002it WESTCoastCall(714) 891-2677

out ®MIK Y©ML mUMstate H ° @@@ ° ^i°D3g^

S: We accept VlSA'MC.rmpayr^o'moavonAr Please *wj»tsai3l check twcwafe to clear Wow sMrrasrt$6.00 tilling ci^ on all ordos giste S50.00.15% HcstKkino^teUPSC.O.D.ffc^ovw$tOo;0OreqweaCasni^«»s, pnmere and temrnaS which cany me M OEM lactwy warranty PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOT!

9 8? HES MICROW.\tf. SALES

• EAST -k 11 Edison Drive, New Lenox, Illinois 6C

UNIVERSAL POWER SUPPLY

For Big Board, Apple or Aim 65

+5VDC @ 3 Amps

+ 12VDC @ .750 Amps

-12VDC @ .750Amps

-5VDC @ .500 Amps

Ocn Q*% Dimensions:4"x4"x11"

DISK DRIVE POWER SUPPLY

For 2 - 8" or 5" Olives+ 5 VDC fa 4 Amps+ 24 VDC fa 3 Amps- 5 VDC fa 1 AmpAC Cables lor 2 Drives $7.50Dimensions: 4" x 4" x 11"

i^jy^-4

$59.95

■100 POWER SUPPLY

+8VDC @ 30 Amps

+ 16VDC @ 6 Amps

-16VDC @ 6 Amps

PC Board Design

qqq cn Dimensions: 5" x 6" x 11

TERMINALS

Televideo 910+ with green screen . $575

T.V. 925 $739 TV. 950 $945

Adds Viewpoint Model 3A+ $519

Zenith Z-19 $740

PRINTERS

Epson MX-80FT $549.00

Epson MX-100FT $699.00

Okidata 82A 80 column $465.00

Okidata 83A 132 column $745.00

C-ITOH Prowriter I $525.00

I.D.S. Microprism Model 480 . $565.00

8" DISK DRIVES

SA801R 388.00 ea. Two for 379.00 ea.

SA851R 535.00 ea. Two for 529.00 ea.

QUME DT-8 . 540.00 ea. Two for 529.00 ea.Tandon 848-1 395.00 ea. Two for 388.00 ea.Tandon 848-2 525.00 ea. Two for 519.00 ea.Mitsubishi Model 2896 DS/DD 475.00 ea.

S-100 MOD KIT

byXOI

For test or systems applicationsComplete S-100 12 Slot Main-".frame with Disk Drive Power Supplyfor 4 Drives.

SPECIFICATIONS

Regulated+5V @ 5A+ 24V @ 3A-5V @ 1A$225.00 Kit with 12 S-100 Bus Connectors$255.00 Assem. and Tested with 12 Bus Connectors

$1 5.00 AC/DC Drive Cable Set for 2 DrivesDimensions 6" x 10" x 18" — Shipping Weight 25 lbs.

Unregulated+8V @ 30A±16V @6A

r*--»*

\\

'^Cooling)r Power j

4Vt

8

>>

Low VelocityWhisper" Fans0n/yS18.00ea.Finger GuardsS2.50 each.

XOR

S-100 MOD

S-100-4

$1695.00

* 4 Slot S-100 Bus • Inculdes CP'M' 2 2 and Mani

* Two Separate Power Supplys • Ml Cables Provided

* XOR S-100 Board Set * Dimensions only 9" x 9" x 18' *"

S-100-4 System Complete with:

2-Tandon Thinline 8" (Model TM-848-1 SS/DD)Part#S-1000-40 . $1695.00

2-Tandon Thinline 8" (Model TM-848-2 DS/DD)Part#S-1000-39 $1950.00

Now we are able to offer Mitsubishi thinline drivesDSDD model 2896 for full 2.4 megabytes of formattedstorage. All S-100-4 systems with these drives willinclude a full 6 months parts and labor warranty in-cluding the drives! Part #S-1000-34

S-100-8

$1795.00

TERMINAL

it Feather Touch Capacitance Kybrd • 60 Key Standard ASCI!

• SOROC Type Screen Attribute Set • 8 Special Function Keysit Hal' Intensity * 20 Screen Editing Keys

COMPUTER

• XOR S-100 Board Set • Includes CP/M" 2.2

• Programmable Keyboard Set * 8 Slot S-100 Bus

S-100-8 System Complete With:

Shugart 801R Subsystem* (#S-1000-22) ...$2675.00Shugart 851R Subsystem* (#S-1000-23) ... 2925.00

Qume DT-8 Subsystem* (#S-1000-24) 2950.00

Shugart SA 400 Minis (#S-1000-25) 2350.00

Complete System. No Drives (#S-1000-21). 1795.00

"Available in Horizontal or Vertical Cabinet

100 MEG!

IN YOUR S-100-1 2*

Introducing a major breakthrough in technology...The removable cartridge disk called the Alpha-10™. 10 megabytes of removable storage space(14 meg unformatted) with the speed and reliabili-ty a Winchester offers. The complete system in-cludes the XOR Z-80 based 64K board set, the S1 -MOD power supply/mother board, the Alpha-10'"drive (w/ 3 cartridges), sitting alongside a Shugart851 DS/DD multi-sector floppy disk, CP/lvr 2.2software and manuals, and we'll even throw in a 6month parts and labor exclusive warranty.

(#siooo-75) $3995.00

If you already own an S-100-12 w/2 floppies buyan Alpha-10'" upgrade package. Includes Alpha-10 cartridge drive, cartridge control board, S-100interface board w/all necessary cables, softwareand manuals. System price includes 3 10 meg

cartridges. (#S-1000-80) $1995.00

*Extra cartridges available(#M-2000-51). $50.00ALPHA-10" is a product manufactured by IOMEGA" CORP

SOFTWARE

CALCSTAR 150.00

C BASIC 118.00

DATA STAR 265.00

DISK DOCTOR 85.00

MACRO ASSEMBLER 90.00

MAILMERGE 115.00

SPELLSTAR 190.00

WORDSTAR 275.00

CALL FOR SOFTWARE NOT LISTED

ZENITH DATA SYSTEMS

CALL TOLL FREE FOR PRICES1 - 800 - 435-9357

Controller Board for 8" and 5" Drives for the Z-89, Z-90 orH-89 Computers ..Comes w/CP/lvT 2.2 on 8" and 5" Media

Only $550.00

'SEE US AT THE WEST COASrCOMPUTER FAIRE!

Civic Auditorium Brooks Hall, San FranciscoMarch 18,19,20, 1983 -Booths #1844 and #1846Don't miss out... Be sure to call, write orvisit us to get a 1983 Winter/SpringCatalog

Circle 475 on Inquiry card.

Best Price • Good Quality • Swift Delivery • Export

COMPUTER

'The Beet Graphic

Personal Computer" a

LNW SO I Z80A. 65K, 480 x 192 1.395

II 125K. CPM compatible 1,950

•Multiuser Buslnoae/Enutnaai *CROMEMCO Ban Price Anywhere

CS1 5% " floppy. Z80 2,968

CS1H W/BMBhenJd 5.247

CS102E 25SK RAM. 88000 4 Z80

two 5K" floppy 4,087

CS3D5E 612K RAM. 6800 It Z80

two 8" floppy 7.397

CIO 64K. 12" monitor

Z80A. keyboard 1.080

DYNABYTE 5200 64K, 1MB, Z80A 3,300

5605 64K, 6MB hard d 6,560

*ProfeealoruM7Word Proceaa*

ZENITH Z90-80. 84K 2,060

ZF100 8088 16-brt, graphic

RGB 128 K. 5K". S100 2,660

NORTH HORIZON, 1

STAR quad drive, HD5 3,999

ADVANTAGE, 2

quad drives, 64K 2,999

CROMEMCO 64K. 12" monitor, 390Kqiq floppy, letter quality printer,

CP/M type O.S. • word processing+ spreadsheet 2,875

•le-brtCPir

WICAT S150 1FS 1-user 7,520

256K RAM, CRT, 2 floppies

•68000* S150WS1-uaer 8.999

256K RAM, 10MB hard disk,960K8 floppy CRT, OS + 1 language

S150-3WS3-ueers 10.800

same as S150WS

SI 50-6 WS 6 users 12,800

512K RAM seme as SI 50 WS

Graphics 300 x 400 900

TERAK 8510A w/CRT 8,000

•LSI/11 320x240, DD

graphic* 8600 w/13" color 17,000

monitor, 640 x 480

ALTOS ACS86O0-12 500KB 9,760

•8086* RAM, 20MB hard disk, 500KB floppy

DEC, SWTPC. TELEVIDEO, IBM Call

FORTUNE. DUAL 68000 Call

EPSON

lnt>Qral Data

MICRO

PRISM

PRINTER

MX80 F/T Grattrax

MX100

•

525699

for IBM PCAMOEK 310 monitor, COLOR II RGB,MX80. MrCROPRISM printer TANDON drilatter quality printer, XEDEX CP/M CAR!"DENVER software. CP Aide etc.

NEC EPSONre. NEC 3550. 25SK RAM

75 cpa BMcaBaM print/110 cps84 x84 graphic. RS232/paraHal

640

945

1,025

1,100

SOFTWARE

dBASE II AshtonTate database

CONDOR II

Ill

Accounting Plus Software Dimension. . .

VISICALC

MICROSOFT BASIC 80

PRISM 80PRISM 132

NEC

OKIDATAPRINTEK 920

200 cps. 80 col

w/graphtcs 84 x 84

200 cps, 132 col

499

450

1,180

850

PC-8023A

MICROUNE 84 parallel

340cps, 144 x 144

'Latter Quality '

4901 0252,450

1.3951 699

1.995

2,195

895

2,299

399

Can

199

285

SUPERCALC Sorcim

Micro Pro WORDSTAR

MAILMERG

Digital Research CPM 2.2

220

DIABLOQUMEBROTHERNEC

Starwrrtar F-10 40cps

630

295

106

139

HR-1 Parallel

7710

DIGITIZER/PLOTTER

HOUSTON INSTRUMENTHI PAD DIGITIZER DT-11 11" x 11".

DT.11Aw/APPLEInterfoce

DT11 4 4 controls

HIPL0TDMP-2 814" X 11"

TERMINAL

725

735

ZENITH

850

ZT-1 w/modem telecom......

. .560

920

BEEHIVE

IBM

TELEVIDEO

DM5 A

995

1.296

795

975

DISK DRIVE

Mitsubishi 8" DO, OS ban

dual 8" subsystem

925

950

. . . 1.099

Tendon 5%"DO,DSbare

CORVUS, MICROPOLIS. BASF

280

CALL

ZENITHAMDEK

SANYONEC

BMC

Electrohome

MONITOR

12" green

COLOR II RGB 13"

COLOR 113"

300 A 12" ember

13" RGB

12" green

12" color

12 EUN MHz

RGB 560 x 236

114725340189875170330179. .599

CALL (212) 937-6363free consultation catalogue

Prices subject to change. American Express. Visa/Mastercard add 3%. F.O.B. point of shipment. 20% re-stocking fee for returned merchandise. Personal checkstake 3 weeks to clear. COD on certified check only. N.Y.residents add sales tax. Manufacturers' warranty only.International customers, pleese confirm price beforeorder. Accept P.O. from Fortune 500 & schools.

Computer Channel TELEX:21-55 44th Road 429418Long Island City, NY 11101 CSTNY

MODEM

D.C. Hayes Smartmodem 300 baud

300/1200 baud

Novation CAT 300

CAT 1200 212A

220

570

165

. .590

SUNNY

LOW LOW COST

POWER SUPPLIES

(LINEAR & SWITCHING)FORS-100, DISK DRIVES

S-100 & DISK POWER SUPPLIES:

item +5V qyp

~5£ 12 SLOT & 2 FLOPPY

5A

KIT 1, 2 & 3 For S-100 R3For3x8" (or 5'A") Disks S3 For S-100 & Two DisksOPEN FRAME, ASSY. & TESTED, 6 OUTPUTS, ADJU. & FUSES PROTECT.~5V +24V(OR + 12V) +8V ±16V SIZE W x D x H PRICE

1A

5-7A PEAK

13A

3A

10" x 6" x 5"

102.95

(1 Floppy & 1 Hard Disk)6 SLOT & 2 FLOPPY

S4 6 SLOT & 2 FLOPPY 4A 1A 4-5A PEAK 8A 3A 8%" X 5" x 4%" 92.95

DISK POWER SUPPLIES: open frame, assy. & tested, regulated, adjustable & fuses protect.

ITEM IDEAL FOR +5VOVP -5V +24V (of + 12V) +8V Unreg. SIZE W x D x H

2x8" SLIMLINE2 x 8" or 2 x 5%" DISK[3x8"(or5'/4")FLOPPYJ|or 1x Floppy & 1x Hard)

PRICE

«oR1

R2

R3

2.5A

2.5A - 5A Peak

3A

1A

3A - 5A Peak

6A

1A

6A - 8A Peak

6A

1A

6A - 8A Peak

2A

1.8Vi"x5"

1.9"x6V4

OPTION: + 12V @ 1A CAN BE ADDED TO ITEM "R3" SIZE 1. ONLY, COSTS $12.00 MORE.

S-100 POWER SUPPLY KITS (open frame with base plate, 3 hrs. assy, time)

ITEM (IDEAL FOR) +8V -8V +16V -16V +28V SIZE: WxDxH PRICE

KIT1

15 CARDS

15A

...

2.5A

2.5A

—

12"x5"x4%"

54.95

KIT 2

20 CARDS

25A

...

3A

3A

--.-

12"x5"x4%"

61.95

KIT 3

DISK SYSTEM

15A

1A

3A

3A

5A

13%"x5"x4%"

69.95

6 SLOT MAINFRAME assy & tested only $399.95 + shipping $18.00

FOR TWO EA. 8-' THINLINE FLOPPY (TANDON TM848-1 SS/DD & TM848-2DS/DD OR EQUIV.) OR ONE HARD DISK, a 110/220 VAC, 50/60 HZ, EMIFILTER & POWER ON/OFF INDICATOR a POWER SUPPLY: +8V/8A, ± 16V/3A,+ 5V/5A OVP, -5V/1A & 24V/5A a S-100 BUS 6 SLOT CARD CAGE a 1 EA. ACCORD, 2 EA. DC CABLES WITH POWER CONNECTOR FOR DISK DRIVES a4.5" COOLING FAN a 7 EA. DB25 CUT-OUTS. 1 EA. 50 PIN & 1 EA. CENTRONICCUT-OUTS a CUSTOM FINISH & LOGO-LESS, COMPACT SIZE: 12"(W) x19"(D) x 9.8"(H) 34 LBS.

MAILING ADDRESS:[■===»! P.O. BOX 4296

TORRANCE, CA 90510

SUNNY INTERNATIONAL

(TRANSFORMERS MANUFACTURER)

(213) 328-2425 MON-SAT 9-6

5" x 4" x 4" 49.95

8" x 4" x 3%" 54.95

x4%"or2.10"x4'/e"x3%" 69.95

' x 4%" or 2. 9" x 5'/4" x 5</4" 69.95

SHIPPING FOR EA. PWR SUPPLY:$5.50 IN CALIF; $8.00 IN OTHER STATES;$18.00 IN CANADA. FOR EA. TRANS-FORMER: $5.00 IN ALL STATES; $12.00IN CANADA. CALIF. RESIDENTS ADD6.5% SALES TAX.

ATTENTION O.E.M.'SYOUR SPECIAL NEEDS ORDESIGNS OF TRANSFORMER,LINEAR & SWITCHING PWRSUPPLY WILL BE MADE TOORDER AT SUNNY LOW LOWCOST & FASTEST DELIVERY.

SHIPPING ADDRESS:22129'/2 S. VERMONT AVETORRANCE. CA 90502

498 BYTE January 19(3

Circle 476 on inquiry card.

DECADES OF SERVICE

Washington Computer Services

97 Spring StreetNew York, New York 10012TO ORDER: CALL OUR TOLL-FREE NUMBER: (800)221-5416In N.Y. State and for technical information: (212) 226-2121

HOURS: 9 AM-5:30 PM (EST) Monday-Friday

anaffiHateof <((^C?J|?£^>>> ^.1912

CUSTOM COMPUTER ROOM WIRING SINCE 1960

TELEX: 12-5606 CABLE: WASHCOMP NYK

FULLY CONFIGURED BUSINESS SYSTEMS

The following are some examples of the fully assembled and tested business andscientific computer systems which we offer:

The Premier Multi-User Computer System CALL

18000 SX, multi-user, multi-processor, turbo DOS FOR

~r~aT^Ii CPM 2.2. FULL 2 YEAR WARRANTY! CONFIGURATION

5000IS, S-100 desk top mainframe

On-Site Service Contracts Available

MORROW MICHODECISION from below $1200

8088/8055-Runs both 8 & 16 bit software. Green or high res.color. CP/M, MS-DOS,_, -» APC-8086, 16 bit, 128K, 8" DRIVES, 1024x1024 Color Graphic,/V-fe^ 32bitF.P. Proc.,MSDOS,CP/M86 from$3295

PC-8800 Personal Computer

d^

ITERGroupj

CaliforniaComputerSystems

The Professional's Work StationNEC on N.Y.S. Contract #P-07220

68000 16 bit multi-user, S-100. UNIX V. 78086 16 bit, 128K RAM, S-100. Syst. #2

SCALL

S3499

Omfeo'festfeooffi

XEROX.

PiEPti;

NorthStaf^

MORROW

ALTOS

8 & 16 BIT BOARDS& SYSTEMS

SCION MicroAngelo Hi Res Graphics Systems SCALL

Similar savings on SSM, DELTA, DYNABYTE, TELEVIDEO, DIGIAC, ADDS, DEC.DATA GEN., ATARI, TECMAR AND MANY OTHERS

PRINTERS

Teletype 40. 300 LPM-typerwriter quality, RS-232interface. This quality printer is available in manyconfigurations including forms access, quietized case, etc.

TT

from Only$3200

Teletype 43

ANADEX DIABLO

CENTRONICS EPSON

C. ITOH FACIT

DATA PRODUCTS OKIDATA

DIGITAL EQUIP. CORP. OLIVETTI

INTERGRAL DATA SYS. QANTEX

from $995MANNESMANN TALLYNEC AMERICAQUME

SMITH CORONATELETYPETEXAS INSTRUMENTS

Where Do You Turn To Solve Your Computer Puzzle?

TURN TO US!

We'll show you

the easiest way

to put the

pieces together.

Matched, Compatible, Proven-Use Someone Else's Engineering to Supplement Yours.SOFTWARE

Over 2000 business, scientific, professional applications & educational packages areavailable. Call with your requirements for our advice or a quotation.

8" DISK DRIVE SALE NOW!

8'SHUGARTSA801R $385 8"SHUGARTSA851R $540 2for$1025

QUME DATATRACK 8 or MITSUBISHI $550 2 for $1050

Enclosure, power supply for 2 8" drives A & T $350

MORROW DISCUS 2D + CP/M® MICROSOFT BASIC, C0NT. $950

VISTA SCALL

HARD DISK SPECIALS

CORVUSTERMINALS

TELETYPETELEVIDEOLEAR SIEGLER

MORROW

PMMI MODEM

ADDS

ANN ARBORVISUAL

AMPEX Dialogue 81™

Interactive Terminal

•Full cursor control• Full editing keys•Full visual attributes•2 pages (4 pageoptional)•Printer port•Black & White, Green, orAmber screen

$795

xeoMP

$359

IBM 1301

DIGITAL EQUIP. CORP.

HAZELTINE

BACK TO SCHOOL SPECIAL!ZENITH ZT-1

Built-in Auto DialModem Terminal

_DEC VT-52 Compatible;96 ASCII+33graphics cursorcontrol keys. Editing $CCQfunctions. Many other DDv^functions.

PI F A^F! Do not con^use us witn mail order dea|ers-We are a

rLtnOC. full service distributor serving the data processing &installation needs of business & industry from micros to mainframes.System houses, Educational institutions & governmental agencies givenspecial consideration. Leasing available.

N.Y. State agencies, municipali-ties, and schools — call us forinformation on our O.G.S. termcontracts on hardware & software.

DEALER and INTERNATIONAL INQUIRIES WELCOME

For fast delivery, send certified check, money order or call to arrange direct bank wire transfer. Personal or company checks require two to three weeks toclear. Prices subject to change without notice: call for latest prices. Prices include 3% cash discount. N ,Y. residents add sales tax. Qantex is a trademark ofNorth Atlantic Industries, Inc. CP/M® is a trademark of Digital Research. All sales subject to our standard sale conditions (available on request). Call foshipping charges. Above prices do not include customization or installation.

Circle 423 on inquiry card.

BYTE January 1983 499

Maxell Floppy Disks

The Mini-Diskswith maximum quality.

Dealer inquiriesinvited. C.O.D'saccepted CallFREE (800) 235-4137.

PACIFIC EXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd.. San LuisSan Luis Obispo, CA 93401In Cal. call (800) 592-5935 or(8051543-1037

Circle 310 on inquiry card.

VOICE SYNTHESIZER

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM

CREATE YOUR OWN CUSTOM VOCABULARIES

For Tl 5220 or Gl SP-250 Speech Synthesizers

Using Your S-100 or INTELLEC™ Micro

INCLUDES HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE FOR:

DMA Voice Digitizing and Playback (8 bit mu-law codec)

• Parameter Extraction and Coding • Screen Oriented

Parameter Editor • Voice Synthesis

MODEL VPP-696 for S-100 (IEEE-696 Compatible) - CP/M80MODEL VPP-796 lor INTELLEC* MDS - ISIS II

$3900

(Includes Hardware and Software)

APPLIED DIGITAL SIGNAL ANALYSI

P.0, Box 1364 Palo Alto, CA 94301 (415) 326-7303

Intellee is a trademark of Intel Corp.

£

cle 7 on inquiry card.

^ELF" interf ace.Converts YourTypewriter Into Printer

• Finest print quality • low cost

• Easy Installation • Quick delivery

• Fits IBM selectric; id ElectronicTypewriters

• Models for all popi ir computers

• Call or write for more Information,todayl

ff^ - We export to all countries -

X INTERNATIONAL INC.5115 Douglas Fir RdcaiaDasas, CA 91302 U.S.A.Tel: (2131 710-1444 TLX/TWX: 910 494 2100 .

IPE

THE SORT JIM

General Sort and Merge UtilityCreated exclusively for the IBM Personal Computer

THE SORT SORTS:

• BASIC, PASCAL, FORTRANCOBOL and MaiLMerge files

• sequential,random files

" records organized by items and lines

• for all common data types (string-text,integer, real, double precision)

• for all common data types (stj ingtext,integer, real, double precision)

• external and internal datarepresentations

• interactive parameter preparation

• record selection

Requires 48 K and one disk driveAlso OMS SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT SERIES

A. PASCAL SCREEN UNIT - Access screen and

keyboard from Pascal program $40

B. PASCAL DOUBLE PRECISION ARITHMETIC

PACKAGE - Increase your Pascal

integer arithmetic precision to 32 bits! $40

C. UTILITY PACKAGE ■ converts video modes,

opens communication lines, speeds upI/O, Sets Epson and NEC tabs $25

'Registered trademark of IBM.

Send order with check/money order to

ORGANIZATIONAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS, INC.

3 Chickory Court, Glen Arm. Md, 21057

(301)668-9011

MD residents include 5% sales tax

STOPl.OSIM. MONEY ON TIMK-SHARK SKRVK'KS!

» » » LOGICSIM * * ♦

Circle 304 on inquiry card.

FREE! FREE! FREE! FREE! FREEIrJS^I

=i 90~ Rox2°A0^ i 90006 B

Circle 15 on inquiry card.

NEW TRS-80* PROGRAM LETS

YOU CHART STOCKS LIKE

A WALL STREET PRO.

Wall Street TAP is a professional stock market tradingtool. It employs the same technical analysis methodsused by successful market experts to buy and sell. Timesensitive point & figure, moving average and on volumebalance charts are at your fingertips.User friendly Wall Street TAP spots trends and comparesstocks instantly. It is a technical analysis package for theTRS-80 Model I or III 48K, 1 disk drive. 'TRS-80. TandyCorp. Trademark.

Order Your Wall Street TAP Today!

Send check or money order for US $199.95 along withyour name, address, city, state and zip to: Think SoftwareInc., Dept. B 572 - 810 W Broadway, Vancouver, B.CCanada V5Z 4C9. Or use your Visa/MasterCard, includecard no., expiry date and signature. Card user phoneorders accepted - call (604) 261-7261 24 hrs.

You'll Receive: Wall Street TAP Tape Plus

documentation, sample printouts, help desk supportPostage, handling & FREE BOOK - Understanding WallStreet is included in price. Documentation only availableUS $29.95 + $2 shipping. Dealer inquiries welcomed

WALLTIip*

street inn

* Technical Analysis Package.

Now Chart Stocks For More Profits & Bigger Gains.

CP/M basedprofessionallogicsimulator

* Eor engineering work st

* i .ir gate-array, custom and all other l( designers

* Eor digital system engineers

Nine logic stales, ability lo simulate TTL/NMOS/CMOS/PMOS logic, ROM'sand RAM's, three-state and transfer gates, wired-or'ed nodes, propagationdelays, spike and raiM analysis, evpandable pin-number based TTL macro libraryplus numerous other features make LOGICSIM comparable to industrystandard simulators.

now. Send us a $30 check for LOGICSIM demo copy andt Manual.

Please specify 8" IBM 3740/ 5" APPLE 11 (13/16 sector). CP/M basedS6K lo64K systems (APPLE'S with CP/M card). Introductory price S276.

For more information, call (408) 578-8096, Or write:

E/Z ASSOCIATES, 5589 Starcrest Dr., San Jose. CA 95123

LOGICSIM

Circle 158 on inquiry card.

ONE BOARD CP/M SYSTEM!

only $750

Assm., Tested

& Burned-In

for one week

Features:

• 8'/2 by 12 inches

• 10 MHZ 8085 CPU

• 64K RAM

• 3 RS-232 channels

• 8272 Floppy Disk Controller

• Handles Single/Double Density

• One to Four Drives. 801R or850R.

Documentation $15.

CP/M Floppy Disk Operating System $150

Check or Money Order

c

autocontrolB

11400 Dorsett Rd.St. Louis. MO 63043

(314) 739-0055

")

Circle 43 on inquiry card.

\ferbatim*

Floppy Discs

CALL NOW-TOLL FREE

1-800-328-DISC

Dealer inquiries invited. C.O.D.'s andcharge cards accepted.All orders shipped from stock,within 24 hours. Call toll FREE.

a4^

w

North Hills Corporation

3564 Rolling View Dr.

While Bear Lake, MN 55110

1-800-328-DISC

MNCall Colled 1-612-770-048S

Circle 212 on inquiry card.

Circle 402 on inquiry card.

Circle 292 on inquiry card.

FULL LINE ALL PARTS & COMPUTER PRODUCTS

P.O. Box 4430XSanta Clara, CA 95054•Will calls: 2322 Walsh Ave.(408) 988-1640

Sams day shipment. First line parts only. Factory tested. Guaranteedmoney back. Quality IC's and other components at factory prices.

INTEGRATED CIRCUITS Phone orders only (800) 538-8196

r ELECTRONICS

MOM

1>

LM3S0K

IC SOCKETS

ir Tin Lwr Pratilattir PIN IUP

74C30?«C7*

7419QN

M192N,'4!9:jN

T^Ljiem.

74LSO0N74LS02N

74LS2QN74L522N74LS2BN

74LS33N

■■

89 LM1M9

I.M390S

LMJ909NN1550N

CLOCKS'

MM5311MM531?

35 7205

2S 7Z07

35 7?08

59 720S

35 WSM5932

« 49 B080A« 95 (085*5 95 ZgOCPll

Slopwtlch Kll 26.95Auto Clock Kit 1T.KDigital Clock Kit IS.75

1 a

RESISTORS Vi will S*

■ Hi

10 per type 05

1000 per lype 012

1 Mh

5000 per type 0085

360 piece pack,

; ;j;'

5 per lype a.95

595

ft Witt b\ per type 05

■-, U

DIP SWITCHES

4-position 85

5-pOSrlioc 90

6-posrtion 90

7-position 95

-.. ¥:

8-position 95

COMPUTERFANJ7.75

MONITORS12 GREEN5129 DO12-(VW

I1150P

3 25345

3 95

KEYBOAROS

56 key ASCII keyboard kiFully assembled

Enclosure Plastic

Metal Enclosure

78M0S7510875491CN

3 5795MH12QI00MM;2.097152 MHz

5 5536MHt14 31818MHI19 432MH7

74C927JNTERMCE

.55 ZBO CIC

55 2B80AC1C

55 ZSODARt

55 ZBQADAR1

1 25 780 DMA

1 25 Z8DA0UA

1 40 Z60SI0 0

A to 0 CONVERTER

S03BB 3.95

S700CJ 13.95

8701CN 22 00

8750CJ 13 95

9400CJV F 7 40

ICL7103 9 50

ICL7107 It 95

OISK CQHTROLlEHS1771 15 M

17B1 24 9!

1793 26 9!

U.PD765 34 9!

KETBOIRO ENCODE RS

D Connnt.rJ RSZ32DB25P 2 95

OB25S 3 50

U»RT/flF0AY5-1013 I

AY5-10HA/1BI! I

2I02AL.1

2102AN-2I

21 MA- 4

21076-4

2111-1

2112-2

CQ4017

C04019C04020C04021C04022CD4D23

CD4030CDa035CD4040

11.300ns 2 25 1802CE*i;IL 450ns 1 95 lB02Epl»!

LEDS

3 95 RM T018

5 95 Greer. Yellow T018

11 95 Jumpo ReO

f-J| Green. Orange. Yellow Jumbo

111 Clipllle LEO Mounllng Clips 4

5 95 (spec reO. amber, green, yellow c

\] H CONTINENTAL SPECIALTIES In I

15 95 Complete line ot breadboard test ei

Hfi SPECIAL PRODUCTS

lili 2 5 MHi Freq Counter Kit 37 50

is 11 30 MHz Free,. Counter Kit 47.75

Is 50 AC TRANSFORMERS

1550 FRAME WALL PLUG

'00 6V 500 ma S* 00 10V 2 amp 17 95

1 " 6 3VCT600ma 4 60 12V 250 ma 2 95

If. 12V 250 ma 1 95 12VCT250ma 3 75

!;! 12 6VCT600ma 4 95 12V 500 ma 4 50

449 12 6VCT2amps 5 95 12V lamp 5.95

6 95 12.6V CT 4 amp 8 60 12V 2 amp 7 95

* « 12 6VCT8amp 10 80 6. 9, 12VOC

l*J, 24V CT 100 ma 3.95 300 ma B 95

SIS 24V CT 600 ma 4.95 9 VDC 500 ma 3.75

4116200(11 1.69

8-4116 200m '2 40

6'4116150ns 1*75

MMS2B0 3.00

MM5321 995

MM5330 594P5I01L

9368

17.8!

Constant Vollioe Translormers 1?V I

i-'U!

1000

DISPLAY LEOS

MAN 72 74

OL704

DL7O7/DL707R

DL727/728

DL747/750

CA-CA 300 75

CC 300 1 2S

CA 300 1 00

CA/CC .500 1.90

CA/CC 600 1.49

CC 357 70

CC/CA 500 99

CC/CA 500 90

CC'CA 800 2 20

6116LP-44164 ?00ns4l84l50nj

LM317KLM318

FND5OO507

FND503/510

FND800.807

lOOigit display

7520 Clairei photocells

TIL311 Hm

MAN4610 CA 40

MAN4710 CA 40

UAN6640 CC 56

MAN6710 CA 60

MAN6740 CC 60

39 9529 9531 95

Apple Peripheral Kits

SERIAL I/O INTERFACE 0 to 30,000 baud,D.T.R., Input & output from monitor or basic, oruse Apple as intelligent terminal, Bd only (P/N 2)$14.95, Kit (P/N 2A) $51.25, Assembled (P/N20 $62.95.

PROTOTYPING BOARD (P/N 7907) $21.95.PARALLEL TRIAC OUTPUT BOARD 8 triacs,each can switch 110V, 6A loads, Bd only (P/N210) $19.20, Kit (P/N 210A) $119.55.APPLE II GAME PADDLES Adam and Eve $38.00.16K RAM Board to take you to 64K. Assem$67. Kit $57.

Interlace Kits

SERIAL/PARALLEL INTERFACE Bidirectional,Baud rates from 110 to 19.2K, sw selectablepolarity of input and output strobe, 5 to 8 databits, 1 or 2 stop bits, parity odd or even or none,ail characters contain a start bit, +5 & -12Vrequired.Bd only (P/N 101) $11.95, Kit (P/N101A) $42.89.

RS-232/TTL INTERFACE Bidirectional, re-quires ±12V, Kit (P/N 232A) $9.95.RS-232/20mA INTERFACE Bidirectional. 2passive opto-isolated circuits, Kit (P/N 7901A)$14.95.

PROM Eraser

Will erase 25 PROMs in 15 minutes. Ultraviolet,assembled. 25 PROM capacity $37.50 (withtimer $69.50) 6 PROM capacity OSHA/UL ver-sion $83.00 (with timer $119.00).

Z80 MicroProfessor $135.00

Single board computer. Learning, teaching, pro-totyping. 2K RAM, keyboard, displays; cassetteinterlace. Tiny BASIC $19.00. All fullyassembled.

4116 200ns Dynamic RAM 8 S10.00

MONTHLY SPECIALS

2114

2114L3

2764

Z80DMA

H.PD 765

LM317K

8/S13.958/S14.95$14.50$ 9.95$34.95$ 1.50

2732-2

4164-150

1771

1791

1793

2532

$10.95

6.75

15.95

24.95

26.95

6.50

Z80 Microcomputer Kit $69.00

16 bit I/O, 2 MHz clock, 2K RAM, ROM Bread-board space. Excellent for control. Bare Board$28.50. Full Kit $79.00. Monitor $20.00. PowerSupply Kit $35.00. Tiny Basic $30.00.

Modem Kit $60.00

State of the art, orig., answer. No tuning neces-sary. 103 compatible 300 baud. Inexpensiveacoustic coupler plans included. Bd. only$17.00. Article in June, July, Aug. RadioElectronics, 1981.

60 Hz Crystal Time Base Kit $4.40

Converts digital clocks from AC line frequency tocrystal time base. Outstanding accuracy.

Video Modulator Kit $9.95

Convert TV set into a high quality monitor w/oaffecting usage. Comp. kit w/full instruc

Multi-volt Computer Power Supply

8v 5 amp, ±18v .5 amp, 5v 1.5 amp, -5v.5 amp, 12v .5 amp, -12v option. ±5v, ±12vare regulated. Basic Kit $35.95. Kit with chassisand all hardware $51.95. Add $5.00 shipping. Kitof hardware $16.00. Woodgrain case $10.00.$1.50 shipping.

Type-N Talk by Votrax

Text to speech synthesizer with unlimited vo-cabulary, built-in text to speech algorithm. 70to 100 bits per second speech synthesizer,RS232C interface $275.00. Speech IC $59.00.

INTRODUCING A BRAND NEW MICROCOMPUTER

VENTURE is a singleboard computer that is anadventure forthe hobbyistIt is a learning, trainingcomputer as well as justplain fun for anyone whowants to get into a state-of-the-art computer at rea-sonable cost.

VENTURE comes in kitform or fully assembled andtested. You can get it in itsminimum configuration for as little as $195.00or take it all the way to floppy disks and voice,tt can be expanded as a kit or fully assembled,at your own pace and choice.

VENTURE is a 16" by 20" main board withseparate ASCII and HEX keyboards. It runs fast,almost 4 MHz, and has the capability of putting1.5 megabyte of RAM and ROM on the boardalong with a variety of inexpensive options.

A 16-channel analog-to-digital converter al-lows use of joysticks, control functions, in-strumentation, temperature sensing, etc. T1sound generator, software controlled music,Votrax voice synthesizer and real time clockcalendar add to its versatility.

VENTURE connects directly to a monitor orto your TV set through an RF modulator. Andnow for the heart of VENTURE.. .its video dis-play. VENTURE has a high resolution program-mable video display with up to 16,384 user-defined characters, alphanumeric symbols,special graphics or objects, such as space ships,etc. Each character is 8 pixels wide by 16 pixelshigh, with 2 grayscale maps: it has 256 levelsof grayscale plus video invert/compliment andhidden screen update for a "snow" free dis-play. The display is 512x512 pixel mapped with2 planes of video RAM per display, VENTUREvideo is in short. ..astounding!

VENTURE has complete software supportwith full BASIC, 3 ROM monitors, disassem-bler/assembler/editor. It will run real-time videogames, all RCA chip 8 programs and all current

El/t'niiti'i?

RCA Cosmac 1802 Super Elf Computer $106.95

Quest 1802 software. VENTURE DOS will accommo,date up to four 5W doubledensity floppies. A com-plete 1802 programmingbook is available. All ver-sions of VENTURE areshipped with a set of man-uals written to be under-stood by the inexperiencedas well as experienced user.A standard 60-pin buswith 5 slots, parallel ports and 2 serial portswith full handshaking (75 to 9600 BAUD) allowexpansion into floppy disks, color, EPROMprogrammer, printer, model of your choice.Later expansion will add a light pen, a universaluser programmable music sound board, Gen-eral Purpose Instrument Bus, and a high reso-lution color/grayscale pixel mapped video board.On-Board Options

16 channel A to D; 5 slot 60 pin bus, 2 serialports, parallel ports, 4 video options incl. color,48K RAM, Votrax voice synthesizer, soundgenerator, EPROM, full BASIC, disassembler,editor, assembler, metal cabinet, additionalpower supply, ASCII keyboard real time clockcalendar.Expansion Options

Floppy disk, EPROM programmer, light pen,universal user programmable music, soundboard high resolution color/grayscale pixelmapped video board. General Purpose Instru-ment Bus, 8088 co-processor boardMinimum VENTURE System S195.00Kit includes CPU and control with 4K ol RAM,1K of scratchpad, 2K monitor, 1861 videographics, cassette interface and separate HEXkeyboard with LED displays for address andoutput. Power supply is included along with 2game cassettes. The main board is 16" x 20"and includes space for all of the previouslydiscussed on-board options. Full on-board ex-pansion can be completed for under$1000.00.Call for further details, option prices, etc

The Super Elf is a tremendous value as it combinesvideo, digital displays, LED displays, and music,all on a single board for $106.95.The Super Elf expansion capability is virtually un-limited and you can do it inexpensively one step ata time. Expansion includes casstte interface, addi-tional memory, color video, Basic, ASCII key-board, printer, floppy, S-100 bus, RS232. etc.The Super Elf comes complete with power supplyand detailed 127 page instruction manual whichincludes over 40 pages of software, including aseries of lessons to help get you started and amusic program and graphics target game. Manyschools and universities are using the Super Elf asa course of study. OEM's use it for training and

R&D. A monthly newsletter. Questdata is devoted

exclusively to software for the Super Elf and there

are many software books available at low cost.

The Super EH computer system is now available as

a series of bare boards as well as full kits and

assembled.

Bare Boards: Super Ell $35.00. Super Expansion

$35.00. Power Supply $10.00. S-100 Color

$35.00. Dynamic RAM $40.00. Manuals $10.00.

Super Basic $45.00.

"Eat & Run" cassette $14.95

Free 14 Page Brochure

Send or call for a free brochure on alldetails and pricing of the Super Elf and itsexpansion. We will get it right outto you!

Voltage Mate $18.50

$1.25 shipping. Switching regulator kit withadjustable AC/DC voltage conversion. 3 modesof operation; step up, step down, inversion.Jumper selectable modes of operation. Inputvoltage5-15VDC, outputvoltage -24to +30VDC, current draw 30-250 ma.

UHF Preamplifier Kit $34.95

$2 00 shipping. Improves uhf reception dra-matically, 25 db gain assem. version $57.50.Articles Radio Elect. Mar. May. 1981.

Fluke Multimeters

D800 $125.—D802 $189—D804 $249.

Rockwell AIM 65 Computer

6502 based single board with full ASCII key-board and 200 column thermal printer. 20 char,alphanumeric display ROM monitor; fully ex-pandable $445.00. 4K version $454.00. 4KAssembler $35.00,8K Basic Interpreter $65.00.

Special small power supply 5V 2A 24V 5Aassem in frame $59.00. Molded plastic enclo-sure to fit both AIM 65 and power supply$52.50. AIM 65 1K in cabinet with power sup-ply, switch, fuse, cord assem. $571.00. 4K$586.00. A65/4D-5000 AIM 65/40 W/16K RAMand monitor $1295.00. RAM Board Kit (16K,$195) (32K, $215). VD640 Video Interface Kit$119.00. A&T $149.00. Complete AIM 65 inthin briefcase'with power supply $532.00.Special Package Price: 4K AIM, 8K Basic, powersupply, cabinet $615.00.

AIM 65/KIM/SYM/Super Elf 44 pin expan-sion board: board with 3 connectors $22.95.'Send for complete list ol all AIM products.

^

■■

;

Elf II Adapter Kit $24.95

Plugs into Elf II providing Super Elf 44 and 50 pinplus S-100 bus expansion. (With Super Ex-pansion). High and low address displays, stateand mode LED s optional $18.00.

Super Color S-100 Video Kit $99.00

Expandable to 256 x 192 high resolution color Igraphics. 6847 with all display modes computer |controlled. Memory mapped. 1K RAM expand-able to 6K. S-100 bus 1802, 8080. 8085, Z80.etc Dealers: Send for excellent pricing/marginprogram.

TERMS: $5.00 min. order U.S. Funds. Calif, residents add 6% tax. Prices

$10.00 min. VISA and MasterCard accepted. $1.00 insurance optional. subjectShipping: Add 5%; orders under $25.00—10%. to change

FREE: Send for your copy of our 1982QUEST CATALOG. Include 88e stamp.

Circl*345 on Inquiry card.

BYTE January 1983 501

SUPER 1/

Interface your TRS80* or Sinclair* with 256bitsof 1/0(16 Input ports +16 Output portslasa micro development system to your ownbreadboard project, as a controller (for periph-erals, switches, LED'S, A/D's, UART's,MODEM'S, voice chips, sensors, almost every-thing electronic!, as an easy learning aid. orconnect multiple boards lor an intercomputerlocal area network! Simple to program (exam-ples provided in BASIC. FORTRAN & ASSEM-BLER].

Soon:Super-I/0" for Apple II" & IBM PC*

• SUPER - I/O • BOARD

includes Owners Manual,

cables sold separately $199**

• ACCESSORIES

TRS-80* Cable (specify model) $29

Sinclair* Cable $29

I/O Port Cable (order as needed 1-16) $ 9Owners Manual (manual only) $29

Application & Technical Manual $49

• SHIPPING 8, HANDLING-

(US only) add $5

Nevada residents add sales tax

"Check or Money Order

Credit Card orders add 10%

WIN/MILL RESEARCH INC.

453 Crampton Avenue

Reno, Nevada 89502

ORDER PHONE (only) (702) 329-0441

For priority info, send SASE.

Circle 429 on Inquiry card.

DISCOUNT DRIVES

Apple II Disk Drives $285.00

Controller $90.00

Tandon TM100-2 5W

d/s TRS-80 $249.00

Tandon TM 100-4 51/4M

d/s Zenith $319.00

Tandon TM848-1 8" $355.00

Tandon TM848-2 8"

thinline d/s $417.00

Tandon TM603 10 MB Wini $899.00

Tandon TM603E 14.2

MB Wini $995.00

SASI Interface $125.00

Xebec Controller $349.00

Elephant floppy disks ss/sd $17.95 (box of 10)"ALL floppies discounted & 100% guaranteed"

WHOLESALE SUPPLIERS

Dlv. B.O.S.S. Inc.

P.O. Box 22428 Carmel, CA 93922Call (408) 373-0320

DATA COMMUNICATIONS

SPECIALISTS FOR

IBM PC & SEATTLE

COMPUTERS

Teleprocessing software available forabove computers to time-sharing host orbetween two users (send binary files, alsoVVersion 2 software, $60; Version 3, IBM PC$95, SEATTLE $160. Write for details or$3.00 for manuals.

SEATTLE 8086 computer and MS-DOS',

Pascal. BASIC, FORTRAN, COBOL,

Perfect Writer, or Multi-Plan.

SPECIAL PRICE for SEATTLE SYSTEM 2 +

4-port serial board + cables + choice of

Microsoft BASIC, Pascal, FORTRAN, or

COBOL.

SEATTLE 8086 GAZELLE Computer

system.

Write for literature and prices on above

systems, or call for quote.

■ PCPCB COMPUTER 8; STATISTICALL-iOLOW corisuLTino. servicesP.O. BOX 5351TERRE HAUTE, IN 47805(812)466-4111'Trademark of Microsoft, Inc.

Circle 131 on inquiry card.

r^

flQGHiiM^flPPLEUUflRE INC.

\

|k|E%A#|| The Apple users group

*^ ■ ■» •• software library bonanzaal truly affordable prices. For the first timeenjoy your Apple to its fullest capacityusing specially packed disks with over 60outstanding programs each. Not availablefrom any other source!

•Applesoft • 3.3 DOS

offers

lAn extensive variety of interesting

useful and entertaining programs

ndispensable- to the serious computerisi

ncluding:

Educational • Graphics

Music • Science

Data Base • Finance .

Library disks 1, 2 & 3 are mixed categories and newdisks 4 (Games). 5 (Utilities), 6 (Graphics) & 7 (Integer)at $59.95each. Why pay more?

Order direct from this ad and $ave up to $136.Buy disk library package 1, 2 & 3 and get aspecial bonus disk FREE — over 260 programsfor $179.95 + shipping. For best value, getall 8 disks for $349. postage prepaid, for over530 of our best programs at 65$ each!Call now toll free: 1-800-327-8664Florida: 1-305-987-8665

6400 Hayes St. ™3uffl —VISA

Hollywood. FL 33024 vi—xj

BusinessGames

SYSTEM/Z'S BASIC/Z

A New compiled Basic for CP/M or MDOS

• No Royalties - No Run-time Charges

• Generates machine code (8080/280)

• Sort Verb - 2000 elements in 2 seconds

• Alpha-numeric Labels

• Chain with common

• BCD Floating Point Math to 18 Digits

• Editor Tests Syntax As you Type

• Recursive, Multi-line. User Functions

• Dynamically Dimension Arrays

• selectively Erase Arrays

• Trace and Single-step debugging

• Multi-tiered Error Trapping

• Cursor Addressing, Reverse and BlinkingVideo

want to see how it works7

Get DAMAN s Mail-use program for S30 BASIC/Z run-timepackage*; are included.

BASIC-Z lists for SJ45, but from DAMAN it s

S312 Post Paid to North America

VISA and Master card Accepted. COO available or $298 wn

cash discount icash. check, money order)

Add S7 for airmail shipment outside N AmericaSpecify 8" Mitrop vector Graphic Apple. Osborne,NEC. N. StarFull BASIC/Z Documentation $35 (Credited to full order)

Suite 14-043322 MemParkway SW

&

m

1205) B85-8113

Huntsviile.Alabama 35801

Circle 135 on inquiry card.

:

Electronic

Circuit

Analysis

DC and AC analysis

Very fast, machine language

Infinite circuits on multiple passes

Worst case, sensitivity analysis

Dynamic modification

64 Nodes, 127 branches

Compare circuits

Log or linear sweep

Full file handling

Frequency response, magnitude and phase

Complete manual with examples

TRS-80 {TRSDOS) $90.00

CP/M $150.00

Tatum LabsP.O. Box 722Hawleyville, CT

06440

(203) 426-2184

Circle 428 on inquiry card.

Circle 32 on inquiry card.

Circle 392 on inquiry card.

\ferbatinr

Floppy Discs

save 40% co;rtpVt°;,i;T

5-j / 11 Specify soft, Price/10/* 10 or 16 sector

MD525 1 side/dbl dens $27.30

MD550 2 sides/dbl dens 40.30

MD677 1 side/77 track 37.10

MD557 2 sides/77 track 47.50

811 Critically CertifiedSoft sector

FD34-9000 1 side/sgl dans 33.80

FD34-8000 1 side/dbl dens 39.00

FD34-4001 2 side/dbl dens 46.20

CHECKS - VISA - MC - C.O.D.1313) 777-7780 ADD $2 SHIPPING

LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS

27204 Harper Ave.

St. Clair Shores, Ml 48081

ELIZA IS HERE!

AT LAST! A FULL IMPLEMENTATION ot the original ELIZAprogram is now available to run on your microcomputer!

Created at MIT in 1966, ELIZA has become the world's mostcelebrated artificial intelligence demonstration program. ELIZA isa non-directive psychotherapist who analyzes each statement asyou type it in and then responds with her own comment or question— and her remarks are often stadlingly appropriate!

Designed to run on a large mainframe. ELIZA has hitherto beenunavailable to personal computer users except in greatly strippeddown versions lacking the sophistication which made the originalprogram so fascinating.

Now, our new microcomputer version possessing the FULL powerand range of expression of the original is being offered at theintroductory price of only $25. And it you want to find out how shedoes it (or teach her to do more) we will include the completeSource Program for only £20 additional.

Order your copy ot ELIZA today and you'll never again wonder howto respond when you hear someone say "Okay, let's see what thiscomputer of yours can actually do!"

ELIZA IS AVAILABLE IN THE FOLLOWING DISK FORMATS:

1 Standard 8 inch single density tor all CP/M based computers$25 for ELIZA COM - add $20 lor Microsoft BASIC-80 Source

2. 5'/. inch CP/M lor AppW II equipped with 2-80 SoftCard

S25 lor ELIZA COM - aod $20 lor Microsolt BASIC-80 Source

3 5'i inch for 48K Apple II with Applesoft ROM and DOS 3 3$25 lor Protected File - add S20 tor Applesoft Source

4 S'< inch for 64K IBM Personal Computer

$25 lor Protected File - add S20 tor IBM Disk BASIC Source5. 5'xi inch for Osborne I Microcomputer

$25 lor Protected File - add $20 lor Microsoft BASIC-BO Source

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE RESEARCH GROUP

921 NORTH LA JOLLA AVENUEpMBI LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 90046 jflMftkI vtu' I (213)656-7368 (213)654-2214 WgMi

'— J MC. VISA and CHECKS ACCEPTED

MICROPRINTER

ACOUSTIC ENCLOSURE

S

99 to $1 99

Model Printer Sug. Ret.

MPC I Epsom MX80 $99

MPC II OKI 824 $129

MPC III MX 100.0K1 831. $179

OthersMPC IV IDS, Many Others $249

• Reduces Printer Noise Up To 90%

• Walnut or Oak Veneer

• Heavy Duty Acrylic Cover

• Add UPS Shipping and Handling

CAB - TEK

CIVILIZING PRINTERSORDER NOW800-343-4311

Mastercharge & Visa Accepted

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

CAB-TEK. Inc Riverside St Nashua. NH 03062

Circle 233 on inquiry can

Circle 36 on inquiry card.

Circle 71 on inquiry can

WE STOCKEAGLE COMPUTERS

COmPUTER

USI Video Monitors—Green or amber20 MHz hi-res. Dealer and OEM inquiriesinvited

^^2S^F

SPECIALS on INTREGATED CIRCUITS

6502 7.45 10/6.95 50/6.55 100/615

6502A/6512A 8.40 10/7.95 50/7.35 100/6.90

6520PIA 5.15 10/4.90 50/4 45 100/4.15

6522 VIA 6.45 10/6.10 50/5.75 100/5.45

6532 7.90 10/740 50/7,00 100/6.60

2114-L200 2.45 25/2.30 100/215

2716EPR0M 4.90 5/4.50 10/4.00

2532EPROM 8.90 5/8.45 10/7.90

6116 2KX8 CMOS RAM 8.90 5/8.45 10/7.90

4116 RAM 8 lor 14

Zero Insertion Force 24 pin Socket jScanbe) 2 00

Anchor Automation Signalman Modems

FREE SOURCE MEMBERSHIP WITH SIGNALMAN

All Signalman Modems are Direct Connect, and include cablesto connect to your computer and to the telephone SignalmanModems provide the best price-performance values, and startat less than $100 Dealtr and OEM inquiries invited

Mark I RS232

Mark II lor Atari 850

Mark IV tor CBM/PET with software

Mark V tor Osborne (software available)

Mark VI for IBM Personal Computer

Mark VII Auto Dial/Auto Answer

Mark VIII Bell 212 Auto Dial/Answer

DC HAYES SmartmodemRS232 MODEM — AccoosticRS232 MODEM — CCITT frequencies

229119175

We carry Apple 11+ fromBell & Howell

for Apple

16K RAM Card

Apple LOGO

Video Recorder Interface

Super Serial Card

Thunderclock Plus

Z80 Softcard and CP/M

Parallel Printer Interface/Cable

Grappler Interface

TG Products Joystick for Apple

TG Paddles

DC Hayes Micromodem II

Videx 80 Column Card

fijIIFORTH-t- for Apple (fig-Forth)

Silentype Printer and Card

Graphics Tablet and Card

Apple PASCAL Language

Apple FORTRAN

We stock EDUWARE Software

GENIS I Courseware Development System

Unicom Grade Reporting or School Inventory

Executive Briefing System with fonts

Apple Dumpling (Microtek) Printer InterfaceApple Dumpling with 16K BufferPIE Writer Word Processor

65

15054514911929580139

4B

32299259

85310645195160

145250225

115160120

Qcommodore

See us for Personal Business,and Educational requirements.Educational Discounts available.

PETSCAN $245 base price

Allows you to connect up to 35 CBM/PET Computers toshared disk drives and printers Completely transparent to theuser. Perfect for schools or multiple word processing con-figurations. Base configuration supports 2 computers Addi-tional computer hookups $100 each.

Commodore COMMUNICATES!

COMPACK

$129

Intelligent Terminal Package includesACIA hardware based interface; DB25 Cable and STCP Soft-ware with remote telemetry, transfer to/from disk, printer out-put, XON-XOFF control, user program control, and statusline.

