Byte Magazine Volume 08 Number 02 - Standards

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In The Queue

BITE

Volume 8, Number 2

February 1983

Features

3 3 The Lisa Computer System by Gregg

Williams / State-of-the-art hardware and software arecombined in this new machine that literally anyone canuse.

54 Build a Handheld LCD Terminal by Steve

Ciarcia / A single-line display is quite adequate for manytroubleshooting and monitoring applications.

68 Apple's Enhanced Computer: The Apple lie by

Robin Moore / For about the same price as the II, the liegives you a variety of exciting new features andcapabilities.

90 An Interview with Wayne Rosing, BruceDaniels, and Larry Tesler by Chris Morgan, GreggWilliams, and Phil Lemmons / Three key members ofApple's engineering staff discuss the development of theLisa computer system.

118 The Enhanced VIC-20, Part 1: Adding a ResetSwitch by Joel Swank / How to add a convenient featureto your VIC-20.

1 30 The World of Standards by Chuck Card, R.Donald Prigge, Josephine L. Walkowicz, and Marjorie F.Hill / The process for producing American NationalStandards is full of checks and balances.

146 Welcome to the Standards Jungle by Ian H.

Witten / An in-depth look at the confusing world ofcomputer connections.

182 A Proposed Floppy-Disk Format Standard by

Chuck Card / A brief description of a proposed format thatwill allow you to interchange disks from several systems.

194 The Proposed ANSI BASIC Standard by RonaldAnderson / The committee asks for your opinion.

203 NAPLPS: A New Standard for Text andGraphics, Part 1: Introduction, History, and Structure

by Jim Fleming and William Frezza / A close look at animportant and controversial new communications standard.

256 Realizing Graphics Standards forMicrocomputers by Fred E. Langhorst and Thomas B.Clarkson III / Use of the Virtual Device Interface graphicssystem will make portable graphics application softwarepossible.

272 The IEEE Standard for the S-100 Bus by MarkGaretz / Standardization helps manufacturers designcompatible components independently.

314 Problem Oriented Language, Part 3:Assembling the Modules by Mark Finger / The finalsegment of this article describes assembling the modulesinto a complete programming system.

347 User's Column: Confessions, Pascal Prime,Wescon, and Perfect Writer by Jerry Pournelle / Our

resident critic comments on Wescon and text editors.

392 Shape-Table Graphics for the TRS-80 by Dan

Rollins / Draw complex shapes with a single command.

452 Passing Untyped Parameters In UCSD Pascal

by Eliakim Willner / An assembler-language function and a"trick" combine in a parameter-passing method.

458 A Terminal Program for the TRS-80 Model III

by Ralph L. James / A world of information is just a phonecall away.

Reviews

302 The Scribble Text Processor by Christopher O. Kern366 LDOS Utilities by Tim Daneliuk

Nucleus

6

14

28,

370,

371

378

428434441442444446468525526527

Editorial: Standards: The Love/Hate Relationship

Letters

127, 370, 433, 441 BYTE's Bits

374 Book Reviews: 68000 Assembly Language

Programming; A Practical Introduction to Computer

Graphics

Technical Forum: The Magic of the Monte Carlo

Method

System Notes: A High-Resolution Analog-to-Digital

Converter for the TRS-80

BYTELINES

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In This Issue

Microcomputer enthusiasts have been eagerly awaiting the release ofApple's new machines, the Lisa and the lie (featured in our cover photo byMike Blake). Officially announced on January 19, these computers, especiallythe Lisa, are big news. Rumors have been rife about Apple's new products forquite a while, but now the speculation has come to an end and BYTE featuresthree exclusive articles about them. Gregg Williams writes an in-depth descrip-tion of "The Lisa Computer System," Robin Moore reviews "Apple's EnhancedComputer: The Apple lie," and Chris Morgan, Gregg Williams, and Phil Lem-mons interview three key members of the Lisa design team.

A boon to microcomputer users and a bane to many manufacturers, stan-dards are a current hot topic within the computer industry. This month wefeature several articles on the topic of standards, including "The IEEE Standardfor the S-IOO Bus" by Mark Garetz, "Realizing Graphics Standards for Micro-computers" by Fred E. Langhorst and Thomas B. Clarkson III, "A ProposedFloppy-Disk Format Standard" by Chuck Card, and part 1 of "NAPLPS: A NewStandard for Text and Graphics" by Jim Fleming and William Frezza. Alsofeatured this month: Steve Ciarcia tells how to "Build a Handheld LCD Ter-minal," Jerry Pournelle writes about "Confessions, Pascal Prime, Wescon, andPerfect Writer," and Joel Swank starts our new series on the CommodoreVIC-20.

BYTE is published monthly by McGraw-Hill, Inc., with offices at 70 Main St, Peterborough NH 03458. phone|6031 924-9281. Office hours: Mon-Thur 8:30 AM - 4:30 PM. Friday 8:30 AM - Noon, Eastern Time. Addresssubscriptions, change of address, USPS Form 3579. and fulfillment questions to BYTE Subscriptions, POB 590,Martinsville NJ 08836. Second class postage paid at Peterborough, NH, 03458 and additional mailing offices.USPS Publication No. 528890 |ISSN 0360-5280|. Postage Paid at Winnipeg. Manitoba. Registration number 9321.Subscriptions are $21 for one year. S38 for two years, and S55 for three years in the USA and its possessions. InCanada and Mexico. S23 for one year. S42 for two years, S61 for three years. S53 for one year air delivery toEurope. S37 surface delivery elsewhere. Air delivery to selected areas at additional rates upon request. Single copyprice is S2.95 in the USA and its possessions. S3.50 in Canada and Mexico. $4.50 in Europe, and S5.00elsewhere. Foreign subscriptions and sales should be remitted in United States funds drawn on a US bank. Printedin United States of America.

Address all editorial correspondence to the editor at BYTE. POB 372. Hancock NH 03449. Unacceptablemanuscripts will be returned if accompanied by sufficient first class postage. Not responsible for lost manuscripts orphotos. Opinions expressed by the authors are not necessarily those of BYTE. Entire contents copyright © 1983by BYTE Publications Inc. All rights reserved. Where necessary, permission is granted by the copyright owner forlibraries and others registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) to photocopy any article herein for thebase fee of S1.00 per copy of the article or item plus 25 cents per page. Payment should be sent directly to theCCC. 21 Congress St. Salem MA 01970. Copying done for other than personal or internal reference use withoutthe permission of McGraw-Hill is prohibited. Requests for special permission or bulk orders should be addressed tothe publisher,

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4 February 19»3 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Editorial

Standards

The Love/HateRelationship

Richard S. Shuford, Special Projects Editor

When you begin to study the history of technology, you learn about EliWhitney's famous demonstration in 1801 of his mechanized process for mak-ing interchangeable firearms parts: the first successful attempt at industrialstandardization.

Or so he claimed. According to Edwin Battison, director of the AmericanPrecision Museum in Windsor, Vermont, Whitney's demonstration was faked.To be sure, some gun parts were interchanged under the watchful eyes ofUnited States War Department officials, but the parts had been specially madefor the event by hand. Whitney couldn't deliver on the promises he made, andthe 10,000 badly assembled muskets his company delivered (several yearslater) turned out to be the bane of the infantry.

The essence of this story may sound sadly familiar to computer users. Toooften we see a computer product advertised as possessing a feature that incor-porates some industry standard, but when it comes time to use the feature, wefind annoying restrictions. Sometimes we have to pay more to get anotherfeature that supports the standard feature, or the feature does not really workat all in the standard way. Disgruntled souls may conclude that the computerindustry follows no standards at all.

Those of us who work with computers have a love/hate relationship withstandards. According to Robert Rountree of the National Bureau of Stan-dards, "Computer users love standards; computer manufacturers hate them."

How Standards Emerge

A standard, in theory, represents a consensus of expert opinion on how toperform a given technological function. The standards process, in the words ofDr. John A. N. Lee, vice-chairman of the Standards Committee of the ACM(Association for Computing Machinery), is "putting current technology intosystematized form, available to everybody, and it's also developing a consen-sus in a peer-review process."

Some standards are born casually; others come into being after lengthy, for-mal give-and-take in carefully appointed committees. Many standards in thecomputer industry are de facto, that is, they emerged because one person orcompany invented a way of performing some function that has been near-universally imitated by everyone else in the industry. Other computer stan-dards are devised formally by an accredited standards-making organization orby the government; many of these latter standards are compromises workedout among representatives of parties that originally invented incompatiblemethods of performing the same function.

6 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Editorial.

The most tempting approach to standardization is thatof the "Lone Ranger." And it works, sometimes. In thisapproach, one individual, group, or company develops amethod for performing a technological function, presentsit to the world, and says, "Please do this my way." Occa-sionally a proposed standard graduates from Lone-Ranger status to general approval and use, but most suchattempts languish in obscurity, unless the proposing per-son or organization has lots of clout, regardless of thetechnical merits of the proposal.

We find that technical merit often has nothing to dowith whether one of several competing technologicaldevelopments becomes an accepted standard. In stan-dards work, to mix metaphors a bit, a bird in the hand isusually worth the whole ball game. The first product of agiven type to achieve widest commercial distributionusually sets the standards. Thus, we have the S-100 bus(now the IEEE 696 bus) derived from the first successfulmicrocomputer, and we have many de facto standards:the IBM 3740 disk format, Digital Research's CP/M-80operating system, and Microsoft BASIC.

Pure political and financial muscle also helps establisha standard. AT&T will probably overwhelm all competi-tion in videotex encoding with its NAPLPS (NorthAmerican Presentation-Level-Protocol Syntax), which

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was presented to ANSI (American National Standards In-stitute) on a silver platter for formal acceptance. Even forcorporate giants having a bird in the hand helps. IBM willprobably have no chance of getting its own graphics/videotex system adopted, simply because NAPLPS gotthere first.

Forces Hindering Standardization

It's fairly obvious why computer users like standards.Standards make their life easier in thousands of ways.But the reasons standards may be disliked by the peoplewho make computers or peripherals are more obscure.

A creative engineer designing a new computer may feelthat following a standard specification is too restrictive.And some companies fear that manufacturing standard-ized products makes for humdrum marketing and lack ofattention from potential customers. They want to dif-ferentiate their products from what has gone before.Then, too, there are the costs involved in finding outwhat standards exist and are appropriate for a certainproduct, in obtaining the technical specifications and en-forcing their use during the design phase, and in testingfor compliance. Products designed before the standardwas developed may prove difficult or prohibitively ex-pensive to adapt. Furthermore, some existing standardswere poorly thought out or froze technology before itmatured. These and other reasons can discouragemanufacturers from complying with standards.

As well, the making of standards themselves has itsown problems and costs. Most American National Stan-dards ultimately cost tens or even hundreds of thousandsof dollars, either as direct or indirect expenses, to developand distribute. Standards work is largely done byvolunteers, and sometimes obviously useful efforts todevelop standards are delayed or abandoned because ofmanpower shortages.

In addition to economic problems, the politics of deci-sion making by committee and legal obstacles sometimesmuddy the waters of standardization. The most dramaticexample is the Supreme Court's ruling last year againstthe American Society of Mechanical Engineers {Hydro-level v. ASME) that the Society was liable under antitrustlaw for abuses by its representative of its own standards-interpretation process. Although the Hydrolevel decisionhung on the intentional abuse that occurred (it seemsunlikely that a standards-making organization wouldhave the same liability if its representatives acted in goodfaith), the case has caused some review of procedures inother organizations.

Another obstacle is time. The standards-making pro-cess is lengthy and slow. The amount of time required byANSI for public comment and peer review is intended toprevent any abuse of ANSI's standard-making pro-cedures, but it also drags out the process. Some in-dividuals and organizations have tried, with varyingdegrees of success, different means of avoiding the slowANSI procedures. One way to avoid having to make an

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Editorial

ANSI standard is to go through the IEEE (Institute ofElectrical and Electronics Engineers). Although a memberof ANSI, the IEEE has been developing standards on itsown authority using its own committee process (some-times a joint ANSI/IEEE standard emerges). IEEE stan-dards have been well received by the industry, but eventhese typically take years to gel.

Contributions Are Needed

Are you now asking, "Can something be done to im-prove the standards process?" Yes, within limits.

Although the computer-standards community at firstseems like an intimidating monolith, it is composed, forthe most part, of men and women who are sincerely do-ing what they can to systematize the rapidly changingtechnology of computing. They possibly could use yourhelp.

You can get involved in several ways. The simplest isto use existing standards in your current work and pro-mote their use among your associates. When buyingcomputer products, favor those that employ industrystandards.

If you have expertise in a field where standards are be-ing developed, you should obtain copies of the proposedstandards documents during the public-comment periodand send your written comments to the appropriatebodies (for a list of addresses, see page 142). If you are amember of a professional society, such as the IEEE or theACM, you can work though your society, informingmembers of its standards committees about yourpreferences and telling them if you think certain newstandards need to be made or old ones changed. This isespecially important for those of us who work withmicrocomputers, because many of the members of formal

standards committees have experience only with largercomputers.

Better yet, inquire about becoming a member of an ap-propriate committee. You can join the thousands of peo-ple working in the standards process and share their pridein helping to make advanced technology more availableto everyone. ■

References and Periodicals

American National Standards Cover the Wide World of Information

Processing: SP X7J. New York: American National Standards

Institute. Copies available free from ANSI.American National Standards Institute Procedures for Management

and Coordination of American National Standards. New York:

ANSI. Single copies free from ANSI.Catalog of American National Standards. New York: ANSI, 1982.Catalog of EIA and JEDEC Standards and Engineering Publications.

Washington, DC: Electronic Industries Association, 1982.Folts, Harold C. (ed.) McGraw-Hill's Compilation of Data Communica-tions Standards, Edition II. New York: McGraw-Hill Publications

Co., 1982.Hill, I. D. and B. L. Meek. Programming Language Standardisation.

New York: Halsted Press, John Wiley & Sons, 1980.Infocomm Standards. Newsletter of information standards published

by Data Communications magazine. McGraw-Hill Publications Co

1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020.Morgan, Christopher P. "Can We Agree on Standards?" Novembe

1981 BYTE, page 6.NBS Publications List 88: The Computer Science and Technology

Series. Washington, DC: Institute for Computer Sciences and

Technology, National Bureau of Standards, 1982.NBS Update. Biweekly newsletter of the National Bureau c

Standards.

Pittman, Tom. "A Recipe for Standards." April 1982 BYTE, page 26Prigge, R. Donald, Marjorie F. Hill, and Josephine L. Walkowicz. The

World of EDP Standards, 3rd ed. Blue Bell, PA: Sperry-Univac,

1978.

From the Publishers

These are exciting times for the microcomputer industryand for BYTE in particular. During 1982 the industry onceagain exceeded even the most optimistic predictions ofeconomists, and the performance of BYTE exceeded even themost optimistic predictions of its management. Our auditedpaid circulation was 324,000 by year-end and we know thatat least twice as many readers see each issue. The tremendousresults that advertisers have obtained by placing theirmessages in BYTE magazine led to the first ever (according tosome publishing industry commentators) 1000-page increasein a single year.

Fortunately, even if we were somewhat conservative inour predictions of BYTE's performance in 1982, we were ag-gressive in our efforts in maintaining the strength and qualityof the BYTE staff. Nowhere is this more evident than in theBYTE editorial department which, of course, is solelyresponsible for the indisputable fact that BYTE has becomethe most respected and trusted voice in computer publishing.

It is because of our strong staff that we can calmly wish

Editor in Chief Chris Morgan the best of luck as he begins todevote the lion's share of his time to a new software com-pany. Because Chris has planned out a year's worth of themeissues in advance, has guided the selection of specific articlesfor many months in advance, and has developed an editorialstaff that for more than a year has produced editorial contentup to the high standards for which BYTE has become famous(all this with Chris on the road much of the time), we canguarantee the continued unstinting editorial excellence youhave come to expect in BYTE.

We remain guided by the thought expressed on the occa-sion of our fifth anniversary in September 1980: "Althoughthe trappings of success are pleasant for us to contemplate,we would be foolish to forget the philosophy that has pro-duced them: giving both readers and advertisers good valuefor their dollar."

Virginia LondonerGordon R. Williamson

10 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Letters

For the Record

Peter Callamaras's review of our Ex-ecutive Briefing System (November 1982BYTE, page 164) was greatly appreciatedhere at Lotus. However, the article was in-correct in the At a Glance section, whichlisted Mitchell Kapor as the author ofEBS.

While Mitchell designed the programand supervised its implementation, EBSwas coded by Todd Agulnick, a 15-year-old resident of Newton, Massachusetts.Todd was first employed by Mitchell atthe age of 12, and he continues to be asource of inspiration for all of us here atLotus. His great skill and intellect are ap-preciated almost as much as his fine senseof humor.

Mary Lynn Davis, Graphics Project

ManagerLotus Development Corp.55 Wheeler St.Cambridge, MA 02139

More on BASIC Standards

I read with interest Howard G. Drake'sletter dealing with the current and pro-posed standards for BASIC (October 1982BYTE, page 18) and wish to comment ontwo points raised in the letter.

First, the requirement to have DIMstatements preceding their use in line-numbered sequence is not new. It hasbeen in the ANSI (American NationalStandards Institute) Minimal BASIC Stan-dard since the approval of that standardin January of 1978.

The requirement to recognize the ex-istence of DIM statements in line-numbered sequence (rather than in logicalsequence) stems from the desire to havethe one BASIC program give the sameresult when that program is run under twoimplementations, one of which is an inter-preter and the other a compiler.

Another point raised by Mr. Drakeconcerned the need for the interpreter todo a pre-scan in order to recognize thepresence of DIM statements.

The X3J2 BASIC Committee was verycareful to assure that a pre-scan was notrequired. The suggested technique when aforward transfer-of-control is indicated(as in Mr. Drake's example) is to examinethe statements passed over "at the timethat they are passed over," to see if they

include any of the statements that mustappear in line-numbered sequence prior totheir use. These statements include theDIM statement, as well as any OPTIONstatements (OPTION BASE, OPTIONARITHMETIC, etc.), and any function-definitions.

By taking this approach, BASIC pro-cessors need only look at those statementsup to and including the one being refer-enced and need not do a pre-scan of theentire program.

I heartily agree that any interested par-ties should obtain a copy of the ProposedANSI BASIC Standard, read it, and com-ment on it, if they find anything that theybelieve should be changed.

M. O. Duke

IBM

Santa Teresa Laboratory

555 Bailey Ave.

San Jose, CA 95150

Credit Where It's Due

I recently saw the October 1982 BYTEeditorial in which Chris Morgan describedvideotex and teletext. I'd like to correctone statement regarding closed-caption-ing. The three networks broadcastingclosed-captioned programs are PBS,NBC, and ABC; not CBS. CBS has stead-fastly refused to provide captions on itsprograms for the benefit of hearing-impaired people.

Your omission of ABC is most unfor-tunate because that network was in-strumental in the development of theclosed-captioning technology. It leads theway in providing closed-captioning ser-vices. For example, ABC recently addedclosed captions to all broadcasts of ABC's"World News Tonight."

Jane Edmondson, Director

Products Promotion and Public Relations

National Captioning Institute

5203 Leesburg Pike, Suite 1500

Falls Church, VA 22041

This Thing Called NAPLPS

With regard to Chris Morgan's editorialdiscussing "This Thing Called Videotex"("Some Answers to Frequently AskedQuestions," October 1982 BYTE, page10), let me respond with one definition ofwhat videotex is today.

The North American Presentation Level

Protocol Syntax (NAPLPS) allows textand graphics to be encoded in a mannerindependent of the display apparatus onwhich it will be presented. Virtually anymicro-, mini-, or mainframe computercan be configured to generate NAPLPSpages, and any communications medi-um—whether it be telephone, broadcast,cable television, microwave, or satellitetransmission—can be used.

What does this mean to microcomputerusers today? Throughout North Americamicrocomputers from virtually anymanufacturer have a common format fortext and color graphics that can be com-municated universally. NAPLPS is a sim-ple, highly efficient and economical colorgraphics generator in combination with adecoder. Here are some examples of whatis being accomplished today:

• Users of Hewlett-Packard 80 Series,Commodore PET, and other microcom-puters are now being offered a color-graphics program for Visicalc. The soft-ware digests raw Visicalc data files andautomatically draws color charts andgraphs including exploded pie charts.

• IBM Personal Computer users can ob-tain an electronic slide show program thatsimulates the 35-millimeter slide carouselbut has additional features such asrandom-access retrieval of individualslides and the synchronizing of a soundtrack for a full audio-visual presentation.These slides can be displayed on a colormonitor or even a large screen using avideo projector.

• North Star computers are being used ashosts to drive large screen displays of elec-tronic billboard advertising in shoppingmalls.

Other microcomputers are incor-porating color graphics into computer-aided learning courseware and public-access market-research terminals, andmarketing presentations are being pre-pared and, through the decoder, trans-ferred onto video tapes.

Hard-copy service bureaus will soon beavailable that will provide any pagecreator the capability to downloadNAPLPS-encoded pages by telephone andhave 35-millimeter slides, overheadtransparencies, and other film media pro-duced for them overnight and deliveredthe next day. Furthermore, paper hardcopy is obtainable with the use of jet inkplotters—ideal for charts and graphs that

14 Frt.ru.ry 1983 © BYTE Publication. Inc

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Letters,

need to be inserted into textual reports.

Because NAPLPS is display-resolutioninsensitive, these same files, althoughcreated at a lower resolution, can beredisplayed through a higher-resolutiondecoder with no modification to theoriginal file. The hard copy, whether filmor paper, becomes a higher-quality image.Additionally, broadcast-quality graphicsand NTSC- (National Television SystemCommittee) standard video tapes are be-ing used by broadcasters to augment their

graphics requirements. Even audio-visualproducers are using this same method tobring down the costs of their productionswhile preserving the quality.

What other color-graphics system canprovide a universal communicationscoding format for virtually any micro-computer? What other color-graphicsprotocol specification is in the public do-main? What other color-graphics displaygenerator (decoder) has a choice of over32,000 colors, 16 of which are displayable

Soup to Nuts.

Some wouldhave you thinkthat a matrix printeris a mere side dish thatcomes with your computer.

Don't believe it.

What you get out of your printer is what you get outof your computer. If your printer is small, slow, noisyor unreliable, your computer will be limited, sluggish,irritating, or inoperable. Just telling it like it is.

That's why Infoscribe has come up with a gourmetline of multifunction matrix printers specifically forbusiness and professional users.

You can switch from high-speed data processingto business letters, at will; handle up tol6-inch-wide paper; make up to five crisp carbons; gener-ate gorgeous graphics in up to eight colors; andenjoy truly elegant and incredibly quiet operation,day-in and day-out.

Check the menu for the printer that meets your exact needs.Why go with the computer manufacturer's combo plate when the samemoney will let you buy Infoscribe, a la carte?

Vbur favorite computer dealer or systems specialist will be delighted to arrange ademonstration for you. Or contact the matrix a": Infoscribe, 2720 South Croddy Way,Santa Ana, California 92704, USA, Phone (714) 641-8595, Telex 692422.

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simultaneously, among a host of otherfeatures? What other color-graphicssystem can boast the use of a conventionalcolor television as a display monitor andcan be purchased for a price starting at$11007

Only decoders implementing fullNAPLPS can satisfy these features andothers. With this capability now withinthe reach of the majority of microcom-puters, the challenge of creative, interac-tive graphics software lies with allmicrocomputer users, whether they behobbyists or professional programmers.The challenge is here today at a price com-petitors can really only dream about.

Zal Press, Manager

Business Graphics

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In Defense of User Protection

In the last year I have read several ar-ticles regarding software piracy. Due tothis piracy, the creators of software arebecoming more and more reticent aboutmaking available the source documentsand code for a program.

Their caution is well placed because ofthe wholesale program theft that hastaken place in some instances. Then, too,it's possible that the creator stole somemajor part of the program from someoneelse, and the lack of an available sourcelisting prevents anyone from proving it.

Before we get too far down the road tocomplete nonavailability of source code,may I propose some protection for thelegitimate user?

First, companies can and do go out ofbusiness every day. While one softwarecreator may not, another may. Withoutthe source code to update the program forsystem and language enhancements yet tocome, that program will become worth-less and be lost.

Second, because of market conditions,a developer may cease to offer the soft-ware or cease to update it. As a result, thesoftware eventually becomes worthlesswithout source to allow the updating of it.

Third, the program offered may havebeen almost worthless to start with due toerrors. The developer made a fast buck,and the buyer was taken. At least withsource, some corrections can be made.

A fourth reason for some user protec-tion is that a successful creator may decide

16 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Letters,

-

that creation is what he is good at andhe'd rather not be bothered by support,sales, etc., and so he enters into a royaltyagreement for the program with an in-dependent dealer. Now suppose thisdealer wants to sell packages but not helpyou, the buyer, recover from a systemcrash or a program bug. Without sourceor even data on file structures beingavailable, you have to start over afterevery crash.

There is a way out of this morass ofuncertainty, and that is an industry-wideuniform software trust agreement, en-forced by a trade journal's refusal to ac-cept advertising of software unless thecreator or vendor has placed the sourcecode in trust with an independent thirdparty who holds both the names of thelegitimate licensees and the latest sourcefiles and documentation.

Vendors should be responsible for pro-

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5

viding copies of all user licenses andregularly update the source code on filewith the trustee. In return, the trusteeagrees to hold source documentation in-violate (sealed) unless a vendor commitscertain acts (I'll discuss these acts lateron). Thus, protection exists for the ven-dors (in that the source is still protected)and for the legitimate user as well.

To the legitimate user, source becomesavailable, for a fee, in the event that thevendor ceases to function.

The trustee has these responsibilities:(1) to hold source code and relateddocumentation sealed and inviolate unlesscertain acts are committed, (2) to notifyonly licensed users at their last known ad-dress by first class mail as to the acts com-mitted, and (3) to provide to the licensedusers only, for a fee related to the repro-duction cost, the source code and docu-mentation, when permissible.

What are these vendor acts and subse-quent trustee actions? First, in the event oftotal sale of program rights to anothervendor, the trustee should notify licenseesof the event and the name and address ofthe buyer who has assumed the supportobligation. In the event of adjudgment ofthe developer as bankrupt, ceasing of thevendor to do business, decision by thevendor to cease to offer support, or sale ofprogram rights without an obligation toassume existing package support, thetrustee shall so notify licensed users andmake available for one year source anddocumentation for a fee.

There remains the question of userswho find program vendors/creators eitherunwilling or unable to provide adequatesupport for their packages to licensedusers. For this some mechanism shouldallow licensed users to petition the trusteeif they feel that a vendor is providing in-adequate support. If some threshold level(say 5 percent) of the licensed users of aprogram complain to the trustee of inade-quate service, the trustee should be re-quired to notify all licensees that com-plaints have been received. If the trusteegets a positive response from a majority ofthe users that such is the case, the trusteeshould then provide source code and doc-umentation to users for a fee.

Such an agreement can adequately pro-tect vendors as long as they want to beprotected and will probably protect theuser for longer than the economic life ofthe package.

Whatever methodology is created toprotect both the user and the creator, totaland permanent unavailability of source to

18 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Cdex™ Training for VisiCalcMakes VisiCalc Easy.

In an hour, Cdex Training for VisiCalc canmake you a VisiCalc user. Or for the experi-enced VisiCalc user Cdex Training forVisiCalc acts as an instantaneous elec-tronic reference and review system.

It's a computer-assisted training programthat works. It's highly interactive. So itcreates a dialogue with you and serves as

your personal tutor. It's completely self-paced. So you set your own learning time.And it's graphically-oriented. So you seewhat you're learning. Remember, a pictureis worth 1000 words. Cdex Training forVisiCalc runs on the same Apple® II orIBM® Personal Computer as your VisiCalcprogram.

So see how easy VisiCalc can be. See yournearest computer dealerfor a demonstration.

Circle 70 on inquiry card.

Cdex1" Training/or VisiCalf?

We don't make VisiCalc.We just make it easy.

Cdex Corporation

5050 El Camino Real Suite 200Los Altos, CA 94022

VisiCalc' is a registered trademark of VisiCorpI"BYTE February 1»83 19

Letters.

—

ilUIHIIIIilMUIgg

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a legitimate user is not an acceptableanswer.

William E. Young, CPA13901 Jefferson Davis Hwy.Woodbridge, VA 22191

Mlnspeak Applauded

I read with great attention the "Min-speak" article by Bruce Baker (September1982 BYTE, page 86). Minspeak is themost exciting use of computer technologythat I have encountered because it goesbeyond the use of the computer to manip-ulate data and/or symbols and deals withthe fundamental issues of human com-munication and the way we think.

While Mr. Baker deals almost exclusive-ly with the application of Minspeak to the

nnninpakinp nnnnlatinn ¥ho Ainrlcrr,or.ft!

into the genuinely exciting new realms ofelectronic technology and its applicationsto human problems and potentials.

David O. Justice, DeanSchool for New LearningDePaul University23 East Jackson Blvd.Chicago, IL 60604

Computer Poetry:Art or Craft?

Kevin McKean's article "Computers,Fiction, and Poetry" (July 1982 BYTE,page 50) nearly supplies some importantimplications about the nature of creativi-ty. The examples of computer-writtenpoetry suggest that computers can nowmake many judgments rapidly but cannot

good word for its "1" and "e" sounds,matched in "parallels," and for the overalldreamlike, wistful quality that the wordcontributes to the line. Of course, he mayhave had other reasons as well.

Today, because western culture seemsto have weaker ties with tradition than inthe past, and because ours is more thanever a culture without a sense of history,it is understandable that considerations ofcreativity focus on the ceaseless fluctua-tions common to the thought process,rather than on the decisions that artistsmake after much thought. Still, an artistmay draw upon any or all of his life'shistory in order to pass judgment on asingle word. His intellect, his moral in-tegrity, his honesty, his passion, his love,his hope, his hate, his fear, his skepticism,his faith—in short, the sum of the poet's

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Letters,

knowledge of contrast, feeling for lightand shade, all that information (primitivesense) necessary for a poem."

If you could accurately enter yourwhole life into a computer without leav-ing the minutest fact out, then the com-puter could possess a chance of becomingartistic. But even then the computerwould have to be considered the protegeof its programmer. For now, computersmay be profitably used as electronicthesauri, as servants to the new craft ofelectronic poetry-writing. As far as the artof poetry is concerned, computers willhave to wait.

Rob Zseleczky

19 Tanglewood Lane

Chatham, NJ 07928

Not-So-Standard Automobiles

In part 1 of his article "An Introductionto the Human Applications StandardComputer Interface" (October 1982BYTE, page 291), Chris Rutkowski usedthe early development of the automobileas a case study to explain how microcom-puter technology is still in its formativeyears because it has not come up with astandardized, easy-to-use format. This isa viable analogy, but Chris was a little offon his time frame. He says "you would beable to climb into the typical automobileof 1925 and drive it away." For mostreaders of BYTE today this would not betrue. In 1925 approximately 50 percent ofthe cars being sold in the United Stateswere Model T Fords. The Model T Fordused a pedal-controlled planetary trans-mission that a modern driver would notunderstand without instruction or prioruse. Other 1925 makes also had irregularcontrols, such as spark levers, hand throt-tles, oddly placed starter buttons, etc. Ac-tually, the standardization of mostautomobile operations took much longerthan Chris surmised. Hopefully, the pro-cess will not take so long in the microcom-puter industry.

Fred K. Fox

13150 El Capitan Way

Delhi, CA 95315

Total Talk Talks Back

In response to David Stoffel's article'Talking Terminals" (September 1982BYTE, page 218), I would like to thankBYTE for giving this subject the attentionit deserves. However, as the manufacturer

of one of the products described by Mr.Stoffel, I'd like to state that numerous in-accuracies appear in his article.

Contrary to the impression given in thearticle, Total Talk from Maryland Com-puter Services Inc. (MCS) offers both auser-definable vocabulary and fulnumbers capabilities (it can speak 123 as"one two three" or "one hundred anctwenty-three"). To my knowledge, MCSwas the first to offer these features. It isalso false that Total Talk does not have acursor locator. Total Talk has had thissince the product was introduced in Juneof 1980.

The author fails to mention many of theadvantages of incorporating speech intoan existing terminal. Total Talk offers anEnunciation key to tell you the terminal'sstatus and the function of a key withoutexecuting the function; the device canvocalize the terminal's communicationparameters and can set tabs and margins.Also you can define keys to performspecific tasks, such as say the line, say theword, and spell the word. This is essentiato the nontechnical user in that escapecodes do not have to be memorized.

The approach that places the speechbox between the terminal and the host hasseveral disadvantages. What is displayecon the screen is not an accurate represen-tation of what is stored in the speech box'sbuffer. This is a severe disadvantage whenthe blind operator must interact withsighted co-workers or instructors. Fullpage editing cannot be accomplished.

Capabilities that are very useful toTotal Talk's users but were not mentionecin Mr. Stoffel's article are notification thatthe cursor is at the end of the line, movingthe cursor forward and backward either aword at a time or a line at a time withoutspeaking the word or line, and reading upand down columns.

Mr. Stoffel's comment that "Total Talkloses data after receiving 120 characters'shows a lack of understanding of the ter-minal. Total Talk has three sophisticatechandshaking capabilities—XON/XOFFData Terminal Ready, and Inquire/Ac-knowledge. If your host computer doesnot support these capabilities, then yousimply cannot use "Log Bottom," afeature that reads the data as it appears onthe screen. If the terminal is configuretcorrectly, data is not lost.

The article states that screen-orientedprograms like Wordstar are not practicalusing speech output. We take exception tothis because our customers are using TotaTalk and Information Thru Speech (our

24 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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In short, the MT 160 is theepitome of engineering excel-lence. And it should be. Afterall,Mannesmann Tally is the technol-ogy leader in matrix printing.

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Letters.

.

talking microcomputer/terminal) for thispurpose every day. This also raises thequestion of why our Information ThruSpeech terminal, which has been on themarket since January of 1982, was nevermentioned.

Finally, Mr. Stoffel hopes that the priceof talking terminals will go down or theircapabilities will increase. This is exactlywhat happened this year when MCS an-nounced more powerful machines and adecrease in prices from 15 to 50 percent.

J. Michael Mason, Vice-President

Marketing

Maryland Computer Services Inc.

2010 Rock Spring Rd.

Forest Hill, MD 21050

Terminology Correction

The use of terminology in Jack L.Abbot's review "Systems Plus: FMS-80"(October 1982 BYTE, page 447) was dis-turbing. The article was well written, in-formative, and provided a reasonable setof data from which to draw some conclu-sions and comparisons to other systems.However, to call FMS-80 a "relational"

DBMS (database-management system) isappalling. It is bad enough that vendorsmisuse terminology, but a publicationshould not further perpetrate suchmisguidance. Some purists might arguethat FMS-80 is not even a DBMS. Andthere are purists who have strict rules onthe definition of a relational DBMS. Ineither case, most experts agree that a rela-tional DBMS has, at a minimum, specificfunctional (e.g., project and join) andrepresentational (e.g., tabular user view)components as its foundation. What willyou tell your readers when the true rela-tional DBMS is developed for microcom-puters? As the leading journal for small-systems users, BYTE should attempt touse standard systems terminology whenappropriate and not allow vendors tomislead the public any further than theiradvertisements do.

I do not want to detract from an ex-tremely powerful personal computer toolsuch as FMS-80.1 am currently evaluatingfile-management software for personalcomputers and have been surprised bythe comprehensiveness and depth of func-tions of such packages. These rival manyof the tools offered on larger systems and

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should virtually eliminate for most usersthe need to create their own programs.

Michael Lutz, ManagerData AdministrationDavis Chemical DivisionW.R. Grace & Co.POB 2117Baltimore, MD 21203

User's Column Under Fire

As a subscriber to BYTE, I am com-pelled to write questioning the profession-alism of your monthly User's Columnwritten by Jerry Pournelle.

BYTE is an informative computermagazine that stands head and shouldersabove any other small systems journals.All the hardware reviews are concise andinformative. Steve Ciarcia does an ex-cellent job of breaking hardware designdown to a simple process for most hobby-ists. Sol Libes keeps the latest informationon new products available for all readers.

However, I find Mr. Pournelle's month-ly column neither useful nor coherent. AllI understand from his column is that he isalways very busy and has many friendsthat allow him access to free hardwareand software. In the Septebmer 1982BYTE, he explained that he belongs to alarge number of clubs and organizationsand doesn't know how to do all the ac-tivities he does each month.

That kind of text has no place in BYTE.As a reader, I am concerned with thetopics covered in the column, not withwhat the author did while preparing it.When reading User's Column I feel that Iam reading a letter from a long lost friendwho is trying to tell me everything thathas happened during the last three years.

User's Column is both useful and neces-sary, but please keep it up to the fine stan-dards that BYTE is known for. In futureissues, don't allow Mr. Pournelle to ram-ble incoherently page after page.

Ron Dyer

40 Godstone Rd., Suite 305Willowdale, OntarioM2J 3C7 Canada

I was appalled by Jerry Pournelle'scent defense of software hacking (se"User's Column: A BASIC and PascalBenchmark, Elegance, Apologies, andFORTH," October 1982 BYTE, page 254).I defy you to name any other engineeringdiscipline in which disorganized, patch-as-you-go approaches are considered tobe acceptable practice.

26 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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There's no compromise withTektronix quality: The low cost is theresult of a new design concept thatcut mechanical parts by 65%. Cutcabling by 90%. Virtually eliminatedboard electrical connectors. Andeliminated the need for a cooling fan.

Yet performance is written all overthe front panels. There's the band-width for digital and analog circuits.The sensitivity for low signal mea-surements. The sweep speeds forfast logic families. And delayedsweep for fast, accurate timingmeasurements.

The cost: $1200* for the 2213.$1450* for the dual time base 2215.

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28 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Letters.

Clear thought solves problems. Codedoes not solve problems. Code imple-ments the solutions to problems.

Computer languages form a class oftools to aid in clear thought. Other toolsinclude formal mathematics, eloquentEnglish, and analysis techniques specificto the problem area.

Office buildings, bridges, dams, oilpipelines, rapid transit systems, somelarge ships, new forms of life created bymeans of recombinant DNA, movies,newspaper articles, and letters to theeditor of BYTE, all are one-of-a-kind crea-tions. Their creators undoubtedly workunder as much pressure as that experi-enced by computer programmers. Whichof these creations would Mr. Pournellelike to see built by the same techniques headvocates for software?

Daniel Ross

Succinct Systems

1346 River St.

Santa Cruz, CA 95060 ■

Circle 104 on Inquiry card.

BYTE's Bits

Data General Opens CustomerCenter In Dallas

Data General recently openedcustomer training center in Dallas, Texas.The center was established to providelocal access to the firm's training servicesfor end users and OEMs (original equip-ment manufacturers) in the southwesternUnited States. The center has three class-rooms, administrative offices, and asystems training laboratory housing anEclipse computer and linked Dasher ter-minals capable of accommodating 18users simultaneously.

Through the center, nearby users willhave access to hardware and softwaretraining at their sites, self-paced instruc-tional training, and other training alter-natives offered by the company. In addi-tion, free educational planning and con-sulting services and an ongoing scheduleof lecture courses on Data General soft-ware, utilities, and programming lan-guages are provided by the center.

Data General maintains training centersin Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles,Washington, D.C., six European coun-tries, and Australia-New Zealand. Formore information on the newest trainingcenter, contact Customer Education, DataGeneral Corp., 4350 Alpha Rd., Dallas,TX 75234, (214) 458-2945. ■

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Product Description

The Lisa Computer System

Apple designs a new kind of machine.

Gregg WilliamsSenior Editor

I had an interesting conversation with an engineer on arecent flight from San Francisco to New York. He knewonly a little about microcomputers, but he was awarethat their presence is slowly becoming more common inthe workplace. "Sure, the industry is healthy, but it's stillonly reaching a few people," he said. "Most people won'tuse computers — they're afraid of them, they don't knowwhat to use them for, or it's too much trouble to usethem. Before computers become really profitable, they'regoing to have to be very easy to use. They have to besimpler. They've got to be useful in the office."

He continued, "We'vegot to stop using paper —which means the computerhas to do word processing,filing, electronic mail,everything — or it'll be toomuch trouble having somethings on the computerand others on paper. Thenyou've got to be able totalk to other computers —other computers like yoursand some big corporatecomputer that's halfwayacross the country. Sure,it's a lot of stuff, but whenyou get all that together,then you'll see computersreally take off."

What could I say? Notvery much, for tworeasons. First, he was

absolutely right—we need all that and more beforecomputers become as commonplace as color TVs andelectric typewriters. Second, I had agreed not to talkabout a computer I had just seen that meets many of hispoints: Apple Computer's highly secret Lisa computer(see photo 1).

Photo 1: The Lisa computer system.

The Lisa at Work

Before we take a detailed look at what the Lisa is andhow it came about, let's look at an example of what it cando. Suppose I'm writing a report for my boss and I wantto prepare a chart to illustrate a certain point. With a fewmovements of the mouse (more on this pointing devicelater), I "tear off" a sheet of Lisa Graph "paper" (thusactivating a program called Lisa Calc and displaying anempty grid on the screen) and give it the heading "AnnualSales." I then type my numbers into the grid, name thegraph and the x and y axes, and request a bar graph.

Voild: I get the bar graph(superimposed on top ofthe data) shown in photo2a. At this point, I cansimply print the graph orsave it for inclusion withmy report, but I'm not sat-isfied with the way itlooks. I then use the mouseto "cut" the graph from theLisa Graph paper and putit in a temporary storageplace called the clipboard.I can then "throw away"the Lisa Graph "paper" Iwas using.

My next step is to "tearoff" a sheet of Lisa Calc"paper" and paste my"Annual Sales" bar chartfrom the clipboard onto it.Photo 2b shows the result.I want to make the bars darker, so I use the mouse tomove the cursor (the arrow pointing diagonally up inphoto 2b) onto the rectangle and tell the computer that Iwant to work on that bar by clicking the button on top ofthe mouse twice. (I could almost as easily have selectedall four bars, but 111 just do one here.) As a result, the bar

Circle 458 on inquiry card.

February 1°83 © BYTE Publication. Inc 33

Photos 2a-j: Creating a chart using the Lisa Graph and LisaDraw programs. See the text for details of how the image isgenerated and changed.

is selected, as shown in photo 2c. (In the Lisa system, youfirst select what you want to work on, then you select theaction you want performed.) The small black squaresthat appear on the edge of the object are called handles;not only do they show which object has been selected,they also serve as "handles" by which the cursor can moveor alter a shape.

Now that the bar is selected, I move the cursor to oneof the menu titles at the top of the screen (also shown inphoto 2c). I see the menu of possible actions by pointingthe cursor at the menu title and holding down the mousebutton (photo 2d). Here, the menu is a grid of 36 varietiesof shading that can be used to fill the selected area. WhenI move the cursor to the desired shade box and let up onthe mouse button, the pop-up menu, as it is called,

34 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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disappears and the shading fills the box (photo 2e).

It is equally simple to change the size, type style, andposition of the title "Gross Sales." By holding down themouse button when the cursor points just to the left of thefirst letter and letting it up when the cursor points just pastthe last letter, I can select an area of text that the Lisa thenputs in reverse video (photo 2f). When I select an optionfrom the 'Type Style" menu (photo 2g), the text isredisplayed in its new size and style (photo 2h). I thenmodify the title to an italic font in a similar way (photo 2i).Finally, I pick up the title with the cursor, "drag" it to a newlocation, and leave it there (photo 2j). Many otheralterations are possible. When I'm satisfied with the graph,I can print it, save it, or do both.

This example conveys only a fraction of the speed andthe ease of use associated with the Lisa computer and theprograms that go with it. Now that we've seen the systemat work, let's take a look at what makes it so different.

February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 35

The Evolution of Software

It is instructive to see to what degree software is a part ofApple products. The basic Apple II, released in 1977, comeswith about 16K bytes of object code. The Apple III, releasedin 1980, has about 200K bytes of code. The Lisa has morethan 2 megabytes (2048K bytes) of code, a staggering figurethat hints at the tremendous effort that goes into implement-ing a good piece of software.

The history of microcomputing has been exciting so farbecause it has enabled individuals working in their spare timeto make significant contributions to the state of the art. Butthat has changed: now most state-of-the-art software is theprovince of teams of programmers hired by companies, asopposed to individual programmers working for themselves.As programs grow more sophisticated (requiring teams ofprogrammers) and have to be more carefully planned to meetusers' needs (requiring experts in given fields to be added tothe team of designers), the implementation of programs isbecoming a team effort. The days of the successful entre-preneur/programmer are probably gone.

Photo 3: The "mouse" pointing device is about the size of apackage of cigarettes and has one button on top.

Foundations of the Lisa Design

The design effort that resulted in the Lisa computer isremarkably innovative because the designers did whatdesigners should do—define the product's prospectivecustomers, determine their needs, and then design a prod-uct to meet those needs. Apple was also willing to give itsdesigners enough time and money (with no marketingrestrictions attached) to first design and then create acomputer that redefines the expression "state of the art."Granted, the Lisa's designers drew heavily on previouswork done at Xerox PARC (Palo Alto Research Center),but they refined several borrowed elements and com-bined them with numerous innovations. (For furtherinformation on the design process, see "An Interviewwith Wayne Rosing, Bruce Daniels, and Larry Tesler" onpage 90.)

Apple started this project with the intention of creatingnot only a product but the foundation for a whole newcomputer technology, one that would create computersliterally anybody can use. The company's first task wasto devise a new user interface—that is, a new and betterway for humans to interact with the computer. The resultwas an internal (to Apple Computer Inc.) "User InterfaceStandards" document that describes how a user interactswith the Lisa system.

Although the Lisa design has several important elements,four stand out: the machine's graphics-mouse orientation,the "desktop" and "data-as-concrete-object" metaphors,and the integrated design of the hardware and software.Let's look at each of these in turn.

The graphics-mouse orientation: The traditional textdisplay and keyboard input device make for a computerthat is—let's face it—not too easy to use. Apple decidedthat the graphics resolution of the machine had to be highenough to use pictures (often called icons by Apple) inplace of text. (For example, see the icons on the right-hand side of photo 2a.) Pictures are more easily recog-nized and understood than text. Because of this, you can

probably figure out that the garbage-can icon in photo 2ais used to throw something away.

Apple also knew that it needed a new, easier-to-useinput device to move the frequently used arrow-shapedcursor. The designers passed over such devices as lightpens and touch-sensitive video panels in favor of themouse, a pointing device used in several Xerox PARCmachines. The mouse, which is about the size of a pack ofcigarettes, has a small bearing on the bottom and one ormore buttons on the top (see photo 3). When you hold itin your hand and slide it across a flat surface, the mousesends signals to the computer, which guide the videocursor in the direction that you've moved the mouse. Themouse Apple designed has only one button; Apple brokewith the conventional wisdom of two- and three-buttonmice after user tests indicated that people aren't alwayssure which button to push on a multiple-button mouse.

With graphics of sufficient quality and a mouse, the Lisalets you get what you want by pointing at it. Because thevideo cursor moves in direct response to the way the handmoves the mouse, you feel as if you're actually pointing atsomething on the screen. This has the positivepsychological effect of making you feel in control.

The "desktop" metaphor: When you turn on the Lisa sys-tem, the screen is empty except for the presence of severalicons. The Lisa computer depends on the metaphor thatthe video display is a desktop, while the icons are objectson the desktop. Each peripheral connected to the Lisa(floppy and hard disks, printers, and other peripheralsconnected by interface cards) is represented on the desktopby either an icon (if it is not in use) or a rectangular areacalled a window (if it is available for use). The Lisacomputer normally replaces the conventional file directorywith a collection of objects displayed in the window of theassociated mass-storage device. Each file is represented byan object of some sort—usually a report, a tool, or adocument—and objects can be grouped together infolders, which are also treated as objects. (Actually, the

36 February 1983 © BYTE Publication! Inc

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computer can give you a conventional directory onrequest, but only traditional computer users will ask forthis option.)

An example of the Lisa file system will illustrate howuseful this metaphor is. From a cleaned-up desktop withnothing but icons on the right of the screen, I use themouse to point to the Profile (hard disk) icon and click themouse button twice; this has the effect of "opening" theProfile and displaying its contents. The Profile iconchanges to a white silhouette and its original black-on-white shape expands to a window named "Profile." ( Photo4a was taken after three items—shown as black icons—had been selected for manipulation. When the Profile iconis first opened, all of the icons inside it are white—that is,unselected.)

To view and then work with the contents of the Toolsfolder, I put the cursor on the folder and click the mousebutton twice. The icon expands, leaving a gray silhouetteand a window named "Tools," as shown in photo 4b. Thewindow is just that—a window into whatever the Toolsfolder contains. The symbols on the margin of eachwindow are points from which the cursor can directseveral operations on the window. For example, whenthe cursor points to the small folder icon in the upper left-hand corner of the Tools window and the mouse buttonis clicked twice, the folder "closes" and the video displayreverts to the image it had before the folder was opened.

If the Tools folder contains more than the window canshow, you can do one of two things to see the additionalcontents. First, you can scroll the window eitherhorizontally or vertically. Second, you can put the cursoron the expand/contract icon (in the lower right-handcorner of the window), hold down the mouse button, andmove the cursor. An outline of the window follows thecursor (photo 4c); when the mouse button is released, thewindow grows to its new size (photo 4d).

Once you've been shown the mechanics of manipulatingobjects and windows, you have a working knowledge of

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Photo 4a-d: File management on the Lisa system. Files, collec-tions of files, and peripherals appear as pictures or icons (4a).When you open the Tools icon, its contents appear in a separatewindow (4b). The user can dynamically manipulate the windowin several ways; in photo 4b-d, the window is enlarged.

February 19U3 © BYTE Publications Inc 37

Photo 5a-d: Additional pop-up menus for the Lisa Draw program.

several essential operations of the Lisa file system (calledthe "Desktop Manager"). The desktop metaphor does twothings for you. It helps you to remember certainoperations because they make sense in the context of theobject-related icons. Second, it draws on your generalknowledge of office supplies and how they are used. Theseelements help Apple achieve its objective of creating asystem that people can learn to use some aspect of in under30 minutes.

The "data-as-concrete-object" metaphor: More thananything else, this metaphor is the foundation of the Lisacomputer design and its probable success. As you can seefrom the example above, the Lisa file system makes youfeel as if you are actually moving and changing objects,not merely manipulating abstract data. The LisaGraph/Lisa Draw example shown in photos 2a through 2jcreates the same illusion, as do all the other Lisaapplication programs.

The "data-as-concrete-object" metaphor depends on acondition most computer programs don't fulfill: thatintuitively reasonable operations can be performed onobjects at any time. Most computer programs have modesthat restrict your activities at any given time; for example,many word-processing programs don't let you do numericcalculations and then incorporate them into the documentyou're writing. With the Lisa application programs,however, you can switch your attention from a sheet ofLisa Write "paper" to a sheet of Lisa Calc "paper" and backwith no problem, just as you could if they were two sheetsof paper on your desk.

Because you deal with recognizable objects such asfolders and reports, you feel secure in the knowledge thatyour data will not disappear. "After all," it seems to betelling you, "computer files can mysteriously disappear,but folders, reports, and tools do not. If a file disappears,there's a logical explanation — either you threw it away or

38 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

you filed it elsewhere. Ineither case, the situation isstill under your control." Inother words, the "data-as-concrete-object" metaphordemystifies the computerby transforming data intophysical objects that behavein a predictable and reason-able way.

Integrated design: Notonly is the Lisa computerthe result of an integrateddesign, it is also the result ofan iterated one. The Lisahardware and software weredesigned only after Applehad identified the needs ofits target users. Once agiven version of the systemwas implemented, it was

tested by the kind of people who would eventually beusing it. The test findings dictated hardware and softwarechanges, and Apple went through the design/test/revisecycle several times until everybody was satisfied with theresult. This ensures that the Lisa does not fall prey to aproblem common to microcomputers: being technologi-cally sophisticated, but still hard or inconvenient to use.

During the iterations of the design process, the Appledesign team looked for opportunities to have separateLisa programs do their tasks in the same way. It thenincorporated these common ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Photo 6: A document being prepared using Lisa Write.

time third-party softwaredevelopers working withcooperation from Applewill create additionalprograms. At this writing,no price had been set for theprograms, but Appleexpects them to cost be-tween $300 and $500 each,a justifiable price forprograms of this caliber.

I don't have room here todescribe all the features ofeach program. Instead, Iwill comment briefly oneach one and say that, ingeneral, all of them havemore options and featuresthan most people will use.(See photos in which pop-up menus are visible for ancommands available.) One inthe "Undo Last Change"

operating procedures intothe Apple user-interfacestandard and tried to applythem to other Lisa pro-grams. The result is a largeamount of common be-havior and structure among

all the Lisa programs. For example, you enlarge or movea window the same way whether it is a Lisa Calc windowor a Lisa Draw window. You also open, close, copy, andrename objects the same way throughout the system.

According to Apple, this attempt at standardizationhas two advantages. First, it shortens the time an averageperson takes to become comfortable with a system from arange of 20 to 40 hours (Apple's estimate, based on tests itconducted) to several hours. Second, it lets you applywhat you learn in one program to all other programs.This commonality among Lisa programs is largelyresponsible for the ease with which beginners learn howto do something useful on the Lisa computer; it usuallytakes less than half an hour, even for people who havenever sat in front of a computer before.

The Lisa Application Programs

The Lisa system will be offered with six applicationprograms. Both new packages and improved versions ofthe first six programs will be offered at a later date, and in

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wonderful command lets you undo the effects of the last

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enables you to experiment and work without worrying

about making an irrevocable mistake.

Here are the six application programs (a telecom-munications program, Lisa Terminal, is covered in thesection on "Communications and Databases."):^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Lisa Draw is easily the

showpiece of the Lisasystem. The example inphotos 2b through 2j showsonly a small part of what itcan do. See photos 2d, 2g,and 5a through 5d for someof the pop-up menus. LisaDraw enables you to draw lines, boxes, circles andellipses, arcs, and polygons—all with the mouse. You canadd text at any place in any of 11 typeface/sizecombinations. In addition, you can modify any typefacewith any combination of underline, bold, italic, hollow,and shadow styles for a combination of 11 X 25 or 352distinct kinds of type. Lisa Draw has grids and rulers thatcan be displayed to help make drawings neat. Shapes canbe selected and centered by a given horizontal or verticaledge. You also put Lisa Draw in an "auto-grid" mode thatcauses lines and shapes to align themselves with the gridyou have chosen. Drawings can cover as many as 25pages; Lisa Draw prints them out a page at a time andyou join the edges together to make a larger drawing—aconvenient feature if your drawing can't fit on one page.This program is a joy to use.

Lisa Write is the best "what-you-see-is-what-you-get"word processor I've seen. Between the keyboard and themouse, you can add, change, delete, and move text,change its appearance, reformat it, and do just about

February 1983 © BYTE Publication! Inc 39

Photo 7a-c: The Lisa Project Manager program. Photo 7ashows a simple PERT chart with tasks on the critical path beingheavily outlined; 7b shows a Gantt chart, which shows person-nel utilization; 7c shows the kind of typical error message usedthroughout the Lisa system.

anything you'd want to in a word processor. Of course,you can see each page exactly as it will appear on paper(see photo 6). My only criticism of the program is that theversion I saw paused a second or so between when I typeda phrase and when it appeared on the screen. The delay isdue to the large amount of processing the machine has todo before it can display the new text (and perhaps scrollother text down), but the designers are aware of theproblem and are working on minimizing the time delay inthe final version.

Lisa Project is used to keep track of projects andpersonnel, and it does so using PERT (Program Evalua-tion and Review Technique), Gantt, and task charts.Using the mouse and the keyboard, you can add, delete,move, change, and label activity boxes. Each box con-tains the activity name and its personnel and timerequirements. The Lisa Project program displays thePERT chart (see photo 7a), drawing a heavy outlinearound the activity boxes on the critical path (a path ofactivities for which delays will lengthen the duration ofthe project). The program can also optionally use such in-formation as worker vacation times and the length of thework week to influence the final chart. You can also havethe program show the early-start, early-finish, late-start,and late-finish dates associated with the PERT method.The Gantt chart (photo 7b) shows resource utilizationover time, including unutilized resources (shown ingray). The task chart (not shown) displays tasks by theirearly-start date.

Like the rest of the Lisa system, Lisa Project gives youincredibly clear error messages. For example, when youtry to take the "end" circle off the screen, you get theerror shown in photo 7c, which must be answered beforeyou can continue.

Lisa Calc is as sophisticated a spreadsheet program asany other on the market. In this instance, I don't think themouse improves on cursor keys because one hand has toalternate between the mouse (to move the spreadsheet cur-sor) and the keyboard (to enter data into the spreadsheetcells). In any case, most people who want a Lisa computerare interested in the kind of structured numeric recalculationthat spreadsheets are good at, and Lisa Calc certainly fillsthis need. Of course, data can be traded between Lisa Calcand other Lisa programs without restriction, which means,for example, that you can "paste" a section of spreadsheetdata into a document being prepared by Lisa Write. Photos8a and 8b show the process of displaying the formula ofeach cell along with its value.

Lisa List, a single-user database that permits records ofup to 100 fields totaling 1000 bytes, probably illustratesbest the "data-as-concrete-object" metaphor. When youadd, change, or search for records, you work directly onthe list visible in the window, not on an auxiliary display(like a data-entry screen) that limits you to working on thecurrent record only. Record fields are defined as being oneof eight data types (text, number, date, money, time,social-security number, phone number, or zip code), andLisa List does automatic type-checking during data entry.Photo 9 shows an example of a Lisa List window. One

40 February 1983 © BYTE Publication! Inc

slight problem is that the social-security number, phonenumber, and zip code fields have fixed formats —forexample, zip codes are limited to five digits. You mustrevert to the general-purpose text format if you want to beable to convert to 9-digit zip codes or use foreign telephonenumbers.

Lisa List has many attractive features. Of course, youcan display or print parts of the list in many ways; you cansort the list in several ways or select records according togiven criteria. You can move the cursor with either themouse or the arrow keys. The contents of fields are storedinternally in a compact form to increase the overall storagecapacity of the program. In addition, Lisa List has twovery useful features that every database should have: theability to add fields to or change field widths in an existingfile and the ability to put any amount of information in afield regardless of its stated width (field width influencesonly how much data is visible).

Lisa Graph is an application program that creates abridge between the number-oriented Lisa Calc and thepicture-oriented Lisa Draw. Lisa Graph takes a matrix ofnumbers (entered either by the user from Lisa Graph ortransferred from another source) and creates virtuallyinstantly a bar, line, mixed bar and line, scatter (x-y plot),or pie chart. Photo 2a shows a typical Lisa Graph window,and the sequence of photos 2a through 2j shows how LisaDraw can customize a drawing from Lisa Graph.

Reliability

Computers are worthless if nobody uses them, and theLisa system has made great strides toward eliminatingthat possibility. Certainly, it has been designed to be easyto use. But the Lisa system will probably be used by com-puter novices because of its reliability, both in thephysical and psychological sense.

Physical reliability is the kind that makes an engineerfeel secure. Apple lis, for instance, have a reputation forbeing very reliable, and I'm sure that the Lisa computerwas engineered with even more care. (For example, theLisa is constructed as a series of modules, any one of whichyou can pull out without tools. And despite its internalcomplexity, it was engineered to dissipate excess heatwithout a cooling fan — that's engineering!)

I can't say how reliable the Lisa is overall because I don'thave enough direct experience with it. But I do know thatApple has concentrated on improving the reliability of thesource of a great many problems: the floppy disk. Despitethe features of the Lisa disk drive that put it at the leadingedge of disk technology (see the text box 'The LisaHardware" for more details), Apple claims that thehardware (assisted by its sophisticated disk-accessingsoftware) has an error rate so low that Apple couldn'tquantify it during tests. Apple said, however, that thehardware makes less than one error in one trillion (1012)operations.

Apple has also adopted a redundant data structure forinformation on the disk that lessens (or sometimeseliminates) the effect of losing a sector of information.This redundancy is on three levels — blocks, files, and

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February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 41

The Lisa Hardware

The Lisa keyboard.

Reporting on the technical specifications of a computertoward the end of an article is unusual for BYTE, but it empha-sizes that the why of Lisa is more important than the what. Forpart of the market, at least, the Lisa computer will change theemphasis of microcomputing from "How much RAM does ithave?" to "What can it do for me?" For example, it is almostmisleading to say that the Lisa comes with one megabyte ofRAM, even though the fact itself is true. That doesn't mean thatthe Lisa is sixteen times better than machines that have 64Kbytes of RAM. Nor does it necessarily mean that the Lisa canwork on much larger data files than other computers; its ap-plication programs each take 200K to 300K bytes, whichsignificantly reduces the memory available for data. It's more in-structive to say, for example, that the Lisa with one megabytecan hold a 100-row by50-column spreadsheet (as itsadvertisements state). Withthis in mind, let's take a lookat the Lisa.

"Lisa" stands for Local In-tegrated Software Archi-tecture, but it's really justan excuse to retain Apple'spet name for the project.The Lisa has a 68000 micro-processor, which is a true16-bit microcomputer thathas a 16-bit data bus, a24-bit address bus (givingaccess to 16 megabytes ofmemory), and 32-bit-wide

registers (all but the 16-bit status register). The 68000 in theLisa runs at a frequency of 5 MHz. It can have up to 1megabyte of memory with parity and comes standard withone megabyte (1024K bytes).

The video display is a 12-inch monochrome monitor(black and white, not tinted) with a resolution of 720 by 364pixels. The interlaced image is refreshed at 60 Hz, whicheliminates the possibility of eyestrain from subliminal flicker-ing. The video display is completely generated by internalsoftware, so the Lisa can use multiple character sizes andfonts without restriction. It also means that Apple is notrestricted to any one style of video image; the designers canradically change the behavior of the system with a newrelease of software.

The Apple 871 disk drives design (called "twiggy drives"inside the company) are significantly different from conven-tional floppy-disk drives. Each one uses a 6504 micropro-cessor as a "smart" interface between it and the Lisa. Thedrives use special high-density, double-sided floppy disksthat have two oval cutouts in the jacket (see photo below).These are essential because the two disk heads, in addition tobeing on opposite sides of the flat magnetic media, are notpointed at each other with the magnetic media betweenthem, as is the case in all other double-sided floppy-diskdrives. Instead, a pad presses the rotating magnetic media tothe disk head on the opposite side of the media as is conven-tionally done with single-headed floppy disks.

Each formatted disk holds 860K bytes of information at adensity of 62.5 tracks per inch; together the two drives (stan-dard on the Lisa) hold 1.72 megabytes of data. Each drivealso contains a mechanism that releases the disk for removalunder program control, which prevents the user from remov-ing a floppy disk prematurely. As with other Apple prod-ucts, the floppy disks rotate only when the drives are readingor writing data, thus extending the lives of both the drivesand the medium.

Apple has done several things to achieve its unusually highdata density. The designers used an encoding scheme thatkeeps a constant data density of 10,000 bits per linear inch;this allows the outer floppy-disk tracks, which have a largercircumference, to store more data than the tracks nearest the

center of the disk. In addi-tion, the disk-access systemsoftware can move the diskheads in fractions of a trackwidth to search for and findthe middle of the track.That's an important featurewhen you're reading diskswith small variations intrack width.

In addition, the Lisacomes with one Profile(Apple's 5Vt-inch Win-chester-type hard disk) tothe Lisa through its parallelport. It adds 5 megabytes ofmagnetic storage to theLisa system, and speeds up the overall operation of thesystem. Additional Profiles can be added via interfacecards.

The Lisa computer is never really turned off. It stores"system preferences" (things like speaker volume and videocontrast) and system-configuration information inside thecomputer. Even when it is turned "off," it draws enoughpower to keep the clock/calendar and CMOS memory con-taining the above information working. When it's unplugged(for example, when it's being moved to another location), in-ternal batteries preserve the clock/calendar status anCMOS memory for up to 20 hours.

The Lisa includes two programmable serial ports and orparallel port as well as three expansion-board slots, each ofwhich connects directly to the system bus and has directmemory access (DMA) capabilities. Because none of theseslots is filled in any "basic" configuration of the Lisa, they areavailable for future expansion (unlike the IBM PersonalComputer's five slots, most or all of which are used formuch-needed video-display and memory cards). Other fea-tures include a built-in speaker and a real-time clock (whichcan be programmed to execute tasks or turn the computeritself on or off at a given time), a microprocessor-controlleddetachable Selectric-style keyboard, and a mouse.

I must thank Apple for including something I've wanted tosee for a long time: unique serial numbers encoded intomemory. The Lisa has two of these: an actual serial number

42 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

The Lisa floppy-disk drive, along with the special floppydisks it uses.

and a 48-bit number meant to be used as a "mail address"identification number for a network of Lisa computers. Twounique identification numbers will help to prevent the unfor-tunate but very real problems of software piracy and the ex-istence of copy-protected disks that won't work for eventheir legal user. Software can be "mated" to the serial numberof a given machine so that itcan be backed up endlesslybut will not run on anotherLisa computer. True, a per-sistent few will outwit eventhis scheme, but it will prac-tically eliminate a manufac-turer's sales losses fromcopied software.

An interesting aspect ofthe Lisa is that it abandons hardware graphics chips like theNEC 7220 for system software that requires the 68000 micro-processor to generate and maintain the video image. At first,I questioned the wisdom of this decision because it makes the68000 assume a heavy computational burden that could betransferred from software to hardware. But according to thedesigners, the use of a dedicated hardware graphics chipwould itself limit and slow down the system (for a discussionof this, see the interview on page 90). In particular, the68000 clock was set at 5 MHz instead of the usual 8 MHz togive the hardware just enough time to access the 32K bytes ofscreen memory during the machine cycles in which the 68000is not using the address lines. This gives the Lisa access to thevideo memory that is transparent to the 68000 (hardware

Ease of use is the first thing thata novice Lisa user experiences.

A reproduction (at 80 percent) of printing from the AppleDot Matrix Printer.

Inside the Lisa computer. Note the three connectors for ex-pansion boards.

graphics chips severely limit access to the video memory) andresults in a static-free image. (Much of the static or "hashing"in graphic video images results from the system accessing thevideo memory while the circuitry is using it to generate thevideo image.)Apple will also be offering the Apple Dot Matrix Printer

and the Apple LetterQuality Printer. Apple'sengineers tested many exist-ing printers, chose two(from C. Itoh and Qume,respectively) that best mettheir needs, then had thecompanies produce modi-fied versions with Apple-specified hardware and soft-ware changes. Apple needed such exacting print qualitybecause the Lisa software is very demanding of both printers.For example, both printers will reproduce almost exactlyboth the text and graphics that can be displayed on the Lisascreen. In addition, Apple has created special print wheelsfor its Letter Quality Printer so that you can print normal,italic, underlined, and bold characters without changingprint wheels (quite a nice move—who's going to change printwheels several times a page just to get true italics?). Theamazing thing about the Apple Dot Matrix Printer is thatApple plans to sell it for around $700 (the Letter QualityPrinter will sell for about $2100). Unfortunately for Apple IIand III owners, these printers' tricks are done entirely in soft-ware on the Lisa and won't transfer to other Apple computers.

disks — and a given level in error is correctable by data inthe next lower level. On the block level, each 512-byteblock of data has a 24-byte area of hint bytes. Theseidentify the file to which the block belongs and its blocknumber within the file. On the file level, each filecontains a header that duplicates information in the diskcatalog. On the disk level, each floppy disk keeps a file ofinformation about the status of each file on the disk. TheLisa system software automatically tries to reconstruct

information that is lost, so it recovers from errors thatwould halt other computers.

Psychological reliability is the kind that makes an officeworker secure. The Lisa floppy-disk drive is unique in thisrespect. On the Lisa computer, you can't yank your floppydisk out any time you want to (if you could, you might,for example, remove the disk before files on it areupdated). Instead, you press the Disk Request buttonbeside the disk-drive slot. The software in the Lisa com-

Febniary 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 43

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puter checks your work space, closes any files belonging tothat disk (thus updating the file), then ejects the floppydisk so you can remove it.

A similar thing happens when you turn the Lisa "off"(actually, it's never completely off; it just goes into a low-power mode). In any case, when you hit the Off button,system software automatically closes all open files, thustransferring the information in them to their respectivefloppy disks, and releases the disks from the Lisa diskdrives. In addition, the software records the status of the"desktop" so that, when the computer is reactivated, Lisaautomatically returns it to the appearance and state it wasin when the Lisa was turned "off." Although those whohave worked with computers before will find thesefeatures hard to get used to, most newcomers will bereassured by them.

The design of the Lisa application programs (which arethe only things most Lisa users will see) is another exampleof psychological reliability. Many people have vague fearsof computer programs because they think they'll dosomething wrong and cause a catastrophe that will makethem look foolish. This won't happen with the Lisa systemfor two reasons. First, the Lisa software is designed to bevery understandable. The metaphors make people com-fortable with the manipulation of data, error messages areboth clear and complete and tell you what alternatives youhave, and, in general, the programs let you know whereyou stand and the consequences of a given action. Second,the Lisa computer has the "Undo Last Change" commandmentioned earlier. With this command, even the mostuncertain users will not hesitate to act in a way they thinkis appropriate. The way Lisa programs work, the userprobably is right, and if he isn't, he knows he can undowhatever happens. People who won't trust most computerprograms will trust Lisa programs.

Communications and Databases

As the engineer I talked to pointed out, no computer igoing to be the most important piece of equipment in anoffice unless it can easily interact with other computers.This need has been integrated into the design of the Lisasystem in several ways.

First, a communications program called Lisa Terminalallows the Lisa computer to emulate several popularterminals (Digital Equipment Corporation's VT52 aniVT100 terminals and Teletype Corporation's ASR-33)The Lisa Terminal program includes all the options that agiven terminal allows, even down to simulated statuslights. A future Apple terminal program will enable theLisa to emulate the IBM 3270 family of terminals.

Second, Lisa computers can be connected together via anew local network called Apple Net, which Apple hopes topromote as an industry standard because it feels that othernetworks have major cost or performance problems. Ac-cording to Apple, Apple Net meets four criteria that itthinks are important: it can be easily installed by the user,it is highly reliable, it is easily extendable to include morenodes or to interface with other networks (like Ethernetand other Apple Net networks), and it has a low per-node

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(under $500) cost. A-Net has a bandwidth of 1 megabit persecond, can have up to 128 nodes, uses a shielded two-conductor wire for interconnecting nodes, and can have amaximum node-to-node distance of 2200 feet. Apple Netuses the same method as Ethernet to avoid message colli-sions (CSMA/CD—carrier-sense, multiple access with col-lision detection) and is compatible with the Ethernet on thetop five of the seven levels of communication protocol. Forthose who want it, though, Apple will also make Ethernetinterfaces available at a cost of about $1500 per node.

Third, Apple has distant plans to make it possible forLisa computers to talk to non-Lisa computers and toshared or remote databases. Although the people at Appledid not discuss specific products, they told me enough toassure me that they are planning extensions in thisdirection that will make it even more useful.

When these items are available for the Lisa, Apple willhave overcome a very big problem: really integrating thecomputer into the full office environment. That usuallyincludes both local and remote computers. Whatever theneeds of a given office, the above products ensure that theLisa computer will be as useful as any other "officeautomation" product available from other companies.

Service

The people I talked to at Apple made it clear that, withregard to Lisa, they were going to offer better service op-tions than any other computer company, including IBM,

DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation), and Wang. Adiagnostic program called Lisa Test (supplied with theLisa) enable it to isolate the computer failure to a singleboard or component; in the case of severe problems(when the disk drives aren't working, for example), abuilt-in test program that runs whenever the Lisa isturned on will diagnose and report on the problem. As 1mentioned before, the Lisa is designed so that you cantake it apart without tools (a detailed manual explainshow).

Apple offers several service options. If you have on-site service (available through a joint agreement withRCA), you simply call Apple and let a service person fixthe problem. For large-quantity customers, Apple canprovide training to teach employees how to do in-houserepairs. For individuals, Apple Care Carry-In Service isavailable.

In addition, Apple is planning what it calls DirectPhone Support. For a yearly fee, the user will have accessto a toll-free number that is answered by a highly trainedsupport person. Apple has high standards for this service,and I'm sure that, once the service has started and isrunning smoothly, Apple will deliver what it promises.The company expects its representatives to answer 90percent of the calls received; people whose problemscannot be answered immediately will be called backwhen the answer is found. If equipment needs to berepaired, the Direct Phone Support person will call the

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appropriate repair people and dispatch working modules,so that one call will usually solve the problem. Differentsupport-option plans available will range from 9 a.m. to5 p.m. weekday service to 24-hour-a-day, 7-day-a-weekcall-in support. Apple also plans to provide softwarerevisions and support through this option, althoughdetails had not been decided on at this writing.

Documentation and Training

I have seen only drafts of miscellaneous pieces of Lisadocumentation, but they indicate that the final documen-tation will be superb. Apple plans to provide the LisaGuide, an interactive teaching program about the Lisasystem, and reference books for each applicationpackage; each reference book will begin with a shorttutorial section that will get users doing useful tasks inunder half an hour. Other documentation may be in-cluded, but the information was not available at the timewe went to press.

Even though the Lisa is meant to be a very easy prod-uct to use, Apple will provide training to make sure thatpeople learn how to use it. As one Apple spokespersonput it, "Training is part of the Lisa product." Apple willoffer extensive training to all Apple dealers and toselected groups from companies that make large-volumeLisa purchases. Apple will also make training kits avail-able to multiple-unit purchasers to help them train their

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Future Plans

In the microcomputer industry, products are generallyannounced early (sometimes before they are designed) andreleased in preliminary versions before all the featureshave been integrated into them. Apple is to be commendedfor resisting this practice. In fact, the company seems tohave released a more complete first version of the Lisa thanmost companies do with their products; the first Lisa soldwill be a fine machine.

However, the ambitious and talented people who de-signed and implemented the Lisa computer have alreadyenvisioned and planned for quite a bit more than they canimplement by release date. I'm sure they have some ideasthey don't want to publicize (and rightly so), but here aresome things they were willing to talk about:

•By 1984, Apple plans to replace its 512K-byte memorycard (two of which can be fitted into the Lisa computer)with 1-megabyte cards, thus increasing the memory capa-city from 1 to 2 megabytes.

As for languages, Apple plans tointroduce versions of BASIC Pascal,

COBOL, and even the language/operating system Smalltalk as soonas possible, and others will follow.

•As soon as possible, Apple plans to introduce versions ofBASIC, Pascal, and COBOL for the Lisa. The BASIC willbe compatible with Digital Equipment Corporation'sBASIC Plus (unlike IBM Personal Computer BASIC, itwill be able to use the extra memory above the first 64Kbytes). The first releases of these languages will be "plainvanilla" versions that don't interact with the computer'sspecial features (e.g., mouse control of the cursor,windows, the "desktop" metaphor), but later versions willprobably integrate these languages into the Lisa system.•Another language that will be available for the Lisacomputer is Smalltalk. I was pleased to see Smalltalkworking on a Lisa computer — a year and a half has passedsince our special Smalltalk issue in August 1981, and nocommercially available computer to date has used itSmalltalk on the Lisa computer will change that. It isvery "possessive" language that directly controls themachine it is implemented on, so it will probably never beintegrated into the Lisa environment — but then, it doesn'tneed to be.

•Smalltalk is just one example of a language/operatingsystem that can occupy the Lisa machine. The Lisa willalso support Digital Research's CP/M family of operatingsystems and Microsoft's Xenix (a licensed version of Unixthat includes business-related extensions). Outsidedevelopers will be encouraged to carry operating systems

48 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 242 on inquiry card.

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•Apple will be making enhancements to the existing Lisaapplication programs. On first release, the only limita-tion in sharing data among Lisa application programs isthat you won't be able to "paste" graphic images into aLisa Word text document (you can, however, add text toa Lisa Draw drawing). Bruce Daniels, one of the Lisa de-signers, told me that the design allows for adding graph-ics to a text document but that they simply can't imple-ment the feature in time for the first software release. Itwill be added by the next release.

•Apple is very conscious of the fact that the success of theLisa will be heavily influenced by the availability of goodthird-party software. To encourage such software, thecompany will make available a "programmer's toolkit"package of software and documentation sometime thisyear. This toolkit will give third-party programmers allthe information they need to build on the considerableutility software (window-control, disk-accessing,intelligent graphic-redrawng, and memory-managementroutines, for example) already available in the Lisaoperating system. (The operating system itself is abouthalf a megabyte of code, though only 200K to 300K bytesof it are resident in memory at the same time.) In addi-tion, the toolkit will list the user-interface conventionsthat were used to create the existing six application pack-ages and will strongly suggest that third-party software

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will be better received (by both Apple and the consumer)if it follows these conventions. The Apple-generated ap-plication programs are so wonderful that most program-mers will consider it an achievement to create similarsoftware.

Caveats

I wrote this article after working with a Lisa computerfor several hours and studying various Lisa documents.The application packages were completely functional, butI was told changes were still being made to them. The re-leased versions of software may be faster because debug-ging aids were probably slowing down the version I saw.

Performance

The Apple Lisa was faster than I remembered a similarmachine being (an experimental Xerox machine runningSmalltalk) and faster than I expected it to be. Granted, a68000 microprocessor is in the computer, but it was beingasked to do a lot — including the manipulation of 32K bytesof video-display memory. Objectively, I must report somedelays (30 seconds, maybe) when loading in files, but thesewere shorter than what I usually encounter using CP/M-based business programs. In any case, I didn't notice anydelays while actually using a given program, which iswhere you spend most of your time, anyway. I expect thatthe Lisa computer you'll see in Apple showrooms will beslightly faster than the one I saw.

Conclusions

As you can tell, I am very impressed with the Lisa. Ialso admire Apple for deciding to make the system with-out being unduly influenced by cost or marketing con-straints. The Lisa couldn't have been developed withoutsuch a deep commitment, and no other company I canthink of could afford such a project or would be inter-ested in doing it this way (the Lisa project reportedly costover $50 million and used more than 200 person-years ofeffort!). In terms of the actual, as opposed to symbolic,effect it will have on both the microcomputer and thelarger-computer market, the Lisa system is the most im-portant development in computers in the last five years,easily outplacing IBM's introduction of the PersonalComputer in August, 1981.

As this went to press, Apple announced that the Lisawill be sold in one configuration only: the computer with1 megabyte of RAM, two floppy-disk drives, the Profilehard disk, the six application programs (Lisa Draw, LisaWrite, Lisa Project, Lisa Calc, Lisa List, and Lisa Graph),and Lisa Test diagnostic program; the price of thispackage is $9995; it will be available in the U.S. thisspring, and modified foreign-language versions will beavailable this summer.

Fortunately for us, the history of computing does notstop with the Lisa. Technology, while expensive to create,is much cheaper to distribute. Apple knows this machine isexpensive and is also not unaware that most people wouldbe incredibly interested in a similar but less expensivemachine. Well see what happens. ■

50 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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MICROSOFT BASIC FASTER & BETTER.24.95

CUSTOM I/O MACHINE LANGUAGE 24.95

TRS-80 DISK & MYSTERIES 16.95

MICROSOFT BASIC & DECODED 24.95

APPLE HARDWARE

APPLEMATE DRIVE 269.00

SUPER CLOCK II 129.00

VERSA WRITER DIGITIZER 259.00

ABT APPLE KEYPAD 119.00

SOFTCARD PREMIUM SYSTEM 569.00

MICROSOFT Z-80 SOFTCARD 249.00

MICROSOFT RAMCARD 79.00

VIDEX 80x24 VIDEO CARD 260.00

VIDEX KEYBOARD ENHANCER II 129.00

VIDEX FUNCTION STRIP 74.00

VIDEX ENHANCER REV 0-6 99.00

M & R SUPERTERM 80x24 VIOEO BD..315.00

M & R COOLING FAN 44.95

T/G JOYSTICK 44.95

T/G PADDLE 29.95

T/G SELECT-A-PORT 54.95

T/G TRACKBALL 47.50

VERSA E-Z PORT 21.95

THE MILL-PASCAL SPEED UP 270.00

PROMETHEUS VERSACARD 165.00

LAZAR LOWER CASE + 59.00

MICROBUFFER lit 16K W/GRAPHICS. .259.00MICROBUFFER lit 32K W/GRAPHICS...299.00

SUPERFAN II 62.00

SUPERFAN II W/ZENER 84.50

RANA CONTROLLER 104.00

RANA DRIVE ELITE 1 335.00

SNAPSHOT 119.00

GRAPPLER+ 145.00

7710A ASYNCHRON. SER. INTERFACE.149.007712A SYNCHRON. SER. INTERFACE..159.00

7742A CALENDAR CLOCK 99.00

7728A CENTRONICS INTERFACE 105.00

APPLE VISION 80-80 COL CARD 259.00

APPLE 8" DISK DRIVE CONTROLLER..549.00

MONITORS

AMBER 12" 165.00

NEC 12" GREEN MONITOR 169.00

NEC 12" COLOR MONITOR 399.00

SANYO 12" MONITOR (B & W) 198.00

SANYO 13" COLOR MONITOR 402.00

BMC GREEN MONITOR 89.00

AMDEK COLOR 1 365.00

AMOEK RGB COLOR II 774.00

AMDEK RGB INTERFACE 169.00

TAXAN RGB 359.00

MOUNTAINHARDWARE

CPS MULTIFUNCTION BOARO 154.00

ROMPLUS W/ KEYBOARD FILTER 165.00

ROMPLUS W/0 KEYBOARD FILTER 125.00

KEYBOARD FILTER ROM 49.00

COPYROM 49.00

MUSIC SYSTEM 369.00

ROMWRITER 149.00

A/D + D/A 299.00

EXPANSION CHASSIS 580.00

RAMPLUS 32K 160.00

S-100 HARDWARE

Alpha Byte is your new S-100 head-quarters! We've expanded our line ofS-100-compatible hardware. Here's just afew of the lines we carry:

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"LASTING MEMORY" PROM PROG 299.00

ADVANCED MICRODIGITALSINGLE S-100 BOARDCOMPUTER

SUPEROUAD-8 820.00

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CALIFORNIACOMPUTER SYSTEMS

2200A MAINFRAME 459.00

2065C 64K DYNAMIC RAM 539.00

2422 DISK CONT. & CP/M® 359.00

2710 4 SERIAL I/O 279.00

2718 2 SERIAL / 2 PARALLEL I/O 269.00

2720 4 PARLLEL I/O 199.00

2810 Z-80 CPU 259.00

SIERRA

COMPUTER PRODUCTS

S-100 PROM PROGRAMMER A/T 240.00

S-100 PROM PROGRAMMER KIT 195.00

S-100 PROTOTYPE MODULE SEMI KIT. 90.00

MODEMS

NOVATION CAT ACOUSTICS MODEM....140.00NOVATION D-CAT DIRECT C0NNECT....156.00

NOVATION AUTO-CAT AUTO ANS 219.00

NOVATION D-CAT (1200 Baud) 619.00

NOVATION APPLE-CAT (300 Baud) 310.00

NOVATION APPLE-CAT (1200 Baud) 605.00

UDS 212 LP (1200 Baud) 429.00

UDS 103 JLP AUTO ANS 209.00

HAYES MICROMODEM 289.00

HAYES 100 MODEM (S-100) 325.00

HAYES SMART MODEM (300 Baud)....227.00HAYES SMART MODEM (1200 Baud)..540.00

HAYES CHRONOGRAPH 199.00

SIGNALMAN MODEM W/RS-232C 85.00

TERMINALS

TELEVIDEO 920C 830.00

TELEVIDEO 950C 995.00

ADDS-VIEWPOINT 599.00

HAZELTINE ESPRIT 510.00

VISUAL-50 GREEN 690.00

BARE DRIVES

TANDON 5V4 INCH

100-1 SINGLE HEAD 40 TRK 195.00

100-2 DUAL HEAD 40 TRK 262.50

100-3 SINGLE HEAD 80 TRK 250.00

100-4 DUAL HEAD 80 TRK 369.00

TANDON THINLINE 8 INCH

848-1 SINGLE SIDE 379.00

848-2 DUAL SIDE 490.00

TRS-80 MOD IHARDWARE

PERCOM DATA SEPARATOR 27.00

PERCOM DOUBLER II W /DOS 3.4 159.00

4 DRIVE CONTROLLER P/S 259.00

TANDON 40 TRK DISK DRIVE W/P.S...289.00

LNW DOUBLER W/DOSPLUS 3.3 138.00

LNW 5/8 DOUBLER W/DOSPLUS 3.4. .181 00MOD III DRIVE KIT W/DRIVES 638.00

IBM HARDWARE

SEATTLE 64K RAM + 355.00

QUADBOARD 64K 430.00

64K MEMORY UPGRADE 80.00

ALPHA BYTE IBM MEMORYEXPANSION BOARDS

256K W /RS-232C 349.00

256K W /RS-232C & SUPERCALC 529.00

512K W/RS-232C 599.00

512K W /RS-232C & SUPERCALC 749.00

CP/M is a reg trademark of Digital Research "Requires Z-80 Softcard. tReg trademark of Micro Pro International Corp ^Trademark ot Practical Peripherals. Inc. "Trademark ot Software Dimensions, Inc.

IBM DISK DRIVE!

Alpha Byte's add-on drive kits lor the IBM-PC —each kit includes installation instructionsI Tandon TM100-1 Single head 40 trk 195 001 Tandon TM100-2 Double head 40 trk,262 50QUENTIN DOUBLE HEAD 40 TRK 289.00

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5V4" Winchester, cabinet. PS. controller,assembled and tested. Attaches to your Z-80 CPUsystem in minutes, Runs on Northstar. Heath/Zenith. TRS-80 Mod II. Apple w/ CP/M» , CCSand others. Hardware must be Z-80 /CPM"system. The included self-installing software at-taches to your CP/M« system 6-month warran-ty. No ettect on your present floppy disk system.Includes all cables and installation instructions.

10 MEGABYTES 2370.00

20 MEGABYTES 3180 00

ISOLATORS

IS0-1 3-SOCKET 49.95

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MICRO PRO

APPLE CP/M®

WORDSTAR"! 279.00

SUPERSORT't 179.00

MAILMERGE't 174,00

OATASTAR't 207.00

SPELLSTAR-f 174.00

CALCSTAR-f 109.00

MICROSOFT

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BASIC COMPILER* 296.00

COBOL* 550.00

Z-80 SOFTCARD 249.00

RAMCARD 79.00

TYPING TUTOR 17.95

OLYMPIC DECATHLON 24.95

TASC APPLESOFT COMPILER 125.00

ALDS 95.00

MULTIPLAN NATIVE OR CP/M 209.00

IBM SOFTWARE

VOLKSWRITER V 1.2 145.00

WRITE ON 90.00

EASYWRITER II 247.00

HOME ACCOUNTANT+ 105.00

VISICALC / 256K 189.00

SUPERCALC 179.00

WORDSTAR 279.00

MAILMERGE 174.00

DATASTAR 207.00

SPELLSTAR 174.00

SUPERSORT 179.00

d BASE II 429.00

SPELLGUARD 230.00

JFORMAT 39.00

Call tor additional IBM software prices.

APPLE SOFTWARE

MAGIC WINDOW 79.00

MAGIC WORDS 59.00

MAGIC MAILER 59.00

DB MASTER 169.00

DB MASTER UTILITY PACK I OR II 69.00

DATA CAPTURE 4.0/80 59.95

PFS: GRAPH 89.95

PFS: (NEW) PERSONAL FILING SYSTEM.85.00

PFS: REPORT 79.00

Z-TERM- 89.95

Z-TERM PRO* 129.95

ASCII EXPRESS PRO 98.00

EASY WRITER-PRO 199.00

EASY MAILER-PRO 79.00

A-STAT COMP. STATISTICS PKG 99.00

BEAGLE BROTHERS UTILITY CITY 23.00

APPLE MECHANIC 23.00

TIP DESK#1 15.95

SUPER TEXT 40/56/77 97.50

LISA 2.5 59.95

TRANSCEND II 115.00

SCREENWRITER II 99.00

DICTIONARY 79.00

GENERAL MANAGER 179.00

VISICORP

DESKTOP PLAN II .... 189 00

VISIPLOT 158.00

VISITREND/VISIPLOT 229.00

VISIDEX 189.00

VISITERM 7900

TRS-80 SOFTWARE

NEWDOS/80 2.0 MOD I.Ill 139.00

LAZY WRITER MOD I.II 165 00

PROSOFT NEWSCRIPT MOD I.Ill w/labels109 00SPECIAL DELIVERY MOD I.Ill 119 00

WORD PROCESSOR SPECIAL

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FRANKLIN ACE EPSON MX 80

1000 1595.00 FT W/ GRAFTRAX 695.00

FRANKLIN ACE SYSTEM NEC HI RES GREEN 285.00

DISK DRIVE W/CONT. .539.00 SCQTCH 3M DlSKETTES ^

WORD PROCESSOR 129.00 ST0RAGE B0X ...2.50

MICROBUFFER II 32K... .299.00 J^jW

Now $2392

This system may be modified to your needs. Call for special price quote.

VISICALC 189.00

VISIFILES 189.00

CONTINENTAL SOFTWARE

G/L 165.00

A/R 165.00

A/P 165.00

PROPERTY MGMT 399.00

THE HOME ACCOUNTANT 59.95

FIRST CLASS MAIL 55.00

CP/M® SOFTWARE

We carry CP/M® software in all popular diskformats. Call for availability and price. Most soft-ware also available on IBM.

SUPERFILES 170.00

THE WORD PLUS 117.00

d BASE II 429.00

QUICKCODE 230.00

DUTIL 91 00

SUPERCALC 189.00

SPELLGUARD 230.00

P&TCP/M" MOD 2 & 16 TRS-80....175.00

COMMX TERMINAL PROG 82.50

PASCAL Z 349.00

PASCAL MT+ 439.00

PASCAL/M 295.00

ACCOUNTING PLUS"-

G/L,A/R,A/P,P/R 1799.00

CONDOR 1 579.00

CONDOR II 849.00

BADLIM 62.00

DIGITAL RESEARCH

MAC 89.00

SID 69.00

ZSID 97.00

PL/ 1-80 439.00

C BASIC 2 96.00

SUPERSOFT

DIAGNOSTIC 1 69.00

DIAGNOSTIC II 89.00

'C'COMPILER 179.00

UTILITIES 1 5900

UTILITIES II 59.00

RATFOR 89.00

FORTRAN 239.00

DISK DOCTOR 78.00

MICROPRO

WORDSTAR 265.00

SUPERSORT 160.00

MAILMERGE 95.00

DATASTAR 220.00

SPELLSTAR 150.00

CALCSTAR 195.00

MICROSOFT

8ASIC 80 249,00

BASIC COMPILER 299.00

FORTRAN 80 359.00

COBOL 80 419.00

MACRO 80 185.00

mu MATH/mu SIMP 200.00

mu LISP/mu STAR 165.00

X-TRA SPECIAL DELIVERY MOD I.Ill ...199.00

TRACKCESS MOD 1 24.95

OMNITERM SMART TERM.MOD I.Ill 89.95

MICROSOFT BASIC COMP. FOR MOD 1.165.00LDOS 5.1 MOD I.Ill 119.00

TRS-80 GAMES

INVADERS FROM SPACE 17.95

PINBALL 17.95

MISSILE ATTACK 18.95

STAR FIGHTER 24.95

Call for more TRS-80 games

APPLE & ATARI GAMES

Spinnaker in slock, call for prices.BRODERBUND

APPLE PANIC 23.61

MIDNIGHT MAGIC 27.26

CHOPLIFTER 27.20

AUTOMATED SIMULATIONS

INVASION ORION 20.95

STAR WARRIOR 31.35

CRUSH,CRUMBLE AND CHOMP 24.95

TEMPLE OF APSHAI 31.35

HELLFIRE WARRIOR 31.35

RESCUE AT RIGEL 23.36

ON-LINE SYSTEMS

WIZARD AND PRINCESS 27.26

SOFT PORN ADVENTURE 23.36

THRESHOLD 31.16

JAW BREAKER 23.36

CROSSFIRE 24.95

ULYSSES & GOLDEN FLEECE 25.95

FROGGER 24.50

INFOCOM

ZORK 1.II,III 28.00

STARCROSS 28.00

DEADLINE 35.00

EDU-WARE

COMPU-READ 24 95

COMPU-MATH FRACTIONS 34.95

COMPU-MATH DECIMALS 34.95

MORE GREAT APPLEGAMES

DARK CRYSTAL 31.61

TUBEWAY 27.26

ARCADE MACHINE 32.95

TUES. MORNING QUARTERBACK 25.95

THE SPACE VIKINGS 38.50

COMPUTER QUARTERBACK 31.16

SEA FOX 24.00

THE SHATTERED ALLIANCE 49.95

POOL 1.5 27.26

ULTIMA 31.16

RASTER BLASTER 23.36

FLIGHT SIMULATOR 26.61

INTERNATIONAL GRAND PRIX 25.95

SARGON II 28.95

PINBALL SUBLOGIC .

SPACE KADETT 28 00

SNACK ATTACK 23.36

BUDGECO PINBALL CONST SET 31.61

THIEF 24.95

MARS CARS 23.00

KAMIKAZI 27.26

THE WARP FACTOR 31.16

COSMO MISSION 23 36

WIZARDRY 37.95

SIRIUS SOFTWARE

SPACE EGGS 23.36

GORGON 31.16

SNEAKERS 23.36

PHANTOMS FIVE 22.00

BANDITS 25.00

EDU-WARE

PERCEPTION PKG 19.95

COMPU-MATH: ARITHMETIC 39.95

COMPU-SPELL (REQ. DATA OISK) 24.95

COMPU-SPELL DATA DISKS 4-8. ea 17,95

RENDEZVOUS 28.50

ON-LINE SYSTEMS

ULTIMA II 42,00

MISSILE DEFENSE 27,26

PEST PATROL 23.36

TIME ZONE 77.96

CRANSTON MANOR 25 95

CANNON BALL BLITZ 25.95

MUSE SOFTWARE

ROBOT WARS 32.95

THREE MILE ISLAND 31.61

ABM 19.46

To order or forinformation call

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By Modem:(213)883-897^

T"["our modem^jne,Iforweeklyjpecuvls^

IPUTERPRODUCTS

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Circle 15 on inquiry card.

We guarantee everything we sell for 30 days — no returns after 30 days Defective software will be replaced free, but ail other software returns are subject to 15% restocking fee and must be accompanied by RMA slip. Noreturns on game software, unless defective. We accept VISA and MasterCard on all orders: COD orders, up to $300. Shipping charges $3 lor all prepaid orders, actual shipping charges for non- prepaids: $3 for COD ordersunder 25lbs ($6 for over) plus a $4 surcharge; add 15% for foreign, FPO and APO orders. Calif, add 6% sales tax, in L.A. County add 6'/!%. Prices quoted are for stock on hand and are subject to change without notice

Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar

Build a Handheld LCD Terminal

A single-line display is quite adequatefor many troubleshooting and monitoring applications.

The Circuit Cellar was a lonelyplace after the tumult of finishing upthe complicated and seemingly end-less MPX-16 project, which had occu-pied almost my every waking mo-ment for months. I was dreading acall from my editor at BYTE, whowas sure to ask what my next projectwould be. For once, I was stuck with-out an idea.

As the wind whistled outside, Idecided to check how hard it wasblowing. I turned on the radio, ex-pecting to hear a synthesized com-puter voice describing the currentweather conditions, but got onlystatic. I groaned as I realized thatsomething must be wrong with myautomatic talking weather station.

The talking weather station wasmy project exactly a year ago (seereference 1). It combined a single-board Zilog-Z8-based computer withvarious weather instruments and aspeech synthesizer in a machine thatcould transmit weather informationin the form of English speech using alow-power FM radio transmitter. Itworked flawlessly through its firstNew England winter, chatteringceaselessly for many months. I've

Copyright © 1983 by Steven A. Garcia.All rights reserved.

ZS is a trademark of Zilog Inc.

Steve Ciarcia

POB 582

Glastonbury, CT 06033

used it to collect reams of data con-cerning average wind speeds andtemperatures on my little hill here inthe wilds of Connecticut.

The computerized weather stationis only about 50 feet from the CircuitCellar, but it might as well have been10 miles. I didn't know if the problemwas in the transmitter, the weatherinstruments, or the computer. Totroubleshoot it, I had to drag abouthalf of my test equipment out underthe station's lofty perch, find plugsfor everything, and balance a Tele-video 925 video terminal on thefender of my truck.

But matters turned out to be not sobad as I had feared. Once the equip-ment was set up, I had little trouble; ittook only a single line of outputdisplayed on the terminal to diagnosethe problem, which was easilyremedied. And as I carried the equip-ment back to its home, I realized thatI had an article idea.

Analyzing the Problem

Not all computer troubles are sosimple that they can be diagnosed byone line of display, but many are. Ihad found it necessary to drag out anAC-powered 24-line by 80-columnterminal to observe just the one line.But wouldn't it have been nice tohave a portable one-line terminal forsuch simple situations? I could havesaved the heavy stuff for applications

requiring a more complex display.

The Z8- (actually Z8671-) basedbrain of my weather station, if youwill recall, is the Z8-BASIC Micro-computer (a device sometimes calledthe Z8-BASIC Computer/Controlleror simply the Z8 board), presented inthe July and August 1981 CircuitCellar articles (see reference 3). Sincethat time, many of you have built Z8boards (mostly by using the kitavailable from The Micromint) andreported to me on how you are usingthem. The feedback I get is that manyZ8-BASIC Microcomputers are beingused in dedicated control or data-reduction applications in which a ter-minal is often not required, or if oneis attached to the system, it onlymonitors the system's functions, per-haps displaying error codes or com-puted results.

A Portable Terminal

Why not small displays for smallcomputers? For many years, ex-perimenters had only 6-digit LED(light-emitting diode) hexadecimaldisplays. Is there nothing betweenthis and a full 24 by 80 terminal?

This month I'd like to present arelatively simple project that mightserve to fill the gap between littlehexadecimal displays and full-function terminals. The Circuit CellarHandheld LCD Terminal consists of asingle-line 16-character liquid-crystal

54 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Photo 1: The Circuit Cellar Handheld LCD Terminal installed on a Z8-BASICMicrocomputer system.

display (LCD) with additional com-ponents added to form a full-duplexserially interfaced computer terminalsuitable for attachment to any smallcontrol computer. The CY300 LCD-controller integrated circuit fromCybernetic Micro Systems encapsulesthe entire display circuitry in a singlechip and requires only 15 mA (milli-amps) at 5 V (volts). Two additionalchips are required to convert TTL(transistor-transistor logic) voltagelevels to RS-232C voltage levels.

The display can be configured forserial or parallel input, and by at-taching a parallel ASCII (AmericanNational Standard Code for Informa-tion Interchange) keyboard, you canconfigure a complete terminal for theZ8-BASIC Microcomputer (or someother small computer). The unit (ex-cluding the keyboard) measures 3*/2by lVz by IVi inches.

I'd like to start by discussing theCY300's general features, and then wecan look at a description of a terminalbuilt using the CY300.

Cybernetic Micro Systems CY300

The CY300 Dot-Matrix LCD Con-troller is designed to provide an easy-to-use peripheral device that displaysASCII characters and allows cursorediting operations. The CY300 pro-vides several modes of operation toprovide various levels of displaycapability. Its pinout specificationsare shown in figure la on page 56.

The CY300 is a TTL-compatibleCMOS (complementary metal-oxidesemiconductor) 40-pin device con-figured to control 16-characteralphanumeric dot-matrix liquid-crystal displays that use the ToshibaT3891 LCD-driver chip, as shown inthe block diagram of figure lc onpage 56. The CY300 accepts paralleland serial data inputs and cangenerate 64 different ASCIIcharacters, as shown in figure 2 onpage 57.

A blinking-block cursor normallyindicates the position in the displaywhere a character will next appear,but the cursor can be moved to

highlight a particular character. TheCY300 displays the characters itreceives, storing them in a buffer untilit gets a Return character. It then out-puts the contents of the buffer on aserial channel. The CY300 is designedto drive a console display for smallmicrocomputers, and as I have sug-gested, such a display can be used toreplace a CRT (cathode-ray tube) ter-minal in many systems.

The CY300 contains the circuitry toperform several different functions.Two types of input interfaces areoffered. The first is a parallel inputport. You can connect a keyboard tothis, which will enable you to entercommands or messages to the displayand make typing corrections beforesending the text out to the host com-puter. In simple display-only applica-tions, the parallel input can be used togenerate display messages.

The second interface is a serial datalink, consisting of two lines, a serialinput and a serial output. Generally,the host computer would be con-nected to these lines, with the serialoutput used to send short strings ofcharacters (entered from the parallelkeyboard input) to the computer, andthe serial input used to receivemessages or responses from the com-puter. The serial interface operates at5-V logic levels only, so connection toan RS-232C port requires the use ofexternal driver and receiver circuits totranslate the voltage levels.

The CY300 also contains an inter-nal 32-character line buffer for stor-ing the messages shown on the dis-play and control logic for generatingthe proper dot patterns for the dis-played characters.

Parallel Input Operation

The CY300 can display data fromeither its parallel or serial input. Thegeneral scheme for parallel interfac-ing of the CY300 is shown in figure 3.

In parallel input, the circuitry send-ing the data simply places logic statesrepresenting the bits of an ASCIIcharacter on the 7 lines of the inputbus, waits until the Ready line is high,and then lowers the WR (write)strobe line. As the WR strobe is heldlow, the Ready line goes low (indicat-ing a busy state) and then returns to

February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 55

(la)

PIN CONFIGURATION

(lb)

LOGIC DIAGRAM

WR [

CRYSTAL

RESETUNUSEDSERIAL INGND/£~"4

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CLOCK/15

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READY

SERIALIN

SERIAL ,OUT

DATARATE

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us ty

CY300

ROW/CHARSYNC

TIMING ANDCONTROL

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Li

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ROW ADDRESSFROM LCD

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ASCII DATA BUSDATA RATE

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16-CHARACTER 5 BY 7 DOT-MATRIXLCD DISPLAY

( CHAR. ADDRESS

SERIAL INPUT

SERIAL OUT

SYNC

AND MODEL 1811 OREPSON MODEL MA-B955B

Figure 1: Descriptive information on the Cybernetic Micro Systems CY300 LCD Console Controller. Figure la shows the pinoutspecification of the CY300, lb is a functional logic diagram of the CY300, and lc shows a block diagram of a display system using theCY300.

the high state. When the Ready line ishigh again, the CY300 is prepared toreceive the next character by repeat-ing the process.

In manual-input mode, the blink-ing cursor indicates the location ofthe next character to be entered. Acharacter can be erased by using theASCII Rubout code (hexadecimal 7F),which causes the cursor to move leftone space; an ASCII space (hexa-decimal 20) is then written into thenew cursor location.

The cursor can be moved left oneposition using the cursor-controlcharacter Control-A (hexadecimal 01)and can be moved right one positionwith Control-B (hexadecimal 02).These control characters do not deleteany displayed characters but mayplace the cursor over a characteralready entered. The cursor alwaysindicates the location where the nextcharacter entered will be displayed.Thus if the cursor is over a characterthat has already been entered, the

next input character will overwritethe existing one, and the cursor willmove one position to the right.

Serial Input Operation

The CY300 can accept data from aserial source as well; the setup isshown in the block diagram of figure4. Unlike the parallel mode, in whichthe sending circuit waits for a Readysignal, the serial input mode is asyn-chronous. The normal RS-232C 8-data-bit format is used for both serial input

56 February 19»3 © BYTE Publications Inc

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RDY

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READY-

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DATA BUS

0

CY300

DOT-MATRIX

LCD

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16-CHARACTER 5 BY 7 DOT-MATRIXLCD DISPLAY

AND MODEL 1811 OREPSON MODEL MA-B955B

Figure 3: Block diagram of a parallel interfacing and timing requirements for the CY300.

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MC 1489

LEVEL

CONVERTER

SERIAL INPUT

(±12V) — (0-5V)

+ 5V

t

1200 *

600 —

30U

RATE

CY300

DOT-MATRIX

LCD

CONTROLLER

c

ROW DATA

0

ROW ADDRESS

Ge

AR. ADDRESS

16-CHARACTER 5 BY 7 DOT-MATRIXLCD DISPLAY

AND MODEL 1811 OREPSON MODEL MA-B955B

Figure 4: Block diagram of a typical serial-input arrangement used by the CY300.

February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 57

and output: that is, a low-going startbit, followed by 8 data bits (least sig-nificant first, most significant last)and at least lVi stop bits (IV2 bitperiods in the high state). After thestop bits have been sent, the CY300 isready to receive the start bit for thenext transmitted character.

The serial communication protocolof the CY300 is compatible with theRS-232C character format. However,the transistor-transistor logic of theCY300 operates between 0 and 5 volts(allowing the CY300 to be poweredby a single +5-V supply), and RS-232C interfaces normally operate at± 12 V, so the serial input and outputlines are typically routed throughvoltage-level translators if the CY300is to be connected over any signifi-cant distance to an RS-232C port.However, in the case where theCY300 and host computer are physi-cally adjacent, they can be con-nected directly together, operating at5-V logic levels, without the trans-lator circuits between them.

Other voltage protocols, such as

RS-422A and RS-423A, also can beused for serial communication. Theserequire different driving circuits, butthe logical format of the characters isthe same for all the common serialprotocols, so we need only supply theappropriate driver and receiver cir-cuits for the interface in use. For anRS-232C interface, the MC1488driver chip and MC1489 receiver chipare the most popular. The CY300serial output line would be connectedto the 1488, while the 1489 would beconnected to the serial input line.

The CY300 gives us a choice ofthree different data rates for thetransmission of characters over theserial link. This choice is controlledby the Data-Rate-Select line, pin 28.If the line is connected to + 5 V, 1200bps (bits per second) is selected (theline should be connected directly tothe power supply without a pull-upresistor; otherwise, the CY300 maychoose the wrong rate). If the line isleft unconnected to anything, 600 bpsis selected. If the line is connected toground, 300 bps is selected. These

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data-rate selections assume the use ofa 6-MHz (megahertz) crystal.

Display Driver Interface

The 16-character display module Ichose for this project is not just a bareLCD but includes its own controller/driver circuitry. The CY300 is speci-fically designed to work with 16-char-acter LCDs driven by the ToshibaT3891 LCD-driver chip or its equiva-lent. Examples of such displays arethe AND Model 1811 and the EpsonMA-B955B.

Electronically, the 16-character 5-by 7-dot-matrix display appears tothe interface circuitry as 16 sets of 7rows (each row containing 5 databits, 1 bit for each dot). The T3891 isdesigned to coordinate the receptionof this row data with the informationsource and drive a dot-matrix LCD.Thirteen signals passing between theCY300 and the T3891 accomplishthis. They are:

Sync: synchronizes dot pattern be-tween T3891 and CY300

ADx lines: 4-bit character-positionaddress from T3891

Sx lines: 3-bit row-position addressfrom T3891

Dx lines: 5-bit row data fromCY300 to T3891

The dot-pattern control logic issynchronized to the display's clocksignal using the Sync line, which in-dicates when the display is ready forthe next dot pattern. The CY300 usesthe row- and character- (column) ad-dress information from the display togenerate the proper dot pattern,based on its internal charactergenerator and the contents of the linebuffer.

When the T3891 begins its displaysequence, it merely sets a characterand row address of the specific dis-play point. The CY300 examines itsdisplay buffer and simply outputs the5 data bits that should go in that ad-dressed location. Using the T3891greatly simplifies the LCD interface.

Circuit Cellar Handheld Terminal

Figure 5 is a schematic diagram ofthe Circuit Cellar CY300-based ter-minal (shown in photo 2 on page 62).

58 February 1983 © BYTE Publicationt Inc

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Figure 5: Schematic diagram of a single-line LCD computer terminal built around the CY300 and the AND 1811 display module. Thisstyle of RS-232C driver circuit was designed to use minimal +5-V power, so it's not guaranteed to work through a long cable to thehost computer.

With minor exceptions, it is config-ured much like the examples shown inthe block diagrams presented earlier.It can function as a serially interfaceddisplay or, if equipped with a parallelkeyboard, as a full-duplex ASCII ter-minal.

In assembling my prototype, I usedan AND 1811 display and mountedall the rest of the components behindit (as shown in photo 2b). Thisspecific form of prototype construc-tion was employed so that the fin-ished display could be plugged direct-ly into the RS-232C DB-25 connectoron top of a Z8-BASIC Microcom-puter.

Normally, when I am connecting aTTL-level device to an RS-232C port,I would install level-converters suchas the MC1488 driver and MC1489receiver in between. The dual-polarity (± 12 V) power required for

the driver could be derived from theZ8 board's power supply. However,the useful portability of the terminalwould be suspect if it required you toeither drag along an extension cordfor AC power to a separate powersupply or hook up three separate bat-tery cells.

I pondered this impasse brieflyand then decided to take advantage ofa little-known part of the RS-232Csignal specification.

RS-232C signals have two definedstates: marking and spacing. Themarking state extends from —3 V to—15 V, and the spacing state extendsfrom +3 V to +15 V. The transitionregion between is undefined. (See IanWitten's article "Welcome to theStandards Jungle" on page 146 formore information on RS-232C's idio-syncrasies.)

Note that the defined regions of

marking and spacing fall within the5-V range that TTL parts can gener-ate. Especially for short cable lengthsand at low data rates, RS-232C worksjust fine at these lower voltages. Withthat fact in mind, I designed this ter-minal to use as little power as possi-ble, drawing that power from a single+ 5-V source.

So that it could receive full-voltageRS-232C levels, I used a transistorlevel-converter on the input line. Foroutput, an operational amplifier (opamp) is configured as a "rail-to-rail"saturation switch, with a —5-V sup-ply provided by an Intersil ICL7660DC-to-DC-converter chip. ThisCMOS device converts +5 V to —5V at currents up to 15 mA. Using thiscombination of components, the RS-232C output level is generally about±4V.

The major advantage of this ap-

60 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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Photo 2: Close-up views of the LCD-terminal prototypes: front (2a), side (2b), andrear (2c).

proach is that it uses only a singlevoltage with very low power con-sumption. The terminal circuit re-quires less than 15 mA (excludingpower for the keyboard). Given thepower-supply voltage tolerances ofthe components and the communica-tion line, the entire package could bepowered by four 1.2-V nickel-cadmium (NiCd) AA cells (providinga total potential of 4.8 V) or five1.5-V alkaline cells (6 V total) drivinga type-7805 regulator.

Finally, while you might use thishandheld terminal just for its display,a keyboard can be attached. The key-board should present 7 bits of ASCIIdata in parallel, with the data-readycondition signaled by a negative-going (high-to-low transition) strobe.

There are two ways tocorrect typing errors:the first is to use theASCII Rubout character;the second is to use theControl-A and Control-Bcharacters, which move

the cursor withoutmodifying the display

Terminal-Mode Operation

The Circuit Cellar Handheld LCITerminal can replace a standarcvideo terminal for simple BASIC-language programming on a com-puter such as the Z8-BASIC Micro-computer. Using the keyboard, youcan type statements into the CY300;these are immediately displayed onthe LCD. The CY300 provides cursorediting to correct mistakes before youtype the Return character. WhenReturn is typed, the contents of theCY300's buffer (the current displayon the LCD) are sent to the computerover the serial channel. If a computerresponse is called for, the computersends the response over the serial in-put channel to the CY300, which thendisplays the response characters onthe LCD.

The normal operation of the Z8

62 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BASIC interpreter is as follows: uponpower-up the interpreter sends a user-prompting character (a colon) to theconsole display to inform you thatthe system is ready for commandentry.

You can enter a command or state-ment at any time by typing ASCIIcharacters into the CY300. The firstinput from the keyboard (over theparallel channel) will clear the liquid-crystal-display buffer and appear left-justified.

The input line is terminated by aReturn character. At the occurrenceof the Return, the contents of thedisplay buffer are transmitted to thecomputer over the serial channel, andthen the display buffer is cleared.

Editing Operations

With the keyboard connected tothe parallel interface on the CY300,you have the ability to correct typingmistakes before sending commands tothe Z8 board (or other host com-puter). Note that you can no longeredit the command after the Returncharacter is typed, but until then anycorrections can be made.

There are two ways to correct typ-ing errors. The first and probablymore often employed way is to use theASCII Rubout character. (On somekeyboards this character may be pro-duced by a key labeled "Delete".)When the Rubout character is typed,the CY300 cursor moves one space tothe left and replaces the character atthat space with a blank. The cursorremains at this new position untilanother character is entered, allowingyou to back up the cursor, removewhat has been typed, and reenter thecorrected text. Multiple Rubouts willcontinue moving the cursor to theleft, removing any characters thatwere in the display, until the leftmostposition is reached.

The second way to correct typingmistakes uses the control charactersthat move the cursor without modify-ing the display. The Control-A char-acter moves the cursor one characterposition to the left, while the Control-Bcharacter moves the cursor one char-acter position to the right. Thedisplay is not modified as the cursoris moved. However, if you enter new

characters after moving the cursor,the new characters appear at the cur-rent cursor position, overwriting anycharacters that were there previously.This method of correction allows youto save typing if only a single charac-ter need be changed near the begin-ning of a line. Before typing theReturn character, though, you mustput the cursor back at the end of theinput line, because the CY300 trans-mits only the characters from thebeginning of the display until thecharacter just before the current posi-tion of the cursor.

In Conclusion

I don't expect you to junk yourvideo-display terminals after readingthis article. Obviously, you'll need a24 by 80 (or similar size) screen formany purposes. But there are applica-tions for which a portable, battery-operated single-line display is moresuitable than a large, full-feature ter-minal. The sophistication of theCY300 represents a major advance inLCD technology, and I'm sure manyof you have applications ready forjust such a device.

Oh yes . . . about my weather sta-tion. After moving the mountain toMohammed I was a bit displeased tofind that someone had accidentallyunplugged the power to the weatherinstruments. Of course, the problemwas not hard to remedy. And ifanything like it ever happens again,I'll be ready with my Handheld LCDTerminal.

Next Month:

A new integrated circuit fromTexas Instruments makes it easy tobuild a reliable low-speed modem. ■

Editor's Note: Steve often refers to previousCircuit Cellar articles as reference material foreach month's current article. Most of these pastarticles are available in reprint hooks fromBYTE Books, McGraw-Hill Book Company,POB 400, Hightstown, N] 08250.

Garcia's Circuit Cellar, Volume I, covers ar-ticles that appeared in BYTE from September1977 through November 1978. Ciarcia's CircuitCellar, Volume II, contains articles fromDecember 1978 through June 1980. Ciarcia'sCircuit Cellar, Volume III, contains articlesthat were published from July 1980 throughDecember 1981.

To receive a complete list of Ciarcia'sCircuit Cellar project kits available from theMicromint. circle 100 on the reader serviceinquiry card at the back of the magazine

References

1. Ciarcia, Steve. "Build a ComputerizedWeather Station." February 1982 BYTE,page 38.

2. Ciarcia, Steve. "Build a Low-Cost, RemoteData-Entry Terminal." September 1980BYTE, page 26.

3. Ciarcia, Steve. "Build a Z8-Based ControlComputer with BASIC." Part 1, July 1981BYTE, page 38. Part 2, August 1981BYTE, page 50.

4. Ciarcia, Steve. "Make Liquid-CrystalDisplays Work for You." October 1980BYTE, page 24.

5. Ciarcia, Steve. "No Power for Your Inter-faces? Build a 5 W DC to DC Converter."October 1978 BYTE, page 22.

6. Leibson, Steve. "The Input/Output Primer,Part 4: The BCD and Serial Interfaces."May 1982 BYTE, page 202.

The following items are available from:

Micro Projects Inc.

POB 420

South Windsor, CT 06074

1. Cybernetic Micro Systems CY300 Dot-Matrix LCD Controller chip $65

2. Intersil ICL7660 DC-to-DC voltageconverter chip $4

For orders outside the continental UnitedStates, please add $5 for shipping. Connect-icut residents please add 7Vi percent salestax.

Sources of liquid-crystal displays are:

AND Inc.770 Airport Blvd.Burlingame, CA 94010(415) 347-9916TWX (910) 374-2353

Epson America Inc.LCD Division23155 Kashiwa CourtTorrance, CA 90505(213) 534-0360Telex 182412

The manufacturer of the CY300 LCD-controller integrated circuit is:

Cybernetic Micro Systems445-203 South Antonio Rd.Los Altos, CA 94022(415) 949-0666

64 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Hardware Review

Apple's Enhanced Computer,

the Apple He

It's like having an Apple II with all the extras built in.

It all began in the summer of 1977at the West Coast Computer Faire. Afledgling computer company with anunusual name—Apple Computer—introduced a new hobby computercalled the Apple II. The new Apple IIwas an impressive machine. It hadBASIC in ROM (read-only memory),a built-in Teletype-style keyboard,high-resolution color graphics, and,once the new 16K-bit semiconductormemory devices became available, itsmemory could be expanded all theway up to 48K bytes. One of the firsttrue home computers, it was com-pletely self-contained, needing only aTV set for a display and a commoncassette recorder for data storage.

Today, almost everyone is familiarwith the Apple II. It can be found inhomes, schools, laboratories, andbusinesses, and is being used in awide variety of ways. During the pastfive years, an entire subindustry hassprung up around it that has, in turn,stimulated further Apple II sales.

It had been obvious for a while atApple Computer that a replacementfor the Apple II was needed. TheTeletype-style keyboard, uppercaseonly 40-column display, and the

About the Author

Rob Moore is a design engineering managerwho also maintains a strong interest inFORTH, graphics, and computer music.

Robin Moore

Warner Hill Rd. RFD #5

Derry, NH 03038

maximum of 64K bytes of memorywere becoming limitations as themarketplace changed and softwarebecame more sophisticated. Thedesign was getting old and tech-nology had changed enough to allowa redesign with significantly fewerparts. A new design could also ad-dress foreign requirements for specialkeyboards, displays, and video sig-nals better than the Apple II. Al-though the Apple II was a tremen-dous success, it was clearly time todesign a successor.

Enter the Apple He

For about the same price as theApple II, the Apple He (e for en-hanced) provides a variety of excitingnew features and capabilities. Ratherthan start from scratch and design anentirely new machine, Apple Com-puter Inc. chose to make a verycareful series of enhancements andimprovements while keeping theflavor and style of the Apple II.Although completely redesigned in-ternally, the Apple He is clearly amember of the Apple II family.

Even though it looks almost thesame as the Apple II, the Apple lie(see photo 1) gives you a great dealmore for your money. The base-priced machine includes 64K bytes ofmemory (expandable to 128K bytes),Applesoft BASIC in ROM, a 63-keykeyboard that produces both upper-

case and lowercase characters and hasspecial-function keys, seven expan-sion slots for I/O (input/output)devices, and a video interface thatcan display 24 lines in a 40-column-wide format with both uppercase andlowercase characters (this can be easi-ly and inexpensively expanded to 80columns). In addition to the standardApple II I/O expansion slots, themain circuit board also holds aspecial auxiliary connector that isused primarily for various video- andmemory-expansion options. Alongwith Applesoft BASIC, the internal16K bytes of ROM hold an improvedmonitor, built-in self-test routines,extended memory-management rou-tines, and an 80-column firmwarepackage with extended editing fea-tures that can be used with the 40-column display.

The quality of the product is highly

Design Credits

Although it is impossible to givecredit to all the people involved, threepeople deserve special mention. PeterQuinn, the POS Hardware SectionManager, was responsible for the teamthat designed the Apple He. WaltBroedner designed the Apple lie hard-ware, including its two custom in-tegrated circuits. Rick Auricchio isBroedner's software counterpart—hemodified the original Apple II Plusfirmware and added all the new codethat is in the Apple He firmware.

68 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Photo 1: An Apple lie system made up of the Apple Monitor III, the Apple He com-puter, and a Disk II 5'A-inch floppy-disk drive.

Photo 2: The rear panel of the Apple He. Instead of the plastic slots found in the AppleII, the Apple He's metal back panel is designed to mount 9-pin, 19-pin, and 25-pinD-type connectors in precut recesses, providing more reliable connections and reducedRF interference. The built-in game-paddle connector has also been changed to a 9-pinD-type; however, the older-style connector is still available inside the case to accommo-date existing devices.

evident. The case is rugged structuralfoam, the keyboard has a nice touchand dished keytops, and the backpanel (see photo 2) has an array ofopenings that fit the 9-pin, 19-pin,and 25-pin D-type connectors com-monly used for serial I/O devices. Itappears obvious that the Apple Hewas designed from the ground up tomeet the new FCC (Federal Commu-nications Commission) RFI (radio-frequency interference) regulations.

The computer has a metal bottompan, a metal back panel (rather thanplastic as in the present model), andthe removable cover is shielded withconductive paint and grounded withmetal gaskets at the front and backedges. Some other nice touches in-clude: the "D" and "K" keys (the onesthat the middle fingers of a touch-typist's hands fall on) have smallbumps on their surfaces; the connec-tor openings on the back panel come

with plastic caps to cover them if con-nectors aren't installed; the top coverhas tabs in the rear to help lift it open,and screw holes to help keep it shutwhen desired (schools should like thisfeature).

The Keyboard

The keyboard is the most obviousdifference between the Apple II andthe Apple He. It is essentially anenhanced version of the Apple Ill'skeyboard without the numeric pad;the keyboard on the Apple He (seephoto 3) has 63 keys, while the AppleII has 53, and the layout is slightlydifferent. Although the changes seemminor, they make the new keyboardsignificantly easier to use, especiallyin word-processing or screen-editingapplications.

One of the most significant changesis indicated only by the Caps Lockkey. The Apple He keyboard pro-vides full uppercase and lowercaseoperation. When Caps Lock islatched down, however, it operatesmuch like the original Apple II key-board and produces only uppercasecharacters. If the two solder pads onthe main board labeled X6 are con-nected, programs can check to see ifthe Shift keys are pressed by readingthe PB2 input in the game-paddleport. (This supports a common AppleII modification and many existingword-processing programs.)

To correct a limitation of the oldApple II keyboard, the new keyboardcan produce all 128 ASCII (AmericanNational Standard Code for Informa-tion Interchange) character codes.This was accomplished in the AppleHe by adding some new characterkeys, along with Tab and Deletekeys, to improve its word-processingcapability. (The added keys, with dif-ferent keycaps, will be used in Euro-pean versions to provide an ISO [In-ternational Organization for Standar-dization] standard keyboard layout.)

Two interesting additions are theOpen-Apple and Solid-Apple keys,which are positioned one on each sideof the space bar. If you press Control,Open-Apple, and Reset simulta-neously, the Apple He will write somearbitrary data into each page of mem-ory and then simulate a power-up

February 1983 © BYTE Publication* Inc 69

cold start. This eliminates the need toturn the Apple off and then on againto exit a protected program (a definiteannoyance), but prevents peoplefrom making unauthorized copies ofprotected software.

Pressing Reset while holding Con-trol and Solid-Apple invokes thebuilt-in self-test software, whichresponds with "KERNEL OK" if thememory and circuitry pass the tests.Open-Apple and Solid-Apple mayalso be read individually and used asspecial-purpose keys by various pro-grams—they are internally connectedto the game-paddle port inputs PBOand PBl. Other improvements in-

clude a full set of cursor-control keyspositioned to the right of the spacebar, auto-repeat on all keys after a0.9-second delay, and a relocatedReset key. (The Reset key is placedapart from the main keyboard tokeep it from being pressed accidental-ly. In addition, the Control key mustbe pressed simultaneously with theReset key to have an effect; thisbehavior, standard on the Apple He,was an option on later models of theApple II Plus.)

Internally, the keyboard is com-pletely different from that on the Ap-ple II. The Apple lie keyboard is asimple array of switches—the key-

board-scanning circuitry has beenmoved to the main printed-circuitboard, which also holds a specialnumeric pad connector. A ROM onthe main board maps the keyboard-switch closures into the appropriateASCII codes and can be changed toprovide foreign or special keyboards.(Incidentally, the American versionof the ROM is only half used. Theother half holds a Dvorak keyboardmap that can be accessed with a fewjumpers and etch cuts.) For program-mers, the keyboard provides an addi-tional "Any key down" flag; it canbe read by examining location C010hexadecimal. This will allow pro-

At a Glance

Product

The Apple lie computer

Manufacturer

Apple Computer Inc.20525 Mariani Ave.Cupertino. CA 95014(408) 996-1010

Components

System UnitSize:

Power Required:

Processor:Memory:

Standard:

Video Display:

Video Outputs:

width 15.2 inches (38.6 cm): depth 18inches (45.7 cm): height 4.5 inches (11.4cm)

107 to 132 VAC. 60 Hz. 60-80 wattsmaximum

1-MHz 6502 8-bit microprocessor64K bytes of memory; 16K bytes of monitorin ROM (includes self-test, Applesoft BASIC,and 80-column routines)keyboard for text and data entry: internaland external video connectors; 1 -bit pro-grammable audible speaker; audio cassetterecorder input and output connectors; sevenI/O expansion slots to hold peripheraldevices and interfaces; external game con-trol connector with four analog inputs andthree TTL or switch inputs (similar internalconnector includes three TTL-level outputs)Two Uppercase/lowercase Text Modes•24v by 40h standard•24v by 80h optional•character set stored in ROMTwo Standard Graphics Modes

• 40h by 48v sixteen-color graphics

(40 by 40 with four text lines)

• 280h by 192v bit-mapped array withhalf-dot-shift logic (280 by 160 with fourtext lines)—with appropriate software thiscan provide:

560 by 192 monochrome graphics with

some limitations

280 by 192 monochrome graphics

140 by 192 six-color graphics with some

limitations

140 by 192 four-color graphicsBoth outputs provide NTSC-compatiblevideo, negative sync, 2-V peak-to-peak

Keyboard: 63 keys for text and data entry; N-key

rollover; auto-repeat on all keys (15 Hz) after0.9 seconds; four cursor-control keys; CapsLock; two special-function keys; keyboardallows input of all 128 ASCII characters

Disk Drives: System supports up to six 140K-byte

5 'A -inch floppy-disk drives; data is storedusing Apple Computer's 6/8 GCR (group-coded-recording) encoding

Operating System

Apple's DOS 3.3 single-user, single-task, program-driven operatingsystem provides multiple file types, random-access and sequentialtext files, random disk allocation, individual file protection, andslot-based I/O

Options

Standard options include 80-column text card; extended80-column text card with 64K bytes of additional bank-switchedmemory; Apple Disk II floppy-disk drives and controllers

Available Software

Includes almost all existing Apple II software. New softwareincludes Applewriter lie word processor (S195) and Quickfile Hedatabase system (S100)

Hardware Prices

Apple He main unit $ 1395

Apple lie system with main unit. Disk II and controller.

Monitor III, monitor stand, and 80-column text card S1995

Apple Monitor III (green screen) S 249

Apple Disk II (with controller/without controller) ($545/5395)

80-Column Cards

(standard/Extended card with 64 K memory) (S 125/S295)

Optional Documentation

Apple He Owner's Manual $20*

Applesoft Reference Manual (two volumes) $30

Applesoft Tutorial $ 25

Applesoft package (both books plus disk of software) $ 50

BASIC Programming Manual (Integer BASIC) $7The DOS Manual (DOS 3.3) S10* * *

DOS Programmer's Manual (available March, 1983) n/a

DOS User's Manual with Tutorial (March, 1983) n/a

Apple He Reference Manual $30

Apple lie 80-Column Text Card Manual $ 20*

Apple He Extended 80-Column Text Card Supplement $ 15*

* included with associated Apple product, available optionally** one-page errata sheet available free from dealers

70 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

LASTMGHTWE EXCHANGED LETTERS WITHMOM,THEN HAD A PARTY FOR

ELEVEN PEOPLE IN NINE DIFFERENT SlATESAND ONLYHADTO W\SH ONE GLASS.-

That's CompuServe, ThePersonal CommunicationsNetwork For Every ComputerOwner

And it doesn't matter what kindof computer you own. You'll useCompuServe's Electronic Mail system(we call it Email™) to compose, edit andsend letters to friends or businessassociates. The system delivers anynumber of messages to other usersanywhere in North America.

CompuServe's multi-channel CBsimulator brings distant friends togetherand gets new friendships started. Youcan even use a scrambler if you have asecret you don't want to share. Specialinterest groups meet regularly to tradeinformation on hardware, software andhobbies from photography to cookingand you can sell, swap and post personalnotices on the bulletin board.

There's all this and much moreon the CompuServe Information Service.All you need is a computer, a modem,

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BYTE February 1983 71

apple j //<*

r

i inn iiiiiii

m»»»»t

rnw^wm

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Photo 3: The Apple lie keyboard. With uppercase and lowercase characters, N-key roll-over, auto-repeat on all keys, and special-function keys, it provides a mix of functionsfound on both typewriter-style and computer keyboards. Unfortunately, the left-arrowkey is inconveniently placed for its use as a backspace key while using BASIC. Thespecial Open-Apple and Solid-Apple keys are used to invoke the self-test routines,simulate a power-up cold start, and may be read as paddle push buttons 0 and 1.

This is combined uppercase and lower-case output on the Apple lie

(4a)

This is an exwple of uppercase and lowercase letters in the W-colwm nodeof the Apple He

(4b)

Photo 4: The Apple He video display. Photo 4a is an example of the 40-column text dis-play showing both uppercase and lowercase characters available. Photo 4b shows theApple He 80-column display. The plus sign within the cursor shows that you are inEscape mode, which provides expanded editing and cursor-control functions.

grams to provide their own auto-repeat or special pause functions,overriding the auto-repeat built intothe keyboard.

Text-Display Modes

The standard Apple He displays 24rows of 40 characters (see photo 4a).It provides normal (white on black)and inverse-video (black on white)modes for all characters, and a flash-ing mode for the uppercase charactersand special symbols. If you try to dis-play a lowercase character in flashingmode, the display shows a flashingspecial character instead. Althoughthis may seem strange, it emulatesexactly what is displayed by Apple listhat have been modified with addedlowercase adapters, and is done thisway for compatibility with thosemachines. The Apple He also pro-vides an alternate character set wherethere are only two modes—normaland inverse—but the characters arealways displayed correctly.

Although the ability to displayboth uppercase and lowercase char-acters is a definite improvement, Isuspect that few users will stay withthe 40-column display. The two 80-column options are just too useful—and too inexpensive—to be ignored.

The 80-Column Display Options

To accommodate users who need adisplay wider than 40 columns, theApple lie offers two 80-column op-tion cards: the 80-column text cardand the extended memory 80-columncard, which includes 64K bytes of ad-ditional memory. Either of thesecards can be plugged into the aux-iliary connector, and they are bothjust memory cards. Photo 4b showsan example of the 80-column textdisplay.

The actual 80-column display cir-cuitry and firmware are already builtinto the Apple lie. In fact, by settingthe appropriate soft switches, youcan see an 80-column display on anyApple lie—every character in thenormal 40-column display will be dis-played twice. Both of the 80-columncards (see photo 5) provide the addi-tional display memory required for80-column operation; however, the80-column text card is inexpensive

71 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Performance Breakthrough

. . . the CYBERDRIVE for the IBM Personal Computer

13.5 or 27 million bytes of disk capacity in a single cabinet withan integrated mini-cartridge tape for secure data backup.

Setting an exciting new microcomputer standard, theCYBERDRIVE1 combines a full package of features.

It offers new, higher performance levels, with an inte-grated business-oriented backup device.

As the CYBERDRIVE is made available for other systems,media transfer is assured regardless of the host hardware orOperating System.

The CYBERDRIVE slashes the seek time dramatic-ally—e.g. the usual 5 Megabyte stepper-motor Winchesterdisk offers average seek time typically in the range of 100 to200 millisecondsTincl. head settling).

With the CYBERDRIVE, the average seek time acrossmore than five times as much data is only 33 milliseconds(incl. head settling).

This basic speed, coupled with disk cache buffering anda peak transfer rate of 1 million bytes per second, make theCYBERDRIVE a performance champ!

The integrated mini-cartridge tapes used for backup ofdata allow dumping of (for example) 10 million bytes of datain about 10 minutes... much faster than other tape or floppydisk backup techniques. Hardware read-after-write errorchecking is incorporated in the tape device.

...And don't fail to ask about our superb lineup of seriousbusiness software (also offered in CYBERDRIVE format)including:

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useful BASIC.

The software is available on a variety of industry-standanOperating Systems including CP/M5-MP/MS (both -80 & -86),OASIS6, PCDOS, and UNIX7. Inquire for specific details andprices.

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Photo 5: The Apple He 80-column text card (bottom) and extended memory 80-columncard (top). The 80-column text card provides an additional lK-byte text/low-resolutiongraphics display page, while the extended memory 80-column card duplicates the entireApple He 64K-byte address space.

Orange

BlueFantastic!

Since you have a color television ornonitor attached to the AppL« you canenjoy, its color capabilitiesCPress RETURN]

Photo 6: Apple He graphics. See the text for a full explanation of the modes available.

because it is simply a lK-byte mem-ory card.

The extra (separate) display mem-ory is needed because the 80-columncircuitry displays twice as many char-acters in the same period of time asthe 40-column circuitry. This doublesthe rate at which the display accessesmemory; if the Apple's main memorywas used, this wouldn't allow theprocessor any memory cycles. Thedesigners found an ingenious solutionto this dilemma. The Apple He's dis-

play always accesses memory at the40-column rate, allowing the pro-cessor all the memory cycles needed.When in 80-column mode, however,the display circuitry reads both themain memory and auxiliary displaymemory simultaneously, saving thecharacter that is read from the aux-iliary memory and displaying it afterthe character read from the mainmemory. This allows the display tooperate twice as fast but doesn't af-fect the operation of the processor.

One of the nicest things about theApple He 80-column option is that itis compatible with all other Apple liedisplay modes. In the old Apple II,people often used two monitors with80-column cards—one for the 80-col-umn display and one for 40-columntext and graphics—because the avail-able 80-column cards had separatevideo outputs for the 80-column text.

The 80-Column Firmware

The 80-column routines built intothe Apple lie ROMs provide a num-ber of advanced cursor-control andediting features. One of the mostinteresting is the lowercase restrictmode. If you type a Control-R whenthe 80-column firmware is active, thekeyboard input is restricted to upper-case only (just as if Caps Lock waspressed) unless you are betweenquotes. This mode is handy becauseApplesoft BASIC and DOS 3.3 won'taccept lowercase commands—it locksyou into uppercase except when typ-ing in BASIC string constants (whichcan accept lowercase).

To maximize its compatibility withexisting software, the Apple lie80-column firmware emulates an 80-column card installed in I/O slot 3(the standard location). If one of thetwo 80-column option cards is in-stalled, typing PR#3 will activate theinternal 80-column routines and dis-able any firmware installed in slot 3.Once activated, the 80-column firm-ware and its extended editing featurescan be used in either 40-column or80-column mode. In fact, by settingone of the soft switches, you can usethe 80-column firmware even if youdon't have the 80-column card in-stalled.

To help you keep track of whichdisplay software is active, the AppleHe displays three different types ofcursors. A small checkerboard cursorindicates that the 80-column firm-ware is inactive. A larger block cur-sor is displayed when the firmware ison, and a -I- (plus sign) within theblock indicates that the firmware is in"Escape mode" and is waiting foranother keystroke, which will be in-terpreted as a cursor-movement com-mand.

The 80-column software is also

74 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

ing For Software.

Now that the Sage II has sparked the 16-bit super-micro revolution, you might wonder when softwarewill become available.

The answer is now, because the Sage H'sp-System operating system accommodatesvast libraries of programs already producedfor 8-bit machines.

What's more, this exciting micro has fired theimagination of programmers who are busy devel-oping new software to take full advantage of itsperformance capabilities.

No Wait States.

The Sage II is based on the incredible 68000processor.

One advantage is the total elimination of mem-ory access wait states so that interaction betweenthe processor, RAM and disk drives is speeded up.

If you've been blaming your floppy for tardiness,consider this: The Sage II loads a 20K program inabout a second-from its 5Vi" floppy.

The Specs You've Been Waiting For.

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compatible with other languages. Ifyou have Apple's Pascal 1.1 or one ofthe Apple II CP/M systems, theseboth can load in 80-column mode andoperate correctly without any addi-tional patches or modifications.

Graphics

Like the Apple II, the Apple lieoffers two standard graphics modes.The low-resolution mode produces16-color graphics, with either 40 by48 pixels (picture elements) or 40 by40 pixels and four lines of text. Thestandard high-resolution mode pro-vides a 280 by 192 bit-mapped pixelarray with half-dot-shift logic (seephoto 6). Depending upon the soft-ware used, this mode can be used toprovide limited 560 by 192 mono-chrome graphics, 280 by 192 mono-chrome graphics with no limitations,140 by 192 six-color graphics withlimitations, or 140 by 192 four-colorgraphics. (The vertical dimension isreduced to 160 pixels if you want fourlines of text at the bottom.)

The 80-column options are the keys

to the new Apple He graphics fea-tures. With the proper software, theApple lie can provide double-densitygraphics in both low-resolution andhigh-resolution modes. Either of the80-column cards will support thedouble-density low-resolution graph-ics, but you will need the extendedmemory 80-column card if you wantto use the double-density high-resolu-tion mode, which can also provide140 by 192 graphics with 16 colors!At the time this article was written(November 1982), no software wasavailable to support these new graph-ics modes; however, it will un-doubtedly be available soon, eitherfrom commercial vendors or user'sgroups.

The double-density graphics modesare provided by the 80-column dis-play circuitry. Instead of simply dis-playing bytes sequentially from themain memory, it displays bytes alter-nately from the main memory and theauxiliary memory, at twice the nor-mal rate. Although this capabilitywas designed to provide an 80-col-

umn text display, the designers soonrealized that it could also be used toprovide additional graphics modes.

Use of the double-density graphicshas three requirements. First, youneed a Revision "B" main circuitboard; this will probably be the onlytype shipped after the first month ofproduction. Second, you must con-nect two pins on your 80-columncard; this is explained in the Apple HeReference Manual. Third, you mustturn on the AN3 output to the game-paddle connector; this can be used toswitch between normal and double-density mode. (Unfortunately, theApple lie sent to BYTE for review hada Revision "A" main board. Thus,there is no photo of the new graphicsmodes included with this article.)

Inside the Box

The most significant differences be-tween the Apple II and the Apple Heare internal. The main printed-circuitboard has been totally redesigned andincorporates many new features andoptions unavailable in the Apple II.

It's not Magic, if s NEC,

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The power supply is unchanged, butthere are now seven I/O expansionslots instead of the eight found in theApple II. Part of the Apple He mem-ory emulates a 16K-byte RAM (ran-dom-access read/write memory) card(commonly installed in Apple lis),and the card's former location, I/Oslot 0, is no longer present.

The most obvious change is a re-duction in the number of ICs (inte-grated circuits). Where an Apple IIwith a keyboard enhancer, a 16K-byte memory card, and an 80-columncard included about 120 ICs, theApple He provides the same featureswith just 31 ICs. A large part of thisreduction is due to the use of 64K-bitdynamic memories, rather than 16K-bit ones. The entire 64K-byte mem-ory of the Apple He occupies just 8ICs.

Another significant reduction in ICcount is provided by two custom-designed MOS (metal-oxide semicon-ductor) ICs—the IOU (input/outputunit) and MMU (memory-manage-ment unit)—that manage memory

Photo 7: The Apple lie engineering prototype wire-wrap boards. The custom MOS IOUand MMU ICs are emulated with discrete logic on the board to the left, while the AppleHe main board prototype is on the right.

and I/O decoding and provide manyof the new internal features. Photo 7shows the engineering breadboard ofthe Apple lie main board and a sec-ond board that emulates the IOU and

MMU with standard 7400-series ICs,so that the designs could be complete-ly tested before committing them tosilicon. The IOU and MMU emula-tions required about 50 and 60 ICs

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Sunnyvale, CA

(408) 773-9990

Hall-Mark Electronics Corp,

San Diego, CA

(619) 268-1201

Leasametric

Foster City. CA

(415) 574-4441

W.A. Brown Instruments, Inc

Fort Lauderdale, FL

(305) 776-4800

Leasametric

W.A. Brown Instruments, Inc

Culver City, CA

Melbourne, FL

(213) 670-0461

(305) 723-0766

Micro Business World

W.A. Brown Instruments, Inc

Tarzana, CA

Tampa, FL

(213) 996-2252

(813) 985-0394

RC Data, Inc.

Cain & Bultman, Inc.

San Jose, CA

Jacksonville, FL

(408) 946-3800

(904) 356-4812

Renaissance Tech. Corp.

Hall-Mark Electronics Corp.

Concord, CA

Fort Lauderdale, FL

(415) 676-5757

(305) 971-9280

Terminal Rentals, Inc.

Hall-Mark Electronics Corp.

Tustin, CA

Orlando, FL

(714) 832-2414

(305) 855-4020

Terminal Rentals, Inc.

Hall-Mark Electronics Corp.

San Jose, CA

St. Petersburg, FL(813) 576-8691

(408)292-9915

United States Data Systems

GEORGIA

San Mateo, CA

(415) 572-6600

W.A. Brown Instruments, Inc

Vitek

Atlanta. GA

San Marcos, CA

(404) 455-1035

(714) 744-8305

Digital Solutions, Inc.

Waybern Corp.

Garden Grove, CA

Marietta. GA(404) 955-4488

(714) 554-4520

Hall-Mark Electronics Corp.

Western Microtechnology

Cupertino, CA(408) 725-1662

Norcross, GA(404) 447-8000

HAWAII

COLORADO

Gray Associates

Acorn Data Products

Kailua, HI

Englewood, CO(303) 779-6644

(808) 261-3751

ILLINOIS

Data Design & Development

(303) 296-3807

Hall-Mark Electronics Corp.

Oytec/Cantral, Inc.

Arlington Heights. IL(312) 394-3380

(303) 934-3111Denver, CO

Hall-Mark Electronics Corp.

Bensenvilie, IL

FLORIDA

(312) 860-3800 ^^

W.A. Brown Instruments, Inc.

Orlando, FL

(305) 425-5505

Photo 8: The Apple He main circuit board. The 31 ICs on this board replace the 120 ICsfound in a standard Apple II, including a memory card, 80-column card, and keyboardenhancer, as well as providing a number of new features not available in the Apple II.

respectively. In the final board(shown in photo 8), these 110 ICs arereplaced with just two components.

Working together, the IOU andMMU generate all memory-address-

ing and I/O-decoding signals. TheMMU is primarily responsible forsupporting the 6502 processor. It ac-cepts addresses from the processor,does any necessary memory-bank

switching, and converts the addressto the multiplexed form required bythe dynamic memories. The IOU pro-vides similar functions for the videodisplay. It also includes the video-timing logic, keyboard control, andother miscellaneous functions. Tosupport foreign versions of the AppleHe, the IOU includes video circuitryto provide both the American-standard NTSC (National TelevisionSystem Committee) signals andEuropean-standard PAL signals. TheIOU ICs are customized duringassembly by the manufacturer byconnecting the internal bonding wiresto the appropriate set of pads on theIC chip inside the package.

The Auxiliary Connector

Although I/O slot 0 is no longerpresent, a new "auxiliary connector"can be used in a variety of ways. Inthe factory, the auxiliary connector isused to connect special test equip-ment to the Apple He. With thisequipment and the signals availableat the auxiliary connector, problems

Information Systems, Inc.Arlington Heights, IL(312) 228-5480KaltronicsNorthbrook, IL(312) 291-1220Nablh's, Inc.Evanston, IL(312) 869-6140Tek-Alds Industries, Inc.Arlington Heights, IL(312) 870-7400

INDIANA

Dytac/Central, Inc.

Indianapolis, IN(317) 247-1316General MicrocomputerSouth Bend, IN(219) 277-4972Graham Elec. Supply, IncIndianapolis, IN(317) 634-8202

Star-Tronic Distributor Co.

Carmel, IN(317) 844-0102

IOWA

DytewCentral, Inc.(319) 363-9377

KANSAS

Hall-Mark Electronics Corp.Lenexa. KS(913) 888-4747

Inland Anoclatei, Inc.Olathe, KS(913) 764-7977

LOUISIANA

W.A. Brown Instruments, Inc.

Mandevllle. LA(504) 626-9701

MARYLAND

Bartlett Associates, Inc.

Bethesda, MD

(301) 656-3061

Hell-Mars Electronics Corp.

Baltimore. MD

(301) 796-9300

M/A-Com Alanthus

(301)770-1150

Micro Distributors, Inc.

(800) 638-6621

Rockvllle, MD

The Zamoiski Co.

Baltimore, MD

(301) 644-2900

MASSACHUSETTS

Bartlett Associates, Inc.

framingham, MA

(617) 879-7530

The Computer Store, Inc.

Sudbury, MA

(617) 879-3700

Continental Resources, Inc.

Bedford, MA

(617) 275-0850

CPU Computer Corp.

Charlestown, MA

(617) 242-3350

Mlcroamerlca Dlstr. Co., Inc.

Needham. MA(617) 449-5807Slmsim, Inc.Natlck, MA(617) 655-6415

MICHIGAN

General Data Company, Inc.Brighton. Ml(313) 227-3046Star-Tronic Distributor Co.

Farmington Hills, Ml(313) 477-7586WKM Associates, IncMadison Heights. Ml

(313) 588-2300

MINNESOTA

Hail-Mark Electronics Corp.

Bloomington, MN

(612) 854-3223

Inland Associates, Inc.

Minneapolis, MN

(612) 379-5354

Kaltranlcs Distributing, Inc.

St. Paul. MN

(612) 293-0385

Team Central, Inc.

Minneapolis, MN

(612) 623-3850

Tele-Terminals, Inc.

Brooklyn Park, MN

(612) 536-6000

MISSOURI

Hall-Mark Electronic* Corp.

Maryland Heights. MO

(314) 291-5350

Inland Associates. Inc.St. Louis, MO

(314) 391-6901

NEW JERSEY

Hall-Mark Electronics Corp.

Cherry Hill, NJ

(609) 424-7300

Hall-Mark Electronics Corp.

Fairfield, NJ

(201) 575-4415

Logon, Inc.

Hackensack, NJ

(201) 646-9222

TransNet Corporation

Union, NJ

(201) 688-7800

WP Parlplt. » Supply Co., Inc.

Matawan, NJ

(201) 946-4995

NEW YORK

Bartlett Associates, Inc.

White Plains, NY

(914) 949-6476

Bartlett Associates, Inc.

Holcomb, NY

(716) 657-6309

The Computer Factory

New York. NY

(212) 687-5000

Erin Computer Dlstr. Corp.

Farmingdale, NY

(516) 293-4114

Ossmann Computer Tech., Inc.

East Syracuse, NY

(315) 437-6666

Ossmann Computer Tech., Inc.Rochester, NY(716) 473-5720Ossmann Computer Tech.Vestal. NY(607) 785-9947

can be localized to one or two ICs.

Once in the customer's hands, theauxiliary connector is used to holdvarious video and memory options.Its set of signals provides access to anumber of areas in the Apple He andcan, in fact, be used to totally disablethe internal video-generation cir-cuitry, so that an alternate video gen-erator can be installed. Currently, theonly options supplied by Apple Com-puter Inc. for the auxiliary slot are thetwo 80-column cards. However, otherdevices should soon be available fromApple and other manufacturers.

The Extended Memory80-Column Card

Besides an 80-column display, theextended memory 80-column cardprovides an additional 64K bytes ofmemory. Rather than switchingblocks of auxiliary memory into afixed address range, the designerschose to replicate the entire 64K-byteaddressing space on the auxiliarycard and provide a series of softswitches that enable either the main

memory or auxiliary memory invarious address ranges. The docu-mentation points out that "eventhough an Apple He with an extendedmemory 80-column card has a totalof 128K bytes of programmable mem-ory in it, it is not appropriate to call ita 128K-byte system. Rather, there are64K bytes of auxiliary memory thatcan be swapped for main memoryunder program control."

To help programmers use the aux-iliary memory, the Apple lie 80-col-umn firmware provides two specialroutines: AUXMOVE and XFER. Us-ing these two routines, you can storeand retrieve data in the auxiliarymemory or transfer control to a pro-gram that resides there.

AUXMOVE is used to copy datafrom main memory to auxiliary mem-ory or vice versa. You simply storethe data's starting address, ending ad-dress, and destination address inmemory locations; set or clear theprocessor's carry flag to indicatedirection; and call AUXMOVE. XFERis used in a similar fashion in order to

jump from programs in main memoryto others in auxiliary memory (or viceversa). XFER may also be used toswitch stacks and zero pages as youtransfer from one section of memoryto the other.

These two routines, and the aux-iliary memory, open up some inter-esting possibilities. It appears to bepossible, for example, to have an en-tire Pascal system residing in mainmemory, while a DOS 3.3/BASICsystem is in auxiliary memory, and beable to transfer control between thetwo systems at will.

Soft Switches

To support the auxiliary memoryand 80-column display software, theApple lie provides a number of newsoft switches and adds a few new fea-tures to the old ones. (A soft switch,in an Apple II or Apple lie, is amemory location that can be accessedto cause some hardware change totake place.)

Existing soft switches in the AppleII were used to select various video

NORTH CAROLINA

W.A. Brown Instruments. Inc.

Durham. NC

(919) 683-1580

Hall-Mark Elactronlcs Corp.

Raleigh, NC

(919) 832-4465

OHIO

General Data Co., Inc.Cincinnati. OH(513) 851-2585General Data Co., Inc.Lakewood, OH(216) 228-8833General Data Co., Inc.Fostorla, OH(419) 435-1191

Hail-Mark Electronics Corp.Highland Heights, OH(216) 473-2907Hall-Mark Elactronlcs Corp.Westerville, OH(614) 891-4555Midwest MicrocomputerDefiance, OH(419)762-1115WKM AssociatesCleveland, OH(216) 524-5930National Instr Dlstr. Inc.Oayton, OH(513) 435-4503Star-Tronic Distributor Co.Falrvlew Park, OH(216) 779-9660Star-Tronic Distributor Co.Englewood, OH(513) 836-0951

OKLAHOMA

Data Applications Corp.(918) 250-8686

Hall-Mark Elactronlcs Corp.

(918) 665-3200Tulsa, OK

OREGON

Mleroware DistributingAloha, OR(503) 642-7679

PENNSYLVANIA

Bartlatt Associates, Inc.Norristown. PA(215) 666-7100General Data CompanyPittsburgh, PA(412) 788-4800Star-Tronic Distributor Co.Monroeville, PA(412) 372-3340WKM AssoclatasPittsburgh, PA(412) 892-2953

SOUTH CAROLINA

W.A. Brown Instruments, Inc.Columbia, SC(803) 798-8070

TENNESSEE

W.A. Brown Instruments, Inc.Oak Ridge, TN(615) 482-5761

TEXAS

Data Applications

Addison, TX(214) 931-1100Data Applications

Houston, TX(713) 686-8413

Data Appllcatloni

San Antonio, TX

(512) 732-7176

DAB Data Systems

Piano, TX

(214) 422-7910

DAB Data Systems

Houston, TX

(713) 463-7561

Hall-Mark Electronics Corp.

Dallas, TX

(214) 343-5000

Hail-Mark Electronics Corp.

Austin, TX

(51?) 258-6848

Hall-Mark Elactronlcs Corp.

Houston, TX

(713) 781-6100

Southern Micro Distributors

Irving, TX

(214) 258-6636

UTAH

Acorn Data ProductsSalt Lake City, UT(801) 973-7958

VIRGINIA

Nina AssociatesFairfax, VA(703) 273-1803Terminals UnlimitedFalls Church, VA(703) 237-8666

WASWN6T0N

Micro Technology Inc.Tacoma, WA(206) 272-3347Sigma DistributingBellevue. WA(206) 454-6307

WISCONSIN

Hall-Mark Elactronlcs Corp.Oak Creek. Wl(414) 761-3000

SEC

NEC Information Systems, Inc.

Circle 296 on inquiry card.

^

A

(la)

APPLE Ma MAIN MEMORY

RAM CARD AREA

ROMS

EXTENDED 80-COLUMNTEXT CARD AUXILIARYMEMORY

RAM CARD AREA

HEXADECIMALADDRESS

FOOO

E000

D000

CFFF

C800

C600

C400

C200

C080C000

MONITOR

12K

F800

12K

APPLESOFTBASIC

4KBANK 1

4KBANK 2

4KBANK XI

4KBANK X2

I/O AREA

ROMS

2K

SHARED I/O

MEMORY

SPACE

80-COLUMNROUTINES

SLOT 7SLOT 6SLOT 5SLOT 4

SELF-TESTROUTINES

SLOT 3

80-COLUMNCODE

SLOT 2SLOT 1

INTERNALI/O

SELF-TESTROUTINES

Figure 1: Apple lie memory maps. Within the Apple lie's main memory, ROM can beswitched to replace RAM in various address ranges. When the extended 80-column textcard is used, it adds 64K bytes of switched memory. Areas of RAM and ROM that can beswitched are indicated with arrows. In the 80-column text and double-wide graphicsmodes, the computer's main memory and the auxiliary memory on the card are accessedsimultaneously to double the display density. Figure la (above) shows the language-card RAM and I/O areas, while figure lb (on page 82) shows the main RAM anddisplay areas of memory. The 80-column text card includes the alternate text page xlonly.

modes and control the internal I/Odevices (keyboard, game paddles,speaker port, and cassette port). If a16K-byte memory card was added, itincluded additional switches to dis-able the card or to enable areas on thecard as read-only or read-writememory. When using the switches,however, the programmer had tokeep track of them. There was noway to read them back.

The Apple He makes many of theexisting soft switches, and all the newones, readable. Specifically, you canread back the states of the video-mode switches, the 16K-byte mem-ory-card-area switches, and all thenew auxiliary-memory switches byexamining locations between hexa-

decimal C010 and COIF. To help pro-vide better graphics animation, youcan also read the "vertical blanking"from the video display, thus allowingyou to change the contents ofmemory while it is not being used tocreate the video display.

The auxiliary memory is supportedby several new switches that changethe display from main to auxiliarymemory, enable display areas in bothmemories at once for 80-column textor double-density graphics, and con-trol reads and writes to the auxiliarymemory. Other switches allow you tooverlay portions of the I/O-slotmemory space with the internal ROM80-column firmware or self-test rou-tines, and select either the standard or

alternate display character sets.(Figures la and lb provide memory-switching maps for the Apple He.)

Apple II Compatibility

One of the major concerns duringthe design of the Apple He was itslevel of compatibility with the AppleII. Literally thousands of programsare written for the Apple II, andnumerous hardware products are de-signed to plug into Apple II I/O slots.User surveys had shown that thevolume of available software was aprime consideration among pur-chasers. It was therefore obvious thatthe new machine had to be compati-ble with virtually all existing Apple IIhardware and software products,while still including the desired newfeatures and design improvements.

The designers succeeded admir-ably. The Apple He is physically acomplete redesign; logically, how-ever, it is compatible with almost allexisting Apple II software and hard-ware add-ons. This goal was not metsimply—more than 150 softwareproducts and numerous peripheraldevices were tested for compatibilityduring the Apple lie developmentprocess.

Unfortunately, a few Apple II-based products from other manufac-turers won't work properly in anApple He—primarily because theirdesigners did not follow Apple's in-terface guidelines. In general, acces-sory cards that occupy one of the I/Oslots and do not connect directly toan IC socket will operate correctly.Others that connect directly to themain circuit board or to the keyboardwill not be compatible withoutredesign.

Examples of cards that will work inan Apple lie include 80-column cards,serial and parallel interfaces, graphicstablets, disk controllers, and memorycards that do not connect to an ICsocket. To maximize compatibility,Apple II-style video- and game-paddle connectors are provided insidethe case, even though the new-styleconnectors are now on the backpanel. This allows existing videoswitches, joysticks, and game con-trols to be used with the Apple He(although they may cause excessive

80 February 19*3 © BYTE Publications Inc

RMAX

i ;;. I

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BYTE February 1983 81

(lb)

APPLE lie MAIN RAM

HEXADECIMALADDRESS

AUXILIARY RAM

BFFF

6000

4000

2000

COO

800

400200IFF

FF

24K

8K

HIGH-RESOLUTIONGRAPHICSDISPLAY PAGE

I

8K

HIGH-RESOLUTIONGRAPHICSDISPLAY PAGE 1

8K

HIGH-RESOLUTIONGRAPHICSDISPLAY PAGE XI

5K

TEXT/LOW-RESOLUTIONDISPLAY PAGE 2

6K

TEXT/LOW-RESOLUTIONDISPLAY PAGE 1

TEXT/LOW-RESOLUTIONDISPLAY PAGE XI

0.5K

0.5K

STACK PAGE

STACK PAGE X

ZERO PAGE

« »

ZERO PAGE X

Figure 1: (continued)

RF interference).

Devices that won't work in anApple lie include keyboard en-hancers, lowercase display adapters,numeric pads (existing designs), andmemory cards that connect to an ICsocket with a small flat cable. For-tunately, the capabilities of most ofthese devices are already included inthe Apple He.

It is much harder to quantify whichApple II software products will orwill not work in an Apple He. To sup-port the new hardware features, cer-tain changes had to be made to theROM monitor routines, and thesechanges may affect programs that usethe monitor. Approximately 40 stan-dard entry points and routines in themonitor have been documented byApple Computer, and all these havebeen left intact and operate correctly,even though the actual code may havechanged somewhat. However, someprograms use undocumented entrypoints and these may or may not runproperly.

It seems safe to assume that all pro-grams written in higher-level lan-guages will work. Thus, softwarewritten in Integer or ApplesoftBASIC, FORTRAN, PILOT, Logo,and Pascal should run correctly (pro-viding that no strange monitorCALLs were made), along withCP/M programs that use the stan-dard BIOS (basic input/output sys-tem) CALLs. Also, any software soldby Apple Computer will be compati-ble with the Apple He. In addition, agreat deal of commercial software hasbeen tested at Apple Computer, andyour local dealer should know whichproducts are compatible with the newmachine. (If in doubt, you should askthe dealer to demonstrate the pro-gram on an Apple He before pur-chase.)

Software

As with most new computers, agreat deal of software isn't availableyet specifically for the Apple He, butthe machine doesn't require it. Most

of its new features can be applied tomake existing Apple II software easierto use. At least initially, the Apple Hewill use the same DOS 3.3 disk oper-ating system that is currently used inthe Apple II, although it will prob-ably be repackaged on a new masterdisk.

Apple Computer Inc. has done agreat deal to make writing programsfor the Apple He as easy as possible.The Apple He Reference Manual pro-vides precise technical descriptions ofevery area of the machine, and thebuilt-in memory-management rou-tines will encourage programmers totake advantage of the extended mem-ory option. Because the 80-columnfirmware acts like a conventional80-column card in I/O slot 3, pro-grams that use 80-column displayscan easily be compatible with boththe Apple He and the Apple II.

To help programmers identify thetype of machine and which optionsare present, the Apple He Extended80-Column Text Card Supplement tothe reference manual provides anidentification routine, with examplesin assembly language, BASIC, andPascal. To aid outside developers(Apple considers them extremelyvaluable), 120 Apple lies were lent tovarious vendors during the eightmonths prior to the product introduc-tion. This allowed a large number ofsoftware and hardware suppliers toprepare a variety of new pro-ducts—eighteen programs from tencompanies are scheduled fortroduction coincidentally withApple He.

One interesting new programthe Apple He is simply called "Applepresents Apple He." Primarily a key-board tutorial, it uses humorous textand excellent graphics to guide you ina friendly fashion through the fea-tures of the Apple lie keyboard. Thesection that teaches the cursor keysincludes two simple but well-designedmaze games where you guide a rabbitor gnome through a maze with thecursor-control keys. These made animmediate hit with our 3-year-old,who within 15 minutes was guidingthe rabbit through the maze andlaughing at its antics when it hit thewalls.

m-the

for

82 Febmary 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Circle 388 on Inquiry card.

V

Applewriter and Quickfile

Applewriter He and Quickfile Heare Apple Computer's first two majorsoftware products that are designedto use all the new Apple He features.Both are enhanced versions of thesame programs for the Apple III, andboth are characterized by being ex-tremely friendly to the user—theyprovide clear, simple prompts,multiple menus to select options, andnumerous "help" screens to guide youthrough the program operations.Although at the time this article waswritten (with Applewriter) the docu-mentation was preliminary, it ap-pears to follow the format of theother Apple He manuals—clear andfriendly.

Applewriter He is a document-oriented word processor withnumerous editing and print-format-ting features. It will run with orwithout the 80-column display andextended memory options, but willuse them if they're present. One of themore interesting features of Apple-writer He is called WPL (word-pro-

cessing language). WPL allows you tocompose and execute a series of Ap-plewriter commands that are storedin a disk file. It provides looping,conditional execution, and sub-routine calls, effectively allowing youto automate the production of formletters, invoices, or other repetitivetasks. WPL also provides a turnkeycapability that can be used toautomatically execute a WPL pro-gram after you load the ApplewriterHe disk.

To get familiar with Applewriterlie, I used it to prepare this article. Iwas particularly impressed with theprint-formatting capabilities. It wasvery easy to set up a standard manu-script page—double-spaced, one-inchmargins, with headers and footers—and I could preview the actual ap-pearance of the result by printing tothe display rather than the printer. Itdid, however, take me a while to getused to some of the editing features.When you delete characters, words,or paragraphs, Applewriter deletesfrom right to left. This is fine if you

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Circle 118 on inquiry card.

are correcting a mistyped characterimmediately but seems a littleawkward otherwise. On the whole, Iliked Applewriter and recommendthat you look it over if you are con-sidering purchasing a word processorfor your Apple He.

Quickfile He is an information-filing system (or database manager)that allows you to store and retrieveinformation, search and sort yourfiles, and print reports in formats thatyou define. It also has math capabil-ity—you could set it up, for example,to file a list of checks and theiramounts, and it could also balanceyour checkbook for you.

Quickfile lie is also compatiblewith Applewriter He. Quickfilereports can be included in Apple-writer documents, and Quickfile filescan guide the production of Apple-writer form letters. I didn't get achance to spend much time withQuickfile, but it appears to be verywell done, as is most of Apple's soft-ware.

Documentation

The new Apple He manuals are sogood they must be seen to be be-lieved. In a spiral-bound format,slightly larger than the Apple IImanuals, they are extremely clear andreadable—presenting their informa-tion in an easy step-by-step manner.It is obvious that Apple spared no ef-fort or expense when designing them

The Apple He Owner's Manual iian excellent example of the right wato introduce a beginner to a first com-puter. Using clearly written text andnumerous color photos, it starts outby telling you how to unpack and setup the computer and then explainsthe various parts of the system in lay-man's terms. As you read through themanual, points of special interest andwarnings are clearly noted and possi-ble error messages are explained.Nine pages are devoted to the key-board alone—they describe how touse each of the functions availableand how they are commonly used inprograms. Further chapters introduceyou to the system hardware, the DOS3.3 disk operating system, the displayfeatures, and various computer ap-plications. Other chapters describe

Circle 136 on inquiry card. -

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Photo 9: A look at the Apple lie Owner's Manual. The manuals provided with theApple He set new standards of quality by being comprehensive, very friendly, and bycontaining numerous color photos to illustrate the text.

the various computer languages, howto add components to your system,and what to do when you have prob-lems.

This is clearly the first manual anew owner should read, and is alsothe only manual that is included withthe Apple He. The new owner picksup the only manual in the box and ittells exactly what to do to get thesystem up and running. To avoidconfusion, all other manuals are op-tional, and many manuals includedwith products are available separ-ately. (The Apple lie Owner'sManual is shown in photo 9.)

The Apple lie Reference Manual isan optional manual worth noting. Itprovides a complete technicaldescription of the machine, and itsoperation, in detail sufficient to satis-fy almost anyone. It provides descrip-tions of the hardware and specialfeatures, instructions for using themonitor, timing diagrams and pin-outs of the custom ICs and ROMs,and a complete set of schematics. Noself-respecting programmer or ex-perimenter should be without thismanual. Apple also provides othermanuals, including rewritten Apple-soft and DOS manuals and reference

manuals for the Apple lie and the80-column boards; see the "At aGlance" text box on page 70.

Conclusions

As you can probably tell, I was im-pressed with the Apple He. The peo-ple at Apple Computer had their acttogether when they designed thismachine and it really shows.

I am disappointed that the80-column cards are not as inexpen-sive as they were rumored to be;other vendors will probably designless expensive ones. However, withthe new keyboard and 80-columndisplay, the Apple He can handle justabout any task.

The manuals with the system aresuperb. They are friendly, easy toread, and comprehensive, setting anew standard for the industry tomeet.

Applewriter He and Quickfile Heare well-written, useful programs thatwill find favor with people who wishto use their Apple He for word pro-cessing and information filing. Withthese two programs and a spreadsheet(like Visicalc), you could satisfy vir-tually all your computing needs.

I was most impressed with thebalance struck between compatibilityand new features, and the obviouscare that went into the design. Con-gratulations, Apple Computer,you've produced another winner. ■

.'originalDrive Control Unit that t'uffloppy drives off during periods ofinactivity by using a state of the art optoisolatorwith zero crossover control and built in activity monitor.We've continued to improve the design (it's the size of a business card tofit within the drive), ease installation time (about 15 minutes) and models arenow available for virtually all popular 8 inch drives (including a foreign version).So for those of you, who are still grinding down your drives, wearing out mediaand exposing yourself to unnecessary noise., .isn't it time to give them a break?

Assembled and tested $49.95

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86 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 308 on inquiry card.

15 new problem-solvingMicroboard products.

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The broadest line of CMOS Micro-board products in the industry continuesto expand. This means more capabilityfor you.

For example, our Microboard FloppyDisk Controller enables you to interfacewith up to four industry standard 8-inch,51/4-inch mini, or3'/2-inch microfloppydisks. You can program the track step-ping rate, head load time and headunload time.

This controller is especially effectivewith our new Micro Floppy Disk Drive

Module, which contains two 3'/2-inchdisks—each capable of holding 322Kbytes of formatted data. And the modulemounts directly into our industrialchassis.

We're also introducing four new Micro-board power supplies to increase yourdesign options in the U.S. and Europe.

And, if data communications is impor-tant to you, our Bell compatible MODEMSare joined by two new CCITT compatibleAuto MODEM Microboardsfor Europe-to-Europe communications.

We've even improved internal systemcommunications for software develop-ment with our powerful new MicroDOSDisk Operating System and Monitor Pro-gram on ROM.

All prices shown are 100* optional distributor resale in U.S., except those marked * which are single unit pricesRCA Solid State headquarters: Somerville, NJ. Brussels. Paris. London. Sao Paulo. Hong Kong.

And, we've added four new high-speed static CMOS memory boards andan interface board. Our 32K/64K-byteRAM/ROM,8K-byte RAM, 16K-byteRAM and 32K-byte RAM boards areattractively priced. The Optically IsolatedDC Interface board features 8 input and8 output parallel I / O lines.

Now it makes more sense than everto choose RCA CMOS Microboards: theproven, economical, real world problemsolvers.

To find out the full story behind thesenew products and the more than 70other members of our Microboard family,contact any RCA Solid State sales office,representative or appointed distributor.

Or call (800) 526-3862.

Circle 367 on inquiry card.

•A," 8" Floppy1" Disk ControllerCDP18S651—$280.

2 3V Dual MicroDisk' Drive ModuleMSIM50—$790.

O MicroDisk Operating"" Software (MicroDOS)CDP18S845—$300.*

"I ROM Monitor" ProgramCDP18SUT70—$49.'

C Optically IsolatedDC InterfaceCDP18S663—$197.

_ CCITT Direct-" Connect

Auto MODEM

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T CCITT Direct-" ConnectAuto MODEM-1200 baudCDP18S653V4—$35

Q RAM ROM EPROM' Memory BoardAny mix to 64KCDP18S628—$189.

"' CMOS RAMmory Boardth RAM/ROMpansion to 48KJP18S630—$237.

, 16K CMOS RAM" Memory Boardwith RAM/ROMexpansion to 48K3P18S631—$284.

-|-|_ 32K CMOS RAM" Memory BoardCDP18S632—$339.

-10 Power Supply-,*fc" Switching 115V ModuleMSIM40—$394.

■10 Power Supply'**" Switching 230V ModuleMSIM40E-$394.

•tA Power Supply-"■ Linear 115V ModuleMSIM41-$157.

■1C Power Supply-■**• Linear 230V ModuleMSIM41E—$157.

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INTERFACE AGE, Oct. '82 "...JRT Pascal is following the example set by SoftwareToolworks (Sherman Oaks, CA) of offering quality software at extremelylow price..."

INFOWORLD, Aug. 16, '82 The magazine's Software Report Card' rated JRT'sdocumentation good' and performance, ease of use and error handlingexcellent'*-the highest rating.

AND NOW: JRT PASCAL 3.0—

with all the features that earned 2.0 somuch praise—PLUS the many new featuresshown here. The price?—still just $29.95!This astonishing price includes the completeJRT Pascal system on diskettes and thenew expanded user manual. Not a subset,it's a complete Pascal for CP/M.*

Modern computer languages recognizethe advantages of dividing programs into easy-to-use functional modules. JRT's externalprocedure modules give you flexibility to runprograms of almost unlimited sizes. Becausethe procedures are separately compiled, if onepart of a program changes only that part needsrecompiling. And libraries of external proce-dures can be built-up containing code anddata common to many main programs; thetime and duplication savings are obvious.

Faster and more reliable than ever,for beginner or expert, engineer or business-man, JRT Pascal 3.0 provides a set offeatures unequaled by any other Pascal...or any other language.

88 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

OUR NO-RISK OFFER:

When you receive JRT Pascal 3.0, lookit over, check it out, compare it with similarsystems costing ten times as much. If you'renot completely satisfied, return it—with thesealed diskettes unopened—within 30 days,and your money will be refunded in full.That's right: satisfaction guaranteed or yourmoney back!

A JRT bonus: if you want to copy thediskettes or manual—so long as it's not forresale—that's o.k. with us. Pass it on to yourfriends. But don't delay. Send the coupon orphone today and start enjoying the Pascaladvantage; at $29.95, there's no reasonto wait!

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14 digit BCD FLOATINGPOINT arithmetic

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Advancedassembly interface

Fast one-step compiler;no link needed

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TO JRT CUSTOMERS: THANK YOU.

Your response to very low-priced/high-qualityJRT Software has been overwhelming. Sincelast summer we've added almost 25,000new JRT owners; because we allow themto make copies for friends, the total numberof new users must be enormous! And justas rewarding for us are the many positivecomments JRT gets from pleased customersand the media. Pascal 3.0 is an example ofnew improvements and products wehave in work. It's also another exampleof our standing policy: best softwarequality and bestprice. So tocustomers pastand future, enjoyand thank you.

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Here's my $29.95; please send me JRT Pascal. I understand that if I'mnot completely satisfied, I can return it within 30 days—with the sealeddiskettes unopened—for a full refund. (Allow 2-3 weeks for shipping.)I need the 5-1/4" diskettes for □ Apple CP/M; □ Heath, Hard Sector;□ Heath, Soft Sector; □ Northstar; a Osborne; □ Superbrain;D Televideo; □ Xerox 820. I need D 8" SSSD diskettes.

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•CP/M is a Digital Research TM.

A 56K CP/M system is required

Circle 222 on inquiry card.

BYTE February 1983

89

BYTE Interview

An Interview with Wayne Rosing,Bruce Daniels, and Larry Tesler

A behind-the-scenes look at the development of Apples Lisa.

Of the more than 90 members ofthe Apple engineering staff who par-ticipated in the Lisa project, WayneRosing, Bruce Daniels, and LarryTesler are three of those who weremost responsible for its final form.Rosing, formerly of the Digital Equip-ment Company, oversaw hardwaredevelopment until Lisa went intopilot manufacture and then assumedresponsibility for technical manage-ment of the entire Lisa project.Daniels and Tesler were responsiblefor Lisa's systems software and ap-plications software, respectively.Chris Morgan, senior editor GreggWilliams, and West Coast editor PhilLemmons interviewed the three atApple's headquarters in Cupertino,California, last October.

BYTE: Tell us how you staffed theLisa project.

Tesler: In software, we drew mostlyexperienced people from other com-panies and very few people straightout of school. Even the ones we took

Chris Morgan

Gregg Williams, Senior Editor

Phil Lemmons, West Coast Editor

out of school generally had lots of jobexperience. In fact, one time Isurveyed the applications group andfound an average of nine years' workexperience in software. When welooked at resumes, we tried to findpeople with several years of ex-perience in development. We madeexceptions if someone had specializedin something we were interested in orwas a top student who also had goodsummer experience. We wanted anexperienced team because what we'vebeen doing is a very major softwareeffort. It's very complex, and there'ssuch a large body of software tocrank out and make reliable that ittakes experienced people.BYTE: When did you do the hiring?Tesler: The project went throughphases. There was some design andsome implementation when the pro-ject first started two and a half yearsago, but we hired most of our soft-ware people about two years ago. Inthree months, we hired most of thesoftware staff, and then they spentseveral months learning about the

machine and designing their par-ticular parts of the software. The bulkof the programming started about ayear and a half ago.

We had to spend quite a long timejust building a team — people who hada common view and could worktogether. We drew people from dif-ferent companies with completely dif-ferent backgrounds and tried to dosomething that nobody in this grouphad ever done. Some of us had doneparts of it before. We were develop-ing everything in parallel: the hard-ware, the operating system, the ap-plications, the manuals, the details ofthe user interface. We did have a sortof fundamental philosophy, but hav-ing to do everything at once meansyou're never sure when you're goingto get what you need from the personwho does whatever you need next.Daniels: I think communication is thekey there. If you have that manythings going in parallel, you spend alot of time communicating so each ofyou knows what the other's doingand can depend on each other.

90 February 1»83 © BYTE Publications Inc

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There is simplyno otherPayroll Ac-

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counting system this complete available formicrocomputers. The BPI Payroll System per-forms all the standard payroll functions. It con-tains tax tables for FICA, federal and all 50states plus Puerto Rico and the Districtof Columbia, as well as cities and counties withuniform methods of taxation. And our UpdateService keeps your Payroll System currentwith all tax law changes affecting you.

Companies with as few as four or as manyas several hundred employees in differentstates or branch offices can simplify theirpayroll accounting dramatically with the BPIPayroll System. It provides for expensereimbursement, automatic calculation of netpay, and wage distribution. It also producesW-2's, payroll checks and other importantpayroll reports.

With the BPI Payroll System, employeesmay be paid weekly, biweekly, semimonthly

Circle 58 on inquiry card.

or monthly by three methods: salary, hourlywith up to three different hourly rates, andcommission. The system also providesfor income from tips.

Deductions from FICA, federal andstate taxes are built in, and you caneasily set up as many as six other deduc-tions for your employees.

All BPI Systems software is designed tomatch the growth of your company:

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• Time AccountingThe Payroll System interfaces with the Gen-eral Ledger and Job Cost Systems as well.

Payroll Accounting is simple if your soft-ware is powerful enough. Ask for a demon-stration by your computer dealer or write usfor more information. You'll see how simplePayroll Accounting can be.

SIMPLY, THE MOST POWERFULSOFTWARE IN BUSINESS.

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BPf and BPI Systems are trademarks of BPI Systems Inc.

BYTE February 1983 91

STATISTICS SO EASY,ITS LIKE MAGIC.

SPEED

'z/r/i

At last, there's a sophisticated statisticspackage that's easy to learn and simple touse: speedSTAT 1.

With extensive statistical analysis capabili-ties—including a capacity of over 10,000data points and more than 30 different sta-tistical measures—speedSTAT 1 is thenext major tool in your software collection.It multiplies your capabilities., .with somepretty magical results.

If you've relied on large computers for yourstatistical needs in the past, you'll appreci-

professional statistical

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Apple computers

ate the convenience and affordability ofspeedSTAT 1. And even if you don't havemuch experience with computers orstatistics, speedSTAT 1 will make yourcomputer do the work, so you're free tothink about the results.

Of course speedSTAT has a lot more up itssleeve. You can learn the details at yourApple dealer. Or call Toll Free 800/543-1350 (in Ohio call collect: 513/891 -5044)and we'll send you more information.

SpeedSTAT is a trademark of SoftCorp International, IncApple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

229 Huber Village BoulevardWesterville, Ohio43081

Circle 385 on inquiry card.

"SfSP i

BYTE Interview^

Tesler: It took a while to work outthose channels. It was rough at thebeginning, but it's pretty easy now.Our progress was gradual. I think I'dcall it team-building. Some of thethings were hard to do in an organiza-tion that's thrown together like this.But once you've got a team built, it's avaluable asset. Of course, we weredoing technical work all along, but ina sense we spent a year building theteam and a year building the product.Now when we build something else,we can do it without the team-building step.

BYTE: What about project security?Rosing: We tried to be as secure as wecould without creating a discouragingatmosphere for people to work in.Within the group there has alwaysbeen total information transfer, andwe've kept lots of machines available.People have been able to takemachines home with them. There wasalways the risk of losing a Lisa in aburglary, but we had a rule that thefloppy disk had to be kept separatefrom the machine. We felt it wasworth risking a theft to gain the in-creased productivity of people work-ing at home. We've been very for-tunate; we haven't lost one machine.BYTE: How did you schedule theproject?

Tesler: People made estimates, but itwas difficult. All the estimates wereconditional — "If the hardware is hereby a certain date and the operatingsystem is frozen and I have the user-interface definition and I can get someassistance from people who have theright sort of experience, then I can doit in this many months." But none ofthe ifs were ever really possible.People were really hesitant to make afirm date because there were so manycontingencies. We did come up withschedules all the time, but they weremyths.

Daniels: Getting Lisa to market hasbeen a dream, a goal that we all have.Although we're willing to make com-promises to get Lisa out expeditious-ly, the dream of what we're trying toachieve is the major thing.Rosing: We had this dream of whatwe wanted to do, and I think over

Excellence Acknowledged.

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Business, commercial and professional people needingmore storage, greater reliability and faster access than previ-ously available have been impressed with Micro-Sci's A40system since we introduced it back in 1979. For a lower listprice than the Apple Disk ll®'s, the A40 offers 20Kb morecapacity, faster access time and greater data reliability.

The ideal solution to the Pascal * and CP/Mt user'sproblem of space limitation is a Micro-Sci A70 drive, com-bining quick access and high reliability with a full 286Kbstorage capability.

The newest member of Micro-Sci's Applell-compatible family is the A2, the perfectalternative drive for entertainment and other

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Micro-Sci even goes one step further with its controllers toinclude operating features the competition lacks, like jumper-selectable 3.2 and 3.3 DOS.

Give yourself the privilege.

You deserve more for your money, and Micro-Sci deliversthe most in quality, reliability and performance.

So when you consider additional drives or a disk subsystemfor your Apple II, indulge yourself in the Micro-Sci alternative.See our complete product line today at a dealer near you.(SPECIAL NOTE TO APPLE III® USERS:Micro-Sci also offers a full range of Applelll-compafible drives. Ask your localdealer for details.)

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International Dealer Inquiries... IMC International Markets Corp. Telephone: 714/730-0963 • Telex: 277782-ROBY UR

• Apple, Apple II, Apple III ond Disk II are registered trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc." Pascal is a registered trademark of the Regents of the University or California.tCP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc.

Circle 264 on Inquiry card.

BYTE Interview.

time we recognized that we couldn'tachieve some of the goals. Well haveto take care of them later. We'vetaken the attitude that Lisa is going tobe good and we're not going tosacrifice the integrity of the productfor scheduling. We wanted to make avery balanced set of decisions, and soeverything, as I say, just started tocome together. The floppy diskworks well, the mouse works well,the hardware works well, the soft-ware is beginning to come, and nowwe're cranking to get this first releaseout. But we won't let it be com-promised because of scheduling.Daniels: Part of the difficulty wasthat both the user interface and theinternals — the architecture — of thesoftware are revolutionary. Gettingthat architecture designed and builtwas a big scheduling problem. Oncewe'd done that, we'd built the founda-tion. Now building the applications ismuch smoother and has been mucheasier for us to predict.

Tesler: We didn't know if some of thethings we started would work at all,like the way the dot-matrix printer isused and even the way the letter-quality printer is used to print thegraphics.

Daniels: No one had ever done thatbefore.

Tesler: Theoretically, it ought to bepossible, but it had never been done,and the manufacturer of the printerdidn't believe it could be done. It hadto be possible in order for this prod-uct to do what we wanted, but no onecould predict how long it was goingto take. When we hired the printerpeople we told them to do it in twomonths. It took them a year and ahalf, but they did it. And then thehigh-density disk drives are newtechnology to Apple. A lot of theconcepts in there had never been triedbefore. That was one of the biggestrisks. And Apple not only built diskdrives for the first time but builtrevolutionary disk drives.

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BYTE: What makes them revolu-tionary?

Rosing: One of the major things wedid was to vary the speed of the diskas you change the track position, sothe drives keep constant area density,and that gives them a greater capaci-ty. Second, we used microsteppingalgorithms on the stepper motor sothat if a head gets off track because ofchanges in humidity and tempera-ture, the intelligent controller canhunt and find the track. So we havemuch better interchangeability, withmuch higher density, and we're get-ting approximately 50 to 60 percentmore data on that disk by goodsystems engineering. Some of thecompetitive units have a greatercapacity, but we think the error rateultimately suffers. We wouldn'ttolerate a serious error-rate problem.BYTE: How does the error rate com-pare with double-sided double-density disks?

Rosing: As for hard-error rates, we'retalking about 10"12, and that occursafter so many bits that it's hard tomeasure. But we're quite delightedthat the measurements are impossibleto take. Basically that means the er-rors are low.

BYTE: Did you work more than40-hour weeks?

Tesler: Each engineer set his or herown schedule. Some engineers worksomething like Monday through Fri-day from nine to five. Others workall day at the office, then go homeand work all night there. And whatan individual engineer does may varyfrom time to time.

Daniels: These people have pride.They set their own milestones andthey want to meet them, so they'll putin extra work to do that.Tesler: We decided a long time agothat since the project would obvious-ly go on for more than a few months —a couple of years —we couldn't havethis constant pressure on everybody,because people would just crack.BYTE: As individual designers, doyou feel that your signature is on thatmachine?

Tesler: I think that's true ofeverybody in the group. Even people

94 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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But you've got more than your opponent to contend with! Hidingin the fog by drifting off the screen can snarl even the best tactics!This is a test of skill and daring unmatched in any other micro-computer game! Your every move is critical. One false step and... KABOOM!

Use keyboard or paddles to play this spellbinding game. Plus...the special Freeze Framefeaturestops and starts theaction atany point. It's perfect for everyone-the controls are sim-ple, but the strategy and tactics at your fingertipsare truly awesome! By Richard Hefter andJack Rice.

A NEW experiencein arcade-qualitygraphics in a two-player game forthe whole family!

LP IRONSIDES

What you see is what you get!

Unlike other programs, where the pictureson the packagingand in the advertisingbear no resemblance to the screen images,this program delivers precisely what'spromised...

• Betterthan arcade-quality graphicsandsound!

• Bright, interest-grabbing packaging!

• FREE full-color Wk" x 20" Old Iron-sides poster

• FREE 32-page Log Book with space torecord wins and losses, secret strategiesand tactics

Look for OLD IRONSIDES" in finercomputer stores everywhere. Dealers areinvited to inquire by calling toll-free1-800-852-5000.

If there is no store near you, Visa andMasterCard holders may order by callingtoll-free 1-800-852-5000. Or, send a checkor money order for $39.95 for each pro-gram, plus $2.00 for shipping and handling(where applicable, please add state salestax) to Xerox Education Publications/Weekly Reader, Dept. 16A, 245 Long HillRoad, Middletown.CT 06457.

Apple II and Apple II Plus48K3.3 DOS

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Circle 445 on inquiry card.

Distributed by

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Weekly Reader

Computer Software Division

BYTE February 1983 95

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BYTE Interview!

Qume

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Circle 359 on inquiry card.

who have been with us for only a fewmonths have something in the Lisathat they can look at and say, "Thatwas my idea; that's my code." It'sreally a group effort. Even marketinggot involved in the design effort invarious ways, particularly in user-interface issues, product design,packaging, and the style of themanuals. The whole division reallygot involved.

BYTE: When did you decide to incor-porate all the fundamental applica-tions into the system software?Daniels: At the very beginning. Someapplications weren't decided untillater, but the integration, the way itall fit together, was a goal from thevery beginning.

Rosing: As a matter of fact, we cutout a few more things because we justdidn't feel we could manage a projectthat large. Then we added a couplethings back in as we became morecomfortable with the developmentcycle. But we've basically beenoperating on the same goal for thepast two years, with very littlechange of direction.BYTE: What was the sequence in theearly days? Did you decide what theproject had to look like to the enduser, and then what software was re-quired, and then. . .Daniels: Then hardware. In fact, wespent the first six months hammeringout the user-interface docket. We hadthat completely specified before wereally started the applications. I thinkthe key to success here is to knowwhere you're going before you start.Tesler: The hardware, the operatingsystem, and the applications were alldeveloped somewhat in parallel, butthere was a definite cause and effect.The people who designed the hard-ware had to make decisions, for ex-ample, about whether the disk driveshould have a door that you flip openor a button to push, that kind ofthing. The designers focused on thataspect of the user interface evenbefore the rest of the user interface.They didn't want the user to be ableto accidentally pull out a disk when itwas being written on or something.So some decisions were made even

before the hardware was designed.There have also been hardware revi-sions. The first Lisa hardware washere when I came, over two yearsago. It's gone throughseveral. . . how many revisions sincethen?

Rosing: About four. Each one's beenan iteration. We discovered a fewthings in the early hardware thatwouldn't work well. We just tookthem out because we couldn't dothem properly. The rest has mostlybeen a matter of fine-tuning Lisa sothat it's very manufacturable andvery reliable.

Tesler: Each time they go through acycle, the people working on user in-terface get another crack at it — "Sinceyou're going to revise the hardwareanyway, why don't you. . . ?" Or thepeople doing the operating systemsay, 'The memory-management unitneeds to be more general, and sinceyou're redesigning the hardware any-way. . . " So we were able to get insome hardware revisions. Also, thatkeyboard you saw yesterday is notthe final one. After user testing, andbecause of needing to support theEuropean market, we determined thatwe really needed a couple more keyson the keyboard, so we made a majorchange in the keyboard layout.Rosing: One of the things about thisproject that's different is that, morethan any other I've been associatedwith, there's a continuous loop fordealing with user issues. We've goneto the software and that has implied ahardware change. We synthesized alot of different disciplines. Thepower-off button used to be a tradi-tional button on the back of themachine, but we didn't want to en-courage users to turn off theirmachines that way because if they lefta document open, they would lose it.BYTE: Do you expect to find a littleinitial resistance to the fact that themachine doesn't actually turn offwhen you push a button? Do youthink people are going to say, "Well, Iknow I can leave it alone now, but Iwant to make sure it turns off"?Rosing: Right. It does feel a little fun-ny at first, but after a few times you

February 19S3 © BYTE Publications Inc 99

BYTE Interview.

begin to have confidence that thething does turn itself off.BYTE: When you finally got the user-interface specified, did you have abrief description of it that everybodyknew by heart?

Daniels: It was about a 35-page docu-ment.

BYTE: Thirty-five pages of specifica-tions?Tesler: We have something called the

User-Interface Standard, and it con-sisted of those things which would becommon to all applications. Also, theyear after that document was pub-lished some revisions and somechanges were made, and as we builtapplications we found that they hadeven more in common than we envi-sioned. Then we would adopt thosethings as part of the standard.Daniels: Another thing we've done is

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user tests —taking our ideas andbringing in naive users and sittingthem down and seeing what their im-pressions are. That has caused somechanges, and I think that's all shownin the quality.

BYTE: Where did you get your naiveusers?

Tesler: Various places —the bulk ofthem were new Apple employees. Wehad a screening process. New Appleemployees go through an orientationthe first Monday morning they'rehere. We handed out a questionnaireto the new employees about theirprevious experience with computers,word processors, video games, andthat sort of thing, and then what kindof work they did. Someone in ourtraining department screened allthose vitae. I'd go in and say I neededthree user test subjects this week whohave no word-processing experiencebut who are secretaries or accountingpeople to test out our Lisa Calc. She'dgo through and pick out some can-didates and I'd pick the ones Iwanted, based on their experience forwhatever test I was trying to run. Wehad about 50 tests this year inengineering to test out the software.BYTE: The fact that you responded tothe tests speaks well for the end prod-uct. The changes in the keyboard, forinstance. How recently did youdecide to change the keyboard for thefinal time?

Tesler: There were several changes.Those from the user tests had to dowith changing the numeric pad so ithad the arrow keys on it so you couldmove around in the Lisa Calc table.Those tests were run around January[1982], I think.

Rosing: January, and in March wedecided to make the change.Tesler: That was just key-cap legendsthat had changed. The other changehas to do with the number of keys onthe keyboard and was primarily forthe benefit of international sales,although it did improve the user in-terface in terms of the positioning ofthe Enter key and the ExtendedCharacter option key, which givesyou extended character sets. Thosewere all done around the same time.

100 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 379 on inquiry card.

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BYTE February 1983 101

BYTE Interview!

Rosing: The interesting thing is thatwe were at the stage in the programwhere the decision to make even whatsounds like a simple change takes sixmonths to percolate through becauseit's not a simple engineeringchange —it's manufacturing, tooling,documentation.

Daniels: We made one legend changein June or July — the Apple key. Whenwas that?

Tesler: July, and it's just now showingup.

BYTE: A legend change?Tesler: You saw two keys that saidCommand on them. The new versionhas only one, and instead of sayingCommand it has a picture of an appleon it. The reason is that the key's usedas a shortcut to choose a menu com-mand. If you look at a menu, on theright you'll see this little apple symbol

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and a letter. If you hold down theApple key and the letter, you get thecommand. We couldn't find any wayto symbolize the Command key thatwould fit nicely in a menu and berecognizable to people. We tried andtried. Finally we decided that theapple looked nice and had a nicesound to it —"Apple X," "AppleR" —and it keeps Apple in the mind ofthe user instead of "control" orsomething else. It's a symbol thateverybody using this machine willrecognize instantly, so we decided toput it on the key as well as on thescreen. To finish the artwork in timeto get the machines to test users intime to get responses, and so on, thechange had to be in by a certain date.The decision was made only hoursbefore the deadline.BYTE: Are there going to be twoCommand keys without legends onthem?

Tesler: No, only one. We studiedIBM and DEC and other keyboardsand found that they all have just asingle Command or Control key onthe left-hand side. We also reallywanted to put an Enter key on themain keyboard because we wouldlike to be able to offer a configurationin which an alphabetic keyboard anda numeric keyboard are in-dependent—for, say, a company thatdoes only word processing. Wordprocessors don't need the Clear func-tion, but they do need the Enter func-tion, so we wanted to be able to havethe Enter key on the main keyboard;that way, even people without anumeric keypad can hit Enter. Again,on IBM and DEC keyboards the Enterkey is standard; on many of thosekeyboards, that's the standard posi-tion for the Enter key. So we decidedto be more like other companies. TheEnter key also gives us the option ofremoving the numeric keypad with-out losing an important function.And then the option keys were put onthe side of those, and there we de-cided we did need two option keys,left and right, because they're usedvery much like shift keys for typing,and in Europe it would be very im-portant to be able to touch-type for-

102 February 1983 © BYTE Publicatiom Inc

Circle 200 on inquiry card.

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BYTE Interview.

eign alphabets for international cor-respondence, mathematical symbols,and other special characters. So therewere some trade-offs. We didn't wantto just keep jamming two of everykey on the keyboard, so we decidedwhat the priorities were and ended upbeing fairly close to the industry stan-dard. We have one Apple key, oneEnter key, and two Option keys.BYTE: The user-interface designseems to have been difficult.Tesler: That was the hard thing thataffected the most people. A lot ofsoftware and hardware engineeringissues were very difficult, but they af-fected only a few people. Interfaceissues affected half the divisionbecause Training, Publications,Marketing, and the software personimplementing the application all hadan opinion. People like us who wereoverviewing all the applications hadopinions, in-between managers hadopinions, kibitzers on the side hadopinions, too. Not everybody can

talk about what gate to use in somecircuit or what routine to use in someprogram, but everybody can talkabout the user interface. So we had toaccommodate all of these things. Andit turned out that good ideas andgood criticisms came fromeverywhere. We had to come up withsome objective way to decide. That'swhy we established the methodologywhich involved user testing. We hada procedure for proposing changes,reviewing the changes, narrowing itdown to a few choices, with certaincriteria like consistency and par-simony. And then we actually im-plemented two or three of the variousways and tested them on users, andthat's how we made the decisions.Sometimes we found that everybodywas wrong. We had a couple of realbeauties where the users couldn't useany of the versions that were given tothem and they would immediatelysay, "Why don't you just do it thisway?" and that was obviously the

way to do it. So sometimes we got theideas from our user tests, and as soonas we heard the idea we all thought,"Why didn't we think of that?" Thenwe did it that way.BYTE: Bruce, could you saysomething about the software archi-tecture?

Daniels: There's an operating systemunderneath that we built ourselvesbecause we felt that the ones thatwere out there didn't quite meet ourneeds.

BYTE: What does yours do thatothers don't?

Daniels: It's not just what it does, butwhat it doesn't do. Some otheroperating systems are basicallytimesharing systems like Unix thathave a lot of features that we don'tneed, and why take up extra space forthat? We wanted a system that theuser didn't have to be experienced tounderstand, and it had to be veryreliable. It had to maintain the user'sdata and keep it there. It also had to

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BYTE Interview!

support things like graphics, the win-dows that we have on the screen, themouse, and so forth. We didn't reallyfind an operating system that met ourneeds, so we felt we had to go buildour own. We built the other featureson top of this —the support for thewindows, the support for graphics,the support for multiple fonts, thesupport for printing. It's really quite arich architecture. At least half of thesoftware is in this foundation soft-ware.

BYTE: How large is that in bytes?How much code is in that foundationsoftware?

Daniels: Well, source code issomething like 10 megabytes.Tesler: Object code is about half amegabyte.

BYTE: That's what's there before youput the application programs in — halfa megabyte?Daniels: Yes.

BYTE: After you specified the user in-terface, what list of hardware re-quirements did you come up with?Rosing: Well, the main list that wasspecifically user interface would bethe bit-mapped graphics display andthe resolution of approximately 700pixels across in the horizontal dimen-sion, the mouse, and the doorless diskdrives with the eject button ratherthan an eject handle. They deter-mined a lot of the hardware design.We had other user-interface con-siderations, though. We wanted tomake the system very easy for itsusers to service —I presume you'veseen it break apart. Servicing really issimple. It took a moderate amount ofextra product cost to get that featurein there. And that's a part of the evenmore global user interface, howpeople perceive the whole system.BYTE: Why did you choose the 68000microprocessor and what alternativesdid you consider?

Daniels: We thought its architecturewas very broad and strong and wouldtake us through the '80s, and wewanted that. We wanted somethingto support the graphics, and wethought that processor gave us whatwe needed then. The 68000 was a bitof a gamble because it was very

young when we got on it. We weregetting one sample at a time from thelocal Motorola engineer here.BYTE: Do you think the 68000 will bethe dominant processor in the nextfew years? Is it going to overcome the8088, the 8086?

Rosing: I would speculate that forhigh-end applications with verycomputer-intensive, graphics-intensive needs, the 68000 willbecome dominant.

Daniels: But the 8086 has such an in-stalled base going already, I thinkthat alone would carry it. . .Tesler: You mean numbers of actualunits with the 68000 in it, or thenumber of different products?BYTE: Both of those questions.Tesler: Well, we're putting 68000s inthe units well sell, so that will meanmore units with 68000s. We expect tosell a lot of machines.BYTE: You've got a 68000 machinewith a lot of memory in there, andnot too much special-purpose hard-ware. Why did you decide to do itthat way instead of using some ver-satile hardware chips, like the NEC7220, for video display?Daniels: We're very much boosters ofbit-mapped graphics, and in facthardware support for bit-mappedgraphics is pretty small. All you needis sort of a shift register. We thoughtthe flexibility that would give us ingraphics and the things we could doin user interface with bit-mappedgraphics was well worth the price.BYTE: But doesn't the 7220 have bit-mapped graphics itself?Rosing: Well, there were a couple ofpractical considerations. The NEC7220 didn't exist when we designedLisa, although we knew it wasplanned. The second considerationwas that the 7220 cost more than theTTL [transistor-transistor logic] hard-ware needed to implement theequivalent functions. And the thirdconsideration was this: because wewere able to interleave the memoryand display cycles, we were able toessentially get data out of thememory at very little penalty. Using a7220 would actually cost con-siderably more in terms of system

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Circle 253 on Inquiry card.

MetaCard

BYTE Interview.

performance. And there was onemore consideration: with the 7220,you can't access the display memorybank when the chip is refreshing theCRT, and that limits the time you canaccess it to about 10 percent of whatwe have, which would drastically af-fect performance. We can accessmemory any time. For equivalentperformance, we would have to usetwo 7220s, and that would push thecost and the "real estate" beyond whatwe have.

BYTE: On the other hand, softwaredoesn't get written overnight. . .there's a certain cost to that. Youknow, this is very software-intensive.Rosing: Most of the software thatsupports the graphics took threeyears to write, but no hardware in theworld can duplicate what that soft-ware does.

BYTE: Really? The software is fasterthan the hardware?

Rosing: No, not always faster.BYTE: Its functionality is greater?Tesler: Yes. The graphics package letsus draw circles, rectangles, ovals, andrectangles with rounded corners. Italso automatically handles clippingon nonrectangular boundaries. If youhave one object over another, youcan draw the one behind withoutsplashing the pixels on top of the onethat's in front. That's a . . .BYTE: A software revolution?Tesler: A very unusual capability,which no one else has in that generalform. The other implementations areall either very, very expensive hard-ware—the $100,000 class —or in soft-ware, which isn't really that generaland performs much much worse.There's nothing in the same class asour software as far as capability andspeed. Of course, there is graphicssoftware that's faster and hardwarethat's faster, but it doesn't have

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anywhere near this capability.BYTE: Do you have a Xerox Star herethat you work with?Tesler: No, we didn't have one hereWe went to the NCC when the Starwas announced and looked at it. Andin fact it did have an immediate im-pact. A few months after looking at itwe made some changes to our user in-terface based on ideas that we gotfrom it. For example, the desktopmanager we had before was com-pletely different; it didn't use icons atall, and we never liked it very much.We decided to change ours to the iconbase. That was probably the onlything we got from the Star, I think.Most of our Xerox inspiration vSmalltalk rather than Star.BYTE: What does Lisa have that tlStar doesn't have?Tesler: We're talking about graphicscapability. You originally asked whywe didn't use graphics hardware. Ourgraphics primitives in software aremore general than the Star's, sothey perform better. We have a fasterand more general ability to draw onthe screen a picture of multiplegraphical objects in different shapes,to have one window that uncoversanother, and to repaint just the partsthat are uncovered.Daniels: Look at the desktopmanagers of the Star and Lisa. Withthe Star, you can only put them atfixed places on the screen so youknow they don't ever overlap. Onours, you can put them any place youwant. It's that generality that allowsus to have arbitrarily shaped thingsand covering each other up and . . .BYTE: Documents or forms, shapes,or anything. . .Daniels: Yes.

Tesler: Right. We have curves in it.Everything in the Star, you'll notice,is really rectangular, and our thingscan have curved edges and that sortof thing.

BYTE: Another hardware question:How many microprocessors are in themachine, what are they, and what dothey do?

Rosing: Let's see. One to scan thekeyboard, in the keyboard housingproper; a second one that receives the

108 February 19*3 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 94 on inquiry card.

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Circle 470 on inquiry card.

BYTE Interview.

keyboard commands and keys upmouse events; the 6504 that controlstwo floppy disks; a Z8 microproces-sor in the hard-disk controller — it's anintelligent controller; and then, ofcourse, the 68000. That's five.Tesler: Almost every major chipmanufacturer except for one.Rosing: And with only one exceptionall our I/O (input/output) cards havemicroprocessors.

BYTE: You say that the magneticread/write head in the disk drive ismicroprocessor-controlled in order tolet it be more sensitive to variations inthe alignment. Is that the 6504?Rosing: Yes.

BYTE: What is the microprocessorthat handles the keyboard and themouse?

Rosing: That's a National COPS. Wetried to pick the processor that we feltwas best for each particular job.BYTE: The memory is 64K-bytechips?Rosing: Yes, 64K chips.

Tesler: On the memory we have pari-ty and. . .

BYTE: What part of the memory isvideo memory?

Daniels: Some area in the mainmemory can be the video.Tesler: Any area at all. In fact, if younoticed yesterday in the demonstra-tion, when we're developing soft-ware, we need debugging informationto be displayed for the programmer,but we don't want it to come out onthe same screen that the user is seeing,so we had this magic toggle we werehitting that flipped between twoscreens. There are really two differentareas of memory with a bit map ineach. The software can switch bet-ween the two to display each in turn.BYTE: But they're within the mainmemory?

Tesler: Yes, absolutely. Anywhere inmemory. Take any number of con-secutive bytes and say that's the bitmap.BYTE: Is anything else in main

Oat?'S

CO

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memory, or is the rest of it all avail-able to the user? Is anything elsemapped to the memory?Tesler: Oh, I see what you're say-ing—the shared memory. Sharedmemory with I/O is not mainmemory. The I/O memory is in theI/O cards.

Rosing: It's not in the memory, butit's accessed like main memory, fromthe 68000 bus.

Tesler: It's in the address space, butit's not in those 64K chips.BYTE: A certain address is really anI/O port, is that right?Rosing: Yes; it's the top physical ad-dress of the 68000.BYTE: Did you consider voice as partof the user interface?Rosing: Yes. We looked at it prettyhard and at one time in the earlysystem we actually had a CVSD-based voice subsystem in the com-puter, and we took it out because wedidn't feel it achieved the quality wewanted to have associated with thissystem.

BYTE: What does CVSD mean?Rosing: Continuously Variable SlopeDelta modulation. It's much easier tosay alphabet soup. We've thoughtabout voice; it's part of our networkarchitecture and will appear in thefuture, but only when we feel thetechnology's right so we can be proudof what we offer.

BYTE: That's both input and output?Rosing: Right. We look at voice asbeing three problems. There's storeand forward, which is just movingvoice messages around, like a glori-fied answering machine. Second istext to voice; and third, of course, isvoice recognition, or voice to text.The last one's the hardest of all, butwe look at voice technology assomething we have to approach in aunified way.

BYTE: What about the program-mable serial ports? What chip is usedthere?

Rosing: They use the Zilog SIO. Thatwas one of the last major changes wemade in the hardware design. We didit because we had two high-speedports with less board space, and theZilog SIO chip supports asyn-

110 Febroary 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc

Circle 414 on inquiry card.

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Circle 252 on inquiry card

Hank: Here's the report you've beenwaiting for. Hope you put your systion automatic and didn't stay up.

all reps: Price changes on followingms effective immediately:i. 10-111A; 10-114A; 10-AL.

Take that. bud. tAnd retaliate fast.I know phone rates are low now. butgames cutting into sack time.)

i^

Your computer's telephone.

/iiii \/fi, fs

A, Ait J.

^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii mJ

Whether they 're getting the jump onthe latest stock reports or waging galac-tic wars in the middle of the night, moreand more personal computer users arecommunicating. With each other Withoffices. With networks, utilities and mailservices all over the country.

And Hayes is providing the commun-ications link: A first-rate telecomputingsystem thatcombines an intelligentRS-232connect modem with a sophisticated,easy-to-use communications program.

The Smartmodem 300. Think of itas your computer's telephone. Just plugit into any phone jack, and the Smart-modem 300 sends messages to and from

your personal computer, at 300 bitsper second, over ordinary phone lines.Goodbye isolation. Hello world.

Your modem is the one peripheral thatmakes your computera computer system.So it's only natural that you'd want thebest modem for your money. (One thatcomes with a limited 2-year warranty.)The Smartmodem 300 is a wise choice.Far superior to acoustic coupler modems,which connect to the telephone receiver.And it's so easy to use.

It dials, answers and disconnectscalls automatically, operating withrotary dials, Touch-Tone* and key-setsystems. Plus it works at full or halfduplex, which simply means thatconnecting to a time-sharing system,while it is a big deal, is no big deal to do

Indicator lights let you seewhat your Smartmodem isdoing, while an audio speakerlets you hear it. (Is the remotesystem down, or was theline just busy? This way. you'll know.)

Now all these extras aren't absolutelynecessary. We could have gotten bywithout them. But at Hayes, we're notsatisfied with just "getting by." That's

why we made the Smartmodem 300 so-well, smart. You can even program it.In fact, we've provided one for you.

Announcing Smartcom II.™ Thecommunications program designed byHayes specifically for the Smartmodem.If ever there was friendly software, theSmartcom II is it!

The first time out, you'll be creatingmessages, sending them, printing themand storing them to disk. Simultaneously.

Likewise, when you're on the receiv-ing end. Only you really don't need tobe. With Smartcom II and your Smart-modem 300. your computer does it all,completely unattended! That's especiallyhelpful if you're sending work fromhome to the office, or vice versa.

But it's just part of the story. For instance,before you communicate with anothersystem, you need to "set up" yourcomputer to match the way the remotesystem transmits data. With SmartcomII. you do this only once, the first time.After that, the information (called para-meters) is stored in a directory on theSmartcom II. Calling or answering a sys-tem listed in the directory requires justa few quick keystrokes.

You can store lengthy log-on sequences^ the same way." Press one key. andthe Smartcom IIautomatically exe-cutes a whole string of numbers to connectyou to a utility or information service.

And if you need it. there's always"help." Even while you're on-line, thescreen will display explanations about a

rdi iu uu. a lew ijluuv jxcyauuj

mYou can store lengHayes'

BYTE Interview.

prompt, message or parameter that willget you on your way in no time.

Smartcom II also provides a directoryof the files stored on your disk. You cancreate, display, list. name, re-name orerase any rile right from the Smartcom IIscreen.

And now Smartcom II is available forthe IBM PC**and Xerox 820-irf.

Like all our products, Smartcom IIand the Smartmodem 300 are backedby excellent documentation and fullsupport from us to your dealer.

So see him today. Link up to the excit-ing world of telecomputing. Get a tele-phone for your computer.

Hayes Microcomputer Products. Inc.5923 Peachtree Industrial Blvd.. Norcross,Georgia 30092.404/449-8791.

Smartcom II is a.trademark of Hayes Microcomputer

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'Trademark of American Telephone and Telegraph

* * IBM is a registered trademark of International Business

Machines. Corp.

tXerox 820-11 is a trademark of Xerox Corporation

©1983 Hayes Microcomputer Products. Inc.

Sold only in the U.S.A.

Circle 194 on inquiry card.

chronous as well as byte-sync and bit-sync protocols. We felt that made aheck of a lot more sense for thecustomer as the world evolvestoward X25-type packet trans-mission. We didn't want to make thecustomer buy an I/O card to upgradefrom async to bit-sync. We have onlythree I/O slots, so we're careful not towaste them on things we can put inthe main machine.

BYTE: Both serial ports can be bisyn-chronous?

Rosing: Yes; they can be programmedany way.

BYTE: And can this SIO function as aUART?

Rosing: Yes. A UART/USART com-bination.

BYTE: When did you know that youwere going to have half a megabyte asstandard memory? When did youknow how much you were going toneed?

Daniels: It's always been a backwardsort of thing. We had the capabilityfor a full megabyte in the machine,and it was more a case of how muchmemory we needed to achieve ourgoal.

Tesler: The sales force wanted it to be128K; the programmers wanted amegabyte. We negotiated.Rosing: Since we were writing thecode we got the megabyte.Tesler: So the hardware people madeit as big as they could in the addressspace, and then after some testing ofthe system we determined that half amegabyte was a reasonable compro-mise of cost and performance.BYTE: Do you expect the standardmemory on other manufacturers'machines to jump dramatically afterthe appearance of Lisa?Tesler: Well, apart from its impact oncost, I don't think the amount ofmemory is a critical factor in decidingwhat machine you want to buy. Ifyou're an end user, you should bebuying a machine based on what itdoes for you, how easy it is for you tolearn, how easy it is to use. Whetherit has 12 bytes or it has 12 megabytesdoesn't really matter to the end user,which is our marketplace. We're notselling the machine primarily to pro-

grammers who might care about that.End users have no idea which systemshave more memory or less memoryor one megabyte or one hundredthousand bytes. If other manufac-turers are trying to match Apple, theyshould try to match us on ease of useand functionality and things like that.If they can do it in a small amount ofmemory, more power to them.BYTE: Doesn't it matter when you'redoing something like dictionary soft-ware or when you want to read a dic-tionary into memory fast and proof-read a document very fast?Tesler: Yes, there are certain func-tions where it definitely makes a dif-ference. We have that in our LisaCalc. In order to do rapid recalcula-tion, the whole matrix really shouldbe in resident memory, so we spent alot of time coming up with a datastructure that packed that data astight as possible so that it would getas many cells as possible intomemory, no matter what sizememory there was.BYTE: Your version of BASIC willuse more than 64K?Daniels: Oh, yes. We could have putless memory in it, but the perfor-mance would have been unaccep-table. Unfortunately, some com-panies advertise machines that haveless memory than anyone would everreasonably buy. We haven't tried todo that here.

BYTE: You didn't use less memoryand fewer disk drives than wouldreally be effective, and so on?Daniels: Yes, and I think when youlook at the typical configurations thatpeople buy of other machines, thecost is really not that different fromthe kind of costs we're talking aboutfor Lisa. If the other machines getloaded up with disks and memoryand the other kinds of things youwant to run, then their prices will becomparable.

BYTE: When you decided you had tohave hard-copy graphic output thataccurately represented the quality ofthe screen graphics, what choices didyou consider before you did thisamazing adaptation of a $600-5700printer?

February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 113

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BYTE Interview!

Rosing: A wide range of options werebeing discussed, all the way fromthermal printers to laser printers. Wetried to identify what's critical in themarketplace. We thought there weretwo printers of first priority: a per-sonal printer and one with letterquality. At the same time our sisterdivision, the Apple II—III division,was evaluating the same two sets ofprinters. So we teamed up and did asurvey of virtually all the printersthat were available from everymanufacturer who would have thevolume capability to serve our needs.We did an extensive test and putabout eight dot-matrix printersthrough their paces with really toughsoftware. Quite a few of them just fellright off the table —it was clear thatthe quality wasn't there. Certain ven-dors were also much more responsiveto fixing problems. So it really boileddown to two printers. Then, as wedeveloped our printer software, theone we're using now —the C. Itoh —just far and away stood out as havingthe best mechanical design. Youcould put the dots where you wantedthem repeatedly, and that's what weneeded more than anything else in theworld —good mechanical design.Rosing: And a good price. Same forthe letter-quality printer.BYTE: The printer you are using isfrom C. Itoh, but it's your own ROMand your own systems software thatdrives the printer through the ROM.Rosing: Correct.

BYTE: What else can you tell usabout the printer, especially the dot-matrix?

Daniels: Mechanically it's just a rasterdevice.

Tesler: A character generator is builtinto it; it has some capabilities. Ithas a single type style that can bestretched horizontally and verticallyas it's printed, and it has what theycall a graphics mode. They thoughtthat would be used lightly, but it'swhat we use almost exclusively. Andeven within the graphics mode, thereare two resolutions, low and high.High resolution is a lot slower. Wewanted to offer the user all thesechoices.

114 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

BYTE: So this is a custom design foryou. . . custom changes?Tesler: Custom changes I would say,yes.

BYTE: Did you say it sometimesprints out in character mode? Ithought all of its printing when youwere controlling it was using thehighest resolution.

Daniels: I think all the stuff you sawwas done at high resolution.BYTE: For speed you can go to a dif-ferent mode?

Tesler: Yes; we're planning to offerthe customer a way to get a quickdraft using the character generator.Characters won't look quite the waythey will in the final version, but youcan get output in a hurry.Rosing: The printer will have threedifferent speeds and three differentquality levels.

BYTE: Do you have an idea whereyou're going next?

Rosing: We have what feels like tenyears' worth of backlog. We have apretty good idea what we're going todo for the next few years.BYTE: What's that?Rosing: The thrust is to expand thelevel of integration within the ap-plications and to add facilities tomake it easier for more applicationsto be written outside of Apple.BYTE: Those facilities are thedevelopment toolkit?Rosing: Yes. The development toolkitis a key thing. And for a large part ofthe marketplace, adding network ap-plications and data communicationsis very important. Last but not least isadding really serious database func-tionality to the system. If you add allthat up, it's as big a task or biggerthan what we've just done.Daniels: In fact, almost as importantas the team building that we've gonethrough is building up this founda-tion that we've used to create the sixapplications we've now built. Thefoundation is an amazing applicationmachine. We and others outside Ap-ple can build applications that are justamazing now, because no one has torebuild the foundation. It's alreadythere, in place, and we really hope toleverage off that in the future. ■

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The IBM Instruments Computer Systemis based on the highest performance generalpurpose processor available. Modular designpermits you to select a configuration to meet yourpresent needs exactly. Provision for continuingenhancement and upgrading is built in.

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The system provides integrated highresolution graphics on a CRT. Hard copy issupplied by an optional high resolution 4-colorprinter/plotter using plain paper. These highlevels of resolution are standard from IBMInstruments, extra on others.

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The Enhanced VIC-20

Part 1: Adding a Reset Switch

Joel Swank12550 SW Colony #3Beaverton, OR 97005

Most microprocessor chips have an input pin calledReset. When an electrical zero or ground is applied to thispin, the microprocessor clears all internal registers andstarts a preselected sequence of initialization instructions.That's how a microcomputer begins operation when youturn it on. Most microcomputers also have a Reset switchthat enables the operator to apply the zero signal to theReset pin to restart the computer. Unfortunately, theCommodore VIC-20 does not.

The VIC has a restore function that is activated bypressing the Stop/Run and Restore keys at the same time,but it doesn't use the 6502 microprocessor's Reset line. In-stead, the Restore key is connected to a 6522 VIA(versatile interface adapter) that is programmed to inter-rupt the 6502 microprocessor each time you press theRestore key. The 6522 is connected to the 6502's NMI(nonmaskable interrupt) line. When the VIA interruptsthe microprocessor, the program being executed stopsand the VIC NMI interrupt-handling routine takes con-trol. This routine checks to see if the Stop/Run key is de-pressed and, if it is, executes the warm-start routine. Ifthe Stop/Run key is not depressed, the original programcontinues. In normal operation, this method of resettingthe VIC works fine. When a program runs astray, youjust press Stop/Run and Restore to recover. Any BASICprogram in memory is preserved, and all parameters(screen color, sound, input/output devices, etc.) are resetto default values.

Editor's Note

The VIC-20 is one of the new breed of low-cost computers that offer asurprising amount of computing power for the money. But its low costmeans that it lacks some of the features we've come to take for granted.In this series of articles, Joel Swank will "enhance" the VIC-20 andhence increase the utility of this very interesting computer. . . .S.J.W.

For the restore function to work, the VIA must be pro-grammed properly. If the errant program has insertedrandom data into the VIA registers, the restore functionwill not work. There's another problem: the 6502 canenter a state in which the NMI has no effect. In this"hung" state, the 6502 performs no operations. You rare-ly encounter it when you use BASIC programs, but if youtry to develop any machine-language subroutines, itcould happen often. In both of the above cases the restorefunction does nothing. The only way to recover is to turnthe VIC off and back on again, thereby erasing any dataor programs that are in memory. A Reset switch canreinitialize the VIC without turning it off while preserv-ing anything in memory.

Installing the Switch

You can implement a Reset switch for the VIC by add-ing two wires and a switch. Figure 1 shows the schematicdiagram for the VIC Reset circuit. Normally, the 555integrated circuit (IC) timer on the VIC board is used togenerate a 3-second low pulse on the Reset line at power-up. The switch serves to temporarily connect pin 2 of the555 (the trigger input) to the ground line. That causes the555 to repeat the pulse, which completely resets the VICsystem without losing the data in memory. (Note: mak-ing this modification to the VIC will invalidate your war-ranty, so you might want to wait until it has expired.)

The Reset circuit requires one normally open SPST(single-pole, single-throw) push-button switch and two6-inch lengths of stranded insulated hookup wire. To in-stall the circuit, you'll need a 25-watt or smaller solderingiron. Do not use a 150-watt soldering gun; it will destroyyour VIC's printed-circuit (PC) board. Be sure to use onlyrosin core solder. You'll need a pair of wire cutter/strip-pers and a pair of small needle-nose pliers. To mount the

118 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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1.5M-W>-

;im

RESETSWITCH

X

0.1/iF

+ 5V

id

+ 5V

RES VCCTHOCH OUT

NE555

TR

GND

m

1

3 5

*^ 7406

:ik

•-O RESET

Figure 1: A circuit diagram for the Reset switch, which has beenadded between pins 1 and 2 of the 555 1C timer.

switch in the case, you'll need a Vi-inch electric drill anddrill bits. A small vise to hold the switch while solderingwould be handy. You will also need a small Phillipsscrewdriver to disassemble the VIC.

First disconnect the power cord and any peripheralsthat are connected to the VIC. Then turn the VIC upsidedown and remove the three Phillips screws in the bottomfront of the case. Turn the VIC back over and lift the topfront of the case. It should separate from the bottom andhinge on some hooks at the rear of the case. You will seetwo sets of wires that connect the top and bottom of thecase; these connect the main PC board in the bottom ofthe case to the keyboard in the top. The group of 18 wireson the left is for the keyboard. The wires must be discon-nected at the connector on the PC board. Gently workloose this connector to reveal a row of square posts. Thetwo wires on the right are for the power LED (light-emitting diode). They must also be disconnected from aconnector on the PC board. When both sets of wires aredisconnected, remove the top of the case and put it aside.

Let's take a look at the VIC board. Two versions arecurrently in use. The original version, made in Japan,was produced under an FCC waiver that allows it to emitsubstantial RFI (radio-frequency interference). A smallprinted notice over the game input/output (I/O) portstates this waiver. The newer VICs, which are producedin the United States, have sufficient shielding to meetFCC regulations. Their PC boards are also arranged dif-ferently. I have one of the older models, so I'll approachit first.

On the older versions of the VIC, the right side of thePC board is almost completely taken up by the powersupply and heat sink. On the far right are the connectorsfor the power cord and the game I/O. At the right rear isthe housing for the expansion slot. The left side is takenup by the ICs that make up the VIC computer. The two40-pin ICs in the left rear corner are the two 6522 VIAsthat the VIC uses to communicate with external devices.Just in front of them are the two 24-pin ROMs (read-onlymemories), which contain the machine-language routinesthat make up the VIC control program and BASIC. Infront of them is the 6502 microprocessor that controls the

120 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Photo 1: The V1C-20 circuit board. The Reset switch, shown atleft, has already been installed in the American version. (Photosby John M. Hannan.)

Photo 2: A close-up of the VIC-20 circuit board. The Resetswitch is connected to pins 1 and 2 of the 555 IC timer next tothe lower left-hand corner of the perforated metal box.

entire system. At the rear center is the 24-pin ROM thatcontains the VIC character-set patterns and the 40-pin6560 video-interface chip (hence VIC) that controls theoutput to the TV. In front of the 6560 are the ten 2114RAMs (random-access read/write memories) that makeup the VIC's 5K-byte standard memory. The rest of theICs on the board are the TTL (transistor-transistor logic)chips that perform the address decoding and interfacebetween the larger ICs.

Photo 1 shows the newer version of the VIC, which hasthe power supply, expansion slot, and game I/O on theright side. It has additional metal shielding over thepower supply as well. The ICs on the new version are re-arranged. The 6502 microprocessor and the two programROMs are located in the right front just below the powersupply. The RAMs are located in the front left in tworows. The character-set ROM is just to the right of theRAMs. The 6522 VIAs are located in the left rear corner.The 6560 and the rest of the TV circuitry can be found inthe center rear covered by a metal box. The 555 timer is

located at the left of this metal box.

You will install the Reset switch at the center of the farleft end. To the left of the perforated metal box is the 555timer (see photo 2). With only eight pins, it is the smallestIC on the board. Connecting the Reset switch involvessoldering wires to pins 1 and 2 of this IC. The 555 has adot beside pin 1. The pins are numbered counter-clockwise from pin 1.

Before you make any connections, you must take thePC board out of its case. Remove the screws in the cor-ners of the board, the two screws along the rear edge, andthe screw along the front edge. The old version also has ablack screw in the front center of the black-metal heatsink. Do not remove the two screws along the right edge.Once you've removed these seven or eight screws, the PCboard should lift easily out of its case. If the area you'reworking in has any static electricity, make sure youdischarge yourself by touching a metal object—a filingcabinet or table, say—before touching the PC board.Static electricity can destroy the delicate ICs on the VICPC board.

Place the PC board on a flat surface to install theswitch. Strip about % inch of insulation off each end ofthe two 6-inch lengths of wire. Twist together the strandsof the four exposed ends and tin them by melting solderinto the strands—that makes them easier to solder to theboard and the switch. Next, solder one end of each wireto one of the connections on the switch. Solder the otherend of one of the wires to pin 2 of the 555 IC. Solder theother wire to pin 1 of the 555. When you solder the wiresto the pins, get the connections hot enough to melt thesolder, but be careful not to get them too hot. Excess heatcan damage parts and cause traces to lift from the board.The key is to work as fast as possible.

After you've made all the solder connections, you'll beready to prepare the case for mounting the switch. You'llhave to drill a hole through the left side of the case largeenough to accommodate the neck of the switch. Becausethe VIC case is about Vi inch thick, you may have tocountersink the hole (i.e., make it funnel-shaped) so thatenough of the neck of the switch will fit through to fastenit. Locate the hole high enough from the bottom of thecase so that the switch will not touch the PC board andclose enough to the 555 so the wires will reach. Drill theproper size hole. If you need to countersink, use the pointof a larger drill bit to partially increase the size of the holefrom the inside of the case. After drilling the hole, makesure that the switch fits properly. Return the PC board tothe case and reinstall the seven or eight screws that holdthe PC board. Then insert the switch into its hole andfasten it securely. Reattach the two cables from the tophalf of the case. The cable on the left, for the keyboard, iskeyed and will install in only one direction. The polarityof the LED cable on the right does not matter. Place thehooks in their slots at the rear of the case and gently closeit. If the case is slightly warped, you may have to pressdown on the rear to get the hooks to engage properly.After you've closed the case, examine it on all sides to besure that it has no gaps. Turn it over and reinstall the

122 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Listing 1: The Reset program, which will reset the first link field and end-of-program pointers. Starting at line 25, use the POKEcommand to enter the program.

000100020003000400050006000?000800090010

001100120013001400150016001700 IS0019002000210 0220023002400250026002?

0028

00290 0"^ 000310032nf!3300340 035003600370 03ft0039004 00041.0042

004 3

0044

00 000000

oo onooooo o o o

00000000000000000000

033C 20033F is

0340034203440346034S034R0341":034D034D034D034D034D034D034D034D034D034D034D034D034D034D034D034D034D034D034D034D034D034 D034D034D034D

C5

R569

85

R5

69

60

022D

00

2E

PROGRAM TO RESTORE THE BASICOF PROGRAM POINTER.

END

CALL WITH SYSCHAIN =*C533*=*33C

JSR CHAIN

CLC

LDfl *22ADC #2STA *2DLDR *23ADC #0STlRT:

;UIC LINE LINK CALCULATOR

;ASSEMBLE IN TAPE BUFFER

;FIND LAST LINK

;ADD TWO TO GET

;END OF PROGRAM

;AND SAME IN END POINTER

;ADD ZERO TO HI BYTE

;IN CASE OF CARRY

;SRUE IT

;RETURN TO UIC

POKE THE FOLLOWING DECIMAL UALUES INTO MEMORYSTARTING AT 828 TO USE THE PROGRAM

POKE

7 0

POKE

829

51

POKE

OT|-|

19?

POKE

831

24

POKE

'-' •-/ Jb

165

POKE

833

34

POKE

834

105

POKE

835

2

POKE

836

133

POKE

45

POKE

838

165

POKE

839

35

POKE

84 0

105

POKE

841

i"i

POKE

842

1*77

POKE

843

46

POKE

844

96

. ENDERRORS* 0000

three screws in the bottom. You now have a Reset switchfor your VIC.

Memory Pointers

You can use the Reset switch to recover whenStop/Run and Restore have no effect. Reset does noterase a BASIC program, but it does change two pointersin memory that VIC needs to find the program. One ofthe pointers that is altered is the link field in the first lineof the BASIC program. Each line of a VIC BASIC pro-gram has a pointer to the next line. Reset clears the link inthe first line so that the VIC thinks there are nostatements in memory. Reset also changes the pointer tothe end of the program. Both of these pointers must berestored to their proper values for the VIC to recognizethe program that is in memory.

The easiest way to restore these values is to use thePEEK command to examine them before you run the pro-gram and then write them down in case you need to use

Reset. Then after you reset you can use the POKE com-mand to restore them and execute the BASIC CLR com-mand to reset the other BASIC pointers. Of course,chances are that when you have to use Reset you will nothave thought to do this. It's possible to find the correctvalues for these pointers after the VIC has been reset.

On a standard VIC the first link field is located atmemory locations 4097 and 4098 (1001 and 1002 hex-adecimal). It is a 2-byte pointer to the beginning of the se-cond line of the program. The end-of-program pointer isat locations 45 and 46 (2D and 2E). Finding the end of theprogram involves following the chain of BASIC state-ment links to the end of the program. Fortunately, there'sa machine-language subroutine in the VIC ROM that willreset the first link and find the end of the program. Tohelp in executing this subroutine I wrote the Reset pro-gram shown in listing 1. The program calls the VIC ROMsubroutine that recalculates the VIC statement links andleaves the last pointer in a temporary memory area. It

124 Febniary 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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then increments this pointer by two and stores the resultin locations 45 and 46 (2D and 2E). To use the Reset pro-gram, you must first enter it into an unused area ofmemory by using the POKE command. As shown inlisting 1, it resides in the VIC tape buffer at location 828(33C), but it is relocatable and could be located in anyspot you are sure will not be used. Use the POKE com-mand to enter the decimal value given in the listing (start-ing at line 25) into memory beginning at location 828.Next enter a nonzero value into the higher-order bytelocation of the link field with the command POKE4098,1. That lets the VIC ROM subroutine know that aprogram is in memory. Call the program with the BASICSYS command SYS 828. Now initialize the rest of theBASIC pointers with a CLR command. The BASIC pro-gram is now fully restored and you can LIST it or SAVEit on tape.

Note that you must not use any BASIC variables dur-ing the above procedure. Doing so will wipe out part ofthe BASIC program. And if you're using an expandedVIC, the location of the first link field is different. If youhave only a 3K-byte expansion board or a CommodoreSuper Expander plugged in, the higher-order byte of thelink is located at 1026 (402). If you have one or more8K-byte expansion modules, the higher-order byte of thelink is at 4610 (1202). You can still use the above pro-cedure to find the correct link value by substituting theappropriate address. If you have changed the pointer tothe end of BASIC memory at locations 55 and 56 (37 and38), Reset will restore it to the default value.

The VIC Reset switch is a handy addition to. theVIC-20. It can save you hours of retyping a program. Us-ing Reset instead of the on/off switch will also save wearand tear on your VIC.H

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BYTE's Bits

Public-DomainApple Graphics Routines

One reason for the Apple II's popularityis the large amount of public-domain soft-ware available for it. Most public-domainsoftware is rather modest stuff, but some-one occasionally donates an impressivepiece of software that is easily good enoughto be sold commercially. Such a piece ofsoftware (obviously a labor of love thatreflects much work and talent) is DavidShapiro's Dr. Cat's Grafix Disk. This is anApple II floppy disk running under theDOS 3.3 operating system that gives theuser a 5K-byte package of high-resolutionApple graphics routines, the source codefor the assembly-language routines (inApple DOS Tool Kit format), some docu-mentation, and a lot of enjoyable demon-stration programs.

David sees Cat-Grafix, as he calls them,as an alternative to the high-resolutiondrawing routines provided by Applesoft.The package has 25 major routines, each ofwhich can be called from BASIC orentered via an optional set of ampersandroutines (e.g., &HIRES). The routines in-clude both color and black-and-white ver-sions of subroutines that plot points, drawlines, outline or fill boxes and circles, scrollthe high-resolution screen, and draw char-acters from a user-defined character setonto the high-resolution screen.

The disk and associated software are inthe public domain and can be used as partof another program (commercial or other-wise) if credit is given to Cat-Grafix. Thedisk is currently being distributed throughApple user groups and can be copied with-out limitation. If you cannot get this diskthrough these channels, it can be orderedfrom:

David ShapiroPepperland SoftwarePOB 5158Bloomington, IN 47401

Please send an Apple disk, a check for $8,and a stamped, self-addressed returnenvelope with sufficient postage and card-board protection for the disk.

I think that Cat-Grafix is one of the mostimpressive sets of graphics routines for theApple that I have ever seen, and the price iscertainly right. David is to be commendedfor his decision to give this software away.I hope that his efforts will persuade otherhobbyists to share their work.Gregg WilliamsSenior Editor!

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Allow 2-3 Weeks for DeliveryFebruary 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 127

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Control Data's PLATO Basic Skills is a com-prehensive curriculum designed to enhancethe development of elementary and juniorhigh Reading, Math and Grammar skills.

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*For Basic and High School Skills pricing and orderinformation, write: Texas Instruments, EducationDepartment, Box 53, Lubbock, TX 79408.

Foreign Languages foruse with Apple II Plus.

Three lessons each for French,Spanish and German. Eachlesson uses a hangman orpyramid game to help childrenlearn words most associatedwith defined activities. Forjunior or senior high students.

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COMPUTER-BASED EDUCATION

The World of Standards

The process for producing standardsis full of checks and balances.

As our civilization grows morecomplex, the need for standards in-creases at an amazing rate. Withoutthinking in terms of standards, we areaccustomed to asking for a specificweight of oil for our car, film of vary-ing speeds for our cameras, tires of acertain size, and certain kinds of elec-tric light bulbs, electric sockets, ex-tension cords, etc. Standards are vitalto our daily lives. As consumers, wehave become dependent upon stan-dards and would not tolerate the in-convenience incurred by a lack ofstandards.

Standards are such an integral partof our daily lives that we are oftenoblivious to their existence andtherefore do not always appreciatetheir value. As we understand therole played by standards in our dailylives, it becomes easier to understandwhy a need for standards arises.When this need in a particular areabecomes acute, the next logical step isto convene a committee interested inthe subject to develop a standard.

Standards organizations exist toprovide a framework so that stan-dards that represent a consensus canbe developed and approved.

Much of this material has been adapted fromThe World of EDP Standards, 3rd edition, byR. D. Prigge, M. F. Hill, and]. L. Walkowicz.(Blue Bell PA: Sperry Univac Corporation,1978). Used by arrangement with SperryUnivac.

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History

In the early part of our century, thegeneral need for standards was fairlywidespread, and as a result, severalorganizations were founded todevelop standards in a variety ofareas. Therefore, when the first sug-gestions were made that standardsshould be established in the field ofcomputers and information process-ing, there already existed mature andwell-established organizationsavailable to accept that responsibili-ty. On the international scene, the In-ternational Organization for Standar-dization (ISO) authorized the forma-tion of Technical Committee 97(Computers and Information Process-ing) and Technical Committee 95 (Of-fice Machines). These two commit-tees have now merged into TechnicalCommittee 97 (Information Pro-

cessing Systems). In the UnitedStates, the American National Stan-dards Institute (ANSI) assigned to theBusiness Equipment ManufacturersAssociation (now the Computer andBusiness Equipment ManufacturersAssociation, or CBEMA) the respon-sibility for forming the correspondingAmerican National Standards Com-mittees X3 and X4, which have sincemerged into Committee X3 (Informa-tion Processing Systems). X3 now hasresponsibility for all of ANSI'scomputer-related standards (seefigure 1 for a chart of the X3organization).

Meanwhile in Europe, the Euro-pean Computer Manufacturers Asso-ciation (ECMA) was formed, and bymid-1961, the standardization effortfor computers and information pro-cessing was well underway.

Objectives

While the names and relationshipsof these organizations can be confus-ing, the objectives of all the interna-tional and national standards bodiesare so similar that they can bethought of as carbon copies of eachother. Basically these objectives aredevelopment, promulgation, andestablishment of standards; coordina-tion of standards development; andexchange of information.

At the technical level the objectiveis the development of a standard for aspecific product or process.

130 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Membership and Finance

The membership base of standards-making bodies varies somewhat, butin genera], at the international level,the members represent nations. Atthe national level, individual mem-bers represent interests of consumers,producers, and general-interestgroups.

Membership in standards organiza-tions is restricted in the sense thateach organization establishes cate-gories and balance for membershipbut is open-ended in respect to thenumber of members. In the ISO,membership is restricted to the stan-dards organization most represen-tative of each nation. ANSIrepresents the United States in ISO,and therefore, no other standardsorganization based in the UnitedStates can hold membership. (Otherstandards organizations are subtlyrestrictive on the basis of technical in-terest, product produced, or similarcategories.)

Although many international andnational organizations derive theiroperating revenue from membershipdues and the sale of standards, othersare wholly or partially supported bytheir governments. Several nationalstandards organizations have ex-tended their activities to include a cer-tification program, which contributesto their income. Most of the organiza-tions important to computer stan-

ANSI

CBEMA

X3

TECHNICAL

HARDWARE

SPARC

COMMITTEES

SOFTWARE

SYSTEMS

Figure 1: Structure of the American National Standards Committee X3 for InformationProcessing Systems. The abbreviations stand for the following: ANSI, American Na-tional Standards Institute; SMC, Standards Management Committee; CBEMA, Com-puter and Business Equipment Manufacturers Association (the secretariat to X3); IAC,International Advisory Council; and SPARC, Standards Planning and RequirementsCommittee.

dards are self-sustaining nonprofitorganizations.

Technical Committees

Within a standardization organiza-tion, technical committees arechartered to develop standards in anassigned range of interest. Becausethis charter generally covers a broad

technical area, a technical committeemay work simultaneously on severaloverlapping or independent technicalareas within its assigned responsibili-ty. A technical committee may alsoneed to establish liaisons with tech-nical committees of other standardsorganizations or within the sameparent organization.

Most technical committees have an

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DIABLO

620 RO 25CPS $1275

630 RO 40CPS 1949

Tractor 275

EPSON

MX 80 $440

MX80FT 520

MX 100 715

Serial RS232 w/2K 120

INTEGRAL DATA SYSTEMS

Prism 80 Basic $750

Prism 132 Basic 1075

Prism 80 Package 1299

Prism 132 Package 1465

Prism 80 All but color 1065

Prism 132 All butcolor 1260

Paper Tiger 445G 599

Micro Prism 639

NEC

3510 $1515

3515 1540

3530 1650

7710 2295

7715 2395

8023 465

OKIDATA

80

82A

$300.395

83A 639

84S 989

84P 989

Tractor for 80/82A 50

SMITH-CORONA TP 1.... Call

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS

Tl 810 Basic $1289

TI810VCO/Full 1549

Tl-820 RO Basic 1545

Tl 820 KSR Package 1739

-MONITORS-

AMDEK

100G 141

Color I 310

Color II 649

Color III 419

300G 149

BMC

Green Phos $99

SANYO

9"Green Phos $159

12"Green Phos 209

13"Color 439

ZENITH

Z-121 115

-HARD DISKS -

CORVUS

5MB $2555

10MB 3995

20MB 4795

'Please specify what type of computer usedMirror Backup 629

MAEZON

5Mg $2235

10 Mg 2760

15 Mg 3020

CP/M»s100 75

-MODEMS-HAYES

Micro Modem 100 279

Micro Modem II 279

Smartmodem 300 215

Smartmodem 1200 520

Chronograph 199

NOVATION

4102D 300/1200 $269

DCat 145

Apple Cat II 310

Nov 212 1200 Baud 549

-SOFTWARE-ASHTONTATE

D Base II $593

COMPU View

V-Edit 125

MICROAP

Select III 155

Selector IV 245

Selector V 455

Glector 245

MICAH

CP/M2X 225

Expand 85

MICROPRO

Supersort 1 165

Supersort II 155

WordStar 295

Mailmerge 115

DataStar 245

CalcStar 225

MICROSOFT

Z 80 Soft Card 295

Apple 16K RAM Card 165

Edit 80 85

Macro 80 165

Basic 80 275

Bascom 305

Fortran 80 335

Cobol 80 565

Softcard Premimum Pack 625

MICRO TECH CALL

OSBORNE

Business Pack 285

General Ledger 59

Payroll. Cost Accounting 59

Aces Payable 'Aces Receivable 59

SORCIM

Supercalc 225

BLANK DISKS Call for prices-MEMOREX. MAXELL.SCOTCH. VERBATIM-

If you can't find what youneed listed here, just call forthe best prices on the itemsyou require.

N.Y. residents, add appropriate sales tax.Shipping is not included (unless otherwisestated) CO D s require a 25% deposit. Allprices and offers may be changed or with-drawn without notice.

ISO/TC 97 MEMBER COUNTRIES

TC97

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0 OBSERVER

P* SECRETARIAT

Figure 2: The ISO/TC 97 is the technical committee for information systems. The member countries belong to one or more of thevarious standards committees (SC) under the technical committee. Each member country has the option of participating in a principalor an observer role. Additionally, some members may serve as secretariat of a standards committee.

organizational structure similar tothat of the parent organization andhave a quota of administrative andadvisory groups to supervise the pro-gress of the technical work.

Most of the developed countriestake an active part in the develop-ment of standards. Some elect tomonitor the international develop-ment work, which is then evaluatedin terms of their national require-ments. Australia and Denmark areexamples of this type of participation.It is also common practice for somenational organizations to adopt theInternational Standards developed bythe ISO Technical Committees (seefigure 2 for a list of the member coun-tries in ISO Technical Committee 97).

Development of a Standard

Standards development is basedupon cooperation and consensus ofthe parties involved regarding tech-nical content. This may require manychanges in wording to effect a com-

promise, as well as many material ad-ditions or deletions. The ultimate ob-jective is to produce a standard forwhich consensus can be achieved.

The philosophy of consensus im-poses a responsibility upon theorganizations within which standardscan be initiated, developed, and ap-proved: the organizations mustdevelop a process, methods, andoperating procedures that willguarantee that a consensus has beenreached.

In the United States, ANSI recog-nizes only three methods for thedevelopment of evidence of consen-sus for approval of American Na-tional Standards: the Accredited-Organization Method, the CanvassMethod, and the Standards-Commit-tee Method. All methods have thesame objective, i.e., to developevidence of consensus of interestedparties for approval of a proposedstandard. Any individual or anyorganization may propose a standard

for approval and, in so doing, mayspecify any one of the three methods.

Accredited-Organization Method

Any organization involved in stan-dards work may seek accreditationfrom ANSI. As an accreditedorganization, it may submit proposedAmerican National Standards toANSI for approval.

To be accredited, an organizationmust have a procedure fox develop-ment of consensus comparable to thatrequired under the StandardsCommittee Method.

When the proposed standard has^been approved within the accreditedorganization, it is sent to ANSI forapproval as an American NationalStandard.

Canvass Method

When a standards-makingorganization or any other responsibleorganization has existing or draftstandards it wants to have considered

134 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 479 on Inquiry card.-

PGS

PrincetonGraphic Systems

High Resolution RGB Color MonitorDesigned for the IBM Personal Computer

FEATURES

□ 80 characters x 25 lines

□ 690 dots horizontal resolutionD 16 colors

□ .31 mm dot pitch tube

□ non-glare, black matrix

□ plugs directly to IBM PC

$795

Princeton Graphic Systems' new HX-12 high resolution colormonitor is designed with an NEC .31 mm dot pitch CRT to give youup to 690 dots horizontal resolution. You need not compromise thedisplay quality of your system with monitors rated at less than the640 horizontal dots generated by your IBM PC. The PGS HX-12delivers 16 supercolors, 80 characters x 25 lines. It is the bestpriced performance PC direct drive monitor in the market today. Getthe PGS HX-12 and discover for yourself how well it complementsyour IBM Personal Computer.

PrincetonGraphic Systems

1101-1 State Road □ Princeton, New Jersey 08540 □ (609)683-1660 □ TLX: 685 7009 PGS Prin

Computer Exchange — The Supply Center for the IBM-PC

SOFTWARE

for theIBM-PC

* ASHIOK-TATE. dBase ((.'requires CP/M-86 S !28K

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DATAMOST. Real Estate Investment Program NEW!

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KEasysneKer (88K Words)Easyliler (a DBMS)Easy PlannerN0VAT1VE SOFTWARE. T I M III (a DBMS)

* INSOFT. Data Design (a powerful easy to use DBMS) NEW'ISA, Spell Guard

ISN. MattieMagic

Grsortmagic NEW)

Matti/Graprimagie Combo NEW!

(EXISOFT. Spellbinder la lersatile WPS in CP/M-86)

* MICROCRAFT. Requires CP/M-86 8. CBASIC-86

Legal-Bill! \> & lime BilieepingProfessional Billing ft Time Keeping — Billtieeper■¥■ MICRO LAB. The Tai Manager

-* MICROPRO, WordStar* plus free WordStar Training ManualMailMerge™I,: SpellStar'*

3 Pali. Word ft Mail S Spell; above 3

MICROSOFT. Flight Simulator (by Sub-LegiclNOREtl. Visualize

Easy Data DBMSNORTH AMERICAN 8KS. SYSTEM. The AnswerP8L CORPORATION. Personal Investor

* PEACHTKEE, Peach Pa* i (fit, AR ft AP)PERFECT SOFTWARE. Perfect Writer •»

; Perfect Spe!ier-UPerfect FilerJ' ;SELECT INFO. Select |»WPS|SORCIM/ISA, SuperCalc

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PRICE$ 700S 700S 389S 130S 130$ 760% 150$ 250S 350J 175S 400$ 2505 495S 225S 295S 90$ 90S 160$ 495

S 750S 750S 250% 495$ 250$ 250% 845S 50$ 100S 250S 250i 145S 595J 389S 189S 289S 595i 295S 395S 250J 250S 250$ 300$300$ 100

UTILITY

♦ CENTRAL POINT. Copy II PC. bit copier & utilities NEW! S 40

NAGY SYSTEM. Copv/P£, Backup Copier and Utilities S 35

NOREIL DATA. System Backup, Bit Comer \ f 50

NORTON. Norton Utilities, 14 powerful programs, 3 disks: J 80

■■ Ml II I'll III I !!■

ACORN. Lost Colony 'I

AUTOMATED SIMULATIONS. Temple ol Apshai

Oil BaronsB80DERBUND. Apple Panic* CONTINENTAL, The Home. Accountant PhisDATAMOST, Pig Pen

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DISKETTES

OURPRICES419S449$265$19t 19$545$129S189$259$129$299$189$369S169$220S 69$ 65$109$249

$395$395

$189$249$ 79JiZS$445$ 35$ 75S189$169$99$395$239$119$179$3395199$269$169$179$199$219$239$ 75

$ 35S 29$39$65

J

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40

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!

100

$ 75

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ft

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Control Data Corporation 12 for 10 Special.

CDC. 120 each. 5'a wilh ring, SS, SD (Apple, IBM, etc)12 each, 5'/., with ring, SS, DD (Apple. IBM, etc.)12 each. 5% with ring, SS, SD (H/P, IBM 320K, etc)12 each 8", SS. SD10 each. SM with ring DS, DD (IBM)

IBM. 10 each, i*. SS. SD (Apple, IBM. etc.)10 each. 5K, SS, DD (H/P, IBM 320K. etc)

VERBATIM. 10 each 51/.. with ting. SS, SD or SS. DO

MAXELL. 10 each, V. SS, SD

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Limited Time!$ 450 S19S

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• Means a BEST buy.AD #959

Hot Line For InformationOn Your Order(503) 772-3803

64K IBM-PC

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System IncludesTwo Disk Drives12" Green Monitor

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LIST OURPRICE : PRICE9 chips, 2O0NS,$J$$S

$ 69

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64K RAM Chips'" $ 175

TCCm3r InC. AtlinONE Board. 64K .;■.. $ 5«5

..-- 128K. -*"• $ 735

256K $ 975

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Quadboard, 64K, expandable to256K, 4 function board $595

Qdarjboard, 128K. expandahle In 25v6K. 4 Itinction board $ 775

Qtradboard. 19/K, .-ipandable to 256|<. 4 function board $ 895

.at. Quadboard. 256K. lour function board $995

Microfa;er, Snap-on, 8K, Par/Par. Epson. »MEB. w/PSl $159

Microfarer. Snap-on, «4K, Par/Par, Epson. HME64, w/PSl S 2.99

Power Supply (or Miiiiotirer. |9V 25A), «PS1 .'/,-.: S 20

TG PRODUCTS. Joystick $65

$149$249$ 65S 4S

$1495$165$259$395$659$129

$415

$535

$435$565S635$670$145$235$ 15$ 49

'*Qbtf «lue

t>4K plus

CP/M-80 operation$ 600' 5449

Control Data or lancion

DISK DRIVES. Double Sided 320K Same as now

supplied with IBM—PC. Tested, burned-m and wilh 1 each $ 595 $249

installation instructions. 90 day warranty by us, 2 or more $535 $239

PRINTERS AND ACCESSORIES

EPSON, See Epson section below

NEC. Dot Matr«. 8023 Punter F/T $ 695

STAR MICRONICS, 9<S Dot Matrix. lOOcps. 2 3K. Gemini 10" $ 499

9x9 Dot Matrix, lOOcps. 2 3K, Gemini 15" $ 649

APPLE COMPUTER. INC.. Silentype Printer tor Apple II $ 395

IDS. Microprism 480. near letter quality, HOcps, 80 col $ 799

Prism 80 Color, 200cps (all options-color, sprint, auto) $1795

Paper Tiger, 440 w/Graphics and 2K Limited Special $1295

LETTER QUALITY - DAISY WHEEL PRINTERS:

OLYMPIA. ES 100 Printer/Typewriter, complete with all

interlacing to the Apple IICOMDEX. Comriter CR-1, RS232 Serial l/F, 200 wpmComnter Tractor Feed tor CR-1

$525$315$495S33S$699$1450$495

$1295$845S 99

SUPPLIES: Tractor Feed Paper. Ribbons. Heads, Qume Daisy Wheels ft Ribbons

$1735$1199S 118

EPSON PRINTERS & ACCESSORIES

* MX80 F/T III. with Graftrax* S 745 $525

MX100 F/T III. with Gralttax* $995 $695

IBM PC !o Epson Cable $ 60 $ 45

Apple Interlace and Cable lor MX80 or MX100 $ 95 $59

Grappler+by Orange Micro, specify printer $ 165 $119

Apple Graphics Dump $ 15 $ 9

Atari to Epson Cable $ 40 $30

Other cables, interlaces, ribbons, heads and paper in stock Call

8" CP/M-80

BUSINESS I SYSTEMSOFTWARE

♦ ASHTONTATE dBase II

COMSHARE TARGET. Target PlannerCalcMaslerplanner

PlannerCalc Applications Pkg.PlannerCalc Combo PkgINFOCOM. Deadline

Zork I or Zork II or Zork III or Starcross. eachISM. MatheMagicMICROCRAFT, Legal Billing ft Time Keeping

Prof. Billing ft Time Keeping — Billkeeperf MICROPRO. WordStar • plus tree WordStar Training ManualMailMergt'"SpellStar1»

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muLisp/muStat-80MSort-80Edit 80Macro-80OASIS. The Word Plus (45.000 word verification)PEACHTREE. Magic Wand

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LISTPRICES 700$ 99$ 325$ 50$ 125$ 60$ 50$ 100$ 750$ 750$ 495$ 250$ 250$ 845$ 250$ 295$ 145S 275$ 500$ 395$ 750$ 350$ 200$ 195S 120S 200$ 150$ 500S 600$ 750$ 500$ 300$ 375$ 389$ 189$ 289

OURPRICE$419$ 39$225$ 40$ 65S 45$ 39$ 75$395$395$249S 79$129$395$169$199$ 99$199$325$295$545$275$145$145$ 80$145

Call$195$395$495$330$195$245$239$119$179

MONITORS

NEC. 12" Green

12" Color, Composite

SANYO. 9" B&W9" Green12" Green

13" Color, Composite13" Color RGB

ZENITH. 12" Green

AMDEK. 12" Green #300

13" Color I, Composite

13" Color II, RGB. Hi Res (Ap. II. Ill ft IBM-PC)

13" Color III. RGB. Commercial. (Ap. II. Ill)

DVM. Color II or III to Apple II Interlace

Note: Color II and III come with cable for IBM-PC.

$ 249$ 450$ 190$ 200$ 260$ 470$ 995$ 150$ 200$ 449$ 899$ 569$ 199

$159$349$149$139$199$349$795$119$159$359$799$469$175

MODEMS ANDTELE COMMUNICATIONS TERMINAL

HAYES. Micromodem II (tor the Apple II) $ 379 $275

Apple Terminal Program for Micromodem I! $ 99 $ 69

NOVATION. Applecat II Modem $ 389 $269

212 Apple Cat $ 725 $599

HAYES. Stock Chronograph (RS 232) $ 249 $189

Stock Smartmodem (RS-232) $ 289 $225

Smartmodem 1200 (RS 232) $ 699 $535

Micromodem 100 (S-100 bus) $399 $275

SIGNALMAN. Modem MKI (RS 232) $ 99 $ 79

IBM-PC to Modem Cable $ 39 $ 29

AXLON. Datahnk 1000 Hand Held CommunicationsTermina! S 399 $325

** CORVCIS SYST.EMS

* 6 Meg Hard Disk, wo interface $2995 $2095

* * 11 Meg Hard Disk, w/o interface $4795 $2695

20 Meg Hard Disk, wo interface $5795 $3495

IBM PC Interlace (IBM DOS), Manual ft Cable 5 S 300 $239

Mirror built in for easy backup $ 790 $595

Apple Interface. Manual ft Cable 5 $ 300 $239

Omni Disk Server for Apple II (Special) S 990 $495

Omni Transporter Card Apple II (Special) $ 495 $275

Omni Junction Box Set (Special) $ 39 $ 25Other Interfaces, Omni-Net Constellation Mirror. All in Stock

E9

H/P 7470A Graphics Plotter $1550 $1195H/P 41C Calculator $ 195 $149H/P 41CV Calculator with 2 2K Memory $ 275 $219Full 41 accessory and software in stock. Call.

PbrtianfJ. OR, Cash & Carry Outlet. 11507 D SW Pacific Hwy, Terrace Shop-ping Center, Tigard, OR. Over-the-counttr sales only. On99tf between Rte. 217and Interstate 5. Open M-f 10-6, Sat. 10-6. Call 245-1020.

ADnrnuir I hi rnnii ATirtkVi Ann tcdmc All mail to PO. Box 13S0. Jacksonville. OR 97530.

UKUtKINu INrUKmAI WIN AINU ItKMo! All items usually in stock. We immediately honor Cashiers Checks. Money Orders. Fortune 1000Checks and Government Checks. Personal or Company Checks allow 20 days to clear No COD Add 3,J;i for VISA or MC Include telephone number Add 3% for shipping,insurance and handling |S l&H| with $5 minimum UPS ground is standard so add 3S more for UPS Blue with $10 minimum Add 12% total for S.i&H for US Postal. APO or FPOwith $15 minimum For Hawaii. Alaska and Canada. UPS is in some areas only, all others are Postal so call, write, or specify PO Foreign orders except Canada for S.I&H add 18\or $25 minimum except for monitors add 30% or $50 minimum Prices subiect to change and typo errors, so call to verify All goods are new, include factory warranty andare guaranteed lo work. Due to our low prices, all sales are final Call before returning goods for repair or replacement Orders received with insufficent S.I&H charges willbe refunded ORDER DESK HOURS 8 to 6 PST M-F and 10 to 4 Sat. 1 PM here is 4 PM in NY

A 11 D DCCCDCHIPCC We fiaue ^een a computer dealer since 1978 and in mail order since 1980. Banks: First Interstate Bank. [503) 776-5620 and JeffersonUUK KtrtKtNUto! State Bank. (503)773-5333 We belong to the Chamber ol Commerce. (503) 772-6293. or call Dun & Bradstreet if you are a subscriberComputet Exchange is a division of O'Tech Group. Inc.

136 BYTE February 1983

tOW PRICES TO Ph , : WHO KNOW WHAT THEY WANT AND KNOW HOW TO USE IT.

ManufacturedExclusively

fm gp BEii&Howdi bV t^appta computerCALL US ON THE APPLE ME

LIST

OUR

PRICE

PRICE

B&H APPLE 11+

64K (48K + OUR 16K CARD)

•1725

•1150

Disk, M icro Sci A2 w/3.3 Controller

•579

'378

Disk, Micro Sci A2 Only

'479

'299

CippkZ II/II+/IIE

supply center

HARDWARE

SOFTWARE

on disk for Apple II/II+/NE

for Apple ll/U*

/HE

LISl

OUR

RAM EXPANSION

PRICE

PRICE

*

OUR RAM Card 16K

S 179

* 59

*

ALS. ADDRam 16K

S 149

J 79

*

Mieroioft. RAMCard 16K

$ 195

S 89

*

Saturn Systems, 32K

$ 249

$169

64K

$ 425

$319

*

Axlon 128K

S 475

$375

*

Ailon, RAM Disk 320K

$1395

$995

10 COLUMN VIDEO CARDS:

*

ALS, Smarterm II

S 179

$139

Dirt Cheap Video

S 89

$ 69

Color II

S 179

$139

Vidtx. Videoterm

S 345

$239

*

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BYTE February 1983 137

Standards Are Volatile

You might think that an officialstandard is as stable as a mountain.Most standards are in fact more stablethan Mount St. Helens but not asstable as Gibraltar. ANSI brings upstandards for review every five years,when they may be reaffirmed, revised,or withdrawn. If the responsible com-mittee does not act, the standardautomatically dies. Sunset laws ap-peared in standardization before theyappeared in government.

Revisions to the editorial content ofthe standard specification are the mostcommon; technical changes are morerare and must be treated as if a newstandard were in development, with allthe necessary meetings, documents,etc.

The constant review process protectsboth computer-product vendors andusers from technological stagnationcaused by fixed standards. But conse-quently, the standard's name mustcarry a date, which becomes very sig-nificant if changes are made. For in-stance, FORTRAN programmers must

be aware of the changes made betweenthe 1966 FORTRAN standard and the1977 revision of the language(American National StandardX3.9-1978).

Because major changes in a standardmight prove to be detrimental to bothindustry and consumers by makingitems obsolete, some standards arestabilized through the process ofregistration. When a standard isregistered, as for instance the ASCII(American National Standard Code forInformation Interchange) characterset, an entry is made in the broadly cir-culated standards registers. Whenchanges are made to the character setstandard (as happened in 1977 andmay happen again in 1984), the newentries will be placed in the same stan-dards registers while the original entryremains unchanged. In this way,several versions of a standard can existat the same time. Using this methodhelps to avoid repeating the entirestandardization process when there is aneed to make changes.

as American National Standards, itcan use the Canvass Method. In thisevent, the group takes a canvass ormail poll of all organizations that areknown to have concern for and com-petence in the subject.

The organization proposing thestandard becomes the sponsor and isresponsible for preparing the canvasslist. Generally, a six months' timelimit is placed upon responses to thepoll.

When the canvass ballot periodcloses, the sponsoring organizationmust submit all pertinent documenta-tion to the standards-approvingorganization. This documentation in-cludes the standard being proposed,the canvass list, the comments re-ceived, and the sponsor's responses toadverse comments. For example,these materials would be sent toANSI, and futher processing as anAmerican National Standard pro-ceeds. The programming languageAda has recently progressed throughthis method.

Standards Committee Method

The Standards Committee Method

is the one best known to the comput-ing industry. It is used when one ormore organizations have developedor are developing standards on thesame or related subjects.

The method described here is theANSI version. However, the funda-mental principles are identical tothose at the international and locallevels. As an example, the factors ap-plied to the decision to form a stan-dards committee are the same inANSI as in ISO. Additionally, theANSI responsibilities in establishing aStandards Committee, watching itsprogress, and acting upon its outputare identical to those of the com-parable ISO councils.

The Standards Committee Methodconsists of a secretariat (admin-istrative-support group) and a stan-dards committee embodying a bal-anced representation of consumers,producers, and general interests. Inmany cases, a sponsor may also be in-volved.

The terms secretariat and sponsorare often used synonymously, buteach has a distinct place in the stan-dardization process. The secretariat

plays an important role in the effi-cient functioning of the standardscommittee. While a secretariat isalways associated with a standardscommittee, a sponsor need not be.The secretariat organizes and ap-points officers to the standards com-mittee and generally handles all of theadministrative work for the standardscommittee. The relationships of stan-dards organizations and secretariatscan be confusing at times, as each canfulfill several roles. As examples,CBEMA was authorized by ANSI toact as the secretariat for AmericanNational Standards Committee(ANSC) X3, and ANSI itself holdsseveral ISO secretariats, amongwhich is that for ISO/TC 97.

A sponsor, as defined by ANSI, is"an organization or group whichassumes responsibility for develop-ment and publication of its standardand subsequently submits it to the in-stitute for approval under any of themethods covered in these proce-dures." As an example, the AmericanSociety for Testing and Materials actsas a sponsor of ASTM standardswhen these are proposed as AmericanNational Standards. By this defini-tion, CBEMA cannot be a sponsorbecause it does not develop its ownstandards.

Standardization Process

Regardless of the method used tosubmit a proposed standard, the ob-jective of the approval process is toconfirm that consensus has beenreached. Within this process, four re-quirements must be met: all substan-tially concerned parties must have anopportunity to express their views,and these views must be considered;significant conflicts with otherAmerican National Standards mustbe resolved; consideration must begiven to existing national and interna-tional standards; and evidence ofcompliance with ANSI proceduremust be shown.

The process to accomplish all ofthis occurs in three phases.

1. Planning: A standard is proposed,and a judgment is made as to itsvalue to the industry. A committeeis authorized to accomplish the

138 February 1983 © BYTE Publkatioiu Inc

PHASE 1 - PLANNING

PROJECTPROPOSAL

SPARC

SPARCSTUDY GROUP

SPARC

X3

1. LOG

2. REVIEW3 INITIATE

STUDY

DOCUMENTFEASIBILITYAND NEED

I REVIEW

STUDY

REPORTI RECOMMEND

1. REVIEW

2, VOTE BY .LETTERBALLOT TOAUTHORIZE

^ J

PROJECT

PROJECT

1

1

' !

X3 & TC's FOR

TC's & X3 OBSERVERS

INFORMATION & COMMENT

FOR INFO/COMMENT

PHASE II - OEVELO

PMENT

TC

TC

TC

TC

SPARC

1 COLLECT

1 DRAFT

1 RESPONSE

1 WORK PLAI\

DATA

«•»»

PROPOSEDSTANDARD

TOCOMMENTS

REVIEWOBJECTIONS &

2 SKELETON

2 SUCCESSIVE

2 dpANS SUB

RECOMMEND

STANDARD

DRAFTS

2 TC LETTERBALLOT

MITTAL TOX3

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.

,

■

TC MEMBERS

TC MEMBERS FOR VOTE,

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AL

'

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—*■

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ENTS

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3ARD

ANS

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IF STANDARD CHANGED

Figure 3: The standardization process is divided into three stages: planning, develop-ment, and approval. This flowchart depicts the milestones in each stage, beginning withthe project proposal to SPARC (Standards Planning and Requirements Committee ofANSC X3), through the appropriate technical committees (TC) and ANSC X3 (Ameri-can National Standards Committee for Information Processing Systems), culminatingwith submission to the secretariat and finally to ANSI.

work, and a public announcementis issued to that effect.

2. Development: A committee isformed (or assigned) to developthe standard or standards. Whenwork is completed, the proposedstandard is transmitted to the ap-proving body.

3. Approval: Approval is obtainedthrough the hierarchical structureof the approving body, and thestandard is published.

See figure 3 for an example of thesephases in the ANSC X3. To satisfythe commitment to consensus, eachphase includes requirements forbalanced representation, distributionof information, and approvals. If thisis a national standard effort, theliaison and joint participation re-quired for developing an interna-tional standard are also found in eachphase.

Planning Phase

Any standardization organizationmay consider a request to establish astandards committee for a particularsubject. The request is forwarded to atechnically oriented advisory authori-ty within the standardizationorganization. In ANSI, the ExecutiveStandards Council assigns the subjectto a Standards Management Board.

In evaluating the request for initia-tion of a standards committee, theforemost consideration is that thoseconcerned with the subject have anopportunity to express their views.For this purpose a general conferencemay be convened, a poll may be

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February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 139

taken to determine interest in the sub-ject, or a research study may beundertaken by an ad hoc studygroup.

When the decision has been madeto form a standards committee, ap-propriate notices are issued to thepress and interested parties are en-couraged to participate. The Stan-dards Management Board then ap-points a secretariat for the committee.

Development Phase

The work of the standards-development committee culminates inthe transmittal of a proposed stan-dard to the cognizant authority. Thisis preceded by a ballot to verify thatconsensus has been reached. If onlyone subject was assigned to the com-mittee, the committee ceases to holdmeetings but remains ready to pro-cess the comments generated duringthe approval phase of the proposedstandard. It should be noted here thatif any changes must be made in thetechnical content as a result of aballot, the proposed standard is

returned to the standards-develop-ment committee.

Approval Phase

The approval phase begins whenthe secretariat receives the proposedstandard with the request that it beprocessed as a national or interna-tional standard. The secretariat firstdetermines that all the requireddocumentation has been submittedand then distributes the document forreview prior to taking, a formalballot. If comments are received dur-ing the balloting process, these areforwarded to**he development com-mittee for resolution, and the pro-posed standard may then be returnedto the secretariat for review. Thenature of the comments (substantiveor editorial) determines whether thenext step will be further changes ortransmittal to the next higher level ofauthority.

The proposed standard now entersthe stage where processing will becompleted to make it a national or in-ternational standard. From this point

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on, no decisions are made on thetechnical content; the total emphasisis on the evidence of consensus.When the existence of consensus hasbeen validated, the standard-develop-ment cycle is complete. The proposedstandard is then published in its en-tirety, or a notice is published in-dicating that the standard is avail-able.

Operating Procedures

An understanding of the operatingprocedures of various standardsorganizations provides one of the bestavenues to an understanding of thetotal process of standardization. It ishere that you can best appreciate thechecks and balances that constitutethe development of a standard andcome to understand the slow,laborious, and frequently frustratingdelays, which to an outsider seem un-warranted but which are part of theprocess.

Basic to the process of standardiza-tion are the ballot procedures andmember involvement. Both of theseare indispensable to achieving con-sensus.

ANSI Voting Procedures

Let's examine the important votingprocess in detail. The voting periodfor the letter ballots of a standardscommittee is six weeks from the dateof issue. The results of the ballot re-main confidential to the secretariatand the committee officers until theballot period closes.

When the ballot period closes, thesecretary of the standards committeeforwards the ballot tally to the chair-man of the standards committee, whodetermines whether consideration ofunresolved negative votes and com-ments shall be by correspondence orby a meeting of the standards com-mittee or subcommittee involved.

(Often, committee members vote"no" on a given ballot because ofminor objections to either the pro-posed standard or its specifying docu-ment. A simple clarifying statementin the standard can change a "no" to a"yes"; the vote is said to have beenresolved.)

If technical changes must be madeto resolve negative votes, these

140 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 137 on inquiry card.

changes must be submitted to thestandards-committee' membershipwithin the four-week period given forresponses. Those who voted in the af-firmative must either reaffirm theirvote in the light of any substantivechanges or cast a negative vote. Ifnegative votes cannot be resolved,these must be reported to the mem-bership of the standards committee,with the reasons given for the nega-tive votes. Each voting member, onreceipt of unresolved negative votesand comments from those balloted,must indicate whether or not this af-fects his original vote. The final resultis recorded and reported to thesecretariat and to the membership ofthe standards committee.

At this point, the secretariat mayuse its discretion as to whether theproposed standard is ready to be sub-mitted for ANSI approval. If at leasttwo-thirds of the standards commit-tee members voting have approvedthe standard, it is mandatory that theproposed standard together with thenecessary exhibits be submitted toANSI. If this is not done by thesecretariat within one calendar monthof the ballot closure, one or more ofthe members of the standards com-mittee may offer the proposed stan-dard for approval.