VE-2 IEEE to Parallel Interface 119

Includes case, power supply, full 8-bit transmission, andswitch selectable character conversion to ASCII

VIC 20VIC PrinterVIC 3K RAMVIC 8K RAMVIC 16K RAMVIC Disk DriveVIC PmballVIC Omega RaceSpiders of Mars (UMI)VIC Draw Poker

18933532539939532323924

VIC Sargon II ChessVIC GORFMeteor Run (UMI)VIC Radar RatraceAmok (UMI)SnakmanRubik's CubeProgrammers ReferenceRenaissance (UMI)VIC Superslot

VICTORY Software for VIC

Street Sweepers 12 Maze in 3-D

Night RiderTreasures ol Bat CaveGames Pack IVictory CasinoAdventure Pack II

111212812

Cosmic DebrisGrave Robbers AdventGames Pack IIAdventure Park ITrek

TNW 488/103 with DAA 450

Compute's First Book of PET/CBM 11

POWER ROM Utilities tor PET/CBM 78

WordPro 3+ - 32K CBM. disk, printer 195

WordPro 4+ - 8032, disk, printer 300

SPELLMASTER spelling checker for WordPro 170

COPY-WRITER Professional Word Processor 159

VISICALC for PET, ATARI, or Apple 190

PETRAX PET to Epson Graphics Software 35

SM-KIT enhanced PET/CBM ROM Otilities 40

Programmers Toolkit - PET ROM Utilities 35

PET Spacemaker II ROM Switch 36

2 Meter PET to IEEE or IEEE to IEEE Cable 40

Dust Cover tor PET, CBM. 4040. or 8050 8

VIC or C64 Parallel Printer Interface 85

CmC IEEE-RS232 Printer Interface — PET 120

SADI Intelligent IEEE-RS232 or parallel 235

Library of PET Subroutines 12

Programming the PET/CBM (Compute!) — R. West 20

Compute1 First Book of VIC 11

Whole PET Catalog (Midnight Gazette) 8

Color Chart Video Board for PET 125

PET Fun and Games (Cursor) 11

FlexFile for PET/CBM $110

Database, Report Writer with Calculations, Mailing Lists

FORTH for PET full FIG model — Cargill/Riley $50

Metacompiler for FORTH for independent object code 30

8565

KMMM PASCAL for PET/CBM

EARL for PET/CBM Disk-based ASSEMBLER

Super Graphics — BASIC Language Exercises 45

Fast machine language graphics routines for PET/CBM

RAM/ROM for PET/CBM

4K $75 8K $90

DISKSPECIALS

SCOTCH (3M) 5"SCOTCH (3M) 8"

10/2.30 50/2.10 100/2.0510/2.45 50/2 20 100/2.15

We stock VERBATIM DISKS

Write for Dealer and OEM prices.

BASF 5" or 8" 10/ 2 00 20/1.95 100/1.85

Wabash 5" 10/1 80 50/1.75 100/1.70

Wabash 8" 10/2.25 50/2 20 100/2.10

We stock MAXELL DISKS

Write for dealer and OEM prices.

Disk Storage Pages 10 for $5 Hub Rings 50 (or $6Disk Library Cases "—3.00 5 "—225Head Cleaning Kits 11

CASSETTES—AGFA PE-611 PREMIUM

High output, low noise. 5 screw housings.

C-10 10/61 50/58

100/50

C-30 10/85 50/82

100/70

SPECIALS

Timex/Smclair ComputerZenith ZVM-121 Green Phosphor MonitorINTEX Talker Text to Speech SystemBMC Green and Color MonitorsBrother Daisy Wheel PrinterSTARWRITER Daisy Wheel Printer F10We Stock AMOEK MonitorsWatanabe Intelligent Plotter 995Staticide anti-static spraydBASE II

6-pen

95109265

8801445

1295

6

445

ALL BOOK and SOFTWARE PRICES DISCOUNTEDA P Products .JA%.°f.F

Synertek SYM-1 Microcomputer SALE 189

KTM-2/80 Synertek Video and Keyboard 349

KTM-3/80 Synertek Tubeless Terminal 385

/£X Alspa Computer, Inc.

The price-performance leader Includes Z80A, 1 or 2 full 8"drives (double density, double sided), 3 serial and 1 parallelport, and Winchester port Prices start at less than $2000DEALER and OEM inquiries invited

YgMiTH I data

I systems

Z90-80 64K 1995

Z90-82 64K. 1 double dens drive 2245

Z37 1 3 Megabyte Dual Drive 1355

Z19 Video Terminal (VT-52 compatible) 695

ZT-1 Intelligent Communications Terminal 550

Z100 16-bit/8-bit System CALL

A

ATARI*

SPECIALS

800 Computer400—16K810 Disk Drive825 Printer850 InterlaceInside Atari DOSJoysticks or Paddles16K RAM (Microtek)32K RAM (Microtek)Pilot

Super BreakoutAPX Software

649

269

440

625

170

18

19

69

99

65

29

Call

Microsoft BASICMISSILE COMMANDASTEROIDSSTAR RAIDERS

Space InvadersMusic ComposerCaverns of MarsPAC-MANCENTIPEDEFirst Book of AtariAnchor Modem—AtariOther Atari products

72292934

29353336361185Call

252 Bethlehem PikeColmar. PA 18915

215-822-7727

A B Computers

WRITE FOR CATALOG

Add $1 25 per order for shipping. We pay balance of UPS surfacecharges on all prepaid orders Prices listed are on cash discountbasis Regular prices slightly higher Prices subject to change

Circle 4 on inquiry card.

BYTE fanuary 1983 503

Make any key

on your keyboard

a special-function key

with ordinary BASIC.

"Power Programmingin BASIC"

At your computer store ororder direct

$16.95

plus $1.50 postage

TJD EnterprisesSuite 512

2401 Blueridge Ave. \Wheaton, MD 20902 1

ORDERS ONLY 800/638-2000

Wash DC Metro 301/933-4801MC/VISA/AMX ACCEPTED

Dealer/retail inquiries invited

ircle 405 on inquiry card.

Beautiful Plots with

PLOTPAK™

PLOTPAK is a complete plottinglibrary that runs under FORTRAN-80and includes drivers for the followingscreens and plotters:

• MicroAngelo MA 512

• ADM + Retrographics

• TEK 4010 compatible terminals

• Houston Intruments DMP-4

• HP plotters 7225B and 7470

• Radio Shack Printer/PlotterPLOTPAK(.RELfile): $275.

PLOTPAK source codeplus two drivers: $365.

Computer Company

DIVISION OF Sea Data Corporation

One Bridge Street, Newton, MA 02158TEL. (617) 244-8190 TLX: 951107

Circle 64 on inquiry card.

*ADDS*

VIEWPOINT TERMINALS$495

In addition EP1 carries printers DEC &DC compatible terminals and modems.Items in stock are shipped within 24 hours.ALL orders shipped COD. All items arenew and in factory cartons with manufac-turers warranties.

ECONOMYPERIPHERALS INC.

(404)952-0213

S 100 COLOR GRAPHICS!

THE STATE-OF-THE-ART COLORGRAPHICS BOARD FOR THE S-100 BUS.

• Display consists of backdrop and pattern planes plus 32 spriteplanes.

• Each pixel in a plane can be colored or can be transparent toreveal the underlying plane(s).

• Prioritized planes eliminate the need tor hidden object routinesin applications requiring 3D simulation.

• Sprites are moved on screen by changing two-byte pointers thussimplifying animation applications.

• Up to 15 colors or 8 gray levels with a resolution ot 256 pixelshorizontally and 192 pixels vertically.

• Standard NTSC video output connects directly to color monitoror to flF modulator tor use with regular color receiver.

• One text and three graphics display modes.

■ On-board 16K byte display RAM separate from system RAM.

■ High quality PC board with solder masks, silkscreen and gold-plated contact fingers.

• Meets or exceeds all aspects of IEEE-696 (S-100) standard.

• Documentation includes comprehensive user's manual withdemonstration programs and Texas Instrument's manual for thenew TMS9918A Video Display Processor used on the board

• Typical applications include business graphics, industrial pro-cess monitoring, drafting/design aid, educational systems andvideo game development.

$249.95

(assembled & tested)

We pay UPS ground shipping in thecontinental u S UPS air ado $2 00.COD add SI 50 Foreign add S1500.TN residents add 6% sales tai VISA« MASTERCARD welcome.

MicroDynamicsCorporation

P.O. Box 17577

Memphis, TN 38117

(90D-755-0619

Circle 508 on inquiry card.

wabasK

When it conies to

Flexible Disks, nobody

does it better than

Wabash.

MasterCard. Visa Accepted.Call Free: (800) 235-4137

PACIFICEXCHANGES

100 Foothill BlvdSan Luis Obispo. CA93401 (In Cal call(805) 543-1037 1

Circle 310 on inquiry card.

Get Smart!

Get Your Computer AnAutomatic Port Selector(ASU-3)

Our ASl'-j will connect your C.PI or CRT in any oneof 3 peripherals. Just enter a command from yourkeyboard and the desired peripheral is automat-ically connected. Also availahle for $ and for7 peripherals. The baud rate is set automaticallyMany options are available The only low cost,smart switch on the market.

SWITCH TO GIITRONIX.

IMM

JNIVERSAL INTERFACE PROOUCTS

970 San Antonio fid.. Pilo Alto CA 94306. Coil (41SI 493 1300

IEEE-488 TO TRS-80* INTERFACEEverything needed to add powerfulBASIC GPIB-488 controller capabilityto TRS-80 Model 1 or 3, Level 2 orDOS with a minimum of 16K.

.'!MmMH

4W40C

For Model 3

Operation

J \JEL

488-80BFor Modal 1

Operation

Model 488-80B or 488-80C Price: $375.

+ shipping, insurance & taxWHEN ORDERING SPECIFY DISK OB TARE

SCIENTIFIC ENGINEERINGLABORATORIES

11 Neil Drive • Old Bethpage, NY 11804Telephone: (516) 694-3370* Trademark ot Tandy Corp.

There is no affiliation between ScientificEngineering Laboratories and Tandy Corp. orRadio Shack.

Circle 363 on inquiry card.

•JO

Cables

EIA RS 232-C

Quality cables with immediate

delivery and low prices.

Conductor

Price

1-4

$11.50 + 15/ft.

5-7

1 2.00 + .25/ft.

8-12

13.00 + 30/ft.

13-16

14.00 + .40/ft.

17-25

16.00 + .50/ft.

Specify: Mate or female connectors, length ofcable and pins to be connected. OEM & quantitydiscounts available to qualified customers. Onprepaid orders add $4.50 for shipping/handling.

We also supply DECand IBM Compatible cables.

CommunicationCable Company

319 Louella Ave. Wayne, PA 1 9087215-964-9404

Circle 86 on inquiry card.

J

C LANGUAGEPROGRAMMERS

c-systemsC COMPILERNow with: c-window™

Trie first c language source level

program testing and debugging tool.

• Single step by c source line.

• Set breakpoints at line numbers.

• Display and alter variables by symbolname, using c expression syntax.

• No more printf or assembler levetdebugging!

c-window is a support package forthe c-systemB C COMPILER for8086/8088 based systems.

Contact:c-syateme

P.O. Box 3253

TM c-systems

Fuller-ton, CA 92634714-637-5362

Circle 159 on Inquiry card.

circle 182 on Inquiry card.

Circle 67 on Inquiry card.

AD CONVERTER

JBEs 16 channel A-D Converter plugs in-to your Apple II computer. It uses anADC0817 which incorporates a 16 chan-nel multiplexer and an 8 bit A-D Con-verter. The 16 inputs are high impedanceand the voltage range is 0 to 5.12 volts.Conversion time is < 100>isec. Theresolution is 8 bits or 256 steps, linearityis ± 1/2 step. Two 16 pin DIP sockets areused for input, GND & reference voltageconnections. There are 3 single bit TTLinputs. Doc. includes sample program,81-132AAssm. $89.95

81-132B Bare Board $29.95

6522 APPLE II INTERFACE

EPROM EXPANSION CARD

J BE EPROM Expander for the Apple IIholds sfe 5V 2716s for a total of 12Kbytes of EPROM. This board takes theplace of the on board ROM in the Apple.It is software switchable by the sametechnique used by the Apple II firmwarecard. Solder jumpers are for reset to theApple ROM or EPROM Expansion Card.Use JBE EPROM Programmer andParallel I/O to program your EPROMs.EPROMs sold separately.81-085AAssm. $59.95

81-085B Bare Board $39.95

EXTENDER $12.95

The JBE 6522 Parallel Interface for theApple II Computer, plugs directly intoany slot 1 through 7 in the Apple. Thiscard has 2 6522 VIA's that provide:

• Four8 bit bi-directional I/O ports

• Four 16 bit programmable timer/counters

• Serial shift registers

• Handshaking

A 74LS05 is for timing. Four 16 pinsockets provide easy connections toother peripheral devices. (Dip jumperswith ribbon cables are also availablefrom JBE.) The 6522 Parallel I/Ocard interfaces to the JBE EPROM pro-grammer.

Understanding of machine language re-quired to use this board. Inputs and out-puts are TTL compatible.79-295AAssm. $69.95

79-295B Bare Board $29.95

SPEECH SYNTHESIZERS

EPROM PROGRAMMER

SPEECH SYNTHESIZERS

JBEs Speech Synthesizers use theVotrax SC-01 Phoneme Synthesizerchip. The SC-01 phonetically syn-thesizes continuous speech ofunlimited vocabulary. The SC-01 con-tains 64 different phonemes and 4levels of inflection accessed by an 8 bitcode. It requires 10 Bytes per secondfor continuous speech. Both boardshave an audio amp for direct connec-tion to an 8 ohm speaker.

Documentation includes basic userprograms, a phoneme chart and listingof coded words to help you get started.Documentation for the Applell® Speech Synthesizer includes a diskwith text to speech program.81-088 Apple II Speech

Synthesizer $129.95

81 -120 Parallel I nput Speech

Synthesizer $149.95

Prices include the SC-01 ChipSC-01 sold separately for $39.95

DISPLAY BOARD

JBE's EPROM Programmer Is de-signed to program 5V 2516's, 2532's &2716's. It interfaces to the JBE ParallelI/O card using four ribbon cables. AnLED indicates when the EPROM is be-ing programmed. A textool zero inser-tion force socket is used for theEPROM. Comes with completedocumentation for writing and readingEPROM's in the Apple II or Apple IIPlus. Cables available separately.80-244A Assm. $49.95

80-244B Bare Board $29.95

4 Jumpers $17.00

This handy little (3x7") board is idealfor teaching and troubleshooting. Ithas a run—stop, single step switchwhich makes identification of shortedlines between address or data-bitseasy and shows single steps forteaching computer logic. The displayboard has 16 Address LEDS, 8 DataLEDS & 1 RDY LED. All lines are buf-fered.

80-144A Assm.80-144B Bare Board

$49.95$39.95

Johiv Bell Engiiveeriivg, live,

MC

ALL PRODUCTS ARE A VAILABLE FROM JOHN BELL ENGINEERING, INC. • 1014 CENTER ST., SAN CARLOS, CA 94070ADD SALES TAX IN CALIFORNIA • ADD 5% SHIPPING & HANDLING 3% FOR ORDERS OVER $100

SEND $1.00 FOR CATALOG (415)592-8411 SSSmforcoO

WILL CALL HOURS: 9am - 4pm ADD $150 FOH COa

VISA

PConnection

modem card for IBM PC

Plug your PC into the exciting worldof telecommunications with thePConnection, Micropenpheral'snew Bel! 103/113 compatiblemodem card. This quality direct con-nect modem card fits inside the PCleaving your work area unclutteredby stacks of hardware Features in-clude autodialing (Touch Tone orpulse), autoanswer, built-in speakerfor line monitoring, and an addi-tional RS-232 port Software selec-table protocol and modes. S350Dealer inquiries welcome,

the microperipheral corporation

2565 152nd Ave. N.E.. Redmond. WA 98052[206) 881-7544

IBM is a Registered Trademarkof International Business Machine. Corp

MEMOREXFlexible Discs

SAVE 40% isSiSX

5^/a " Specify soli, Prlce/10

'*• 10 or 16 sector

1 Side, double density $24.70

2 Sides, double density 36.40

1 Side, 80 track, double density 32.50

2 Sides, 80 track, double density 44.20

(All 51/4" have Hub-rings)

8" Specify toftor 32 sector

1 Side, single density 23.40

1 Side, double density 30.60

2 Sides, double density 35.80

CHECKS — VISA — MC— COD.(313) 777-7780 ADD $2 SHIPPING

LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS

27204 Harper Ave.

St. Clair Shores, Ml 48081

FORECASTING

EASt/ARIMA — The first and only microcom-puter program to develop and run ARIMA(Box-Jenkins) models...all automatically. De-signed for the stock or commodity trader.Create a database or read Compu Trac filesdirectly. Requires no knowledge of statistics.$300.

TWG/ARIMA — The statistician's version ofEASI/ARIMA. Complete control and more op-tions, such as seasional models and Box-Coxtransformations. $300.

ELF is our general purpose statisticalpackage. $200.

All are for the Apple II* with 48K ofmemory, Applesoft* and DOS 3.3.

Visa and MasterCard accepted.

Call or write:

lie. 70i*ct4«cU* $>u>44ft3907 Lakota RoadP.O. Box 10114Alexandria, VA 22310(7031 960-2587

■Trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc.

Circle 270 on inquiry card.

Circle 234 on inquiry card.

Circle 430 on Inquiry card.

USURER <&-<&ISA's DATABASE

The only DBMS with all these features:

■k PROVEN in one year of test marketing

• TOUGH, reliable file structure

• MENU driven for simplicity and easy use

• ARITHMETIC with stored calculations

• FAST set-up and report formating

• CLEAR user-oriented documentation

• PRINTS totals & subtotals - mail labels

• REFORMATS and merges data files

• MULTI-DISK files: Up to 128K records

• SORTS full disks on up to 40 fields

• PRODUCTION input of repetitive data

• USE existing data files

• COUPLES to word processors

• POSTS transactions to master file

■k SEARCH by strings, ranges, comparisons

• DATA COMPRESSION: Over twice asmany labels as the other system

For TRS-80* Models I, II, III, 6 16 - 250.00CP/Mt - 295.00

Ask your Dealer or Write:

Institute for Scientific Analysis, Inc.

P. O. Box 7186, Dept. B-2

Wilmington, DE 19803 (215) 358-3735

t T.M. Digital Research

*T.M. Tandy Corp.

maxell

Floppy Disks

irsis

BEST PRICESIN THE U.S.

Call for our special dealerprogram. C.O.D.'s accepted.TOLL FREE (800) 652-8168In California (213) 901-8881

m

EXCHANGE

U.S. EXCHANGE

14831 Bessemer St.

Van Nuys, CA 91411-2773

5'A" Tandon Drives

• TM 100-1 S189

(single sided, 40 TRK, single Free

or double density) Shipping

• TM 100-2

$259

(double sided, 40 TRK/side

Free

single or double density)

Shipping

• TM 100-4

$349

Idouble sided, 80 TRK/side

Free

96 TPI, double density)

Shipping

ORDER - TOLL FREE

1-800-531-5475 |lf outside of Texas)

(512) 250-1523 (If inside of Texas)

"If we can't ship the next working day,we won't take the order."

Master Card/Visa or checkTexas Residents add 5% sales tax.

CompuAdd Corp.

13010 Research Blvd -#218^^^Austjnjexas78750^^^

Circle 200 on inquiry card.

Circle 413 on Inquiry card.

Circle 92 on Inquiry card.

BREAKTHROUGH

Originate/Answer UDS 212 LP Modem

$420

IMMEDIATE DELIVERY

' Compatible with Bell 212 modems (1200 bps only)1 Telco powered —no AC connection required■ Simplified controls-talk/data and originate/answer only1 Direct-connect to dial-up network

JOTlfcBlJftJflEtt fiflilP.

1111 W. Oundm And

Wh.tlmg, II 80090

S«l»i-I312l 469-8866

Sarvice—1312) 4598674

Circle 209 on inquiry card.

Convert your TRS-80 into a

DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM

Z-80 In-Circuitemulation andEPROM/EEPROMprogramming ina single compactunit.

Debug stand-alone

systems with

program in

TRS-80 RAM,

then copy working program into PROM.

Only $329 including personality modulefor2716,2516,2758,2508,2532,2816,2808, 48016. (2732A,2764PM's$15ea.)

ORION INSTRUMENTS

172 Otis Ave, Woodside, CA 94062(415)851-1172

Circle 305 on inquiry card.

6800 FamilySoftware

SOFTWARE: WIZRD multitasking DOS. editor.

assembler. C PL/W. PASCAL, FORTRAN. 12K BASIC

FIRMWARE: FANTOM monitor/debugger, MATH

long integer ana* floating point. 4K industrial

BASIC

CROSS SOFTWARE: Assembler. PL/W, linker,

math/science, simulator

H' IV 'I1 K V I ie01 Sou,h s,reet1 ■ *» ■ "^ ■* I Lafayette IN 47904

Circle 431 on inquiry card.

"THE ORIGINAL BIG BOARD"OEM - INDUSTRIAL - BUSINESS - SCIENTIFIC

SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER KIT!

Z-80 CPU! 64K RAM!

(DO NOT CONFUSE WITH ANY OF OUR FLATTERING IMITATORS!)

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THE BIG BOARD PROJECT: With thousands sold worldwide and over two years of field experience, the BigBoard may just be one of the most reliable single board computers available today. This is the same design thatwas licensed by Xerox Corp. as the basis for their 820 computer.

The Big Board gives you the right mix of most needed computing features all on one board. The Big Board wasdesigned from scratch to run the latest version of CP/M*. Just imagine all the off-the-shelf software that can berun on the Big Board without any modifications needed.

$319

00 (64K KITTY BASIC I/O)

FULLY SOCKETED!

FEATURES: (Remember, all this on one board!)

SIZE: S'/i x 13% IN.SAME AS AN 8 IN. DRIVE.REQUIRES: +5V @ 3 AMPS+ - 12V @ .5 AMPS.

64K RAM

Uses Industry standard 4116 RAM's. All 64K is available to the user, our VIDEOand EPROM sections do not make holes in system RAM. Also, very special carewas taken in the RAM array PC layout to eliminate potential noise and glitches.

Z-80 CPU

Running at 2.5 MHZ. Handles all 4116 RAM refresh and supports Mode 2INTERUPTS. Fully buttered and runs 8080 software

24 x 80 CHARACTER VIDEO

With a crisp, flicker-free display that looks extremely sharp even on smallmonitors. Hardware scroll and full cursor control. Composite video or split videoand sync. Character set is supplied on a 2716 style ROM, making customizedfonts easy. Sync pulses can be any desired length or polarity. Video may beinverted or true. 5x7 Matrix - Upper & Lower Case.

SERIAL I/O (OPTIONAL)

Full 2 channels using the Z80 SIO and the SMC 8116 Baud Rate Generator. FULLRS232! For synchronous or asynchronous communication. In synchronousmode, the clocks can be transmitted or received by a modem. Both channels canbe set up for either data-communication or data-terminals. Supports mode 2 Int.Price (or all parts and connectors: $39.95

FLOPPY DISC CONTROLLER

Uses WD1771 controller chip with a TTL Data Separator for enhanced reliability.IBM 3740 compatible. Supports up to four 8 inch disc drives. Directly compatiblewith standard Shugart drives such as the SA800 or SA801. Drives can beconfigured for remote AC oft-on. Runs CP/M* 2.2.

BASIC I/O

Consists of separate parallel port (Z80 PIO) for use with an ASCII encodedkeyboard for input. Output would be on the 80 x 24 Video Display.

TWO PORT PARALLEL I/O (OPTIONAL)

Uses Z-80 PIO. Full 16 bits, fully buffered, bi-directional. Uses selectable handshake polarity. Set of all parts and connectors for parallel I/O: $19.95

BLANK PC BOARD — $119The blank Big Board PC Board comes complete with fulldocumentation (including schematics), the character ROM,the PFM 3.3 MONITOR ROM, and a diskette with the sourceof our BIOS, BOOT, and PFM 3.3 MONITOR.

REAL TIME CLOCK (OPTIONAL)

Uses Z-80 CTC. Can be configured as a Counter on Real Time Clock. Set of allparts: $9.95

CP/M* 2.2 FOR BIG BOARD

The popular CP/M* D.O.S. to run on Big Board is available for S139.00.

BIG BOARD SOFTWARE SPECIAL — $149

Through special arrangement with COL we offer a powerful package ot TDL Z-80software that has a suggested retail ol almost $600. Includes: Extended DiskBusiness Basic, ZEDIT text editor, MACRO II Macro Assembler, LINKER,DEBUG I and DEBUG II. Supplied on 8 in. diskette with extensive manual.

PFM 3.3 2K SYSTEM MONITOR

The real power ol the Big Board lies in its PFM 3.3 on board monitor. PFM commands include: Dump Memory, Boot CP/M", Copy, Examine, Fill Memory, Test Memory, Go To,Read and Write I/O Ports, Disc Read (Drive, Track, Sector), and Search PFM occupies one ol the four 2716 EPROM locations provided. Z-80 is a Trademark ot Zilog.

Digital Research Computers

w (OF TEXAS)

P.O. BOX 401565 • GARLAND, TEXAS 75040 • (214)271-3538

TERMS: Shipments will be made approximately 3 to 6 weeks after we

receive your order. VISA, MC, cash accepted. We will accept COD'S (for the

Big Board only) with a $75 deposit. Balance UPS COD. Add $4.00shipping.

USA AND CANADA ONLY

'TRADEMARK OF DIGITAL RESEARCH. NOT ASSOCIATED WITH DIGITAL RESEARCH OF CALIFORNIA, THE ORIGINATORS OF CPM SOFTWARE

"1 TO 4 PIECE DOMESTIC USA PRICE.

DON'T READ THIS

UNLESS YOU ARE INTERESTED INSOPHISTICATED SOFTWARE WITHEXCELLENT DOCUMENTATIONOur general accounting programs operateon CP/M1 & MP/M2 compatible systems,including TurboDos' and MMMost4.

1. C. A.T.S. (3 levels of User help -Computer Assisted Tutorial Software.

2 OUTSTANDINGDOCUMENTATION.

3. MULTI-USER (w/file & record lock.)

i. MULTI-COMPANY

(w/consolidation)

5. FULLY INTEGRATED w/singie

source entry (or stand alone)

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

COUGAR MOUNTAIN SOFTWARE

10 S.Latah Box 6886

Boise, Idaho 83707

208-344-2540

TM: 1. & 2. Digital Research; 3. Software 2000;4. TeleVideo.

JUTvnawncvru

TEKALIKE

The Graphics Terminal Program

TEKALIKE turns the Apple II computer into

on intelligent graphical work station

for communication with remote host computers.

It simulates the features of □ Tektronix 4010 graphics

terminal, provides local plotting capabilities and more...

Remote Terminal Mode:

Compatible with

£,°3i»

Plot 10 ('antioitdl

Mo«- sol! we 'ai :-t

IWtro-ia Wt Fom.lv

►UPiOT OMP ='t>:ie". (Houttoii iuu«*

hP7»7D Pisf.p. asltor. '

-e.e:i Paoorc)

<dpie «.•: «*»- (306 "<..«:.

(DC Hoves!CCS 7710A IJOC-960G Boudi;Coi.'e".io Computet Syi'.»n>»)

Local Computer Mode:

WE Software

800 Greenwich Drive

Chico, CA 95926

DEBUG FAST

2

NEW

NEW QUICK LOW-COST MP DEBUG AID. If you

program, engineer, test, or repair micros, trythis new invention and save endless time andeffort. Shows you program flow, address,data, I/O, timing, and stability info on 256LEDs. Telescopic and microscopic views. Easy,quick, rugged, portable. A smart alternativeor addition to multi-thousand dollar instru-ments. MICRO VIEW" is just $995 complete.Order today on 14-day trial or circle ournumber for color brochure. Micro Logic Corp.POB 174, MS-H, 100 2nd St, Hackensack, NJ07602. (201) 342-6518.

Circle 259 on inquiry card.

SOURCE SOFTWARE

A professional-quality, CP/M compatible Z-80 assembler in manual form with completesource code listing, 200 page manualincludes full tutorial on assembler theorywith explanation of Radix 40, binary search,recursive expression processing, and otherprofessional techniques. Assembler acceptsstandard Z-80 mnemonics, prints a sortedsymbol table, and contains 19 pseudo-opsincluding XLIST, TITLE, and nested con-ditionals with ELSE, Modular constructionmakes it easily adaptable to other Z-80operating systems and other assemblylanguages.

Manual containing complete sourcecode and tutorial: $25, ppd. in U S

Source also available on standardformal 8" SD diskette

KING SOFTWARE

115 CONOVER LANE

RED BANK, NJ 07701

(2011 530-7245

NJ residents please add 5% sales taxCP/M is a trademark of Digital Research

Garden Of EdenComputers

"The Apple Paradise"

LIST SALE

OC Heyee Mcromodem

• 378 »269 All 3

Source Subscription

PieceB

Pee

•100 *7S. 1399

ASCII Express II

• 79.96 *B9 95

"Don't Mob The Great FIANA Oiek Drive Sele**

RANA Disk Drive Controller

(Controls up to 4 Drives]

199

•Completely Apple compatible. Mix up to A Apple and RANA drives

on the same RANA controller:

RANA Drives:

1 Drive w/o controller , .,

«323

1 Drive w/controJIer...

*422

2 Drives w/o controller

$630

2 Drives w/controiler

$725

NEC 12" Green Monitor Econo [JB 1260]

• 113,00

Rh Electronics Super Fan II

$62.50

M<:rosoft 16K Remcard

Now Juit $79

T G Joystick . .

$39.95

NEC 8023A Desk Top Graphes Printer

• 469

The Grappter + Graphic Printer Interface

• 129

We Discount all lines of hard-ware and software.We accept Vsa, Mastercard,Casr1 M 0 Same Cayshipments 2% ser chg on

Ah orders shipped vie UPS

PHONE: 714-894-9528

"Aak lor our newest pnee tot '■'

Garden Of Eden

Computers

9909 Gladiola Drive

Fountain Valley, CA 92708

Mail order only

Circle 178 on Inquiry card.

LOOKING AT

PRINTER BUFFERS?

BE CERTAIN...

YOU GET WHAT YOU THINK YOU'RE GETTING:

SP®®[t>2-©t„ isTHE

COMPLETE, NOTHING ELSE TO BUY,STAND ALONE PARALLEL PRINTERBUFFER PLUS FEATURES NOT FOUND ONOTHER BUFFERS SUCH AS:

• SWITCH SELECTABIi 'PAUSE ON FOflM FEED" MODE, FOR SINGLE SHEET PAINTING

• AUTOMATIC SPACE CHARACTER COMPRESSION

• 32X CHARACTERS CAPACITY STANDARD, 64K AND 12BK MODELS AVAILABLE.USER EXPANDABLE.

• NO HARDWARE DR SOFTWARE MODIFICATIONS REQUIRED

• AND MUCH MORE. WRITE OR CALL FOR FULL DETAILS.

PRICE (32K INCLUDES CABLE) $279.96

JVB ELECTRONICS

1601 Fulton Avenue, Suite 1

Sacramento, California 95825

Phone: (916)483-0709

Circle 424 on inquiry card.

Circle 225 on inquiry card.

Circle 221 on inquiry card.

H Dysan

Solve you-oatc problem*, buy 100% surfacetested Dyaan daterJea. AD octet ahtopedfrom Block, wKWn 24 hour*. Call toll FREE(800) 235-4137 tor price* and aifuMiiattuiLVlM and Matter Card accepted.

PACIFIC

EXCHANGES

100 Foothill BlvdSan Luis Obispo. CA93401 (InCal, call(805) 543-1037)

Circle 310 on inquiry card.

DISCOUNTSOFTWAREPRODUCTS

Over 600 Vendors, 3000Products & 54 Formats

BUSINESS, EDUCATION

TECHNICALS GAMES

FREE CATALOG

"call today save time and money"

public & dealers invitedinternational shipping

orders (800) 547-5995

inquiries (214)631-5998

CRC, 8730 king george dr., ste. 115,

dallas, texas 75235

MaxellDiskettes

The floppy disks that meetor exceed every standardof quality. Dealer inquiriesinvited.

Call Toll Free N1-800-237-8931.

In Florida, call813-577-2794. J

TL

Tech* Data Corporation

3251 Tech Drive NorthSt. Petersburg, FL 33702

Circle 76 on inquiry card.

Circle 395 on Inquiry card,

WE WILL NOT BE UNDERSOLD

TERMINALS

APPLE ACCESSORIES

MONITORS

Zenith ZT-1Zenith ZT-100Televideo 910+Televideo 925Televideo 950

$679.00$595.00$595.00$779.00$969.00

RAM

16K Ram Kit for Apple II. TRS80

200 nano seconds; 4116 chips $17.50

DISKETTES

Maxell 5'/>" single sideMaxell 8" single sideMaxell 5V<r double sideMaxell 8" double sideBASF 5'/4"BASF 8"Verbatim 5'/4"Verbatim 8"Wabash 5W'

$39.00$49.00$45.00$55.00$26.95$36.00$26.95$36.00$21.95

TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Novation Cat ModemNovation D-CATNovation AUTO-CATNovation APPLE CATHayes Smart ModemHayes Smart Modem 1200Hayes Micro-ModemHayes ChronographSignalman Mark I

$139.00$155.00$209.00$319.00$249.00$589.00$319.00$229.00$85.00

COMPUTERS

Sanyo MBC 1000 64K CALLCall tor information on the complete Sanyo line.CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEM

Mainframe 2200a $485.00

Z-80 CPU 2810a $265.00

64K RAM 2065 $569.00

Floppy Controller 2422a $369.00ZENITH

Z-89 48K CALL

Z-90 64K CALL

Z-100 CALLCall For Prices On The Complete Zenith Line.

Casio FX702P Pocket Computer $179.00

SOFTWARE

MICROPRO"

WordStar

MailMerge

Customization Notes

SpellStar

DataStar

CalcStar

MICROSOFT

Basic Interpreter

Basic Compiler

Fortran 80

Cobol 80

DATA BASE

dBase II

$239.00$89.00$359.00$239.00$199.00$199.00

$349.00$389.00$499.00$695.00

$495.00

DEALER INQUIRIES PLEASECALL 1 -800-343-7036

For fast delivery, send certified checks, moneyorders, or call to arrange direct bank wiretransfers Personal or company checks requireone to three weeks to clear. All prices aremail order only and are subject to changewithout notice. Call for shipping charges.

Z-80 Card by Microsoft

16K Card by Microsoft

32K Card by Saturn

Keyboard Enhancer II by Videx

Videoterm by Videx

Game Paddles by TG

Joystick by TG

Pkaso Cards

ALF 3 Voice Board

System Saver by Kensington

Microbuffer II 16K w/graphics

Microbuffer II 32K w/graphics

APPLE INTERFACE CARDS BY CCS

Serial Asynch #7710

Centronics #7729

ADVANCED LOGIC

Add-Ram 16K Card

Z-Card CP/M for the Apple II

Smarterm 80 Column Board w/Softswitch

$319.00

$165.00

$199.00

$125.00

$259.00

$49.00

$49.00

CALL

$229.00

$75.00

$259.00

$229.00

$139.00$149.00

$79.00$225.00$249.00

APPLE SOFTWARE

MICROPRO-

WordStar

MailMerge

SpellStar

DataStar

CalcStar

VISICORP

VisiCalc

VisiTerm

VisiDex

VisiPlot

VisiFile

VisiSchedule

VisiTrend/Plot

MISCELLANEOUS

Micro/Terminal

Screenwriter II

Executive Briefing System

Supercalc

Personal Filing System

PFS Report Writer

Word Handler

$199.00$99.00$149.00$199.00$189.00

$199.00$79.00$199.00$169.00$199.00$259.00$239.00

$79.00$129.00$169.00$279.00$115.00

$75.00$169.00

PRINTERS

NEC 7710 Serial

$2395.00

NEC 7720 KSR

$2749.00

NEC 7730 Parallel

$2395.00

NEC 3510 Serial

$1850.00

NEC 3520

$2099.00

NEC 3530 Parallel $1850.00

NEC 3550 for the IBM PC $2095.00

Antex "Generic Model of the Prowriter" $479.00

Epson MX-80 CALL

Epson MX-80FT CALL

Epson MX-100 CALL

IDS Micro Prism CALL

IDS PRISM 80 CALL

IDS PRISM 132 CALL

Okidata Microline 80 CALL

Okidata Microline 82A CALL

Okidata Microline 83A CALL

Okidata Microline 84 CALL

The CPU Computer Corporation• Announces:

CPU net

The Local Area Network that uses real

CP/M" for Apples. CPUnet" allows you

to run hundreds of popular CP/M "

programs, on your Apple terminals,

without disk drives!

Call for more information.

$2995.00

Sanyo9"B&W $159.00

Sanyo 9" Green $165.00

Sanyo 12" B&W $179.00

Sanyo 12" Green $199.00

Sanyo 13" Color $399.00

SMD 13" Color $329.00

Zenith 12" Green $99.00

Zenith 13" Color $339.00Electrohome 13" HI-RES Color Monitor $829.00

Electrohome 13" Color $379.00

Electrohome 12' B&W $179.00

Electrohome 12" Green $189.00

Electrohome 9" B&W $149.00

Electrohome 9" Green $159.00

DISK DRIVES

CCI 100 for the TRS-80 Model 1

5'/4" 40 track $299.00

CCI189 for the Zenith Z-89 5V4n 40 track $379.00

CORVUS 5M with Mirror $3089.00

CORVUS 10M with Mirror $4489.00

CORVUS 20M with Mirror $5389.00

CORVUS Interfaces CALLRANA SYSTEMS add-on Disc Drive for the Apple II

Elite Two 80 Track CALL

Elite One 40 Track CALL

Elite Controller CALL

Tandon TM100-2 for the IBM CALL

IRM PC ACCESSORIES

64K Card by Microsoft

Joystick by TG

128KCard

192K Card

256K Card

Quaddram

Combo Card by Apparat

Call for more IBM PC add-ons.

$435.00$49.00$579.00$629.00$699.00CALL$249.00

SPECIAL OF THE MONTH

sanyo mbc 1000

includes

WordStar, CalcStar

cci add-on drive

$2195.00

IBM PC SOFTWARE

INFORMATION UNLIMITED

Easy Writer

Easy Speller

Easy Filer

VISICORP

VisiCalc 256K

VisiFile

VisiTrend/VisiPlot

VisiDex

VisiTerm

MICROPRO"

MailMerge

WordStar

MISCELLANEOUS

Supercalc by Sorcim

Superwriter by Sorcim

Home Accounting Plus

ENTERTAINMENT

Deadline

Temple of Apshai

Curse of Ra

$289.00$149.00$319.00

$199.00$219.00$259.00$209.00$99.00

$119.00$299.00

$279.00$289.00$139.00

$39.00$29.00$15.99

The CPU Sh

TO ORDER CALL TOLL FREE 1 -800-343-6522

Call For More IBM Software And AccessoriesCP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research.

I I

420-438 Rutherford Ave, Dept. BY13 Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129

VtSA"

Hours 9 AM - 9 PM (EST) Mon-Fri. (Sat. 'til 6)Technical information call 617/242/3361

TWX-710-348-1796

Circle 126 on inquiry card.

Massachusetts Residents call 617/242-3361Massachusetts Residents add 5% Sales Tax

SMITH-CORONA TP-I

Letter Quality

• SERIAL ORPARALLEL INTERFACE

• MICROPROCESSOR ELECTRONICS

ORDER

TOLL FREE

FREE SHIPPING

$569

[800) 531-5475 (if outside of Texas)(512)250-1523 (in Texas)

CompuAdd Corp.

13010 Research Blvd. No. 218 Austin. Texas 78705

Circle 93 on Inquiry card.

TAXMAN-83

An Interactive TAX MANagement Program for

VisiCalcn Super Calc™ Users

TAXMWM3 provides you with the capability to easily calculate your 1982

taxes by using the already proven VisiCalc and SuperCalc™ electronic

spreadsheets.

TAXMAN-83 prepares and prints 1982 individual income tax returns.TAXMAN*3oons«ers all ax alternatives, computes tne lowest tax possibletests reasonableness and tells you which forms are necessary for filing.TAXMAN* includes the following forms/schedules: Federal 1040;Schedules A, B, C. D. E. F, G. R, RP, SE, ES. U; Forms 1116.2106,2119.2210.2440,2441,3466,3903,4136,4137,4255,4562,4625,4684,4726,4797,4798,4835,4874,4952,4970,4972,5329,5405,5544,5695,5864,6249,6251,6252,6476,6765; Tax schedules X, YS. YJ, Z; Tax tables;Sales tax tables for all states.

TAXMAN43 is available for most mwocomputers utilizing visCaJc™ orSuperCalc™

PRICED AT ONLY

$95.00

Call: 1-805-533-7590

IATSUKOCOMPUTINGINTERNATIONAL

303 WHIIimi Avcnu*. Hunltvlllt, AL 35801

i- J«wy Si lib

■ of v i,Cce SupwC4c i ■

>' SOAClM CorpoWon

Circle 41 on inquiry card.

Expand Your

IkHl

. ■: ■ ■ ■■..■..

With the new ASCI Four Port intelligentswitch all your HS-232G networkingproblems can he solved. Whateveryour switching applications the ASCISwitch allows you to switch with ease.Because the switch is intelligent itallows you to change between peri-pherals from your keyboard. The codecan even be imbedded in your text,when you consider the time yousaved due to the simplicity of install-ation, the elimination of extra cablingand the exclusion of knob turning theASCI Four Port intelligent switch is theperfect way to expand your net-working capabilities.

ft

Advanced Systems Concepts, Inc.

PO BOX O • ALTADENA. CALIFORNIA 91001

Speaking )x( Computers

THE

SOUNDING

BOARD

• S-100/IEEE696

• unlimited vocabulary

• CP/M software included

• numerous applications(talking terminals, morsecode training, electronicmusic...)

For more information, call or write:

Cygnus Systems(303) 393-6526

1245 Columbine #402Denver, CO 80206

WE LISTEN!

Circle 134 on inquiry card.

When it conies to scientific softwarefor microsystems, DYNACOMP delivers:

The Systems ...Apple TRS-80 PET/CBM NEC AtariOsborne SuperSrain North Star CP/M

The Software ...

REGRESSION! I/REGRESSION II LOGIC DESIGNER

MULTILINEAR REGRESSION! ACTIVE CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

LOGIC SIMULATORROOTS

fOURJER ANALYZERTRAN5FER FUNCTION ANALYZERHARMONIC ANALYZERBASIC SCIEMTlf IC SUBROUTINES

VOLUME I VOLUME IIBASIC STATISTICAL SUBROUllNES

ST ATTEST

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

NUMBERKRUNCHER

STATSORT

OtGITAL FILTER

DATA SMOOTHER

SOFTNET/MATCHNET

FILTER ANALYSIS

CALL OR WRITE FOR A FREE CATALOG

DYNACOMP. INC.

1427 Monroe Avenue. Rochester. N.Y. 14618

Telephone: (716)442-8960

Circle 153 on inquiry card.

Scotch

DISKETTES

SAVE 40% .SSSJSgC

51/ tt Specify soft. Price/10/* 10 or 16 sector

#744D 1 slde/sgl/dbl dens $2670

#745 1 side/dbldens 31.20

#746 1 side/77 track 33.80

#747 2 sides/77 track 45.50

8/ * Specify softor 32 sector

#740 1 side/sgl dens 27.30

#741 1 side/dbl dens 35.80

#743 2 sides/dbl dens 43.60

CHECKS - VISA - MC - C.O.D.(313) 777-7780 ADD $2 SHIPPING

LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS

27204 Harper Ave.

St. Clair Shores, Ml 48081

Authorized DistributorInformation Processing Products

Atlantic Cabinet Computer Furniture

A complete range of quality work stationsdesigned specifically to house all micro-computers.

i Delivered heavily packed, in self-assemblyform needing only a Phillips screwdriver anda few minutes of your time to assemble.

• Manufactured from 1" all wood particleboard surfaced with hard-wearing melamineveneer, in Oak or Walnut.

< Dealer and Distributor inquiries welcome.

i For more information, contact your localdealer, write or call Atlantic Cabinet (301)223-8900.

ATLANTIC CABINET CORPORATION

P.O. Box 100, Williamsport, Maryland 21795

Circle 40 on inquiry card.

Wm

MEI

(415) 873-3055

DYNAMIC RAM!

4164-150ns 5.75

4164-200ns 5.50

4116.150ns 1.30

4116-200ns 1.15

STATIC RAMs

2016P 3.85

2016P-1 4.50

6116P-3 4.75

6116LP-3 5.50

6264 CALL

2114LC3-200ns 1.35

EPROMs

2708 3.50

2716 3.85

2716-1 4.25

2732 4.50

2732200ns 9.50

2764-250ns 15.00

2764.350ns 13.00

2764-450ns 11.00

2532-450ns 5.75

2546 18.00

Z80 FAMILY CALL

CALL FOR WHOLESALE PRICING.

MORE "I C'i" In STOCK

MINIMUM ORDER: $25.00

Circle 278 on Inquiry card.

A Spooler thatwill Spoil You

Add master Paper Tape Handlerwith Big New 7W Reels

Optional serial interfaces for RS232C or TTYor parallel interface/TTL. X-on/X-offcapability, bi-directional reading and slew,reads 150 CPS, rewinds 300 CPS. Stops oncharacter, contains power supply andAddmaster Model 601 paper tape reader.Sensibly priced Addmaster Corporation,416 Junipero Serra Drive, San Gabriel, CA91776.(213)285-1121.

Circle 12 on Inquiry card.

Circle 235 on inquiry card.

Circle 6 on Inquiry card.

FOR ONLY $129.95 Learn ComputingFrom The Ground

Build a Computer kit thai growswith you, and can expand to 64kRAM, Microsoft BASIC, lext Edi-tor/Assembler, WDrd Processor,Floppy Disks and more.

EXPLORER/85

Here's the low cosl way to leam Ihe fundamentals of com-puting, the ail-important basics you'll need more andmore as you advance in computer skills For jusl $129.95you get the advanced-design Explorer/85 motherboard,with all Ihe features you need to learn how to write anduse programs. And it can grow inlo a system that is amatch for any personal computer on Ihe market. Look atthese features: 8085 Cenlrol Processing Unit, themicroprocessor "heart" of the Explorer/85, (join themillions who will buy and use Ihe 8060/8085 this yearalone!).. . Four 8-hitp/us nne6-hH input/output ports fromwhich you can input and output your programs, as well ascontrol exterior switches, relays, lights, etc. a cassetteinterface lhat lets you store and reload programs you'velearned to write . deluxe 2,000 byte operatingsystem /monitor makes il easy to learn computing inseveral important ways: • It allows simpler, faster writ-ing and entering of programs • It permits access by youto all parts of the system so you can check on the status ofany point in the program • It allows tracing each pro-gram step by step, with provision for displaying all thecontents of the CPU (registers, flags, etc.) • . and itdoes much more!

You get all this in the starting level (Level A) of theExplorer/BS for only $129.95 Incredible! To use. justplug in your 8VDC power supply and terminal orkeyboard/display — if you don't have ihem. see ourspecial offers below.D Level A computer kit (Terminal Version) . $129.95

Sim S3 Pit*Level A kit (Hex Keypad /Display Version). $129.95plus $3 PAL*

LEVEL B — This "building block'' converts Ihe mother-board into a two-slot SlOO bus (industry standard) com-puter. Now you can plug in any of Ihe hundreds of S100cards available.D Level B kil,. $49.95 plus $2 P&l.*

□ S100 bus connectors (two required} . $4.85 each,postpaid

LEVEL C — Add still morecomputing power, this "build-ing block'" mounts directly onthe motherboard and expandsIhe S100 bus to six slots.G Level C kit. . . $39.95 plus $2

BH*

O S100 bus connectors (fiverequired) . . . $4.85 each,postpaid.

LEVEL D— When you reach the point in learning that re-quires more memory, we offvr two choices: either add 4kof a memory directly on the motherboard, or add 16k to64k of memory by means of a single S100 card, our famous"lAWS."

Level D kit: (CHECK ONE).. , D 4k on-board , $49.95plus $2 P&l*: D 16k S100 "JAWS": . . $149.95 plus $2P&IVO 32kS100 "JAWS" . $199.95 plus S2PSIVO 48kS100 "JAWS'' . , $249.95 plus $2 P&l': Q 64k S100")AWS" $299.95 plus SZ P&I*.LEVEL E — An important "building block;'' il activatesthe 8k ROM/EPROM space on the motherboard Now justplug in out 8k Microsoft BASIC or your own cuslomprograms.

D Level E kit... $5.95 plus 50tt P&l."Microsoft BASIC — It's Ihe language thai allows you totalk English to your computer! It is available three ways:D 8k cassette version of Microsoft BASIC: (reouires LevelB and 12k of RAM minimum: we suggest a 16k SlOO"JAWS" — see above) $64.95 postpaid.D 8k ROM version of Microsoft BASIC: (requires Level BA Level E and 4k RAM; just plug into your Level E sockets.We suggest either the 4k Level DRAM expansion or a 16k

sioo 'Taws.") ... $99.95 plus $2 p&i. •

a Disk version of Microsoft BASIC: (requires Level B.32k of RAM. floppy disk controller, ft" floppy disk drive). . $325 postpaid

TEXT EDITOR/ASSEMBLER — The editor/assembleris a software tool (a program) designed to simplify Ihe taskof writing programs As your programs become longerand more complex, Ihe assrtnbler can save you manyhours of programming time. This software includes aneditor program that enters the programs you write, makeschanges, and saves the programs on cassettes The assem-bler performs the clerical task of translating symboliccode into Ihe computer-readable objecl code. The editor/assembler program is available either in cassette or aROM version

□ Editor/Assembler (Cassette version: requires Level"B" and 8k (min.) of RAM — we suggest 16k "JAWS" —see above) $59.95 plus $2 P&I *

D Editor/Assembler (ROM version supplied on an SlOOcard; requires Level B and 4k RAM (mm t — we suggesteither Level Dor 16k "JAWS'") $99.95 plus $2 P&I.*8" FLOPPY DISK — A remarkable building block."Add our 8" floppy disk when you need fasler operation.more convenient program storage, perhaps a business ap-plication, and access to the literally thousands of programsand program languages available today. You simply plugIhem into your Explorer/85 disk system — it accepts alllBM-formatled CP/M*pVogramsD 8" Floppy Disk Drive . $499.95 plus S12 P&l 'D Floppy Controller Card . . $199.95 plus $2 P&l. *D Disk Drive Cabinet & Power Supply ... $69,95 plus$3 P&l '

□ Drive Cables (set up for two drives) , . $25.00 plus$150 P&l '

□ CP/M 2.2 Disk Operating System; includes TextEditor/Assembler, dynamic debugger, and other featuresthat give your Explorer/B5 access to thousands of existingCP/M-based programs . $150 00 postpaid

NEED A POWER SUPPLY? Consider our API. It cansupply all the power you need for a fully expanded Ex-plorer/85 (note: disk drives have their own power supply).Plus the AP-1 fits neatly into the attractive Explorer steelcabinet (see below).

□ AP-1 Power Supply kil (8V 0 5 amps) in deluxe sleelcabinet , . $39.95 plus $2 P&l.'NEED A TERMINAL? Weoffer you choices: the least ex- Jlpensive one is our HexKeypad/Display kit that dis-plays the information on acalculator-type screen. Theother choice is our ASCIIKeyboard/Computer Terminalkil. that can be used with either

jentS Microsoft BASIC n

1. Plug in Netronin's Hnx Editor/A s.wrnb.r;r in ROMKeypod/Disploy 5. Add two SlOO hrxirds

2. Add Level B to convert (o 6. Add you own cuslom oilSlOO cuils (prololyping (iron)

3. Add 4k RAM 7. Connect Ic-rminfil

a CRT monitor or a TV set (if you have an RF modulator).D Hex Keypad/Display kil .... $69.95 plus $2 P&I.*

D FASTERM - 64 TERMINAL KIT - Featuring a 56 keyASCII Keyboard, 128 character set upper and lower case,75 ohm output. 8 baud rates 150 to 19.200 (switch selectable], RS232/C or 20 MA output. 32 or 64 character by 16line formats, complete wDeluxe Steel Cabinet aPower Supply .... $199.95 |plus S3 P&I.*

n RF Modulalor kit (allows you to use your TV set as a

monitor). . . $8.95 postpaid.

□ 12" Video Monitor (10MHz bandwidth) . . . $139.95

plus 55 P&L*

D Deluxe Steel Cabinet for the

Explorer/85 . . . $49.95 pli

+*.,

PSI.-

□ Fan for cabinet

plus SI.50 P&l.*

:t for the MgSgaSflMHHBtefe^. aplus S3 W "

$15.00 Hl * sa«

ORDER A SPECIAL-PRICE

EXPLORER/85 PAK—THERE'S

ONE FOR EVERY NEED.