When the proposed standardreaches ANSI it is examined by thestaff to determine that the documen-tation required has been forwardedand that evidence of consensus exists,just as was done when the proposedstandard was submitted to thesecretariat for a ballot by the stan-dards committee.

The proposed standard is now sub-mitted to the vote of the Board ofStandards Review, which requires anaffirmative vote of not less than two-thirds of the full board, taken bywritten ballot.

Documents

The names of the standardsdocuments will give you a clue to thestages in the standardization process.As the documents containing a pro-posed standard specification movethrough the standardization process,the changes in document names in-dicate the level of acceptance the

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Reliable, portable RCA VP3000 series Interactive Data Ter-minals feature: video and audiooutput; color-locking circuitry forsharp color graphics and rainbow-free characters; reverse video;tone and noise generator; 20 and40 character formats; resident andprogrammable character set; LSI video and microprocessor con-trol. All have a unitized 58-key, 128 character keyboard with flexi-ble membrane switches, plus the features of the ASCII key-boards below.

VP 3501 Videotex Data Terminal. (Shown) Built-in RF mod-ulator and 300 baud direct-connect modem. Ideal for time sharingdata base applications. Works with standard TV or monitor. Alsohas expansion interface and 16-key calculator keypad. As lowas $275.*

VP 3303 Interactive Data Terminal. Similar to VP 3501,without modem or calculator keypad. Has selectable baud ratesand RS232C/20Ma current loop interfaces. As low as $262.*

VP3301. Same as VP 3303, without RF modulator. As lowas $255.*

...and RCA ASCII EncodedKeyboards as low as $56/

RCA VP 600 series ASCII key-boards feature: flexible membranekeys with contact-life over 10 mil-lion operations; unitized keyboardsare spillproof, dustproof with fingerpositioning overlay and positivekeypress; 2-key rollover circuitry;tone feedback; high noise immunity CMOS circuitry; 5V DC oper-ation and 58-key, 128-character keyboard, selectable "uppercase only."

VP 616. El A RS232C compatible, 20 mA current loop andTTL outputs; six selectable baud rates. Standard keyboard plus16-key calculator. As low as $88.*

VP 611. Similar to VP 616 with 8 bit parallel output. As lowas $70.*

VP 606. Same as VP 616, less calculator keypad. As lowas $73.*

VP 601. (Shown) Same as VP 611, less calculator keypad.As low as $56.*

To order, or for more information, call toll-free 800-233-0094.In PA, 717-393-0446. Or write:RCA Microcomputer Marketing,New Holland Avenue,Lancaster, PA 17604.

*OEM quantity prices.

RC/1

Circle 366 on Inquiry card.

Febniary 19*3 © BYTE Publications Inc 141

standard has attained. The followingnames are used: Working Draft orPreliminary Draft, Proposed Draft orProposal (proposals submitted for atechnical committee ballot), DraftStandard (a Proposed Draft that hasreceived the approval of the technicalcommittee for publication), and Stan-dard (a Draft Standard which hasreceived all the necessary approvalsfor adoption as a national or interna-tional standard).

Member Responsibilities

All standards-committee work isaccomplished by volunteers selectedfrom the ranks of the memberorganizations. At the technical-com-mittee level the individual must betechnically competent in the subjectand function as an independent "ex-pert." In addition, the participantmust become cognizant of all facets ofthe subject other than his own specificarea of expertise in order to under-stand the viewpoints of other mem-bers. This is an essential requirementfor obtaining consensus.

In addition to their professionalpositions within their organizations,participants must plan to spend afixed portion of their own time onstandards-committee work as well asallocate time to inform their ownorganizations on standards. A de-tailed knowledge of internationalprotocol is essential so that atechnical committee can functionproperly in the international environ-ment.

International Standardization

International standards are becom-ing increasingly influential in worldtrade. Multinational companies findthat differing national technical re-quirements have joined trade tariffsas significant factors in worldwidemarketing because they may require acompany to produce costly and un-necessary variants of a product.Development of international stan-dards helps resolve these technicalbarriers to trade.

While it is neither desirable nor in-tended that international standardsshould be applied with the force oflaw, the policy of legislating by"reference to standards" is becoming

more and more frequent astechnology develops and trade ex-pands. The effective implementationof the "reference-to-standards"technique requires that legislationand regulations be drafted in the formof general requirements that containreferences to a standard or a group ofstandards, which, in turn, providemore detailed explanations of thegeneral requirements, as well as il-lustrations of the means of meetingthe requirements.

If all standards originated at the na-tional level and moved in an orderlyfashion to the international level inone organizational structure, fewcomplexities would exist. However,standards originate in many areasand from many organizations andthus involve liaisons with many otherorganizations. The international or-ganizations best known to the com-puting community are the ISO, theIEC (International ElectrotechnicalCommission), and the Comite Con-sultatif International Telephonique atTelegraphique (CCITT) of the Interna-tiona] Telecommunication Union (ITU).

Conclusion

International standardization pro-vides the solution to the problems ofdiverse national standards, the pro-tection of consumer interests, and theelimination of trade barriers.

Throughout history, whenever aneed for a standard was recognized,the interested parties either formed ordesignated an organization throughwhich the process of developing stan-dards could take place. Now thedevelopment of standards is a vastworldwide activity that could almostbe classified as an industry in itself.

Simply put, a standard is a solutionto a problem. It is not too surprisingthen that as our problems get morecomplex, the process of finding asolution also increases in complexity.Thousands of individuals are in-volved in standardization work forthe computer industry alone, and thework they do affects all of us.Perhaps the information in this articlewill help you better appreciate the im-portance of standards and the stan-dards process to our technologicalworld. ■

Where to ObtainStandards Information

ACM Standards CommitteeAssociation for Computing

Machinery11 West 42nd St.New York, NY 10036

American National Standards

Institute1430 BroadwayNew York, NY 10018

Computer and Business EqiiManufacturers Association(CBEMA)

X3 Secretariat

Suite 500

311 First St. NW

Washington, DC 20001

Electronic Industries Associ;Engineering Department2001 Eye St. NWWashington, DC 20006

IEEE Computer SocietyPOB 80452

Worldway Postal CenterLos Angeles, CA 90080

IEEE Service Center445 Hoes LanePiscataway, NJ 08854

Information Handling Services

Product Management Departme

15 Inverness Way E

POB 1154

Englewood, CO 80150

(This is a commercial firm thatcompiles and distributes copies ofelectronics standards for a fee.)

Institute for Computer Sciences

and TechnologyA200 AdministrationNational Bureau of StandardsWashington, DC 20234

United States Department of

Commerce ;

National Technical Information

Service5285 Port Royal Rd.Springfield, VA 22161

142 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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_

The Panasonic portable computer

We've improved the way

Link Panasonic.

It will improve the way yousolve problems. And thesolutions come from theportable computing poweryou have at yourfingertips. You can take itwith you on planes, cars,1 boats, anywhere, because" it fits into a suitcase. You canbe more cost effective in thefield, because you'll haveaccess to more information formaking on-the-spot decisions.You'll have the incredibleadvantage of being able totelecommunicate from anywhereyou are. It gives you a wholenew world of computing.Portable computing.

Software Solutions — Now

there's an exciting new softwaresystem for the 6502microprocessor that gives you moresolutions to your problems.The popular language software for the portable computer includesExtended Basic Compiler/Interpreter, SnapFORTH and Microsoft Basic.®The Panasonic portable computer also has a wide range of specificsoftware programs for your specific problems, such as:

The Scientific Calculator—An incredibly powerful tool that solves mathematical problems for thescientist, engineer, and professional wherever they go.

Portabudqet —It's your portable personal financial manager. It gives you up-to-the-minute personalcontrol. It allows you to be your own record keeper, savings advisor, accountant, bill manager, creditand charge account guide, investment counselor, portfolio keeper, and tax assistant. Overall, ithelps plan your personal financial life, portably.

Portacalc-Gives you the portability and the flexibility to automatically analyze numerical problemswherever and whenever they arise. You can assess "what if" alternative business problems,comprehend key variables in business, and dynamically analyze problems on engineering projects.

Portawriter—It allows you to write, edit, and format information. And, you can telecommunicate theinformation from wherever you are. Whether you're in the boardroom, hotel room, or even on a golfcourse, Portawriter gives you full editing and formatting capability for notes, reports, letters, newscopy, tables, lists, forms, orders, you name it.

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with a wide range of new software,you solve problems.

Portaflex—A master program that allows you to create solutions for applications, such as:

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d Field Service — Retrieve, diagnose, and analyze your field service data wherever you are in the field.

a Auditing and Accounting —Custom auditing and accounting, anywhere you are in the field.

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Simply take a desk top microcomputer,* insert the software development discs, create your ownprogram, de-bug that program, compile the program, then "burn-in" your problem-solving EPROM.

♦Presently offered for Apple II Plus.

Hardware Specifications -

The Panasonic portable computer offers 6502microprocessor (1 MHz) technology.

a It offers 4K or 8K internal nonvolatile RAMp 48K internal ROM

□ Built-in Ni-Cad rechargeable battery packa External AC adapter/recharger

a 26-character liquid crystal display

□ 65-key completely redefinable keyboard

Introducing Peripherals for Additional Solutions -

Modular peripherals let you customize your system.

□ Multiple RS-232C serial interfaces

d Asynchronous modem with cassette interface

(110 or 300 baud)a 40-character microprinter (thermal dot matrix printing)a 8K or 16K RAM memory expansion packsa X-Y, four-color plotter (up to 80 characters per line)

□ TV adapter (32 characters X16 lines with colorand graphics)

The Panasonic portable computer. It's improved the way you solve problems. Because we believeits portable modules and multiple software applications can vastly improve your productivity. And thatcan be an important solution to your profit problems.

The portable computer from Panasonic. We've improved the way you solve problems.

v U"UC Panasonic. It's changing the way the world uses computers.

Please send me more information.

Panasonic Company, Hand-Held ComputersOne Panasonic Way, Secaucus, New Jersey 07094

Name (PLEASE PRINT).Title & Company

Dealer Inquiries Invited

■t Type of Business .

Sn Address

1 City.

Phone Number (

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Panasonic,

just slightly ahead of our time.

Circle 328 on Inquiry card.

Welcome to the Standards Jungle

An in-depth look at the confusing world of computer connections.

RS-232C, RS-366, RS-423A,RS-449, V.10, V.ll, V.24, V.28,X.21, X.21 bis, X.26, X.27, currentloop. . . Welcome to the standardsjungle. All these are standards or rec-ommendations designed to help youconnect computers to terminals, mo-dems, and computer networks. Whyare there so many? What are the dif-ferences between them7 The similari-ties? Ill attempt to guide you throughthis horrendous complication of stan-dards, but first let's take a look atwhere these standards originated.

The standards or recommendations111 cover come from two organiza-tions. The standards with the RSprefix are from a United Statesorganization, the Electronic In-dustries Association (EIA). These arethe most widely used standards forcomputer equipment in North Amer-ica and hence the world at this time.The standards prefixed by a V or Xare from the Comite Consultatif In-ternational Telephonique et Tele-graphique (CCITT), a committee ofthe International Telecommunica-tions Union, which is an agency ofthe United Nations. The concerns of

Ian H. Witten

Computer Science Department

University of Calgary

2500 University Drive NW

Calgary, Alberta

Canada T2N 1N4

the CCITT encompass all aspects oftelecommunications worldwide. Be-cause of sometimes conflicting factorsinfluencing its decisions, such asspecial national requirements andgeopolitical concerns, the CCITT

The EIA standardsare the most widely

used standards for

computer equipment

in the world.

makes recommendations rather thanstandards. Although the EIA stan-dards and the CCITT recommenda-tions are almost identical in manycases, they differ somewhat in word-ing and detail. Additionally, theCCITT has taken a separate directionfrom the EIA in the past few years,which I will discuss later. (A completecopy of the standards and recommen-dations can be purchased by writingto the respective organizations: EIA,2001 Eye St. NW, Washington, DC20006; and CCITT, United Nations

Bookstore, United Nations AssemblyBuilding, New York, NY 10017.)

An RS-232C Beginning

My jungle tour starts with a whirl-wind overview of the standards listedin table 1, after which I'll describeeach one in greater detail. A goodplace to begin is with the mostpopular standard for connecting com-puters to modems and terminals, RS-232C. The official title for this com-plicated standard is Interface BetweenData Terminal Equipment and DataCircuit-Terminating EquipmentEmploying Serial Binary Interface.The C in RS-232C indicates that it hasbeen revised. This standard includesmuch more than just the transmit-andreceive-data wires you use to connecta terminal to a computer.

The RS-232C standard has fourparts: electrical signal characteristics,interface mechanical characteristics,functional description of the signals,and a list of standard subsets ofsignals for specific interface types.The first part defines the voltages tobe used and their interpretations as 0sand Is. The second gives you the size

146 February 1963 © BYTE Publications Inc

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EIA CCITT

Approx. Speed/Distance Purpose

Date

RS-232C V.24, V.28 1969 20,000 bps and 50 ft.

RS-366 V.25

RS-422A V.11.X.27 1975

RS-423A V.10, X.26 1975

RS-449

1977

10 million bps and 40 ft100,000 bps and 4000 ft

100,000 bps and 40 ft1000 bps and 4000 ft

2 million bps usingRS-422A

20,000 bps usingRS-423A

X.21

1976

X.21 bis

1976

current-loop (notofficially sanctioned)

10,000 bps and 1500 ft

Table 1: The standards jungle.

interface specification formodem control, includingelectrical and mechanicalcharacteristics and func-tional definitions ofsignals

automatic calling unitused in conjunction with amodem to allow a com-puter to dial calls

electrical specification only;two-wire connection foreach signal

electrical specification only;one-wire connection foreach signal with commonreturn wire

interface specification formodem control, usingRS-423A as electricalspecification, with optionof RS-422A for somewires

interface specification fordata equipment to publicdata network, using syn-chronous format anddigital rather than analogtransmission on telephonenetworks

modification of X.21 toallow its use with existingsynchronous data equip-ment and analog tele-phone networks—essentially the same asV.24 and RS-232C

provides send and returndata paths only (nomodem control)—not aproper standard—usedoriginally for Teletype ter-minals and now used onmany microcomputers

of the plug and the disposition of thepins. The third, which I'll discuss inmost detail, gives a functional de-scription of the 21 signals which makeup the RS-232C standard. The fourthpart lists about 14 subsets of these 21signals that are used in different types

of modems. The CCITT recommen-dation, V.24, is almost identical withRS-232C; however, the electricalsignal characteristics are specifiedseparately in a companion recom-mendation, V.28.

When you access a computer over

148 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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telephone lines, the computer mustconnect to a modem or data set (dataset is the term used instead of modemin Bell System literature). The com-puter's modem communicatesthrough the telephone network toanother modem that connects to yourterminal. This configuration involvestwo RS-232C interfaces: one betweenthe computer and its modem and theother between your terminal and itsmodem. Official terminology labelsboth the computer and your terminalDTEs (data terminal equipment) andlabels the modems DCEs (data cir-

cuit-terminating equipment, mostoften some sort of data-communica-tion equipment).

Because you often want the choiceof using your terminal with a modemor directly connecting it to a com-puter's output port, the RS-232Cstandard frequently provides bothconnections. Strictly speaking, theRS-232C standard was never intend-ed for connecting a DTE device di-rectly to another DTE, and most of itssignals are unnecessary in that ap-plication. When manufacturers claimthat a product is RS-232C-compatible

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they usually mean that the equipmentaccepts and generates only a smallfraction of the RS-232C signals andalso doesn't violate any other parts ofthe standard.

Generally, the RS-232C standardcovers such things as the protocol foranswering calls and modem controlfor reversing the transmission direc-tion in a half-duplex link. It does not,however, cover the requirements forautodial units. This information isprovided by the companion specifica-tion, RS-366 (comparable to CCITTrecommendation V.25), which de-fines how the computer presents thedigits to be dialed to the autodialer,how the computer signals the end ofthe number, and what occurs whenthe autodialer cannot successfullycomplete the call.

The major drawback to RS-232C isits limited transmission distance of 50feet. In practice, you can go con-siderably farther, but always at yourown risk. A second disadvantage isits maximum transmission speed,although this is not usually a limita-tion in applications between com-puters and terminals. While RS-232Ccan operate at speeds up to 19,200bits per second (bps), the data ratebetween computer and terminal isusually 9600 bps at best, and it is verydifficult to transmit data even at thisslower rate over the switched tele-phone network.

The distance restriction is not aserious disadvantage if you usemodems to access a remote computer.The modems usually sit beside thecomputer and terminal, and the long-haul transmission takes place be-tween them over telephone lines. Inlocal applications, however, youoften find RS-232C connecting ter-minals directly to computers, simplybecause it is obviously convenient touse the same terminal and computerinterface whether or not a modemconnection is used. This is where the50-foot limit becomes restrictive. Fur-thermore, the RS-232C voltage levelsare not particularly convenientbecause they aren't the same as thosein standard TTL (transistor-transistorlogic) and MOS (metal-oxide semi-conductor) technologies now domi-nating computer implementations.

150 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 73 on inquiry card.

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This means you need an additionalpower supply with this configuration.Because of these problems with RS-232C, the current-loop interface,made famous by the original Teletypeterminals, has come back in fashion,particularly for low-cost home com-puters. This interface is not a properstandard, with both 20- and 60-milli-amp (mA) versions, but it usuallyworks over distances of up to 1500 ftat rates of up to 9600 bps. Unfor-tunately, the current-loop interface iscompletely incompatible with RS-232C and requires you to use switch-able, dual-standard hardware or con-version boxes. Moreover, the inter-face comes in two flavors: active,which actually generates the current,and passive, which either detects thecurrent or signals by switching it onand off. The conversion boxes enablepassive devices to communicate withactive devices. For example, a micro-computer usually contains the activeinterface and a terminal has thepassive one, which means you musthave an active-to-active conversion

to directly connect two microcompu-ters.

Overcoming Defects

The EIA introduced standards RS-422A, RS-423A, and RS-449 to over-come the defects of RS-232C and toincorporate and improve upon theadvantages of the current-loop inter-face. A major change was to un-bundle the joint electrical, mechan-ical, and functional specifications ofRS-232C. Just the electrical specifica-tions are in RS-422A and RS-423A.To allow you to transmit data at highrates, RS-422A uses two wires foreach signal. This setup, known asbalanced transmission, doubles thenumber of wires in the cable. RS-423A transmits at lower speeds anduses one wire as a common returnpath for all signals. This is called un-balanced transmission and is similarto the design of RS-232C. The RS-423A standard operates in both RS-232C and RS-422A environments andthus provides users of existing equip-ment with a migration path to move

to the new RS-422A regime.

The EIA has introduced RS-449 asits intended successor to RS-232C.The standard provides a completefunctional description of the signalsneeded for modem control, togetherwith the mechanical specification ofthe plugs and sockets. The electricalspecification for most signals is RS-423A, but RS-422A is also availablefor high-speed operation if necessary.RS-449 has a horrendous number ofwires (46 as opposed to the 25 of RS-232C) in two plugs, one with 37 pinsand one with 9. Fortunately, most ap-plications don't require the signals inthe 9-pin plug. Apart from its im-proved speed and distance specifica-tions, RS-449 offers some minor func-tional enhancements over RS-232C inautomatic modem testing and a pro-vision for a standby channel, but itstill does not incorporate dialing out.The success of RS-449 in the commer-cial market remains to be seen.

Meanwhile, the CCITT has beensteering a different course. With itsX.21 recommendation, introduced in

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PIN

EIA

CCITT

Signal

Source

1

AA

101

Protective Ground

7

AB

102

Signal Ground

2

BA

103

Transmitted Data

4

CA

105

Request To Send

20

CD

108.2

Data Terminal Ready

23

CH

111

Data Signaling Rate Selector(DTE source)

DTE

(computer interface)

24

DA

113

Transmitter Signal Element Timing(DTE source)

14

SBA

118

Secondary Transmitted Data

19

SCA

120

Secondary Request To Send

3

BB

104

Received Data

5

CB

106

Clear To Send

6

CC

107

Data Set Ready

22

CE

125

Ring Indicator

8

CF

109

Received Line Signal Detector

21

CG

110

Signal Quality Detector

23

CI

112

Data Signaling Rate Selector(DCE source)

DCE

(modem or terminal)

15

DB

114

Transmitter Signal Element Timing(DCE source)

17

DD

115

Receiver Signal Element Timing(DCE source)

16

SBB

119

Secondary Received Data

13

SCB

121

Secondary Clear To Send

12

SCF

122

Secondary Received Line Signal Detector

Table 2: RS-232C signals.

1976, it is obvious that the committeelooks forward to the day when directdigital connection to a digital tele-phone network will be possible. Thenall data transmission will be syn-chronous, and the communicationequipment will provide bit and bytetiming signals. X.21 includes the pro-tocol for making and answering callsand for sending and receiving datausing full-duplex synchronous trans-mission. Byte-timing signals are infact an option, which the vast majori-ty of digital telephone exchanges willalmost certainly provide. In sharpcontrast to RS-449, X.21 uses only sixsignals. The electrical specificationsare in recommendations X.26 (corre-sponding to EIA RS-422A) and X.27(EIA RS-423A).

Although X.21 is defined as thelowest (or "physical") level of the in-ternational X.25 packet-switchingprotocol, it is far ahead of its time,for direct digital connection to publictelephone networks is hardly possiblenow. For this reason, CCITT offers

the X.21 bis recommendation as aninterim measure to connect existingcomputer equipment to packet com-munication services. With this, thewheel turns full circle, for this recom-mendation is essentially the same asRS-232C (V.24), and sadly, its use isalmost universal in packet-switchingprotocol today.

I have, in the tradition of all greatguides, followed a circular path. Tocreate a more detailed path throughthis standards jungle, let's look closerat each of the standards I have men-tioned.

The RS-232C Standard

The 21 signals in RS-232C are num-bered according to three systems: pinnumbering used in the conventional25-pin connector, the EIA RS-232Cnumbering, and the CCITT V.24numbering (see table 2). I will explaineach of the signals by providing avariety of different applications of thestandard, each using progressivelymore signals.

154 Febmary 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE February 1983 155

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Video Display Terminal—signalsused: Protective Ground, SignalGround, Transmitted Data, andReceived Data. The ProtectiveGround is for safety and connects tothe equipment chassis at both ends ofthe link. The Signal Ground estab-lishes a common ground referencevoltage for all data signals. Transmit-ted Data is the data path from thecomputer interface to the terminal,while Received Data is the path in thereverse direction. You don't need anyother connections for a simple asyn-chronous RS-232C-compatible ter-minal interface.

Serial Printer—signals used: Pro-tective Ground, Signal Ground,Transmitted Data, and Data SetReady. Because the data connectionto the printer is only in one direction,you don't need the Received Dataline. However, most printers cannotaccept characters continuously at aneven rate. For example, a daisy-wheelletter-quality printer takes a signifi-cant time to move the print head fromone position to another, and so the

printing rate depends on characterspacing. A Return character generallytakes longer than other charactersbecause in most cases the print headhas to move farther across the paperthan for other characters. Thispresents the problem of flow control;the printer must provide feedback tothe computer interface to control thedata flow. The Data Set Ready line isone way to provide the feedback.

You can use the ASCII

control codes DC1 and

DC4 to regulate data

flow to a serial printer.

Actually, Data Set Ready has otherpurposes. A modem uses it to indicatethat its power is on and that themodem is ready to receive data fortransmission. Many software devicedrivers examine this signal beforetransmitting each output characterand simply delay transmission until itis in the on state. Therefore, you can

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use the signal for flow control, eventhough it was not designed for thatpurpose. You can also use other lines,such as Clear To Send, for the samepurpose.

Another technique for regulatingdata flow to a device like a serialprinter is to use the ASCII (AmericanNational Standard Code for Informa-tion Interchange) control codes DCl(device control 1, often called XON)and DC4 (often called XOFF). Thesecodes correspond to the controlcharacters Control-Q and Control-Srespectively. Some software devicedrivers use them to suspend andresume output to a terminal. Whenyou use these codes for flow controlon a printer, you connect the Re-ceived Data line rather than the DataSet Ready line. The printer thentransmits Control-S when its buffer isfull and Control-Q when it is readyfor more data.

Many printer manufacturers caterto both flow-control methods. How-ever, in practice, significant problemscan arise with each of them. Whenthe printer is connected through amodem, there is no connection be-tween the states of the Data SetReady lines at the two ends of thelink, and so you can't use the firstmethod, which is meant for purelylocal use. The XON/XOFF protocolshould work fine over a telephoneconnection, provided the operatingsystem you use responds quickly tothe XOFF control character. While afew extra characters don't usuallymatter on a video display terminal,they can mean a disastrous bufferoverflow for a printer. The sameresult may occur due to characteris-tics of a terminal multiplexer, whichin many cases has internal characterbuffers that store several charactersawaiting transmission. When XOFFarrives, the data to the printer willnot cease immediately, even if theoperating system instantly stops send-ing characters. In another case, ifyou connect your printer to theprinter port provided on some ter-minals, you may again see a delay inthe execution of the XOFF commanddue to the buffering going on in thatunit.

Remember that RS-232C was never

158 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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I run out of memory?"

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BYTE February 1983 159

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intended for DTE-to-DTE connec-tions. Thus it is not surprising thatproblems arise when the standard isused for such purposes. After all,these flow-control methods are adhoc mechanisms tacked on to an un-suitable standard.

Full-Duplex Private-Line Modem—signals used: Protective Ground, Sig-nal Ground, Transmitted Data, Re-ceived Data, Received Line SignalDetector, and (possibly) Data SetReady. The Received Line SignalDetector, often called Carrier Detect,says in effect, "I hear something like amodem talking to me." You use thissignal to tell the computer that some-one is trying to make contact on thatline. You could use it to trigger thecomputer to generate a log-on invita-tion. Data Set Ready may indicatethat the modem is ready and not invoice or test mode, but this is not acommon practice in North Americanasynchronous modems.

Half-Duplex Private-Line Modem-signals used: Protective Ground, Sig-nal Ground, Transmitted Data, Re-ceived Data, Request To Send, ClearTo Send, Received Line Signal Detec-tor, and (possibly) Data Set Ready.Request To Send and Clear To Sendcontrol the transmission direction inthe half-duplex operation. The com-puter generates Request To Sendwhen it wants to transmit. The ClearTo Send signal indicates that themodem is ready to receive charactersfor transmitting. There will be adelay—typically 200 milliseconds(ms)—between the Request To Sendsignal from the computer and theClear To Send handshake, becausethe modem must generate the carrierwaveform and allow it to stabilize.When the transmission finishes, thecomputer drops Request To Send,causing the modem to turn the trans-mitter off. To ensure that both endsof the link cooperate in choosing thedirection of the transmission, youneed a software protocol.

Switched Network Auto-AnswerModem—signals used: ProtectiveGround, Signal Ground, TransmittedData, Received Data, Request- ToSend, Clear To Send, Data TerminalReady, Ring Indicator, Received LineSignal Detector, and (possibly) Data

160 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 350 on Inquiry card.

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BlfTE February 1983 161

Set Ready. Here, the additionalsignals are Data Terminal Ready,which shows that the computer isready to receive calls, and Ring In-dicator, which signals that themodem has received a new call. TheRing Indicator signal goes up anddown as the telephone bell rings sothat the computer can answer after aspecified number of rings. If the com-puter leaves Data Terminal Readyon, the modem answers incomingcalls immediately. If it is off, the com-puter should turn on the signal, afterthe appropriate number of rings, toanswer the call. At the completion ofthe call, the computer should turn offData Terminal Ready to ensure thatthe line is disconnected. Normallythis is not necessary, because the lineshould disconnect automaticallywhen the calling party hangs up thephone, but it is good practice to forcedisconnection at both ends.

Dual-Rate Modems—extra signalsused: Data Signaling Rate Selector(DTE source) and Data SignalingRate Selector (DCE source). Somemodems allow switching betweentwo transmission speeds. These twosignals control whether the modemuses the high or low speed. Usuallythe modem at the calling end sets thespeed for the connection. In this case,the calling computer uses the DataSignaling Rate Selector (DTE source)to determine the line speed. The call-ing modem signals the speed to theanswering modem, which informs thecalled computer by setting Data Sig-naling Rate Selector (DCE source) ap-propriately.

Synchronous Modems—Extra sig-nals used: Signal Quality Detector,Transmitter Signal Element Timing(DTE source), Transmitter Signal Ele-ment Timing (DCE source), andReceiver Signal Element Timing (DCEsource). Synchronous modems pro-vide a clock signal along with thedata. In the case of received data, themodem provides the Receiver SignalElement Timing (DCE source) or theclock. For transmitted data, themodem may still provide the clocksignal on Transmitter Signal ElementTiming (DCE source). Or the com-puter equipment (DTE) may generatea timing signal instead, called

Transmitter Signal Element Timing(DTE source). Synchronous modemsalso provide a signal which showswhether or not there is a high proba-bility of an error in the received data(Signal Quality Detector).

Modems with Primary and Second-ary Channels—extra signals used:Secondary Transmitted Data, Sec-ondary Received Data, SecondaryRequest To Send, Secondary ClearTo Send, and Secondary ReceivedLine Signal Detector. Some modemsprovide a primary transmission chan-nel with a high data rate (e.g., 1200bps) and a secondary channel in thereverse direction with a much lowerdata rate (e.g., 75 bps). The reversechannel allows you to listen and con-firm reception or to interrupt thetransmitter. The channel directionscan be reversed, and the above set offive signals allows you to control thesecondary channel in much the sameway as the primary one.

Do you know what

happens when you

make a call to a

computer on a 300-bps

full-duplex switched line?

A Scenario

The following sequence of events,illustrated in table 3, will show youwhat happens when you make a callto a computer on a 300-bps full-duplex switched line. To begin, thecomputer expects a call and so itleaves Data Terminal Ready on,which in turn sets the computer'smodem ready to answer a call as soonas one is received. When this hap-pens, the computer sees Ring In-dicator (which it can ignore becauseData Terminal Ready is already on)and Data Set Ready (the signal for thecomputer to generate Request ToSend). In the preceding section, I ex-plained Request To Send and ClearTo Send in the context of half-duplexcalls. In fact, full-duplex modems usethem also. Request To Send com-mands the modem to turn on itstransmitter. After a short delay, thecomputer sees Clear To Send and ig-

nores it. At the other end of the line,you hear the carrier signal and eitherpush the data button (on a data set)or put the telephone handset onto theacoustic coupler. Now your modem'stransmitter turns on, producing itsown carrier whistle. When themodem at the computer end hearsthis, it turns on Received Line SignalDetector. Upon receiving this signal,the computer begins sending data.Many operating systems, however,ignore this signal and simply wait foryou to send a character to begin thelog-on process.

At the end of the transmission,assume that the computer decides toterminate because you logged off.The computer turns off Request ToSend, which then turns off the com-puter's modem carrier signal. Thecomputer then turns off Data Ter-minal Ready, forcing the line to bedisconnected. Meanwhile, in yourmodem, Received Line Signal Detec-tor goes off and generates a warningnote to you. You replace the handset,ensuring that the line disconnectsfrom your end also. When the com-puter sees its Received Line SignalDetector turn off, it knows that thedisconnection is complete, and soraises Data Terminal Ready in pre-paration for the next call.

RS-232C and RS-449:What's the Difference?

RS-232C is being superseded by anew standard, RS-449. Technically,the major differences between themresult from RS-449's using improvedelectrical-transmission standards. Toexplain these improvements, I willfirst describe the electrical specifica-tions of RS-232C.

An RS-232C transmitter generatesa voltage of above +5 volts (V) tosignal one line condition, calledSpace, and a voltage of below —5 Vto signal the other condition, calledMark. To produce these voltages,you generally use a power supply of±12 V. A receiver recognizesvoltages of above +3 V as Spacesand voltages of below —3 V as Marks(see figure 1). When a signal changesfrom one condition to the other, itcan spend, at most, 4 percent of a bitperiod (the duration of a bit: 2

162 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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FIRST IN SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY P.O.Box1628 Champaign, IL61820 (217)359-2112 Telex 270365

Terminal

raise handset and dial

Line

Computer

Data Terminal Ready is on inanticipation of a call

connect call

carrier whistle

hear carrier (analogous toReceived Line SignalDetector)

push data button (seeData Set Ready light)

see Ring Indicator and DataSet Ready, generate RequestTo Send

(after short delay, see ClearTo Send)

carrier signal

see Received Line SignalDetector

-carry on communication—

no tone from computer

set Request To Send off

set Data Terminal Readyoff, Clear To Send andData Set Ready go off

Received Line Signal Detec-tor goes off, set Data Ter-minal Ready on in prepara-tion for next call

Table 3: The sequence of events in a 300-bps dialed call, proceeding from top tobottom.

modem's Received LineSignal Detector goes off,modem generates warn-ing note, replace handset

call disconnected

VOLTS

4v

+ 15

+ 5

0

-5

VOLTS

+ 3

TRANSITIONREGION

TRANSMITTER

RECEIVER

Figure 1: RS-232C signal levels.

164 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

microseconds at the maximum speedof 19,200 bps) in the transitionregion. This requirement limits theamount of stray capacitanceallowable in the transmission linkbecause capacitance smooths outsharp transitions. RS-232C specifiesthat the capacitance must not exceed2500 picofarads (pF); and, becauseordinary cables have a capacitance of40 or 50 pF per foot, RS-232C limitscables to 50 feet.

A second difficulty of RS-232C isits grounding arrangements with twoseparate lines: Protective Ground andSignal Ground. Unfortunately thestandard does not state clearly howthese signals are to be used. In manyimplementations, the ProtectiveGround is simply not connected.

Grounding for distributed analogsystems is a notoriously difficult sub-ject. To give you a simple idea of theproblems that could occur, imaginean RS-232C link between two piecesof equipment where ProtectiveGround is not connected but whereSignal Ground is connected to theearth at both ends (this is quite a com-mon arrangement). Different groundpotentials at the ends of the link causea ground current to flow through theSignal Ground wire. The inevitableresistance in this wire insures that apotential difference between the Sig-nal Grounds exists that could, if largeenough, cause the data to be receivedincorrectly.

The obvious way to overcomeground potential differences betweenthe transmitter and the receiver is tosend the signal differentially on twowires. The difference between thevoltages on the wires determineswhether a Mark or a Space is read.This is how RS-422A works, and youmay recall that this technique isknown as balanced transmission.Figure 2 shows an RS-422A signal,carried on a twisted pair of wires. Abalanced transmission would use twoof these signals.

Of course, you can regard even RS-232C as transmitting a signal differen-tially, with the difference being be-tween the signal-wire voltage and theground-wire voltage. What makesthis approach inferior is that theground wire actually connects to the

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Margins • Variable Line Length • Text

Screen Dumps.

The Grappler + also works with

Pascal and CPM.

The Grappler + interfaces with

the following printers:

• Anadex • Apple Dot Matrix •

Centronics 122 • C. Itoh ProWriter •

Epson MX-70.MX-80**,

MX-80F/T**, MX-100 • IDS 460, 560,

Prism 80 and 132, Microprism •

NEC 8023 -Okidata 82 A* *, 83 A* *, 84.

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[>

Figure 2: An RS-422A signal.

m

Figure 3: Two RS-423A signals.

ground at each end. Then if theground potentials differ, the groundwire carries a substantial current. Theamount of the current depends on theground-potential difference and theelectrical resistance of the groundwire. This current makes the poten-tial of the ground wire different ateach end. The RS-422A grounding re-quirements are much less critical thanthose of the RS-232C because thestandard does not use ground as avoltage reference. Therefore, the useof the Signal Ground wire, whichconnects the grounds at each end ofthe link, is optional.

The third major difference betweenRS-422A and RS-232C is the transi-tion region between Mark and Spacestates. This is only 400 millivolts(mV) in RS-422A, whereas it is 6 V inRS-232C. With the elimination of theground-potential problem, the use ofsuch a narrow region becomes possi-ble. If the difference signal betweenthe two wires is positive and morethan 200 mV, the receiver reads aMark, while if it is negative and more

than 200 mV, the receiver reads aSpace. This approach allows suitabletransmitters and receivers to be im-plemented with just the normal ±5-Vpower supply.

Because of the much smaller transi-tion region, RS-422A transmitterswill not drive RS-232C receivers cor-rectly. This incompatability posessuch a serious disadvantage that theEIA introduced the RS-423A stan-dard, which you can use with bothRS-449 and RS-232C. This standardis not just an interim measure,however, for RS-423A does not usetwo wires for each signal as RS-422Adoes and thus is more economical.You can see two RS-423A signals infigure 3. Each direction uses a com-mon return path that connects toground at one end of the link only,the transmitter end. The receiverjudges whether a Mark or Space ispresent by examining whether thesignal wire is negative or positivewith respect to the common return.Because this return path does not con-nect to ground in the receiver, the

166 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

VISUAL presents economic elegance andhigh performance in a low-cost terminal.

FEATURE COMPARISON CHART

FEATURE

VISUAL50

HazeltineEsprit

ADDSViewpoint

LearSieglerADM-5

TeleVideo910

Tilt and Swivel

YES

Detached Keyboard

YES

YES

N-Key Rollover

YES

YES

Audible Key Click

YES

YES

Menu Set-Up Mode

YES

Status Line

YES

Full 5 Attribute Selection

YES

YES

Smooth Scroll

YES

Line Drawing Character Set

YES

Block Mode

YES

YES

YES

Insert/Delete Line

YES

YES

YES

Bi-Directional Aux Port

YES

YES

HI

YES

Columnar Tabbing

YES

YES

YES

Independent RCV/TX Rates

YES

Answerback UserProgrammable

YES

The VISUAL 50 represents a newapproach in low cost terminals. Although itcosts drastically less, it offers the features you expectfrom the high priced units.

For example, the VISUAL 50 enclosure is econom-ically designed in light weight plastic and can easily beswiveled and tilted for maximum operator comfort. A detachedkeyboard, smooth scroll, large 7 x 9 dot matrix characters andnon-glare screen are a few of the many human engineeringfeatures normally offered only on much higher priced terminals.Another distinctive feature of the VISUAL 50 is its emulationcapability. VISUAL 50 is code-for-code compatible with theHazeltine Esprit,'" ADDS Viewpoint,™ Lear Siegler ADM-3A™and DEC VT-52.' Menu driven set-up modes in non-volatilememory allow easy selection of terminal parameters.

And you're not limited to mere emulation. As the chart shows,the VISUAL 50 has features and versatility the older, less power-ful low cost terminals simply cannot match.

k L? 1M

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Pin

Signal

RS-449

RS-232C

37/19 9/5

SG

Signal Ground

AB

Signal Ground

37/37 9/9

SC

Signal Common

37/20 9/6

RC

Receive Common

37/28

IS

Terminal In Service

37/15

IC

Incoming Call

CE

Ring Indicator

* 37/12 37/30

TR

Terminal Ready

CD

Data Terminal Ready

* 37/11 37/29

DM

Data Mode

CC

Data Set Ready

* 37/4 37/22

SD

Send Data

BA

Transmitted Data

* 37/6 37/24

RD

Receive Data

BB

Received Data

* 37/17 37/35

TT

Terminal Timing

DA

Transmitter Signal Element Timing (DTEsource)

* 37/5 37/23

ST

Send Timing

DB

Transmitter Signal Element Timing (DCEsource)

* 37/8 37/26

RT

Receive Timing

DD

Receiver Signal Element Timing

* 37/7 37/25

RS

Request To Send

CA

Request To Send

* 37/9 37/27

CS

Clear To Send

CB

Clear To Send

* 37/13 37/31

RR

Receiver Ready

CF

Received Line Signal Detector

37/33

SQ

Signal Quality

CG

Signal Quality Detector

37/34

NS

New Signal

37/16

SF

Select Frequency

also 37/16

SR

Signaling Rate Selector

CH

Data Signal Rate Selector (DTE source)

37/2

SI

Signaling Rate Indicator

CI

Data Signal Rate Selector (DCE source)

9/3

SSD

Secondary Send Data

SBA

Secondary Transmitted Data

9/4

SRD

Secondary Receive Data

SBB

Secondary Received Data

9/7

SRS

Secondary Request To Send

SCA

Secondary Request To Send

9/8

SCS

Secondary Clear To Send

SCB

Secondary Clear To Send

9/2

SRR

Secondary Receiver Ready

SCF

Secondary Received Line Signal Detector

37/10

LL

Local Loopback

37/14

RL

Remote Loopback

37/18

TM

Test Mode

37/32

ss

Select Standby

37/36

SB

Standby Indicator

number of signals in list

30

less number of signals which share a pin - 1

number of extra pins for balanced-line signals + 10

duplicate grounds/commons (one for each cable) + 3

cable shields

+ 2

spare pins

+ 2

total pins: 46

Table 4: RS-449 signals and their RS-232Cd analogs. Signals marked

with an asterisk (*) use RS-422A for higher-speed links; all

other signals use RS-423A.

problem of ground currents does notarise.

For an RS-423A transmitter, thevoltage difference between the signalline and the common return must beat least 4 V, positive for a Space andnegative for a Mark. This gives an8-V transition region—enough forRS-232C receivers—but also presentsthe same power-supply problem thatoccurs with the RS-232C. Because theRS-423A receiver must be as sensitiveto the same 400-mV transition regionas an RS-422A receiver is, you canuse an RS-422A transmitter with anRS-423A receiver.

RS-449 Signals

It's obvious that RS-449 providesfew functional advantages over RS-232C except those stemming from thenew electrical transmission methods.Table 4 shows all RS-449 signals,together with the corresponding RS-232C signals. Notice the similarity be-tween the new and old standards. Themajor differences are in the ground-ing arrangements (Signal Commonand Receive Common) and testingfacilities. Apart from these, only afew miscellaneous signals have beenadded. All signals shown in the tableuse the RS-423A transmission stan-

dard except the 10 asterisked ones,which may optionally use the RS-422A for higher-speed links. (Twowires are specified for each of these.)The signals are divided between a37-pin and a 9-pin connector, and theground and common signals aretransmitted separately for each cable.Many applications will not need thesmaller cable, for it only contains sig-nals relevant to the secondarychannel.

The Current-Loop Interface

Now that I have described the elec-trical specifications for RS-232C, it is

170 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Ire

SOFTWARE

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o

CURRENT SOURCE

KEYBOARD.*SWITCH V

CURRENTDETECTOR

VIDEO

DISPLAY

TERMINAL

LINE

COMPUTERINTERFACE

SCREEN

CURRENT

DETECTOR

o

CURRENT SOURCE

\ SWI

Figure 4: Computer-to-terminal interface using current loops.

ACTIVETRANSMITTER

o

OPTOISOLATOR

S

ACTIVERECEIVER

o

K

OPTOISOLATORWITH CURRENT

PASSIVETRANSMITTER

K>

PASSIVERECEIVER

^

K

Figure 5: Active-to-active and passive-to-passive converters.

worth looking at the current-loop in-terface in more detail. Although thisinterface does not represent a properstandard, many low-cost microcom-puter systems are using current loopbecause it eliminates the need forspecial power supplies. The current-loop interface is not a modem inter-face, as RS-232C and RS-449 are. Itgenerally contains just the transmit-and receive-data signals. However, it

can drive signals at reasonable speedsover respectable distances (9600 bpsover 1500 feet), which makes it usefulfor directly connecting terminals tocomputers.

The idea of the current loop is toswitch a current on and off. The ac-tive side of the line generates the cur-rent, while the passive side switchesor detects it. Either the receiver ortransmitter can be active. This gives

you four possibilities: Active Re-ceiver, Active Transmitter, PassiveReceiver, and Passive Transmitter.Because of the convenience of locat-ing the power supply at just one endof the link (usually the computer),you will find all four of these signalsin a single computer-to-terminal con-nection. You can see this arrangementin figure 4.

Unfortunately, this convention in-troduces the need for active-to-activeand passive-to-passive converters. Itis obvious that each link must haveone active component (otherwisethere is no current to switch), and it isalso true that a link may have onlyone active component, at least inmost implementations. Hence, if youwant to connect a passive terminaldirectly to another passive terminal,you must put a passive-to-passiveconverter in between. Similarly, ifyou want to connect an active com-puter to an active computer, you willneed an active-to-active converter.These converters are easy to imple-ment and are shown in figure 5. Theoptoisolator provides complete elec-tric isolation between the two sides,thus eliminating any problems withground potential differences. Theactive-to-active converter does noteven need a power supply, althoughthe passive-to-passive must have oneto generate the current.

Automatic Calling Units

None of the standards examined sofar support the automatic placementof calls by a computer. RS-232C andRS-449 provide specifications foranswering calls, but not for dialing.For this there is another standard,RS-366 (CCITT V.25) for automaticcalling units. Making a telephone callcan be quite complicated, althoughmost of us are so used to it that wedon't think about the complexity.The computer must be able to deter-mine whether the line is free,figuratively take the phone off thehook, await the dial tone, present thetelephone number, and detect anddecipher the various audio signalsthat the telephone network uses to in-dicate the status of a call (the dialtone, the busy tone, the ringing tone,and the number-unavailable tone).

172 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

. • ■ i <• - * -i« '

_4»-**a#"

iBm pc compacioie produces Co remember.

■■■fl!

S56 KB

ESS KB

computer peripnerals

1117 Venice Boulevard Los Rngeies CR soois C213)293-1297 Telex: ibissi lsr

Circle 107 on inquiry card.

IBM is a trademark of International Business Machines© 1982 Computer Peripherals Inc.

IIIIII III

£)o99eo< 9iiftt^ftfo \ea.yyL a Se^o^M laH-yn «.je

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CIVM is a rcgiMeml ir;ulfiii;irk ofDi^tal HiM.inh Corp.

For the name of the dealer nearest you, phone (800) 227-2400, ext. 948; in California, (800) 772-2666, ext. 948. For more information.

And now, InfoStar."

The first DBMS you can usewithout speaking programmerese.

So put away vour GO TOs andDO WHILES.

InfoStar is one microcomputerdata base system that doesn't ask you towrite in code. Or learn a programminglanguage. Instead you make selectionsfrom an on-screen menu written in oneeasy language. English.

Which means you don't haveto be a programmer or computer jockto use it. But, in case you are, there'ssomething in it for you, too.

With InfoStar, you can generatea custom application four times fasterthan with other DBMS software.

Reason being it has a lot of thefeatures that made WordStar* thestandard in the industry. For instance,select-as-you-go menus prompt youthrough all procedures. And to formata data entry form or report, you simplydraw it on the screen. We've said itbefore: what you see iswhat you get.

But, of course, that'snot all you get.

Fact is, InfoStar hasmore informative

(and self documenting) capabilitiesthan you've come to expect from anymicrocomputer DBMS.

Starting with report writing. Acustom report feature — complete withtransactional updating and exceptionprocessing abilities — lets you format,manipulate and merge countless differ-ent ways. And a quick report featurelets you finish faster than you can countthem — usually in 60 seconds or less.Not that you have to slow downto sort things out either. Because InfoStarcan sort five to six times faster thanany other DBMS in its class.

And for data entry, there arehigh-end minicomputer features. Likebatch editing. And 200 editing maskcombinations, to name a few.

All that's required of you is thatyou have a CP/M-based computer.And that you take a trip over to yourlocal computer store toask about InfoStar.

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he Microcomputer Software Company

write MicroPro, 33 San Pablo Avenue, San Rafael, CA 94903. (415) 499-1200.

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CCITT

Signal

Source

202

Call Request

206

NB1

207

NB2

208

NB4

209

NB8

211

Digit Present

203

Data Line Occupied

204

Distant Station Connected

205

Abandon Call

210

Present Next Digit

213

Power Indicator

DTE (computer interface)

DCE (automatic calling unit)

Table 5: The signals used by RS-366 and V.25 automatic calling units.

Digit

Code

NB8

NB4

NB2

NB1

1

0

0

0

1

2

0

0

1

0

3

0

0

1

1

4

0

1

0

0

5

0

1

0

1

6

0

1

1

0

7

0

1

1

1

8

0

0

0

9

0

0

1

0

0

1

0

EON

1

0

0

SEP

1

0

1

Table 6: Number codes for automatic calling units. In the last four columns a 0stands for on and a 1 stands for off.

The signals for the automatic-call-ing-unit standard are listed in table 5.Data Line Occupied tells the com-puter if someone is already on theline. After checking that the line isfree, the computer indicates that itwants to place a call by using Call Re-quest. This effectively takes thephone off the hook. When the auto-matic calling unit hears the dial tone,it signals with Present Next Digit.Each digit is a binary-coded decimalas shown in table 6. The computergenerates the next digit and signals itspresence with Digit Present. Shortlyafterwards, it again sees Present NextDigit, which indicates that the callingunit is ready for another digit. The se-quence continues until the end of thenumber is reached, which the com-puter indicates with the EON (end ofnumber) code. The computer can useanother code, SEP (separator), in the

case when there might be a seconddial tone, as when calling out througha private branch exchange (PBX).Often you have to wait for a dialtone, dial 9, and then wait for a sec-ond dial tone from the main ex-change. SEP indicates to the callingunit that a second dial tone is ex-pected. The calling unit then waitsuntil that tone is received before ask-ing the computer for another digit.

When the end of the number isreached, the calling unit waits for thecalled party to answer and then sig-nals Distant Station Connected.Otherwise, if the number is unavail-able or busy, it signals Abandon Call.

Moving into the Digital World

The overwhelming complexity ofthese standards is symptomatic of thefact that we are asking the analogtelephone network to serve a purpose

for which it was never designed. Noone foresaw automatic placement andanswering of calls by computerswhen the first phone was installed.

Today, the telephone network isslowly moving into the digital era, anadvancement complicated by thestaggering investment that the tele-phone companies have in existingequipment. In anticipation of wide-spread direct digital connection to thetelephone network, CCITT is offeringa new, cleaned-up recommendationspecifically designed for the digitaltelephone exchange. It is X.21, andthe minimum line speed is likely to be56,000 bps, the data rate needed toencode voice to telephone quality.Just imagine the impact this will haveon your home use of remote com-puters or information networks likethe Source.

The X.21 standard uses only eightlines (see table 7). The computersends data to the modem on theTransport line and data moves in thereverse direction on the Receive line.Control and Indication provide con-trol channels in the two directions.The X.21 modem generates a bit-rateclock and possibly a byte-synchroni-zation signal. The last two wires givea voltage reference and ground con-nection.

Although Control and Indicationare control wires, most of the control-ling information actually uses theTransport and Receive lines. Thecomputer changes the state of Con-trol when it wants to place a call, justas you lift the handset off thetelephone when you want to dial. Toterminate the call, the computerchanges Control back to the idlestate. Similarly, the modem changesthe state of Indication when theremote telephone is answered andchanges it back if it shuts down. Allthe dialing information travels on theTransport line and all the informationabout tones comes back on theReceive wire.

The major advantage of X.21 overRS-232C and RS-449 is that the X.21signals are encoded in serial digitalform. For example, when a dial toneis received, a continuous sequence ofASCII "+" characters is sent to thecomputer on the Receive wire. In

176 Febnury 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Mr. Dow and Mr. Jones

introduce

Dow Jones Software"

Jones: "Mr. Dow, look what they're selling in that new store

down the street: Dow Jones Software. You haven't gottenus into ladies' fashions, have you?"

Dow: "No, Mr. Jones. That's a computer store, and our softwareproducts allow investors and business professionals to usea personal computer like this one here to easily managefinancial information."

Jones: "But what about our reputation? We've been leaders in

serving the business and financial community for over 100years. Are you sure this new software will be as reliable asThe Wall Street Journal and Barron's?"

Dow: "Of course, Jones. Our software is so reliable we back it upwith a full-year warranty. People trust Dow Jones Softwarethe same way they trust the Journal. And we have a toll-free Hotline number in case they want expert help."

Jones: "Couldn't that be a lot of phone calls? After all, we've gotthe Dow Jones Averages to get out every day."

Dow: "Don't worry, Jones. Our software is very easy to use, andwe have a fully staffed Customer Service Department to

respond to our dealers and customers."Jones: "Just what can our software do?"

Dow: "In a nutshell, Jones, with a personal computer, a tele-phone, a modem and Dow Jones Software, you can easilyperform complex analyses on the information availablefrom our information service, Dow Jones News/Retrieval®."

Jones: "People really use our software to make decisions?"

Dow: "Absolutely. Once you've stored the information you want,our software does the rest. For instance, with one DowJones Software product you can follow indicators for stocks,sort, rank, screen and set critical points for buying andselling. With another, you can easily construct technicalcharts. Look at this beautiful graph "

Jones: "You mean all those calculations I've been doing by handI could do in a fraction of the time with this software?That's great!"

Dow: "It is, Mr. Jones. Just like the Journal, Dow Jones Softwareis a resource you can bank on!"

Dow JonesMarket Analyzer™

A technical analysis productthai allows private and profes-sional investors to automaticallycollect, store and update histor-ical and daily market quotes, andto construct technical analysischarts at the touch of a key.

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CCITT

Signal

Source

T Transport

C Control

Ga DTE Common Return

DTE (computer interface)

R Receive

I Indication

S Signal (bit timing)

B Byte Timing (optional)

DCE (X.21 modem)

Ground

Table 7: Signals used in the X.21 data-communications standard.

Calling Computer

turn Control on (pick uphandset)

send phone number onTransport line

X.21 Modem

wait for dial tone

signal dial tone with ASCII" + + + ..." on Receive line

dial the call

Telephone Network

dial tone comes

remote phone rings

send call progress signalon Receive line

remote phone is picked up

turn Indication on

—communication on Transport and Receive—

turn Control off (put downhandset)

turn Indication off toacknowledge

line becomes disconnected

Table 8: The sequence of events in an X.21 call, with time running from top tobottom.

effect, this is a digital dial tone. Thecomputer dials the number by trans-mitting it as a series of ASCII char-acters on the Transport line, a bit at atime. This method is much more con-venient for the computer than havinga parallel connection for the digitsbecause today software is muchcheaper than parallel output ports.

After dialing the call, the computerreceives call-progress signals from themodem on the Receive wire. Thesesignals indicate such call states asnumber busy, access barred, and net-work congestion. Table 8 shows anexample of the X.21 standard in oper-ation. Notice that the Control and In-dication lines change state only once

per call; the main control informationis sent on Transport and Receive.

The Future

The telephone network is rapidlybecoming more complicated. Thecomputer technology in the telephoneexchange increases your options forinteraction with the telephone sys-tem. For example, on an advanced ex-change, if you get a busy signal, youcan place the call again by issuing arepeat-last-call command. Alterna-tively, you can store that last numberyou called for future reference andfree the phone for other calls.Another option, short-code dialing,allows you to associate shortcodes with commonly dialed numbers.You can also bar both incoming andoutgoing calls. A diversion serviceallows you to direct all incoming callsto another telephone either imme-diately or if the number is busy.

By using serial digital coding in-stead of dedicated wires for specialfunctions, X.21 provides a soundbasis for building such services intocomputer communication. A short-code-dialing or repeat-last-call facili-ty would be extremely useful, for ex-ample, to reconnect a call every timeyou complete a line of typing at theterminal. If the line could be discon-nected while you are typing, long dis-tance calls would be much cheaper.Of course, this would also depend onthe tariff policies of the telecom-munication carriers. Using X.21 couldallow many of the advantages ofpacket-switching without the associ-ated complexity. Imagine thepossibilities of setting up a three-party call between computers! Youcan't do this now because you stillneed operator intervention, but thenew exchanges will allow you to do ityourself. Possibilities like these showus where the future is, and with theX.21 data-communication standard,we may have found the path out ofthe standards jungle. ■

References

1. McNamara, J. E. Technical Aspects ofData Communication. Bedford: MA:Digital Press/Digital Equipment Corpora-tion, 1978.

2. Tanenbaum, A. S. Computer Networks.Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1981.

178 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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* A Compiler Benchmark: A Comparative Analysis of Four COBOL Compilers byStephen F Wheeler. Trademarks: CP/M, Digital Research; TRS-80, Tandy Corp.;Apple II, Apple Computer Inc.: Osborne 1, Osborne Computer Corp. (c) 1982 EllisComputing.

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BYTE February 1983 179

Introducing die portable computer

for professionals on the move.

Hewlett-Packard's new HP-75.

A decade ago, we introduced the world'sfirst scientific pocket calculator and renderedthe time-honored slide rule obsolete.

Now we're introducing the HP-75 portablecomputer. And if press reaction is any indi-cation, history is about to repeat itself.

As small as a book. Aspowerful as a personal.

Desktop-computer power in a handsome26-ounce package. That's the HP-75. It's just10 inches by 5 inches by VA inches.

But don't let the compactness fool you.Inside its rugged case lies a 48K-byte, ROM-based operating system. With a comprehen-sive, 147-command instruction set that helpsyou write hard-working, memory-efficientBASIC programs.

Plug-in ROM ports let you add up to three32K-byte software modules—modules thatsolve tough problems without sacrificinguser memory.

And that user memory gives you up to24K bytes of program and data storage.

It all adds up. A fully loaded HP-75 is a168K-byte computing powerhouse incalculator clothing.

Want more? A built-in magnetic cardreader provides a convenient, inexpensiveway to store and retrieve programs or data.

The HP-75's typewriter-like keyboardmeans rapid, accurate entry of text or data.And when we say .you can touch type on it,we mean you can touch type on it.

Those keys, by the way, can be redefinedwith your favorite commands or programs.Up to 196 unique key combinations in all.

Immediate, convenient access

to your most frequently used

programs.

Thanks to the HP-75's multiple-file

structure, programs, data and text can benamed, simultaneously stored in memory,and programmed to interact with each other.Add continuous memory, and you've gota computer that's designed to solve problemson the go. Simply load your favorite filesand enjoy immediate access to any or all ofthem. The files are retained in memory untilyou decide to delete them—even when themachine is turned off.

Time and appointments to keepyou on schedule.

The TIME key brings to display the day ofthe week, date and time to the nearest second.

The APPOINTMENT feature remindsyou —an hour from now or a year from now—of things you have to do. You can have asilent message on the display, any one of sixalarms, or a combination of both.

Even if the machine is turned off, it will"wake up" and alert you of an appointment.Or it will execute programs or control periph-erals according to predetermined schedules.

In an environmental test, for instance,where readings are taken every half hour,the HP-75 can make sure its owner gets theweekend off.

Software tailored to solve yourspecific problems.

HP-75 software is now available in areassuch as math, engineering, finance, and statis-tics. With spreadsheet analysis*** on the way.

Our plug-in math module,*** for instance,solves polynomial roots, evaluates integrals,and performs finite Fourier transforms.

With our text-formatter module** you'llcompose memos, letters, and short documentsvirtually anywhere; then print them outwhen you return to your home or office.

In addition, our third-party softwareprogram assures you of ever-expandingsoftware variety.

If you're a volume purchaser or OEM,give us a call. We can help you create customHP-75 systems with special plug-in modules,magnetic cards, digital cassettes, and key-board overlays.

Peripherals for a totalcomputing package.

The HP-75 is equipped with the Hewlett-Packard Interface Loop, giving you a choiceof 15 peripherals. (And that choice isexpanding. The HP-75 can work simultane-ously with up to 30.)

In a battery-powered briefcase systemweighing about seven pounds, you mighthave the 24-character printer, digital cassettedrive and acoustic modem*

A desktop system might include the 80-column impact printer, full-color graphicsplotter, and 12-inch video monitor.

And the HP-75 can "talk to" othercomputers, peripherals, and instrumentswith our HP-IB (IEEE-488),** RS-232,*** and

GPIO interfaces.

In summary, the HP-75 is the heart of anextremely versatile system, in addition to itsstand-alone capabilities.

Manuals to make sure you getthe most from your machine.

Chock-full of examples and helpful hints,our owner's manual will get you up andrunning in short order. And it's organized tohelp you access the information you needto get on with the job at hand.

A supplementary reference guide providesa concise summary of the computer'soperating protocol and instruction set.

The value you're looking for.

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*Call our toll-free number for availability.**Available March, 1983.***Available May 1,1983.****Suggested retail price. May vary outsideU.S. Peripherals and software notincluded.

[VI

HEWLETTPACKARD

A Proposed Floppy-DiskFormat Standard

ANSI considers a format that would makefloppy disks interchangeable.

A few things in the microcomputerworld are interchangeable. For exam-ple, certain printers, modems, andBASIC programs can be used on afairly large number of systems. Flop-py disks, unfortunately, are not inthis group. (And if for some reasonyou find that hard to believe, look forany evidence of interchangeable disksin the ads of this issue of BYTE. Butplease don't do it now; just take myword for it.) When you choose a par-ticular microcomputer, you alsochoose the disk format you'll have tolive with for as long as you own thecomputer. Fortunately, most majorsoftware is available in several for-mats. But, when you want to sendsomething on a disk to friends, willthey be able to read it?

Think of all the software you'vewanted but couldn't get in the formatyou needed for your computer. No, I

About the Author

Chuck Card is a member of the StandardsPlanning and Requirements Committee of theAmerican National Standards Institute Com-mittee X3 (Information Processing Systems).

182 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Chuck Card2192 Buckboard CircleWarrington, PA 18976

am not talking about the 6502 codeyou can't execute on your Z80 (or theother way around). I'm talking aboutthose things that your processor maybe able to handle, but your disk-drivecontroller cannot.

And if you think this disk incom-patibility is a problem for users, thinkabout what this means for indepen-dent software vendors. If you take alook at an old issue of BYTE, you willfind, in double-page ads, a list of thedisk formats one software distributorhas been willing to generate for itscustomers. That distributor doesn'tadvertise like that anymore, butthings have not improved.

Obviously, a standard disk formatis needed. But, unfortunately, nonewas being offered. Thus, in an effortto at least get the ball rolling, I sub-mitted a standard-disk-format pro-posal of my own to the American Na-tional Standards Committee for In-formation Processing Systems (Com-mittee X3; part of the American Na-tional Standards Institute, or ANSI).In this article, I will give a briefdescription of that proposed format

and will suggest how you as a com-puter user can help determine whatthe final adopted standard will be.

First, let's establish what we meanby disk formats. Are we talkingabout text or command files? Theanswer is either. We are interested inthe fact that the files in the varioussystems are not compatible. Orworse, the files themselves are quitecompatible but the disks are not.

But how can that be? Aren't mostdisks recorded according to the samestandards? Indeed, they are. Theproblem is that the recording stan-dards deal only with such topics astracks and the way bits are defined onthe storage medium, plus the physicalcharacteristics of the medium itself.

What has been proposed is a diskformat standard for disk directoriesand general file organization flexibleenough to accommodate furtherdevelopment and evolution. Afterlots of study of the various disk for-mats currently available, I found thatthere is a common feature to some ofthese formats, a pattern that many ofyou have undoubtedly noticed.

8048 MK3880MK3880A

wa youo^.

HEADSLOT

INDEXHOLE

PROTECTIVEJACKET

CYLINDER 76CYLINDER 00

Figure 1: A diagram of a typical formatted8-inch floppy disk.

The Media-Parameter Block

Although notable exceptions exist,most disks seem to have a mysticalsector on cylinder 0 (or track 0). Itfalls under the first read/write headand is the first data recorded on thetrack (sector 1). If the terms cylinder,head, and sector are confusing, lookat figure 1.

Almost all disk drives read thishome sector the same way. My pro-posal is to place certain standard in-formation in this sector, informationthat will explain how the rest of thedisk is formatted. Fortunately, mostdisk controllers can be programmedto read and write disks in more thanone way. Thus it would be possiblefor one of these disk controllers toread the home sector and then be pro-grammed to read the rest of the disk.In the home sector will be informa-tion on such things as the recordingtechnique, the number of bytes ineach sector, how many cylinders,heads, sectors per track, and so on.This information would in effect tellthe disk drive how to read the rest ofthe disk.

That covers the physical issues.What about considerations such asthe load block, which some systemsuse? The proposal deals with that aswell as the interlace formula,copyright notices, bad-track tables,system-reserved space, volume iden-tifiers, and the directory description.While these are not all required, the

ENTRY 0

16ENTRIES

ENTRY F

THE MEDIA-PARAMETER BLOCK

-MEDIA IDENTIFICATION (MID)

— STRUCTURE IDENTIFICATION (SID)

PHYSICAL-MEDIA PARAMETERS (PMP)

LOAD-PARAMETER BLOCK (LPB)

PD8 (FUTURE DEVELOPMENT)

PD7

PD6

PD 5

PD3

PD1

BAD-TRACK TABLE (BTP)

SECTOR-TRANSLATE TABLE (STP)

SYSTEM-RESERVED SPACE (SRP)

DIRECTORY-DESCRIPTOR BLOCK (DDP)

VOLUME-IDENTIFICATION BLOCK (VIP)

tBYTE 0

COPYRIGHT-DATA BLOCK (CDP)

—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—r

BYTE F

16 BYTES-

Figure 2: A diagram of the media-parameter block (MPB), the 256 bytes of the first sec-tor of the proposed standard disk format. The information in this sector describes howthe rest of the disk is formatted. Each block contains specific information or points tothe area of the disk that has that information.

Byte 02

Byte 03

Bit

Field

Mnemonic

0

Physical-media-parameter table

PMP

1

Load-parameter block

LPB

2

Copyright-data block

CDP

3

Volume-identification block

VIP

4

Directory-descriptor block

DDP

5

System-reserved space

SRP

6

Sector-translate table

STP

7

Bad-track table

BTP

01234567

Reserved for

future standardization

Table 1: Bytes 2 and 3 of the media-parameter block form the structure identification ,(SID). These bits signify which of the pointer fields in the MPB are active.

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MnemonicPSSPCCHCTPSTRFT

TAS

RES

Byte(s)Description Location

Physical sector size in bytes (16-bit value) 04, 05

Physical cylinder count (16-bit value) 06, 07

Number of heads per cylinder 08

Number of sectors per track 09

Recording-format table 0A

01 = FM

02 = MFM

03 = MMFM

Track-access sequence 0B

00 = Cylinder (Increment head count before

advancing cylinder count.)

01 = Side A (Increment cylinder count

before advancing head count tohighest cylinder, then decrementcylinder count after incrementinghead count; CP/M format.)

02 = Side B (Increment cylinder count

before advancing head count tohighest cylinder, then return tocylinder 0 and advance cylindercount after incrementing to newhead.)Reserved for future standardization 0C

throughOF

Table 2: A description of the bytes in the physical-media-parameter table (PMP) infigure 2.

Byte(s)

Mnemonic

Description

Location

CST

Starting cylinder for load area

10, 11

HST

Starting head for load area

12

SST

Starting sector for load area

13

CEN

Ending cylinder of load area

14, 15

HEN

Ending head of load area

16

SEN

Ending sector of load area

17

SID

System identification(two bytes requiring registration)

Byte 18 Byte 19

00 00 = 8080

01 00 = Z80

02 00 = 6800

03 00 = 68000

04 00 = 8086

05 00 = Z8000

18, 19

SIC

System configuration (two bytesrequiring registration for variableson SID)

1A, 1B

LFI

Load-format indicator (one byte forindication of load format)

00 = Sequential: begin at start

cylinder, head, and sector;load at start of systemmemory

01 = Sequential with load address-

ing at first locations ofstart cylinder, head, andsector (see load-elementdescriptor)

1C

LFQ

Load-format qualifier (one byte ofsystem-dependent load qualifierused as a check for load condition)

1D

LFR

Load-format reserve (reserved forfuture standardization)

1E, 1F

Table 3: A descriptor

of the bytes that make up the load-parameter block (LPB) in

figure 2.

(SID). Each bit indicates whether oneof several blocks or tables are active.Each "1" bit means that the corre-sponding pointer field for that blockis in use for its appointed purpose.The layouts of bytes 2 and 3 are givenin table 1. The exact purpose of thebits in byte 3 has not yet been deter-mined, but they are reserved in casethe media-parameter block shouldever grow to 512 bytes.

Table 2 describes the bytes in thephysical-media-parameter table (PMP)in figure 2. If you examine these bytesclosely, you can see that a huge diskcan be accommodated. No, I haven'tseen any new product announce-ments; this is just a little groundworkto handle all those rumors coming outof Silicon Valley.

The load-parameter block, whilenot always needed, has some featureswe haven't seen on disks previously(see table 3). These are typical of thenew features that seem to come out ofthe woodwork when a new standardis designed. In particular, your atten-tion is called to the SID byte in table3. That byte contains information onthe type of microprocessor that is ex-pected to execute the code in the loadblock. This information will help pre-vent you from trying to execute 6502code on your 8088.

Also noteworthy is an accommo-dation for new formats (that is, newfor microcomputers) such as relocat-able object code. Yes indeed, the pro-posed standard is trying to look as farahead as is practical.

Those among you who have usedUnix may be wondering about thechained directories of that system.They would be easy to add. Thedirectory in this new proposal couldserve as the root directory for a seriesof subdirectories. From then on, it isjust a matter of designating a file foreach subdirectory. The directory-descriptor block in figure 2 woulddescribe the root directory and the in-dividual fields in it.

I am purposely avoiding givingmore details here. This format is justa proposal, and other people havewritten papers about features thathave not yet been adequately dis-cussed. I would hate to see any of yougo write code and then find that there

186 February 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc

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had been changes. In this article, I amjust nailing down the concepts; theactual bit-fiddling is yet to come.

Other Proposals

Other disk-format proposals havebeen suggested, but these proposalsalways seemed to be lurking off in thedistance. After a long wait (some maysay too long), I was asked to take theissue in hand and write my own pro-posal. Certain things undoubtedlywere left out. Things like "my secretsauce key" that some suppliers use tocopy-protect their disks are notdirectly referenced, but that does notpreclude them. Standardizing them,however, might make the softwarepirate's job a little bit too easy.

One proposal that surfaced as thisarticle was written comes from theNational Bureau of Standards andhas its origin in Europe in the Interna-tional Organization for Standardiza-tion (ISO, Committee TC97/SC15).From what I have seen, that proposalis not completely incompatible withwhat has been described here. If theISO proposal were slightly modified,it could be added to my proposal,

thus supplying my proposal witheven more optional formats. I hopethe two efforts can be merged into asingle cohesive standard.

You might think this whole thing isa bit fantastic. For such a standard tobe developed, all of the major soft-ware developers would have to agreeon it. And why would the big sup-pliers all of a sudden get involved inworking together on a standard? Myguess is that some of the olderestablished companies are morestandards-oriented than some of thestart-up ventures that have formedthe foundation of the microcomputerfield. These older companies, such asIBM, Sperry Univac, Xerox, andDigital Equipment Corporation, seethat they have a need to interchangedisks just as you and I do. Moreover,they have huge investments insystems that use structures rather dif-ferent from those used on personalcomputers. With this new standard, itwould be possible to link these dif-ferent structures with each other andwith microcomputers.

Also, some microcomputer com-panies, such as Digital Research,

Morrow, and Osborne, have showninterest in a standard disk format. Myproposed format is not the same asthe CP/M operating system or itscousins, but it is similar. And I canforesee products that will bridge thegap between these formats.

I hear that Version 3.0 of CP/Mwill be upon us by the time this ap-pears in print, and it will take into ac-count things that have been availableto those who use other operatingsystems (for example, the Flex systemon the 6800 and 6809 systems). Whatfeatures might Version 3.0 include?How about date stamps to indicatewhen a directory entry was created?What about permission codes forshared access? This latter feature maynot be very exciting for anybody notin a multiuser situation. But a lot ofus have often dealt with that situationand see the shared-access problem.The supplier of CP/M, DigitalResearch, feels the need for multiuserand networking versions of itssystems. Strangely, however, theseissues did not seem to come up earlierwhen people had to share one disk onthe single-user systems.

188 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Other Disks

You may have noticed that I havebeen talking about disks in generalrather than just the flexible disk car-tridges we know as floppies. Why?Software suppliers and users havebeen pushing hard for compatibilitybetween all types of storage media.Many people want the new hard-diskcartridges to work with software as ifthey were just large versions of theirblack-enveloped cousins. It would berather foolish to invent new struc-tures for no compelling reason.

Similarly, many suppliers andusers want to get the less-than-SVi-inch disks under control before we seethem explode all over us. We shouldbe able to use the format proposedhere on these new 3- to 3 ¥2-inchdisks. So far, the technologies thathave been proposed for these diskshave been compatible with our pro-posal.

By adding extensions in the future,we should be able to use this formatfor a long time. I intended that theformat serve as a guide for all of thenewly emerging exotic disks we arereading about. This would be similar

to the way the Shugart media inter-face has been adopted as a guide forall floppy-disk-drive manufacturers.Otherwise, more chaos will follow.We hope that the suppliers anddevelopers of these new devices willlet us know about any special needsthey may have.

But what about the piracy prob-lem? Wouldn't such a standard makeit worse? Ours is an interesting in-dustry. If you make things challeng-ing, the software pirate will take thechallenge. A former boss oftenreminded me that "you can't make agood contract with a crook." I havealways taken that to mean that good-will is as important as good locks. Wecan offset the piracy matter more bycareful pricing strategies and bydeveloping goodwill with consumersthan with all the tricks in the barrel.Of course, the data itself can alwaysbe encrypted. But I don't want to trig-ger another discussion on that here.

Another phenomenon sneaking upon us is networking. Public networksand computer-based message systems(CBMS) are with us today, and manyof us regularly use them. These

119 on inquiry cardIfc. - J

systems will require some type ofstorage medium if copies are to bemade of messages. But should thesemessages be stored in the form thehost computer uses or one that theaddressee can read? This is a goodquestion. Under the new proposal,these formats would be compatible.

Getting Involved

Now, what can you as an in-dividual user do to push for quickdevelopment of a standard for diskformats? For one thing, you can writeto me. I promise to reply to everyonewho writes, and I also promise todeliver your opinion to the projectteam that is being formed to solve thisproblem. I have been dubbed the con-vener or initial chairperson of thecommittee assigned to develop thenew floppy-disk standard. That givesme a good chance to see that youropinions are heard.

How else can you help? If you oryour employer can stand the cost,your direct participation is possible.An annual fee of $150 handles thecost of getting you registered on thecommittee. You can even designate

February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 189

someone as an alternate for yourselfon that same $150 fee. Being on thecommittee will also involve about 15percent of your time, and you will an-nually incur travel costs for aboutfour meetings of three days' durationeach, invariably held on the otherside of the continent from whereveryou live. That expensive? Yes. Howcan anybody afford it? They are expect-ing eventual commensurate benefits.

My point is that you are not ex-cluded from participating. All that isnecessary is patience, interest, dem-

onstrated ability, patience again,the ability to attend the various meet-ings, and yet more patience. And Iam not teasing you about the amountof patience required. Standards areconsensus documents, and that im-plies getting people with many differ-ing opinions to agree. Can you imag-ine getting the adherents of some ex-otic threaded interpreter to agree withthe BASIC crowd? Oh, you could imag-ine that. Then add a Pascal fan tothe mix and stir in an assembly-codedevotee. Can you imagine the

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scenario? I see it quite often.

Now for the bad news. When canwe expect to see a disk-format stan-dard? Mid-1985 is the current esti-mate. (Are you still there?) But asconsumers you should be able todetect some effects of this work bythe end of this summer. How? Soft-ware suppliers, at least the ones mostinvolved, will start anticipating thestandard. You will probably even seesome eager ads proclaiming adher-ence to the standard while the stan-dard itself will not yet have beendrafted, let alone approved.

Why did it take so long to get aproposal? My feeling is that it was theresult of a mistaken notion that theANSI activities were only for thelarge mainframe computers. Frankly,some people in the mainframe com-puter field do indeed feel that way. 1feel they shouldn't, but this is a freecountry. Similarly, a few microcom-puter specialists around are opposedto standards. Why? Standards will letothers connect to their products. Forgood reasons they might not want toallow that. I mentioned goodwillbefore. Goodwill is subjective. Whentrust goes away, group efforts do notsucceed. Microcomputer users andmainframe users are merely on twosides of one computer industry. Wemust work to develop trust and good-will. Both sides have a great deal tolearn from each other.

Standards do not come about justfor the fun of it or to irritate the af-fected parties. A standard is merelyone possible solution to a recurringproblem, but it should be a solutiondeveloped by consensus of the con-cerned parties. Some problems, ofcourse, are bigger than others. It tookquite a while before this one was seenas a problem. When this disk-formatstandard is behind us, we will wonderwhy we ever needed to discuss thematter in the first place.

Let me hear your needs for the in-terchange of disks. Unfortunately, ofcourse, I will not be able to acceptyour information on a disk (unless, ofcourse, you happen to send it on a5V4-inch Flex2 disk for my 6800 sys-tem). But I hope, with your help, thissituation will not last too muchlonger. ■

190 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 173 on inquiry card.

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192 BYTE February 1983

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BYTE February 1983 193

The Proposed ANSIBASIC Standard

The committee asks for your opinion.

Ronald Anderson

2122 Riverside Ave.

Minneapolis, MN 55454

Last June, BYTE published an arti-cle by Thomas Kurtz outlining thenew proposed standard for theBASIC language (see "On the Way toStandard BASIC," June 1982 BYTE,page 182). It was the first article todescribe the new proposal of theANSI (American National StandardsInstitute) BASIC Committee, alsocalled the X3J2 subcommittee. Theproposed BASIC standard now mustgo before two other ANSI commit-tees, X3 and SPARC (Standards Plan-ning and Requirements Committee),before entering a formal period ofpublic review. Committee approval isexpected in early 1983, at which timethe 120-day public review will begin.

At the end of this review period,the various ANSI committees willstudy the public feedback and decidewhether or not to make revisions tothe proposed standard and whetheror not to recommend final approval.The ANSI X3J2 committee is current-

About the Author

Ronald Anderson is chairman of the ACMSpecial Interest Group on Computer Uses inEducation and an associate professor at theUniversity of Minnesota.

ly scheduled to meet again in July1983 for this purpose.

Anticipating the process wherebyanyone can register complaints orcheers, the Association for Com-puting Machinery (ACM) is informal-ly collecting comments frommembers and from the public. ACM

Acceptance of a

proposed standard by

ACM is by no means

automatic.

is represented on the ANSI X3 com-mittee by John A. N. Lee, and beforehe casts a final vote on the standard,he needs input from the membership,which currently numbers more than60,000, and others.

Acceptance of a proposed standardby ACM is by no means automatic.For example, ACM voted against ap-proval of the proposed Ada standardbecause most of the letters frommembers were very negative.

Because I am chairman of the ACMSpecial Interest Group on ComputerUses in Education (SIGCUE), I wasappointed to coordinate the public-

review process of BASIC standardsfor ACM. I am collecting letters andpooling comments as they arrive.

A number of letters have come in,and in addition, a public forum onthe subject was held at the annualmeetings of the ACM in Dallas onOctober 27, 1982. This forum offeredthe public an opportunity for discus-sion following presentations byseveral members of the ANSI BASICCommittee, including Carlyle Phillipsof Texas Instruments and ThomasKurtz of Dartmouth College.

ANSI BASIC versusANSI Minimal BASIC

The ANSI BASIC (X3J2) Commit-tee has been working on a standardfor eight years. During this prolongedeffort, the members produced anearlier proposal, which was officiallyadopted in 1978. But that standard isa minimal subset and for that reasonwas called Minimal BASIC. Now thatX3J2 is recommending another stan-dard BASIC, some semantic confu-sion has developed. The current pro-posed version includes extensions farbeyond most existing implementa-tions of BASIC, yet X3J2 is simplycalling it BASIC, not Extended

194 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BASIC. Unfortunately, at the sametime, some people refer to MinimalBASIC as ANSI BASIC, which strict-ly speaking it isn't.

To further confound communica-tion, the ANSI BASIC proposal con-tains several major "optional" com-ponents, namely, graphics, editing,fixed decimals, and real-time com-mands. Therefore, it will not bepossible to conform to the standardwithout having a computer equippedwith graphics capabilities. Conse-quently, programs and implementa-tions of ANSI BASIC that do or donot employ optional componentsmay differ substantially, making pro-gram interchange difficult.

Positive Reactions

Before describing the negative com-ments and proposed revisions, I willsummarize the comments favorableto the proposed standard. (I want toemphasize that these are preliminarycomments, and a full summary willnot be forthcoming until the spring orsummer of 1983).

We have received several com-ments that are vague but supportive:for example, "it's about time," and"excellent." Other reactions weremore specific. Philip Bouchard,Senior Programmer at the MinnesotaEducational Computing Consortium,said, "I have long had a wish list (forBASIC). ... At the top of my list arecontrol structures, independent sub-routines, and multiple-charactervariable names. For these featuresalone, the new standard is wellworthwhile."

Most educators have been enthusi-astic, largely because of the struc-tured orientation of the new ANSIBASIC, which includes the followingcontrol structures:

IF. . .THEN. . .ELSE. . .END IF

DO UNTIL. . .LOOP

DO WHILE. . .LOOP

DO. . .EXIT DO. . .LOOP

SELECT. . .CASE. . .CASE. . .END SELECT

In addition, the user can enter exter-nal subroutines with a CALL state-ment. Line numbers can still be used,but under the new standard, pro-grams can be written easily withoutthe use of any internal line numbers.

In fact, the version of ANSI BASICthat Dartmouth College is nowdeveloping does not even allow linenumbers.

The graphics features of the pro-posed standard BASIC have receiveda cautious welcome from the educa-tional computing community. Whileconsensus on the need for moregraphics exists, some teachers preferturtle graphics as used in Logo lan-guages. Others are skeptical aboutthe success of a useful graphics stan-dard in BASIC when the graphicshardware for existing microcom-puters varies so much.

The proposed BASIC standard isespecially welcomed by high schoolteachers who do not want to switchfrom BASIC to Pascal in their pro-gramming classes. An example of theproblems currently faced by educa-tors is the fury created by the an-nouncement of the College Board AP(Advanced Placement) test in com-puter science because it is based uponPascal. The College Board committeefor computer science has said, how-ever, that if there were a commonversion of BASIC in a structuredform, an AP test could be developedfor BASIC as well. If ANSI BASIC ora structured variation were to bewidely implemented on educationallypopular microcomputers, the lan-guage would probably become ex-tremely popular in programmingclassrooms.

Negative Reactions

Not all educators are happy withthe new BASIC proposal. AlfredBork of the University of California,Irvine, exclaimed, "Why would onewant to revise an old creaky languagewhen there are better languagesaround?" His greatest objection to theANSI BASIC proposal is the omissionof data-type declarations. ProfessorKurtz's response was that, first of all,without data typing it is much easierto write programs and, second, ifBASIC had data typing, it would beindistinguishable from other lan-guages such as FORTRAN. In someinstances, simplicity has been thecriterion guiding the formulation ofthe latest attempt to standardizeBASIC.

196 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Ironically, one of the most com-mon complaints about the newly pro-posed ANSI BASIC is that it is socomplex (because it incorporates allstandard features and some optionalones) that its implementation on anactual microcomputer will be ex-tremely difficult without a very largememory and faster microprocessoroperating speeds. If this is true, itmay be some time before ANSIBASIC interpreters will be availablefor small computers.

The only contemporary implemen-tation of BASIC that comes close tothe proposed ANSI BASIC standardis the new VAX BASIC from DigitalEquipment Corporation. Until an ex-tensive BASIC such as that proposedby X3J2 is up and running on a small-scale microcomputer, many personswill continue to doubt the viability ofthe proposed ANSI BASIC.

A few technical criticisms havebeen registered. For example, oneprogrammer complained about thereplacement of ON ERROR GOTOwith WHEN EXCEPTION USE,which he perceives as semanticallymore cumbersome.

Another technical comment camefrom a BASIC product specialist atData General (see "Letters" column,October 1982 BYTE, page 18). Hepointed out how a DIM statement canbe bypassed inadvertently in a pro-gram. When bypassed, arrays cannotbe used to test conformity to thebounds defined by the array dimen-sion. A minor addition to the stan-dard could solve the problem.

Despite the apparent comprehen-siveness of the ANSI BASIC pro-posal, several people asked that thestandard go even further. One com-ment was, "Why can't a disk-ex-change format be established forSVi-inch disks? The committee willsay this is out of their territory, butwhy have a language standard if Ihave to keyboard the program intoeach new microcomputer I have torun it on? ... A software formatstandard is the answer."

Another expansionist request wasfor a more powerful editor and con-sistent operating-system protocols.The proposed standard has an op-tional editing subsystem; however, it

198 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 361 on Inquiry card.

is limited and does not even specifynormal text-editing functions such ascharacter inserts and deletes. If everyBASIC environment had identicalsyntax for editing commands as wellas for operating-system commands,computing in a multimachine contextwould be considerably more user-friendly.

Philosophy of a Standard

The underlying philosophy of theproposed BASIC standard seemsslightly different from that of otherlanguages, such as FORTRAN, inthat numerous extras are defined asoptional modules rather than asmiscellaneous extensions. Their inclu-sion in the official standard impliesthat they are desirable but not essen-tial. Confusion may result becauseevery implementation will almost cer-tainly be a partial implementation,and conformity to the standard willbe less meaningful because each im-plementer must also specify the op-tional features of his or her version ofBASIC as well as the departures fromthe core standard. This is a majorcriticism of the proposed ANSIBASIC in that it may not solvesoftware-incompatibility problems.With so many features defined as op-tional, it may be difficult to en-courage programmers to clearlydemarcate optional and nonstandardcommands within a program.

Professor Kurtz replies that themajor goal of the new ANSI BASIC isstudent interchange, not program in-terchange. "We want students," heargued, "to be able to use whatthey've learned elsewhere and, with-out total retraining, continue theirlearning experiences." To the extentthat this philosophy is shared, itwould be more appropriate to call thestandard a model rather than a ruleby which to measure conformity.

Several companies (e.g., DigitalEquipment Corporation and Hewlett-Packard) have committed themselvesto adding new BASIC features in thespirit of the proposed ANSI standard.The new VAX-11 BASIC Version 2.0contains most of the proposed fea-tures. Dartmouth College is imple-menting the ANSI standard but add-ing extensions and deviations (e.g.,

line numbers are not allowed as state-ment identifiers). These projects showthat having an ANSI BASIC standardis feasible, but they also forecast acontinuation of diversity amongBASIC implementations.

The new standard appears to bemore loosely defined than most otherlanguage standards; however, the in-tended purpose seems not so much toproduce uniformity among versionsof BASIC as to steer BASIC imple-menters toward a common target andthus increase the chances that anygiven BASIC program will be usablewith different versions of BASIC.■

What's Your Opinion?

To date only a few reactions havebeen heard. Far more grass-rootsopinions are needed. If you are readingthis before the summer of 1983, youstill have time to influence the verdicton ANSI BASIC. Send your commentsto the author of this article so that theycan be pooled and channeled into thedecision process.

Copies of the "Draft Proposed Stan-dard for BASIC" are available from X3Secretariat, CBEMA, 311 First St., NW,Suite 500, Washington, DC 20001.

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February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 199

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200 BYTE February 1983

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202 BYTE February 1983

Circle 345 on Inquiry card.

NAPLPS: A New Standardfor Text and Graphics

Part 1: Introduction, History, and Structure

A close look at an important and controversialnew communications standard.

Personal computers have a greatdeal in common. Several of them usethe same microprocessor. Most havethe same language in read-onlymemory (BASIC). And all use moreor less the same keyboard. But thereis a tremendous variation in the waysvarious computers handle graphics.

In order to mass-produce graphicssoftware or to mass-distributegraphics information (as in videotexand teletext), a standard for graphicsinformation is needed.

The North American Presentation-Level-Protocol Syntax (NAPLPS, or"nap-lips" ) is a method for encodingvisual information in a standard andcompact manner, which can then beexchanged among people using avariety of different computersystems. Like the well-establishedAmerican Standard Code for Infor-mation Interchange (ASCII),NAPLPS is a set of rules and conven-

About the Authors

Jim Fleming and William Frezza are membersof the ANSI X3L2 Committee on CharacterSets and Coding. Mr. Fleming is also workingon Chemical Bank's Pronto home-bankingproject.

Jim FlemingUnir Corporation

Suite 106

5987 East 71st St.

Indianapolis, IN 46220

William Frezza

Jerrold Division

General Instrument Corporation

2200 By berry Rd.

Hatboro, PA 19040

tions describing how data bytes of in-formation should be formatted, aswell as a set of guidelines describingwhat should be displayed when prop-erly formatted data bytes are receivedby a terminal.

Unlike ASCII, however, the majoremphasis in NAPLPS is on the com-munication of information in a two-dimensional graphics format.Graphics and textual information canbe represented in a variety of modes,colors, and styles. Facilities are alsoprovided that allow a terminal user tointeract with the two-dimensionalvisual display in an extremely free-form manner.

NAPLPS also includes a methodfor minimizing the amount of infor-

mation that must be sent over com-munications lines. Techniquesare provided that allow extensions tobe added to NAPLPS at some futuretime without affecting existingfeatures.

The basic concept of NAPLPS canbe illustrated by the cartoon in figure1 on page 204. It shows a robot artistbeing fed a stream of commands thatare used to paint a picture. At therobot's disposal are pens of variouscolors, spray paints, charactertemplates, and all the other itemsfound in an art studio.

With various commands, we candirect the robot's arm to any area ofthe canvas we desire. We can instructthe robot to use any of several stan-dard colors, or we can tell it to createa new color from the existing ones.When text is needed, the robot selectsthe proper-size template for thedesired letters, grabs a can of spraypaint, places the template on the can-vas, and paints a character.

The goal of this system is that thebeauty and complexity of a pictureshould be limited only by the imag-ination and skillfulness of the person(or program) creating the commandsbeing fed to the robot.

February 1»»3 © BYTE Publications Inc 203

y

w

.e*9^

lili-

Wl

LfU—-

/A*-v-

Figure 1: /I stylized representation of how the NAPLPS system works. The programmer or artist creates a list of graphics commands,e.g., "get red pen," "draw a circle." The robot (or NAPLPS decoder) then interprets these commands and uses various drawing in-struments such as pens, brushes, rulers, and compasses to draw on the canvas (display screen). If a text character is specified, therobot uses an appropriate template for that character.

This article is the first in a series ofarticles on NAPLPS. In this part, wegive an overall perspective ofNAPLPS, describing its history andbackground, as well as its structureand major features. In subsequentparts, we will cover the basic text andgraphics features of NAPLPS from abit and byte perspective, describesome of its more advanced features,and explore the future of NAPLPSwith an emphasis on personal com-puters, local and regional area net-works, and distributed processing.

History and Background

NAPLPS has its roots in videotex,a much-discussed system of large hostcomputers and low-cost, user-friendly graphics terminals. Becauseof the large potential market for these

terminals, many groups around theworld have been designing suchsystems for use in homes, offices, andpublic areas. As shown in figure 2 onpage 206, a basic videotex systemconsists of a host computer with adatabase of information, a com-munication network, and a terminal.The terminal users request informa-tion from the database, and thedesired information is sent back tothe terminal, where it is interpretedand displayed.

Unfortunately, all the experimentalsystems designed around the worldused different coding schemes. As isthe case with most languages, thevarious coding schemes had differentstrengths and weaknesses. Some weremore efficient than others; some weremore easily decoded by terminals;

some preserved the "conceptual" con-tent of the information; and somewere tailored to particular hardwareconfigurations.

At the time NAPLPS was devel-oped, videotex coding schemes couldbe divided into two major groups. Inone group were schemes that weresimilar to the approach used in theBritish Prestel system, which was thefirst videotex effort in the world. Theother group of schemes is best rep-resented by the Telidon systemdeveloped in Canada as an alterna-tive to the Prestel system. As is thecase with many developments in thecomputer field, being first does notimply being the best.

Table 1 on page 210 comparesPrestel-like systems and Telidon-likesystems. Without going into all the

204 February 1°83 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE February 1983 205

INFORMATION FLOW

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Figure 2: A diagram of a typical videotex system. Videotex is defined here as two-way communication of textual and graphical infor-mation between a low-cost, user-friendly terminal and a large, central host computer. Communication can be by telephone lines,television cables, or a hybrid system using a broadcast television channel for information sent from the host computer and usingtelephone lines for information sent from the terminal.

technical, emotional, and politicalhistory, suffice it to say that NAPLPSwas designed using Telidon-like sys-tems as a base.

In May 1981, AT&T created a bitof commotion by releasing documen-tation for a new Telidon-like schemecalled PLP (Presentation-Level Proto-col) at the Videotex '81 conference inToronto. Since that time, continuousefforts have been underway invarious standards groups to adoptPLP.

NAPLPS is a standard version ofPLP that resulted from a joint effort

by the American National StandardsInstitute (ANSI) and the CanadianStandards Association (CSA). Copiesof the draft proposed NAPLPS stan-dard (document #BSRX3.110-198X)can be obtained from CBEMA (Com-puter and Business Equipment Manu-facturers Association, X3 Secretariat,Suite 500, 311 First St., NW,Washington, DC 20001).

This series of articles will providean overview of the features ofNAPLPS. The specific details and ex-amples presented in these articles arenot meant to form a complete

NAPLPS specification. Anyone inter-ested in doing development work us-ing NAPLPS should obtain a copy ofthe ANSI document.

Layered Protocols

Modern communication systemsare designed in a layered or modularmanner to help prevent extensive sys-tem redesign when parts of a systemare changed. Layering achieves manyof the advantages found in goodstructured system design. By isolatingfunctions in various layers, we canproceed to standardize and imple-

Text continued on page 210

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206 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 267 on inquiry card.

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Characteristic

Prestel-likeSystems

Telidon-likeSystems

Comment

Very much Very little This is the main advantage of

NAPLPS. It is not based onspecial circuits orarchitectures.Poor Excellent There is no comparison. It

would be like trying tocompare 8-mm homemovies to 35-mm theaterfilms.

Yes No Prestel wins this one.

Unfortunately, most thingsin life that are easy arenot worth much.

No Yes Many thought this was an

advantage and an objec-tive worth achieving. May-be they don't know how toprogram microprocessors.

No Yes While some were asking

"Why?," others were say-ing "Why not?"

No Yes Prestel wine again. Now that

16K bits are cheaper than4K, this hardly seems avictory.

No Yes Most are still trying to figure

out what this means andwhy it is useful.

No Yes This certainly can be dis-

puted. Time will be thejudge.Less More A valid point but hardly an

issue for a level-6protocol.

Low ???? The true bottom line in some

people's books. But howmuch did a personal com-puter cost 10 years ago?

Table 1: A comparison of two types of graphics encoding systems for use in videotexapplications: Prestel-like systems and Telidon-like systems. NAPLPS is one of thelatter.

Video-displayhardwaredependence

Imagecomplexity

Easily decodedby terminals

Requiresmicroprocessorterminal

Works with

printers,

plotters, etc.Memory

intensive

Preserves"conceptual"contentinformation

Can be extendedfor years

Sensitive toerrors in thecommunicationchannel

Cost

ment a system for one layer withoutregard to details of other layers.Because layering is an abstract andsometimes confusing topic, we willuse a simple example of communica-tion between two people to illustratethe concept.

As shown in figure 3 on page 212,when two people converse, theirbasic goal is to communicate ideas toeach other with as much understand-ing as possible. We shall regard theseideas themselves as the first level orlayer of communication. This level,which may be considered the highest

or most abstract, will be calledconceptual level.

In order for people to communicatethese ideas, they must choose alanguage—say, English—as a set ofrules for presenting the ideas. Andwith English come all the rules con-cerning grammar, sentence structure,and so on. We shall include English aspart of a second level of communica-tion that we shall call the logicallevel. The ideas from the upper levelwould have to be expressed in thislogical level before a transfer couldtake place between the two people.

210 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Parallel or RS-232C 81799.88

F-10 Tractor $289.88

Daisywriter

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Daisywriter Cable — $49.88

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Diablo 630 #1980.88

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IDS

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above w/graphics ill89.88

above .v/sheetfeed $1294.88

above w/4-color 91889.88

IDS Prism 132 $1289.88

above w/graphics 81899.88

PRINTERS

IDS Prism (cont)

132 w/sheetfeed $1459.88

above w/4-color — $1699.88

IDS Microprism $879.88

Okidata

Microline 82A $429.88

82A Plug-n-Play (PC) $39.88

80/82A Tractor $99.88

82A Roll Paper Holder $49.88

Microline 83A $089.88

82A/83A Okigraph ROM $44.88

Microline 84 w/graphics & tractor

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NEC

NEC 3510 $1929.88

NEC 3530 $1809.88

NEC 3550 $2199.88

3500 Tractor $239.88

NEC PC-8023A ,. $809.88

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Specify either 10 or 12 cpi,S parallel or RS-232C interface

CALL FOR PRICES on Cannon. Cen-tronics, Datasouth, Epson, Mannes-mann Tally, Panasonic, Ricoh, SilverReed, & others

The Franklin

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An Apple-compatible Personal Computer

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Our special package price includes The Franklin ACE 10O0, one ACE 10 diskdrive with a drive controller card, the W-4 9" Amber Monitor, and ACE WRITER a$100 word processing program.

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USI Pi-4 (9" amber) $159.88

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mm HIGH TECHNOLOGY AT AFFORDABLE PRICES

THE BOTTOM LINE

MILFORD NH 03055-0423

Circle 57 on inquiry card.

BYTE February 1983 211

LAYERED PROTOCOLS

HUMAN COMMUNICATION

CONCEPTUALLEVEL

LOGICALLEVEL

PHYSICALLEVEL

IDEAS

ENGLISH FRENCH

IDEAS

ENGLISH

FRENCH

SPOKEN WRITTEN SUNG

MOUTH

READ HEARD//EARS

•AIR MOVEMENT-

Figure 3: A diagram showing how communication can be divided into a series of layeredprotocols. Here, the example of communication is a simple conversation in English be-tween two people. The conceptual level comprises the actual ideas to be communicated.The logical level comprises the language in which the ideas are to be expressed. Thephysical level comprises the physical phenomena that are used to convey the Englishwords. In the case of speech, this involves movements of the mouth, air, and thelistener's eardrums.

LAYERED PROTOCOLS

HUMAN COMMUNICATION

CONCEPTUALEVEL

l='r'-fS-'-' '''"-K'

DEAS

IDEAS

LOGICALLEVEL

ENGLISH FRENCH

SPOKEN WRITTEN SUNG

\

MOUTH

\

AIR MOVEMENTS

ENGLISH

FRENCH

READ HEARO

/

EARS

/AIR MOVEMENTS

•TELEPHONE-

Figure 4: // the conversation in figure 3 were conducted over a telephone, we could in-terpret this as a change of the physical layer. The advantage of layered protocols is thatone layer can be changed without affecting the other layers. Although the physical levelhere has been changed, the logical level—English—is unaffected.

Once English is chosen, a mecha-nism is needed to physically transferthe logical representations of the con-ceptual ideas from one person toanother. This will be done on thephysical level. In human communica-tion, several choices exist. The mostobvious is speech. When we speak, aset of physical tools is used. TheEnglish constructs from the logicallevel are converted to movements ofthe diaphragm, tongue, and mouth,which result in the movement of air.The vibrating air is detected by theother person's ears (if she is listening)and is transferred into bone and mus-cle movements. The second personmust decode these movements, re-create the English, and conceptualizethe idea.

This example can also be used to il-lustrate why layering is useful in pre-venting complete system redesignwhen changes are made. It can evenbe used to show how standard layerscan be mixed and matched as theneeds of a system change.

Suppose that the two people areseparated by a large distance and thata telephone must be used so that theycan talk to one another. The lowestlevel (the physical level) is the onlyarea affected. As shown in figure 4,the telephone and the telephone net-work are used to transport the soundsfrom one location to another. Thelogical English constructs can remainthe same and the ideas can be com-municated.

If French or German is substitutedat the logic level, no changes needto be made to the physical level. Theconceptual level may or may not beaffected, depending on how adept thelanguages are in representing certainideas. For example, when learning asecond language, one usually runsinto the case where an instructorsays, "That idea really can't betranslated into this language."

As mentioned before, layering isdone to prevent expensive systemredesign when parts of a complexcommunication system are changed.Imagine how inconvenient it wouldhave been if everyone had had tolearn a new language when thetelephone was invented. Or imaginehow expensive it would be if a dif-

212 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

GREAT NEWS FOR EVERYONE WITH A

PERSONAL COMPUTER! A NEW BREED

OF PRINTER, PURRRFECTLY PRICED.

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Okidata's new multifuction Micro-line (ML) 92 printer is just the animal. Itprints high resolution, correspon-dence quality text that's a match forany daisywheel's at 40 cps. Graphicsand emphasized and enhanced print-ing at 80 cps. And bidirectional, dataprocessing with short line seekinglogic at 160 cps. Add an alternate,downline loadable character set, andyou've got one heck of a printer. Andthere's an ML 93, too, that adds wide-column printing to the picture.

Both of our new high performershave no duty cycle limitations andfeature the Okidata, 9-pin print head

that's guaranteed for one full year. Butthe really great news about each isprice: $699 suggested retail for theML 92; $1249 for its big brother.Absolutely purrrfect.

For more great news about the ML92. 93 and all the Okidata printers,see your computer dealer or calll-800-OKIDATA. In N), 609-235-2600. Okidata, Mt. Laurel. NJ 08054.

OKIDATA

A subsidiary of Oki Electric Industry Company Ltd.

All Okidata printers are compatible with Apple, IBM, Radio Shack, Osborne and just about every other personal computer.

Circle 306 on inquiry card.

ferent telephone system were neededto speak different foreign languages.

Data-communication systems havelikewise been divided into variouslayers. A seven-level model promotedby the International Organization forStandardization (ISO) is typicallyused. A complete description of themodel is beyond the scope of this arti-cle. In general terms, however, thisseven-layer model, like our simple ex-ample, runs from the more abstractlayers at the top (level 7) to thephysical layers at the bottom (level1). Most of the work in standardizingdata-communication protocols hasheretofore been done at the lower,physical levels.

NAPLPS is a standard for the sixthlevel, commonly called the presenta-tion level, of the seven-level model.In our example of human communi-cation, NAPLPS is similar to thelogical (English, French, and German)level. NAPLPS has been designed toallow a large variety of informationto be encoded in a manner that pre-serves the conceptual content of the

information. NAPLPS codes can bephysically transported between com-puter systems via modems and datalinks, floppy disks, magnetic tapes,and other common mechanisms.

Code-Extension Techniques

The coding of NAPLPS begins withbits and bytes. The 8-bit byte can beused to represent 256 unique patternsor code points. At first glance, the256 codes might seem to be a large

In NAPLPS, 96-code

sets can be swapped in

and out of a large

256-code table.

enough set, especially if only letters,digits, and control information mustbe encoded. But in order to encodegraphics coordinates, colors, graphicsdrawing commands, and advancedcontrol information, more than 256codes are needed. The obvious solu-tion is to group bytes together se-

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quentially to form an extremely largeset of commands. This is similar towhat occurs in English where the 26letters of the alphabet are grouped toform words.

Grouping of bytes is commonlycalled code extension. Many code-extension techniques use the ASCIIEscape character (ESC, hexadecimalIB, decimal 27) as an indicator thatthe next character has a special mean-ing. Many times, the next characterindicates that more characters follow.(An example of this type of code ex-tension is the typical multicharacterEscape sequence for the cursor-posi-tioning sequence supported by manyterminals.)

This approach to code extension isfine for a small number of extensions,but tends to become a hodgepodge ofinconsistent code sequences when alarge number of extensions are de-fined.

NAPLPS has been designed with anextremely general code-extensionstructure that is independent of thespecific "meanings" of the codes, andis based on an ISO recommendation(ISO 2022.2).

Keep in mind that up to this pointwe have been talking about codes as8-bit binary numbers in the decimalrange 0 to 255. No meaning has beenplaced on the codes. Because of thewidespread use of ASCII, many peo-ple assume that a capital "C" mustalways be coded as a decimal 67, as itis in ASCII. The assumption is alsomade that the value 67 cannot be usedto code anything but capital Cs. Inorder to fully understand NAPLPS,you must first realize that the rela-tionship that exists between thecapital C and 67 is by convention andnot due to some physical limitation ofcomputers or an act of God. Further-more, you must realize that thedecimal value 67 (or any code) can begiven other meanings in other con-texts as long as an indication is givenas to which context is currently ineffect.

The basic strategy underlying codeextension in NAPLPS is to take alarge table of codes (128 or 256) anddivide it into smaller sets of codesthat can be "swapped" in and out ofthe large table. The small code sets

214 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 105 on Inquiry card.

WHICH OF THESE DISPLAYS WERE GENERATEDBY A PERSONAL COMPUTER?

Every single one of them. Andnot just generated, either. The instru-ment settings were configured,signals acquired, and analysis per-formed via a personal computer,also. An Apple II®, to be specific.Equipped with Disk II®, 48K mem-ory, DOS 3.3 and a remarkable,make that revolutionary, engineeringbreakthrough known as the Model85 aScope™. Remarkable becauseaScope transforms any computerin the Apple 11 series into a dual chan-nel, DC to 50 MHz repetitive signalbandwidth (25 KHz real time sam-pling rate), fully programmable,digital memory oscilloscope. Revolu-tionary because it does all this forless than $1,000.

The way we achieved this cost re-duction was by not following the pathof conventional instrument archi-tecture, combining a stand-aloneprogrammable oscilloscope with ageneral purpose computer controller.Instead, we integrated. MakingaScope a peripheral. Supplying onlywhat was needed to make the per-sonal computer a high performanceinstrument.

Result? An oscilloscope systemthat allows you to configure a setup,define the analysis you desire andproduce an end result display in themost useful format. Many frequently

performed routines are already partof aScope's software. But more im-portantly, the system's architecture isdesigned to accommodate consider-able user modification via co-resident BASIC or assembly languageprograms. (One example: the user-defined program to plot the ampli-tude response of an active filtershown in display 1 above.)

aScope will average waveforms.Store waveforms on disk in binary ortext files. Store instrument settingsfor automated setup. Or load anddisplay a reference waveform fromdisk (display 3 above).

aScope also delivers waveformvoltage readings utilizing a cursor-controlled digital voltmeter(display 2). And generateshard copy via an EpsonMX-80™orSilentype®printer.

Space permitting,we'd go on about aScope'menu driven single keystroke commands (display 4), its sub-menus withcomplete prompting and so forth. Butfrankly, we suspect you're probablyas intrigued as you could be on thebasis of one ad.

So here's how to find out more.Call 800-547-4445. This will pro-vide you with the name of the aScoperepresentative or authorized com-

puter dealer in your area, as well asan opportunity to invest $10 in ourcomprehensive aScope demonstra-tion disk.

The Model 85 aScope. We admit,the performance it delivers for theprice is so remarkable, it may initiallystrike you as unbelievable. But then,when you think about all the break-through products this industry hasseen over the last decade, soundingunbelievable at first is almost atradition.

NORTHWESTINSTRUMENTSYSTEMS, INC.

RO. Box 1309,

Beaverton, Oregon 97075

800-547-4445

(503) 297-1434

Apple 11®, Disk II®, and Silentype® are registered trademarks of Apple Computers, Inc. Epson MX-80™isa trademark of Epson America, Inc.

Circle 304 on Inquiry card.

128CODES

128CODES

GL

96CODES

96CODES

256-CODE TABLE

(0)

CO(32 CODES)

(b)

CI

(32 CODES)

(C)

FiBure 5- With an 8-bit code, 256 combinations are possible. These can be representedoTal6 Z 16 table (a). For convenience, this large table can be dvoukdinto two128 code tables (Z)Each of these 128-code tables can then be further subdued into a32-code table and a 96-code table (c).

can include codes with similar charac-teristics. The sets can have standardnames, and a standard mechanismcan be established to control theswapping. New sets can be added aslong as a unique name is chosen.Because a standard mechanism wouldalready be in place to handle theswapping, the new code set could beadded without affecting other sets.Up to now, we have been talking

mainly about an 8-bit code. Actually,two code-extension techniques aresupported in NAPLPS: 7-bit and8-bit. The 7-bit extension technique isused in systems where only 7 data bitscan be passed through the lower,physical levels of communication(levels 1 through 5). The eighth bit isoften reserved for parity so that er-rors can be detected. In a seven-levelsystem, error control is usually per-

formed at level 2. Because NAPLPS isa level-6 protocol, the error-controlbits have already been handled priorto the data's reaching level 6.

The 8-bit code-extension techniqueis used when all 8 data bits are avail-able for NAPLPS information. This isthe method that is used in systemswhere the low-level protocols cansupport 8 bits. It will also be usedwhen files containing NAPLPS areexchanged between users via disksand tapes. Because of the eventualwidespread use of the 8-bit code-extension technique, it is the one thatwill be described in this article.

With 8 data bits, the 256 codes orpatterns can be grouped in the formof a table with 16 rows and 16 col-umns (16 X 16 = 256), as shown infigure 5a.

The 16 by 16 table can be dividedinto two sets of 128 codes, as shownin figure 5b. These two sets can eachbe partitioned into sets of 32 and 96codes (32 + 96 = 128), as shown infigure 5c. The 32 codes will occupytwo columns of the original 16 by 16

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PION , inc.

Tel. (617)648-1717

74 Appleton St., Arlington, MA 02174

•Trade Mark Apple "Trade Mark Tandy Corp.

a messageto our subscribers

From time to time we make the BYTE subscriber listavailable to other companies who wish to send oursubscribers promotional material about their products. Wetake qreat care to screen these companies, choosing onlythose who are reputable, and whose products, services orinformation we feel would be of interest to you. Directmail is an efficient medium for presenting the latest personalcomputer goods and services to our subscribers.

Many BYTE subscribers appreciate this controlled use ofour mailing list, and look forward to finding information ofinterest to them in the mail. Used are our subscribersnames and addresses only (no other information we mayhave is ever given).

While we believe the distribution of this information is of

benefit to our subscribers, we firmly respect the wishes of

any subscriber who does not want to receive such

promotional literature. Should you wish to restrict the use

of your name, simply send your request to the following

address.

BYTE Publications Inc

Attn: Circulation Department

70 Main St

Peterborough NH

03458 .

216 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 338 On inquiry card.

• Ill

THE AIR FORCE HAD TO DUY 8,11OOMHz SCOPES TO GET A BETTER PRICE!

Ultra sensitive verticalsensitivity: Scale factorstrom 50V'div 11 OX probei10 ImVdivdX probei Ac-curate toi3% AC or DCcoupling CH3 & CH4 100mVVdiv ana IV'div

Four high-sensitivity Channels:DCIo100MHzbundwidih over the entire rangiol the scope t-3db (» 101MHz) 3 5 nS rise nineBandwidth may be limiletlo 20 MHz by use otswitchable fiIter

Sort touch mode switching:

Fully electronic switchingwith non-volatile RAMmemory and LED statusindication

Two independent timebases:

A 20 nS/div to 5S/div in23 steps

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Calibrated delayed sweepmeasurements: I rom 0 5seconds to 200nS

Time base mode selection:Selects the lime base op-eration best suiled to theapplication

II BLJH' ■- Jffl'.tfLJ

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Selectable 1M /50 inputChannels i and 2 ofleswitch selectable impedance control

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For display ot two addtional inputs, tnggei we-pt both channels or exter-

You don't have to be Uncle Sam to get a great scope for agreat price! The Air Force will pay $1,359.00 each for theirgeneral purpose, 100 MHz oscilloscopes, at the contractualrate of 275 units per month over 18 months with options for3,000 more. This B&K Precision 1500 is not just anothergeneral purpose scope, but a dual-time base, quad-channel,eight-trace, ultra-high performance 100 MHz scope at only$1495.00 each — period!

What truly separates the 1500 from the rest of the pack is it'sunique ability to display four digital signals and not related infrequency simultaneously. If desired, a delayed portion ofeach waveform can be displayed providing eight traces.Another key feature of the 1500 is dual time base operation.This feature allows for independent operation of the A Sweepand B Sweep circuits. In this mode of operation, the A Sweepis operated by A Trigger Section and the B Sweep is operatedby the B Trigger Section. Dual time base operation allows the1500 to act like two 100MHz oscilloscopes and to displaysignals unrelated in time with their own independent triggersections.

The 1500 offers all the capabilities you might demand from alab grade oscilloscope. Capabilities such as the increasinglypopular feature of trigger view is not only provided on the AChannel but the B Channel as well. Other features includeselectable 1 Mil or 5011 inputs which prevent highfrequency impedance mismatches that can cause seriousmeasurement errors. When working with low frequencies, the20 MHz bandwidth filter eliminates high frequency noise.Function switching on the 1500 is performed by touchsensitive lighted pushbuttons with electronic switching logicwith non volatile RAM. This unique design increases userconvenience and reliability by eliminating a significantamount of mechanical switching and cabling.

The 1500 employs a high efficency switching power supplyto deliver cool regulated power for long trouble-free perform-ance, at the lowest weight — only 16.5 lbs. for the entirescope.

Other refinements include a 6" diag. 8 x 10 cm illuminatedgraticule high-brightness domed mesh 16 KV rectangularCRT, beam finder button, LED UNCAl indicators, singlesweep operation, variable holdoff as well as alternate or chopoperation with two selectable chop frequencies. Probecalibrator for both current and voltage probes. CH1 and CH2gating pulses are provided for interfacing with externalequipment. Also provided is a CH1 5012 output for driving anexternal counter preventing the need for an external 'Tadapter and the associated impedance mismatch problems itcauses. The output may also be cascaded into CH2 providing500 uV sensitivity at 100MHz.B&K Precision backs the 1500 with a one year warranty andhas nation wide service available.

OR CLIP AND MAIL THE ATTACHED COUPON Circle 341 on Inquiry card.

The cosP Remarkably reasonable, especially when youcompare it to the other leading 60MHz or 100MHz DualTrace oscilloscopes. This price breakthrough is made pos-sible by PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS unequalledbuying power. As the largest distributor of high performanceoscilloscopes, we were able to place the largest order forscopes in 8&K's history. We were able to obtain specialpricing that allows us to pass on to you a

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DEFAULT CO

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C-SET (F)

INVOCATION OFGRAPHICS SETS

DESIGNATION OFG-SETS

ESC,2/9.(F)ESC, 2/13, (F)

ESC, 2/10, (F)

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I

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SUPCHAR SET

G-SETREPERTORY

PRIMARYCHAR SET

/

. 7/11

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(F) CHARACTERS

Figure 6: A diagram showing the NAPLPS code-extension technique in an 8-bit environ-ment. By swapping various 96-character graphics sets into and out of the graphics areasof the "in use" table, we can access a large number of characters or commands. Fourgraphics sets (or G-sets) are selected from the G-set repertory and placed in designatedsets (GO through G3). Then, two of these designated sets are placed in the graphics areas(GR and GL) of the 256-code "in use" table. Various code sequences (e.g., ESC 6/14) orcontrol codes (e.g., SI) are used to swap the G-sets. The notation "6/14" represents thenumber 6E in hexadecimal. "(F)" refers to a single-code name of a particular G-set.

table; the 96-code set will require sixcolumns.

As you can see, the large 256-char-acter table has now been divided intofour smaller regions. These regions(or sets) allow us to group codes ofsimilar use into tables of manageablesize. The two small tables are calledcontrol sets or C-sets; the two largetables, graphics sets or G-sets.

As we mentioned before, a mecha-nism has been designed to allow a

variety of code sets to be swapped in-to and out of these four areas of thelarge table. Currently, however,code-set swapping is done only withthe large 96-character G-sets.Although a mechanism exists forswapping the small areas (C-sets), it isnot being used at this time.

Before a G-set is swapped into oneof the large areas, it must be selectedfrom a repertory and placed into oneof four designated sets. Two of these

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Febniary 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 219

designated sets are then placed intoGL and GR, the two large areas infigure 5c. Codes are then interpretedbased on the current G-sets that are inuse in the large table.

Figure 6 illustrates this mechanismfor the 8-bit code-extension tech-nique. The arrows and labels indicatespecial code sequences that are usedto cause the swapping. Most of thesecode sequences begin with the Escapecharacter. The notation "6/14" usedin figure 6 is an alternate way ofspecifying a code with a specific bitpattern. On a 16 by 16 table, 6/14represents the bit pattern that refersto column 6 and row 14 of the table.In hexadecimal, 6/14 would be 6E; indecimal, (6 X 16) + 14 = 110.

To move a G-set from the reper-tory to one of the designated sets, athree-character sequence is used. Thethird character in the sequence (repre-sented by "(F)" in figure 6) is the"name" of the G-set. Each G-set has aunique name that is specified in theNAPLPS standard. For example, thename of the ASCII G-set is 4/2 (42 in

hexadecimal). To move the ASCIIG-set from the repertory to the GOdesignated set, you would use thefollowing sequence: ESC, 2/8, 4/2.New G-sets can be added at a laterdate by specifying a new name thathas not been used.

If figure 6 looks confusing, thefollowing analogy may help. Imaginethat figure 6 illustrates a complexjukebox that has a number of albums

The Primary Character

Set contains 96 "oldies

but goodies "...

(G-sets) stored in a rack (repertory)and four turntables (designated setsGO, Gl, G2, and G3). Buttons areavailable (e.g., the sequence ESC,2/8, (F)) that allow you to specifywhich album should be placed onwhich turntable. Furthermore, thisjukebox has two sound systems (GLand GR). And more buttons

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(SO—Shift Out, SI—Shift In, ESC6/14, etc.) are provided that allowturntables to be connected to one (orboth) of the sound systems.

As we continue our analogy, imag-ine that each album has exactly 96songs, and that the turntable can veryquickly locate and play any of thesesongs. Furthermore, both soundsystems have 96 buttons that can beused to select and play any of thesongs instantly.

It should be noted that in order tolessen the amount of record changinginvolved, four turntables are provid-ed. With two sound systems, we canhave two albums or 192 (96 X 2)songs available instantly. Also, wecan have another 192 songs availablesimply by switching the correct turn-table to a sound system. We can playan almost unlimited number of songsif we are willing to go to the troubleof selecting an album, placing it onone of the turntables, switching theturntable to one of the sound sys-tems, and finally selecting a song.

At this point, you are probablywondering what this has to do withtext, graphics, NAPLPS, and theprice of tea in China. You are alsoprobably wondering what albums areavailable in the repertory.

NAPLPS currently has six selec-tions available in the repertory (thisrecord industry is still in its infancy).The Primary Character Set, alsoknown as ASCII, is full of 96 oldiesbut goodies like 0, 1, 2, . . . A, B, C,and x, y, z, etc. The SupplementaryCharacter Set is full of 96 new and oldinternational favorites, most of whichare rarely played in the U.S. These in-clude a and /3. The Picture-Description Instructions album(PDIs) contains selections like "Line,""Arc," and "Draw Me a Polygon."Some of the hottest hits going are onthis album. The Mosaics album is fullof some very old songs that all soundthe same. It is seldom played exceptby people over 40. The Macro albumcontains songs that cause other songsto be played. (You get a lot for yourquarter here.) The DynamicallyRedeemable Character Set album(DRCS) is initially blank. It can beused to mix existing songs together toform new songs. (Yes, on this juke-

Text continued on page 224

220 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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MOVE TO (0.5, 0.25)LINE (+0.45, +0.125)LINE (-0.45, +0.375)LINE (-0 25, -0.25)ARC (+0.125, -0 125,+ 0.125, +0.125)MOVE TO (0.413, 0.578)CIRCLE (0.05, 00)

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UNIT SCREEN

Figure 7: The unit screen of NAPLPS. All coordinates are represented as fractions be-tween 0.0 and 1.0. The figure on the screen was drawn with the commands listed on theleft. The advantage of this coordinate scheme is that it can be easily implemented ondisplay screens of various resolutions and sizes.

-(0.0, 1.0)

(1.0, 1.0)-

(0.0, .75)

(0.0, 0.0)

(1.0, 0.0)-

Figure 8: The unit screen is square, but most display screens are rectangular. The con-vention that has been adopted is to represent on the display screen only the lower 75percent of the unit screen. That is, any point with a y coordinate greater than 0.75 willnot be seen.

box you can record as well as play.)

As mentioned before, default selec-tions have been set up so that noswapping commands are needed inmany applications. As shown infigure 6, the ASCII character set is thedefault for the GO designated set, andwhatever is in GO is the default forGL. Therefore, the codes in GL(decimal 32 to 127) will be mapped tothe ASCII character set as the defaultcondition. (Isn't it amazing how thesimplicity of the present can berepresented as a subset of the com-plexity of the future?)

The default for the Gl designatedset is the PDI set, and Gl in turn is thedefault for GR. This arrangementallows text and graphics to be usedwithout any swapping.

The default for G2 is the Sup-plementary Graphics Set, and thedefault for G3 is the Mosaic Set. Webelieve that the Macros and DRCSshould have been the defaults. Whenyou devise a standard, however,sometimes a little "defaultdiplomacy" is necessary.

The entire NAPLPS code-extensionstructure is designed to support futuregrowth in an organized manner. Ascan be seen, it provides a means of in-creasing the number of codes farbeyond the 256 codes we would havehad if there were no code-extensiontechniques. The overhead has beenkept to a minimum while maintainingcompatibility with existing ASCIIsystems.

The Unit Screen

and Coordinate System

Now that we have plenty of roomfor character sets and commands, wecan get down to the real purpose ofNAPLPS—creating pictures.

In NAPLPS, pictures are drawn ona unit screen. As shown in figure 7,the unit screen is a square area ofunknown resolution and size. Thelower left corner of the screen has x-ycoordinates equal to (0.0, 0.0); theupper right-hand corner of the screenhas x-y coordinates of (1.0, 1.0).

The name "unit screen" is derivedfrom the fact that all coordinates inthe unit screen have an x and y com-ponent between 0.0 and 1.0. InNAPLPS, all coordinates and dis-

224 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

THE PERSONALCOMPUTER ADOUR COMPETITIONDOESNT WANTYOU TO READ.

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-SIGN BIT (0, POSITIVE1, NEGATIVE)

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Figure 9: NAPLPS coordinates are formatted as "fixed-point binary numbers." The 8-and 16-bit numbers given here represent the same decimal number, 0.703125.

tances are specified thus in subunitsrelative to the unit screen. The advan-tage of specifying the coordinates inthis manner is that the pictures will beindependent of any particular hard-ware configuration. Another advan-tage is that objects in pictures will re-main in the same relative positionwith respect to each other eventhough the resolution of the physicaldisplay may be increased.

In order that pictures may be seen,the unit coordinates must be mappedto a physical display. The only re-quirement imposed (under normalconditions) when making this map-ping is that the squareness (common-ly called aspect ratio) of the unitscreen should be preserved. Unfor-tunately, when the unit screen ismapped to the rectangular screen of atelevision set, some of the unit screencannot be seen. This is shown infigure 8. The convention that hasbeen adopted is that only the lower 75percent of the unit screen will be visi-ble on the physical screen. Thus, anypoint with a y coordinate greater than0.75 (it is usually closer to 0.78) willnot be displayed on a televisionscreen.

This technique of mapping pointson the unit screen to the physicalscreen is called one-to-one mapping.In the future, additional mapping

techniques may be added to NAPLPSthat will allow the unit screen to bescaled, rotated, and mapped to thephysical screen in a variety of ways.These capabilities will be added at thesame time that three-dimensionalfeatures are defined.

Now that we know that all coor-dinates must be between 0.0 and 1.0,a problem arises: How do we repre-sent these coordinates? Floating-pointrepresentations could be used. Butthis would make it difficult forinteger-oriented microprocessors tohandle the coordinates. Instead of afloating-point format, a fixed-pointbinary (not binary-coded decimal orBCD) format was chosen. This for-mat is the same as a typical integerformat, except the binary point isassumed to be on the left between thesign bit and the data bits. Figure 9 il-lustrates the formats for 8- and 16-bitsystems.

The important thing to note aboutthis format is that, unlike integers, asmore bits of precision are added, theyare added on the right instead of theleft. Also, the values of the binaryplaces work from the left to the right.The value of the bit position im-mediately to the right of the binarypoint is 1/2. The next bit position tothe right is worth 1/4. The next onesare worth 1/8, 1/16, 1/32, etc.

The decimal value of a number isdetermined in a manner similar to in-tegers. A number such as0.1011010000000 represents a posi-tive number (the sign bit of 0) equalto 1/2 + 1/8 + 1/16 + 1/64 or0.703125, which of course is less than1.0. An infinite number of zeros isassumed on the right of the number,just as with decimal numbers that areless than 1. Of course, the numberwill never equal 1.0 no matter howmany Is are placed on the right. (Ifyou do not believe it, try figuring outwhat the fixed-point binary number0.111111111111111 is in decimal.)

When coordinates are encoded inNAPLPS, each byte can contain 6 bitsof data. (The other 2 bits will be ac-counted for later.) The standard two-dimensional format is shown on theleft of figure 10 (page 227). On theright side of figure 10 is a three-dimensional format. Some three-dimensional capability is supportedby NAPLPS today, but many morethree-dimensional options will beavailable in the future. In that case,coordinates are specified in a unitcube rather than a unit screen.

In the two-dimensional format, the6 data bits are used for 3 bits of x and3 bits of y. Obviously, multiple bytesare needed if high-precision coor-dinates are used. As shown in figure11, as each new byte is added to acoordinate specification, the x and ycomponents each obtain 3 more bitsof precision. The least significant bitsare obtained after the most significantbits. A terminal may choose to throwaway some of the least significant bitsif more bits are sent than are neededfor the resolution of that particularterminal.

When most people are first exposedto this method of coordinate encod-ing, their first reaction is that it willbe too complex for a simple micro-processor to handle. On the contrary,there is a very easy way to handle thisencoding technique: just ignore thebinary point and the fractional con-cepts and treat the bits as integers.

To do this, you must first choosean adequate integer size for internalrepresentations. On 16-bit micropro-cessors, 16 bits are commonly used. Ifsigned 16-bit numbers are used, a grid

226 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

can be set up that ranges from-32,768 to 32,767 in both the x and ydirections (see figure 12). The displayscreen or unit screen would occupythe first quadrant. The unit screenwould then be 32,768 by 32,768,which is far more resolution thanalmost all graphics devices have to-day.

In this 16-bit internal form, an in-teger such as 0100000000000000would have a decimal value of16,384. This is equal to Va of 32,768,which should not be surprisingbecause we originally said that thebinary number 0.100000000000000was equal to Vi (it's all done with mir-rors!). The integer 0101101000000000that we used before would of coursebe equal to 23,040 (16,384 + 4096 +2048 + 512). A quick check with acalculator shows that 23,040/32,768is exactly 0.703125. (Does thisnumber look familiar?)

It should be clear that treating thefixed-point binary numbers as normalintegers is the same as moving thebinary point 15 places to the right (fora 16-bit system), which is the same asmultiplying the binary fractions by32,768. We can recover the fractionalform by dividing by 32,768, whichwas demonstrated above.

In order to map the unit screen to aphysical display screen, more simpleshifting can be used. The sign bits ofthe x and y components must be posi-tive for the coordinate to be in theunit screen. If the rightmost 7 bits ofthe 16 bits above are dropped byshifting the integer right seven places,the numbers that result are in therange 0 to 255.

This operation maps the 32K- by32K-bit grid to a 256 by 256 grid.Each point on the 256 by 256 gridthen represents a 128 by 128 area onthe original grid. This indicates thatwhen 16-bit integers are used, 128would have to be added to a coor-dinate component to move to a dif-ferent point on the physical display.

If a 512- by 512-bit-resolutiondisplay screen is available, anotherbit on the right of the coordinate in-teger would be saved. (The 16-bit in-teger would be shifted right six placesinstead of seven.) In this case, eachpoint on the 512 by 512 grid

TWO-DIMENSIONAL MODEt>7 bs b5 b4 b, b, b, b0

THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODE

X

1

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Figure 10: In NAPLPS, coordinates are specified with a varying number of bytes. In thetwo-dimensional mode, each byte contains 3 bits of the x coordinate and 3 of the y. Inthe three-dimensional mode, each byte contains 2 bits each for the x, y, and z coor-dinates. MSB indicates the most significant bit; LSB, the least significant bit.

-DATA-BYTES STREAM1

0 1

S X X S Y Y

XXX Y Y Y

01 XXX YYY

0 1 XXX YYY

s x x : x x x

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(SHOWN IN 16-BIT PRECISION)

Figure 11: The data bytes shown in figure 10 can be combined to specify coordinates ofalmost unlimited resolution. Here, 4 data bytes in the two-dimensional mode are com-bined to form a pair of 12-bit coordinates. This would support a resolution of 2048 by2048.

(0,32767)

(32767, 32767)

(-32768,0)

UNITSCREEN

(0,0)

( 32767,0)

(0,-32768)

Figure 12: The maximum resolution of a 16-bit coordinate system. The unit screen oc-cupies only the first quadrant of the grid.

February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 227

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228 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 248 on inquiry card.

represents a 64 by 64 area on theoriginal grid. Adding 128 to an in-teger in this case would move thecoordinates by two display points,not one. If this did not occur, picturesdeveloped for a 256 by 256 gridwould end up in the lower corner of a512 by 512 display. That lack of por-tability would discourage increasingthe resolution of the terminal. For-tunately, with NAPLPS we can in-crease the resolution of a display andstill be able to receive picturesdeveloped for older displays. Theywill look as good or better on the newdisplay.

So far, we have discussed onlypositive coordinates and integers.Negative values can occur in the nor-mal two's complement form used bymost microprocessors. Negativevalues can be used to code relativecoordinates (dx and dy values) whenrelative movements are needed,rather than absolute coordinates. Thevalues dx and dy can also be used toindicate sizes of areas on the screen.

Part 2 of this series will describehow the dx and dy values are used tospecify character sizes. We will alsosee that many of the graphics com-mands have an absolute form and arelative form. The absolute forms areused when the drawing must appearat a particular spot on the unit screen.Relative forms are useful when onewants to draw relative to the currentdrawing point, which may be in dif-ferent places depending on the pre-vious figure.

Color Control

NAPLPS supports a wide range ofcolor control. Three color modes (0,1, and 2) are available to satisfy manydifferent applications. The first ofthese (color mode 0) is fairly simpleand is designed to be compatible withalmost all color display screens. Theother two (color modes 1 and 2) usewhat is known as color mapping.This allows you to create some fan-tastic visual effects, but this techniquerequires special hardware not foundin most color displays.

Color mode 0 is the most primitivemode in NAPLPS. It can best bedescribed by the following analogyusing the robot mentioned at the

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BYTE February 1983 229

■DATA-BYTE STREAM

«

R R R 0 0

0

»l

t

RED

^MOST

SIGNIFICANT

BIT

GREEN

BLUE

Figure 13: Color information is encoded in a manner similar to that used for coor-dinates. Each data byte contains 2 bits of information for each of the primary colorcomponents: red, green, and blue. A varying number of bytes can be combined tospecify colors with almost unlimited precision. Here, 2 data bytes have been combinedto yield 4 bits of information on each red, green, and blue component of a color.

beginning of the article. Imagine thatthe robot has one pen and three ink-wells filled with the primary colorsred, blue, and green. By mixingvarious amounts of each of these col-ors in the pen, the robot can draw inalmost any color. For example, wecould instruct the robot to mix threedrops of red, one drop of blue, andseven drops of green, and then tell therobot to draw various shapes or textcharacters. When we tell the robot tomix a new color, the robot wouldautomatically clean out the pen andmix the next color.

In NAPLPS, color is similarlyspecified in terms of its red, green,and blue intensities. Each byte of col-or data contains 6 bits of color infor-mation, 2 each for red, green, andblue. Several bytes, however, can begrouped together so that colors canbe specified with as much precision asdesired. In figure 13, 2 bytes havebeen used to yield a total of 12 bits ofcolor information (i.e., 4096 possiblecolors). As with coordinate encoding,

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Epson.

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And fortunately, you don't have to takeour word for it. Here's how Byte, one of thecomputer industry's most prestigious maga-zines, describes the QX-10.The first anybody-can-use-it computer."The Epson QX-10 (is) a computer for lessthan $3000 that may well be the first of a newbreed of anybody-can-use-it 'appliance'computers ... In addition to being a highlyintegrated word processing/computer sys-tem that offers as much usable processingpower as almost any existing microcompu-ter, the QX-10 ... system is designed to beused by people with minimal technicalknowledge. We've certainly heard thatclaim before, but Epson has delivered onthis promise in a way and to an extent thatno microcomputer manufacturer has done."

That's nice to hear from a magazine likeByte, of course, but it doesn't surprise us.It's just what we intended the QX-10 to beall along.

More computer. Less money.

But useability isn't the only thing the QX-10has going for it. As Byte says, "the QX-10gives you a great deal for your money.