D Beginner P«k (Save $26.00) — You get Level A (Ter-minal Version) with Monitor Source Listing ($25 value)AP-1. 5-amp. power supply, Intel 8085 Users Manual.,.(Reg. S199.95) SPECIAL S169.95 plus $4 P&I.*D Experimenter Pak (Save $53.40) — You gel Level A(Hex Keypad/Display Version) with Hex Keypad/Display. Intel 8085 User Manual. Level A Hex MonitorSource Listing, and AP-1,5-amp. power supply ,.. (Reg,$279.95) SPECIAL $219.95 plus $6 P&I.*

□ Special Microsoft BASIC Pak (Save $103.00)— You getLevels A (Terminal Version), B. D (4k RAM), E. 8kMicrosoft in ROM, Intel 8085 User Manual, Level A Moni-tor Source Listing, and AP-1, 5-amp. power supply . . .(Reg. $439.70) SPECIAL $329.95 plus $7 P&L*

□ Add ■ Rom-Version Text Editor/Assembler (Requireslevels B«nd Dor SlOO Memory) . $99.95plus $2 PW.Starter 8" Disk System - Includes Level A, B floppy diskcontroller, one CDC 8" disk-drive, two-drive cable, twoSlOO connectors; jusl add your own power supplies,cabinets and hardware ... U (Reg. $1065.00) SPECIAL$999,95 plus $13 P&l." . . ,Q 32k Starter System, $1045.95plus $13 P&I * □ 48k Starter System. $1095.95 plus $13P&l.* Q 64k Starter System, $1145.95 plus $13 P&I,*

Q Add to any of above Explorer steel cabinel. AP-1 fiveamp. power supply. Level C wilh two SlOO connectors,disk drive cabinet and power supply, two sub-D connec-lors for connecting your printer and terminal ... (Reg.$225,951 SPECIAL5199.95 plus $13 P&I.*O Complete 64K System Wired & Tested $1650.00

plus $26 P&l.'

□ Special! Complete Business Software Pak (Save$625.00) — Includes CP/M 2.2 Microsoft BASIC. GeneralLedger, Accounts Receivable, Accounts Payable. PayrollPackage . . . (Reg. $1325) SPECIAL $699.95 postpaid.

" For Ctinodkin (i

Continental Credit Card Buyers Outside Connecticut:

TO ORDER

Call Toll Free:

800-243-7428

To Order From Connecticut,

or For Technical Assistance,

Call (203) 354-9375

CP/M is a reg. trademark of Digital Research

y^ (Clip and mail entire od)y%

SEND ME THE ITEMS CHECKED ABOVE

Total Enclosed (Conn. Residents add sales lax)- S

Paid by:

□ Personal Check □ Cashier's Check/Money OrderD VISA □ MASTER CARD (Bank No.

Signature-

Print Name _Address

City_

J^^ETRONICSResearch&DevelopmentLtd

ANNOUNCING TWONEW TERMINALS

Smart* Fast • Graphics • Matching Modem and $295 Printer

Netronics announces a state of the artbreakthrough in terminals. Now at prices youcan afford, you can go on-line with data-bankand computer phone-line services. It's ailyours: "electronic newspapers.'' educationalservices, Dow-Jones stock reports, games,recipes, personal computing with any levellanguage, program exchanges, electronic bul-letin boards ..... and more every day!!!

Netronics offers two new terminals, bothfeature a full 56 key/128 character typewriter-style keyboard, baud rates to 19.2 kilobaud, arugged steel cabinet and power supply. Thesimplest one, FASTERM-64, is a 16 line by 64 or 32 character per line unit, with a serialprinter port for making hard copy of all incoming data, and optional provisions for block andspecial character graphics. The "smart" version, SMARTERM-80, features either 24 line by 80characters per line or 16 by 40 characters per line, it offers onscreen editing with page-at-a-time printing, 12,000 pixel graphics, line graphics, absolute cursor addressing, underlining,reverse video, one-half intensity and much more .. . simply plug them into your computer orour phone modem and be on-line instantly. Use your TV set (RF modulator required) or ourdelux green-phosphor monitor pictured above. For hard copy just add our matched printer.

Price breakthrough!!! Own the FASTERM-64, a complete terminal kit, ready to plug in forjust $199.95 or order the SMARTERM-80 kit for just $299.95, (both available wired and tested.)Be on-line with the million-dollar computers and data services today ... we even supply thenecessary subscription forms.

More good news: All the components in our terminals are available separately (seecoupon), so you buy only what you need!!!

FASTERM-64 .. . DISPLAY FORMAT: 64 or 32 characters/line by 16 lines ... 96 displayableASCII characters (upper & lower case) ... 8 baud rates: 150, 300, 600, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600,19, 200, (switch sel.) . . . LINE OUTPUT: RS232/C or 20 ma current loop . . . VIDEO OUTPUT: 1VP/P (EIA RS-170}, . . CURSOR MODES: home & clear screen, erase to end of line, erase cursorline, cursor up & down, auto carriage return/line feed at end of line & auto scrolling .. .REVERSE VIDEO . .. BLINKING CURSOR . .. PARITY: off, even or odd ., . STOP BITS: 1, 1.5,2 . . . DATA BITS PER CHARACTER: 5, 6, 7 or 8 . . . CHARACTER OUTPUT: 5 by 7 dot matrixin a 7 by 12 cell . .. PRINTER OUTPUT: prints alt incoming data , .. 1K ON BOARD RAM . ..2K ON BOARD ROM . . . CRYSTAL CONTROLLED , , . COMPLETE WITH POWER SUPPLY . . ,OPTIONAL GRAPHICS MODE: includes 34 Greek & math characters plus 30 special graphicscharacters .. . ASCII ENCODED KEYBOARD: 56 key/128 characters.

SMARTERM-80 . , , DISPLAY FORMAT: 80 characters by 24 lines or 40 characters by 16 lines128 displayable ASCII characters (upper & lower case) 8 baud rates: 110, 300, 600, 1200, 2400,4800, 9600, 19, 200 .. . LINE OUTPUT: RS232/C or 20 ma current loop ... VIDEO OUTPUT: 1Vpp (EIA RS-170) ... EDITING FEATURES: insert/delete line, insert/delete character, for-ward/back tab . . . LINE OR PAGE TRANSMIT . . . PAGE PRINT FUNCTION . . . CURSOR POSI-TIONING: up, down, right, left, plus absolute cursor positioning with read back ... VISUALATTRIBUTES: underline, blink, reverse video, half intensity, & blank .., GRAPHICS: 12,000pixel resolution block plus line graphics .. . ON-SCREEN PARITY INDICATOR . .. PARITY: off,even or odd ... STOP BITS: 110 baud 2, all others % ... CHAR. OUTPUT: 7 by 11 character ina 9 by 12 block . . . PRINTER OUTPUT ... 60 OR 50 Hz VERTICAL REFRESH . . . BLINKINGBLOCK CURSOR , . . CRYSTAL CONTROLLED . . . 2K ON BOARD RAM . . , ASCII ENCODEDKEYBOARD: 56 key/128 character . . . 4K ON BOARD ROM . . . COMPLETE WITH POWERSUPPLY.

TELEPHONE MODEM 103 0/A . . . FULL DUPLEX, FCC APPROVED . . . DATA RATE: 300 baud... INTERFACE: RS232/C and TTY ... CONTROLS: talk/data switch (no need to connect anddisconnect phone), originate/answer switch on rear panel ... NO POWER SUPPLY RE-QUIRED.

ASCII KEYBOARD ASCII-3 ... 56 KEY/128 CHARACTER ASCIIENCODED . . . UPPER & LOWER CASE . . . FULLY DEBOUNCED .2 KEY ROLLOVER . . . POS OR NEG LOGIC WITH POS STROBE .REQUIRES +5 & -12V DC (SUPPLIED FROM VIDEO BOARDS)PRINTER COMET I . . . SERIAL I/O TO 9600 BAUD ... 80CHARACTER COLUMN (132 COMPRESSED) . . . 10" TRACTOR FEED *.. . UPPER/LOWER CASE . . . INDUSTRY STANDARD RIBBONS . . .4 CHARACTER SIZES ... 9 BY 7 DOT MATRIX . . . BI-DIRECTIONALPRINTING

Continental U.S.A. Credit Card Buyers Outside Connecticut

CALL TOLL FREE 800-243-7428

To Order From Connecticut Or For Tech. Assist. Call (203) 354-9375

NETRONICS R&D LTD. o.Pt.

333 Litchfield Road, New Mllford, CT 06776

Please send the Hems checked below:

O COMPLETE FASTERM-64 TERMINAL (Includes FASTVID-64 video board

ASCII-3 keyboard, steel cabinet and power supply)... kit $199.95 plus $3 P&l

... wired & tested $249.95 plus $3 P&l ... graphics option: add $19.95 to

each of above

D COMPLETE SMARTERM-80 TERMINAL (includes SMARTVID-80 video

board, ASCII-3 keyboard, steel cabinet and power supply)... kit $299.95 plus

$3 P&l ... wired and tested $369.95 plus $3 P&l

D FASTVID-64 VIDEO BOARD (requires + 5 & -12V DC)... kit $99.95 plus $3

P&l ... graphics option add $19.95 . .. wired & tested $129.95 plus $3 P&l ...

graphics option add $19.95

□ SMARTVID-80 VIDEO BOARD (requires +5 & +/-12V DC)... kit $199.95plus $3 P&l ... wired & tested $249.95 plus $3 P&l

D DELUXE STEEL TERMINAL CABINET . . . $19.95 plus $3 P&l

D ASCII-3 KEYBOARD (requires +5& -12VDC)... kit $69.95 plus $3 P&l ...

wired and tested $89.95 plus $3 P&l

D POWER SUPPLY (powers ASCII-3 keyboard & video boards)... kit only

$19.95 plus $2 P&l

D ZENITH VIDEO MONITOR (high resolution green phosphor)... wired &

tested $149.95 plus $6 P&l

D TELEPHONE MODEM MODEL 103 O/A . .. wired & tested $189.95 plus $3

P&l

D DOT MATRIX PRINTER Comet I ... wired & tested $299.95 plus $10 P&l

D RF MODULATOR MOD RF-1 ... kit only $8.95 plus $1 P&l

D 3FT-25 LEAD MODEM/TERMINAL OR PRINTER/TERMINAL CONNECTOR

CABLE ... $14.95 ea plus $2 P&l

For Canadian orders, double the postage . Conn. res. add sales tax.

Total Enclosed $

□ Personal Check □ Cashier's Check/Money Order

□ VISA □ MasterCard (Bank No )

Acct. No Exp. Date

Signature

Print Name

Address

City

State

Zip

BYTE January 1983 511

SPECIAL OFFER

$1295.00

Complete System With Networking Capability.

• 7 slots S-100 BUS • Power supply • Cables & fans

• CP/M 2.2 software • Z80A CPU, 64KB memory &floppy disc controller. Runs CP/M and TurboDos.master/slave.

• With 2 floppy disks, double/double. 3.2MBassembled 4 tested 2349.00

• System W/20MB Winchester and one

floppy $3995.00

• Okidata Printer 82A with tractor feed $469.00

• ADDS Viewpoint Al w/green screen $505.00

*VISA/MASTER CHARGE*Call Now — Reserve Your System

ADVANCED COMP. TECH.

SAN DIEGO, CA (619) 571-2746

Circle 509 on Inquiry card.

COM

: 64

TM

SlO action part*game*

I GREXMOUMD RACING

VISh/MC « CHECK- MOVJSV OHOER EKP BHi "

P.O. BOX 161562

MEMPWS.TENW

New Sources of S-100 Buss

Mainframes & DiskEnclosures

Power Regulationmeeting previous standards

Ann Arbor Terminals

60 Lines Display

48 Programmable Keys

1,499 prepaid

CALL FOR PRICESMICRO MIDWEST

10205 W. 69 TERR.

MERRIAM, KS. 66203

913-362-3462

/ Epson \Giveaway

•">•

Epson MX70/80 Cartridges

$5

OO EACH

Min. 3 of same color

Reloads $2.50 each Min. 12$30.00 a Doz. of Same Color

Cartridges and Reloads AvailableIn Black, Red, Green, Blue, Brown

B.T. Enterprises

Dept. 15AJ .$& lOB Carlough Rd.~rr~m Bohemia. N.Y. 11716

Oidef roll rice *-»c« j NYS C-ceisCall

80Q-&4S-I165 ^^^"" 516 567-8155

Puces SuOject 10 CiiasigeN Y S Residents Add Tax A0d S2 00 Shipping & Hand ,B r Enterprises is a division ol B l-.v Eilteipiises inc

Circle 35 on Inquiry card.

8086 SOURCE CODE

-C5E: A full-screen editor written in C

• Powerful command set includes cursor control,find/replace, block move, file inclusion, and nestedmacro commands

• Installation program allows easy customization for mostpopular terminals

• Requires 64K CP/M-861 or equivalent MP/M-86

• Available soon for CP/M 2.2', MS-DOSJ, and IBM PC

• Includes manual and complete C source code

• Available in 8" SSSD format

• $60.00, including UPS

-SIM80: An 8080 simulator (or the 8086/8088

• Run CP/M object code {.COM files) on any CP/M-86 orMP/M-86 system : ASM, DDT, dBase IP, C/80, MBASK '•'.etc,

• Retain applications software when upgrading fromCP/M to CP/M-86

• Develop and debug CP/M software on CP/M-86- Requires less than BK overhead

• TPA can be up to 61K

• Traps all BDOS and BIOS calls and executes them at full8086/8088 processor speed

t 1/3 to 1/10 as fast as a 5 Mhz 8085 (NOT RECOM-MENDED for highly interactive programs such asWordstar*, or very large, slow interpreted BASICprogams)

• Includes manual and ASM-86 source code

• Available in 8" SSSD format■ $50.00. including UPS

Both CSE and SIM80 for $90.00

NORTHWEST MICROSYSTEM DESIGN

P.O. Box 10853 • Eugene, OR 97401

(503) 68*1-7010

tm. Digital Research: 'tm, Microsoft; >lm, AshtonTate; 1m, Micropro

GAME DESIGNER

HAVE YOU HEARD ABOUT

the raw

The Game Development SystemFor the Atari® VCS™

Now Available forthe Atari 5200 HES™

It allows just about anyone theopportunity to design home videocartridges for the Atari game consoles.

The Miracle of CreationCan be Yours7"

Call: 408-429-1552or write:-Frobco P.O. Box 2780Santa Cruz, CAn5063

^° TM

Circle 282 on Inquiry card.

\ferbatim

flexible disks

Call Free (800) 235-4137 for

prices and information. Dealerinquiries invited. C.O.D. andcharge cards accepted.

VISA'

PACIFICEXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd.San Luis Obispo, CA93401. In Cal. call(800) 592-5935 or(805) 543-1037.

Circle 310 on inquiry card.

IBM Bisync for Your Apple II

Now your Apple II can operate as anIBM 2780/3780 terminal. Send localApple tiles to corporate data centers,and download needed files from main-frame databases. Works with AppleDOS files.

Ergolinx 2780/3780 extends

Applesoft basic with special commands.And Ergolinx comes with complete,ready to run, file transfer programsusing these commands. Use these pro-grams as supplied, copy and modifythem, or create new programs to meetyour unique requirements. Circuitboard, programs and manual for $850.Call or write for details.

Ergonomic Software

P.O. Box K, New York, NY 10028212 427-2373

Dealer/Rep inquiries invited.

Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer Int.

IBM i* a trademark of IBM Corporation.

Ergolinx is a trademark of Ergonomic Software Inc.

Circle 261 on inquiry card.

Circle 316 on inquiry card.

Circle 169 on Inquiry card.

We Have It!.. At the best prices.

Call For Super Value

On S100 System With

Dbl. Dens. 8"Drives!

INTERTECSUPERBRAIN IIFree! Microsoft Basic 80

Self-contained computer with dual disks andtwo RS232C ports Complete with CP M 2.2.

64K Jr $2099

64K QD $2495

64KSD $2949

10 Meg. DDS Hard Disk $2995

VIDEO TERMINALS

SOROC IQ 130 595

SOROC IQ 135 749

SOROC IQ135G 799

SOROC IQ 140 1149

HAZELTINE ESPRIT CALL

ESPRIT-II CALL

1420 CALL

1500 CALL

1510 CALL

1520 CALL

TELEVIDEO 910C CALL

912C CALL

920C CALL

925C CALL

950C CALL

TEXAS INST, 940 BASIC 1599

940 Package 2079

745 Portable Terminal 1399

745 Portable Terminal w'U L Case . 1495

INTERTECINTERTUBEIII 749

ZENITH Z 19 729

PRINTERS

ANADEX DP-9000 A/01 A $1379

DP-9501A 1469

PAPER TIGER IDS 445G Special! 599

PRISM PRINTER IDS-80, w/o color. . . Call

IDS-80, w/color Call

IDS-132, w/color 1695

NEC 3510, RORS232C35CPS. . New Low, $1699NEC 3530. ro. centr mier 35CPS. . Special, 1859

NEC 7710, RORS232C55CPS 2395

NEC 7720, KSR, RS232C55CPS 2999

NEC 7730, RO, Centr Inter, 55CPS 2395

QUME Sprint 9/45

Ltd or Full, 45CPS. RS232C , .. Only 2049

C.ITOH Pro Writer, Parallel 549

SeriaJ and Parallel 649

DIABLO 630 RO RS232C, 55CPS 2299

CENTRONICS 730-1, Parallel 349

737-3, RS232C 389

704-11, Parallel 1695

704-9, RS232C 1595

122G, Parallel, 120 CPS 949

EPSON

MX80 489

MX80FT 589

MX100FT 789

RS232 Serial Interface 65

RS232/2K Bufferlnterface 125

Graftrax II 90

Apple Printer Interface 75

TI810 Basic, RS232C 1349

810 Basic, RS232C & Parallel 1395

810 w/full ASCII, vertical forms

control compressed print 1599

820 RO, Basic 1645

820 KSR, Basic 1839

OKIDATA Microline80 359

Tractor-feed option 50

Microline82A 479

Microline83A 759

Microline84 parallel 1149

Microline 84 serial 1249

MONITORS

ZENITH ZYM-121, 12" Green Phos., . , $125

AMDEK 100, 12" NEW LOW, 99

100G, 12" Green Phosphor 149

300, 12" Green Phos., Hi. Res 199

Color-1, 13" 359

Color II, 13", R.G.B. Hi Res 799

Apple adapt, for RGB 159

BMC -12A, 12" Gr. Phos NewLow99

NorthStarCall For Prices

FLOPPY DISK SYSTEMS

MORROW DESIGNS

Discus 2D, single drive DD $898*

Dual Discus 2D, dual drive DD 1549*

Discus 2 * 2, double sided DD 1239*

Dual Discus 2^2 2139

Dual DMA Discus 2D 1619*

HARD DISK SUBSYSTEMS

MORROW DESIGNS

DiscusM-5 5 Meg ... New Low $1559*

Discus M 10 10 Meg 3095*

Discus M 26, 26 Meg 3795*

CORVUS 5 Meg 2699

10 Meg 4245

20 Meg 5095

MAEZON 5 Meg 1695

10 Meg 1949

15 Meg 2799

INTERTEC 10 Meg SPECIAL S2995

•Includes CPIM"'2.2 and Microsoft Basic.

FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLERBOARDS

CROMEMCO 16FDC DD $499

NORTH STAR DD 479

MORROW Disk Jockey 2D, AEtT 329

INTERSYSTEMS, FDC-2, A&T 439

TARBELL DD, A&T 445

SYSTEMS GROUP DD DMA 439

ESCON CONVERSION FORIBMSELECTRIC

Complete with microprocessor controller andpower supply. Factory built. User installssolenoid assembly or it can be done atESCON Factory.

RS232 Serial & Parallel $534

Cable for above 25

PROM PROGRAMMERS

SSMPB1 Kit $152

SSMPB1. A&T 225

MODEMS

NOVATION CAT Acoustic Modem $149

D-Cat Direct Connect (300 Baud) 155

AUTO CAT Auto Answer 219

APPLE CAT 329

D-CAT (1200) Baud 599

103 JLP Auto Answer 219

DC HAYES MICROMODEM II (Apple!.. 339

Smart Modem (300 Baud) 239

Smart Modem (1200 Baud) 595

Potomac Micro Magic (S 100) 339

CALIFORNIA COMPUTERSYSTEMS

Z80 CPU Board $$269

Disk Controller 2422, w/CP'M 359

16K Static, A&T 259

32K Static, A&T 399

64K Dynamic RAM 335

System 2210 w'64K, CPM2 2 . 1895

CPU BOARDS

(assembled unless noted!

NORTHSTAR Z-80A (ZPB-A/AI $269

INTERSYSTEMS (MPU-80I 349

SSMCB18080, A&T 214

CB2, Z80, A&T 289

CB2.Z-80, Kit 219

SYSTEMSGROUPZ BOvv'th I O 419

MEMORY BOARDS

NORTHSTAR 16K RAM $199

HRAM64K 589

HRAM32K 419

CROMEMCO 16KZ 419

CROMEMCO 64KZ 595

MEMORY MERCHANT

16K Static, 4MHz 159

64K Static, 4MHz 549

SYSTEMS GROUP(Measurement System** tt Controls'

DM4800 48K Board 499

DM6400 64K Board 529

DMB6400 64K Board 595

GODBOUTIA&T)

CPUZ $$249

CPU 8085 88 359

RAM 20 32 359

RAM 17 64 510

RAM 21 1149

Interfacer 1 215

Interfaced 215

Disk 1 425

System Support 1 335

Enclosure 2 (Desk) 699

Enclosure 2 (Rack) 759

VIDEO BOARDS I/O Mapped

SSM VB2I/0, Kit 169

VB2I/0, A&T 229

MEMORY MAPPED

VB1C, 16x64, Kit 152

VB1C, 16x64, A&T 206

VB3. 80 Char. 4MHz, Kit 359

VB3, 80 Char. 4MHz, A&T 419

APPLE BOARDS

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER

7710A Asynchronous Ser Interface. . . $139

7712A Synchronous Ser. Interface . . 149

7424A Calender Clock 99

7728A Centronics Printer Interface... 99

MicroPro WordStar,SpellStar, Mai/Merge.

lis. $895 -Special, $399-

(popular formats only)

—Limited Supply, Limited Time—

MicroPro DataStar, CalcStar,SuperSort. List, $895 only $399

(popular formats only)

SuperCalc,. . $179

{popular forrru-ts only)

—Limited Supply, Limited Time—

Mini MicroMart, Inc.

943 W.Genesee St.P.O. Box 2991 BSyracuse, New York 13220

(315) 422-4467 *

TWX 710^42-0431

Alt prices F.O.B. shipping point, subject tochange. All offers subject to withdrawl with-out notice. Advertised prices reflect a 2%cash discount (orders prepaid prior to ship-ment). C.O.D.'s & Credit Cards, 2% higher.

Circle 277 on inquiry card.

BYTE January 1983 513

ENTERING INTO A

MARKET OVER 263000000

PEOPLE

We translate to Spanish

* PROGRAMS'TITLES

* BOOKS

* BOOKLETS'SOFTWARE'OPERATING SYSTEMS

RPG — PASCAL— ADVANCED BASIC'General Ledger; Inventory;'Lists and so forth.

Sra. MARIS EL A BASTARDOCARRERA 9 #27-AMATURIN 6201MONAGAS VENEZUELATEL 091-24710

CROMEMCO OWNERS

DOUBLE DENSITY

FORTHE4FDC!!!

Ttie FDCX4 Double Density Upgrade Board installs on your 4FDC Mfvdensity disk controller board in seconds and doubles your disk storageyou haye a single density Cromemco system you'll want an FDCX4Some features of the FDCX4 are:

• Analog Phase Locked Loop data separator

• Write Precompensation Allows reliable Double Density operation vn.PerSci 277 and Shugart type 8" drives

• Works with CDOS. CP/M, and CROMIX

• Reads, Writes and Formats double density, single density, 5" artidisks. Densities and sizes may be mixed.

• Installs in seconds Just unplug two chips from the 4FDC and p>ug iFDCX4 into the two vacated sockets One solder joint completes ir-siaition for use with 8" drives. No soldering at all is required it the F DCwill be used exclusively with 5" drives

• Presently being used by Government agencies. Universities, Hospi'jlarge corporations, and sma

• No Risk 15 day Trial Period

JVB ELECTRONICS1601 Fulton Ave. Suite 1Sacramento, CA 95825(916) 483-0709

CDOS b CflOMIX are TM's of U

a TM of Digital Reseaii.

MICRO-USERS:

PUBLICATION EXPLOSIONBUGGING YOU?

Now, up-to-date abstracts of fea-tures, hardware/software, bookreviews, programs, etc. from pop- jular micro publications.Search and select YOUR topics ofinterest, Subscribe to:

Peek

Journal of Micro Abstracts

$30.00/ 12 months

Send check/MO, name & address to:

Peek

B. Skovronek, Ed,

88 Moraine Road

Morris Plains, N.J. 07950

Systems, business, utility, education, home,

technical, and occasionally, games.

Circle 513 on inquiry card.

Circle 222 on inquiry card.

Good news forTeWideo® users!

Two new programs that teach yourTeleVideo terminal and computer tobe all they can be.

OneTime-Set-Customizes your TeleVideo 950keyboard and terminal, or the 800 series Tele-Video computers. Programs all function keys,teaches them to do all that they're capable ofdoing - automatically - every time you boot.Works on any CP/rVT compatible operatingsystems,

TV-Security - Sets up a sophisticated buteasy-to-use security and menu system foryourTeleVideo computer. Separately securesyour system, applications, and commands.

OneTime-Set $ 90

TV-Security $190

Both programs $260

Note; Both programs are from the creators of

Informa X" - the first multi-user, multi-tasking.

multi-processing database management system

that was created from the ground up.

See our other ad on pages 336, 337

CP M" is a reg. Iraiiemark of Digital Research. Inc

abacus data, inc. f "><"! *

1920 San Marco Boulevard I ^rf IJacksonville, Florida 32207 '■JJLJ1-800-874-8555 In Florida 904-398-8547

I WILL BEAT ANY COMPETITOR'S PRICEPROVIDED IT IS NOT BELOW MY COSTTRY TO BEAT THESE IC PRICES:

DYNAMIC RAM

64K

200 ns

$4.99

64K

150 ns

5.25

16K

150 nsEPROM

1.25

2764

250 ns

$10.00

2732

450 ns

4.15

2716

450 ns

3.43

2532

450 nsSTATIC RAM

4.94

6116P-3 150 ns

$4.38

6116LP-3 150 ns

5.25

2114

200 nsZ80A FAMILY

1.60

CPU,

CTC, or PIO

$ 3.39

DART

7.50

DMA

or SIO/0

13.50

MasterCard VISA or UPS CASH COD

All Prime PartsMICROPROCESSORS UNLIMITED

(918) 267-4796

NflWH

Circle 510 on inquiry card.

Circle 271 on inquiry card.

Circle 145 on inquiry card.

maxell

Floppy DisksSAVE 40% X2S&C

5"1/a ' ' Specify soil, Price/10'** 10 or 16 sector

MD1 or MH1 SS/DD $33

MD2 or MH2 DS/DD 47

MD1-DDM SS/QD/96 TP1 43

MD2-DDM DS/QD/96TP1 53

8"specify softor 32 sector

FD1 or FH1 SS/DD 43

FD2 or FH2 DS/DD 53

CHECKS — VISA — MC — COD.(313)777-7760 ADD S2 SHIPPING

LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS

27204 Harper Ave.

St. Clair Shores, Ml 48081

RAMSEPROMS

Circle 236 on inquiry card.

Large quantity 74S/74LS

HANDWELL CORP.

(415) 962-9265

4962 El Camino Real, #119

Los Altos, CA 94022

WHOLESALE - RETAIL

Circle 186 on inquiry card.

Four (as in Quad) FunctionIBM PC Board

" '

Mil III I HI

ffJlSSflll i " '

1*1*11**1, «;?

• Up to 256KB of Parity Memory

• Async Communication Port

• Clock-Calendar with Battery Back-up

• Allows Full I Megabyte Addressing

• One Year Warranty

• Parallel Port can be added for an extra S50

• Free Software — Super Disk and Super Spooler

order 64K . . $3591

TOLL FREE >28K $419

192K $469

FREE SHIPPING 256K $569 |

|800) 531-5475 [if outside of Texas)(512) 250-1523 (if in Texas)

CompuAdd Corp.

13010 Research Blvd. No. 218Austin, Texas 78750

Circle 94 on inquiry card.

wabash

foras

lowas

diskettes

$1.39 each!

Now...Get High Quality at a Low Price

Wabash means quality products that you can depend on.For over 16 years, Wabash has been making high qualitycomputer products. Wabash diskettes are made to provideerror-free performance on your computer system. EveryWabash diskette is individually tested and is 100% certifiedto insure premium performance.

Why Wabash is Special

The quality of Wabash diskettes is stressed throughoutthe entire manufacturing process. After coating, all Wabashdiskettes go through a unique burnishing process thatgives each diskette a mirror-smooth appearance. Wabashthen carefully applies a lubricant that is specially form-ulated to increase diskette life. This saves you money,since your discs may last longer. It also assists your diskdrives in maintaining constant speed which can reduceread and write errors.

Special Seal...Helps Prevent Contamination

To keep out foreign particles, a unique heat seal bonds thejacket and liner together. A special thermal seal whichavoids contamination from adhesives, is then used to foldand seal the jacket. This results in outstanding perfor-mance and true reliability. Wabash then packages eachdiskette, (except bulk pack) in a super strong and tearresistant Tyvek® evelope. The final Wabash product isthen shrink-wrapped to insure cleanliness and reducecontamination during shipment.

Each Diskette is 100% Critically Tested

Since each step in the Wabash diskette manufacturingprocess is subject to strict quality control procedures, youcan be sure Wabash diskettes will perform for you. Andevery Wabash diskette meets the ultra-high standards ofANSI, ECMA, IBM and ISO in addition to the many criticalquality control tests performed by Wabash. Wabash doesall of this testing to provide you with consistently highquality diskettes. Reliability and data integrity - that'swhat Wabash quality is all about.

Flexible Disc Quantity Discounts Available

Wabash diskettes are packed 10 discs to a carton and 10cartons to a case. The economy bulk pack is packaged100 discs to a case without envelopes or labels. Pleaseorder only in increments of 100 units for quantity 100pricing. With the exception of bulk pack, we are alsowilling to accommodate your smaller orders. Quantitiesless than 100 units are available in increments of 10 unitsat a 10% surcharge. Quantity discounts are also avail-able. Order 500 or more discs at the same time and deduct1 %; 1,000 or more saves you 2%; 2,000 or more saves you3%; 5,000 or more saves you 4%; 10,000 or more savesyou 5%; 25,000 or more saves you 6%; 50,000 or moresaves you 7% and 100,000 or more discs earns you an 8%discount off our super low quantity 100 price. Almost allWabash diskettes are immediately available from CE. Ourwarehouse facilities are equipped to help us get you thequality product you need, when you need it. If you needfurther assistance to find the flexible disc that's right foryou, call the Wabash diskette compatibility hotline. Dialtoll-free 800-323-9868 and ask for your compatibilityrepresentative. In Illinois or outside the United States dial31 2-593-6363 between 9 AM to 4 PM Central Time.

Circle 87 on inquiry card.

Part#

CE quant.100 priceper disc ($)

F111

1.99

F111B

1.79

F31A

1.99

F131

2.49

F14A

3.19

F144

3.19

F145

3.19

F147

3.19

M11A

1.59

M11AB

1.39

M41A

1.59

M51A

1.59

M51F

2.99

M13A

1.89

M13AB

1.69

M18A

2.79

M43A

1.89

M53A

1.89

M14A

2.79

M44A

2.79

M54A

2.79

M15A

2.69

M16A

3.79

SAVE ON WABASH DISKETTES

Product Description

8" SSSD IBM Compatible (128 B/S, 26 Sectors)

8" Same as above, but bulk pack w/o envelope

8" SSSD Shugart Compatible, 32 Hard Sector

8" SSDD IBM Compatible (128 B/S, 26 Sectors)

8" DSDD Soft Sector (Unformatted)

8" DSDD Soft Sector (256 B/S, 26 Sectors)

8" DSDD Soft Sector (512 B/S, 15 Sectors)

8" DSDD Soft Sector (1024 B/S, 8 Sectors)

5Vt" SSSD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring

51A" Same as above, but bulk pack w/o envelope

5Vi" SSSD 10 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring

514" SSSD 16 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring

5Vt" SSDD Lanier No-problem compatible

51/i" SSDD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring

5'/4" Same as above, but bulk pack w/o envelope

5V4" SSDD Soft Sector Flippy Disk (use both sides)

5V4" SSDD 10 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring

51A" SSDD 16 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring

5'A" DSDD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring

5'/4" DSDD 10 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring

51/4" DSDD 16 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring

5'A" SSQD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring (96 TPI)

5'A" DSQD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring (96 TPI)

SSSD = Single Sided Single Density; SSDD = Single Sided Double Density;DSDD = Double Sided Double Density; SSQD = Single Sided Quad Density;DSQD = Double Sided Quad Density; TPI = Tracks per inch.

Buy with Confidence

To get the fastest delivery from CE of your Wabash computerproducts, send or phone your order directly to our ComputerProducts Division. Be sure to calculate your price using the CEprices in this ad. Michigan residents please add 4% sales tax orsupply your tax I.D. number. Written purchase orders are accep-ted from approved government agencies and most well ratedfirms at a 30% surcharge for net 30 billing. All sales are subject toavailability, acceptance and verification. All sales are final. Prices,terms and specifications are subject to change without notice. Allprices are in U.S. dollars. Out of stock items will be placed onbackorder automatically unless CE is instructed differently. Min-imum prepaid order $50.00. Minimum purchase order $200.00.International orders are invited with a $20.00 surcharge forspecial handling in addition to shipping charges. All shipmentsare F.O.B. Ann Arbor, Michigan. No COD's please. Non-certifiedand foreign checks require bank clearance.

For shipping charges add $8.00 per case or partial-case of100 8-inch discs or $6.00 per case or partial-case of 100 51/4-inchmini-discs for U.P.S. ground shipping and handling in the con-tinental United States.

Mail orders to: Communications Electronics, Box 1002,Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 U.S.A. If you have a Master Cardor Visa card, you may call and place a credit card order. Ordertoll-free in the U.S. Dial 800-521 -4414. If you are outside theU.S. or in Michigan, dial 313-994-4444. Order your Wabashdiskettes from Communications Electronics today.Copyright '1982 Communications Electronics'" Ad # 110582

MasterCard

MtMBtH mmm

<!S=5v>(=y'

DIRECT MAIl^^^ m. M

MARKETING ASSOCIHTKM ^B^

Order Toil-Free! wabash

800-521 -4414 error-free

In Michigan 313-994-4444 diskettes

COMMUNICATIONSELECTRONICS"

Computer Products Division

854 Phoenix D Box 1002 □ Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 U.S.A.Call TOLL-FREE (800) 521-4414 or outside U.S.A. (313) 994-4444

BYTE January 1983 515

CHIPS.

>&DALE C3

THE INFLATION FIGHTERS!

4116 250ns 8/*9.50 100+ I1,0S«.

4116 200ns 8/t 11.00 100+ 11.18 ea.

4116 150ns 8/113.50 100+ *1.40ea.

4116 120ns 8/M5.30 100+ 11.65 ea.

2114L 300ns 6/* 10.50

2114L 200ns 8/t 12.00•4164 200ns »5.45 es.•4164 150ns 16.25 M.■6116 150ns 15.50 ea.•6116 200ns 14.50 ea.

•1791 Disk Controller S20.00

177? Disk Controller 117.50•Z80ACPU »3.00e«.

8251A 14.00 ea.

2716-1 (5V)350ns8/*5.50ea.*6.25ea.

2716(5V)450ns»3.25ea.•2732 (5V>450ns «4.75 ea.•2532 <5V)450ns 14.75 ea.• 2764 5 V 300ns 28 pin 112.00 ea.•2764 5V 24 pin CALL•2564 5V CALL

••8087 CALL

68000 CALL

Allow up to 3 wks. for personal checks to clear. Please includephone number. Prices subject to change without notice. Shipping &Handling for Chips $3.50, FOB Bellevue, WA. for all else. Wash,residents add 6.5% Sales Tax.

CHIPS & DALE

10655 rl.E. 4th St., Suite 400

Bellevue, WA 98004

1-206-451-9770

TELEVIDEO

DEALERS & DIST.

Our general accounting programsoperate on CP/M1 & MP/M2compatible systems, includingTurboDos5 and MMMost4.

1. C.A.T.S. ( i levels of User help —Oimputer Assisted Tutorial Software.

2 OUTSTANDINGDOCUMENTATION.

3. MULTI-USER (w/filc 8c record lock.)

4 MULTI-COMPANY

(w/consolidation)

5. FULLY INTEGRATED w/smgie

source entry (or stand alone)

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

COUGAR MOUNTAIN SOFTWARE

10 S.Latah Box 6886

Boise, Idaho 83707

208-344-2540

TM: 1. Hi 2. Digital Research; 3 Software 2000;4. TeleVideo.

TRS-80 MODEL 16 AND68000 SYSTEMS

DATABASE AND FILESOFTWARE

Relational Database SystemEasy To Use - Powerful

INTRODUCTORY OFFER $595

Menus & English Subset

Query Language

68000 Code Efficiency

Features Never Seen Before.Send For Catalog.

DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

211 N. EL CAMINO REAL. 101C

ENCINITAS, CA 92024

or Phone: (619) 942-0744

TRS-SO is a trademark of Fandy Corp.

I

Circle 80 on Inquiry card.

Circle 139 on Inquiry card.

-o

MORROW OESIGN5

DECISION 1

If you also buy either anupgrade or a terminal &printer Else S3295

$3195

W5MEGHDSSDDFLOPPY DISK

INCLUDING MORROW aaaap W 5MEGHD&5', DSDD &■ TERMINAL. ELSE $3595 apOSSJO 54995 w-16MEGH DISKDecision '4SlolS-100 Z-80 65K Sialic. 110 6 user (Need more memory Sotlware.S10'or 6 users) Desk lop. wimCPM Wordstar S Microsoft Basic SO 3Sena:filP

Board swap maintenance program for customers.Factory warranty We cater to professionals, however we do have a beginners help pack-age at S750 extra Call 9 AM -10 PM CDT for ma|or savings on al! Morrow products.

Wilh the same software as Micro-Decision 8 more"r>nmn, ,nrA CPU 68000 cost plus 8%; MVW11 pU riU Dnve cost plus r/fc%; SYS A. B

or C cost plus 9%. Shipment from distributor's stock. Call forour terrific prices on all CompuPro.

TELEVIDEO COMPUTERS & TERMINALS

TV TERMINALS: TVI9I0 $569. TVL912C $689. TVI925$725, TVI950 $925 COMPUTERS: 802H $4495,806 $5195

PRINTERS:

Okidata8080 CPS$349,82A120CPS$429.83A (Wide 82)$699. S4P 200 CPS $999, 84S (Serial 84} $1099. 2350S&P

WE CATER TO PROFESSIONALS

Join our Computer Professionals' User Group.We lease and lease/sell.

TERMS: Cash with order

FOB Ship Pt

Prices subieci to change

10% cancellation.CALL US 9 AM lo 10 PM

oSr !2jSb p ° Bo)( 61 u ' Birmingham, AL 35259-6114205 0/9-4/ 60 Ourbank,; ' "

CostPlus

COMPUTERS

• HOLIDAY SALE*

-DRIVES-

Tandon TM 100-1 (For IBM) 185°°

Tandon TM100-2 (For IBM) 265°°

-TERMINALS-

_* Televideo 9 IOC

■' Televideo 920C

Televideo 925C

Televideo 950C

580°«765°°

770°°970"°

-PRINTERS-

nec 8023A 100CPS Matrix 485°°

NEW Serial Adapter For 8023A 89«sPackage-SenalAdapterS8023A 565°°

| -MONITORS-

-MODEMS-

Hays Smartmodem {300 Baud) 224<

Smartmodem (1200 Baud) 600°°

Micromodem 100 (S100) 315°°

1501-B Pine Street

P.O.Box 2233Oxnard, CA 93030

rxr

CALL (805) 487-1665 or 487-1666For FAST Delivery

NEW! M-6SOOOSINGLE BOARD COMPUTER

•yittp«fii

Jiilll

It bit Motorola MOM (PI operattn| * lOMHi. UK byleaof on board la.i tunc RAM,ttK byt« of on board EPROM tpaet, 7 If nil of priorilied autotectortd inli rrupls,2 memory i.paniion buan (up (o 2**K), 1 aerial communication porli (RS-2320,,I r. bit bidirectional parallel port, MOO peripheral accomodation bus. SilS-blt counter/rim en with vectored interrupt!, on board real limt iIihI. toTrwart compatible withMotorola MEXttKOM board.

nuesi

Bart board *ith doeumenlalion ., I».»S

MEXMKDM compatible monilor in 1 <■' fcPROM'a 1110.00

MM000 CPU * memory map PROM II15.M

Shipping and handling (Domttlicl S3.M

(Foreipi) I15.W

*-#*▼»» £■— "'" 714-553-0133

PO BOXItUS IRVINE. CA 92(136114

Circle 125 on inquiry card.

Circle 168 on inquiry card.

Circle 163 on inquiry card.

SMITH-CORONA TP-1

Letter Ouallty'Dalsy Wheel Printers

$565

. BROTHER HR-1 (2k Buffer, 16 cps) $775

• DAISY WRITER (48k Buffer) $999

• BYTEWRITER (Typriter/Printer) . . $699

• C-ITOH F-10 (40 cps) $1295

STAR * MICRONICS $299

OKIDATA 82 A $420

OKIDATA 83 A $625

Please see ofher AD page 560

MICRO TECHNOLOGY

7817 Ivanhoe Ave.. La Jolla, CA 92037(619) 457-2149

ATR8000: THE DOUBLE DENSITYDISK INTERFACE FORATARI®800/400

• 16K RAMI upgradable! to 64K.

• With OSA+Version 4 is double density.

• Runs standard 5%" or 8" drives.

• AZ80 4 MHz controller.

• A serial and a parallel port.

• Software compatible with existingATARI software.

• Is CP/M compatible (with 64K).

ATR8000 $499.95

OSA+ Version 4 $ 49.95

5V»" drive $399.95

64K Upgrade —Call—

SOFTWARE PUBLISHERS, INC.

2500 E. Randol Mill Rd., Suite 125Arlington, TX 76011 (817)469-1181

MEMOREX

FLEXIBLE DISCS

WE WILL NOT BE UNDER-SOLD!! Call Free (800)235-4137

for prices and information. Dealerinquiries invited and CO.D.'saccepted

PACIFICEXCHANGES

100 Foothill BlvdSan Luis Obispo. CA93401 InCal. call(800)592-5935 or1805)543-1037

Circle 264 on Inquiry card.

Circle 376 on Inquiry card.

Circle 310 on Inquiry card.

Why use other computer media

when you could be using

Scotch

high quality error free media?

Get Scotch Diskettes Directly From Communications Electronics

There's a lot of valuable data stored on the diskettes inyour computer or word processing system. In 1981, adiskette manufacturer calculated that the "true cost of adiskette" was $186.50 after data loading. With inflation,the actual cost is well over $200.00 today. That is why youdon't want to use just any diskette, you want the highreliability and quality of Scotch diskettes. You can trustScotch diskettes to deliver that accuracy because eachdiskette is tested before it leaves the factory and iscertified error-free. That means fewer errors and less lostdata. Flexible discs may look alike, but they don't allperform alike. Scotch diskettes can deliver all the perform-ance you'll ever need. The low abrasivity of Scotchdiskettes, 32% below industry average, saves wear andtear on you r read/write heads, which means fewer servicecalls due to head problems. Longer and more reliableservice is yours when you buy Scotch diskettes since theyfar exceed the industry standard durability tests. Finally,your Scotch diskettes are packaged in units of 10, com-plete with color-coded labels (except bulk product) tomake your filing easier.

Flexible Disc Quantity Discounts Available

Scotch diskettes are packed 10 discs to a carton and fivecartons to a case. Please order only in increments of 100units for quantity 100 pricing. We are also willing toaccommodate your smaller orders. Quantities less than100 units are available in increments of 10 units at a 10%surcharge. Quantity discounts are also available. Order500 or more discs at the same time and deduct 1 %; 1,000or more saves you 2%; 2,000 or more saves you 3%; 5,000or more saves you 4%; 10,000 or more saves you 5%;25,000 or more saves you 6%; 50,000 or more saves you7% and 100,000 or more discs earns you an 8% discountoff our super low quantity 100 price. Almost all Scotchdiskettes are immediately available from CE. Our ware-house facilities are equipped to help us get you the qualityproduct you need, when you need it. If you need furtherassistance to find the flexible disc that's right for you, callthe 3M/Scotch flexible disc compatibility hotline. Dial toll-free 800-328-1300 and ask for the Data Recording Prod-ucts Division. In Minnesota or outside the United Statesdial 612-736-9625 between 9 AM to 4 PM Central Time.

SAVE ON SCOTCH FLEXIBLE DISCS

Product Description

8" SSSD IBM Compatible (128 B/S, 26 Sectors)8" Same as above, but bulk pack w/o envelope8" SSSD Shugart Compatible, 32 Hard Sector8" SSSD CPT 8000 Compatible, Soft Sector8" SSDD IBM Compatible (128 B/S, 26 Sectors)8" DSDD Soft Sector (Unformatted)8" DSDD Soft Sector (256 B/S, 26 Sectors)8" DSDD Soft Sector (512 B/S, 15 Sectors)8" DSDD Soft Sector (1024 B/S, 8 Sectors)

Part#

740-0

740-0 B

740-32

7400-8000

741-0

743-0

743-0/256

743-0/51 2

743-0/1024

5'/>" SSDD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring 744D-0RH

5'A" Same as above, but bulk pack w/o envelope744D-0RHB

5'A" SSDD 10 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring 744D-10RH

5'A" SSDD 16 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring 744D-16RH5'A" DSDD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring 745-ORH

5'A" DSDD 10 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring 745-10RH

5'A" DSDD 16 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring 745-16RH5'A" SSQD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring (96 TPI) 746-ORH

5'A" DSQD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring (96 TPI) 747-ORH

SSSD = Single Sided Single Density; SSDD = Single Sided DoubleDSDD = Double Sided Double Density; SSQD = Single Sided QuadDSQD = Double Sided Quad Density; TPI = Tracks per inch.

Circle 88 on inquiry card.

CE quant.100 priceper disc ($)

2.191.992.192.892.893.493.493.493.492.342.142.342.343.093.093.092.993.99

Density;Density;

Save on Scotch Static Control Floor Mats

Scotch Velostat Electrically Conductive Floor Mats, drain static chargebefore it can cause serious problems with computer or word processingequipment. Order number 1853 is a black 4' x 5' size mat with lip. Costis $170.00 each. Order number 9453 is the same mat, but the color isearthtone brown, which is designed to blend with any office decor.Cost on the 9453 mat is $259.00 each. All Velostat mats comecomplete with 15 feet of ground cord. All mats are shipped freight collect.

Save on Scotch Data Cartridges

Scotch Data Cartridges are available from CE in three differentconfigurations. The DC100A data cartridge is a small version of theDC300A data cartridge. The DC100 A contains 140 feet of 0.150" tapein a package measuring 2.4x3.2 x0.5 inches. Cost is$14.00 each. TheDC300A is a pre-loaded tape cartridge containing 300 feet of one milthick by 'A" computer tape. The DC300A costs $18.00 each. TheDC300XL is an extra length data cartridge with 450 feet of tape. It isthe same size and interchangeable with the DC300A. The DC300XLprovides a total storage capacity of 34.5 million bits at 1600 BPI. Thecost of the DC300XL is $22.00 each.

Scotch Head Cleaning Diskettes- Helps Cut Downtime

When the read/write heads on information processing machinesare dirty, that can cause you a lot of grief. Now...with Scotch brandhead cleaning diskettes, you can clean the read/write heads onthe diskette drives yourself in just 30 seconds and as often as theyneed it. Simply apply the cleaning solution to the special whitecleaning fabric. Insert the cleaning diskette into the drive andaccess the heads for 30 seconds. That's all there is to it. Regularuse of the head cleaning diskettes can save you much of the griefcaused by dirty heads. We recommend you use them once aweek, or more often if your system gets heavy use. Each kitcontains two head cleaning diskettes, and enough solution for 30cleanings. Order # 5-CLE is for 51A" drives and order # 8-CLE isfor 8" drives. Only $25.00 each plus $3.00 shipping per kit.

Buy with Confidence

To get the fastest delivery from CE of your Scotch computer products,send or phone your order directly to our Computer Products Division.Be sure to calculate your price using the CE prices in this ad. Michiganresidents please add 4% sales tax or supply your tax I.D. number.Written purchase orders are accepted from approved governmentagencies and most well rated firms at a 30% surcharge for net 30billing. All sales are subject to availability, acceptance and verification.All sales are final. Prices, terms and specifications are subject tochange without notice. All prices are in U.S. dollars. Out of stock itemswill be placed on backorder automatically unless CE is instructeddifferently. Minimum prepaid order $50.00. Minimum purchase order$200.00. International orders are invited with a $20.00 surcharge forspecial handling in addition to shipping charges. All shipments areF.O.B. Ann Arbor, Michigan. No COD's please. Non-certified andforeign checks require bank clearance.

For shipping charges add $8.00 per 100 diskettes and/or anyfraction of 100 8-inch diskettes, or $6.00 per 100 diskettes and/or anyfraction of 100 5'A-inch mini-discs. For cleaning kits, add $3.00 per kit.For tape data cartridges, add $1.00 per cartridge, for U.P.S. groundshipping and handling in the continental United States.

Mail orders to: Communications Electronics, Box 1002,Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 U.S.A. If you have a MasterCardor Visa card, you may call and place a credit card order. Ordertoll-free in the U.S. Dial 800-521 -4414. If you are outside theU.S. or in Michigan, dial 313-994-4444. Order your Scotchcomputer products from Communications Electronics today.

Copyright "1982 Communications Electronics"

Ad #120182

MEMBER

Order Toll-Free!(800)521-4414

In Michigan (313) 994-4444

Authorized Distributor

COMMUNICATIONSELECTRONICS"

Computer Products Division

854 Phoenix □ Box 1002 D Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 U.S.A.Call TOLL-FREE (BOO) 521 -4414 or outside U.S.A. (313) 994-4444

BYTE January 1983 517

M

The Mega Super Computer

'-» r— - »

: . .

• i '-■'• H_

.. i. ,23 awfc

■; ; . .- :■:■;■- ■.-■ . ■'■■■■

At last! A professional expandable single board computerwhich offers all you could ever desire and afford:

m MEGA CO. x

2318 S Park Street, Madison, Wl 53713 (608)255-7400

wiicwcscQik

SPEECH SYNTHESIZER

VodMnc"

$70 Each(5 or more,+*++++++*+* $55 each)Order in Ones or Thousands

Tha SC-01A Speech Synthesizer is a completely self-contained solid state device. This single chip phoneti-cally synthesizes continuous speech of unlimitedvocabulary.

The SC-01A contains 64 different phonemes whichare accessed by a 6-bit code. Computer interfacesand text-to-speech algorithms also available for prod-uct development.Votrax is a trademark of Federal Screw Works

Call 1-800-645-3479, in N.Y. 1-516-374-6793

MICROMINTINC.917 MidwayWoodmere, N.Y. 11598

Call torquantity pricing.

^

TYCOMP

PRINTERS Dot Matrix

Prowriter 9 IN - Parallel - 459°°

Serial - 630M

Prowriter II • 15 IN - Parallel - 650"

Serial - 72500

NEC - 8023 A - 489™

OKIOATA - ML 60 - 348°°

ML 82A - 425™

ML 83A - 700™

ML 84 - Parallel - 1000™

ML 84-Serial - 1150™

We also carry a lull line of letterquality printers ■ Please call or

MONITORSAMDEK3006- 160™ZENITH ZUM- 121 - 100™

AMDEK Color I - 330™AMDEK Color II - 700™NGC HI - RES - REB • 699™USI - PI - 1 -122™PI - 3 - 170™PI - 2 - 148™PI - 4 - 150™

DAVONG 5-10-15 MEGHard Disks For IBM, OsborneApple II 8; Apple IIICall For Prices

RANA DISK DRIVESElite 1 w/cont - 390™Elite 1 w/o - 295™Elite 2 w/cont-600™w/o - 520°°Elite 3 w/cont - 725™w/o - 650™

We Carry A Full Line of Hard-ware, Software, and Com-puters.

Columbia, Bell & Howell &More!!!

CALL: (803) 877-2468

or

WRITE

THE TYCOMP CO.

700 W.Poinsett St.

Greer, S.C. 29651

CALL OR WRITE FOR FREE CATALOG!

Circle 251 on inquiry card.

Circle 525 on inquiry card.

Circle 408 on inquiry card.

IBM PC Software

SOFTSPOOL<tm> —printer spooler•Creates true foreground/background operation•Buffer sizes user modifiable (1-12BK)■Program execution no longer linked to printer speed.$49.95 (includes disk & doc)

KEYSWAP(tm> — typing utility

•Transforms the PC's keyboard into a standard type-writer keyboard

'Poorly positioned keys are relocated and replaced•Optional audible feedback on "toggle" keys'Increases "touch typist" efficiency'$69.95 (includes disk, stick-on labels & doc)

BOTH PROGRAMS

•Work with any program that runs under DOS(EASYWRITER(,m), VISICALC(,m), WORDSTAR"™,etc.)

•Ideal for Business or Software development

PROCRYPrtm>—software protection program•Encrypts, serializes, and copy protects your programs-Call for price!

NOW til 2/1/83 SOFTSPOOL & KEYSWAP for $99.95

FOR ORDERS OR INFO CALL—<617) 662-0856

OR SEND CHECK TO:

Rickerdata MC & visa

P.O. Box 288 accepted

Burlington, MA 01803 Add $2.50 S&Hterms 8. conditions may change w/o notice

LABELS

ttite, pressure sensitive, pin feed, continuous (no box breaks).

Minimum order one box.

labelWidth

2'/2

2'/22'/22'/22'/23'/23'/23'/231/2

444

Stock

Number10250-110250-210250-310250-410250-510350-110350-210350-310350-410400-110400-210400-3

LabelsAcross

1

2

3

4

5

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

Cost per

1000 Labels+(.50 handling/

shipping)$4.05+50

2794

3 064

2,87 4

2,124

2 404

2 40 4

2 40 4

50,50,50,50,5050,50

2.40+ ,50

4 82 + . 50

4.55+ .50

4.08+ .50

All labels are 15/16 inch high and have 1/16 inch up spacing (one inchrepeat), and 1/10 inch side spacing.

Qtyper Box(1.000's)

510152025

5101520

51015

Costper BoxDelivered$22,7532.9053.4067.4065.5014.5029.0043.5058.0026.6050.5068.70

TERMS: Visa & MC. (add 4%), check or

money order. No C.O.D.'s. Minimum order

$12.00. CA residents add 6% Sales Tax.

1 COMPUTERSUPPLY CO.

25422 TRABUCO RD. SUITE #200EL TORO, CA. 92630 • (714) 768-0370

&vT\

APPLE HARDWARE

40% to 70% off!!

Stock Retail Now

Number Price Only

API0I I6K RAM card $149 $49 67%

APIQ2 80 Column card 295 159 46%

API03 9" Monitor green (very sharp).... 199 119 40%

API04 Clock cal card 195 109 44%

API 05 Disk-ll drive wo/con (roller 498 249 50%

API 06 Disk-ll controller I SO 89 41 %

API07 joy-stick delux 49 25 49%

API08 Language card only 295 159 46%

API09 Lowercase 45 25 44%

API 10 Parallel card 150 59 61%

API 11 Serial card 195 89 54%

API 12 Sup-R-Mod 39 25 36%

API 13 Tel-Modem (RS-232) 120 75 38%

API 14 Z-80 card 298 139 53%

AP20I Apple-ll + compat. 4BK kit 599 320 47%

AP202 Hardcase for AP20I (plastic) 175 119 32%

AP203 Keyboard for AP20I 139 78 44%

AP204 Power supply for AP201 120 75 3B%

We accept Visa, Master Chg. C.O.D., Personal checks.AH prices good thru Jan. 31.1983

K & D ELECTRONICS CO.

1440 PACIFIC COAST HWY„ #104

HARBOR CITY, CA 90710

(213) 530-2577

Circle 357 on inquiry card.

Circle 359 on inquiry card.

Circle 511 on inquiry card.

INTRODUCING..

SOUTHWEST LOGIC

CORPORATIONS'

PROGRAMMABLE CONTROLLER LINE

ULTRA COUNT 1™

•6802/08 CPU

•2K RAM

•2K/4K EPROM

•6522 VIA

• FULLY BUFFERED BUSSES

•COMPACT DESIGN 6.5" X 5"

STD MODULES* (partial listing)ULTRA COUNT1 6802 cpu $317

8 board bus recepticle $129

32K memory (accepts 2, 4 &

8K PARTS) HD $228

system utilities 1 $185

HIGH DENSITY MODULESULTRA COUNT 11 6809 CPU. $417

SOUTHWEST LOGIC CORPORATION

P.O. Box 2712, Casper, WY 82602

(307) 577-9230

HH

DISKETTES

3M Scotch BRAND

AT SUPER LOW PRICES

WE WILL SHIP YOUR

ORDER WITHIN 24 HOURS

AND WE PAY THE

SHIPPING CHARGES

««___ fj-pCOD ACCEPTED

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

CALL TOLL FREE800 922-8193

IN CALIFORNIA800 468-1068

Tayco Business FormsComputer SuppliesPost Office Box 605

Newbury Park, CA 91320

pa(

•as

w*

Circle 393 on inquiry card.

Ivw

Circle 512 on inquiry card.

333EHHE

IBM® PC OUTFIT

System uit with 64K, 2double-sided double-density Disk Drive 640K,Monochrome display &printeradapter, DOS, DiskDrive controller

Call or Write

SOFTWARE & ACCES.

IBM Orig. 5V<" Disk

SS/DD pk. of 10 34.95

IBM Orig. 5V." Disk

DS/DD pk. of 10 49.95

TAN DON DS/DD Disk Drive

320K 279.95

IBM is a registered trademark of IBM, Inc.BIG BLUE CP/M Card . .469.95OUADRAM Parallel

printer card 129.95

OUADRAM 129.95

QUAD Board 64K 449.00

QUAD Board 256K 749.00

MICROSOFT RAM Card64K .279.95 2S6K 629.95VISICALC/256K 185.00

SUPERCALC 209.95

VISITREND/VISIPLOT .239.95

VISIDEX 184.95

VISIFILE 239.95

CURTIS PC Pedestal forMonochrome Display... .69.95POWER TEXT Word Proc299.95PEECH TREE AccountingGL, AP&AR 3-pk 469.00

1000

Hardware and softwarecompatible w/Appie" ttplus'" 64 K RAM, Upper &tower case, 12-key numerickeypad, Built-in fan. Type-writer style keyboardACE 1000 64K, Franklin-Disk Dr. w/controller, 12" |high res. green monitor, |Magic window processor &1a one year extendedwarranty

Apple II plus 48K, 16Kmem. expansion, AppleDisk Drive II with inter-face DOS 3.3, Apple III,12" monitor and the Ap-ple Monitor stand, Oneyear extended warranty

apple®

All for Only

$179500

BUSINESSMAN'SSPECIAL

Apple II plus 48K, 16K

mem. expansion, Apple

Disk Drive w/interface

DOS 3.3, 12" Hi Res

Green Monitor, Visicalc

3.3, Planning & Financial

Forecasting Software, One

year extended warranty

Only $197900

WORD PROCESSORSYSTEM

Apple II plus 48K, 16Kmem. expansion, AppleDisk Dr. w/interface DOS

3.3, 12" Hi Res Green

Monitor, OKIDATA 80Printer, Interface Card &

Cable, Screenwriter II

Only *224900

SOFTWARE & ACCESSORIES FOR APPLE® and FRANKLIN®

RANA

Elite 1 Disc Drive, with 15% more storagecapacity than Apples' drive . . .Only $31950Controller Card Only 109.95

MICRO SCI

A-2 Disc Drive, the cost effective alternative to

the Disc II, with controller Only $409"

without controller Only 329.95

KENSINGTON

System Saver Fan, with built-in surge protec-tor for Apple* II Only $74"

MICRO PRO Spec/a/ Offer!Word Pack Includes WordStar, MailMerge, andSpellStar All 3 for Only *32900

NOVATION

Apple Cat II, direct line modemOn/y $299,a

Apple Cat II, 212 Upgrade Only $329"

Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

COMPUTER SPECIALS!

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS

Tl 99 4/A with RF Modulator . .'1991"

After Mfg's Cash Rebate, Plus 2 FREE

offers from Tl Call or Write lor details!

COMMODORE

VIC-20 with RF Modulator «179"

RCA VP-3501 built-in modem '329"

ATARI 400 -269"

TIMEX Sinclair 1000 'Be"

48K Memory 49.95 32K Memory . 99.95

SHARP (Handheld)PC-1500 with CE-150 Printer '349"

PC-1211 with CE-122 Printer M19"

VISICORP PROGRAMS

Visicalc *184" Visifile $184"

Visiplot $239" Visiterm $79'»

Visidex »184" Visischedule.$239"

Desktop Plan II $194,s

ADDITIONAL "ADD-ONS"

DC HAYES Micromodem II $289"

VIDEX Keyboard Enhancer II s119"

VIDEX Videoterm 80 Col. Board . . $259'=

VIDEX Function Strip (f/use w/Ennancer II) $62"5

TKC Numeric Keypad (Apple- omy) . . . *134,s

ABT Numeric Keypad (Apple- only) sgg's

THUNDERCLOCK PLUS $119"

PKASO Parallel interface $134"

MICROSOFT Z-80 CP/M Card *259"

MICROSOFT 16K Ram Card $99"

TG Joystick s47«° TKC Joystick s44,s

,„- HEWLETTCM PACKARD!

VOTRAX TYPE N-TALK

Lets your computer talk to you Only $19995Available lor Apple/Franklin/Atari/VIC-20

NEW! APPLI CARD

Z-80 Card with 64K RAM Only s36995

FORMAT II WORD PROCESSOR

with mail list, user friendly. . .Only s19995MICROSOFT PREMIUM PACK

Z-80 CPM Card, VIDEX Videoterm 80 Col. board,

CPM user's guide & MICROSOFT RAM Card

All lor only $5499sPlus you receive a FREE Videx Soft Switch (a s30 Value!)

MICROBUFFER llby Practical Peripherals

32K . ..Only *24995 16K .. .Only s2149s

MICROBUFFER for EPSON

16K Parallel s13495 8K Serial . ,s13495

Franklin ACE is a trademark of Franklin Computer Co.

DISKETTE SPECIALS!

HP-83A *1149**

HP-85A »20999s

HP-87Aw>i28K$2394MHP-87 XM ... *2495*s

HP-125 *2099»8

HP Accessories

82901M SVa" Dual

Dfsc Drive.... M894M

82905A Serial Printer«ei9*»HP-7470A Graphics plotteralso avatl. in Serial f/Apple*"Pranklin* and IBM* »ia9**«

ATARI

WORD PROCESSOR

Atari 800 48K, Atari 810 Disk Drive,

Atari Word Processor, 850

Interface, Okidata Microline 82A

Printer with Connecting Cable

Now Only $199900

Atari 800 48K complete witha 13" color TV

Wow Only «84900

EPSON

MX-80 III F/T 80-136 Column DotMatrix, Tractor or Friction Feed, Bidirec-tional, 80 CPS, Graftrax Plus Call

MX-100IIIF/T 136-233 Column, Tractoror Friction Feed, Bidirectional, 80 CPS,

Graftrax Plus Call

OKIDATAMICROLINE 82A 120 CPS, Bidirec-tional, Parallel-Serial, 80/132 Columns.

Friction & Pin Feed 449.95

MICROLINE 83A F/T 120 CPS, Bidirec-tional, 136 Columns, Serial/Parallel, Fric-tion and Tractor 699.00

New! MICROLINE 84A F/T 200 CPS,Bidirctional, 136 Column, Parallel, Fric-tion and Tractor 1099.00

Serial w/2K Buffer 1199.00

NEC 8023 Pro writer, 100 CPS, 136 Col-umn, Parallel, Bidirectional, Tractor &friction, High resolution graphics .514.95

PRINTERS

SMITH CORONA TP-1 Letter qualityDaisy wheel printer, Microprocessor elec-tronics, Serial or Parallel interface, 120

(10 pk except where indicated)

MAXELL MD-1 SS SV4" 34.95

MAXELL MD-2 DS/DD 5V«" 49.95

MAXELL FD-2 DS/DD 8" (Soft Sector)59.95

VERBATIM SS/DD 5V<" 31.95

VERBATIM DS/DD S'A" 46.50

MEMOREX SS/DD 5V." 23.95

CONTROL DATA SS/DD 5 V." (12 pk)25.95

NEW! IBM SS/DD 5%" 34.95

NEW! IBM DS/DD 5V4" 49.95

For quantity discount pricesplease call or write!

OSBORNE

words per minute .

639.00

MONITORS

USI PI-2 12" High Res. Green 159.00

USI PI-3 12" High Res. Amber 189.00

SANYO 13" Color 389.95

AMDEK 300 12" Green 149.95

AMDEK 13" Color I 329.00

AMDEK Color II RGB High Res. .. .699.95AMDEK Color Interface Board f/RGB159.00

NEC JB 12" Green 179.95

NEC JC 12" Color 349.95

EPSON CR-5500 12" Green 109.95

ELECTROHOMEECM-1302-1 13" RGB Monitor Hi-Res.

with NTSC Interface 399.95

1302-2 High Res. RGB 599.95

COLOR BOARD for APPLE® II . 199.95

Complete w/the following software: Word-

star, Mailmerge. Supercalc. CBasic and

M Basic.

Call for Low Price!Software & Accessories

X-MON monitor adapter 39.95

CENTRONIX printer cable 59.95

Keyboard extender cable 4 ft 49.95

RS232 Serial cable 39.95

Games for Osborne

Velor 20.00 Star Trek 15.00

Trapper . . . .15.00 Catacomb . 18.00

Items°nces

CORPORATE ACCOUNTS WELCOME (212)260-4410

TOLL FREE OUT-OF-STATE

800-221-7774800-221-5858

67 West 47th Street, New York, N.Y. 10036

115 West 45th Street, New York, N.Y. 10036

MAIL ORDER ADDRESS: 36 E. 19th St. New York. N.Y. 10003

on sale for limited time only, and are subject to limited availability. Not responsible for typographical errors. This ad supersedes all other ads prior to Jan 1983effective as of Nov. 28. 1982 and are subject to change without notice. Ail orders subject to verification and acceptance. Minimum shipping and handling $4.95

Circle 1 on inquiry card.

BYTE January 1983 519

MICROPROCESSOR COMPONENTS

SN7472N 14

SN7473N 14

SN7474N 14

SN7475N 16

SN7476N 1G

SN7479N 14 i

SN7480N 14

SN7482N t4

SN7483N 16

SN7485N 16

SN7486N 14

SN7489N 16 :

SN7490N 14

SN7491N 14

SN7492N 14

SN7493N 14

SM7494N 14

SN7495N 14

SN7496N 16

SN7497N IB :

SN74100N 24

SN74104N 14

SN74105N 14

SN74107N 14

SN74109N 16

SN741I6N 24

SN74121N 14

SN74122N 14

SN74123N 16

SN74125N 14

SN74126N 14

SN74132N 14

SN74136N 14

SN74141N 16

SN74142N 16

SN74143N Z4

SN74144N 24

SN74145N 16

SN74147N 16

SN74148N 16

SN74150N 24

SN74151N 16

SN74152N 14

SN74153N. 16

SN74154N 24

SN74155N 16

SN74156NSN74157N

SN74160NSN74161NSN74162NSN74163NSN74164NSN74165NSN74166NSN74167NSN7417QNSN74172NSN74173NSN74174NSN74175NSN74176NSN74177NSN74179NSN7418QNSN74181NSN74182NSN741B4NSN74185NSN74190NSN74191NSN74192NSN74193NSN74194NSN74195NSN74196NSN74197NSN74198NSN74199NSN74221NSN74251NSN74276NSN74279NSN74283NSN74284NSN74285NSN74365NSN74366NSN74367NSN74368NSN74390NSN74393N

14

-MICROPROCESSOR CHIPS-

Part Na. "Pins Function

piica

CDP1802 40 CPU

2650 40 MPU

IDM2901ADC 40 CPU—4-bit slice (Com. Temp. 6c)

MCS6502 40 MPU w/Clock (65K rjyles mem.) .

MC6802CP 40 MPU w/Clock and RAM

INS8035N-6 40 MPU—8-bit (6MHz)

INS8039N-6 40 CPU-Sgl.ctiip8-bit(128bts.ftam).

INS8040N-6 40 CPU (256 Bytes BAM)

INS8070N 40 CPU (64 byles RAM)

INS8073N 40 CPU w/Basic Micro Interpreter .

P8085A 40 CPU

Z80, Z80A, Z8DB, Z80O0 SERIES

ZBO 40 CPU (MK3880N|(780C| 2MHz . . .

Z80-CTC 26 Counter Timer Circuit

Z80-DART 40 Dual Asynchronous Rec./Trans. .

Z80-DMA 40 Direct Memory Access Circuit...

Z80-P10 40 Parallel I/O Interface Controller ..

Z80-S10/0 40 Serial I/O (TxCB and RxCS Bonded]

Z60-S10/1 40 Serial I/O (Lacks DTRB)

Z80-S10/2 40 Serial I/O (Lacks SYNCB)

Z80-S1Q/9 40 Serial I/O

7R(1fl 40 CPU(MK3880N-4)(780C-1)4MHz

" Counter Timer Circuit 5.95

Dual Asynchronous Rec./T[

Z80A-CTC

Z80A-DART

Z80A-DMA

Z80A-P10

Z80A-S10/0

Z80A-S10/

..5.95

..$4,95

159515.9515.95.15.95..5.95

40 Dual Asynchronous Rec./Trar

40 Direct Memory Access Circuit

40 Parallel I/O Interface Controller 5.95

40 Serial I/O (TxCB and R*CB Bonded) . 16.95

40 Serial I/O (Lacks DTR8) 16.95

Z80A-S10/2 40 Serial I/O (Lacks SVNCB) 16.95

Z8OA-S10/9 40 Serial I/O 16.95

40 CPU (MK3880N-6) 6MHz 11.95

28 Counter Timer Circuit 13.95

40 Parallel I/O Interlace Controller 13.95

48 CPU Segmented 51.95

40 CPU Non-Segmented. 55.95

40 SerlalComm. Controller 44.95

40 Counter/TimerS, Parallel I/O Unit ..29.956800/68000 SERIES

Z80B-CTC

Z80B-P10

Z8O01

Z8002

Z8030

MC68QO

MC6802CP

MC6810AP!

MC6821

MC6828

MC6830L8

MC6850

MC6852

MC6B60

MC6S62

MC6880A

40 MPU

74LS9274LS9374LS9574LS96

74LS107 14

74LS109 16

74LS112 16

74LS113 14

74LS114 14

74LS122 14

74LS123 18

74LS125 14

74LS126 14

74LS132 14

74LS133 16

74LS136 14

74LS138 16

74LS139 16

74LS151 IB

74LS153 16

74LS154 24

74LS155 16

74LS156 16

74LS157 16

74LS158 16

74LS160 18

74LS161 16

74LS162 16

74LS163 1fi

74LS164 14

74LS165 16

74LS168 16

74LS169 16

74LS170 16

74LS173 IB

74LS174 16

74LS175 16

74LS181 24

74LS190 16

74LS191 16

74LS192 16

74LS193 16

74LS194 16

74LS195 16

74LS197 14

74LS221 16

74LS240 20

74LS241 20

74LS242 14

74LSZ43 14

74LS244 20

74LS245 20

74LS247 16

74LS248 16

74LS249 16

74LS251 16

74LS253 16

74LS257 16

74LS258 18

74LS260 14

74LS266 14

74LS273 20

74LS279 16

74LS283 16

74LS290 14

74LS293 14

74LS298 16

74LS352 16

74LS353 16

74LS365 16

74LS366 16

74LS387 16

74LS368 16

74LS373 20

74LS374 20

74LS375 IB

74LS386 14

74LS393 14

74LS399 16

74LS670 16

8US95 20

81LS97 20

..4.95

ith clock and RAM 7.95

24 128x8 Static RAM 3.95

40 Peripheral Inter. Adapt (MC6820) . .4.95

24 Priority Interrupt Controller 15.95

24 1G24x8-b.it ROM (MC68A30-8) 10.95

24 Asynchronous Comm. Adapter 4.95

24 Synchronous Serial Data Adapter ....5.75

24 0-600bps Digital MODEM 9.95

24 2400bps Modulator 12.95

16 Quad 3-state bus. trans. (MC8T26) ..2.25

MC68000L8 64 MPU 16-811 (8MHz) 69.95

MC68488P 40 Genera! Purpose Int. Adapter . 8.95

MC68652P2 40 Multl. Protocol Comm. Controller... .24.95

MC68661PB 28 Enhanced Prog. Comm. Int ,. .8.95

8080A SERIES

4n

CPU

.3.95

TMS5501

411

Synchronous Data interface (SBC) -

128 Byte RAM 16-Bltl/O

Octal 6 Flip Flop Tri-State (74C374)

INS82C06

a

M

8-bit lnput/0utpul(74S412)

DP8214

74

Priority Interrupt Control

Bi-Directional Bus Driver

DP8224

in

Iti

Bus Driver

DP8228

78

System Cont./Bus Driver (74S428)

DP8238

74

I/O Expander for 48 Series

.5.95

INS8245

ia

16-Key Keyboard Encoder (74C922)

INS8246

Ml

20-Key Keyboard Encoder(74C923)

INSB247

76

Display Controller <74C911)

INS8248

n

DisplayController(74C912)

40

Asyn. Comm Element (INSB250) ..Prog Comm. I/O (USART)

DP8251

M

0P8255

40

Prog. Peripheral I/O (PPI)

40

Prog. DMA Control

DP8259

?B

Prog. Interrupt Control

DP8275

40

Prog. CRT Controller

40

Prog. keyboard/Display Interface ..

8-Bit Trl-State Bl-Dlrectlcnal Trans.

711

8-bit Bi-Dlrectional Receiver

DPB307

711

8-bit Bi-Directional Receiver

?n

8-bit Bi-Directional Receiver

N

Oclal Latched Peripheral Driver..

DP8311

n

Octal Latched Peripheral Driver...

MICROPROCESSOR MANUALS & DATA BOOKS

Us

M-2650

1982 Intel Data Book (1405 pg.)

1981 Nat. CMOS Book (628 pg.)

1980 Nat. Interlace Book (640 pg.). ...

30002

1982Nal. Linear Book (1952 pg.)--. .

19

1 Nat. TTL Book (624 pg.)

30008

1980 Nat Memory Data Book (464 pg.)

30011

1980 Nat. Linear Applications (736 pg.)

Part No.

"Pins

-DYNAMIC RAMS-

Price

11034027

4116N-2

4116N-3

4116N-4

4164N-150

4164N-200

MM5261

MM 5262

MM5270

MM5280

MM5290-2

MM5290-3

MM 5290-4

MM5298-3

(300ns

.99

11012101210221L02

18 1024x'

16 4096x1 (250ns) 2.

16 16,384x1 (150ns) 1.89 -8/14.95

16 16,384x1 (200ns) 1.69-8/12.95

16 16,384x1 (250ns) 1.49-8/10.95

16 65.536x1 (150ns) ... .. 7.95-8/59.95

16 65.536x1 (200ns) 7.49 - 8/54.95

18 1024x1 (300ns) 49-8/1.95

22 2048x1 (365ns) 49 — 8/1.95

18 4096x1 (250ns) MK4096 4.95

22 4096x1 (200ns) 2107 3.95

1B 16,384x1 150ns) 1.89-8/14.95

16 16,3B4X1 (200ns) 1.69-8/12.95

IB 16,384x1 (250ns) 1.49-8/10.95

16 8192x1 (2O0ns) 1-69

STATIC RAMS

16 256x1 (650ns) 1.49

22 256x4 (450ns)8101 2.49

1024x1 (350ns).

16 1024x18 256x416 256x4

(450ns>LP. .

1.49

2114L-2

2141-3

2147

2148

TMS4044

TMS4045

5101

MM5257

HM6116P-3

HM6116-4

HM6116LP-4

7489

74C920

74C921

74C929

74C930

74S189

74S200

74S206

74S289

82S10

B2S25

1702A

2708

2708-5

TMS2516

TMS2532

TMS2564

TMS2716

2716

2716-1

2732

27560

MM2764

MM2764-3

(450ns)8111 2.95

(450ns) MOS 2.95

„ 1024x4 (450ns) 1.95-8/13.95

IB 1024x4 (450ns) L.P 2.25-8/15.95

IB 1024x4 (2O0ns) 2.25-8/15.95

IB 1024x4 (200ns) L.P 2.49-8/17 95

IB 4096x1 (150ns) 3.95

16 4096x1 (70ns) 4.95

18 1024x4 70ns) 8.95

18 4096x1 (450ns) 3.95

IB 1024x4 (450ns) 3.95

22 256x4 (450ns)CM0S 4.95

18 4096x1 (450ns)4044 4.95

24 2048x8 (150ns)CM0S 7.95

24 2048x8 (200ns)CMOS 6.95

24 2048x8 (200ns) L.P. CMOS 7.95

16 16x4 (50ns) 3101 2.25

22 256x4 (250ns) CMOS (6551) . ...3.95

18 256x4 (250ns)CMQS 3.95

16 1024x1 (250ns) CMDS (6501) 3.95

18 1024x1 (25Dns)CM0S(6518) 3.95

16 16x4 (35ns)93405 1.95

16 256x1 (80ns)93410 3.95

16 256x1 (60ns)93411 3.95

16 16x4 35ns) 3101 2.25

16 1024x1 (50ns) O.C. (93415) 3.95

16 16x4 (50ns) O.C. (74S289) 2.25

EPROMS

24 256x8 (1us)

Pari No.

•11—

74S18874S28774S28874S38774S47174S47274S47374S47474S47574S47874S57074S57174S57274S573B2S2382S115

&'2-

82S12682S12982S13082S1B5

24 1024x8

24 1024x8 (550ns) SM00246 ..

24 2048x8 450ns 2716

24 4096x8 450ns) NMC2532 .

28 8192x8 450ns)

24 2048x8 (450ns) 3 voltage .

24 2048x8 (450ns)

24 2048x8 (350ns)

24 4096XB [450ns)

24 1024x8 (450ns) single +5V .

2B 8192x8 (450ns)

2B 8192x8 (300ns)

PROMS-

PROM O.C.(6330-1)

PROM T.S. (6301-1

PROM T.S. (6331-1

PROM O.C (6300-1) ....

PROM T.S. (6309-1)

PROM T.S. (6349-1).. ..

PROM O.C. (8348)

PROM T.S. (DM87S296N) .

„ PROM O.C. (6340)

24 1024x8 PROM T.S. (T8P28S86) .

16 512x4 PROM O.C. (6305)

18 512x4 PROM T-S. (B306)

18 1024x4 PROM O.C. 6352)

1024x4 PROMT.S.(82S137) ....

16 32x8

16 256x4

16 32x8

16 256x4

20 256x8

20 512x8

20 512xB

24 512x8

24 512x8

7045IP1

7045EV/Kit*

7106CPL

7106EV/KH'

7107CPL

7107EV/Kit*

7116CPL

7117CPL

7201IUS

7205IPG

7205EV/KH*

7206CJPE

7206CEV/KH-

7207AIPD

7207AEV/Kif

720B1PI

7209IPA

7215IPG

7215EV/Kit*

7216AIJI

7216CIJI

7216DIPI

7217IJI

7217AIPI

7224IPL

7226AIJL

7226AEV/Kit*

7240IJE

7242IJA

7250IJE

72601JE

7555IPA

7556IPD

7611BCPA

7612BCPA

7621BCPA

7631CCPE

7641CCPO

7642CCPD

7660CPA

B038CCPD

8046CCPE

8069CCQ

8211CPA

8212CPA

CMOS Precision Timer

Stopwatch Chip, XTL3ft DigiIA/D(LCDD'ive)IC. Circuit Board, Display3ft DigitA/D(LEDDnveiIC, Circuit Board. Dlsptty3Vi Digit A/D LCD OlS HLO3V? Digit A/D LED Dis HLCLow Battery Volt IndicatorCMOS LED Stopwatch/TimerStopwatch Chip. XTL

Tone Generalof

Tone Generator Chip MiOscillator ControllerFrerj. Counter Chip, XUSeven Decade CounterClock Generator...4Func. CMOS Stopwatch CK1

4 Func. Stopwatch Ciic-. XTi8 Digit Univ. Counter C A

5 Digit Freq. Counter C A .8 Digit Freq. Counter C C

4 Digit LED Up/Down Counier C A

4 Digit LED Up/Down Courtier C CLCD 4 Vi Digit Up Counter Dfil

8 Digit Univ. Counte'

5 Function Counter Chip. XUCMOS Bin Prog. Timer/CounterCMOS Divide-by-256RC TimerCMOS BCD Prog. Tirser/CounterCMOS BCD Prog liner/CounterCMOS 555 Timer..

CMOS 556 Timer...CMOS Op Amp ComparatorCMOS Op Amp Ext. CmvrCMOS Dual Op Amp CompCMOSTriOpAmpCc-Tip .CMOS Quad Op Amp CompCMOS Quad Op Amp Comp . ..Voltage Converter .Waveform Generate.'Monolithic Logarithmic Amp50ppm Band-GAP Volt Ret DiorleVolt Ref/ IndicatorVolt Rel/Indicator .

29 9516 9515 952 2512 95

10 9529 9574 95

1.45

2 20

5MV 2 25

5MV 2 95

5MV 3 95

10MV 5 35

10MV 7 50

10MV 7 50295

74HC High Speed CMOS

16 32x8 PROM O.C. (27S18)

24 512x8 PROMT.S ■;27S1;j!

16 32x8 PROM T.S. (27S19)

16 256x4 PROM O.C (27S20) 3.95

1B 256x4 PROM T.S. (27S24 ...

10 512x4 PROM O.C. (27S12)

IB 2048x4 PROMT.S.(TBP24S81) ..9.95

DM87S180N 24 1024x8 PROM O.C. (82S180) 9.95

DM87S181N 24 1024x8 PROM T.S. (82S181) 9.95

DM87S184N 16 2048x4 PROM O.C. (82S184) , ,.9.95

DM87S185N 18 2048x4 PROM T.S. (B2S185) 9.95

DM87S190N 24 2048x4 PROM O.C. (B2S190) .. .19.95

DM87S191N 24 2048x8 PROM T.S. (82S191) ... .19.95DATA ACQUISITION

74HC00

2 55

74HC02

14

2 95

•74HCU04

14

■i 95

74HC08

14

4.95

74HC10

14

2 95

74HC20

14

9.95

74HC27

14

2 9fj

74HC74

14

74HC75

1K

74HC86

14

:: 9!!

74HC109

16

74HC139

10

1.49

74HC251

74HC147

1h

1.19

74HC266

14

74HC151

10

1.19

74KC280

14

74HC157

10

1.19

74HC373

n

3.95

74HC160

10

1.79

74HC374

?n

1ft

1.79

74HC533

711

.19(1

74HC164

14

1.79

74HC534

70

a.95

74HC174

in

1.39

74HC4075

14

7b

74HC175

10

1.39

74HC4538

16

74HC242

14

2.79

74HC4543

1b

4.9b

/Programmable Array Logic (PALS)

DC10

MC3470P 1

MC1408L7 1

MC1408L8 1

Mostek DC/DC Convert. +5Vto-9V.,

7-bit 6/A Converter (DAC0607LCN) .

8-oltD/ACcnverter(DAC0808LCN) .

8-bil A/D Converter (1LSB)

DAC0806 16 8-bit 0/A Converter (0.78'/« Lin.). .ADC0809 28 8-bit A/D Converter (8-Ch. Multl.} ..AY-5-1O13A40 30K Bmd Uart<TR1B02) 4.8S

Pirt No. "Pins Function

PAL10HBPAL12H6PAL14H4PAL10L8PAL12L6PAL14L4PAL16L8PAL16R8PAL16R6PAL16R4

Octal 10-lnputAND-OR Gate Array (High Output) $5.95

Hex 12-lnput ANO-OR Gate Array (Higri Output) 5.95

Quad 14-lnputAND-OR Gate Array (High Output) 5.95

Octal 10-lnputArJD-OR-lnvert Gate Array (Low Output).. .5.95Hex 12-lnput AND-OR-lnverl Gate Array (Low Oulput) ... .5.95Quad 14-lnputAND-OR-lnvert Gate Array (Low Output) .. .5.95Oclal 16-lnput AND-OR-lnvert Gate Array (Low Output).

Octal 16-lnput Register AND-OR Gate Array

Hex 16-lnput Register AND-OR Gate Array B.9S

Quad 16-lnput Register AND-OR Gate Array 9.95

. .9,95

30012 1982 NATIONALPAL Data Book (176p) . $5.95

CA306ON

16

3.25

CA3080E

•

.89

CA3081N

1ft

1.49

CA3082N

16

1.49

CA3083N

1B

1.49

CA3086N

14

.69

CD4040

16

M

79

CD4041

14

79

CD4042

18

.69

CD4043

16

.79

CD4044

16

.79

CD4046

1B

89

CD4047

14

M

CD4049

16

.39

CD4050

16

.39

CD4051

16

.71)

CD4052

16

.79

CD4053

16

79

CD4056

16

2.9!)

CD4059

74

7fft

CD4060

16

.89

CD4066

14

,3S

CD4068

14

3t

CD4069

14

.25

CD4070

14

.3d

CD4071

14

n

CD4072

14

.25

CD4073

14

.2!

CD4075

14

Jli

C04076

16

;fl

C04078

14

,4i

CD4081

14

.2!

CD4082

14

.21

CD4093

14

.49

CD4098 16

CD4506 16

CD4507 14

CD4508 24

CD4510 16

CD4511 16

CD4512 16

CD4514 24

CD4515 24

CD4516 16

CD4518 16

CD4519 16

CD4520 16

CD4526 16

C04528 16

CD4529 IB

CD4543 16

CD4562 14

CD4566 16

CD4583 16

CD4584 14

C04723 16

CD4724 16

MC14409 16

MC14410 16

MC14411 24

MC14412 16

MC14419 16

MC14433 24

MC14538 16

MC14541 14

IC SOCKETS

For Socket Required, See Column After The IC Part No.LOW PROFILE (TIN) SOCKETS WIRE WRAP (GOLD) SOCKETS

V9 10-99 100-999 LEVEL #3 i-9 19-99 100-999

16 p

LP

IB pin LP .26 .24 .23

2D ptn LP 30 .27 .25

22 pin LP .31 .28 .26

24 pin LP .33 .30 .28

28 pin LP .40 .37 .38

36 pin LP .46 .42 .39

40 pin LP .49 .46 .43— Solrfertall Standard Tin & Gold Also Available -

TL071CP 8T1072CP 8TL074CN 14TL081CP BTL082CP 8TL084CN 14LM301CN BLM302HLM304HLM305HLM307CN 8LM308CN BLM309KLM310CN 8LM311CN BLM312HLM317TLM317KLM318CN 8LM319N 14LM320K-5LM320K-12LM320K-15LM320T-5LM320T-12LM320T-15LM323KLM324N 14LM337TLM338KLM339N 14LM340K-5

LM340K-15LM340T-5LM340T-12LM340T-15LM348N 1LM350KLF355NLF356N* LM370N 1LM373N 1LM377N 1LM380N 1LM381N 1LM382N 1LM384N 1LM386N-3TL494CN ■TL496CP

NE510A

NE529A

NE531V

NE536H

NE540H

NE544N

NE550A

NE555V

LM556N

NE564N

LM565N

LM566CNJ567V

NE570N

LM703CN

LM709N

LM710N

LM711N

16 3.95

14

,79

LM723N

LM733N 14 1.00

LM739N 14 1.95

LM741CN 8 .35

LM747N 14 .69

LM748N 8 .59

LM1310N 14 1.49

LM1458CN 8 .59

LM1488N 14 .69

LM1489N 14 .69

LM1496N 14 1.95

LM1800N 16 1.49

LM1889N 18 1.95

LM1896N 14 2.95

LM2002T 1.49

LM3189N 16 1.59

LM39O0N 14 .59

LM3905CN 8 1.19

LM3909N 8 .99

LM3914N 18 3.49

LM3915N 18 3 49

LM3916N 18 3.49

BC4136N 14 1.25

RC4151NB 8 1.95

ICL8038B 14 3.95

LM13080N 8 1.19

LM13600N 16 1.19

mohe Available

8 pin WW10 pin WW14 pin WW16 pin WW18 pin WW20 pin WW22 pin WW24 pin WW28 pin WW

1.09

$10.00 Minimum Order — U.S. Funds OnlyCalifornia Residents Add 6'/i% Sales TaxPostage — Add 5% plus $1.50 InsuranceSend S.A.S.E. for Monthly Sales Flyer!

Spec Sheets — 30c eachSend $1.00 Postage for yourFREE 1983 JAMECO CATALOGPrices Subject to Change

S call f°rQuantityDiscounts^

^ $3 9 21H^

1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 940021/83 PHONE ORDERS WELCOME — (415) 592-8097 Telex: 176043

CAPACITOR CORNER

50 VOLT CERAMIC DISC CAPACITORS

10-99

100+

Value

1-9

10-99

100+

.08

I*

.05

.QOljiF

.08

.06

.05

.004 7uF

.06

.05

.08

.06

.05

.022M'T

.08

.06

.05

.XnW

470 pf

.08

.06

.05

MINI. ALUMINUM

ELEC

rROLYTIC CAPACITORS

1-99

100-49

500+

Radial

1-99

100-4*

500+

.14

.10

.47/25V

.15

.13

.12

.16

.12

.47/50V

15

.11

1.0/16V

.15

.11

.18

.15

.11

1.0/50V

.12

.19

.16

.12

4.7/25V

.20

.18

.25

.21

.19

10/16V

.25

.23

.24

.22

.41

.37

.34

.34

.33

.49

.45

.41

100/25V

.49

.45

.79

.69

.61

220/16V

2200/16 V

.89

.79

.69

520 BYTE January 1983

Circle 216 on inquiry card.

consumer products POWER SUPPLIES — KEYBOARDS

SECURITY ALARM SYSTEMS

Home Alarm System

• Sell-Installation » Presettatile w/lndividual| 3-digit code — no key nee. • Instant or 10-sbc.

delayed warning system • Alarm syslem Incl. win-dow & door contacts • One 9V battery required (notI Incl | Low power consumption (0.01mA) • Loud[ audible alarm (90db) • Delayed exit lealure

• System complete w/one control station withBuilt-in siren and test button; 4 magnetic contact

i sets & connecting wires for entire systemST-05 Home Alarm Sysltm ... .. $59. 95

Door Security System

• Coded door alarm • Instant or 7-second delaysystem. • Alarm activated as door Is opened.

• Can be de-actlvated by pressing personal code.

• Power: One 9V battery (not incl.). • SystBm in-cludes one personal coded keyboard and onemagnetic sensor.

ES-07 Ooor Alarm $29.95

Anti-Theft Auto Alarm System

• Audible born is activated when door or trunk isopened • Alarm sounds tor 3 min. — unless turnedotf by secret 3-digit code. • Wire cutting will notdeactivate alarm. • Code set by owner. • Uses onlyO.OtrnA power. • System complete w/one Black-box control unit: one personal coded keyboard; 2sels ot sensors; one audible horn: 8, wiring (incl.one 10A tuse).CA-06 Auto Alarm $59.95

StereoCassette Player

with FM Stereo Tuner Pack

• Lightweight Headphones

• Cr02/Metal/NormalTape Selector

• Anti-Rolling Mechanism

FEATURES: • Blue carrying case, shoulder strap, belt strap,lightweight headphones, FM stereo tuner pack & Instruction manual• Talkllne * Tone selector • Cr02/MetaJ/Normai tape selector • LEDoperation indicator • Built-in microphone • Stop/eject, play,rewind/review, fast forward/cue. tape/radio selector functions ■ Vol.control • Ext. power Input Jack • Headphone jack •Auto-stopmechanism (shuts off player when tape ends) • Anti-rollingmechanism (prevents 30und from quivering when walking, jogging,etc.) • Weight: 13 oz. • Requires 4 AA batteries (not Included) • Size:

6"L *

"Wx

-im"M

Model TWF-802 $69.95

AM 3-4 AA Alkaline Batteries 4/S3.95

Mini StereoAM/FMReceiver

WITH HEADPHONESFor Joggers, Cyclists,Skaters £ Sporti Events

FEATURES: Lightweight headphones. Left/right balance control. Fullfidelity stereo sound. Additional black soft carrying case andshoulder strap. Belt clip (hands free). Operates on 3 AA cell batteries(not fncl. • Bee below). Compact size: 3-1^8 "H x 4-7/8"L x 1 "D. Wt. 6 oz.

Model 2830 $29.95

AM3 3 AA Alkaline Batteries 3/S2.95

TV GAME SWITCH

Switches TV to video game. or computer operation.Used on Atari.

TGS-1...$2.95ea.

#i

16Y'Lx5'/j"Wx1Y'H

23,'U51VWx1-3/8,'H

POWER SUPPLY +5VDC @ 1 AMP REGULATED Transact/on Tech

Output +5V0C @ 1A (also +30V0C) reg. Input 115VAC 60Hz. Mone (black/beige) sell-enclosedcase E ft 3 cond black power cord. 6v,"W . 7"D i 2V."H Wt. 3 lbs. Data sheet incl.

Part No. PS51194 $19-95 «""

POWER SUPPLY +5V0C @ 1 AMP REGULATED

Output + 5VDC @ 1 imp, ♦36-4ZVDC ad). 400mA or Ibss. 30VAC (isol.l@ 1 5 ai

SMz. Circ.brkr." re-set button. Blk. self-end case <nli rubber lea . 6 It. 3 comn/ofl switch. 6% —

B Industriesi. Input 115VAC

S.,!! button. Blk. sell-encl case w/4 rubber leet. 6 It. 3 cr-Jn/oft switch 6%"W * 7%"D x 3-7/B"H - wt. 7 lbs. Data sheet Included.

Part No. PS407D $24.95 each

POWER SUPPLY +5VDC @ 3 AMP REGULATED

Input: 115VAC, 47-440H;. Output: 5VDC Adjustable @ 3 amp. 6VDC

Del iron

.__ J2.5ai .rent limit. Ripple & Noise: 1MV rms, 5MV p-p - 2 mounting surfaces. UL recognized. Size: 4"W t4V>"L x 2-7/ IB' H - wt. 2 lbs. Data sheel included.

Part No. QPS-1 SZ9.95 each

MULTI-VOLTAGE POWER SUPPLY +5, + 12,-12VDC REGULATED

Input: 105 125VAC. 47-63Hz / 2G5-250VAC. 47-G3HZ. Output: + 5VDC @ 2 imps Adj., SVDC @50mA Fixed. +12VDC@ 1 amp Adj., -12V @ 2 amp adj. Ovorvoltago protection. Size; 12Vi"Lx4-7/B"W x 3%"D. Data sheet included.Part No. RA0250 $39.95 each

POWER SUPPLY +5VDC @ 7.5 AMP, 12VDC @ 1.5 AMP SWITCHINGInput: 115VAC, 50-GOHz @3 amp/230VAC, 50Hz @ 1.6 amp. Fan vott./power supply select swit-ches (115/230VAC). Output: 5VDC £ 7.B amp, 12VDC (n> 1.6 Birp. 6 tt. blk. pow. cord. 11Vi"Wxm"Dx3»"H. Wt. Gibs.

Part No. PS94V0 $49.95 each

POWER SUPPLY 4-Channel Switching Power Supply

Microprocessor, mini-computer, terminal, medical equipment and process control applications. In-put: 90-130VAC 47-440HZ. Output: +5V0C@5A, -5VDC @ 1A; +12VDC @ 1A, -12V0C @ 1A.Line rea ±0.2%. Ripple: 30mV p-p. Load reg.: ±1%. Overcurrent protection. Adj: SV main out-put* 10W 6-3/8"L x t-7/8"W x 4-t5/16"H. Wt, Vh lbs.

Part No. FCS-604A $69.95 each

POWER SUPPLY Adjustable Switching 4-24VDC to 5 Amps

Ad[. 4-24VDC, 5VDC ® 5A, 6VDC @ 4.BA. SVDC @ 4.1A, 12VDC @ 3.3A, 18VDC @ 1.9A, 24VDC@ .5A. Overvollage Protection. Input: 115VAC 50760HI. Output variations within 20mV. 8.25"L x*.25"Wx 2.25"H. Wt. 3.Z5 lbs.

JE224 Kit $79.95 each

JE224A Assembled STested $99.95 each

MICRO SWITCH 69-KFY KEYBOARD

Dots Entry Keyboard, Encoded Output: 8-tot Parallel EBC OIC. Switching: Hall Effect, 24-pin Edge

Card Connection. Complete w/PIn Connection. Can easily be modified to ASCII code.

Part No. KB69SD12-2 (Fits into DTE-20 Enclosure) $19.95 each

MICRO SWITCH 85-KEY KEYBOARD

Word Processing Keyboard, 26 Pin Edge Card Connection. Supply Voltage + 5VDC. Main Keyboard

Is QWERTY. Additional Key Pads tor Cursor and word processing functions.

Part No. B5SD18-1 $29.95 each

MICRO SWITCH B8-KEY KEYBOARD (PARALLEL)Data Entry Keyboard used In a Diablo 1640 Terminal. Supply Voltage:Effect — m-pin Edge Card Connection. Schematic included. Uses BO

Part No. 88SD22 (Fits into DTE-20 Enclosure) $69.95 each

84-Key Keyboard

CA153A.

.$69.95

95-Key Keyboard

CA154A... $79.95

CONTROLDATA

Data EntryKeyboards

RS232_lntorface

FT2 Shielded Base

SPST Switching

Momentary

Contact

Key switches

30" Interface

Cable

Attractive

Case

104-Key Keyboard

CA148 ...$99.95

80-Key Keyboard

CA150C $89.95

Colon keycaps: black, blue, red - cover: black w/belge base. 21V* "x9"x31/2". 6lbs.

BUG BOX™ — 30 individual compartments

• Stores 60 8-pln or 30 14- or 16-pln DIPS • Heavy du-ty injection molded plastic • Clear plastic coverelides 4 locks •Cover marked vWnumbers 1-30

• Compartment size: 1" x 3.75" x .5" deep "Boxsize: 4.9- x 3.3" x .8" • Weight: 1.75 oz.

BUG BOXTM

Please specify color code: (B) Blue, (R) Red, (W)

White, (V) Yellow

Part NoJColor Code ___ QTY PRICE

BUG BOX™

STORAGE

SYSTEMS

e3E3

BUG CAGE'm (BQC-001- ) With Bug Bok.b

ANTI-STATIC

JOYSTICKS

JSA(2)...$6.95/pair

PADDLES

JSP(2)...$4.95/pair

Mostek DC/ DC Converter+ 5 VOLTS TO-9 VOLTS

Input: +5V. Output: -9V (regulated) @ 30mA.Printed circuit mounting. Specifications incl.DC10 $2.95 ea. or 2/S4.95

Universal

Computer Keyboard Enclosure

"DTE" Blank Desk-Top Enclosuresare designed lor easy modifica-tion. High strength epoxy moldedend pieces in mocha brown finishSliding rear/Bottom panel tor service/component access. Top/bolt, panels .080"thick alum, alodine type 1200 finish (gold tintcolor) tor best paint adhesion after modification.Vented top & bottom panels for cooling efficiency.DTE-20 Panel width20" $34.95

JOYSTICKS

Taper Pols S5.25

i« innw '00K Linear■"•'^""TanerPols S4.95

ic iriw 150K Linear

■ib-iaun TaperP|,,s t<75

JVC 40 40K '2| vide0 Con"js-5K (Piciur.ni troller in Case $4.95

JS KNOB KnoblorJS5K.100K.150K $.99 ea.

JVC KNOB Knob for JVC-40 S.99 ea.

Wall TransformersAC and DC Types

AC250 (Pictured)

Part No. Input

Output

Price

AC 250 (above)

117V/60HZ

117V760HI117V/60HZ117V/60H*120V/60HZ120V/60H2117V/60HZ120V/60Hz12OV/60HZ117V/6DHZ

AC100OAC9004DC 800DC6912

12VAC lamp

9.2V AC 2.5 amp

BVDC 400mA

6,9,12VDC 300mA

S5.95

$3.95$1.95

$8.95

DC12O0

12VDC 300mA

9VAC 200mA

$2.95 $3.25

)AS)AS .

10

10

$ 2.291S.99

BUG CAGE™ — 12 locations store Bug Boxes,Big Bug Boxes or Bug Trays • Modular and In-terlocking • Heavy duty Injection molded plastic• Each cage has 6 slip-on locations • 2 cages perpkg. "Cage size: 5-1'8" x 5" x 3-7/8" »4 colorsavailable — please specify color code: (B) Blue, (fl)fled, (W) White, (Y) YellowPert No.JColor Code Price

BGC-001( ) 2 Cages (6 loc. ea.) $11 -95/pkg.

BUG TRAY™ — stores in Bug Cage • Moldedplastic • Three styles: Open (1 compartment 3.05" x43" x .6"); Vertical (5 compartments .5"x 4.6" x .6");and Horizontal (8 compartments .4" x 3.95" x .6"j• Ideal for tools, hardware, components, etc. • Traysize: 3.55" x 5.05" x .6" • Black color onlyPART NO. DESCRIPTION PRICE

BTH-001 Horizontal Bug Ttay $1.95

BTV-001 Vertical Bug Ttay 1.95

BTO-001 Open Bug Tray ... 1.95

BTX-003 1 of each Bug Tray (3) 4.98

LSI BIG BUG BOX™ — Designed to storelarge IC's, Resistors, Capacitors and Diodes • Divid-ed into three compartments measuring 1" x 4.15" x.5" deep 'Three vertical and three horizontaldividers Included • Heavy duty Injection moldedplastic* Box size: 4.9 "x 3.3 "x .6"-Weight: 1.75 oz.

LSI BIG BUG BOX™

Please specify color code: (B) Blue, (R) Red, (W)

White, (Y) Yetiow

PART NO.ICOLOR CODE QTY PRICE

(AS..

10

10

BACK PACK™ — Self-adhesive labels for theback of iCs • Shows exact internal logic In relationto IC pins • 532 labels In each package (includingseveral blank labels) • Each package for 8, 14, 16,24, 28 and 40-pln ICs • Combo package includes1,068 labels for TTL and CMOS ICs• Microprocessor package contains 744 labelsPart No. Description Price

BPT-012 TTL $7.95

BPC-012 CMOS 8.95

BPM-012 Combo 14.BS

BPU-012 Microprocessor 9.95

JUMPER AND CABLE ASSEMBLIES

STANDARD DIP JUMPERS

924102-24

924102-36

, 924106 12

| 924106 24

DJ40-1

flW

3212

40 smalt 'n

12"

5.39

6.19

6.89

9.49

10.29

DJ40-3-40

924

36-36

40 Uoubil. I

m 36"

10.95

STANDARD DB25 SERIES CABLES

Now you can order DB25 P or S connectors with thecable necessary lo fit your application. Choose fromour standard flat cable in 4-foot lengths. Call today.

STANDARDCCable Length

DB25P-4DB25S-4DB25P-4-P

DB25P-4-SDB25S4-S

1 D825P1 DS25S2-OB25P1-DB25P/1-DB25S2-OB25S

S7.958.4913.4913.7513.95

$10.00 Minimum Order — U.S. Funds OnlyCalifornia Residents Add 6Va% Sales TaxPostage — Add 5% plus $1.50 InsuranceSond S.A.S.E. for Monthly Sales Flyer!

Spec Sheets — 30c eachSend $1.00 Postage for yourFREE 1983 JAMECO CATALOGPrices Subject to Change

In I'll iTi m

s

*r»

ameco

ELECTRONICS

1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 940021/83 PHONE ORDERS WELCOME — (415) 592-8097 Telex: 176043

EXPAND YOUR MEMORY

TRS-80 to 16K, 32K, or 48K

"Model 1 = From 4K to 16K Requires (1) One KitModel 3 « From 4K to 48K Requires (3) Three KitsColor = From 4K to 1GK Requires (1) One Kit

"Modal 1 equipped with Enpanilon Board up to 48K Two Kits Required— Oim Kit Haquirad for each 16K of Expansion —

TRS-16K3 *200ns for Color & Model til $12.95

TRS-16K4 *250ns for Model I $10.95

Kit comes complete with 8 ea. 4164-2 (200ns). 64K Dyn. RAMs & con-version documentation. Converts TRS-80 color computers from4K-32K Memory or 16K-64K Memory.TRS-64K2 (200ns) $54.95

5Va" Mini-Floppy Disc Drive rsr^wu

FOR TRS-80 MODEL I (Industry Standard) £" Pertec %Features single or double density. Recording C Computer <mode: FM single, MFM double density. "^^Corp. tSPower: +12VDC (±0.6V) 1.6 amps max., HAAT^5VDC (* 0.25V) 0.8 amps max. Unit as pic-tured at left (does not Incl. case, power supplv Jffcor cables). 30-page data book included. ^SUPHfeWeighs V/a pounds Size: 5WW x 8"D * —^^W:.": wK&-

nrtH.. """""*"»"»' MM ■. "

FD200 $179.95 ■

Single-sided, 40 tracks, 2S0K bytes capacity ^^HH Hp^

FD250 $199.95 ^^W

Double-sided, 35 tracks, 438K bytes capacity

sjjj^s 8„ F|0ppy Djsk orive

• Single-Sided

• 77 Tracks

• 400/800K BytesCapacity

• Industry Standard

The FDD100-8 8' Floppy Disk Drive (Industry Standard) featuressingle or double density. Recording mode: FM single, MFM doubledensity. Transfer rate: 250K bits/sec. single density; 500K bits/sec.double density. The FDD100-8 Is designed to work with the single-sided soft sectored IBM Diskette I, or eq. disk cartridge. Hard-sectored option available. Power: 115/230VAC @ 50-60Hz, +24VDC@ 1.7 amps max., +5VDC @ 1.2 amps max, Unit as pictured above(does not Include case, power supply, or cables). Size: 8.55*Wx14"Lx 4.5"H. Weighs 12 lbs. Incl. 96-pg. manual.Part No. Price

FDD100-8 Buy 1 for $269.95each

FDD100-8 Buy 2 for $259.95 each

FDD100-8 Buy 10 for $249.95 each

2708,2716,2732 & 2764 EPROM Programmer

JE664 EPROM PROGRAMMER

8K TO 64K EPROMS — 24 AND 28 PIN PACKAGES

Self-Contained — Requires No Additional Systems for Operation

NJVV!

• Programs, validates and checks lor properly erased EPROM* • Emulalas PflOMtor EPROMt • RS232C Computer Interface lor eaitliro/program loading • Loads dataInto RAM by keyboard a Changes date In RAM by keyboard ■ Load* RAM from anEPROM • Compares EPROMi for content differences • Copies EPROMt • Power In-put: 115VAC, 60Hz, -« 10W power consumption • Enclosure: Color-coordinated,light tan panels w/molded mocha brown end placet • Size: 15-5/H"L * B'A"D *3Vi"H • Wt.: SV> lbs

JE664-A EPROM Programmer $995.00

Assembled & Testsd [ Includes JM16A Module)

JE6B5 - RS232C INTERFACE OPTION — The JE665RS232C interfaceOption Implements computer access lo the JE664's RAM. Sample software written InBASIC provided tor TRS-80® Model I. Level II Computer. Baud rate; 9800. WordLgth: 6 bits - odd parity. Stop bits: 2. Option may be adapted to other computers.