"Help is available at any time through theHASCI (Human Application StandardComputer Interface) keyboard Help key ...Text can be entered at any time just as youwould in a conventional word processor.The Calc key turns the system into a basic

4-function calculator. Graphics can be cre-ated via the Draw key. The Sched (schedule)key gives you access to a computer-keptappointment book, a built-in clock/timer/alarm, and an event scheduler."

Advanced hardware for advancedsoftware.

As for hardware, Popular Computing,another industry leader, says: "The QX-10includes ... a number of advanced hardwarefeatures ... The basic components of thesystem are a detachable keyboard, a highresolution monochrome display, and a sys-tem unit containing two 5V4 inch diskdrives. The drives use double-sided,double-density disks (340K bytes per disk)and are amazingly compact ... The QX-10uses an 8-bit Z80A microprocessor. The sys-tem contains 256 bytes of RAM. Some of theRAM is ... battery powered ... which letsthe computer retain information when thepower is off."

You won't have to wait much longer.The new Epson QX-10 may very well be thecomputer you've been waiting for. And for-tunately, you won't have to wait muchlonger — it will be appearing soon in com-puter stores all across the country. In themeantime, write Epson at 3415 KashiwaStreet, Torrance, CA 90505, or call (213)539-9140. We'll be happy to send you copiesof our reviews.

After all, as Popular Computing puts it, theQX-10 will "do for computing what theModel T did for transportation."

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DISPLAYMEMORY

256X 256X4BITS

32K BYTES

4 BITS

1 BIT

D/A

IE

RED

D/A

IE

GREEN

D/A

TO MICROPROCESSOR

INTENSITY(COMMON)

BLUE

COLORMONITOR

OO

®

16 FIXED COLORS

DISPLAYMEMORY

256X256X4BITS

32K BYTES

4 BITS

COLORMAP

16X12

BITS

\ r

TO MICROPROCESSOR

7

12 BITS

O/A

GREEN

D/A

BLUE

COLORMONITOR

OO

®

4096 VARIABLE COLORS

Figure 14: Two popular schemes for storing color information. Both use the sameamount of display memory. In the top scheme, the 4 bits for each pixel specify 16 fixedcolors. In the lower scheme, the 4 bits specify 16 color registers in the color map. Eachcolor register in turn specifies one of 4096 colors. D/A designates a digital-to-analog con-verter.

the most significant bits are sent first,and a terminal is free to ignore theleast significant bits.

With this kind of system, a tremen-dous spectrum of colors may bedisplayed, depending on the amountof memory available.

Most personal computers haveonly a small number of colorsavailable. In the above analogy, therobot might have 8 or 16 pens withpremixed colors. When we gave therobot instructions to mix a certaincolor, it would merely pick the penwith the color closest to the specifiedcolor.

The advantage of color mode 0 isthat it can be received on almost allterminals. An inexpensive color ter-minal can display the same pic-ture—although much less vividly—asan expensive, dedicated graphics ter-minal.

Color mapping, which is used incolor modes 1 and 2, allows a ter-minal to display a wide spectrum ofcolors without requiring a largeamount of memory. The Atari 400and 800 are two of the few homecomputers that make use of thistechnology (see "Computer Anima-

tion with Color Registers" by DavidFox and Mitchell Waite, BYTE,November 1982, page 194).

In color mapping, if we return tothe above analogy, the robot has thethree primary-color inkwells againand a set of, say, 16 pens numbered 0through 15. Using NAPLPS, we caninstruct the robot to mix various col-

With NAPLPS, an

inexpensive colorterminal can display

the same picture—although much less

vividly—as anexpensive, dedicated

graphics terminal.

ors in each of the pens. We can theninstruct the robot to draw with agiven pen, referring to it by its num-ber rather than by its color. In a com-puter, we would store the color infor-mation not in a pen, but in a colorregister as part of a color map or col-or table.

In figure 14, we compare a systemusing fixed colors with one using col-or mapping. Both have the sameamount of display memory (32Kbytes). In the fixed-color system, the4 bits in memory for each pixelspecify one of 16 combinations ofred, green, blue, and intensity. In thecolor-mapped system, the 4 bits referto one of 16 color registers, each ofwhich in turn refers to one of 4096combinations of red, green, and blue.

Another important advantage ofcolor mapping is that if we instructthe robot to change the color in agiven pen, everything previouslydrawn with that pen will also changecolor. This amazing capability can beused to create some dramatic anima-tion effects. These effects are typical-ly referred to as color-table anima-tion.

Color-table animation is a verycomplex area of NAPLPS. A mecha-nism has been provided that allowsyou to specify color interchanges inthe color map based on timed rela-tionships. (This command has beengiven the innocuous name BLINK.)Time intervals can be set in units ofyl0 of a second, which allows com-patibility with 60-Hz (U.S.) and50-Hz (Europe) systems. Color-tableanimation will be discussed in greaterdetail in the third part of this series.

As we mentioned before, the majordrawback of color modes 1 and 2 isthe dependence on special hardwareto achieve the full capabilities of themodes. This drawback was known atthe time NAPLPS was designed, butit was determined that because of theincredible special effects that can beachieved using these modes theywould be included. Anyone who doesnot have a need for these special ef-fects should concentrate on using col-or mode 0 to insure portability of in-formation.

Text Features

Text is handled as a subset ofgraphics. Text is a special form ofgraphics that involves predefined"templates" that are rectangular inshape. The rectangular templates canbe scaled to any size and positionedanywhere on the unit screen. The

Ftbniary 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc 235

Circle 169 on Inquiry card.

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236 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

If you thinkgood software has to be expensive,

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CP/M® DATABASE

TARBELL DATABASE SYSTEM consists of a series of programs that use a common file format. Theseprograms perform often-used functions in an interactive atmosphere. They are provided in both BASICsource form and COM file form, and can be run immediately with no other software except CP/M.

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• RUN a command file from disk • DEFINE macro substitution capability • arithmeticoperators: + - * /^with the usual meanings • functions include FRE, SQR, EXP, LOG, SIN,COS, TAN, RECNO (current record number), and RESULT (of last SUM or COUNT)

DISK CACHE MEMORYI/O SYSTEM SOFTWARE

System keeps the most recently used disk sectors inmemory for quick access. Transfers are made to andfrom disk directly with memory, using Direct MemoryAccess (DMA) and extended address features onTARBELL Double Density Floppy Disk Interface. Sys-tem increases overall speed of operation 2-to-4 timesfor CP/M and 2-to-3 times for MP/M. Speed of randomaccess operations is increased even more than se-quential operations. Output System (BIOS) auto-matically updates disk with latest changes. Disk CacheSystem requires no change in operating procedures.It does require the Tarbell CPU I/O Board.

CP/M BIOS CACHE-C -MP/M WOS CACHE-M -

TARBELL BASIC

TARBELL BASIC helps provide speed, debugging, filelocating and tailoring to requirements. As interpreter itallows quick debugging online, rather than having tomove back and forth through editing, compiling andrunning. By obtaining source as listing or on CP/Mdisk, programmer can remove all portions of inter-preter not required.

TBASIC FEATURES

• alphanumeric line labels • assignment of I/O

• PUT and GET string and numeric data • un-limited length variable names and strings • pro-cedures with independent variables • up to 64 filesopen at one time

DISK OR CASSETTE

$100

Other TARBELL software available includes Inventory and Sales Order Entry packages — both inAshtonTate's DBASE-II. Ask for a demo at your nearest TARBELL dealer.

950 Dovlen Place, Suite BCarson, CA 90746(213) 538-4251

Circle 401 on inquiry card.

MANUFACTURER OF COMPUTERS,COMPONENTS AND SOFTWARE

CP/M, MP/M and CB80 are trademarks of Digital Research.

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"pattern" on the template is trans-ferred to the screen, overwriting onlythose areas drawn with the template.As mentioned earlier, NAPLPScurrently specifies three fixedcharacter sets and one redefinable

character set. The Primary CharacterSet (ASCII) is shown in figure 15 onpage 236. Most text is taken from thisset. The ASCII character set is thedefault for the GO and GL sets infigure 6. Therefore, it is accessed via

the usual codes, 32 through 127decimal.

A Supplementary Character Sethas also been specified in NAPLPS(see figure 16). This character set con-tains a smorgasbord of symbols andinternational characters. Most appli-cations will require only a few ofthese symbols. This character set isthe default for the G2 designated set,and must be moved to GL or GR be-fore these characters can be accessed.

The Mosaic Character Set is thethird of the fixed sets (see figure 17 onpage 242). Although the Mosaiccharacters do not look like textcharacters, they are treated exactlylike text because of their rectangularshape. The Mosaics have very littleuse because of the extensive graphicscapabilities contained in NAPLPS.The Mosaics are the default for theG3 designated set. Thus, they cannotbe directly accessed without a G-setchange. (We should have made itharder than that to use.)

The fourth text set in NAPLPS isthe Dynamically Redefinable Char-acter Set (DRCS). The templates inthis character set are initially blankrectangles. We can define each tem-plate, however, by using NAPLPS todraw a pattern on the unit screen andmapping that pattern to the template.The pattern can be drawn with eithergraphics or text commands. Once thetemplate is defined, it can be used justlike any other character. (Yes, ex-isting DRCS characters can even beused to define a new DRCScharacter.) Thus, the 96 characters inthe DRCS set can be used to createcustom fonts and special symbols.

NAPLPS provides a variety of text-oriented features, which can be ap-plied to any of the four text sets.Figure 18 on page 244 illustratesmany of the available capabilities. Inparts 2 and 3 of this series, we willdescribe how these features areselected and applied.

Graphics Features

The graphics instructions (orprimitives) are specified using codesfrom the Picture-Description Instruc-tion (PDI) G-set. As shown in figure19 on page 246, the PDI G-set is a96-character set that is divided into

238 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

With ASCOM...

personal computer communication

has never been this easy.

That's why Big 8 accounting firms andFortune 500 companies use ASCOM.

ASCOM is an interactive microcom-puter telecommunications program fortimesharing and data transfers. It iseasy to use because it employs menus,simple commands and features an on-line help facility.

A typical use of ASCOM is to accessa data base to retrieve data for storageand analysis on your microcomputer. Itcan also be used to transmit programfiles to another machine runningASCOM. This can be done locallythrough direct connection, or overtelephone lines by using a modem.

ASCOM works on IBM PC, MS-DOS,CP/M-86, and CP/M-80 compatible

WESTICO

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ASCOM is a trademark of Dynamic MicroprocessorAssociates. CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research© Copyright 1983 Westico, Inc. A WA + 2

ASCOM features:

.Works with modems or by direct con-nection at speeds from 110 to 19,200baud.

.Transfers both text and program filesbetween computers.

. Protocols to synchronize large filetransfers.

. Remote mode permits control ofanother micro running ASCOM.

• Automatic processing with com-mand files.

.Commands for displaying directoriesand files.

To order ASCOM, call or write today:

WESTICO

The Software Express Service

25 Van Zant Street • Norwalk. CT 06855(203) 853-6880 • Telex 643-788

For years, people have beentrying to build a better Apple* II.

It finally happened.

Meet the Apple lie, animpressive new version of amost impressive machine.

The "e" means enhanced.Which means a bundle of newfeatures:

A standard memory of 64K(versus 48K) that's easily

expandable. So you can createfatter files and crunch largernumbers of numbers.

A new, improved keyboard,with a complete set of ASCIIstandard characters. Plus fullcursor controls, programmablefunction keys, and a rapidauto-repeat feature built intoevery key on the board.

Both upper and lower case

characters. (And if you wantto see more of them on thescreen at one time, a low cost80-column text card is available.)

Improved peripheral ports.Which make it a lot easier toconnect and disconnect gamecontrollers, printers and allthose other wonderful thingsthat go with an Apple PersonalComputer.

Except for the front,back and inside.

Self-diagnostics. That's aspecial feature that makes iteasy to give your computer athorough check-up.

Plus an even more reliabledesign. Achieved by reducingthe number of components—which is to say the number ofthings that could go wrong.

And bear in mind, the Hestill has all those other virtuesthat made the Apple II so verypopular. Including access tomore accessories, peripheraldevices and software than anyother personal computer youcan buy.

So visit any of our over 1300

authorized dealers, and see thenewest Apple for yourself.

Like the original, it's ratherextraordinary. But then somethings never change.

apple

The most personal computer.

Circle 26 on inquiry card.

Call (800) 538-9696 for the location of the authorized Apple dealer nearest you, or for information regarding corporate purchases through our National Account ProgramIn California (800) 662-9238. Or write Apple Computer Inc., Advertising and Promotion Dept., 20525 Mariani Ave,, Cupertino. CA 95014. «1983 Apple Computer Inc.

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two smaller sets. The first 32characters are graphics operationcodes. These op codes are used tospecify text control, drawingprimitives, and color control.

The 64 codes in the right four col-

umns of the PDI G-set are used to en-code data for these op codes. Thesedata bytes are encoded and inter-preted according to the preceding opcode. Six bits are available for infor-mation in each byte. Many of the op

codes require multiple data bytes toencode one data item. Coordinates,for example, are typically encoded in3 consecutive data bytes.

As shown in figure 20 on page 250,this distinction of op codes and datawithin the PDI G-set leads to a conve-nient decoding structure. Once it hasbeen determined that a code falls inthe PDI set, bit 6 (the seventh fromthe right) can be used to determine ifan op code is specified or data. If bit 6is 0, the byte is interpreted as an opcode; if it is 1, it is a data byte.

Such a distinction is necessary because the picture-description instructions have been set up so that <variable amount of data can followan op code. The bytes following theop code are assumed to be data aslong as bit 6 is a 1.

Figure 21 on page 250 illustrateshow text, graphics, and color can beintegrated to draw a simple picture.Approximately 180 bytes of NAPLPSwere needed to specify this picture. Inparts 2 and 3, we will describe indetail how graphics commands forsuch pictures are encoded.

Control

Up to this point, the emphasis hasbeen on the 96-character G-sets. TwoC-sets (control sets), CO and Cl, arealso specified in NAPLPS. These con-trol sets contain the codes needed toaccomplish the G- and C-set swap-ping. They also contain codes formoving the cursor, controlling theDRCS, clearing the screen, and so on.

Figure 22 on page 252 illustrates theCO and Cl control sets. The CO setshould be familiar to those of youwho have worked with ASCII. TheCl set contains a variety of codesassociated with the new features ofNAPLPS.

A mechanism has been provided,but not used, that allows C-sets to bechanged like G-sets. The C-sets wereoriginally going to be used whenevera small (fewer than 32) number ofsimilar codes were added toNAPLPS. As it turns out, the96-character G-sets have proven to bemore useful. The C-sets have endedup becoming a catchall for codes thatdo not seem to "fit" (either physicallyor logically) anywhere else. This

242 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

The UniFLEXOperatingSystemextracts

every

~ Mm

680*

from the 8 bit 6809 microprocessor allowing it tooutperform many 16 bit systems

With the UniFLEX" Operating System, the8 bit 6809 microprocessor canperform as well as larger CPUs in a multi-user, multi-tasking environment.

Independently developed from theground up, UniFLEX™ closely models thefeatures found in the UNIX1" OperatingSystem. And in two years of use, UniFLEX™has proven the abilities of the 6809 toperform large system functions whenincorporated into a properly designedmainframe.

Some of the features supported include:

• full multi-user, multi-tasking capabilities

• hierarchical file systems

• device independent I/O

• four Gigabyte disk capacities

• full file protection

• inter-task communication via pipes

• I/O redirection

• task swapping for efficient memoryusage

• full random-access files

• comprehensive shell commandlanguage

• foreground-background jobs

• electronic mail and printer spoolingsystem accounting facilities

The support software currently availablefor use under UniFLEX™ Is extensive.Asampling of the programs availableincludes:

• native C compiler (fullimplementation)

• native Pascal compiler

• FORTRAN 77 ANSI Subset compiler

• COBOL compiler with ISAM files, ReportWriter 8c Sort/Merge

• Extended BASIC interpreter

• Extended BASIC precompiler

• text editing and processing software

• enhanced printer spooler

• variety of absoluteand relocatableassemblers

• debug and diagnostic packages

Technical Systems Consultants, Inc. alsooffers a line of single user FLEX™ softwareproducts for 6800 and 6809 processors.For those having an absolute need for a16 bit processor, UniFLEX™ will be avail-able through OEM licensing arrange-ments for the 68000 microprocessor.Please call orwrite for additionalinformation on individual products orOEM licensing arrangements.

UNIX'" is a trademark of Bell Laboratories.FLEX™ and UniFLEX'" are trademarks of TechnicalSystems Consultants, Inc.

technical /y/tem/con/ultanlv. inc.

111 Providence Road

Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514

(919)493-1451

Sc A lin.

THIS IS WORDWRAP

THIS IS NOT WORD WRAP

>C

Proportional Spacing

TO

o

H-H

CHARACTER

TH

CURSOR CONTROL

Figure 18: Some examples of the text and Mosaic features of NAPLPS.

compromise was not desired, butcompromises such as this occur fre-quently when standards are beingdeveloped.

User Input

Because of the heavy emphasis ontext and graphics in NAPLPS, theuser-input features are often

overlooked. User input is needed toallow a terminal user to enter infor-mation that will eventually be sent tothe central host computer. This inputcould be used to request informationfrom a database, order products,schedule an airline reservation, orsend electronic mail.

User input has been integrated with

the rest of NAPLPS in an elegantmanner. Certain areas or fields of theunit screen can be designated as user-input areas. These areas are called un-protected fields.

The user can enter information intothe unprotected fields using a varietyof input devices such as keyboards,light pens, joysticks, graphics tablets,and even a "mouse." Informationentered in the fields is stored asNAPLPS data. The user must even-tually indicate (usually via a Sendkey) that all the information has beenentered and should be sent to thehost.

When the host computer receivesthe block of information, it may ormay not decode it, depending on theapplication. For example, a graphicselectronic-mail message would mere-ly be sent to the appropriate ad-dressee and would not have to bedecoded.

The text of a message does not haveto be entered on rigid lines as in mostterminal systems. In applicationssuch as electronic mail, a user who

A Complete Winchester/Floppy Disk System.

Disk controller with 4 ports; supports wide range of drives; 5V*"

and 8"drives can be on same cable.

Z80 CPU includes 4MHz, 64KRAM, 2 serial I/O, 1 parallel, CTC

Supports 10MB streaming tape. CP/M® and BIOS included.

Package price: $1,195.00.

May be purchased separately. Disk and streaming drives available.

SIGEN Corporation

1800 Wyatt Dr., #6, Santa Clara, CA 95054Contact: Allen Hauptman, 408/988-2527

CP/ftA is o trademark of Digiloi Research.

-w-

BDOS ERROR

ON B:BAD SECTOR

Before disk errors ruin your work again order BADLIM.

■ BADLIM assures the reliability of your CP/Mcomputer.

■ You can use your disks 10 times longer withoutlosing your data AND your time.

■ BADLIM checks thoroughly your disk marking allthe blocks which have defective sectors. Theoperating system will know that those sectorsshould be skipped.

■ BADLIM is the only program that gives protectionfor soft and hard errors.

■ The first time BADLIM will list which files in yourdisk are on bad sectors, so you can take action tocorrect it.

■ But thereafter the bad areas in your disk will beautomatically by-passed.

■ For CP/M 1.4 single density and for CP/M 2.xx ofany format and density. It is a must for Winchesteras the media cannot be replaced.

BADLIM cost only $73. Whatever the reason you have

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DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED. J!»A L/ULM

244 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 478 on inquiry card.

Circle 56 on inquiry card.

•ar

SYSTEMS

L?ADE^r^1A?TORDE^ISCOuRrS!|

800 433-5184

Texas 817/274-5625

IBM Personal Computer

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Matching PGS Color - super hi res . SCall |

QUADBOARD FOR IBM

Includes 64k to 256k additional Memory,

Serial 6. Parallel Port and Calendar Clock |

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16k Chips each $2

64k Chips $Call |

PRINTER FOR IBMEpson, Star & other matrix printers . $Call INEC 3550 Spinwriter IBM version .. SCall |

ATARI

ATARI 800 COMPUTER

ATARI 610 DISK DRIVES

Percom Double Density EXT DRIVES

ATARI 650 Interface and Cable

Compatible PRINTERS and Cables

First DISK DRIVE w/controller, DOS 3.3,

cables and manual.... $419

Second DISK DRIVE with cable .... $319 |

APPLE to EPSON card and cable

Z 80 Card fCall I

RAM Card $ Call

Printer Interface Cards SCall I

Graphic Printer Interface Card $1391

Graphic Spooler Interface Card/16k to 64k I

TANDON DRIVES

TCS DRIVE CABINET Is industrial gradeheavy guage metal, safely fused, andcomes with gold plated external connectorwith extender cable.

1 DRIVE in Cabinet

40 track single sided $249

SO track (dual sided 40 track) $329

160 track (dual sided 80 track) $449

1 DRIVE/Double Cabinet

40 track single sided $289

80 track (dual sided 40 track) $369

160 track (dual sided 80 track) $499

2 DRIVES Doubk Cabinet

40 track alngle sided

80 track (dual sided 40 tracka) .160 track (dual sided SO tracks)

Drives in cabinets come assembled/testedwith power supply. Order cable separately.

BARE DRIVES ONLY

40 track single sided $CALL

SO track (dual sided 40 track) ... $CALL160 track (dual sided 80 track) .. iCALL

8 Inch Slimline sgl/dbl sided SCALL

Winchester hard drives 5-30 meg . $CALL

CORVUS HARD DISK

CORVUS HARD DISKS

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Add 5. 10 or 20 megabytes of storage to your TRS80, IBM, Apple, Atari, Heath, Zenith,Intense, S-100 and many others. One or several computers can share a hard disk. Getsimultaneous access to data for multiple users. AVAILABLE NOW at SUPER SAVINGS.

PRINTERS

TCS has the LOWEST PRICES on IN STOCK PRINTERS!LETTER QUALITY PRINTERS MATRIX PRINTERS

STAR GEMINI

Better than Epson and costs less)

100 cps . . 180 day warranty

Bit Image AND Block Graphics

Friction Feed and Pin Feed paper

STAR GEMINI 10 (10 inch carriage) SCall

STAR GEMINI 15 (15 Inch carriage) SCall

C.ITOH 8510 / TEC / PMC $Call

DMP 100 $349

DMP 200 $669

DMP 400 $1029

DMP 500 $1564

ANADEX 9501-A $1395

CENTRONICS 352/353 $Call

OKIDATA printers .. $Call for Low Prices

C.ITOH F-10 (40 cps) $1595

DAISY WHEEL II (RS) $1695

NEC 3510 / 3530 / 3550 SCall

NEC 7710 / 7730 $Call

SMITH CORONA TP-1 $649

BROTHER / COMREX $829

EPSON PRINTERS

EPSON MX 80 $CALL

EPSON MX 80 FT $CALL

EPSON MX 100 FT $CALL

QRAPHTRAX PLUS come free In EPSONS

Cables and Interfaces available

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For fast, efficient service Heart Of we can air freight from Dallas

TEXAS COMPUTER SYSTEMS

P.O. Box 1327 Arlington, Texas 76004-1327

TEXAS ORDERS 817/274-5625

TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE 817/274-9221

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TRS-80

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□ CONTROLLER BOARDS are high quality double sided epoxy boards with goldplated contacts.

□ POWER SUPPLY la the finest switching type available.

□ MOUNTING HARDWARE Includes power and data cables

□ DISK DRIVES are Tandon, the same ones used by Radio Shack... 40 track, doubledensity, with a 5 millisecond stepping rate.

TCS MODEL III DISK EXPANSION KITS

1 Controller. Power Supply, Mounting Hardware 8 instructions $379

2 Controller. Power Supply. Hardware 8 one 40 track Tandon drive $577

3 Controller, Power Supply. Hardware, two 40 track Tandon drive*. 32k memory

(everything you need for 2 drive 48k upgrade) $799

3a Kit 3 but with two 80 track drives (dual sided 40a) $999

3b Kit 3 but with two 160 track drives (dual sided 80s)

$1169

MODEL III SYSTEMS

Original 90 day manufacturer's warranty.

MODEL III 4k $598

MODEL III 16k $Call

MODEL III 32k $Call

MODEL III 48k SCall

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TCS MODEL III Systems use original RShardware and quality TCS memory.180 day limited warranty.

TCS MODEL III 16k SCall

TCS MODEL III 32k $798

TCS MODEL III 48k $826

Green or Amber Langley Sinclair CRT foryour customized Model III SCall

COLOR COMPUTER

Original 90 day manufacturer's warranty.

COLOR COMPUTER 16k $249

COLOR COMPUTER 16k ext $335

COLOR COMPUTER 32k ext SCall

COLOR COMPUTER DISK 0 $479

COLOR COMPUTER DISK 1 $349

TCS COLOR COMPUTERS uae originalRS hardware A TCS memory.180 day warranty.

TCS COLOR COMPUTER 32k ext.. $379TCS COLOR COMPUTER DISK 0 .. $449TCS COLOR COMPUTER DISK 1 . . $249TCS 32k MEMORY $79

Model II .. Model 16 .. Accessories .. SCALL

TCS is an authorized TRS-80 dealer F701 In Brady. Texaa

DEALER INQUIRIES Invited on all TCS MODEL III Systems and Kits

CUSTOM SOFTWARE FROM TCS

BTREE Scratchpad$39.95

BTREE Library

$39.95

BTREE Mail List$49.95

TCS Exclusive THE PRODUCER $149.95

The ultimate solution In creating your own custom software. If you're In a jam and can'tfind a program to fit your needs, use this fast and simple Program Development System

to tailor make a solution to your problem. Custom design your own screen format with

complete control over the number of characters aaaigned to •

edit all fields at all times. Create a B-Tree structured file allowing you to access data

> each field. Fully view and

rapidly and without sorting. One key access to user-designed self-help or promptinformation. Expand your program to support up to 6 calculations for each data field.

AND MUCH MUCH MORE.This system comes complete with Its own Disk Operating System. It will make you amaster of your software needa without hiring a programmer. Or if you are aprogrammer, thia system will save you hundreds of hours in design work for yourclients. Saving time is saving moneyl

WRITE FOR FREE BROCHURE ON TCS PROGRAM GENERATOR

Circle 334 on inquiry card.

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Each issue is packed with in-depth hardware& software reviews, detailed how-to articles,reader tips, Q & A, special interest columnsand much more...clearly written for eithernovice or computer veteran.

In Recent Issues:

• A Primer on Modems.

• Legal Rights of Software Buyers.

• How to make your BASIC programs

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• Word Processing from A-Z.

• BASIC v. Pascal: Which is for you?

• How to Program your Printer for

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Figure 19: The operation codes (or op codes) of the Picture-Description Instruction(PDI) G-set. The four columns on the right (that is, bits 0 through 5) are used as data forvarious op codes.

246 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

• ♦**;..«•••'

- ^•*J--"^1

*«*"**

uioot

**t-^-""*

'^5^.

***V*sVi

*<>5^r.„ ''.;—. .,•*•*,".,"

*****

fip

Introducing...

The IS PipeLine" Random Access Printing Buffer.

Insert pictures, graphics or spread-sheet data into reports DuDlirnte

lou? SJo?rtma^0matiC?liy ch°n9in9 addresses on each Now a?*your programs can work together to produce printed output

™ !te? w?time ever' nere is a buffer tnat not on|V fr©es your tast com-5nn ^m vouri'°w Printer but also allows you to rearrange composeand copy your data on its way to the printer compose

' K?v orrt^4nCrintlng~st?fs ParaaraPhs or pictures for printingin any order—any number of times

■ FIFO Printing-conventional first-in first-out operation! lKi^rteSSI?n of ^?ta fo/ efficient utilization of memory space.

te?m pSing" IOng"term buffer ^rations for straight-thru short-

■ Simple Erase feature to clear buffer.

■ Automatic duplication capability

■ Easily expandable, by you, from 8K Bytes to 128K Bytes.

2?,?J?„PipeLi,le '? Uni.versal-it works with any parallel (Centronics•-

^Sa^^r&rt^mbintMon' A SPeCiC" VerSi°n iS available for

The IS PipeLine is a self-contained unit with operating manual cablesand power supply included. <->... Iy munuai, codigs

For more information on the truly revolutionary IS PipeLine RandomAccess Printing Buffer, call us today. om

Interactive Structures Inc.146 Montgomery AvenueBala Cynwyd, PA 19004

Telephone: (215) 667-1713 'Centronrcsrs a trademark of Centronics Data Computer Core

Circle 213 on inquiry card. The IS Pipeline™ Random Access Printing Buffer is patent pending.

'LL NEVER

imp

tfRriputer is any computer that sits on alie or desk top, without a TouchMat" staticve table mat directly under jt

3" COMPUTERS ARE VULNEF

the most frustrating static-relas a computer user can encountesous data transmission, tossjnage to discs or accesa^cards,ailure, or "unexplajp^down time.

he dry winter heating season, you arei more aware of static electricity becausefee/ it. However, your computer is)le to a much smaller ZAP than you canfeel, and that level of static may occur ati of the year. Even air conditioning cante the problem by drying the air.

A "NAKED"

IT QNLY TAKES ONE ZAP to make your perfectlyjfcal computer act irrational and temperamental,xperienced computer users know that static_ejectricity cannot be completely eliminated from the

ftronment or the microcomputer, since peopleare prime generators of static. The best solution isto channel static charges harmlessly away beforethey have a chance to spark to sensitive'components and accessories, ^r

Discharging to a metal .fljUBaMMW* mayprovide a false sensww^ BPKstatic chargesare easily built up againjpl^ferson moves aroundat the computer. AjsjJPltal may create apotentially hazaajlJefe or annoying "hard spark."(You know. jrfPOUCH!)

THE TOUCHMAT SITS ON THE TABLE, directlyunder the computer, within easy reach of yourhands and fingers. To discharge static from yourbody, simply touch mat before turning on computer,and then periodically during operation.

Discharging takes less than a second, does notproduce a spark, and is absolutely assured by thesimple fact that your skin contacts the mat directly.(The sweat layer of the human skin is a primaryconductor of electricity.) Anytime your hands orwrists rest on the mat, static discharge isautomatic.

MP

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The TouchMat is made of a highly-engineered, 3-layer vinyl materialthat "pulls" static off your body without hard sparking, and thendissipates it through the mat at the optimum rate, draining it safely tcground via a grounding cord. The static dissipation rates of thematerial have been extensively tested and field-proven during yearsof use in critical static control applications for military electronicsmanufacturing. (Remember, the 'chips" inside your computer wereeven more sensitive to static during manufacture.)

■ YOUR FINGE

Save $10 off the suggested retail price of $89.Take this coupon to your computer store or officesupply dealer and ask for the TouchMat by name.For the name of your nearest TouchMat dealer, calltoll-free:

outside Minnesota only,dents call collect (612) 430-2062.i Cities area dial direct.)

f not yet available in your area, you may orderdirect for a limited time only. Allow 4-6 weeks fordelivery. Visa and MasterCard accepted. Shippingcharges extra.

SPECIAL"NTRODUCTORY OFFER

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* Die retailer. Computerware Inc. will reimburse you for the face value ol thicoupon plus 20C for handling if you receive it on the sale of the specifieproduct and rf upon request you submit evidence of purchase of sufficierstock to cover coupons presented. Coupon may not be assigned, transferred creproduced. Customer must pay any sales tax. Void where prohibited, taxed, crestricted by law. Good only in USA. Coupon will not be honored if presentethrough outside agencies, brokers or others who are not retail dislnbulors cour merchandise or specifically authorized by us to present coupons for redemotion. Mail to: Computerware Inc., 315 South Third Street. Stillwater, Ml55082 800-3284223*. (612) 430-2060 Minnesota,"outside Minnesota only

This coupon good only on purchase of product indicated. Any other use consttries fraud and may void all other coupons submitted for redemption.

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-SIGNIFIES OP CODE

XO

lcc c c c

OP CODE

r

-SIGNIFIES OATA BYTE

XI d d d d d d

XI d d d d d d

XI d d d d d d

DATABYTES

ccccc-OP CODE, 0-31

dddddd - 6 BITS OF DATA PER BYTE

Figure 20: In the PDI G-set of NAPLPS,op codes are distinguished from databytes by bit 6. If bit 6 is 0, the byte is anop code; otherwise, it is a data byte.

has the appropriate input device caneven send handwritten messagesusing NAPLPS as the encoding mech-anism.

The best analogy to describe userinput in NAPLPS is to imagine thatthe user is handed one or more blanksheets of paper. (When the three-

POINTS «

LINES

ARCS

RECTANGLES

POLYGONS

Figure 21: Some examples of pictures that can be created with NAPLPS instructions.Approximately 180 bytes would be used to encode the entire figure. The signature alonerequires 51 bytes.

dimensional mode is supported, theuser will be given an empty box.) Theuser is able to type on the paper,draw a sketch on the paper, or doanything that his or her terminalallows.

The "paper" is eventually passed toa host computer, where it can be for-

warded to another user (electronicmail), stored for later recall, oranalyzed by the host. The analysis bythe host can be minimal or extensive,again depending on the application.

At this point, remember thatNAPLPS is only a sixth-levelspecification in a seven-level model.

Get the best of your first micro.

There's an easier way.

It's called dBASE II™ a relationaldatabase management system that usespowerful, English-like commands.

With a word or two, you createdatabases, append new data, update,modify and replace fields, records andentire databases. Display any informa-tion, report months worth of data inminutes and zip through input screensand output forms.

You can use it interactively and getyour answers right now. Or save yourinstructions and repeat everything withtwo words: do Manhours, do Project X,do whatever has to be done.

It's being used for accounting, projectmanagement and hundreds of otherapplications.

To try dBASE II free for 30 days,drop by your local computer store.Or if they're sold out, call us at(213) 204-5570. If you don't like it,you get your money back.

But we think you'll keep it.

Because having dBASE II is likehaving a black belt in micros.

250 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

AshtonTate

© 1982 Ashton-Tate

CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research

Circle 34 on Inquiry card.

Deciding Which Computer to Buy

Of the 1.9 million people who bought small computers lastyear, over 20,000 of them bought the wrong computer fortheir needs. And no wonder. New products ore introducedinto the market at a breathtaking pace. The languagequestion. The terminology problem -RAMs, ROMs, bits,bytes, bauds, protocols and processors. What's important?What's standard and what's optional? Even the dealers oreconfused.

To help you tackle this problem, we pulled together many ofour sources -including leading experts in the field,manufacturers, marketing analysts, computer dealers andcustomers. In addition, we utilized computer user groups,clubs and associations throughout the United States, contactsin Japan and numerous industry and business publications.COMPUTER GUIDE 1983 is the natural result of learning fromthe knowledge and mistakes of more than one millionpeople.

The following steps will help you with your computershopping -whether you're buying your first computer, orupdating the one you have. COMPUTER GUIDE 1983 canhelp you make the right decision.

1. What is the computer to be used for?

You may want to use it for entertainment, financial planning,learning how to speak a foreign language, office work,drawing and many other tasks a computer does well. Thepossible uses of a computer are as varied as human activities.

2. Which program will do the best job?

There are thousands of application programs on the marketto consider. It is the program that gives you the power tocontrol the actions of the computer. You must choose the rightapplication program.

The first section of COMPUTER GUI DE 1983 surveys each of theapplication programs available with computers today.Similar programs are grouped together and compared -oneagainst another. COMPUTER GUIDE 1983 contains over 2,000application programs, grouped in over 100 categories-including programs for accounting, management,professional uses, word processing, graphics, research,games, learning and special applications. Programs aredescribed using comparison charts -listing for eachapplication program: the program name, computer(s) andsystem configuration(s) required, the documentationavailable and the price.

COMPUTER GUIDE 1983 provides you with a quick andefficient way of deciding which application program andwhich computer and options for that computer can do theright job for you.

3. The language?

You cannot get a computer to do anything useful unless youknow how to talk to it. This is no easy task. Dut, COMPUTERGUIDE 1983 can help.

The second section of COMPUTER GUIDE 1983 guides you inselecting the right language. Different dialects of languagesare grouped in their generic category. The BASIC language,for example, is a generic name and hos many dialects-including Microsoft Basic, Atari Basic, Basic Plus and Basic-80.

COMPUTER GUIDE ond CESS ore trademarks of Computer & Electronic SupplyServices. P.O. Box 345. MIT Branch P.O. Cambridge, MA 02139.

Each of these languages have their own machinerequirements. COMPUTER GUIDE 1983 provides the name,machine and machine requirements, documentation andprice of over 500 dialects, for over 50 languages. COMPUTERGUIDE 1983 helps you solve the language problem.

4. What about the machine?

Depending on your needs, there will probably be severalcomputers still in the running. Now the decision is based onthe guts of the machines (hardware). COMPUTER GUIDE 1983compares machine characteristics in an easy to followformat. You don't hove to be an electrical engineer to mokean intelligent decision.

The solution is to work top down ond not to go any furtherdown than is needed Your uses for the computer determineswhich machine characteristics are important. COMPUTERGUIDE 1983 divides the machine into five areas -thekeyboard, video display, printer, other peripherals and I/O,processor and memory and direct access storage. These fiveareas correspond to your basic machine needs. For example,an accountant needs a keyboard with a numeric keypad;word processing requires o printer; games utilize a videodisplay; a mathematician wants a very fast machine; lots ofmemory is best when using the LISP language; and so on, asthe hardware combines with the application program todevelop a complete computer system.

COMPUTER GUIDE 1983 containsover 250 computer systems,manufacturers. Information is di-allowing you to get the informahave to bother with extraneoustext. COMPUTER GUIDE 1983 canpeople in making the right decdecisions will be.

machine descriptions forproduced by over 150sployed in spreadsheetstion you need. You don'tdetails and cumbersomeaccommodate millions ofsion, as varied as those

5. Where to buy the chosen computer system.

COMPUTER GUIDE 1983 lists hundreds of vendors, bygeographical location, and by the products they sell. It alsoprovides additional consumer information. The first ship date,the ship rate, the number installed to date, prices and whatthat includes, purchasing terms and warranties. COMPUTERGUIDE 1983 contains the names, addresses and phonenumbers of hundreds of manufacturers, dealers and storesthroughout the United States.

No one wins when you buy the wrong computer or computerproduct. Make the right decision. Use COMPUTER GUIDE1983.

Send me COMPUTER GUIDE 1983

The complete computer buyer's guide.

I'm enclosing my check for $32.75 plus $1.50 for shipping.(Mass. residents add 5% sales tax.)

Mail to: CESS

P.O. Box 345, MIT Branch P.O.

Cambridge, MA 02139

(617)491-8925

Name

Address

City, State and Zip

Please allow six to eight weeks for delivery.

Circle 82 on inquiry card.

BYTE February 1983 251

Figure 22: The two control sets used in NAPLPS.

NAPLPS merely provides a vehicle that will run on NAPLPS. Many

for the seventh level (commonly special applications can be developed

called the application level) that com- and standardized at level 7 using

prises the application programs and NAPLPS as a foundation. These ap-

software (e.g., a banking program) plications may be very specialized

and might use only a subset ofNAPLPS.

When we discuss user input, itshould be noted that NAPLPS wasnot developed as a standard to beused for massive amounts of data en-try in large data-processing centers.NAPLPS was developed to be usedby people at home, at work, and atplay. It was designed to be elegantand free-form.

NAPLPS was designed in this man-ner based on the assumption thatmost people do not want to interactwith computers in robot-like ways.People will enter data by looking atmenus and pointing to selections,rather than learning some complexcommand syntax. As we mentionedearlier, with a graphics tablet or otherdigitizer, people will even be able toinput handwritten messages. Studieshave shown that people want asmuch of their personality as possibleto be reflected in their communica-tion. And they expect that if theyenter something reasonable, that itshould be accepted and handled in areasonable manner.

Macros

Macros (or macroinstructions) arespecified in NAPLPS to reduce theamount of data that must be trans-mitted from the host to the terminal.Macros provide a mechanism where-by a frequently used multibyte stringof text and/or graphics can be repre-sented by a single-character macro. Ifthe name of that macro appears laterin the incoming data stream, the ter-minal retrieves the multibyte stringand inserts it into the incomingstream in place of the macro name.

Once the string has been insertedinto the incoming stream, the ter-minal processes it as if it had comefrom the host. Also, nesting ofmacros is allowed so that one macrocan be used to retrieve several othermacros. Of course, you must becareful to avoid looping and recursivemacros that will endlessly refer toeach other.

Ninety-six macro names are avail-able. NAPLPS allows a unique, vari-able-length string to be stored foreach name. Also, macros can be usedin two directions: from the host to the

252 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Circle 307 on inquiry card.

BYTE February 1983 253

Everybody'sLogic Analyzer

12 Channels16 Words

A logic probe and oscilloscope are nolonger adequate for analysis in today'sdigital world. For testing or debuggingmicrocomputer or other digital logiccircuits you need a real logic analyzer.

The LA-12 captures, stores and displaysTTL and LSTTL digital data so thatthe instantaneous meaning of the datastream (e.g. data value, ASCII code,address) can be understood andanalyzed long after the actual eventshave passed.

■ Easy to Use ■ 10 MHz ■ ClockQualifier ■ Trigger input ■ 3 TriggerQualifiers ■ Built-in LED Display —No oscilloscope needed ■ Compact

■ Expandable ■ Low Cost

30 day trial

Purchase an LA-12, use it, and if you are notcompletely satisfied, return it within 30 daysand receive a full refund.

Free Offer

If you order within 45 days, and mention thismagazine, you will receive a $49.95 input cablefree with each LA-12 ordered.

Save $28.95

In addition, if you enclose payment with yourorder you can deduct 5% and we will payshipping charges.

All prices are in US dollars for 120VAC.To order in the Continental US call

TOLL FREE

_H_80O)J28:6505__

Connecticut microcomputer, Inc.

36 Del Mar Drive, Brookfield, CT 06804(203) 775-4595 TWX: 710-456-0052

Q

Description

Price

Total

Logic Analyzer

$379.00

Input Cable

49.95

20 Color-codedmicroclips

44.95

Connecticut residents add 7 Vi % sales tax

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$10.00

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D Company purchase order enclosed (Rated

Firms only)a Check D VISA U MasterCard

Acct. No

Signature

Name (Print)

Address

. Exp. Date _

City_State _

. Zip.

Dealer inquiries invited254 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

NA PL PS CODE

DEFINE MACRO 26SELECT BLUECLEAR SCREENSELECT WHITEPOSITION (.05,TEXT "READY:-

END

MACRO 26

RESULT

25)

Figure 23: An example of the use of macros in NAPLPS. Each time the code for Macro26 occurs in the data stream, the word "READY:" will appear on a blank screen.

terminal and vice versa. The directioncan be specified when the macro isdefined. The typical direction is to ex-pand the macro into the terminal asdescribed above. In the so-calledtransmit macros, the expansion of themacro occurs toward the host.

Transmit macros are usually asso-ciated with programmable functionkeys on the terminal. When a key ispressed, the string associated with themacro and the key is sent to the host.

Figure 23 illustrates a typical ap-plication of macros. Here, a macrohas been defined. In this case, it wasgiven the number 26. Later in thestream of NAPLPS instructions, themacro name 26 appears and themacro is expanded and processed bythe terminal. The screen will becleared to blue, the color white willbe selected, and the word "READY:"will appear one-fourth of the way upthe screen and a little in from the leftedge. (Note that on the display screenthe word "READY:" may appear tobe one-third of the way up from thebottom; this results from the fact thatthe top quarter of the unit screen isnot displayed.) Only 1 byte was sentto invoke this multibyte sequence.With this type of compression, asystem can be made to appear veryfast, even over 300-bit-per-seconddata links.

The Future of NAPLPS

NAPLPS has finally started toemerge as the most extensive text andgraphics standard in existence. Manycompanies have hundreds of peopleworking on NAPLPS-related proj-ects. A survey in Data Communica-

tions magazine predicted thatNAPLPS will be one of the most sig-nificant achievements in informationexchange in the latter half of this cen-tury.

Part of the reason for this populari-ty is the fact that NAPLPS is not onlya video-graphics protocol but an in-formation-exchange language.NAPLPS has been used to encode pic-tures for plotters, printers, laserprinters, and phototypesetters.NAPLPS can be used to encode pre-cise descriptions of logos, trade-marks, and physical objects, thingswhich heretofore have been very dif-ficult to describe precisely.

NAPLPS comes at a time when theinformation industry is bursting withnew technology that exceeds existingstandards for information inter-change. NAPLPS is a standard thatpushes this new technology to itslimits and still provides the capabilityto accommodate unknown expan-sions.

NAPLPS is only the tip of theiceberg. In subsequent parts of thisseries, we will describe how NAPLPSfits into the larger scheme of local andregional area networks and distribut-ed intelligent-terminal systems.Topics such as down-loading, filetransfer, and operating-system evolu-tion and compatibility will becovered.

Next month, we will begin todescribe in detail how to write anddecode NAPLPS information. In themeantime, anyone interested in ob-taining more information aboutNAPLPS should obtain a copy of theANSI standard specification.■

Circle 10 on inquiry card. >

Hard Disk is Easyto Control

Til »v*war

^» * '

With AdvancedDigital's Error Correcting Controller!

Advanced Digital has solved theproblem of hard disk control withthe HDC-1001, a unique, error-correcting, microprocessor-basedhard disk controller board forS-100 based computers. Now,control of up to four 5W or four 8"Winchester drives is a snap.

Occupying only one slot in theS-100 chassis, the HDC-1001'sunique error-correctingcapabilities will detect andcorrect errors before you're evenaware of them. In addition, youget up to 8-Bit single burstcorrection, multiple burstdetection, programmablecorrection/detection span, andmuch, much more.

Look at these cfeatures:

• Built-in data separator

• Up to 5 MBits/sec data rates

• 256 sector addressing range

• CRC generation/verification onID fields

• ECC generation/correction ondata fields

• Automatic retries on all errors

• Automatic restore and reseekon seek error

• 32 Bit computer generatedpolynomical

• Complete documentation

• One year warranty

• Retail price: $500

vanced Digitas really made it easy to addhard disk capabilities by offeringyou a perfectly matched,thoroughly-tested disk subsystem.The subsystem combines theHDC-1001 controller with anindustry-standard 5 MByte harddisk and comes complete withcable and CP/M BIOS disk. With asuggested retail price of $1800 (anoptional 20 MByte drive is availablefor only $200 more), AdvancedDigital is by far your most costeffective way to gain control of ahard disk.

ITAL

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Ask about our full line of S-100J products, including our SUPERI QUAD'6 single board computer,SUPER SLAVE® processor boards andSUPER SYSTEM*' multi-user, multi-processor computer. Write or call:Sales Department

12700-B Knott Street • Garden Grove, California 92641 • (714) 891-4004 TELEX 678401 tab irin

' Registered IrodomaiV a Digital Research <.orp

1 Copyright 1981 Advanced Digital

Realizing Graphics Standardsfor Microcomputers

Use of the Virtual Device Interface graphics systemwill make portable graphics application software possible.

Emerging standards for interactivecomputer graphics herald an era inwhich serious graphics applicationswill be as ubiquitous as spreadsheetand word-processing programs. Bypromoting program portability, mak-ing it possible to run the same pro-grams on different computer systems,standards will create large marketsfor both software and hardwaregraphics products. As a result, thedevelopment of sophisticated graph-ics applications for microcomputerswill be economically feasible. Thebenefit for the end user will be moresoftware offerings of higher quality atreduced cost.

A History of Graphics Standards

The earliest graphics standardswere de facto standards created by asmall number of manufacturers whoestablished dominance in the field byproducing various successful graphicsoutput devices, such as Calcompplotters and Tektronix graphics ter-minals. When these companies addedsoftware support (for example, Tek-tronix's Plot-10 package), their im-plementation of graphics-device-control routines became the commongraphics language for applications.This situation lasted until the early1970s, when the need for broader and

Fred E. Langhorst

Digital Research Inc.

POB 579

Pacific Grove, CA 93950

Thomas B. Clarkson III

Graphic Software Systems Inc.

POB 673

Wilsonville, OR 97070

more flexible standards was recog-nized.

In 1974, the Special Interest Groupon Computer Graphics (SIGGRAPH)of the Association for ComputingMachinery (ACM) held the Work-shop on Machine IndependentGraphics at the National Bureau ofStandards near Washington. Thisconference marked the beginning offormal efforts in the United States tostandardize graphics. The goal: todefine a generic method for describ-ing pictures that could be output to avariety of graphics devices such ashard-copy plotters and vector orraster video displays.

The International Workshop onGraphics Standards Methodologyheld in 1976 in Seillac, France, ac-celerated the work begun by SIG-GRAPH. A significant developmentwas the decision to break the stan-dardization task into two com-ponents: first, to develop methods formaking applications programs por-table, and second, to develop a func-tional description of a "core" or basicgraphics system.

In 1977, the Graphic StandardsPlanning Committee released its firstdraft of a graphics standard, the SIG-GRAPH Core Standard. This draftincorporated input and output

capabilities for a range of graphicsdevices but did not address theemerging field of raster graphics.Then, after two more years of work,the committee released a major pub-lication, the Status Report of theGraphic Standards Planning Commit-tee, at the annual SIGGRAPH con-ference in 1979. Included was amethodology and specification forthe Core Graphics System, raster-graphics extensions to the CoreSystem, a description of Metafile (adevice-independent picture file) and amodel for distributed graphicssystems. This document also provid-ed the impetus for the formation ofthe ANSI (American National Stan-dards Institute) Technical CommitteeX3H3 for Computer Graphics Pro-gramming Languages. Formed in1979, this ANSI group is now themajor graphics-standardization bodyin the United States. Meanwhile inEurope, the Deutsches Institut furNormung (DIN), the German stan-dardization institute, was working ona parallel effort to produce itsGraphical Kernel System (GKS).

Current Standards Efforts

Present efforts in standardizationfocus on two main interface levels:the programmer interface and the

256 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

PROGRAMMERINTERFACE --LEVEL

DEVICE

INTERFACE

LEVEL

APPLICATIONS PROGRAM

•GKS INTERFACE

GRAPHICS UTILITY SYSTEM

■VDI INTERFACE

DEVICE DRIVER

PHYSICAL DEVICE,STANDARD INTERFACE

UNIVERSAL NAPLPSDEVICE DRIVER

PHYSICAL DEVICE,NONSTANDARD INTERFACE

VIDEOTEX DEVICE

Figure 1: The two main levels of graphics standardization are the programmer anddevice-interface levels. The Graphical Kernel System (GKS) provides a standard inter-face between the application program and graphics utility programs. The VirtualDevice Interface (VDI) standardizes the interface between graphics utilities and devicedrivers.

device interface. The programmer in-terface refers to the conceptual modelas well as the syntax the programmeruses when incorporating graphicsfunctions into an application pro-gram. The device interface refers tothe protocol used for communicationbetween the device-independent andthe device-dependent functions(sometimes called the DI/DD inter-face). The programmer interface stan-dardizes the calling sequence andfunctions of a graphics-procedurelibrary, while the device interfacedefines a device-driver protocol thatis consistent for all graphics devices(see figure 1).

The Graphical Kernel System

The Graphical Kernel System(GKS) is the principal emerging stan-dard at the programmer level. GKShas felt the influence of many na-tional organizations, including ANSIin the United States, and is justifiablydescribed as an international stan-dard. Now a Draft InternationalStandard, the GKS specification isfrozen awaiting final adoption as anISO (International Organization forStandardization) standard.

GKS allows portability of graphicsapplication programs between dif-ferent computer installations by pro-viding a consistent interface in high-level languages such as FORTRANand Pascal. It also improves a pro-grammer's ability to work on dif-

ferent systems by providing agraphics model and syntax that arecommon to several systems. This isaccomplished by standardizing theway in which graphics functions areaccessed and by providing graphicsoutput on a virtual device surfacedefined in normalized device coor-dinates. The application programmay then control the way individualworkstations interpret the normalizedcoordinates, which are translated toreal-device coordinates for display,although the other layers of thesystem are fooled into thinking theyare communicating with the idealizedvirtual device.

Reflecting the rigors of its origin inthe flexibility it provides, GKS sup-ports a full set of drawing primitivecommands (with variable attributes)for data input and drawing, supportfor multiple workstations, anddevice-independent picture segments.It also supports raster graphicsthrough a comprehensive set of area-fill and pixel-array primitives. WhileGKS provides device independencefor standard functions, nonstandardoperations are also made availablethrough the Generalized DrawingPrimitive, a well-defined mechanismto escape from GKS that allows aprogrammer to access the uniquecapabilities of a particular device.

Let's take a look at some parts ofthe GKS specification.

GKS Workstations: A GKS work-

station is a single display surface andone or more input devices. The dis-play surface is usually a cathode-ray-tube screen, although it could be aplotter bed or some other device.Multiple workstations that mayoperate in a single, interactivegraphics session might include, forexample, a raster display, a plotter,and a storage display tube. GKS pro-vides the logical interface throughwhich the application program con-trols physical devices, allowing theapplication to redirect the flow ofgraphics data to another I/O deviceat any time.

GKS Graphics Primitives: Thebasic drawing primitives in GKS arethe polyline, polymarker, and textprimitives. The polyline primitivedraws a sequence of vectors (straightlines) between pairs of points thatform a sequence specified as an array(sort of a "connect the dots" com-mand). A single line is merely aspecial case of the polyline, definedby specifying both endpoints (ratherthan relying on a sometimes am-biguous and confusing current-posi-tion model). The polymarker primi-tive, chiefly used to identify points onplotted curves, is similar to thepolyline except that a marker symbol,rather than a vector, is drawn at eachspecified point. The text primitiveallows text strings to be displayed atany position with any orientation.

GKS also supports raster deviceswith fill and pixel-array primitives.The fill operation paints the interiorof a closed polyline (polygon) with aspecified color or pattern (such as aCrosshatch). The pixel-array primi-tive allows a two-dimensional arrayof pixels of different colors, called acell, to be defined. The cell may thenbe replicated over an arbitrary areasimply by giving the desired bound-aries. This operation finds many usesin imaging applications such as video-frame displays, cartography, andother scientific areas.

Some graphics-output devices haveincorporated unusually powerful ca-pabilities into their repertoire, such asthe ability to draw arcs, circles, andbars. GKS allows an application pro-gram to access these capabilitiesthrough a special escape mechanism

February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 25

,

WORLD SPACE

NDC SPACE WINDOW

t

NDC VIEWPORT(DEVICE-INDEPENDENT)

WORKSTATION -l-' \ \ \ \

WINDOW \ _\ \ \

V

\\\

WORKSTATION-2VIEWPORT

WORKSTATION - 1VIEWPORT

Figure 2: GKS provides a versatile set of viewing transformations. A window may bedefined in the application's conceptual "world space," which selects a portion of thatspace to be viewed. The window is mapped to an area or viewport in an intermediatevirtual space called the normalized-device-coordinate (NDC) space. This space appearsidentical to all devices in the system. Each workstation can then define its own windowinto the NDC space; each workstation window is mapped to its own viewport on thedevice display surface. This transformation allows each workstation to have a separateview of the NDC space.

called the Generalized Drawing Prim-itive. By passing an identificationnumber and the required parametersto the driver, any unique feature ofthe device may be invoked. In effect,the Generalized Drawing Primitive isa standard way to be nonstandard.

Attributes: Associated with eachoutput primitive are attributes thatalter the object's appearance. For ex-ample, the polyline primitive has line-type (solid, dashed, etc.), width, andcolor attributes. Polymarkers haveattributes of style, size, and color; thestyles comprise a choice of commonASCII (American Standard Code forInformation Interchange) characters.Text primitives have attributes of

size, color and orientation; and multi-ple character fonts can be accessed ifthey are available in the graphicsdevice. Color indexes may be definedby associating a desired color speci-fied in RGB (red-green-blue) inten-sities with a color-index number; thecolor values of primitives are thengiven as the appropriate index.

Viewing and Transformations:GKS allows the user or programmerto define a coordinate space, calledthe world coordinate space, that isappropriate for each application.This world coordinate space ismapped into device coordinates in acontrolled manner through twodistinct operations: normalization

transformations and workstationtransformations. GKS first trans-forms world coordinates into anormalized-device-coordinate (NDC)space by defining a working region,or window, in world-coordinatespace. NDC space acts as an abstractviewing surface or an intermediaryspace between applications and de-vices. The NDC space is then trans-formed into the device coordinates(DC) of the workstation. When mul-tiple workstations are used, each mayhave a distinct view of the applicationby setting its own workstation win-dow. The last transformation allowsthe workstation to set a viewport, theactive region of the device's potentialworkspace, which can be used forscaling and translating the originalpicture (see figure 2).

Graphics Input: A full set of inputoperations allows an application pro-gram to receive input from a broadrange of interactive input devices.The input operations are groupedinto five classes: choice, locator,pick, string, and valuator. This vitalflexibility allows GKS to support theoptimum input device for a particularworking environment. The result isimproved interactivity through whichthe full potential of the graphicsman/machine interface can be real-ized. The request-locator functionreturns the position of an image enti-ty in world coordinates, while therequest-valuator function returns anindication of the current value of acontinuous valuator device such as apotentiometer. The request-choicefunction returns an integer that repre-sents one of a set of choices. The pickfunction returns the graphics segmentnumber that corresponds to the ob-jects being selected with graphics in-put. Finally, the request-string func-tion reads character input from a key-board device. The way in which theselogical functions are implemented(through a joystick, a mouse—likethe one used with the Apple Lisa,function keys, etc.) is workstationdependent.

Inquiries: To aid the programmer,GKS provides an inquire capabilitythat allows the application programto find out information about its sys-tem environment: the current operat-

258 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE February 1983 259

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260 BYTE February 1983

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BYTE February 1983 261

APPLICATION LAYER

LANGUAGE LAYER

GRAPHICAL KERNEL SYSTEM (GKS)

OPERATING SYSTEMCPIM GSX

OTHER HARDWARE

GRAPHICS HARDWARE

Figure 3: This layer model shows the relationship of GKS and VDI to other componentsin a graphics system. Each module may call the functions of the adjoining layer below.An example of this is the Graphics System Extension (GSX) to the popular CP/M familyof operating systems.

ing state, primitive attributes, view-ing operations and transformations,and device capabilities.

Device-Level Interfaces

Two emerging standards are ad-dressing the hardware-driver inter-face level. One of these, the NorthAmerican Presentation-Level-Proto-col Syntax (NAPLPS), was developedby a team at Bell Laboratories as anextension of graphics developmentsin the Canadian Telidon videotexsystem. (See the article "NAPLPS, ANew Standard for Text and Graphics:Part 1" by Jim Fleming and Bill Frezzaon page 203.) NAPLPS (pronounced"nap-lips") has been adopted byAT&T as a standard for transmittingtext and graphics over telecommuni-cation lines. In some computer-graphics applications, NAPLPS prob-ably will "sit below" another, moregeneral, device interface called theVirtual Device Interface (VDI). Thisrelationship is illustrated in figure 1,where the NAPLPS block is placedunder the dashed line of the VirtualDevice Interface.

The VDI standard is beingdeveloped by the ANSI X3H33 Tech-nical Committee as a standard inter-face between device-independentsoftware and graphics devices. VDImakes all devices appear as identicalvirtual graphics devices by defining astandard input/output protocol. Theunique characteristics of the physicalgraphics device are isolated in thedevice-driver software module. Thistechnique has been employed by in-dividual vendors to make their ownproducts compatible with a widerange of devices, similar to the way

operating systems such as Unix orCP/M are interfaced to a multitude ofhardware configurations. VDI takesthe concept a step further by provid-ing potential industry-wide com-patibility.

The VDI specification is expectedto be frozen during the summer of1983. For the graphics-equipmentmanufacturer, the adoption of thisstandard means that a VDI driver fora particular graphics device need bewritten only once. All graphics ap-plications that conform to VDI wouldthen be able to communicate with thedevice through the standard devicedriver. Long-range benefits will bemore evident as equipment and semi-conductor manufacturers begin im-plementing more of the software-driver functionality in hardware—ineffect moving the VDI interface downinto the graphics device itself. Thisdevelopment in graphics is a directparallel to other standardizationefforts, such as the ShugartAssociates Standard Interface (SASI)for disk-drive subsystems. The SASIhardware and protocol specificationallows OEMs (so-called originalequipment manufacturers) to freelymix disk subsystems and host com-puters made by different firms. Thepopularity of this approach stemsfrom the many benefits it offers to theindustry: less design effort expendedreinventing the wheel, numerous sec-ond sources of parts, higher reliabili-ty with a proven design, reducedcosts, and larger markets. Similarbenefits will accrue to computergraphics as a result of the standard-ization efforts that are at last bearingfruit.

Graphics Standards as Products

Although the cost of hardware,especially semiconductor memory, isusually cited as the major inhibitor totruly widespread use of interactivegraphics, this is becoming less andless accurate. The lack of universalstandards has dulled the impact of thedramatic reduction in componentcosts in the past decade. The impend-ing advent of these important stan-dards paves the way for implementa-tions of computer graphics that willenjoy widespread availability andeconomies of scale. The success ofthis approach has been demonstratedin the microcomputer world by suchde facto standards as the 8080-com-patible microprocessors and theCP/M operating system.

Digital Research in collaborationwith Graphics Software Systems Inc.(GSS) has recently responded to thepotential offered by the new stan-dards by expanding the capability ofthe CP/M family of operating sys-tems with an upgrade called theGraphics System Extension, or GSX.This upgrade provides full graphicscapabilities to the user through thenormal CP/M function-call accessmechanism. The architecture of GSXhas been carefully designed to allowthe extended CP/M to maintain com-patibility with nongraphics applica-tions and to use system resources in away that is consistent with a small-system environment, according to thestructure shown in figure 3.

Digital Research has also provideda package called GSS-Kernel thatpresents a GKS interface to thegraphics-application programmerusing the graphics functions providedby GSX. GSS-Kernel, a linkable run-time library, will increase program-mer productivity while providingprogram portability through the stan-dard GKS interface. In addition, ap-plications using GSS-Kernel will besource-code compatible with largecomputer systems running GKS pro-cedures libraries.

GSX Architecture

GSX is composed of three majorcomponents: the graphics-device op-erating system, the graphics in-put/output system, and the Gengraf

262 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Circle 275 on Inquiry card.

DEVICE DRIVER

BIOS

BOOS

GIOS

®~

0100

0000

GDOS

USER-PROGRAM AREA(TRANSIENT PROGRAM AREA)

SYSTEMDATA

NONGRAPHICS-FUNCTIONCALLS

DOS-FUNCTIONCALLS

Figure 4: GSX consists of the device-independent (GDOS) and device-dependent(GIOS) components. These are loaded at run time below the BDOS (basic diskoperating system) module in high memory. Initial loading of GIOS and GDOS from thesystem disk is performed by a loader routine attached to the application program by theGSX Gengraf utility when the program is created. During operation, graphics work-stations may be changed by making a request to GDOS that causes a new device driverto be loaded from the disk.

utility routine. The graphics-deviceoperating system, or GDOS, is analo-gous to the BDOS (basic disk operat-ing system) module in the standardCP/M system and contains the de-vice-independent portion of GSX.The graphics input/output system, orGIOS, contains the device-dependentdrivers which, like the basic in-put/output system (BIOS) in stan-dard CP/M, provide the necessary"glue" to connect GDOS with theparticular characteristics and com-mand sequences of a specific graphicsdevice. Finally, the Gengraf utilityconfigures a graphics-applicationprogram to run in the GSX environ-ment.

Figure 4 shows the relationship ofsoftware components of a GSX-extended CP/M-80 system. GDOSand GIOS form a path to graphicsdevices that is essentially parallel tothe BDOS and the BIOS. Normaloperating-system calls, such as read-ing from or writing to the console or adisk drive, are initiated by the BDOS,and the BIOS provides the device-

dependent interface. Graphics callsare intercepted and serviced byGDOS and passed to the appropriatedevice-dependent driver withinGIOS. In reality, only one device-driver routine is resident in memoryat any time; the other device driversare stored on disk. The applicationprogram may request use of a newworkstation at any time, and GSXwill insure that the proper devicedriver is loaded as needed. Thischoice of implementation maximizesthe memory available for the applica-tion program.

Graphics-Device Operating Sys-tem: Access to all graphics operationsis through function calls to GDOS,made in the same manner as BDOScalls except that an additional param-eter list is specified to transfergraphics information. This informa-tion includes a graphics operationcode, a control array, a parameterarray, and a point array. Point lo-cations are passed to GSX in a nor-malized-device-coordinate space.Here all point locations are specified

with x,y coordinates between 0,0 and32767,32767. GDOS then transformsthe NDC coordinates into the devicecoordinate system through a scalingoperation using device-specific infor-mation that was passed when the cur-rent workstation was opened for use.This scheme not only provides a VDI-compatible method of passing coor-dinate values, but also allows pointsto be specified as integer arrays, thussaving memory space and processingtime.

GDOS is also responsible fordynamic workstation assignment.Each device on a system is associatedwith a workstation-identification (ID)number. When GDOS receives a re-quest to assign a workstation (changethe currently active graphics device),it determines which driver corres-ponds to the indicated workstationID and loads that driver intomemory. The new driver is loadedinto memory in the same locationsformerly occupied by the previousdriver so that memory requirementsare minimized. The logical associa-tion of workstation ID number to aparticular device is made through anassignment table, a text file stored onthe system disk. You can alter thecorrespondence of workstation ID tospecific device drivers simply by edit-ing the assignment-table file with anytext editor.

Graphics Input/Output System:The GIOS component of GSX con-tains the device-dependent code thattranslates between the Virtual DeviceInterface and the unique charac-teristics of a real graphics device,making all graphics devices appear tothe application program as identicalvirtual devices. The VDI specifies thepseudo-operation code for a graphicsoperation as well as a set of input andoutput arguments. The input argu-ments include an array of controlparameters, an array of inputparameters, and an array of inputpoint coordinates. The output argu-ments include control parameters,output parameters, and output pointcoordinates. The control, input, andoutput parameters are unique to theparticular operation being performed(see table 1).

Often, the capabilities specified by

264 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

EXTRA

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M3 Family Growing

Another product recently introduced byMacrotech is soaring to the top of the best-seller list. The Multiuser II is a 128 kbyte70ns CMOS static ram memory board that isunquestionably without peer in the S-100marketplace. It's a 6-layer board with blazingspeed, 8/16 data transfer protocol, and ultra-low power external battery support. Thesame M3 memory mapped addressing archi-tecture so in demand with system softwareprofessionals is now standard in the newMultiuser II. M3 was first developed by Macro-tech for the popular Multiuser 1256K dynam-ic ram board to meet the demanding require-ments of today's sophisticated systems.

Macrotech's advanced memory mappingscheme allows each 4K block of the 16 bit(64K) logical addresses to be dynamicallytranslated to any 4K block of the physicalmemory. Global memory can be configuredto any size and located anywhere in the logi-cal address space. All remaining memory canbe addressed through the remaining logicaladdress space by simply reloading the map-ping registers to address the desired physicalmemory blocks. This scheme permits unlimit-ed use of all on-board physical memory.

CANOGA PARK (MI)-January 20,1983-Mike Pelkey, president of Macrotech InternationalCorporation, today announced a major technological breakthrough in S-100 dynamic memoryboard density. A full megabyte of high speed dynamic ram is contained on a single stan-dard size S-100 multilayer P.C. board. The product, dubbed 'Max' meets all IEEE/696 mech-anical and electrical specifications and byteparity generation/checking is included as astandard feature. Max supports IEEE/696 24-bit addressing (selectable at any 128K boun-dary), 8/16 data transfer protocol, phantomline operation, and the same ultra low noisebus signal filtering provided on Macrotech'spopular high performance 256K dynamicmemory board.

Max is in production now and shipping atthe all-time low cost per bit list price of $1,983in unit quantity.

Bruce Kimmel, Macrotech's sales managerreports that customers are being served ona "first-in, first-out" basis and warns that dueto a high incidence of graphics and similarmemory-intensive applications, along with anunwillingness in the trade to pay exorbitantprices for memory, backlogs may occur forMax which could delay shipments againstsome late orders. With the improbability ofsecond sourcing for some time, interestedparties are urged to get orders in as soon aspossible. Bruce can be contacted at 22133Cohasset Street, Canoga Park, California91303, or reached by telephone at (213)887-5737.

Virtual DiskFlexibility Cited

CANOGA PARK-January 20, 1983-Macro-tech reports their Multiuser I and MultiuserII S-100 ram memory boards can be used asboth system memory and "virtual disk" stor-age in eight or sixteen-bit applications. Ad-dressing flexibility is the key. The MultiuserM3 memory mapped addressing is guaranteedto allow memory partitioning to fit the exactrequirements of your system without everwasting a single byte.

Today's trend in operating systems appearsto include extended memory capabilities toallow for the recent technological advancesin semiconductor memory. A close look atDigital Research's new CP/M 3™ for example,would lead you to believe that it was especial-ly created to fit Macrotech's family of Multi-user memory boards. (It wasn't, but try to findone that fits better.)

Where it all started: pictured is the popularMultiuser I, Macrotech's first product. Thiswidely used board provides 256 Kbytes ofdynamic ram with 4K page memory map-ping (called M3), 8/16 bit operation, 24 bitaddressing and byte parity checking.

MACROTECH

AnnouncesDistribution Expansion

CANOGA PARK-January 20, 1983-Macro-tech is now establishing domestic and inter-national dealer/representative networks. TheCalifornia based firm is expanding it's cus-tomer support through these channels and in-vites inquiries. Volume users and retailersshould contact the company for details.

Macrotech's marketing director Bob Rylestates, "IEEE/696 has made S-100 legitimate.It is rapidly gaining acceptance due to its in-herently superior speed characteristics'.' Ryleattributes the growing demand for Macrotechmemories to Macrotech's strict adherence tothe IEEE Standard. Circle 240 on inquiry card.

Circle 103 on inquiry card.

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If you know anything at all about Com-puter Furniture and Accessories, youknow that we bend over backwards tomake our customers happy. That'swhy we'll modify our standard line ofcomputer desks and accessories tomeet your special requirements. Withcustom tops and desk configurations,special data shelves, micro shelves,risers, keyboard recesses, cable cut-outs and paper slots, as well as custompaint and top laminate colors. At CF&Ayou get all this plus durable construc-tion, reasonable cost, and personalservice. Morethan ever,CF&A is aim-ing to please.

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Op Code Description

1 Open Workstation: initialize a graphics device (load driver routine ifnecessary)

2 Close Workstation: stop graphics output to this workstation

3 Clear Workstation: clear display device

4 Update Workstation: display all pending graphics on workstation

5 Escape: enable special device-dependent operation

6 Polyline: output a polyline

7 Polymarker: output markers

8 Text: output text starting at a specified position

9 Filled Area: display and fill a polygon

10 Cell Array: display a cell array

11 Generalized Drawing Primitive: display a generalized drawing primitivefunction

12 Set Character Height: set text size

13 Set Character-Up Vector: set text direction

14 Set Color Representation: define the color associated with a color index

15 Set Polyline Line Type: set line style for polylines

16 Set Polyline-Line Width: set width of lines

17 Set Polyline-Color Index: set color for polylines

18 Set Polymarker Type: set marker type for polymarkers

19 Set Polymarker Scale: set size for polymarkers

20 Set Polymarker-Color Index: set color for polymarkers

21 Set Text Font: set device-dependent text style

22 Set Text-Color Index: set color of text

23 Set Fill-Interior Style: set interior style for polygon fill

24 Set Fill-Style Index: set fill style for polygons

25 Set Fill-Color Index: set color for polygon fill

26 Inquire Color Representation: return color representation values of index

27 Inquire Cell Array: return definition of cell array

28 Input Locator: return value of locator

29 Input Valuator: return value of valuator

30 Input Choice: return value of choice device

31 Input String: return character string

32 Set Writing Mode: set current writing mode (replace, overstrike, complement,erase)

33 Set Input Mode: set input mode (request or sample)

Table 1: Operation codes available under the Graphics System Extension (GSX).

the VDI standard are not provided bya particular graphics device. In somecases, the device-driver softwareemulates the required function. Forexample, four line styles are specifiedby VDI: solid, dashed, dotted, anddashed-dotted. If a graphics devicedoes not have the ability to producethese directly, their automatic genera-tion is emulated in software. For ex-ample, if a dotted line cannot be pro-duced by a device, the required linestyle is produced by generating aseries of short solid lines with in-tervening spaces.

Gengraf: The final component ofGSX is the Gengraf program. Gengrafis a utility program used by the ap-plication programmer to configure a

graphics program for use with GSX.Gengraf appends a special loaderroutine onto the graphics program.This loader brings GDOS into mem-ory and loads the default graphics-device driver before execution of thegraphics program begins; therefore,GSX (GDOS and GIOS) is broughtinto memory only when a graphics-application program is executed.Otherwise, the programmer has useof the full user-program spaceavailable under CP/M.

The loading and linking of GSX iscompletely transparent to the user atrun time. In CP/M-80, the linkage toGDOS is established by the Gengrafloader at run time by a substitution ofthe GDOS entry point in place of the

266 February 1»« © BYTE Publications Inc

COMPUTERSYSTEMS

"Quality Throughout"800-238-3100

Q.T. Products DivisionCOMPATIBLE COMPUTER CORP.

3330 South Third St. WestSalt Lake City. UT84I15©{8011974-0999

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NEW IMPROVED 1983 MODELS

The entire Q.T. product line has been redesigned and improved using com-puter controlled manufacturing techniques to insure the highest quality.Many new features have been added to every item. The Q.T. 1983 models areamong the best S-l 00 products available on the market today. They are fullycompatible with the latest 16/32 bit cpu's.

Call {8001 238-3100 today for the location of your nearest dealer and/or toobtain the 1983 Q.T. catalog. Substantial dealer/OEM discount offered.Stocking dealers with retail showrooms and mail order facilities include:

Priority One, Chatsworth, CA © 800-423-5922

Bison Products, Los Angeles, CA ©213-994-2533

Compatible Computer, New York City © 212-221-7900

NOTICE: CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research, Turbodos of Software 2000 and INFOWARE of CompatibleComputer Corporation. The Q.T. products and systems above are produced and sold under license byCompatible Computer Corporation and Golden West Computers, Inc. The Q.T. trademark and product designsremain the property of the licensor. Q.T Computer Systems. Inc. of Hawthorne, Calif.

TERMS: Cash prepayment @ 2% discount, COD or net 30 days with prior credit approval Initial dealer/OEMorders must be COD or prepaid (MC/Visa credit card OK). Purchase orders accepted from D&B rated firms.Shipping and handling charges estimated at $0.50/lb UPS ground and $1 00/lb UPS Blue Label or airfreight.Minimum $3 00. Utah residents add sales tax Export orders welcomed—telex 426382 ITR Ul.

Q.T. DISCOUNT MICROSYSTEMS PACKAGES

Q.T. MAXI-SYSTEM PACKAGE-Model 800P Q.T. MINI-SYSTEM PACKAGE-Model 500P

$6,395.00 $3,995.00

List $7,995.00-Save $1,600.00

—QT 8" Mainframe with 8 slot Motherboard —Televideo 925 Full Featured CRT

-Choice of printer: C. Itoh F-10 daisy wheel or Oki data M84P high speed dot matrix (200 cps.)

The Q.T. Maxi-System is an industry standard S-100 expandable microcomputer which is ideal for generalbusiness computing, word processing and data base management applications. CP/M operating system isstandard. MP/M or Turbodos optional. Unique Infoware'* utilities simplify operation and user training.

• Electronics on Two Cards • 64K RAM Standard • Universal Disk Controller • 2 Megabytes on line

• 4MZ Z80A CPU • Parallel Printer Port • 10-40 MB Hard Disk Option • Expandable to 256K RAM

• Filtered Fan • Two A.C. Outlets • Key Lock Switch • Two Serial Ports

Package Price Includes Cables, Documentation & Utility Programs. Model 800 alone $4,995

List $4,995.00-Save $1,000.00

-Q.T. 51/." MINI-FRAME w/6 slot MB-Televideo 910 Green CRT—Dot Matrix printer (M82A)

• CP/M standard. Turbodos optional.

• Reliable Single Card Electronics

• Z80 CPU/Universal DMA controller

• Dual Double Sided/Density Drives

• Memory: 64K RAM & 320K Disk Drive

• Cables, manuals, Infoware8 UtilitiesModel 500 alone $3,495.00

Q.T. INDUSTRY STANDARD S-100 MAINFRAMES

Q.T. MICRO-FRAME - Series 600Desk Top-Plain Front Panel

• 6 to 22 slot Motherboard

• Full I/O Cutout Array

• Fused EMI/RFI Filter

• Heavy Duty Power Supply( + 8V@16A±16V@3A)

QTC-MF+1 No MB $499

QTC-MF + 6 6 slot MB ....$599QTC-MF + 8 8 slot MB ....$649QTC-MF + 12 12 slot MB ...$699QTC-MF + 18 18 slot MB ...$799QTC-MF + 22 22 slot MB .

Q.T. MINI-FRAME - Series 500Desk Top—Dual Mini Drives

• Holds two 5V4" Drives

• Full Cutout Array•6, 8, or 12 slot MB.

• Fused EMI/RFI Filter

• Hard Disk Power Supply( + 8V@16A,±16V@3A,

±12V@5A, + 5V@5A)QTC-MF + MD (No MB) ..$699QTC-MF + MD6 6 slot MB .$799QTC-MF + MD8 8 slot MB .$849QTC-MF + MD12 12 slot MB $899

Q.T. MAXI-FRAME- -Series 800Desk Top for Dual 8" Drives

• 6, 8,12 slot Motherboard

• Universal Drive mounts

• Key lock Power Switch

• Heavy Duty Power supply

(+ 8V@16A, ± 16V@3A, + 5V@5A,-5V@1A, + 24V@5A)

QTC-MF + DD1 No MB $799

QTC-MF + DD6 w/6 s. MB ..$899QTC-MF + DD8 w/8s. MB ..$949QTC-MF + DD12 w/12s. MB .$999

Q.T. MAXI-FRAME'

Q.T. PRO-FRAMEe-Series 700

Rack Mount—Constant Voltage

QTC-RM + 12 12 slot MB ... $799QTC-RM + 18 18 slot MB ...$899QTC-RM + 22 22 slot MB ...$999

Standard features & Options: All QT mainframes are built on a strong steel chassis with sturdy heavygauge aluminum covers. Heavy duty power supplies have individually fused outputs and are shielded byan EMI/RFI filter & line surge protector. Standard I/O cutouts include provision for 16 DB 25's, 1 DC 37,2DA15's, Centronics parallel. 134 pin and 2 50 pin IDC ribbon cable connectors. Filtered positive pressurecooling fan. Twin AC outlets provide convenient connection for and control over printer and terminal.Standard colors are charcoal/light grey to match Televideo terminals. Optional colors include brown/tanand federal spec, ivory at extra charge. Constant voltage power available on most models—add$100.00. EIA rack mount rails available on some units—add $95.00. Complete OEM customizationavailable on orders of 10 or more units. Contact factory tor details and pricing.

Q.T. DISK DRIVE CABINETS AND SUBSYSTEMS

Q.T.'s All in One®

Universal Disk Drive Cabinet• Expandable • Accepts all 8" drives

QT's unique new disk drive cabinet has been designed toaccept virtually any 8" drive on the market today fromTandon Thinlines to 40 megabyte Quantums. Featuresinclude interchangeable face plates (Qume, Shugart,Tandon, etc.) and "electronics in a drawer" constructionto simplify installation and maintenance. Heavy dutypower supply will carry any combination of up to fourThinline, two standard, or one hard disk drive with floppybackup. +5V@5A,-5V@1A, + 24V@5A.

QTC-DDC8 8V-XX w/one faceplate $399.00

Replacement Faceplates (Specify type &

number of drives) $25.00

Tandon 4-drive power cable $15.00

Data Cables available $20-50.00

DUAL 8 HORIZONTAL DRIVE CABINETSINGLE 8" VERTICAL CABINET Dimensions: 5"H 17"W 20"DSize: 11"H11"W18"D Designed to provide basic disk storagePerfect add-on disk drive for any capacity for S-100 and other computers,system. Accepts most brands. Low profile permits table top stacking.QTC-DDC8V $299 QTC-DDC + 88H $349

Q.T. "ALL IN ONE" EXPANDABLE DISK DRIVE SUBSYSTEM SPECIALS

QTC-DDS + 0 with two single sided Siemens Drive (0.5MB) $695

QTC-DDS +1 with one double sided Mitsubishi Drive (1MB) $895

QTC-DDS+ 2 with two DSDD Mitsubishi Drives (2MB) $1,495

normal BDOS vector at memory lo-cation 5. GDOS intercepts alloperating-system function calls. If thecall is a standard CP/M request, itpasses control to BDOS; if the func-tion call is for a graphics operation,GDOS services the request. BecauseGDOS is loaded below GIOS, mem-ory is automatically allocated forGIOS and GDOS; the size of the tran-sient program area (TPA), deter-mined by the GDOS entry point, is

automatically adjusted. The memorymap in figure 4 shows how GDOS andGIOS are loaded into memory at runtime below the standard CP/M-80components, BDOS and BIOS. TheGSX extension to CP/M-86 worksslightly differently by reserving aspecial interrupt vector for GSX com-munications. Also, the memory-management facilities of CP/M-86take care of loading the GSX modulesinto the free memory available.

FRANCHISE OPPORTUNITIES.

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If you're committed to success in computer retailing, it's essential youevaluate the MICROAGE COMPUTER STORES Franchise opportu-nity. Investment: Sl3O,00O-$2OO,0OO,

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Conclusion

The adoption of the GKS and VDIstandards at the programmer anddevice-interface levels offers potentialobject-code portability for microcom-puter graphics-application programs.Not only will programmers see a con-sistent interface to graphics functionsin their high-level languages, butcompilers and graphics run-timelibraries can be generic, with devicedependencies residing in the operat-ing system. Because of this, eachhardware OEM will install the graph-ics portion of an operating system on-ly once. Compilers and other utilitiesthat conform to the VDI standard willthen be able to access the virtualdevices of a system without specialadaptation. In time, the hardwaremanufacturer, confident of a stabledevice interface, will begin to placehigher-level functions into the devicehardware (or firmware). Eventually,graphics devices may incorporate afull VDI interface, eliminating theneed for device drivers entirely.

New products, such as GSX andGSS-Kernel, that are based on theemerging standards, will contributeto the realization of widespread, low-cost computer graphics. In the past,the adoption of formal standards orthe emergence of de facto standardshas proved to be a powerful marketstimulant. Because of its unique em-phases on low cost and a competitivesoftware environment, the micro-computer industry is especially sen-sitive to the benefits of graphics stan-dardization. Graphics users owe adebt of gratitude to the many re-searchers who distilled an inherentlycomplex technology into a consistentand flexible set of useful constructs.In the end we shall all benefit fromthe power of computer graphics. ■

Reference

"Graphical Kernel System (GKS)—Function-al Description," Draft International StandardISO/DIS7942, version 7.02, August 9, 1982.Copies of this approximately 200-page docu-ment can be obtained for $28 from AmericanNational Standards Institute Inc., 1430Broadway, New York, NY 10018, (212) 354-3300.

268 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 255 on inquiry card.

MEMORY

THE FIRST AND ONLY

BOARD YOUR IBM

PC MAY EVER

NEED...

AND MORE

FOR A LIMITED TIME, BUY A 256KQUADBOARD AND RECEIVE A 64K MEMORY BOARD FREEOF CHARGE, OR A 192K MEMORY BOARD FOR ONLY $44.*

In order to receive a free 64K memory board or a 192Kmemory board for $44, you must purchase a Quadboardwith 256K installed by Quadram from an authorizedQuadram dealer between December 1,1982 andFebruary 15, 1983.

To receive your memory board, send:

(1) The original sales invoice showing dealer name,address, date purchased, and purchase price.

(2) Coupon from newspaper or magazine (or rebateform available from dealer) completely filled in.

(3) Proof of purchase (256K label from Quadboardbox).

(4) Warranty card, showing warranty number and allinformation filled in.

(5) All receipts, coupons, and proof of purchase formsmust be mailed together in order to qualify for amemory board. Must be postmarked no later thanMarch 1, 1983, and received by Quadram by March15,1983. Void where prohibited or taxed.

' Quadram suggested retail prices:256K Quadboard—$99564K Memory Board socketed for up to 192K-192K Memory Board—S595

Circle 352 on Inquiry card.

■S350

Name

Address

. State

City

Please include shipping and handling charge

□ 64K Memory Board

□ 192K Memory Board

-Zip

S5.00

FREE

$44.00

□ Check EnclosedAccount #

D VISA

O MasterCard. Expiration Date

TOTAL.

Offer void where prohibited or taxed by law. Expires February 15, 1983.Allow 8-10 weeks for delivery.

QUADRAM

CORPORATION

4357 Park Drive/Norcross, Ga. 30093/(404) 923-6666

INTRODUCING THE_ 103 and 103/212*2^ SMART-CAT"MODEMS.

They Do

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With Less. For Less.

Take your pick. With either one, you'll get two veryimportant advantages.

First, each is the best modem in its class. They domore, do it easier and do it in less space. The reason:our LSI technology is state-of-the-art. Our Smart-Catsrun better and cooler—and willfor years.

Second, you can get your handson either one of them right now.No waiting. Your local dealer hasa shelf full.

The price is something else, too.Suggested retail:

The 103/212 Smart-Cat $595.

The 103 Smart-Cat $249.

See your dealer today and get yours. He does have abunch, but it's not unlimited.

SMART-CAT MODEM FEATURES:

• Built-in Dialer (Touch-Tone or Rotary) • Auto Answer

• Direct Connect

• Analog & Digital Loopback Test

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• Busy Detect (Allows Modem ToBe Programmed To Redial)

• 103 Smart-Cat Modem:300 Baud, Full Duplex

• 103/212 Smart-Cat Modem:300 or 1200 Baud, Full Duplex

New Smart-Cat 103 and 103/212 modems.

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In California: (213) 996-5060

Circle 476 on inquiry card.

ft

Look at what the besthas been reduced to.

Our engineers have come upwith some state-of-the-art LSItechnology and a whole newmodem.

It's smaller. J-Cat is aboutl/5th the size of an ordinarymodem. Easy to stick-on, tuck-in, put anywhere you want.

It's better. J-Cat does thethings you need for professionalperformance. No fussing to getit into the right answer ororiginate mode; it does it auto-matically. LED's show youstatus; and audio "beeps" tellyou when you reach a busysignal, detect a carrier, get adial tone, etc.

And you can hook it intoany modular RJ11C phone jack.

It COStS less. If you'veshopped around, you know amodem with close to these features costs $250 or more. OurLSI technology has let us dothe right thing with the price,too. Suggested retail—$149.

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Introducing the Novation

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J-CAT FEATURES:

Direct Connect, FCCPart 68 Registered

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Disconnect/Test Key

Connect/Break Key

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Compatible With EIA-RS232C orTTL Interfaces

Low Power

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The IEEE Standardfor the S-100 Bus

With industrywide standardization, manufacturers canindependently design components that are compatible.

The microcomputer industry gotstarted in late 1974 when a series ofarticles appeared in Radio Electronicsmagazine describing constructionplans for a computer called the Mark8. It was based on the first commer-cially available microprocessor,Intel's 8008. Today, the 8008 is ob-solete. Nevertheless, the Mark 8 wasthe first microcomputer to be putwithin the reach of anyone but em-ployees of a very large company, andresponse to the magazine articles wastremendous.

Just before the Mark 8 articles ap-peared, Intel had announced a greatlyenhanced microprocessor, the 8080.Les Solomon, who was an editor atcompeting Popular Electronics,decided that his magazine should alsopublish a computer-construction arti-cle, but that it should use the newer8080. He suggested to Ed Roberts,then the president of a small companycalled MITS, that Ed's company comeup with a microcomputer kit. (MITS,or Micro Instrumentation and Tele-metry Systems, usually specialized inelectronics for model rocketry buthad just published a successful scien-tific-calculator construction article.)Ed agreed and the Altair 8800 corn-

Mark Garetz

Chairman, IEEE-696 Committee

Compupro Division, Godbout Electronics

Oakland Airport, CA 94614-0355

puter was born. The first Altair arti-cle appeared in the January 1975 issueof Popular Electronics and was an in-stant success. MITS figured that itmight sell a grand total of 200 units. Itreceived more than 200 orders thefirst day the article appeared!

Pioneer microcomputerbuilders MITS and IMSAI

both chose to use a

100-pin bus to connect

motherboard and

daughter boards.

The Altair was a modular com-puter system, meaning that each ofthe computer's functional blocks wascontained on one circuit board, ormodule. The circuit boards pluggedinto slots on a motherboard, whichconnected the various modules(daughter boards) together, with elec-trical connections made over a groupof common lines called the bus. Thistype of system is described as bus-oriented. MITS called its bus theAltair Bus. The designers chose a con-nector for the motherboard that had

100 pins—not because of any designconsiderations but rather becausethey got a good buy on a surplusquantity of them. The layout of thesignals on the bus seems as if it werechosen by the printed-circuit-boardlayout artist rather than a designengineer. The signals themselves arelittle more than the buffered control,address, and data lines from the 8080microprocessor. (We are all luckythat Intel did its homework when de-signing the 8080's architecture.)

Being one of the first commerciallyavailable microcomputers, the Altairhad many shortcomings. After all,the electronics community was lowon the design curve of microprocessorsystems. Learning from MITS's mis-takes, designers in a company calledIMSAI (IMS Associates Inc.) decidedthey could build a better version ofthe Altair and proceeded to do so.Luckily the IMSAI designers decidedto "second source" the Altair andused the same bus in their computer,which was called the IMSAI 8080.

Meanwhile, many other small com-panies appeared, advertising add-onboards designed to work in bothAltairs and IMSAIs. The bus wassoon being called the Altair/IMSAI

272 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

■

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EMPLOYMENTOPPORTUNITIES

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bus. Many other companies also pro-duced bus-compatible computers andproducts, and each wanted to tack itsname on as well. Names such as theAltair/IMSAI/Cromemco/Polymor-phic/Processor Technology bus werenot uncommon. The situation wasclearly getting out of hand.

Roger Mellen, one of the principalsof Cromemco, decided that a genericname was needed for the bus. Hisidea was to call it the Standard 100bus, or S-100 for short (100 because ithad 100 pins). The name caught on.

All the various manufacturers ofS-100-compatible products hadadhered to the bus pin arrangementfairly well. Only a few minor varia-tions existed, and most of these werecompatible additions using previous-ly unused lines. However, althoughthe various manufacturers used thesame names for the signals, the timingof the signals could vary widely frommanufacturer to manufacturer. Thiscreated many problems for peopletrying to get Board X to work withBoard Y, etc. Something had to bedone.

Bob Stewart, then chairman of theIEEE (Institute of Electrical and Elec-tronics Engineers) Computer Stan-dards Committee, suggested to GeorgeMorrow and Howard Fullmer (twonoted S-100 designers) that they at-tempt to quantify the bus-timing rela-tionships and other aspects of the busand submit the bus for approval as anIEEE standard. The IEEE thought itwas a good idea, and so did Georgeand Howard, so a task number wasassigned to the effort and a workinggroup was formed to draft the stan-dard. The task number was 696, andthe standard will be known as IEEE696.

The working group prepared a pre-liminary draft and passed it aroundfor comments to everyone workingwith the S-100 bus. John Walker ofMarinchip Systems proposed amethod for allowing 16-bit processorsand memory to use the bus as well as8-bit processors. David Gustavsonproposed a scheme that would allowup to 16 DMA (direct memory access)devices to exist on the bus at any onetime. A few new signals were pro-posed by Kels Elmquist of Ithaca In-

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A Quick Reference to the IEEE-696 Bus Layout

Here is a guide to the IEEE-696 bus layout for easy reference. The letters RFU stand for "reserved for future use"; the IEEE com-mittee may assign signals to these pins at some future date. The letters NDEF mean "not defined"; these pins are available to beassigned signals by manufacturers, a procedure that requires notifying the committee and providing full documentation for theusers. The asterisk (*) indicates a negative-true signal; note that some signals are not necessarily true or false, although the lack ofan asterisk in their name might imply positive-true sense.

Signal SignalPin Name Origin Pin Name Origin

master

slave

masteror slave

anywhere

master

slave

masteror slave

anywhere

1 + 8 V

2 + 16V

3 XRDY

4 VIO*

5 V11*

XXX

XX

51 + 8V

52 - 16 V

53 0 V

54 SLAVE CLR*

55 TMA0*

X

X

6 VI2*

7 VI3*

8 VI4*

9 VI5*10 VI6*

XXXXX

56 TMA1 *

57 TMA2*

58 sXTRQ*

59 A19

60 SIXTN*

XXXX

X

11 VI7*

12 NMI*

13 PWRFAIL*

14 TMA3*

15 A18

XX

XX

x

61 A20

62 A21

63 A22

64 A23

65 NDEF

XX

XX

16 A16

17 A17

18 SDSB*

19 CDSB*

20 0 V

XXXX

X

66 NDEF

67 PHANTOM*

68 MWRT

69 RFU

70 0 V

X

X

21 NDEF

22 ADSB*

23 DODSB*

24 <f>

25 pSTVAL*

XXXX

71 RFU

72 RDY

73 INT*

74 HOLD*

75 RESET*

X

X

X

,

26 pHLDA

27 RFU

28 RFU

29 A5

30 A4

X

XX

76 pSYNC

77 pWR*

78 pDBIN*

79 A0

80 A1

XXXXX

31 A3

32 A15

33 A12

34 A9

35 D01 (or ED1)

XXXXX

(X)

81 A2 .

82 A6

83 A7

84 A8

85 A13

XXXX

36 DOO (or EDO)

37 A10

38 D04 (or ED4)

39 D05 (or ED5)

40 D06 (or ED6)

XXXXX

(X)

(X)(X)(X)

86 A14

87 A11

88 D02 (or ED2)

89 D03 (or ED3)

90 D07 (or ED7)

XXXXX

(X)(X)(X)

41 DI2 (or 0D2)

42 D!3 (or 0D3)

43 DI7 (or OD7)

44 sM1

45 SOUT

XX

XXX

(X)(X)(X)

91 DI4 (or OD4)

92 DI5(orOD5)

93 DI6(orOD6)

94 DI1 (or OD1)

95 DI0 (or OD0)

X

XXXX

(X)(X)(X)(X)(X)

46 sINP

47 sMEMR

48 sHLTA

49 CLOCK

50 0 V

XXX

XX

96 sINTA

97 sWO*

98 ERROR*

99 POC*

100 OV

XX

X

XX

276 February 1983 © BYTE Pub

lications Inc

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tersystems (then known as IthacaAudio). The second draft of the docu-ment that came out of the workinggroup contained important additionsand enhancements to the originalAltair bus but still retained a signifi-cant level of compatibility with olderdesigns. (The original Altair pro-cessor board still conforms to today'sstandard.)

This second draft was published inthe July 1979 issue of the IEEE's Com-puter magazine for public comment.There were lots of comments, mostlyfavorable. The 1979 draft needed lotsof work. Definitions were unclear inplaces, and many additional para-meters needed to be specified. Thecommittee grew; George resigned aschairman, and Howard took over.Meetings were sporadic, but heateddebates occurred on some issues, pre-venting other work from being ac-complished. Howard called for a finalmeeting to occur on June 30, 1981, at10:30 a.m. All final comments on thedraft were to be submitted in writingprior to that date.

More than 20 people were presentat that meeting from all parts of thecountry. The meeting began at 10:30a.m. and ended around 11:30 thatevening. All the issues had beenresolved to everyone's satisfaction. Ivolunteered the services of Compu-pro (the company I work for, in Oak-land, California) to produce a thirddraft of the standard, incorporatingall the changes approved at themeeting.

Now the activities of the committeeentered a period of dormancy.Howard took a long time in organiz-ing his notes of the various changes;he was losing interest in chairing thecommittee (having moved out of theS-J.00 business some time before) andso turned the chairmanship over tome. With the help of Bob Davis, Iprepared the third draft of the stan-dard and sent it out to the members ofthe working group for comment.Changes were still necessary. Afterspending many hours on the phone tovarious committee members, draft 5was completed and sent out for a votefor final approval by the workinggroup. It passed with only one dis-senting vote.

The next step was to submit it tothe Microprocessor Standards Com-mittee of the IEEE for approval. Itpassed unanimously. Next the draftwas submitted to the Computer Stan-dards Committee and was accepted.The last hurdle was the IEEE Stan-dards Board, which passed the drafton December 9,1982. With that vote,IEEE 696 became a bona fide IEEEstandard.

Technical Features of the Bus

The IEEE-696/S-100 bus is one ofthe highest-performance buses in exis-tence today. It supports both 8- and16-bit processors, up to 16 megabytesof memory, and 64K I/O (input/out-put) ports. Almost every type of pro-cessor imaginable, from the 8080 tothe latest Intel iAPX 286, is availablefor the bus. There are more than 100active manufacturers of products forthe bus and many more than 500 dif-ferent circuit cards available.

IEEE-696/S-100 systems consist ofanywhere from 4 to 22 slots. Eachsystem must contain a permanent busmaster, which is usually the processorboard. The system will have somememory and I/O boards calledslaves. In addition to the permanentmaster, the system may contain up to16 temporary masters, DMA-likedevices, such as disk controllers orsecondary processors. As many as 16temporary masters may exist becauseeach is assigned a priority number. Ifmore than one temporary master re-quests the bus at the same time, theone with the highest priority numberwill take precedence, and the lowerpriority master will have to wait itsturn. (This process is called arbitra-tion.)

Because a temporary master canperform any type of cycle when itgets control of the bus (not just amemory cycle), the committeedeemed the term DMA inappropriateand substituted the term TMA (fortemporary master access). Four newlines were added to the bus to imple-ment this arbitration scheme, TMA0*through TMA3* (the style of the stan-dard defines any signal with anasterisk suffix as negative-true, a styleI will use in this article). Each tem-porary master asserts its priority on

278 February 1983 © BYTE Publication! Inc

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these lines, while simultaneouslyevaluating whether another masterasserting a higher priority is on theline. If a temporary master sees thatits priority is not the highest, it defersto the higher priority.

Formerly, memory slaves re-sponded to only 16 address bits (giv-ing the system a total memory capaci-ty of 64K bytes). The new standarddefines an additional 8 address lines,called the extended address bus. Nowthe memory capacity of the system is16 megabytes.

In the past, I/O slaves respondedto only 8 address bits, giving a totalof 256 I/O port locations. Now 16 ad-dress lines may be used, upping thenumber to 64K I/O ports.

8- and 16-Bit Operation

One of the more significantchanges to the original bus was theaddition of a mechanism for perform-ing 16-bit data transfers betweenmasters and slaves. To explain this,first we need to explore how the busdoes 8-bit transfers.

The IEEE 696 has two 8-bit databuses. For 8-bit transfers, the DO(data-out) bus carries data from themaster to a slave, and the DI (data-in)bus carries data from a slave to amaster. Because data always flows inone direction, these buses are calledunidirectional. For 16-bit transfers,these two buses become bidirectional,meaning that data can flow in or out,depending on the type of cycle in pro-gress, and are combined so that two8-bit buses are now capable of trans-mitting or receiving 16 bits of data.

To accomplish this bidirectionalflow, two new lines were added to thebus. They are sXTRQ* (sixteen re-quest) and SIXTN* (sixteen acknowl-edge). Here's how the mechanismworks: If a master is capable of con-ducting a 16-bit transfer and desiresto do so (16-bit processors don'talways want to transfer 16 bits at atime), it will send the signal sXTRQ*,telling the addressed slave that a16-bit transfer is requested. If theslave is capable of 16-bit operation, itwill respond by asserting the SIXTN*

line. The master will look at theSIXTN* signal and, if the signal istrue, will conduct a 16-bit-widetransfer. If the master sends the signalsXTRQ* and the slave is not capableof 16-bit transfers, SIXTN* will notbe asserted. The master can then doone of two things. The desiredresponse would be to perform the16-bit transfer as two sequential 8-bittransfers, called byte-serial transfers.The other option is to assert theERROR* line and transfer control tosome error-recovery routine.

This protocol is completely com-patible with older 8-bit slaves. Eight-bit slaves will not have any circuitryfor driving the SIXTN* line, andbecause SIXTN* is active low, a16-bit master will properly assumethat 16-bit transfers are not possible.This also allows for both 8- and 16-bitslaves to be mixed in a system, as-suming the master has "byte-serial-izer" circuitry.

This basic 16-bit transfer protocolwas agreed to by everyone in theworking group very early on, but

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BYTE February 1983 283

(la)

16-BIT TRANSFER

(OD) Dl

•Dl (OD)

EVEN BYTE

-DO(ED)

diagram of how a typical slave wouldbe set up to handle 8- and 16-bittransfers. In figure 2, the signal SELselects either the A input (for 16-bittransfers) or the B input (for 8-bittransfers). The control signalsemployed must obey the followinglogic equations:

)

8-BIT TRANSFERAl

A0 = 1

DO—*1

1 l

ODD BYTE

A23

AO

ADDRESS

EVEN BYTE

i

t

16RD + ( 8RD • AO )

Figure 1: Data transfers as performed according to the IEEE-696 standard. In figure la,a 16-bit transfer is shown using all of the available data lines. Data whose least-significant address bit is 0 is considered even, while data whose least-significant addressbit is 1 is considered odd. Figure lb shows how the odd and even bytes are employedduring an 8-bit-wide transfer of 16-bit data (called a byte-serial transfer).

heated debate took place about whatbyte should be where (i.e., should thelow-order byte be transferred on theDl or the DO bus?).

The problem arises because dif-ferent microprocessors do thingscompletely differently. For example,the 8080-type 8-bit processors alwaysstore 16-bit values with the low-orderbyte first. So does Intel's 8086/88family of processors. But along cameMotorola's 68000, which stores thehigh-order byte first. The workinggroup was faced with the problem ofdeciding which to favor. Naturally,there were proponents of both in theworking group.

The group's final solution was bothclever and unique in that it madeeverybody happy. The first publisheddraft had renamed the lines of the Dland DO buses DATAO throughDATA15 during 16-bit transfers.DATAO through DATA7 were calledthe low byte (and were transferred onthe DO bus), and DATA8 throughDATA15 were called the high byte(and were transferred on the Dl bus).These signal names and byte designa-tions carried an implied significance:DATAO through DATA7 were lowerthan DATA8 through DATA15, and"low" is clearly lower than "high."

The committee decided to rename thesignals to be free of this implicationand be concerned only with makingsure that bytes and words always gotread or written in a consistent man-ner.

The low byte became the even byte,and the high byte became the oddbyte. The even-byte lines are nowcalled ED7 through EDO (ED for evendata), and the odd-byte lines are nowcalled OD7 through OD0 (OD forodd data). Even data is transferred onthe DO bus, and odd data is trans-ferred on the Dl bus.

Where did even and odd comefrom? Well, it has to do with how thebytes would be read or written as abyte (i.e., in 8-bit mode). During16-bit transfers, address line AO isalways low. During 8-bit transfers, ifAO is low, that byte is an even byte(because any address where AO is lowwould be even). Conversely, if AO ishigh, that byte is an odd byte. It is upto the processor-card designer to en-sure that data read or written 16 bitsat a time has the "even" data on theED lines (DO bus) and "odd" data onthe OD lines (Dl bus).

Figure 1 is a block diagram ofwhere the bytes go for 8- and 16-bitcycles. Figure 2 shows a block

A

B = 8RD • AOC = 16RD _

EWr = 16Wr + ( 8wr * AO )Owr = 16Wr + ( 8WR • AO )

where:

16RD = device select •

sXTRQ* • pDBIN8RD = device select •

sXTRQ* • pDBIN

16>wr = device select •

sXTRQ* • pWR*

8WR = device select •

sXTRQ* • pWR*

Designers should take note that thestate of AO as shown in these newdiagrams is the opposite of what isshown in the 1979 draft. It has beenchanged since the 1979 draft and iscorrectly shown in figures 1 and 2.

It is important to realize that thisnew terminology does not changehow 16-bit transfers occur on the busbut just changes the way we thinkabout them.

Other Technical Changes

The committee debated whether ornot the PHANTOM* line (pin 67, seetable 1, pages 288 and 292) should dis-able memory slaves for both read andwrite operations, or just read opera-tions. We decided to require memoryslaves to be disabled for both readand write cycles during PHAN-TOM*. The timing of PHANTOM*was also specified as not occurringlater than 30 ns (nanoseconds) beforea read or write strobe and not goingaway until at least 30 ns after the reador write strobe goes away. The com-mittee specified this timing to ensurethat false reads or writes do not occuron memory slaves. In addition, thecommittee required that all normalmemory slaves (as opposed toPHANTOM* slaves) have the capa-

284 February 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc

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Circle 347 on Inquiry card.

BYTE February 1983 285

SELL

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Figure 2: Block diagram of the circuitry needed by S-100 bus slaves for byte and wordtransfers under the IEEE-696 standard.

bility of being disabled in response toa PHANTOM* signal.

A new signal was defined in the1979 draft called PWRFAIL*, whichshould go low 16 ms (milliseconds)before the power goes away. (Notethat this time is shorter than the timeoriginally published.) A problem wasdiscovered in actual implementationsof this signal: when power momen-tarily dips just low enough to causethe PWRFAIL* signal to be activatedbut doesn't actually go away, PWR-FAIL* returns high again. But thesystem is now waiting for a POC*

(power-on-clear) signal that won'tever happen because power neverwent low enough.

The solution to this was to specifythat the rising edge of PWRFAIL*(which will occur at the end of thepower dip) shall cause POC* to beasserted. We chose the rising edgerather than just the low level of PWR-FAIL* because otherwise no timewould be available to execute apower-fail routine.

The TMA cycles now have morespecific timing associated with them.In general, the tHDHA terms were

added to ensure adequate time forTMA arbitration to take place and toensure that the transfer occurs in a"glitch-free" manner. Figure 3 andtable 2 show the new timing relation-ships. Figure 4 and table 3 show basicbus timing as it appears in the newstandard.

We made one major mechanicalchange to the standard in order tomake room for an optional 10-inch-high board. This "double-height"board allows much more circuitry perboard, which will reduce costs and in-crease system performance. Ofcourse, these boards will not fit intomost existing system cabinets, but itis just a matter of time before double-height boxes appear. In the mean-time, all manufacturers of double-height boards must clearly state that aboard is double-height in all productliterature and advertisements.

That's about it for technicalchanges to the standard draft. Theother minor changes are not reallysignificant. As was mentioned earlierin this article, they are mostly to clearup ambiguities for the sake of de-signers.

Why Use the IEEE-696/S-100 Bus?

The IEEE-696/S-100 bus offersmany advantages over single-boardcomputers, the biggest of which isthat the IEEE-696/S-100 systems are

pHLDA

XFERI *

XFERII *

pSYNC

pDBIN

-0R-

pWR *

*— 'hdha ■

-*SET-

V^

■«—l$CDSB

7—V

-ff-

-( (-

-(f-

J U*

a r"-

-u-

t^CDSB-

<J V

J !,

*->ov-»

-'REL-

'HDHA

TS1

N BUS CYCLES

-S J-

tsh

IDLE

Where:

XFERI symbolizes ADSB-, SDSB*, and DODSB'XFERII symbolizes CDSB*

Figure 3: Diagram of the timing relationships for temporary-master access to the bus.

286 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Pin Signal

Number (and Origin)

Active

Level Description

+ 8V (B)

+ 16V (B)

XRDY (S)

4

VI0*(S)

L

OC

5

VI1*(S)

L

OC

6

VI2*(S)

L

OC

7

VI3*(S)

L

OC

8

VI4*(S)

L

OC

9

VI5*(S)

L

OC

10

VI6*(S)

L

OC

11

VI7*(S)

L

OC

12

NMI*(S)

L

OC

13

PWRFAIL*(B)

L

14

TMA3* (M)

L

OC

15

A18 (M)

H

16

A16 (M)

H

17

A17 (M)

H

18

SDSB* (M)

L

OC

19

CDSB* (M)

L

OC

20

0V(B)

21

NDEF

22

ADSB* (M)

L

OC

23

DODSB* (M)

L

OC

24

* (B)

A

25

pSTVAL*(M)

L

26

pHLDA (M)

H

27

RFU

28

RFU

29

A5 (M)

H

30

A4 (M)

H

31

A3 (M)

H

32

A15 (M)

H

33

A12 (M)

H

34

A9 (M)

H

35

DOI (M)/ED1 (M/S)

H

36

DO0 (M)/ED0 (M/S)

H

37

A10 (M)

H

38

D04 (M)/ED4 (M/S)

H

39

D05 (MVED5 (M/S)

H

40

D06 (M)/ED6 (M/S)

H

41

DI2 (S)/OD2 (M/S)

H

42

DI3 (S)/OD3 (M/S)

H

43

DI7 (S)/OD7 (M/S)

H

44

sM1 (M)

H

45

SOUT (M)

H

46

sINP (M)

H

47

sMEMR (M)

H

48

sHLTA (M)

H

49

CLOCK (B)

A

0 V (B)

Instantaneous minimum greater than 7 V, instan-taneous maximum less than 25 V, average

maximum less than 11 V.Instantaneous minimum greater than 14.5 V,

instantaneous maximum less than 35 V,

average maximum less than 21.5 V.One of two ready inputs to the current bus

master. The bus is ready when both these

ready inputs are true. See pin 72.Vectored-interrupt line 0.Vectored-interrupt line 1.Vectored-interrupt line 2.Vectored-interrupt line 3.Vectored-interrupt line 4.Vectored-interrupt line 5.Vectored-interrupt line 6.Vectored-interrupt line 7.Nonmaskable interrupt.Power-fail bus signal.Temporary-master priority bit 3.Extended-address bit 18.Extended-address bit 16.Extended-address bit 17.The signal to disable the 8 status signals.The signal to disable the 5 control output signals.Common with pin 100.Not to be defined. Manufacturer must specify any

use in detail.The signal to disable the address signals.The control signal to disable the data-output

signals. (DO7-0 for 8-bit transfers, ED7-0 and

OD7-0 for 16-bit transfers).The master timing signal for the bus.Status-valid strobe.A control signal used in conjunction with HOLD*

to coordinate bus-master transfers.Reserved for future use.Reserved for future use.Address bit 5.Address bit 4.Address bit 3.Address bit 15 (most significant for nonextended

addressing).Address bit 12.Address bit 9.

Data-out bit 1, bidirectional even-data bit 1.Data-out bit 0, bidirectional even-data bit 0.Address bit 10.

Data-out bit 4, bidirectional even-data bit 4.Data-out bit 5, bidirectional even-data bit 5.Data-out bit 6, bidirectional even-data bit 6.Data-in bit 2, bidirectional odd-data bit 2.Data-in bit 3, bidirectional odd-data bit 3.Data-in bit 7, bidirectional odd-data bit 7.The status signal that indicates that the current

cycle is an op-code fetch.The status signal identifying the data-transfer

bus cycle to an output device.The status signal identifying the data-transfer

bus cycle from an input device.The status signal identifying bus cycles that

transfer data from memory to a bus master

and that are not interrupt-acknowledge/

instruction-fetch cycle(s).The status signal that acknowledges that an

HLT instruction has been executed.2-MHz (±0.5%) 40-60% duty cycle. Not

required to be synchronous with any other

bus signal.Common with pin 100.

50

Table 1: Signals and their definitions according to the IEEE-696 standard. The letterin parentheses tells the signal's origin: master, slave, or bus. OC specifies open-collector drivers and A means alternating. (Table 1 continues on page 292.)

288 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 426 on Inquiry card.

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Pin Signal Active

Number (and Origin) Level Description

51

+ 8 V (B)

52

-16 V (B)

53

0 V (B)

54

SLAVE CLR*

(B)

L

OC

55

TMA0* (M)

L

oc

56

TMA1* (M)

L

OC

57

TMA2* (M)

L

oc

58

sXTRQ* (M)

L

59

A19 (M)

H

60

SIXTN* (S)

L

oc

61

A20 (M)

H

62

A21 (M)

H

63

A22 (M)

H

64

A23 (M)

H

65

NDEF

66

NDEF

67

PHANTOM*(M/S)

L

oc

68

MWRT (B)

69

RFU

70

0 V (B)

71

RFU

72

RDY (S)

H

oc

73

INT* (S)

L

oc

74

HOLD* (M)

L

oc

75

RESET* (B)

L

oc

76

pSYNC (M)

H

77

pWR* (M)

L

78

pDBIN (M)

H

79

A0 (M)

H

80

A1 (M)

H

81

A2 (M)

H

82

A6 (M)

H

83

A7 (M)

H

84

A8 (M)

H

85

A13 (M)

H

86

A14 (M)

H

87

A11 (M)

H

88

D02 (M)/ED2 (M/S)

H

89

D03 (M)/ED3 (M/S)

H

90

D07 (M)/ED7 (M/S)

H

91

DI4 (S)/OD4 (M/S)

H

92

DI5 (S)/OD5 (M/S)

H

93

DI6 (S)/OD6 (M/S)

H

94

DI1 (S)/OD1 (M/S)

H

95

DI0 (S)/OD0 (M/S)

H

96

SlNTA (M)

H

97

sWO* (M)

L

98

ERROR* (S)

L

oc

99

POC* (B)

L

Common with pin 1.

Instantaneous maximum less than - 14.5 V,

instantaneous minimum greater than - 35 V,

average minimum greater than -21.5 V.Common with pin 100.A reset signal to reset bus slaves. Must be

active with POC* and may also be generated

by external means.Temporary-master priority bit 0.Temporary-master priority bit 1.Temporary-master priority bit 2.The status signal that requests 16-bit slaves to

assert SIXTN*.Extended-address bit 19.The signal generated by 16-bit slaves in response

to the 16-bit request signal sXTRQ*Extended-address bit 20.Extended-address bit 21.Extended-address bit 22.Extended-address bit 23.Signal not to be defined.Signal not to be defined.A bus signal that disables normal slave devices

and enables phantom slaves—primarily used

for bootstrapping systems without hardware

front panels.pWR • -sOUT (logic equation). This signal must

follow pWR* by not more than 30 ns.Reserved for future use.Common with pin 100.Reserved for future use.See comments for pin 3.The primary interrupt-request bus signal.The control signal used in conjunction with

pHLDA to coordinate bus-master transfers.The reset signal to reset bus-master devices.

This signal must be active with POC* and

may also be generated by external means.The control signal identifying BS,.The control signal signifying the presence of

valid data on DO bus or data bus.The control signal that requests data on the Dl

bus or data bus from the currently addressed

slave.Address bit 0 (least significant).Address bit 1.Address bit 2.Address bit 6.Address bit 7.Address bit 8.Address bit 13.Address bit 14.Address bit 11.

Data-out bit 2, bidirectional even-data bit 2.Data-out bit 3, bidirectional even-data bit 3.Data-out bit 7, bidirectional even-data bit 7.Data-in bit 4, bidirectional odd-data bit 4.Data-in bit 5, bidirectional odd-data bit 5.Data-in bit 6, bidirectional odd-data bit 6.Data-in bit 1, bidirectional odd-data bit 1.Data-in bit 0 (least significant for 8-bit data),

bidirectional odd-data bit 0.The status signal identifying the bus input

cycle(s) that may follow an accepted interrupt

100

0 V (B)

request presented on INT*.The status signal identifying a bus cycle that

transfers data from bus master to slave.The bus status signal signifying an error

condition during present bus cycle.The power-on clear signal for all bus devices;

when this signal goes low, it must stay low

for at least 10 ms.System ground.

292 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE February 1**3

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<DH

*REL

iHDHA*tj>CDSB

Ihdha

DescriptionDelay pHLDA to ADSB*, SDSB*, DODSB* low

Time for both temporary and permanent masterto drive the control output lines

Hold time for address, status, and data out fromend of strobe to CDSB* rising

Delay from HOLD* rising to ADSB*, SDSB* andDODSB* high

Delay from HOLD* false to pHLDA false

Delay from 4> rising to CDSB* lowDelay from <t> rising to CDSB* high

Delay from HOLD* falling to pHLDA rising

Minimum

0

0.4W0.2W

LOW

0LOW

Maximum

LOW

0.3W

Table 2: Bus-transfer timing parameters (see also figure 3).

completely modular in nature. Userscan purchase just the system they needbecause any system can be tailored toindividual requirements. You are notstuck buying what a manufacturerfeels is the optimum computingsystem.

By the same token, a modular sys-tem can be upgraded at any time totake advantage of newer technology,expand the system's capabilities asyour computing needs grow, or even

turn a single-user computer into onecapable of handling multiple users.You have a choice of a wide varietyof processor types, including many16-bit offerings. Some systems evenallow a mixture of processor types,including both 8- and 16-bit pro-cessors.

Another big advantage ofIEEE-696/S-100 systems is the largenumber of manufacturers with prod-ucts for that bus. A wide range of

products exists for almost any ap-plication.

Hardware and software developersprefer the IEEE-696/S-100 busbecause the latest technology seemsto appear on that bus first. Every ma-jor new processor has been availableon an S-100 board long before it hasbeen ready for other systems. Com-puter systems based on the S-100 bustend to run a lot faster than other sys-tems. Although the standard specifiesthat the maximum clock rate is 6MHz, the S-100 bus is capable of run-ning much faster, with some manu-facturers routinely shipping 10-MHzproducts.

Some people perceive cost as a dis-advantage to IEEE-696/S-100 sys-tems. It is true that an S-100-basedsystem may cost more to start withthan a single-board-type system, butS-100 systems quickly become muchmore cost-effective when it comestime to upgrade the system. A single-board system may have to be dis-carded altogether; but, change a cardor two in an S-100 system, and you

Now, you can balance your checking account.even if you never could before, with

THE SMART CHE

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Its unique checkbook reconciliation mode findsthe mistakes in your checkbook for you and makescorrections easily.

For example it:

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CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research; The Smart Checkbook is a trademark of Softquest

294 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 387 on Inquiry card.

. AC3i ;

Still short of featureson your QUAD function IBM PC board?

This may really be the only board you needto expand your IBM personal computer.We've now added the most wanted featureon a quad function board: two asynchronousports along with memory, clock/calendar,and parallel printer port. And unlike mostbig memory boards, you don't have tosacrifice multiple functions to get51 2k of add-on memory in a singleslot.

THE BASICSThe main board has three functionsstandard: Parity checked and fullysocketed memory up to 256k in64k increments, clock/calendarwith battery back-up, asynchronouscommunication port (RS232C ser-ial) which can be used as COM1 orCOM2, (DCE for a printer, or DTEfor a modem). Optional is a 100%IBM compatible parallel printer port,and a second async port for another $50each. Also included are: SuperDriveTM diskemulation and SuperSpoolemvi printer buf-fer software.

NO CORNERS CUTWe didn't lower the quality to give you allthis. The board is a four layer design withsolder masking, silk screened locations,and gold plated edge connectors. Compo-nents are premium grade and meet orexceed IBM specifications. Each board isburned in and tested prior to shipment.CLOCK/CALENDAR& CLIP-ON BATTERYOur clock is powered by a simple $4 lithiumwatch battery available at your corner drugstore. It is clipped on, not soldered likesome other clock boards. How useful is abattery warranty that requires you to sendyour board to the manufacturer to replaceit? We send you a diskette with a programthat sets the time and date when you turnon your computer. Now your programs willalways have the correct time and date onthem without you ever having to thinkabout it. (Just which version of that programyou were writing is the latest one?)MEGAPAK OF MEMORYThe picture in the inset shows the optional256k MegaPakTM board mounted "piggy-back" on the main board. This expandabilityfeature gives those who need it 512k ofadd-on memory in a single slot. Now youcan create disk drives in memory up to

320k, set aside plenty of space for printspooling, and still have plenty of memoryfor your biggest programs. An exclusivedesign allows the memory to be split at twomemory addresses to take full advantage ofthe memory disk feature of concurrentCP/M.

FREE SOFTWARE

The disk emulation software creates "diskdrives" in memory which access your pro-grams at the speed of RAM memory. Theprint spooler allows the memory to acceptdata as fast as the computer can send it andfrees your computer for more productivework. Some manufacturers sell hardwareprinter buffers that do only this for hundredsof dollars. SuperSpoolenM eliminates theneed for these slot robbing products.

CHEAP SOFTWARE TOOWhat good is great hardware without somegreat software to use it with? We offersome terrific prices on some of the popularprograms you will want to use your boardwith. How about the cream of the spread-sheet programs, SUPERCALC, for just $176.Or maybe dBASE II by Ashton-Tate for just$469.

WHY BUY IT FROM US?Because we provide the service and supportmost companies just talk about. We realizehow integral this board is to the use of yourcomputer. What good is a warranty if ittakes weeks for repairs to be made? Weoffer 48 hour turnaround or a replacementboard on all warranty repairs. Do you hearanyone else making this promise? If youstill are not convinced, and want to compareprices, remember we don't charge extra forcredit cards, shipping, or COD fees. If youstill want to buy elsewhere, ask them ifthey will face the acid test.

THE ACID TEST

Qubie (say que-bee-A) gives you a 30 daysatisfaction guarantee on all board pur-chases. If you are not completely satisfiedwe will refund the entire cost of yourpurchase as well as pay the postage toreturn it. If you can get one of our competi-tors to give you the same guarantee, buyany other board you think compares andreturn the one you don't like. We're notworried because we know which one youwill keep. We also offer a one year partsand labor warranty. An additional one yearextended warranty is available for $50.

TO ORDER BY MAIL SEND

—Your name and shipping address

—Memory size, and options requested

—Software and cables needed

—Daytime phone number

—California residents add 6% sales tax

—Company check or credit card number

with expiration date (personal checks

take 18 days to clear)

TO ORDER BY PHONEIn California (805) 482-9829Outside California (800) 821-4479PRICES: 64k $375 192k $499128k $439 256k $599512k $998(Includes async port, memory, clock/calendar, SuperDriveTM, and SuperSpooler™ software)OPTIONS:

Parallel Printer Port $50

Second Async Port $50

MegaPakrM with 256k of memory $399Cable to parallel printer $35

Cable to modem or serial printer $25Memory Diagnostics Program $10

SUPERCALC by SORCIM $176

dBASE II by AshtonTate $469

SHIPMENT

We pay UPS surface charges. UPS 2 dayair serive $5 extra. Credit crad or bankcheck orders shipped same day.

QUBIE'DISTRIBUTING

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Camarlllo, CA 93010

Circle 443 on Inquiry card.

February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 295

Circle 254on Inquiry card.

MODEM

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No other acoustic modemgives you all these fea-tures at this low price.

The MFJ-1232 Acoustic Modem gives you acombination of features, quality and performancethat others can't match at this price.

0-300 Baud, Bell 103 compatible. Originate/Answer. Half/full duplex. RS-232, TTL, CMOSlevel compatible. Use any computer. Cassettetape recorder ports save data for reloading or re-transmission. 6 pole active filter handles weaksignals. Carrier detect LED indicates adequatesignal strength for data recognition. Quality"muffs" gives good acoustic coupling, isolatesexternal noise for reliable data transfer. Crystalcontrolled. "ON" LED. Aluminum cabinet. 110VAC or 9 volt batteries. 9x1'/zx4 in.

Apple II, II Plus: software and cable formodem, MFJ-1231, $39.95. Plugs into gameport. No serial board needed.

It's like havingan extra port

MFJ-1240 RS-232 TRANSFER SWITCH. Swit-ches computer between 2 peripherals (printer,terminal, modem, etc.). Like having extra port.Push button switches 10 lines (pins 2,3,4,5,6,8,11,15,17,20). Change plug or cable to substituteother lines. Push button reverses transmit-receive lines. LEDs monitor pins 2,3,4,5,6,8,20.PC board eliminates wiring, crosstalk, line inter-ference. 3 RS-232 25 pin connectors. 7x2x6 in.

Sn095 MFJ-1108 AC POWER CENTER.«J »J Adds convenience, prevents dataloss, head bounce, equipment damage.Relay latches power off during powertransients. Multi-filters isolate equip-ment, eliminate interaction, noise,hash. Varistors suppress spikes. 3isolated, switched socket pairs. One un-switched for clock, etc. Lighted power,reset switch. Pop-out fuse. 3 wire, 6 ft.cord. 15A, 125V, 1875 watts. Aluminumcase. Black. 18x23/4x2 in. MFJ-1107,$79.95. Like 1108 less relay. 8 sockets,2 unswitched. Other models available,write for free specification sheet.

Order from MFJ and try it. If not delighted,return within 30 days for refund (less shipping).One year unconditional guarantee.Order yours today. Call toll free 800-647-1800.

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(4a)

pSYNC

pSTVAL*

A0-A23

pOBIN

(4b)

BSj *CY-

BS2

BS3

BSi

^T^-T~\

pSTVAL* H

Figure 4: Timing diagrams for basic bus cycles. Figure 4a shows a read cycle; figure 4bshows a write cycle; and figure 4c shows the timing required for the RDY, XRDY, andSIXTN* signals (when pSYNC is false, RDY and XRDY are tested only when the masteris in a wait state).

296 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 277 on Inquiry card.

(4c)

BSj

as j

v_y v

pSYNC

RDY, XRDY, SIXTN »

_r

\

tRDY<£-»-

—*■

'*—

x )

-l£RDY_

'RDY#-

Parameter

Wr

ICYH

Wi

w

tir

w

IdstjTDB

toflv4.straz

Description

0 Period

<t> Pulse width high

0 Pulse width low

Delay <j> high to pSYNC high;Delay <)> high to pSYNC low

pSYNC pulse width high

pSTVAL* low prior to <j> high duringpSYNC

PSTVAL* pulse width high

pSTVAL* pulse width low

Addresses stable prior to pSTVAL*low during pSYNC high

Status stable prior to pSTVAL*low during pSYNC high

pDBIN pulse width high

Delay pSTVAL* low to pDBIN high

Delay pDBIN low to pSYNC high

Hold time for addresses andstatus after pDBIN low

Delay pDBIN low to slave Dldrivers high impedance

toaz

Delay pDBIN high to slave Dldrivers active

tl cc

Delay pSTVAL* low to data valid

ties

pWR* Pulse width low

Urwfl

Delay pSTVAL* low to pWR* low

'■WRSY

Delay pWR* high to pSYNC high

*DWR

Setup time DO valid to pWR* low

IWRASD

Hold time addresses, status, and

DO from pWR* high

twRAfK

Delay pWR* low to MWRT high;delay pWR* high to MWRT low

t*Dr0

Setup time RDY, XRDY, SIXTN* to

<f> rising

IffrltDY

Hold time RDY, XRDY, SIXTN* after

<j> rising

\pov

Overlap of PHANTOM* and pDBINor pWR*

Wjr

Delay from pSYNC high to pSTVAL*

low

w

Addresses stable prior to 4> highduring pSYNC high

t?T0

Status stable prior to 0 highduring pSYNC high

-•—<£RDY

xzx

Table 3: Memory-access cycle timing parameters.

Maximum(ns)

2000

0.4tc

Minimum(ns)

1660.4tcy0.4W10

0.7W

0

50

50

70

40

0.9W200

50

70

10 70

Specified by manufacturerworst-case maximum for allslaves and worst-caseminimum for all masters.

0.9W

30

0

0.1W

0.2tcr

30

70

20

30

30

80

50

CP/M® Users:

Access IBMwith ReformaTTer™

ReformaTTer conversion software letsyou read and write IBM 3740 disk-ettes* on your CP/M or MP/M system.

ReformaTTer is ideal for CP/M userswho want

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With ReformaTTer, you have theability to

• Bidirectionally tranfer completefiles between CP/M and IBM

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Enjoy the same advantages of main-frame access that other ReformaTTerusers have. Customers like CIpjohn,M&M/Mars, The United Nations,Arthur Young & Co., Sandia Labs,FMC Corp., and Stanford Universityall use ReformaTTer. So can you.

Other versions of ReformaTTer con-version software include

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Please send complete information on the follow-ing versions of ReformaTTer

Please send ReformaTTer CP/M •* IBM. Mycheck for $249 (plus $5 shipping. Cal.

Res. add 6'/2% sales tax).□ VISA □ MasterCard.

G Charge to my_exp. date

Signature

Name

Company

Street

City

State

.Zip

Mail to MicroTech Exports, Inc.

467 Hamilton Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94301

Febniary 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 297

Circle 98 on inquiry card.

Before you'retempted bythe Apple...

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Totally Apple compatible, the new Franklin \ .^^^wots franklinACE 1000 Computer includes 64K Visicalc con-trol keys, numeric keypad, and built-in coolingfan. It will interface with all Apple programs. Theonly thing they don't have in common is their price!The ACE 1000 is priced hundreds of dollars less.

Computer Discount sells the complete Franklin, TRS-80, ATARI, andApple Computer lines, Epson, Okidata, and C. Itoh printers, and a com-plete inventory of hardware, accessories and software, and we have cablesto interface our printers with Commodore, IBM and Osborne computers —all at the best prices in the U.S.A. Send for our FREE 32 page catalog.

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may have what appears to be a wholenew machine.

Of course, no discussion ofIEEE-696/S-100 bus advantageswould be complete without mention-ing that the existence of a standardhelps everybody. It makes themodular concept truly workable.

The Future of IEEE 696

Those of us in the industry perceivethe IEEE-696/S-100 bus to be long-lived. The most powerful systems inthe industry are currently availableon the bus, and the trend seems to becontinuing. With the new standard'sprovision for 16-bit capability, 16megabytes of memory, and expandedTMA capabilities, it will be a longtime before computing needs outgrowit.

One point I can't stress enough isthat, when buying S-100 systems andproducts, insist upon products thatmeet or exceed the IEEE-696 specifica-tions. Be wary of the phrase "com-patible with IEEE 696." If you are indoubt about a product, ask forverification, or at least get a guar-antee.

Where to Get More Information

If you would like a copy of thestandard, send me a legal-size, self-addressed, stamped envelope alongwith a note indicating your request.By the time this article is published, Ishould know how the standard is tobe distributed. I will return yourenvelope with a note describing howto get your copy.

Send your self-addressed, stampedenvelope to:

Mark Garetz

Chairman, IEEE-696 Committee

c/o Compupro

POB 2355

Oakland Airport, CA 94614-0355

If you want to read a text thatdescribes the IEEE-696/S-100 bus inclear, precise terms, plus gives awealth of useful circuits and informa-tion, pick up a copy of Interfacing toS-100/IEEE 696 Microcomputers ata computer bookstore. It is written bySol Libes and me and is published byOsborne/McGraw-Hill (1981).■

298 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 394 on inquiry card.

Compare Prices Before You Buy!!

COMPUTER SYSTEMS

NEC PC-8001A $725

Products For Apple Computers

Here are some of the products BISON carries forApple Computers. If you don't see what you wanthere, give us a call.

16K RAM Card for Apple II $ 68

Microsoft Premium Pack $ 525

BISON Add-on Disk Drive

100% Apple Compatible $ 279

Parallel Printer Card with Cable $ 72

Apple Compatible Parallel Interface S 65

D. C. Hayes Micromodem II $ 279

Graphics Interface for NEC. Epson $ 129

Microsoft Z80 Softcard with CP/M« $ 279

Videx 80 Column Videoterm $ 249

Videx Enhancer $ 119

Videx Function Strip $ 59

For more Apple information, circle reader service card #51

PRINTERS

BISON carries all of the major brands of printers. If youneed help choosing the proper printer for your needs, calland talk to one of our support technicians.