JE664-ARS EPROM Prog W/JE665Option $11 95.00

Assembled and Tested (includes JM15A Module)

EPROM JUMPER MODULES — The JE664s JUMPER MODULE (Personali-ty Module) is a plug-in Module that pre-sots JE664 tor proper programming pulses tothe EPROM & configures EPROM socket connections for that particular EPROM

Part

No. EPROM EPROM MANUFACTURER PRICE

JMOBA 2708 AMD, Motorola, National. Intel, Tl S14.95

JM16A 2716JMS2516 Intel,Motorola.National.NEC,Tl $14,95

JM16B TMS2716 Motorola, Tl (+5,-12.+12) $14,95

JM32A TMS2532 Molorola, Tl $14.95

JM32B 2732 AMD,Fujitsu,NEC,Hitachi.Intel $14.95

JM64A MCM68764,

MCM68L764 Molorola $14.95

JM64B 2764 Intel $14,95

JM64C TMS2564 Tl $14.95

UV-EPROM Eraser

8 Chips — 51 Minutes |

| 1 Chip — 37 Minutes

Erases 270S, 2716, 2732. 2764, 2516, 2532, 2564. Erases up to 6 chipswithin 51 minutes (1 chip In 37 minutes). Maintains constant exposuredistance of one Inch. Special conductive foam liner eliminates staticbuild-up. Built-in safety lock to prevent UV exposure. Compact — only9.00* x 3.70' x 2.60". Complete with holding tray tor 8 chips.

UVS-11EL Replacement Bulb M6.95

DE-4 UV-EPROM Eraser ... S79.95

D

Sprite-style Fan

• 36cfm free air delivery jvvwi_

• 3.125" sq. x 1.665" depth y*Metai>

• 10 yrs. cont. duty at 20°C f^wSj*

• 115V50/60HZ -WW*

.$ 9.95 ea., $14.95 ea.

Muffin-style Fan

• 105cfm tree air delivery S^u?

I • 4.68" sq. x 1.50" depth. Ze!.*,

[ • 10 yrs. cont. duty at 20°C H-vV

■ • Impedance protected, ambients to 70°CI • 115V 50/60HZ 14W Wt. 17 oz.

MU2A1-U sastL, $9-95 ea'

•MU2A-1N "." ! S14.95ea.

Circle 216 on inquiry card.

BYTE January 1983 521

A Z=^CQMPUTER

MICROPROCESSORS

16K Apple™ Ramcard

LIST 195ACP

95

$59

• FulM year warranty• Top quality — gold fingers• Expand Apple II48K to 64K• Compatible with Z-80 Softcard"• Allows system to run with CP/M", PASCAL,DOS 3.3, COBAL, Visicalc, etc.Supplied with extra 16K RAM & has (2) LEDs

32 K STATIC RAM

2 or 4 MHzExpandable

Dies21141/1

16K4MHzKit $159.95

16K4MH2A8T 217.95

32K4MHzKit 51 "-ao-2e9^5.• 32K 4 MHz A&T • 339.00

BARE BOARD 39.95

BareBdw/allpartslessmem. 99.95

BARE BOARDS

S-100 Sound Board

8080ACPU

32K Static RAM (2114)

8K EPROM (2708)

2708/2716 EPROM

ACP Proto Board

Vector 8800 Proto

Vector 8803 11 slot MB

ACP Extender with connector

13 Slot Mother Board (WMC)

9 Slot Mother Board (WMC)

SSIotMotherBd(Expandable)

Floppy PCB (8" SHUGART)

S100(AY5-8910) Sound Board

Apple Sound Board

£34-9534.9534.9524.9534.9522.9522.2029.9518.9532.9529.9534.9539.9534.9524.95

"EPROM"

ERASER

16K MemoryExpansion Kits

for Apple/TRS-80

8pcs4116 16K

200/250nS (t!1 O QC

Specify computer Cp I ^. v?0

CALL FOR VOLUME PRICING

"D" SUB CONNECTORS

«r

Unreal price. DB37male, DB25 female.Gold PC mount withmounting holes.Mfg. AMP.Specify 25 or 37 pins.

BD37 $2.50 DB25 $1 .95

Astec RF Modulator

B/W

P/N 1082 Channel 3 or 4

1200 BAUD MODEM IC

^^p^iw Features:

.^n^fl^OHIp • 1200 Baud

SPffllP1" *40Pin

^IIU"' •5VoltsOnly

SL1200 .....$129.00

64K CMOS RAM

S100(200nS)

Uses2716's SQQQOOor6116's ^v7v7

Assembled & Tested $399.00

MOSTEKra4^

290ea

200,000 pieces instock —priced to move.Same as MK4027 except 1 mSrefresh. MK4015 4Kx1 RAM.

STEPPER MOTOR

Operates by applying12VDC in one direc-tion and then revers-ing polarity (or squarewave). Uses 12VDC,Clock Wise Rotation,Rated 3 RPM at 4P.P.S. with a 5 degreestepping angle.

10 for $39.95

4K STATIC RAMiELL-OFF

10/S9.90

Same as TMS4044but designed specificallyfor Z-80 based systems. Thisis a full-spec 4Kx1 RAM, 450nS.Order P/N Zilog 6104-4 while suppty lasts.

Zilog

Z8CPU

withTINYBASICDebug prog.

Plus 6132 companionquasi-static RAM 29.95

l4?

rog. $49.95

Stepper Motor

we*

USED IN

DATA

PRODUCTS

PRINTER$19.95ea.

CONNECTORS

DB25P (RS232)

DB25S Female

Hood

Set with Hood. Sale

22/44 S/T, KIM

43/86 S/T, MOT

50/100 S-100 Connector W/W

50/100 S-100 Connector S/T

$3.253.751.257.50

2.956.504.953.95

PARALLEL ALPHA NUMERICPRINTER

19 Column Printer prints 16 numerical columns plus 3columns which have math, alpha and other notations.Each wheel has 12 positions with position 12 blank.Position 11 on numerical columns have decimal point or #. Utilizes 2.75"wide adding machine tape and a dual color ink ribbon. Input data parallelwith four bit BCDcomparatorcircuit(schematic provided). Print rate, 3 linesper second. Operating voltage 22-28VDC with typical cycle time of340mS. Size6'/!"Wx3VB"Hx5%"Dp. New. $9.95 ea. 3/$27

Z80A 11.95

F-8 (3850) 16.95

2650 '6.95

1802 9.75

8080A 4.75

8085 14.95

4116-2 1.994116-2 8/12.95

2101 3.99

2102 .7921L02-2 1.4921 L02-42111

8008-1 $14.95 6802P 14.95

2901 9.90 8035 14.95

2901A 14.95 8039 12.95

9900JL 49.95 8073N 34.95

6502 9.95 8755 49.95

6502A 16.95 8748 49.95

1M6100 29.95 6809 30.00

6800 11.75 8086 49.95

6800B 19.95 68000 129.95

1.29

211221142114L-22114L-4

2125

3.252.296.96

8155S9.958156 9.958202 29.958205 2.698212 2.758214 4.958216 2.758224 2.958226 2.958228 3.958243 9.50

8250 14.95

8251 6.508253 11.958255 4.508257 9.50

l'IU.V.,J

8259 $8.958275 19.958279 9.506810 4.75

6820 6.50

6821 6.506828 10.506834 16.956845 22.956847 27.956850 5.256852 5.256860 10.956862 10.956875 5.956880 2.49

Z80-PIO

Z80A-PIOZ80-CTC

Z80A-CTCZ80-DMAZ60A-DMA 27.95Z80-SIO 24.95Z80A-SIO 29.95

6.509.506.509.5019.95

MOS PROMS

2764 (8Kx8) TS2732 (4Kx8) TS2716/2516; 5V(2Kx8) TSTMS2716, 5V, 12V2758. 5V, (450nS)

2708 (450nS) $5.752708(650nS) 5.251702A 5.75

MW5203AQ 14.50MM5204Q 9.95

■!!!,,^!l

2513-001 <5V) Upper S9.5C2513-005 (SV) Lower 10.9S2513-ADM3(5V) Lower 14.95MCM66710ASCII Shifted 1235

MCMf.67.lCI Math Symbol 13.95

MCM66750 Alpha Control 13.451771-01 8" & Minifloppy 24.951781 Dual Floppy 29 95

1791-01 Dual Floppy 36.951791-02 Dual Floppy 44.951793 DD.DS Floppy 44.951797 DD, DS Floppy 54.951691 Data Separator 18.952143 Clock Generator

l ::t '.>■■•

8701 10 Bit Binary8703 8 bit TS9400 Volt to FreqConv.8750 3<h Digit BCD1408L6 6 bit1408L8 8 bitDAC01 DMA

DAC08 $9.95

DAC100 9.95

8038 Function Generator 4.50

MC4024 VCO 2.95

LM566VCO 1.95XH2206 Function Generator 5.25

TR1602B(5V, 12V) 3.95

AY51013I5V.12V) 4.95

AY51Ct4A/1612(5-14vl 6.95

AV51015An863(5V) 6.95

IM6402 7.95

IM6403 8.95

2350 USBT 9.95

1671BAstros 24.95

MC14411 11.95

4702 14,95

WD 1941 9.95

COM5016 16.95

INS8250 15.95

AV5-2376 13.75

AY5-3600 13.75

MM5740AAC B.95

E5S35B

LOW PROFILESOCKETS (TIN)

8 pin LP .16 .15

14 pin LP .20 .19

16 pin LP ,22 .21

18 pin LP .29 .28

20 pin LP .34 .32

22 pin LP .29 .27

24 pin LP .38 .37

28 pin LP .45 .44

40 pin LP .60 .59

3L WIREWRAPSOCKETS (GOLD)

1-24

8 pin WW .55

10 pin WW (Tin) .6514 pin WW .75

16 pin WW18 pin WW20 pin WW22 pin WW24 pin WW28 pin WW

40 pin WW

.80.951.151.451.351.602.20

.54.63.73.77.901.081.351.261.53

1.231.14

1.38

78H05K

78M06

78M.G.

LM108AH

LM300H

LM301CN

LM304H

LM305H

LM306H

LM307CN

LM308CN

LM309K

LM310CN

LM311D/CN

LM312H

LM317T

LM318CN

LM319N/H

LM320K-XX*

LM320T-XX*

LM320H-XX*

LM323K

LM324N

LM337K

LM338K

LM339N

LM340K-XX*

LM340T-XX-

LM340H-XX*

LM344H

LM348N

LM350K

LM358CN

LM360N

LM372N

LM376N

LM377N

LM380CN/N

LM381N

LM383T

LM386N

LM387N

LM390N

NE531V/T

NE555V

NE556N

NE561T

NE565N/H

NE566H/V

NE567V/H

NE592N

LM702H

LM709N/H

LM710N/H

LM711N/H

LM715N

LM723N/H

LM733N/H

LM739N

LM741CN/H

LM741CN-14

LM747N/H

LM748N/H

LM760CN

LM1310N

MCI 330

MCI 350

MC1358

74S0O$ .39

74502 .43

74503 .45

74504 .52

74505 .52

74508 .49

74509 .49

74510 .42

74511 .4274S15 .4274S20 .4274S22 .4274S30 .4274S32 .4974S38 1.1974S40 .4974S51 .42

74564 46

74565 .4674S74 .6974S86 .72

745112 .72

745113 .72

745114 .72

LM1414N $1.90LM1458CN/N .49

MC1488N .99

MC1489N .99

LM1496N .89

LM1556N 1.50LM1820N

1.251.351.391.25

5.956.95

1.20

5.60.981.491.953.752.751.251.791.951.251.401.953.75.39.9819.951.251.751.502.751.99.29

.39

2.951.901.951.951.75

LM1850N

LM1889N

LM2111N

LM2900N

LM2901N

LM2917N

CA3013T

CA3018T

CA3021T

CA3023T

CA3035T

CA3039T

CA3046N

LM3053N

CA3059N

CA3060N

CA3062N

LM3065N

CA3080T

CA3081N

CA3082N

CA3083N

CA3086N

CA3089N

CA3096N

CA3097N

CA3130T

CA3140T

CA3146N

CA3160T

CA3190N

CA3410N

MC3423N

MC3460N

SG3524N

CA3600N

LM3900N

LM3905N

LM3909N

LM3914N

LM3915N

LM3916N

RC4131N

RC4136N

RC4151N

RC4194TK

RC4195TK

ULN2001

ULN2003

SN75450N

SN75451N

SN75452N

SN75453N

SN75454N

SN75491 N

SN75492N

SN75493N

SN75494N

TL494CN

TL496CP

.95

2.502.952.191.993.492.992.75

3.194.951.491.29

3.491.991.30

1.493.953.95

3.753.953.752.951.103.704.955.401.251.50.59

74S12474S13374S13474S13574S13674S13874S13974S14074S15174S15374S15774S15874S16074S17474S17574S18874S19474S19574S19674S24074S24174S24274S243

3.69

74S244 $2.99

74S251 1.35

74S253 1.35

745257 1.29

745258 1.2974S260 .7574S280 2.79

745287 2.99

745288 2.55

745373 3.10

745374 3.1074S387 2.75

745471 7.95

745472 7.95

745473 7.95

745474 9.95

745475 9.95

745570 5.75

745571 5.75

745572 8.95

745573 8.95

745940 2,90

745941 2.90

DIPSWITCHES

2 Position $ .99

4 Position 1.19

5 Position 1.29

6 Position 1.35

7 Position $1.39

8 Position 1.49

9 Position 1.6510 Position 1.69

MUFFIN® FAN

The dependable, lowcost, largest selling fan

for commercial coolingapplications.

• 105cfm free air delivery

• 4.68" sq.x 1.50" deep.Weight- 17 oz.

SPECIAL PURCHASE

*«* $9.50

ea.

SUPER IC CLOSEOUT SPECIALS

ULN2003 2/$1.99

74LS668 3/1.99

74LS377 2/1.99

74LS241 2/1.99

8259 6.95

6561 RAM 2.95

LM733CN 3/1.99

MC1414 3/1.99

2N6121 3/S1.00

SIG 2652 3.95

74S287 1.95

2758 EPROM 2.9574173/8T10 5/1.99Z80A CPU 4.95

6522 6.95

6502 CPU 5.95

8080ACPU2102 RAM4060 RAM8X300 CPU74S3872708 EPROM74LS932114

2.95.75

1.49

14.95

1.96

8/29.95

3/1.00

8/14.50

5027 CRT $9.9511C24 6.95

95H03

MM5320

9131 RAM

EMM4402

1103 RAM 3/1.50

8700 A/D 2/16.95

2.89

1.99

TOLL FREE

800-854-8230

TWX

910-595-1565

.33

4010401140124013

4022 1.15

4023 .29

4024 .75

4025 .25

4027 .65

4028 .85

4029 1.29

4030 .45

4031 3.25

4032 2.15

4034 3.25

4035 .95

74027403740474057406740774087409741074117412741374147416741774207421742274237425742674277429743074327437743874397440744174427443744474457446744774487450745174537454745974607470747274737474

74LS00$ .26

74LS01 .28

74LS02 .28

74LS03 .28

74LS04 .35

74LS05 .28

74LS08 .28

74LS09 .35

74LS10 ,28

74LS11 .3974LS1274LS1374LS1474LS1574LS20

74LS21 .33

74LS22 .33

74LS26 .33

74LS27 .33

74LS28 .33

74LS30 .26

74LS32 .33

74LS33 .55

74LS37 .45

74LS38 .39

74LS40 .26

74LS42 .79

74LS47 .79

74LS48 .95

74LS51 .26

74LS54 .29

74LS55 .29

74LS73 .45

74LS74 .42

74LS75 .59

74LS76 .45

74LS78 .4574LS83A .79

74LS85 1.19

74LS86 .45

74LS90 .57

74LS92 .75

74LS93 .75

74LS95 .88

74LS96 .98

74LS107 .45

74LS109 .45

74LS112 .43

4000 $ .35

4001 .35

4002 .35

4006 1.05

4007 .25

4008 1.39

4009 .45

7475 $ .38

7476 .34

7479 4.60

7480 .49

7482 .95

7483 .55

7485 .65

7486 .35

7489 1.75

7490 .39

7491 .57

7492 .45

7493 .45

7494 .69

7495 .65

7496 .69

7497 2.9074100 2.9074107 .3274109 .3774116 1.9574121 .297412274123741257412674128741327413674139 .95

1.75

.39

7414

.79

74142 2.95

74143 2.95

74144 2.95

74145 .62

74147 1.95

74148 1.20

74150 1.09

74151 .67

74152 ,67

74153 .67

74154 1.19

74155 .78

74156 .78

74157 .69

74158 1,65

74159 2.49

74160 .88

74161 $ .88

74162 ,89

74163 .87

74164 .87

74165 .87

74166 1.20

74167 1.9574170 1.69

74172 4.75

74173 .79

74174 .89

74175 .85

74176 .75

74177 .75

74179 1.34

74180 .757418174182

74184 2.25

74185 2.25

74186 9.9574188 3.90

74190 1.15

74191 1.15

74192 ,857419374194741957419674197

74198 1.39

74199 1.39742217425174273 1.0574276 1.8974279 .75

74283 1.40

74284 3.90

74285 3.9074290 1,2574298 .95

74365 .68

74366 .68

74367 .68

74368 .6874390 1.4574393 1.9074490 1.90

.85

1.19

74LS113$74LS11474LS12274LS123 174LS124 174LS12574LS12674LS13274LS13674LS13874LS13974LS145 174LS148 174LS15174LS15374LS154 174LS155 174LS15674LS15774LS15874LS160 174LS161 174LS162 174LS163 174LS164 174LS16574LS166 2.74LS168 1.74LS169 1.74LS170 1.74LS173 ,74LS17474LS17574LS181 2.74LS190 1.74LS191 1.74LS192 .74LS19374LS194 1.74LS195 .74LS196 .74LS197 .74LS221 1.74LS240 1.74LS242 1.74LS243 1.74LS244 1.

1.25

404140424043

4044 .85

4046 1.75

4047 1.25

4048 .99

4049 ,45

4050 .69

4051 1.10

4055 3.95

4056 2.954059 9.25

4070 .*■

4071 .G

4072 .;

4073 .;

4075 .;

4076 1.1

4077 .;

4078 c

4081 C

4082 .G

74LS245$2.2074LS247 1.1074LS248 1.1074LS249 1.1974LS251 1.4074LS253 1.4074LS257 .8574LS258 .9874LS259 2.9574LS260 .6574LS261 2.4974LS266 .5974LS273 1.7574LS275 4.4074LS279 .5974LS283 .9974LS290 .9974LS293 .9974LS295 1.1074LS298 1.1974LS324 1,7574LS347 1.9574LS348 1.9574LS352 1.1974LS353 1.1974LS363 1.4974LS365 .6974LS366 .6974LS367 .6974LS368 .6974LS373 1.8974LS374 1.8974LS375 .6974LS377 1.9574LS385 1.9574LS386 .6574LS390 1.9574LS393 1.9574LS395 1.7074LS399 2.3574LS424 2.9574LS668 1.7574LS670 2.2981LS95 1.6981LS96 1,6981LS97 1.6981LS98 1.69

VOLUME PRICINGCALLTOLL FREE

4089 $2.95

4093 .99

4094 2.95

4098 2.29

4099 2.25

14408 12.95

14409 12.95

14410 12.9514412 12.9614415 8.9514419 4.954501 .39450245034505450645074508451045114512451545164518452045554556456680C95 1.5080C97 1.25

1.65.69

1191.392.751.45

Mail Order P.O. Box 17329 Irvine. CA 92713

Retail: 131 OB E. Edlnger, Santa Ana CA 92705(714) 558-8813542 W. Trimble. San Jose, CA 95131(408) 946-7010

License and credit card #s Visa. AMEX. CB add 3%service charge. Add 3% shipping a handling or $2.50.whichever is greater. Add 10% lor foreign orders orUS Parcel Post Include Telephone number MO CODs.Prices subject to change without nolice. Some itemssubject toorior sale. We reserve the right tosubstitutemanufacturer Retail prices may vary.

522 BYTE January 1983

Circle 9 on inquiry card.

V-/UIASVNCED^■"X/TOODUC

OTRONPI RTTRCHE

Vista

DM

Vision 80

) as reviewed inMay BYTE pg. 266

£ *H^5* This is the widely discussed■*-' ~~^ Cadillac80columncardfortheApple II. The Vision 80 responds to more Apple text screen commands thanany other board. It supports PASCAL, Microsofts Z80 Softcard and can beused as an intelligent terminal.List Price.... $395.00 Special Low Price $269.00

The Vision 80 can also be used in conjunction with the Vision 40 (allows■ enhanced character sets) and the Vision 20 for lower case.

cP

**

**

UNBEATABLEmemory ADD-ON PRICES!

VISTA 576K Expandable In 64K Increments

Z/t» • W/256K populated C8y 10'. w only $699

-,» • W/512K populated „«* l""^-0. only 999

pB^' • W/576K populated only 1099

VISTA/SUPERCALC/SUPERCACHE-

• 192K with IBM SUP6RCALC, Serial, Parallel Clock 459

MICROSOFT RAMCARD

• 64K w/RAMDRIVE (expandable) 399

• 256K w/RAMDRIVE 699

AST MEMORY CARD

• 64K EXPANDABLE 299

• 256K w/PARITY 595

AST "COMBO CARD"

• MEMORY, ASYNCHCOMM, PARALLEL

• 64K SP 399

• 256K SP 749

• INTERFACE CARDS

AST ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS

• 2 RS232 PORTS 199

• BABY BLUE Z80 CARD 499

• PROTOTYPE CARD 69

• EXTENDER CARD 29

• DISK DRIVES - ADD-IN (Compatible) 239

• EPSON ADD-ON PRINTER 429

• SUPR'MODVRF MODULATOR 49

• EPSON TO IBM CABLE 49

" BJ

MX80 S429.0O

MX80FT 529.00

MX100FT 725.00

Apple I/O w/cable 54.95

Serial I/O w/cable 95.0O

Serial I/O w/2k & cable 129.00

Grapf Tax 89.00

Printer Pa! (P80) 29.95

Printer Pai(PIOO) 39.95

C. Itoh

STARWRITERF-10

40 CPS Daisy Wheel $1475

PRO-WRITER 8510A

DIABLO 630

COEX 80-FT

• Truly Portable 18 lbs.

• Includes; CP/M™.Wordstar-pi us" Basic 80,ValetS, Chartoa

• Includes: (2) DoubleDensity, Double Sided thindrives. • 380K Bytes each.

ACP PRICE $ CALL

tifc KAYCOMPII

• Full 9" Green Screen

• CP/M Based

• Portable BusinessComputer

• Complete w/CP/M 2.2 M BASIC, Magic Work-sheet, Selec Word Processing, and Teach.

ACP Price only $1795

Best of all, the price...

$34900

IOptional COEX Interface Card I1 to Apple... $39,951

• 120cps» • Logic

M seeking* • Doublewidth &condensedprint • Fontseletion, char-acter pitch & line spacing program cont-rollable* Bi-directional printing

82A 120 cps w/tractor $499.00

83A 120 cps 136 columns.... 740.0O

84A-P200cps136col 999.00

84A-S Serial w/2K Buffer 1199.00

Apple Card 49.95

Apple Cable 19.95

Serial Card w/2K 129.95

Graphics ROM (82A/B3A) 75.00

AATAR

MODEL800 with 16K800 with 48K800with32K4810 Disk Drive825 Printer830 Acoustic Modem850 Interface ModuleAtari VisicalcAtari PAC-MANMicrotek 16K RAMMicrotek 32K RAMAxalon128KRAM400 with 16K

99.00199.00

51A' DISK DRIVES

TM100-1 SSDD. $199.00

SA400 SSDD 225.00

TM100-2 DSDD 268.00

TM10O-3 SSDD 268.00

TM100-4 DSDD 374.00

B-51 SSDD 224.95

B-52 DSDD 334.95

B-91 SSDD 259.00

B-92 DSDD 459.95

5VV Cabinets with Power Supply

Single cabinet w/power supply $69.95

Dual cabinet w/powersupply 94.95

SA801 R SSDD. $386.00

SA851 R DSDD 525.00

TM848-1 SSDD 369.00

TM848-2 DSDD 499.00

DT-8 DSDD 499.00

FDD100-8 SSDD 199.00

FD020O-8 DSDD 399.00

V1000 Case/Power Supply 375.00

Dual 8" Power Supply $99.00

Surge Suppressor Fan $ Tf Q95

Double Outlet Receptacle I v

APPLE System Saver FAN

©SANYO

FCC CLASS 2 APPROVED

<J5i

MODEL

LIST ACP

4509 9" B/W

$210$169

5109CX 9" Greer

220 179

8012C 12" B/W

250 219

8012CX 12" Green

260 229

6013 13" Color

470 422

6113 13" RGB

995 889

NEW Down & Dirty

2012 12" B/W

145 139

2112 12" Green

169 155

USI Computer Products

SANYOEQUIVALENT

MODEL LIST ACP

Pi I 9" Green $199 $159Pill 12" Green 199 149Pi III 12" Orange 249 199

s

TERMINALS

IDS PAPER TIGER

Dot Resolution Grap-hics* 9-wire stag.■j*4 printhead

• Lowercasedecenders• Over 150cps» Bi-directional,logic seeking* 8character sizes*80-132 col.•Hi-resdot graphics* Proportional spacing• Text justification. L|ST ftCp

Prism 60 $899 $ 699

IDS Paper Tiger 560G 1395 1099Prism 132 (color) 1995 1875

Circle 9 on inquiry card.

• 144 x 160 dots/inch* Proportional spac-ing • Lower case descenders* Nx9 dotmatrix*8 char, sizes* 5 unique alphabets

• Greek character set* Graphic symbols

• 100 cps* Bi-directional logic seeking

• Adjustable tractors* Single-sheet frictionfeed* Vertical & horizontal tabbing

NEC 8023 List $795 ACP $549

TELEVIDEO

91OC $599

920C 769

925C 749

950 969

SOROC

IQ120 $695

IQ130 595

IQ140 999

NOW AVAILABLE

FREE

IBM PC Catalog

Apple II

CompatibleDisk Drive

Totally compatible to Apple Drives.

only

$

269

00

Controller $99.00

Just plug in and run.

^^^^ Computer Company

•H'

Add 8" Disk DrivesTo Your Apple II

Up To 2.4 Megabyte!

Now"TRIMLINE V1100" withTandonThinline DS DD Drives.

Tandon Dual DS DD $1895.00

QumeDualDSDD 1699.00

Shugart Dual 801R 1295.00

Vista Quartet

only

$

00

TOLL FREE

UST ACP

Apple II Plus W/48K $1530.00 $999.00

Apple II Plus w/64K 1729.00 1049.00Apple II System Special w/64K,

ZSOCard, VisionSO 2519.00 1499.00

Apple ill W/128K 3495.00 2695.00

Apple III W/256K 4295.00 2995.00

ProFile Hard Disk Drive 3499.00 2095.00

VistaApple III Timecard 195.00 169.00

"Apple Products Available In-store Only"

APPLE HARDWARE

LIST

$645.00525.00

2495.0024.00450.00225.00195.00195.00795.00"Available In-store Only

Apple II Disk II w/ControfrApple II Disk II w/oApple Family SystemPrototype CardIEEE-488 InterfaceExtended Warranty- 1 yrSuper Serial CardLanguage CardGraphic Tabiet w/IO

.ACP

$449.00389.00CALL21.95375.00199.0O1 74.95149.95695.00

699

fKcippfe computer

WW- Authorized Dealer

ON DISK FOR APPLE

SAVE UP TO 40% OFF

ACP

Visicalc 3.3 $189

Supercalc 1B9

Visi Trend/Visl Plot 235

Vlsi Dex 199

Visi File 199

Vist Plot 159

Desk top Plan ll/lll 199

Visi Schedule 219

Visi Term 79

Zork 34

Versa Form 287

dBase II Ashton-Tate. 439

Wordstar 365

Mail Merge 180

Spell Star 180

Data Star 189

Calc Star 99

Super Sort 170

Speliguard 150

DB Master (new) 155

DB Utility 89

PFS ll/lll 85

Report ll/lll 65

Locksmith 4.0 74

Accounting Plus 1195

Microcourier. 229

Microtelegraph 229

Magic Window II 69

HEWLETTPACKARD

CALCULATORS

HP41C Prog. Scientific $189

HP41CV W/2.2K Memory 256

HP41 Memory Module 26

HP41 Quad RAM 83

HP41 Card Reader 169

HP41 Printer 292

HP41 Optical Wand 99

HP-IL Interface Loop 119

HP11C Advanced Scientific 119

HP12C Financial 129

HP34C Prog. Scientific 112

HP38C Prog. Business 116

Mailorder P.O. Box 17329 Irvine, CA 92713

MORE HARDWARE

MICROSOFT LIST ACP

ZBO Softcard $395.00 $249.00

16KRamcard 195.00 89.00

The Premium Package 899.00 579.00

SSMAlO-ll 4 Function Serial/

Parallel 225.00 179.00

AIO Serial/Parallel 195.00 165.00

KEYBOARD COMPANY

Numeric Keypad 149.95 124.95

Apple II Joystick 49.95 44.50

Apple II Handcontrolters 29.95 25.95

PROMETHEUS

VERSAbox Spool/Bufr 249.00 199.00

VERSAcard FouMn-1 199.00 166.00

AUTO-DOC diagnostics 127.00 117.00

VISTA COMPUTER CO.

Vision 80 80x24 Card 395.00 269.0OVision 40 40 col.

enhance 199.00 149.00

Vision 20 Lo case ROM 29.95 25.00

A800 8"DS, DD 595.00 399.00

Quartet Disk Drive 699.00

Duet Disk Drive 499.00

Solo Disk Drive 269.00

40 Char Type-ahead 49.95 35.00

WildCard 129.95 115.00

VI DEX

Videoterm 80x24 Card 345.00 279.00

Keyboard Enhancer II 149.00 129.00

Soft Switch 35.00 30.00

Function Strip Keys 79.00 69.00

PRACTICAL PERIPHERALS

16K Micro-buffer 259.00 220.00

32K Microbuffer 299.00 253.00

Snapshot Option 69.00 59.00

VOTRAX

Type rf Talk Speech 375.00 339.00

SCOTT INSTRUMENTS

Voice Recognita VET80 799.00 675.00

CORVUS

5 Mb Hard Disk 3750.00 2495.00

10 Mb Hard Disk 5350.00 2895.00

20 Mb Hard Disk 6450.00 3995.00

ORANGE MICRO

The Grappler I/O (Plus) 195.00 129.95

SATURN SYSTEMS

32K RAM Card 239.00 189.00

64K RAM Card 425.00 355.00

128K RAM Card 599.00 505.00

NOVATION

Apple-Cat II 389.00 329.00

HAYES MICROCOMPUTER

Hayes Chronograph 249.00 229.00

Micromodem II 349.00 289.00

Smartmodem 299.00 229.00

MOUNTAIN COMPUTER

CPS Multifunction 239.00 169.00

RAMPIus 189.00 139.00

Expansion Chassis 750.00 699.00

Music System 395.00 335.00

100,000 DayClock 375.00 325.00

The Clock 280.00 249.00

A/D plus D/A 350.00 299.00

Supertalker 199.00 169.00

lntrolX-10 Controller 200.00 175.00

ROM Plus 155.00 129.00

Keyboard Filter ROM 55.00 44.00

Copy ROM 55.00 44.00

ROM Writer 175,00 159.0O

M&R ENTERPRISES

SupTterm 80x24 Card 395.00 279.0OSup'rSwitchere Amp

Power Supply 295.00 239.00SupYMod II RF

Modulator 69.00 49.00

Apple Fan 55.00 43.00

ALS

The CP/M Plus Z80 card 399.00 299.00

Smarterm 80x24 Card 349.00 279.00

The Synergizer Package 699.00 549.00

16K RAM CARD

Apple II16K

Compatible withZBO Softcard" ... PASCAL CP/M™

Full 1 year Warranty. Top Quality by COEX

59

95

NEW aLOW *

PRICE

Also from COEX NEW EPSON

Parallel Interface for Apple.

With cable $39.95

800-854-8230 Re,al,: ,3,0BE ^r^r,8"92705

910-595-1565

542 W. Trimble. Sin Jose. CA 95131(408) 946-7010

TERMS: MO Cashier's Check. Bankwire. Personalchecks allow 2 weeks lor processing. Include DriversLicense and credit card #s Visa, AMEX, CB add 3%service charge. Add 3% shipping & handling or $2.50.whichever is greater. Add 10% for foreign orders orUS Parcel Post. Include Telephone number. NO COOs.Prices subject to change without notice. Some itemssubjeci to prior sale. We reserve the right tosubstttutemanutacturer. Retail prices may vary.

BYTE January 1983 523

DoKOtU Computer

Products,

VISIT OUR RETAIL STOREAND RECEIVE A 5% DISCOUNT'

3250 KELLER STREET, #9 • SANTA CLARA, CA 95050

16 K APPLE*IIRAM CARD

BARE BOARD 14.00I

KIT 39.90

ASSEMBLED 45.00I

•Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

INTERFACE

8T26

8T28

8T95

8T96

8T97

8T98

DM8131

DP8304

DS8836

1.65

1.95

.95

.95

.95

.95

2.90

2.25

1.25

1702

2708

2758

TMS 2516

2716

2716-1

TMS 2716

2532

2732

2764

MC 68764

EPROMS

ins

450ns

5V 450ns

5V 450ns

5V 450ns

5V 350ns

450ns

5V 450ns

5V 450ns

5V 450ns

(5V 450ns)

(24 pin)

STATIC RAMS

DYNAMIC RAMS

TMS 4027

MK 4108

MM 5298

4116-1

4116-2

4116-3

2118

MK 4816

4164-200

4164-150

250ns

200ns

250ns

150ns

200ns

250ns

5V 150ns

5V 300ns

5V 200ns

5V 150ns

3.002.999.755.753.497.858.757.856.49CallCall

2.001.751.751.751.251.15CallCallCallCall

2101

450ns

1.85

2102-1

450ns

.75

2102L-2

250ns LP

1.55

2111

450ns

2.49

2112

450ns

2.69

2114

450ns

1.75

2114 L-3

300ns LP

1.85

2114 L-2

200ns LP

1.95

2147

55ns

8.95

TMS 4044-4

450ns

3.20

TMS 4044-3

300ns

3.50

TMS 4044-2

200ns

3.95

MK 4118

250ns

9.75

TMM 2016

200ns

5.49

TMM2016

150ns

6.4S

TMM 2016

100ns

7.49

HM6116-4

200ns

Call

HM6116-3

150ns

Call

HM6116-2

120ns

Call

Z-6132

300ns

Call

LP ■ Low Power

RESISTORS

>/4 WATT 5% CARBON FILM

ALL STANDARD VALUES

FROM 1 OHM TO 10 MEG OHM

50 PCS. SAME VALUE .0200

100 PCS. SAME VALUE .0150

1000 PCS. SAME VALUE .0125

We Will Beat

Any Competitors'

Prices!

6500

650265046505650765206522653265456551

5.496.907.659.904.357.959.9519.9511.75

2 MHZ

6502A 9.45

6522A6532A6545A6551A

10.9511.9527.9511.95

3 MHZ6502B 11.95

74LS00SERIES

UARTS

74LS00

.24

74LS123

.95

74LS253

.80

AY5 1014

5.85

74LS01

.24

74LS124

2.90

74LS25 7

.80

AY5 1013

3.90

74LS02

.24

74LS125

.95

74LS258

.80

AY5 2376

10.95

74LS03

.24

74 LSI 26

.79

74LS259

2.80

TR 1602

3.90

74LS04

.24

74LS132

.75

74LS260

.60

1M 6402

7.85

74LS05

.24

74LS13b

.49

74LS266

.49

1M 6403

8.85

74LS0874LS10

.24.24

74LS13774LS138

.95.75

74LS2 7374LS275

1.603.25

LEDS

74 LSI 1

.30

74LS139

.75

74LS279

.49

74 LSI 2

.30

74LS145

1.10

74LS280

1.95

Jumbo RedJumbo Green

10/1.006/1.006/1.00

74LS13

.40

74LS147

2.20

74LS283

.95

74LS14

.89

74LS148

1.20

74LS290

1.20

74LS15

.30

74LS151

.75

74LS293

1.79

Jumbo Yellow

74LS2074LS2174LS22

.24

.30.24

74LS15374LS15474LS155

.75

1.75

.89

74LS2 9574LS2 9874LS3 24

.99

.99

1.7b

DIP SWITCHES

74LS26

.30

74LS156

.89

74LS3 5 2

1.49

4 Position

.85

74LS27

.24

74LS157

.75

74LS353

1.49

5 Position

.90

74LS28

.30

74LS158

.75

74LS363

1.49

6 Position

.90

74LS30

.24

74LS160

.95

74LS364

1.95

7 Position

.90

74LS3274LS3374LS3 7

.36.55

.55

74LS16174LS16274LS163

.9595

74LS36574LS366

.8989

8 Position

.95

.95

74LS367

.69

EXAR

74LS3 8

.35

74LS164

.95

74LS368

.69

3.75

3.753.905.253.25

74LS4 0

.30

74LS165

.95

74LS373

.99

XR 2206

74LS42

.49

74LS166

1.95

74LS374

1.69

XR 2207

74LS47

.75

74LS168

1.69

74LS377

1.40

X R 2208XR 2211XR 2240

74LS4 8

.75

74LS169

1.69

74LS378

1.15

74LS4974LS51

.75.30

74LS17074LS173

1.69.75

74LS37974LS385

1.351.89

RCA

74LS54

.35

74LS174

.89

74LS386

.59

74LS55

.35

74LS175

.89

74LS3 90

1.79

CA 3010

.95

74LS6 3

1.20

74LS181

1.99

74LS3 93

1.79

CA 3013

1.99

74LS73

.39

74LS189

9.50

74LS395

1.59

CA 3023

2.75

74LS74

.44

74LS190

.89

74LS399

1.59

CA 3035

2.49

74LS75

.49

74LS191

.89

74LS4 24

2.89

CA 3039

1.25

74LS76

.39

74LS192

.89

74LS447

.75

CA 3046

1.25

74LS78

.49

74LS193

.89

74LS490

1.89

CA 3053

1.45

/4LS83

.75

74LS194

.89

74LS668

1.65

CA 3059

2.90

/4LS85

.95

74LS195

.89

74LS669

1.85

CA 3060

2.90

74LS86

.39

74LSI 96

.79

74LS670

2.10

CA 3065

1.75

74LS90

.65

74LS197

.79

74LS6 74

9.50

CA 3080

1.10

74LS91

.79

74LS221

1.10

74LS6 82

2.99

CA 3081

1.65

74LS92

.65

74LS240

.95

74LS683

2.39

CA 3082

1.65

74LS93

.59

74LS241

.95

74LS6 84

2.39

CA 3083

1.65

74LS95

.79

74LS242

1.79

74LS6 85

2.39

CA 3086

.80

74LS96

.79

74LS243

1.79

74LS6 88

2.39

CA 3089

2.90

74LS107

.39

74LS244

.95

74LS6 89

2.39

CA 3130

1.25

74LS109

.39

74LS245

1.89

CA 3140

1.15

74 LSI 12

.39

74LS24 7

.79

81LS95

1.65

CA 3146

1.75

74LS1 13

.39

74LS248

1.20

81LS96

1.65

1 CA 3160

1.15

74LS114

.49

74LS249

.89

81LS97

1.65

I CA 3401

.59

74LS122

.45

74LS251

1.25

81LS98

1.65

1 CA 3600

3.45 >

CMOS

L/O IvCXU Computer Products, Inc3250 Keller Street, #9Santa Clara, CA 95050(800) 538-8800Calif Residents Local Phoni

(800)848 8008 '408) 988 06'

STORE HOURS:

MONFRI 8:30 A.M.-6:00 P.M.

SAT 10:00 A.M.-3:00 P.M.

40004001400240064007400840094010401140124013401440154016401740184019402040214022"023402440254026402740284029403040344035404040414042404340444046404 7404940504051405340604066406840694070407140724073407540764078408140824085

.25.30.30.90.25.90.45.45.30.30.4 5.90.90.45

1.15.90.45.90.90

1.10.35.75.35

1.60.60.75.90.45

2.90.85.90

1.20.75.75.75.90.90.50.50.90.90

1.39.75.39.30.35.30.3030.30.90.30.30.30.90

408640934098409945021503,508451045114512451445154516451845194520452245264527452845314532453845394543455545564581458245844585

80C0780C9580C9680C9780C98

74C0074C0274C0474C0874C1074C1474C2074C3074C3274C4274C4874C7374C7474C7674C8374C8574C86

.90

.90

2.49

1.90

.90

.60

1.90

.90

.90

.90

1.20

2.20

1.50

1.20

1.20

1.20

1.20

1.20

1.90

1.20

.90

1.90

1.90

1.90

2.70

.90

.90

1.90

1.90

.90

.90

.90.90.90.901.15

.35

.35

.35

.35

.35

1.50

.35

.35

.50

1.75

1.20

.65

.85

.80

1.95

1.95

.95

74C89

74C90

74C93

74C95

74C107

74C150

74C151

74C154

74C157

74C160

74C161

74C162

74C163

74C164

74C165

74C173

74C174

74C175

74C192

74C193

74C195

74C200

74C221

74C373

74C374

74C901

74C902

74C903

74C905

74C906

74C907

74C908

74C909

74C910

74C911

74C912

74C914

74C915

74C918

74C920

74C921

74C922

74C923

74C925

74C926

74C927

74C928

74C929

74C930

1440914410144111441214419

4.50

1.75

1.75

1.75

1.00

5.75

2.25

3.25

1.75

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.25

2.25

2.25

2.25

2.25

5.75

2.25

2.75

2.75

.80

.85

.85

10.95

.95

1.00

2.00

2.75

9.95

10.00

10.00

1.95

2.00

2.75

17.95

15.95

5.59

5.95

6.75

7.95

7.95

7.95

19.95

19.95

12.9012.9011.9012.904.90

VISA

1

TERMS: For shipping include $2.00 for UPSGround. $3.00 for UPS Blue Label Air. $10.00minimum order. Bay Area residents add 6Vi% SalesTax. California residents add 6% Sales Tax. Wereserve the right to limit quantities and substitutemanufacturer. Prices subject to change withoutnotice. Send SASE for complete l.ist.

524 BYTE January 1983

Circle 151 on Inquiry card.

r APPLEII USERSDISK DRIVE!

279P°

Includes metal cabinet

Color matches Apple

35 Tracks/Single side

Includes cable

Use with Apple II Controller

WITH CONTROLLER CARD - 359.95

DoKOtU Computer

Products,

VISIT OUR RETAIL STOREAMD RECEIVE A 5';. DISCOUNT

,v*

UPGRADE

4116 -200«.8/10.00

X

*o

2.5 MHZZ80-CPUZ80-PIOZ80-CTCZ80-DMAZ80-DARTZ80-SIO/0Z80-SIO/1Z80-SIO/2Z80-SIO/9

4.0 MHZZ80A-CPUZ80A-PIOZ80A-CTC

CLOCKCIRCUITS

MM 5314 4.90MM 5369 3.90MM 5375 4.90MM 58167 8.90MM 58174 10.95

MSM 5832 6.90

3.754.954.9516.9514.9517.9517.9517.9516.95

Z80

SERIES

Z80A-DMA

Z80A-DART

Z80A-SIO/0

Z80A-SIO/1

Z80A-SIO/2

Z80A-SIO/9

6.0 MHZZ80B-CPUZ80B-PIOZ80B-CTC

4.954.956.95

ZILOG

Z6132Z8671

25.9517.9521.9521.9521.9518.95

16.9514.9514.95

CallCall

3250 KELLER STREET. *9

Diskettes

5%

ATHANASSSDSOFT.

ATHANASS DD SOFT

ATHANADS DD SOFT

. 23.95. 24.95. 31.95

BULK

SS DD SOFT$1.85ea

ORDER TOLL FREE

(BOO) 538-8800(800) 848-8008

(CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS)

ALL MERCHANDISE IS 100% GUARANTEED

SANTA CLARA, CA 95050

LIMEAR

LM301

LM308

LM309K

LM31 1

LM317T

LM31 7K

LM318

LM323K

LM324

LM337K

LM339

LM377

LM380

LM386

LM555

LM556

LM565

LM566

LM56 7

LM723

LM733

.32

. 75

1.2b

.04

1.65

1.70

1.49

3.75

.59

3.90

.79

2.25

1.25

1.00

.38

.65

.95

1.45

.99

.49

.95

LM/.l 1

LM/47

LM748

LM1310

MC1330

MC1350

MC1358

LM1414

LM1458

LM1488

LM1489

LM1600

LM1889

LM3900

L.M3909

LM3914

LM3915

LM3916

75451

75452

75453

.29

.75

.49

2.45

1.69

1.25

1.69

1.49

.55

.95

.95

2.45

2.45

.59

.95

3.70

3.70

3.70

.35

.35

.35

DiscControllers

177117911793179517971691UPD 765

16.0027.9529.9549.9549.9517.9534.95

9000 SERIES

33163334336834013601360236 SO 2

.952.393.698.95

.691.391.79

MISC.

11 C 903242MC 3470MC 3480ULN 2003CA 31462513-001 up2513-002 low

12.956.957.958.955.951.759.699.69

VOLTAGE REGULATORS

7805T7808T7812T7815T7824T

7805K7812K7815K7824K

7905T

.75.75.75.75.85

1.291.291.291.29.85

7908T7912T7915T7924T

.85.85.85.95

7905K 1.39

7912K 1.39

7915K 1.39

7924K 1.39

T = TO-220K • TO-3

CONNECTORS

RS232 Male

RS232 Female

RS232 Female Right Angle

RS232 Hood

30 pin Edge

44 pin Edge

50 pin Edge

86 pin Edge

100 pin ST

100 pin W/W

3.003.504.951.202.492.492.693.903.904.90

DoKau

CRYSTALS

32.768 KHZ

10 MHZ

1.8432

2.0

2.097152

2.4576

3.2768

3.579545

4.0

5.0

5.0688

1.904.504.503.903.903.903.903.003.003.003.90

5.185

5.7143

6.5536

8.0

10.0

14.31818

18.0

18.432

20.0

22.1184

32.0

3.903.903.903.003.003.903.003.003.003.003.90

8000

8035

8039

8080A

8085A

8088

8155

8156

8185

8741

8748

8755

8202

8205

8212

8214

8216

8224

8226

8228

8237

8238

6.95

7.59

3.90

7.95

34.95

7.75

8.75

29.00

39.00

14.95

29.95

27.95

3.45

1.80

3.75

1.75

2.45

1.80

4.50

19.00

4 75

8239

8243

8250

8251

8253

8253-

8255

8255-

8257

8259

8272

8275

8279

8279-

8282

8283

8284

8286

8287

8288

8289

4.75

4.75

14.90

4.50

8.75

9.75

4.50

5.20

8.50

6.85

39.00

29.00

9.25

9.95

6.50

6.50

5.50

6.50

6.50

25.00

49 00

IC Sockets

8 PIN14 PIN16 PIN18 PIN20 PIN22 PIN24 PIN28 PIN40 PIN

ST.10

.12.15.20.25.25.25.35.40

W/W

.49

.50

.5 7

.85

.99

1.30

1.40

1.50

1.80

ST = SoldertailW/W « Wirewrap

6800

6800

6802

6808

6809

6809 E

6810

6820

6821

6828

6840

6843

6844

6845

6847

6850

6852

6860

6862

6875

6880

6883

6BB00

68B02

68B09

68B09 E

68B10

68B21

68B45

68B50

48

8

11

17

2

3

3

14

7

32

32

16

11

3

3

10

11

6

1

22

75654595959050509095959590.95.20.50.9090908095

10.0021.9528.9529.907.9012.0034.0012.00

8 MHz

68000 95.95

Power Supplies

MOUNTED ON PC BOARD

MANUFACTURED BY CONVER

+5 VOLT 4 AMP

±12 VOLT 1 AMP

34.95

kSKJ iVVA vj Computer Products, Inc.

13250 Keller Street, #9

Santa Clara, CA 95050

(800) 538-8800

Calif. Residents Local Phone

(300) 848 8008 (408) 988 0697

STORE HOURS:

MON-FRI 8:30 A.M.-6:00 P.M.

SAT 10:00 A.M.-3:00 P.M.

BankAmericard

[master charge]

TERMS: For shipping include $2.00 for UPSGround. $3.00 for UPS Blue Label Air. $10.00minimum order. Bay Area residents add 6%% SalesTax. California residents add 6% Sales Tax. Wereserve the right to limit quantities and substitutemanufacturer. Prices subject to change withoutnotice. Send SASE for complete list.

Circle 151 on Inquiry card.

BYTE January 1983 525

CaMFornja DiqiTAl

Post Office Box 3097 B • Torrance, California 90503

FREE*

Plastic library case supplied with all| diskettes purchased from California Digital

*24?s

Private labeled tor California Digital by one of the mc

respected producers of magnetic media Each distiet

is certified double density al 40 tracks To insur

extended media life all diskette are manufactured with

reinforced hub.

Each box of diskettes is supplied wiih a free plastic

library case

Soft sector CAL-501 Ten sector CAL-510

Ten boxes '22.75 One hundred boxes '21.50

51/." DISKETTES

WITH LIBRARY CASE

26P°

Your Choice

SCOTCH

MEMOREX

VERBATIM

Single Side Double DensitySort Sector 10 Sector 16 Sector

SCOTCH

744D-0

744D-10

7440-16

26.50

MEMOREX

3481

3483

3485

26.50

VERBATIM

525-01

525-10

NA

26.50

MAXELL

MD1

MH1-10

MH1-16

29.85

DYSAN

104/10

107/1D

NA

45.00

Double Side Double Density

SCOTCH

745-0

745-10

745-16

42.50

VERBATIM

550-01

550-10

NA

42.50

MAXELL

MD2-D

MH2-10D

MH2-16D

45.00

DYSAN

104/2D

107/2D

NA

49.50

DYSAN 96

204/2D

NA

NA

59.50

EIGHT INCH DISKETTES

Single Side Single Density

SCOTCH

MEMOREX

DYSAN

740-0

3060

3740/1 39.50

29.50

29.50

Thirty Two Sector

SCOTCH 740-32 29.50

Scale* Head C*im«e 't:Pla«« l*rar> EMM Wfti.ene ftp TuBs Mty«K

Single Side Double Density

SCOTCH 741-0

MEMOREX

DYSAN

3090

3740/D 57.50

39.00

35.00

Double side Double Density

SCOTCH 743-0

MEMOREX

DYSAN

3114

3740/2D

47.50

39.50

65.00

Microswitch \

ASCII

KEYBOARD

$79 Si

Each keyboard contains 81 high reliability Hall Effect keys.Outputs seven bit parallel ASCII MIC81SD5 3 Lbs.

S

119

WINCHESTER SWITCHING

POWER SUPPLY

POWER TWO 51/4" WINCHES-TERS OR TWO OF THE NEWHALF HEIGHT 8" DISK DRIVES.

rely

ir Cadti

aD*

lilal by one of Ihe Worlds largest iwitching power suppliesJni| supplies 5 volis at 5 Amps and 12 voltsI 3 Amps ion 5 volts al 3 Amps and 2toils al 3 Amps. Ideal supply lor powermyivo of the new Tandon 648 of Shugart

I SA880 Will accepl either 115 60Hz or 230

150Hz CAD-53OI062LD5

VISA

MEMORY

16K DYNAMIC 2732 EPROM

1.95 4.95

4116 150ns.

64K DYNAMIC 16K STATIC

6.95

4164 150ns.

450ns.

200ns

2764 EPROM

SALE$9.95

DYNAMIC MEMORY

4027 4K dynamic 250ns.

4116 150ns 16K

4116 200ns 16K

4164 150ns 64K 128 refresh

41256 150ns 256K

21L02 2O0ns IK static21L02 450ns IK static2112 450ns 2K static2114 300ns 1Kk44044TMS 450ns 4K x 15257 300ns 4K * 16116P4 200ns 2K * 86116P3150fis 2K k86167/2167100ns 16K i

2708 450ns 1K*82716 450ns. 2Kx 82716TME450ns Tnvollage2732 450ns. 4K x 82732 350ns 4K x 82532 450ns 4K I B2764 350ns BK i 827128 350ns 16K * 8

ICM-4027250ICM-41161S0ICM-4116200ICM-4164150hCM-41256150

STATIC MEMORY

ICM21L02200ICM-21L02450ICM-2112450ICM-2114300ICM -4044450ICM-52573Q0ICM-61 16200ICM-6'16150?0pm) ICM-6167100

EPROMS

kOE-2708ICE-2716ICE-2716TMSICE-2732ICE-2732350CE-2532ICE-2764ICE -27128

9 50

9 95

March 83

CONNECTORS

DB25P

S-100 Gold

$2.95

/■■■'■•

i n nrtn

tU

twi'i'i1'1''

™Tlj

$2.50

GOLD EDGE CONNECTORS

S-100 .125" centers trad

Ims-ai solder .2fi0" row $2.y:Imsai wire wrap (TO 3.9!

SuUlns Hi-Rel. .250" 4.51

SuUlns Hi-Rel. W/W 5.3:

SUUina /Altair . 140 4.9:

.156" Centers (standard)22/44 Kim Evelet36/72 Digital Croup SIX36/72 Digital Croup W/W43/86 Motorola 6800 S/T43/85 Mote. 6600 W/W

4.004.004.30

6.606.607.00

1KT&GRA1 ED CIRCUIT SOCKETS

Lrtw ProIUe Wire Wr^p

each 1CO+ each 100+

8 pin $.10 S.0D

16 pinIB pin

24 pin40 pin

UAir,s fl

male 2.35

S female

DA hood 2/P 1.60

UB25P male 2-50

DB29S female £.36

i.in hood a/p 1.35DC37P male 4.20DC37S female B.00IJCho.:it 2/i' 2.25UliriOP n;„|i 5.MIJlJIiOS feu,die SH.40LMJ50 huu.l S/P IXiO

itlUBOK CABLE CONNECTORS17/34 5" disk 4.8'i 4.15 3.;*;20/40 TRS-80 5.65 5.05 4.70B3/SQ 8" disk 5.30 5.15 4.IJ0

COMPOSITE

MONITOR

Ideal monitor

for classroom

demonstrations.