EPSON MX-80 F/T Type III w/Graftrax ... $ 460

EPSON MX-100 with Graftrax $ 625

NEC PC-8023A Fric. & Trac. w/Graph $ 485

NEC 7710-1 $2095

NEC 7715-1 $2095

NEC 7720-1 $2445

NEC 7725-1 $2445

Okidata Microline 82A 80 Col $ 439

Okidata Microline 83A w/Trac. -132 Col .. $ 639

Okidata Microline 84P - Parallel $ 925

Okidata Microline 84PS - 200 cps P/S $ 999

C. Itoh Prowriter I - Parallel $ 485

C. Itoh Prowriter I - Parallel/Serial $ 525

C. Itoh Prowriter II - Parallel $ 625

C. Itoh Prowriter II - Parallel/Serial $ 675

C. Itoh F-10 Starwriter - Parallel - 40 cps .. $1225

C. Itoh F-10 Starwriter - Serial - 40 cps ... $1225

Comrex Daisy Wheel Printer - Parallel .... $ 735

Comrex Daisy Wheel Printer - Serial $ 785

Comrex Tractor Feed $ 195

For more printer information circle reader service card #52

MONITORS

BMC International

* 12" Green monitor with P-31 phospher

" 15 Mhz* Excellent for 80 column display

BMC 12" Green Monitor $ 89

' 13" Color Monitor* Audio and Video

* 270 Line resolution

BMC 13" Color Monitor $ 229

AMDEK Monitors

* 12" Green Phospher

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AMDEK Video 300 Call for Price

* 13" Color Monitor* RGB Input

* For IBM/NEC/Apple

AMDEK Color II Call for Price

AMDEK Color I Call for Price

NEC

NEC 12" Green Monitor $ 169

NEC 13" Color Monitor $ 325

NEC 13" RGB Color Monitor $ 815

For more information, circle reader service card #53

TELEVIDEO PRODUCTS

TeleVideo computer terminals and desktop compu-ter systems-high price features at low prices.TeleVideo TS-802 Computer system

* 64K, 4 Mhz 2-80A. CP/M«

* Dual Floppies, 720K Total

" Same CRT and Keyboard asTelevideo 950 Terminal

* Network Expansion Capabilities

TeleVideo TS-802 $2645

TeleVideo TVI-925 Terminal $ 695

TeleVideo TVI-950 Term. - Top-of-Line ... $ 875For more information, circle reader service card #54

SOFTWARE

BISON carries software for all business and per-sonal computer systems. Just select the softwareyou want and call us for our current price. Here aresome examples of BISON'S Low Prices:

MicroPro Software

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Apple Software

All APPLE Game and Business software. Select

the program you want and call for price.

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Accounting Plus by Systems Plus

For 8" CP/M«

General Ledger * Accounts Payable ' Accounts

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Entry * Purchase Order Entry and Point of Sale

G/L $ 385

G/L, A/R $ 745

G/L. A/R. A/P $1100

G/L, A/R. A/P. P/R $1459

G/L, A/R. A/P, INV $1459

G/L. A/R, A/P. P/R. INV $1875

G/L, A/R. A/P. P/R, POS, INV $2140 •

G/L, A/R. A/P, P/R. S/O, INV $2140

G/L, A/R. A/P. P/R, P/O, INV $2140

G/L, A/R, A/P, P/R, P/O, S/O, INV $2435

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SOFTWARE

For Apple II

Pick the Apple Combination you need.

G/L $ 276

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VisiCalc $ 199

VisiFile $ 199

dBASE II for 8" or Apple ... Call for Lowest Price

S-100 PRODUCTS

Sierra Data Sciences

S-100 Master/Slave Single Board Computers

Master - 4 Mhz, Z 80A $ 690

Slave - 4 Mhz. Z 80A $ 625

Sierra Data CP/M $ 160

Sierra Data BIOS $ 100

Sierra Manual $ 25

Sierra Data - Winchester Adaptor $ 145

Sierra Data Turbo DOS $ 750

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QT 6-Slot. Dual 8" Drives $ 530

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S-100 Mainframe and 5%" Drive Enclosures

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QT All-in-one 8" Disk Drive CabinetChangeable faceplate allows use of all standard 8"floppy and hard disk drives including:

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List Price $395 BISON PRICE $295

DISK DRIVES

Qume #842 (Replaces Data-Trak 8) $ 480

Tandon Thin 8" Sngl.-Side Dbl.-Density .. $ 382Tandon Double-Density $ 465

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Coporate and School District P.O.'s accepted subject to credit approval.

Enclose financial statement with order.

California residents add Sales Tax. Shipping charges added to all orders.

"No refunds without prior approval" - Bison credit only on returned merchandise.

QUANTITIES LIMITED ON SOME ITEMS - PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE

For Further Information Please Circle Reader Service #55

Add 3% for credit card purchases.

Send Mail Orders TO: P.O. Box 9078-184 • Van Nuys, California 91409

Orders May Be Picked Up At: 16709 Roscoe Blvd., Sepulveda, California 91406

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BISON PRODUCTS INC.

A CALIFORNIA CORPORATION

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IBM Personal Computer Products

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All brands are registered trademarks.

Software Review

The Scribble Text Processor

Christopher O. Kern201 I St. SW, Apt. 839Washington, DC 20024

Most text-processing programs per-mit you to describe the appearance ofa finished document by establishingthe size of the margins, the number ofspaces between lines, the indentationat the start of paragraphs, and thelike. Processing instructions, whichare inserted into the document as it iswritten, dictate how the text is to ap-pear on the finished page. Each in-struction sets one specific typograph-ical attribute of the final document.The average text processor can becompared to a computer assemblylanguage, in which each statementcorresponds to a single primitiveoperation to be executed by themachine.

Scribble, by contrast, might be de-scribed as a high-level language fortext. A single formatting instructionin a Scribble document could corre-spond to several of the more primi-tive instructions that are availablein other text-processing programs.

About the Author

Chris Kern is a Washington, DC, journalistand a frequent contributor to BYTE.

Scribble isn't perfect, and as with anyother high-level language, whether ornot you are comfortable with it willbe to some extent a matter of taste.But there is no question that Scribblecan greatly simplify the production ofcomplex documents. It represents areal step forward in the evolution oftext-processing tools for small com-puters.

Scribble might be

described as a high-level

language for text.

This ability to perform complexoperations in response to a single for-matting instruction changes the wayusers think about the documents theyare creating. With the average text-processing program, the sequence ofcommands to display a long quota-tion within a text would be "skip acouple of extra lines, enlarge the leftmargin slightly, enlarge the rightmargin slightly, and single space."

The analogous Scribble commandwould be "format the next piece oftext as a quotation." Scribble en-courages users to ignore the final ap-pearance of the document—the pro-gram will take care of that for them—and to concentrate instead on thelogical relationships among the vari-ous sections of their texts. Scribble in-structions tend to be functional ratherthan typographical.

Scribble Environments

For example, business letters arecommonly formatted with the sender'saddress, date, and closing signature onthe right side of the page. With onepopular type of text processor, the se-quence of commands would be some-thing like those shown in figure la.

This sequence tells the text-process-ing program to indent the address 40characters from the current leftmargin (.in +40) and to stop fillingeach line with as many words as pos-sible (.nf). After the address is typed,the text processor is told to restore theprevious left margin and to resumefilling text. The same sequence ofcommands must be repeated for the

302 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Apple' en CASTELLANO

lid Tercer Medio presenta su

sistema administrativo

(T.M.A.) para Apple

Disenado de acuerdo con los principios contables aceptados en todos los pai'ses de habla hispana.

APLICACIONES COMERCIALES Y CIENTIFICAS

CONTABILIDADGENERAL

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INVENTARIO Y FACTURACION

CONTROL DE BANCOS

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YENTAJAS DEL SISTEMA T.M.A.

• Son completamentes conversacionales.

• El chequeo de la informacidn es instantaneo.

• Los reportes impresos o por pantalla guardanlos formatos generalmente aceptados.

• Estan pensados para adaptarse a cualquier empresa.

• Toda la informacidn esta instantaneamente disponible

• Precision Expandida.

• NumerOS de hasta + 999.999.999.99 Circle 410 on inquiry card.

Tercer Medio

Sistema de Informacidn C.A.

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At a Glance

Name

Scribble, version 1.3

Type

Text-processing software

Author

Mark of the UnicornPOB 423

Arlington. MA 021 74(617) 489-1387

Distributors

Westico. Lifeboat Associates, Cornerstoreor direct from manufacturer

Price

SI 75

Format

Various CP/M disk formats

Computer

CP/M 8-bit machines; CP/M-86 versionto be introduced

Documentation

100-page user manual; 99-page programlogic manual

Audience

Anyone needing a sophisticatedtext-processing program

(lb)

@address<1600 Pennsylvania Ave.Washington, D.C.Jan. 20, 1985>

(la)

.in +10

.nf

1600 Pennsylvania Ave.

Washington, D.C.

Jan. 20, 1985

.in -40

.fi

Figures la and lb: Comparison of Scribble formatting commands with those of anotherword processor. Figure la shows how the address portion of a letter might be done us-ing a popular word-processing program; figure lb shows the same address withanalogous Scribble commands.

closing of the letter. To do the samething with Scribble, the source textwould look like figure lb.

The command ©address and itssynonym, ©closing, are examples ofwhat Scribble's authors call environ-ments. (The @ character is reservedto signal commands to the Scribbletext processor.) An environment is asection of text that is to be formattedin some particular way. For example,in the ©address environment:

—Each line is kept the same length asit appears in the input file (i.e., shortlines are not filled and long lines arenot wrapped).

—The lines of the address are left-justified.

304 February 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc

—The left edge of the address isplaced at the center of the page.

Scribble provides 23 predefined en-vironments. One is the ©itemize en-vironment, which arranges a list ofitems in the format shown in thepreceding paragraph. Another en-,vironment prints long quotations assingle-spaced, indented paragraphs sothat they will stand out from the sur-rounding text. Several other Scribbleenvironments perform operationsthat are available in all sophisticatedtext-processing programs. Text canbe centered or printed flush left orflush right. You can also create para-graphs with hanging indentations, inwhich the first line of the paragraph is

Circle 226 on inquiry card. >

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t N

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(2a)

(?description<FORTRAN @\ The great progenitor. A real stepforward in its day, but it has had a tendency to hold backprogress ever since.

COBOL §\ Is prolix. Reminds me of what Abraham Lincoln oncesaid about a fellow lawyer: "He can compress the most words intothe smallest ideas of any man I ever met."

BASIC @\ You can love it or you can hate it, but you can'tignore it. BASIC is characterized by the best acronym of thelot: "Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code."

PL/I §\ Is to computer languages what Texas is to states:smaller than Alaska but bigger than everything else.

LISP @\ Can be most clearly described in LISP.((Parenthetically, LISP is considerably easier to use thanmany people think.) LISP can be thought of as a "high-levelmachine language" in which other languages can be written,an attribute that has proved important in research.

C §\ Simple, clean, terse.

Pascal @\ Pascal is for classroom use. It is precise

and mathematical. A Swiss professor thought it up. He should

have taken a sabbatical.

Ada S\ The future, formally certified by the Department ofDefense. Ada is the government's attempt to negotiate acomputer language nonproliferation treaty with itself. But,sources say, the parties are still far apart.>

(2b)

FORTRAN

COBOL

BASIC

PL/ILISP

The great progenitor,day, but it has hadprogress ever since.

A real step forward in itsa tendency to hold back

Is prolix. Reminds me of what Abraham Lincoln

once said about a fellow lawyer: "He can compress

the most words into the smallest ideas of any manI ever met."

You can love it or you can hate it, but you can'tignore it. BASIC is characterized by the bestacronym of the lot: "Beginner's All-purpose.Symbolic Instruction Code."

Is to computer languages what Texas is to states:smaller than Alaska but bigger than everythingelse.

Can be most clearly described in LISP.((Parenthetically, LISP is considerably easier touse than many people think.) LISP can be thoughtof as a "high-level machine language" in whichother languages can be written, an attribute thathas proved important in research.

Simple, clean, terse.

Pascal is for classroom use. It is precise andmathematical. A Swiss professor thought it up.He should have taken a sabbatical.

The future, formally certified by the Departmentof Defense. Ada is the government's attempt tonegotiate a computer language nonproliferationtreaty with itself. But, sources say, the partiesare still far apart.

Figures 2a and 2b: An example of Scribble's ©description environment, which formatsa series of items in a way that permits them to be listed and then elaborated individual-ly. Figure 2a is the input file. The @ \ characters are typewriter-style tabs that instructScribble to place the next printing character at the ©description environment's presettab position. Figure 2b shows the result.

CPascal

Ada

306 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

FOX & GELLER

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If you want to create form letters using yourdata, Quickcode can transfer any part ofyour database to Wordstar.™

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Want to print mailing labels? With Quick-code, you can get them in one up or four upformat. You can print labels of almost any sizeor shape you can imagine. For any part ofyour database (e.g. ZIP CODE = 90023)

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Quickcode can create an amazing variety ofreports and forms. You can even produce re-ports up to 132 columns by 96 lines per page.

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Quickcode can set up retrieval keys using asmany as 10 data fields. You can use thesekeys to get any record from your database inabout 2 seconds. Data entry is also a snap.You can have any data field automatically setto a default valve or checked in one of threeways: range checking, match list checking,or file lookup.

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FOX&GELLER

Fox & Getter, Inc.PO. Box 1053Teaneck. NJ 07666201 8370142

Circle 176 on inquiry card.

BYTE February 1983 307

(3a)

@begin<level>

Scribble provides facilities for automatic numbering of

sections and paragraphs of documents.

A number of different formats are available.

@begin<level>

For example, you could number the sections of a document

but not the individual paragraphs.

Different levels of numbering are automatically provided.This paragraph, for example, has two levels of numbering.

Indentation can also be controlled to a considerable extent.@end<level>

This feature greatly simplifies the creation of documentsthat have a complex and explicit structure, such as technicalmanuals.@end<level>

(3b)

Scribble provides facilities for automatic numbering ofsections and paragraphs of documents.

A number of different formats are available.

2.1

2.2.

2.3-

For example, you could number the sections of a documentbut not the individual paragraphs.

Different levels of numbering are automaticallyprovided. This paragraph, for example, has two levels ofnumbering.

Indentation canextent.

also be controlled to a considerable

This feature greatly simplifies the creation of documents thathave a complex and explicit structure, such as technicalmanuals.

Figures 3a and 3b: An example of Scribble's @level environment, which is one ofseveral ways provided by the program to automatically structure and number sectionsof text. Note that one instance of the environment is nested within another to improvereadability. The @begin< level> and @end<level> instructions in the source text offigure 3a are synonyms for the @level< and > syntax that would normally enclose thetext of the environment if you weren't nesting instructions. Figure 3b shows the result.

flush left but all subsequent lines areindented. Somewhat more unusual isthe ©description environment, whichformats text into two columns (seefigure 2 on page 306.)

Structured Text

Scribble includes a variety of envi-ronments that make it easy to struc-ture text into a series of indented andsequentially numbered paragraphs ofthe kind commonly found in text-books and technical manuals. Sec-tions and subsections of a documentare automatically set apart and num-bered. This makes it easy to create orchange a complex document com-posed of numbered sections and para-

graphs. You can insert new materialknowing that the indentation andnumbering of the document will bepreserved and, where necessary, up-dated automatically (see figure 3).

Environments are what distinguishScribble from other text-processingprograms. The only real problem isthat the average user will have to ac-cept each environment as it was de-fined by Scribble's authors. Fortu-nately, the stylistic choices that theauthors have made are reasonable.Source code for most of the program,written in the C computer language,is supplied as part of the package.The authors explain the programlogic in some detail in the Scribble

manual, and an experienced C pro-grammer should have no great dif-ficulty modifying the program. Thereis even a Scribble users group todistribute extensions to the program.Still, it would be nice to be able to re-define the existing environmentswithout programming. Ideally, itshould be possible to create entirelynew environments, each composed ofprimitive text-formatting commandsor even other environments.

Other Commands

In addition to environments thatformat an entire block of text, Scrib-ble provides 10 inline environmentsto determine how individual charac-ters are printed. These provide famil-iar features such as underlining, bold-face, subscripts, and superscripts.Even though these operations arecommon to most text-processing pro-grams, Scribble's attention to detail isimpressive. For example, Scribble in-cludes three different underscorecommands: underscore all printingcharacters, underscore only alphanu-meric characters, and underscorecontinuously. Two separate italicscommands—regular and boldface—provide insurance, the authors say,against the day when printers withitalics capability are more commonlyavailable.

In many cases, you can nest Scrib-ble environments and inline environ-ments. That is, you can give one com-mand inside another. For example,one element in an itemized list can beunderscored, or the ©level environ-ment depicted in figure 3a can be in-voked within itself to produce multi-level structures (the second level infigure 3b was produced this way).

The remaining category of Scribblecommands, which the program'sauthors refer to as directives, is com-posed of instructions that, for themost part, cannot contain otherScribble instructions. Some directivesare similar to inline environments inthat they provide commonly avail-able text-processing functions. Youwill find directives to define pageheadings and footings, to skip lines orstart new pages, and to read and in-sert other files into the running text.Footnotes are automatically num-

308 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

bered, and one directive specifieswhether the notes are to be printedwithin the text, at the bottom of eachpage, or at the end of the document.

The @style Directive

The ©style directive takes a vari-ety of arguments. It is used to specifymargins, paper size, the extra space(if any) between paragraphs, theamount of indentation for new para-graphs, whether the text is to be justi-fied, and other fundamental stylisticcharacteristics. One nice feature ofthe ©style directive is that, where itrequires numeric arguments (such asin specifying paragraph indentation),the argument can be entered in justabout any unit of measure that ishandy. The ©style directive will ac-cept arguments expressed in charac-ters, lines, centimeters, millimeters,points, picas, ems (these last three areprinter's measures), and micas. Amica is the internal unit of measure-ment used by Scribble. It correspondsto 10 microns, or about 1/2540 of aninch. Unfortunately, relative valuesare not permitted. So, for example, itis impossible to issue a command toincrease the line spacing by one.

A number of other Scribble direc-tives concern various types of auto-matic numbering. You can have thesectioning directives number portionsof the text. There are six of them, cor-responding to chapters, sections, sub-sections, and paragraphs for the mainbody of the text, and chapters andsections for appendixes. Each section-ing directive creates a subtitle orheading in the document. Every timeyou invoke a sectioning directive, anentry is automatically made in thedocument table of contents. Similar-ly, an ©index directive automaticallycreates an index for the document.The instruction ©index < message >within a Scribble text creates an indexentry composed of the message and areference to the current page.

The remainder of the directivesdeal mostly with string and numericvariables. Section numbers and head-ings are automatically maintained byScribble, as is the current page num-ber. Other variables can be definedby the user. For example, a common-

ly used string, such as an address, canbe defined once in a document and in-troduced repeatedly into the textsimply by referring to a single-wordvariable name. You can change vari-ables or set them to the value of otherstring variables. You can add or sub-tract numeric variables.

Printing Scribble Files

Scribble itself can display format-ted documents on the system consoleor on a simple Teletype-style printer

(i.e., one that does not need anyspecial control codes). Scribble canalso write a formatted document to adisk file. If a more sophisticatedprinter is available—for example, onethat has a proportionally spaced typefont or one that can move up a frac-tion of a line to provide properlysuperscripted footnotes—a secondprogram must be used to put thefinished document on paper. Splittingup the formatting and printing jobsintroduces an extra step, but it keeps

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the size of the Scribble program man-ageable without sacrificing flexibility.

For all but the simplest printers,Scribble produces an intermediate,formatted file. This file contains aminimum of information about theactual device on which the documentwill be printed. A second program,called Crayon, reads the intermediatefile and prints the finished document.Crayon knows the details of differentprinters and produces the requiredcontrol sequences to make the mostout of each printer's specific hard-ware capabilities. You can make arough draft quickly on a high-speed,dot-matrix printer. Then a finishedcopy can be made on a letter-qualityprinter, using proportional spacing,special type fonts, or whatever so-phisticated features are available.

Different printers, by the way,don't really have to be literally dif-ferent machines. The user can createseveral logical device specificationsfor the same physical machine. Forexample, a formfeed could move theforms one distance for printing outmailing labels and a different distancefor printing correspondence. Thesame physical printer might be usedin both cases, but the meaning offormfeed would depend on the partic-ular application.

Configuration

The Scribble/Crayon system is de-livered with the ability to drive themost common small-system printers.It comes with a configuration utilitythat makes customizing the programsfor many other printers and creating

"logical" printers fairly simple. It maybe necessary to write new driver codefor a printer with unusual controlsequences.

The configuration program hasseveral other functions. It can resetthe default style parameters for suchfeatures as margins, line spacing,paragraph indentation, and the like.(Of course, these can be set by ©styledirectives inside the text of each docu-ment as well.) The configuration pro-gram also enables the user to definecertain input and output character-istics of the host computer system. Inmost cases, installing Scribble shouldpose no obstacle even to a nontech-nical user.

The Scribble manual is completeand well organized. Mark of theUnicorn provides a tutorial introduc-tion along with an extensive user'smanual. I found the user's manualdifficult to follow in a few places, butfor the most part, the writing is clearif undistinguished. Scribble takes abit of getting used to preciselybecause it is different from most othertext-processing programs. But that,of course, is why it is worth the ef-fort. Separate documentation is pro-vided in the manual to explain thesource code modules. As might be ex-pected, these sections are written forthe programmer, not the casual user.Incredibly—because it could havebeen produced so easily using Scrib-ble—the manual has no index.

Scribble is fun to use, even on arelatively simple document such asthis article, but it is at its best whenused to produce complex or long

documents, especially highly struc-tured, technical ones. Scribble wouldbe an excellent program to use towrite computer reference manuals, bythe way. Too many manuals lackclarity, regardless of the quality ofthe writing, because of poor organi-zation and format. Scribble's auto-mated sectioning, footnoting, index-ing, and table-of-contents featuresshould greatly simplify the creationof complex, multilevel texts.

Conclusions

• Scribble can be described as a high-level language for text processing thatencourages users to concentrate onthe structure of the document.

• Scribble environments deal withrelatively large sections of text. Theprogram also provides conventionalcommands for instances where a pre-defined environment is not appro-priate.

• Scribble comes with source code formost program modules, making itpossible to alter or extend its capa-bilities.

• Scribble is capable of using thesophisticated hardware features ofthe most common small-systemprinters.

• Scribble is at its best when it is usedto produce long or complex docu-ments.

[Mark of the Unicorn is now sellingversion 1.4 of Scribble, which isadvertised as being substantially thesame as version 1.3 with a few bugsworked out. . . . Ed. ] ■

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Problem Oriented Language

Part 3: Assembling the Modules

The modules are assembled into acomplete programming system.

Mark Finger2439 Overlook CircleLawrence, KS 66044

In parts 1 and 2 of this series (seethe December 1982 and January 1983BYTEs), the concept of ProblemOriented Language (POL) was in-troduced. POL uses input that incor-porates terms normally used indescribing a particular problem.These terms are organized intophrases and sentences that resembleEnglish sentences. The input isrelatively free of the format restric-tions normally associated withquestion-and-answer or menu input.Much more information can be inputwith a single entry. A typical entrysuch as "Draw an XY graph, X from 0to 4, Y from —2 to 3, Title 'ContourPlot,' Execute" would replace dozensof responses required for other typesof input. POL-type input is normallyused in technical or graphics applica-tions, where many possible param-eters can be changed, but only a fewneed to be set at any given time.

The Problem Oriented LanguageProgramming System (POL/PS) wasintroduced to provide microcom-puters with the capability of handlingPOL, especially in terms of solvingtechnical problems. The series ofroutines (POL-80) for handling POLinput was presented and the capabil-ities were examined.

314

The actual use of the routineswithin POL/PS was discussed, show-ing the steps involved in writing amodule to find the root of an equa-tion.

Modularity

I have heretofore covered in somedetail the concept of POL and how toprogram using POL-80 routines. Thereal key to success in using thePOL/PS, however, lies in modularprogramming.

What Is a Module?

We often hear that good computerprograms are modular. Every pro-gramming course and textbookstresses that point. But what makes aprogram modular? Would you recog-nize a module if you saw one?

The dictionary definition of amodule is "any of a set of unitsdesigned to be arranged or joined in avariety of ways." This shows that thekey concepts of modularity are flex-ibility and similarity at the bound-aries. A functional definition of amodule is simply this: "A moduleshould do one thing and do it well."

The idea in modularity is that unitscan be chosen and linked together inorder to reach a goal. One example of

this is the way most kitchens are builtusing modular cabinets. Each type ofcabinet handles a specific task well,and we choose a certain combinationof types to best achieve our overallobjectives.

When a programmer writes a mod-ular program, a number of units, seg-ments, or sections will be in the pro-gram, each having a specific task toperform in achieving the program'sgoal. These units are linked togetherby a mainline program (the highestlevel of control). This concept ofmodular programming is a tremen-dous aid in debugging but is very dif-ficult to learn. To get some idea ofhow modules can be used in program-ming, let us examine some of the dif-ferent types.

Programming modules differ main-ly in the level at which they do their"one thing." The first, and lowest,level is best shown by the one-linefunctions (or modules) of FORTRANand BASIC. These modules use asingle equation to return a singlevalue. Obviously, they do just onething.

The best example of second-levelmodularity is the FUNCTION sub-program in FORTRAN. It does morecomplex work on its input, but it

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should, essentially, do just one thingbecause it returns just one value. Agood example of this type of modulein POL-80 is subroutines 750, 800,850, and 950 (see part 1). Their onething is to test for a certain situationand return one primary value, thevalue of FLAG, which indicates a suc-cessful or an unsuccessful test. Cer-tainly, they perform a number of ac-tions (especially subroutines 850 and950, which must carry out a varietyof tasks to extract and examine num-bers), but they do only as much as isneeded to accomplish their one thing.

The third level of modularity in-volves the return of multiple values,as is often done in subroutines inFORTRAN or BASIC. Examples in-clude subroutines to do the inversionof a matrix or to solve a series ofsimultaneous equations. Thesemodules still do just one thing.

At higher levels of modularity, themodule may be a section of a majorprogram. In my field—chemicalengineering—we speak of thermo-dynamic modules, meaning a groupof subroutines that computetemperature, pressure, and othervalues according to some set of equa-tions. There will be a module for eachdifferent model (set of equations) thatwe use. Some large engineering sys-tems may have five or more thermo-dynamic modules. The one selectedwill depend on the chemicals beingused or on some similar criteria.

These four levels of modulesshould cover most ordinary program-ming. It should be possible to writeany given program by simply linkingtogether various levels of modules toaccomplish a desired task.

Why Use Modules?

What good are modules? Why isthere all this stress on them? Whyshould you bother to spend all thisextra time writing modular programsif all you get is a little less time spenton debugging? Modular program-ming has several advantages:

• It can reduce a program's size. Callsto a single module from differentplaces in a program are preferable towriting the same lines of code againand again.

• A good module will be portable.This can reduce the amount of writ-ing that a programmer will need to dobecause major portions of code areavailable from previous programs.This is especially true when usinggraphics and numerical methods.

• A library of standard functions maybe available, again reducing the loadon the programmer.

• A good module will provide ease ofinsertion into a program, reducingthe programming load.

• Good modular programming easesdebugging because the modules havedefinite boundaries and only certainpieces of information cross theboundaries. A programmer can bereasonably sure that if one value isbeing changed, another value 500lines away is not accidentally beingchanged.

• Modular programming's main ad-vantage is to reduce the total pro-gramming time to solve a prob-lem—often making the difference be-tween solving a problem on time ornot solving it at all.

The main advantage of

modularity is to reduce

the total programming

time to solve a problem.

The trouble with using a module isdiscovering how to make it fit in yourown program. The major cause ofthis trouble is controlling the numberof parameters that must be passedback and forth between the mainlineprogram and its modules. I haveoften written my own code ratherthan use a module I have in mylibrary simply because I must keeptrack of 12 or more parameters, halfof which are not needed in my ap-plication. The heart of the trouble liesin the amount of information inter-changed. The more information thatpasses across the module's boundary,the more the rest of the program hasto handle. One, two, or three piecesof information are desirable. Twelveto twenty are not, because you haveto ensure that each of these values isset properly every time you call themodule. In addition, nearly all the in-

formation is numerical, and it's dif-ficult to remember whether FLAG = 1means invert the matrix or solvesimultaneous equations. Or is itNINV = 17 Many lines of code are re-quired to set parameters or checkthem each time a module is used. Thiscan be a burden to any programmer.In addition, the mainline programis forced to do nearly all the input,output, and decision making. Settingall the parameters for each subroutinecall can mean lots of program lines.Handling input and output adds morelines. Because most mainline pro-grams are written to solve only oneproblem at one time, very little of themainline program is reused after allthe effort put into it.

Introducing ExtendedControl Structure

A solution to this problem is ex-tended control structure. This in-volves putting some of the input, out-put, and decision making in themodules or subroutines rather than inthe mainline program. The input for agraphics module should be in thegraphics module, the input for a root-finding module should be in thatmodule, etc. This is seldom done inquestion-and-answer input, and in-frequently done in menu input. How-ever, POL input can excel at this. Inpart 2, I showed that nearly all the in-put for the root-finding moduleROOTs could be placed within themodule. This means that only a callto ROOTs is needed in the mainlineprogram—just a couple of simple,standard statements. Other modulesfor numerical analysis and graphicsare constructed in a similar manner.Now, writing code to handle the in-put is no longer a major concern ofthe programmer. Output is handledin a similar manner, thus reducingeven more of the load. The program-mer's only concern with output willbe if text output to the printer is to beformatted in a specific manner.

All that remains for a mainline pro-gram to do is link modules togetherand handle decision making. There-fore, let us see how a program for do-ing numerical analysis can be ar-ranged. The program in listing 1 ap-pears short compared to ROOTs and

316 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Iric

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Listing 1: Functioning as the mainline program, NUMRANAL will perform a numericalanalysis by calling other modules to handle input, output, and decision making. Linesbeginning with an asterisk (used for illustrative purposes only) can be eliminated unlessthose modules are used.

3000 rem mainline numerical analysis<numranal>

3010 EOSUB 1450

3020 PRINT "Type VOCAbulary if you want a list of command words."

3100 FART=1

:AART(0)="A "

:AART(1)="AN "

:AART(£)="THE "

:AART(3)="IS "

!AART(4)='ARE "

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:AART(6)="EQUAL "

:AART(7)="AND "

:AART(8)="F0R "

:AARTO)="OF ".

:NART=9

:FC0M=1

:ACOM(0)=", "

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:NCOM=l

:GOSUB 10503110 AM=AP

:NLET=1

:GOSUB 750

:IF FLAG=1

THEN IRET=9100:GDTO 100**********»***#*#******************#*********#**#*********#*******»*♦♦*#*##*#**■*

Graphics Routines Calls (standard calls)

********#*♦#******************#***#****#****#*#****#*****♦**#♦***#***#*■##***#***♦3200 AM="DRAW":NLET=4:GOSUB 750:IF FLAG=0

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GOTO 3100*32£0 AM="CONTINUE":NLET=4:GOSUB 750:IF FLAG=1

THEN ISTART=3004ELSE ISTART=3000*3230 GOSUB 9000

:CHAIN MERGE APLT+ACOOR,ISTART,DELETE 3000-9999•3300 AM="REDRAW"lNLET=4:GOSUB 750:IF FLAG=0

GOTO 4000•3310 GOSUB 3800:IF FLAG=0

GOTO 3100*33£0 AM="CONT":NLET=4:GOSUB 750:IF FLAG=1

THEN ISTART=3004ELSE ISTART=300S♦3330 GOTO 3230*3800 AM="XY ":NLET=3:GOSUB 750IIF FLAG=1

THEN ACOOR="XY":RETURN*3810 AM="POLAR":NLET=4:GOSUB 750:IF FLAG=1

THEN ACOOR="POL":RETURN♦3820 AM="CARTESION":NLET=4:GOSUB 750:IF FLAG=1

THEN ACOOR="CAR":RETURN*3990 NERR=1501:GOSUB 1200:RETURN**»*»****#*************************■*****»****************■***********************

Numerical Methods Module Calls

**»*»*»»♦**#*******»#******»*****»****************************»»*»**************4000 AM="ROOT":NLET=4

Listing 1 continued on page 320

the multiple-page graphics modules.Much of the program is just a series ofcalls to modules that can then handlethe input, output, and decision mak-ing. Each of these calls is a standardsequence of statements. The call toROOTs is in line 4000 and is in thestandard format. Additional numeri-cal methods are easily added to thismainline program. Line 4010, for ex-ample, is the entry for the CONTourplotter module. Other plannedmodules for this general-purposenumerical-analysis package includenumerical integration, differentialequation solving, simplex optimiza-tion, and regression (curve fitting).Inserting these modules into thismainline program (or any other) canbe as simple as the lines calling forROOTs and CONTours.

The graphics section (lines3200-3990) may look long and messy,but this is because it handles three dif-ferent types of axes (XY, Cartesian,and polar) and three entry points foreach type of axis (DRAW, REDRaw,and CONTInue). These statementswould be the same for any packagethat this graphics module would beadded to.

The mainline program I havepresented treats numerical methods ina general manner. It simply makes thedifferent methods available in onepackage that includes two-dimen-sional graphics. It links the modulesbut does not provide any decision-making or information-passing capa-bilities; these will be added later.Such capacity is sufficient to solve themajority of problems encountered.

These modules can be easily in-serted into a new POL/PS mainlineprogram by lifting the program sec-tions to the new mainline program(lines 3200-3990 for graphics, line4000 for ROOTs, and line 4010 forCONTours). This simple method ofadding capability to a program cantremendously decrease programmingtime and is the main part of what ini-tially attracted me to POL input. Itmakes my overall job much easier.

ROOTs as a Module

I have been calling ROOTs amodule, but is it really a module?ROOTs has definite boundaries; all

318 February 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc

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Listing 1 continued:

:GOSUB 758:IF FLAG-1

THEN BOSUB 9000

:CHAIN MERGE ADISK+"NUMRROOT", 3000, DELETE 30810-9999•4010 AM="CONTOURS"

lNLET-3iGOSUB 750I IF FLAG-1

THEN GOSUB 9000

iCHAIN MERGE ADISK+"NUMRCONT",3000,DELETE 3000-99998970 AM«"STOP":NLET-4:GOSUB 7S0IIF FLAG-1

THEN STOP6980 GOSUB 1250 »»Standard call for HELP

i IF FLAG-1 arid VOCAbulary (include

GOTO 3100 iri every mainline)

8990 NERR-1302

iGOSUB 1200:GOTO 3100

Standard Subroutines for Calls and Returns

##*#*#»#*»#«##*##**#**##**#***♦#**#**#***#**##***#*#*##*******#**###*»***»#»#♦**9000 IRET=9010

:ARET=ADISK+"NUMRANAL"

:GOSUB 1400

:RETURN9010 GOSUB 1450

sGOTO 31009100 GOSUB 1480

:GOTO 3100ft*******************************************************************************

Remembei all modules (including the mainline) must end with line number 9999

***###»**#»***#*###*##***#*#*#*******»******♦#***************************#*#****9999 REM END APPLICATION PROGRAM

Listing 2: The ROOTs program module is used to find the root of a polynomialequation.

********************************************************************************

Module ROOTs

3000 REM MODULE ROOTS(NUMRROOT)

**Stores return addresses andinitializes parameters

3001 REM COPYRIGHT MARK FINGER 1981*3010 GOSUB 7100

:0N FRUN+1 GOTO 3020,5100,4435»30£0 FCD=0

:FART=1

:AART<0)="A "

:AART(1)="AN "

:0ART(2)="THE "

:AART(3)="IS "

:AART(4)="ARE "

:AORT<5)="EQUALS "

:AART(6)="EQUAL "

:AART(7)="AND "

:AART<8)="F0R "

:AART(9)="0F "

:NART=93030 FC0M=1

:ACOM<0)=", "

:AC0M<1)="="

!NC0M=1*♦*#♦♦**###♦###********#******♦***#***#******#****»******#*#*******#*******»##**

Matching on the highest level of the tree structure below ROOTs

♦a******************************************************************************3200 AM="USING":NLET=4:GOSUB 750I IF FLAG=1

GOTO 40003210 AM="START":NLET=4.: GOSUB 750:IF FLAG=1

GOTO 41003220 AM="MAXIMUM":NLET=4:GOSUB 750:IF FLAG=1

GOTO 42003230 AM="EPSILON":NLET=4

: GOSUB 750 Listing 2 continued on page 323

320 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

contact with the calling program hasan entry point at line 3000 and areturn at line 3300. All interactionwith a calling program flows throughthese two points. ROOTs does justone thing—it finds the root of anequation. The level of this program isapproximately that of a FORTRANsubroutine. This program (listing 2) ismuch bigger than the FORTRAN sub-routine doing the same thing, but theentry in the calling program (see list-ing 1, line 4000) is much simpler thanwould normally be the case in FOR-TRAN or BASIC. The module itself islong simply because all the input andmost of the output are handled insideit, and there is considerable checkingof values before execution. It is im-portant to remember that this modulehas to be written only once; then itcan be placed in a library until thenext time it is needed. Thus, thelength of this module is not a burdento the person who uses it. Rather, ithelps by not requiring as much effortto insert the module into a program.

Improving ROOTs

ROOTs has one major limitation aspresented here: the equation to besolved cannot be more than 230 char-acters long. This limitation affectsless than 10 percent of the possibleapplications, but solving this problemwill present a second major aspect ofthe extended control structure.

Let us begin by examining the nor-mal methods used to enter the equa-tion under various types of program-ming. The most typical situation(used in many scientific subroutinespackages) requires the programmer towrite a subroutine (in BASIC) or afunction (in FORTRAN) and insert itinto the overall program. ROOTs canthen reference this subroutine when-ever a value is required. (Note all theGOSUB 9000 references in listing 4 inpart 2.) This method has one majorproblem. In order to change the equa-tion, the programmer must stop theexecution of the program, go to aneditor, modify the program, and thenrestart it. This process is undesirabledue to the load it places on a pro-grammer, but, unfortunately, it is themost frequently used method.

In ROOTs, I have gone one step

Text continued on page 332

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Listing 2 continued:

:IF FLAG=1

GOTO 43003248 AM="VALUE":NLET=4:GOSUB 750:IF FLOG=l

THEN FVA=0

:BOTO 44003250 AM="EQUATION":NLET=4:GOSUB 750:IF FLAG=1

GOTO 46003260 AM="DYDX":NLET=4:GOSUB 750:IF FLAG=1

GOTO 47003270 AM="EXECUTE":NLET=4:GOSUB 750:IF FLAG=1

GOTO 50003260 AM="CLEAR":NLET=4:GOSUB 750:IF FLAG=1

GOTO 4800

3290 IF FCD=0

THEN NERR=1521

:GOSUB 1200

3291 IF FCD=1 AND IEOC=0

THEN NERR=1541

:GOSUB 12003295 FERR=13300 GOSUB 7000

:CHAIN MERGE ARET, I RET,DELETE 3000-9339

Matching for the method under USINg

**»♦*»*»#»**»*»*********»*»»«»»*♦»*****»«♦**#**#***»»*#«*»»*♦»***♦*♦♦*#*******#*4000 FCD=1

:AM="NEWTON":NLET=4:GOSUB 750:IF FLAG=1

THEN METHOD*=l:GOT0 32004010 AM="APPROXIMATE":NLET=4:GOSUB 750: IF FLAG=1

THEN AM="NEWTON":NLET=4:GOSUB 758:METH0D-/.=2:GOTO 32084020 AM="SECANT":NLET=4:GOSUB 750:IF FLAG=1

THEN METH0D%=3:GOTO 32004030 AM="INTERVAL":NLET=4:GOSUB 750:IF FLAG=1

THEN AM="HALVING":NLET=3:GOSUB 750:METH0DX=4:GOTO 32004048 AM="REGULA":NLET=4:GOSUB 750:IF FLAG=1

THEN AM="FALSI":NLET=4:GOSUB 758:METH0D%=5:GOTO 32884050 NERR=1522

:GOSUB 1200:GOTO 3295****#»**#####********#**************♦#********#****#****»#*******#*#**#***##**»*

Setting the number of STARting POINts and their values

4108 FCD=1:FT=1

:GOSUB 950:IF FLAG=1

THEN X1=DV:FSP=1:GOTO 4150

Listing 2 continued on page 324

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Listing 2 continued:

4118 AM="POINT"

;NLET=4

:GOSUB 758

:IF FLfiG=l

GOTO 412184120 P,M="AT "

:NLET=3

:GOSUB 758

:IF FLA6=1

GOTO 41004140 NERR=1523

:GOSUB 1200

:GOTO 33804150 FT=1

:GOSUB 358

:IF FLAG=0

GOTO 32084160 X2=DV

:FSP=2

:IF X20X1

GOTO 32004170 FSP=1

:NERR=1524

:GOSUB 1288

:GOTO 3295*****#**##****#******#***#****♦#*****#*##*#**#*****#*********#********#**+*#*♦**

Setting the number of MAX I mum EVALuations

♦♦♦♦♦■a****************************************************************-****-******4208 FCD=1

:FT=3

:BB1=2

:BB2=10000

:GOSUB 858

:IF FLAG=1

THEN NUMEVAL=IV:GOTO 32804210 NERR=15£5

:GOSUB 1200

:6OT0 3235-a*******************************************************************************

Setting the value of EPSIlon

****♦*********#**#**#***♦*#*************#********#**#*#*************** *#*****!<*■*4300 FCD=1

:FT=3

:BBl=lE-£0

:BB£=10

:GOSUB 950

:IF FLAG=1

THEN EPSILON=DV:GOTO 32004310 NERR=15£6

:GOSUB 1200

:60TO 3295

Returning the value(s) of Y at the requested XPs)

**##*******♦*#**************#*#*»***#**##**#***###*#***##*#*•##*#####**# K* *X *****

♦4488 FCD=1#4430 AM="AT ":NLET=3:GOSUB 758:FT=1

:GOSUB 358:IF FLAG=1

THEN FRUN=2

:FLAGR00T=1

:X=DV

:IF FEXT=1

THEN GOTO 3300:ELSE GOSUB 9000♦4435 PRINT "The value at ";X;" is ";Y:FVA=1:GOTO 4430*4440 FRUN=0

:FLAGROOT=0:IF FVA=1

GOTO 32004450 NERR=1527

:GOSUB 1200:GOTO 3295****************************#**************************************• ************

Entering the EQUAtion

********************************************************************************•4608 FCD=1

:GOSUB 880

:IF FLAG=0

THEN GOTO 46404610 AEQ="9008 "+AB+": RETURN"

:FEXT=8

Listing 2 continued on page 326

324 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Listing 2 continued:

:FDX=04620 OPEN "0",#7,"EQUATION.BAS"

:PRINT#7,AEQ

:CL0SE#7

:CHAIN MERGE "EQUATION",4630,ALL, DELETE 90004630 GOSUB 1480

:GOTO 3£00♦4640 AM="EXTERNAL"

:NLET=4

:GOSUB 750

:IF FLAG=1

THEN FEXT=1:FDX=0:GOTO 3200*4650 NERR=1533

:GOSUB 1S00

:GOTO 3295♦♦♦♦♦*♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦*♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦*♦♦*♦♦♦♦**♦♦♦*♦♦♦♦♦♦♦

Entering the derivative of the equation(required by Newton's method)

♦♦♦♦*♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦*♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦*♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦

*4700 IF FEXT=1

THEN NERR=1539

:GOSUB 1200:GOTO 3295:ELSE FCD=1

:GOSUB 800IIF FLAG=0

THEN NERR=1534

:GOSUB 1200:GOTO 32954710 AEQD="9001 "+AB+":RETURN"

:FDX=14720 OPEN "O",#7, "EQUATION. BAS":PRINT#7,AEQD:CL0SE#7

:CHAIN MERGE "EQUATION",4630,ALL,DELETE 90014730 GOSUB 1480:GOTO 3200♦♦♦*♦**♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦*♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦*♦♦♦♦

CLEAring the parameters to default values

♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦*♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦*♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦**4800 FCD=1

METH0D%=3

Xl=»

X2=l

FSP=2

NUMEVAL=20

EPSIL0N=.1

OEQ="9000 Y=X:RETURN"

AEQD="9001 YPRIME=1:RETURN"

FDX = 1

GOTO 3200♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦*♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦*»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦

EXECution of root-finding

♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦*♦♦♦♦♦♦♦*5003 FCD=1:FRUN=1:NEXTSTEP=05010 IF METH0D%Ol AND FSP<>£ ♦♦Checking for 2 starting

THEN NERR=1535 points for methods that

:GOSUB 1200 require 2

:GOTO 32955020 IF METHOD%=l AND FDX=0 ♦♦Checking for derivative

THEN NERR=1536 update if Newton's method

:GOSUB 1200 is used

:GOTO 3295♦5030 (deleted)5050 NUM=0

*5100 ON METHOD* GOSUB 6000,6200,6400,6600,6800 ♦♦Cornputat ion loop*5110 Y=0

:IF FLAGROOT=-lGOTO 32955200 IF NUM>NUMEVAL

GOTO 5400♦5210 IF FLAGR00TO3

THEN IF FEXT=0

THEN IF FLAG=1

THEN GOSUB 9000:GOTO 5100:ELSE GOSUB 9001:GOTO 5100:ELSE GOTO 33005220 PRINT "The root is ", XLAST

:PRINT NUM;" Evaluations were required."♦5260 FRUN=0

:GOTO 3200♦5400 PRINT "The root was not found in ";NUMEVAL;" attempts.":FLAGROOT=-l:NERR=1540

Listing 2 continued on page 328

♦♦Checking if too many

evaluat ions♦♦Checking if done♦♦If not done, get value

for next calculation

♦♦The desired root has beenfound

Circle 163 on inquiry can

h ■■^n mm

IBM memoryat realisticprices:

25g^KACES-232C $3dO

512K

WITH AN RS-232CINTERFACE

$529 WITH SUPERCALC

$

579

$749 WITH SUPERCALC

Both of these fully-populated memoryboards include parity checking anda standard RS-232C interlace. Theyare compatible with all IBM software.

You can expect these boards tomeet the highest standards ofdesign and manufacturing qualityavailable — at any price. We areproud to guarantee them fully for aperiod of two years.

IPUTERPRODUCTS

31245 LA BAYA DRIVEWESTLAKE VILLAGE. CA 91362

lb order or forinformation call

InNewVbrk:(212)509-1923

In Los Angeles:(213)706-0333

In Dallas:(214)744-4251

By Modem:(213)883-8976

Circle 17 on inquiry card.

We guarantee everything we sell for 30 days — no returns after 30 days. Defective software willbe replaced free, but all other software returns are subject to 15% restocking fee and must beaccompanied by RMA slip No returns on game software, unless defective.We accept VISA and MasterCard on all orders; COD orders, up to $300Shipping charges: $3 for all prepaid orders, actual shipping charges for non-prepaids; $3 forCOD orders under 25lbs. ($6 for over) plus a $4 surcharge; add 15% for foreign. FP0 and AP0orders. Calif, add 6% sales tax. LA. County add 6'/?%.Prices quoted are for stock on hand and are subject to change without notice.

BYTE February 1983

Listing 2 continued:

5410 PRINT "The last values were X =";XLflST;"

and Y =";YLAST

5420 GOTO 321210

********************************************************************************

Methods Subroutines

CALL

********************************************************************************•6000 IF NEXTSTEP=0 **Newton' s Method

THEN X=X1 **Get first point and ask for Y

YOUR

NEXTSTEP=1FLP.BR00T=1

LOCAL

*6010 IF NEXTSTEP=1

THEN YOTHER=Y

**Save Y and ask for YPRIME

DYSAN

YLHSI=Y

NEXTSTEP=£

FLP.GRQ0T=2

OFFICE

RETURN

♦6020 XLfiST=X

♦♦Compute new X value, check

CA: Los Angeles

XOTHER=X

X = XLP,ST-YLAST/Y

i f done

(213)907-1803

NEXTSTEP=1

Orange County

NUM=NUM+1

(714)851-9462

IF P,BS(YLP,ST) <=EPSIL0N

THEN FLAER00T=3

*#Done

Sacramento

:RETURN

(916)966-8037

:ELSE FLOBRO0T=l:RETURN

**Ask for new Y

San Francisco/Sunnyvale

*6£00 IF NEXTSTEP=0

**Approxirnate Newton's Method

(408) 727-9552

THEN X=X1

**Ask for first Y

:FLB6R00T=1

DC: Washington

NEXTSTEP=1

(703)356-6441

RETURN

*6210 IF NEXTSTEP=1

**Store Y and ask for second Y

GA: Atlanta

THEN X0THER=X:Y0THER=Y

*(404) 952-0919

X=X+<X£-X1)

IL: Chicago

NEXTSTEP=2FLP,BR00T=1RETURN

(312)882-8176(800) 323-5609

*6220 NUM=NUM+1:XLfiST=X

**Compute new X

MA: Boston

:YLP.ST=Y

(617)273-5955

:X=X-Y/((YL«ST-YOTHER)/(XLflST-XOTHER))

*(617) 229-2800

:IF ftBS(Y)(=EPBILON

**Check if done

THEN FLftGR00T=3

**Done

Ml: Detroit

:RETURN:ELSE FLP,GR0OT=l

**Ask for first new Y

(313)525-8240

:RETURN*6400 IF NEXTSTEP=0

**Secant Method

MN: Minneapolis

THEN X = X1

**Ask for first Y

*(612)814-7199

FLP,GR00T=1NEXTSTEP=1

MO: St. Louis

RETURN

(314)434-4011

*6410 IF NEXTSTEP=1

**Store Y and ask for second Y

THEN YLP,ST=Y

NY: New York

XLP,ST=XX=X2

(212)687-7122

NEXTSTEP=2

OH: Cleveland

FLPGR00T=1RETURN

(216)333-3725

♦6420

NUM=NUM+1

XOTHER=XLP.ST

Y0THER=YLAST

XLP,ST=X

YLP,ST=Y

X=X-Y/( <YOTHER-YLP.ST)/<XOTHER-XLAST) )

NEXTSTEP=2

IF fiBB(Y) <=EPSILON

♦♦Calculate new X**Check if done

PA: Pittsburgh

(412)261-0406Philadelphia(609) 939-4762

TX: Dallas/Ft. Worth

THEN FLRBR00T=3

**Done

*(817) 261-5312

:RETURN:ELSE FLP.GR00T=1

♦ *Ask for new Y

WA: Seattle

:RETURN

(206) 455-4725

*6600 IF NEXTSTEP=0

♦♦Interval-Halving Method

THEN X=X1

:FLAGR00T=1

**Ask for first Y

includes OEM Sales

NEXTSTEP=1

RETURN

Dysan Diskettes are also available

*6610 IF NEXTSTEP=1

**Store Y and ask for second Y

from all ComputerLand Stores,

THEN YOTHER=YsxnTHFR=y

Sears Business Systems Centers, and

:X = X2

many independent computer outlets

:FLPIGR00T=1

nationwide.

:NEXTSTEP=2:RETURN

For the location of the Dysan sales

*6S20 IF NEXTSTEP=2

♦♦Determine if two X values

outlet nearest you, contact Dysan at:

THEN YL«ST=Y:XLPST=X: IF YLP,ST*YOTHER>0

bracket the root

(408) 988-3472

Toll Free: (800) 538-8133

THEN NERR=153S No,

error

Telex: 171551 DYSAN SNTA

;G0SUB 1200

TWX: 910-338-2144

:FLP,GR00T=-1

RETURN

tfWik I^V

:ELSE X=(XLPST+XOTHER>/2 Yes:FLPBR00T=1:NEXTSTEP=3

, so ask for next Y

m Dysan

:RETURN

Listing 2 continued on page 331

•/corporation

328

February 1°<

3 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 154 on Inquiry card.

WHAT IS THE

i r< u =f fVi £•]

DISKETTE?

If you said at least S 186.50*, you're probably close.Confused? It's simple. The minimum cost of a one-sided, single den-sity 8" diskette equals the purchase price plus the cost of the timeto fully load the data onto the disc* The adjacent diagram tells thestory. As you can see, the purchase price of a diskette is a smallfraction of the total cost of ownership. So why not pay afew cents more for the best diskette available? ^

That's where Dysan's quality comes in. Dysan disk-ettes and mini-diskettes are manufactured tothe toughest quality standards in the industry.Every diskette is tested between the tracksas well as on the tracks to insure you 100%error-free recording over the entire discsurface. Dysan quality protects yourinvestment of S186.50.You know how costly time and datalosses can be should your "bargain"diskette be faulty. Every penny youthink you save on the purchase ofmagnetic media could cost youdearly. Why take the risk when youcan have Dysan?

^^^^^g •11-*™

^H - "

1

^P*A

■ -w ». •

^\*-*<

0 Dysan

^/corporation

Our Media Is Our Message-

5201 Patrick Henry DriveSanta Clara, CA 95050

*S4.00 represents

Dysan's suggested

retail price for a one-sided, single

density 8" diskette, packaged ten

to a box. Minimum total cost of

ownership = S186.50

* S 182.50 represents the cost of dataloading (approximately 22 hours at11,106 keystrokes/hour at a labor costof S8.23/hour), based on 1981 DataEntry Management Association(DEMA) National Averages.

APPLE • ALTOS • ATARI • MAXELL • DYSAN • EPSON • CCS • SHARP • CASIO • HP • VERBATIM • MEMOREX • SOROC • CORVUS • ADDS

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Microliter II16KPractical Peripherals

Microbuffer II 32KPrometheus Versa CardSVA Disk 2+2 Controller OSSDSVA Disk 2+2 Controller DSDDSVA App-L Cache 256 K MemoryTG JoystickTG Select A PortWespet Micro Wizard 80Wesper Micro BP0 16KWesper Micro BP0 32KWesper Micro S08 16KWesper Micro SOB 32KBMC 1401 w/RGB InterfaceALS Z Card w/CPM for Apple II

MSL375.00

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299.00199.00395.00595.001,200.0059.9559.95249.00179.00219.00249.00279.00595.00349.00

239.00149.00335.00489.001.049.0024.0024.00179.00139.00159.00189.00229.00319.00

209.00

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Visidex

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MSL

S 250.00250.00200.00125.00260.00250.00250.00200.00750.00

OurPriceS 180.00180.00150.0075.00197.00180.00180.00149.00588.00

nasi

PERSONALCOMPUTER

INCLUDES:

2 Drives OS/DDColor Graphic Board64K Memory

OUR PRICE s*v*.MSL $2995.00 410.00

3JU3.UU •subject to availability

NEC

STUDENT

SYSTEM

64K

•NEC PC 80001

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12- Grn. Phs. Video Monitor

MSL OUR PRICE 5^2839.00 $2095.00 7440°

IBM . f*

PERSONAL &Ei

ES

COMPUTER

PERIPHERALS & SOFTWARE

OurMSL p,ice

S3195.O0 J2795.00

HARDWARE

CORVUS Hard Disk 5MB

Microsoft

64K Ram Card 399.00 369.00

128K Ram Card 599 00 475.00

256K Ram Card 995.00 777.00

64K Ram chips 195.00 155.00

Quadram

Quad Ram 256K 4 function brd 995.00 675.00

TG Products

Joystick 65.00 47.00

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Easy writer II 350.00

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Easyspeller (88K wordsl 150.00

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Micro Pro Wordstar 495.00

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Super Calc 295.00

Visicorp Visicalc 200.00

Visicalc/256K 250 00

Desktop Plan I 300.00

VisiTreod/Plol 300.00

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VersaWrifer Graphics Tablet 299.00

Conquest 29.95

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Galaxy 25.00

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Computer Stocks and Bonds 25.00

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A

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12-Grn. PhsKQ(15 MHr.)12" Grn. Phs E0( 18 MHz)12" Grn. Phs (20 MHz)12" Color Composite Hi Res.NEC Grn. Phs 12-Zenith 12-

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APPLE II

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•Subject toavailability

MSL1330.00

LAPPLE IS A REG. TRADEMARK OF APPLE COMPUTER

$995.00 335.00

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THE APPLE COMPATIBLEALTERNATIVE \

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s

WE RESERVE THE RIGHT TO CORRECT TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS. THIS AD SUPER-CEDES ALL PREVIOUS ADS. PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE.

HE

Ayiir^iamBUS,NESs world

#_»U.V-?JrTV^_ WAREHOUSE

18720 Oxnard, #108Tarzana, CA 91356

(800) 423-5886 IN CA (213) 996-2252

OUTSIDE CA CALL TOLL FHEE

Name (Please print)

Address

City State

Qty Make

Telex: 182852Answer: MICKO TZNA

'California residents add 6Vi% sales tax."Add 3% Shipping & Handling - Add 3%surcharge for credit cards. Order cannot tieshipped unless accompanied by payment,Including shipping, handling and tax whereapplicable.

-, TOTAL ORDER $

TAX IF APPLICABLE'

SHIPPINGS. HANDLING"TOTAL ENCLOSED $

D Certified Check or MOG Bank Wire Transfer

CREDIT CARD # _

Exp. Date

D Allow 2 weeks clearance forpersonal check

VISA

.Signature

MAXELL • DYSAN • EPSON • CCS • SHARP • CASIO • HP • VERBATIM • MEMOREX • SOROC • CORVUS • PERSONAL SOFTWARE • CCS

330 BYTE February 1983

Circle 256 on Inquiry card.

♦♦Check if done

♦♦Check which interval the rootlies in, update X arid ask fora new Y

**Regula Falsi Method♦♦Qsk for first Y

**Store Y and ask for second Y

♦♦Determine if the X valuesbracket the root

Listing 2 continued:

♦6630 IF BBS(Y) <=EPSILONTHEN FLOGR00T=3:YLfiST=Y:XLfiST=X:RETURN♦66421 NUM=NUM+1

;IF Y^YLAST<=0

THEN YOTHER=Y:XOTHER=X:X=(X+XLfiST)/S:FLfiGRQOT=l:NEXTSTEP=3:RETURN♦6650 YL«ST=Y:XLOST=X:X=<X+XOTHER)/S:FL«GR00T=1:NEXTSTEP=3:RETURN♦6800 IF NEXTSTEP=«THEN X=X1

:FLP,GR00T=1:NEXTSTEP=1:RETURN♦6810 IF NEXTSTEP=1

THEN YOTHER=Y:XOTHER=X:X = X£

:FLOGRO0T=l:NEXTSTEP=2:RETURN♦ 6820 IF NEXTSTEP=STHEN YLP.ST=Y:XLOST=X

:IF YLOST^YOTHER)0THEN NERR=1S38

:GOSUB 1200iFLP,6R00T=-l:RETURN:ELSE X=(XL0ST+X0THER)/2:FLP,GR00T=1:NEXTSTEP=3:RETURN♦6830 IF OBS<Y) <-EPSILDNTHEN FL0GR00T=3:YLOST=Y:XLAST=X:RETURN♦6840 IF NUM=NUM+1:IF Y^YLOST<=0

THEN YOTHER=Y:XOTHER=X

:X = XLflST+( (0-YLBST) / <YOTHER-YLAST) ) ♦ < XOTHER-XLflST):FL«GR00T=1:NEXTSTEP=3:RETURN♦6850 YLOST=Y:XLP,ST=X

:X=XLflST+((0-YLfiST)/<YOTHER-YLflST))♦<XOTHER-XLflST):FL0GR00T=1:NEXTSTEP=3■.RETURN♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦*##♦♦*#****##*♦♦♦♦♦**♦#♦*♦*♦#**

Subroutine for saving variables when leaving

♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦*♦♦♦###*****#♦**♦♦*♦*********♦7000 OPEN "0",#6,flDISK+MSflVEROOT":UIRITE#6,flEQ:WRITE#6,ftEQD:WRITE#6,EPSIL0N,FCD,FDX,FSP,FVfl,METHODS,NUMEVflL, XI, X£

,NEXTSTEP, XLflST,YLflST,XOTHER,YOTHER, FPflTH, FEXT, FRUN:CL0SE#6♦7010 OPEN "0",#6, flDISK+"ANSWER":WRITE#6,FLOGROOT,X,Y:CL0SE#6♦7020 GOSUB 1400

:RETURN♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦

Subroutine for restoring variables when returning

♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦#♦7100 OPEN "I",#6,ADISK+"SOVER00T"

:INPUT#6,REQ

:INPUT#6, flEQD

:INPUT#6,EPSILON,FCD,FDX,FSP,FVA,METHODS,NUMEVflL, XI, X2

, NEXTSTEP, XLflST,YLOST,XOTHER,YOTHER,FPflTH, FEXT,FRUN

!CL0SE#67110 OPEN "0",#7,"EQUATION.BflS"

:PRINT#7,AEQ

:PRINT#7,0EQD

:CL0SE#7

:CH0IN MERGE "EQUATION",7120,BLL,DELETE 9000-9001♦7120 GOSUB 1450

:IF FRUNO0

Listing 2 continued on page 332

No, error

Yes, ask for newt Y

♦♦Check if done

♦♦Check which interval theroot lies in, update X .andask for a new Y

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Listing 2 continued:

THEN OPEN "I",#6,flDISK+"0NSWER"

:INPUT#6,FLAGROOT,X,Y

:CL0SE#6•7130 RETURN*»****»***»*♦****»**»»»*»»*»♦»»»#*»*#»»»♦*#»*»«»**»*»#«*»**»»*»***»»**»»*»»»»*»*

Equation subroutines will be inserted here

****##*******#*****************#**#*#******#**##*♦***#******»»###********♦######912100 REM9001 REM*******#*»»#*************************#♦####*#******###♦♦#**#***♦**#**##*********

Remember—

Line 9393 must be present in the module, even if only as a remark.

*******#**#*#**#***»#**#****#***********##»*#**####*##**##*♦**♦*#***####*♦*#**♦*9933 END

MAINLINE

(calling program)

i

\

ROOTs

, J

<

v

EQUATION

Figure 1: A typical hierarchical program structure.

MAINLINE

'

ROOTs

E 0 U A T I 0 N

Figure 2: Interchange between modules in a program with extended control structure.

Text continued from page 320:

further and used the capabilities ofMicrosoft BASIC, allowing a pro-gram to modify a portion of itself (seelines 4600-4630 in listing 4 in part 2).

Both methods just presented have ahierarchical structure, as presented infigure 1. The calling program (usuallythe mainline program) calls ROOTs,and does not want to hear from it un-til the subroutine has done its job.ROOTs calls EQUATION wheneverit needs a new value. This structure isstraightforward and is almost theonly structure taught in most pro-gramming courses.

We have seen the need, however,for a better structure to eliminate theproblems cited above. This structureis presented in figure 2. In this pro-cedure, EQUATION is a module atthe same level as ROOTs, and infor-mation is passed between the twomodules through the mainline pro-gram. This can be seen as a sub-routine driving (or controlling) themainline program, instead of viceversa. Such a structure gives us thecapability of using ROOTs in suchlarge programming situations asdetermining the rate of return on aproposed chemical plant. But a pricemust be paid for this flexibilitythrough increased programming inthe ROOTs module. The price is ac-ceptable, however, if the module willbe reused often in other programs.

Listings 2, 3, 4, and 5 show therevisions in the ROOTs module,reflecting the changes required to im-plement this increased flexibility.First, let us consider what informa-tion crosses the boundary of ROOTs.In the first version of ROOTs, givenin part 2, no information was ex-changed between the mainline pro-gram and ROOTs. We now need topass three pieces of information—avalue for X, a value for Y orYPRIME, and a flag (FLAGROOT)indicating what action is required bythe mainline program. Remember, asROOTs operates, it will need newvalues of Y and YPRIME for the newXs. Instead of calling subroutines9000 and 9001, we can now ask themainline program to furnish thesevalues. (We still have the same capa-bility of entering an equation asbefore—the current presentation con-

»32 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE February 1983 333

Listing 3: HELP messages for ROOTs.

The RDOTs module is used to find the real

ots of any equation.

at any place m the line:

The following words are always skipped c

A

AN

THE

FOR

AND

EQUALS

EQUAL

IS

ARE

OFComrnas(,) and equivalence signs(=) are also skipped.

The options of ROOTs are:

USINg method

where the methods are:

NEWTon (Newton's method)

APPRoKimate NEWTon (Approximate Newton's method)

SECAnt (Secant Method)

INTErval HALving (Interval Halving Method)

REGUla FALSi (Regula Falsi Method)

STARTing (points) ##. # (##.#>

sets the starting points for the methods.Newton's method requires 1 point.

Approximate Newton's method requires £ points close together (4. 33 &■ !:Secant Method requires E: points.

Interval Halving and Regula Falsi require £ points that bracket theroot between thern.

MAXImum (EVALuations) ##

## is the maximum number of evaluations before reporting failure tomeet convergence requirements.

EPSIlon ##.#

When ABS(Y) <##.#, the root is considered to be found.VALUe (at) ##.#,##.#

will give the value of the current equation at the values of X entered

EQUAtion

»Y=function of X'EXTErnal

If an equation is furnished, it must be in correct BASIC syntax.EXTErnal means that ROOTs will get the values it requires from thecalling program.

DY0X 'YPRIME=function of X'

used to enter the derivative of X needed by Newton's Method.

enter using correct BASIC syntax. If EXTErnal is the option under

EQUAtion, entering a derivative will cause ar> error.

used to set values of variables to their default valuesequivalent to the following commands

USINg SECAnt

STARting 0 1

MAXImum EVALuations £8

EPSIlon iZi. 1

EQUAtion 'Y=X'

DYDX 'YPRIME=1'

EXECute

causes the root to be found.

Listing 4: Variables used in the ROOTs module.

ACOPYAEQ

Temporary variable for copying files

Internal equation containing the root Default is "Y-X'to be found

Listing 4 continued on page 339

cerns the situation where the calcula-tions are too long for one line.) Atthis point, the subroutine is makingall the decisions, and the mainlineprogram's job is only as a "slave," do-ing exactly what ROOTs tells it to do.The commands (values ofFLAGROOT) returned to the main-line program are:

0 Program not activated. ROOTsis not actually executing in orderto find the root of an equation"external" to itself. Continuewith normal mainline programprocessing.

1 Furnish a value of Y to the sub-routine for the given X.

2 Furnish a value of YPRIME tothe subroutine for the given X.

3 Execution completed normally.The value of X is within specifiedlimits. Continue with normalmainline processing.

— 1 Execution terminated abnormal-ly, the result of an error. Handlethe error (given in NERR) asdesired.

As with most other parameter passingin the POL/PS, these parameters willbe in a file (ANSWER). Note thatonly 3 values cross this boundary in-stead of a more normal 10 to 15. Thisis the advantage of extended controlstructure; because all the other valuesare needed only within ROOTs, theystay there.

Several changes are made inROOTs to implement extended con-trol structure. (The changed lineshave an asterisk in front of them; seelisting 2.) The basic changes are asfollows:

• An option has been added, allowingspecification of an external"equation" (see listing 2, lines4600-4650).

• All requests for Y or YPRIMEvalues (when executing to find a root)are now directed to a single point inROOTs (line 5120). This requiredsome significant rewriting, especiallyof lines 6000-7000.

• Additional internal flags (NEXT-STEP and FEXT) have been added tocontrol the internal flow of the pro-gram.

Text continued on page 340

334 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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338 BYTE February 1983

Circle 305 on inquiry card.

Listing 4 continued:

AEQD

EPSILON

FCDFDX

FSPFVAIRET1

METHOD*NEXTSTEP

NUMEVAL

X

XI

Xc'

Y

YPRIME

XOTHER

YOTHER

XLAST

YLAST

XNEW

Contains the derivative of AEQ

The value for determining success offind ing root—success i fABS(Y) <=EPSILON

Flag for checking command syntax

Flag for making sure a new AEQD isentered if AEQ is changed(required for Newton's Method)

Flag showing whether to use external(furnished by calling program) orinternal values (from AEQ and AEQD)

Flag to the calling program0=program not execut ingi=furnish Y for current X£=furnish YPRIME for current X3=normal complet ion of root find ing;root is in X-l=abnorriial complet ion; er-r-ar

Internal flag indicating statusof the module

Number of start ing points entered

Flag for syntax after VALUe (AT)

Temporary storage of cal1ing programreturn point

Flag for met hod t o be used

Internal flag set by computat ionalsubroutines to indicate the next step

Max imum number of at t empt s (to f indroot) before failure is declared

Independent variable in AEQ and AEQDStart ing point 1Start ing point £Dependent variable in AEQDependent variable in AEQDA prev i ous X va1ue at t empt ed

Y value at XOTHER

Another previous X value a11ernpted

Y value at XLAST

X value for next attempt

Default isDefault »

*YPRIWE«t

©=internall=externaI

£i=normal execut ionl = find ing root£=plotting equation3=getting numeri calva!ues

Default « £

Default-3 (Secant)

Default=£i?

Default = 0Default = 1

Listing 5: Error messages for the ROOTs module.

1501,"Missing axes type after DRAW or REDRaw"

150£,"Unexpected first entity in command"

15£1, "Unexpected ent ity after ROOTs"

15££,"Unexpected name of method after USINg"

15£3,"Missing first number after STARt"

15£A,"Both starting numbers Bre equal"

1525,"Expecting integer (between £ and 10000) after MAXImum EVALuations"

15£6,"Expecting real number (<10) after epsilon"

15£7,"Expecting a number after VALUe"

1533,"Missing string after EQUAtion"

1534,"Missing string after DYDX"

1535, "Missing £ start ing values when method requires £"

1536,"Did not redefine DYDX after changing EQUAtion"

1538,"Starting points do not bracket the root"

1539, "Attempted to enter DYDX when EQUAtion EXTEmal is declared"

1540,"Root not found in maximum number of attempts"

1541,"Failed to decode remainder of line"

993S,"******Last entry in sri error list must always be Line 9999*******"

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February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 339

Listing 6: Sample changes in a section of the NUMRANAL mainline program. This illus-trates the changes required for using the extended control structure.

4000 AM="ROOT":NLET=4:GOSUB 750:IF FLAG=0

GOTO 4010

4001 IRET=400£:ARET=ADISK+"NUMRANAL":GOSUB 1400

:CHAIN MERGE ADISK+"NUMRROOT",3000,DELETE 3000-9999400a GOSUB 1450

:OPEN "I",#6,ADISK+"ANSWER":INPUT#6,FLAGROOT,X,Y:CLOSE#6

:IF FLAGROOT=0 OR FLAGROOT=3GOTO 3100

4003 IF FLAGROOT <> 1

THEN GOTO 4005

ELSE OPEN "0",#6, ADISK+"ANSWER"

:WRITE#6,1,X,Y

:CL0SE#6

:IRET=4004

:ARET=ADISK+"NUMRANAL"

:GOSUB 1400

iCHAIN MERGE ADISK+"NUMRECON", 3000, DELETE 3000-9999

4004 GOSUB 1450

:OPEN "I",#6,ADISK+"ANSWER"

:INPUT#6,FLAGROOT, X, Y

:CL0SE#6

:OPEN "0",#6,ADISK+"ANSWER"

:WRITE#6,FLAGROOT,X,Y

:CL0SE#6

:GOTO 4001

4005 IF FLAGROOT OS

THEN GOTO 4007

ELSE OPEN "0",#6,ADISK+"ANSWER"

:WRITE#6,£, X, Y

:CL0SE#6

:IRET=4006

:ARET=ADISK+"NUMRANAL"

:GOSUB 1400

:CHAIN MERGE ADISK+"NUMRECON",3000,DELETE 3000-9999

4006 GOSUB 1450

:OPEN "I",#6,ADISK+"ANSWER"

:INPUT#6,FLAGROOT, X, YPRIME

:CL0SE#6

:OPEN "0",#6,ADISK+"ANSWER"

:WRITE#6,FLAGROOT,X,YPRIME

:CL0SE#6

:GOTO 4001

4007 FERR=1:GOTO 3100

Text continued from page 334:

The relationship between the compu-tational subroutines (lines 6000-7000)and the computational loop (lines5100-5210) is similar to the one be-tween ROOTs and the mainline pro-gram, with the computationalsubroutines actually setting thevalues of FLAGROOT.

The hardest part in using extendedcontrol structure is visualizing howthe control is handled. The easiestway to explain this is by analogy.Imagine a typical company—thepresident makes all the major policydecisions. The vice-presidents makedecisions on how to implement thepolicies of the president and so ondown the chain of command. Eachperson further down the line has lesscontrol over decision making. This isanalogous to the typical computerprogram—the control is concentratedat the top.

Compare this to extended control

structure in POL/PS-type programs.It is like an engineer or administratorin a department temporarily takingcontrol over all decisions concerningthe production of product X. All thetop brass are temporarily takingorders from her because she knowsmore about making product X thananyone else. The concept is similar todelegation of authority, and the bene-fits are equally great, especially inreducing the work load at the top.

I talked about the functions of amainline program earlier. It typicallyhandles input and output, links majormodules or subroutines together, andhandles decision making. In ROOTs,we have seen that most of the inputand output can be handled inmodules. I have just shown howmuch of the decision-making logiccan also be placed in these modules.This leaves the mainline programwith one principal function—linking

the modules together. This is thereason the sample mainline programgiven in listing 1 is so much shorterthan ROOTs, which is itself a smallmodule.

The mainline program can be easilymodified to pass the information be-tween modules. Listing 6 gives an ex-ample of how this can be done using amodule called ECONomics (for cal-culating the rate of return). Theselines can quickly be rewritten to linkROOTs with any other acceptablemodule.

Where Do We Go From Here?

There is a problem with the presentconcept of extended control structureas implemented in POL/PS. All thelinks between modules must currentlybe written before the program is runand cannot be changed during theprogram's execution. It is desirable tobe able to modify the module links in-teractively. To be able to define thelinks interactively would allow theuse of modules in response to resultsdifferent from the ones foreseen. Oneexample is the fitting of a complexcurve relating the energy of an objectto temperature and pressure. Simpleequations may be done by using astandard linear-regression package(curve fitting using the least-squaresmethod) that will handle computa-tions internally. More complex equa-tions may require an optimizer and acontour plotter in order to find thedesired values. Because there areseveral types of optimizer programs,each requiring a different module, wemust be able to switch between dif-ferent optimizers if the first does notdo the job well enough. Being able todo that interactively means we do nothave to exit the program, modify thelinkages in the mainline program, andrestart the program. Rather, we cansimply change a few specificationsfrom within the program.

This capability is currently beingdeveloped and tested in the GRIPprogram by Rick Hilst. His papers(see the references) show the growthof these concepts. The idea of ex-tended control structure was con-ceived to aid in interactive linkage ofmodules. Because a mainline program

340 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Putting It All Together

Now you can put the files on the disks in order to usethem. Be sure to store all BASIC programs in unprotectedASCII format, or the CHAINs will not work. The followingfiles are needed:

1. POL-80.BAS—remove the comments from listing 3, part

1, and put the program on disk.

2. POLERR—the error-message file for POL-80. Put listing6, part 1 on disk, and then run the program from listing 7,part 3, placing the results in POLERR on the disk.

3. NUMRANAL. BAS—remove the comments from the pro-gram in listing 1, part 3, modify as desired (add othermodules), and save it in ASCII format on the disk.

4. NUMRROOT.BAS—remove the comments from listing

2, part 3, and save it in ASCII format on the disk,

5. VOCANUMR—(VOCAbulary list) save listing 8, part 3on the disk.

6. NUMRVOCA, NUMRHELP, NUMRROOT, NUMR-STOP—these are the help messages. Set them up as se-quential files on the disk. See listings 3, 9, 10, and 11 inpart 3.

Listing 7: The MAKEERR program converts sequential filescontaining error lists into random files required by POL-80programs.

SOURCE FILE FOR ERRORS";fl*DESTINATION FILE FOR ERRORS";B*

DONE'

100 INPUT

£00 INPUT

300 OPEN "I",#l,fi*

400 OPEN "R",#£,B*,80:FIELD#2,80 OS C*

500 INPUT #1,E%,E*

600 IF Ert=9999

THEN CLOSE #1CLOSE #£PRINTSTOP

700 LSET C*=E*

800 PUT #£,E%

900 GOTO 500

Listing 8: The VOCANUMR file contains the main com-mand words for NUMRANAL.

"HELP"

"VOCAbulary"

"ROOTs"

"CONTours"

"STOP"

Listing 9: NUMRVOCA file.

VQCAbulaiy gives the list of conimind words forthis particular module. This mainline moduleiqnoies the following words

A

AN

THE

FOR

IS

ARE

EQUAL

EQUALS

OF

7. NUMRERR—enter listing 6, part 1, and listing 5, part 3on the disk, and then run listing 7, part 3 as many times asneeded, placing the results in NUMRERR on the disk.

8. SAVEROOT—enter listing 12, part 3 on the disk as a se-quential file.

The disk is now set up and ready to go. To run the pro-gram, get into BASIC and set up eight file buffers (MBASIC5/F:8 for the Vector Graphic computer). Then load POL-80and run the program (LOAD "POL-80",R). Bring upNUMRANAL as the current mainline program (@PRG'B-.NUMRANAL'). Now you can begin using POL com-mands. Try this sample: "ROOTS, USING SECANT,EQUATION = ,Y=SIN(X)', START AT .5 AND 1, EX-ECUTE".

Several steps are required to add a module toNUMRANAL. First, enter the module onto the disk as

NUMR BAS (replace the underlined portion with the

module name). Be sure to use the ASCII format. Next,modify NUMRANAL.BAS to access the new module andadd the keyword to VOCANUMR. Then enter the HELP

message as NUMR on the disk as a sequential file. Run

MAKEERR with the error list (see listing 5, part 3 for the for-mat of the error list). Save the output of NUMERR on thedisk. Put any special module file (such as SAVEROOT forROOTs) on disk b. Once the programs are already on a disk,the actual process takes only 5 to 10 minutes.

Listing 10: NUMRHELP file.

HELP gives for. ma ts and assistance on the c omma ndwo r ds

The acceptable format is:

KELP WORD

WORD is one of the words listed by VOCA.ALL may be used after help to getassistanceon all of thee omnia nd words .

The format to get a printout on the list device(typewriter, etc) is:

HELP WORD

Do not use this command (HELPL) if you have aplotter hooked to the list devices or if you havebegun drawing using a Diablo-type printer.

It also ignores (considersthe equivalence (=) sign.

space) c oiunia s and

Listing 11: SAVROOT file.

"1508 Y=X*X*X:RETURN"

"1507 YPRIME=3*X~£:RETURN"

. 0001, 1, 0, 0, 0, 3, 100, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0

Listing 12: NUMRSTOP file.

STOP is used to terminate NLP-80.

February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 341

is effectively modified (although notactually in FORTRAN), most deci-sion making must be done in themodules. If there is sufficient interest,some of the results of this researchcan be included in a module forPOL-80 to do the interactive linking.

Summary

Consider the advantages of thePOL/PS system that have been pre-sented:

• The mainline program can often bemuch shorter and easier to write anddebug than other typical programsthat are not POL/PS-compatible.

• A library of technical and graphicsmodules can easily be built up. Ex-tended control structure gives thesemodules more flexibility, yet allowseasier insertion into other programs.

• Packages of programs (such asnumerical analysis or statistics withgraphics) can be used by a personwith little programming experience,yet the packages may be more power-ful than similar non-POL/PS pack-ages.

• Plotter compatibility is planned.Adapting the graphics modules to anew plotter requires only revisingabout four input/output routines andchanging four parameters. Most plot-ters are supported.

• Input using POL is faster and morepowerful than question-and-answeror menu input.

Conclusion

In presenting the POL/PS series, Ihave tried to develop a frameworkfor technical programs that will offeradvantages not only for the program-mer, but the end user as well. Theconcepts of a problem oriented lan-guage, modularity, and the use ofmainline programs are applicable toalmost any technical field. The use ofPOL can encourage the use of micro-computers in scientific and technicalareas, much as microcomputers areused in business and word-processingapplications.

I intend to support and upgrade thesystem and encourage others to writetheir own applications using thePOL/PS framework presented here.The Problem Oriented Language canbecome the problem-solving solutionfor you.B

References

1. Hilst, R. W. Development and Use ofGRIP, the Generalized Routine for Interac-tive Processing, in the Computer Solutionof Chemical Engineering Problems.Master's thesis, University of Kansas,August 1982.

2. Hilst, R. W. and K. A. Bishop. "Recent Ad-vances in the Development and Use ofGRIP—A Problem Oriented Language."Summer Computer Simulation Confer-ence, pp. 29-35, Seattle, August 1980.

3. Hilst, R. W. and K. A. Bishop. "The Use ofGRIP, a Problem Oriented Language, inChemical Engineering Education." Pre-sented at the 87th National AlChE Meet-ing, Boston, August 1979.

The following items are availablefrom the author:

1. The POL/PS User's Manual and theROOTs User's Manual for $20.These manuals generally supple-ment but do not duplicate thematerial presented here. Topics in-clude detailed rules of input, theoryand examples of operation, andprogramming rules and hints.

2. The two manuals above and a diskcontaining all the appropriate filesfor $30.

3. The items listed above and thegraphics package (which includesthe contour plotter module) for$200. The ROOTs module in thispackage will have additional graph-ics capabilities, such as plotting theequation and graphically followingthe root-finder as it seeks the root.

These items will be offered onseveral disk formats (CP/M 8-inch,Osborne, and others as I can make ar-rangements). A user's group will be setup, and I will sell software written byothers for the POL/PS on a royaltybasis. For more information, ororder items, contact:

His Programsc/o Mark Finger2439 Overlook CircleLawrence, KS 66044

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342 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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346 BYTE February 19*3

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User's Column

Confessions, Pascal Prime,Wescon, and Perfect Writer

Our resident critic comments on Wescon and text editors.

Jerry Pournelle

c/o BYTE Publications

POB 372

Hancock, NH 03449

First a confession: I don't reallyhate Pascal. Indeed, I never did, aswill become clear shortly. I have triedto keep an open mind about lan-guages. Apparently that's not enoughfor some of my correspondents; justas LISP addicts don't want to hearabout Pascal, Pascal lovers don'twant to be told that anyone mightconsider CB-80—a form of BASIC forGod's sake!—to be in competitionwith their beloved.

Nor, apparently, are they willingto believe there may be defects in thelanguage. Sigh. But there are, and ina later section we'll look at somethingpractical that can be done aboutthem.

Second, a problem: BYTE has along pipeline. I'm writing this in lateSeptember, for publication in theFebruary issue. Much of the mail I'vereceived (bundles and bundles of it;ye gods!) is in response to theSeptember issue. But when you readthis, most of you will have seen theOctober, November, December, andJanuary columns and have totallyforgotten about the issues raised inSeptember: which is why I must ig-nore much of my mail. I haven't timeto answer very many individual let-

ters (John Carr does some, but hehasn't a lot more time than I do), and,given the pipeline, many of the ques-tions asked will be moot before ananswer can appear in BYTE.

E'en so, there's much of importancein my unanswered mail file; later on,I'll deal with some of that.

The BYTE pipeline is longer than Ilike; but there is a bright side. Abouttwo months before the magazinecomes out, I get galley proofs of myarticles; and provided that I'm notfoo wordy, I can insert a couple oflast-minute announcements, lettingthese columns stay reasonably up todate. It's not an ideal system, but it'sabout the best we're going to get.

Zeke Lives!

Mark Twain had the extraordinaryexperience of reading his ownobituary, after which he said, "Thereports of my death are greatly exag-gerated."

Fortunately, Ezekial, my friendwho happens to be an ancientCromemco Z-2, can say the same.After his trip to Tony Pietsch's place,he returned nearly as good as new.

Nearly: a faulty cable managed toshort out an input/output board,

which in turn rendered one of his busslots inoperable; and we do have anannoying problem with the B diskdrive. Tony says the disk problemcould probably be fixed by loweringthe entire drive system into a vat ofTCE (a dry-cleaning solvent) andagitating it for a couple of hours; inthe absence of that, we just live with"Please Close Drive Door" the firstfew times we try to access the B drive.The problem goes away after a fewminutes' warm-up.

Update: last night Zeke died again,clobbering all his disks as he did. To-day, in despair, I took apart the oldiCOM disk system. Lo! I found thatthere's a bad cable that conveys the5-volt power; this causes all kinds ofweird results, including write opera-tions when the computer is supposedto be reading. Tony Pietsch thinksthis is fixable, and thank heaven! I'mjust now writing this on the Televideo950 terminal, and that misplacedDelete key, plus the obscene BackTab key, will soon drive me out ofmy mind.

I mention Zeke's revival in partbecause my mail indicates consider-able interest in his health, but in factthere's an illustrative lesson here.

February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 347

This ancient machine—he was builtsome five years ago—is still plentygood enough for me to write this arti-cle with. When I first got Zeke, wehad dying chip problems and a mys-terious gremlin that required exor-cism; but after the first couple ofmonths, there just weren't any prob-lems at all. Even now, the centralmachine is in good shape; all our re-cent problems have been caused byfaulty cables.

This seems to be typical: once pastthe first few months, you shouldn'thave any problems for several years.Then, all at once, like the wonderfulone-horse shay, everything may col-lapse. Actually, the electronics couldlast for decades; it's mechanicalstuff—disk drives, switches, fans,cables, connectors, etc.—that goes.

The problem is that five years isn'tlong in the life cycle of a typewriter;but it's an eternity for a microcom-puter. By the time you need repairson your ancient equipment, themanufacturer will no longer be mak-ing it, and it's likely that none of the

technicians will ever have heard of it.This may change when machinesbegin to sell in hundreds of thousandsper model; but just now it seems trueenough.

I've no regrets. I've got a lot out ofold Zeke, and he may yet last anothercouple of years; but computer pur-chasers should be warned: things aremoving very fast, and that has conse-quences.

Meanwhile, I know of only oneway to avoid the early (infant mor-tality) glitches, and that's to buy"used" equipment; that is, either stuffthat's been burned in a lot, like Com-pupro's rather expensive CSC grade,or literally used equipment, if youcan find someone reliable to buy itfrom. (One outfit sends out evalua-tion hardware with the understandingthat they'll swap every month or so:that way they get back a thoroughlytested machine.)

The Pascal Prime Project

As I've mentioned before, one ofour major projects was Alex's Pascal

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Intro. It was intended to be a simplelittle job, but it ended up taking mostof the summer. It also had interestingfallout: in order to test it, I had towrite a couple of fairly hairy pro-grams in Pascal. One, a game calledImperial Trader, got out of hand, buteventually I finished it. While writingit, I learned more about Pascal thanI'd intended to.

Conclusions first: once you get thehang of it, there's a lot to like aboutPascal. My game, for instance,darned near wrote itself once Idreamed up the structure for keepingtrack of all the important game en-tities, such as players, planets, prod-ucts including arms and drugs, pricesof products on each planet, policeand customs officers, etc. Pascal letsyou define your own variable types;in particular, you can define recordsthat let you put about 20 differentitems—some strings, some integers,some real numbers, and some arraysof other stuff—all in one variable.Thus, it's a cinch to get at all the vitaldata you want: read it, update it,play with it . . .

The best BASIC in the world can'tdo that. BASIC requires you to havea bunch of arrays, and you can't mixstring, character, integer, real, andBoolean variables in the same array—much less can you have an array thatcontains subarrays the way Pascalrecords can.

I probably ought to quote MarvinMinsky (MIT computer expert) here:Marvin says that Pascal sacrificesprogrammer options in order to forceprogrammers to write readable code.He's right, too; the question iswhether the gain is worth the cost. Ithink so. Marvin doesn't.

Of course, Minsky is primarily in-terested in artificial intelligence, inparticular in programs that modifythemselves (and thereby are inten-tionally unpredictable in theirresults), while this column is mostlydirected to people who want to usetheir computers to accomplish somedefinable result. For AI and hefty ex-periments in computer science, youneed to learn a list-processing lan-guage, which in practice means LISPor a derivative; but for gettingtoday's work done, I'm coming to the

348 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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conclusion that Pascal is my firstchoice.

However: for all its attractivefeatures, Pascal has some very severelimits. I've discussed many of thesebefore. The I/O system doesn't makesense, and Pascal thinks that the idealfile is a reel of magnetic tape; it has noprovision for the kind of random ac-cess you can do with disks.

Some of Pascal's worst theoreticallimitations have been overcome inpractice, as compiler writers tuck in

various nonstandard extensions. Theproblem with that is we're gettingmany dialects of Pascal, whichseverely limits our ability to transferprograms from one machine toanother.

Fortunately, though, it isn't hard toovercome many of those limits. Com-piler writers tell me they can continueto extend Pascal with little difficulty.The problem is to come up with a"standard" set of extensions, so thatprograms will remain more or less

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portable: and that brings us to ProjectPascal Prime.

I've put together some extensionsthat look interesting; added to "stan-dard" Pascal they create PascalPrime, a user-oriented language.There will be a discussion of PascalPrime during the West Coast Com-puter Faire; as a default case I'll bechairman, although I'm willing tohand that over to anyone betterqualified who wants the job. Mostly,I want to bring together people in-terested in microcomputer Pascal andhave a serious discussion of a "stan-dard" extension package.

The meeting has already drawnpromises of attendance from severalof the major publishers of microcom-puter Pascal compilers; if just thosewho say they're coming can agree,we'll have Pascal Prime de facto.

Candidate Pascal Prime Features

For those uninterested in Pascal,my apologies if the following getsmore technical than you've come toexpect from me; I wouldn't do it if Ididn't think it important.

The first criterion for Pascal Primeis that we don't do much. One ofPascal's best points is that it isn't acomplex language. We do not want toend up with something like theDepartment of Defense's new lan-guage, Ada. Ada was designed by acommittee, and it shows; it has hun-dreds of "features," some absolutelyobscure. Pascal Prime will, we hope,stay within the spirit of the originallanguage.

Second, we want programs writtenin previous Pascals to compile underPrime.

Third, Prime is intended for micro-computers; but we'd like Prime pro-grams to compile on larger systems.Changes will be needed, but we wantto keep them to a minimum.

Here are some candidate exten-sions; discussion is invited.

1. STRING and LONG STRINGdata types. Most Pascal implementa-tions have type STRING, whichstores the string length as the firstbyte (BYTE 0). This can become stan-dard (certainly type STRING is vital),but this method of implementationlimits string lengths to 255 characters

350 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE Febniary 1983 351

on 8-bit machines. This is often an-noying, and makes it difficult to workwith text. If we had type LONGSTRING, which would use 2 bytesfor the string length, it would makethings easier. (For larger machines,you make things portable by chang-ing all the LONG STRING variablesto type STRING—a moment's work.)

2. A default for the CASE state-ment. Again, almost all implementa-tions have this feature although it wasnot defined in the standard. We sug-gest the reserved word OTHERWISEto follow the last case; OTHERWISErather than ELSE to avoid confusionwith IF statements.

3. The compiler should ignore the

underbar ( ) character, so that you

can use variable names like

fist of god and first boy for

clarity, but not have to remember theunderbars when you just want towrite firstboy.

4. Static variables: variables localto a procedure, but which don't goaway when you exit the procedure.

Seed for a random-number system isa perfect example: nothing outsidethe procedure needs to get at the seed,so seed shouldn't be global; but clear-ly it must stay around between callsto the random function.

5. Allow functions to return REALand STRING values. Why shouldn'tthey7

6. The lack of a BREAK statementneeds discussion; see my Novembercolumn. It's desirable to have a wayout of a loop without keeping track ofdummy variables, but BREAK can beabused. We probably need one, but itshould be tamed considerably.Design of a BREAK that fits into thespirit of Pascal needs some thought.

7. Ucase and lease, which convertstrings to uppercase and lowercaserespectively, ought to be standardprocedures (or functions if we can getfunctions to return strings). They'reoften needed, and the usual functionwriter slows things down a lot whenwriting these.

8. Do we want dynamic arrays

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(redimensionable during run time)?They are convenient, but they'resomewhat against the spirit of thelanguage. The lack of redimen-sionable arrays has annoyed me fromthe time I first began to study Pascal.

9. We definitely need standards forseparate compilation and for "in-clude" statements. Using pseudocom-ments, such as {$1 +} and the like, iscurrently done in most microcom-puter Pascal implementations, andalthough a bit ugly, is acceptable;what's needed is a standard way ofimplementation.

10. The ISO Standard Pascal per-mits files almost anywhere. They areparticularly necessary in records. Ofthe microcomputer implementations,Pascal MT + allows files in records,while most, including UCSD Pascal,don't. It's important to have files inrecords, because it makes disk opera-tions so much easier.

11. Constant definitions ought topermit elementary arithmetic. Com-plex arithmetic in the CONSTdeclarations shouldn't be allowed,but foo = 5; foobar = foo -I- 3;definitely ought to be permitted. Youcertainly should be able to saybell = chr(7).

12. Pascal should permit you toread and write enumeration types.That is:

TYPE

day = (monday, tuesday,Wednesday, thurs-day, friday, Satur-day, sunday);VAR

today : day

and later in the program, the opera-tion

today := tuesday;

write(today);

will fail. This is monstrously inconve-nient, requiring you to have an arrayof day names (which you can namedayname), and then writedayname[ord(today)], which isawkward at best.

13. There ought to be ways for aprogrammer to set up a stack and getat it. This needs thought lest it make

352 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE February 1983 353

programs too obscure.

14. We need a way to put variablesin a specific place in memory and toreserve blocks of memory. This willof course be machine-dependent, butit's very desirable, especially if youhave memory-mapped video.

There are probably other desirablePascal extensions. The criteria arethat they stay within the spirit of thelanguage, that they be easy to use,and that they don't make the pro-grams unreadable. They should alsobe reasonably easy to implement.

The above have received wide-spread agreement among those I'vespoken with, including compilerwriters. Other candidate extensions,particularly some that would makePascal more suitable to use forwriting operating-systems programs,are likely to be more controversialand will need considerable thought.Some of those will be detailed nextmonth. The idea is to get an agendafor the meeting at the West CoastFaire.

Wescon and Mini/Micro

Wescon, September 14-16, filledthe Anaheim Convention Center withmore than 70,000 attendees. TheMini/Micro conference was held atthe same time in the DisneylandHotel. It attracted better than 10,000,plus a large number of Wesconattendees.

Wescon features high-technologycomponents; I didn't spend muchtime there, although if I were tryingto predict the future of the microcom-puter world, I might have gottensome insights. I suppose the equip-ment on display will be in next year'ssystems, and I expect Ciarcia wouldhave been fascinated.

I spent what little time I had atMini/Micro, where several systemsstood out. For me, the hit of the showwas the new Heath/Zenith Z-100computer. Readers may recall thatI'm not much enamored of the IBMPersonal Computer (incidentally,IBM wasn't at Mini/Micro). I don'tlike the Personal Computer becausethe bus isn't standard and thekeyboard is badly designed.

Comes now Heath/Zenith: itsproduct is what amounts to the Per-

sonal Computer on a six-slot (fiveslots free in the 128/192K-bytesystem) S-100 bus and with a goodkeyboard. The Z-100 is a dual-processor 8085/8088 system. It hasboth black-and-white and colordisplay drivers (no monitor) built inas standard features; all this forslightly more than $4000. You haveto buy your own monitor, from a$150 green-and-black to about $800for color.

The keyboard is very nice: an IBMSelectric layout with enough extrakeys to make the full ASCII(American National Standard Codefor Information Interchange) characterset, plus Control and Escape keys andprogrammable Function keys. All keyshave automatic repeat but with atwist: a "hyperspace" key makes auto-repeat really fast.

There's more. The Z-100 comeswith dual 5 Winch disks that readand write IBM Personal Computerformat (as does my Compupro); theZ-100's disk controller will also talkto 8-inch disks, meaning that all youneed do is connect 8-inch drives witha standard cable and you have bothdisk-drive sizes up and running, andyou can copy files from one to theother using PIP.

There's not a lot new in the Z-100;but it's an excellent implementationof what it is. (Bill Godbout wasoverheard to mutter that the Z-100 isone of the nicest machines his Com-pupro team ever designed.)

Heath will sell you both CP/M-86and MS-DOS in a package with someother programs for about $500. Italso gives you extensive documenta-tion about the machine. I'll havemore to say on the system nextmonth; I'm strongly thinking of get-ting one, and we're talking to SteveCalkins of the Central Los AngelesHeath Electronic Center. The onlynegative feature I noticed was thatthere's no detachable keyboard; thatis, the monitor is separate, but themachine itself has the keyboard builtonto the main computer. In profile, itreminds me a bit of the old Sol com-puters. That can make for mild spaceallocation problems, especially herein Chaos Manor where we're up toour clavicles in computers.

I also saw the new DEC RainbowPersonal Computer. Like the IBM,the DEC keyboard has those extrakeys between the Shift and the "Z"and "II" keys. The DEC salesmansaid, "There's a standard about to beadopted, and we do try to bereasonably standard." This "stan-dard" comes from Europe. If it reallytook over here, every Americantouch-typist would have to learn allover again. I refuse. Fortunately, Isuspect I can trust the marketplace togive me a "nonstandard" keyboard Ican live with.

The Rainbow has a lot of extrakeys, but no Escape key; the salesmansaid this was to avoid intimidatingsecretaries. I find that attitude, com-bined with use of a non-Americankeyboard, rather interesting.

I didn't get to spend a lot of timewith the Rainbow. I'm sure therewere a lot of things to like about it.

Adelle Again

One reason I went to theMini/Micro show was that GregDecoteau of CTI Data Systems hadpromised to fix Adelle, my OtronaAttache. She wasn't working becauseI'd foolishly exposed her to an inade-quate voltage converter in Rome.

"Bring it to the show," he'd said."I'll take care of it there."

This didn't seem very reasonable,but it did promise to be interesting, soI brought the Attache to the show.

Set the scene: a booth with about20 feet of frontage and 8 feet of depth.Several Attache computers, plus aMannesmann Tally line printer, ondisplay. Hundreds of people wander-ing past, looking over Greg'sshoulder, asking questions.

And in 16 minutes, 14 seconds,Greg took the Attache apart, discon-nected the power-supply unit, in-stalled a new power-supply module,reassembled the computer, andturned it on. It worked fine. And hedid all that using a Phillipsscrewdriver from one of those 89-centtool sets.

Incidentally, the Otrona still knewthe time and date, which had been setback at Chaos Manor before I went toItaly. There's a battery backup forthat part of the Attache, so loss of

354 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE February 1983 355

power (or of the whole power supply)doesn't cause it to forget.

The machine was under warranty,so any dealer was authorized torepair it. (CTI isn't actually a dealer,it's in charge of marketing the At-tache, and a number of other high-quality products, in SouthernCalifornia; but in this case CTI actedas a dealer would.) The Attache isbuilt in modules (it was quite in-teresting to see the innards); dealershave modules, and service consists ofreplacing modules until the machineworks. The dealer doesn't have toknow much about electronics—GregDecoteau doesn't. He's a marketingman.

The results are impressive.

Now that I've got it running again,I've found more to like about theOtrona. The Valet alarm feature isvery handy, the graphics are reallylovely, and one of these days I'll finda use for the Greek-letter character setthat's hidden in there underneath oneof the nicest Roman-letter sets I'veseen.

There's even a calculator pad. Ifyou hit Control-Shift Lock, the "U,""I," and "O" keys become numberkeys, while the "P" becomes a "plus,"and other interesting transformationstake place. You can get key tops thatshow this (although I don't have themyet). I suspect this is more a gimmickthan a feature I'll use often, but itdoes make it very clear; the Otrona'skeyboard can be completely repro-grammed. You could, I suppose, evenintroduce a Dvorak keyboard as analternate feature.

Of course, the Kaypro II comeswith a full number pad as extra keys.

Yeah, But You're Different . . .

One chap at Mini/Micro said hereads my columns and likes them, butwonders if I don't get better servicethan the average customer.

That may be; although I try tohave my machines taken in by one ofthe boys, or a student, many of thedealers know my equipment, and I'dbe naive if I didn't suspect that aBYTE columnist is likely to be given

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more attention than a walk- in.

There's not much I can do aboutthat. I have to report what happens tome, and I can't do much more thanthat. I don't have the resources to runundercover investigations.

I do pay a lot of attention to de-tailed accounts of problems with soft-ware and equipment I've recommend-ed in this column. I can't be themicrocomputer world's ombudsman,but I can sometimes be the next bestthing because I do know a lot of peo-ple in the computer business, and if Iforward a letter it will usually beread. More than that I can't do.

Text Editors and Perfect Writing

This started as a review of PerfectWriter, and ended up with a lot abouteditors in general.

I've mentioned EMACS before.That's the text editor developed atMIT for use on its PDP-lls and other"big" machines. Many years ago,about the time Larry Niven and I gotcomputers, we visited MIT and weregiven copies of the EMACS documen-tation. It included pages and pages ofcommands, so many that I was a bitintimidated. I showed it to my madfriend, who shuffled through it for afew moments and laid it asidewithout comment.

"Not interested?" I prompted.

'What's the point?" Mac Leanasked. "You won't get that runningon our machines."

That situation has changed. Atleast two EMACS-like editors arenow available for microcomputers:MINCE (MINCE is not completeEMACS), which I reviewed last year,and Perfect Writer, which isn't com-plete EMACS either, but is a prettyhealthy subset of it.

What Took You So Long?

I'm probably not the best person toevaluate text editors for several goodreasons. First, I'm not really thetypical user of editor programs. I usetext editors for three purposes:writing programs, writing letters, andcreative writing. I spend most of mytime on the third task, and if a pro-gram doesn't work for that, I don'treally care much about how good it isat writing letters.

356 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE February 1983 357

For programming I use Word-master, and I've yet to see a bettereditor for that purpose. For letters Iuse whatever editor I use for creativewriting, which may be a mistake,because my favorite editor isn'tdesigned primarily for writing letters,and there may be some that are betterfor that purpose. (Tony says not so:that his latest version of WRITE willdo the job beautifully.)

But my major need is for a"creative writer's editor." Indeed, thereason I bought a computer in thefirst place was that I'd seen ElectricPencil in operation down at a com-pany that then called itself ComputerPower and Light (it's now known asCOMPAL). When I saw Electric Pen-cil, it was love at first sight. Pencilwas shot through with terrible prob-lems, but I didn't care. You can'timagine the joy I felt when I realizedthat I would never have to retype awhole page again! I could put up withall of Pencil's misfeatures (and plainbugs) forever just for that.

When I introduced my collaboratorLarry Niven to the joys of writingwith computers, he felt the same way.What did we care if Pencil wasn'tvery well written? For us it worked.

Fortunately, Mac Lean and TonyPietsch weren't so easy to satisfy.They persuaded us to keep a log ofthings Pencil did that we didn't likeand things we wished it would do thatit didn't do. After about two years,Tony began writing a program thatwould take care of our problems, andin another year he had one he waswilling to give us. That was WRITE0.3; I am now using WRITE 1.6,while Larry, more conservative thanI, is still using WRITE 1.51 orthereabouts. Either beats the stew outof Electric Pencil, and for a number ofreasons WRITE is, in my judgment,the best creative writer's editor in ex-istence— and that includes allmachines, mainframes and minicom-puters as well as microcomputers.

Just about a year ago, Tony waspersuaded to market WRITE, andafter he spoke to a number of com-panies, settled on Ashton-Tate. Nowbeing published by Ashton-Tate is abig deal. It doesn't do things byhalves. It doesn't release stuff that

isn't pretty solid, nor will it publishsomething that isn't expansible. Itwants to compete with everyone.

Ashton-Tate can probably do that,too; but in order to make WRITEcompete with all the other editors, ithad to have features that neitherLarry nor I ever dreamed of. That hastaken time. Lots of time, more timethan I ever thought it could take.Eventually I got worried, because I'vementioned WRITE in these columnsand I get lots of mail about it, and allI can say is real soon now, which isn'tmuch of an answer. So I have tried topersuade Ashton-Tate to release anearly version of WRITE, one not sostudded with features but intendedprimarily for creative writers. I hopethis will happen, and maybe by thetime this is in galley I'll know when.

What Do You Mean,Writer's Editor?

For me, the primary requirement isthat an editor must be transparent.When I'm writing I don't need distrac-tions. I don't want my editor tellingme things I don't need or want toknow. In fact, I don't want to seeanything up on that screen except mytext. In particular, I hate it when theeditor natters at me. Wordstar, forexample, wants to tell me the line andcolumn number every time I press akey. Why, I don't know. It isn't infor-mation I often need, and surely if I doneed it I can ask for it.

Next, I want the editor to be like an"electric pencil"; that is, I want to beable to move the cursor rapidlyacross the page and write over thewrong words, insert new words,move stuff around, exactly as I didwhen I used a red pencil on my papertypescripts. (Then I had to retype thepage. Ugh.) And I want to do all thiswithout thinking about it.

That means I want cursor-orientedcommands. When I'm editing onpaper, I don't move the pencil for-ward by sentences, I just move it.And I particularly don't want to haveto remember a huge slew of com-mands in order to get my work done.It's nice to have a lot of specialfeatures, but I want the simple, easy-to-remember commands reserved forthe stuff I do all the time.

Of course, I've described the"philosophy" of Electric Pencil andWRITE, which works like Pencil withthe bugs removed.

There are, however, differentviews of what makes a perfect editor.

Perfect Writer

At long last, then, we can look atPerfect Writer.

Perfect Writer has many of thestrengths and weaknesses of its parentEMACS. However, one of EMACS'strengths is not present: EMACS hasonline HELP features. If you're fairlysure there's a command that will dowhat you want, you can always ask,and generally EMACS will tell you.Alas, that's not present in PerfectWriter. I'm not sure why. WRITE hasextensive HELP features.

Perfect Writer has cured one ofEMACS' problems. At least in earlyversions of EMACS, the carriagereturn and linefeed that togethermake a NEWLINE character in theASCII character set were treated astwo different characters; and sincecommands in EMACS and PerfectWriter are character-oriented ratherthan position-oriented, the Control-f(move cursor forward one character)command did strange things at lineends, as did backspace. PerfectWriter doesn't have that problem,and the cursor moves at line ends ex-actly as it does anywhere else.

However, Perfect Writer retains allthose character-oriented commands.You move forward or backward bylines, and because you must explicitlyreformat your text (Perfect Writer,EMACS, and Wordstar are alike, andunlike Pencil and WRITE, in thisregard), if you've made insertions,deletions, and changes in a line oftext, what Perfect Writer thinks is aline can surprise the heck out of you.I have no doubt you can get used toit, but I'm not keen to.

One other thing I don't like aboutPerfect Writer is that it uses the killbuffer to move text. That is,whenever you delete anything largerthan a single character, Perfect Writerstores that in a last-in/first-out stack,and the command Control-y (foryank) will get it back out for you.This makes undo or unkill easy in

358 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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both EMACS and Perfect Writer, sothat if you've accidentally deletedsomething it's no problem; a featurewe don't have in present versions ofWRITE, and one I've sometimeswished I had.

I don't wish for unkill enough topay the price, though: which is thatyou can't easily move text about,because the buffer is often jammedwith "killed" text that refuses to staydead. This, however, is a personalpreference, and I understand that alot of people like using the kill bufferas a text mover.

The final blow, though, is thatPerfect Writer natters at me worsethan Wordstar. Now it may be afunction of my Televideo 950 ter-minal, but I don't think so. PerfectWriter keeps track of all kinds ofstuff, and every time you give it acommand, before it goes off to ex-ecute it, it has to tell you down on astatus line what it's about to do; italso tells you what percent of yourtext is below the cursor, and it up-dates that with every keystroke so

that it flickers like a madman'sdreams.

That cursor jumps around like akangaroo, more than enough todiscourage any signs of creativity inme. Of course, I'm always looking fora good excuse not to write; like mostprofessional writers, I hate writing. (Ilove to have written, but that's a dif-ferent matter entirely.) But I tell you,that jumping cursor is enough todrive me stark, staring mad.

It gets worse, too. Perfect Writer,like EMACS, is normally in the Insertmode: when you type text in the mid-dle of a line, it moves everything tothe right each time you type a letter,rather than overstriking the text. Itsays it has an "Overwrite" mode,which you can get to by goingControl-x m and then writing theword overwrite. (In both WRITE andElectric Pencil, you simply togglefrom Overstrike to Insert mode bydoing Control-f; in WRITE, the cur-sor changes to show what modeyou're in.)

Perfect Writer not only makes it

darned hard to get from Overwrite toInsert mode—and I tend to use Over-write a lot because it's very conve-nient for touch-typists—but in factthe Overwrite mode doesn't evenwork. That is, I go Control-x m over-write and the display changes (PerfectWriter always tells you what modeyou're in whether you want to knowit or not; there's no way to suppressthe annoying Mode Line and "EchoLine"); but although the display nowtells me I'm in Overwrite mode, whathappens next isn't very predictable.For one thing, backspace, which usedto backspace, is now destructive,although there are places within thetext where the destruction doesn'tshow up until later.

I don't want my keys to changetheir functions. I like consistency.

There are other problems. For in-stance, suppose you are in Insert(normal) mode, and you type a cou-ple of extra spaces. Those spaces arenow in your text. You can't see them,but they're there. And if youbackspace, the cursor jumps around

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with a funny monkey motion thatwon't go away until you've done acarriage return, or maybe killed toend of line (putting those superfluousbackspace characters into the kill buf-fer, I suppose) . . .

In other words, I don't much carefor Perfect Writer, for the samereasons I didn't like MINCE and Idon't like EMACS. Yet for many ofthe same reasons I don't like EMACS-type editors, there are those who verymuch do like them. Some peoplewant character- and word-orientedcommands, text movement by killbuffer, Insert as the normal mode,and all the rest.

I don't like the editor because it'sdistracting. Perhaps I haven't given ita fair chance, but I don't think that'strue. I've worked with it—and withEMACS—enough to have a prettygood feel for that kind of editor, andmy conclusion is that I have to paytoo much attention to the editor, sothat I don't pay enough attention tomy writing. I don't want to thinkabout my editor and its features; Iwant to think about the sentences I'mwriting.

Those who'll use an editor primari-ly for programming, or for writingletters, might well have a differentview.

There are plenty of features toPerfect Writer. It has far more com-mands than I have with WRITE(more than I'd ever bother to learn).It has split-screen capability, wherebyyou can look at and edit more thanone file at a time.

It has very clear documentation. Ittook me almost no time to get PerfectWriter up and running on my systemand get to editing a file. Now ofcourse I know text editors in general,and I've used EMACS rather often, soperhaps that isn't surprising, but infact the Perfect Writer documents areimpressive.

There's also a spelling program thatcomes as an option with PerfectWriter. I haven't tried it, but it looksclean and easy to learn and I'm sureit's efficient. The documents are clear-ly written.

There are also lots of print-formatfeatures; I can't really compare themwith WRITE (or any other editor)

362 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 288 on inquiry card.

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'5167 Z-80 and 8080Assembly LanguageProgramming (Sprackien)

Everything the applications pro-grammer needs to know for Z80and 8080 processors. Presentsprogramming techniques withinstructions. Exercises andanswers included. $ 10.75

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'0897 The S-100 Bus

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BYTE February 1983 363

Items Reviewed

Attache Computer

Otrona Corporation4755 Walnut St.Boulder, CO 80301(303) 444-8100

Heath/Zenith Z-100 Computer

Heath Company

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Pascal Prime Project

Alexander Pournellec/o Workman & Associates112 Marion Ave.Pasadena, CA 91106

Perfect Writer

Perfect Software Inc.1400 Shattuck Ave.Berkeley, CA 94709(415) 644-3644

$3995

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because I don't use those much. Mostof my printing is pretty standard—60-character lines, double-spaced,identifying header, and page number;hardly a proper test for a text format-ter's capabilities. From what I get outof reading the manuals, most of thetext editors have some pretty fancyformat capabilities.

They tell me that a number of newcomputer-system manufacturers areconsidering Perfect Writer as the texteditor to provide with their hard-ware. They could make a worsechoice.

The Things My PostmanBrings Me . . .

I mentioned last month my friendMax, who sent his CCS boards backto the factory only to be told thatwhile the boards were in transit, CCShad changed its policy and no longersends loaners. I've found out why: ac-cording to a source at CCS, it sold theloaner boards at a swap meet.

CCS did fix Max's machine; but itwouldn't send his boards back to himuntil it had his payment for repairs inits office. (His machine had only about20 hours in operation, but because ofall the delays in trying to get it run-ning, the warranty had expired.) Even-tually he got his boards, and the ma-chine works.

Max isn't happy. He says, "The

more I thought about it, the more Ibecame sure that I should stand upfor my rights as a consumer. I calledCCS one more time and asked tospeak with the president of the com-pany. According to the CCS recep-tionist, CCS has no president . . ."

When we got our CCS machines(for Alex and Dr. Possony), we dealtwith systems consultant Colin Mick,whom I've mentioned before; andwe've had no real problems. I knowof many other CCS installations thatrun smoothly. Alas, though, Max'shorror story is not the only one I'veheard about what can happen if yourCCS doesn't work.

And now, finally, my hate mail,typified by letters from Cherry Davisof Chicago and Ward Harold ofPennsylvania. Why, they (andothers) ask, do I not learn the "spirit"of Pascal? Don't I know that "asignificant teaching of the structured-programming movement was that theprogrammer should not even try tocompile a program until he has con-vinced himself that it is free of bugs"?Obviously, I have not "given Pascalmuch of a chance. If you are stillmaking trivial errors . . . you prob-ably have not spent enough time withthe language to really be comfortablewith it."

Ms. Davis goes on to inform methat "you tend to confuse evaluation

of a language with evaluation of animplementation of a language ..."She concludes that I ought to "turnover the project [Alex's Intropackage] to someone who has enoughexperience in Pascal and withmicrocomputers to write a book fromthe ground up for teaching Pascal onmicrocomputers."

Meanwhile, Mr. Harold tells methat I exaggerate when I say Pascalhas obscure errors and faults, because"all possible errors for an ISO, orJensen and Wirth, standard im-plementation of Pascal are listed inthe Pascal User Manual andReport ..."

Yeah. They sure are. Unfortunate-ly, there is no ISO, or Jensen andWirth, implementation for micro-computers; furthermore, every com-piler I know of tends to have pet errormessages for the cases when the com-piler was just plain confused; andoften those messages have no rela-tionship at all to the real error.

In fact, one of the most significantparts of my son Alex's Pascal Primer(down at UCSD it's becoming knownas the survival kit) is that he goesthrough the error messages andshows examples of what might havecaused them. Without that, I'd havegiven up on the language long ago.

Davis and Harold want me to con-sider the language separately from theimplementations—but I just can't dothat. Despite a lot of flack to the con-trary, this is the User's Column. It hasto be, because I'm no computer scien-tist. I use these machines, and I try torecord my experiences; once in awhile, those experiences may lead meto some theoretical insights, and theycertainly tend to generate strongopinions; but there's no way I canevaluate Pascal—or any other lan-guage—separately from my ex-periences in trying to use it, whichmeans I'm inevitably going to confusethe language with its implementation.

However: for a User's Column,that's not a bug, it's a feature. I likelittle computers, I've been using themfor a long time, and I like talkingabout what you can do with the littlebeasts. I leave computer theory toEdsger Dijkstra and others far morequalified than I am.l

364 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE February 1983 365

Software Review

LDOS Utilities

Expand the capabilitiesof this popular disk operating system.

In this article, I'll review six utilityprograms that were designed specifi-cally to run under LDOS (LogicalSystems' disk operating system).FED, Filter Disk, Partitioned DataSets, I/O Monitor, Memdisk, andDiscater all enhance LDOS sig-nificantly, making it by far the best-supported DOS for the TRS-80Models I and III. This is in partbecause the original authors of LDOSwrote most of the programs (FED,Filter Disk, and Partitioned DataSets).

FED

FED (File Editor from Logical Sys-tems Inc.) is a general-purpose file-oriented disk editor, which does notmanipulate the disk at a sector ortrack level but rather at the file level.FED enables the advanced program-mer to deal with disk files directly as

About the Author

Tim Daneliuk is an electrical engineer in-volved in research and product developmentfor the medical electronics industry. T & RCommunications Associates is a company hefounded to provide technical writing and con-sulting services for the electronics industry.

Tim Daneliuk

T & R Communications Associates

4927 North Rockwell St.

Chicago, IL 60625

they reside on the disk.

On entering the FED environment,you can choose between seeing a full-sector (256-byte) or a half-sector(128-byte) display. Either display isavailable at any time, but I prefer thehalf-sector display because it is more

Each utility

program helps

make LDOS the

best-supported

DOS for the TRS-80.

readable. These displays show eachbyte in a selected record of the diskfile in both hexadecimal and ASCII(American Standard Code for Infor-mation Interchange). The displays in-clude such information as the recordnumber of the file being examinedand the relative byte position withinthe file at which the cursor is point-ing. The current command and anyrelated information such as searchstrings are also displayed.

Once you have named the file to beedited and selected the display mode,you will have available a variety of

commands. FED offers a full comple-ment of record position controls. Youmay move forward or backward onerecord, set the display to the begin-ning or end of a file, or go to aspecific record number within the file.Once the record has been found, youcan position the cursor over thespecific byte and modify it by typingover the existing value with eitherhexadecimal or ASCII data. You canalso have the program search for aspecific hexadecimal or ASCII string,thereby enabling you to find one ormore occurrences of a particularstring in the file.

FED also has provision for explicit-ly dealing with the load module for-mat found in LDOS-executable(/CMD) files. You may locate andcalculate a hexadecimal load addressand go to the next load block in a file.You can also convert a user-specifiedword in the file to its binary represen-tation. Finally, FED has severalprinter-related commands: an entirefile may be dumped to the printer, atop-of-form command may be sent tothe printer, or just the contents of thescreen edit buffer may be sent to theprinter.

366 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

At a Glance

Name

FED

Type

General-purpose file-oriented editor

Manufacturer

Logical Systems Inc.

I 1520 North Port Washington Rd.

Mequon. Wl 53092

(414) 241-3066

Price

S40

Format

5!4-inch floppy disk

Language

Z80 machine language

Computer

TRS-80 Models I or III running under LDOS

Audience

LDOS owners

FED will be popular with the as-sembly-language programmer whowishes to make minor modificationsto an assembled file. FED is efficientand user-friendly.

Filter Disk

Though LDOS comes with severaluseful I/O (input/output) path filters,these do not even begin to fully ex-ploit LDOS. The Filter Disk package(from Logical Systems Inc.) providesyou with 14 filters and, as an addedbonus, assembly-language sourcecode.

The most impressive filter isXLATE/FLT, which is a completetranslation filter system and can beused for both input and output filter-ing. With XLATE, you can translateany or all of the ASCII characters toany other code by building a transla-tion table using either the LDOSBUILD command or a word pro-cessor capable of generating ASCIIfiles. You can enter the translationtable values as hexadecimal numbers(e.g., 1F = 2D) or as literal characters(e.g., W = r). You can also specifywhether the translation in the I/Opath is to take place during output,input, or both. You could, for exam-ple, write a translation filter that con-

verts the ASCII character set to theBCD (binary-coded decimal) codesused in an IBM Selectric typewriter.

Logical Systems included twotables with this filter. One performsa translation from ASCII to theEBCDIC (extended binary-codeddecimal interchange code) used inmany mainframe computers. Youmight use this filter on the com-munications line to enable a TRS-80using the LDOS LCOMM com-munications program to access amainframe computer. The secondtranslation table implements theDvorak keyboard on the TRS-80 in-stead of the common QWERTY.

Several filters are included that areuseful for printing or listing data andprograms. LISTBAS/FLT formats aBASIC program, so that each state-ment within a multistatement line isindented and listed separately. Thiswill give you a better idea of programstructure. STRIP7/FLT removes thehigh bit from each character, a fea-ture that is useful in listing filescreated by some editors that use thehigh bit for control information. Thischanges all characters outside thenormal ASCII range into ASCII char-acters. STRIPCNT/FLT removes allcontrol characters in an I/O path.One application of STRIPCNT/FLTis in listing word-processor files onthe video screen. By eliminating thecontrol characters, the programmakes the file more readable.

With TITLE/FLT you can place atitle at the top of each page in aprinted program listing. You may op-tionally have a time and date ap-pended to the title. You can convertall lowercase characters to uppercaseand vice versa with UPPER/FLT andLOWER/FLT. You could convert up-percase text files to lowercase and usea word-processor program to manu-ally capitalize the beginning of sen-tences, proper nouns, etc. SLASHO/FLT will be popular with owners ofdaisy-wheel printers because it issuesa backspace and slash (/) after everyzero character to distinguish it fromthe letter O. Daisy-wheel users willalso find PAGEPAWS/FLT useful; itcauses the printer to pause at the endof each printed page to allow a newsheet of paper to be inserted. Though

At a Glance

Name

Filter Disk

Type

A set of 14 I/O software filters to supple-ment those included with LDOS

Manufacturer

Logical Systems Inc.

11520 North Port Washington Rd.

Mequon, Wl 53092

(414) 241-3066

Price

S60

Format

5 '/i -inch floppy disk

Language

Z80 machine language (source codeincluded)

Computer

TRS-80 Models I and III running underLDOS

Audience

LDOS owners

incorporated in the printer filter pro-vided with LDOS, a separate linefeedfilter, LINEFEED/FLT, is also in-cluded on the filter disk to add orremove a linefeed after a carriagereturn. The filter on the disk occupiesless memory, an advantage for thosewho do not need all the features theprinter filter offers.

The remaining four filters serve avariety of purposes. MONITOR/FLTwill change every control character inits I/O path to an alphanumeric sym-bol, and every character above hexa-decimal 7F to an up-arrow (or left-bracket on some printers) character.MONITOR/FLT is similar toSTRIPCNT/FLT except thatMONITOR/FLT indicates whichcontrol characters are being sent to aparticular device. The TRAP/FLTfilter can prevent any one characterfrom being sent through an I/O path.You might use this filter while listingdisk files to trap a character thatcauses a dot-matrix printer to changethe font sizes. Similarly,REMOVE/CMD will remove all oc-currences of a particular byte in adisk file. Finally, the keyboard filterCALC/FLT will do hexadecimal/decimal/binary conversion and hexa-decimal arithmetic while you are us-

Febniary 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 367

At a Glance

Name

Partitioned Data Sets

Type

A file-management system thatreduces the amount of disk spacerequired for storage

Manufacturer

Misosys

POB 4848

Alexandria, VA 22303-0848

(703) 960-2998

Price

S40 plus shipping

Format

5'/i-inch floppy disk

Language

Z80 machine language

Computer

TRS-80 Models I and III runningunder LDOS

Audience

LDOS owners

ing another program. I incorporatedthis filter into my normal LDOSoperation and find it particularlyuseful when writing assembly-lan-guage programs. It permits me to dothe necessary base conversions andarithmetic right from the editor-as-sembler environment!

It is no great surprise that the FilterDisk is an excellent piece of softwaresince it comes from the manufacturerof LDOS. The documentation isthorough, and the filters very usable.

Partitioned Data Sets

Partitioned Data Sets (PDS, fromMisosys) is an interesting add-on file-management package for LDOS. Thebasic idea for PDS comes from mini-computer operating systems in whichmany small programs or data files arestored together in one disk file. Theentire file is called a library, and eachprogram or data set in the library iscalled a member. If each memberwere saved as a separate file, a lot ofdisk space would be wasted becausethe DOS has a minimum file size of 1granule (1.25K bytes on a Model Iand 1.5K bytes on a Model III). Bycombining small programs into one

library, you can conserve disk space.

With the implementation of PDS inLDOS systems, two types of files canbe library members: executable(/CMD) or data files. The type of ex-ecutable file PDS will accept islimited, however. First, a /CMD filemust be in the proper LDOS loadmodule format. If it is not, PDS willstore it as usual, but when you try toexecute that member, PDS will thinkit's a data file and generate the errormessage Load Module Format Error.The PDS manual mentions this prob-lem but does not go into any realdepth on fixing it. For this reason,PDS really should be regarded as aprogram for the more sophisticateduser.

Another limitation of PDS is thatLDOS filter programs that are storedin a library cannot be used. Theymust be copied from the PDS to aregular stand-alone filter file in orderto be used in a FILTER command line.Similarly, data files are accessibleonly after they have been copied fromthe PDS into a standard LDOS datafile.

PDS offers a great

deal of versatility

not normally

found in

microcomputer

file management.

Despite these limitations, PDS is avery useful program. Its three mainfunctions are to permit available diskspace to be used more efficiently bycombining files into a library, tosimplify the process of making ar-chival backups of crucial data, and tosimplify and unclutter the disk direc-tory by having files that are relatedstored in one PDS library. For exam-ple, I created a PDS library that con-tains my assembly-language develop-ment tools: an editor-assembler andtwo disassembler programs. They areall accessible to me as usual (all are/CMD-type files), and by puttingthem into one library, I freed up 1.5Kbytes of disk space!

At a Glance

Name

I/O Monitor

Type

A program designed to intercept disk errormessages and allow user-selected recoveryoptions

Manufacturer

Logical Systems Inc.

I 1520 North Port Washington Rd.

Mequon, Wl 53092

(414) 241-3066

Price

S25

Format

5 'A -inch floppy disk

Language

Z80 machine language

Computer

TRS-80 Models I and III running underLDOS

Audience

LDOS owners

The PDS program is itself a parti-tioned data set with eight members,which constitute the necessary pro-grams to create and maintain PDSstructures under LDOS. The BUILDcommand is used to create new parti-tioned data sets. Once this is done,members are added using theAPPEND command. It is possible todetermine what files are in the PDSand whether they are data or /CMDby using the DIR command. TheLIST command enables you to listany individual member in a PDSlibrary in either hexadecimal orASCII. The KILL command leavesthe member in the PDS but makes itunavailable for access. The COPYcommand transfers a PDS member toa regular LDOS /CMD or data file.The RESTORE command is used withfiles that have been killed to makethem available again, while PURGE isused to actually remove killedmembers and reclaim the disk space.

PDS offers a great deal of versatili-ty not normally found in microcom-puter file management. The thoroughdocumentation and features of PDSmake it useful for most intermediateand advanced TRS-80 programmers.

368 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

At a Glance

Name

Memdisk

Type

Creates a pseudodisk in memory that canbe used like a physical floppy-disk drive

Manufacturer

Logical Systems Inc.

1 1520 North Port Washington Rd.

Mequon. Wl 53092

(414) 241-3066

Price

S39

Format

5!/<-inch floppy disk

Language

Z80 machine language

Computer

TRS-80 Models I and III running underLDOS

Audience

LDOS owners

I/O Monitor

This program (from LogicalSystems Inc.) is an error monitordesigned to intercept errors generatedduring disk read or write operations.Normally when these kinds of errorsoccur, the screen displays an LDOSerror message, and the program cur-rently running aborts. With I/OMonitor installed, the error is in-tercepted, and you are notified asusual. Then you are given fourchoices: abort the program, continuethe program, ignore the error, orretry the disk operation that forcedthe error. In this way, you have somechance of recovering from the error,or at least minimizing the damagedone.

This program will find particularfavor with owners of the TRS-80Model I expansion interface. The diskcontroller is notorious for I/O errors,and I/O Monitor will make handlingthese errors much simpler and effi-cient.

Memdisk

The program Memdisk (fromLogical Systems Inc.) sets up apseudodisk drive in the TRS-80

memory. That part of memory is thentreated like a physical floppy-diskdrive, and the normal LDOS librarycommands can be used to access the"memdisk." This capability offerstwo advantages: first, it provides anextra disk drive to back up and copyfiles from one nonsystem disk toanother. Second, because the mem-disk is in memory, disk accesses tothis drive are very fast. Consequent-ly, certain kinds of programs can besubstantially speeded up by puttingtheir files on a memdisk. An ISAM(indexed sequential-access method)sorting routine could be made fasterby putting its index file on a memdiskwhere it could be sorted much morerapidly.

When the Memdisk program is firstenabled, you may specify how manysectors per granule to use and howmany RAM (random-access read/write memory) "tracks" this memdiskis to have. If insufficient memory isavailable for the desired memdiskconfiguration, an error message ap-pears, and the procedure is aborted.Otherwise, the memory to be used for

I use Memdisk

to simplify the

day-to-day DOS

"housekeeping"

chores.

the memdisk is verified with a shortmemory-checking utility, and controlis returned to LDOS when this isfinished. Thereafter, the memdisk ap-pears to the system as a normal diskdrive. The memdisk may be disabledat any time so that the memory it usesis returned to the system for generalDOS use.

I use this program regularly tosimplify the day-to-day DOS "house-keeping" chores. The documentationis good, and the program well de-signed.

Discater

Discater (from Softerware) is ageneral-purpose disk-cataloging pro-gram for LDOS. After loading theprogram into the TRS-80, you insertthe disks to be cataloged one at a time

At a Glance

Name

Discater

Type

A general-purpose disk-cataloging program

Manufacturer

Softerware

16007 Miami Way

Pacific Palisades, CA 90272

|213) 459-3414

Price

$39.95

Format

5'/i-inch floppy disk

Language

Z80 machine language

Computer

TRS-80 Models I and III runningunder LDOS

Audience

LDOS owners

into the disk drive so their directoriescan be read. (The program also workswith single-drive systems.) Once thecatalog is compiled, you can elect tohave the entire catalog listed onscreen or sent to a printer. You canalso search for a particular file to seeon which disks it appears.

Discater is a useful program, but ithas one deficiency: the documenta-tion is rather sparse. This is not assevere a drawback as it might seem,however, because the program ismenu-driven and self-prompting. Ingeneral, the program runs well, andI've found it to be a handy tool forlocating files on my many disks.

Conclusion

Tandy has recently announced thatLDOS will become Radio Shack's of-ficial programmer's DOS, as opposedto TRSDOS, which is the user's DOS.Radio Shack stores and computercenters may now display and sellLDOS, which will increase thealready considerable popularity ofthis operating system. With the addi-tion of the six utility programsreviewed here, you can substantiallyincrease the usefulness of LDOS.B

February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 369

Book Reviews

68000 Assembly

Language

Programming

Gerry Kane,Doug Hawkins, andLance LeventhalOsborne/McGraw-HillBerkeley, CA, 1981577 pages, softcoverSI 6.99

Reviewed byPaul E. Hoffman2109 Shattuck Ave.Berkeley, CA 94704

As a programming manual,68000 Assembly LanguageProgramming does an ad-mirable job of teaching thebasics of assembly languagethrough the use of extremelyclear charts and numerous ex-amples. The book also pre-sents a solid background inmany of the computer con-cepts related to assembly-lan-guage programming.

With new 16-bit microcom-puters appearing everymonth, it's important to havea manual that completelycovers all aspects of program-ming the 68000. This book isone of the most completeassembly-language manualsavailable for any chip, and it'swritten so that a person exper-ienced with other assemblylanguages can quickly graspall the concepts unique to the68000.

While many assembly-lan-guage manuals present a fewprogram fragments used inconjunction with descriptionsof specific operations, theseauthors decided to teach thelanguage through completeprograms. Because assemblerdirectives are important tomost assembly-language pro-gramming, the programslisted contain generalizeddirectives. The authors teachthe programming of the 68000as a concrete skill, not anacademic exercise.

After an overview of gener-al assembly-language pro-gramming, the manual pre-sents the principles of assem-blers and provides examplesof the common assembler di-rectives. The book then jumpsto the 68000 operations set.The set is divided into thecategories of frequently, oc-casionally, and rarely usedoperations, so the beginnerneedn't think about too manydifferent codes at a time. Thisseparation makes the opera-tions easier for the novice tolearn and for the experiencedprogrammer to remember.

The discussion of address-ing modes is much moreunderstandable in this bookthan in most others, and thedrawings accompanying thetext are excellent. Learningthe concepts of the 68000'saddressing modes is especial-ly important for those of uswho are more familiar with8-bit processors. If you don'thave a complete grasp of theaddressing modes, you'll findit almost impossible to com-prehend the concepts of pro-gramming in assembly lan-guage.

The manual provides over50 programming examples.The requisite arithmeticmanipulations are given, butalso included are many ex-amples of character- andstring-handling programs. Achapter on handling lists andtables, which the 68000 doesquite easily, is another ex-cellent feature.

For the advanced program-mer, chapters on parameterpassing, subroutines, inter-rupts, and exceptions proveto be a useful resource. Themanual also has a unique fea-ture for assembly-languageprogrammers—a long chapteron interfacing the 68000 withthe 6821 peripheral interfaceadapter. (Most authors haveavoided this discussionbecause of its highly technicalnature.) The procedure is

clearly explained, and mostprogrammers, even those without I/O (input/output) pro-gramming experience, shouldbe able to understand it.

The rest of the manualdeals with the art of program-ming in general. The twochapters on problem defini-tion and program design donot deal with assemblylanguage at all, but thechapters on debugging,testing, and maintenance giveclear examples and helpfulhints for programming withthe 68000. The chapter ondocumentation is outstandingand should be required

reading for all assembly-lan-guage programmers. Themanual also includes theusual appendixes and a fullindex.

Unfortunately, the authorsdid not explore the many dif-ferences and similarities be-tween the 68000 and othercommon chips. Nevertheless,they have presented a com-plete and well-writtenmanual for the 68000, onethat will remain useful for thelife of the chip. The manual isquite helpful for the ex-perienced assembly-languageprogrammer and basicenough for the novice.■

BYTE's Bits

Customs Service toSeize Bogus Apples

The U. S. Customs Servicehas warned international tra-velers that counterfeit AppleII computers and related ma-terials violating recordedcopyrights or trademarks ofApple Computer Inc. are sub-ject to seizure if brought intothis country. Custom agentshave seized illegal copies ofApple computers and soft-ware entering the U. S.through several West Coastlocations and Honolulu.