Ever try gathenr

purchase a 23 h _

These unils accept slandarO composit video signals generated tiy most personal computers mci

Ihe Apple and IBM Attach it your computer and m second you are shooting down Klmgons ui

Eight Inch Single Sided

One Two

Ten

SHUGART SA801R

s395

385

375

SIEMENS FDD100-8

259

259

225

TANDON 848-1 SLIMLINE

379

369

359

Eight Inch Double Sided

SHUGART SA851R

525

495

475

QUME DATA TRACK 8

525

495

475

MITSUBISHI M2894-63

485

475

469

OLIVETTI 802/851

369

359

349

TANDON 848-2 SLIMLINE

495

485

475

SHUGART 860 THINLINE

569

549

539

Five Inch Single Sided

SHUGART SA400

215

209

199

TANDON TM 100-1

209

199

195

Five Inch Double Sided

SHUGART SA450

349

329

315

TANDON TM 100-2

295

269

259

TANDON 96TPI TM 100-4

369

355

350

OLIVETTI 502 V3 height

239

225

215

Three Inch Rigid Floppy

HITACHI-AMDEK

call for pricing

Five Inch Winchesters

SEAGATE 506 6 Megabyte

759

725

695

SEAGATE 512 12 Megabyte

995

960

960

TANDON 603SE 14 Megabyte

995

960

895

WESTERN DYNAX removable

995

960

950

Upon request, all drives are suppliedwith power connectors and manual

Eight Inch Subsystem

Two Siemens FDD 100-8 disk drives with power supply.

4" exhaust fan complete with al necessary power cables.

Same as above but witb:

Shugart801R MSD2801 '1195 Olivetti802 CAL2801 1250

Shugart851R MSD2851 1450 QumeDTB MSD80T 1450

ECLIPSl100

*695<

INDUSTRIAL S-lOO MAINFRAME

Suitable tot hospital and industrial applications. Constructed from 304brushed stainless steel Modualar 500 watt toroid power supply provides8 volts at 30 Amps and i_T6 volts al 4 Amps Supplied with standard 18 slotFaraday mother board Auxtlary switched AC receptacles The Eclipse 100can be either table or rack mounted. Provisions for internally mounting a tenmegabyte Winchester disk drive

The Eclipse 100 is the perfect mainframe io (ill the void led by thenow defunct TEI Corporalion EPS-100 50 lbs

TOLL FREE ORDER LINE

800)421-5041

TECHNICAL & CALIFORNIA

213679-9001

CAlifoRNJA DiqiTAl

Post Office Box 3097 B • Torrance, California 90503

uper Buy $259

SIEMENS

FDD 100-88" DISK DRIVE

10 Drives s225 • 100 Drives 209

California Digital has recently participated in the purchase of several thousand Siemens FDD 100-8 floppy diskdrives. These units are electronically and physically similar to that of the Shugart 801R disk drive. Any applicationthat will accept an 801R will work with the Siemens FDD 100-8 drive.

All units are new and shipped in factory sealed boxes. Because of the extremely low price we expect a quick sellout. Please reserve your units early. SEA-F1008 17lbs. Manual and connectors supplied free upon request. Alsoavailable: Two drive subsystem supplied in steel enclosure with power supply and fan. S750.00 CAL-2F1008

PRINTERS

256K DYNAMIC

MEMORY BOARD

$.

495

• 256 kilobytes of memory using 64K dynamic RAM.

• Over one megabyte of memory using the new 256Kdynamic RAM chips.

• Error detection-trap capability.

• Individual 16K block can be relocated to anyboundary within a megabyte of RAM.

• 24 bit addressing and phantom mode capability.

The California Digital 256K RAM board represeDls an out standing value in S-iQO memory technology. Priced slighly above earlier generation 64K

dynamic ram boards it gives you tMM aodJBcnal features 256K of memory with parity Parity error feature can be |umpered to any of the mierrupt

lines, a Status port. ERROR LED. or IEEE-696 'ERROR signal 24 or 16 bil addressing with memory management

Proper operation with front panel equipped systems, DMA disk controllers, and IEEE-696 Temporary Buss Masters assured with anon the board Ml

generator tor memory refresh timing. CAS and RAS liming is controlled with tapped digital delay lines tor proper operation over the entire operating

temperature range.

The board is very recent in design using|lhe National Semiconductor DP-8409 RAM Controller chip Split termination networks are used on all address

Imes. CAS line, and RAS lines eliminating the last traces ol ringing The board uses two separate voltage regulators One for the DRAMs and one for

the interface logic increasing the noise immunity of the ram array. Typical power dissipation is 8 waits.

s theory ot oper

;on!iguration guide.

andapplic

eofth

it options

TERMINALS

MATRIX PRINTERS

Okidata B2A serial & parallel 9.5"' paper 0K.I-82A 459.00

Okirtflta 83A senal & parallel 15' paper 0KI-B3A 69500

Okiriata 84A parallel only 15' paper QKI-84AP 1 079.00

Okidata 84A serial & parallel 15' papei 0KI-84AS 1,319 00Ppson MXBO with graphics and tractor feed EPS-MX80Epson MX80FT with graphics. Inchon S tractor feed

EPS-MXB0FT 539 00

Epson MX100 with graphics 15" paper EPS-MX100 69500

NEC 8033A parallel 9 5 paper graphics NEC-8023A -189.00Artade/ 9500A high speed dot malm printer 15"

ADX-9500A 127900

Anadex 9501A 15' paper with graphics ADX-9501A 1 279.00Texas Instruments 810 serial 15" upper 8 lower case

TEX-etOL 1299 00

Oatasouth 0S180 high speed 180 chai /sec 15" DSi-180 1 295 00

Ptuwriter B510 parallel 9.5' PRO-8510P 49500

Prownier 8510 serial 9.5" PRO-S510S 639 00

Prownter II 15 paper PH0-2P 750 00Pnnttonix P300 high speed printer 300 lines/mm

PTX-P300 4 500 00Prmtromx P600 higfi speed printer 600 lines/mirt

PTX-P600 6 15000

IDS prism 80 column graphics, (non-color) IDS-P80G 1 150 00IDS prism 132 COLOR with graphics 15" paper

IDS-P132CG 1650 00

Mannesmann Tally 1805 200 cps. serial MAN-1805 1.650.00

WORD PROCESSING PRINTERS

NEC7710 55 char/sec thimble, serial only NEC-7710 2,379 00

NEC7730 same as above parallel only NEC-7730 2.379.00

NEC3510 serial 15" NEC-3510 1 775.00

Diablo 620R101 25 cps serial D8L-620 1 27000

Oiaolo 630 40 cps serial DBL-630 2,250 OC

Smith Corona TP-1 daisy wheel parallel SCMTP1P 659 00

Smith Corona TP-1 daisy wheel serial SCM-TP1S 65900

Brother HR11 daisy wheel pnnlei parallel BTH-HR1P 85500

Brother HR11 serial interface BTH-HR1S 89500

Diablo 630 DBL-630 2 095 00

Sla-wiiltir FID serial PR0-F10S 1 47500

Starwriler F10 parallel PRO-F10P 1 47500

MONITORS

Zenith Z12! green phosphor 12" 40/80 column switch ZTH-7121 115 00

BMC 12A green phosphor 15 Mtv. composit video BMC-12A 00 ""

BMC 12EN green phosphor 20Mhz. high resolution BMC-12EM

NEC JB1201 green phosphor 18 Mhz composit video NEC-JB1201

NEC JB1260 green phosphor commercial qrade composit NEC-1260

Motorola ?3 open frame blk/white composit video M0T-BW23

Motorola 12' open frame hlk/white reqires horz sync. & pow M0T-GW12

Comae 9" open Irame requires horz sync & power supply C0N-BV/9

(COLOR)

NEC JC12Q1 composit color NEC-JC1201

NEC RGB monitor NEC-1202DM

BMC 13" Composit video BMC-1400CL

BMC 13" RG8 color monitor BMC-1401RGB

BMC interface card tor Apple II tor above RGB BMC-81HGB

Comrex/Hitachi 13" RGB high res monitor COM-660O

Comrex/Hitachi 13" Composit color monitor COM-6500

Amdek color #1 composit video AM0-100

AmdeR color #2 high res. RGB color monitor AMD-200

Amdek color #3 commercial grade color RGB AMD-300

139.00169 00129 00

273.00329 00149 00

Direct Connect

MODEMS

Hayes Micromodem 100 S-100 modem HYS-100

Hayes Smart Model RS232 HYS-232

Hayes Micromodem II Apple direct conned HVS-MM2

Hayes Chronograph time & dale HYS-CHR232

Novation Cat acoustic connect NOV-CAT

Novation D Cat direct connect via handset NOV-DCAT

Novation 212 Aulocal Sell 212A N0V-212

Novation Auto Cat 103 N0V-AUT0

Universal 103LP direct connect, line powered UDS-103LP

Universal 103LPJ direct connect auto answer UDS-103LPJ

jrsal 202 direct conned 1200 baud half duplex UDS-202LPtrsal 212LP direct connect 1200 baud, lull duplex U0S-212LPkSignalman Mark I direct connect with terminal cable SGL-MK1

319 00229 00279.00199 00149.00169 0059500219.00

■UJ^ ^^> ttilCJL

Ampex Dialogue 80 green screen, two gage funcnon keys APX-D80C

Ampex Dialogue 80 amber screen, two page 'function keys APX-D80A

Ampex Dialogue 80 green screen Selectnc keyboard APX-D81G

Ampex Dialogue 81 amber screen. Selectric keyboard APX-D81A

Ampex Touch Term screen command for data entry APX-T80

Wyse horz & vert split screen, metal case detalch keybd WYS-100

Televideo 910C emulator TVI-910C

Televideo 910 Plus block mode TVI-910P

Televideo 925C deiatchable keyboard 22 (unction keys TVI-925

Televideo 950 graphic char . split screen. 22 functions TVI-950

IBM 3101-10 detachable keyboard green IBM-3101

Zenith Z-19 keyboard ZTH-Z19

Adds Viewpoint A1 detachable keyboard ADD-VP1

Adds Viewpoint A2 xy cursor green screen AD0-VP2

Adds Viewpoint A3 emulator ADD-VP3

595 00795 00985 001.195.00765 00498 00595 00575 00

APPLE

48K Plus

*1089

APPLE BRAND PRODUCTS

APL-48PAPL-DSK1APL-DSK2

Apple Plus 48K RAM

Apple disk with controller card

Apple disk without controller card

Xiten 10 Megabyte Gallium hard disl16K RAM card lor Apple II

RANA SYSTEMS

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS

7710 Asynchronous Serial Interface

7728 Centronics Parallel Interlace

7720 Apple Parallel Interface

7114 12K Rom/Prom Module

7424 Calendar/Clock Module

7440 Programmable Timet

78118 Arithmetic Processor for Apple II plus

MOUNTAIN COMPUTERS, INC.

MTN-CPS CPS Multifunction Card

MTN-TCLK Clock/Calendar

MTN-STLK Supertalker SD200

MTN-R0MF Rom Plus with Keyboard titter

MTN-R0MRTR Rom Writer with Eprom socket

MTN-ADDA A-07D-A Converter

MTN-BSR X-10 Control Card for BSR system

MICRO SOFT

MCI-CNTRL Micro So disk drive controller

FOURTH DIMENSION

FDN-SPRDRV Super Drive-35 track Apple add on

SORRENTO VALLEY ASSOC

SVA-221 Single sided, Single density controller

SVA-222 Double sided, single density controller

SVA-223 Single or double sided double density

ADVANCED BUSINESS TECH

ABT-13KEYN 13-Key pad for new Apple

ate supportel" Dun & Br;

149 00169 00145.00

475 0095.00

S-lOOBOARDS

16 BIT MICROPROCESSORS

GBT-86B7 Godboul 80GBT B687 Godboul ft!

Seattle Computer 16 bi

SINGLE BOARD COMPUTERS

WAV-BLT1 wavemate Bullet I wilh (loppy. ffi6K

(not S-100) 7!

AMO-Z80 Advanced Micro Digital floppy 8 MK 7!

TEL-FOCI Teletek FDC1 Single Board NEC765

FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLERS

GBT-0SK1 Godboul Disk One double density NLC-7K 3XI2 Morrow [lesion-, [ink Jncfeyll witbCPM 3),11 Morrow Designs Disk Jockey I single

G8T-CPM86D Godbout CPM R6 lor Disk One lor use

with 8088GBT-CPM86 Gotllwut CPM 86 lor ooeraiion with

8086 board

HARD DISK CONTROLLER

GBT-DSK2 Godhout Disk II baid disk controllerGBT-0SK3 GoflOoul Disk 111 hard disk conlrollerMDS-W506 Mono* Designs Winchester for

Seagate 506WDI-10Q0 Western Digital WD-1000 (not S-1001

EPROM BOARDS

ADS-PB10D Ackarman Digital Prom Blaster 100SDS-P100 SD Systems Prom-too programmerSSM-PB1 SKM Piciii !Jii.!Min:-Fr up to ?7160GR-P32 Digital Research 32K Eprom read only

GBT-R20GBT-R21

CCS-2116

STATIC MEMORY BOARDS

i California Digital Static 64 8/16 bi

(6167)5 Godboul Ram 16 64K memory 8/V? Godboul Ram 17 64K memory 8 01

24 bit addGodboul Ram 20 32k static memo

Godboul Ram 21 128K 8/16 bit sts

760 00

California Comuter 2116 16K stmemory

DYNAMIC MEMORY BOARDS

CAL-D256 California Digital 256K dynamic memory

8 bitSDS-EX3 SD Systems Expanflni am lit 256K dynamic i

!■■:■■: ■:■;*;'; r,■!■■■! .1 i::v p -■-.-, ?m--AV: ;lv.l.>m:L

MSM-DMB64 Mr-a;i.n-:i„:i'l Syslrmis DMB6400 (Alpha

Micro) !

995 00

SPECIAL FUNCTION BOARDS

s*HW DC Hayes Micromodem S-100 FCC

OCR READER

OPTICAL RECOGNITION EQUIPMENT

$

DISPLAYED ASCII OUTPUT

WAND TEST D0CIWENTM01301t-001 REV. A

register at you. local

it any application where

mminmiMBi

This optical recognition reader is the same u

Sears, Roebuck or J.C. Penney retail outlets.

These units can be used lor inputing data for inventory control,point of s

accuracy and speed are essential. See OCR font above.

Interfaces eight bit ASCII parallel with "handshaking". Documentation and application notes included.

Each reader is brand new in factory sealed bones. Original acquisition is aproximately S2 500

OCR-720 15 lbs.

TOLL FREE ORDER LINE

800)421-5041

TECHNICAL & CALIFORNIA

213679-9001

A^GA 64K DYNAMIC !^T I W*T 200 NS

ALL MERCHANDISE 100% GUARANTEED!

TMM2016

2KX8 STATIC200 NS

CALL US FOR VOLUME QUOTES

STATIC RAMS

2101

256x4

(450ns)

1.95

5101

256x4

(450ns) (cmos)

3.95

2102-1

1024 x 1

(450ns)

.89

2102L-4

1024 x 1

(450ns) (LP)

1.29

2102L-2

1024 x 1

(250ns) (LP)

1.69

2111

256x4

(450ns)

2.99

2112

256x4

(450ns)

2.99

2114

1024 x4

(450ns)

8/14.95

2114L-4

1024x4

(450ns) (LP)

8/15.25

2114L-3

1024x4

(300ns) (LP)

8/15.45

2114L-2

1024x4

(200ns) (LP)

8/15.95

2147

4096 x 1

(55ns)

4.95

TMS4044-4

4096 x 1

(450ns)

3.49

TMS4044-3

4096 x 1

(300ns)

3.99

TMS4044-2

4096 x 1

(200ns)

4.49

MK4118

1024x8

(250ns)

9.95

TMM2016-200

2048 x 8

(200ns)

4.15

TMM2016-150

2048 x 8

(150ns)

4.95

TMM2016-100

2048 x 8

(100ns)

6.15

HM6116-4

2048 x 8

(200ns) (cmos)

4.95

HM6116-3

2048 x 8

(150ns) (cmos)

5.95

HM6116-2

2048 x 8

(120ns) (cmos)

8.95

HM6116LP-4

2048 x 8

(200ns) (cmos)(LP)

6.95

HM6116LP-3

2048 x 8

(150ns) (cmos)(LP)

8.95

HM6116LP-2

2048 x 8

(120ns) (cmos)(LP)

10.95

Z-6132

4096 x 8

(300ns) (Oslat)

34.95

LP = Low Power

Ostat - Quasi-Static ,

DYNAMIC RAMS

TMS4027

4096 x 1

(250ns)

1.99

UPD411

4096 x 1

(300ns)

3.00

MM5280

4096 x 1

(300ns)

3.00

MK410S

8192 x 1

(200ns)

1.95

MM5298

8192 x 1

(250ns)

1.85

4116-300

16384 x 1

(300ns)

8/11.75

4116-250

16384 x1

(250ns)

8/11.95

4116-200

16384 x1

(200ns)

8/13.95

4116-150

16384 x1

I (150ns)

8/15.95

4116-120

16384 x 1

I (120ns)

8/29.95

2118

16384 x1

I (150ns)(5v)

4.95

4164-200

65536 x 1

I (200ns)(Sv)

6.25

4164-150

65536 x 1

I (150ns) (5v)

7.25

5V = single 5 volt supply

EPROMS

1702

256x8

(1us)

4.50

2708

1024 x 8

(450ns)

3.95

2758

1024x8

(450ns)(5v)

5.95

2716

2048 x 8

(450ns)(5v)

3.95

2716-1

2048 x 8

(350ns)(5v)

6.25

TMS2516

2048 x 8

(450ns)(5v)

5.50

TMS2716

2048 x 8

(450ns)

7.95

TMS2532

4096 x 8

(450ns)(5v)

7.95

2732

4096 x 8

(450ns)(5v)

4.95

2732-250

4096 x 8

(250ns)(5v)

12.95

2732-200

4096 x 8

(200ns)(5v)

16.95

2764

8192 x 8

(450ns)(5v)

16.95

2764-250

8192 x 8

(250ns)(5v)

.18.95

2764-200

8192x8

(200ns)(5v)

24.95

TMS2564

8192x8

(450ns)(5v)

24.95

MC68764

8192x8

(450ns)(5v)(24 pin)

39.95

5v ■ Single 5 Volt Supply

EPROM ERASERS

PE-14PE-14TPE-24TPL-265TPR-125T.PR-320

CapacityChip

6

6

9201632

Intensity(uW/Cm')

5,2005,2006,7006,70015,00015,000

83.00119.00175.00255.00349.00595.00 .

DISCCONTROLLERS

1771 16.95

1791 29.95

1793 38.95

1795 54.95

1797 54.95

6843 34.95

8272 39.95

UPD765 39.95

1691 18.95

2143 18.95

INTERFACE

8T26 1.69

8T28 2.49

8T95 .99

8T96 .99

8T97 .99

8T98 .99

DM8131 2.95

DP8304 2.29DS8835 1.99

DS8836 .99

MISC.

3242 7.95

3341 4.95

MC3470 4.95MC3480 900

11C90 13.9595H90 7.95

2513-001 UP 9.952513-002 LOW 9.95

SOUND CHIPS

76477 3.95

76489 8.95

AY3-8910 12.95MC3340 1.49

CRTCONTROLLERS

6845 14.95

| 68B45 35.95

HD46505SP 15.95

] 6847 12.25MC1372 6.95

68047 24.95

8275 29.95

7220 99.95

CRT5027 39.95

| CRT5037 49.95

TMS9918A 39.95

i DP8350 49.95

BIT-RATEGENERATORS

MC14411 11.95

BR1941 11.95

| 4702 12.95

COM5016 16.95

COM8116 10.95

MM5307 10.95

UARTS

AY3-1014

AY5-1013

AY3-1015

PT1472

TR1602

2350

2651

TMS6011

IM6402

IM6403

INS8250

6.953.956.959.953.959.958.955.957.958.9514.95

KEYBOARDCHIPS

I AY5-2376 11.95

| AY5-3600 11.95

CLOCKCIRCUITS

MM5314 4.95

MM5369 3.95

MM5375 4.95

MM58167 8.95

I MM58174 11.95

1MSM5832 6.95

Z-80

2.5 Mhz

280-CPU 3.95

Z80-CTC 5.95

Z80-DART 15.25

Z80-DMA 17.50

Z80-PIO 5.75

Z80-SIO/0 18.50

Z80-SIO/1 18.50

Z80-SIO/2 18.50

Z80-SIO/9 16.95

4.0 Mhz

Z80A-CPU 6.00

Z80A-CTC 8.65

Z80A-DART 18.75

Z80A-DMA 27.50

Z80A-PIO 6.00

Z80A-SIO/0 22.50

Z80A-SIO/1 22.50

Z80A-SIO/2 22.50

Z80A-SIO/9 19.95

6.0 Mhz

Z80B-CPU 17.95

Z80B-CTC 15.50

Z80B-PIO 15.50

ZILOG

Z6132 34.95

.Z8671 39.95 j

8000

6800

CRYSTALS

32.768 khz

1.95

1.0 mhz

4.95

1.8432

4.95

2.0

3.95

2.097152

3.95

2.4576

3.95

3.2768

3.95

3.579535

3.95

4.0

3.95

5.0

3.95

5.0688

3.95

5.185

3.95

5.7143

3.95

6.0

3.95

6.144

3.95

6.5536

3.95

8.0

3.95

10.738635

3.95

14.31818

3.95

15.0

3.95

16.0

3.95

17.430

3.95

18.0

3.95

18.432

3.95

20.0

3.95

22.1184

3.95

32.0

3.95

DATAACQUISITION

ADC0800 15.55

ADC0804 3.49

ADC0809 4.49

ADC0817 9.95

DAC0800 4.95

OAC0806 1.95

DAC0806 2.95

DAC1020 8.25

DAC1022 5.95

MC1408L6 1.95

MC1408L8 2.95.

8035

5.95

8039

6.95

INS-8060

17.95

INS-8073

24.95

8080

3.95

8085

5.95

808SA-2

11.95

8086

29.95

8087

CALL

8088

39.95

8089

89.95

8155

7.95

8156

8.95

8185

29.95

8185-2

39.95

8741

39.95

8748

29.95

8755

32.00

8200

8202

29.95.

8203

39.95

8205

3.50

8212

1.80

8214

3.85

8216

1.75

8224

2.25

8226

1.80

8228

3.49

8237

19.95

8238

4.49

8243

4.45

8250

10.95

8251

4.49

8253

6.95

8253-5

7.95

8255

4.49

8255-5

5.25

8257

7.95

8257-5

8.95

8259

6.90

8259-5

7.50

8271

39.95

8272

39.95

8275

29.95

8279

8.95

8279-5

10.00

8282

6.50

8283

6.50

8284

5.50

8286

6.50

8287

6.50

8288

25.00

8289

49.95

FUNCTION

GENERATORS

MC4024

3.95

LM566

1.49

XR2206

3.75

8038

3.95

INTERSIL

ICL7103 9.50 I

ICL7106 9.95

ICL7107 12.95

ICL7660 2.95

ICL8038 3.95

ICM7207A 5.59

, ICM7208 15.95 j

68000

59.95

6800

4.95

6802

7.95

6808

13.90

6809E

19.95

6809

12.95

6810

2.95

6820

4.95

6821

3.25

6828

14.95

6840

12.95

6843

34.95

6844

25.95

6845

14.95

6847

12.25

6850

3.45

6852

5.75

6860

9.95

6862

11.95

6875

6.95

6880

2.25

6883

24.95

68047

24.95

68488

19.95

6800 = 1MHZ

68B00

10.95

68B02

22.25

68B09E

29.95

68B09

29.95'

68B10

7.95

68B21

12.95

68B45

35.95

68B50

12.95

68B00 > 2 MHZ

6500

1 MHZ

6502

5.95

6504

6.95

6505

8 95

6507

9.95

6520

4.35

6522

8.75

6532

11.25

6545

22.50

6551

11.85

2 MHZ

6502A

9.95

6522A

11.70

6532A

12.40

6545A

28.50

6551A

12.95

EXAR

XR 2206 3.75

XR 2207 3.85

XR 2208 3.90

XR2211 5.25

XR 2240 3.25

9000 SERIES

9316 1.00

9334 2.50

9368 3.95

9401 9.95

9601 .75

9602 1.5096S02 1.95

JDR MICRODEVICES, INC.

1224 S. Bascom Avenue

San Jose, CA 95128

800-538-5000 • 800-662-6279 (CA)

(408) 995-5430 • Telex 171-110

©1982 JDR MICRODEVICES. INC.

VISIT OUR - NEW HOURS-

VIZI I UUM M-W-F, 9-5

RETAIL STORE T-Th.,9-9 Sat. 11-3

PLEASE USE YOUR CUSTOMER NUMBER WHEN ORDERING

TERMS: For shipping include $2 for UPS Ground or S3 tor UPS BlueLabel Air. Items over 5 pounds require additional shipping charges.Foreign orders, include sufficient amount for shipping. There is a $10minimum order. Bay Area and Los Angeles Counties add 6V'o SalesTax. Other California residents add 6% Sales Tax.-We reserve theright to substitute manufacturer. Not responsible for typographicalerrors. Prices are subject to change without notice. We will match orbeat any competitor's price provided it is not below our cost.

528 BYTE January 1983

Circle 217 on inquiry card.

2716

16K EPROMS

2732

32K EPROMS

ALL MERCHANDISE 100% GUARANTEED!

CALL US FOR VOLUME QUOTES

74LS00

74LS0074LS0174LS0274LS0374LS0474LS0574LS0874LS0974LS1074LS1174LS1274LS1374LS1474LS1574LS2074LS2174LS2274LS2674LS2774LS2874LS3074LS3274LS3374LS3774LS3874LS4074LS4274LS4774LS4874LS4974LS5174LSS474LS5574LS6374LS7374LS7474LS7574LS7674LS7874LS8374LS85

74LS86

74LS90

74LS91

74LS92

74LS93

74LS95

74LS96

74LS107

74LS109

74LS112

74LS113

74LS114

74LS122

74LS123

74LS124

74LS125

74LS126

74LS132

74LS133

74LS136

74LS137

74LS138

74LS139

74LS145

74LS147

74LS148

74LS151

74LS153

74LS154

74LS155

74LS156

74LS157

74LS1S8

74LS160

74LS161

74LS162

74LS163

74LS164

74LS165

74LS166

74LS1S8

Prices Slashed!74S00

74S00

74S02

74S03

74S04

74S05

74S08

74S09

74S10

74S11

74S15

74S20

74S22

74S30

74S32

74S37

74S38

74S40

74S51

74S64

74S65

74S74

74S85

74S86

74S112

74S113

74S114

74S124

74S132

74S133

74S134

74S135

74S138

74S139

74S140

74S151

74S153

74S157

74S1S8

74S161

74S162

.32.35.35.35.35.35.40.35.35.35.35.35.35.40.88.85.35.35.40.40.501.99.50.50.50.552.751.24.45.50.89.85.85.55.95.95.95.951.951.95

74S16374S16874S16974S17474S17574S18174S18274S18874S18974S19474S19S74S19674S19774S20174S22574S24074S24174S24474S25174S25374S25774S25874S26074S27474S27571S28074S28774S28874S28974S30174S37374S37474S38174S38774S41274S47174S47274S47474S48274S57074S571

1.95

3.95

3.95

.95

.95

3.95

2.95

1.95

6.95

1.49

1.49

1.49

1.49

6.95

7.95

2.20

2.20

2.20

.95

.95

.95

.95

.79

19.95

19.95

1.95

1.90

1.90

6.89

6.95

2.45

2.45

7.95

1.95

2.98

4.95

4.95

4.95

15.25

2.95

2.95 ,

74LS16974LS17074LS17374LS17474LS17574LS18174LS18974LS19074LS19174LS19274LS19374LS19474LS19574LS19674LS19774LS22174LS24074LS24174LS24274LS24374LS24474LS24574LS24774LS24874LS24974LS25174LS25374LS25774LS25874LS25974LS26074LS26674LS27374LS27574LS27974LS28074LS28374LS29074LS29374LS29574LS29874LS299

MasterCard

74LS323

3.50

74LS324

1.75

74LS352

1.29

74LS353

1.29

74LS363

1.35

74LS364

1.95

74LS365

.49

74LS366

.49

74LS367

.45

74LS368

.45

74LS373

.99

74LS374

.99

74LS377

1.39

74LS378

1.18

74LS379

1.35

74LS385

1.90

74LS386

.45

74LS390

1.19

74LS393

1.19

74LS395

1.19

74LS399

1.49

74LS424

2.95

74LS447

.37

74LS490

1.95

74LS624

3.99

74LS668

1.69

74LS669

1.89

74LS670

1.49

74LS674

9.65

74LS682

3.20

74LS683

3.20

74LS684

3.20

74LS685

3.20

74LS688

2.40

74LS689

3.20

74LS783

24.95

81LS95

1.49

81LS96

1.49

81LS97

1.49

81LS98

1.49

25LS2521

2.80

25LS2569

4.25

IC SOCKETS

1-99 1008 pin ST .13 .1114 pin ST .15 .1216 pin ST .17 .1318 pin ST .20 .1820 pin ST .29 .2722 pin ST .30 .2724 pin ST .30 .2728 pin ST .40 .3240 pin ST .49 .39

64 pin ST 4.25 callST = SOLDERTAIL8 pin WW .59 .4914 pin WW .69 .5216 pin WW .69 .5818 pin WW .99 .9020 pin WW 1.09 .98

22 pin WW 1.39 1.28

24 pin WW 1.49 1.35

28 pin WW 1.69 1.49

40 pin WW 1.99 1.80

WW - WIREWRAP

16 pin ZIF 6.75 call

24 pin ZIF 9.95 call

28 pin ZIF 10.95 call

ZIF = TEXTOOL(Zero Insertion Force)

CONNECTORS

7400

CMOS

RS232 MALERS232 FEMALERS232 FEMALE

RIGHT ANGLERS232 HOODS-100 ST. S-100WW

DIPSWITCHES

4 POSITION .I

I 5 POSITION .I

6 POSITION .I

7 POSITION .!L8 POSITION .!

2.953.50

ORDER TOLL FREE

800-538-5000800-662-6279

(CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS)

IF YOU CAN FIND A PRICE LOWER

ELSEWHERE, LET US KNOW AND

WELL MEET OR BEA T THEIR PRICE!

iSEE TERMS BELOW',

* Computer managed inventory—virtually no back orders!

* Very competitive prices!

* Friendly staff!

* Fast service — most ordersshipped within 24 hours!

LED DISPLAYS

HP 5082-7760MAN 72MAN 74FND-357 (359)FND-500 (503). FND-507 (510)

.6' CC

.3" CA

.3" CC

.375" CC

.5' CC

CA 1.4

T

I

LED LAMPS'

1-99 100-up

7400

.19

74132

.45

7401

.19

74136

.50

7402

.19

74141

.65

7403

.19

74142

2.95

7404

.19

74143

2.95

7405

.25

74145

.60

7406

.29

74147

1.75

7407

.29

74148

1.20

7408

.24

74150

1.35

7409

.19

74151

.55

7410

.19

74152

.65

7411

.25

74153

.55

7412

.30

74154

1.25

7413

.35

74155

.75

7414

.49

74156

.65

7416

.25

74157

.55

7417

.25

74159

1.65

7420

.19

74160

.85

7421

.35

74161

.69

7422

.35

74162

.85

7423

.29

74163

.69

7425

.29

74164

.85

7426

.29

74165

.85

7427

.29

74166

1.00

7428

.45

74167

2.95

7430

.19

74170

1.65

7432

.29

74172

5.95

7433

.45

74173

.75

7437

.29

74174

.89

7438

.29

74175

.89

7440

.19

74176

.89

7442

.49

74177

.75

7443

.65

74178

1.15

7444

.69

74179

1.75

7445

.69

74180

.75

7446

.69

74181

2.25

7447

.69

74182

.75

7448

.69

74184

2.00

7450

.19

74185

2.00

7451

.23

74186

18.50

7453

.23

74190

1.15

7454

.23

74191

1.15

7460

.23

74192

.79

7470

.35

74193

.79

7472

.29

74194

.85

7473

.34

74195

.85

7474

.33

74196

.79

7475

.45

74197

.75

7476

.35

74198

1.35

7480

.59

74199

1.35

7481

1.10

74221

1.35

7482

.95

74246

1.35

7483

.50

74247

1.25

7485

.59

74248

1.85

7486

.35

74249

1.95

7489

2.15

74251

.75

7490

.35

74259

2.25

7491

.40

74265

1.35

7492

.50

74273

1.95

7493

.35

74276

1.25

7494

.65

74279

.75

7495

.55

74283

2.00

7496

.70

74284

3.75

7497

2.75

74285

3.75

74100

1.75

74290

.95

74107

.30

74293

.75

74109

.45

74298

.85

74110

.45

74351

2.25

74111

.55

74365

.65

74116

1.55

74366

.65

74120

1.20

74367

.65

74121

.29

74368

.65

74122

.45

74376

2.20

74123

.49

74390

1.75

74125

.45

74393

1.35

74126

.45

74425

3.15

74128

.55

74426

.85

74490

2.55.

4000

.29

4001

.25

4002

.25

4006

.89

4007

.29

4008

.95

4009

.39

4010

.45

4011

.25

4012

.25

4013

.38

4014

.79

4015

.39

4016

.39

4017

.69

4018

.79

4019

.39

4020

.75

4021

.79

4022

.79

4023

.29

4024

.65

4025

.29

4026

1.65

4027

.45

4028

.69

4029

.79

4030

.39

4034

1.95

4035

.85

4040

.75

4041

.75

4042

.69

4043

.85

4044

.79

4046

.85

4047

.95

4049

.35

4050

.35

4051

.79

4053

.79

4060

.89

4066

.39

4068

.39

4069

.29

4070

.35

4071

.29

4072

.29

4073

.29

4075

.29

4076

.79

4078

.29

4081

.29

4082

.29

4085

.95

4086

.95

4093

.49

4098

2.49

4099

1.95

14409

12.95

14410

12.95

14411

11.95

14412

12.95

14419

7.95

14433

4.18

4502

.95

4503

.65

4508

1.95

4510

.85

4511

.85

4512

.85

4514

1.25

4515

1.79

4516

1.55

4518

.89

4519

.39

4520

.79

4522

1.25

4526

1.25

4527

4528

4531

4532

4538

4539

4541

4543

4553

4555

4556

4581

4582

4584

4585

4702

74C00

74C02

74C04

74C08

74C10

74C14

74C20

74C30

74C32

74C42

74C48

74C73

74C74

74C76

74C83

74C85

74C86

74C89

74C90

74C93

74C95

74C107

74C150

74C151

74C154

74C157

74C160

74C161

74C162

74C163

74C164

74C165

74C173

74C174

74C175

74C192

74C193

74C195

74C200

74C221

74C373

74C374

74C901

74C902

74C903

74C905

74C906

74C907

74C908

74C909

74C911

74C912

74C914

74C915

74C918

74C920

74C921

74C922

74C923

74C925

74C926

74C928

74C929

1.95

1.19

.95

1.95

1.95

1.95

2.64

1.19

5.79

.95

.95

1.95

1.95

.75

.75

12.95

.35

.35

.35

.35

.35

.59

.35

.35

.39

1.29

1.99

.65

.65

.80

1.95

1.95

.39

4.50

1.19

1.75

.99

.89

5.75

2.25

3.25

1.75

1.19

1.19

1.19

1.19

1.39

2.00

.79

1.19

1.19

1.49

1.49

1.39

5.75

1.75

2.45

2.45

.39

.85

.85

10.95

.95

1.00

2.00

2.75

8.95

8.95

1.95

1.19

2.75

17.95

15.95

4.49

4.95

5.95

7.95

7.95

19.95

TRANSISTORS DIODES

.10

Jumbo

RedJumbo

Green .18Jumbo

Yellow .18 .15

09

15

PN2222PN29072N22222N29072N30553055T2N39042N3906IN4148 (IN914)v IN4004

NPN SWITCHPNP SWITCHNPN SWITCHPNP SWITCHNPN POWERNPN POWERNPN SWITCHNPN SWITCHSWITCHINGRECTIFIER

TO-92

TO-92

TO-18

TO-18

TO-3

TO-220

TO-92

TO-92

10/1.00

10/1.25

.25

.25

.79

.69

10/1.00

10/1.00

100/8.99 I

100/10.99

50/10.99

50/10.99

10/6.99

10/5.99

100/8.99

100/8.99

25/1.00 1000/35.0010/1.00 100/8.99J

1982 JDR MICRODEVICES, INC.

Circle 217 on inquiry card.

BYTE January 1983 529

LINEAR

RCA

VOLTAGE

LM301LM301H

.34.79

LM348LM350K

.994.95

NE564LM565

2.95.99

LM1496LM1558H

.853.10

CA 3023CA 3039

2.751.29

CA 3082CA 3083

1.65 11.55 ■

REGULATORS

LM307

.45

LM350T

4.60

LM566

1.49

LM1800

2.37

CA 3046

1.25

CA 3086

.80 ■

7805T

.89

7905T

.99

LM308

.69

LM358

.69

LM567

.89

LM1812

8.25

CA 3059

2.90

CA 3089

2.99 ■

7808T

:89

7908T

.99

LM306H

1.15

LM359

1.79

NE570

3.95

LM1830

3.50

CA 3060

2.90

CA 3096

3.49 ■

7812T

.89

7912T

.99

LM309H

1.95

LM376

fc75

NE571

2.95

LM1871

5.49

CA 3065

1.75

CA3130

1.30 ■

7815T

.89

7915T

.99

LM309K

1.25

LM377

1.95

NE592

2.75

LM1872

5.49

CA 3080

1.10

CA 3140

1.15 ■

7824T

.89

7924T

.99

LM310

1.75

LM378

2.50

LM703

.89

LM1877

3.25

CA 3081

1.69

CA 3146

1.85 H

LM311

.64

LM379

4.50

LM709

.59

LM1889

1.95

CA3160

1.19 ■

7805K

1.39

7905K

1.49

LM311H

.89

LM380

.89

LM710

.75

LM1896

1.75

7812K

1.39

7912K

1.49

LM312H

1.75

LM380N-8 1.10

LM711

.79

LM2877

2.05

■H

7815K

1.39

7915K

1.49

LM317K

3.95

LM381

1.60

LM723

.49

LM2878

2.25

Ti

7824 K

1.39

7924K

1.49

LM317T

1.19

LM382

1.60

LM723H

.55

LM2900

.85

TL494

4.20

75365

1.95 1

78L05

.69

79L05

.79

LM318

1.49

LM383

1.95

LM733

.98

LM2901

1.00

TL496

1.65

75450

.59 ■

78L12

.69

79L12

.79

LM318H

1.59

LM384

1.95

LM741

.35

LM3900

.59

TL497

3.25

75451

.39 ■

78L15

.69

79L15

.79

LM319H

1.90

LM386

.89

LM741N-14 .35

LM3905

1.25

75107

1.49

75452

.39 ■

78H05K78H12K

9.959.95

LM323KUA78S40

LM319 1.25

LM320 (see 7900)

LM387LM389

1.401.35

LM741HLM747

.40.69

LM3909LM3911

.982.25

7511075150

1.951.95

7545375454

.39 ■.39 ■

4.951.95

LM322

1.65

LM390

1.95

LM748

.59

LM3914

3.95

75154

1.95

75491

.79 ■

T = TO-220

K = TO-3

LM323K

4.95.59

LM392LM394H

.694.60

LM1014LM1303

1.191.95

LM3915LM3916

3.953.95

7518875189

1.251.25

754927549375494

.79 ^H.89 ■.89 ■

L = TO-92

LM324

LM329

.653.95

LM399HNE531

5.002.95

LM1310MC1330

1.491.69

UC4024MC4044

3.954.50

LM331

LM334LM33S

1.191.40

NE536NE555

6.00.34

MC1349MC1350

1.891.19

RC4136

RC4151

1.253.95

r^ ■ f™

DISK DRIVES

LM336

1.75

NE556

.65

MCI 358

1.69

LM4250

1.75

Bl Ft ;

LM337K

3.95

NE558

1.50

MC1372

6.95

LM4500

3.25

TL071

.79

TL084

2.19 ^M

TANDuin

LM337TLM338K

1.956.95

NE555NE556

.34.65

LM1414LM1458

1.59.59

LM13080

LM13600

1.291.49

TL072TL074

1.192.19

LF347LF351

2.19 fl.60 ■

TM100-1 5%" (FOB IBM) SS/DD 229.00

LM339

.99

NE558

1.50

LM1488

.69

LM13700

1.49

TL081

.79

LF353

1.00 ■

TM100-2 5% (for

BM) DS/DO 295.00

LM340(see78

NE561

24.95

LM1489

.69

TL082

1.19

LF355

1.10 B

TL083

1.19

LF356

1.10 M

SHUGAI T

LF357

1.40 ■

H = TO-5 CAN

T =

TO-220

K

= TO-3

SA4C

I0L 5%" (40 TR

ACK) SS/DD 19S

>.95

RIBBON CABLE

CONTACTS

SINGLE COLOR

COLOR CODED

V

10'

V

10'

10

.50

4.40

.83

7.30

20

.65

5.70

1.25

11.00

26

.75

6.60

1.32

11.60

34

.98

8.60

1.65

14.50

40

1.32

11.60

1.92

16.80

50

1.38

12.10

2.50

22.00

WE HAVE THECOMPLETE LINE

OF IDC AND

D-SUBMINIATURE

CONNECTORS

BEST SELLINGBOOKS

OSBORNE/MC GRAW-HILL

Apple II User's Guide 16.95

CRT Controllers Handbook 9.95

68000 Assembly Language

Programming 16.99

CBASIC User Guide 15.00

SYBEX

Your Your First Computer 8.95

The CP/M Handbook 14.95

The PASCAL Handbook 18.95

Microprocessor Interfacing

Techniques 17.95 A

MICROCOMPUTERHARDWARE HANDBOOK

FROM ELCOMP — $14.95Over 800 pages of manufacturers datasheets on most commonly used IC's.Includes:

* TTL — 74/74LS and 74F

* CMOS

* Voltage Regulators

Memory — RAM, ROM, EPROM

* CPU's — 6800, 6500, Z80, 8080,8085, 8086/8

I • MPU support & interface — 6800,6500, Z80, 8200, etc.

SIEMENS

FD100-8 a ss/dd «*-«

(801 REPLACEMENT) 259.00

PERTEC

FD-200 5% ss/dd 179.95

FN-250 m ds/dd 199.95;

CABINET FOR 5Vi"DISK DRIVE

* COLOR MATCHES APPLE

• FITS SHUGART

SPECIAL — $29.95

BYPASS CAPS

.01 UF DISC 100/6.00

.1 UF DISC 100/8.00

.1 UF MONOLITHIC 100/15.00,

WE NOW STOCK A

COMPLETE LINE OF

DISC, ELECTROLYTIC,

MONOLITHIC AND

TANTALUM CAPACITORS

RESISTORS

V, WATT 5% CARBON FILM ALL

STANDARD VALUES

FROM 1 OHM TO 10 MEG OHM

50 PCS. SAME VALUE .025 EA.

100 PCS. SAME VALUE .02 EA.

1000 PCS. SAME VALUE .015 EA.,

JDR MICRODEVICES, INC.

1224 S. Bascom Avenue

San Jose, CA 95128

800-538-5000 • 800-662-6279 (CA)

(408) 995-5430 • Telex 171-110

,1982 JDR MICRODEVICES. INC.

VISIT OURRETAIL STORE

— NEW HOURS —

M-W-F, 9-5

T-Th., 9-9 Sal. 11-3

PLEASE USE YOUR CUSTOMER NUMBER WHEN ORDERING

TERMS: For shipping include $2 lor UPS Ground or S3 lor UPS BlieLabel Air. Items over 5 pounds require additional shipping chargesForeign orders include sufficient amount for shipping There is a $10minimum order Bay Area and Los Angeles Counties add 6' ;u SalesTax Other California residents add 6 Sales Tan We reserve theright to substitute manufacturer Not responsible tor typographicalerrors. Prices are sub|ect to change without notice We will match orbeat any competitor s price provided it is not below our cost

530 BYTE January 1983

Circle 218 on inquiry card.

41 I 6 16K DYNAMIC RAMS 250NS 8/$1 I 9s5e

ALL MERCHANDISE 100% GUARANTEED!

CALL US FOR VOLUME QUOTES

^ VIEWMAXSOlT DISK DRIVE WJDR 16K RAMCARD

A Full Function 80 column cardfor Apple II* — Compare thesefeatures with any other:

* 7x9 dot matrix; Upper andlower case with truedescenders

Soft Video switch

Inverse video characters

Shift key support

Fully compatible with Apple*DOS, CP/M*, PASCAL, andmost popular wordprocessors

2 YEAR WARRANTY

$219

95

JDR COOLING FAN'

FOR YOUR APPLE II

Easy installation — no

modification of Apple

required

Eliminates overheating

problems

Switch on front controls fan,

Apple, and extra outlet

Rotron whisper fan is the

quietest, most reliable on the

market

$69

95

• Fully Apple* compatible

• 35 Track — Will read halftracks!

• Use with our controller(call for price) or withyour Apple controller

• Price includes case andcable — ready to plug in

• Attractive cabinetmatches Apple drive

• 90-Day Warranty

$299

95

ORDER TOLL FREE

800-538-5000800-662-6279

(CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS)

IF YOU CAN FIND A PRICE LOWER

ELSEWHERE. LET US KNOW AND

WELL MEET OR BE A T THEIR PRICE1

I SEE TERMS BELOW:

* Computer managed inventory—virtually no back orders!

* Very competitive prices!

* Friendly staff!

* Fast service — most ordersshipped within 24 hours!

For Apple IT

• Expand your 48K Apple to 64K

• Fully compatible with AppleLanguage System — Use inplace of Apple Language card

• Provides extra memory forVisicalc™

• Run PASCAL, FORTRAN,Integer Basic with appropriatesoftware

• Highest quality card features:gold edge connector, socketsfor all IC's

NOW WITH 2 YEAR WARRANTY I

ASSEMBLED & TESTEDWITH WARRANTY

KIT —INCLUDES ALLPARTS & INSTRUCTIONS.

BARE PC CARD

WITH INSTRUCTIONS

S4495J

$4095t$■1495

MONITORS

GREEN PHOSPHORNECJB1201M $16900

ZENITH zvm-i21 *11900

COLOR

AMDEK color 1 $33500

OKIDATA PRINTERS

• 120 cps, 9x9 Dot Matrix

• 50% faster than EPSON

• Parallel and Serial interfacesare standard

ML-82A *47950

ML-83A *69995

ML-84 PARALLEL... $105900CALL FOR PRICES ON 82A TRACTOR OPTIONAND 82A, 83A GRAPHICS OPTION. CABLESAND INTERFACE CARDS AVAILABLE

51/4" DISKETTES

ATHANA ss sd soft . . . 24.95MEMOREX sssdsoft 26.95VERBATIM SS dd SOFT 29.95VERBATIM 10 sect, hard 29.95

NASHUA

TOP QUALITY — LOW PRICE!

Single Sided, Single DensitySoft Sectored with Hub Ring

$19.95 box of 10

NEWPORTPROSTICK

Professional QualityAtari-Type JoystickExtremely Rugged — ActualArcade game JoystickAll parts are replaceable6 Month Warranty

$31

00

EA

$5995

PR

POWER SUPPLY *3995

MOUNTED ON PC BOARD

MANUFACTURED BY CONVER

+5 VOLT 4 AMP

±12 VOLT 1 AMP

SPECIAL THANKS TO

MARC AND AL FOR

THEIR HARD WORK

AND DEDICATION

•APPLE IS A TRADEMARK OF APPLE COMPUTER, INC.

c 1982 JDR MICROOEVICES. INC.

Circle 218 on inquiry card.

BYTE January 1983 531

The.great

magic

act? *"

Palomar makeshigh prices disappear!

HERE'S HOW

If you find an advertised price lower thanPalomar's, call us—we'll try to beat it. Andwe'll give you great backup when we do: (1)Expert technical advice. (2) Fast responseon orders. (3) In-house service repairs. (4)Guaranteed satisfaction.

HtANKUN SPECIAL

Save 28%

Franklin Ace 1000* ... S1.330.00 Taxan 12"

TEAC Super 5 Disk Drive Green Screen 169.00

with Controller .... 495.00 Diskettes 35.00

Gemini 10 499.00 Diskette Case 5.00

Genie Graphics Card .. 159.00 S&69WM

"Add $200 for Apple II/48K NOW— 1,945

PERSONAL COMPUTERS

ALTOS

ACS 8000-2 3199.00

ACS 8000-15 4399.00

APPLE

Apple II Plus CALL

Disk II D.O.S. 3 CALL

Disk II CALL

BASIS

108-0003 (64K) 1895.00

108-0004 (128K) 1995.00

OSBORNE

Osborne I Portable, Includes $200Extras 1795.00

KAYCOMP

Kaypro Portable, Includes $250Extras 1795.00

FRANKLIN

ACE 1000 (64K) CALL

ACE 10, Disk Drive CALL

S-100

HARDWARE

CP/M

SOFTWARE

Tandon TM 100-1 Disk Drive 219.00

Tandon TM 100-2 Disk Drive 299.00

CCS Disk Controller/CPM 2.2 375.00

CCS 16K Static Ram Module 259.00

CCS 32K Static Ram Module 439.00

CCS 2 Serial Port + 2Parallel 315.00

Comrex Clock Card 119.00

Hayes Micromodem 100 349.00

CCS CP/M Control Program 2.2 129.00

CCS CP/M Macro Assembler 79.00

CCS CP/M Symb. Instr. Debug 65.00

CCS CP/M Text Formatter 65.00

Hayes Terminal Program (8") 22.00

Microsoft Fortran 80 (8") 385.00

Microsoft Basic Compiler (8") 299.00

Microsoft Basic 80 (8") 269.00

HARDWARE

IBM PC CALL

Amdek Color II RGB Monitor 799.00

Amdek 3" Dual Disk Drive 785.00

Corona 5MB Winchester CALL

Corona 10MB Winchester CALL

M & R SuperMod/5 59.00

Percom Add On DiskDrive (Dual) . .450.00

PMC Disk Drive 199.00

STB I/O Printer Interface (4 Ports) 225.00

STB 64K I/O Memory Card 479.00

Tandon TM 100-1 Disk Drive 219.00

Tandon TM 100-2 Disk Drive 299.00

TG Joysticks 49.00

Tech Adam & Eve Paddles i 29.00

64K Kit (9 64K x 1 Chips) 119.00

SOFTWARE

BUSINESS

d Base II 499.00

Denver Accounting System 549.00

Easy Filer 295.00

Easy Planner 145.00

Easy Writer II 259.00

VisiCalc 205.00

HOME & PERSONAL

The Home Acccount + 109.00

Money Decisions 145.00

Mathmagic 65.00

Graphmagic 65.00

GAMES

Temple of Apshai 29.00

Zork III 29.00

Many items are not listed. Please call our 800 number ifyou don't see what you're looking for.

APPLE

HARDWARE

Apple II Plus . . .ALS Z Card

ALS 2 Card, with SupercalcCCS IEEE CardCCS Analog/Digital CardCCS 12K ROM/PROM ModuleCCS Programmable TimerComrex Clock CardCPS Multifunction CardEcho II Speech SynthesizerEDP AC Surge ProtectorEDP EMI-RFI Filter

CALL219.00369 00175.00105.00109.00105.00

69.00179.0017500

49 00

3900

DISK DRIVES

Corona 5MB Winchester CALL

Corona 10MB Winchester CALL

Disk II With Controller Card ... CALLMicrosci A35 With Controller Card 375.00

SYSTEMS & UTILITIES

Microsci Controller CardRana Disk DriveRana Controller . .. .TEAC Super 5 Disc DriveTEAC Super 5 Controller Card

99.00359 00109.00299.00

Expandaport-6 Ports With Speaker 55.00

Hayes Micromodem II

299 00

Microhutfer II 16K

The Home Accountant

Microsoft ZSO Sottcard

265.00

Sen si Die Speller

Microtek 16K Ram Card

79.00

Microtek Graphics Card

109.00

PFS Graph

Microtek Graphics Card-16K

185.00

145 00

MPC Serial Printer Card

Desktop Plan II

299 00

Novation Expansion Module

35.00

VisiTerm

Numeric Key Pad

150.00

VisiDex

Paymar Lower Case Adapters:

New (Rev. 7)

Letter Perfect

STB 64K Expansion Card

239 00

Data Perfect

PERSONAL & HOME

System Saver-Fan/Outlets/Switcr

79.00

TG Game Paddles

29.00

Algebra I

29.00

Algebra II

CompuMath Arith Skill

TG Select-A-Port

. 45.00

39.00

VirJex 80 Column Card

279.00

CompuSpell (Reg Data Disk)

21.00

vi ilex Enhancer II (Rev 7)

125.00

CompuRead

21.00

Videx Function Strip

65.00

S.A.T. Word Attack Skill

39.00

Apple Mechanic

21.00

DOS Boss

18.00

Utility City

21.00

S.A.M.

9900

Apple Soft Compiler

135.00

Basic Compiler

299.00

The Artist

59.00

Zoom Graphics

35 00

GAMES

Temple ot Apshai

. 29.00

Datestones of Ryn

1500

Morloc s Tower

15.00

Rescue at Rigel

21.00

Intro 3-Pak (Ryn. Morloc. Rigel)

39 00

Crush, Crumble and Chomp

21.00

Dragon s Eye

19.00

Chop Utter

25.00

Apple Panic

2100

Arcade Machine

35.00

Star Blazer

25.00

Serpentine . .