Customs officials note thatsuspect machines are iden-tical in size and appearance togenuine Apples, are normallytan in color, and bear suchnames as Apple II, Orange,Apollo II, Golden, PET TK1000, and AP II. Some ofthese units have no brandname, and foreign values ofthese machines vary from$100 to $450.

Only two overseas subsi-diaries of Apple Computerare authorized to produceand sell Apple manuals andsoftware: Apple ComputerInternational of Singapore

and Apple Computer Ltd. ofthe Republic of Ireland.

Tl Computer CoursesEarn College Credit

The American Council onEducation has granted collegecredit recognition to eightcomputer training courses of-fered by the Texas Instru-ments Education and De-velopment Center. Texas In-struments employees andcustomers can now earn from1 to 3 semester hours of col-lege credit while taking one offour software courses: Intro-duction to TI Pascal, Ad-vanced TI Pascal, DatabaseManagement System, and TIAssembly Langauge. In addi-tion, four courses on com-puter maintenance are avail-able to Texas Instrumentsstaff members for collegecredit.

For further information,contact Texas InstrumentsInc., Education and Develop-ment Center, Attn: Registrar,M/S 2220, POB 2909, Aus-tin, TX 78769.■

370 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Technical Forum

The Magic ofthe Monte Carlo Method

Roger C. Millikan

5475 Toltec Dr.

Santa Barbara, CA 93111

The Monte Carlo method is a mathematical techniquethat uses sequences of random numbers to solve prob-lems that might not be solvable otherwise. It is well-suited to microcomputers, especially because most lan-guage systems provide a random-number-generatingfunction. Monte Carlo programs tend to be short andsimple, yet they provide powerful tools for solving whatwould otherwise be difficult problems. In this article Iwill illustrate how the method works by using it to solvetwo different types of problems.

The first problem involves simulating a physical pro-cess with random behavior built into it. For example,consider the diffusion of neutrons through a solid. Agiven neutron moves in a straight line until it collideswith an atom. Then it is deflected at some random angleand proceeds on to the next collision. The result is a zig-zag path of random motions. This can easily be simulatedby the Monte Carlo method. Applications such as this arefundamental to the design of atomic reactors.

The Monte Carlo method also offers a way to find thearea of odd-shaped regions or the volume of odd-shapedsolids. It is in this type of problem that the method seemstruly magical. You start with random and unpredictablesets of numbers but soon arrive at a definite answer. Thisis possible because a collection of random processes mayhave some average behavior that is constant. Considerflipping a coin 10,000 times. If you flip it once more, noone can predict for certain whether it will come downheads or tails. But you can predict with confidence thatapproximately 5000 of the previous flips turned up heads.

With the Monte Carlo method, you make use of the aver-age behavior of your random numbers to provide thedesired, definite result. Of course, averages are subject tosome statistical fluctuation, hence the result is only ap-proximate. But by using more and more random-numbertrials, you can make the Monte Carlo result more andmore accurate. This is where the speed of computersbecomes important. A microcomputer can go through asimple looping calculation 10,000 times without exhaust-ing your patience. Nevertheless, you should keep in mindthat Monte Carlo calculations give only approximateanswers.

The Drunk and the Lamppost

The neutron problem I mentioned earlier has an inter-esting analogy. Picture a drunk man clinging to a lamp-post for support. He decides to head for home andlurches off in a random direction. After staggering somenumber of steps (no more than 10, for he is quite fargone), a dizzy spell causes him to spin around and headoff in a different direction. After 10 of these staggers, thepoor fellow collapses to the pavement to sleep it off.(Figure 1 shows several possible paths of the drunk.) Nowlet's ask a curious question. On the average, how farfrom the lamppost is the drunk when he collapses?

This question can be answered easily by running aMonte Carlo simulation of the drunk's walk on a micro-computer. After each simulation, we record the distanceof the drunk from the lamppost. Averaging the results for1000 simulations gives a fair approximation for the

February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 371

AVERAGEDISTANCE

Figure 1: Paths traveled by three drunks upon leaving a lamp-post (central spot). Each staggers and lurches 10 times, ending atthe location marked by the filled circle at the end of his path.The large circle marks the average radial distance such drunkswould travel as calculated by the Monte Carlo program oflisting 1.

Listing 1: The Staggering Drunk problem. This BASIC programuses the Monte Carlo method to calculate the average distance

from the lamppost that a drunk will traverse before collapsing,after 10 lurches in random directions.

1000101010151020103010401050106010701080109011002000201020202030204020502060207020802090

REM Monte Carlo demonstration

Dl = 0

N - 1000

FOR J = 1 TO N

X = 0: Y = 0

FOR K = 1 TO 10GOSUB 2000NEXT K

Dl = Dl + SQR((X * X) + (Y *

NEXT JPRINT "Avg radial distance is";STOPREM

REM Subroutine gives new x, y withREM random direction and distanceREM (0 to 10) from old x,yREM

R = 10 * RND(R)T = 2 * 3.14159 * RND(T)X = X + (R * COS(T))Y = Y + (R * SIN(T))RETURN

Y))Dl/N

answer. Listing 1 shows a program in Microsoft BASICthat simulates 1000 drunken walks, each with 10 lurches,and averages the 1000 results. The circle in figure 1 showsthe average distance from the lamppost as computed bythe program.

Few people care how far the average drunk staggersfrom a lamppost, but many care how far neutrons travelin radiation shields, and the two are essentially the sameproblem. At first it may have seemed difficult to solve,but we have seen that the Monte Carlo method makes iteasy. This example also exhibits a characteristic thatmany Monte Carlo programs share: they have a simpleloop that is traversed many times. And because there isno need to store many intermediate results, memory re-quirements are fairly small.

Finding Areas and Volumes

The second type of Monte Carlo problem is well illus-trated by the following example. Suppose we want tofind the area under the curve y = x2 when x varies from0 to 1. This is the shaded area of figure 2. If you know in-tegral calculus, you can find the exact answer at once. Itis Vi. But if you don't know calculus, the problem is ex-tremely difficult.

The Monte Carlo approach to this problem is akin tothrowing darts randomly at the boxed-in area of figure 2.Then we count the number of darts that land in theshaded area (under the curve y = x2) and divide thisnumber by the total number of darts thrown. This givesus an approximation of the area under the curve. Themore darts thrown, the better the approximation.

The BASIC program shown in listing 2 follows thisprocedure, except that, instead of throwing darts, theprogram uses calls to the random-number generator toprovide the x,y coordinates for the dart locations. Infigure 2, black dots show the locations for 30 points gen-erated in one run of the program. The approximate resultfor the area in this run was 0.37.

As I mentioned before, Monte Carlo results becomemore accurate as the number of trials increases. This isshown dramatically in figure 3, which shows the resultsof several runs of the program in listing 2 using varyingnumbers of darts or trials. When only 10 trials per run areused, the results for each run vary wildly. But for 10,000trials per run, the results are reproducible to within 1 per-cent. Herein lies the major drawback of the Monte Carlomethod. For each extra digit of precision in your result,you must do 100 times as many trials. Thus to get a resultthat has 100 times the accuracy of the result shown for10,000 trials, we would need 1 billion trials. Even thoughcomputers are fast, running through a loop that manytimes could take weeks. This relationship between thenumber of trials and the statistical fluctuation of theresults thus limits the precision of the Monte Carlomethod.

Given this problem, why should anyone be interestedin the Monte Carlo method? First, it is generally easy toapply, no matter how complex the problem of interest.The problem may not exhibit as simple a curve asy = x2. Indeed, the curve may be so complicated thateven the methods of integral calculus fail. Yet the sameshort Monte Carlo program can approximate the desired

372 February 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc

Figure 2: Plot of 30 random x,y points giving a Monte Carlo ap-proximation of the area under the curve y — x2 in the unitsquare. The area (A) can be estimated as points under the curvedivided by total points. In this instance A — ll/30— 0.37. Thetrue result is 0.333.

10 TRIALS/RUN

0 4 -

0.3

0.2 -

10,000 TRIALS/RUN

5 6

RUN NUMBER

10

Figure 3: Results of 10 different Monte Carlo runs to find theshaded area of figure 2 showing the statistical fluctuation forthree different numbers of trials per run. The exact result is0.333.

Listing 2: A BASIC program to calculate the area under a curve.In this case the curve is the function y = x2. The program usesthe Monte Carlo method with a varying number of tries, from10 to 10,000. At the bottom of the listing is a sample of the out-put from the program.

100010101020103010401050200020102020203020402050206020702080209021002110211521203000

DEF FNA(X) = X * X

N = 10 : GOSUB 2000

N = 100 : GOSUB 2000

N = 1000 : GOSUB 2000

N - 10000: GOSUB 2000

STOP

REM Monte Carlo integration

REMREMREMREMREMU =FOR

subroutine. "N" is thenumber of points to try.FNA(x) is the definedfunction y = x * x.

= i TO NX - RND(X): Y = RND( Y)IF Y <= FNA(X) THEN U = U + 1NEXT I

PRINT "For"; N; "tries,"

PRINT " the integral is";

RETURN

END

U/N

Output:

For 10 tries,

the integral isFor 100 tries,

the integral isFor 1000 tries,

the integral isFor 10000 tries,

the integral is

,35

,341

3415

result. Second, the Monte Carlo method can be extendedto three- and higher-dimensional cases with ease. Last,the accuracy and memory of microcomputers are wellmatched to the natural accuracy and memory require-ments of the Monte Carlo method.

Looking toward the future, I see an exciting prospect:Monte Carlo programs have a natural parallelism thatmight be implemented on clusters of microcomputerchips. This could reduce, in some cases, the excessiveamount of time needed for precise results. For example,in a problem where random x, y, and z coordinates areneeded for two particles, 1 and 2, we might have six1-chip computers generating all these random numbers inparallel. For more particles, we could plug in more chips.On a sequential machine, the time requirements for prob-lems with many particles tend to explode. The MonteCarlo method and its natural parallelism offers a possibleway around this. Perhaps we can look forward to sys-tems where you plug in a new processor for each newparticle or dimension in a problem. ■

Ftbniaiy 19»3 © BYTE Publications Inc 373

Book Reviews

A PracticalIntroduction toComputerGraphics

Ian O. AngellHalstead PressNew York, 1981146 pagessoftcover, SI6.95

Reviewed byJohn B. Harrell IIIQuarters 192-APTSMH Naval ShipyardPortsmouth, NH 03801

In the few short years thatmicrocomputers have beenaround, many books havebeen written about computergraphics. Unfortunately, mostof them have focused on game

applications or specific com-puters. A Practical Intro-duction to Computer Graph-ics by Ian Angell takes a dif-ferent approach. In additionto addressing the variousaspects of computer graphics,the author offers insight intothe theory and mathematicsbehind their creation.

As its title implies, the bookis a primer on methods ofcreating computer graphics.The text is accompanied byexamples of graphics routinesthat you can easily alter to suityour needs. Angell also pro-vides the basic informationyou'll need to generate suchcomplex graphics structuresas detailed machine patterns,various data presentations,and diagrams.

The book has twelve chap-

ters that progress in a logicalorder and increase in difficultyin terms of the concepts andthe examples they present.The first chapter includes suchuseful information as an infor-mal introduction to two-dimensional graphics anddefinitions of some of theterms and routines you willencounter throughout thebook.

The author addressesgraphics by way of an intro-duction to the mathematics oftwo-dimensional geometry,and his presentation is logicaland easy to understand. Still,you must be somewhat fami-liar with the mathematicalprecepts he presents; the de-tailed derivation found in atypical mathematics text, forexample, is omitted. The pre-

cepts are essential becausethey form a basis for the un-derlying theory that Angelldelineates throughout the re-mainder of the book. He usescleverly designed examples todevelop and reinforce eachprecept.

Angell explains each of thetwo-dimensional space trans-formations— translation,change of scale, and rota-tion—clearly and concisely. Inaddition, he develops thematrix representation neces-sary to achieve each transfor-mation. He also gives you amethod that combines trans-formations by multiplyingtransform matrixes.

After discussing the toolsfor producing complex graph-ics structures, he explains howyou can clip a graphics picture

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374 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 245 on inquiry card.

to fit within the boundaries ofa physical device. He also de-scribes how to cover a certainarea of the graphic surface toallow for the addition of textor other information withoutinterference from the graphicpattern.

Another chapter introducesthe reader to coordinate geo-metry in three-dimensionalspace. Here, too, Angellmakes a point to introducenew mathematical concepts aswarranted to explain the prin-ciples involved.

The concepts of coordinatetransformation are explainedthrough a discussion of three-dimensional geometry. Oncethe author establishes thesetransformations for three-dimensional space, he explainshow to create orthographicprojections of three-dimen-sional objects onto a two-dimensional viewing surface.

Angell also includes a dis-cussion of perspective andstereoscopic views. The or-thographic projection of anobject in three-dimensionalspace does not reflect real-world perspective, in whichall parallel lines seem to meeton the visual horizon. Stereo-scopic views, on the otherhand, account for the slightdifferences in perspective seenby the right and left eyes.

One of the book's most in-teresting sections concerns thedevelopment of hidden lineremoval algorithms. Theauthor calls the examples heuses "wire figures." The func-tion of hidden line removalalgorithms is to make thesewire figures resemble solidobjects by removing the linesthat would not normally bevisible.

The remainder of the bookfocuses on the procedures you

would need to produce com-plex graphic structures, frame-by-frame animation for com-puter movies, and other moreambitious projects.

In general, A Practical In-troduction to ComputerGraphics is both well writtenand well conceived. Thegraphics examples, which areexplicit and well docu-mented, could easily be inte-grated into a sophisticatedgraphics package. The bookis also an excellent refresherin the mathematics thatgraphics projects require.

This review would be in-complete, however, withoutmention of the serious flawsthat detract from the book'susefulness. To begin with, thegraphics examples are inFORTRAN-IV. In addition,the author has used theCalcomp graphics package,which has limited use among

microcomputer users.

FORTRAN-IV clearlyrestricts the use of the graphicsexamples to the small numberof microcomputer users whohave access to a FORTRANcompiler. Even if you con-verted the FORTRAN sourcetext to BASIC or Pascal, thelack of access to generalizedplotting routines used in theexamples would require a con-siderable amount of program-ming.

Having worked with thegraphics capabilities of a high-resolution system like Tech-tronics 4052, I fully appreciatethe flexibility that theCalcomp plotting routines of-fer. Unfortunately, only a fewhigh-resolution graphicssystems offer such flexibility,so the excellent examples inthis book will probably re-main untested by manyreaders. ■

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Compiler $316/25

SPPOnly $165/15

KEY BITS

Wordsearch $179/50

String 80 $ 84/25

String 80 (Source) $279

UNICORN

Final Word $255

LEXISOFT

•Spellbinder $349/55

MICRO AP

Selector IV $249/40

Selector V $449/50

SBasio $269/40

MICRO TAX

* Level I $249

"Level II $995

$ 89/25

. $229/30$429/50

$249/50$429/50

. $549/50. $269/50. $439/50

$749

$1495

49

$295/60

'Level III

'Combo II + III

Microsoft 5 3

Run time moduleMICRO PRO"

Wordstar

Call for NEW LOW PRICESMICROSOFT

Basic-80 $298

Basic Compiler $329

Fortran-80 $349

Cobol-80 $629

M-Sort $124

Macro-80 $144

Edit-80 $ 84

MuSimp/muMath $224

MuLisp-80 $174

NORTHWEST ANALYTICAL

' Statpak $409/45

OASIS

"'TheWord" $ 75

ORGANIC SOFTWARE

•Textwriterlll $111/25

" Datebook $269/25

'Milestone $269/30

PEACHTREE' SOFTWARE

General Ledger $399/60

Accounts Receivable $399/60

Accounts Payable $399/60

Payroll $399/60

Inventory 399/60

Mailing Address $399/60

for P8 Version add $119

Series 6-Peachtree

CPA $799/60

Property Mgt $799/60

Passive Payroll $449/60

Series 7-Peachtree

Sales Tracker $3049/60

AR-Sales Analysis $1299/60

Inventory $799/40

Order Entry $699/40

REDDING GROUP

'Lynx $199/25

SORCIM

' Pascal/M Z80 $349/40

Pascal/M 86/88 $449/40

*Act65 $149/20

"Act 68"Act 69'Act 86/88 $149/25

'Trans86 $119/25

"Supercalc $269

SOUTHERN COMPUTERS

Call for our unbeatably low prices.

STRUCTURED SYSTEMS GROUP

GL.AR.AP.PR.OE $849/50

Call for othersSUPERSOFT

• Diagnostic II $ 84/20

•Forth $149/30

'SSS Fortran $219/30

•Fortran w/RATFOR $289/35

'CCompiler $175/20

"Tiny Pascal $ 80/25

•Disk Doctor $ 84/20

•Term I $129/25

$169/25$449/35

. $700/40$900/45

Term II

Z8000 Xassembler

Games & Others less 10%WHITESMITHS

C Compiler

Pascal (mcl C)

IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER

Wordstar3.2 $309/60

Mailmerge $109/25

Supercalc $269/NA

Visicalc (256K) $229/N A

Optimizer $200/NA

Supersoft C - CP/M86 $500/NA

Peachtree

3 Pak GL. AP. AR $595

Final Word $265

Condor I, II. Ill CALL

Statpak $439

BSTAM $149

Move-It $129

Easy Writer II $315

Easy Speller $155

Easy Filer (dBase mgr.) $335

Spellbinder $355/49

APPLE II DOS

Word Handler II $155/49

Broderbund Software

General Ledger (w/ A/P) $435

Payroll $325

Professional Easywnter $155

Mfg. Inventory and Control ProgramT1990, 300 Meg. storage requiredDistributed in Cobol object code

Call for Info $20000/NA

Write for catalog ($1.00) and other listings

' Available for Apple with Softcard

Circle 181 on inquiry card.

February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 375

w • mm ii »i i» ■■' ■■ "w

64K Ram

780 KB Disk Storage

Word Processing, Ultracalc CP/M

C-Basic Software

Smith Corona TP 1

Letter Quality Printer

S2995.DO

Retail Value $489500

EAGLE 1600. ..CALL

TELE VIDEO TERMINALS

910 $579-00

912C $699.00

920C $749.00

925C $749.00

950 $950.00

TELEVIDEO COMPUTERS

800A $1319.00

802 $2649.00

802H $4695.00

806 $5495.00

816 $9495.00

803 CALL

1603 CALL

MONITORS

AMDEK

100 B& W $74.95

300G $169.00

300A $179.00

Color I $339.00

Color II $699.00

Color II A $799.00

Color III $399.00

Color IV CALL

BMC

12" Green $79.99

13" Color 1401 (Mid Res.l $369.00

9191U 13" $329.00

ZENITH

ZVM 121 $99.00

BHARP

Sharp 13" Color TV $275.00

PANASONICTR-120MIP(High Res Green) . $159.00CT-160 Dual Mode Color $299.00

HEWLETTPACKARD

41 cv

HP 41C $ 1 49.00

HP 10C $69.00

HP 11C $79.00

HP 12C $114.00

HP 15C $109.00

NEW 16C $114.00

PERIPHERALS

HP41 Card Reader $144.00

HPIL Module $99.00

HPIL Cassette $449.00

HPIL Printer $419.00

Quad Memory Module $64.00

Time Module $64.00

Extended Function Module $64.00

SEC

COMPUTERS

8001A $729 00

8031 $729.00

8012 $549.00

PRINTERS

8023 ... $499 00

7710/7730 $2399.00

3510/3530 $1599.00

MONITORS

JB-1260. $129.00

JB-1201 $159.00

JC-1201 $319.00

JC-1203 $729 00

TIMEX SINCLAIR

1QOO

$89.99

PC-1 5DO

POCKET

COMPUTER

$2oe

16K Memory Module $44 95

Vu-Calc $17.95

Super Math $12.95

Check Book Manager $13.95

The Organizer $14.95

The Budgeter $13.95

Stock Option $ 14 95

Loan & Mortgage Amortizer $12.95

CE 150 Printer. Plotter andCass. Interface Unit... $1 72.OCCE 152 Cass. Recorder... $69.00CE 155 8K RamExpansion Module $94.00

HPI85 $1969

HP 125 $1999.00

HP 85 16K Memory Module ... $169.00

5V4" Dual Floppy Disk $1 799.00

Hard Disk w/Floppy $4349.00

Hard Disk $3549.00

"Sweet Lips" Printer $1219.00

80 Column Printer $649.00

NEC

35SO PRINTER.. . S2039PERCOM DRIVES

5 V 160K Disk Drive

$249 00

5V 320K Disk Drive

$299.00

AMDEK

310A Amber Monitor

$179 00

310G

$179.00

Amdisk (3V Drive)

$72900

DXY Plotter

$.'59.00

Color II

$699.00

SOFTWARE

1 US Easywriter II

$249 00

$129.00

Peach Package (GL/AP/AR)

$419.00

PROFESSIONAL

SOFTWARE

IBM/PC Word Processing.

$319.00

PRINTERS

SMITH CORONA

TP 1 $599.00

C. ITOH (TEC)

Starwnter(F 10-40CPS) $ 1399 00

Printmaster(F 10-55CPS) $ 1 749 00

Prowriter 80 Col.(Parallel) $499 00

Prownter 80 Col.(Serial) $629.00

Prowriter 2 (132 Col.) $799.00

OKI DATA

B2A $429.00

83A $659.00

84 (Parallel) $1079.00

84(Senal) $119900

IOB

MicroPnsm $649.00

132 (Fully Configured) $1 599.00

80 (Fully Configured) $1 399.00

Call tor other configurations.

STAR

Gemini 10 $379.00

DAIBYWRITER

Letter Quality 1049 00

DIABLO

620 $1 179.00

630 $1849 00

MODEMS

HAYES

Smart $239.00

Smart 1 200 (1200 Baud) $549.00

Chronograph $ 199.00

Micromodem II (with Term) ... $309.00Micromodem 100 $309.00

NOVATION

Cat $144.00

D-Cat $159.00

212 Auto Cat $589.00

Apple Cat II $279.00

212 Apple Cat II $609.00

CALL for Price and Availability on

New novation Cat 103.103/212

and J-Cat.

ANCHOR

Mark I (RS-232) $79.00

Mark II (Atari) 79.00

Mark III (TI-99) 109.00

Mark IV (CBM/PET) $1 25.00

Mark V (OSBORNE) $95.00

Mark VI (IBM-PCI $179.00

Mark VII (Auto Answer Call)... $119.00

TRS -80 Color Computer $99.00

9 Volt Power Supply $9.00

£- commodore

8032 $ 1039.00

CBM 64 CALL

4032 $749.00

8096 Upgrade Kit $369.00

Super Pet $1499.00

2031 $469.00

8250 Dbl.Sided Disk Drive ... $ 1 699.00D9060 5 Meg. Hard Disk.... $2399.00D9060 7.5 Meg. Hard Disk ... $2699.00

8050 $1299.00

4040 $969.00

8300 (Letter Quality) $1549.00

8023 $599.00

4022 $399.00

NewZ-Ram.AddsCP/M&64K .. $549.00

The Manager $209.00

Magis CALL

Word Pro 5 Plus $319.00

Word Pro 4 Plus $299.00

Word Pro 3 Plus $ 199.00

The Administrator $379.00

Info Pro Plus $219.00

Power $79.00

CBM 8032 Dust Cover $14,99

CBM 8050/4040 Dust Cover.. $10.99

computer mail order east

IN PA. CALL ("71 7)33*7-9575, 477 E.THIRD ST.f WILLIAM8PORT, PA. 1 7701In stock items shipped same day you call. No nsk.no deposit on COD. orders. Pre-paid orders receive tree shipping within the continental United States with no waiting period forcertified checks or money orders Add 3% (minimum $3.00) shipping and handling on all CO D. and Credit Card orders. NV and PA residents add sales tax. All items subject toavailability and price change note: We stock manufacturer's and third party software for most all computers on the market! CALL TODAY FOR OUR NEW CATALOGUE.

376 BYTE February 1983

Circle 106 on inquiry card.

F

FRANKLIN

ACE 1000ACE 10 with Controller CardACE Writer Word Processor

CALL...FOR SYSTEM PRICE!

ACE 1200 CALL

VI8ICOBP

for Apple, IBM & Franklin

Visidex $189.00

Visifile $189.00

Visiplot $159.00

Visiterm $8900

Visitrend/Plot $229.00

VisiSchedule $229.00

Desktop Plan $ 189.00

VisicaWApple |i .Atan.CBM.IBM). $179.00Visicorp prices for IBM may vary slightly.

CONTINENTAL

Home Accnt. (Apple/Franklin)... $59.00

Home Accountant (IBM) $119.00

1st Class Mail (Apple/Franklin) . . $59.00

BIRIU8

Free Fall $24.00

Beer Run $24.00

Snake Byte $24.00

Space Eggs $24.00

Sneakers $24.00

Bandits $28.00

BRODERBUND

Apple Panic $23.00

David's Magic $27.00

Star Blazer $25.00

Arcade Machine $34.00

Choplifter $27.00

Serpentine $27 00

INFOCOM

Deadline $35.00

Star Cross $29.00

Zork I $29.00

Zork II or III $29.00

MPC

Bubdisk (128K Ram) $719.00

AXLON

Ram Disk (Apple/Franklin) CALL

Call for Price onVIC 64

Peripherals and Software.

PROFESSIONAL SOFTWARE

Word Processing for VIC 64.... $79.95

DISK DRIVESFOR ATARI

AT 88-S1... $399.00AT 88-A1. .$289.00RFD40-S1.. $539.00RFD40-A1. $329.00RFD40-S2. $869.00RFD44-S1.. $659.00RFD44-S2. $999.00

m

RAIMA DISK DRIVES

Call for price and availability on thenew Rana Disk Drives for The Appleand Franklin Computer Systems.

u-sa

MICRO-8CI

DISK DRIVES FORAPPLE & FRANKLIN

A2 $299.00

A40 $349.00

A70 $459.00

C2 Controller $79.00

C47 Controller $89.00

FLOPPY DISKS

MAXELL

MD I (Box of 10) $32.00

MD II (Box of 10) $44.00

FD I (8") $40.00

FD II (8" DD) $50.00

VERBATUM

5 V." SS DD $26.00

5'/4" DS DD $36.00

ELEPHANT

5'/." SS SD $19.99

VIC so$179,

VIC 20 Dust Cover $9.99

VIC 1530 Datassette $69.00

VIC 1540 Disk Drive $339.00

VIC 1541 (64K Disk Drive) CALL

VIC 1525 Graphic Printer $339.00

VIC 1210 3K Mem. Exp $32.00

VIC 1110 8K Mem. Exp $53.00

VIC 11 1 1 16K Mem. Exp $94.00

VIC 1011 RS232CTerm.Interface... $43.00VIC 11 12 IEEE-488 Interface .. . $86.00

VIC 1211 Super Expander $53.00

VIC Mother Board $99.00

M HOME COMPUTERS

ATARI*

400

16K $199

3SK $274*

4BK $359*

•Non-Atari Ram

410 Recorder $74.00

810 Disk Drive $429.00

822 Printer $269.00

825 Printer $589.00

830 Modem $1 59.00

820 Printer $259.00

850 Interface $ 169.00

CX40 Joy Sticks (pair) $18.00

CX853 Atari 16K Ram $77.95

$499

New low price effective January 1.1983

Call for Price andAvailability of the NEW

64K ATARI 1SOO

Axlon Ramdisk (128K) $429.95

Intec 48K Board $159 00

Intec 32K Board $74.00

One Year Extended Warranty $70.00CX481 Entertainer Package $69.00CX482 Educator Package ... $1 30.00CX483ProgrammerPackage $54.00CX484 Communicator Package $344.00

BOFTWARIATARI

Pac-Man $33.00

Centipede $33.00

Caverns of Mars $32.00

Asteroids $29.00

Missile Command $29.00

Star Raiders $35.00

Galaxian $33.00

Defender $33.00

ON-LINE

Jawbreaker $27.00

Softporn $27.00

Wizard and the Princess $29.00

The Next Step $34.00

Mission Asteroid $22.00

Mouskattack $31.00

Frogger $31.00

Cross Fire (ROM) $36.00

SYNAPSE

File Manager 800 t $69.00

Chicken $26.00

Dodge Racer $26.00

Synassembler $30.00

Page 6 $19.00

Shamus $26.00

Protector .. $26.00

Nautilus $26.00

Slime $26.00

Disk Manager $24.00

DATASOFT

Pacific Coast Highway $25.00

Canyon Climber $25.00

Tumble Bugs $25.00

Shooting Arcade $25.00

Clowns and Balloons $25.00

Graphic Master $30.00

Graphic Generator $13.00

Micro Painter $25.00

Text Wizard $79.00

Spell Wizard $64.00

Bishop's Square $25.00

Sands of Egypt $25.00

FOR ATARI

APX

Text Formatter $18.50

Family Budgeter $ 18.50

Eastern Front $24.00

Family Cash $18.50

Jukebox $13.00

Downhill $18.50

Outlaw $18.50

Holy Grail $24.00

Player Piano $18.50

Keyboard Piano $18 50

Number Blast $ 1 3.00

Frogmaster $ 18.50

747 Land Simulator .$18.50

Word Processor $40.00

EPYX

Crush, Crumble & Chomp $24.00

Crypt of the Undead $24.00

Curse of Ra $ 16.00

Datestones & Ryn $ 1600

Invasion Orion $ 19.00

King Arthur's Heir $24.00

Morloc's Tower $ 1 6.00

Rescue at Rigel $24.00

Ricochet $16.00

Star Warrior $29.00

Temple of Asphai $29.00

Upper Reaches of Apshai $ 16.00

CBS

K-razy Shoot Out $32.00

K-razy Kritters $32.00

K-razy Antics $32.00

K-star Patrol $32 00

STICKSTAND$6.99

Arcade Action from yourATARI or VIC Joy Stick

&

computer mail order west

800-648-331 1

IN NV. CALL (708)588-5554, P.O. BOX BBB9, 8TATELINE, NV. 89448

INTERNATIONAL ORDERS: All shipments outside continental United States must be pre-paid by certified check only! Include 3%(minimum $3.00) shipping and handlingeducational DISCOUNTS: Additional discounts are available trom both Computer Mail Order locations to qualified Educational Institutions.

Circle 106 on inquiry card.

BYTE February 1983 377

System Notes

A High-Resolution

Analog-to-Digital Converter

for the TRS-80

James Cameron

POB 742

Port Aransas, TX 78373

Interfacing the typical 8-bit microcomputer with thereal world often involves the conversion of constantlyvarying (analog) signals to digital form through somesort of converter and I/O (input/output) circuitry. ADCs(analog-to-digital converters) can be based on readilyavailable 8-bit converter ICs (integrated circuits), such asNational Semiconductor's MM5357.

An 8-bit converter IC is an easy and natural match forthe 8-bit data bus and the 8-bit architecture of most com-mon microcomputers. However, you'll quickly discoverthat 8-bit resolution is quite coarse. If you're interested inapplications requiring a wide measurement range, or inaccuracy better than ±0.5 percent, the 12-bit ADC inter-face described in this article and the principles that allowextension of the interface to 14- and 16-bit convertersmay be what you've been looking for.

The resolution or ability to distinguish digitally be-tween slightly different signals is determined by the num-ber of bits in the conversion. For example, an 8-bit binaryscale can be used to count to 256 (0 through 255,actually), or to divide a measurement scale into 256 equalparts. Let's say you were making a Fahrenheit thermom-eter to read in the range of —44 to +212 degrees. An8-bit converter would give you an output in 1-degree in-crements, ± Vi degree of accuracy—there is ± Vi bit un-certainty in any 8-bit conversion. This is acceptable for

some applications, but to obtain a reading in tenths of adegree, at least 12-bit resolution (which divides the scaleinto 4096 intervals, or about 1/16-degree intervals) isneeded. Of course, it's impossible to simultaneously read12 bits onto an 8-bit data bus. The trick is to make the12-bit conversion, hold the data, read the low bits first,then the high bits, and put them together with software.All this, plus some status, over-range, and polarity infor-mation can be obtained with the 12-bit Datel/IntersilICL7109 ADC and four other common ICs.

The Circuit

Figure 1 on page 380 shows the complete interface cir-cuit for a Radio Shack TRS-80 Model I in block diagramform. The ADC is connected to the data bus through aninput port and an output port, both of which are enabledby the IN and OUT lines and an address decoder. Theoutput port is used to control the flow of data and infor-mation onto the data bus via the input port. Two latchesare used: one configured as the output port with address1, and the other as the input port with address 0. Thethree least significant address lines (A0 through A2) aredecoded by a 3-to-8 line decoder to select the port. Theselected lines are activated by gating the IN and OUTsignals from the TRS-80. The IN and OUT areNANDed so that if either goes low, the decoder's active-

378 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Marcey Inc.

The METEOR

A System designed for Maximum Reliability, Flexibility and Value

System Specifications:

Processor • 4 MHz Z-80A CPU • 64K Memory - Bank Selected • 2 Serial & 2 Parallel I/O Ports

• 2K or 4K Shadowed Monitor EPROM • Double Density Floppy Disk Controller

• Single Board Construction • Meets IEEE 696 Specifications

Power

Specifications:

ChassisSpecifications:

OperatingSystems:AvailableOptions:

(Additional Cost)

• Constant Voltage Power Supply (Provides Brown-Out Protection)

• Switchable 110/220V & 50/60 Hz Operation • +8V/30A +-16V/3A

• 1 Slot Shielded Motherboard (11 Free Slots in Single User System)

• Dual Double-Sided Double-Density Disk Drives • 2.2 Megabytes Total Disk Storage

• Black Chassis with Gold Anodized Front Panel

• CP/M Version 2.2 Standard (Included)

• Enhanced Command Control Processor

• 4 Thin-Line Floppy Disk Drives (5 Megabyte Floppy Disk Storage)

• MP/M Multi-User Operating System • Turbo-DOS Multi-User Operating System

• Turbo-DOS Multi-Processor Operating System • Custom Wood Cabinet

• Slave Processors for Multi-Processor Systems

List Price $4995

Introductory Price $3495

For Further Information Please Circle Reader Service Card 522

MARCEY UniversalS-100 Mainframe

The first S-100 Mainframe that is truly UNIVERSAL.

The power supply is SWITCHABLE between 110/220v and50760Hz, and provides BROWN-OUT PROTECTION with itsConstant Voltage Transtormer.

Available in either 12-slot or 22-slot configurations

Specifications: • Motherboard — S-100/IEEE-696 — Shielded and Grounded

• Power Supply — +- 8V @ 30A — +- 16V @ 2A

• Constant Voltage Power Transformer • Switchable 110/220V & 50760Hz

12 Slot List $795.00 Introductory Price $575.0022 Slot List $995.00 Introductory Price $675.00

For Further Information Please Circle Reader Service Card 523

MARCEY INC.

Distributors of Computers and Computer Products

6700 Valjean Avenue □ Van Nuys, California 91406 □ (213) 994-7734

Dealer Inquiries Invited Quantity Pricing Available

BYTE February 1983 379

(la)

TRS-80

IN OUT

DATA BUS

TT

ADDRESS BUS

CH

7^>

<*>

3/8LINE

ADDRESSDECODE

EN

X>

INPUT /"PORT 0 ^

cs

OUTPUTPORT 1

DATA

CONTROL

)

12-BITADC

Figure 1: Diagrams of the complete in-terface circuit. In figure la, a blockdiagram of the circuit shows how theI/O port address is decoded and how theeight data lines are partitioned into aninput bus and into an output bus. Figurelb is a schematic diagram developedfrom figure la. Note that all eight datalines are used when transferring data tothe computer and only three lines areused by the computer to control theADC.

(lb)

JT

14-PIN DIP

PLUGGND DODlD2

D3

D4D506D7

AOAlA2

OUTIN

JT

GND

V +

HGABCDY

ICI74LS30

I-5V

A2

AlAO

IC274LS138

V +G2AG2BGND

14

12

+ 5V

+ 5V

13

£

IC38212

V +

STB

DS

DODlD2D3D4D5D607

DS

DODlD2D3D4D5D6D7

DODlD2D3D405D607

MD

2

1

DODlD2

IC48212

DS

V +STB

MD

DS

+ 5V

IC5

ICL7109PL

DATEL/INTERSIL

16

15

14

12

10

26

18

19

40

28

► sv

^J

BOBlB2B3B4B5B6B7B8B9BIO

Bll +REF INORPOL

STA -REF INC INT

C INT

RUN/HOLDHBEN ,N H|LBEN

IN LOV+ COMMONV-

INT

MP

OSC SEL AZ

GND

BUFOSC IN

OSC OUTMUDE

+ 5V

TV

—I 16V

35

_I_C2

O.Ol^F

R3

lMfl1/4W-W\r-<^

34

f

32

I

-o

C4

0.33/xF

25V

C3

0.15^F25V

30

22

R4200KJ11/4W■wv

23

;CY1

■ 3.58MHz

.21

380 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

TRAKSTOR.

Your SpecialtyStore For Drives

LOW, LOW, PRICES!!

HIGH PERFORMANCE REMEX FLOPPY DISK DRIVES

5J4" DISK DRIVES

$275

RFD480

double sided/double density, 48 tpi

(SA 450/TA 101-2 compatible)

RFD 960 $345

double sided/double density 96 tpi(SA 460/TA101-4 compatible)

DC brushless spindle motors for longer life—30,000 hours MTBF!

Specify standard bezel or low profile2/3 height

TO ORDER: CALL TOLL FREE (800) 358-4888,CALL (800) 358-4798 in California

TERMS: VISA. MC. BAC, Check, Money Order-U. S. fundsonly Prices include sales tax. Shipping and handlingcharges: S3.00 lor first 3 lbs. plus 350 for each additionallb. Orders over 50 lbs. sent freight collect.

Shipping weights: 8" drive -16 lbs.; blA" drive - 4 lbs.

8" DISK DRIVES

RFD 2000 $295

single sided/double density(SA 801R compatible)

RFD 4000 $395

double sided/double density(SA 851R compatible)

FREE TECHNICAL MANUAL WITHEVERY ORDER

TRAKSTOR

2991 White StarAnaheim, CA 92686

Circle 151 on inquiry card.

BYTE February 1983 381

Pure Radio Shack EquipmentBuy By Direct MallCall For YourDiscount Prices I

1-800-841-0860

CONVENIENT ORDER ENTRY

RS-80 COLOR COMPUTER

DISCOUNT PRICED!

CALL

BUY

DIRECT 24-3004

TRS-80 MODEL III COMPUTER

■"

DISCOUNTPRICEDFROM

-^333—^: KTMfTT

$588

26-1041

A ATARI

HOMI COMPUTUSDISCOUNT $COQ

fWM BUY DIRECT

OKIDATA

EPSON

SBB

SMITH canon/A

TRS-80 MODEL 16 COMPUTER

^DISCOUNT PRICES|FROM

J SMITH CORONA TP-)| DAISY WHEEL PRINTER ,

4098

26-6001

TRS-80 MODEL II COMPUTER

DISCOUNT |PRICED

TRS-80 PRINTERS

DWP-410 '1287.00

DMP-100 '339.00

DMP-200 '679.00

DMP-400 '1015.00

DMP-500 '1321.00

TRS-S0 1/ 111

HARDDRIVES

1988

26-1130

PRICES AND PRODUCTS SUB-JECT TO CHANGE WITHOUTNOTICE. ORDERS SUBJECTTO VERIFICATION AND AC-CEPTANCE.

FRANKLIN

ACI 1000 COMPUTER

'CALL

NEW TRS-80I PRODUCTS ■ CALL [

fK commodore

TRS-80 SOFTWARE

VISICALC. PROFILE.

SCRIPSIT & MORE

SAVE MONEY

PLEASE WRITE US FOR

FREE

•Copy of our customer dis-count price list upon request.•Copy of manufacturers war-ranty upon request.

ICALLI

TOLL FREE

BEFORE YOU

BUY

MICRO MANAGEMENTSYSTEMS, INC.

PARCEL DIVISIONDEPT. NO. 12803 THOMASVILLE RD. EASTCAIRO, GA. 31728

GA.INFO

912-377-7120

■H

TANDY CORPORATION ^Bb

high enable pin goes high, allowing the selected outputline to go low to turn on the right port.

The address decoding shown in figure 1 is only partial,and if other I/O devices are connected, some additionaldecoding must be provided. Line Y7 on IC2, the decoder,will be activated when, for example, the cassette recorderof a TRS-80 is used, because its address of 255 (hexadeci-mal FF) will cause AO, Al, and A2 to go high, activatingY7. For complete address decoding, each line from A2through A7 could be inverted and NANDed to the A2connection of the decoder (requiring the addition of twomore ICs, a 74LS04 hex inverter, and another 8-input74LS30 NAND gate). By a variety of other rearrange-

This interface extends the 8-bit

microprocessor's power into the

realm of serious measurement.

ments, the I/O ports may be located anywhere within the256 possible I/O addresses, except for those reserved byother devices.

Operation

The key to understanding the circuit's operation is inthe arrangement of control and data lines on IC5, theICL7109 ADC. Several options are provided for in thedevice's design, but as employed here, the device is en-abled like this: a control byte is sent to the output port toput a 1 on the RUN/HOLD line (pin 26) of the ADC.After a brief delay, this pin is returned low by sending asecond control byte to port 1. A high on the RUN/HOLDpin starts a conversion. When the conversion is finished,the ICL7109 signals with a low on the status pin (STA,pin 39). To read the output data from the ICL7109, athird control byte is sent to port 1, this time putting a lowon the high-bits-enable pin (HBEN, pin 19). This ac-tivates bits 8 through 11 of the converted signal, an over-range indication (bit 12), and a polarity signal (bit 13).During this cycle, the low-order bits (0 through 7) are ina high-impedance state, which means those pins are "in-visible" to the data bus.

To get the low bits, another control byte is sent to port1, putting a low on the low-bits-enable pin (LBEN, pin 18).After that, an INP(0) statement reads the low bitsthrough the input port, 00H. A new conversion cycletakes about 33 ms (milliseconds) with the circuit shown.The last completed conversion is held as long as a low ispresent at pin 26 of IC5.

Circuit Construction

The schematic diagram for this circuit is shown infigure lb. The diagram also shows the proper pin connec-tions for the DIP (dual-inline package) plug-to-edge-cardconnector that's required to hook the circuit to either theback of a TRS-80 keyboard unit or an Expansion Inter-face. (I recommend wire-wrap construction on perf-board.)

382 February 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc

Circle 258 on inquiry card.

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CX482 EDUCATOR $1 25.00

CX483 PROGRAMMER $ 49.00

CX494 COMMUNICATOR $325.00

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CXL401 3 ASTEROID $28.75

CXL4020 CENTIPEDE $32.75

CXL4022 PACMAN $32.75

CXL4011 STAR RAIDER $34.75

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MY FIRST ALPHABET $25.50

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|ln PA 1 717 398-4079or $end order toLyco ComputerP.O. Box 5088I Jersey Shore, PA 17740

TlFUSE 24VCT1/4 A @0.3A

110VAC

t*~\y>—J £

N4002TYPICAL FOR 4

7905IN OUT

GND

:ci

IN OUT7805

♦-0-5VDC

. C2

C3■f-O-GND

,C6

•-0+5VDC

Figure 2: Design of a suggested power supply. The power must be extremely stable if the unit is to live up to its potential.

TRS-80 Edge-

'Plug

Function

Card Connector

1

Gnd

8

4

A0

25

5

A1

27

6

A2

40

2

IN

19

3

OUT

12

14

DO

30

13

D1

22

12

D2

32

11

D3

26

10

D4

18

9

D5

28

8

D6

24

7

D7

20

Table 1: Connections necessary to hook the ADC board tothe edge-card connector of a TRS-80 Model I.

Address

binary decimal

xxxxxOOO 0

Input port activated; otherwise tri-state

xxxxx001 1

Output port active; otherwise data latched

Control

xxxxx111 7

Start conversion; output tri-stated

xxxxx110 6

Hold when finished; output tri-stated

xxxxx100 4

Enable high bits; low bits tri-stated

xxxxx010 3

Enable low bits; high bits tri-stated

High Bits

xx1x xxxx

Positive polarity

xxOx xxxx

Negative polarity

XXX1 xxxx

Out of range signal

xxxx

High data bits

Table 2: Useful codes for controlling, addressing, and

reading the ADC.

Optimum performance of the ICL7109 depends on astable and accurate reference voltage and on good-quality capacitors. Although the ADC has an internalvoltage reference, using it causes some reduction of cir-cuit flexibility. The Analog Devices AD580 voltagereference shown in figure lb has excellent thermal and ag-ing characteristics, as does the Datel/Intersil ICL8069,which could be substituted. Good-quality resistors withlow temperature coefficients (such as the metal-filmRN55 type) should be used to divide the referencevoltage. The values used in figure lb are for a 4.096-V(volt) input scale, with a 2.048-V reference (details on set-ting the reference voltage for other input scales are givenin the Datel/Intersil data sheet supplied with theICL7109). The capacitors used should not be discceramic; polypropylene or Teflon are best, and Mylar isacceptable. A few 0.01-/J3 (microfarad) disc-ceramiccapacitors should be placed on the board to bypass thepower supplies.

Both + 5-V and — 5-V supplies are required, for whicla good regulated bench supply or the circuit shown infigure 2 will do nicely. The total power drain is about180 mA (milliamperes) at +5-V, and only a few mA fromthe —5-V supply. (The connections needed between theDIP plug and the TRS-80 Model I expansion connectorare provided in table 1.)

Software

The software to generate the control signals and readand process the data may be written either as part of aBASIC program or as an assembly-language subroutine.Speed is not critical for this interface because the ICL7109is a dual-slope, auto-zero, integrating converter, and itsconversion time of 33 ms is relatively slow. Listing 1 onpage 386 is a BASIC program that includes a delay forconversion, an over-range message, and polarity correc-tion. Testing each individual bit in BASIC is somewhatclumsy because all data is converted to decimal by the in-

384 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE Ftbmary 1983 385

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386 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 411 On inquiry Card.

Listing 1: This simple BASIC program for the TRS-80 controlsthe ADC.

100 DEFINT A,B,D

200 P = -1 : OUT 1,7

300 FOR X=l TO 50: NEXT X

400 OUT 1,6

500 FOR X=l TO 100: NEXT X

600 OUT 1,4

700 A = INP(0)

800 OUT 1,3

900 B= INP(0)

1100 IF A< 32 GOTO 1300

1200 A = A-32: P = 1

1300 IF A >= 16 GOTO 2000

1400 D = ((256*A)+B)*P

1500 PRINT D

1600 FOR X= 1 TO 200: NEXT X: GOTO 200

1700 END

2000 PRINT "OUT OF RANGE": GOTO 1600

terpreter. The series of steps shown at lines 1000 through1300 is one way of handling the testing.

Controlling the ADC and testing the status bits is morestraightforward in Z80 assembly language because theI/O functions are accomplished with IN and OUT com-mands and the testing uses the BIT command. For theTRS-80, this can be done as a USR(0)-called subroutine,with the op codes either loaded separately or with aPOKE into high memory by a BASIC program. (A sum-mary of control-byte, address, and input-bit patterns isgiven in table 2 as a quick reference for software design.)

Expansion to 14-Bit and 16-Bit Circuits

The I/O control scheme illustrated by this circuit iseasily applied to the even greater resolution and accuracyprovided by 14- and 16-bit ADCs. Substituting theDatel/Intersil 8068/7104-16 pair of devices for theICL7109, for example, merely requires the followingchanges: the output bits must have three-state outputs onthe input port's data lines in three overlapping groups,0-7, 8-15, and OR and POL bits. Besides the three

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Box 8036, Shawnee Mission, KS 66208, (913) 381-9118

(3a)

Analog-to-Digital Converter Parts

IC1

74LS30

IC2

74LS138

IC3.IC4

8212, Intel

IC5

ICL7109CPL, Datel/lntersil

IC6

AD580, Analog Devices (ICL8069 from Intersil

may be substituted)

C1

2 /iF, 16 V tantalum

C2

0.01 pF, 25 V polypropylene

C3

0.15 iiF, 25 V polypropylene

C4

0.33 /*F, 25 V polypropylene

R1

20 kfl, 15-turn Cermet trimmer

R2

10 kfi, Va W 1% RN55-type metal film

R3

1 Mfi, V* W 5% carbon film

R4

200 kfl, Va W 1 % RN55-type metal film

CY1

3.58 MHz TV crystal

Plug

14-pin DIP socket and mating insulation-

displacement connector

Miscellaneous Two 14-pin DIP sockets; one 16-pin DIP socket

two 24-pin DIP sockets; one 40-pin DIP socket

(wire-wrap); 14-conductor ribbon or insulated

cable; wire-wrap wire.

(3b)

Power Supply Parts

T1 Transformer, primary 110 V AC, secondary 24 V,

C.T. at 0.3 ACR1-4 1N4002, or suitable bridge rectifier

C1 470 fiF, 16 V electrolytic

C4 1000 (iF, 16 V electrolytic

C2.C5 1 /iF, 16 V electrolytic

C3.C6 0.01 /iF, 25 V ceramic

7805,7905 Three-terminal IC voltage regulators. LM320/340

series in T0-220 package are equivalent.

Table 3: Parts lists for the converter (3a) and its powersupply (3b).

output-control lines (RUN/HOLD, HBEN, andLBEN), a fourth, MBEN, is added, and the middle bitsare gated onto the data bus in their turn. A few extra linesof code in the software-driver routine, and you're inbusiness.

A second ICL7109 converter could be added by usingone of the six unused addresses from IC2, three of theunused output lines on port 01H, and by connecting thethree-state output lines of the second ICL7109 onto thesecondary data bus going into the 8212 input port. Formore than two channels, however, this is probably not aseconomical as employing the ADC with a multiplexedanalog input, which could also be controlled by unusedlines on the output port. The circuit could be easilyadapted for other popular microcomputers, such as theApple II, or for S-100 systems, by picking up the appro-priate equivalents of the IN and OUT signals from thebus.

This interface extends the 8-bit microprocessor's powerinto the realm of serious measurement. The principle ofusing three-state buffers to pass multiple output bytesthrough a single input port allows a degree of resolutionand accuracy usually reserved for expensive equipment,at a total cost of a weekend and less than $100. ■

388 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 142 on inquiry card.

THE FORTH SOURCE1

MVP-FORTH - A Public Domain Product

MVP Forth is fig-FORTH modified by 100% of the FORTH-79 StandardRequired Word Set plus the vocabulary for the instructional book StartingFORTH. Editor, assembler and utilities are included.

Transportability of programs is assured since the kernal of MVP-FORTHis the same for all computers to the machine dependent READ/WRITEinstructions-Modification and extension (up or down) is simplified by having thesource code and through the use of MVP-FORTH Programming Aids andCross Compilers.

The CP/M" are supplied on 8", SS/SD, IBM 3740, format disks. Theinclude a track and sector calculation array for down loading to othersizes and formats. Other disks are machine specific.

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Li MVP-FORTH Cross Compiler with MVP-FORTH source inFORTH. $300

! MVP-FORTH Programming Aids for decompiling,callfinding, and translating. Specify computer $150

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D Installation Manual for fig-FORTH, contains FORTH

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Source Listings of fig-FORTH, for specific CPU's and computers. TheInstallation Manual is required for implementation. Each $15

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i 1 TRS-80 User's Manual,MMSFORTH

D METAFORTH by CassadyMeta compiler in 8080code $30

I Systems Guide to fig-FORTH $25

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CROSS COMPILERS Allow extending, modifying and compiling forspeed and memory savings, can also produce ROMable code. "RequiresFORTH disk

i J CP/M $300 I I IBM* $300

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i i TRS-80/I $300 L) Z80« $300

i Northstar*' $300 I i Apple ll/ll + $350

I i fig-FORTH Programming Aids for decompiling, callfinding.and translating. Specify CP/M, IBM-PC, 8086, Z80, orApple ll/ll + $150

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Ordering Information: Check, Money Order (payable to MOUNTAIN VIEW PRESS,INC.). VISA, MasterCard or COD's accepted. No billing or unpaid PO's Californiaresidents add sales tax Shipping costs in US included in price. Foreign orders, payin US funds on US bank, include for handling and shipping by Air: $5 for each itemunder $25, $10 for each item between $25 and $99 and $20 for each item over$100 Minimum order $10. All prices and products subject to change or withdrawalwithout notice. Single system and/or single user license agreement required onsome products.DEALER & AUTHOR INQUIRIES INVITED

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Circle 290 on inquiry card.

BYTE February 1983 389

"Mitch Kapor and his team ofdesigners and programmersare incredibly creative: theyhave come up with more goodideas than they can possiblyimplement at one time, butthey also implement moreof them than I would havethought possible."

Gregg Williams,BYTE magazine,December, 1982

LOWS

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Shape-Table Graphicsfor the TRS-80

Draw complex shapes with a single command.

Dan Rollins

Apartment C

134 Olive St.

Glendale, CA 91206

In the fast-moving world of computer graphics, theTRS-80 Model I and III programmer seems to have beenforgotten. When the local Apple users group meets,members admire each other's high-resolution graphicscreations while discussing the details of vector plotting,video paging, and shape tables. And all the while, theTRS-80 owner carefully calculates SET/RESET/PRINT@ positions and curses the limitations of thesecommands.

Ever wish you could draw a complex shape on thescreen of your TRS-80 with a single command? Couldyou use a command for magnifying the size of that shapeby using a scaling factor? How would you like to be ableto "build" a page of graphics and characters in memory,then move it to the screen at machine-language speeds?Well, the KWIKDRAW program will painlessly add thesefunctions to your repertoire.

KWIKDRAW is a machine-language routine (see list-ings 1 and 2) that was developed to be used interactivelywith BASIC. This combination of machine-languagespeeds and BASIC flexibility allows freedom and easefound in neither medium independently. Additionally,the routine can be located on a BASIC program line. Itneed not be loaded separately as a SYSTEM tape nor willMEMORY SIZE ever need to be answered. It is loadedalong with the BASIC application program.

The methods to accomplish this have been covered in aprevious article (see "Vector Graphics for the TRS-80,"

BYTE, January 1983, page 371) and will not be repeatedhere. In essence, a BASIC program uses POKE com-mands to insert Z80 op codes into a prepared dummystring on a program line. The address of that string isused as the point to which control is passed via the USRcommand. Any such routine must be fully relocatableand contain no op-code bytes with values of 00 or 22hexadecimal.

Vectors

In this article, the word vector will be defined as a con-trol code used in moving a cursor for plotting points of avideo-screen matrix. Using compass points as ananalogy, a vector will be interpreted as motion north(up), south (down), west (left), and east (right), or as anycombination of these motions, i.e., northeast (up andright).

Starting at a key position, a vector will advance thiscursor in any of eight directions. The new screen positionmay then be turned on, turned off, or skipped. From thispoint, another vector will further advance the cursor andtake the required action. A series of such vectors may beused to define a shape—the basic building block for allgraphics applications. A series of shapes, drawn rapidlyon the screen, might be used to animate a figure.

Couple this shape-drawing function with the ability tochange the shape's key position from drawing to draw-ing; add the options of enlarging or reducing the size and

392 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Direction

Vector Character

Move and Plot

Move Only

N

A

1

S

B

2

N then S

C

5

E

D

4

NE

E

5

SE

F

6

W

H

8

NW

I

9

SW

J

Table 1: Shape-definition characters interpreted by theKWIKDRAW program. The letters A through ] will moveand plot the cursor position, while the numbers 1 through 9and the colon will only move the cursor.

394 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

changing the color of the shape; and we have motivationfor the invention of shape-table graphics for the TRS-80and the reason for KWIKDRAW.

KWIKDRAW interprets a BASIC character string as aseries of vectors. Shapes are drawn using pixels or anydisplayable character. A shape may be enlarged by a scal-ing factor of 2 to 256 and may be drawn anywhere on orpartially off the screen. Pages of shapes may be stored inmemory for rapid sequential recall.

In writing KWIKDRAW, I

decided that ease ofprogramming was moreimportant than using the memory-stringy "bit-stream" methodemployed in Applesoft.

Shape-interpreters are notorious for being difficult towork with. Applesoft, for example, requires that a shape-table be created as a series of 3-bit codes. The first 2 bitsindicate direction (up, down, left, right), and the third in-dicates a plot/don't-plot action. Byte boundaries are ig-nored except in defining the end of the shape. These rulestend to make shape defining a complex proposition.

Table 1 contains the shape-definition characters thatare interpreted by KWIKDRAW. Notice that all charac-ters may be entered from the keyboard. Though only 5 ofthe 8 bits of an ASCII (American Standard Code for In-formation Interchange) character are needed for defininga vector, I decided that ease of programming was moreimportant than using the memory-stingy "bit-stream"method seen in Applesoft. Also, note that provisions aremade for moving the cursor without changing the back-ground upon which the shape is drawn.

Defining a Shape

The easiest way to explain how to define a shape is to

Text continued on page 418

\ oW<=

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The Well-Tempered Cross-Assembler

Before Johann Sebastian Bach developeda new method of tuning, you had tochange instruments practically every timeyou wanted to change keys.Very difficult.

Before Avocet introduced its family ofcross-assemblers, developing micro-pro-cessor software was much the same. Youneeded a separate development systemfor practically every type of processor.Very difficult and very expensive.

But with Avocet's cross-assemblers, asingle computer can develop software forvirtually any microprocessor! Does thatput us in a league with Bach? You decide

Development Tools That Work

Avocet cross-assemblers are fast, reliableand user-proven in over 3 years of actualuse. Ask NASA, IBM, XEROX or the hun-dreds of other organizations that use them.Every time you see a new microprocessor-based product, there's a good chance itwas developed with Avocet cross-assemblers.

Avocet cross-assemblers are easy to use.They run on any computer with CP/M*and process assembly language for themost popular microprocessor families.

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In-Circuit Emulators - MICE In-CircuitEmulator by Microtek. Full capabilityemulation in a compact, inexpensivedevice. Accepts high-level ASCII com-mands through RS 232 serial interface.Down-loads programs generated byAvocet cross-assemblers .. examine andmodify memory and registers, access I/Oports and control program execution insingle instruction and single-cycle modes.Forward and backward tracing for up to256 qualified cycles ... Assembly/Disas-sembly commands with symbolic labelsmake it easy to modify the program undertest.

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AVOCET XSYSTEMS INC,

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DOVER, DELAWARE 19901

302-734-0151

Circle 42 on inquiry card.

BYTE February 1983 395

Listing 1: KWIKDRAW assembly-language program.

00100

PROGRAM ID t KWIKDRAW

00110

PROGRAMMER t Dsn Rollins

00120 i

HATE t 09/24/81

00130 i

00140 )

Progrsm Ahsirect {

00150 ;

This progrsm interprets 3 string of

00160 j

control characters bs a graphics shape?

00170 i

piecing it on the screen at the position

00180 i

defined as an X»Y coordinate* scaled to

00190 i

a given value and drawn with either lit

00200 ;

or unlit pixels or any displayahle

00210 i

character♦

00220 i

00230 i

KWIKDRAW reeuires a BASIC string of

00240 i

"vector definition" bytes and 6 control

00250 i

parameters* These control parameters are

00260 i

passed to the routine by placing them in

00270 ;

elements of an INTEGER array t

00280 i

00290 i

P7.(0) = X ordinate (0-127 or 0-63)

00300 i

P%( 1 ) = Y ordinate (0-47 or 0-15)

00310 i

F7A2) = VARPTR( shape definition string)

00320 i

P%(3) = SET/RESET/CHARACTER byte t

00330 i

0=RESET* l=SETf else=CHARACTER

00340 i

P%(4) = scaling factor (1-255)

00350

PZ(5 ) = paging argument!

00360 i

0=page OUT * DRAW, page IN

00370

l=psge OUT* DRAW (build a page)

00380 i

2=DRAW» page IN (display 3 psge)

00390 ,

3=DRAW only (don't page)

00400 i

PX(6-517) = working storsge for screen

00410

00420 I

Once these vslues are defined* KWIKDRAW is

00430 i

called via*

00440 i

00450 i

UU=USR( V"ARPTR( P%( 0 ) ) )

00460 i

00470 i

The shspe definition string is composed of

00480 i

chsrscters which are interpreted by KWIKDRAW

00490

35 motions of 3 cursor - where bits indicate

00500

motion North* South* East* West or combinations

00510

thereof»

00520

00530

NORTH = bit 0 (char AND 1)

00540

SOUTH = bit 1 (char AND 2)

00550

EAST = bit 2 (char AND 4 )

00560

WEST = bit 3 (chsr AND 8)

00570

MOVE (don't plot) = bit 5 (chsr AND 32)

00580

00590

;***

********** CHART OF CONTROL CHARACTERS **************

00600

if*

**

00610

-**

direction plot/move move only **

00620

;**

■-- / / **

00630

1 JJ-. ry.

N / "A" / "1" **

00640

1 T- *¥•

S / "B" / "2" **

00650

!**

(plot only ) / "C" / "3H **

00660

r**

E / "D" / "4n **

0067 0

? 'T- '7-

HE / "E" / "5" **

v -j »_' O sJ

f 'r- t-

SE / "F" / "6" **

Listing 1

continued on page 398

396 Februar

y 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc

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CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research Inc.

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Circle 287 on inquiry card.

BYTE February 1983 397

Listing 1 continued:

00690

;**

u

/ "H" / "8" **

00700

;**

NU

/ "I" / "?'' **

00710

;**

SU

/ " ,J" / " :" **

00720

;**

**

00730

* ^\tf4f4f^tf^f\lf^ifyir^b^if^tf^if^lf -jl- ix- ^ ^- m ^^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ \±^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ %^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^^ ^ s^ ^ ^ ^ ^- ^ ^

00740

00750

These characters slso have unused bits

00760

set* but ellow for Keyboard entry*

00770

00780

Elements of the shape table cause the

00790

internal pointer to FIRST be adjusted*

00300

theh the point is plotted*

00B10

00820

When bit 5 is 0N» the pointer is moved

00830

without any character or pixel alteration

00840

00850

J ******* The program is fully relocatable 3nd ********

00860

; *******

suitable for "pacKing" into a BASIC *******

00370

S *******

string within a program line* *******

00330

00890

i <>':'.!>,:s

'•. .■' '■■. .•' '"■. .•'* *'

•<><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><>

00900

<>

00910

i O

ffsets

from USR n3me of BASIC <>

00920

f BP

Sument

address-1 variable <>

00930

<>

ooo :i.

00940

XP03

EQU

+ 1 5P%(0) O

00 03

00950

YP05

EQU

+3 >PZ<1) <>

OOO '5

00960

PTRLSB

EQU

+5 »P%(2) <>

OOO 6

00970

PTRMSB

EQU

+6 » <>

OOO 7

00930

SRBYTE

EQU

+7 »P7.< 3) O

0009

00990

SCALE

EQU

+9 ,P%<4) <>

OOOB

0100001010

PAGER

EQU

+ 11 ,P%(5) <>

O

01020

»<><><

*•. .•' \ .>' **•. .••"'

H .•' '••. .•' "S .■' '■•. .•' '•: S \ S '••. S '\ <' X S "'■. i' \ J '•■. S '\ <' "\ • '\ .■' 'V «' "*. <' "•■. <' X <' "\ S "•>. <* '\ <* "S

01030

5

OOOO

01040

ORG

0 ^relocatable code

00OO

CD7FOA

01050

CALL

0A7FH Jsiet ARG from BASIC

OOO 3

E5

01060

PUSH

HL Jpoint IX index register to

OOO 4

BIU

11

01070

POP

IX » control parameter array

OOO 6

m

?B

0103001090

5

DEC

IX » Offsets from IX must not be 0

00 08

HOC 01

01100

LB

BE.010CH

OOOB

1 tr

x *..<

oiiio

BEC

B >BE = 12

OOOO

1 o

x .<

01120

ABB

HL»BE »HL => start of storage-

OOOD

£5

01130

PUSH

HL i area (integer array)

OOOE

FDf

• 1

- X

0114001150

5

POP

IY »save in IY register

01160

JThese

lines

"page" OUT of video memory into the

01170

ystora

ge ares within 5 BASIC integer srrsy.

01180

I The s

ection

is skipped if the paging ergument--P%(5 )--

01190

or 3 ''

bit 1 is ON)*

01200

j

M 1 A

n t'i i

j U'-j a.' -r L.

01210

BIT

lf<IX+PAGER) Jpaging arg = 2 or 3?

0014

20'

•)B

0122001230

»

JR

N2»P0SKIP 5 then sKiP* Else

001 6

EB

01240

EX

BE»HL (use array as destination

0017

21'

■)13C

■J X i- U '%)

LB

HLJ3C01H

001 A

2B

01260

BEC

HL f HL => source (screen)

■00 IB

01!

TO 3

01270

LB

BC3FFH

ooiE

03

01280

INC

BC ; BC is byte count (1024)

Listing 1 continued on page 400

398 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

[icromint will put both a computerlevelopment system and an OEM dedicate*controller in the palm of your handfor as little as $127.*

The Z8 Basic Computer/Controllerrepresents a milestone in microcompu-ter price-performance. The entirecomputer is 4" by A%" and includes atiny BASIC interpreter, 4K bytes of pro-gram memory, one RS-232 serial portand two parallel ports plus a variety ofother features. The Z8 microcomputerboard is completely self-contained andoptimized for use as a dedicated con-troller. Can be battery operated. Comeswith over 200 pages of documentation.

Z8 BASIC COMPUTER/CONTROLLER

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• Just connect a CRT terminal andwrite control programs in BASIC

• 4K bytes of RAM. EPROM pin com-patible

• Baud rates 110-9600 BPS

• Data and address buses available for124K memory and I/O expansion

• Consumes only 1.5 watts at+5, +12&-12v.

BCC01 Z8 Basic Computer

Assembled & Tested .. $199.00}BCC02 Z8 Basic Computer <

Kit $169.00

COMING SOON

AID Converter 8 Channel 8 BitAC I/O Board

• 4 Channel 115Vac inputs

• 4 Channel 115Vac outputs20 MA ADAPTER

Z8 MEMORY. I/O EXPANSION &CASSETTE INTERFACE

The Z8 Memory, I/O Expansion &Cassette Interface Board (Z8 Expan-sion Board for short) allows you to addup to 8K of additional memory pfusthree 8-bit parallel ports to your Z8Basic Computer/Controller. The mem-ory expansion will support any com-bination of byte wide RAM memorychips or 2716 or 2732 EPROM. Thecassette interface is 300 baud KansasCity Standard (2400Hz/1200Hz).BCC03 Z8 Expansion Board

w/4K memory $140.00

BCC04 Z8 Expansion Board

w/8K memory .. $170.00 /

Z8 EPROM PROGRAMMER

The EPROM Programmer boardallows you to transfer application pro-grams in BASIC or Assembly languagedirectly from RAM to either 2716 or2732 EPROMS. Requires Z8 BasicExpansion Board for operation.NOTE: We recommend the higher cur-rent UPS03 or UPS04 power supplywhen using the EPROM Programmer.

BCC07 Z8 EPROM Programmer

Assembled & Tested

,.. $145.00

\s featured in Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar,Byte Magazine, July, August, 1981.

Z8 SERIAL EXPANSION BOARD

The Serial Expansion Board adds anadditional RS-232C serial port to the Z8system. It runs at 75 to 19,200 baud inall standard protocols. The 20 ma. cur-rent loop.is opto-isolated for reliabilityand protection.

BCC08 Z8 Serial BoardAssembled & Tested ... $180.00

MOTHER-BOARDMB02Z8 Mother Board

with 5 connectors (Gold)

Assembled & Tested $81.00

UNIVERSAL POWER SUPPLY

+5@300ma.+12&-12V@50ma.UPS01 Assembled and

Tested $ 35.00

UPS02 Kit $ 27.00

+5 @ 1 amp. +12 & -12V @ 50 ma.UPS03 Assembled and

Tested $ 60.00

UPS04 Kit $ 50.00

Z8 CROSS ASSEMBLERS

FROM ALLEN ASHLEYXAS01 ForTRSBOModl $ 75.00XAS02 For TRS-80 Mod IIS S 75.00XAS03ForCP/M-8" ....$150.00

FROM MICRO RESOURCES

MR01 CP/M-8" Diskette . $ 75.00

MR02 APPLE II CP/M51A"$ 75.00

Z8 is a trademark of Zilog Inc.

CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research

MICROMINT INC.561 Willow AvenueCedarhurst, NY 11516

To Order:

Call Toll Free1-80O-645-3479For Information Call:

1-516-374-6793

•»pircle 261 on inquiry card*

In quantities of 100

Listing

1 continued:

00:!. F

ED BO

0129001300

.

LDIR

.store screen to memory

002 J.

DD6E05

01310

P0SKIP

LB

L*« IX+PTRLSB)

Jpoint HL to BASIC'S

0024

DDA60A

01320

LB

H.(IX+PTRMSB )

» vsrisbles list

0027

46

01330

LB

B.<HL>

.get LENGTH of string

0028

23

01340

INC

HL

002?

5E

01350

LB

E.(HL)

002 A

?"*,

01360

INC

HL

002 B

56

01370

LB

B.(HL)

00 2 C

EB

01380

EX

BE.HL

»HL ■> control characters

002 D

BD5601

01390

LB

B,<1X+XP0S>

.BE register defines the

003 0

DD5E03

0140001410

»

LB

E.< IX+YPQS)

» current X»Y coordinates

00 3'3

28

01420

BEC

HL .set up for rosin loop

01430

5

003-1

23

01440

MAIN

INC

HL Hoop

decodes each vector byte

0035

BB4E09

0145001460

!

LB

C.< IX+SCALE)

0035;?

CB46

01470

BIT

O.(HL)

J motion NORTH?

003 A

28 03

01480

JR

Z>CHKSTH

?bit not 0N» so sKiP

903C

7B

01490

LB

A.E

.bit i.s ON. sdJust the

003 H

91

01500

SUB

C

» Y pointer NORTH by

oo3i;;:

5F

01510

LB

E.A

» the scaling factor

O03F

CB4E

01520

CHKSTH

BIT

1»<HL)

Amotion SOUTH?

004 1

2 803

01530

JR

Z>CHKEST

0043

7B

01540

LB

A.E

004 4

81

01550

ABB

A.C

004 !3

5F

01560

LB

E.A

004 6

CB56

01570

CHKEST

BIT

2><HL)

.motion EAST?

004 B

2803

01580

,JR

Z»CHKUST

-DO 4 A

7A

01590

LB

A.B

004 B

81

01600

ABB

A.C

004- C

57

01610

LB

B.A

004 r.i

CB5E

01620

CHKUST

BIT

3»<HL)

jmotion WEST?

004 F

2803

01630

JR

Z>CHKPLT

003 :l.

7 A

01640

LB

A.B

0052

?!

01650

SUB

C

0053

57

01660

LB

II. A

0054

CB6E

01670

CHKPLT

BIT

5»<HL)

jplot/no plot flag ON?

0056

2815

016300169001700017100172001730

?

JR

Z.OKPLOT

.bit is OFF so PLOT.else the following Jump.sends control looping.bsck to get snother.control chsracter

01740

;-=----

-----=••- = --

-=-=-

005 8

10DA

01750

JMPER2

BJNZ

MAIN

jspsn *2 of the "bridge"

01760

5 ■--•-.-.- -

-■- = ---=-.-

-=-=-

01770

5

01730

?These

.lines " f

age" the updated video storage ares

01790

IbecK

IN to the

screen. The

action is sKiPFed

01800

01810

6 01320

?when

the psgin

g argument = 1

or 3 (bit 0 is ON).

005 A

DDCB0B4

5

EXIT

BIT

0>< IX+PAGER)

JP7.<5) = 1 or 3 ?

00 5 F

CO

0133001340

y

RET

NZ

J then hscK to BASIC

00 5 F

FDE5

01350

PUSH

IY

.else page IN to screen

Wu -t-

c -.

L. .1.

01860

POP

HL

»HL => storage

X .K •..' .L -.-' \..-

01370

LB

BE.3C01H

AA/, i:

i ri

J. A.1

01830

DEC

E

.BE => screen memory

Listing 1 continued on page 402

400 1

■ebruary 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Now NRI takes you inside the

new TRS-80 Model III microcomputer

to train you at home as the

new breed of computer specialist!

NRI teams up with Radio Shackadvanced technology to teachyou how to use, program andservice state-of-the-artmicrocomputers...

It's no longer enough to be justa programmer or a technician.With microcomputers moving intothe fabric of our lives (over250,000 of the TRS-80™ alonehave been sold), interdiscipli-nary skills are demanded. AndNRI can prepare you with thefirst course of its kind, cover-ing the complete world ofthe microcomputer.

Learn At Homein Your Spare Time

With NRI training, the program-mer gains practical knowledge ofhardware, enabling him to design sim-pler, more effective programs. And,with advanced programming skills, thetechnician can test and debug systemsquickly and easily.

Training includes the TRS-80 Model III microcom-puter, professional LCD multimeter, the NRI Discov-ery Lab, Computer Assisted Instruction programsand hundreds of demonstrations and experiments.

(TRS-80 is a trademark of the Radio Shack division of Tandy Corp.)

Only NRI gives you both kinds oftraining with the convenience of homestudy. No classroom pressures, no nightschool, no gasoline wasted. You learnat your convenience, at your own pace.Yet you're always backed by the NRI staffand your instructor, answering questionsand giving you guidance.

You Get Your Own Computerto Learn On and Keep

NRI training is hands-on trainingwith practical experiments and demon-strations. You don't just program yourcomputer, you go inside it.. .watch howcircuits interact... interface with other sys-tems. .. gain a real insight into its nature.

You also work with an advancedliquid crystal display hand-held multi-meter and the NRI Discovery Lab,® per-forming over 60 separate experiments.Both microcomputer and equipmentcome as part of your training for youto use and keep.

Computer AssistedInstruction

Your TRS-80 even helps train you.You receive 8 special lesson tapes in BASIC

computer language. Using them in yourmicrocomputer, you "talk" to it as youprogress. Errors are explained, graphicsand animation drive home key points.Within a matter of minutes, you'll be ableto write simple programs yourself.

Send for Free Catalog...No Salesman Will Call

Get all the details on this excitingcourse in NRI's free, 100-page catalog.It shows all equipment, lesson outlines,and facts on other electronics coursessuch as Electronic Design, IndustrialElectronics, TV/Audio/Video Servicing...11 different career opportunities in all.Keep up with the latest technology as youlearn on the latest model of the world'smost popular computer. If card has beenused, write to:

NRI

■in 11

NRI Schools

McGraw-Hill Continuing

Education Center3939 Wisconsin AvenueWashington, D.C 20016

We'll give you tomorrow.

BYTE Ftbmaiy 1983 401

Listing

1 continued:

0066

V .1- 1 1 V O

01890

LD

BC»3FFH

006 9

03

01900

INC

BC

»BC is byie couni (1024)

006A

ED BO

0191001920

f

LDIR

»P3S=e memory io screen

00 6 C

C9

019300194001950

5

5

RET

» ^ •:'<<•:'

prosirsm EXIT ««««

00 6 D

C5

01960

OKPLOT

PUSH

BC

?ssve table byie counier

O06E

m

0197001980

5

PUSH

DE

1 3nd curreni X»Y

01990

5

These

nesied loops drsi

4 s block of pixels (or

02000

5

chars

ci

ers) which is SCALE wide snd SCALE high.

02010

?

02020

5

*******#**1 m 11-11 m t tt t-it 1111- ttt ti

02030

5

*

006 F

E5

02040

YL00P

PUSH

DE

f *

007 0

BD4609

020500206002070

LD

B*<IX+SCALE)

» #

*

0073

E5

02080

XL00P

PUSH

HL »ssve

Tisin registers * #

■307 4

C5

0209002100

»

PUSH

BC »

**

0075

DD7E07

02110

LD

A»( IX+SRBYTE)

»if 5ih argument is *

00 7 8

FE02

02120

CP

2

51 or 0» mode is PIXEL

•307 A

7 O ') 1*J \.f *■_ o

0213002140

•JR

C»PXM0BE

02150

******

*********************************************

02160

5*

This s

ec

iion determines

s screen sddress *

02170

It si

eniry t

D

= column posit

ion (0-63) *

02180

It

E

= screen row

(0-15) *

02190

It si

exit t

HL

=> video memor

i si reeuested byie *

02200

i *

desire

~s

HL snd BC registers *

02210

5 **************************************************

02220

J

007 C

7 A

Q2230

CHM0HE

LD

A»D JchecK

X»Y coordinates io maKe

■307 D

FE40

02240

CP

64 > sure

ihsi ihey are vslid

■0071:"

305C

02250

JR

NCfPLTSKP

jfor CHARACTER mode.

'308 :l.

7B

02260

LD

A,E

0082

FE10

02270

CP

16

0084

3057

0228002290

5

•JR

NCPLTSKP

0086

4*7

02300

LD

H»E

0087

6 A

02310

LD

L»D

» get row snd column

0088

CB25

02320

SLA

L

■308 A

CB25

02330

SLA

L

fcolumn = column * 4

'308 C

CB2C

02340

SRA

H

00 8 E

CB1B

02350

RR

L

00 90

CB2C

02360

SRA

H

009 2

CB1D

02370

RR

L

fHL = HL/4

009 4

rr Ti r.r isi i.» i... *3

02380

PUSH

IY

Qft Q ,'..t

r-!

02390

POP

BC

»BC => storage

0097

09

02400

ADD

HL,BC

»HL => byie io slier

,y)c, q

DD7E07

02410

LD

A»( IX+SRBYTE)

jget ploi chsrscier

009 B

183F

0242002430

5

.JR

SVBYTE

?siore ihe CHARACTER arg.

02440

5 ._!-—=-

jr •- = -=- =

- =

-=-=-=-

flftXS T 1

vv / -V*

18B9

02450

JMPER1

.JR

JMPER2

»spsn #1 of ibe "bridge"

02460

J-ls-sr-

-■- = - = ■- =

-=

-=--=-=-

02470

J

02480

5

Listing 1 continued on page 404

402 February 1983 © BYTE Publication! Inc

A calculatedway to cut your

Saving onelectricity costsis as easy asswitching lightbulbs. This freeslide rule calculatorfrom Westinghouseshows you whereto begin.

Use your WestinghouseEnergy-Saving Calculator to take ahard nosed look at the lamps you areusing now. Your calculator will help youselect the most efficient type of lampsfor offices, plants, show rooms anddisplay areas.

If you have fluorescents, substitutingWestinghouse Econ-o-watf lamps forstandard lamps will have an immediateeffect of up to six watts per socket, withno appreciable change in light level.

Or save up to 80 % in energy byreplacing incandescent lighting withhigh pressure sodium lamps. They saveenergy while producing an equivalent

light level.

Westinghouselamp products and programs arecalculated to help save you from risingelectricity costs. Our free calculatorwill show you how.

Get your free energy-savingcalculator now! Calltoll-free 800-631-1259.

® Westinghouse

X~ */ Lamp Divisions

Bloomfield, New Jersey 07003

BYTE February 1983 403

Listing 1 continued:

009 F

00AOO0A200 A 4O0A5O0A7

00 A 9

00AB

QOAC

OOAD

GOAF

OOB:!.

O0B3

OOB 4

OOB 5

OOB 7

OOB 9

gOBB

OOBD

OOBF

OOC:!.

O0C2

OOC

OOC

7 A

FEBO

3039

7Tjj £>

FE30

3034

7B

24

B603

30 FB

C603

47

6A

CB25

2C

UJ,"

ID

2C

OOC 5

CB:l.D

CB10

04

AF

37

8F

10FD

OOC 7 FBE5

OOC9 CIOOCA 0?

OOCB

oocn

OOCF

ooni

O0D500D7OOIi 8OODAOODB

02490025000251002520025300254002550

CB7E20023S80

HDCB07462803B61802

OfA. I

A6

ODDC 77

OODB CIOODE El

OOBF 14OOEO 1091

00E2 PI

***************************************#******^^

* This is 3 relocatable SET/RESET routine t *

* At entry { D = X (0-127) *

* E = Y <0-47) *

* (IXfSRBYTE) = SET/RESET code (0 = RESET* 1 = SET)*

* destroys HL» BC» AF registers ******** M****************** **************************

02570 PXMODE

02530

02590

02600

02610

02620

02630 i

02640

02660 BIU3

02670

02680

02690

02700

02710

02720

02730

02740

o;

»o

027600277002780027900230002310023200233002840028500286002370028800289002900029100292002930029400295002960029700298002990030000301003020030300304003050030600307003080

GETBIT

GFXOK

SET

RESET

F'LTSKP

LBCPJRLPCP•JR

LB

LP

INC

SUB

■JR

ABB

LB

LB

SLA

SRA

RR

SRA

RR

RL

INC

XOR

SCF

APC

P.JNZ

PUSH

POP

APP

BIT

JR

LP

BIT

JR

OR

JR

CPL

AND

SVBYTE LP

POPPOP

INCDJNZ

POP

A»D

128

NCPLTSKP

A.E

43

NCjPLTSKP

JsKip if invelid coordinates

HoOFFH

A»E

H

3

NC»BIV3

Af3

B»A

L»B

L

H

L

H

L

B

B

A

A»AGETBIT

IYBCHLfBC

7,(HL)

NZ,GFXOK

<HL)»80H

0»( IX+SRBYTE)

Z»RESET

(HL)

SVBYTE

(HL)

<HL)»A

Jdivide Y value by 3Jleaving Quotient in H res.» H is 0-15»and remainder in B reg»» B is 0-2

JL = X * 2

JBivide HL by^remainder (0>determine pi>»B =BIV3 rmdr

At leavingor 1 ) in Carryel position by* 2 + PIV4 rmdr

+ 1

^determine pixel value by> taking 2 to the Bth power

»HL => byte to alter

check if currentlygraphics* go if soelse clear the byteif SET/RESET flag is 0

then skip ...» elseadd a bit to screen byte

»mask bit from byterstore the altered byte

BCHL

BXLOOP

BE

irestore registers used by

» plot routines

5 *

r' *

jplot SCALE horizontal points*

******************.*.*.**.*

#

**

Listing 1 continued on page 406

404 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Find great bargains in this list and reap the rewards: immediate availability, 24-hour express delivery,toll-free technical support, 60-day trial with full refund privileges and special volume discounts.

DATABASEMANAGEMENT

dBase II-

Ashton-Tate $ 475

Condor II-CondorComputer Corp. $ 450Data Star-MicroPro

Call For PriceEasy Filer-

I.U.S. $ 280

VisiFile-VisiCorp $ 190

SPREADSHEETS/CALCULATORS

SuperCalc-Sorcim

Call For Price

VisiCalc 256K-

VisiCorp $ 195

Calc Star-MicroPro

Call For Price

Multiplan-

MicroSoft $ 225

COMMUNICATIONS

Emulink (IBM PC 3270)Micro Link CorpEmulink (Apple 3270)Micro Link CorpCrosstalk-Micro StufBSTAM-Byron Software

WANTED

Help in reducing our inventory. Pick up one of thesespecials—priced so low we're actually losing money!

HAYES SMARTMODEM1200

(in stock) $525

CROSSTALKMicroStuf $120

dBASE IIAshton-Tate $475

SUPERCALCSorcim Call For Price

WORDMATES (IBM PC)From Softword Systems—the professional's choice inIBM PC word processing. $495

LANGUAGES/

UTILITIES

C Basic-

Digital

Research

$ 125

M Basic-

Micro Soft

$ 275

CB80-

Digital

Research

$ 420

Basic Compiler-

Micro Soft

$ 310

Fortran 80-

Micro Soft

$ 395

CoBol 80-

Micro Soft

$ 575

Pascal MT+-

Digital

Research

$ 425

PL-1 80-Digital

Research

$ 420

$ 995

$ 795$ 120$ 150

WORD PROCESSING/SPELLING

Wordmate-Softword Systems $ 495

Wordstar-MicroPro Call For Price

Mailmerge-MicroPro Call For Price

Wordstar/Mailmerge -

MicroPro Call For Price

Spellbinder-Lexisoft $ 295

Easywriterll-I.U.S. $ 265

The Final Word-Mark of the Unicorn $ 245Select w/Superspell-Select Info.

Sytems $ 395

MISCELLANEOUS

Mile stone - Organic

Software

StatPak-NW

Analytical

VisiSchedule-VisiCorp

VisiTrend/Plot - VisiCorp

Supersort - MicroPro

Datebook- Organic Software

MODEMS

Hayes Micromodem IIHayes Smartmodem 300

PRINTERS

Epson MX80 FTEpson MX100 FTIDS Prism 80Okidata 82AOkidata 83ANEC 3550 33cps wp

$ 245

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Call For Price

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$1900

Call toll-free 800-328-2260

(In Minnesota, 612-544-3615)

American Express • MasterCard • VISA

3.5% surcharge on all credit orders.

Purchase orders accepted from corporate accounts. All orders are shipped UPS.3% shipping charge on software items. 2% shipping charge on hardware items.

DATASOURCE

DATASOURCE SYSTEMS MARKETING CORR

1660 South Highway 100, Minneapolis, MN 55416

Circle 141 on inquiry card.

Listing 1 continued:

O0E3 ic:

03090

INC

E i *

00E.4 on

03100

DEC

c $ *

00E5 2088

03110

JR

NZ»YL00PJ Flot SCALE verticsl points #

03120

f

03130

r

************************************

03140

i

ODE 7 Dl

03150

POP

DE Jreslore current X»Y

ooe:b ci

03160

POP

BC i snd shepe tshle counter

OOE? 18E2

03170

JR

JMPER1 Jsio to MAIN vis JUMPERS

0000

03180

END

OOOOO TOTAL.

e:f:rors

25739 TEXT

AREA BYTES LEFT

CHKEST 0046

01570

01530

CHKPLT 0054

01670

01630

CHKSTH 003F

01520

01480

CHKWST 004D

01620

01580

chmode 007C

02230

lil'-JZ 00 AC

02660

02680

r: v i t r\ .'■, c; a

01820

\

GETBIT 00C4

02810

02820

gfxok ooni

02910

02890

JMF'ERi 009 »

02450

03170

JMPER2 0058

01750

02450

MAIN 0034

014 40

01750

OKPL.OT 006D

01960

01680

PAGER OOOB

03 000

01210 01820

PLTSKP OODD

03000

02250 02280 0

2590 02620

PQSKIP 0021

01310

01220

PTRLSB 0005

00960

01310

PTRHSB 0006

00970

01320

PXHODE 009F

02570

02130

RESET OODA

02950

02920

SCALE 0009

00994)

01450 02050

SET O0D7

02930

SRBYTE 0007

00980

02110 02410 0

2910

SVBYTE OOKC

02980

02420 02940

XL OOP 0073

02080

03040

XROS 0001

00940

01390

YLOOP 006 F"

02040

031.10

YPOS 00035

00950

01400

Listing 2: KWIKDRAW BASIC-language program. The assembly-language programming from listing 1 has been incorporated into

the DATA statements in lines 500-670. This data will be packed into line 20. Lines 10-50 may then be used as a kernel for your own

BASIC programs.

5 '

KWIKDRAW

machine language shape

drawing program

by DAN ROLLINS

11/10/81

6 '**

** This

program

sets up the machine language program

** for use as a

USR routine.

After a successful RUN,

** RUN again for

a simple demonstration.

**

Listing 2 continued on page 408

406 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

^NP/fc FORMULA INTERNATIONAL INC. *W

fca^ "i^al 12603 Crenshaw Blvd., Hawthorne, CA 90250 ^* '

For information (213) 973-1921 • Orders Only (outside Calif.) (800) 672-8758

pineapple

The Alternative! The Compatible!The Affordable! 48K Color Computer Kit!

FEATURES:

• Fully compatible with Apple® II + * Built in 2-watt amplifier for realistic

'EACH

(please add 5% shipping and handling)

• Singleboard for easy assembly

• Popular 6502 MPU for largeamount of software

sound effect with volume control* 8 on board peripheral connectorsfor expansion

• Game paddle connector on both • 14 key numeric key-pad

sides of case

• 5-amp switching power supply

Easy to assemble! All components are clearly silk-screened on the high quality double-sidedmother board. All integrated circuits, IC sockets, peripheral connectors, keyboard, switchingpower supply and the professional high impact plastic case are included.

High Quality 16K RAM Card Kit

(no cable required)Same feature as the one we've been selling but without themess of Dip-wire for Apple* & Pineapple'". $59.95 per kit

5V«" Flexible Disc Sale

Why buy other brands when you can buy WABASH discs for

much less and backed by 1-year factory warranty.

All discs come with Hub Rings

M13A411X 5%" SSDD Soft Sector $2.25"

M43A411X 5V6" SSDD 10 Hard Sector $2.25 V 10-99

M53A411X 5'/." SSDD 16 Hard Sector $2.25

M14A411X 5'/«" DSDD Soft Sector $3.65

F111111X 8" SSSD IBM compatible $2.45

F131211X 8 "SSDD 26 sectors 128 bytes $3.05

At last! Here's the computer case everyonehas been looking for!

Ideal for your homebrew*AP-II 6502 MPU based computer.Made with high impact plastic.Color and shape are compatiblewith the standard Apple IIcomputers.

Introductory Offer$150.00 ea.

Keyboard not included see our Ad in this page.

*AP-II model is compatible with Apple II but not manufactured by Apple Computers,Inc. ^Apple or Apple II is a registered trade mark of Apple Computers, Inc.

MODEL: AP-II

6502 MPU Based Computer Motherboard!You ask for it, you got it!

48K on board memory (4116)

12K on board EPROM memory

(2716 or 2732)

8 expansion slots for peripheral

cards

Composite-video output

size: 141/4" x 81/2" $99.95 ea.

16K RAM Card Kit For YourApple® & Pineapple™ Computer

Kit includes:

• High Quality P.C Board • 8 ea. 4116 (200ns) • All the ICs &parts • 16-pin Dip wire • Easy to assemble. You can do it in lessthan 30 minutes! $49.95 per kit

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Switching Power Supply ForApple®, AP-II, and Pineapple Computer

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< Apple is a registered trade

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SHIPPING AND HANDLING CH

Order $10.00 / Calif. Residents add 6.5%i. Phone Orders Accepted on VISA or MCONLY, NO C.O.D.'s. Prices subject to changewithout notice.

STORE HOURS

MON FRI — 10-7

SAT — 10-6

Circle 174 on inquiry card.

Listing 2 continued:

10 CLEAR 2000 :DIM P%(517) :CLS »* parameter & screen storage

90 Ifn<-" 0 1 A r\v mnva ^si?V>aci

30 V=VARPTR(KD$)

»

40 POKE 16526,PEEK(V+1) :POKE 16527,PEEK(V+2)

50 DEFUSR0=PEEK(V+l)+PEEK(V+2)*256 '* non-disk omit this line

99 '**

** This code reads the DATA lines and pokes the op codes

** into the dummy$ —KD$— on line 20**

100 ADDR=PEEK(V+l)+PEEK(V+2)*256 '* starting address

110 IF LEN(KD$)<234 THEN CLS :PRINT MKD$ IS TOO SHORT" :EDIT 20

120 CLS :PRINT§ 975,"CODE IS BEING POKED INTO KD$"; :PRINT@ 0 , ;

130 READ A$ :IF-A$="END" THEN 200

140 B$=LEFT$(A$,1) :C$=RIGHT$(A$,1)

150 M=ASC(B$)-48+(B$>"9")*7 :L=ASC(C$)-48+(C$>"9 " )*7

160 CS=CS+M+L '* calculate checksum

170 PRINT A$;" "; '* display each byte

180 POKE ADDR,M*16+L :ADDR=ADDR+1 '* store an opcode

190 GOTO 130

200 IF CS = 3330 THEN PRINT "*SUCCESSFUL*

ELSE PRINT "** BAD DATA **" :STOP

210

DELETE 99-670 '** delete unwanted lines

500 DATA CD,"7F, 0A, E5 , DD , El, DD, 2B, 11 ,0C,01,15 , 19 ,E5 ,FD,E1

510 DATA DD,CB,0B,4E,20,0B,EB,21,01,3C,2B,01,FF,03,03,ED

520 DATA B0,.DD,6E,05,DD,66,06,46,23,5E,23,56,EB,DD,56,01

530 DATA DD,5E,03,2B,23,DD,4E,09,CB,46,28,03,7B,91,5F,CB

540 '

550 DATA 4E,28,03,7B,81,5F,CB,56,28,03,7A,81,57,CB,5E,28

560 DATA 03,7A,91,57,CB,6E,28,15,10,DA,DD,CB,OB,46,CO,FD

570 DATA E5,E1,11,01,3C,1D,01,FF,03,03,ED,B0,C9,C5,D5,D5

580 DATA DD,46,09,E5,C5,DD,7E,07,FE,02,38,23,7A,FE,40,30

590 '

600 DATA 5C,7B,FE,10,30,57,63,6A,CB,25,CB,25,CB,2C,CB,1D

610 DATA CB,2C,CB,lD,FD,E5,Cl,09,DD,7E,07,18,3F,18,B9,7A

620 DATA FE,80,30,39,7B,FE,30,30,34,26,FF,7B,24,D6,03,30

630 DATA FB,C6,03,47,6A,CB,25,CB,2C,CB,1D,CB,2C,CB,1D,CB

640 '

650 DATA 10,04,AF,37,8F,10,FD,FD,E5,Cl,09,CB,7E,20,02,36

660 DATA 80,DD,CB,07,46,28,03,B6,18,02,2F,A6,77,Cl,El,14

670 DATA 10,91,D1,1C,0D,20,88,D1,C1,18,B2,END

799 '**

** This demonstrates the drawing and scaling

** features of KWIKDRAW* *

800 FS$="IDDDFJHHHI"

810 M$(1)="D" :M$(2)="4D" :M$(3)="44D" :M$(4)="444D"

820 X=63 :Y=23 ' ** coordinates for shape

830 SR=1 '** draw with LIT pixels

840 SC=1 '** scale at minimum

850 PG=0 '** Daqe OUT and IN

Listing 2 continued on

page 410

408 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

The COEX

Anatomy of a Printer

FACE—Interface with RS-232,Centronics, Apple, IEEE-488

MUSCLE—Original Plus 2 Copies(Carbonless Sets)

FLEXIBILITY—Selectable

Character Pitch, Line Spacing

and Line Feed

BRAIN—2K of Buffered Memory

HEART—6 Month Warranty. PrintHead Rated for 100 Million CharacterLife Expectancy

BACKBONE—9x7 Dot Matrix, Bi-directional Printing, Logic SeekingCarriage Control. StandardUnderwood Ribbon.

DEXTERITY—80 Column, 96 Column,132 Column, Graphics and Block Print

SPEED—80 Character Per Second.Tractor or Friction Feed.

A.

SPECIFICATIONS:

CHARACTER FORMATION PROCESS... Serial, impact dot matrix

STANDARD FONT 9 x 7 (7 needles). 6 x 6 for graphics printing

PRINTING DIRECTION Bi-directional

NUMBER OF COLUMNS 80.96 or 132. (40.48 or 66 for enlarged characters)

CHARACTER SIZE 2.57 mm (.101") x 2.0 mm (.079") for standard

80-column lineCHARACTER DENSITY 5 CPI for 40 column, 10 CPI for 80 column, 12 CPI

for 96 column and 16.7 CPI for 132 column

UNE SPACING 1/6". 1/8" and 1/12"

PRINTING SPEED 80 characters per second

NUMBER OF COPIES 2 (original plus 2 copies for cabonless sets)

PAPER WIDTH 8" to 10" for friction-fed paper and 3" to

10" sprocket-fed paperINKED RIBBON Standard Underwood spool type 1 /2" (13 mm) wide

by 11.5 yards (10.5 m) longDIMENSIONS 387 mm (153") wide by 309 mm (12.2") deep by

124 mm (4.9") high. With tracto-feed assy, height is

171 mm (6.7")

POWER CONSUMPTION 90 watts maximum operation 25 watts standby

WEIGHT 8.5 Kg (19 lbs.)

Best of all, the price...

$349oo

COEX 80-FT

OPTIONS:

COEX Interface Card to Apple

Demo Disc for Apple Available to DealersDealer Inquiries Invited

$49.95

Circle 83 on Inquiry card.

"Have You Kissed Your Computer Lately"

Components Express, Inc.

1380 E. Edinger • Santa Ana, Calif. 92705 • 714/558-3972

Terms of Sale: Cash, Checks, Credit Cards, M.O., C.O.D. Calif, residents add 6% sales tax.

BYTE February 1983 409

Listing 2 continued:

860870880890900910920930940997

X,Y and scale directions

XD=-1 :YD=-1 :SD=1 '**

M=M+1 :IF M>4 THEN M=lA$=FS$+M$(M)

GOSUB 1000 '** draw the shape

SC=SC+SD*.4 :IF SC<1 OR SC>7 THEN SD=-SDX=X+XD*SC :IF X<-10 OR X>137 THEN XD=-XD

:GOTO:GOTO

900910

Y=Y+YD*SC :IF Y<-5 OR Y>52FOR DELAY=1 TO 100 :NEXT:GOTO 870

THEN YD=-YD :GOTO 920

998

999

1000

10101020

CLSi **

**

**

**

**

**' **

**

**

**

**i **

**

**

**

**

P%(0)=X :P%(1)=Y

P%(3)=SR :P%(4)=SC :P%(5)=PG

UU=USR0(VARPTR(P%(0)))

RETURN

Routine drawsOn entry :

X and YA$3R

3CPG

a predefined figure.

screen coordinates

holds shape characters

is SET/RESET/CHARACTER byte:

0 = draw with RESET pixels

1 = draw with SET pixelselse = CHARACTER for drawing

is scaling factor

paging instruction:

is

0123

page OUT, draw,page OUT, drawdraw, page INdraw only

page IN

P%(2)=VARPTR(A$)

Not for sale in anybookstore! Not available atany price! The new ConsumerInformation Catalog!

It's the free bookletthat lists over 200 helpfulFederal publications; morethan half, free. On topics likehome repairs. Money man-agement. Nutrition. Informa-

410 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

tion that could help you to abetter way of life.

To get your freecopy, just write:

CONSUMER INFORMATION

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IraKmGeneral Services Administration.

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| Circle 211 on inquiry card.

SA2ROBOT

$1495

The SA2 is a robot developed for the educational market, and hasbeen designed to meet a requirement for a robot which will emulate,in behaviour and physical attributes, larger industrial robots.The arm can access 360! with a read i of 18 inches and a maximumlift of 1/2lb Circle 212 on inquiry card.

The Syntheasy

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$149.95

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITEDFor further information contact

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19205 Parthenia St., Suite H

Northridge. CA91324 Tel (213) 993-4803

Listing 3: The CREATE program, used to design your own graphics shapes. It also creates a shape-definition string for use with theKWIKDRAW program.

Thisshape

a

by

101520253035404550556065707580859095

********

**

**

**

CLS :INPUT"Need instructions";Q$ :IF Q$="Y"

CLEAR 2000 :DEFINT A-Z :DIM V(255)

CK$=" /SCIDHLXAM"+CHR$(13) '** valid

VK$ = ,,123456789!"+CHR$(34) + "#$%&'00" ' ** valid

CL$=CHR$(30) :1=1

IM$="X:### Y:## offsets:#### ### @

FOR J=l TO 9 :READ A$,DX(J),DY(J)

CREATEprogram is used in generatingdefinition string for displayKWIKDRAW

by Dan Rollins

GOSUB 9000

command keysvector keys

#### P:### len:###"CH(J)=ASC(A$) :NEXTH,-l, 0, C, 0, 0E, 1,-1

100105110115120125199

DATA J,-l, 1, B, 0, 1, F, 1, 1,

DATA D, 1, 0, 1,-1,-1, A, 0,-1,

INPUT"coordinates for model (X,Y—defaults: 30,10)";Xl,Yl

INPUT"coordinates for working shape (defaults: 30,30)";X2,Y2

PRINT :PRINT"String literal to edit or <ENTER> to start anew"

PRINT :SHAPE$="C" :INPUT SHAPE$

IF SHAPE$="" GOTO 85

FOR J=l TO LEN(SHAPE$) :V(J)=ASC(MID$(SHAPES$,J,1)) :NEXT

LAST=LEN(SHAPE$) :Xl=30 :Yl=10 :X2=30 :Y2=30

PTR=0 :GOSUB 700 :GOSUB 800 '** start in EXTEND mode

• **

** main loop interprets commands, displays data**

PRINT@ 0,"COMMAND:

PRINT USING IM$.;X,Y,X-X2,Y-Y2,INT(X/2 ) + INT( Y/3 ) *64,PTR,LAST;

GOSUB 1000 :GOSUB 3000 :IF K2=0 THEN 100

ON K2.GOSUB 200,250,300,400,500,600,650,700,800,75,10000

IF K2=12 GOTO 6000

GOTO 100

* *

* *

routine moves the cursor forward

<spacebar>

200210220230240

250260270280290

300310320330340350360

IF PTR=LAST THEN RETURNPTR=PTR+1 :V=V(PTR) :GOSUBIF V AND 64 THEN SET(X,Y)RETURN' **

** back* *

IF PTR<1

V=V(PTR)

V=NOT

GOSUBi **

Search

4000

up cursor

THEN RETURN:IF V AND 64V(PTR) AND 154000 :PTR=PTR-1

</>

THEN RESET(X,Y)

'** invert all bits

:RETURN

to back up

* *

for a vector

<S>

PRINT@ 0,"search vector?";CL$;

GOSUB 1000 :GOSUB 2000 :IF Kl=0 GOTO 310

IF Kl=10 THEN RETURN

Vl=V :PTR=PTR+1 :GOTO 350

PTR=PTR+1 :V=V(PTR) :IF V=Vl THEN PTR=PTR-

GOSUB 4000 :IF V AND 64 THEN SET(X,Y)

IF PTR=LAST THEN RETURN

RETURN

Listing 3 continued on page 414

ill February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 327 on inquiry card.

RadioShackTRS-SOs

Full Line

YOU CAN SAVE money when you buy Radio Shack TRS-80 Com-puters from Pan American Electronics. Pan American Elec-tronics went into business in 1976 and led the way in bringing con-sumers original Radio Shack TRS-80 Computers at reduced prices.NO other company has done it longer.NO other company has done it better andNO other company sells them for less.

Pan AmericanElectronics

TOLL FREE NUMBER 800/531-7466

1117 Conway Avenue • Department BMission, Texas 78572Phone: 512/581-2766Telex Number 767339

tm — Trademark of Tandy corporation

Circle 67 on inquiry card.TM

Micro Power Bench

• Single Switch Control of CPU and Peripherals

• Built in circuit breaker protects your system

• Four power expansion outlets

• Optional power surge protection ($39)

• Optional vent fan ($39)

• Compatible with IBM, APPLE, TRS-80 and others

Dealer or ordering info.800-343-4311

Master Charge and Visa Accepted

CAB-TEK, Inc.

Riverside St., Nashua NH 03062

CIVILIZING COMPUTERS

ACOUSTIC ENCLOSURE s99!

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

MAGIC PRINT

oOo

How MagicIs MagicPrint"?

Lifeboat Associatesproportion ally-spaced.

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Multiple, column printing

Copyright ©1982, by Lifeboat AssociatesWordStar is a TM of MicroProMagic Print is a TM of Editype Sys.

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Circle 231 on inquiry card.

BYTE February 1983 413

Listing 3 continued:

370 GOTO 340390 »■*•*

** Change a single vector at cursor**

400 IF PTR=LAST RETURN

410 PRINTS 0,"vector to change?";CL$;

420 GOSUB 1000 :GOSUB 2000 :IF Kl=0 GOTO 420

430 IF Kl=10 THEN RETURN

440 V(PTR+1)=V :GOSUB 200

450 RETURN

490 '**

** Insert a single vector

* *

500 PRINT@ 0,"vector to Insert?";CL$

510 GOSUB. 1000 :GOSUB 2000 : IF Kl=0 GOTO 510

520 IF Kl=10 THEN RETURN

5 30 FOR J=LAST TO PTR + 1 STEP-1

540 V(J+1)=V(J)

550 NEXT :LAST=LAST+1

560 V(PTR+1)=V

570 GOSUB 4000 :IF V AND 64 THEN SET(X,Y)

580 PTR=PTR+1 :RETURN

590 '**

** Delete a single vector**

600 IF PTR=LAST THEN RETURN

610 PRINTS 0,"Deleting a vector";CL$;

620 FOR J=l TO 300 :NEXT

630 FOR J=PTR+1 TO LAST :V(J)=V(J+1)

640 NEXT :LAST=LAST-1 :RETURN

645 '**

** Hack off line & extend

* *

650 PRINT@0,"Hacking from cursor on";CL$660 FOR DELAY=1 TO 300 :NEXT670 LAST=PTR :GOTO 800690 '**

** List (draw) entire figure

<C>

<I>

<D>

<H>

<L>

700 CLS :X=X1 :Y=Yl710 FOR J=l TO LAST720 V=V(J) :GOSUB 4000730 IF V AND 64 THEN SET(X,Y)740 NEXT

750 PTR=0 :X=X2 :Y=Y2760 RETURNi **

790

800

** Extend the shape

<X>

IF PTR=LAST GOTO 840810 FOR J=PTR TO LAST :V=V(J)

820 GOSUB 4000 :IF V AND 64 THEN SET(X,Y)830 NEXT :PTR=LAST

840 PRINT@ 0,"EXTEND: (0 for COMMAND) X:";850 PRINT X;" Y:";Y;" len:";LAST;CL$;860 GOSUB 1000 :GOSUB 2000 :IF Kl=0 THEN 860870 IF Kl=10 THEN RETURN880 PTR=PTR+1 :LAST=PTR :V(PTR)=V890 GOSUB 4000 :IF V AND 64 THEN SET(X,Y)900 GOTO 840990 '**

Listing 3 continued on page 416

414 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE February 1983 415

Listing 3

continued:

** get 1 key with blinking cursor**

1000

IF P0INT(X,Y) THEN RESET(X,Y) :GOSUB 5000 :SET(X,Y)

ELSE SET(X,Y) :GOSUB 5000 :RESET(X,Y)

1010

K$=INKEY$ :IF K$="" THEN GOSUB 5000 :GOTO 1000

1020

K=ASC(K$) :RETURN

1990

i**

** decode keypad as a vector byte**

2000

Kl=INSTR(VK$,K$)

2010

MP=0 :IF Kl>9 THEN MP=1 :Kl=Kl-9

2020

V=CH(K1)-16*MP

2030

RETURN

2040

i**

** non-disk: for above use

** 2000 Kl=0 :FOR J=l TO LEN(VK$)

** 2002 IF MID$(VK$,J,1)=K$ THEN Kl=J

** 2004 NEXT

** same for below, using CK$**

2990

> **

** Decode a command

* it

3000

K2=INSTR(CK$,K$) :RETURN

3990

> **

** adjust X and Y according to vector V

4000

IF V AND 1 LET Y=Y-1

4010

IF V AND 2 LET Y=Y+1

4020

IF V AND 4 LET X=X+1

4030

IF V AND 8 LET X=X-1

4040

X=X+(X>127)*128 - (X<0)*128 '** screen wrap-around

4050

Y=Y+(Y>47)*48 -(Y<0)*47

4060

RETURN

4990

i **

** short delay routine* *

5000

FOR DELAY=1 TO 30 :NEXT :RETURN

5990

• **

** exit editor, compile shape$ <ENTER>

** and write to disk

* *

6000

SHAPE$=""

6010.

FOR J=l TO LAST

6040

SHAPE$=SHAPE$+CHR$(V(J))

6050

NEXT

6060

PRINT® 0, CL$; :INPUT"disk save on line number";LN!

6070

PRINT CL$; :LINEINPUT"string variable name? ";SN$

6080

DW$=STR$(LN! ) + " "+SN$ + "="+CHR$(34)+SHAPE$+CHR$(34 )

6083

PRINT DW$ :PRINT

6085

Q$="" :INPUT"format ok";Q$ :IF Q$="N" CLS :GOTO 6060

6090

IF F1=0 THEN Fl=l :PRINT CL$; :LINEINPUT "filespec? ";FS$

:OPEN"0",l,FS$

6100

PRINT*1,DW$

6110

i

6120

CLS :Q$="" :INPUT "edit another string (Y/N)";Q$

6130

IF Q$="N" THEN CLOSE :END

6140

GOTO 65

8999

i **

416 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Listing 3 continued:

900090109020903090409050906090709080909091009110912091309140915091609999

1000010010100401005010060100701008010090101001011010120101301013510140101601017010175101801019010200

** instructions**

CLS :PRINT " CREATE...a graphics editor for KWIKDRAW"PRINT"This program is an aid in creating and modifying a"PRINT"string of vector characters: VA'-'J' and *lf-*:,aPRINT"You may input or build this string with the editor."PRINT" The NUMERIC KEYPAD is used to <9> <8> <7>"PRINT"move a cursor in the desired * : *"PRINT"pattern. Use these keys whenever <6> * <4>"PRINT"you are prompted for a VECTOR and * : *"PRINT"while extending the shape. <1> <2> <3>"

PRINT" The <0> key is used to cancel commands and to"PRINT"exit EXTEND mode."

PRINT" You may define the X and Y screen positions for"PRINT"your "model1 and your "working copy'. The top line"PRINT"shows: the current X and Y, offsets from the start,"PRINT"the PRINT® position, position within the shape,"PRINT"and length of the shape string.";

PRINTTABC50);"Press <ENTER>"; :X=126 :Y=46 :GOSUB 1000• **

** Menu of commands <M>

**

CLS :PRINT TAB(9);"Create - graphics editor for KWIKDRAW"

PRINT"commands:";TAB(38);" by Dan Rollins"

PRINT" <spacebar>...cursor forward"

PRINT" </> cursor backward"

PRINT" <A> Abort edit without change"

PRINT" <ENTER> exit editor & save shape to disk"

PRINT" <D> Delete a single vector"

PRINT" <L> List (draw) shape, cursor to start"

PRINT" <S> Search for a vector"

PRINT" <C> Change a vector"

PRINT" <I> Insert a single vector"

PRINT" <X> extend shape (enter EXTEND mode)"

PRINT" <1> - <9>....vector keys for S,C,I,X commands"

PRINT" <0> escape from S,C,I,X commands"

PRINT" <SHIFT> move-only vector (with <1> - <9>)"

PRINT" <M> display this list" ;

PRINT TAB(50);"press <ENTER>";X=126 :Y=46 :GOSUB 1000IF 1=0 THEN 1=1 :CLS :RETURNGOTO 700

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February 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc 417

using the numeric keypad to move a dot in the necessarypattern. But to understand the process, look at figure 2.Beginning at a central position, the first cursor motionwill be northwest with the resulting pixel turned on. Thenext two motions are east, etc. The result is a pattern ofdirections:

Figure 1: A simple figure drawn using the CREATE program.

•—

—►•

•—

—►

\

N

«« • •*—•

Figure 2: Sequence of cursor moves showing how figure 1 wasdrawn. The figure has been expanded for clarity.

Text continued from page 394:

walk through a sample session. For example, to createfigure 1, we ordinarily write this BASIC subroutine:

1000 SET(X-1,Y-1) :SET(X,Y-1) :SET(X + 1,Y-1)

:SET(X + 2,Y)1010 SET(X + 1,Y + 1) :SET(X,Y + 1) :SET(X-1,Y + 1)

:SET(X-2,Y)1020 RETURN

A GOSUB to this routine would slowly draw the shape ina position relative to the key position defined by the Xand Y coordinates.

Defining the same figure as a series of vectors can be aseasy as running the CREATE program (see listing 3) and

NW, E, E, SE, SW, W, W, NW

Referring to table 1, we see that these vectors are definedby the characters

I D D F J H H I

The shape would be defined within a BASIC program as

SHAPES = "IDDFJHHI"

Now that the shape is defined, it may be drawn at anyscreen position by storing a few parameters and invokingthe KWIKDRAW USR routine.

The shape-interpreter will look at the bit positions ofeach of the vector bytes to determine the direction inwhich to move the cursor. The control codes (A throughJ and 1 through :) were chosen specifically for the bitpositions of their binary values. Using these bit patternsas instructions, KWIKDRAW decodes these bytes as mo-tions of a cursor. For example:

Direction

VectorASCII hexadecimal

Bits

VectorASCII hexadecimal

Bits

76543210

WESN

WESN

North

= A = 41 =

01000001

1 = 31 =

00110001

*

East

= D = 44 =

01000100

4 = 34 =

00110100

'

Northeast

= E = 45 =

01000101

5 = 35 =

00110101

Bit 0 (the rightmost bit) of a byte is the flag for movingnorth, and bit 3 indicates motion east. When both bits 0and 3 are 1, motion is to the northeast. Also, notice thatA and 1 have the same binary value with the exceptionthat bit 4 is on in the latter. This bit is tested to determinewhether to move without changing whatever is in thebackground. Bits 5, 6, and 7, untested by the program,are on only for the convenience of the BASIC program-mer.

The first action taken by KWIKDRAW in vector inter-pretation is the adjustment of its X,Y pointer. Usually,the key position (the X, Y pair passed to the program) willnot be plotted. Remember, the principal aspect of a vec-tor is motion in space. If you want the very first characterto indicate a screen change at the exact coordinate de-fined by the X,Y parameters, a move and plot commandof C will first move the cursor north, then south and plotthe position. Otherwise, the first position plotted will beoffset by one step from the starting X,Y coordinate in thedirection defined by the vector.

Passing Parameters

Four basic parameters are required by KWIKDRAW inits processing of a shape-definition string:

418 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

VARPTR(P%(02-BYTE ADDRESS

(0) I |-<DRESS

-ADDRESS PASSED TO USR ROUTINE

X ORDINATE

MSBUNUSED

Y ORDINATE

MSB

UNUSED

(IX + 51 (1X1-6)

POINTER TOVARIABLES LIST

SET/RESET/CHARACTER

MSBUNUSED

SCALINGFACTOR

MSB

UNUSED

PAGINGINSTRUCTION

MSB

UNUSED

Pit 161 -P%I517I

ADDRESSED BY IY

TEMPORARYSCREEN STORAGE

1024 BYTESUSED FOR PAGING

BASIC VARIABLE NAME

INDEX OFFSET

BYTE USAGE

ENTRY FROM LIST OFBASIC VARIABLES

STRINGLENGTH

STORAGEADDRESS

BASIC CHARACTER STRINGINDEXED BY HL

FIRSTBYTE

LASTBYTE

Figure 3: Organization of string data accessed by the VARPTR function of the KWIKDRAW program.

• where to draw the shape (an X,Y coordinate pair)

• whether to set/reset a pixel or use a character

• a pointer to the shape-definition string

• a scaling factor to define the size of the shape

Additionally, you may decide whether or not to page thescreen workspace in or out of video memory—more onthat later.

An inherent limitation -of the USR hook is that onlyone integer argument at a time may be passed to the rou-tine it calls. Because of the number of parameters neededby KWIKDRAW, a sophisticated protocol was devel-oped. The arguments are placed in elements of an integerarray, and the address of the first array element is passedto KWIKDRAW.

The VARPTR function returns an address that pointseither directly or indirectly to the storage address of thevariable.

VARPTR(/'nreger array variable) points directly to acontiguous block of main memory, addressing the LSB(least significant byte) of the variable named. The nexthigher address is the MSB (most significant byte), thefollowing 2 bytes are the LSB and MSB of the array ele-ment next in line, etc. For example:

10 A%(0) = 2

20 PRINT PEEK(VARPTR(A%(0))),PEEK(VARPTR(A % (0)) +1)

This will print

The variable is stored using the two's complement con-vention. Negative numbers have been increased by 1 and

have had all bits flip-flopped. Thus, if A%(0) =result would be

■2, the

254

255

VARPTR(sfn'rtg variable) returns an address that is thelocation of a block of data associated with the string. Theaddress itself will contain a 1-byte string length (0-255).The next 2 bytes are a pointer to the actual main-memorystorage location for the characters. This address is read innormal Z80 format, that is, MSB followed by LSB. Figure3 should help in visualizing just how the addresses are ac-cessed by KWIKDRAW.

One word of caution when using these facts in conjunc-tion with the USR command. It is usually desirable to in-clude the VARPTR function explicitly as the USR argu-ment, rather than setting a variable to the value for reuse.For example, always pass the pointer with

UU = USR(VARPTR(P%(0)))

Don't use

VP = VARPTR(P%(0)) :UU = USR(VP)

The reason for this is based upon Microsoft's variablestable handling. Simple (nonarray) variables are insertedinto the list on the fly. As a new simple variable iscreated, all array variables are pushed higher in memory.In the example above, VP will point correctly until thestorage for the UU variable is allocated. The insertion ofUU into the variables table alters the position of theP%( ) array, making the value of VP invalid. Also, theaddress returned by VARPTR(sfn'ng variable) may be in-validated by BASIC'S string reorganization.

February 19*3 © BYTE Publications Inc 419

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P%(0) = key horizontal (X) ordinate:

display range: 0-127 (PIXEL mode)

0-63 (CHARACTER mode)

P%(1) = key vertical (Y) ordinate:

display range: 0-47 (PIXEL mode)

0-15 (CHARACTER mode)

P%(2) = pointer to string variable data block:usually VARPTR(shapeS)

P%(3) = display mode:

0 = RESET pixels

1 = SET pixels2-255 = display character

P%(4) = scaling (magnification) factor:

possible range: 1-256(0 = 256)practical range: 1-15

P%(5) = paging code:

0 = copy screen to memory, draw shape,

copy memory to screen

1 = copy screen to memory, draw shape

2 = draw shape, copy memory to screen

3 = draw shape (in memory only)

Table 2: Control parameters usedparameters to the shape interpreter.

in the passing of

These problems crop up only when they're least ex-pected. They may always be avoided by taking this pre-caution: Never define a new variable between the storingof parameters in the P%( ) array and the invoking of theUSR command. This is the first place to start lookingwhen KWIKDRAW does something unexpected.

Table 2 indicates the array variables used in the passingof parameters and the limits associated with each. Discus-sion of this parameter array will always refer to theP%( ) array. Any INTEGER variable array would work,however, and the "%" character may be omitted if a DE-FINT command has been specified for the variable.

Note that invalid data in these variables will not crashthe program. A possible problem, however, is en-countered when the scaling factor is set to 0.KWIKDRAW will appear to lock up because it cyclesthrough the SET/RESET routine more than 65,000 timesper shape-definition byte. The practical range for scalinga pixel shape is approximately 1 to 15.

Invalid X,Y coordinates are ignored by the program. Ashape may be drawn so that part of it is off the screen.Specifying ordinates less than 0 or greater than the screensize is allowed. It is usually advisable to use a centralpoint of the shape as the key vector during shape-definition. This gives the shape its maximum range ofmotion during animation. Another reason for thisprecaution is due to the nature of the scaling function.

When the scaling factor is greater than 1, each vectorwill be drawn as a filled rectangle SCALE wide by SCALEhigh. The rectangle will be placed with its northwest cor-ner at the current cursor position, and cursor motion will

420 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 60 on Inquiry card.

be in increments with the step size equal to SCALE. Asthe shape is enlarged (its scaling factor is increased), theshape will appear to move southwest. Assuming that thekey position remains the same, the vectors will force cur-sor motion in greater and greater steps and fill larger andlarger blocks. By using a central location within the shapeas the key vector, this sliding effect can be minimized.

Paging the Video

A flaw in the TRS-80 Model I hardware causes an ef-fect known as hashing on the video screen. Unwantedstreaks and flickering can be seen during rapid graphicsoperations. The TRS-80 Technical Reference Handbookexplains that the video-divider chain loses control of thedisplay for short periods of time while the central pro-cessing unit accesses video memory. Unfortunately, theonly way to minimize this effect is to address video RAM(random-access read/write memory) as seldom as possi-ble.

KWIKDRAW may make hundreds—even thousands—ofaccesses to video RAM during the drawing of a singleshape. The resulting hashing could be an irritating sourceof eye fatigue. Additionally, the action of drawing a com-plex shape (or one scaled to many times its original size)takes a certain amount of time—even at machine-lan-guage speeds. It is desirable to eliminate this visible lagbetween the drawing of the first and the last vector.

For these reasons, a paging feature is included as partof the machine-language code. KWIKDRAW uses non-video RAM as working storage for the screen. All shapesare drawn in this work area—screen memory being ad-dressed only at the start and/or end of the shape-drawingprocess. Of special significance are the options of(1) copying the current contents of the screen to storage,and (2) drawing multiple shapes within the workingstorage before moving it to the display area. Thoughscreen hashing is not completely eliminated, the utility ofKWIKDRAW is greatly enhanced by the inclusion of thispaging function.

Video-paging requires that 1024 bytes of main memorybe set aside for working storage. To avoid having to setMEMORY SIZE and to keep the program compatiblewith TRS-80 Models I and III of all memory configura-tions, the storage area for an integer array is used for ma-nipulating the screen. Because the P%( ) array is beingused to pass parameters to KWIKDRAW, it is the logicalplace for the screen work area. Therefore, this array mustbe dimensioned to at least 517. The first six elements(0-5) are for parameter passing. The rest (512 elementswith 2 bytes per element = 1024 bytes) are used forscreen operations.

The paging is performed using the Z80 op code LDIR, ablock-move instruction. This is a memory-to-memorytransfer that moves bytes from the source address definedby the HL register pair to the destination address held inDE. The BC register pair is automatically used as a bytecounter for this operation and is set here to 1024—thetotal number of screen bytes. For paging out of videoRAM, HL is pointed to the screen address (3C00 hexadec-

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February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 421

Description of the KWIKDRAW Assembly-Language Program

\uch of the utility of KWIKDRAW is rooted in the factthat it is located on a BASIC program line and avoids thenecessity of reserving high memory. Several trade-offs wereneeded to accomplish this end. Speed is traded for repeat-ability, program size is traded for compatibility with theBASIC program line format, and modularity is seeminglylost in the necessity of avoiding CALLs.

The program is, however, written in a modular style witheach section being basically self-contained. First, the pro-gram initializes its variables. Then it takes the requested pag-ing action. The next section interprets each of the bytes of thevector string. It adjusts the horizontal and vertical pointers,determines plot/no plot action, and plots a position accord-ing to the scaling parameter. Finally, the return paging actionis taken and execution is passed back to BASIC.

The CALL to 0A7F hexadecimal in line 1050 returns HLwith the address of the first byte of the P% ( ) array. The IXindex register is immediately set to this value by pushing itfrom HL onto the stack and popping it into IX. Because thisaddress points directly to the X (horizontal) ordinate, the off-set byte used in accessing the value would assemble to a 0>Because BASIC line format dictates that this must be avoid-ed, IX is decremented. The X ordinate is now found in the ad-dress referred to by IX+1.

The address used for the start of screen storage is usedseveral times during the program. It is convenient to have itaccessible as a main register. This address is the same as thelocation of the seventh element of the parameter arrayP%(6), and is calculated by adding 12 to the USR argument,i.e., the start of the P%( ) array. Then it is saved in the TYregister. Lines 1850, 2380, and 2840 access this address with aPUSH and a POP to another register.

When the storage address has been determined, the pagingaction takes place. Two of the four possible paging codes,held in P% (5), request that the current contents of the screenbe copied to storage before any shape-drawing occurs.Testing the lowest bit of P%(5) sets a flag used in selectingthe desired action. The BIT op code used here (testing asingle bit of a byte at an indexed address) is very useful in thistype of bit-logic application. As with all BIT testing, the Zflag is set when the bit is off. Think of it as complementingthe test bit and placing it into the Z flag, or remember thatthe Z flag is set as if a CP (compare) operation was per-formed between the test bit and a 0.

When the paging argument is 0 or 1, the screen is movedinto the storage area. Notice in lines 1250-1280 that absoluteaddresses of 3C00 and 0400 hexadecimal must be loaded intothe HL and BC registers. Here again, the zero bytes must beavoided so that the registers are loaded, then decremented orincremented to the correct values. The LDIR (load, incre-ment, and repeat) op code duplicates the screen bytes intothe storage area where they may be altered with a minimumof screen hashing.

Lines 1310-1420 finish the initialization process. Thenumber of characters in the vector string is saved in the Bregister, the starting X and Y coordinates are placed into theD and E registers respectively, and HL is pointed to justefore the start of the vector string. The program is now set

up to begin the interpretation process.

The main loop decodes each vector byte as motions of anX,Y pointer. HL is adjusted to point to the byte to decode.The bits of this byte are tested individually. The DE pointeris adjusted in any of eight directions—according to which ofthe bits are on. Adjustments are made in increments of thescaling factor. When DE has been updated, the fifth bit istested for a plot/no plot action. If the byte being examined isan ASCII character between 1 and : (31-3A hexadecimal),the main body of the program is skipped. Register B isdecremented; if it's not 0, execution loops back to decodeanother vector.

A truly modular program would simply make a CALL tothe plot routine when the characters A through H were en-countered. KWIKDRAW must jump past the program exitcode to line 1960 where the plotting action begins. A pair ofnested loops is set up in lines 1960-2090. If programmed inBASIC, the rest of this program would look something like

101 FOR J=2 TO SCALE20 FOR K=l TO SCALE30 SET(X+K,Y+J)

40 NEXT K50 NEXT }

When SCALE = 0, the loops are each performed 256 times.This mistake will cause a delay of about 7 seconds per (plot-ting) vector byte.

The loops are ended at lines 3030-3170. The outer-scalingloop sends control back to the top of the main loop by wayof a two-span bridge. Because the Z80 JR (jump relative) opcode has a range of —126 to +129 bytes from the programcounted, and the distance between the bottom and the top ofthe loop is outside this range, this indirect route must betaken. Two spans to the bridge avoid breaking up any of thelogical program modules.

The assembler code analogous to the SET(X+K,Y+J) ex-ample from above is actually two Separate modules. Depend-ing on the value of the SET/RESET/CHARACTER param-eter passed in P%(3), a point is defined as either a single pixelor an entire byte of memory. When P%(3) is greater than 1,the code beginning at line 2230 (CHARACTER mode) is in-voked. Here, a PRINT© screen position (0-1023) is cal-culated from the X and Y coordinates. The formula used isposition — (Y*256 + X*4) / 4. This is calculated very rapid-ly using the register shift and rotate directives. The positionobtained is added to the start of the screen storage area,yielding an address to which the parameter byte is saved.

Calculations for determining which pixel to set or reset aresomewhat more complicated. Both a PRINT® position anda pixel value must be ascertained. The former is simplyposition = (INT(Y/3) *256 + INT(X/2)) / 4. The remainderof the Y/3 operation (0-2) is saved in the B register, and thecarry flag holds the remainder left after the division by 4 (0orl).

A pixel is lit by applying a logical OR to the graphics byteat the indicated position. Masking the same value from the

Text box continued on page 423

422 Febraary 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Text box continued:

byte will darken this pixel. Graphics bytes will always have avalue greater than or equal to 128 (80 hexadecimal). Apply-ing the logical OR to one of these values:

1 2

4 8

16 32

and to any graphics byte, will light the respective pixel.

The SET/RESET routine of KWIKDRA W determines whichof these values to use by multiplying the B register by 2 andadding the carry flag value, then extracting 2 to the power ofthe resulting sum. The formula, where MOD is a remainderfunction, is

bit = 2 t <MOD(Y/3) * 2 + MOD((lNT(Y/3) *256 + lNT(X/2)) / 4))

Once these numbers have been obtained, the screen storagebyte is modified for the indicated action. Any nongraphics

byte at the position is first changed to a blank graphics byte.For a SET action, the pixel value is compared with the cur-rent byte using a logical OR operation. A RESET action isperformed by complementing the pixel value and then per-forming a logical AND with the position byte. The resultingbyte is saved at line 2980. Incidentally, this SET/RESETroutine is modeled after the one found in the Level II ROM.Several modifications made it relocatable and speeded it up abit.

Both the SET/RESET and the CHARACTER routinescheck for coordinates that would modify bytes outside thestorage area. When an X,Y pair is out of range, the routine issimply skipped—allowing shapes to be drawn wholly or par-tially off the screen.

Finally, the last vector byte has been interpreted when theB register is decremented to 0 by the DJNZ on line 1750. Ex-ecution falls through to the paging and exit module. Here,the paging argument is again tested. A value of 0 or 2 causesthe updated storage area to be copied onto the screen. Con-trol is then handed back to the BASIC program.

imal), and DE is set to the address of the sixth element ofthe P%( ) array. The LDIR op code then copies the screento the storage area. Paging back into video RAM is ac-complished by reversing these registers so that the storagearea is copied to the screen.

A detailed description of the KWIKDRAW shape-tableinterpreter (listing 1) is included with this article in aseparate text box. This, plus the remarks within thelisting, will explain the structure of the program anddetail the techniques used in this example of hybrid pro-gramming.

The problem new users will most often experience withKWIKDRAW is incorrect handling of parameter passing.A BASIC programmer is used to having English-soundingwords like PRINT and DRAW as commands. KWIK-DRAW takes a giant step backward in this respect. Thereis no easy way to remember which parameter goes inwhich element of the P%( ) array.

I suggest that a copy of table 2 (the list of parametercodes) should be available for easy reference during pro-gramming with KWIKDRAW.

A Graphics Editor

CREATE is a handy utility program for defining thevector strings needed by KWIKDRAW (see listing 3). It isa graphics editor in much the same way that BASIC'SEDIT mode is a text editor. Normally, you'll design ashape on a graphics worksheet and use CREATE for en-coding it into a vector string.

Operation is simple; define two pairs of key X,Y coor-dinates at the prompts. The first is the position at which areference model is drawn. The latter is for the workingcopy. Next, CREATE expects input of a series of vectorcharacters that are to be edited. This is the only timeyou'll have to refer to table 1. You may use a null entryhere to define your starting shape string as C—the plot-the-key-position vector described earlier. To edit a few

changes to a predefined string, you may read it in fromdisk, set SHAPES to its value, and skip this inputprompt.

Commands recognized by CREATE are

SPACEBAR Advance the cursor

/ Back up the cursor

A Abort edit without change to SHAPES

ENTER Exit editor and save the shape

D Delete a single vector

L List (draw) the shape, cursor to start

S Search for a vector

C Change a single vector

I Insert a single vector

X Enter EXTEND mode (add vectors)

0 Escape from S,C,I,X commands

1-9 Vector keys for S,C,I,X commands

SHIFT Move-only vector—with < 1 > through<9>

The L, S, C, and I commands are followed by a vectorfrom the numeric keypad. The X command expects aseries of such vectors.

Visualize the keypad as being superimposed on thescreen with 8 at the top, 4 on the left, 3 at the lower right,etc. Move the cursor and plot the resulting pixel by press-ing the key corresponding to the desired direction. Pressthe Shift key with the direction key to include a move-only vector. The 0 key is used to escape from any of theabove commands.

Some important data is displayed during the editingprocess: the current X,Y pixel coordinate, the currentPRINT® position, the length of the string, and the cur-rent offsets from the starting X and Y. Though positionsare relative during KWIKDRAW's interpretation of theshape, knowing the size of the shape is handy in definingmultiple shapes (alphabetic characters, frames of anima-

Febmvy 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 423

tion), and the X,Y offsets are needed for chaining a seriesof complex figures.

Pressing the Enter key from COMMAND mode savesthe shape in the variable SHAPES for processing to disk.Don't have disks? Use LPRINT SHAPES and copy it intoyour applications program. Don't have a printer? Get apencil.

Disk users will be prompted for a file name and a se-quential file is opened. You'll then be prompted for a linenumber and a variable name. The string is written as aBASIC line in the format

line# variablename = "....vector characters...."

For example:

10240 SHAPE$(2,4) = "IDDFJHHI"

The resulting file may be merged with an applicationsprogram that contains the KWIKDRAW routine. Itwould be easy to change the format so that the shape maybe read as a DATA line.

Multiple Pages and Other Trivia

Some of the utility of KWIKDRAW will not be com-pletely apparent until it has been used a few times. For ex-ample, a working page may be filled with any byte (ex-cept 0 or 1) by

CL$="CDDD"P%(0) = 0 :P%(1) = 0_P%(2)=VARPTR(CL$).P%(3)=2 - 255

P%(4) = 16P%(5) = 3_

X and Y to top left

point to the four vectors

byte to fill (in

CHARACTER mode)_ scaling factor

don't page IN or OUT

UU=USR0(VARPTR(P%(0))) fill the page

Use this as a subroutine for clearing a page beforebuilding a frame of animation.

Sometimes BASIC is too slow in processing changes toa page between displays. By defining the P%( ) arraywith two dimensions, more than one page of videostorage is available. For example, DIM P% (517,2) pro-vides three (0, 1, and 2) separate pages for manipulation.Doubly dimensioned array variables are stored with thefirst-dimensioned subscripts varying fastest. Thus,P%(0,1) of the above example will actually be stored inthe addresses sequentially adjacent to P%(517,0).

KWIKDRAW doesn't care what variable address itreceives as the USR parameter. It does expect this addressto point to a series of parameters followed by 1024 bytesfor paging. Therefore, any of the dimensioned pages maybe accessed by placing the parameters in the elements 0through 5 of that subscript level, then invoking theshape-interpreter. At the expense of memory, multiplepaging can provide maximum speed.

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424 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 429 on inquiry card.

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SYSTEM 80

ESCORT

BYTELINES

News and Speculation about Personal Computing

Conducted by Sol Libes

R,

random Rumors: It'srumored that CommodoreBusiness Machines and someof its alternate suppliers areworking on CMOS (comple-mentary metal-oxide semicon-ductor) versions of the 6502microprocessor (used in theApple II, Atari 400 and 800,and Commodore personalcomputers) that would allowlow-power operation. . . .One reliable source tells methat this year IBM plans tooffer a high-resolution colorvideo monitor for the Per-sonal Computer that emulatesIBM's 3279 terminal. . . .Word has it that Radio Shackwill soon start selling theCasio handheld computer anddrop one of the Sharp modelsit currently handles. ... It isrumored that Apple Com-puter Inc. will shortly cut theprice for the Apple II andApple III by 10%. . . .Sharp is reportedly workingon a computer based onMotorola's 68000 micropro-cessor that will provide asingle-user Unix operatingsystem, similar to the FortuneSystems 32:16.

w,

hat's Going on atthe Shack? It is now overhalf a year since Radio Shackintroduced its 16-bit com-puter, the Model 16, with thepromise of a three-user oper-ating system running on theMotorola 68000 microproces-sor housed within the unit.However, so far purchaserscan run only the old TRS-80Model,II single-user 8-bit Z80operating system and applica-tions software. Rumors havebeen floating around thatMicrosoft was adapting itsXenix operating system for theModel 16. Now it turns out

that the operating system wasreally being developed byRyan-McFarland and thatTandy later changed its mindand went to Charles RiverData Systems for the multi-user operating system. Final-ly, it is expected that Tandywill also offer a single-user16-bit operating systemdesigned by Ryan-McFarland,in which case I wonder if therewill be upward migrationfrom the single- to multiusersystems.

Tandy reported that com-puter sales rose 69% for thelast fiscal year, up to $624million from $369 million, andthat these sales now accountfor 31% of the company'sbusiness—back in 1978, com-puters accounted for only2.4%. Further, Tandy claimsthat the TRS-80 Model II ac-counted for 25% of its com-puter sales; the Model III,27%; the Color Computer,7.2%; pocket computers,2.5%; software sales, 8.5%;printer sales, 16.7%; andcomputer-related products,12.2%. (It is strange that thesepercentages do not total100%.)

Tandy also reported thatgross profits as a percentage ofsales were 59.3%—far higherthan the norm for the elec-tronics industry. Net profitswere reported to be 11%.Radio Shack now has 392computer centers and plans toopen 125 more. It also sellscomputers through 5127company-owned stores andanother 2999 franchisedoutlets. The number of storeswill increase by 170 this year.

^»t IBM: Rumors concern-ing IBM's future plans suggestthat the firm intends to enter

the portable-computer marketwith a "baby" Personal Com-puter system made outside theU. S. by Matsushita, that it isat the preproduction stage of anew 4-inch floppy-disk drive,and that it will introduce soona 3270 IBM terminal emulatorand RJE (remote job entry)package for the PersonalComputer with an anticipatedselling price of $700. A high-resolution color monitor isalso expected that will allowthe Personal Computer toemulate an IBM 3279 ter-minal. Because the PersonalComputer costs less thanIBM's series 327x terminals,which are used with IBM'slarge mainframe computers,doubtless customers of suchsystems will be switching tothe IBM Personal Computerfor their terminal needs.

IBM has also started sellingenhancements for its Display-writer desktop word-proces-sor system that allow it to actas a terminal. Further, IBMnow sells the p-System (Pascallanguage) for the Displaywrit-er for users who want it tofunction as a complete com-puter system. The Display-writer uses an Intel 8086microprocessor, and thereforeit's strange that IBM doesn'tplan to offer the MS-DOS andCP/M-86 operating systemsfor the unit, considering thatthese are available for the Per-sonal Computer. Of course,concurrent CP/M-86 for theDisplaywriter can be pur-chased directly from DigitalResearch. I can only wondernow if Microsoft will offerMS-DOS for the unit.

IBM offers one other desk-top unit, called the System 23Datamaster. It is the most ex-pensive of IBM's small com-puters but uses an 8-bit

microprocessor (the Intel8085, an enhanced version ofthe 8080). It's likely this pro-cessor was chosen because theDatamaster was introducedbefore the Displaywriter andthe Personal Computer. TheDatamaster offers much moredisk storage capacity thaneither, however.

It seems likely that IBM willreplace the Displaywriter andDatamaster with enhancedversions of the Personal Com-puter, probably using the newIntel 80286 processor (anenhancement of the 8086).Thus the next Displaywritermay be the Personal Com-puter with a display andkeyboard better suited toword processing, and the nextDatamaster may be a PersonalComputer with larger diskstorage. In this way, IBMcould maintain upward com-patibility through its entireline of desktop computers,terminal compatibility with itsmainframes, and workstationcompatibility with its newnetworking system. If thishappens IBM will have themost comprehensive line ofoffice-product computersystems in the industry.

In the meantime, IBM isdue to introduce soon itshard-disk option (using theSeagate SVi-inch drive) for thePersonal Computer. Word isthat the firm expects to sellabout 300,000 this year alone.Also Tecmar, which developsperipherals and enhancementscompatible with the PersonalComputer, is reportedly plan-ning to introduce a Win-chester add-in using either oneor two Syquest Technology3.9-inch, 5-megabyte hard-disk drives with removablemedia. This would be an idealcombination, allowing the

428 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 384 on Inquiry card.

user to easily back up the IBMhard disk.

Recent advertisements fromfranchised IBM PersonalComputer dealers haveoffered $500 worth of freesoftware with the purchase ofan IBM Personal Computer,some are offering discounts ofup to 15%, and some dealersare offering financing. Thismay suggest that supply anddemand have begun to catchup with one another.

IBM has discovered thatsome of its franchised dealers,unauthorized dealers, and pri-vate entrepreneurs buy theminimum-priced 16K-byteversion of the Personal Com-puter and add their own(much less expensive) memoryand disk drives, then sell thefull system either at list priceor at a discount. A private en-trepreneur can buy the mini-mum-priced 16K-byte ma-chine with no disk drive for$1250, add three additionalbanks of memory chips (for aslittle as $10 each bank) and aTandon disk drive (for about$300), and resell the machinefor about 10% below the$2200 list price, making a $400profit. IBM is concerned be-cause the purchaser is buyinga machine where only half ofthe product's value is fromIBM. The problem becameapparent when purchaserstook their machines in for re-pair to IBM service facilities.Perhaps IBM will take thetack Apple Computer Inc.considered when it was facedwith the problem a few yearsago: namely, sell onlymachines with full comple-ments of memory and diskdrives.

Vommodore Doings:Atari has filed a federal suitcharging Commodore Busi-ness Machines with infringe-ment of Atari patents, de-signs, and trademarks for ajoystick and paddle controller

used in video games and com-puters. Commodore haslaunched a $22 million adver-tising campaign to drum upsales for its Commodore 64and VIC-20 personal com-puters. In the meantime,VIC-20s are selling like hot-cakes, and Commodore isturning out 9000 per day withthe expectation that 1 millionwill be sold by the end ofJune. With a list price of under$200 and many merchandisersdiscounting to as low as $159,it is far and away the lowest-priced computer availablewith color-video capability.Surely many consumers arebuying the VIC-20 instead of avideo-game unit because theycan buy • a computer and agame player for the same priceas a games-only machine.

Several companies are sup-posedly planning to introduceemulators for the Commodore64 that will allow it to runApple II, Atari 400 and 800,and TRS-80 software. How-ever, I would look very skep-tically at such emulators forseveral reasons: first, emu-lators virtually always runmuch slower than the realthing, which could take all thefun out of many games. Sec-ond, many software authorsoften write clever programroutines that depend on hard-ware specific to the system forwhich the software was de-signed; programs includingsuch routines will not runproperly with an emulator.Therefore, before buying anemulator, check its operationcarefully to make sure it cando what you want.

Jome Apple Bytes: LaserMicrosystems, Corona, Cali-fornia, has announced that itis designing a plug-in pro-cessor card for the Apple IIusing the powerful new Na-tional Semiconductor 1603216-bit microprocessor. Laserexpects to introduce a Unix-

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February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 429

BYTELINES.

like operating system for theboard (the company also ex-pects to introduce IBM Per-sonal Computer and TRS-80versions later on).

On the marketing front,reports say that Apple is stillhaving friction with its in-dependent retail dealers. Themost recent rub is Apple's newin-house national-accountsprogram to sell directly to theFortune 1000 companies. Sec-ond, despite many attempts,Apple has been unable to con-trol sales by unauthorized dis-count retailers that are under-selling authorized dealers.These discounters are believedto be obtaining their Apple lisfrom authorized dealers whooverbuy to get a better dis-count and then secretly reshipat just a few dollars abovecost. Apple says it will takestrong action to cut off thesupply lines to unauthorizeddealers. In the meantime, thesix West Coast mail-orderdealers cut off by Apple overa year ago, who then filed suitagainst Apple, have not beenable to get the government totake up their case.

\^f Clones and Look-Allkes: You can tell a really

successful product by howmany "clones" (imitations)exist for it. For example, Iknow of two TRS-80 ModelI/Model III clones currentlysold, and Apple ComputerInc. is trying to stop the im-portation and sale of a num-ber of clones from the FarEast. Already about six IBMPersonal Computer clones aremade in the U. S., and at aJapan electronics show heldthis past October, Hitachi,Mitsubishi, NEC (NipponElectric Company), Mat-sushita, Sanyo, and Toshibaall showed IBM-compatiblesystems, many of which willappear in this country later inthe year. The question iswhether a product is as com-patible as its manufacturerclaims it is. Many clone sup-pliers contend that, comparedto the original, their product isfar superior, contains addedfeatures, and gives you morevalue for your dollar.

You have to look closely atthese claims because, in all toomany cases, such statementsconceal hidden snags. It maybe that a clone maker cannotcopy the original product ex-actly without violating somehardware patent or softwarecopyright and thus has to getaround this by changing part

of the design and calling thechange an added feature. Thenet result is that the clone isnot a clone but a look-alike—it may be able to runsome of the software made forthe original but not all of it;or, it may work with some ofthe plug-in peripherals but notall of them.

For example, one systemthat is advertised as IBM-compatible uses 3-inch floppydisks. Now how do you take aprogram supplied on an IBMPersonal Computer 5x/4-inchfloppy disk and get it into thisnew machine? I suppose whatthe supplier probably means isthat once you get a programonto the 3-inch disk, it willrun on the company's com-puter.

Another system is adver-tised as disk-compatible withthe IBM Personal Computer,the Osborne 1 and the Xerox820. Interpret this to meanthat you can copy a file (or thewhole disk) from one system'sdisk format to the other's. Buthow does the Personal Com-puter's 8088 program executeon the supplier's Z80-basedsystem? And how does a pro-gram that uses the special I/O(input/output) features workon a system with different I/Oprocedures? What the manu-

facturer really means by "diskcompatibility" is that many(but not all) data or text filescan be converted from theoriginal format to run on the"compatible" machine.

New companies enteringthe personal computer marketwill find their entry easier ifthey make their machinescompatible with the dominantmachines on the market.However, purchasers shouldlook very closely at such com-patibility claims to see ifsomething less than 100%compatibility is offered and, ifso, whether this will createproblems.

ihilog to Sample Z800:

Word has it that Zilog willsoon begin distributingsamples of its new upgrade ofthe Z80, called the Z800, withproduction expected this fall.The Z800 will be upwardcompatible with the Z80 (inother words, it will execute aZ80 machine-code program)and will offer an expanded in-struction set and enhancedperformance features. Zilog ispromising a three- to five-foldperformance improvement.The processor will run atclock speeds as high as 25

8 and lor 16 Bits.

A CompuPro Systems Center is much more than a computer store: It is the first place to look forbusiness, scientific, and industrial computing solutions. When you're ready for professional level,state-of-of-the-art microcomputing, turn to the professionals listed below...they're ready for you.

ACC

833SteirlinRoad#B110Mountain View, CA 94043(415)969-4969

Advanced Information Mgt., Inc.

145 Kentucky StreetPetaluma, CA 94952(707) 763-7283

Byte Shop of Hayward1122 B StreetHayward, CA 94541(415)886-4732

Capacity Plus Computers

250 Alamaha Street N-14Kahului, Maui, HI 96732(808) 877-3496

Comcen Technology Ltd.

45/46 Wychtree StreetMorriston

Swansea, U.K. SA68EX(0792) 796000

Computer Center, Inc.

1514 University AvenueBerkeley, CA 94703(415)845-6366

Gifford Computer Systems

(division of G & G Engineering)

1922 Republic AvenueSan Leandro, CA 94577(415)895-0795

Gifford Computer Systems

230 California Street #207San Francisco, CA 94104(415)391-4570

430 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

MHz and will be capable ofdirectly addressing up to 500Kbytes of memory using an in-ternal memory-managementcircuit with dynamic pagerelocation and memory pro-tection. It will have modes forboth system programs (thismode is meant to be used byprograms performing operat-ing-system functions that mayaccess all registers) and userprograms (this mode limits ac-cess to registers and prohibitsexecution of instructions thatalter system status).

The expanded instructionset will include multiply anddivide instructions (8 and 16bits), will handle strings up to64K-bytes long, will allowsystem calls at the machine-code level, and lots more. Italso has more addressingmodes and features suited tomultiuser and multiprocessingenvironments. No doubt theZ800 will have a tremendousimpact on the 8-bit market,significantly improving theoperation of CP/M-80 single-user systems and multiusersystems such as MP/M andTurboDOS. When the Z800 iscoupled with version 3 ofCP/M-80 (which is now calledCP/M + ), we can expect tosee greatly enhanced single-user systems.

WP/M+ Introduced:

Digital Research Inc. an-nounced CP/M+ (the newestversion of CP/M-80) at theComdex show in Decemberand is expected to start ship-ping copies to customers thismonth. This is the third majorupgrade of the CP/M-80 diskoperating system since itsoriginal development nineyears ago. In all cases, DigitalResearch has maintained up-ward compatibility for soft-ware running under CP/M.

The first CP/M upgrade(version 1.4, introduced in1976) took what was a bare-bones DOS (disk operatingsystem) and made it suitableas a general-purpose develop-ment system. Version 2 (1979)overcame many of the limita-tions of the earlier versionsand improved CP/M's opera-tion for more sophisticatedapplication programs, largermemory, and larger mass-storage systems.

CP/M + has been enhancedfor the newer generation of8-bit computers with bankedmemory systems having up-wards of 1 megabyte ofmemory and very large hard-disk systems. Further en-hancements speed up transfersbetween memory and diskstorage, and error-handling

has been improved. CP/M +is also furnished with a greatlyexpanded set of utility files(such as a Help program).However, many of these utili-ties appear to have been avail-able previously for the earlierversions via CP/M user-grouplibraries.

CP/M + still retains what iswithout doubt CP/M's great-est asset: a modular structurethat allows programmers toimplement the system on vir-tually any hardware systemthat executes Intel 8080machine code. The BIOS(basic input/output system)module, written by the systemprogrammer, contains all thehardware drivers and soft-ware interfaces to the CCP(command control program)and BDOS (basic disk operat-ing system) parts of CP/M. Itshould be noted that CP/M+has a greatly increasednumber of BIOS and BDOScalls for the added features.The generating of the actualCP/M+ system program fora user's computer (what pro-grammers call the system pro-cedure) is much more com-plicated and hence more dif-ficult to create than underprevious versions. A programis supplied by Digital Researchto help the system program-

mer generate CP/M + proper-ly. Also, CP/M + 's addedfeatures take up 4K bytesmore of memory space; thisshould prove to be no prob-lem because CP/M+ is in-tended to run on systems withmemory expanded far beyond64K bytes.

B

tattle of the DOSes:

Digital Research Inc. assured-ly has the 8-bit single-userDOS market sewn up withCP/M-80, and the new ver-sion will ensure that this posi-tion is maintained for a longtime to come. However, themultiuser and 16-bit fields ap-pear to be up for grabs. WhileDigital Research's MP/M is amultiuser version of CP/Mthat allows users to run CP/Mapplications programs in amultiuser environment, thesystem is based on a single-processor system architectureand allocates a maximum of48K bytes of memory space toeach user. Some time ago,Software 2000 of ArroyoGrande, California, releasedTurboDOS—a CP/M-com-patible DOS that performsdisk buffering for better per-formance and allows printspooling so the user can go on

Spoken Here...

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Key Microsystems

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Key Microsystems

822 Boylston St.Chestnut Hill, MA 02167(617)738-7305

Logic Systems

4800 Manzanita Avenue #21Carmichael, CA 95608(916)971-3133

Matrix Computer Systems

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Micro Computer Technology

1549 W. Brandon BoulevardBrandon, FL 33511(813)685-7659

Pragmatic Designs, Inc.

950 Benicia AvenueSunnyvale, CA 94086(408) 736-8670Telex: PRAGMATIC-171627

Priority One Electronics

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February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 431

BYTELINES.

with other tasks while the sys-tem sends data to the printer.A software module is avail-able that allows multiple pro-cessors to be connected viaany number of network con-figurations so that each usercan access the resources ofany others. (Software protec-tion can also lock resources tomake them inaccessible.) Thissystem is presenting a seriouschallenge to MP/M in the8080/Z80 multiuser/multi-tasking marketplace. Further,it is likely that other softwarehouses may introduce similarpackages.

The 16-bit market as yet hasno definite leader, althoughMicrosoft with MS-DOS cur-rently appears to be the chiefcontender. When the first8086-based personal computerwas introduced by SeattleComputer Products (SCP)back in 1979, there was nosoftware for it. Digital Re-search was working onCP/M-86, but it was a low-priority project. Microsoft,however, created a version ofBASIC in 8086 code, so SCPstarted furnishing BASIC withits system and wrote a DOS.A year later, Digital Researchfinally introduced CP/M-86just as other vendors startedto introduce 8086-based sys-tems. CP/M-86 and SCP-DOS, although very similar instructure and operation, werenot compatible.

When IBM went lookingfor a disk operating system forthe Personal Computer, thecompany approached DigitalResearch but for some reasondidn't hit it off. Because IBMwas also negotiating forMicrosoft's BASIC, Microsoftquickly obtained the rights toSCP-DOS and adapted it tothe Personal Computer.Microsoft renamed it MS-DOS and licensed it to abouttwo-dozen other hardwarevendors.

Microsoft will soon in-troduce version 2 of MS-DOSto overcome some of the limi-tations of. the first version,

provide more features, andachieve upward compatibilitywith Microsoft's Xenix, amultiuser/multitasking DOSbased on the Unix operatingsystem and licensed from BellLaboratories. Digital Researchhas introduced a multitaskingversion of CP/M-86; how-ever, with IBM using MS-DOS (IBM calls it PersonalComputer DOS) as its princi-pal operating system (thecompany also offers CP/Mand the p-System at signifi-cantly higher cost) it's verylikely that, in the 16-bitmarket at least, MS-DOS willdominate. What makes aDOS successful is the softwareavailable to run under it. Itappears to me that there arefar more software houses de-veloping software to rununder MS-DOS than underCP/M-86. Most 8086 hard-ware suppliers appear to behedging their bets by furnish-ing both operating systems.

I all-Order Sales toStop: Following in the foot-steps of Apple Computer Inc.and Hewlett-Packard, twosoftware suppliers are tryingto stop mail-order sales oftheir products. Micropro In-ternational (creator of Word-star, et al.) of Sausalito,California, and TCS Soft-ware, Houston, Texas, havenotified dealers that they mustcease mail-order sales and sellonly to customers to whomthey can provide post-salesupport. Micropro is believedto have as many as 100 mail-order dealers. Considering thedifficulty Apple has had try-ing to cut off mail-order sales,it will be interesting to seehow successful software sup-pliers will be in this effort.

I

ntel Profile: Foundedonly 14 years ago, Intel Cor-poration has proved to be oneof the most innovative com-panies in the microcomputerfield. It has a long string of

firsts: the first practicaldynamic RAM, the firstmicroprocessor, the firstEPROM, the first lK-bit staticRAM, the first 8-bit micropro-cessor, the first 32-bit micro-processor, and the first single-chip microcomputer. It nowemploys nearly 17,000 peopleand does close to $1 billion ofbusiness. This year, Intel is ex-pected to introduce a 256K-bitEPROM, a 64K-bit EEPROM,and a 4-megabit bubble-memory device (a 16-megabitdevice is expected next year).A 1-megabit dynamic RAM isalso in development (imaginea full 64K bytes in one in-tegrated circuit).

In the microprocessor field,Intel expects to introduce anew 32-bit microprocessorcalled the 80386 (or iAPX386)that is upward compatiblewith the 8086 family. Intel willalso start shipping the 80286,an enhanced 8086 with vir-tual-memory ability. We canexpect to see a version of thisdevice with 8-bit I/O also.The current iAPX-432 32-bitmicroprocessor is also due foran upgrade in microcode andinterconnection capabilities toimprove its throughput. It isalso expected that the new 432will be able to handle giga-bytes of memory. Intel is alsoknown to be doing research inspeech recognition; however,introduction of any devices inthis area still appears to beseveral years off.

J^\ Unix Status Report:

My son (who is quite familiarwith the Unix operating sys-tem) and I recently conducteda survey of Unix-like operat-ing systems for microcompu-ters. We canvassed 35 com-panies selling such operatingsystems for microcomputersand discovered the following:four companies sell Unix-likeoperating systems for 8-bitsystems; two are for 6809 sys-tems and two for Z80 systems.All but one provide multitask-ing and multiuser facilities.

Further, utilities are availablethat run on CP/M-based sys-tems and provide many Unix-like facilities such as I/O redir-ection and hierarchical filesystem.

An incredible number ofsoftware houses are now sup-plying Unix-licensed andUnix-like operating systemsfor 16-bit microcomputers.The most popular version isfor Motorola's 68000, secondis for Zilog's Z8000; lesspopular are versions for theIntel 8086 and the NationalSemiconductor 16032, the lat-ter probably because it is sonew. Virtually all of theseoperating systems requirelarge memories and hard-disksystems. Although almost allof these systems provide thebasic features of Unix, mostare lacking features such asvirtual-memory management.Many lack process- andmemory-management fea-tures common on standardminicomputer Unix systems.

Also, Unix systems typical-ly have good program devel-opment and text processingsupport. However, you mayhave to pay extra for anythingother than the minimum withthese systems. Nearly everyvendor charges extra for lan-guages such as BASIC, Pascal,FORTRAN, and COBOL.Some even charge extra for aC compiler (Unix is written inC). Further, none offer a high-level debugger (sdb is the stan-dard utility that Unix pro-grammers use for debugging Cprograms). Lack of a debug-ger certainly makes programdevelopment more of a hassleand more time consuming. It'sinteresting that three suppliersprovide CP/M emulators thatrun as a task under Unix.

N.

I ew Machine Goes toHollywood: Tracy Kidder'sbook The Soul of a NewMachine (Little, Brown, 1981)won a Pulitzer prize forgeneral nonfiction, and nowColumbia Pictures has taken

432 February 1903 © BYTE Publications Inc

an option on it to possiblymake it into a movie. Thebook describes in a veryhuman way the struggle todevelop the Data GeneralMV-8000 32-bit super mini-computer.

I he Software Stars:

Which are the three top-sellingmicrocomputer softwarepackages to date? If youguessed Microsoft BASIC,CP/M, and Visicalc, giveyourself a gold star. MicrosoftBASIC, which is now runningon more than 1 million micro-computers, is the top seller.Originally written in 1975 byBill Gates and Paul Allen torun on the MITS (manage-ment information and textsystem) Altair 8800 computer,it is today available on vir-tually every major microcom-puter system and is consideredthe standard for BASIC inter-preters. It has been im-plemented on some large com-puters. Second in popularity isthe CP/M disk operating sys-tem currently running on overa half-million microcomputersand more than 600 differentsystems. Written by GaryKildall in 1974, its first ap-pearance was on the IMSAI8080 microcomputer system in1976. Third is Visicalc, writtenfor the Apple II computer in1979 by Dan Bricklin, BobFranston, and Steve Lawr-ence; it has already sold over300,000 copies and is current-ly available for many othersystems as well.

All three packages weredeveloped on large computersystems by pioneering in-dividuals working outside ofcommercial organizations.They did not perceive thebroad-based acceptance thattheir efforts would receive,and at the time they didn'trealize that within a few yearsthey would be leaders of largecompanies employing a hun-dred or more people andgrossing many millions ofdollars each year.

a^hakeout Predicted:

Currently several hundredmicrocomputers are on themarket, all based on a merehandful of microprocessors,operating systems, and appli-cation programs. Therefore,many of the systems are near-ly identical inside and out. Yetthere is a limited amount ofdealer shelf space on which toshow them, creating a bottle-neck at the retail level. Systemsuppliers have tried to becomemuch more aggressive in theirmarketing, but only thebetter-financed and estab-lished companies are suc-ceeding. Add to this the cur-rent recession, and it's no sur-prise that industry pundits arepredicting a shakeout amongpersonal computer manufac-turers in the very near futureas marketing becomes moreimportant than the productsthemselves.

w>

hat's New In VideoGames?: Mattel and GeneralInstrument Corporation haveannounced a new venturecalled Playcable that willallow owners of Mattel In-tellivision units to accessgames via cable-televisionsystems. Control Video Cor-poration of Washington plansa similar service, to be ac-cessed via the telephone lines,for Atari 5200 game owners.Meanwhile, CompuServe isoffering games that canaccommodate up to 10 playersat a time. CompuServe claimsthat one game, called Mega-wars, is its second largestrevenue producer, attracting2000 players a week at a rateof $5 per hour. X-rated gamesare also becoming quite an at-traction in bars and even athome.

Gross income from arcadegames has skyrocketed in thelast few years but appears tohave leveled off at about $8billion (yes, billion) andarcade-game suppliers aresearching for new ways to in-crease game playing. Thus

under development and dueshortly on the arcade sceneare games using videodiscsand three-dimensional gamesin which the enemy appears tobe hurtling objects directly atthe player. The videodisccreates more life-like picturesand sound, with explosionsthat are more like the realthing. Atari has alreadydemonstrated a prototypegame using holography tocreate ghost-like three-dimensional images. There isno word on whether the firmactually plans to produce it.

R,

l andom News Bits:

Radio Shack has cut the priceof its Color Computer from$399 to $299, no doubt to bemore competitive with Com-modore, Texas Instrumentsand Atari. . . . ComprocsysLtd, 1 Branch RD, Park St., StAlbans AL1 4RJ, England, isselling a ROM for the ZX81that turns that $99 machineinto a development systemwith full-screen editor, multi-file operating system, as-sembler, debugger, and more.. . . Intel appears to be the

first company to meet the De-partment of Defense specifica-tions for its comprehensivesubset of the Ada language.. . . Hewlett-Packard hasestablished a new PersonalOffice Computer division inSunnyvale, California, thatwill be separate from the Per-sonal Computation group,which produces the com-pany's current line of personalcomputers. . . . Users ofCompuServe will soon be ableto use the U. S. Postal ServiceE-COM (Electronic ComputerOriginated Mail). Unfortu-nately, it is only available tobusiness users. . . . NECclaims to have developed asoftware technique for recog-nizing handwritten characterswith 99.5% accuracy. ■

MAIL: I receive a largenumber of letters each monthas a result of this column. If youwrite to me and wish aresponse, please include a self-addressed, stamped envelope.

Sol Llbes

c/o BYTE Publications

POB 372

Hancock, NH 03449 ■

BYTE's Bits

Articles onComputers andWriting Sought

The Writing Instructor is aquarterly journal on teachingcomposition. The theme ofthe Summer 1983 issue willrelate computers to writing in-struction. Authors are en-couraged to submit articlesabout computer-aided instruc-tion, the use of word-process-ing and interactive computerprograms for composition,personal classroom experi-ences using computers inwriting instruction, computer-aided assessment of studenttests, and speculative orreflective essays on the im-plications of computers in the

humanities.

Articles should be no longerthan 15 double-spaced type-written pages. You may useinternal documentation when-ever practical; otherwise, usethe MLA Handbook. Submittwo copies of your manuscriptalong with pertinent bio-graphical information and astamped, self-addressedenvelope to The Writing In-structor, c/o The FreshmanWriting Program, Universityof Southern California, LosAngeles, CA 90089, Attn:Randall Adams, Issue Editor,Summer 1983. ■

February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 433

Event Queue

February 1983

February

Continuing Engineering Edu-cation, George WashingtonUniversity, Washington, DC.Among the courses being of-fered are "Selecting SmallComputers for Business andGovernment," "Local Com-munication Networks andDigital PBXs," and "Com-puter Communications Sys-tems and Networks." Coursefees range from $685 to $855.Further details are availablefrom Douglas Green, Con-tinuing Engineering Education,George Washington Univer-sity, Washington, DC 20052,(800) 424-9773; in the Districtof Columbia, (202) 676-8515.

February

Seminars of Interest toWomen Professionals, varioussites in the New York City andBoston metropolitan areas.This series of one- and two-day seminars is presented byBoston University Metropoli-tan College. Among the topicson the agenda are 'TacticalInnovations in MarketingManagement," "Sales Man-agement for Today's NewlyPromoted Sales Manager,"and "Data Processing Funda-mentals for Accounting andFinancial Managers." Theseminar fees are $325 and$495, depending on duration.For registration information,contact Ms. Joan Merrick,University Seminar Center,Suite 415, 850 Boylston St.,Chestnut Hill, MA 02167,(617) 738-5020.

February-March

Courses for Developers andUsers of Computer Systems,

various sites throughout theU.S. Among the courses beingoffered by the AMA (Ameri-can Management Associa-tions) are "Fundamentals ofData Processing for the Non-data Processing Executive,"

"BASIC: A Computer Lan-guage for Managers," and"Database Concepts and De-sign." For complete registra-tion and course information,contact the AMA, 135 West50th St., New York, NY10020, (212) 586-8100.

February-June

Intensive Seminars of Interestto Data Processing Profession-als, Boston metropolitan area.Among the two- to five-dayseminars offered are "ProjectManagement" and "DataCommunications." Registra-tion fees range from $495 to$975. For a seminar bulletin,contact Ms. Ginny Bazarian,Office of Continuing Educa-tion, Higgins House, Worces-ter Polytechnic Institute,Worcester, MA 01609, (617)793-5517.

February-June

Seminars in Simulation, Man-agement, Statistics, and Com-puter Science, various sitesthroughout the U.S. "Simula-tion Modeling for DecisionMaking," "Database Design,"and "Satellite Communica-tions Technology" are some ofthe topics to be presented. Fordetails, contact the Institutefor Professional Education,POB 756, Arlington, VA22216, (703) 527-8700.

February 14-18

Auditing in the Contem-porary Computer Environ-ment, New York, NY. Thiscourse is designed for internalauditors and financial anddata-processing professionals.It provides a comprehensiveaudit approach for computer-based systems, including howto evaluate controls and howto design a program of testsusing questionnaires, check-lists, software tools, and flowcharts. For details, contactMarge Umlor, EDP AuditorsFoundation, 373 SouthSchmale Rd., Carol Stream,IL 60187.

February 15-18

Embedded Computer Sys-tems, Boston, MA. Partici-pants in this course will leamhow to design reliable andfault-tolerant systems, how toimplement real-time and inter-rupt-driven controls, and howto evaluate bus structures,protocols, and networking.The registration fee is $845.For details, contact Ruth Dor-dick, Integrated ComputerSystems, 3304 Pico Blvd.,POB 5339, Santa Monica, CA90405, (213) 450-2060.

February 15-18

Peripheral Array Processorsfor Signal Processing andSimulation, University ofCalifornia, Los Angeles. Thefee for this course is $845.Contact Marc Rosenberg atthe UCLA Extension, Contin-uing Education in Engineeringand Mathematics, 6266Boelter Hall, Los Angeles, CA90024, (213) 825-1047.

February 15-18

Designing Real-Time Hard-ware for Digital Signal andImage Processing, Washing-ton, DC. Participants in thisshort course will learn how toimplement digital filters, fastFourier transforms, correla-tion, modulation, and otherreal-time processes by design-ing with general-purpose16-bit microprocessors. Casehistories and lectures will befeatured. The fee is $845. Forfurther details, contact RuthDordick, Integrated Com-puter Systems, 3304 PicoBlvd., POB 5339, SantaMonica, CA 90405, (213)450-2060.

February 16-18

The Third Annual TALMIS,

Ambassador West, Chicago,IL. This conference brings to-gether software publishers andusers of microcomputer-basedtraining systems. Issues on theagenda include the home mar-ket, local networking, new

hardware, and successful dis-tribution channels. Question-and-answer sessions will beheld. Further information isavailable from Mary O'Keefe,TALMIS Inc., 115 North OakPark Ave., Oak Park, IL60301, (312) 848-4000.

February 16-19

Data and Telecommunica-tions/Japan Exposition '83,Tokyo Ryutsu Centre, Tokyo,Japan. For information, con-tact Cahners ExpositionGroup, Cahners Plaza, 1350East Touhy Ave., POB 5060,Des Plaines, IL 60018, (312)299-9311. In Japan, contactCahners Exposition GroupS.A., Hino Building 3F, 3-4-11Uchikanda, Chiyoda-ku,Tokyo 101, Japan; tel:03-254-6041.

February 21-23

Office Automation Confer-ence, Civic Center, Philadel-phia, PA. More than 200 ex-hibitors are expected to parti-cipate in this conference. Fiftytechnical sessions will exploresuch topics as current and ad-vanced office technology andhuman factors and socialissues. Further details areavailable from the AmericanFederation of InformationProcessing Societies Inc., 1815North Lynn St., Arlington,VA 22209, (703) 558-3624.

February 22-26

The Eighteenth Annual Bias-Microelettronica '83, Milan,Italy. This international ex-hibition is expected to attractmore than 80,000 visitors.Areas of interest include ac-tive and passive components,instrumentation and equip-ment for component manu-facturing, laboratory instru-mentation, microcomputers,peripherals, and telecommuni-cations systems. For informa-tion, contact Ente ItalianoOrganizzazione Mostre, Bias-Microelettronica '83, Viale

434 Februiry 1983 © BYTE Publication. Inc

Premuda 2, 20129 Milan,Italy; tel: 796.096; Telex:CONSEL 334022.

February 23-25

Microcomputers in Educa-tion, New York, NY. Thishands-on workshop is de-signed for teachers and ad-ministrators. Topics on theagenda include Logo, Pascal,microcomputers as laboratoryinstruments, and microcom-puters in mathematics andscience. Fees range from $120to $300, depending on lengthof participation. For fulldetails, contact TechnicalEducation Research CentersInc., 8 Eliot St., Cambridge,MA 02138, (617) 547-3890.

February 24-25

Computers in Construction,

San Diego, CA. This seminaris designed to assist construc-tion contractors and construc-tion management firms in ac-quiring computer systems.The registration fee is $395.For further information, con-tact CIP Information ServicesInc., 1105-F Spring St., SilverSpring, MD 20910, (301)589-7933.

February 25-27

The Second Annual Com-puter Expo '83, TupperwareConvention Center, Orlando,FL. This exposition focuses onhardware, software, wordprocessing, graphics, peri-pherals, supplies, services,and computer furnishings formini- and microcomputers.Seminars will be held. Fordetails, contact Tom Blayney,POB 1185, Longwood, FL32750, (305) 339-1731.

March 1983

March

Continuing Engineering Edu-cation Courses, George Wash-ington University, Washing-ton, DC. Among the courses

being offered are "ManagingData Processing Systems inMultiproject Environments"and "Design of Digital Con-trol Systems." Fees range from$685 to $855. Further detailsare available from DouglasGreen, Continuing Engineer-ing Education, George Wash-ington University, Washing-ton, DC 20052, (800) 424-9773; in the District of Colum-bia, (202) 676-8515.

March 1-4

Computer Network Designand Protocols, Washington,DC. This short course empha-sizes the practical aspects ofnetwork design, interfacing,protocols, and packet switch-ing. Topics include how to de-termine system requirements,how to use packet- and mes-sage-switching techniques,and how to interface local sys-tems to value-added net-works. The fee is $845. Formore information, contactRuth Dordick, IntegratedComputer Systems, 3304 PicoBlvd., POB 5339, SantaMonica, CA 90405, (213)450-2060.

March 4-5

Conference on ComputerTechnology: The Challenge toBusiness and Industry, BrownUniversity, Providence, RI.Plenary addresses and semi-nars will focus on such topicsas future technology and ap-plications, robotics, and train-ing and education require-ments. For additional infor-mation, contact the Confer-ence on Computer Techno-logy, Registration Office,AIESEC Box 1930, BrownUniversity, Providence, RI02912, (401) 861-4835.

March 7-11

Computer-Aided Engineeringand Manufacturing: Seminarsand Exhibition, McKimmonCenter, North Carolina StateUniversity, Raleigh. Thiscomprehensive program is de-

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signed to update manufactur-ing managers, engineers, andprofessionals on the capabili-ties of computers, micropro-cessors, robotics, and CAD/CAM (computer-aided design/manufacturing) systemsthrough discussions, hands-onexperience, and demonstra-tions. For further information,write to Robert Edwards, In-dustrial Extension Service,North Carolina State Univer-sity, POB 5506, Raleigh, NC27650.

March 8-9

ACM SIGCOMM '83-Sym-posium on CommunicationsArchitectures and Protocols,

University of Texas, Austin.This symposium is sponsoredby the Association for Com-puting Machinery. Addressinquiries to Rebecca Hutch-ings, Honeywell/FSD, 7900Westpark Dr., McLean, VA22102, (703) 827-3982.

March 8-10

Semicon/Europa '83, ZuespaConvention Center, Zurich,Switzerland. The Semicon-ductor Processing and Equip-ment Symposium will includetechnical papers and exhibitson such topics as process-re-lated defects, pattern defini-tion, and process chemistry.Full details are available fromthe Semiconductor Equipmentand Materials Institute Inc.,Suite 212, 625 Ellis St., Moun-tain View, CA 94043, (415)964-5111.

March 8-11

Distributed Processing, Miniand Microcomputer Imple-mentations, Washington, DC.This course is designed to pro-vide a comprehensive intro-duction to distributed process-ing hardware and software.Topics of interest includeunique design requirements ofdistributed systems and how

to partition systems tasks andhardware. The fee is $845.Further details are availablefrom Ruth Dordick, Inte-grated Computer Systems,3304 Pico Blvd., POB 5339,Santa Monica, CA 90405,(213) 450-2060.

March 8-11

Local Area Networks, LosAngeles, CA. This coursefocuses on the practical inte-gration of available softwareand hardware elements, basedon an understanding of net-work architectures and pro-tocols. The fee is $845. Forfurther details, contact RuthDordick, Integrated Com-puter Systems, 3304 PicoBlvd., POB 5339, SantaMonica, CA 90405, (213)450-2060.

March 9-11

Secretary Speakout '83,Sheraton Hotel, Boston, MA.

The theme for this symposiumis 'The Professional Secre-tary's New Identity in the In-formation Age." Speakers willaddress the impact of officetechnology through casehistory presentations, panels,open microphone sessions,and discussion groups. Thisevent is sponsored by the Pro-fessional Secretaries Interna-tional Research and Educa-tional Foundation. Full detailsare available from CandaceM. Louis, PSI, Crown CenterG-10, 2440 Pershing Rd.,Kansas City, MO 64108, (816)474-5755.

March 12-17

The Twenty-fourth AnnualManagement Conference ofthe Electronic RepresentativesAssociation, Cancun, Mexico.Educational programs, specialmeetings, round-table discus-sions, and workshops willhighlight this annual event.

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(312) 649-1333.

March 14-15

The Seventh Annual Confer-ence of the Michigan Associa-tion for Computer Users inLearning—MACUL '83, HyattRegency, Dearborn, MI. Ses-sions and speakers will high-light this conference. For moreinformation, contact BettyVandenBosch Shaw, Coordi-nator of Mathematics, HintCommunity Schools, 923 EastKearsley, Flint, MI 48502,

(313) 762-1007.

March 14-17

The Seventh Annual FederalOffice Systems Expo—FOSE'83, Washington ConventionCenter, Washington, DC. Six-ty highTlevel sessions willcover the development of inte-grated office systems in both

government and industry.More than 200 companies willdisplay the latest in office sys-tems technology. For more in-formation, contact Mary BethGouled, National Trade Pro-ductions Inc., 9418 AnnapolisRd., Lanham, MD 20706,(800) 638-8510; in Maryland,(301) 459-8383.

March 14-18

Computer Graphics Applica-tions for Management andProductivity—CAMP '83, In-ternational Congress Center,Berlin, West Germany. Thisconference features tutorials,technical papers, and exhibitsthat reflect the practical ap-plications and state of the artof computers and computer-graphics technology. Topicson the agenda include com-puter-aided design and manu-facturing, sales-supportgraphics, and improving theuse of engineering data. A

hardware and software ex-hibition will be held. Full par-ticulars are available from theWorld Computer GraphicsAssociation, Suite 250, 2033M St. NW, Washington, DC20036, (202) 775-9556.

March 15-16

Selecting a Microcomputer forScientific and Engineering Ap-plications, Colorado Schoolof Mines, Golden, CO. Thisshort course reviews hardwareand software technology forpotential buyers of microcom-puters in relation to specificscientific and engineering ap-plications. The fee is $195.Contact the Space Office,Colorado School of Mines,Golden, CO 80401, (303)273-3321.

March 15-18

Distributed Processing, Miniand Microcomputer Imple-

mentations, San Diego, CA.For details, see March 8-11.

March 15-18

Local Area Networks, Boston,MA. For details, see March8-11.

March 16-17

Business-Expo, Houston, TX.This show features everythingfrom computers, copiers, andtelephone equipment to in-terior decorating, officedesign, and financial consult-ing. More than 20 seminars onbusiness technologies will beoffered. Complete details areavailable from Business-Expo,702 East Northland Towers,15565 Northland Dr., South-field, MI 48075, (313)569-8280.

March 17-19

The Third Annual Microcom-puters in Education Confer-ence, Arizona State Universi-

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ty, Tempe. The theme for thisconference is "Forward to the3 C's: Communicating, Calcu-lating, and Computing." De-monstrations, workshops,and presentations will em-phasize the potential of com-puters to revolutionize thelearning process. Topics to beexplored include how com-puters are changing the natureof: content in subject areas,teaching, and what it meansto be well educated. Univer-sity credit will be available.Further information can beobtained from Marilyn SueFord, B-47 Payne Hall, Col-lege of Education, ArizonaState University, Tempe, AZ85287, (602) 965-7363.

March 18-20

The Eighth West Coast Com-puter Faire, Civic Auditoriumand Brooks Hall, San Fran-cisco, CA. Attendance thisyear is expected to reach40,000. More than 600 ex-

hibitors and a wide assort-ment of seminars make thisone of the largest annual com-puter shows. For more infor-mation, contact The Com-puter Faire, 333 Swett Rd.,Woodside, CA 94602, (415)851-7075.

March 21-24

Interface '83, Miami BeachConvention Center, Miami,FL. This conference will coverall aspects of data com-munications and informationprocessing in technology,management, policy, andstrategy. It is cosponsored byMcGraw-Hill's Business Weekand Data Communicationsmagazines. For further details,contact The Interface Group,160 Speen St., POB 927,Framingham, MA 01701,(800) 225-4620; in Massachu-setts, (617) 879-4502.

March 21-24

Personal Microcomputer In-

terfacing and Scientific Instru-mentation Automation, Vir-ginia Polytechnic Institute andState University, Blacksburg,VA. This is a hands-on work-shop where the participant de-signs and tests concepts withthe actual hardware. The feeis $595. For more information,contact Dr. Linda Leffel,C.E.C., Virginia Tech,Blacksburg, VA 24061, (703)961^848.

March 22-24

Cincinnati Business Show, Ex-hibition-Convention Center,Cincinnati, OH. A wide rangeof products and services willbe displayed, including com-puters, satellite equipment,electronic mail systems, andtelecommunications equip-ment. For more information,contact Ray G. Nemo, Cin-cinnati Business Show, 10608Millington Court, Cincinnati,OH 45242, (513) 791-6300.

March 22-25

Computer Network Designand Protocols, San Diego,CA. For details, see March1-4.

March 22-25

Embedded Computer Sys-tems, Washington, DC. Fordetails, see February 15-18.

March 24-25

Computers in Construction,

Orlando, FL. For details, seeFebruary 24-25.

March 24-25

The Western EducationalComputing Workshops, Hay-ward, CA. These workshops,sponsored by the CaliforniaEducational Computing Con-sortium, provide demon-strations and hands-on ex-perience with new computerapplications, software, andhardware. Contact JerryRose, Computer Center,California State University,

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March 24-25

Workshop on Performance

and Evaluation of Local Area

Networks, Worcester, MA.This workshop will seek to in-crease interaction and com-munications between activeresearchers and systems devel-opers on the performance andevaluation of local-area net-works. Contact T. C. Ting,Computer Science Depart-ment, Worcester PolytechnicInstitute, Worcester, MA01609, (617) 793-5670.

March 25

Communication Aids andComputers: A Voice for theNon-Vocal, Stokes Audito-rium, Children's Hospital,Philadelphia, PA. This con-ference will present recent ad-vances in technology, me-thodology, and research asthey relate to computers andspeech technology. Sessionswill include lectures, video-tapes, and equipment demon-strations. The registration feeis $75 (if postmarked prior toMarch 4, 1983, the fee is $65).This conference is sponsoredby the Children's SeashoreHouse and the Division ofChild Development and Reha-bilitation of the Children'sHospital of Philadelphia. Forfurther information, contactJoan Bruno, Chief Speech Pa-thologist, Children's SeashoreHouse, 4100 Atlantic Ave.,Atlantic City, NJ 08404, (609)345-5191, ext. 205.

March 25-27

Fantasylair '83, TonkawaHigh School, Tonkawa, OK.This annual spring gamingconvention is sponsored bythe Northern Oklahoma Dun-geoneers. It features fantasyand war games, tournaments,a costume contest, seminars,and prizes. The admission is$3 per day; group discountsare available. For informa-tion, contact the NorthernOklahoma Dungeoneers,

POB 241, Ponca City, OK74602, (405) 762-0349.

March 28-31

National Design Engineering

Show and Conference, Mc-

Cormick Place, Chicago, IL.The conference is sponsoredby the American Society ofMechanical Engineers' designengineering division. It willrun concurrently with the Na-tional Plant Engineering andMaintenance Show and Con-ference. Details are availablefrom Clapp & Poliak Inc., 708Third Ave., New York, NY10017, (212) 661-8410.

April 1983

April 5-8

Computers/Graphics in theBuilding Process, ConventionCenter, Washington, DC. Thefocus will be on the needs ofprivate sector and federalusers for computer/graphicsapplications in architecture,engineering, design, planning,and management of the build-ing process. America's top 400construction contractors and500 leading design firms areexpected to attend thetutorials, exhibits, and tech-nical and management ses-sions. This event is cospon-sored by the National Aca-demy of Sciences' AdvisoryBoard on the Built Environ-ment (ABBE) and the WorldComputer Graphics Associa-tion (WCGA). For details,contact the WCGA, Suite 399,2033 M St. NW, Washington,DC 20036, (202) 775-9556.

April 5-8

Distributed Processing, Miniand Microcomputer Imple-mentations, Boston, MA. Fordetails, see March 8-11.

April 5-8

The Second Annual Conven-tion and Exposition of theElectronic Funds Transfer As-sociation—EFT Expo, RivieraHotel, Las Vegas, NV. Gen-

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Event Queue i

eral and concurrent sessionswill focus on electronic pay-ment systems arid services.Topics to be covered includeautomated teller machines,home information and finan-cial services, legal issues, andtechnical standards. Furtherinformation is available fromthe EFT Association, Suite800, 1029 Vermont Ave. NW,Washington, DC 20005, (202)783-3555.

April 10-13

APL83, Sheraton WashingtonHotel, Washington, DC. Thisconference and exhibition in-cludes hands-on displays andpresentations of technicalpapers. For particulars, con-tact D & S Whyte Associates,Conference and ExhibitsManager, Suite 200, 117 KingSt., Alexandria, VA 22314,(703) 548-2802.

April 11-15

Intergraphics '83, TakanawaPrince Convention Center,Tokyo, Japan. This confer-ence and exhibition will covera wide range of computer-graphics topics, includingbusiness and managementgraphics, virtual machine lan-guages, and chemical and bio-chemical applications of com-puter graphics. Complement-ing formal programs will bespeakers, discussions, andtutorials. For complete details,contact the World ComputerGraphics Association, Suite250, 2033 M St. NW, Wash-ington, DC 20036, (202)775-9556.

April 12-13

Selecting a Microcomputer forScientific and Engineering Ap-plications, Golden, CO. Fordetails, see March 15-16.

April 12-15

Computer Network Designand Protocols, Boston, MA.For details, see March 1-4.

April 13-20

Hanover Fair '83—Cebit '83,Hanover, West Germany. TheHanover Fair is one of theworld's largest industrial tradefairs. Attention will be paid tooffice equipment and data-processing technology. Morethan 1200 exhibitors from 30countries will display theirproducts to a crowd of morethan 230,000. Full informationis available from the HanoverFairs Information Center,Salem Industrial Park, POB338, Whitehouse, NJ 08888,(800) 526-5978; in New Jersey,(201) 534-9044.

April 15-17

The Use of Computers in Psy-chology, Hilton, Wilmington,NC. With a focus on micro-computers, the five plannedsymposia will explore suchissues as statistical and thera-peutic applications and the useand misuse of microcom-puters in psychological assess-ment. For complete details,write to Steven R. Edelman,Association of Eastern NorthCarolina Psychologists, 105Lou Dr., Goldsboro, NC27530.

April 19-21

Electro/83—High-TechnologyElectronics Exhibition andConvention, Coliseum andSheraton Centre, New York,NY. For information, contactElectronic Conventions Inc.,999 North Sepulveda Blvd., ElSegundo, CA 90245, (800)421-6816; in California, (213)772-2965. ■

In order to gain optimal coverage of your organization's com-puter conferences, seminars, workshops, courses, etc, noticeshould reach our office at least three months in advance of thedate of the event. Entries should be sent to: Event Queue, BYTEPublications, POB 372, Hancock NH 03449. Each month wepublish the current contents of the queue for the month of thecover date and the two following calendar months. Thus a givenevent may appear as many as three times in this section if it is sentto us far enough in advance.

440 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 232 on Inquiry card.

Books Received

The Art of Programmingthe IK ZX81, M. James and

5. M. Gee. London, England:Bernard Babani PublishingLtd. (The Grampians, Shep-herds Bush Rd.), 1982; 86pages, 11.1 by 17.6 cm, soft-cover, ISBN 0-85934-084-8,£1.95.

Assembly Language Pro-gramming for the Apple II,Robert Mottola. Berkeley,CA: Osborne/McGraw-Hill,1982; 143 pages, 16.4 by 23.3cm, sof tcover, ISBN 0-931988-51-9, $12.95.

BASIC Exercises for theApple, J. P. Lamoitier.Berkeley, CA: Sybex, 1982;258 pages, 17.7 by 22.8 cm,softcover, ISBN 0-89588-084-9, $12.95.

The Cosmic Mind-BogglingBook, Neil McAleer. NewYork: Warner Books, 1982;207 pages, 13.3 by 20.2 cm,softcover, ISBN 0-446-97663-

6, $7.95.

Discover FORTH, Learningand Programming the FORTHLanguage, Thorn Hogan.Berkeley, CA: Osborne/McGraw-Hill, 1982; 142pages, 16.5 by 23.4 cm, soft-cover, ISBN 0-931988-79-9,$14.95.

Fun with Microcomputersand BASIC, Donald D.Spencer. Reston, VA: RestonPublishing Co., 1981; 128pages, 21.2 by 27.8 cm, soft-cover, ISBN 0-8359-2214-6,$9.95.

A Guide to Software inApplesoft, Bruce Presley.New York: LawrencevillePress, 1982; 181 pages, 21.5by 27.8 cm, softcover, ISBN0-442-25890-9, $12.95.

Inside Atari DOS, BillWilkinson. Greensboro, NC:Compute! Books, 1982; 120pages, 15.5 by 22.4 cm, spiralbinder, ISBN 0-942386-02-7,$19.95.

Interface Projects for theApple II, Richard C. Hallgren.Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Pren-tice-Hall, 1982; 170 pages,17.4 by 23.4 cm, softcover,

ISBN 0-13-469387-6, $12.95.

An Introduction to Pro-gramming and Problem Solv-ing with Pascal, 2nd edition,G. Michael Schneider, StevenW. Weingart, and David M.Perlman. New York: JohnWiley & Sons, 1982; 468pages, 16.4 by 23.3 cm, hard-cover, ISBN 0-471-08216-3,$21.95.

Introduction to UCSDp-System, Charles W. Grantand Jon Butah. Berkeley, CA:Sybex, 1982; 370 pages, 17.7by 22.8 cm, softcover, ISBN0-89588-061-X, $14.95.

Microcomputers in Ama-teur Radio, Joe Kasser. BlueRidge Summit, PA: TabBooks, 1981; 307 pages, 12.7by 20.8 cm, softcover, ISBN0-8306-1305-6, $9.95.

Microcomputers, WhatThey Are and How to PutThem to Productive Use! A. J.Dirksen. Blue Ridge Summit,PA: Tab Books, 1982; 231pages, 19.5 by 23 cm, soft-cover, ISBN 0-8306-1406-0, $11.95.

Microprocessor Systems,Interfacing, and Applications,Robert J. Bibbero and DavidM. Stern. New York: JohnWiley & Sons, 1982; 195pages, 16.4 by 23.4 cm, hard-cover, ISBN 0-471-05306-6,$20.

Pocket Guide to BASIC,Roger Hunt. Reading, MA:Addison-Wesley, 1982; 64pages, 4 by 6.3 cm, softcover,ISBN 0-201-07744-2, $6.95.

Pocket Guide to COBOL,Ray Welland. Reading, MA:Addison-Wesley, 1982; 96pages, 4 by 6.3 cm, softcover,ISBN 0-201-07750-7, $6.95.

Pocket Guide to FOR-TRAN, Philip Ridler. Read-ing, MA: Addison-Wesley,1982; 64 pages, 4 by 6.3 cm,softcover, ISBN 0-201-07746-9, $6.95.

Pocket Guide to Pascal,David Watt. Reading, MA:Addison-Wesley, 1982; 64pages, 4 by 6.3 cm, softcover,ISBN 0-201-07748-5, $6.95.

Pocket Guide to Program-ming, John Shelley. Reading,MA: Addison-Wesley, 1982;64 pages, 4 by 6.3 cm, soft-cover, ISBN 0-201-07736-1,$6.95.

Practical Guide to Com-puters in Education, Peter Co-burn, Peter Kelman, NancyRoberts, Thomas F. F. Snyder,Daniel H. Watt, and CherylWeiner. Reading, MA: Addi-son-Wesley, 1982; 266 pages,16.4 by 23.4 cm, softcover,ISBN 0-201-10563-2, $9.95.

Practical Pascal Programs,Greg Davidson. Berkeley,CA: Osborne/McGraw-Hill,1982; 205 pages, 21.1 by 27.5cm, softcover, ISBN 0-931988-74-8, $15.99.

Problem Solving and Com-puter Programming, PeterGrogono and Sharon H. Nel-son. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1982; 284 pages, 16.4by 23.4 cm, softcover, ISBN0-201-02460-8, $14.95.

Programming Microcom-puters with Pascal, M. D.Beer. New York: Van Nos-trand Reinhold, 1982; 256pages, 15.3 by 23.4 cm, soft-cover, ISBN 0-442-2136-9,$13.95.

Solid-State High-Frequen-cy Power, Irving M. Gott-lieb. Reston, VA: RestonPublishing Co., 1982; 246pages, 16.4 by 23.3 cm, hard-cover, ISBN 0-8359-7048-5,$21.95.

Structured Programmingwith COMAL, Roy Atherton.New York: Halsted Press,1982; 266 pages, 16.4 by 23.4cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-470-27318-6, $49.95.

The Z8000 Microproces-sor, A Design Handbook,Bradly K. Fawcett. Engle-wood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982; 310 pages, 17.4by 23.2 cm, softcover, ISBN0-13-983734-5, $16.95. ■

This is a list of books received at BYTE Publications during thispast month. Although the list is not meant to be exhaustive, itspurpose is to acquaint BYTE readers with recently published titlesin computer science and related fields. We regret that we cannotreview or comment on all the books we receive; instead, this list ismeant to be a monthly acknowledgment of these books and thepublishers who sent them.

BYTE's Bits

CP/M Bulletin BoardUp in Los Angeles

Softwaire Centre Interna-tional has a remote CP/Mand bulletin-board system upand running in Los Angeles.Callers can send, receive, andread messages, and the sys-tem accepts data rates of 110,300, 450, 600, and 710 bitsper second. The system fea-tures an extensive catalog ofthe latest Apple, Atari,CP/M, IBM Personal Com-puter, and TRS-80 softwaretitles. It's open 24 hours aday, and you're invited to

leave messages and new ideasfor the community.

Soon, volumes of CP/MUsers Group (CPMUG) pub-lic-domain software will beavailable for downloading.The firm also plans to offeran array of source programstargeted at Apple, Atari, andTRS-80 users.

Contact The SoftwaireCentre, 11768 West PicoBlvd., West Los Angeles, CA90064, (213) 473-1136, orleave a message for the sys-tem operator, "SYSOP," onthe bulletin board, (213)479-3189. ■

February 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc 441

Ask BYT

Conducted by Steve Ciarcia

CP/M forHomebrewed Systems

Dear Steve,

I have been bitten by thehomebrew bug. I have a ten-tative design for a Z80-basedcomputer with 64K bytes ofmemory and a memory-mapped video display that Iplan to build with a StandardMicrosystems CorporationCRT-5037. The system willuse a Western Digital Corpor-ation FD-1771 floppy-diskcontroller and whatever ROM(read-only memory) I mayneed. I'm fairly confident ofmy hardware and program-ming abilities, up to and in-cluding writing an operating-system monitor.

What would it take to run

the CP/M disk operating sys-tem? Is it generalized enoughto be flexible; is a sourcelisting available so that I canchange the software to suit mysystem? How does CP/M talkto its host system? Is it merelydesigned for serial video? Cansystem ROM exist anywherein memory? Does Digital Re-search even release this sort ofinformation to Joe-Averagehobbyist7

I know that tackling thiswill not be a piece of cake, butI'm a technician and do thissort of stuff for a living. Infact, I enjoy it—save for occa-sional head-to-wall hangings.Phil RorexLong Beach, CA

CP/M (control program for

microcomputers) is made byDigital Research Corporation.In order to protect its product,no source code is available.The CP/M operating systemis made up of the followingmain subsystems:

FDOS (functional disk oper-ating system)—which is divid-ed into (a) the BIOS (basic in-put/output system), whichhandles data transfers to andfrom peripherals, and (b)BDOS (basic disk operatingsystem), which manages alldisk files

CCP (console command pro-cessor)—which reads and pro-cesses your commandsTPA (transient programarea)—a program storage andoperating area

Remote IBMKeyboard Operation

Dear Steve,

I'd like to use my IBM Per-sonal Computer's keyboardsome 75 feet away from themain machine. Do you knowa simple driver circuit usingbuffers and Schmitt triggersthat will let me do this?Buryl B. NoahHartsdale, NY

/ addressed this problemseveral years ago in an article

titled "Come Upstairs and BeRespectable" (May 1977BYTE, page 50; also availablein Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar,volume 1, from BYTE/Mc-Graw-Hill, Princeton Rd.,Hightstown, NJ 08520, (609)426-5254). The parallel outputof the keyboard is convertedto serial data by a UART (uni-versal asynchronous re-ceiver/transmitter), thentransmitted over a longtwisted pair. Because the out-put of the IBM's keyboard is

serial, all you need to do isbuild the part of the circuitthat buffers and detects thesignals (figure 1).

The preferred method fortransmitting data over longdistances is to use a balancedline. In my article, I used Na-tional Semiconductor's 5-voltdifferential line driver,DS8830, and a line receiver,DS8820. Texas Instrumentsmakes equivalent devicescalled the SW75182 and theSW75183. . . . Steve

0.01/iF

TWISTED PAIR LINE

UK LI Nt >*» -

rOOooQ°

33^

+ 5V "H

t_

lOOpF

STROBE /ft

Figure 1

442 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

BOOT—a program that tellsyou where the CCP is located.

The BIOS is unique for eachmicrocomputer. When youbuy CP/M, you configure theBIOS so that it knows whereyour printer, terminal, andother devices are located. Allother parts of CP/M are trulyhardware-independent.

It takes a minimum of 16Kbytes to run CP/M, and sys-tem ROM can be placed in theTPA. A bootstrap ROM isusually located at hexadecimal0000 to read in the CP/M sys-tem. Digital Research has ex-tensive documentation con-cerning the loading and imple-mentation of CP/M. For fur-ther information, contactDigital Research Corp., POB579, Pacific Grove, CA 93950,(408) 649-3896. . . . Steve

Doubling ExpansionInterface Memory

Dear Steve,

The Expansion Interface forthe Radio Shack TRS-80Model I has only 16K bytes ofmemory. I would like to up-grade that to 32K bytes. Howdo I go about it? I see thatthere are eight unused socketsinside the interface. Can I plugin eight more 4116-200nsdynamic-memories, or is theremore to it than that7Michael MeyersSan Bernardino, CA

Expanding the Radio ShackExpansion Interface from 16Kbytes to 32K is simply a mat-ter of plugging eight addi-tional memories (type 4116-200ns) into the eight emptysockets you mentioned. Theonly precautions are to besure that the circuits areoriented properly and youmust avoid any static damage

by touching a ground connec-tion before handling the de-vices. Naturally, all powermust be off before inserting orremoving any ICs from acomputer or expansion inter-face. . . . Steve

Speaking of SpeechRecognition

Dear Steve,

As a long-time subscriber toBYTE, I have enjoyed yourmany articles. In particular, Iwas quite impressed by yourarticle entitled "Use of Voice-prints to Analyze Speech,"which appeared in the March1982 BYTE (page 50).

In that article, you madereference to speech-recogni-tion systems, both for profes-sional computing systems andpersonal computers. You alsomentioned that budget-pricedspeech-recognition systems,costing in the neighborhoodof $500, are available. Do youknow where I could get moreinformation about such sys-tems? Could you give me thenames and addresses of one ormore companies that marketspeech-recognition systemsfor personal computers? Areany systems available forS-100 bus computers?R. L. FroemkeTallahassee, FL

The field of speech recogni-tion is emerging from sciencefiction into reality. Manycompanies are making prod-ucts for both the hobbyist andthe industrial computer mar-kets. Here's a list of severalcompanies marketing speech-recognition systems. . . . Steve

Centigram Corp.Suite 108

155A Moffett Dr. ParkSunnyvale, CA 94086

Interstate Electronics707 East Vermont St.Anaheim, CA 92803

Perception Technology Inc.95 Cross St.Winchester, MA 01890

Scope Electronics Inc.1860 Michael Faraday Dr.Reston, VA 22090

Scott InstrumentsSuite 5

815 North Elm StreetDenton, TX 76201

Threshold Technology1829 Underwood Blvd.Delran, NJ 08075

Verbex Corp.2 Oak ParkBedford, MA 01730

VoicetekPOB 388Goleta, CA 93017

Interchanges Slow,If Possible

Dear Steve,

I have a Radio ShackTRS-80 Model III at home andan Apple II Plus at work. Bothmachines have two 534-inchdisk drives. I would like towrite ASCII files and BASICprograms to disk with eithermachine and be able to readthem with both.

Currently, I must transferfiles through RS-232C serialinterfacing, modems, andover telephone lines. The diskdrives for both computers runat 300 rpm (revolutions perminute), so is it possible, withsoftware only, to read fileswith the TRS-80 from a diskwritten by the Apple and viceversa?

Finis E. GentryProspect, KY

Your question about inter-changing disks between RadioShack and Apple computerspoints up a major problem inthe personal computer in-dustry: because the disk for-

mats are not similar, it is im-possible for one computer toread another computer's disk.The fact that the disks runat the same speed is of no re-levance because the number ofsectors is not the same, thedirectories are stored on dif-ferent tracks, and the data for-mats are not alike. Yourmethod of using an RS-232Cinterface and a modem totransfer between computersworks fine. But it's terriblyslow if data is transferred at

300 bps (bits per second). Ifboth computers are in thesame room, the serial portscan be directly connected anddata transferred at rates of upto 19,200 bps.

One of the strong points ofthe CP/M operating system(distributed by Digital Re-search) is that its disk formatsare identical for different com-puters. Therefore, the disksare portable and can be savedon one computer and loadedon another. . . . Steve ■

In "Ask BYTE," Steve Ciarcia answers questions on any area ofmicrocomputing. The most representative questions received eachmonth will be answered and published. Do you have a naggingproblem? Send your inquiry to:

Ask BYTE

do Steve Ciarcia

POB 582

Glastonbury CT 06033If you are a subscriber to The Source, chat with Steve (TCE317)directly. Due to the high volume of inquiries, personal replies can-not be given. Be sure to include "Ask BYTE" in the address.

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February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 443

Clubs and Newsletters

By Word of Mouth

W.P. News: Writer's POVon Word Processing is a news-letter for wordsmiths whowork with computers. It ispublished bimonthly by Wordof Mouth Enterprises. Thenewsletter includes evalua-tions of hardware and soft-ware for writing needs, inter-views with authors, and up-to-date developments forwriters. The annual subscrip-tion fee is $20. For more infor-mation, write to Word ofMouth Enterprises, 1765North Highland #306, Holly-wood, CA 90028.

Attention: Dentists

Dentists in Detroit haveformed a users group for thosewho have purchased the Den-tal Practice package fromMoore Business Systems Inc.The group's members discussvarious hardware and soft-ware products, assist memberswith specific computer prob-lems, and plan to develop alibrary of self-help materials.For more information, for-ward a self-addressedenvelope to W.A. Riggert,D.D.S., Parkwood DentalGroup, 10831 West Ten MileRd., Oak Park, MI 48237.

ExperimentersIn Canada

Ipso Facto is a publicationof the Association of theComputer-Chip Experiment-ers, a nonprofit, educationalorganization based in On-tario, Canada. Meetings areheld on the second Tuesday ofeach month, Septemberthrough June, at 7:30 p.m. inroom B123, Sheridan College,1430 Trafalgar Rd., Oakville,Ontario. Membership duesare $18 and entitle you to sixissues of Ipso Facto. For fur-

ther information, write toMike Franklin, Association ofComputer-Chip Experiment-ers, 650 Laurier Ave., Milton,Ontario L7T 4R5, Canada, orcall (416) 878-0740.

Foghorn from FOG

The First Osborne Group(FOG) is for Osborne usersand other computer owners.The group plans to presentreviews of new software andhardware in its newsletter,Foghorn, and through localmeetings. Vendors or in-terested individuals can con-tact Craig R. Chun, Apt. 225,1607 Parkmoor Ave., SanJose, CA 95125, or call (408)947-1650.

OSBUG In Canada

An Osborne 1 Users Group(OSBUG-Canada) meets onthe third Monday of eachmonth in the Vancouver area.OSBUG-Canada works withboth FOG and the NorthwestOsborne Users Club. Furtherinformation can be obtainedby contacting Debra Danny,15227 Russell Ave., WhiteRock, British Columbia, V4B5C3 Canada, or by phoning(604) 536-0266.

TRS-80 UsersIn Chicago

The Chicago TRS-80 UsersGroup publishes a monthlynewsletter. Chicatrug Newsprints "All the TRS-80 NewsYou Need When You NeedIt." Single issues are $1.50;subscriptions cost $12 for oneyear in the U.S., $16 inCanada and Mexico, and $26elsewhere. Press releases andarticles are welcome. For fur-ther information, contact Em-manuel B. Garcia Jr. &Associates, Suite 2118, 203

North Wabash, Chicago, IL60601, or call (312) 782-9750.

Audio-VisualNews Updated

Navanews is the biweeklybulletin of the NationalAudio-Visual Association(NAVA), an internationaltrade association of audio-vi-sual/video dealers, manufac-turers, and producers.Subscriptions are $50 peryear. For information, writeto NAVA, 3150 Spring St.,Fairfax, VA 22031, or call(703) 273-7200.

Southern Hobbyists

The CSRA Computer Clubis an active group of computerhobbyists and professionalsthat has been producing amonthly newsletter for sixyears. Dues are $12 a year;students are half price. Any-one interested may attendmeetings which are held onthe third Thursday of eachmonth at 7:30 p.m. For moreinformation, write to theCSRA Computer Club, POB284, Augusta, GA 30903.

Tips for the Salesman

Master Salesmanship is anewsletter that focuses on ef-fective techniques for sellingdata-processing products andservices. For a free copy ofMaster Salesmanship, callMichael Lodato at (213)889-2607, or write to M.W.L.Inc., 32038 Watergate Court,Westlake Village, CA 91361.

Attention:Homebrewers

The Homebrew ComputerClub Newsletter will keep you

posted on this San FranciscoBay area club's monthlymeeting dates and locations.To subscribe, write to theHomebrew Computer ClubNewsletter, POB 626, Moun-tain View, CA 94042.

Newsletter Offer

The Small Business SystemsGroup publishes a newsletterthat is available free for sixmonths from the date of yourreturn of the Product LicenseAgreement proving purchaseof at least $150 of hardwareor software sold throughSBSG. For details, write tothe Small Business SystemsGroup, Newsletter Subscrip-tion, 6 Carlisle Rd., Westford,MA 01886, or call (617)692-3800.

Phoenix ValleyIdea Exchange

The Phoenix Valley of theSun IBM PC Idea Exchange isheld once a month for anyoneinterested in using and pro-gramming the IBM PersonalComputer. It is sponsored bythe United Systems Corpora-tions of Phoenix, Arizona. Formeeting information, write tothe IBM PC Idea Exchange,c/o United Systems Corpora-tions, 1074 East SandpiperDr., Tempe, AZ 85283, or call(602) 831-9363.

SVC3 Presents:A New Club

The Silicon Valley ColorComputer Club is for TRS-80Color Computer owners. Itmeets on the fourth Tuesdayof each month at 7:30 p.m. inthe GTE-Sylvania Cafeteria,Building #3,100 Ferguson Dr.,Mountain View, California.For more information, call

444 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

(408) 749-1947, or write to theSilicon Valley Color Com-puter Club, POB 61593,Sunnyvale, CA 94088.

Support for HomeComputer Users

The International HomeComputer Users Associationis an independent, nonprofitorganization formed as a sup-port group for home com-puter owners. It providesmembers with an informationand referral service, a biweek-ly bulletin, consumer aid, anda monthly newsletter. Thegroup has published informa-tion on how to start a usersgroup in your area. For moreinformation, write to ICA,POB 371, Rancho Santa Fe,CA 92067.

Apfelsaft Comesfrom West Germany

The Apfelsaft newsletter isavailable to Apple and BasisComputer users anywhere inthe world. It is produced forEnglish-speaking people livingoverseas. Apfelsaft (apple-juice) is supported by theRam stein Computer Club,which meets monthly. For fur-ther information, write toApfelsaft, Wade Arnold, Ben-zinoring 37, D-6750Kaiserslautern, West Ger-many, or call (0631) 93396.

SUN In Illinois

The Sinclair Users Network(SUN) is a nationwide usersgroup for owners of SinclairZX80/81 and Timex/Sinclair1000 computers. It producesmonthly bulletins andquarterly newsletters contain-ing the latest informationfrom Sinclair, Timex, andother manufacturers. For fur-ther information, write toDiana Wright, 2170 OakBrook Circle, Palatine, IL60067, or call (312) 934-9375.

Informationfrom Waterloo

Infowat is the newsletterproduced by Watsoft Prod-ucts Inc., a company estab-lished by the University ofWaterloo in Ontario. Thenewsletter has reviews ofeducational software

developed by the university.A subscription (10 issues)costs $10 (Canadian funds inCanada, U.S. dollars else-where). To receive informa-tion, write to Infowat, POB943, Waterloo, Ontario N2J4C3, Canada. ■

If you would like BYTE readers to know about your club ornewsletter send the details accompanied by no more than onenewsletter to Clubs and Newsletters, BYTE Publications, POB 372,Hancock, NH 03449. Overseas groups are encouraged to par-ticipate. Please allow at least three months for your announce-ment to appear.

Not JustAnother Summer Camp.

Learning is part of the fan at ATARI" Computer Camps.

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• Convenient locations • Professional Camp Directors

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For more information and a free, color brochure, call free 800/847-4180 orwrite to 40 East 34th Street, DeptCT, New York, N.Y. 10016 (please include ageand phone number). Outside US. or in New York State, call collect 212/889-5200.Staff applicants should apply in writing.

© A Warner Communications Company

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February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 445

Software Received

Apple

The Apple's Core, a tuto-rial program. The disks andmanual comprising this pack-age serve as a beginner'sguide to Applesoft BASIC.Each lesson in the manualcorresponds to a program onthe disk. For the Apple IIPlus; floppy disk, $49.95.The Little Professor, POB301, Swanton, VT 05488.

The Arithmetic Classroom,part of a set of tutorial pro-grams. The programs in thispackage cover the basic prin-ciples of mathematics. Eachprogram covers a differentaspect of math. For the AppleII Plus; floppy disk, $49.95.Sterling Swift PublishingCo., 1600 Fortview Rd.,Austin, TX 78704.

Artesians, an arcade-typegame. You must steal severalcontainers of water from afour-story building whilesneaking through the floorsand avoiding the guards,dogs, and the artesians. Forthe Apple II; floppy disk,$34.95. Rennaisance Tech-nology Corp., 1070 SharyCircle, Concord, CA 94518.

Beneath Apple Manor, anadventure-type game. Thisremake of the original gameincludes high-resolutiongraphics and sound. Yourmission is to explore anunderground maze and findtreasures. For the Apple II;floppy disk, $29.95. QualitySoftware, Suite 105, 6660 Re-seda Blvd., Reseda, CA91335.

The Blade of Blackpoole,an adventure-type game withgraphics. Your quest is forthe magical sword Myra-glym. You must fight offbeasts and flesh-eating plantsas you search the cavernsnear the blackpoole. For theApple II; floppy disk, $39.95.Sirius Software Inc., 10364Rockingham Dr., Sacramen-to, CA 95827.

Bug Battle, an arcade-typegame. Bugs have invaded

your garden and your laser isthe only defense you haveagainst them. Game featuresinclude graphics and sound.For the Apple II Plus andApple III; floppy disk,$22.50. United Software ofAmerica, 750 Third Ave.,New York, NY 10017.

Bug Byter, a screen-orient-ed 6502 machine-languagedebugger. This debugger fea-tures a display of all registers,literal and transparent break-points, and a resident assem-bler and disassembler. For theApple II; floppy disk, $47.50.Computer Advanced IdeasInc., Suite 341, 1442A Wal-nut St., Berkeley, CA 94709.

Bulk Mailer, a mailing-listprogram. This system is con-figured for either a floppy-disk or a hard-disk system. Itcan store 1200 names on afloppy disk or 32,000 nameson a hard disk. Names can becoded and retrieved. For theApple II; floppy-disk ver-sion, $125; Corvus hard-diskversion, $250. Satori Soft-ware, 5507 Woodlawn Ave.N, Seattle, WA 98103.

Career Directions, a pro-gram to help high school stu-dents identify career inter-ests. By completing a series ofexercises, students can deter-mine the type of career theyprefer. For the Apple II; flop-py disk, $59.95. Systems De-sign Associates Inc., 723Kanawha Blvd. E, Charles-ton, WV 25031.

Caves of Olympus, an ad-venture-type game. You arefar beneath the Palace of An-son Argyris. You must try toescape the attack of the Lareninvaders by traversing thecaves of Olympus. For theApple II Plus; floppy disk,$39.95. Howard W. Sams &Co. Inc., 4300 62nd St., POB558, Indianapolis, IN 46268.

Counting Plus, an educa-tional program designed tointroduce very young chil-dren to the principles of num-bers. It covers simple count-

ing, addition, and subtrac-tion. For the Apple II; floppydisk, $34.95. The LittleProfessor (see addressabove).

Desktop/Plan II, a finan-cial planning, budgeting, andanalysis package with graph-ics. This program lets youbuild modifiable financialmodels. It can make use ofVisicalc data files. For theApple II; floppy disk, $250.Visicorp, 2895 Zanker Rd.,San Jose, CA 95134.

Diamond IX, a baseballstatistics package. A coachcan keep individual and teamstatistics to see his team'sstrong and weak points. Re-ports can be displayed or sentto a printer. For the Apple II;floppy disk, $41.95. Compet-itive Computing Inc., 15 Se-quoia Dr., Watchung, NJ07060.

Disk O' Utilities, a packagecontaining 13 utility pro-grams, including automaticline numbering for Applesoftprograms, a program to re-cover files, a catalog sorter,and a routine to indicate thenumber of free sectors on adisk. For the Apple II Plus;floppy disk, $13.95. Broad-way Software, Suite 136, 642Amsterdam Ave., New York,NY 10012.

Diversi-DOS, a utility pro-gram that's compatible withApple DOS 3.3. This pro-gram loads and saves BASIC,binary, and text files two tofive times faster than DOS3.3. A keyboard and printbuffer are provided. For theApple II; floppy disk, $30.Diversified Software Re-search Inc., 5848 CramptonCourt, Rockford, IL 61111.

The DOS Enhancer, a setof utility programs to speedup Apple DOS 3.3. Theseprograms increase the speedof disk-file saves and reads.Additionally, the programshave expanded menus andare said to run BASIC pro-grams five times faster than

DOS 3.3. For the Apple II;floppy disk, $69.95. S & HSoftware, 58 Van Orden Rd.,Harrington Park, N] 07640.

DOS Helper, a utility pro-gram that lets you changeDOS commands, modify er-ror messages, alphabetizecatalogs, expand catalog dis-plays, restore deleted files,lock or unlock files, andmore. For the Apple II; flop-py disk, $29.95. The LittleProfessor (see addressabove).

Ernie's Quiz, a set of foureducational games for chil-dren aged 4 to 7. This pack-age includes guessing andcounting games, a make-a-face puzzle, and a puzzleusing Sesame Street Muppetcharacters. For the Apple II;floppy disk, $50. Apple Com-puter Inc., 20525 MarianiAve., Cupertino, CA 95014.

Family Pak 1, a trio ofgames for the entire family:Hi-Lo, Hangman, and GoFish. For the Apple II; floppydisk, $29.95. Cortland DataSystems, POB 14414, Chica-go, IL 60614.

Fore, a golf simulationgame featuring high-resolu-tion graphics. This game of-fers a choice of two courses,eight types of terrain, and 15clubs. For one to four play-ers. For the Apple II; floppydisk, $29.95. Epyx/Auto-mated Simulations Inc., 1043Keil Court, Sunnyvale, CA94086.

Games for the Apple Com-puter, a program disk ofmodules that lets you creategames. This package comple-ments Franklin, Knoltnow,and Finkel's book Techniquesfor Creating Golden Delici-ous Games for the AppleComputer. For the Apple II;floppy disk, $47.90, in-cluding the book. John Wiley& Sons Inc., 605 Third Ave.,New York, NY 10158.

Instant Mathematical Pro-gramming, a program pack-age that solves a variety of

446 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Ire

mathematical problems. De-signed for professionals orstudents, this program can,for example, handle simul-taneous equations in alge-braic form. For the Apple II;floppy disk, $250. PCD Sys-tems Inc., 163 Main St., POB143, Perm Yan, NY 14527.

Instant Zoo, a set of fiveprograms for children aged 7to 10. This package has fast-moving games to help devel-op pattern-recognition andword skills. For the Apple II;floppy disk, $50. Apple Com-puter Inc. (see addressabove).

League Registration, a fil-ing system for sports leagueinformation. This system letsyou organize, manage, andretrieve league and player in-formation. A program diskcan hold information on upto 500 players. For the AppleII Plus; floppy disk, $150.Market Computing, 201 15thAve. SW, Puyallup, WA98371.

League Scheduling, a pro-gram that creates a round-robin schedule for one ormore athletic leagues. It pre-pares a game schedule takinginto account teams, times,days of the week, and holi-days or rainouts. For theApple II Plus; floppy disk,$100. Market Computing (seeaddress above).

League Standings, a pro-gram that registers game re-sults and computes leagueand team standings for one ormore leagues. This programrecords win/loss statistics,displays statistics on screen,and lets you edit statistics.For the Apple II Plus; floppydisk, $100. Market Comput-ing (see address above).

Long-Term Reservations, atime-scheduling program thathandles reservations forsports facilities where longlead-times and variable-length time periods are de-sired. Completed schedulescan be sent to a printer. For

the Apple II Plus; floppydisk, $100. Market Comput-ing (see address above).

Mix and Match, a set offour educational games forchildren. This package in-cludes a muppet match game,an animal word game, a puz-zle, and a word game. Aneditor is provided for theword game. For the Apple II;floppy disk, $50. Apple Com-puter Inc. (see addressabove).

Monster Mash, an arcade-type game. Your job is to pre-vent the monsters from leav-ing the graveyard and attack-ing the people in the city. Allyou have are your reflexesand the Monster Mash. Forthe Apple II and Apple III;floppy disk, $29.95. TheSoftware Farm, 3901 SouthElkhart, Aurora, CO 80014.

PDQ 1.0, a database-man-agement program featuringuser-friendly prompts, simplecommands, and fast retriev-al. Its files can hold up to28,000 characters. You canhave as many as eight files ontwo drives. For the Apple II;floppy disk, $59.95. HowardW. Sams & Co. Inc. (see ad-dress above).

The Programmable Cube,a program for solving theRubik's Cube puzzle. Servingas an exercise in program-ming instruction, this pack-age allows you to develop acube-solving program. Videodisplays generated by thisprogram are suitable forblack-and-white or colormonitors. For the Apple II;floppy disk, $34.95. Meta-comet Software, POB 31337,Hartford, CT 06103.

Quick-Search Librarian, adatabase-management pro-gram that cross-referencesliterature citations. Technicalreferences or journal articlescan be cross-referenced withup to 12 keywords. Onethousand articles or refer-ences can be stored on asingle disk. For the Apple II

Plus; floppy disk, $75. Inter-active Microware Inc., POB771, State College, PA 16801.

Rapid Reader, an educa-tional program. This pro-gram helps to increase read-ing speed by progressivelytraining you to rapidly recog-nize words and whole sen-tences. For the Apple II; flop-py disk, $39.95. Silicon Val-ley Systems, Suite 4, 1625 ElCamino Real, Belmont, CA94002.

Short-Term Reservations,a time-scheduling programthat can make weekly lists ofreservations for sports facil-ities and print out the sched-ule showing reserved times,facilities, and contact per-sons. For the Apple II Plus;floppy disk, $100. MarketComputing (see addressabove).

Spotlight, a set of fourgames for children aged 9 to13. The games cover such ad-vanced ideas as how light isreflected and elementarylogic. For the Apple II; flop-py disk, $50. Apple Comput-er Inc. (see address above).

Swim Meet, a managementprogram for schedulingswimming meets. This pro-gram registers contestants,records times, assigns lanes,and prints a list of final stand-ings. For the Apple II Plus;floppy disk, $125. MarketComputing (see addressabove).

Tennis Draw, a tennistournament-managementprogram. This program regis-ters and seeds players andteams for matches. It followsthe U. S. Tennis Associationrules. For the Apple II Plus;floppy disk, $60. MarketComputing (see addressabove).

Transylvania, an adven-ture-type game. The object ofthis game is to rescue a prin-cess from the evil vampire.You must search a forest anda castle deep within Transyl-vania—avoid the werewolf.

For the Apple II; floppy disk,$34.95. Penguin Software,830 4th Ave., Geneva, IL60134.

Visicalc Advanced Ver-sion, an electronic spread-sheet program. This versionallows you to protect mem-ory cell contents and hidesensitive information. It in-cludes on-screen help dis-plays. For the Apple III; flop-py disk, $400. Visicorp (seeaddress above).Atari

Alien Garden, an arcade-type game. You're an aliencritter in a garden of crystalflowers. You must eat, bump,or sting as many flowers asyou can before they destroyyou. For the Atari 400/800;cartridge, $39.95. Epyx/Automated Simulations Inc.,1043 Kiel Court, Sunnyvale,CA 94086.

Armor Assault, a simula-tion game. You're the com-mander of NATO's armoredforces. You must try to stopthe enemy's armored columnsfrom rolling across the NorthGerman plain. For one or twoplayers. For the Atari 400/800; floppy disk, $39.95.Epyx/Automated Simula-tions Inc. (see addressabove).

Bandits, an arcade-typegame. You must guard thesupplies on a lunar supplydepot from the thievingaliens. You are armed with amobile laser gun and pro-tected by a limited shield. Forthe Atari 800; floppy disk,$34.95. Sirius Software Inc.,10364 Rockingham Dr., Sac-ramento, CA 95827.

BASIC Routines, a set ofprogram routines and in-structions to help you learnhow to program an Ataricomputer. This package fea-tures common subroutinesfor player graphics and diskutilities. For the Atari 400/800; floppy disk, $24.95. Ad-venture International, POB3435, Longwood, FL 32750.

February 19«3 © BYTE Publications Inc 447

Software Received.

Disk Workshop, a set of

disk-utility programs that al-lows you to edit disks, copydisks rapidly, send a disk di-rectory to a printer, and usemachine-language strings inBASIC programs. For theAtari 400/800; floppy disk,$39.95. Synergistic Software,Suite 201, 830 North River-side Dr., Renton, WA 98055.

Diskey, a disk-utility pro-gram. With this program,you can examine and modifyany sector on a disk, list un-readable sectors, send data ina sector to a printer, andcopy a disk. Only one diskdrive is required. For theAtari 400/800; floppy disk,$49.95. Adventure Interna-tional (see address above).

Gorf, a set of four arcade-type games: Astro Battles,Laser Attack, Space Warp,and Flag Ship. In all thegames, you must destroy theattacking aliens to increaseyour score. For the Atari400/800; floppy disk, $39.95.Roklan Software, 10600 WestHiggin Rd., Rosemont, IL60018.

Labyrinths, a role-playinggame. From a list of charac-ters, you choose an identityto explore the labyrinth, findtreasures, and fight monsters.For the Atari 400/800; floppydisk or cassette, $28.95 and$24.95, respectively. Progres-sive Computer Applications,POB 46, Burtonsville, MD20866.

Paint, an educational pro-gram for children. This pro-gram lets your child drawcolor pictures on the screen,enlarge the picture, save it,and use different "brush"strokes and textures. For theAtari 400/800; floppy disk,$39.95. Reston PublishingCo. Inc., 11480 Sunset HillsRd., Reston, VA 22090.

Programmer's Workshop,a set of six utility programs.This package includes a disk-to-cassette transfer program,a compare utility for BASICprograms, and a cassettedata-rate increase utility. For

the Atari 400/800; floppydisk, $39.95. SynergisticSoftware (see address above).

Sneakers, an arcade-typegame. Shoot the aliens beforethey destroy your ships. Thisgame features five levels ofskill and up to nine attacksper level. Points are scoredfor each alien shot. For theAtari 800; floppy disk,$34.95. Sirius Software Inc.(see address above).

Wizard of Wor, an arcade-type game. As you progressthrough a series of mazes,you must destroy the wizardand the various creatures thataid him to score points andwin the game. For the Atari400/800; floppy disk, $39.95.Roklan Software (see addressabove).

CP/M

Accounts Receivable, an

accounts-receivable package.This menu-driven packagefeatures on-demand reportsfor customer lists and master,aged analysis, and controlreports. For CP/M-based sys-tems; floppy disk, $1095.Cougar Mountain Software,10 South Latah, POB 6886,Boise, ID 83707.

Data Champ, a database-management program. De-signed for the first-time user,this package allows you tocreate a customized database.The manual includes a com-plete training program. ForCP/M-based systems; floppydisk, $395. Innovative MicroSystems, 12506 East 21st St.,Tulsa, OK 74219.

Disk Fix, a disk editor andfile-recovery utility program.You can examine, copy, andedit any disk sector. It letsyou recover disk files, recon-struct damaged sectors, anduse both hexadecimal andASCII numbers. For CP/M-based systems; floppy disk,$150. The Software Store,706 Chippewa Square, Mar-quette, MI 49855.

The Disk Inspector, a disk-utility program that lets youexamine any sector on any

disk. Sectors from two dif-ferent drives can be simulta-neously displayed, copied, ormodified. For CP/M-basedsystems; floppy disk, $29.95.Realworld Software Inc.,Suite 103, 913 South FourthSt., DeKalb, IL 60115.

Fancy Font System, a text-processing and print-format-ting package designed for usewith the Epson MX-80 printer.You can use a wide variety ofletter fonts or create yourown special font. For CP/M-based systems; floppy disk,$180. Softcraft, Suite 1641,8726 South Sepulveda Blvd.,Los Angeles, CA 90045.

Menumaster, a system thatallows you to develop cus-tom menus for applicationsprograms. The menus canprovide user prompts, helpand error messages, and errortrapping. For CP/M-basedsystems; floppy disk, $195.Borland International, 69Upper Georges St., DunLaoghaire, Dublin, Republicof Ireland.

S-BASIC, a structuredBASIC translator and com-piler. This version of BASICfeatures the ability to refer-ence subroutines by name,indenting to display programstructure, and other suchfunctions. Program line num-bers are not required. ForHDOS- and CP/M-based sys-tems; 5V4-inch floppy disk,$49.95. Sunflower Software,13915 Midland Dr., Shaw-nee, KS 66216.

IBM Personal Computer

Aqua Run, an arcade-typegame. You are a diver seekingtreasure in an undersea maze.You must protect yourselffrom the undersea creaturesby avoiding or spearingthem. For the IBM PersonalComputer; floppy disk,$39.95. Soft Spot Micro Sys-tems Inc., POB 415, NorthCanton, CT 06059.

Data Champ, a database-management program (seedescription under CP/M).For the IBM Personal Com-

puter; floppy disk, $395. In-novative Micro Systems,12506 East 21st St., Tulsa,OK 74219.

Executive Suite, a simula-tion game. In this game,you're an executive movingup the corporate ladder. Youmove through job interviews,middle management, and oninto the executive suite. Forthe IBM Personal Computer;floppy disk, $39.95. ArmonkCorp., Suite 955, 610 New-port Center Dr., NewportBeach, CA 92660.

FORTH/level 2, an imple-mentation of the FORTH lan-guage. This package featuresa multitasking real-time oper-ating system with online doc-umentation and support forthe 8087 mathematics pro-cessor chip. For the IBM Per-sonal Computer; floppy disk,$300. FORTH Inc., 2309Pacific Coast Highway, Her-mosa Beach, CA 90254.

The Graphics Generator, agraphics generation programto create bar graphs, piecharts, and line or functiongraphs from mathematicaldata. You can superimposegraphs, send graphs to aprinter, or save them on disk.For the IBM Personal Com-puter; floppy disk, $195.Robert J. Brady Co., Bowie,MD 20715.

Graphmagic, a graphicsgeneration program. You candraw visual representationsof mathematical data in theform of bar and line graphs,pie charts, and scattergrams.For the IBM Personal Com-puter; floppy disk, $89.95.International Software Mar-keting Ltd., Suite 421, 120East Washington St., Syra-cuse, NY 13202.

Helpware, an interfaceprogram to IBM PC-DOS.This program simplifies usingPC-DOS by providing amenu of file-manipulationcommands. Files can be dis-played, edited, and renamedwith a single command. Forthe IBM Personal Computer;floppy disk, $195. Soft-

448 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE February 1983 449

Software Received.

wrights Inc., Suite 100, 12606Greenville Ave., Dallas, TX75243.

Mathemagic, a mathemat-ics-processing program. Youcan enter mathematical for-mulas into this program usingnames for variables, build li-braries of formulas, and usearrays of formulas and vari-ables. For the IBM PersonalComputer; floppy disk,$99.95. International Soft-ware Marketing Ltd. (see ad-dress above).

Millionaire, a stock marketsimulation game. You cansimulate buying and sellingstocks, using put and call op-tions, buying on margin, andborrowing against your networth. The game gives you15 stocks to manipulate. Forthe IBM Personal Computer;floppy disk, $99.95. BlueChip Software, Suite 125,19824 Ventura Blvd., Wood-land Hills, CA 91364.

muMath/muSimp-80, amathematics processingpackage. You can entermathematical formulas usingalgebraic notation. This pro-gram will simplify the for-mula and provide the answer.For the IBM Personal Com-puter; floppy disk, $300.Microsoft Inc., 10700 North-rup Way, Bellevue, WA98004.

The Pascal Toolkit, APascal utility program for usewith MS-DOS. This programfeatures an implementationof turtle graphics, consolecontrol commands, printercontrols, and serial commu-nications capabilities. For theIBM Personal Computer;floppy disk, $150. Hi TechComputer Services, 17 MeinDr., New City, NY 10956.

Pool 1.5, a high-resolutiongraphics simulation game.This program allows you toplay eight-ball, rotation,nine-ball, or straight pool. Itfeatures shot replay and fric-tion control. For the IBM Per-sonal Computer; floppy disk,$34.95. Innovative DesignSoftware Inc., POB 1658, Las

Cruces, NM 88004.

Softspool, a softwareprint-spooler program thatcreates a user-defined print-spooler buffer in memory. Itpermits output to be sent to aprinter while another pro-gram is running. For the IBMPersonal Computer; floppydisk, $49.95. Rickerdata,POB 288, Burlington, MA01803.

Suite 16 Manager, an inter-face program to IBM PC-DOS. This program simpli-fies entering commands byproviding a menu of com-mand options. You cancreate your own menus forapplications programs. Forthe IBM Personal Computer;floppy disk, $60. Softwhere,2162 Deerfield St., ThousandOaks, CA 91362.

Visibridge, a Visicalc utili-ty program that enhances re-port-printing capabilities byproviding variable-width col-umns, column suppression,decimal point alignment, anddisk storage. For the IBMPersonal Computer; floppydisk, $81. Solutions Inc.,POB 989, Montpelier, VT05602.

TRS-80

The BASIC Answer, a pro-cessing utility program forcreating structured BASICprograms. Designed for usewith the LDOS operating sys-tem, this utility lets you uselabels instead of absolute linenumbers. For the TRS-80Models I and III; floppy disk,$69. Logical Systems Inc.,11520 North Port Washing-ton Rd., Mequon, WI 53902.

League Registration, a fil-ing system for sports leagueinformation (see descriptionunder Apple). For the TRS-80Models I and III; floppy disk,$150. Market Computing,201 15th Ave. SW, Puyallup,WA 98371.

Games for the II, a set offive arcade-type games: Sky-diver, Star Battle, The Wall,Space Swarm, and Mayhem.Each game features graphics

and automatic scorekeeping.For the TRS-80 Model II;8-inch floppy disk, $29.95.Maryland Model II Games,3304 Carlton Ave., TempleHills, MD 20748.

Pandemonium, a wordgame. The object of this gameis to place 25 random lettersonto a playing board matrixto construct three-, four-, orfive-letter words. A 6000-word dictionary is built intothe program. For the TRS-80Models I and III; floppy disk,$39.95. Soft Images, 200Route 17, Mahwah, NJ07430.

Other Computers

ACCR, a simple database-management program. Youcan store, retrieve, search,and edit information aboutyour personal finances orproperty. This program re-quires 16K RAM. For theZX81/Timex-Sinclair 1000;cassette, $19.95. R. S. Pan-war, 2035 Kentland Dr.,Houston, TX 77067.

ADDR, a simple database-management program. Youcan store, retrieve, search,and edit information. Youcan also create an address listor home inventory. This pro-gram requires 16K RAM. Forthe ZX81/Timex-Sinclair1000; cassette, $19.95. R. S.Panwar (see address above).

The Birthday Program, aprogram that will display thename of the birthday person,play the "Happy Birthday"

song, and display a birthdaycake. Enter a secret word toblow out the candles. For theVIC-20; cassette, $3.95. Soft4 You, POB 3254, Reston,VA 22090.

The Math Teacher, a tuto-rial program using color andgraphics. This program pro-vides drill instruction in thebasics of addition, subtrac-tion, multiplication, and divi-sion. It features three levels ofdifficulty and displays a stu-dent's score after 25 problemsare answered. For the NECPC8001A; floppy disk,$29.95. Computech, Depart-ment NEC-MT-BY, POB7000-309, Redondo Beach,CA 90277.

Text Editor, Assembler,and Disassembler, a set ofthree programs for assembly-language programming. Thetext editor is a line-orientededitor; the assembler and dis-assembler are for 8080/Z80files created by the editor. Forthe North Star Horizon; flop-py disk, $75. Polaris Soft-ware, POB 22825, San Diego,CA 92122.

Utopia, a simulation gamein which you become theruler of a country. You con-trol the economy, food sup-ply, and defense. But bewareof the pirates, hurricanes,and rebels. For one or twoplayers. For the IntellevisionMaster Component; car-tridge, $34.97. Mattel Elec-tronics, 5150 Rosecrans Ave.,Hawthorne, CA 90250.■

This is a list of software packages that have been received byBYTE Publications during the past month. The list is correct to thebest of our knowledge, but it is not meant to be a full descriptionof the product or the forms in which the product is available. Inparticular, some packages may be sold for several machines or inboth cassette and floppy-disk format, the product listed here isthe version received by BYTE Publications.

This is an all-inclusive list that makes no comment on the qualityor usefulness of the software listed. We regret that we cannotreview every software package we receive Instead, this list ismeant to be a monthly acknowledgment of these packages andthe companies that sent them. All software received is consideredto be on loan to BYTE and is returned to the manufacturer after aset period of time Companies sending software packages shouldbe sure to include the list price of the packages and (where appro-priate) the alternate forms in which they are available.

450 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE February 1983 451

Passing Untyped Parametersin UCSD Pascal

An assembler-language function and a "trick"are combined in a parameter-passing method.

Eliakim Willner

Datronics Inc.

675 Third Ave.

New York, NY 10017

Pascal's best feature is that it isstrongly typed. The programmermust declare all variable types before-hand as integers within a certainrange, real numbers, characters, user-defined, and so on.

But strong typing, while desirablein most situations, can be a hindrancein others. In particular, for certainsystems programming applicationsprogrammers often have to pass avariable of unspecified type as aparameter to a subroutine. A closelook at the parameter-passingschemes available in Pascal showsthat the language was not designedfor applications requiring untypedparameters.

Because Pascal is a block-struc-tured language, individual taskswithin a program are coded as sepa-rate functions and procedures. Eachmodule may have protected data thatis not accessible from other modules.Data is passed from one module toanother by means of one of two pa-

About the Author

Eliakim Willner is a data-processing consul-tant specializing in mini- and microcomputersystems. He teaches data processing at Kings-borough Community College of the CityUniversity of New York.

rameter-passing schemes. The mostcommon method uses value param-eters, which allows the subroutine tohave its own copy of the passed pa-rameter. This preserves the integrityof the calling routine's data.

If, on the other hand, the program-mer wants the subroutine to return adifferent value in the parameter in-stead of the original one, "variable

A method exists that

allows the programmer

to pass a value of an

unspecified type as a

parameter to a

subroutine.

parameters" may be used. In this in-stance, the subroutine is given theaddress of the parameter and per-forms its manipulations on the origi-nal memory locations in the callingroutine where the parameter islocated.

In keeping with Pascal's strongtype-checking features, most com-pilers and their run-time systemsassure that the type of parameter de-clared in the subroutine matches the

type of variable passed from the call-ing routine. This applies to both pa-rameter-passing schemes I've de-scribed, and it would seem toeliminate Pascal as an implementa-tion language for certain systemsapplications.

Fortunately, however, a methodexists that allows the programmer topass a value of unspecified type as aparameter to a subroutine. Althoughmy example is written for UCSDPascal Version IV by SoftechMicrosystems, the method could beadapted easily to other versions ofPascal and other languages. I'll beginwith an example of a situation inwhich a programmer would need touse this technique.

Describing a Problem

In a well-designed piece of soft-ware, the end user is presented with acompletely formatted screen that re-sembles a blank form, with entryheadings and space for the entries. Asyou make entries, your data ischecked for validity. Detailed errormessages immediately notify you ofyour mistakes, and you're given timeto correct them.

Constructing this sort of end-userinterface takes a significant amount

452 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 441 on inquiry card.

of programming time, and the result-ing code constitutes a major portionof the program. A general-purposeutility that enables the applicationprogrammer to set up screens andspecify valid entries with ease is avaluable tool.

Such a utility has two sections. Thefirst is a stand-alone program that letsthe application programmer formateach screen. The second section con-sists of a set of subroutines to belinked to the application program. Assoon as the screen is formatted, it isstored as a data file to be used by thesubroutines. The subroutines accessthe data file to set up the screen andguide you through the process ofentering the data, performing validitychecks, and so on.

To perform validity checks the rou-tines must know which values are ac-ceptable for each entry on the screen.Typically, the utility provides anumber of predefined types—adollars-and-cents type or a date type,for example. The application pro-grammer specifies the type for eachentry when the screen is originally setup. Because this information becomespart of the data file for that screen, itis accessible to the utility subroutines.

After the utility subroutines per-form their tasks, the validated data isreturned to the application programfor the necessary processing. The ap-plication programmer must specifywhich variables are to be passed theentered data when the utilitysubroutines are invoked. Normallythis is easily accomplished by writingsomething like GETSCREEN (VARI-ABLES VARIABLE2, . . .). HereGETSCREEN is a utility subroutineand the VARIABLE^ (variables) inthe application program are passedthe data. In our present discussion,however, GETSCREEN is a subrou-tine in a general-purpose utility.

In one application the data passedback in VARIABLEl might be an in-teger, so VARIABLEl would be de-clared an integer. But in another ap-plication using the utility,VARIABLEl might accept data of thecharacter type, and it would be de-clared as such.

Although the utility subroutinesknow from the data file what kinds of

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February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 453

APPLICATION

PROGRAM

VARIABLE 3

VARIABLE n

/

\

S

VARIABLE 1

VARIABLE 2

/

\

ARRAY OF ADDRESSES (INTEGERS)

f~

GETSCREEN UTILITY SUBROUTINE

ADDRESS OF VARIABLE 1

1

ADDRESS OF VARIABLE 2

ADDRESS OF VARIABLE 3

•••

ADDRESS OF VARIABLE n

PARAMETER TO GETSCREEN

L

1

ADDRESS OF ARRAY

Figure 1: Construction of an array in the application program containing the addresses-as-integers of each variable that will receive avalue entered onto a screen. The array is passed as a variable parameter to GETSCREEN. GETSCREEN will input and validate thescreen entries and then return the values to the variables of the application program using the addresses specified in the array.

values each application needs for theVARIABLE??, the parameters corre-sponding to the VARIABLE^ must bedeclared. As stated earlier, in Pascalthe type of parameter declared in thesubroutine must match the type of thecorresponding variable in the callingroutine. But in this case the author ofthe utility does not know the type ofany of the variables passed from theapplication. In other words, the pro-grammer needs to pass a value ofunspecified type to a subroutine.

Identifying a Solution

To solve this problem, we will usea method adapted from a techniquecommonly found in assembler-language programs. This technique issimilar to Pascal's variable parameterscheme in that the subroutine doesnot receive its own copy of a piece ofdata but instead is given its actual ad-dress.

The programmer writes theGETSCREEN routine so that it hasonly one parameter, an array of in-tegers. Each integer in the array rep-resents the address in memory of one

VARIABLE/i that will receive a valueinput to the screen. The array willhave as many integers as the screenhas data items. (See figure 1.)

GETSCREEN uses these integer/addresses as though they were vari-able parameters: it stores each dataitem entered and verified into the ad-

It is not difficult to

write an ADDR

function and make it

part of the language.

dress specified by the appropriate in-teger in the array. Note that both theapplication program and the utilitysubroutine must explicitly manipulateaddresses, while when variableparameters are employed themanipulation and passing of ad-dresses is transparent to the pro-grammer.

Two important questions remain:How does the application programdiscover the addresses of the VARI-

ABLEn to be placed in the array? andHow does the utility subroutine usethese addresses—which are really justintegers—to pass values back to theVARIABLES

Adding a Function

In many languages, discovering theaddress of a variable is a relativelystraightforward procedure. In PL/I,for example, the function ADDR(VARIABLEl) returns the address ofVARIABLEl. Pascal does not containan ADDR function, but writing one iseasy, and making it a part of the lan-guage is simply a matter of includingit in the system library.

The application programmer mustwrite the function in the assemblerlanguage of the local processor to findthe address of any variable, regard-less of type. A Pascal subroutine willnot permit this, but UCSD Pascaldoes allow assembler-language sub-routines to be written with untypedparameters. The ADDR functionshown in listing 1 is written inPDP-11 assembler language but canbe adapted easily to any assembler

454 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

An ADDR Function for Pascal

The following directions will guide youthrough creating the ADDR function,including it in the system library, andusing it in a program.

1. Using the system editor, create atext file containing your version ofADDR.

2. Make sure that the . OPCODES and.ERRORS files for your assemblerare on the system disk. Invoke theassembler by typing "a" at theouter-operating-system level. Re-spond appropriately to the promptsfor text, code, and listing filenames.

3. Invoke the library utility by typing"x" at the outer-operating-systemlevel and responding to the promptwith "library" (library.code must beon your system disk). You will beasked to supply an output filename. Type any name ending in".code" that doesn't already exist onyour disk, such as "new.code."When you are prompted for an in-put file name, type "system,library." Then type "e" to copy allof the segments of your old libraryto what will become your new

library. Type "n," then type thename of the code file containingyour assembled ADDR function.Type "e" and then "q" to exit thelibrary. Respond to the "notice"prompt by pressing Return.

4. Invoke the filer and "c" (change) thename of the system, library toold.library, and of new. code (orwhatever you called it) tosystem, library. If the newsystem.library works as it should,you can remove the old.library.

5. Write the program that will use theADDR function. Declare it as fol-lows among the function declara-tions before you declare any func-tion or procedure that uses it:

FUNCTION ADDR (VAR

ANYTHING) : INTEGER;

EXTERNAL;

6. Use the "r" (Run) command at theouter-operating-system level tocompile, link, and execute yourprogram. The next time you wantto execute your program, type "x"and then the name of the ".code"file created by the linker.

Listing 1: The PDP-11 version of the assembler-language ADDR function. The readershould become familiar with the UCSD Adaptable Assembler (see the UCSD PascalUsers Manual) before attempting to adapt ADDR to other processors.

func addr.l

this function returns as its valuethe address of its single parameter

mov

(sp) +,return

mov

(sp) + .address

tst

(sp) +

mov

address, — (sp)

jmp

©return

return

.word

address

.word.end

;pop the return address and save it.;address of parameter, pop and save.;pop the junk.

;return addr of param to top of stack.;depart to calling routine.

language supported by the UCSD sys-tem. (Complete instructions to assem-ble ADDR and include it in the sys-tem library are given in the text box.)The routine itself is quite simple.When a function with variable pa-rameters is invoked in the UCSD sys-tem, the interpreter pushes one wordof what is for our purposes "junk"

onto the system stack, pushes the ad-dresses of the variable parameter(s),and pushes the return address. Afterthe function returns, the interpreterexpects to find these elements re-moved from the stack and the valueof the function on top of the stack.

Because our ADDR functionreturns the address of its parameter as

its value, it simply pops the returnaddress and saves it, pops the addressof the parameter and holds it momen-tarily, and pops the "junk" and dis-cards it. Then it replaces the addressof the parameter on top of the stackas the returned value and branchesback to the calling routine.

The ADDR function must bedeclared an external routine in the ap-plication program. To use the func-tion, the application programmerdeclares an array of integers whosesize is the maximum number of en-tries permitted for a screen. Thenumber of entries for a particularscreen may be stored in that screen'sdata file or passed as an additionalparameter to GETSCREEN. BeforeGETSCREEN is invoked, the ADDRfunction is applied to each variablethat will hold a validated screen value(the VARIABLEn), and the resultinginteger-form addresses are assigned tosuccessive elements of the array (seelisting 2).

Using a Trick

As soon as the utility subroutinereceives the array of addresses, itmust be able to use them to store theentered and validated data items inthe appropriate places. The problemis that in Pascal and most other lan-guages, the closest you can come totouching addresses is via pointers.And although pointers are really justaddresses and addresses are really justintegers, Pascal does not allow thepointers and addresses to mix. Tosidestep this restriction you mustemploy one of Pascal's more in-famous tricks—using a variant recordto define the same storage location asboth an integer and a pointer (seelisting 3).

A variant record is required foreach possible data type that theVARIABLEn of the application pro-gram may assume. Listing 3 containsvariant records for the integer and

character types called INT

POINTER and CHAR_POINTER.These variant records contain no tagfield; the "CASE INTEGER OF 1: . . .2: ..." is a device to enable theutility subroutines to refer to eachvariant record under two aliases.

When, for example, the alias

February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 455

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Listing 2: Skeleton application program illustrating how the table of addresses isdeclared, filled, and sent to the utility subroutine.

PROGRAM APPLICATION_SKELETON;

CONST

MAX_ENTRIES_PER_SCREEN = 100;

{OR WHATEVER}

TYPE

TABLE_TYPE = ARRAY [1 . . MAX_ENTRIES_PER_SCREEN] OF INTEGER;

VAR

TABLE_OF_ADDRESSES

VARIABLE1

VARIABLE2

TABLE_TYPE;

CHAR; {FOR EXAMPLE}

{WHATEVER THEY MAY BE}

FUNCTION ADDR (VAR ANYTHING) : INTEGER; EXTERNAL;BEGIN

TABLE_OF_ADDRESSES[l]: = ADDR (VARIABLE1);TABLE_OF_ADDRESSES[2]: = ADDR (VARIABLE2);

GETSCREEN (TABLE_OF_ADDRESSES);

END.

Listing 3: Skeleton utility subroutine illustrating how the table of addresses is used tosend validated values back to the application program.

PROCEDURE GETSCREEN_SKELETON;

TYPE

INT_POINTER = RECORDCASE INTEGER OF

1 : (POINTER_AS_INTEGER : INTEGER);

2 : (POINTER : t INTEGER)END;

CHAR_POLNTER = RECORDCASE INTEGER OF

1 : (POINTER_AS_INTEGER : INTEGER);

2 : (POINTER : 1CHAR)END;

VAR

INT

: INT_POINTER;

CHARACTER

: CHAR_POINTER

CH

: CHAR;

BEGIN

Listing 3 continued:

{FOR THE PURPOSE OF THIS EXAMPLE ASSUME THAT GETSCREEN HASALREADY DETERMINED THAT THE FIRST SCREEN ITEM IS OF TYPE CHAR ANDHAS BEEN INPUT TO THE LOCAL VARIABLE CH.}

CHARACTER.POINTER_AS_INTEGER : = TABLE_OF_ADDRESSES[l].

{THE POINTER TO CHARACTER IN ITS INTEGER GUISE IS SET EQUAL TO THEADDRESS OF VARIABLEl IN ITS INTEGER GUISE.}

CHARACTER .POINTER t

CH;

{VOILA! VARIABLEl IN THE APPLICATION NOW CONTAINS THE FIRSTSCREEN VALUE.}

END.

CHARACTER.POINTER_AS_INTEGER is used, CHAR_POINTER may be manipulated asany integer. The utility, knowing thata particular address in the array of in-teger/addresses passed to it by the ap-plication program belongs to a vari-able of type character, may take that

integer/address and assign it toCHARACTER.POINTER_AS_INTEGER.

Once that happens, any referenceto CHARACTER.POINTER! is a ref-erence to a character variable in theapplication program. Thus, as soonas the utility subroutine GETSCREEN

has accepted and validated an inputof type character, it only has to assignit to CHARACTER.POINTERt andthe data will be transported back tothe application.

Because the utility knows from thedata file what type variable eachscreen entry must be assigned to, itcan take the corresponding addressfrom the array and move it into theappropriate variant record. When thevalue itself is assigned to the pointed-to location, it lands exactly where theapplication expects to find it.

A parameter or parameters of un-specified type may be passed to asubroutine in Pascal. Purists may ob-ject to such tricks and pragmatistsmay point to other languages wheremachinations like these are un-necessary. But in defense of Pascal,few languages provide such a rich andbalanced variety of features. To thecredit of its designer and its imple-mented at UCSD, Pascal is flexibleenough to accommodate situationsfor which it was not originallyintended. ■

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Circle 424 on inquiry card.

February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 457

A Terminal Program for theTRS-80 Model III

A world of information is just a phone call away.

Imagine having these resourcesavailable to your TRS-80 Model III:general-use databases such as TheSource and CompuServe, research-oriented databases such as Dialog,specialized databases covering prac-tically any subject, and electronicbulletin boards for any interest. If theprospect appeals to you, all you needto do is transform your Model III intoa "smart" terminal. Your telephonewill do the rest.

Before attempting the conversion,you'll need two things. First, youmust have a serial port (e.g., an RS-232C board) so that your Model IIIcan communicate via a modem overthe telephone lines. Of course, you'llalso need a program that enables thecomputer to perform as a terminal. Iwrote such a program for my TRS-80Model III and have used it success-fully over the past few months.

Several features of the TRS-80Model III make it attractive for use asa terminal. First, its Control key (shiftdown-arrow) lets you enter controlcharacters from the keyboard. Onmost larger computers, thesecharacters control the operatingsystem. For example, you might useControl-C to terminate program ex-ecution. A second important featureof the Model III is an (optional) RS-232C serial-interface board. I par-ticularly like a couple of other fea-tures, such as the lowercase char-acters and the single-unit design of

Ralph L. James

Department of Mathematics

California State College

Turlock, CA 95380

the Model III that incorporates thevideo display, keyboard, and diskdrives. The only disadvantage of theModel III is that its screen has 64 col-umns instead of the usual 80. But formy work, at least, that hasn't been aserious drawback.

I wrote the terminal program inZ80 assembly language, whichoperates at 300 bits per second (bps),the most frequently used speed forremote terminals that communicateover the telephone line (chances are itwould work satisfactorily at highertransmission rates, but that hasn'tbeen tested). Note that the program iswritten only for the TRS-80 Model IIIand will not run on a Model I.

The program requires one or twodisk drives and a minimum of 32Kbytes of RAM (random-accessread/write memory). The terminalprogram supports disk operations.For example, you can store a programon one of your disks and then eithersend it to the remote computer orstore the output from the remotecomputer on a disk. If you have nodisk drives and only 16K bytes ofRAM, you can still use the programby simply eliminating the disk-relatedsection (I will explain this in detaillater).

If you want listings or hard copy ofoutput from the remote computer,you can use a parallel printer. Again,the program will work even if youdon't have a printer. You can either

eliminate the printer-related sectionsof the program or disregard theprinter-related commands.

I designed the terminal program(see listing 1) to access a PDP-11/45minicomputer with version 7.0 of theRSTS/E operating system. A dif-ferent operating system or computermay call for some changes to the pro-gram. I tried to make it as flexible anduniversal as possible so that no majorchanges should be necessary.

You may want to custom designthe program to suit your particularneeds. That way, you can incor-porate the features you need andeliminate those you don't. (Hereafter,I will use "computer" to refer to theremote computer and "Model III" torefer to the TRS-80 Model III to avoidconfusion between the two.)

Initializing the RS-232C InterfaceThe main section of the program,which allows the Model III to com-municate with the computer (withoutprinter or disk capability), is verysimple. (See figure 1 for an illustra-tion of its operation.) First, the RS-232C interface is initialized. A "don'twait" condition is necessary, so inline 480 of the program a 0 is loadedinto location 16890. In line 500, allthe bits in location 16889 are set to 1by calling RSINIT (I needed an 8-bitword length with 1 stop bit and noparity; the eighth bit is ignored. Callyour computer center or system

458 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Text continued on page 464

Listing 1: Model III terminal program. This listing contains all options for use with aprinter and disk drives.

SOURCE LISTING I- O R T E R M 1 |SJ ^ L_ P R O G R «*=■. I-

00100

ORG

5400H

00110

;**********

MAIN PROGRAM CONS

00120

DUPLEX

EOU

5200H

00130

KBCHAR

ESU

002BH

00140

VDCLB

EQU

01C9H

00150

VDCHAR

EQU

0033H

00160

RSINIT

ESU

005AH

00 1 70

RSRCV

EQU

0050H

00180

RSTX

ESU

005 5 H

00190

CHAR

ESU

5202H

00200

RCVBYT

ESU

16872

00210

CURSOR

ESU

143

00220

CURLOC

EO.U

4020H

00230

; **********

BUFFER CONSTANTS

00240

PRCHAR

EQU

003BH

00250

BUFLAS

EQU

5201H

00260

BUFPTR

EQU

5203H

00270

BUFNUM

EQU

5205H

00280

BUFBEG

EQU

5800H

00290

;**********

DISK CONSTANTS *

00300

XMTBYT

EQU

41F0H

00310

DOS

EQU

402DH

00320

DCB

ESU

5207H

00330

ERNL

EQU

5213H

00340

ERNM

EQU

5214H

00350

EOF

EQU

520FH

00360

CTRD

EQU

5239H

00370

BUFFER

EQU

523BH

00380

READ

EQU

4436H

00390

CLOSE

EQU

4428H

00400

OPEN

EQU

4424H

00410

IN IT

EQU

4420H

00420

WRITE

EQU

4439H

00430

TEMPST

EQU

533BH

00440

LINE

DEFM

'Enter Filenam

00450

;*****************************

00460

CALL

VDCLS

00470

XOR

A

00480

LD

(16890)iA

00490

LD

A. 255

00500

LD

(16889)iA

00510

CALL

RSINIT

00520

XOR

A

00530

LD

(BUFLAG)-A

00540

LD

(DUPLEX),A

00550

CALL

BUFSET

005 60

RCV

CALL..

RSRCV

00570

LD

A>(RCVBYT)

00580

JR

7., KEYBD

00590

CP

10

00600

JR

ZtRCV

00610

LD

(CHAR).A

00620

CALL

VIDEO

00630

LD

A,(BUFLAG)

00640

CP

0

00650

JR

Z,KEYBD

00660

CALL

BUFPUT

00670

KEYBD

CALL

KBCHAR

00680

JR

Z:RCV

00690

LD

(CHAR), A

00700

CP

2

00710

JP

Z,BUFON

00720

CP

15

00730

JP

Z,BUFOFF

00740

CP

5

00750

JP

Z,BUFER

00760

CP

1.6

00770

JP

ZiBUFPR

00780

CP

1

00790

JP

Z, DOS

00800

CP

18

00810

JR

NZ.SET1

00820

PUSH

AF

TANT3 **********;DUPLEX FLAG;KEYBOARD SCAN;CLS

;VIDEO DISPLAY;INI TALIZE RS232;RS232 RECEIVE5RS232 XMT;CHAR STORAGE;RCV LOCATION RS232;CURSOR CHARACTER;CURSOR ADDRESS**********

;LINE PRINTER ROUTINE

; BUFFER FLAG

;BUFFER POINTER

;BUFFER COUNT

;FIRST BUFFER LOC*********

5RSTX BUFFER

;TRSDOS

IDCB FOR A DISK FILE

;LSB OF ERN

;MSB OF ERN

;# BYTES IN LAST RECORD

■.RECORD COUNTER

S1ST ADDR OF DISK BUFFER

5READ RECORD FROM DISK

;CLOSE FILE

KiPEN FILE

;OPENS NEW FILE

;WRITE RECORD TO DISK

HEMP STORAGE FOR SCREENe' ;PROMPT

********

■ CLB

!ZERO A REGISTER

;NO WAIT CONDITION

iSET UP RS232

;INITALIZE RS232

iINITALIZE RS232

;ZERO A

5 BUFFER CLOSED

SHALF DUPLEX

:INITALIZE BUFFER

;CHECK RS232 RECEIVE

:PUT CHAR IN A

!IF NO CHAR, GO

;L1NE FEED?

;IF SO IGNORE Ir

iSAVE CHAR

:PRINT CHARACTER

;BUFFER STATUS

;BUFFER CLOSED?

; IF SO GO

;PUT CHAR IN BUFFER

;CHECK KEYBOARD

•GO CHECK RS232 IF NO CHAR

;SAVE CHAR

;TURN BUFFER ON?

;IF SO, 60 DO IT

;TURN BUFFER OFF?

;IF SO, GO DO IT

;ERASE BUFFER'

;IF SO, GO DO IT

;PRINT BUFFER?

;IF SO, GO DO IT

;BREAK KEY?

;IF SO, RETURN TO DOS

;CTRL/R

;IF NOT, GO

;SAVE A

Listing 1 continued on page 460

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Circle 473 on inquiry card.

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Circle 474 on inquiry card.

DON'T READ THIS

UNLESS YOU ARE INTERESTED IN

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Our general accounting programs operateon CP/M1 & MP/M2 compatible systems,including TurboDos* and MMMost4.

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^^gM mi^^

, : ,

Listing 1 continued:

^^^ ^^ ^^^

JB083B JP100840 SET1 CP

DISKRD6

;GO READ FILE;CTRL/F ?

Bj^^.

^^^ ^^M. A. ^^^mT^^W.

C± AT

J00850 JR

MZ.SET2

;IF NOTi GO

9>\|

|00860 PUSH

AF

iSAVE A

100870 JPIB0880 SET2 CP

DISKRD

7

5GO READ FILE AND SEND;CTRL/G ?

^

(00890 JP

ZiBUFXMT

;GO XMT BUFFER TO COMPUTER

SCORE HIGHER ON THE SAT USING

00900 CP

10

;CTRL/J ?

THIS 5 1/4 INCH DISKETTE ON THE

|00910 JP

ZiPAU2

1IF SO- CONTINUE SENDING

APPLE COMPUTER. DRILLS ON HATH,

00920 CP

23

;CTRL/W ?

READIN6, SRAHHAR, STANDARD WRITTEN

100930 JP,00940 CP

Z.DISKSV4

:WRITE BUFFER TO DISKiCTRL/D ?

ENGLISH, ANTONYMS, AND ANAL06Y.

00950 JR

NZiSET

; IF NOT i GO

EXPLAINS RI6HT AND NRONG ANSWERS.

00960 LD

A.(DUPLEX)

;GET DUPLEX FLAG

SAT $33.95

J00970 XOR

1

STOGGLE FLAG

|00960 LD

(DUPLEX),A

;SAVE FLAG

HI6H SCHOOL ENTRANCE EXAMS..125.00

|00990 JP

RCV

;G0 BACK

DELIVERY IN 3-5 DAYS.

|01000 SET CP

13

;CARRIAGE RETURN ?

SEND HONEY ORDER TO OR CALL \

J01010 JR

Z.3SMT

;IF SOi SEND IT

BI020 LD

Ai(DUPLEX)

;DUPLEX FLAG

FINER PR06RANHING SERVICE

101030 CP

0

;HALF DUPLEX'

7310 PARKDALE AVENUE

S01040 JR

NZiXMT

;IF FULL DUPLES- DON'T PRINT

CINCINNATI, OHIO 45237

101050 CALL

VIDEO

;01060 XMT LD

Ai(CHAR)

1 RESTORE CHAR TO A

(5131 761-0380

01070 CALL01080 JP

RSTXRCV

;XMT CHARACTER;START OVER

Circle 463 on Inquiry card.

'01090 ;**********01100 VIDEO LD

VIDEO - PRINTSAi(CHAR)

CHAR ON VIDEO *#**#*##**;GET CHAR

01110 PUSH

011:20 CP01130 JR

HL13ZiCURS2

5 SAVE HL

;CARRIAGE RETURN

; IF SOi GO

Like-new

products

01140 CP01150 JR01160 CURS2 LD01170 LD

8

NZiCURSHLi(CURLOC)Ai 32

;BACKSPACE ?

!IF NO Ii GO

;CURSOR LOCATION

;BLANK

p*2fci

H> SI -«.

pSaRPlB SILISJl

01180 LD

(HL)i32

;BLANKS PREVIOUS CURSOR

ffij^r- ^Efc^S

01190 LD

Ai(CHAR)

:RESTORE CHAR TO A

01200 CURS CALL

VDCHAR

;PRINT CHAR

*"|h~. % ^ft""*3pM^H

01210 LD

HLi(CURLOC)

;GET CURSOR LOCATION

smBti

01220 LD

AiCURSOR

;CURSOR CHAR

IBS ! ' "(US

01.230 LD

(HL)iA

SPRINT CURSOR

H-(.4

01240 LD01250 POP01260 REIEH 1 !2"/ lV " * * * * * * * *■ * *

A. (CHAR)HL

BUFON - TURNS P

{RESTORE CHAR TO A

! Ri STORE HL

UFFER ON *•*■■**#***#* •

W i LjLm

I HilS

^gstk

01280 BUFON LD

A. 1

•wr- t m

i" saoejaas-tooB:

01290 LD01300 JP01310 5**********01320 BUf oi-F XOR01330 i D

(BUFLAG)- A

RCV(■■.' IFOFI - i' 'FN'."A

RCV

iBUFFER OPENBUFFER OFF ##**-* ■ -> -■*;B> H-l-l R ■ i ■ >i '

«wfaii>.rnmi—1,

For free catalog,

phone toll-free (800) 225-1008

013449

01350 ;*****•* ****!01360 BUFPR LD

BUFPR DUMPS !HLi(BUFNUM)

ROM BUFFER t'O PRINTER **********

In Massachusetts (617) 938-0900

;NUM8I R 01 CH ,KS in BUFF

Genstar REI Sales Company

,01370 LD

Ai II

■-..,!. ! MS COUNI

6307 DeSoto Ave., Ste. J / Woodland Hills, CA 91367

101380 OR

L

■• f a i ■ ■

,01390 JR101400 JP

NZiLOPl

RCV

•(■'.'FT ! R 1 TIF"! -i • GO BACK

Circle 464 on inquiry card.

01410 LOP) LD

Di .BUFBI G

;F IRS'I LOT : 1 R (.HAH

j014,:0 PTLOOP LD

A- ■ I.I ■

DE

PRCHAR

;i HAR ro PPi mi-

Doni n/» the fifth »eneration

fTliCrO- rKL/LUb language for micros

101430 PUSH101440 CALL.

sprint i r

101430 CALL

KS<HAR

-.'"HE' i 1 1' <B< iARD

|01460 POP

DE

• ^-PROLOG is an interactive version of PROLOG currentlyavailable for CP/M 2.xx Z80's,

01470 CP

3

i ONI RU./C?

• PROLOG is the Artificial Intelligence language chosen byJapan as the core language for their Fifth Generation Com-

101480 JR

NZiLOP

101490 JP

RCV

5STOP PRINT- GO BA 1

puters.

101500 LOP INC

DE

;PT T' i I'll" ■ r CI IAR

• PROLOG grew out of Al research in computational logic.PROLOG means PROgramming in LOGic.

01510 DE C

HL

!NUMBE R OF HA: ■■■ 1 I M., HI )H'"-:

01520 LD

A. H

■ ,F f MS ■ ■ :i 1 <

• A PROLOG program comprises a set of facts and rules. It

unifies:

01530 OR

L

•flE FGt 1 S ■ '.'ON 1

• relational data and relational queries,•recursive list processing,

01540 JR-

NZiPTLOOP

■GO [F COUNT NO i .>;■■■

• pattern directed rule based programming, within a single

b 1558$ JP

RCV

■■ DON!

framework of logic programming.

101560 ; **********

BUFER - ERASES

• Current applications: Expert Systems, Natural LanguageUnderstanding, Intelligent Data Bases.

01570 BUFER CALL

BUFSET

;ERASI ■ BUFFI R

Distribution Formats

[01580 JP

RCV

■ L" Nf

5": North Star, Zenith Z89, IBM PC (with Z80 card)

|015 9 0 BUF SET LD

HL i 0

Apple II (Z80 card, lowef case reqdl, Osborne

8": SS/SD I8M 3740

pi 600 LD

(BUFNUM)iHL

(NUMBER OF 'FIAT'S 'JET TO 0

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HL i BUF'BEG

Sample the Software (with $275

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(BUFPTR)iHL

{INITIALIZE BUFI POINTER

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Price can be set Prices include air P&P

1016 4 0 ;***»******

BUFPUT - PUTS (

:HAR [NTO BUFFER **»**»♦*»••

against software.

|0i650 bufput Lb

HLi(BUFPTR)

•NEx'T POSITION

'01660 LD

Ai(CHAR)

;GE1 CHAR

ID LOGIC PROGRAMMING ASSOCIATES Ltd. ■IV 10 BURTWOOD CLOSE,■° LONDON SW18, ENGLAND

El670 LD

(HL)iA

;PUT THAR in BUS Fl R

'01680 INCJ01690 LD

HL

:INC BUFPTR

(BUFPTR)iHL

;STORE IT

CP/M TM Digital Research Inc., Z80 TM Zilog Corporation,m/cro-PROtOC & n-PROLOC TM LPA Ltd.

|0 1 700 LD

HLi(BUFNUM)

SOLD NUMBER 01 CHARS

Circte 465 on inquiry card.

Listing 1 continued:

01710 INC01720 LD

HL !(BUFNUM)iHL ;

ADD ISTORE IT

MEMOREX I

01730

RET

Flexible Discs

01740 ;**********01750 DISKRD CALL

DISKRD -READ A FILEFILNAM

FROM DISK *#***#*#«■*SETS UP DCB

01760

LD

B»0 ;

LRL SET TO 256

01770

LD

DE.DCB

1ST ADDR OF DCB

•"■"""f-l1 i^L ^^^^Bi

01780

LD

HL,BUFFER 5

1ST ADDR OF DISK BUFFER

01790

CALL

OPEN

OPENS SPECIFIED FILE

™ ^;

01800

CALL

RESTOR ■

RESTORE SCREEN

!

01810

LD

A,(ERNM)

MSB OF ERN

^ ^^^M^^>. ^e^l

01820

LD

H, A

MSB OF ERN IN H

01830

LD

A,(ERNL)

LSB OF ERN

01840

LD

Li A 5

L.SB OF ERN IN L

BEST PRICES

01850

LD

(CTRD).HL

# OF RECORDS TO READ

01860

DEC

A ;

LSB-1 OF ERN

IN THE U.S.

0187001880

OR

JR

H

Z,RDRC3

ERN = 1 ?

IF SO, GO

Call for our special dealer

01890 RDRC

LD

DE.DCB

GETTING READY TO READ

program. C.O.D.'s accepted

01900

CALL

READ

MOVE RECORD TO DBUFF

TOLL FREE (800) 652-8168

01910

LD

HL,BUFFER

1ST DBUFFER ADDR

In California (213)901-8881

01920

LD

DE>(BUFPTR)

DESTINATION

m % .-.^^

01930

LD

BC?100H

256 BYTES TO MOVE

. u.sr

^EXCHANGE i

y '•■'*r ~^ •

01940

POP

AF

RESTORE A

0195001960

CPPUSH

6AF

CTRL/ F?SAVE A

y U.S. EXCHANGE14831 Bessemer St.

01970

01 980

JRCALL

NZ.LDBUFFAST

MOVE BYTES TO BUFFERSEND TO COMPUTER

^^T^ ^ Van Nuys, CA 91411-2773

01990

JR

GETMR

CONTINUE

Circle 466 on Inquiry card.

02000 LDBUF

02010

02020

02030

02040

LDIR

LD

(BUFPTR) ? DE

MOVE BYTES TO BUFFERSAVE NEW BUFFER POINTER

LD

INC

LD

HL.(BUFNUM)

H

< BUFNUM)iHL

NEED TO UPDATE BUFNUMADD 256 TO HLSAVE # CHAR

ATR8000: THE DOUBLE DENSITY

»

UlliK INTERFACE FOR

02050 GETMR

LD

HL,(CTRD)

PREVIOUS # RECORDS

ATARI®

02060

DEC

HL

CURRENT # RECORDS

i& 800/400

02070

LD

< CTRD), Hl-

SAVE IT

02080

DEC

FIE

CHECK IF (CTRD) IS 1

• 16K RAM •!