25 00

Raster Blaster

21.00

Deadline

35.00

Starcross

29.00

Zork II ..........

29 00

Zork III

29.00

Snack Attack

21.00

Prism

. 15.00

Castle Wolfenstein

21.00

Rooot Wars

2900

Three Mile Island

29.00

Cannon Ball Blitz

25 00

Warp Destroyer

21.00

Audex

21.00

Autobahn . .

21.00

Bandits

25.00

Beer Run

21.00

Cops & Robbers

Palomar offers a complete selection of Apple Hardware and Software.

MONITORS

COMREX

CR 5500-12" Green 155.00

CR 6500-13" Composite 315.00

CR 6600-13" RGB 429.00

AMDEK

Video 300-12" Green 165.00

Color I -13" Color Composite 365.00

Color II -Hi Res. RGB 799.00

Color III -Lo Res. RGB 469.00

RGB Apple II Card 165.00

MODEMS

U.S.I.

9" Green Screen 119.00

9" Amber Screen 155.00

12" Green Screen 155.00

12" Amber Screen 175.00

TAXAN

KG 12N-12" Green CALL

KA 12N-12" Amber CALL

RGB Vision 1-12" RGB CALL

RGB Vision 11-12" RGB CALL

RGB Apple II Card CALL

HAYES

Micromodem II (Apple II) 299.00

Micromodem II With Terminal

Program 315.00

Micromodem 100 (S-100) 349.00

Smartmodem (RS-232) 225.00

Chronograph (RS-232) 195.00

Terminal Program 75.00

UDS

103 LP Direct 175.00

103 JLP Auto Answer 209.00

202 SLP 1200 BAUD 255.00

212 LP 469.00

ACCESSORIES

CABLES CENTRONICS

Centronics/Centronics 25.00

Centronics/Atari 30.00

Centronics/IBM 30.00

Centronics/Osborne 30.00

Centronics/S-100 30.00

Centronics/TRS I, III 30.00

NOVATION

CAT (Acoustic) 149.00

D-CAT 165.00

Auto CAT (300) 215.00

212 Auto CAT 599.00

Apple CAT II 299.00

212 Apple CAT 615.00

Expansion Module 35.00

Handset 27.00

Firmware ROM 27.00

Palomar is pledgedto your satisfaction.

RS-232

4 Wire, M/M.M/F-10 FT 16.00

9 Wire, M/M.M/F-10 FT 20.00

12 Wire, M/M,M/F-10 FT 21.00

25 Wire, M/M,M/F-10 FT 25.00

MANY MORE CABLES AVAILABLE CALL

OUR 800#.

PRINTERS

COMREX

Comriter CR-1C CALL

Tractor Feed 89.00

EPSON

ASAP 2K Serial 59.00

Comrex 4K Butter 139.00

Microbuffer-16K Parallel 139.00

Microbuffer-8K Serial 139.00

NEC

3510 RO Serial 1515.00

3520 KSR Serial 2100.00

3530 RO Parallel 1750.00

3550 RO IBM 1880.00

7710 RO Serial 2465.00

7730 RO Parallel 2465.00

8023-A Dot Matrix 549.00

Bi-Directional Tractor (3500) 230.00

Cut Sheet Guide (3500) 90.00

Envelope Handler (3500) 270.00

Horizontal Tractor (7700) 150.00

Bi-Directional Tractor (7700) 345.00

Friction Attachment (7700) 35.00

NOVELL

Image 800 999.00

SUPPLIES

PRINTWHEELS

Comrex 18.00

NEC (Thimble) 14.95

Olympia(Whisperdisc) 30.00

Smith Corona 4.95

MEDIA BASF

5Va" SSSO 2.99

OKIDATA

Microline 82-A 519.00

Microline 83-A 775.00

Microline 84-S 1250.00

Microline 84-P 1150.00

2K Parallel Interface 129.00

Forms Tractor (82-A) 55.00

OLYMPIA

ES 100 KRO 999.00

ES 100 799.00

Serial/Parallel Interface 250.00

CCS Apple Serial Card 135.00

SMITH CORONA

TP-I 649.00

STAR MICRONICS

Gemini 10 CALL

Gemini 15 CALL

TEC

PMC 8510 Parallel 475.00

ITOH 8510-A Parallel 499.00

ITOH 8510-A Serial 650.00

ITOH 1550 Parallel 750.00

ITOH 1550 Serial 789.00

ITOH F-10-40 1535.00

ITOH F-10-55 1875.00

MAXELL

5%"SSSD 3.95

5'/." DSDD 5.50

PAPER

SVi x 11 Register Bond 25.00

9'/! x 11 Perforated 26.00

14'/. x 11 Register Bond 30.00

Palomar makes buying easy

ORDER TOLL-FREE! Call

800-237-3333

In California call 800-338-5555

Telex 697120-150

TERMS OF SALE: Cash, Check, money order, bank wire transfer, credit card, or purchase ordersfrom qualified firms and institutions. Please include telephone number with order and expirationdate on credit card orders. California residents add 6% sales tax. Advertised prices are forprepaid orders FO.B. shipping point. Add 3% or $3.00 minimum for shipping in the U.S. Pricingand availability subject to change without notice. Address written orders to:

910-105 W. San Marcos Blvd., Dept. B-1, San Marcos, CA 92069

PALOMAR

COMPUTER PRODUCTS

Circle 317 on inquiry card.

BYTE January 1983 533

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

THERE ARE NO BETTER BOARDS - THERE ARE NO BETTER PRICES!

fSmpuPro ra ™OB,„ o»E «EcrmN.cs

CPU BOARDS

CO-PROCESSOR 8066/6067

76 bit 8 or 10 MHz 8086 CPU with socketstor 8087 and 80130

Part No.

Description

List Price Our Price

BAGBTI86A A&T 8MHz 8086 only $695.00 $625.00BAGBTI86C CSC 10MHz 8086 only$850.00 $765.00BAGBT186A87 A&T with 8087 option $995.00 $925.00BAGBT186C87 CSC with 8087 option'$1150.00 $1065.00•8087 Limits clock speed to 5MHz

© DUAL PROCESSOR 8085-8086

6 or 8 MHz provides true 16 Bit Power with a standard

8 bit S-100 busBAGBT1612A A&T 6MHz $425.00 $399.00

BAGBT1612C CSC 6/8 MHz $525.00 $498.00

68 K- 68000 16 BIT CPU

16 bit 8 or 10 MHz on-board sockets 'or 2716. 2732,

or 2764 EPROMs tor up to 8Kx 16 of memory8AGBT184A A&T 8MHz $695.00 $625.00

BAGBT1MC CSC 10MHz $850.00 $765.00

FORTH OPERATING SYSTEM FOR 68K CPU

Requires a DISK 1. 64K o' CompuPro memory.

and an INTERFACER 3 or 4.

BAGBT68K0S FORTH operating syst m $200.00

CPUZ - Z80D CPU NOW 6MHz!

3/6 MHz Z80B CPU with 24 Bit Addressing.

FASTEST Z80 CPU AVAILABLE!

BAGBT160A 3/6 MHz A&T $295.00 $280.00

BAGBTI60C 3/6 MHz CSC $395.00 $375.00

DISK CONTROLLERS

DISK 1 FLOPPY CONTROLLER

Fast DMA Soft Sector. Controls 8" or 554" Single or

Double Density. OUR BEST!!

*With purchase ot 2 or more 8" Disk Drives and

one Disk 1 Controller

BAP0D171ACPM A&T w/CPM 2.2 & BIOS $670.00

if purchased separately

PDB17IACPM Disk 1 and CP/M BOGAPDBWICCPM CSC w/CP/M 2.2 S. BIOS $770.00

CMOS RAM SALE!RAM 17 - 64K CMOS STATIC RAM

12 MHz. RAM 17,2 Watt, DMA Compatible24 Bit Addressing

Parti

Description

List Price Our Price

BAGBTRAMI7 64K A&T 10MHzBAGBT175A64 64K A&T 12MHzBAGBT175C64 64 K CSC 12MHz

$319.00$599.00 $550.005699.00 $650.00

RAM 16 - 32K x 16 DIT CMOS STATIC RAM

8 and/or 16 Bit

© 12 MHz. RAM 16 , 32K x 16 or 64K x 8

IEEE/696 16 Bit 2 Watt, 24 Bit Addressing

BAGBTBAM16 64K A&T 10MHz $349.00

BAGBT180A 64K A&T 12MHz $650 00 $599.00

BAG8T180C 64K CSC 12MHz $750.00 $699.00

NEW! RAM 21 - 128K STATIC RAM

© RAM 21 12MHz, 128K x 8 or 64K X 16

IEEE/696 8 or 16 Bit, 1.2 Amps, 24 Bit Addressing

BAGBTI90A 128KA&T $1350.00 $1225.00

BAGBTI90C 128KCSC $1450.00 $1375.00

M-DRIVE SOLID STATE DISK DRIVE.3500% FASTER!!

No! really, but the next best thing tor CompuPro 8085/88

Users Call for Details on M-Dhve.M-Drive requires a 6MHz CPU 8085/88 dual processor. Disk1 DMA disk controller and System Support1 Multifunction Board.BAGBTMDI2IKA 128K of A&T memory S M-Drive Software $1191.00BAGBTMDI28KC I28K of CSC memory & M-Drive Software $1391.00BAGBTM0256KA 256K of A&T memory & M-Drive Software $2395.00BAG8TM0256KC 256 of CSC memory & M-Drive Software $2795.00

M- DRIVE/ H HARDWARE LOGICAL DISK SYSTEM

Interfaces through two I/O ports, and runs at 10MHz.IEEE 696 compatible. Requires any CompuPro CPUand a Disk 1. Each board contains 512K ot fast, low

power (900mA) RAM, with parity checking.06BBTI97A M-DRIVE/H w/software, AST $189500 $1775.0006GBT197C M-DRIVE/H w/software. CSC $2095.00 $1950.00

STATIC MEMORY DOARDS

RAM 20 - 32K STATIC RAM

RAM 20 10MHz, 4K byte block disable, bank select or

24 bit addressing available 8. 16, 24 or 32K8AGBTI64AA0 8K A&T $210.00 $190.00

BAGBT164AC8 8K CSC $280.00 $260.00

BAGBT164AA16 16KA&T S285 00 $260.00

BAGBT164AC16 16K CSC $355.00 $325.00

BAGBT1MAA24 24K A&T $355.00 $325.00

BAGBT164AC24 24 K CSC $425.00 $385.00

BAGBT164AA32 32K A&T $425 00 $385.00

BAGBTI64AC32 32K CSC $495.00 $450.00

BAGBT171ABAGBT17IC

CP/M 2.2 tor Z80/8085w/manuals & BIOS 8"S/D disk

CP/M for 8086 with man-uals & BIOS 8" S/D diskAssembled & TestedCSC 200 hr. burn-in

$450.00$495.00

$450.00$600.00$175.00

$495.00$595.00

$300.00

$450.00$555.00

DISK 2/SELECTOR CHANNELHARD DISK CONTROLLER

Fast DMA 2 board set. controls 4 Shugart 4000 series

or Fujitsu 2300 type drives Includes CP/M 2.2'BASBT177A Assembled & Tested $795.00 $750.00BAGBT177C CSC $895.00 $850.00

I/O DOARDS

SYSTEM SUPPORT 1 MULTIFUNCTION DOARD

Serial port (software prog, baud), 4K EPROM or RAMprovision, 15 levels of interrupt, real time clock,

optional math processor

Part No.

Description

list Price Our Price

BAGBT162A Assembled & TestedBAGBT162C CSCBAGBT823I Math ChipBAGBT8232 Math ChipBA6BTI62AMI A&Tw/8231 MathChipBAGBT162CMI CSCw/823) MathChipBAGBT162AM2 A&T w/8232 Math ChipBAGBTI62CM2 CSC w/8232 Math Chip

$395.00$495.00

$380.00

$400.00

$195.00

$195.00

$490.00

$655.00

$490.00

$655.00

MPX CHANNEL DOARD

I/O Multiplexer, using 8085A-2 CPU on board W/4K RAM

BAGBT166A4 Assembled & Tested $495.00 $445.00

BAGBT166C4 CSC $595.00 $535.00

With 16K RAM

BAGBT166A16 Assembled & Tested $649.00 $585.00

BAGBT166C16 CSC $749.00 $675.00

INTERFACER 1

Two Serial I/O

BAGBT133A Assembled & Tested $249.00 $219.00

BAGBT133C CSC $324 00 $298.00

INTERFACER 2

Three parallel, one serial I/O board

BA6BTI50A Assembled & Tested $249.00 $219.00

BAGBT150C CSC $324.00 $290.00

INTERFACER 3

Eight-channel multi-user serial I/O board

BAGBT1748A Assembled & Tested $699.00 $629.00

BAGBT1748C CSC 200 hr. 8 port $849.00 $775.00

BAGBT1745A Assembled & Tested $599.00 $559.00

BAGBT1745C CSC 200 hr. 5 port $699.00 $029.00

i

S-100 MAINFRAME

1 10V 60Hz CVT Mainframe uses famous 20 slot

CompuPro Motherboard (55 lbs.)

BAGBTENC20RM 20 Slot Rackmount $895.00 $825.00

BA6BTENC200K 20 Slot Desk Top $825.00 $760.00

INTERFACER 4

Three Serial, 1 Parallel, 1 Centronics ParallelBASBT107A Assembled & Tested $395.00 $350.00BAGBT187C CSC $495.00 $450.00

SPECTRUM COLOR GRAPHICS

Color Graphics board with Parallel I/OBAGBT144A Assembled & Tested $299.00 $285.00BAGBT144C CSC $395.00 $375.00

p-

S-100 MOTHERBOARDS

*

Active termination, 6

12-20 Slot

BAGBT153A

A&T 6 slot, 2 lbs.

$140.00

$125.00

BA6BT153C

CSC 6 slot, 2 lbs.

$190.00

$155.00

BAGBT154A

A&T 12 slot, 3 lbs.

$175.00

$155.00

BAGBT154C

CSC 12 slot, 3 lbs.

$240.00

$220.00

BAGBT155A

A&T 20 slot, 4 lbs.

$265.00

$235.00

BAGBT155C

CSC 20 slot. 4 lbs.

$340.00

$310.00

534 BYTE January 1983

Circle 328 on inquiry card.

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

L ompuPro 10MHz 64KDyf es $299.00'

S-100 STATIC RAM - ULTRA LOW POWER - ONLY 2 WATTSASSEMBLED & TESTED — ONE YEAR WARRANTY

UNBELIEVABLE! While the restpower consumption (400mA; 2the remainder of CompuPro's

• Extremely low power consumption (2 wattstypical)

• Flawlessly handles any DMA device per IEEE696 specifications

• Single +5 Volt operation (requires no othersupply voltages)

• Switch-Selectable choice ot 24 address linesconforming to IEEE 696/S-100 extendedaddressing

• 2K windows, individually selectable at E00O,E800, F000, and F800 permits use with oldermemory-mapped disk controllers or ROM(i.e., Morrow, NorthStar)

• Any 16K block may be disabled; dip switchselectable 2K disable from XXE000 - FFFF in2K increments

• Switch Selectable PHANTOM disable

of the industry struggles to attain 6MHz, CompuPro has effortlessly jumped from 10 to 12MHz. TheWatts) is still the lowest in spite of running nearly twice as fast. Priority One Electronics has purchased10MHz boards and are offering them at these unprecedented prices.

RAM 17

prIce: $319.00 ea.

List Price: $599.00

More- $299.00 ea.

BASBTRAM17 Assembled ft Tested

• Board addressable as one 64 K x 8 or 32K x 16block; DIP switch selectable on any 64Kboundary

• Extremely low power consumption (2 wattstypical)

• Meets or exceeds all IEEE 696/S-100 speci-fications

• Flawlessly handles any DMA device per IEEE696 specifications

• Single +5 Volt operation (requires no othersupply voltages)

• 24 bit addressing; conforms to IEEE 696specifications

• 8 or 16 bit data transfer dependant on SXTP.Q,Conforms with IEEE696 timing requirementsfor XTRQ and SIXTN

RAM 16

SSL $349.00 ea.

List Price: $650.00

wore: $325.00 ea.

BAGBTRAM16 Assembled ft Tested

CompuPro

NEW 16 DIT

12 USERSYSTEM 816/D

SAVE OVER $4000.00 ON SYSTEM ft TERMINAL!

The System 616/D is a high performance, multi-user, multi-tasking 16-bit system, with the power needed for involved applications such assoftware development. This is the preferred system for business,industrial or scientific environments. In addition, the 616/D deliversspooling (simultaneous printing and editing) to further increaseproductivity.

• 10MHz 16 bit 8086 CPU with 80130 operating system firmwarecomponent

• 512K bytes of low power RAM

• 1 megabyte of M-DRIVE/H high speed solid state logical disksystem

• Fast DMA floppy controller with 2 double sided 8" disk drives; 2.4megabytes of storage

• 20 slot desk top S-100 enclosure

• 12 serial interlaces

• 1 parallel, 1 Centronics parallel interfaceSoftware: CP/M-86, MP/M-86, SuperCalc

Convenience features: clock/calendar; interrupt controllers; intervaltimers, and co-processor and Operating System Firmware option/"This SyiUm 816/D is priced at $13,995.00, a savings of over $3,000 ifall of the components were purchased separately.

Part No. Dmrlpllqn Price

BAGBTSTS(1B0DA Multiuser 16 bit desk top system A&T $13,995.00BA6BTSYSJUDDC Multiuser 16 bit desk top system CSC $15,995.00BASBTSYSB16DDA21 Same as above with RAM 21s, A&T $14,395.00BAG8T$rSBiaB0C2l Same as above with RAM 21s, CSC $16,395.00

OASIS 10 SYSTEM 010/016

All the hardware mentioned with the System 816/D with the OASIS 16

Operating System and utilities instead of CP/M-86, MP/M-86, and

SuperCalc.

6ACBTSr$6l60DA Multiuser 16 bit desk top system A&T $13,995.00

BA68T$V$61600C Multiuser 16 bit desk top system CSC $15,995.00

BA6BTS»S«160DA2I Same as above with RAM 21s, A&T $14,395.00

BAGBTSTS61B00C21 Same as above with RAM 21s, CSC $16,395.00

VISUAL 330 $1.00!!

With the purchase ofany CompuPro System DAN ADDITIONALSAVINGSVALUE OF:

VISUAL

330 AND 300

SORRY

TELEVIDEO,

THIS IS THE NEW STANDARD

The microprocessor-based VISUAL 330 combines VISUAL ergonomicelegance with selectable emulations of the DEC VT521*, Data GeneralD200, Lear Siegler ADM-3A, and Hazeltine 1500 terminals.

Specifications

VISUAL330

VISUAL300

Teletldeo950

ANSI X3.64 Specified NO STD NO

Solid State Keyboard STD STD NO

Programmable Non-volatile

Function Keys STD STD NO

Video Attributes Require No

Display Space STD STD NO

Smooth Scroll, Slow Scroll

and Jump Scroll STD STD NO

Non Volatile Set-up Modes,

"Menu" Style STD STD NO

Block Graphics STD STD NO

Sculptured Keycaps,

Matted for Low Glare STD STD NO

Programmable Non Volatile

Columnar Tabbing STD STD NO

Choice of Typomatic/Non-

Typomatic Keyboard STD STD ND

14" Screen OPT OPT NO

N-Key Rollover STD STD NO

CR New Line Mode STD STD NO

Tilt and Swivel CRT STD STD NO

User Programmable Non-Volatile Answerback, 32 Codes STD STD NOScreen Brightness Control

from Keyboard STD STD NO

XON/XOFF Flow Control,

Split for Xmitter and Receiver STD STD NO

lijt Price Our Price 2 or More

BAVSL3306N Green Screen 12" $1200.00 $1050.00 $905.00BAVSL33014EN Green Screen 14" $1250 00 $1005.90 $1050.00The VSL300 contains all of the same specifications as the 330 but withno multi-emulation capabilities. The VSL300 is ANSI X3.64 com-patible

BAVSL3006N Green Screen 12"BAVSL300146N Green Screen 14"

$1200 00 $1050.00 $ 995.00$1250.00 $1095.00 $1050.00

LOW COST DAISYWRITER 2000

WITH 40CPS EFFECTIVE SPEED AND 48K BUFFER

ONLY $1495.00!!

The SLMDW2000 may just be the best dollar value in a letter qualityprinter on the market today. Features include:

• Effective printing speed raised from 16cps to 40cps by the intel-ligent interface

• 48 K buffer memory

• Daisyplot Graphics

• Printwheel cassettes available in 12 styles and 15 languages

• Standard IBM ribbon cartridges

• MTBF of 4000 hours at 25% duty cycle

This printer is DIP switch selectable for its personality protocols. Thiseliminates the need to replace a printer when the computer system isexpanded, modified or adding additional printers that must becompatible with existing hardware and software. Included among theprotocols that can be emulated are:

• NEC 5510 • DIABLO 630 • QUME Sprint 9• IBM Personal Computer • ATARI (Centronics 737)INTERFACES:

• RS232C and Current Loop • Centronics type parallel interface

• IEEE/488 All are DIP switch selectableSPECIAL FEATURES:

• Z80CPU • 12KR0M • Standard48KBuffer • 16Softwareorhardware selectable baud rates 50 -19.2K baud • Micro-coded alarmdifferentiates error conditions with pulse combinations • Intelligent bi-directional printing with logic seeking • Complete word processingfeatures, standard • Complete self test • Auto reprint up to 255 times

• Auto clear error - printer automatically resumes printing uponcorrection of ribbon, paper or cover open conditions • Proportionalspacing • Supports Automatic justification • Complete Vectorplotting routines • Sheet feeder mode - allows easy interface to mostmechanical sheet feeders • Quite - 60db • Front panel forms control

• Universal power supply 115/220V 50/60 Hz

Peril

Description

List Price Our Price

BASLM0W2000 Printer with 48K bufferBASLMDtWFT Vertical Form Tractor

$1595.00 $1496.00$ 125.00

Pre-configured cables are available. Please call lor price and part number.

$1049.00

VSL330GN Specifications in column at right

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

9161 DEERING AVE • CHATSWORTH. CA 9131 1 Ltt;ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 420-5922 - CA, AK, HI CALL (210) 709-5111

Terms. U.S. VISA, MC, BAC, Check, Money Order, U.S. Funds Only. CA residentsadd 6fc% Sales Tax. MINIMUM PREPAlB ORDER515.00. Include MINIMUMSHIPPING & HANDLING of $3.00 for the first 3 lbs. plus 40C for each additional pound. Orders over 50 fbs. sent freight collect. Just in case, please include yourphone number. Prices subject to change without notice. We will do our best to maintain prices through January, 1983. Credit Card orders will be charged approp-riate freight, If you haven't received your Winter '83 Engineering Selection Guide, send $1.00 for your copy today! Sale prices for prepaid orders only.

Circle 328 on inquiry card.

BYTE January 1983 535

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

►

SIEMENS FDD 100-8

TRUCKLOAD PURCHASE!

WE'VE CAPTURED THE 8 FLOPPY DRIVE MARKETWITH A HUGE FACTORY DIRECT PURCHASE!!

•%&

r SINGLE-SIDEDDOUBLE DENSITY

iilifi 90 DAY WARRANTY

DUAL 8" SUBSYSTEM

BACCS2422A Controller w/CP/M 2.2 1

BASIEFDD1008 8" Drive 2

IN A DUAL HORIZONTAL CABINET

WITH POWER SUPPLY

AND DATA CABLE 1

SAVE $258.00

$995.00

(Include $30.00 'or shipping)Same as above, with CCS2S10 Z804MHz CPU and CCS 2065 64K Dynamic RAM:

$1090.00

BAPDBSIESUB2

SHUGART801R COMPATIBLE

$425.00$498.00$295.00

$ 35.00

$1253.00BAPDDSIESUBK

$265.00 1 X]

$249,002-9

5215.00 10+

BASIEFBD1008OEM INQUIRIES INVITED

" /Include $7.00 per drive 'or shipping}

A MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC

DON'T MISS OUT!

T

Better Than

QUME!Better ThanSHU6ART!

8" Double-sided, double-density, interchangeable with QUME & ShugartBAMITM289463 ShipingWeight 16 lbs. $450.00

BAMITM2B9463M Manual $ 10.00

2 or More: $435.00 each

TWO MITSUBISHI 8" DRIVESDOUBLE SIDED DOUBLE DENSITYAND CABINET TOGETHER!!!

$1150.00

■ BAPOBMITFDE

DRIVES AND CABINET SHIPPED SEPARATELY

landan

International

Instrumentation

Incorporated

Positive Pressure Filler CoolingPower Supply:4AS»+5V,3A'o+24V

IAW-SVEach output is individually fused

Hinged top for easy accessHeavy non-flex .090 alumin-um baseModular power connectors

BUY BRIVES ANB CABINETTBGETHER ANB SAVE!!

DUAL 8" SIEMENS FDD1008,

DUAL 8 CABINET POWER SUPPLY

ANO INTERNAL POWER CABLES

IF BOUGHT SEPARATELY: $910.00

$695.00

PRICED AT:

BAPDBIIISIE

ENVIRONMENT MONITOR PANEL

Temperature and voltage monitor with visual and audible alarm torovertemp condition. Direct Digital Readout of Internal temperature in

C on standard DVMBAIIIFDE002 CABINET ONLY 'Sh. Wt. 38 Tosj $295.00BAPDBIIISIEEM 2-0rm> Ctfrntt i Oiv Vi "."-»----f:J S775.0OBAIIIFDE002EM Cabinet onl/ *t" ".',' vi".—V —,-"-' 537S 00

VISUAL 50

• Low profile detachedkeyboard features sculpturedkeys with matte finish

• Screen tiffs and swivels

• 80 x 24 display with 25thstatus line

• 7 x 9 dot matrix with full decenders

• RS-232 Serial interface w/auxillaryRS-232 port

• 128 Character ASCII set and 31character line drawing set

INTRODUCTORY OFFER!!

BAVSL500BW Non-glare Black S, White List: $695 00 Our Price: $650.00BAVSL506N P31 green display List $750 00 Our Price: $685.00

(Shipping Weight 37 lbs.}

W 8-INCHTHIN LINE

INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTATION, INC.

DUAL 8' FLOPPY DRIVE CABINET

FEATURES.

. Positive pressure forced air cooling tor reliable disk drive operation. AC input via 3 wire 7 loot international cord/socket set. AC input E MI filtered lo six amps to help prevent disk crashes due topower spikes and line noise

• 14 gauge main chassis

• Integral power supply with 5Viw4A/-5Vf!i)1A/24V<">6A. Double-sided custom PC power board and supply

. Each DC supply and AC separately fused

BAMIFDE002 Shiping Weight 38 lbs. $295.00

Exactly one-half the height of any other modelProprietary, high-resolution, read-write heads patentedby Tandon

D.C. only operation - no AC. requiredIndustry standard interface

Three milisecond track-to-track access time (9 lbs.)

BATNDTMB481 Single Sided $380.00 ? or more $370.00 ea.

BATNDTMB482 Double Sided: $495.00 2 or more $485.00 ea.

TANDON 5V4 DRIVES

BATNDTMI00I Single Sided, 250KB (5 lbs.) $220.00 ea.

2 or More: $200.00 each

Double Sided, 500 KB $295.00 ea.

2 or More: $270.00 each

Single Sided, 500KB $295.00 ea.

2 or More: $270.00 each

Double Sided. 1000KB $395.00 ea.

2 or More: $375.00 each

DUAL THIN LINE CABINET by1

BATNDTM1002

BATNDTMI003

BATNDTMI004

flipta

BAMPI51*

BAMPIS2'BAMPI9I*BAMPI92*

*Replace

5 V* DISK DRIVES

Single-Sided Double-Density 48 TPI

Double-Sided Double-DensitySingle-Sided Double DensityDouble-Sided Double-Density

48 TPI96 TPI96 TPI

$200.00$270.00$275.00

$400.00

" when order, with "m" for MPI style bezel, or

' for Shugart style bezel. (Shipping Weight: 5 lbs.)

2 HIGH 8 DISK DRIVES

. Fan cooled. 24V LS 4A/5A Surge. 5V <s> 2A. Scratch ResistantBaked Enamel FinishBAJMRTLC Cabinets Power Supply List: S200 00 Our Price: $ 180.00(Shipping Weight 12 lbs.)DUY THE CADINET AND DRIVES TOGETHER:

BAPBBJMBTNBl w/two TNDTM8481S (30 lbs.) $920.00

BAP0BJMRTN02 w/two TNDTM8482S (30 lbs.) $1150.00

Includes Power Cables

The first 2" high 8" disk drive allows for mounting under

the keyboard on CRT. etc.

NO AC Required +5V+24VDC only

FAST 3 msec track to track!

BAMPI41M 'A High 1 side double-density $300.00

BAMPI42M V? High 2 side double-density $460.00

BAMPI41S Full height 1 side single drive, dble.-density $380.00

BAMPI42S Full height 2 sides single drive, dble.-density $460.00

BAMPI410 Full height 1 side dual drive, dble.-density $760.00

BAMPI42B Full height 2 side dual drive, dble.-density $928.00(Shipping Weight: 11 lbs. per drive.)

536 BYTE January 1983

Circle 329 on inquiry card.

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

5" DISKETTES

SOFT SECTOR

J^t^ 40 TRACK SINGLE SIDED

jflP^* DOUBLE DENSITY WITH

4J§F HUB REINFORCING RINGS

Package of 10: $ I 9.00

BONUS!

FREE!! KASSETTE 10 d

LIBRARY CASE WITH *M

PACKAGE OF 10 DISKETTES

A $4.25 VALUE!! BAPRI5S00 (Shipping Weight: 2 lbs.)

BAPRI580 package of 80, less Library Case $120.00

EIA/RSZ32 WALL PLATES

(Does not include connectors)BAIIIWPDB25I Single punched

4/$ 10.00

BAIIIWPDB252 Dual Punched

4/S12.00

RS-202 "D" SUB-MINIATURECONNEaORS

1-9 10-24 25-99

BACNDDB25P 25 Pin Male $3.00 $2.75 $2.25BACNDDB25S 25 Pin Female $4.00 $3.75 $3.00

BACND0B51212 2 Pc. Grey Hood $1.60 $1.45 $1.30BACNDP25H 2 Pc Grey Hood $1.50 $1.25 $1.10

BACNDDB51226 2 Pc Black Hood $1.90 $1.65 $1.45

sS) Texas Instruments

16 PIN GOLD AND TINDIP SOLDERTAIL SOCKETSTIN GOLD

QTY BATIS16LP BATI6I6LP

so $ 8.00 $ 10.00iooo $ 60.00 $ 80.004500 $225.00 $315.00

COMPLETE fo^JHiPro SYSTEMS

FREE SUPERCALC-86! FREE dBASEII!!

AND A VISUAL 50 TERMINAL FOR ONLY $1.00!!

SYSTEM 616/AENTRY LEVEL SINGLE-USER SYSTEM

System 816/A is an excellent choice for an entry level, single user system that's designed with futureexpansion in mind. 816/A includes Interfacder 4 (three serial I/O ports, parallel port, andCentronics/Epson-style port), two RAM 17s for 128K of fast, static memory, and System Support 1(clock calendar, RAM/ROM/match processor options, RS-232C serial port, interrupt controllers,interval timers, and more), and Ashton-Tate's dBase Junior"*, an upgradeable subset of their populardBase II data base management software. This combination of components means superb computingtoday with an option for future expansion — all the way up to a multi-user system. System 816/A ispriced at $5495,00, a savings of over $1000.00 compared to ail components purchased separately.

BAGBTSYS8I6ADABAGBTSYS816ADC

BAVS150BW

$5495.00$6095.00

Visual 50 Black & White with Purchase of above system: y I ■ UU

Single User System Desk Top, A&TSingle User System Desk Top, 200 hr. Burn-in

S444A&A

DIMENSION

SYSTEMS

APPLE DISK DRIVES

Give your APPLE II® a Fourth Dimension—the totally compatible 51A"drive that takes your system farther, faster. With read/write electronicsso advanced that reading errors are virtually eliminated. With a trackzero microswitch that keeps boot and track access smooth and quietEXTENDED WARRANTY

Fourth Dimension offers a 12 month parts and labor warranty at no costto you! (Gee, this really looks GOOD!)

BAFDS40A List Price: $34900 SALE: $289.00

BAFDS40AC* Apple If Disk Drive Controller $115.00

"Sold only with the purchase of Fourth Dimension Drive

E

j DATAGARDJSGLWABER

LINE MONITOR POWERCONDITIONERS

Before you plug in your computer, you'd better consider how you aregoing to insure or protect your investment from unwanted electricalpollution.

D6115 SERIESSINGLE STAGE SPIKE PROTECTION

Part No.

Description

Wl. list SALE

BAWBRDS115PBAWBRDG115S

Wall unit plug in 2 lbs. 149.95

6 outlet strip w/SW&LT 3 lbs. $61.95

$34.95$42.00

DG015 SERIES3 STA8E SPIKE FILTER AND FOUR STAGE NOISE FILTERBAWBRDG315P Wall unit plug in 2 lbs. S153.95 $ 99.95

BAWBRDG315S 6 outlet strip W/SW&LT 3 lbs S193 95 $119.95BAWBRDG315R 6 outlet racks w/SW&LT 8lbs $193.00 $119.95

COMPUTER

SYSTFMS

IMC.

■■

Z-80 BEGINNER KITZ80 CPU - 2 S-100EXPANSION SLOTS

• Z80 CPU

• 2 S-100 slots for expansion

• Wire wrap area for cutom circuitry

• On board keyboard and display

• Cassette interface for mass storage

• 2k RAM included

• 4k ROM (not included)

• RS232 port 300-19 2K band

• Comet Willi ZB0G Monitor on ROMwith $10 driver routines

• TINY BASIC available

BAQTCZ80BEGA

LIST PRICE: $400.00SALE PRICE:

$340.00

(Shipping weight 4 lbs)

TINT BASIC ROM:BAQTCTBASIC $25.00

COEX 80 F/TLOW COSTm DOT MATRIX

_ _-==. PRINTER.

• 80 cps • 10, 12 or 16.5 cpi • 3 selectable linespacing • Vertical format control • Centronicsparallel interface • Use a standard Underwoodspooled ribbon • Friction or tractor feed.BAC0X80FT List. S399 00 OUR 6Q4Q QQ(Shipping Wt21 lbs.) PRICE yOHSli

priority Tone

LSfl U.S. ROBOTICS

moU $495.00

The AUTO DIAL 2I2A Modem is a direct connect 0-300 or 1200 baudmodem capable of dialing and calling for you. The AUTO DIAL 212A iscompatible in function to the DC Igei SMARTM00EM*.

AUTODIAL212A

Part No.

OeecrloMon

Usl SALE Price

BAUSRADIA1212A 0-300.1200 baud dialing modem $599.00 $495.00

ACOUSTIC MODEM

The PHONE LINK Modem is a 300 baud RS232 compatible acousticmodem capable of operating as either an answer or originate modem. Itis BELL 103/113 compatible and will accept most standard phonehandsets.

BAUSRPUK

$149.00 $129.00

0-300 8aud acoustic modem

MICRO LINKDIRECT CONNECT MODEMS

The MICRO LINK Modems are available in either 0-300 or 1200 baudtransmission rates and both are RS232 compatible. Operation can beanswer or originate.

BAUSRMLNK300 0-300 baud direct connectBAUSRMLNKI200 1200 baud direct connect

$17900 $159.00$44900 $399.00

AUTO LINK DIRECT CONNECTAUTO ANSWER MODEMS

The AUTO LINK Modems are auto answer modems capable of operatingat 0-300 baud or 1200 baud transmission rates. The AUTO LINKModems can be operated in either answer or originate modes.

BAUSIALNK300 0-300 baud auto/direct connect $219.00 $195.00

BAUSRALHK1200 1200 baud auto/direct conned $499.00 $449.00BAUSRALNI212A 0-300, 1200 baud auto/direct $549 00 $475.00

<&..v.v«*

vrvv^>

<*V

Sptci

1200 Battel

0 300 8a in)

Auto Bial

iHayej Snerhiedoin

comjwttble!

Airts Answer

Airta Mofe Select

0T8 Override

RS23? pins 2*3

reversible

LEO hidleatorrCwrier DetectAnalog UoBftack/SeH TeatSend DataReceive DataTerminal HeadyfiffHMkAnswer HodeHint) MttarteNigfc Saeed

^X\\\\

ELECTRONICS«

9161 DEERING AVE • CHATSWORTH. CA9131ORDER TOLL FREE (600) 423-5922 - CA, AK, HI CALL (210) 709-51 f1

Terms. US VISA. MC, BAC, Check, Money Order, US. Funds Only. CA residents add 614* Sales Tax. MINIMUM PREPAID ORDER $15.00. Include MINIMUMSHIPPING & HANDLING of $3.00 lor the first 3 lbs. plus 40C for each additional pound. Orders over 50 lbs. sent freight collect. Just in case, please include yourphone number. Prices subject to change without notice. We will do our best to maintain prices through January, 1983. Credit Card orders will be charged approp-riate freight. If you haven't received your Winter '83 Engineering Selection Guide, send $1 00 for your copy today! Sale prices for prepaid orders only.

A

Circle 329 on inquiry card.

BYTE January 1983 537

Disk Drivefor Apple II

$269.95

Video Monitors

HI-RES 12" GREEN SCREEN - Zenith

75 MHz bandwith 700 lines/inch, P31 green phosphor,switchable 40 or 80 columns, small, light-weight & portableVDM-201201 List price $789.95 $115.95

HI-RES GREEN MONITORS - NEC

20 MHz bandwidth, P31 phosphor ultra-high resolutionvideo monitor, high quality, extremely reliable.

VDM-651200 Deluxe 12" $199.95

VDM-651260 Economy 12" $149.95

VDM-65092 Deluxe 9" $179.95

12" COLOR MONITOR - NEC

High resolution color monitor with audio.

VDC-651212 Color monitor $389.95

NEC-1202D RGB color monitor $999.95

Apple II Accessories

APPLE DISK DRIVE - Apple Compatible

Totally Apple compatible, 143,360 bytes per drive on DOS3.3, track 0 microswitch, high speed lead screw positioner,full one year factory warranty, half-track capability - reads allApple software, plugs right in to Apple controller as seconddrive, DOS 3.3, 3.2.1, Pascal, S CP/M compatible,

MSM-123200 Add-on Apple Drive $279.95

MSM-123100 Controller w/DOS 3.3 $99.95

16K RAM CARD - for Apple II

Expand your Apple II to 64K, use as language card, full 1 year

warranty. Why spend $175.00 ?

MEX-16700A Save over $115.00 $59.95

Z-CARD for Apple II - A.L.S.

Two computers in one, Z-80 S 6502, more than doubles thepower and potential of your Apple, includes Z-80 CPU cardCP/M 2.2 and complete manual set, Pascal compatible,utilities are menu-driven, one year warranty.CPX-62S00A A S T with CP/M 2.2 $169.95

SMARTERM II - A.L.S.

80 column x 24 line video card for Apple II, addressable 25thstatus line, normal/inverse or high/low video, 128 ASCIIcharacters, upper and lower case, 7x9 dot matrix with truedescenders, standard data media terminal control codes,CP/M Pascal S Fortran compatible, 50/60 Hz, 40/80 columnselection from keyboardIOV-2500A ALS Smarterm II $179.95

SERIAL I/O CARD - A.L.S.

Full feature serial card for modems S printers, baud ratesfrom 110 to 19,200, CTC/RTS S X-on/X-otf protocols, autoline feed, RS-232C cable interface included.IOI-1000A AST $79.95

MODEM CARD for APPLE — SSMBetter than Hayes!! Better than Novation!! Direct connectModemCard plugs directly into Apple - no externalcomponents, auto-dial, auto-answer. Bell 103 compatible,full and half duplex, touch-tone or pulse dialing generatedon board, Micromodem It software compatible, displaysmodem information on screen, audio monitoring of phoneline, no serial port required, two year factory warranty, FREESource Subariptlon with purchase of Transend software.

IOM-3000A ModemCard $289.95

SFA-55770010M Transend 1 w/Source $79.95

SFA-55770020M Transend 2 w/Source $129.95

SFA-55770030M Transend 3 w/Source $239.95

2 MEGABYTES for Apple II

Complete package includes: Two 8" double-density disk

drives, Vista double-density 8" disk controller, cabinet,

power supply, S cables, DOS 3.2/3.3, CP/M 2.2, S Pascal

compatible.

1 MegaByte Package Kit $1495.00

1 MegaByte Package A & T $1695.00

2 MegaByte Package Kit $1795.00

2 MegaByte Package AST $1995.95

EPROM Erasers

ULTRA-VIOLET EPROM ERASERS

Inexpensive erasers for industry or home.

XME-3100A Spectronics w/o timer $69.50

XME-3101A Spectronics with timer $94.50

XME-3200A Economy model $39.95

E3 Computur Productt

IBM PC Accessories

ADD ON DISK DRIVE for IBM PC- Tandon

Single sided or double sided, double density disk drives forIBM PC, these are exactly the same disk drives used by IBMat half the price

MSM-551001 TM100-1 single sided $219.95

MSM-551002 TM100-2 double sided $294.95

SERIAL I/O for IBM PC - Profit Systems

Two asynchronous serial RS-232C I/O ports, real time clock-calender, includes software

IOI-8100A Card with 1 port $159.95

IOI-8101A Card with 2 ports $199.95

SERIAL/PARALLEL for IBM PC - Profit Sys

Two asynchronous serial RS-232C I/O ports, one parallelprinter I/O port, real time clock-calender, includes software

IOI-8110A 1 serial S 1 parallel $199.95

IOI-8111A 2 serial S 1 parallel $229.95

TASC MASTER for IBM PC - Profit Systems

The Tasc Master is an intelligent parallel printer and dualport asynchronous communication adapter with built inbuffer, two RS-232C I/O ports, parallel printer I/O port, 16Kor 64K buffer, on-board CPU increases system throughput

101-8120A 1 serial/parallel/16K $329.95

101-8121A 1 serial!parallel/64K $399.95

IOI-8122A 2 serial!parallel/16K $359.95

I0I-8123A 2 serial!parallel/64K $429.95

EXTENDER CARD for IBM PC - Profit System

All bus signals extended, signal names silk screened on top

of board, gold-plated card edge, low noise

TSX-300A IBM PC extender $45.00

PROTOTYPING CARD for PC - Prof it Systems

Highly versatile wire-wrap or solder prototyping board foryour IBM PC, large bread board area, power and groundplanes to reduce noise, all holes are plated through, card issolder masked on both sides, all signals names are silkscreened on both sidesTSX-310A $59.95

512K PC/RAM STACK - Hammond

A high quality, high density memory expansion board foryour PC, cool-quiet-reliable operation, full parity checking,unique stacking sockets, expandable from 256K to 512K,MDRIVE high speed RAMdisk software only $25.00 withboard purchase

MEX-25600A 256K Assembled S tested $795.00

MEX-51200A 512K Assembled S tested $999.95

MEX-25600S MDRIVE disk emulator $25.00

256K PC/RAM - Hammond Engineering

User expandable from 64K to 256K, same high quality asRAM STACK above, designed to meet all your mediummemory expansion requirements

MEX-64000A 64K Assembled S tested $299.95

MEX-128000A 128K Assembled S tested $399.95

MEX-192000A 192K Assembled & tested $499.95

MEX-256000A 256K Assembled S tested $569.95

PC/SASI RAM - Hammond Engineering

Three boards in one, 256K of RAM, RS-232C asynchronousserial interface, and a SASI (Shugart Associates StandardInterface) hard disk interfaceIOX-6000A PC/SASI RAM $1095.00

Circle 214 on inquiry card.

12" COLOR MONITORS - Taxan

18 MHz high resolution RGB color monitors fully compatiblewith Apple II and IBM PC, unlimited colors available.

VDC-821210 RGBvision I, 380 lines $389.95

VDC-821220 RGBvision II, 510 lines $589.95

VDC-8221230 RGBvision III, 630 lines $689.95

VDA-821200 RGB card for Apple II $99.95

COLOR MONITORS - Amdek

Reasonably priced color video monitors.

VDC-80130 13" Color I $379.95

VDC-801320 13" Color II $894.95

IOV-2300A DVM board for Apple $199.95

AMBER or GREEN MONITORS - Jade

High resolution 18 MHz compact video monitors.

VDM-751210 12" Amber phosphor $149.95

VDM-751220 12" Green phosphor $139.95

VDM-750910 9" Amber phosphor $149.95

VDM-750920 9" Green phosphor $139.95

Single Board Computer

SUPERQUAD - Adv. Micro Digital

Single board, standard size S-100 computer system, 4 MHzZ-80A, single or double density disk controller for 51/4" or 8"drives, 64K RAM, extended addressing, up to 4K of EPROM,2 serial S 2 parallel I/O ports, real time interrupt dock, CP/Mcompatible.

CPC-30800A A & T $724.95

IOX-4232A Serial I/O adapter $29.95

Z-80 STARTER KIT - SD Systems

Complete Z-80 microcomputer with RAM, ROM, I/O,keyboard, display, kludge area, manual, S workbook.

CPS-30100K Kit with workbook $299.95

CPS-30100A A & T with workbook $469.95

S-100 EPROM Boards

PB-1 - SSM Microcomputer

2708, 2716 EPROM board with on-board programmer.

MEM-99510K Kit with manual $154.95

MEM-99510A A 8, T with manual $219.95

PROM-100 - SD Systems

2708, 2716, 2732 EPROM programmer with software.

MEM-99520K Kit with software $189.95

MEM-99520A A & T with software $249.95

S-100 MotherBoards

ISO-BUS - Jade

Silent, simple, and on sale - a better motherboard

e siot (sv," x a'/,")

MBS-061B Bare board $22.9!

MBS-061K Kit $39.9!

MBS-061A A & T $69.9!

12 Slot (»/," * «%">

MBS-121B Bare board $34.9!

MBS-121K Kit $69.9!

MBS-121A AST $109.9!

18 Slot (14%" x S>/,")

MBS-181B Bare board $54.9!

MBS-181K Kit $99.9!

MBS-181A AST $149.9!

ACTIVE TERMINATOR - CompuPro

A true mother's helper.TSX-100A AS T $59.45

New !!! CP/M Plus 3.0

NEW CP/M 3.0 - Digital Research

CP/M 3.0 is Digital Research's latest version of the industrystandard disk operating system. It features manyperformance improvements such as intelligent recordbuffering, improved directory handling. "HELP" facility,time/date stamping of files and many more improvements.AND A TREMENDOUS INCREASE IN SPEED .'.'.', it is fullyCP/M 2.2 compatible and requires no changes to yourexisting application software. Available only to VersafloppyII owners with SBC-200 CPU's

• CP/M 2.2 compatible

• Easily customized

• Easier to learn and use

• High performance Hie system

• Time and date stamps on tile

• Automatic disk log-In of removable mediam Support for 1 to 16 banks of HAM

• Supports up to 76 drives of 512 Megabytes each

• Up to ten times faster than CP/M 2.2

• Console I/O re-dlrectlon

• Easy to use system utilities with HELP facility

• Power batch facility

• Designed tor application programmers

• Resident system extensions

• Sophisticated programmer utilities

• Designed with the business user In mind

SFC-55009057F CP/M 3.0 8" with manuals $200.00

SFC-55009057D CP/M 3.0 manual set $30.00

S-100 Memory Boards

256K RAMDISK - SD Systems

ExpandoRAM III expandable from 64K to 2S6K using64Kx1RAM chips, compatible with CP/M, MP/M, Oasis.Cromemco, & most other Z-80 based systems, functions asultra-high speed disk drive when used with optionalRAMDISK software.

MEM-65064A 64K A & T $474.95

MEM-65128A 12BK A 4 T $574.95

MEM-65192A 192K A & T $674.95

MEM-65256A 256K A & T $774.95

SFC-55009000F RAMDISK sftwr CP/M 2.2 $44.95

SFC-55009000F RAMDISK with EXRAM III $24.95

64K STATIC RAM - Jade

Uses new 2K x 8 static RAMs, fully supports IEEE 696 24 bitextended addressing. 200ns RAMs, lower 32K or entireboard phantomable, 2716 EPROMs may be subbed forRAMs, any 2K segment of upper 8K may be disabled, lowpower typically less than 500ma.

MEM-99152B Bare board $49.95

MEM-99152K Kit less RAM $99.95

MEM-32152K 32K kit $199.95

MEM-56152K 56K kit $289.95

MEM-64152K 64K kit $299.95

Assembled & Tested add $50.00

16K STATIC RAM - Mem Merchant

4MHz lo-power static RAM board, IEEE S-100, bankselectable, addressable in 4K blocks, disable-able in IKsegments extended addressing.MEM-16171A 16KA& T $149.95

S-100 Disk Controllers

DISK 1 - CompuPro

8" or 5y4" DMA disk controller, single or double density,single or double sided, 10 MHz.

IOD-1810A A & T $449.95

IOD-1810C CSC $554.95

VERSAFLOPPY II - SD Systems

Double density disk controller for any combination of 5y/&"and 8" single or double sided, analog phase-locked loopdata separator, vectored Interrupts, CP/M 2.2 & Oasiscompatible, control/diagnostic software PROM included.

1OD-1160A A & T with PROM $359.95

SFC-55009047F CP/M 3.0 with VF II $99.95

2242 DISK CONTROLLER - CCS.

5y4" or 8" double density disk controller with on-board boot

loader ROM, free CP/M 2.2 & manual set.

IOD-1300A A & T with CP/M 2.2 $399.95

DOUBLE D - Jade

High reliablity double density disk controller with on-boardZ-80A, auxiliary printer port, IEEE S-100, can function inmulti-user interrupt driven bus.

IOO-1200B Bare board 4 hdwr man $59.95

IOD-1200K Kit w/hdwr 4 sftwr man $299.95

IOD-1200A A & T w/hdwr 4 sftwr man $325.95

SFC-59002001F CP/M 2.2 with Double D $99.95

New CP/M PlusVersion 3.0

Shopping for S-100 Boards ?WE CAN BEAT ANY PRICE!!

* THREE BOARD SET - SD Systems ■ THREE BOARD SET - CCS *

' CE CP/M 3.0 Save *»."\ M Save '700- j

| FREE CP/ w | FREE W7 L|m|jed Quant|ty ^

I S-100 board set with 4 MHz Z-80A, 64K of RAM m S-100 board set featuring high speed DMA CPU and disk ■

expandable to 256K, serial and parallel I/O ports, ■ controller. Includes 4 MHz DMA Z-80A CPU, 64K of high I

I double-density disk controller for 5'//' and 8" disk I speed RAM, 2 serial and 1 parallel I/O ports, double-density |

I drives, new and improved CP/M 3.0 manual set, system ■ DMA disk controller for 5%" or 8" drives, FREE CP/M 2.2 on f

monitor, control and diagnostic software. Includes SD I 8" disk with full manual set, all necessary diagnostic and I

I Systems SBC-200, 64K ExpandoRAM III, Versafloppy II, Z control software. Package consists of the new CCS 282C '

I and FREE CP/M 3.0 -all boards are assembled 4 tested. | "£f2*?*l£2!£*" I'li™"™'!*'LT **]??d *?m *

" 4 CCS 2065 64K RAM, and FREE CP/M 2.2 - all boards are ,

| * 64K Board Set with FREE CP/M 3.0 $1195.00 | assembled & tested with full factory warranty.

. 256K Board Set with FREE CP/M 3.0 $1395.00 _ SPECIAL PACKAGE PRICE Save over $700.00 .. $694.95 .

Call Jade Toll Free for Prices

SD Systems, CCS, CompuPro, SSM Microcomputer, Memory MerchantScion, Jade Computer, Dual Systems, Advanced Digital, Vector Graphics

S-100 I/O Boards

I/0-4 - SSM Microcomputer

2 serial I/O ports plus 2 parallel I/O ports.

IOI-1010B Bare board w/manual $35.00

IOI-1010K Kit with manual $179.95

IOI-1010A A & T with manual $249.95

l/O-S - SSM Microcomputer

Two serial 4 3 parallel I/O ports, 110-19.2K BaudIOI-1015A A & T $289.95

INTERFACER 4 - CompuPro

3 serial, 1 parallel, 1 Centronics parallel.

1OI-1840A A&T $314.95

IOI-1840C CSC $414.95

THE BUS PROBE - Jade

Inexpensive S-100 Diagnostic Analyzer

So your computer is down. And you don't have anoscilloscope. And you don't have a front panel... You're notalone - most computers have their occasional bad days. Butwithout diagnostic equipment such as an oscilloscope(expensive!) or a front panel (expensive!), it can be verydifficult to pinpoint the problem. Even if you have anextender board with a superfast logic probe, you can't seemore than one signal at a time. You're stuck, right?

Not anymore; Jade is proud to offer our cost-effectivesolution to the problems mentioned above: THE BUSPROBE.

Whether you're a hobbyist with a cantankerous kluge or afield technician with an anxious computer owner breathingdown your neck, you'll find THE BUS PROBE speeds yourrepair time remarkably. Just plug in THE BUS PROBE andyou'll be able to see all the IEEE S-100 signals in action. THEBUS PROBE allows you to see inputs, outputs, memoryreads and writes, instruction fetches, DMA channels,vectored interrupts, 8 or 16 bit wide data transfers, plus thethree bus supply voltages.

TSX-200B Bare board $59.95

TSX-200K Kit $129.95

TSX-200A A&T $159.95

Circle 214 on inauirv card.

S-100 CPU Boards

SBC-200 - SD Systems

4 MHz Z-80 A CPU with serial 4 parallel I/O, 1K RAM, 8K

ROM space, monitor PROM included.

CPC-30200A A & T $329.95

THE BIG Z - Jade

2 or 4 MHz switchable Z-80 CPU board with serial I/O,accomodates 2708, 2716, or 2732 EPROM, baud rates from75 to 9600.

CPU-30201B Bare board w/manual $35.00

CPU-30201K Kit with manual $149.95

CPU-30210A A&T with manual $199.95

2810 Z-80 CPU - CCS.

2 or 4 MHZ Z-80 CPU with serial I/O port 4 on-board monitor

PROM, front panel compatible.

CPU-30400A A&T with PROM $289.95

CPU-Z - CompuPro

2/4 MHz Z80A CPU, 24 bit addressing.

CPU-30500A 214 MHz A&T $279.95

CPU-30500C 3/6 MHz CSC $374.95

8085/8088 - CompuPro

Both 8 4)6 bit CPUs, standard 8 bit S-100 bus, up to 8 MHz,accesses 16 Megabytes of memory.

CPU-20510A 6 MHz A&T $398.95

CPU-20510C 6/8 MHz CSC $497.95

S-100 Video Boards

MICROANGELO - Scion

Ultra-high-resolution 512 x 480, 256 color or black 4 white S-

100 video board

IOV-1500A AST $799.95

Computer Product*

Disk DriveDouble-Density

$249.95

Printers on Sale

8" Disk Drives

Siemens FDD 100-8 single-sided double-densityMSF-201120 $274.95 ea 2 for $249.95 ea

Shugart SA810 hall-size single-sided double-densityMSF-108100 $424.95 ea 2 for $394.95 ea

Shugart SA860 half-size double-sided double-densityMSF-108600 $574.95 ea 2 for $549.95 ea

Shugart SA801R single-sided double-densityMSF-10801R $394.95 ea 2 for $389.95 ea

Shugart SA851R double-sided double-densityMSF-10851R $554.95 ea 2 for $529.95 ea

Tandon TM848-1 single-sided double-den thin-lineMSF-558481 $379.95 ea 2 for $369.95 ea

Tandon TM848-2 double-sided double-den thin-lineMSF-558482 $494 95 ea 2 for $484.95 ea

Qurrte DT-8 double-sided double-densityMSF-750080 $524.95 ea 2 for $498.95 ea

51/4" Disk Drives

Tandon TM100-1 single-sided double-density 48 TPIMSM-551001 $219.95 ea 2 for $199.95 ea

Shugart SA400L single-sided double-density 40 trackMSM-104000 $234.95 ea 2 for $224.95 ea

Shugart SA455 hall-size double-sided 48 TPIMSM-104550 $349.95 ea 2 for $329.95 ea

Shugart SA465 half-size doule-slded 98 TPIMSM-104650 $399.95 ea 2 for $379.95 ea

Tandon TM100-2 double-sided double-density 48 TPIMSM-551002 $294.95 ea 2 for $269.95 ea

Shugart SA4S0 double-sided double-density 35 trackMSM-104500 $349.95 ea 2 for $329.95 ea

Tandon TM100-3 single-sided double-density 96 TPIMSM-551003 $294.95 ea 2 for $269.95 ea

Tandon TM100-4 double-sided double-density 96 TPIMSM-551004 $394.95 ea 2 for $374.95 ea

NIPt B'51 single-sided double-density 40 trackMSM-155100 $234 95 ea 2 for $224.95 ea

MPt B-52 double-sided double-density 40 trackMSM-155200 $344.95 ea 2 for $334.95 ea

5y4" Cabinets with Power Supply

END-000216 Single cab w/power supply $69.95

END-000226 Dual cab w/power supply $94.95

■ Place Orders Toll Freem__ Continental U.S. Inside California *

Dual Disk Sub-Systems

Disk Sub-Systems - Jade

Handsome metal cabinet with proportionally balanced airflow system, rugged dual drive power supply, power cablekit, power switch, line cord, fuse holder, cooling fan, never-mar rubber feet, all necessary hardware to mount 2-8" diskdrives, power supply, and fan, does not include signal cable.

Dual 8" Sub-Assembly Cabinet

ENO-000420 Bare cabinet $49.95

END-000421 Cabinet kit $199.95

END-000431 AST $249.95

8" Sub-Systems - Single Sided, Double Density

END-000423 Kit wl2 FDWO-BDs $650.00

END-000424 A 8, T iv/2 FD100-8DS $695.00

END-000433 Kit w/2 SA-801RS $999.95

END-000434 A « T w!2 SA-801RS $1195.00

8" Sub-Systems - Double Sided, Double Density

END 000426 KM w/2 DT-8S $1224.95

END-000427 A 8, T w/2 DT-Bs $1424.95

END-000436 Kit w/2 SA-851RS $1274.95

END-000437 A & T w/2 SA-851RS $1474.95

8" Slimline Sub-Systems

Dual Slimline Sub-Systems - Jade

Handsome vertical cabinet with scratch resistant bakedenamel finish, proportionally balanced air flow system, quietcooling fan, rugged dual drive power supply, power cables,power switch, line cord, fuse holder, cooling fan, allnecessary hardware to mount 2-8" slimline disk drives, doesnot include signal cable.

Dual 8" Slimline Cabinet

END-000820 Bare cabinet $59.95

END-000822 A & T w/o drives $179.95

Dual 8" Slimline Sub-Systems

END-000823 Kit w/2 TM848-1 $919.95

END-000824 A & T w/2 TM848-1 $949.95

END-000833 Kit w/2 TM848-2 $1149.95

END-000834 A & T w/2 TM848-2 $1179.95

800-421-5500 800-262-1710

For Technical Inquires or Customer Service call:213-973-7707

:

Computer Products

4901 W. Rosecrans, Hawthorne, CA 90250

I' We accept cash, checks, credit cards, or Purchase Orders [from qualified firms & institutions. Minimum prepaid order $15 I. California residents add 61/2% tax. Export customersoutsidethe IUS or Canada please add 10% to all prices. Price* and avaHlbmty Ij subject to change without node*. Shipping & handling charges |I via UPS Ground 50c/ib, UPS Air $1 00/lb minimum charge $3.0

Modems

SIGNALMAN - Anchor

Direct-connect automatic answer/originate selection, 300Baud lull duplex, Bell 103, includes RS-232 cable, portable -perfect tor Osborne or KayPro IIIOM-5600A Signalman $89.95

SMARTMODEM - Hayes

Sophisticated direct-connect auto-answer/auto-dialmodem, touch-tone or pulse dialing, RS-232C interface,programmable

IOM-5400A Smartmodem $224.95

IOK-1500A Hayes Chronograph $218.95

IOM-2010A Micromodem II w/Term prgm $329.95

IOM-2012A Terminal program tor MMII $89.95

IOM-1100A Micromodem 100 $368.95

1200 BAUD SMARTMODEM - Hayes

1200 and 300 baud, all the features of the standard

Smartmodem plus 1200 baud, 212 compatible, full or half

duplex.

IOM-5500A Smartmodem 1200 $599.95

1200 BAUD SMART CAT - Novaton

103/212 Smart Cat & 103 Smart Cat, 1200 & 300 baud, built-indialer, auto re-dial if busy, auto answer/disconnect, directconnect, LED readout displays mode, analog/digital loop-back self tests, usable with multi-line phones.

IOM-5241A 300 baud 103 Smart Cat $229.95

IOM-5251A 1200 baud 212/103 Smart Cat $549.95

IOM-5261A 300 baud 103 J-Cat $129.95

Circle 215 on inquiry card.

PRINTER PRICES SLASHED III

High speed dot matrix printers with all the features of thehigher-priced best-selling machines for a lot less money!!'.100 CPS, 9x9 dot matrix with true lower case descenders,high-resolution bit image and block graphics, superscript &subscript, underlining, backspacing, double strike andemphasized print modes, proportional space font, frictionfeed, tractor feed, and roll paper, 5, 6, 8%, 10, 12, & 17 pitch,programable line spacing, FREE 2.3K butler, Epson pin andplug compatible, user replaceable print head, extended 6month factory warranty.

PRM-66010 10" wide carriage $439.95

PRM-66015 )5" wide carriage $569.95

PRA-66100 Apple card & cable $45.00

PR A-66200 Serial interface card $69.95

HIGH-SPEED, HIGH QUALITY - Okidata

Mlcrollne 82A 80/132 column, 120 CPS, 9 x 9 dot matrix,friction feed, pin feed, adjustable tractor teed (optional),handles 4 part forms up to 9.5" wide, rear & bottom feed,paper tear bar, 100% duty cycle/200,000,000 character printhead, bi-directional/logic seeking, both serial A parallelInterfaces Included, front panel switch & program control of10 different form lengths, uses inexpensive spool typeribbons, double width & condensed characters, true lowercase descenders & graphicsPRM-43082 with FREE tractor CALL

Mlcrollne 83A 132/232 column, 120 CPS, lorms up to 15"wide, removable tractor, plus all the features of the 82A.PRM-43083 with FREE tractor CALL

Mlcrollne 84 132/232 column, Hi-speed 200 CPS, full dotgraphics built in, plus all the features of the 83A.

PRM-43084 Centronics parallel CALL

PRM-43085 Serial with 2K buffer CALL

PRA-27081 Apple card $39.95

PRA-27082 Apple cable $19.95

PRA-27087 TflS-80 cable $24.95

PRA-43081 2K hi speed serial card $149.95

PRA-43082 Hi-res graphics ROMs 82A $49.95

PR A-43083 Hi-graphics ROMs 83A $49.95

PR A-43088 Tractor option lor 82A $49.95

PRA-43080 Extra ribbons pkg. of 2 $9.95

8023 DOT MATRIX - NEC

100 CPS, proportional spacing, hi-resolution graphics,correspondence quality printing, bi-directional tractor &friction feed.

NEC-8023A 8023 parallel $499.95

NEC-8023-01 8023 ribbon $11.95

Letter Quality Printers

LETTER QUALITY PRINTER - Jade

Uses standard daisy wheels and ribbon cartridges, 16 CPSbi-directional printing, semi-automatic paper loader (singlesheet or fan told), 10/12/15 pitch, up to 16" paper, built-innoise suppression cover.

PRD-11001 Centronics parallel $899.95

PRD-11002 RS-232C serial model $969.95

PRA-11000 Tractor Option $119.95

STARWRITER F-10 - C. Itoh

New 40 CPS daisy wheel printer with full 15" carriage, usesstandard Diablo print wheels and ribbons, both parallel andserial interfaces included.PRD-22010 Starwriter F-10 $1495.95

TP-1 LETTER QUALITY - SCM

12 CPS daisy wheel printer from Smith Corona.

PRD-45101 Centronics parallel $648.95

PRD-45102 RS-232C serial $648.95

PRINTER PALS - F.M.J. Inc.

Desk top printer stand and continuous form paper holder.PRA-99080 for MX-S0, MX-80FT, Oki 82A, NEC .. $29.95

PRA-99100 tor MX-100, Oki 83A S 84 $34.95

PRA-99700 for letter quality printers $49.95

Unclassified Ads

WANTED: Used DOS equipment: Apple, IBM, TRS, etc.Vermont land trust is overwhelmed by accumulation of data fromherbariums, museum collections, and literature searches on thehabitats of endangered species- Your tax-deductible donations ofused micro equipment will be most welcome. We will pay ship-ping. Robert Klein, Nature Conservancy, 7 Main St.. Montpelier,VT 05602, (802) 22<M425.

FOR SALE: Microtek MT-80P parallel printer for the Apple II.Brand-new print head. Printer. 4-foot cable, and Apple parallelcard for $550 or best offer. Also, an Apple Integer card for$100. Both like new. Doug Geoffray, 2404 Wells St., FortWayne, IN 46808, (219) 483-7939.

FOR SALE: Apple Silentype printer (40 cps and dumps high-resolution screens) with interface card, instruction manual, and4 rolls of paper: $250. Sanyo VM 4509 monitor (9-inch black-and-white screeo} uses AC/DC: $ 120. Mountain HardwareSpeechlab 20A (32-word vocabulary/speech-recognition cardfor the Apple). Includes disk of software and instructionmanual: $ 115. Also, will sell TI-59 programmable calculator andPC! 00-C printer for $ 300 or will trade for peripherals for Apple.Haydn Huntley. POB 1111, Fairfield, !A 52556, (515)472-81 16.

WANTED: Expansion interface for TRS-80 Model I. Any con-dition, with or without memory. Also, disk drive. M. Braun, Rt.5, Box 582, Burlington, IA 52601. (319) 754-5027.

FOR SALE: 1976 and 1977 issues of BYTE, Interface,Kilobaud Microcomputing, Microtek, Dr Dobbs, etc. $ 100 for set.Eric Schneck, 407 East 91 St., New York, NY 10028, (212)722-5728.

WILL TRADE: Qualified individual will trade custommicrocomputer software development for microcomputer hard-ware. William H. Roetzheim, 3891 American Ave., La Mesa.CA 92041, (714) 466-0400 or466-0618.

FOR SALE: All Digital Group equipment in DG browncabinets. 280+ processor, motherboard (with all sockets], anddual-density Controller III by RW Sales. Processor has on-boardCMOS clock/calendar and 2708/2716 EPROM boot pages withun-ROM control. Two SA-800 floppy disks, two 32K Bell Con-trols static memory. Centronics 737 printer, 9-inch monitor, andKeytronics Selectric-style keyboard. $2800 you ship. Pat Snyder,200) Brenner Ave. W„ Roseville, MN 551 13, (612) 636-5103.

FOR SALE: Heath GR104A black-and-white TV in goodworking condition, makes good monitor. 110-VAC or 12-VDCpower; $65. Electronic Systems Type 103 modem in new,never-used condition; $25. 16K memory board for expanding48K H/Z-89 computer to 64K in new condition, working fine;$65. Full documentation included for all items. Shippingcharges paid. J. C. Williams, Rt. 2, Box 207E, Buchanan, VA24066, (703J 254-1686.

FOR SALE: Ten 3M DC-300A magnetic-tape cartridges.New condition. R. Blair, Apt. # 102, 5800 Hollister Rd., Houston,TX 77040, (713) 462-7306.

FOR SALE: 32K CBM/PET big keyboard computer, $800.4040 dual disks, S800. 2022 printer, $450. C2N cassette, $70.MTU visible graphics board, $300. Also, Toolkit, WP3, terminalsoftware (PTERM3), JINSAM 3.0, and more than 100 pro-grams. Package worth more than S4500, will sell for S2400. oras individually priced. Jerry. (313) 763-4403 (days), 426-8690(nights).

FOR SALE: TRS-80 Model I, with I6K and Level II BASIC.Keyboard unit, display, power supply, tape recorder, dustcovers, some game and utility software, blank tapes, and allmanuals. Excellent condition. $500 (I will pay shipping in U.S.).First certified check, cashier's check, or money order takes all.Offers considered. David Shinn, 28 Wagon Bridge Run.Moorestown. NJ 08057.

FOR SALE: Two DECwriters Model LA-30, schematics andmaintenance manuals included. Very good condition,100/150/300 bps, $425 each. Rick Michelhaugh, 21 IA CairnCircle, Knoxville, TN 37923, (615( 693-4182.

FOR SALE: OSI Challenger C2-8P with 48K memory, OSICD2 dual disk drive, Koyo TMC-9M 7-inch monitor, and In-tegral Data Systems DMTP-G matrix printer. Asking $2000. V.Baus, 151 East Merrill. Fond du Lac. Wl 54935. (414) 922-0970before 5 p.m.

FOR SALE: Handi-Keys custom-design keyboards for theTRS-80 Model II. Enter text for analysis of keys used by eachfinger and hand. Machine-Ianugage driver changes keyboardto Dvorak One-handed or user-defined. Analyze typinglessons. Disk and instructions for S36. Ronald Mc Cuiston, 5795Adelyn Rd., Pensacola, FL 32504.

WANTED: The following SwTPC equipment: AC-30 cassetteinterface, CT-1024 terminal, CT-64 terminal, and other items.Harvey Lipowitz, 7827 Lorna Dr., Philadelphia, PA 19111,(215) 745-6283.

FOR SALE: Epson MX-100. brand new. full warranty. Listsat $995, will sacrifice for $500. Epson MX-80, brand new, fullwarranty. Lists at $645, must sell for $300. Texas Instruments Tl820RO matrix printer. Lists at $2500, must sell for $ 1500. Auto-Cat modem by Novation. Direct-connect, never used, perfectfor any personal computer. Lists at $299.95, will sacrifice for$175. IBM Visicalc, never used. Lists at $270, will sacrifice for$125. IBM Easy Writer, never used. Lists at $ 195, must sell for$95. Jim Campbell, 309 Cordova Dr., Santa Barbara, CA93109, (805( 966-2921. evenings PT.

FOR SWAP: Hollis Super 7 deep-wave soldering system(complete and operational) for automatic soldering of computercircuit boards. Consists of soldering station conveyer withspeed control and solid-state drive. Fluxer and preheater. All inexchange for one microcomputer with multi-user and taskingcapability. RAM memory included with a compatible DOSsoftware-control system. Sid Dalinka. 300 Winston Dr., CliffsidePark, NJ 07010. (201) 224-2721.

FOR SALE: Motorola green-phosphor video monitor with ananitglare screen and composite video input. In very good condi-tion without case. First $60 plus shipping takes it. If you replywithin two weeks of this ad's first appearance, I'll throw in aTexas Instruments terminal board. J. Marketos, 1210 WordensPond Rd., Wakefield, Rl 02879, (401) 789-4369.

FOR SALE: North Star computer with two double-densitydisk drives, 56K RAM, and loads of the finest professional soft-ware (business, educational, games, and utilities). WithHazeltine 1500 terminal and cable. All for $3650, includingshipping, insurance, and disk libraries. Evan Katz, POB 202,Greenvale, NH 1 1548. (516) 626-0004.

FOR SALE: Netronics 1802 microcomputer with twoanything boards for $45 each. One programming board for$65. Heath 10-4541 5 MHz portable oscilloscope for $185.Heath decade capacitance box for $40. Heath decaderesistance box for $50. All equipment has manuals and isguaranteed to be in excellent working order. All plus postage.Aloha. Phillip N. Blake, 709 Pio Dr., Wailuku, HI 96793, (808)244-3668.

FOR SALE: Computer tapes: 10/2-inch reel, 3V'nch hub,'/i-inch wide tape, 2400 feet, 9-track, used but in good condi-tion; S3 each. Leland Barber, 301 Boyle Rd.. Gill, MA 01376,(413) 863-9086.

FOR SALE: Original (1973) Magnavox Odyssey video game.Rare and complete. Best offer. Also, various computermagazines including: BYTE {Vol. 1. #1 to present). KilobaudMicrocomputing (Vol. 1, #1 to present). Creative Computing(Vol. 3, # I to present), ROM (all nine issues), Interface Age (Vol.1, #4 to Vol. 6, #1), and many more. Best offer for all or part.Send SASE for complete list. Dave Repsher, 1915 Verde St.,Bakersfield. CA 93304, (805) 324-6180.

FOR SALE: NEC 8023-A printer, used only a few minutes,mint condition. Selling due to incompatibility with my com-puter. I'll pay shipping for the first cashier's check received for$550. Doug Clapp, 620 Stuart Ave., Crookston, MN 56716,(218) 281-1983.

FOR SALE: HP41 -Chess. Knows all the rules. Very strong.Very fast. Price: 2000 Flux (40S). Bank Transfer: 332/014507/00Banque Generale Luxembourg. Claude Roeltgen, Rued'Ehlerange 44, L-3918 Mondercange Luxembourg, Europe.

FOR SALE: Silentype printer with interface for Apple II. $330with eight rolls of paper. John A. Reyburn Jr., 761 Bolsa Chica,Goleta, CA 931 17, (805) 964-8224.

WANTED: IBM 370 utility program to read and write disks inthe IBM OS/6 format, via an IBM 3540 disk input/output unit thatis a peripheral on the 370. Brian D. Harney, 1324 SaddlebackTrail, Frankfort, KY40601.

FOR SALE: Complete TRS-80 Model I with expansion interfaceand 48K RAM, three disk drives, and a tractor-feed printer. High-resolution graphics package. Like new. All for SI950. FOB. J. H.Glenn. 114 South 7th St.. Hilbert, Wl 54129.

FOR SALE: Televideo 912C in like-new condition: S650. RichPagnusat, 3725 North 25th Ave., Schiller Park, IL 60176, (312}671-6180 between 8 a.m. and 4 p.m. CT.

FOR SALE: Intel 8080 System Design Kit (SDK-80) with monitorROM. Board is fully socketed for ICs. Never used. Documentationincludes; 8080 Users Manual, Assembly Language Manual, Pro-grammers Reference Card, PL/M Programmers Manual, andSDK-80 Users Guide: SI25. Tom Vilov, 603 Homewood Dr.,Pocomoke, MD 21851. (301) 957-1407.

FOR SALE: TRS-80 Model l\, 64K, two 8-inch double-sidedfloppy-disk drives, TRS-80 Line Printer III with stand, workstation,BASIC, Cobol, Inventory System, and Mailing List System; $4850for full system. Greg Hoffman, POB 208. Brookfield, CT 06804.(203) 775-1291 days. 354-8657 evenings and weekends.

FOR SALE: Texas Instruments 99/4A computer with 32K mem-ory expansion, disk drive and controller, and interface; SI 100.Warren English, 130 Buckwood Dr., Richmond, KY 40475, (606)624-1676.

WANTED: Video terminal, printer, and modem. Bernd Riechel-mann, POB 17344, San Diego, CA 92117, (714J 292-4196.

FOR SALE: 8K OSI Super Board II with metal case and powersupply. Includes several manuals and two dozen games. $230.Tim Snow, 16 Grant St., Potsdam, NY 13676, (315) 265-3739.

UNCLASSIFIED POLICY: Readers who have computer equipment to buy, sell, ortrade or who are requesting or giving advice may send a notice to BYTE for inclusion in theUnclassified Ads section. To be considered for publication, an advertisement must be non-commercial (individuals or bona fide computer clubs only), typed double-spaced on plainwhite paper, contain 75 words or fewer, and include complete name and address. This ser-vice is free of charge; notices are printed once only as space permits. Your confirmation ofplacement is appearance in an issue of BYTE as we engage in no correspondence. Pleaseallow at least three months for your ad to appear. Send your notices to Unclassified Ads,BYTE/McGraw-Hill. POB 372. Hancock. NH 03449.

January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 541

Unclassified Ads

FOR SALE OR TRADE: Have: BYTE Volume 5, Numbers 3and 6-12; Volume 6, Numbers 1-7 and 9; Volume 4, Number 8;and Volume 3, Number 4. Asking S) plus postage. Need; BYTEVolume I, Numbers 1-12; Volume 2, Numbers 1-5 and 7-10;Volume 3, Numbers 1,2,3,9and 12. Volume4. Numbers 3 and9-12. Walter Vose Jeffries, RFD 1 Box 218, Readfield, ME 04355(207) 685-4380.

WANTED: I wish to correspond with people who are in-terested in computers (homebrew or types being sold] lasers, andother areas of electronics. Also would like to exchange ideas andmaybe even do some joint projects. For example, how two ormore people could build a compatible homebrew system. CarlosBrimer, Rt. I Box 153, Doyle, TN 38559.

FOR SALE: OSI C8P computer with dual 8-inch floppy disksand 48K RAM. Includes Epson MX-80 printer, black-and-whitevideo monitor, and OS-65D and OS-65U operating systems.Complete documentation as well as four boxes of disks contain-ing numerous business, home, and game programs. Make an of-fer. Carl Robbins, 263 Glenwood Rd., Wheeling, WV 26003,(304) 233-2624.

FOR SALE: Heath H-9 video-display terminal modified for 24lines and assembled, working H-8 with !6K memory, H-8-5 serialRS-232C and cassette-interface board. Included are ExtendedBASIC, Regular BASIC, TED-8, HASL-8, all operations manuals.Heath BASIC programming course material, and several games oncassette. $500 or make an offer. Lee Widener, POB 400, HighRolls. NM 88325, (505) 682-2633.

WANTED: Schematics for the Viatron 21 system, especially thedriver board for the Robot Printer unit. I will, of course, pay for ex-penses and copying. Allan Rothman, 19 Roberta Lane, Syosset,NY 11791.

FOR SALE OR TRADE: Forms tractor for Diablo 630/1640in perfect condition. SI00 or same value in supplies |paper, rib-bons, etc.) J. Fitzpatrick, 2 Southboro Lane, Glen Rock, NJ 07452,(201) 445-4532.

WANTED: CT-64 or similar ASCII terminal with or withoutmonitor, graphics option preferred. Disk drives, printer, and otherperipherals compatible with SwTPC 6800 system. Greg Ham,4048 Southwest 8th St., Plantation, FL 33317, (305) 792-4204.

FOR SALE: OSI Superboard and 610 board in a homemadecase. 16K of memory, video display, cassette recorder, many pro-grams, and complete documentation. System: S650, computeronly: $600. Don Bolton, 703 South 1st St., Selah, WA 98942,(509) 697-4471.

FOR SALE: Complete your collection. Back issues of BYTE invery good condition: June 1977; May to December 1978;January to December 1979 (except April), I would prefer sellingthe entire group fo S30 (including postage) but will sell individualissues for $2 or best offers. Please note: I will wait two weeks forcheck to clear before mailing. L. B. Judy, 1374 East ChandlerAve., Evansville, IN 47714.

WILL SWAP: SOL-20 user interested in swapping computergame programs (32K or less) and hardware ideas. If interested,send me a letterl Ray White, 600 Santa Monica Rd., London,Ontario, N6H3W1 Canada.

FOR SALE: Intel Multibus computer SBC-80/IO, 32K bytes ofdynamic RAM consisting of two SBC-016 boards. All boards looknew, work, and come with manual. $375 or best offer. GordonTing, 605 Leland Ave. #403, St. Louis. MO 63130, (314) 727-4138.

FOR SALE: IMSAI RAM III 64K dynamic RAM with 48K S200.SSM VB1C video controller: S 150. SSM M88A 16K EPROM boardwith 14K BASIC: 5 100. SSM CB1A 8080 processor board, S 100;with keyboard and case: S50. A complete system for only $500.Includes all documentation, manuals, etc. I will pay postage andinsurance. David Potts, 13395 Madison Ave. #101, Lakewood.OH 44107, (216) 266-6886 between 8 and 5.

FOR SALE: Disk drives for the Apple II. I nave a Micro-Sci A-2with control card, a Micro-Sci A-40. and an A-70 with one controlcard. All still under warranty. Will sell all or part. A-40 or A-2 for$350 ($420 with control card). A-70 for $460 ($535 with controlcard). F. Markwell, 409 Lacy, Las Vegas, NV 89107, (702) 870-9908 after 4 p.m. PT.

FOR SALE: Mountain Computer A/D + D/A. Has 16 fast inputand output analog channels with 8-bit resolution. I/O cables,manual, and demonstration disk are included; $250. Scott Merritt,719 Lyons Ave., Charlottesville, VA 22901, (804) 293-8024.

FOR SALE: S-100 boards. Versafloppy I floppy-disk controller;$ 175. Altair 680 6800 computer with processor board and main-frame enclosure; S250. Altair 16K static RAM board; $125. Mor-row Designs Speakeasy cassette interface; $125. Two SiemensFD-108 (Shugart SA800 equivalents), new; $350 each or $675 forboth disk drives; Four Ithaca IA-2 8080A processor boards,unused; $ 125 each. First certified check or money order takesitem(s). If sold already, check will be returned. I pay shipping.Enclose SASE to return check in case you're too late. DanaJackson, 14613 East Kettleman Lane, Lodi, CA 95240.

FOR SALE: HP-4IC card reader (82104A) and 60 cards plustwo holders. Tested but unused. $ 120 or best offer. Charles Wolf,333 Hyde #7, San Francisco, CA 94109, (415) 928-0421.

BOMB

BYTE's Ongoing Monitor Box

Article # Page Article

1

30

2

40

3

54

4

86

5

100

6

110

7

128

8

152

9

166

10

186

II

198

12

234

13

254

14

283

15

330

16

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171819

364371396

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446

The Compaq Computer

Microcomputing, British Style

Build the Circuit Cellar MXP-16 Computer

System, Part 3

Heath's HERO-1

IBM's "Secret" Computer: the 9000

Apple-Cat II

The Next Generation of Microprocessor

Maximizing Power in Multiuser Architectures

Personal Computers in the Eighties

Meet You at the Fair

Public Key Cryptography

Atari Player-Missile Graphics in BASIC

Problem Oriented Language, Part 2: Writing

a Module

Eratosthenes Revisited: Once More through

the Sieve

Whitesmiths C Compiler

Analyst and Qsort by Structured Systems

Group

The Timex/Sinclair 1000

Vector Graphics for the TRS-80

Simulation of Simple Digital Logic through a

Computer-aided Design System

User's Column: Burnouts, Bargains, and Two

Sleek Portables

Supervyz and Organizr: Two Menu-Driven

Front Ends for CP/M

Authorjs)

DahmkeWilliams

Ciarcia

Leininger

Morgan

Pope

Stryker

Garetz

Blundell

Schrodt

Smith

Swanson

Finger

Gilbreath,GilbreathReid,McKinlay

AbbottGarrettRollins

McDermott

Pournelle

Kern

WANTED: Data manual for General Instruments AY-3-8900Standard Television Interface Chip (STIC). Data manual is nolonger available from vendor. Ralph Johnson, 1837 Aglen St.,Roseville, MN 551 13. (612) 487-2154,

WANTED: Used DEC VT-100 monitor. I have a VT-100keyboard and need something compatible with it. If notavailable, I will swap you a keyboard plus cash for a used ter-minal from any reputable manufacturer, Louis Yelgin, 18 Ox-ford St.. Maiden. MA 02148, |617| 322-3011.

Programming WoesSpeak to Many

James L. Woodward wasevidently speaking to manyreaders in his article "What MakesBusiness Programming Hard?" inwhich he described the problemsof writing software to handleroutine business tasks. Mr. Wood-ward placed first in the OctoberBOMB contest for his theme-related article. He will receive the$100 prize. Second place and itsS 50 kitty goes to Jerry Pournelle for"A BASIC and Pascal Benchmark,Elegance, Apologies, andFORTH." Although the first part ofhis article brought Steve Ciarcia firstplace in September's BOMB, "Buildthe Microvox Text-to-Speech Syn-thesizer, Part 2: Software" placedthird in the October contest.

542 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Reader Service

Inquiry No.

Page No.

122 1st NATIONAL COMP. 188, 189

1 47th STREET COMPUTER 519

2 800 SOFTWARE 173

3 A.S.T.RESEARCH 287

4 AB COMPUTERS 503

5 ABACUS DATA INC. 336, 337510 ABACUS DATA INC. 514509 A.C.T. 512

6 ADDMASTER CORP. 510

7 ADISA CORP. 500518 ADV.DATA TECH. 244

8 ADV. MICRO TECHNIQUES 385

9 ADV.COMP.PROD. 522, 523

10 ADV.DIGITAL CORP. 65

11 ADV.LOGIC SYSTEMS 282

12 ADV.SYS. CONCEPTS 510

13 ADVENTURE INTL. 475

14 AEGIS SYSTEMS 132

* ALF PRODUCTS, INC. 194

* ALIEN GROUP 423

15 ALL ELECTRONICS CORP. 500

16 ALPHA BYTE COMP.PROD. 38, 39

17 ALPHA BYTE COMP.PROD. 293

18 ALPHA BYTE COMP.PROD 341

19 ALPHA SOFTWARE 11

20 ALTOS COMP.SYS. 98, 99

22 AMDEK CORP. 35

23 AMER.SMALL BUSN.COMP. 431

24 AMER.SQUARE COMP. 299

27 ANADEX111

28 APPARAT INC. 159

29 APPLE COMPUTER 184, 185

30 APPLE COMPUTER 114, 115

31 APPLE COMPUTER 270, 271

32 APPLEWARE, INC. 502

33 APPLIED ANALYTICS 411

* APPLIED CREATIVE TECH. 20

34 APPLIED SOFTWARE TECH. 131

36 ARTIFICIAL INT'L.RESRCH. 502

37 ASHTON-TATE 64

38 ASHTONTATE 296, 297

39 ASPEN SFTW.CO. 76

40 ATLANTIC CABINET CORP. 510514 ATLANTIS COMPUTERS 284

41 ATSUKO COMPUTING INT'L. 510

43 AUTOCONTROL INC. 500

44 AUTOMATED EQUPMNT. 447

45 AVOCET 205

46 B&B ELECTR. 288

47 BASF 201

48 BASIS, INC. 248

49 BAUSCH & LOMB INSTR.SYS. 223

50 BAUSCH & LOMB INSTR.SYS. 223

51 BAY TECHNICAL ASSOC. 168

* BELL, JOHN ENGR. 505

52 BHRT315

53 BI-COMM SYSTEM 467

54 BIBLIOGRAPHIC RETRIEVAL 175

55 BISON PROD INC. 325

56 BISON PROD INC. 325

57 BISON PROD INC. 325

58 BISON PROD INC. 325

59 BISON PROD INC. 325

60 BIZCOMP 430

61 BMC SYSTEMS, INC. 169

62 BOEING COMPUTER SERVICES 139

63 BOTTOM LINE, THE 195

64 BRIDGE COMPUTER 50435 BT ENTERPRISES 512

25 BUSINESS MANAGER 461

* BYTE BACK ISSUES 408

* BYTE BOOKS/MCGRAW-HILLBOOK 400, 401

503 BYTE BOOKS 445

504 BYTE BOOKS 462

* BYTE-MAGIC MACHINE 444" BYTE PUBL.INC. 460

65 BYTEK COMP. SYS. 467

66 BYTEWRITER 72

67 C-SYSTEMS 504

68 C.S.D.INC. 266

69 CAB-TEK, INC. 482

70 CAB-TEK, INC. 316

71 CAB-TEK, INC. 502

72 CALIF. DATA CORP. 442

* CALIF. DIGITAL 526, 527

* CALIF.MICRO.COMP. 465501 CDEX CORP. 295

74 CDR SYSTEMS 288

75 CENTENNIAL SOFTWARE 432

76 CERTIFIED RESOURCES CORP. 508

77 CHANG LABORATORIES 435

78 CHECK-MATE 460

79 CHECKS-TOGO 155

80 CHIPS & DALE 516

81 CHRISLIN INDUSTRIES 425241 CMA 350

Inquiry No.

Page No.

21 CMC.INT'L. 96

83 COGITATE 320

84 COLONIAL DATA SERV. 74

85 COLUMBIA DATA PROD. 123502 COLUMBIA NATIONAL 326484 COMDEC INC. 272

86 COMMUNICATION CABLE 504

87 COMMUNICATIONS ELECTR. 515

88 COMMUNICATIONS ELECTR. 517

89 COMP.&ELECTR. SUPPLY SVC. 419

90 COMPONENTS EXPRESS 277

91 COMPONENTS EXPRESS 455

92 COMPUADD 506

93 COMPUADD 510

94 COMPUADD 514

96 COMPUPRO/GODBOUT 119

97 COMPUPRO/GODBOUT 249

* COMPUPRO/GODBOUT 256, 257

98 COMPUSERVE 145

330 COM PUSH ACK 354, 355

331 COMPUSHACK 357

99 COMPUTER APPARATUS 496475 COMPUTER CHANNEL 498

486 COMPUTER COMPONENTS 414101 COMPUTER DISC. OF AM. 436

478 COMPUTER DISC. PROD. 495' COMPUTER EDUC. SERV. 512

479 COMPUTER EXCHANGE 126, 127

480 COMPUTER EXCHANGE 126, 127

481 COMPUTER EXCHANGE 126, 127103 COMPUTER FURN.&ACCSS. 136105 COMPUTER INNOVATIONS 24

107 COMPUTER MAIL ORDER 164, 165

108 COMPUTER PERIPH., INC. 179

109 COMPUTER PLUS 483

110 COMPUTER SHOPPER 455

111 COMPUTER SHOPPER 452

112 COMPUTER SPCLTIES. 196, 197

* COMPUTER SWAP AMERICA 80

* COMPUTER WAREHOUSE 235516 COMPUTERS AND MORE 244114 COMPUTERS WHOLESALE 307

116 COMPUTERWORLD INT'L. 348, 349

117 COMPUVIEW PROD.INC. 67

118 COMPUVIEW PROD.INC. 69477 CONCORD COMP.PROD. 459

119 CONCURRENT CORP. 402

120 CONDOR COMP.CORP. 252, 253

95 CONSOLINK CORP. 17

125 COST PLUS COMP. 516

* COUGAR MOUNTAIN SOFTWARE508,516

126 CPU SHOP, THE 509

127 CREATIVITY UNLTD. 370

128 CROMEMCO CM, 1

129 CROMEMCO 2

131 CSCS 502

512 CUESTA SYS. 518

132 CUSTOM COMP.TECH. 174

* CYBERNETICS INC. 225

134 CYGNUS SYSTEMS 510

135 DAMAN 502

136 DATA BASE SOLUTIONS 132

138 DATA EXCHANGE 442521 DATA MAIL 237

139 DATA MANAGEMENT SYS. 516

140 DATA SOURCE SYS.CORP. 439

141 DATA SYSTEMS MRKTG. 399

142 DATASOUTH COMP.CORP. 279

143 DATASOUTH COMP.CORP. 428

144 DECISION RESOURCES 167

145 DESIGNWARE INC. 514

487 DIGITAL DIMENSIONS 314

* DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORP. 274,275

146 DIGITAL MARKETING 6

147 DIGITAL MICROSYSTEMS 217

148 DIGITAL RESEARCH 73

' DIGITAL RESEARCH COMP. 507

492 DIP INC. 433

149 DISCOUNT SOFTWARE 147

150 DJR ASSOCIATES, INC. 413

151 DOKAY COMP.PROD.INC. 524, 525

* DOW JONES SOFTWARE 97

152 DUAL SYS.CONTROL CORP. 245

153 DYNACOMP510

154 DYSAN CORP. 264, 265

228 EASTERN ENTERPRISES 457

158 E/Z ASSOC. 500

159 ECONOMY PERIPHERALS 504

160 ECOSOFT308

161 EDGE MICROSYSTEMS 442

162 EDMOND SCIENTIFIC CO. 457

163 EDUCATIONAL MICROCOMP. 516

164 ELECTRONIC CONTROL 473

165 ELLIS COMPUTING 133

166 EMERGING TECH.CONSLT. 461

* EMPIRICAL RESRCH. GRP. 16

Inquiry No.

Page No.

167 ENERCOMP 182

168 ENGINEERING SPECIALTIES 516' EPSON INSERT 96A-96H

169 ERGONOMIC SFTW.INC. 512

170 ESSEX PUBLISHING 474

171 EXCALIBUR TECH 203

172 EXECUTIVE PERIPH.SYS. 94

173 EXPOTEK 134

* FEDERAL EXPRESS CORP 423

174 FORMULA INT'L. 457

175 FOX & GELLER INC. 317

176 FRANKLIN COMP.CORP. 77316 FROBCO 512

* FTD 258

* FUTURES GROUP 423

177 G-H COMPUTER SYS. 320.178 GARDEN OF EDEN COMP. 508

179 GENERAL SOFTWARE INC. 392

180 GENIE COMPUTER CORP. 328, 329

181 GIFFORD COMP. SYS. 163

181 G&G ENGINEERING 163

182 GILTRONIX.INC. 504

183 GOULD, INC. 143

184 GTEK INC. 251

185 HAL SOFTWARE BROKERS 465

186 HANDWELL CORP. 514

* HAYDEN SOFTWARE 302

187 HAYES MICROCOMP.PROD. 83

188 HEATH COMPANY 280, 281515 HOFFMAN COMP. PROD. 284

189 HOLLISTER MICROSYSTEMS 318

190 HONOR SYS.SOFTWARE 370

191 I.B.C. 19

192 IBM 394, 395

193 ICS COMPUTER TRAINING 262491 IDE CORPORATION 285

194 IMS INTERNATIONAL 135

195 INCOMM 148

196 INDEPENDENT BUS.SYS.INC. 87494 INDIGO DATA SYS. INC. 161

197 IN MAC 473

198 INNOVATIVE ELECTR. 484

199 INSIGHT ENTERPRISES 316

200 INSTITUTE -SCTF.ANALYSIS 506

202 INT'L. MICRO SYS. INC. 117

203 INTEGRAL DATA SYS. 31

204 INTEGRAND 118

520 INTELLIGENT ARTEFACTS 237

* INTELLIGENT SYS.CORP. 304, 305

206 INTERACTIVE MICROWARE 474

207 INTERACTIVE STRUCT. 95

209 INTERBUSINESS CORP. 506

210 INTERTEC DATA SYS. 15500 INTERTEC DATA SYS. 319

211 INTEX SYSTEMS 345

212 IPEX INT'L. 500

213 J.C.SYSTEMS 484

214 JADE COMP.PROD. 538, 539

215 JADE COMP.PROD. 540

216 JAMECO ELECTR. 520, 521

217 JDR MICRODEVICES 528, 529

218 JDR MICORDEVICES 530, 531

219 JOURNAL OF PASCAL & ADA 238

220 JRT SYSTEMS 52, 53

221 JVB ELECTRONICS 508

222 JVB ELECTRONICS 514511 K&D ELECTRONICS 518

223 KERN PUBLISHING 142

224 KEYTRONICS CORP. 89

225 KING SOFTWARE 508

226 LABORATORY MICROSYS. 452

227 LEADING EDGE PROD. Clll

229 LEHMANN & ASSOC. 320

231 LNW RESEARCH 239

232 LOGICAL DEVICES 459

230 LOGICAL MICROCOMP. 289

233 LYBEN COMP.SYS. 502

234 LYBEN COMP.SYS. 506

235 LYBEN COMP.SYS. 510

236 LYBEN COMP.SYS. 514

237 LYCO COMPUTER 273

238 MACROTECH INT'L. 51

239 MAILCOMP INC. 429

242 MANNESMANN TALLY 335

522 MARCEY.INC. 397

523 MARCEY, INC. 397

* MARTIN MARIETTA CORP. 422

245 MARYMAC INDUSTRIES 124

246 MATCO DATA PRODUCTS 485

247 MAXELL DATA PRODUCTS 81

248 MC NEILL 251

249 MCGRAW-HILL BOOK STORE 379

* MCGRAW-HILL CLASSIFIED 423

* MCGRAW-HILL COLL.DIV. 276

* MCMILLAN BOOK CLUBS 449

250 MEDIA DISTRIBUTING 149

251 MEGA CO. 518

Inquiry No.

Page No.

•To get further information on the products advertising in BYTE, fill out the reader service card withyour name and address. Then circle the appropriate numbers for the advertisers you select from thelist. Add an 18<ent stamp to the card, then drop it in the mail. Not only do you gain information, butour advertisers are encouraged to use the marketplace provided by BYTE. This helps us bring you a big-ger BYTE. The index is provided as an additional service by the publisher, who assumes no liability forerrors or omissions. 'Correspond directly with company.

252 MEMORY MERCHANT 37

* MEMOTECH 191

254 METASOFT CORP. 426

255 MFJ ENTERPRISES INC. 120417 MICRO BUSN.WORLD 247

257 MICRO CONTROL SYS. 416, 417

267 MICRO DISCOUNTS 288

258 MICRO INK.INC. 236

259 MICRO LOGIC 508

260 MICRO MANAGEMENT SYS. 259

261 MICRO MIDWEST 512

262 MICRO MINT 451

498 MICRO MINT 162525 MICRO MINT 518

263 MICRO SCI 68

264 MICRO TECHNOLOGY 516517 MICRO WARE 244

265 MICRO WORKS, THE 224

266 MICROCOMP.BUSN.IND. 232, 233508 MICRODYNAMICS 504

268 MICROFUSION 210

269 MICROHOUSE 12, 13

270 MICROPERIPH.CORP, THE 506

271 MICROPROCESSORS UNLTD. 514

272 MICROSOFT 129

273 MICROTECH EXPORTS 170

274 MILLER MICROCOMP.SERV. 216

275 MINI MICRO MART 220, 221

276 MINI MICRO MART 240

277 MINI MICRO MART 513

278 MONARCHY ENG.INC. 510

280 MORROW DESIGNS 362, 363

281 MOUNTAIN VIEW PRESS 261

282 MOUSER ELECTRONICS 512

283 MPC PERIPHERALS 327

284 MTI SYSTEMS CORP. 171

285 MUSYS 36

* NCC/AFIPS 229

286 NEBS 8

499 NEC HOME ELECTRONICS 209

287 NEC INFORMATION SYS. 153

* NETRONICS511

289 NETWORK CONSULTINGCORP. 116

290 NEW GENERATION SYS. 436

291 NORTH HILLS CORP. 452

292 NORTH HILLS CORP. 500

293 NORTH STAR COMPUTERS 242,243

* NORTHERN TELECOM INC. 360296 NORTHWEST INSTR.SYS. 105

* NORTHWEST MICROSYS.DESIGN 512

' NRI SCHOOLS ELECTR. DIV. 353

299 OKIDATA CORP. 403

300 OMEGA MICROWARE.INC. 324

301 OMEGA SALES 310

302 ORANGE MICRO 181

303 ORANGE MICRO 291

304 ORGANIZATIONALMNGMNT.SYS. 500

305 ORION INSTRUMENTS 506

306 ORTHOCODE GROUP 434

307 ORYX SOFTWARE 211

308 OSBORNE COMPUTERS 207

* OWENS ASSOC. 158, 420, 421

309 P.R.I.C.E. 318

310 PACIFIC EXCHANGES 284, 500,504, 508, 512, 516

317 PALOMAR COMP.EQUIP. 532, 533

318 PAN AMERICAN ELEC. INC. 466

319 PANASONIC H.H.C. 150, 151

332 PDS UNIVERSAL INC. 359

333 PDS UNIVERSAL INC. 361

* PEEK 514

320 PERCOM DATA 7

321 PERIPHERALS UNLTD. 227

322 PERSONAL COMP.SYS. 301

323 PERSONAL COMPUTER AGE 260

324 PERSONAL SYS.TECHN. 343

325 PICKLES & TROUT 180497 PION INC. 162

326 POPCOM 228

327 PRACTICAL PERIPH. 22, 23

524 PRINCETON GRAPHIC SYS. 322

328 PRIORITY ONE 534, 535

329 PRIORITY ONE 536, 537513 PROCESAMOS 514

334 PROGRAMMERS SFTW. EX. 92

335 PROM PTDOC, INC. 183

336 PROTOSYS 393

337 PURCHASING AGENT.THE 26

338 OANTEX DIV. 427

339 QT/GOLDENWEST COMP. 347

340 QUADRAM CORP. 108, 109

341 QUADRAM CORP. 339

343 QUARK ENGINEERING 93

344 QUASAR DATA PROD.INC. 121435 QUBIE DISTRIBUTORS 107506 QUBIE DISTRIBUTORS 263

345 QUEST ELECTR. 501

346 QUEST RESEARCH INC. 370

347 QUME CORP. 58, 59

349 R.R.SOFTWARE 156

350 RACET COMPUTES 104

351 RADIO SHACK CIV

352 RANA SYSTEMS 28, 29

353 RCA 125

354 RCE 356

355 RCS INC. 483

January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 543

Reader Service.

Inquiry No.

Page No.

356 RED BARON COMP.PROD. 140, 141

357 RICKERDATA 518

358 ROLAND CORP. 241

359 S&W COMPUTER SUPPLY 518

360 S-100 INC. 459

361 SAGE ENTERPRISES INC. 440

362 SATURN SYSTEMS INC. 27

363 SCIENTIFIC ENG. 504

364 SCION CORP 5

365 SCION CORP 5

* SCOTTSDALE SYSTEMS 309379 S D SYSTEMS 312, 313

366 SEATTLE COMP. PRODS. 331

367 SEIKOSHA CORP. 215

368 SIERRA DATA SCIENCES 33

* SINCLAIR RESEARCH 219

370 SINGLE SOURCE SOLUTIONS 172

371 SLUDER 472

372 SOFT IMAGES 193483 SOFTCORP INT'L. 62

373 SOFTWARE BANC 231

374 SOFTWARE DISTR. 351

376 SOFTWARE PUBLISHERS 516

377 SOFTWARE TECHNIQUE 318

Inquiry No.

Page No.

378 SONICS MICRO SYS. 213

379 SONICS MICRO SYS. 312, 313

380 SONY CORP. OF AMERICA 443505 SORD COMP. OF AMERICA 464

* SOUTHWEST LOGIC CORP. 518

383 STANDARD SFTW.CORP. 267

384 STAR LOGIC 208

385 STAR MICRONICS 409

386 STEMMOS LTD. 434476 SUNNY INT'L 498

387 SUNTRONICS 405

388 SUPERSOFT177

389 SYSTEMED 266

390 TAB BOOKS 321

391 TARBELL ELECTR. 455

392 TATUM LABS 502

393 TAYCO BUSINESS FORMS 518404 T.D.I. 192

394 TECH-DATA CORP. 266

395 TECH-DATA CORP. 508

' TECHNICAL SYS.CONSLTNS. 187

396 TECMAR INC. 199

• TEKTRONIX INC. 9

398 TELECON INDUSTRIES 441

Inquiry No.

Page No.

399 TELECON SYSTEMS 218

400 TELETEK55

401 TERMINALS TERRIFIC 106

• TEXAS COMP.SYS. 407

402 THINK SOFTWARE 500

403 THREE M COMPANY 91

• TINNEY ROBT. GRAPHICS 453

405 TJD ENTERPRISES 504

406 TRANSNET CORP. 172

407 TRISTAR DATA SYS. 14442 TSK ELECTR.CORP. 103

408 TYCOMP COMPANY 518

409 U.S. MICRO SALES 496

410 U.S. MICRO SALES 497

411 U.S. ROBOTICS 10

412 U.S. EXCHANGE 316

413 U.S. EXCHANGE 506

414 VANDATA 380

415 VECTRIX 79

488 VERTICAL DATA 385

519 VICTOR BUSN.MACH. 437

416 VIDEX21

• VISICORP INC. 25

418 VISUAL TECH,INC. 137

Inquiry No.

Page No.

419 VOTRAX333

421 VYNET CORP. 424

422 WASHINGTON COMP.SERV. 475

423 WASHINGTON COMP.SERV. 499

424 WE SOFTWARE 508* WESTICO INC. 75

425 WESTWARE 50

426 WESTWARE 138

427 WHITESMITHS LTD. 112

428 WHOLESALE SUPPLIERS 502

429 WIN/MILL RESEARCH INC. 502

430 WINCHENDON GRP..THE 506

431 WINTEK CORP. 506

432 WINTERHALTER & ASSOC. 228434 WORDTECH SYSTEMS 194493 WYSE TECH. 154

436 X COMP 63

439 X COMP 255

440 XEROX EDUCATION PUB. 84, 85113 XITEN415

Correspond directly with company.

National Advertising Sales Representatives:

Northeast (617) 444-3946

ME, IMH, VT, MA, CI, Rl, DE, MD,VA, WV, OK, TX, Upstate NY,Eastern Canada

Hajar Associates280 Hillside Ave.Needham Heights, MA 02194

Mid Atlantic (201) 741-7744

NY, NYC, NJ, PA

Hajar Associates

321 Broad St.

Red Bank, NJ 07701

Southeast (305) 628-3525

NC, SC, GA, FL, AL, MS, TN,KY, LA

Hajar AssociatesDiplomat Bldg.5400 Diplomat CircleSuite 205Orlando, FL 32810

Midwest (312) 966-0160

MN, Wl, Ml, IA, IL, IN, OH,MO, NE, KS, ND, SD, AR

Hajar Associates5225 Old Orchard Rd.Suite 50Skokle, IL 60076

Northwest (415) 964-0706AK, HI, WA, OR, ID, MT, WY,Northern California, Nevada ExceptLas Vegas, Western Canada

Hajar Associates1000 Elwell Ct.Suite 124Palo Alto, CA 94303

Southwest (714) 540-3554

UT, CO, AZ, NM, Las Vegas,Southern California

Hajar Associates3303 Harbor Blvd.Suite H-4ACosta Mesa, CA 92626

European Advertising

Sales Representatives:

Mrs. Maria Sarmlento

Mr. Fritz Krusebecker

Mr. Ello Gonzaga

Pedro Telxelra 8, Off. 320

McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.

McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.

Iberia Mart 1

Lleblgstrasse 27C

Via Baracchini 1

Madrid 4, Spain

D-6000 Frankfurt/Main 1

20123 Milan, Italy

45 52 891

West Germany72 01 81

86 90 617

Mr. Andrew Karnlg

Andrew Karnlg & Associates

Mr. Michael Sales

Far East/Pacific

Kungsholmsgatan 10

McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.

Seavex Ltd.

112 27 Stockholm, Sweden08 51 68 70

17 rue Georges BizetF 75116 Paris

05-49/50 Tanglin Shopping Center

France

19 Tanglin Rd. Singapore 1024

Mr. Hans Csokor

720 33 42

Republic of Singapore

Publlmedla

Relsnerstrasse 61

Mr. Simon Smith

A-1037 Vienna, Austria

McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.

34 Dover St.

Seavex, Ltd.

Mrs. Gurlt GepnerMcGraw-Hill Publishing Co.

London W1X 3RAEngland

Room 102, Yu Yuet Lai Bldg.

115 Yosephtal St.

01 493 1451

43-55 Wyndham St. Central

Bat Yam, Israel

Hong Kong

866 561 321 39

544 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Our word processing systemchanged Isaac Asimov's mindabout writing-and he's a re-nowned science and science fic-tion author! But you don't have tobe an author to use a TRS-80. Ifyou prepare memos, letters andreports-do what Isaac did. It willchange your mind, too.

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Circle 351 on inquiry card.

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Dept, 83-A-I60

300 One Tandy Center

Fort Worth, Texas 76102

ADDRESS .CITY

_ PHONE, ZtP_

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