02090

LD

A, L

LSB

upgradable

0:210002110

ORJR

HNZ,RDRC

MERGE MSB

IF (CTRD)>1, READ NEXT RECORD

- '' ' ' '•

to 64K.

• With OSA+

02120 RDRC3

LD

DE,DCB

1 RECORD LEFT

Version 4 is double density.

0213002140

CALLLD

READA,(EOF)

PUT IT IN DBUFFEREOF OF LAST RECORD

• Runs standard 5%" or 8" drives.

02150

CP

0

FULL 256 BYTES ?

• A Z80 4 MHz controller.

02160

JR

NZ,RDRC1

IF NOT, GO

• A serial and a parallel port.

02170

LD

DE,(BUFPTR)

DI ST I NAT I ON

• Software compatible with existing J

02180

LD

HL,BUFFER

SOURCE

ATARI software.

02190

LD

BC,100H

« OF BYTES TO MOVE

02200

POP

AF

RESTORE A

• Is CP/M compatible (with 64K).

02210

CP

6

CTRL/F ?

ATR8000 $499 95

32220

PUSH

AF'

SAVE A

OSA+ Version 4 S 49 95

0223002240

JR

CALL

NZ.LDBUFlFAST

■PUT INTO BUFF-SEND TO COMPUTER

5V64

<" drive $399 95

02250

JR

RDRC2

; DONE

02260 LDBUF1

LDIR

MOVE 'EM

SOFTWARE PUBLISHERS, INC.

022 70

LD

<BUFPTR>»DE

SAVE BUFFER POINTER

2500 E. Randol Mill Rd., Suite 125

32280

LD

HL,(BUFNUM)

UP DATE BUFNUM

Arlington, TX 76011 (817)469-1181

0229032300

INCLD

H

(BUFNUM),HL

;ADD 256 TO MLSAVE # OF CHAR IN BUFFER

02310

JR

RDRC2

■FINISHED READING FILE

Circle 467 on Inquiry card.

32320 RDRC1

LD

A,(EOF)

# BYTES TO MOVE

02330023400235002360

LDLD

C, AB, 0

# BYTES TO MOVE IN BC

'Y/ A

POP

CP

AF

6

;GET ACTRL/F?

vtmax scoiA

02370

PUSH

AF

[SAVE A

SPEECH SYNTHESIZER

0238002390

JRLD

Z,RD

HL,(BUFNUM)

, IF CTRL/F GO[PREVIOUS # IN BUFF

„„.„„ .. -- .~

*f/olteMc*

02400

ADD

HL,BC

[UPDATE IT

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The SC-01A Speech Synthesizer is a completely self-

02450

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02470

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vocabulary.

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Volrax is a trademark ot Federal Screw Works

02520 RDRC2

LD

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Call 1-800-645-3479, in NY. 1-516-374-6793

02540

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0.-:ur::'0 ■*##**

*****

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quantity pricing. ■/:'.'

Listing 1 continued on page 462

IBM PC Software

SOFTSPOOL(tm)-printer spooler

Listing

1 continued:

'Creates true foreground/background operation

'Buffer sizes user modifiable (1-128K)

•Program execution no longer linked to printer speed.

B2S98

JP

Z,RCV

;BUFFER EMPTY, SO BACK

$49.95 (includes disk & doc)

02600

LD

HL.BUFBEG

;1ST BUFFER ADDR

KEYSWAP(tm>—typing utility

02610

XMTLP

LD

A, (HL.)

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02640

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XiTEMP3

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'Optional audible feedback on "toggle" keys

02650

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'Increases "touch typist" efficiency

C P

.1.41

•$69.95 (includes disk, stick-on labels & doc)

0266002670

JRI....D

NZiOKl

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:)l NO! IGNORE; CHANGE ro CH

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02710

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PkOCRYPT*tm)—software protection program

02720

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Call for price!

02740

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A,(DUPLEX)

SDUPI EX I 1 •.'■!

SOFTSPOOL & KEYSWAP for $99.95

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!HAI F DUPLEX '

FOR ORDERS OR INFO CALL—(617) 662-0856

0276002770

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terms & conditions may change w/o notice

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WE WILL NOT BE UNDER-

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SOLD!! Call Free (800)235-4137

02!96002970

LDDEC

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for prices and information. Dealer

02980

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inquiries invited and GO.D.'s

02990

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Ziftcv

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0300003010

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EXCHANGES

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VIDEO

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^^■■•^■-■■^^■-■■■■•■■'^

L 100 Foothill Blvd.

0308003090

PAU1

JRCALL

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;GO CHECK RS232 RCV5 CHECK KEYBOARD

San Luis Obispo, CA

11 11 93401 In Cal call

03100

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03160

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031900320003210

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DISKSV LD

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3M Scotch' BRAND

032200323003240

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AT SUPER LOW PRICES

WE WILL SHIP YOUR

03250

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FILNAM

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ORDER WITHIN 24 HOURS

0326003270

LDL.D

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**********

Listing 1 continued on page 464

CHIPS

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THE INFLATION FIGHTERS!

4116250ns 8/19.50 100+ $1.05 ea.

4116 200ns 6/* 11.00 100+ $1.18 ca.

4116 150ns 8/113.50 100+ $1.40 ea.

4116 120ns 8/$15.50 100+ $1.65 ea.

2114L 300ns 8/$10.50

2114L 200ns 8/$12.0O■4164 200ns $5.45 ea.•4164 150ns $6.25 ea.•6116 150ns $5.50 ea.•6116 200ns $4.50 ea.

•1791 Disk Controller $20.00

1777 Disk Controller $17.50•ZSOACPCI $3.00 ea.

8251A $4.00 ea.

2716-1 (5V)350ns 8/15.50 «a. $6.25 ea.

2716(5V)450ns $3.25 ea.•2732 (5V)450ns $4.75 ea.•2532 (5V)450ns $4.75 ea.•2764 5V 300ns 28 pin $12.00 ea.•2764 5V 24 pin CALL•2564 5V CALL

••8087 CALL

6800O CALL

Allow up to 3 wks. for personal checks to clear. Please includephone number. Prices subject to change without notice. Shipping &Handling lor Chips S3.50, FOB Bellevue, WA. for all else. Wash,residents add 6.5% Sales Tax.

CHIPS & DALE

10655 M.E. 4th St., Suite 400

Bellevue, WA 98004

1-206-451-9770

Circle 74 on inquiry card.

ea^&w

The

SS&BsSSsB*

sati°n

ca«l

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V6055'

(V0&

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RAMS

EPROMS

2708

2716 2516

2732

2532 2765

4116

4164 6116

Large quantity 74S/74LS

HANDWELL CORP.

(415) 962-9265

4962 El Camino Real, #119

Los Altos, CA 94022

WHOLESALE - RETAIL

Circle 190 on inquiry card.

Listing 1 contin

ued:

04340

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END

5400H

HAR

Text continued from page 458:

operator to determine the character-istics you need.) Refer to your ModelIII reference manual for an explana-tion of the RSINIT ROM (read-onlymemory) subroutine.

After initialization is completed,the main program continues with line560, which checks the RS-232C port.If nothing has been received, the key-board is checked. If, however, a char-acter was received, it is displayed onthe screen and then the keyboard ischecked. If no character is receivedfrom the keyboard, the RS-232C portis checked again. If a character isentered from the keyboard, it is trans-mitted to the computer out the RS-232C port and the port is checked forreceived data.

The VIDEO subroutine (line 1100)displays the character on the screen.Notice that there is no call to VIDEOfollowing the keyboard check. Thisindicates the "full-duplex" mode—every character sent to the computeris echoed back so that a characterentered from the keyboard is

displayed on the screen after it isreceived from the computer. If thecomputer operates in the "half-duplex" mode there is no echo, andcharacters entered from the keyboardmust be displayed on the screenbefore they are sent to the computer.The terminal program has both full-and half-duplex capability and is in-itially in the half-duplex mode. Toswitch to full-duplex, simply pressControl-D. To return to half-duplex,press Control-D again (this keytoggles the duplex mode). If, at first,you find that characters entered fromthe keyboard are displayed twice onthe screen, then the computer is in thefull-duplex mode; toggle the terminalprogram to full-duplex. Incidentally,lines are not restricted to the screenwidth of 64 characters. Lines are ter-minated by the ENTER key and maybe longer than 64 characters (thoughthey will wrap around on the screen).I decided to add a cursor, becauseit's hard to use the editor on thePDP-11/45 without one. The VIDEO

subroutine to accomplish this is nec-essarily complex. If you don't want acursor you can define the cursorcharacter to be an ASCII 32 instead ofa 143 in line 210, or you can simplyeliminate all lines in VIDEO that areassociated with the cursor (therewon't be much left).

When the PDP-11/45 receives acarriage return, it echoes back a car-riage return as well as a linefeed char-acter (ASCII 10). But the "linefeed-inhibit" feature keeps the videodisplay from skipping a line. (If thisfeature causes problems with yourprinter, you can take it out.) ThePDP-11/45 returns a linefeed even inthe half-duplex mode, so a carriagereturn is not displayed following thekeyboard scan in this mode. If youfind that the computer you are usingdoes not echo a carriage return, thenyou will want to delete the feature.

Customized Versions

There are three different versionsof the terminal program. The first isfor a Model III that has 16K or morebytes of RAM but no printer or diskdrives. In this case you can modifythe terminal program by deletinglines 230-440, 530, 550, 630-660,700-950, and 1270-4480 and thenassembling what is left. This is thesimplified terminal program that per-mits your Model III to communicatewith the remote computer.

Printer Option

If you have a parallel printer, you'llwant to use it to obtain programlistings and hard copy of data output

BTA MODEL 953B EPROM PROGRAMMER - $359

BAY TECHNICAL ASSOCIATES, inc.

HWY. 603, P.O. BOX 387

BAY ST. LOUIS, MISSISSIPPI 39520

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Programs 2508, 2758, 2516, 2716, 27C16, 2532, 2732, 2732A, 27C32, 2564,

2764, 27C64, MCM68766, 27128.

RS-232, 3 line serial interface, Xon/Xoff format, DB-25 I/O connector.

No personality modules - software control EPROM selection.

Extended diagnostics.

LED warning indicates power applied to EPROM socket.

Supports Intel, Motorola, and Intel 8086 data formats as well as HEX data

dump.

Automatic baud rate selection.

Textool zero insertion force socket.

Available CP/M software.

Model 953A, programs most 24 pin EPROMS.

Price - $269.00

464 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 47 on Inquiry card.

INITIALIZE

RS-232C

INTERFACE

TRANSMITCHARACTEROUT RS-232C

Figure 1: Operation of the main section ofthe terminal program. The R5-232Cboard is controlled from the program.

from the computer. In the interest ofsimplicity, I decided to avoid anykind of handshaking or sending"stall" or pause characters when usinga printer. But rather than outputcharacters to the line printer as they

Key

Break

Control-D

Control-B

Control-0

Control-E

Control-P

Control-G

Control-R

Control-W

Control-J

Control-F

Function

returns you to TRSDOS

toggles duplex mode

opens buffer

turns buffer off

erases buffer

dumps buffer to line printer

dumps buffer to computer a line at a time

reads from disk and dumps into buffer

writes to disk

jumps back and continues sending to computer

fast transfer from disk to computer

"

Table 1: Control commands for the terminal program.

are printed on the screen, I used thescheme that follows.

If you press Control-B, every char-acter that appears on the screen there-after is put into a buffer in the ModelIII. (See table 1 for a list of all pro-gram commands.) When the outputceases from the computer, press Con-trol-P and everything that is in thebuffer will be sent to the printer. Ifyou want to stop printing before theentire contents of the buffer areprinted, you can press Control-C toreturn to the terminal program. Con-trol-C is used as an "escape" through-out the program.

Two other keys control the buffer.Control-O turns it off (i.e., closes offthe buffer to character insertion). Inaddition, Control-E erases the buffer.(A listing of all control keys appearsin table 1.)

The only disadvantage to using abuffer this way is that it has a limited

amount of space, so you may run outof RAM. I haven't found this to be aproblem, though, even when the buf-fer is used for some disk operations aswell. The assembled version of theterminal program occupies less thanIK bytes of RAM, which leaves atleast 15K bytes of RAM for the bufferon a 16K-byte Model III.

The second version of the terminalprogram is for a Model III that has16K or more bytes of RAM, a parallelprinter, and no disk drives, asdescribed above. Only the followinglines should be deleted from the pro-gram in listing 1: 290-440, 780-940,and 1740-4480. In addition, the pro-gram should be moved down in mem-ory as much as possible to maximizethe size of the buffer. Make thechanges in these addresses as listed intable 2. This version of the terminalprogram might be called the simpli-fied program with printer capability.

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Sales: 31 2-459-8881

Service: 312-459-8874

Circle 206 on inquiry card.

February I'M © BYTE Publications Inc 465

Line Number

100

ORG

120 DUPLEX

EQU

190 CHAR

EQU

250 BUFLAG

EQU

260 BUFPTR

EQU

270 BUFNUM

EQU

280 BUFBEG

EQU

4490

END

42F2H42E9H42EBH42EAH42ECH42EEH45AEH42F2H

Table 2: Memory address changes required for the printer option. Make thesechanges to the program in listing 1 to maximize the amount of memory in the buffer.

Disk Drive Option

The third version of the programuses a Model III that has one or moredisk drives, 32K or more bytes ofRAM, and a parallel printer. Thisversion is identical to the program inlisting 1 and has two disk operations:(1) sending data from disk to the com-puter and (2) saving data receivedfrom the computer on disk.

The first operation employs twodifferent methods to transfer data

from a disk to the computer. The firstmethod is a line-by-line transfer andthe second is a continuous transfer. Aline-by-line transfer is desirablebecause I access a PDP-11/45, which,in the immediate mode, has an im-mediate diagnostic for BASIC. Inother words, if a BASIC program linewith a syntax error is entered, for ex-ample, the computer will respond im-mediately and return an errormessage. It's useful to be able to cor-

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and ADDS Terminals available. CkOMr*MCO'S NEW C-I0SP..$I698SCION MICROANGELO with SCREENPAK II MA512....$775MA520....$999.ZENITH All in one: Z-I20....$3295JSANYO MBC-3000... $4795. NORTHSTAR Advantage 64K... $25^5,TELEVIDEOTS 802...$2595. We carry COMPUPROBOARDS and COMPUTERSSOFTWARE: We carry all major brands, call for pur low prices.DIGITAL RESEARCH; MAC...$88. SID....$96, P/L 1-80... .$429.MICROSOFT: BASIC 80....$249,BASIC COMPILER.. ...$299 .FORT-RAN 80. $359. MICROPRO...SLfPERSOFT...ASHTON-TATE

APPLE SPECIALS:

MICROSOFT PREMIUM PAK....$479^ MICRO-SCI disk drive....$299Controller... $94. We carry all SOFTWARE and GAMES for APPLE

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rect a line immediately after the errormessage is displayed.

The line-by-line transfer makes useof the buffer. When you enter Con-trol-R from the keyboard, a windowopens up on the screen. You are thenasked to enter the name of the diskfile you want loaded into the buffer.The file is then dumped into the buf-fer and the screen is restored to itsprevious configuration. If the bufferalready has data in it, the disk file isadded to it. You can erase the bufferfirst with a Control-E. You can alsoclose the buffer with a Control-O sothat other characters are not put intoit. If you enter Control-C as one ofthe filename characters, the screen isrestored and execution jumps back tothe main program.

Pressing a Control-G sends thedata in the buffer to the computer. Itis sent one line at a time; the opera-tion pauses after a carriage return isencountered. This gives the computera chance to respond. To send the nextline, just press any key (exceptControl-C).

To escape from this "send" mode,enter Control-C, which returns youto the main section of the program. Ifthe computer sends an error messageafter you have sent a line, you cancorrect the line before continuing onto the next one. Enter the correctedline and then press Control-J, and theModel III will continue sending whereit left off. This way, you can send andedit a relatively large program in justa few minutes. The bother of havingto send a character after each line isoffset by the convenience of beingable to edit a line immediately after ithas been sent to the computer.

In the unlikely event that you havea program whose size exceeds the buf-fer, simply save it on disk in seg-ments. Then successively load eachpart, send it to the computer, erasethe buffer, load the next part, send itto the computer, and so on. This wayyou can save a program of any size.

The second transfer operation,continuous send, is similar but eveneasier. When you press Control-F,you will be asked to enter a filenamejust as before. The contents of thatfile will be sent without pauses to thecomputer. The characters will be dis-

466 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 247 on inquiry card.

Circle 12 on Inquiry card.

played on the screen as they are sent.These characters are not put into thebuffer, so there is no limit to the sizeof the program you send. The com-puter must be able to accept thesecharacters as they are sent. If forsome reason it is not ready, perhapsbecause of heavy use, some char-acters may be lost. Continuous sendeliminates the need for handshakingor the use of stall or pause characters.There is no escape from the transferoperation; you must wait until the en-tire file has been sent.

The other disk operation, savingdata sent from the computer, is easyas well. First put the incoming datainto the buffer just as though youwere going to output it to the printer.When the output has ceased, close thebuffer with a Control-O so that noextraneous data is put into the buffer.Then enter a Control-W. You will beasked to enter a filename, after whichthe data will be written from the buf-fer to disk and the screen will berestored.

A Few Final Notes

Some of the more popular wordprocessors store data with zero as afinal character. This will not present aproblem, because the program dis-regards zeros. In addition, a carriagereturn is often stored as an ASCII 141character. The program will translatethat to an ASCII 13 so that it will notbe displayed on the screen.

The program has no disk-errorrecovery routines, so if a disk erroroccurs (if the computer tries to read anonexistent file, for example) the pro-gram will probably bomb. Don'tpanic; simply press the Reset buttonto reboot, reload the program, andyou'll be back in business. Whateveryou do, don't hang up the telephone,because you will probably still belogged in, and the next person whoaccesses the computer may get intoyour account. I didn't put in any disk-error recovery capability so that Icould limit the length of the listing.

One final note of caution: if youpress Control-J (jump back) withouthaving jumped out in the first place,the program will almost certainlycrash. ■

IBM USERS

SAVE 25% ON YOUR PC UPGRADES

Anatron Multifunction Ram Board su^m$450

Socketed for easy memory expansion • Each port individually disabled

Parallel Printer Port may be configured as LPT1 or LPT2 or LPT3

Two RS 232 ports configured as COM1 and COM2 • Base address

selectable on any 64 KB boundary • All features fully compatible with IBM PC

EVERYTHING FOR THE PC

HARDWARE SOFTWARE

• Disk Drives: • Condor DBMS

Single Sided [I60kb] $239.00 • Ed-Word"' Screen Editor/Word Processor

Double Sided [320 kb] $300.00 • NECPRINT [NEC 8023AC print utility]

• RAM Expansion Packages for • CRAPHDUMP

Mother Board [16 kb] $25.00

Memory Expansion Board [64 kb] $130.00 Prices reflect 3% Cash Discount

• Printers [NEC, EPSON, OKIDATA] $CALL

• Monitors[NEC,TEKO,AMDEK] $call More hardware and software coming.

• Diskettes[3MA*$"uri .] $call Call for details.

1 double Mfifd1

• Extension Cables for:

Prinler $CALL

Monitor [two cable setl $CALL

Keyboard $CALL

AEGIS SYSTEMS

! West Bennett Street,

RHIN07APPLE SYSTEM I

$4,995oo

An integrated high-tech robotic package foreducation, research, and industrial planning.Hardware. Teaching software programs. Com-prehensive instruction manual. Peripheralsavailable. System includes:

• RHINO" XR-1 (Standard Hand, StandardPower Supply)—%" aluminum arm con-struction, optical encoders on each axis, sixDC Servo Gear motors, digital design w/on-board microprocessor, built-in self-test pro-gram, 22.5" max. reach, 32" height, y4"width, 5 lb. lifting capacity

• Apple II +.48K

• Apple Disk II w/interface

• CCS 7710A RS-232C interface

• RHINO "/Apple interface cable

• Apple Monitor III-Green 12"

• RHINOVApple software package #1(RASP 1)

• RHINO "XR-1 "Introduction to Robotics" 250pg. manual

• Tool kit for robotic arm

• Instruction for RHINO'7 Apple hook-up

• Apple DOS 3.3 Software System w/manual

• Apple system manuals w/software instructionmanual

Systems shipped F.O.B. Champaign, IL. Price &specifications may be altered without notice.

For information on the basic RHINO*system and other RHINO "/Apple integratedpackages, contact:

RHINC

ROBOTS

Rhino Robots, Inc.

308 S. State, Champaign, IL. 61820

217/352-8485 TWX 910 245-0151

Circle 376 on Inquiry card.

February 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc 467

What's New?

Foreign

Full-Stroke Keyboardfor Atari

The B Key 400, a full-stroke keyboard, providesan alternative to the Atari400's membrane keyboard.Manufactured by InhomeSoftware, the B Key 400 iseasy to install and has allthe features of a full-stroke

keyboard. It's available forSI 19.95 from Inhome Soft-ware Inc., 2485 DunwinDr., Mississauga, OntarioL5L IT], Canada, (416)828-0775.Circle 550 on inquiry card.

Large Keyboardsfor Disabled

Cacti Computer Serviceshas designed an 1 1- by21 -inch pressure-sensitivekeyboard system for in-dividuals with limitedhand or finger control.This system consists of akeyboard with widelyspaced contacts, a driverroutine, an interface toplug into the computer,connecting cables, and aplastic mask. Once thedriver routine has beenloaded, the computer'skeyboard combines withthe large keyboard to runcommercially available

without modifi-

softwarecations.

Several keyboard lay-outs are offered, and cus-tom arrangements can bemade at no additionalcharge. The system is pre-sently marketed for usewith Apple and Commo-dore PET/CBM computers.It costs S525. For full de-tails, contact Cacti Com-puter Services, 130 9th St.SW, Portage la Prairie,Manitoba, R1N 2N4,Canada.Circle 551 on inquiry card.

Expansion Slots forColor Computer

Up to four separateperipherals can be simul-taneously connected toRadio Shack's TRS-80 Col-or Computer with MapleLeaf Systems' Multiport, amultiple-slot expansionunit. Each peripheral is online and accessible to aprogram by means of aPOKE command. WithMultiport, the Color Com-puter is able to switch be-tween peripherals undersoftware control, whichallows a single programaccess to any or allperipherals at any time.Multiport is described as apowerful hardware circuitthat connects directly to allmodels of the Color Com-puter.

Multiport comes assem-bled and tested forS99.50, and full instruc-tions are included. It'savailable from Maple LeafSystems, POB 2190, Sta-tion C, Downsview, On-tario M2N 2S9, Canada.Circle 552 on inquiry card.

Interfaces inComputing

Interfaces in Comput-ing is an internationaljour-nal for system designers,electronic engineers, tech-nicians, and productionmanagers concerned withcomputing technology.Topics addressed in thisguarterly range from low-speed communications be-tween microprocessors tohigh-performance buseslinking mainframes. Hard-ware and software inter-

facing are given egualpriority.

Annual subscriptions toInterfaces in Computingcost 160 Swiss francs (ap-proximately S89), includ-ing postage. Further de-tails are available fromElsevier Sequoia S. A.,POB 851, CH-I001 Lau-sanne 1, Switzerland; tel:(021) 20 73 81; Telex; 26620 ELSACH.Circle 553 on inquiry card.

MicrodoctorDiagnosesComputers

Dataman Designs'Microdoctor is an intelli-gent device to help en-gineers diagnose faults incomputers and computer-controlled products.Microdoctor's built-inprinter produces hard-copy printouts of prepro-grammed tests on chips inaddressing space. This de-vice is capable of testingROMs (read-only mem-ories), RAMs (random-ac-cess read/write memories),and I/O and data lines. Itcan also be used for mem-ory-mapping unknownsystems and writing to orreading from any device inaddress or I/O space.Memory contents areprinted out in hexadecimalor ASCII codes.

Microdoctor, a Z80-based product, comeswith a Z80 disassemblerthat can be used to printout disassembled listings ofthe ROM in any Z80 sys-tem. Disassemblers forother microprocessors areavailable. The Microdoctor

468 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

What's New?

costs £295. Contact Data-man Designs, LombardHouse, Cornwall Rd., Dor-chester, Dorset, DTI 1RX,England; tel: (0305)68066; Telex: 418442.Circle 554 on inquiry card.

MISCELLANEOUS

Computer Cases forCommodore 64

The Computer CaseCompany has added twocarrying cases designedfor the Commodore 64 toits product line. Made ofluggage material withhard sides, brass hard-ware, and key locks, eachcase has room enough foradditional eguipment,papers, and manuals.Built-in rubber pads pro-tect furniture, and steellugs on the bottom protectthe case when it's trans-ported.

The CM703 case holdsthe Commodore, one ortwo disk drives, and thepower supply. The CM704case holds the computer,the data set program re-corder, and the powersupply. Both models canaccommodate the Com-modore VIC-20 and re-lated eguipment. Thesecarrying cases are avail-able at many computerstores or factory-directfrom the Computer CaseCo., 5650 Indian Mound

Court, Columbus, OH43213, (800) 848-7548; inOhio, (614) 868-9464.Circle 555 on inquiry card.

ASUs Ease Selectionof Peripherals

Giltronix's series of auto-matic switching units(ASUs) is designed to facili-tate automatic selection ofperipherals by means of acomputer or control de-vice. ASUs give youremote peripheral optionsand the ability to select aprinter, modem, etc.without leaving the key-board. Giltronix ASUshave built-in software forunmanned computer-pro-grammed control overperipherals. Networkingcapabilities are said to beenhanced through a speci-alized line-driving func-tion. By connecting anASU to a modem, remote-site port selection andoperation can be achieved.Giltronix ASUs can switchRS-232C lines (TD, RD,RTS, CTS, DTR, DSR, DCD,and TC) and come con-figured for switching RS-232C ASCII/asynchronousdata I/O devices.

Three models are cur-rently available: the ASU3,ASU5, and ASU7 (three,five, or seven ports, re-spectively). Optional fea-tures include manual over-ride and front-panel LED(light-emitting diode)monitoring. Prices rangefrom S449 to S658. Fulltechnical specificationscan be obtained from Gil-tronix Inc., 970 San An-tonio Ave., Palo Alto, CA94303, (415) 493-1300.Circle 556 on inquiry card.

Expansion Framefor the IBM PC

The PCX-6 expansionframe from RCS gives theIBM Personal Computer sixadditional system slots. Itsfully socketed mother-board permits simple ex-pansion by insertion of ap-propriate chips. Optionalsupport equipment for thePCX-6 includes two asyn-chronous serial ports,three parallel ports, a real-time clock, and an extraheavy-duty power supplyfor running a 5'/4-inchWinchester hard-disk driveinside the Personal Com-puter. RCS also offers64K-byte memory incre-ments (192K-byte maxi-

mum) featuring DPECC(dynamic parity error-cor-rection circuitry). DPECCmemory detects smgle-and double-bit_ parity er-rors and corrects single-biterrors without system pro-cessor overhead and with-out interrupts.

The PCX-6 can be pur-chased with or withoutthe optional equipment in-stalled. Prices begin atS595. Full information isavailable from RCS Inc.,21 I6A Walsh Ave., SantaClara, CA 95050. (408)727-7548.Circle 557 on inquiry card.

Extra Slot for AppleMotherboard

Legend Industries' Soft 8card plugs directly into theApple ll's slot 7 and pro-vides slots 7 and 8. Switch-ing between slots is soft-ware-driven, and you canshift back and forth be-tween cards with simplesoftware commands.With Soft 8, you can placenine software-accessiblecards in your Apple.

Soft 8 is supplied withsoftware that lets youmodify standard AppleDOS so that it will recog-nize the added slot. Thesuggested retail price isS84.95. Soft 8 is manu-factured by Legend Indus-tries Ltd., 2220 Scott LakeRd., Pontiac, Ml 48054,(313) 674-0953.Circle 558 on inquiry card.

February 1983 © BYTE Publicjtions Inc 469

What's New?

Atari/CP/M Interface

USS Enterprises' CriticalConnection provides themeans to connect an Atari400 or 800 to a CP/M sys-tem so that the Atari canuse the CP/M system'sprinter, disk drives, and key-board. This system is madeup of hardware to connectan RS-232C port on a CP/Msystem to an Atari disk/printer port, 50 feet of cable,and an 8-inch single-densitydisk with software thatmakes the CP/M system'sdrives, printer, and key-board replace the Atari's.

The Critical Connectioncosts SI75. The companyrequests that you providethe name of the CP/M sys-tem to be connected to theAtari. For a brochure de-scribing the Critical Connec-tion and further purchasinginformation, contact USSEnterprises, 6708 Lander-wood, San Jose, CA95120, (408) 997-0264.Circle 559 on inquiry card.

Floor Stand forJoysticks

The Grand Stand Com-pany's joystick floor standis designed for optimumpositioning, comfort, andcontrol. The companyclaims that it is an aid ineliminating wrist and el-bow fatigue and improvesfinger dexterity. The standis made from solid woodwith a walnut finish andstreamlined appearance. Itcosts $34.95. Order fromthe Grand Stand Co.,4231 Bluebell Ave., StudioCity, CA 91604.Circle 560 on inquiry card.

Interactive TrainingPrograms forProfessionals

American Training Inter-national (ATI) produces in-teractive training programsfor popular software pack-ages. These programs aretargeted for professionalusers and are designed forCP/M systems and the IBMPersonal Computer. ATI'smenu-driven software pro-vides hands-on practice,and a course can be com-pleted in an average timeof less than 45 minutes.Each course contains ageneral introduction andperiodic refreshers.

ATI complements thetraining disks with a user's'handbook that serves as areferenced hard-copy ver-sion of the informationcovered. Current titlesavailable include Plan-Power for Visicalc, D. B.Power for dBASE II, ATI-Power for IBM PC-DOS,and ATI-Power for CP/M.Each course costs S75. Forfull details, contact ATIInc., Suite 300, 3800 High-land Ave., ManhattanBeach, CA 90266, (213)546-4725.Circle 561 on inquiry card.

Diagnostic Service

for ImmediateUpdates, Solutions

Tele-Maintenance, acommunications and diag-nostic service from Rotat-ing Logic Systems, pro-vides immediate hard-diskanalyses and software up-dates. According to thecompany, electronic anal-yses over toll-free tele-phone lines will ensure

that correct service solu-tions are conveyed to theuser's display screen orprinter. Routing softwareupdates and service in-quiries to factory tech-nicians will give customerson-the-spot service and

corrections. Full particularson the Tele-Maintenanceservice will be supplied byRotating Logic Systems,Highland and White St.,Greensburg, PA 15601,(412) 832-0140.Circle 562 on inquiry card.

SYSTEMS

Compact

Davidge Corporation'sDSB-4/6 single-board com-puter measures 10 by 53Aby 3A inches—small enoughto fit inside a 5'/i-inchfloppy-disk enclosure. TheDSB-4/6 comes with a diskcontroller that automati-cally interfaces with bothsingle- or double-density5!4- and 8-inch floppy-disk drives simultaneously,a Centronics-type parallelport, a parallel hard-diskport that provides 8-bit bi-directional I/O and A0 andAI address lines, a 2K-byteboot EPROM (erasable pro-grammable read-only mem-ory), and 64K bytes ofRAM (random-accessread/write memory). The

Z80 Board

DSB-4/6 can be configuredfor two or four RS-232Cserial ports of which threecan be used for standardperipherals; the fourth portis available for a modem.The company offers achoice of the 4-MHz Z80Aor the 6-MHz Z80B pro-cessor.

In single units, the pricefor the DSB-4/6 ranges be-tween S695and $995, de-pending on processor andnumber of I/O ports de-sired. Quantity discountsare available. For completedetails, contact DavidgeCorp., Suite X, 1951 Col-ony St., Mountain View,CA 94043.Circle 563 on inquiry card.

470 February 1983 © BYTE Publication! Inc

What's New?

User-FriendlyMultiuser System

2-Disk is a fully in-tegrated desktop multiusersystem designed for officeor small business use fromProduct Associates Inc.This system features a sim-ple menu-choice sequenceand a mouse for easymenu selection. For eachuser. Z-Disk dedicates aprocessor module thatcontains a Z80 micropro-cessor, 64K bytes ofRAM frandom-access read/write memory], and com-plete I/O capabilities. Amaster processor modulesupervises all user requestsfor shared storage andperipheral devices. Com-munication between themaster processor and usermodules is handled by ahigh-speed parallel bidirec-tional synchronous inter-processor data channel.

Standard features in-clude a user-to-systeminterface that makes Z-Diskuser-friendly for nontech-nical users, two serialports, one parallel port,and field-expansion capa-bilities for up to five users.System software is madeup of MP/M, CP/NOS, andComstar software, whichprovides this system withan extensive base ofCP/M-compatible applica-tions functions. The Com-star software gives Z-Diskintegrated word-process-ing, planning, and com-munications capabilities. Ituses an interactiveprompting menu ap-proach to guide usersthrough application pro-cedures.

Mass storage for Z-Diskincludes up to 40 mega-

bytes of Winchester diskdrives and a floppy-diskdrive. Single Z-Disks havea base price of $2995;quantity and OEM (origin-al equipment manufac-turer) discounts are avail-able. For full information,contact Product Associ-ates, 465 ConventionWay, Redwood City, CA94063, (415) 364-3121.Circle 564 on inquiry card.

Workstations Run

Two Concurrent

Jobs

Wordplex Corporation's80-4 workstation canserve as the host computerin a three-terminal cluster.In an 80-4 network, thecontrol station and its twosatellites have individualdisplays and keyboards,128K bytes of memory,and independent Z80microprocessors. The con-trol station has a double-sided double-density5'/4-inch floppy-disk drive(600K bytes of storage)and a 10-megabyte Win-chester disk drive that'sshared by all three work-stations.

Wordplex's Gemini oper-ating system highlights the80-4 workstation. Geminiis said to give the 80-4 theprocessing power of twoterminals in each satelliteworkstation through aDualground processingtechnique. This processpermits each satellite toload and run two concur-rent tasks in main mem-ory, with each job havinga distinct screen imageand keyboard buffer. Eachworkspace (ground) in the

Dualground system com-prises 32K bytes of dedi-cated memory. Also, ablock of up to 24K bytes ofmemory is divided be-tween the two work-spaces and dynamicallyassigned as required.

The 80-4 offers users theoption of running CP/Mand CP/M-compatible ap-plications on a stand-alonebasis, and the cluster canhave two ports for exter-nal communications. Op-

tional equipment for the80-4 workstation includes5'A-inch double-sideddouble-density floppy-diskdrives for the satellite ter-minals. A fully configuredsystem costs less thanS8000 per workstation.For complete details, con-tact Wordplex Corp., 141Triunfo Canyon Rd.,Westlake Village, CA91361, (213) 889-4455.Circle 565 on inquiry card.

Mastermax Basedon Z80/S-100

Mastermax, a four-slotS-l 00 Z80-based com-puter, is marketed by JohnD. Owens Associates. Thissingle-card computer hasdual 8-inch floppy-diskdrives, 64K bytes of bank-selectable RAM (random-access read/write mem-ory), and a four-channeldirect memory access con-troller. The floppy-diskcontroller can handle bothsingle- and double-densitydata transfers and controlup to four 5'/4- or 8-inchdisk drives in either DMA(direct memory access), in-terrupt, or programmedI/O modes. Mastermaxalso incorporates 4-MHzoperation, IEEE 696.1/Dcompliance, the CP/Moperating system, two

parallel I/O ports, and twoRS-232C serial channels,one of which is program-mable in either DMA, inter-rupt, or programmable I/Omodes. When equippedwith the TurboDOS multi-user operating system,Mastermax can accommo-date four users accessingthe same bus and data-base.

Options for Mastermaxinclude 10-, 20-, and40-megabyte Winchesterhard-disk drives. With doc-umentation, the basic sys-tem costs $2540. Furtherinformation is availablefrom John D. Owens Asso-ciates, 12 Schubert St.,Staten Island, NY 10305,(212) 448-6283.Circle 566 on inquiry card.

February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 471

What's New?

PERIPHERALS

Atari Printer Interface

Looking Glass Micro-products' Interface No.lallows any printer with aCentronics-compatibleparallel interface to beconnected to an Atari400/800 via controllerjacks J3 and J4. The inter-face comes with a printer-handler that replaces theone resident in the Atariand occupies less than128 bytes of user programarea. The printer-handler iscompatible with Atari car-tridges and programs and

comes on either cassetteor disk.

Complete documenta-tion, installation instruc-tions, and program listingsare supplied with InterfaceNo.l. It costs S85, whichincludes a 15-day money-back guarantee. Dealer in-quiries are invited. Full de-tails are available fromLooking Glass Microprod-ucts, POB 5084, Loveland,CO 80537.Circle 567 on inquiry card.

Random-AccessPrinting

Interactive Structures,manufacturer of the PkasoID 12 Color Printer Inter-face, has introduced the ISPipeline print buffer. Fea-turing random-accessprinting. Pipeline lets youselect sentences, para-graphs, graphs, or picturesfrom different programs orcomputers so that you cancompose and print afinished document. Pipe-line is useful for insertinggraphs into reports, plac-ing addresses on form let-

ters, and compiling lettersout of component para-graphs. Standard operat-ing functions include con-ventional FIFO (first-in,first-out) operation, datacompression for space sav-ing, the ability to bypassbuffer operations forstraight-through printing,a simple erase feature toclear the buffer, and auto-matic duplication. ThePipeline's memory can beexpanded from 8K bytesto I28K bytes, and the

system is compatible withany Centronics-typeparallel computer-printerconnection.

Pipeline comes with aplug-in power supply,cabling, and manual. It'sguaranteed for one yearand ranges in price fromSI95 to $405, dependingupon buffer size. For fur-ther details, contact Inter-active Structures Inc., 146Montgomery Ave., BalaCynwyd, PA 19004, (215)667-1713.Circle 568 on inquiry card.

Pac RAT Stores Upto 8 Megabytes

Damco's Pac RAT (ran-dom-access tape) givesyou from 5 to 8 mega-bytes of on-line random-access storage (unformat-ted) in a package the samesize and shape of a stan-dard 5/4-inch floppy-diskdrive. Each of Pac Rat'stwo magnetic tape car-tridges has 88 tracks of 60or 95 sectors (256-bytesectors) per track. A singleread or write accesseseach cartridge. Pac Rat'spower requirements andcontroller interface arefloppy-disk standard sothat it can plug into ex-isting systems. In smallquantities, it costs less than$480. Contact Damco,2210 18th Ave.. RockIsland, IL 61201, (309)793-0655.Circle 569 on inquiry card.

8086 Upgrade forHeath/Zeniths

Technical Micro Sys-tems' H-l 000 is an 8086upgrade that replaces the

2-MHz Z80 board in Heath/Zenith H-89/Z89 comput-ers. This board retains allthe Z80 board's featureswhile providing a 16-bit8086 processor, two addi-tional I/O slots, 128K bytesof RAM (random-accessread/write memory) thatcan be expanded to 1megabyte, a dual-speedsoftware-controlled clockfor the Z80, and the abilityto run the MS-DOS orCP/M-86 operating sys-tems. It's completely com-patible with existing Heathhardware and software.When in its 8086 mode,the H-l000 is software-compatible with Z-l 00systems and the IBM Per-sonal Computer under MS-DOS or CP/M-86.

In single units, theH-I000 costs $1495. Fulldetails are available fromTechnical Micro SystemsInc., Department H, 366Cloverdale, Ann Arbor, Ml48105, (313) 994-0784.Circle 570 on inquiry card.

Modem Operates

Independently of

Host

Visionary 100 is a300-bps (bit-per-second)programmable 8085 micro-processor-controlled mo-dem that operates inde-pendently of the hostcomputer. When yourcomputer is switched offor working on a task, thismodem can automaticallyanswer a telephone, re-ceive and store a transmis-sion in its memory, and ac-tivate a front-panel mes-sage-waiting indicator.Additionally, the Visionary100 can print a message,complete with date and

472 February 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc

What's New?

time, to your terminal.

Standard features in-clude an 8K-byte controlprogram; a 2K-byte bufferthat can be expanded to24K bytes; a real-timeclock and calendar; pro-grammable auto-answer,auto-dial, auto-send, andreception; and storageand retrieval of telephonenumbers, custom com-mands, and text files. Dataformats provided are.serial,binary, asynchronous 7 or8 data bits, 1 or 2 stop bits,and no parity. Data ratesof 300 or 1200 bps to thehost machine and 300 bpsto telephone lines arestandard.

The Visionary 100 usesan RS-232C interface andis Bell System 100 seriescompatible (answer or ori-ginate). It costs S595 fromVisionary Electronics Inc.,141 Parker Ave., San Fran-cisco, CA 94118, (415)751-881 1.Circle 571 on inquiry card.

Printmate 99

MPI's Printmate 99 is an80-column dot-matrixprinter. It features a1 K-byte memory buffer,tractor and friction feeds,and built-in Centronics-type and RS-232C inter-faces. It can print at 100characters per second.

Options for the Print-mate 99 include a 2K-bytememory buffer and asingle-sheet feeder. Thesuggested price is S695.Full specifications can beobtained from MPI, 4426South Century Dr., SaltLake City, UT 84107,

(800) 821-8848; in Utah,

(801) 263-3081.

Circle 572 on inquiry card.

CP/M-86 and CP/M-80Compatibility for Victor 9000

Small Systems Engineer-ing Corporation's Vic-tor-80 plug-in card lets theVictor 9000 run either 16-bit CP/M-86 or 8-bitCP/M-80 software. Vic-tor-80 is based on Zilog'sZ80 microprocessor andfeatures up to 64K bytes ofRAM (random-access read/write memory) running atspeeds of up to 6 MHzwith no wait states. Itplugs directly into any ofthe Victor's four internalexpansion slots and per-mits all standard CP/M 2.2software to run withoutmodification.

The Victor-80 comeswith a floppy disk contain-ing two files for softwaretoggling between CP/M-86and CP/M-80. Files gener-ated under either CP/Mare structurally identical,and any file created under

one operating system canbe used by the other with-out restrictions. Otherstandard features of thiscard include a built-in Cor-vus hard-disk interface andthe ability to accommo-date as many as four Cor-vus 20-megabyte diskssimultaneously. Optionalhigh-speed backup capa-bilities include the CorvusMirror and a video-cas-sette recorder.

In single units, the4-MHz Victor-80-A cardcosts S595, and the Vic-tor-80-B, which operatesat 6 MHz, lists for S650.Complete information isavailable from Small Sys-tems Engineering Corp.,1056 Elwell Court, PaloAlto. CA 94303, (415)964-8201.Circle 573 on inquiry card.

PUBLICATIONS

CP/M Software Index

The third edition of theCP/M Software Index listsmore than 1600 programsoffered by 507 vendors.Produced by the Small Sys-tems Group, the index is

organized into five majorareas; systems programs,general applications, ac-counting applications, util-ity applications, and indus-try-specific software. Each

entry gives a brief descrip-tion, price, operating sys-tem versions, and the ven-dor's name, address, andtelephone number. Manyof the programs will rununder CP/M-86, MP/M-80,MP/M-86, and ConcurrentCP/M-86 and all are said tobe available for theCP/M-80 operating system.Single copies of the in-dex cost S10; outsideNorth America, SI4. Or-der from the Small SystemsGroup, POB 5429, SantaMonica, CA 90405.Circle 574 on inquiry card.

Business PackagesCatalog

A free catalog featuringmore than 40 business ap-plications packages andpublications for Apple IIand III computer users isavailable from MonumentComputer Service. It in-cludes accounting, wordprocessing, payroll, andmedical billing programs.Contact Monument Com-puter Service, Village DataCenter, POB 603, JoshuaTree, CA 92252, (619)365-6668.Circle 575 on inquiry card.

New Release

Explores Database

Software

David Kruglinski's DataBase Management Sys-tems is purported to be thedefinitive source forthorough and objective in-formation on microcom-puter database-manage-ment packages. It is in-tended to supply the infor-mation you need to intel-ligently decide how to buy

February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 473

What's New?

and use database-man-agement software for yourbusiness. In this book, thecapabilities of file, rela-tional, and network/hier-archical systems are de-fined and standards forevaluating database-man-agement software are pro-vided. Several softwarepackages are examined,including Condor Series20, dBASE II, FMS-80,Datastar, and many othersthat run under CP/M.

Data Base Manage-ment Systems, a 256-pagepaperback book, costsSI6.95 and is availablefrom Osborne/McGraw-Hill, 630 Bancroft Way,Berkeley, CA 94710, (415)548-2805.Circle 576 on inquiry card.

Inside the PersonalComputer

The revised edition ofTenley Design's Inside theIBM Personal Computercan be ordered from Star-ware. This book providesa detailed explanation ofthe system's operationand serves as a supple-ment to the IBM PersonalComputer Technical Re-ference Manual. Thetheory behind the systemboard electronics is de-scribed, and a design for amultifunction I/O boardthat's compatible with theIBM's expansion slots isprovided. Information oninterfacing user-suppliedhardware and software tothe system is presented.

Inside the IBM PersonalComputer costs SI2.95.It's published and distri-buted by Starware, I 701 K

St. NW, Washington, DC

20006.

Circle 577 on inquiry card.

Directory Helps

Consumers Compare

Software

Information Sources'Small Systems Softwareand Services Sourcebook

is designed to help youavoid purchasing pro-grams that don't fill yourneeds. In nontechnicalterms, this work describesthe applications and limita-tions of 1300 minicom-puter and microcomputerprograms for machinesmanufactured by Apple,Commodore, Data Gen-eral, Digital EguipmentCorporation, Hewlett-Packard, Honeywell, NEC,and Zenith. This book,which is more than 500pages, also gives you dataon related services, hard-ware and operating sys-tem compatibility, pur-chasing terms, and ven-dors.

The Small Systems Soft-ware and ServicesSourcebook is a limited

edition available at a one-year subscription rate of$125. A 600-page com-prehensive supplementwith up-to-the-minutelistings is included witheach subscription. For fur-ther details, contact Infor-mation Sources Inc., 1807Glenview Rd., Glenview,IL 60025, (312) 724-9285.Circle 578 on inquiry card.

ComprehensiveSoftware Catalogs

Queue has producedthree free catalogs describ-ing discount and educa-tional software. QueueCatalog #10 lists morethan 100 programs for theAtari, and Catalog #11focuses on programs forthe VIC-20. Listing severalthousand programs frommore than 140 publishers,Catalog #12 is devoted tothe Apple computer.

Queue's educationalsoftware catalogs cover allgrade levels from kinder-garten (Catalog #8) to col-lege (Catalog #9) and Ap-ple, PET, and TRS-80 com-puters. To order, specifycomputer and catalognumber. Queue Inc., 5Chapel Hill Dr., Fairfield,CT 06432, {203)335-0908.Circle 579 on inquiry card.

SOFTWARE

Orbquest

Orbquest is a role-playing CP/M game fromDigital Marketing Corpora-tion. The game, set in afantasy universe, chal-

lenges you with ever-changing situations wheremonsters and pitfalls con-found your search for anorb buried in a multileveldungeon. With eachjourney into the dungeon,you gain experience andmagical powers that makeyou stronger and help youget closer to the glitteringorb.

Orbquest requires a56K-byte CP/M systemand a cursor-addressableterminal. It costs $39.95,including a manual. It'savailable from DigitalMarketing Corp., 2670Cherry Lane, WalnutCreek, CA 94596, (415)938-2880.Circle 580 on inquiry card.

Free IBM PCPrograms

B & L Computer Con-sultants is offering two freeprograms for the IBM Per-sonal Computer. ElectronicDisk causes system RAM(random-access read/writememory) to emulate a160K-byte disk drive. It'ssaid to be 50 times fasterthan a drive. This programrequires 256K bytes ofmemory and is referencedas drive C. Electronic Diskcan be employed in anyapplication where a regulardisk drive is being used.

New Reset provides twotypes of resets to DOS. Theresets use the Control 1,Control 2, and Control 3keys for single-handed con-trol operation. Control 1functions exactly like theIBM's Control ALT DEL se-quence, and Control 2functions similarly except

474 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

^J^ Alspa Computer, Inc.

The price-performance leader Includes Z80A. 1 or 2 full 8"drives (double density, double sided). 3 serial and 1 parallelport, and Winchester port. Prices start at less than $2000DEALER and OEM inquiries invited

SPECIALS on INTREGATED CIRCUITS

6502 745 10/6 95 50/6 55 100/615

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6520PIA 515 10/490 50/4 45 100/4 15

6522 VIA 6.45 10/610 50/5 75 100/5 45

6532 790 10/740 50/700 100/660

2114-L200 245 25/230 100/215

2716EPROM 4 90 5/4 50 10/4 00

2532 EPROM 790 5/7 45 10/6 90

6116 2KX8CM0SRAM 790 5/745 10/690

4116 RAM 8 lor 14

Zero Insertion Force 24 pin Socket (Scanbe) 2 00

//

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Anchor Automation Signalman Modems

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All Signalman Modems are Direct Connect, and include cables

to connect to your computer and to the telephone Signalman

Modems provide the best price-performance values, and start

at less than $100 Dealer ind OEM Inquiries invited

Mark I RS232

Mark II lor Atari 850

Mark IV for CBM/PET with software

Mark V lor Osborne (software available)

Mark VI for IBM Personal Computer

Mark VII Auto Dial/Auto Answer

Mark VIII Bell 212 Auto Dial/Answer

DC HAYES SmartmodemRS232 MODEM — AcousticRS232 MODEM — CCITT frequencies

229119175

We carry Apple 11+ fromBell & Howell

16K RAM Card

Apple LOGO

Video Recorder Interface

Super Serial Card

Thunderclock Plus

Z80 Softcard and CP/M

Parallel Printer Interface/Cable

Grappler Interface 139

TG Products Joystick for Apple 48

TG Paddles 32

DC Hayes Micromodem II 299

Videx 80 Column Card 259

fullFORTH-t- for Apple (fig-Forth) 85

Silentype Printer and Card 310

Graphics Tablet and Card 645

Apple PASCAL Language 195

Apple FORTRAN 160We stock EDUWARE Software

GENIS I Courseware Development System 145

Unicom Grade Reporting or School Inventory 250

Executive Briefing System with fonts 225

Apple Dumpling (Microtek) Printer Interface 115

Apple Dumpling with 1BK Buffer 160

PIE Writer Word Processor 120

H commodore

See us for Personal, Business,and Educational requirements.Educational Discounts available.

PETSCAN $245 base price

Allows you to connect up to 35 CBM/PET Computers toshared disk drives and printers Completely transparent to theuser Perfect for schools or multiple word processing con-figurations Base configuration supports 2 computers. Addi-tional computer hookups S100 each

Commodore COMMUNICATES!

COMPACK $129

Intelligent Terminal Package includesACIA hardware based interlace; DB25 Cable and STCP Soft-ware with remote telemetry, transfer to/lrom disk printer out-put XON-XOFF control, user program control, and status

line

VE-2 IEEE to Parallel Interface 119

Includes case, power supply, full 8-bit transmission, andswitch selectable character conversion to ASCII

VIC 20VIC PrinterVIC 3K RAMVIC 8K RAMVIC 16K RAMVIC Disk DriveVIC PinballVIC Omega RaceSpiders of Mars (UMI)VIC Draw Poker

18933532539939532323924

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VICTORY Software for VIC

Street SweepersNight RiderTreasures of Bat CaveGames Pack IVictory CasinoAdventure Pack II

12111212812

Maze in 3-DCosmic DebrisGrave Robbers AdventGames Pack IIAdventure Park ITrek

TNW 488/103 with DAA 450

Compute's First Book of PET/CBM 11

POWER ROM Utilities for PET/CBM 78

WordPro 3+ - 32K CBM, disk, printer 195

WordPro 4+ - 8032, disk, printer 300

SPELLMASTER spelling checker for WordPro 170

COPY-WRITER Professional Word Processor 159

VISICALC lor PET. ATARI, or Apple 190

PETRAX PET to Epson Graphics Software 35

SM-KIT enhanced PET/CBM ROM Otilities 40

Programmers Toolkit - PET ROM Utilities 35

PET Spacemaker II ROM Switch 36

2 Meter PET to IEEE or IEEE to IEEE Cable 40

Dusl Cover tor PET. CBM, 4040, or 8050 8

VIC or C64 Parallel Printer Interface 85

CmC IEEE-RS232 Printer Interface — PET 120

SADI Intelligent IEEE-RS232 or parallel 235

Library of PET Subroutines 12

Programming the PET/CBM (Compute!| — R. West 20

Compute! First Book of VIC 11

Whole PET Catalog (Midnight Gazette) 8

Color Chart Video Board for PET 125

PET Fun and Games (Cursor) 11

FlexFile for PET/CBM $110

Database, Report Writer with Calculations. Mailing Lists

FOBTH for PET full FIG model — Cargill/Riley $50

Metacompiler for FORTH for independent object code 30

KMMM PASCAL for PET/CBM 85

EARL for PET/CBM Disk-based ASSEMBLER 65

Super Graphics — BASIC Language Exercises 45

Fast machine language graphics routines for PET/CBM

RAM/ROM for PET/CBM

4KS75 8K $90

DISKSPECIALS

SCOTCH (3M) 5"SCOTCH (3M) 8"

10/2 30 50/21010/245 50/220

100/2 05100/2 15

We stock VERBATIM DISKS

Write for Dealer and OEM prices.

BASF 5" or 8" 10/2 00 20/1 95 100/1 85

Wabash 5" 10/180 50/175 100/170

Wabash 8" 10/2 00 50/195 100/190

We stock MAXELL DISKS

Write for dealer and OEM prices.

Disk Storage Pages 10 for $5 Hub Rings 50 for S6Disk Library Cases 8"—3 00 5"—2 25Head Cleaning Kits 11

CASSETTES—AGFA PE-611 PREMIUM

High output, low noise, 5 screw housings

C-10 10/ 61 50/ 58

100/ 50

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SPECIALS

Timex/Smclair Computer

Zenith ZVM-121 Green Phosphor Monitor

VOICE BOX Speech Synthesizer (Apple or Atari)

BMC Green and Color Monitors

Many printers available (Star Brother OKI, etc)

We Stock AMOEK Monitors

Walanabe Intelligent Plotter 1095 6-pen

Staticide anti-static spray

dBASE II

79109

1395

6

390

Panasonic TR-120M1P 12" Monitor (20 MHz) 149

Panasonic CT-160 Dual Mode Color Monitor 285

Franklin Computers - special system priceHewlett Packard Calculators

USI Video Monitors—Green or amber

20 MHz hires Dealer and OEM mguinesinvited

^^U

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Synertek SYM-1 Microcomputer SALE 189

349385

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Zl 00 16-bit/8-bit System CALL

ATARI*

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800 Computer400-16K810 Disk Drive825 Printer850 InterlaceInside Atari DOSJoysticks or Paddles16K RAM (Microtek)32K RAM (Microtek)Pilot

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Microsoft BASICMISSILE COMMANDASTEROIDSSTAR RAIDERSSpace InvadersMusic ComposerCaverns of MarsPAC-MANCENTIPEDEFirst Book of AtariAnchor Modem—AtariOther Atari products

72292934

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A B Computers

WRITE FOR CATALOG

Add $1 25 per order for shipping We pay balance of UPS surfacecharges on all prepaid orders Prices listed are on cast discountbasis Regular prices slightly higher Prices subiect to change

Circle 4 on inquiry card.

BYTE February 1983 475

What's New?

that the memory is noterased. Control 3 does notinvolve rebooting fromfloppy disk; it merely re-turns you to the DOSprompt.

To receive these pro-grams, send $6 to coverdisk and handling costs toB & L Computer Con-sultants, Free ProgramsNumbers 1 and 3, 226South Cole, Boise, ID83709. A contribution of$ 15 and S10, respectively,is requested if you findthese programs useful.

Circle 581 on inquiry card.

Workshop HelpsAtari Programmers

The Disk Workshopfrom Synergistic Software,a set of seven utility pro-grams for Atari 400/800computers, is designed tohelp you with program-ming functions. Disk Work-shop includes disk-editingcapabilities, fast copying ofdisks, a formatted disk di-rectory that can be sent toa printer, the ability to usemachine-language char-acter strings in BASIC, ascreen dump for the EpsonMX-80 printer outfittedwith Graftrax or GraftraxPlus, and the ability totransfer large files to disk orcassette. One program inthe set, Micro-DOS, givesyou a RAM-resident pro-gram similar to Atari'sDUP.SYS. Micro-DOS is on-line and available at anytime.

The Disk Workshop re-quires 32K bytes of mem-ory and a single disk drive.

It costs S34.95 and is avail-able from Synergistic Soft-ware, Suite 201, 830 NorthRiverside Dr., Renton, WA98055, (800) 426-6505;in Washington, (206)226-3216.Circle 582 on inquiry card.

8087 CoprocessorProducts

Microware has intro-duced a line of products forthe 8087 coprocessor im-plementation on the IBMPersonal Computer. TheFastpak includes Intel's8087 numeric data proces-sor, installation instruc-tions, and your choice offour programming lan-guages. The 87/88 Guide,a handbook on using the8087 processor, accom-panies this package. Thisguide introduces 8087 pro-gramming using 87Macroand the IBM Macro Assem-bler or the CP/M-86 assem-bler. In addition, it has as-sembly-language listingsthat can be keyed in andrun on the IBM. The guidecan be purchased separate-ly for $18.95. Fastpak isS375.

Microware is marketinga variety of languages foruse with the processor,most of which require a128K-byte IBM PC withone disk drive and a com-piler. 87Pascal, a library offloating-point routines thatdirectly drive the 8087, issaid to increase the speedand accuracy of Pascal pro-grams. For applications de-manding numerous tran-scendentals, roots, orpowers, Microware offers87FORTRAN. The 87BASICpackage allows you to

perform both single- anddouble-precision arith-metic with the 8087.

The timesaving

87Macro is designed forapplications requiring thefull power of the chip. Itcontains a preprocessorthat generates the com-plete 8087 instruction setand a library of macroin-structions and subroutinesto simplify writing 8087code. A double-sideddouble-density disk driveand the IBM Macro As-sembler are required.

Each language is avail-able as part of Fastpak orseparately for $125. Fordetails, contact MicrowareInc., POB 79, Kingston, MA02364, (617) 746-7341.Circle 583 on inquiry card.

Modula II Language

Lifts Pascal's

Restrictions

Volition Systems' Modu-la II is said to be a simplebut powerful high-levelprogramming languagethat solves the problems in-herent in Pascal. Serving asan alternative to assemblylanguage, C, and Ada forsystems programming, thislanguage was designed byNiklaus Wirth, the creatorof Pascal. Modula (MODU-lar LAnguage) features in-clude modules, processes,separate compilation,dynamic array parameters,and low-level machine ac-cess. It consists of a p-codeinterpreter that's upwardcompatible with the ApplePascal interpreter, a one-pass compiler, a library-management utility, and astandard module library.

A small language supple-

mented by library modules,Modula II requires a64K-byte Apple II with theApple Pascal operating sys-tem. The initial release pro-vides access to the ApplePascal file system andUCSD Pascal intrinsics bymeans of library modules.The compiler accepts thefull Modula II language, asdefined in the ETH ZurichModula II report, withminor implementation re-strictions. Programs arecompiled into p-code.

Modula II costs $550.Quantity discounts are of-fered. Updates and user-support via electronic mailare also available. For fur-ther details, contact Voli-tion Systems, POB 1236,Del Mar, CA 92014, (714)457-3865.Circle 584 on inquiry card.

Where Do New

Products Items

Come From?

The information printed inthe new products pages ofBYTE is obtained from "newproduct" or "press release"copy sent by the promotersof new products. If in ourjudgment the informationmight be of interest to thepersonal computing ex-perimenters and home-brewers who read BYTE, weprint it in some form. Weopenly solicit releases andphotos from manufacturersand suppliers to thismarketplace. The informa-tion is printed more or lessas a first-in first-out queue,subject to occasional prioritymodifications. While wewould not knowingly printuntrue or inaccurate data,or data from unreliable com-panies, our capacity toevaluate the products andcompanies appearing in the"What's New?" feature isnecessarily limited. Wetherefore cannot be respon-sible for product quality orcompany performance.

476 February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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DYNAMIC RAMs

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frit SUPER™ ftjtISA's DATABASE

The only DBMS with all these features:

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• CLEAR user-oriented documentation

• PRINTS totals & subtotals - mail labels

• REFORMATS and merges data files

• MULTI-DISK files: Up to 128K records

• SORTS full disks on up to 40 fields

• PRODUCTION input of repetitive data

• USE existing data files

• COUPLES to word processors

+ POSTS transactions to master file

• SEARCH by strings, ranges, comparisons

• DATA COMPRESSION: Over twice asmany labels as the other system

For TRS-80* Models I, II, III, 6 16- 250.00CP/Mt - 295.00

Ask your Dealer or Write:

Institute for Scientific Analysis, Inc.

P. O. Box 7186, Dept. B-2

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*T.M. Tandy Corp. iT.M. Digital Research

Circle 285 on inquiry card.

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technical, and occasionally, games.

ONINt. MONKS ON ll\lh SHARK SKKVKKS!

» » » LOGICSIM ♦ ♦ «

CP/M basedprofessionallogicsimulator

* Kor engineering work stations

* tor gate-array, custom and ail other \C designers

* hot digital system engineers

Nine logic slates, ability to simulate TTL/NMOS/CMOS/PMOS logic, ROM'sand RAM's, three-stale and transfer gates, wired-or'cd nodes, propagationdelays, spike and race analysis, expandable pin-number based TTL macro libraryplus" numerous other features make LOGICSIM comparable to industrystandard simulators.

Try it now. Send us a 530 cheek for LOGICSIM demo copy andUser's Manual.

Please specify 8" IBM 3740/ 5" APPLE II (13/16 sector I. CP/M based56K to64K systems (APPLE'S with CP/M card). Introductory price S276.

Kor more information, call (408) 57&-8096, Or write:

E/Z ASSOCIATES, 5589 Starcrest Dr., San Jose, CA 95123

LE, CP/M. LOGICSIM are trademarks o* Appleputer. Digital Research and E/Z ASSOCIATES

\ferbatim

flexible disks

Call Free (800) 235-4137 for

prices and information. Dealerinquiries invited. C.O.D. andcharge cards accepted.

visa-

PACIFICEXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd.San Luis Obispo, CA93401. In Cal. call(800) 592-5935 or(805) 543-1037.

Circle 318 on inquiry card.

*ADDS*

VIEWPOINT TERMINALS$495

In addition EP1 carries printers DEC &DG compatible terminals and modern*.Items in stock are shipped within 24 hours.ALL orders shipped COD. All items are

new and in factory cartons with manufac-turers warranties.

ECONOMYPERIPHERALS INC.

(404)952-0213

New Sources of S-100 Buss

Mainframes & Disk

Enclosures

Power Regulationmeeting previous standards

Ann Arbor Terminals

60 Lines Display

48 Programmable Keys

1,499 prepaid

CALL FOR PRICESMICRO MIDWEST

10205 W. 69 TERR.

MERRIAM, KS. 66203

913-362-3462

Circle 260 on Inquiry card.

With the new ASCI Four Port intelligentswitch all your RS-232C networkingproblems can be solved whateveryour switching applications the ASCISwitch allows you to switch with ease.Because the switch is intelligent itallows you to change between peri-pherals from your keyboard. The codecan even be imbedded in your textWhen you consider the time yousaved due to the simplicity of install-ation, the elimination of extra cablingand the exclusion of knob turning theASCI Four Ron intelligent switch is theperfect way to expand your net-working capabilities.

Ait*,

ft

Advanced Systems Concepts, Inc.

PO BOX Q • ALTADENA. CALIFORNIA 91001(213)793-8971

Circle 156 on inquiry card.

Circle 158 on Inquiry card.

Circle 11 on inquiry card.

OEM

THE ORIGINAL BIG BOARD"INDUSTRIAL - BUSINESS - SCIENTIFIC

£ $7 SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER KIT!

4?&

Z-80 CPU! 64K RAM!

(DO NOT CONFUSE WITH ANY OF OUR FLATTERING IMITATORS!)

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THE BIG BOARD PROJECT: With thousands sold worldwide and over two years of Held experience, the BigBoard may just be one of the most reliable single board computers available today. This is the same design thatwas licensed by Xerox Corp. as the basis for their 820 computer.

The Big Board gives you the right mix of most needed computing features all on one board. The Big Board wasdesigned from scratch to run the latest version of CP/M*. Just imagine all the off-the-shelf software that can berun on the Big Board without any modifications needed.

$Q1 Q00 (64KKIT

FULLY SOCKETED!

FEATURES: (Remember, all this on one board!)

SIZE: 8 , i

13% IN.

SAME AS AN 8 IN. DRIVE.

REQUIRES

: +5V @ 3 AMPS

+ - 12V @

5 AMPS.

64K RAM

Uses Industry standard 4116 RAM's. All 64K is available to the user, our VIDEOand EPROM sections do not make holes in system RAM. Also, very special carewas taken in the RAM array PC layout to eliminate potential noise and glitches.

2-80 CPU

Running at 2.5 MHZ. Handles all 4116 RAM refresh and supports Mode 2INTERUPTS. Fully buffered and runs 8080 software.

24 x 80 CHARACTER VIDEO

With a crisp, flicker-free display that looks extremely sharp even on smallmonitors. Hardware scroll and full cursor control. Composite video or split videoand sync. Character set is supplied on a 2716 style ROM, making customizedfonts easy. Sync pulses can be any desired length or polarity. Video may beinverted or true. 5x7 Matrix - Upper & Lower Case.

SERIAL I/O (OPTIONAL)

Full 2 channels using the Z80 SIO and the SMC 8116 Baud Rate Generator. FULLRS232! For synchronous or asynchronous communication. In synchronousmode, the clocks can be transmitted or received by a modem. Both channels canbe set up for either data-communication or data-terminals. Supports mode 2 Int.Price for all parts and connectors: $39.95

FLOPPY DISC CONTROLLER

Uses WD 1771 controller chip with a TTL Data Separator for enhanced reliability.IBM 3740 compatible. Supports up to four 8 inch disc drives. Directly compatiblewith standard Shugart drives such as the SA800 or SA801. Drives can beconfigured tor remote AC off-on. Runs CP/M* 2.2.

BASIC I/O

Consists of separate parallel port (Z80 PIO) for use with an ASCII encodedkeyboard for Input. Output would be on the 80 x 24 Video Display.

TWO PORT PARALLEL I/O (OPTIONAL)

Uses Z-80 PIO. Full 16 bits, fully buffered, bi-directional. Uses selectable handshake polarity. Set of all parts and connectors (or parallel I/O: $19.95

BLANK PC BOARD — $119The blank Big Board PC Board comes complete with fulldocumentation (including schematics), the character ROM,the PFM 3.3 MONITOR ROM, and a diskette with the sourceof our BIOS, BOOT, and PFM 3.3 MONITOR.

REAL TIME CLOCK (OPTIONAL)

Uses Z-80 CTC. Can be configured as a Counter on Real Time Clock. Set of allparts: $9.95

CP/M* 2.2 FOR BIG BOARD

The popular CP/M' O.O.S. to run on Big Board is available for $139.00.

BIG BOARD SOFTWARE SPECIAL — $149

Through special arrangement with CDL we offer a powerful package ot TDL Z-80software that has a suggested retail of almost $600. Includes: Extended DiskBusiness Basic, ZEDIT text editor, MACRO II Macro Assembler, LINKER,DEBUG I and DEBUG II. Supplied on 8 in. diskette with extensive manual.

PFM 3.3 2K SYSTEM MONITOR

The real power of the Big Board lies in its PFM 3.3 on board monitor. PFM commands include: Dump Memory, Boot CP/M*. Copy, Examine, Fill Memory, Test Memory, Go To,Read and Write I/O Ports, Disc Read (Drive, Track, Sector), and Search PFM occupies one of the four 2716 EPROM locations provided. Z-80 is a Trademark of Zilog.

Digital Research Computers

(OF TEXAS)P.O. BOX 401565 • GARLAND, TEXAS 75040 • (214)271-3538

TERMS: Shipments will be made approximately 3 to 6 weeks after wereceive your order. VISA, MC, cash accepted. We will accept COD'S (for theBig Board only) with a $75 deposit. Balance UPS COD. Add $4.00 shipping.

USA AND CANADA ONLY

"TRADEMARK OF DIGITAL RESEARCH. NOT ASSOCIATED WITH DIGITAL RESEARCH OF CALIFORNIA, THE ORIGINATORS OF CPM SOFTWARE

"1 TO 4 PIECE DOMESTIC USA PRICE.

MaxellDiskettes

The floppy disks that meetor exceed every standardof quality. Dealer inquiriesinvited.

Call Toll Free N1-800-237-8931.

In Florida, call813-577-2794. J

E

Tech • Data Corporation

3251 Tech Drive NorthSt. Petersburg, FL 33702

LOOKING AT

PRINTER BUFFERS?

BE CERTAIN...

YOU GET WHAT YOU THINK YOU'RE GETTING:§P©®fL~Z^ is THECOMPLETE, NOTHING ELSE TO BUY,STAND ALONE PARALLEL PRINTERBUFFER PLUS FEATURES NOT FOUND ONOTHER BUFFERS SUCH AS:

• SWITCH SELECTABLE "PAUSE ON FORM HE0" MODE, FOR SINGLE SHEET PAINTING

• AUTOMATIC SPMI CHARACTER COMPRESSION

■ 32K CHARACTERS CAPACITY STANDARD 8U AND 12SK MODELS AVAILABLE.USER EXPANOABUL

• NO HARDWARE OR SOFTWARE MODIFICATIONS REQUIRED

• AND MUCH MORE. WRITE OR CALL FOR FULL DETAILS.

PRICE I32K INCLUDES CABLE) 9279.96

JVB ELECTRONICS

1601 Fulton Avenue, Suite 1

Secramemo, California 95825

Phone: 1916)483-0709

*j ^■^■■■»" - ]An avtQnciuA wariatu nf intarocl

Business

Games

Utilities

|VjF\A/ll TheAppleusefS9,olip

"^ K WW •• S0ftware library bonanzaat truly affordable prices. For the first timeenjoy your Apple to its fullest capacityusing specially packed disks with over 60outstanding programs each. Not availablefrom any other source!

• Applesoft • 3.3 DOS

.-,

offersAn extensive variety of interestinguseful and entertaining programsindispensable to the serious computeristincluding;

Educational • Graphics

Music • Science

Data Base • Finance.

Library disks 1, 2 & 3 are mixed categories and newdisks 4 (Games), S (Utilities), 6 (Graphics) & 7 (Integer)at $59.95 each. Why pay more?

Order direct from this ad and Save up to $136.Buy disk library package 1, 2 & 3 and get aspecial bonus disk FREE — over 260 programsfor $179.95 + shipping. For best value, getall 8 disks for $349, postage prepaid, for over530 of our best programs at 65c each!Call now toll free: 1-800-327-8664Florida: 1-305-987-8665

6400 Hayes St.Hollywood. FL 33024

Circle 403 on inquiry card.

Circle 223 on inquiry card.

Circle 27 on inquiry card.

C LANGUAGEPROGRAMMERS

c-systemsC COMPILERNow with: c-window™

The first c language source level

program testing and debugging tool.

• Single step by c source line.

• Set breakpoints at line numbers.

• Display and alter variables by symbolname, using c expression syntax.

• No more printf or assembler leveldebugging!

c-window™ is a support package forthe c-systems C COMPILER for

8O86/8O88 based systems.

Contact:c-systemsP.O. Box 3253

TM c-systems

Fuller-ton, CA 92634714-637-5362

Atlantic Cabinet Computer Furniture

i A complete range of quality work stationsdesigned specifically to house all micro-computers.

i Delivered heavily packed, in self-assemblyform needing only a Phillips screwdriver anda few minutes of your time to assemble.

> Manufactured from 1" all wood particleboard surfaced with hard-wearing melamineveneer, in Oak or Walnut.

• Dealer and Distributor inquiries welcome.

» For more information, contact your localdealer, write or call Atlantic Cabinet (301)223-8900.

ATLANTIC CABINET CORPORATION

P.O. Box 100, Williamsport, Maryland 21795

DISCOUNT DRIVES

Apple II Disk Drives $285.00

Controller $90.00

Tandon TM 100-2 5%"

d/s TRS-80 $249.00

Tandon TM100-4 5V4"

d/s Zenith $319.00

Tandon TM848-1 8" $355.00

Tandon TM848-2 8"

thinline d/s $417.00

Tandon TM603 10 MB Wini. . . $899.00Tandon TM603E 14.2

MB Wini $995.00

SASI Interface $125.00

Xebec Controller $349.00

Elephant floppy disks ss/sd $17.95 (box of 10)"ALL floppies discounted & 100% guaranteed"

WHOLESALE SJPPLIEHS

Dlv. B.O.S.S. Inc.

P.O. Box 22428 Carmel, CA 93922Call (408) 3730320

Circle 66 on Inquiry card.

Circle 37 on inquiry card.

Circle 435 on Inquiry card.

L

GAME DESIGNER

HAVE YOU HEARD ABOUTTHE .WW

The Game Development SystemFor the Atari® VCS™

Now Available forthe Atari 5200 HES™

It allows just about anyone theopportunity lo design home videocartridges for the Atari game consoles.

The Miracle of CreationCan be Yours7"

Call: 408-429-1552or write: Frobco P.O. Box 2780Santa Cruz, CA 95063

•»• TM

L

SYSTEM ZS BASIC/Z

A New COMPILED Basic for CP/M or MDOS

• No Royalties • No Run-time Charges

• Generates machine code (8080/Z80)

• Sort verb - 2000 elements in 2 seconds

• Alpha-numeric Labels

• chain with Common

• BCD Floating Point Math to 18 Digits

• Editor Tests Syntax As You Type

• Recursive, Multi-line, user Functions

• Dynamically Dimension Arrays

• Selectively Erase Arrays

• Trace and Single-step debugging

• Multi-tiered Error Trapping

• Cursor Addressing, Reverse and BlinkingVideo

want to see how it works?

Get DAMAN s Mail-List program for $30 BASIC/Z run-timepackages are included

BASIC!Z lists for S345 Out from DAMAN its

$312 Post Paid to Nortn America

visa and Master card Accepted, COD availaoie or S298 wil

cash discount (cash, check, monev order]

Add S7 for airmail shipment outside N AmericaSpecify 8". Microp 'Vector Graphic Apple, Osborne.NEC, N StarFull BA5IC/Z Documentation 535 (Credited to fun orden

Suite ifl'043322 MemParkway, 5 w

foman

205) 885-8113

Huntsville,Alabama 35801

Get Smart!

Get Your Computer AnAutomatic Port Selector

(ASU-3)

Our ASl-3 will connect your CPl or CRT to any oneof 3 peripherals. Just enter a command from yourkeyboard and the desired peripheral is automat-ically connected. Also available for S and for7 peripherals. The baud rate is set automaticallyMany options are available. The only low cost.smart switch on the market.

SWITCH TO GIITRONIX.

NTEP.FACE PRODUCTS

970 San Antonio Hd Palo Alio, CA 943DG. Call lata) 493 1300

Circle 325 on inquiry card.

:ircle 134 on inquiry card.

Circle 185 on inquiry card.

■ ISr=JiTillllg|ihHilH!HHl!WHPl

IBM® PC OUTFIT

System uit with 64K, 2double-sided double-density Disk Drive 640K,Monochrome display &printeradapter, DOS, DiskDrive controller

Call or Write

SOFTWARE & ACCES.

IBM Orig. SW" Disk

SS/DD pk. of 10 34.95

IBM Orig. 5V«" Disk

DS/DD pk. of 10 49.95

TANDON DS/DD Disk Drive

320K 279.95

IBM is a reaislered trademark ol IBM, Inc

BIG BLUE CP/M Card , , .469.95QUADRAM Parallel

printer card 129.95

QUADRAM 129.95

QUAD Board 64K 449.00

QUAD Board 256K 749.00

MICROSOFT RAM Card64K 279.95 256K 629.95

VISICALC/256K 185.00

SUPERCALC 209.95

VISITREND/VISIPLOT .239.95

VISIDEX 184.95

VISIFILE 239.95

CURTIS PC Pedestal forMonochrome Display. . . .69.95POWER TEXT Word Proc299.95PEECH TREE AccountingGL, AP&AR 3-pk 469.00

NKLIN

ACE 1000Hardware and softwarecompatible w/Apple' IIplus™ 64 K RAM, Upper &lower case, 12-key numerickeypad, Built-in fan. Type-writer style keyboard

Franklin ACE 1000 64K,

Disk Drive with Controller,

12" Hi Res Green Monitor,

ACE writer

1 year extended warranty

Call or Write

Apple II® plus 64KSuper Outfit

Apple II® plus 48K, 16Kmemory expansion card,Apple disk drive II with

interface DOS 3.3,Apple III 12" monitor,

Apple writer,

Apple monitor stand

101 ready-to-run programs,

PLUS:

apple®

You get these

FREE softwares,

Apple Stellar Invaders

Value s29°°

Olympic Decathalon

Value s35°°

On,y $1779"

1 year extended warranty

WORD PROCESSORSYSTEM

Apple II plus 48K, 16Kmem. expansion, AppleDisk Dr. w/interface DOS

3.3, 12" Hi Res Green

Monitor, OKIDATA 80Printer, Interface Card &

Cable, Screenwriter II

Only *224900

SOFTWARE & ACCESSORIES FOR APPLE® and FRANKLIN®

Elite 1 Disc Drive, 15% more storage ... . ,V,S,CH?J!.P*0,?RAMS«.1.,,,„

than Apple, w/controller.. ..cJmM- ^S^SP ^SLW.Y^ff

Visidex *184" Visischedule . s239"

Desktop Plan II s194"

MICRO SCI

A-2 Disc Drive, the cost effective alternative tothe Disc II, with controller . . . .Only $389"5without controller Only 299.95

KENSINGTON

System Saver Fan, with built-in surge protec-tor for Apple® II Only $7495

MICRO PRO Special Offer!

Word Pack Includes WordStar, MailMerge, andSpellStar All 3 for Only $32900

NOVATION

Apple Cat II, direct line modemOn/y $29995Apple Cat II, 212 Upgrade . . . .Only *329"

Auto Cat 1200 Only s58995

Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

ADDITIONAL "ADD-ONS"

DC HAYES Micromodem II s284"

VIDEX Keyboard Enhancer II «119"

VIDEX Videoterm 80 Col. Board $259"

VIDEX Function Strip (f/use w/Enhancer II) . s62"

TKC Numeric Keypad (Apple1 only) . . . *134M

ABT Numeric Keypad (Apple- only) s99"5

THUNDERCLOCK PLUS s119"

PKASO Parallel interface *134M

MICROSOFT Z-80 CP/M Card $249"

MICROSOFT 16K Ram Card $89"

TG Joystick $4750 KRAFT Joystick $44"5

VOTRAX TYPE-N-TALK

Lets your computer talk to you Only s19995Available for Apple/Franklin/Atari/VIC-20

NEW! APPLI CARD

Z-80 Card w/64K RAM 4 mhz .Only $34995

FORMAT II WORD PROCESSOR

with mail list, user friendly. . .Only s19995MICROSOFT PREMIUM PACK

Z-80 CPM Card, VIDEX Videoterm 80 Col. board,

CPM user's guide & MICROSOFT RAM Card

All for only *50995Plus you receive a FREE Videx Soft Switch (a '30 Value!)

MICROBUFFER II by Practical Peripherals32K. . .Only s24995 16K. ..Only S21495

MICROBUFFER for EPSON16K Parallel .$13495 8K Serial .$13495Franklin ACE is a trademark of Franklin Computer Co.

COMPUTER SPECIALS!

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS

Tl 99 4/A with RF Modulator . ."199"After Mfg's Cash Rebate, Plus 2 FREEolfers from Tl Call or Write lor details!

COMMODORE

VIC-20 with RF Modulator '177"

RCA VP-3501 built-in modem '329"

ATARI 400 Call

TIMEX Sinclair 1000 '89"

48K Memory 49.95 32K Memory .99.95

SHARP (Handheld)

PC-1500 with CE-150 Printer s299"

PC-1211 with CE-122 Printer '109"

[^HEWLETT

IPACKARD"

HP-83A $11499S

HP-85A *209988

HP-87A W/128K 82394*5HP-87 XM s24959s

HP-i2b $2099M

HP Accessories

82901M S%" Dual

Disc Drive »1694"

8290SA Serial Printer's^"'HP-7470A Graphics plotteralso avail, in Serial f/Apple*Franklin*- and IBM* M195M

ATARI

NEC

PRINTERS

WORD PROCESSOR

Atari 800 48K, Atari 810 DiskDrive, Atari Word Processor, 850Interface, Okidata Microline 82APrinter with Connecting Cables

Call or Write

Atari 800 48K complete witha 13" color TV

Call or Write

New! 3550 Letter quality printer lor IBMPC, Auto proportional spacing, Bidirec-tional. Bold & shadow printing, Justifica-tion, Centering, Underscoring, Sub/super

scripting, 35 CPS 2099.50

8023 Pro writer, 100 CPS, 136 Column.Parallel, Bidirectional, Tractor & friction,High resolution graphics 514.95

SMITH CORONA TP-1 Letter qualityDaisy wheel printer, Serial or Parallel inter-face, 120 words per minute 629.00

OKIDATA

MICROLINE 82A 120 CPS. Bidirectional,Parallel-Serial, 80/132 Columns, Friction &

Pin Feed 429.95

MICROLINE 83A F/T 120 CPS, Bi-directional, 136 Columns, Serial/Parallel.Friction and Tractor 684.95

EPSON

MX-80 III F/T 80-136 Column DotMatrix, Tractor or Friction Feed, Bidirec-tional, 80 CPS, Graftrax Plus Call

MX-100IIIF/T 136-233 Column, Tractor

or Friction Feed. Bidirectional, 80 CPS,

Graftrax Plus Call

MONITORS

USI PI-2 12" High Res. Green 159.00

USI PI-3 12" High Res. Amber 189.00

AMDEK 300 12" Green 149.95

AMDEK 13" Color I 329.00

AMDEK Color II RGB High Res 699.95

AMDEK Color Interface Board f/RGB159.00

NEC JC 12" Color 349.95

EPSON CR-6500 12" Color 309.95

ELECTROHOMEECM-1302-1 13" RGB Monitor Hi-Res.

with NTSC Interface 399 95

1302-2 High Res. RGB 599.95

COLOR BOARD for APPLE' II . . .199.95

DISKETTE SPECIALS!

(10 pk except where indicated)

MAXELL MD-1 SS 5V<" 34.95

MAXELL MD-2 DS/DD 5'A" 49.95

MAXELL FD-2 DS/DD 8" (Soft Sector)59.95

VERBATIM SS/DD SV," 31.95

VERBATIM DS/DD 5V." 46.50

MEMOREX SS/DD 5%" 23.95

CONTROL DATA SS/DD 5V«"(12 pk)25.95

NEW! IBM SS/DD 5'A" 34.95

NEW! IBM DS/DD 5V4" 49.95

For quantity discount pricesplease call or write!

OSBORNE

DOUBLE DENSITY

With Wordstar, Mailmerge, Supercalc,C Basic and M Rasin

Call for Low Price!Software & Accessories

X-MON monitor adapter 39.95

CENTRONIX printer cable 59.95

Keyboard extender cable 4 ft 49.95

RS232 Serial cable 39.95

Games for Osborne

Velor 20.00 Star Trek 15.00

Trapper . 15.00 Catacomb . 18.00

UNO*'* 1

Computers and Business Equipment

A Division of

47st. Photo

CORPORATE ACCOUNTS WELCOME (212)260-4410

TOLL FREE OUT-OF-STATE

800-221-7774800-221-5858

'omputer.

VISA

Inc.

67 West 47th Street, New York, N.Y. 10036

115 West 45th Street, New York, N.Y. 10036

MAIL ORDER ADDRESS: 36 E. 19th St. New York. N.Y. 10003

Items on sale for limited time only, and are subject to limited availability Not responsible for typographical errors. This ad supersedes all other ads prior to Feb. 1983Prices effective as of Dec. 22, 1982 and are subject to change without notice. All orders subject to verification and acceptance. Minimum shipping and handling $4.95

Circle 1 on inquiry card.

BYTE February 1983 481

Four [as in Quad) FunctionIBM PC Board

I'lTIIHE'iM- a

IliHUil*;!,- ;.-*

tdiiitti vIH

• Up to 256KB of Parity Memory

• Async Communication Port

• Clock-Calendar with Battery Back-up

• Allows Full I Megabyte Addressing

• One Year Warranty

• Parallel Port can be added for an extra $50

• Free Software — Super Disk and Super Spooler

order 64K . . S359

TOLL FREE '28K S419

192K S469

FREE SHIPPING 256K S569

(800) 531-5475 (if outside of Texas|(512) 250-1523 |if in Texas)

CompuAdd Corp.

13010 Research Blvd. No. 218Ausrin, Texas 78750

5'/4 Tandon Drives

• TM 100-1 $189

(single sided, 40 TRK, single Free

or double densityl Shipping

• TM 100-2 S259

(double sided, 40 TRK/side Free

single or double density) Shipping

• TM 100-4 S349

(double sided, 80 TRK/side Free

96 TPI, double density) Shipping

ORDER - TOLL FREE

1 -800-531 -5475 (If outside of Texas)

(512) 250-1523 (If inside of Texas)

"If we can't ship the next working day,we won't take the order."

Master Card/Visa or checkTexas Residents add 5% sales tax.

CompuAdd Corp.

13010 Research Blvd-#218Austin, Texas 78750

SMITH-CORONA TP-I

Letter Quality

• SERIAL ORPARALLEL INTERFACE

• MICROPROCESSOR ELECTRONJCS

ORDERTOLL FREE

FREE SHIPPING

$569

(800) 531-5475 (if outside of Texas)(512)250-1523 (in Texas)

CompuAdd Corp.

13010 Research Blvd. No. 218

Austin. Texas 78705

Circle 86 on inquiry card.

Circle 87 on inquiry card.

Circle 88 on inquiry card.

\ferbatinr

Floppy Discs

CALL NOW-TOLL FREE

1-800-328-DISC

Dealer inquiries invited. C.O.D.'s andcharge cards accepted.All orders shipped from stock,within 24 hours. Call toll FREE.

w

a4^

North Hills Corporation

3S64 Rolling View Dr.

White Bear Lake, MN 55110

1-800-328-DISC

MNCall Collect 1-612-770-0485

Circle 302 on inquiry card.

ANALOG *# DIGITAL

DIGITALS ANALOG

CONVERSION MODULES

SOFTWARECAIN CONTROL

amplifier - custom board test - S-100 - 2 to IS kh£ble high and low inputs - gainfrom 1 to 1024 - IS-brt snmple ond hold amplifier

13 digital

Atotion

Her - rustom board rest - 5-100 - 2 to 15 khz

sample and hold amplifierchonnsl — anolog to digital

srsion time - rnixatFrom 1 to 1024, - 12-bitB-channel differential --- rocu — progrc

lllllllllllllllllllllllllMllillllllllllllltlMni

For additional details about the AD-100-4 and otherfine California Data Corporation 100% individuallytested, high reliability products, circle the readerservice card number below or for faster responsewrite or call us.

CALIFORNIA DATACORPORATION

3475 Old Conejo Road, Suite C-10Newbury Park, CA 91320

(805) 498-3651

ELIZA IS HERE!

AT LAST! A FULL IMPLEMENTATIONprogram is now available to run on your r

Created at MIT in 1966, ELIZA has become the world's mostcelebrated artificial intelligence demonstration program. ELIZA isa non-directive psychotherapist who analyzes each statement asyou type it in and then responds with her own comment or question— and her remarks are often startlingly appropriate!

Designed to run on a large mainframe, ELIZA has hitherto beenunavailable to personal computer users except in greatly strippeddown versions lacking the sophistication which made the originalprogram so fascinating.

Now, our new microcomputer version possessing the FULL powerand range of expression of the original is being offered at theintroductory price of only $25. And if you want to find out how shedoes it (or teach her to do more) we will include the completeSource Program for only $20 additional,

Order your copy of ELIZA today and you'll never again wonder howto respond when you hear someone say "Okay, let's see what thiscomputer of yours can actually do!"ELIZA IS AVAILABLE IN THE FOLLOWING DISK FORMATS:

1. Standard 8 inch single density for all CP/M based computers125 for ELIZA COM - add $20 tor Microsoft BASIC-60 Source

2. 5V. inch CP/M tor Apple II equipped with Z-80 SoftCard

$25 for ELIZA.COM - aod $20 for Microsoft BASIC-80 Source

3. 5". inch lor48K Apple II with Applesoft ROM and DOS 3.3$25 for Protected File - add $20 tor Applesoft Source

4. 5V' inch for 64K IBM Personal Computer

125 for Protected File - add $20 for IBM Disk BASIC Source

5. 5'/. inch for Osborne I Microcomputer

$25 for Protected File - add $20 for Microsoft BASIC-80 Source

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE RESEARCH GROUP

921 NORTH LA JOLLA AVENUE[ij^HH LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 90046 JMk■ VtSA- I (213)656-7368 (213)654-2214 ^fc£ ' MC, VISA and CHECKS ACCEPTED

Circle 32 on inquiry card.

IBM PC SOFTWARE

FORTH-32™ allows access to all of the PC

memory using intermixed IB/32 bit addressing.Screen editor, assembler, decompiler, debug, graphics,CASE, and DDS interface. Package Builder Utilityproduces compact marketable software $150.Floating Point Library (Software or 8087). $50.

QUESTalk™ Asynchronous

Communications connects your PCto Other computers. Menu driven with help feature,terminal Dr local mode, UPLOAD/DOWNLOAD filetransfers. Multiple BAUO rates. $45.

PrintPak allows customized printouts viamenu driven selection of page headers, line numbers,character type, time, date and more. $45.

DJSkPak™ recovers erased files, prints,views and modifies sectors and more. $35

Edlin Recovery Utility

the file you thought you lost when the disk was full. $35.

QUEST RESEARCH, INC.

P.O. Bo* 2553 ■ Huntsville. AL 35804 ■ 205-533-9405Toll Free 800-556-8088

wabash

When it comes to

Flexible Disks, nobody

does it better than

Wabash.

MasterCard, Visa Accepted.Call Free: (800)235-4137

PACIFICEXCHANGES

100 Foothill BlvdSan Luis Obispo. CA93401 (In Cal call(805) 543-1037)

Circle 318 on inquiry card.

Circle 68 on Inquiry card.

Circle 358 on inquiry card.

—

EDGE-86

AN INDUSTRIAL QUALITY8086 OEM SYSTEM

• HARDWARE

— A Multibus* COMPATIBLE 8086 CPU BOARDWITH DMA FLOPPY CONTROLLER, INTERRUPTCONTROLLER, PROGRAMMABLE TIMERS, 3SERIAL PORTS, TWO PARALLEL I/O PORTS, AND8K BYTES OF PROM WITH BOOT STRAPLOADER FOR CPM/86™.

— 128K BYTES DYNAMIC RAM BOARD.

— 4-SLOT MULTIBUS CARD CAGE. WITH COM-PLETE DOCUMENTATION AND SCHEMATICS;ALL FOR $1250.

• SOFTWARE

— CPM/86 O.S. WITH COMPLETE UTILITIES. . . $250.

—OFF THE SHELF DELIVERY—

3XE MICRO SYSTEMS

195 W. EL CAMINO REAL, SUNNYVALE, CA 94086TELEPHONE: 408-738-4729

* Multibus TM of Intel. TMCPM/86 TM of Digital Research

Circle 160 on inquiry card.

We Have It!.. Computers, DiskSystems, Printers and Terminals

Call For Super Value

On S100 System With

Dbl. Dens. 8"Drives!

INTERTECSUPERBRAIN IIFREE Microsoft Basic 80 .

Self contained computer with dualdisks and two SR232C ports, com-plete with CP/M® 2.2

64K Jr $2099

64K QD $2495

64KSD $2949

10 Meg. DDS Hard Disk.... $2995

VIDEO TERMINALS

SOROC IQ 120 $595

SOROC IQ 130 595

HAZELTINE ESPRIT Call

HAZELTINE ESPRIT II Call

HAZELTINE 1420 Call

HAZELTINE 1500 Call

HAZELTINE 1510 Call

HAZELTINE 1520 Call

TELEVIDEO 910C Call

TELEVIDEO 912C Call

TELEVIDEO 920C Call

TELEVIDEO 925C Call

TELEVIDEO 950C Call

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS 940 Basic... $1299

Tl 940 Package $1699

Tl 745 Portable Terminal 1249

INTERTEC INTERTUBE III 749

ZENITH Z19 729

PRINTERS

ANADEX DP 9001A $1369

ANADEX DP-9501A 1429

PAPER TIGER IDS-445G Special! 599

PRISM PRINTER IDS-80 w/o color.... 1149

PRISM PRINTER IDS-80 wfcolor 1499

PRISM PRINTER IDS 132 w/color.... 1695

NEC 3510 RO, RS232C.35CPS Now 1619

NEC 3530 RO, Cent. Inter., 35 CPS. Only 1859

NEC 7710 RO, RS232C, 55CPS 2375

NEC 7720 KSR, RS232C, 55CPS 2795

NEC 7730 RO, Cent. Inter., 55CPS 2375

QUME SPRINT9/45

Ltd. or Full, 45CPS, RS232C, Now 1998

C. ITOH PRO WTITER, Parallel 549

C.ITOH PRO WRITER. Sar. » Par 649

DIABLO 620 RO, RS232C, 20 CPS 1249

DIABLO 630 RO, RS232C, 55CPS 2299

CENTRONICS 730-1 Par. ... New Low 299

CENTRONICS 737 3 RS232C 389

CENTRONICS 704-11 Parallel 1695

CENTRONICS 704-9 RS232C 1595

CENTRONICS 122G Parallel, 120CPS.. 949

EPSON MX 80 489

EPSON MX 80FT 589

EPSON MX-100FT 789

EPSON RS232 Serial Interface 65

EPSON RS232/2K Buffer Interface 129

EPSON GRAFTRAX II 90

EPSON Apple" Printer Interface 75

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS Tl 810 Basic. 1349

Tl 810 Basic RS232C & Parallel 1395

TI-810 w/full ASCII. Vert, forms control,

compressed print 1599

TI-820 RO Basic 1645

Tl 820 KSR Basic 1839

TI-810 Package w/LQ 2099

OKIDATA MICROLINE-80 359

Tractor feed option 50

MICROLINE 82A. 459

MICROLINE 83A 729

MICROLINE 84 Parallel 1149

MICROLINE 84 Serial 1249

MONITORS

ZENITH ZYM-121,12" Green Pfios 115

AMDEK 100 12" New Low! 99

AMDEK 100G 12"Gr. Phos 149

AMDEK 300 12"High Res 179

AMDEK COLOR-1,13" 339

AMDEK COLOR II, 13" GRB Hi. Res. .. 755

AMDEK COLOR-HI, 13" RGB 419

APPLE® Adapter for RGB 159

NoithStaf^

Call For Prices

FLOPPY DISK SYSTEMS

MORROW DISCUS 2D Sng.DD 898*

MORROW DUAL DISCUS 2D DD ... 1549*MORROW DISCUS 2 + 2, 2 side, DD. 1239*

MORROW DUAL DISCUS 2 + 2 2139*

MORROW DUAL DMA DISCUS 2D . 1619*

HARD DISK SUBSYSTEMS

MORROW DESIGNSDISCUS M5,5 Meg. ... New Low 1559*

DISCUS M 10,10 Meg 3095*

DISCUS M26.26 Meg 3795*

CORVUS 5 Meg 2375

CORVUS 12 Meg 2969

CORVUS 18 Meg 3799

MAEZON 5 Meg ■. 1695

MAEZONIOMeg 7 1949

MAEZON 15 Meg 2799

INTERTEC 10 Meg Special! 2999

•Includes CP/M»2.2 and Microsoft Basic.

FLOPPY DISKCONTROLLER BOARDS

CROMEMCO 16 FDC, DD 499

NORTH STAR DD 479

MORROW DISK JOCKEY 2D, A&T ... 329

INTERSYSTEMS FDC-2, A&T 439

TARBELL DD, A&T 445

SYSTEMS GROUP DD, DMA 439

ESCON CONVERSIONFOR IBM SELECTRIC

Complete w/microprocessor controller andpower supply. Factory built. User installssolenoid assembly or it can be done at theESCON factory.

RS232C Serial & Parallel 534

Cable for above 25

PROM PROGRAMMERS

SSM PB1 Kit 152

SSM PB1, A&T 225

MODEMS

NOVATION CAT, Acoustic 149

D-CAT, Direct Connect, (300 Baud) 155

AUTO CAT Auto Answer 219

APPLE CAT 329

D-CAT(1200 Baud) 599

103 JLP Auto Answer 219

DC HAYES MICROMODEM II (Apple).. 339HAYES SMART MODEM (300 Baud).. 239HAYES SMART MODEM (1200 Baud)... 595POTOMAC MICRO MAGIC (S-100).... 339

CALIFORNIA COMPUTERSYSTEMS

Z80 CPU Board 269

Disk Controller 2422, w/CP/M * 359

16K Static, A&T 259

32K Static, A&T 399

64K Dynamic RAM 335

SYSTEM 2210 W/64K. CP/M®2.2 1895

CPU BOARDS

(Assembled unless noted)

NORTHSTAR Z 80 (ZPB, A/A) 269

INTERSYSTEMS (MPU 80) 349

SSM CB1 8080, A&T 214

SSM CB2. Z-80 A&T 289

SSM CB2.Z-80 Kit 219

SYSTEMS GROUP Z-80 with I/O 419

MEMORY BOARDS

NORTHSTAR 16K RAM 199

H-RAM 64K 589

H RAM 32K 419

CROMEMCO 16KZ 419

CROMEMCO 64KZ 595

CROMEMCO 256KZ 1095

MEMORY MERCHANT

16K Static, 4 MHz 159

64K Static. 4 MHz 549

SYSTEMS GROUP

DM6400,64K Board 529

DMB6400,64K Board 420

HDM2800.128K Board 1095

GODBOUT(AS-T)

CPU Z 249

CPU 808588 359

RAM 20 32 359

RAM 17 64 510

RAM 21 1149

INTERFACE 1 215

INTERFACER 1 215

INTERFACER 2 215

DISK 1 425

SYSTEM SUPPORT 1 335

ENCLOSURE 2 (Desk) 699

ENCLOSURE 2 (RACK) 759

VIDEO BOARDS I/O Mapped

SSM VB2 I/O, Kit 169

SSM VM2 I/O, AST 229

Memory Maped

SSM VB1C, 16x64, Kit 152

SSM VB1C, 16x64, A&T 206

SSM VB3,80 Char. 4MHz. Kit 359

SSM VB3,80 Char. 4 MHz. A&T 419

APPLE® BOARDS

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER

7710A Asynchronous Ser. Inter 139

7712A Synchronous Ser. Inter 149

7424A Calender Clock 99

7728ACentronics Printer Inter 99

Call for price on MORROWMICRO DECISION and

CROMEMCO SP 10

We stock a complete inventory

of MAXELL, MEMOREX,

SCOTCH and VERBATIM for all

your Diskette requirements.

Write for free catalog.

MiniMicroMart, Inc.

943 W. Genesee St.P.O. Box 2991 BSyracuse, New York 13220

(315)422-4467*

TWX 710-542-0431

All prices F.O.B. shipping point, subject tochange. All offers subject to withdraw! with-out notice. Advertised prices reflect a 2%cash discount {orders prepaid prior to ship-ment). C.O.D.'s & Credit Cards, 2% higher.

Circle 282 on inquiry card.

*>Tel€*4deo USERS!

COGITATE Fast Dump/Restore System lor TS802H, 806.

• Back up liles twice as tast as PIP.

• Double the storage, up to 700K/diskette, withmultiple diskette capability . $90.00

COGITATE Type Ahead With Print Screen

• Print key prints screen.

• 64 character type ahead buffer $90.00

COGITATE 2780/3780 Communications System

• Communicates with most IBM systems.

• Many features for remote |ob

entry $400.00

TurboDOS

•MULTIUSFR $750.00

•SEMINARS $250.00

CP/M*is registered trademark ol Digital Research. IncTurboDOS is a registered trademark otSoftware 2000. IncPLUS OTHER GOOD TEIEVIDEO STUFF!

COGITATE, Inc.

SPECIALISTS IN UNIQUE TELEVIDEO SOFTWARE

24000 Telegraph Road, Southfield. Ml 48034

(313) 352-2345

VISA/MASTER CARD Accepted

.<

I BASF

FlexyDhks

51/4"

Specify soft,10 or 16 sector

Price/10

Price/100

1 side/double density

2 sided/double density

$20.0034.50

S 185.00325.00

a ft Specify softO or 32 sector

Price/10

Price/100

1 side/single density $21.00 $195.00

1 side/double density 29.50 275.00

2 sided/double density 34.50 325.00Certified Check ■ Money Order - Personal CheckAllow up to 2 weeks for personal checks to clear.Add $1.50 to each order :or U.P.S. shipping charges

NJ Residents add 5% NJ Sales Tai

280 Dukes Parkway, P.O. Box 85Somerville, N.J. 08876 • (201) 725-6680

Dealer Inquiries Invited

5V*" Floppy Disk Drives

(Direct IBM® Plug-in)

TANDON Model TM 100-1 $189* ea.TANDON Model TM 100-2 $269* ea.12" Green Phospher Zenith Monitor $109' ea.

IBM EXPANSIONBOARDS

64K Memory $275* ea.

128K Memory $375* ea.

192K Memory $450* ea.

256K Memory $510* ea.

Floppy Controller $180* ea.

16K System BD Memory $ 25* ea.MC / VISA or COD. with certified checkor money order. Arkansas residents addsales tax.

For information or orders, call

501-777-9859

G-H Computer Systems, Inc.

P.O. Box 871 • Hope, AR 71801

* Plus Shipping.

Circle 76 on inquiry card.

Circle 139 on inquiry card.

Circle 179 on inquiry card.

DISKETTES

AND

DISKETTE DUPLICATION

DISKETTES (Hub Ring/Write Protect)

Certified 100% error free

Box of 10

5'/. Single Side/Single Density $17 50

Single Side/Double Density 2000

Double Side/Double Density 24 00

8 Single Side/Single Density 20 00

Single Side/Double Density 25 50

Double Side/Double Density 30 00

Specify soft. 10 or 16 sector on 5'* diskettes

Shipping Si 50 (Cal add tax)

Money Order/VISA/MasterCard/C 0 0

DUPLICATION

• Duplication services — all popular formats

• All services performed on latest technicallyadvanced eguipment

• Prices start at $1 90 including diskettePlease write for lull description ot all Hoffmanservices and prices

►S^ Hoffman

COMPUTCk PRODUCTS

ITE.CA 91010

K

Circle 197 on inquiry card.

~

n

V

0

H

e*

^** &

*****

COMPARE

(615)727-6000SYSTEMED

THEN CALL

CORPORATION

P.O. Box 18, Mountain City. TN 37683

$99 SINGLE BOARDCOMPUTER/CONTROLLER

MODEL MCG-85 FEATURES:

-Automatic Baud Rate-5 Interrupts-14 Bit Counter/Timer-Onboard Prototyping-6.144 MH: Crystal-Onboard Expansion

• 4K ROM &/or

* 4K RAM or CMOS RAM

-8085A CPU

-2K System Monitor

ROM-256 Bytes of RAM-RS232C Port-Parallel 6k Serial I/O-Two 8 Bit Prog Ports-One 6 Bit Prog Port-4Vz x 6'/2 PCB

STOCK $99 Kit $135 A&T.

Expansion Boards available. Visa, M.C., AmexCOD accepted.

ATLANTIS COMPUTERS

31-14 Broadway

Astoria, N.Y. 11106

212/728-6700

Circle 38 on inquiry card.

CALL

8003431078

FOR THEBEST PRICE

Call PR.ICE. for big savingson home computers, software, videocassette recorders, car stereo, homestereo, portable radios and taperecorders, cordless telephones, andanswering machines, video games,tapes, and movies.

PRICE, will beat any legitimateoffer on in-stock items. Call our toll-free number now! 800-343-1078.In Mass. 617-961-2400.

PRICE

67TeedDr.,B283 .Randolph,MA02368

MicroScripf"

Are you wasting valuable time trying to format complexdocuments with a word processor or obsolete text formatter?MicroScnpi™ is a state of the art text formatter specifical-ly designed for the production of technical manuals, specifica-tions, and other complex documents. This powerful tool paysfor itself the first time you use it. Featuring:

» generalized markup

• left alignment

« center alignment»right alignment»justification» left indention

• right indention► bold text

» underscored text» proportional spacing»fully definable page» multiple columns

• headers and footers

► floating text blocks

»footnotes

• variable line spacing

• widow supression

» section numbering

• imbedded documents»automatic lists

< macro processing

• symbol processing

► table of contents

► direct printer control

► initialization profile

► page numbering

$99 postpaid within U.S., outside U.S. add $10 CA residents add6%. Specify CP/M-80*. CP/M-86*, MS-DOS*, or PC-DOS*, printertype, disk format.

Software Technique™

6531 Crown Blvd.. Suite 3A • San Jose, CA 95120

(408) 997-5026

* CP/M-80, CP/M-86 trademarks of Digital Research, MS-DOStrademark of Microsoft, PC-DOS trademark ot IBM Corporation.

Circle 390 on inquiry card.

^^^

JSTHeathUsers

Double Yourfry," disk storagecapacity without adding a drive.

Get twice as much from your H88 orH89 microcomputer. Our FDC-880Hfloppy disk controller, in conjunctionwith your by" drives, for example,expands memory capacity from 256bytes to 512 bytes per sector.

And it handles single and double-sided, single and double-density, 8" andby" drives — simultaneously.

Ol

C.D.R. Systems Inc.Controlled Data Recording Systems Inc.7210 Clairmont Mesa Blvd., Sin Diego, CA 92111(714) 560-1272

Circle 399 on inquiry card.

Circle 316 on inquiry card.

Circle 71 on inquiry card.

FULL LINE ALL PARTS & COMPUTER PRODUCTS

yc/*_

P.O. Box 4430XSanta Clara, CA 95054'Will calls: 2322 Walsh Ave.(408) 988-1640

Same day shipment. First line parts only. Factory tested. Guaranteedmoney back. Quality IC's and other components at factory prices.

INTEGRATED CIRCUITS Phone orders only (800) 538-8196

fELECTRONICS

/43IJ*,

?4 4?N

."i^.r.

f465N74S8N?490N

74I93N742JIN

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74LS74N

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74ISI.17N

74LSI36N

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7<i iik;;«(74LS174N74LS190K

-. . '.

LiHE*n

CA304B

l.NK'Ul ',L !,,;,:,, ,|

IM320M;

LM340K-1

LMJ40K-'-LM34DK-V

lM340T.'aIM340T24LM3S0K

LM709H

LW723H.Nl.MiXlN

.... . ,;.,WESSONNES55VNES56A

CONMECrrjft!

1 '9 CLOCK

S9 MM53H

89 MM531J

■:f| mm'.ki'-i

26 95

17.96il 19.TS

CD4553CM 5 66CD4M3

74C2074C307«48

74C9374C15474Ct6074CI7574C19274C2J174C9C5

1000 pei type 012S00O per lyoe OOB5

1i«

350 ?i

5 pertype'III tt wMt5%pet type 05HSMS832 6 95 »P SWITCHCS

MEROPmCEUM tl°os"wn 90

65D2A 7J5 6-P°5"™ .90

7-posltion

3 90 71C975

.i :,:J5MM.J DitJOMH;2 097152M

CMOSCD4000COflOOt

65J2

fl 00 68201 95 68504 49 BMOA

4 95 8085*

5 95 Z8QCPU

5 95 ZBOA

6 95 Z80B

290 PHI

2BOAP10

55 ZBOCTC

6 95 8-oosrti

9 H KEVeOAROS

1 25 56 key ASCII keyboard

1 85 fully assemOledJ 95 Enclosure PtasticI Metal Enclosure

5 95 Green, Yellow TOie

95

MONITORS12 GREEN1129.00

S115 00

84 5019.95

69 95

i,«.|.Ai-:l

55

55 _

1 25 280 DMA

1 25 280AOMA

1 4D Z80SIOO

? 75 Z80ASIO0

1 '5 Z80SIO1

1 ?5 280ASIO.1

3 30 Z80SIO 2

i M DMSHi;

1 95 Z80S1O9

99 Z80ASI09

99 Z80B CTC

i £ Gfeen. Orange, Yellow Jumbo 25

jj ?H Clipiite LED Mounting Clips 4 80

5 95 (spec reO. amber, green, yellow clear)

]] H CONTINENTAL SPECIALTIES in stock

is 95 Complete line ot breadboard rest equip

IS H

MOS MEMORY ftltM

Z80BP1

DB25PD825SDEW

CD40I1CD4012C04013

CD4019CO 40 20CD402I

CD4024C04025CD4026

CO4042C04043CD4044

C04051CD4060C04066

1 25 8224t 5S B2?B4 95 82513 75 8253

2 49 8255

2 69 82571 75 8259

3 25 18D2CEpii

SPECIAL PRODUCTS

2.5 MHi Freq Counter Kit 37 50

30 MHl Free Counter Krt 47 75

AC TRANSFORMERS

FRAME WALL PLUG

6V 500 ma S4 00 10V 2 amp (7 95

6 3VCT600ma 4 50 12V 250 ma 2 95

12V 250 ma 1.95 t2VCT250ma 3.75

i2 6VCT600ma A 95 12V 500 ma 4 50

12 6VCT2amps 5 95 12V tamp 5 95

12.6V CT 4 amp 8 60 12V 2 amp 7 95

12 6VCT8amp 10 80 6. 9. 12V0C

24V CT 100 ma 3 95 300 ma 8 95

24V CT 600 ma 4 95 9 VDC 500 ma 3 75

6116P-46116LP-!6116LP3

DISPLAY LED5

MAN72/74

DL704

DL707.OL707R

DL727/72B

DL747/750

FN0359

FND500 507

FND503'510

FNDBOO/807

tO digit display

7520 Clairei photocells

TIL311 Hex

MAN4610 CA 40

MAN4 710 CA 40

MAN6640 CC 56

MAN6710 CA 60

MAN6740 CC .60

CA'CA 300 7

CC 300 12

CA 300 1 0

CA'CC .500 19

CfcCC 600 14

CC 357 7

CC'CA 500 9

COCA .500 .9

CC/CA 800 2 2

Apple Peripheral Kits

SERIAL I/O INTERFACE 0 to 30,000 baud.D.T.R., Inputs output from monitor or basic, oruse Apple as intelligent terminal, Bd only (P/N 2)$14.95, Kit (P/N 2A) $51.25, Assembled (P/N2C) $62.95.

PROTOTYPING BOARD (P/N 7907) $21.95.PARALLEL TRIAC OUTPUT BOARD 8 triacs,each can switch 110V, 6A loads, Bd only (P/N210) $19.20, Kit (P/N 210A) $119.55.

APPLE II GAME PADOLES Adam and Eve $38.00.

16K RAM Board to take you to 64K, Assem.

$67. Kit $57.

Interlace Kits

SERIAL/PARALLEL INTERFACE Bidirectional,Baud rates from 110 to 19.2K, sw selectablepolarity of input and output strobe, 5 to 8 databits, 1 or 2 stop bits, parity odd or even or none,all characters contain a start bit, +5 & -12Vrequired.Bd only (P/N 101) $11.95, Kit (P/N101A) $42.89.

RS-232/TTL INTERFACE Bidirectional, re-quires ±12V, Kit (P/N 232A) $9.95.RS-232/20mA INTERFACE Bidirectional, 2passive opto-isolated circuits, Kit (P/N 7901A)$14.95.

PROM Eraser

Will erase 25 PROMs in 15 minutes. Ultraviolet,assembled. 25 PROM capacity $37.50 (withtimer $69.50). 6 PROM capacity OSHA/UL ver-sion $83.00 (with timer $119.00).

Z80 MicroProfessor $135.00

Single board computer. Learning, teaching, pro-totyping. 2K RAM, keyboard, displays; cassetteinterlace. Tiny BASIC $19.00. All fullyassembled.

4116 200ns Dynamic RAM 8/S1Q.00

MONTHLY SPECIALS

2114

2114L3

2764

Z80DMA

H.PD765

LM317K

8/S13.958/S14.95$14.50$ 9.95$34.95$ 1.50

2732-2

4164-150

1771

1791

1793

2532

$10.95

6.75

15.95

24.95

26.95

6.50

Z80 Microcomputer Kit $69.00

16 bit I/O, 2 MHz clock, 2K RAM, ROM Bread-board space. Excellent for control. Bare Board$28.50. Full Kit $79.00. Monitor $20.00. PowerSupply Kit $35.00. Tiny Basic $30.00.

Modem Kit $60.00

State of the art, orig., answer. No tuning neces-sary. 103 compatible 300 baud. Inexpensiveacoustic coupler plans included. Bd. only$17.00. Article in June, July, Aug. RadioElectronics, 1981.

60 Hz Crystal Time Base Kit $4.40

Converts digital clocks from AC line frequency tocrystal time base. Outstanding accuracy.

Video Modulator Kit $9.95

Convert TV set into a high quality monitor w/oaffecting usage. Comp. kit w/full instruc.

Multi-volt Computer Power Supply

8v 5 amp. ±18v .5 amp, 5v 1.5 amp, -5v.5 amp, 12v .5 amp, -12v option. ±5v. ±12vare regulated. Basic Kit $35.95. Kit with chassisand all hardware $51.95. Add S5 00 shipping. Kitof hardware $16.00. Woodgrain case $10.00.$1.50 shipping.

Type-N-Talk by Votrax

Text to speech synthesizer with unlimited vo-cabulary, built-in text to speech algorithm, 70to 100 bits per second speech synthesizer,RS232C interface $275.00. Speech IC $59.00.

INTRODUCING A BRAND NEW MICROCOMPUTER

VENTURE is a singleboard computer that is anadventure forthe hobbyist.It is a learning, trainingcomputer as well as justplain fun for anyone whowants to get into a state-of-the-art computer at rea-sonable cost.

VENTURE comes in kitform or fully assembled andtested. You can get it in itsminimum configuration for as little as $195.00or take it all the way to floppy disks and voice,tt can be expanded as a kit or fully assembled,at your own pace and choice.

VENTURE is a 16" by 20" main board withseparate ASCII and HEX keyboards. It runs fast,almost 4 MHz, and has the capability of putting1.5 megabyte of RAM and ROM on the boardalong with a variety of inexpensive options.

A 16-channel analog-to-digital converter al-lows use of joysticks, control functions, in-strumentation, temperature sensing, etc. T1sound generator, software controlled music,Votrax voice synthesizer and real time clockcalendar add to its versatility.

VENTURE connects directly to a monitor orto your TV set through an RF modulator. Andnow for the heart of VENTURE... its video dis-play. VENTURE has a high resolution program-mable video display with up to 16,384 user-defined characters, alphanumeric symbols,special graphics or objects, such as space ships,etc. Each character is 8 pixels wide by 16 pixelshigh, with 2 grayscale maps; it has 256 levelsof grayscale plus video invert/compliment andhidden screen update for a "snow" free dis-play. The display is 512x512 pixel mapped with2 planes of video RAM per display, VENTUREvideo is in short.. .astounding!

VENTURE has complete software supportwith full BASIC, 3 ROM monitors, disassem-bler/assembler/editor. It will run real-time videogames, all RCA chip 8 programs and all current

W&nfurt*

Quest 1802 software. VENTURE DOS will accommodale up to four 5V<" doubledensity floppies. A com-plete 1802 programmingbook is available. All ver-sions of VENTURE areshipped with a set of man-uals written to be under-stood by the inexperiencedas well as experienced user.A standard 60-pin buswith 5 slots, parallel ports and 2 serial portswith full handshaking (75 to 9600 BAUD) allowexpansion into floppy disks, color, EPROMprogrammer, printer, model of your choice.Later expansion will add a light pen, a universaluser programmable music sound board, Gen-eral Purpose Instrument Bus, and a high reso-lution color/grayscale pixel mapped video board.On-Board Options

16 channel A to D; 5 slot 60 pin bus, 2 serialports, parallel ports, 4 video options incl. color,48K RAM, Votrax voice synthesizer, soundgenerator, EPROM, full BASIC, disassemblereditor, assembler, metal cabinet, additionalpower supply, ASCII keyboard real time clockcalendar.Expansion Options

Floppy disk, EPROM programmer, light pen,universal user programmable music, soundboard high resolution color/grayscale pixelmapped video board. General Purpose Instru-ment Bus, 8088 co-processor board.Minimum VENTURE System $195.00Kit includes CPU and control with 4K of RAM.1K of scratchpad, 2K monitor, 1861 videographics, cassette interface and separate HEXkeyboard with LED displays for address andoutput. Power supply is included along with 2game cassettes. The main board is 16" x 20"and includes space for all of the previouslydiscussed on-board options. Full on-board ex-pansion can be completed for under $1000.00.Call for further details, option prices, etc.

RCA Cosmac 1802 Super Elf Computer $106.95

The Super Elf is a tremendous value as it combinesvideo, digital displays, LED displays, and music,all on a single board for $106.95.The Super Elf expansion capability is virtually un-limited and you can do it inexpensively one step ata time. Expansion includes casstte interface, addi-tional memory, color video, Basic. ASCII key-board, printer, floppy, S-100 bus, RS232, etc.The Super Elf comes complete with power supplyand detailed 127 page instruction manual whichincludes over 40 pages of software, including aseries of lessons to help get you started and amusic program and graphics target game. Manyschools and universities are using the Super Elf asa course of study. OEM's use it for training and

R&D. A monthly newsletter. Questdata is devoted

exclusively to software for the Super Elf and there

are many software books available at low cost.

The Super Elf computer system is now available as

a series of bare boards as well as full kits and

assembled.

Bare Boards: Super Ell $35.00. Super Expansion

$35.00. Power Supply $10.00. S-100 Color

$35.00. Dynamic RAM 540.00. Manuals $10.00.

Super Basic $45.00.

"Eat & Run" cassette $14.95

Free 14 Page Brochure

Send or call for a free brochure on alldetails and pricing of the Super Elf and itsexpansion. We will get it right out to you!

Voltage Mate $18.50

S1.25 shipping. Switching regulator kit withadjustable AC/DC voltage conversion. 3 modesof operation; step up. step down, inversion.Jumper selectable modes of operation. Inputvoltage 5-15 VDC output voltage -24 to +30VDC. current draw 30-250 ma.

UHF Preamplifier Kit $34.95

$2.00 shipping. Improves uhf reception dra-matically, 25 db gain assem. version $57.50.Articles Radio Elect. Mar, May, 1981.

Fluke Multimeters

D800 $125.—D802 $189—D804 $249.

Rockwell AIM 65 Computer

6502 based single board with full ASCII key-board and 200 column thermal printer 20 char,alphanumeric display ROM monitor; fully ex-pandable $445.00. 4K version $454.00. 4KAssembler $35.00, 8K Basic Interpreter $65.00.

Special small power supply 5V 2A 24V 5Aassem. in frame $59.00. Molded plastic enclo-sure to fit both AIM 65 and power supply$52.50. AIM 65 1K in cabinet with power sup-ply, switch, fuse, cord assem. $571.00. 4K$586.00. A65/40-5000 AIM 65/40 W/16K RAMand monitor $1295.00. RAM Board Kit (16K,$195) (32K, $215) VD640 Video Interface Kit$119.00. A&T $149.00. Complete AIM 65 inthin briefcase'with power supply $532.00.Special Package Price: 4K AIM, 8K Basic, powersupply, cabinet $615.00.

AIM 65/KIM/SYM/Super Elf 44 pin expan-sion board; board with 3 connectors $22.95.'Send lor complete list ol all AIM products.

Elf II Adapter Kit $24.95

Plugs into Elf II providing Super Elf 44 and 50 pinplus S-100 bus expansion. (With Super Ex-pansion). High and low address displays, stateand mode LED s optional $18.00.

Super Color S-100 Video Kit $99.00

Expandable to 256 x 192 high resolution colorgraphics. 6847 with all display modes computercontrolled. Memory mapped. 1K RAM expand-able to 6K. S-100 bus 1802. 8080, 8085, Z80,etc. Dealers: Send for excellent pricing/marginprogram.

TERMS: $5.00 min. order U.S. Funds. Calif, residents add 6% tax. Prices

$10.00 min. VISA and MasterCard accepted. $1.00 insurance optional. subjectShipping: Add 5%; orders under $25.00—10%. to change

FREE: Send for your copy of our 1982QUEST CATALOG. Include 88c stamp.

Circle 357 on inquiry card.

BYTE February 1983 485

Verbatim®Diskettes

Top-quality Verbatim® Diskettesfrom Tech«Data, your completeword and data processing supplycenter. Dealer inquiries invited.

Call Toll Free *1-800-237-8931.In Florida, call

813-577-2794.

s.

Tech*Data Corporation

3251 Tech Drive NorthSt. Petersburg, FL 33702

NEW! M-MOOO

SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER

I KM

FEATUUSi

I6bilMoHnol»M000CPl op*r»Cui|A lOMHi, :0k bri« of on board ful slant K V M.1*K brln olon bo*rd EPROM ip*«, 7 Itvtlt of prloritlcd *utov« I ortd interrupt*.2 trttmorj tipanuon buin (up to 256KJ. 2 tcrial coRimunicalion porM (RS-2JJ.CKI h-bii bidirectional pirtlkl port. 8«W ptriphtril accomodation bin. St la-bit courtltr/timer, with vectored interrupt*, on board rtal time clock, toflwarc compatible wllhMotorola MEXUKDM board.

nucKt

Bart board wilh documentation JW.95

MEXUKDM compatible monitor In 27M EPROM't 1I1*.M

MaSMM CPU A memory map PROM SII5.00

Shlppintand handllnt (Domntic) UM

(Forei(n) SI5.M

lat^^kaaff Cat "*""*"'

M2*&m9 IS.™"'" 714-553-0133

6800 Micro Modules

FOR INTERFACING TO: sensors,transducers, analog signals, sole-noids, relays, lamps, pumps, ACmotors, DC motors, stepper motors,keyboards, displays,488 GPIB.

ADDITIONAL FEATURES: 6800 MPU,counter/timer,fail sate battery back up

WINTKK

Circle 404 on Inquiry card.

Circle 162 on Inquiry card.

Circle 438 on inquiry card.

STOP

Wasting Money! We Have the World's MostCost Effective Development System.

m

• Includes Hexkit 1.0, a powerful100% machine code editor/debugger utility program thatmakes coding for &-bit Micros asnap.

• Program from CommodoreVIO20 keyboard Into built-in4K ROM emulator

• Jumper to target ROM socket

• Test programs In circuit

• Built-in EPROM programmerand power supply

• Burns & runs EPROMS forthe Commodore VIC-20, too

• Comprehensive manuals

• Fits EXPANSION PORT

PROMQUEEN CARTRIDGE ONLY $199

Send for Free Brochure

Gloucester Computer Bus Co.

6 Brooks Rd., Gloucester, MA 01930617-283-7719

VISA AND MASTERCARD ACCEPTED

OX commodore approved product

THE SORT II«

General Sort and Merge UtilityCreated exclusively (or (he IBM Personal Computer

THE SORT SORTS:

• BASIC. PASCAL, FORTRANCOBOL and MaitMerge files

• sequential,random files

• records organized by items and lines

• for all common data types (string-text,integer, real, double precision)

• for ull common data types (sti ing-text,integer, real, double precision)

• external and internal datarepresentations

• interactive parameter preparation

• record selection

Requires 46 K and one disk drive

Also OMS SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT SERIES

A PASCAL SCREEN UNIT Access screen and

keyboard from Pascal program ■ $40

B PASCAL DOUBLE PRECISION ARITHMETICPACKAGE Increase your Pascalinteger arithmetic precision to 32 bits! $40

C UTILITY PACKAGE converts video modes,

opens communication lines, speeds up1/0, Sets Epson and NEC tabs $25

'Registered trademark of IBM.

Send order with check/money order to

ORGANIZATIONAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS, INC.

3 Chickory Court, Glen Arm, Md. 21057

(301)668-9011

MD residents include 5% sales tax

Get more out of your

Apple with the MICRO

on the Apple Series

Vols. 1,2, & 3 $24.95 ea.

+ $2.00 shipping each volumeEach book includes morethan 30 programs —

ail on DISKETTE

Machine Language AidsI/O EnhancementsRuntime UtilitiesGraphics & GamesHardware & ReferenceInformation

To order toll free:

1-800-345-8112n PA 1-800-662-2444MICRO INK, Inc.P.O. Box 6502Chelmsford, MA 01824

Circle 187 on Inquiry card.

Circle 311 on inquiry card.

Circle 257 on Inquiry card.

WIREMASTER

Whip your wire wrapand PC layoutproblems withWIREMASTER

WIREMASTER is a software tool for design,layout, and assembly of hardware. Yourschematic is fed to WIREMASTER, whichproduces network maps, cross-references,wire and parts lists, and debug checklists.CHANGEMASTER keeps track of fixes andupdates. PLOTBOARD and PRINTBOARDgive pictures of the layout. Post-processorsfor wirewrap machines available. Runs on8 and 16 bit CP/M, CDOS, and MSDOS. $200.

AFTERTHOUGHT ENGINEERING 7266 Court-ney Dr., San Diego, CA 92111, (714) 279-2868.

Circle 13 on inquiry card.

S-lOO Single BoardWINCHESTER

"EASY DISK CONTROLLER"

• Works with any S-100 CPU + 1EE 696

• Supports 5'/4". 8" and 14" DrivesST-506. SA-1000. SA-4000 Interfaces

• Record Accessible 1-K sector bufferfrees host memory, matches DMA speed

• On-board microprocessor - auto seeks,simple, very small software driver

• Dealers and Distributors invitedAssembled and tested with formatter/testprogram and operating system drivers.VISA. MasterCard - specify drive - $545.

Monitor Dynamics, Inc.

1121 West Ninth St. • Upland. CA 91786

(714) 985-7214

Dysan

Solve your dW problem*, buy 100% surfacetoted Duun dbkettn. AD order. .Tuppedfrom utock, wWun 24 hour* Call toll PRE*(BOO) 235-4137 for price, and ■■Vnmunon.

VW* and Matter Card accepted.

PACIFICEXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd.San Luis Obispo. CA93401 (In Cal cal(805)543-1037

Circle 286 on inquiry card.

SBC-880 S-100 IEEE STAND ALONE

SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER

USES Z-80A (2 or 4MHz)

FEATURES: RS232 Serial I/O Port • Parallel Ports for Centronicsor Gen Purpose Printer • Three 16 bit Programmable Timers, oneused for baud rate • EPROM Circuitry for 2708, 2716, or 61 16 (2KRAM) • 1 K On Board RAM Circuitry locatable on 1 K boundries• Power On EPROM Jump Circuitry • Phantom EPROM Circuitry

Kit

$240

AST

$265

FDC-t S-100 IEEE 696

FLOPPY DISCCONTROLLER

USES WD1795-02

FEATURES: State of the art digital separator • Drives can be any ANSI 5'A or 8 drive• Drive Size, Step Rates, Formats can be intermixed without changing software • RunsSD, DD, SS and DS Formats • Digital Prewrite Compensation.

Assembled and Tested $295.00 Kit

. $265.00

S-100 IEEE

REAL TIMECLOCK CALENDAR

GIVE YOUR COMPUTER THE

Hour-Min.-Sec.-Day-Month-YearFEATURES: Date provided as Day, Month, Year with Leap Year register bit • Time pro-vided as 1 2 or 24 hour program selectable format, hours, minutes and seconds • Timeand Date settable by program control • Plus or Minus 30 second time adjustment • 4Time Interupts available—1 hour, 1 minute, 1 second and 1040Hz (approx. 1 millisecond)• Crystal Controlled time reference • On board Rechargable Data Sentry Battery

Assembled and Tested $139.00 Kit $115.00

* SPECIAL *

APPLE II COMPATIBLEFLOPPY DISC CONTROLLER

DIRECTLY DRIVES

ANY ANSI, SHUGART~1 __: ORTANDONJ DISK DRIVES

Frees you from Apple disc drives and Apple look alike drives.

FEATURES: Compatible with CP/M, PASCAL and Apple DOS 3,3 • Dn<='andard Shugart compatible 5'A drive • Reads 1 3 or 1 6 Sector Discs, hard- 7 Cards can be used to drive 14 Disc Drives (two drives each card)

Controller

Tandon, D/D TM100-1

$90.95$225.00

APPLE II COMPATIBLE ASCII

FULLKEYBOARD

FEATURES: N-Key Rollover Function • Shift lock. Underscore and (]/ • High Flexibilityfor Modification or Expansion • Plug-m Compatible with Apple II • Compact size, mountsin Apple II Case • Full Typewriter Keyboard with TTL level ASCII outputs • On-OffIndications • Low Power ConsumptionAssembled and Tested $99.00

S-100 IEEE 696 CARD CAGES AND MOTHER BOARDS

*Ground Sheilding Network prevents cross talk

*LED Power Indicator

* Easy Access to Power and Reset Lines

"*- Available in 6, 8, and 12 slot cages

Bare Board

6 Slot

8 Slot

12 Slot

$20.00

$25.00

$35.00

Kit

40.00

55.00

80.00

Assembled & Tested

55.00

80.00

11 5.00

A&T and in Card Cage

80.00

11 5.00

1 55.00

SUNTRONICS PROTOTYPE BOARDS

m ■

3 •

1

APPLE Prototype Board. Double sided glass with goldplated Apple and General Purpose terminals. Con-tains matrix of 1 7 x63 solder plated donuts on . 1 5" x.1"spacing. Great for 14, 16, 24 pin ICs.SUN-722 $13.75

S-100 Prototype Board. Double sided glass withgold plated, numbered S-100 terminals. Matrix of25 x 78 solder piated donuts on .15 x .1 spacing.Locations for headers and regulators. Great for 14, 16,24 pin IC s.SUN-721 $17.85

General Purpose Experimental Prototype Boards

(Solder Plated w/Double Sided Terminals on .156" Centers)

15/30 pin, 3Vb x 4/2 board w/.T x.2" hole spacing andpower strip run every 1.2 . Allows 6x7 8pin ICs or 2x324pin IC s

SUN IC-S $1.65

22/44 pin, 4'A x QVe board w/.1 hole spacing. Contains 4rows of 67 pins with power strips between rows. Patternof 4 columns of 67 pins. Takes all sizes of IC s.

SUN U-75 $3.25

22/44 pin, 4^8 x 7 board w/.1" x .2 hole spacing andpower strips every 1.2". Allows 10x10 8pin IC s or 3x724pin ICs.

SUN IC-L $3.95

Dealer Inquires Invited

EPROM's, RAM's, CPU, and MISC

273225322764

1-7

4.75

7.65

16.95

8 up 50 up

4.40

5.95

14.50

CALLCALLCALL

6116P-3(150nS)2114L-2(200nS)4164 (150nS)Z-80A CPU

1-7

6.10

8 up

5.751.62CALL

16K RAM Expansion Kit For TRS-80 Model

CALL5.29III $11.00/8

50 up

CALLCALLCALL

9" 18Mhz BANDWIDTH

Black and WhiteGreen

Black and White $11 7.00

Green 121.00

Orange 125.00 Orange

Add $7.50 Shipping and Handling for this itemDealer Inquires Invited

SAMWOO

MONITORS

Features: Composite Video Input/Output • Switchable Input Impedance75 or 10K ohm • 750 Line Resolu-tion at Center and 500 Lines at Corners• Dimensions are 1 2.1 3 x1 1.34"x11.65forthe12'modeland8.66x-8.54 x9.05 for the 9 model

12" 12MHz BANDWIDTH$127.00

130.00134.00

SUNTRONICS CO., inc.

12621 Crenshaw Blvd., Hawthorne. CA 90250

STORE HOURS: MON.-FRI. 9:00am to 6:30pm

SATURDAY 1 0:00am to 5:OOpm

CALIFORNIA OUTSIDE CALIFORNIA TOLL FREE

213-644-1149 1-800-421-5775

(for Tech Info and Calif, orders) (Order Desk Only)

Mailorder—Minimum Order: $10. Send Money Order or Check to: P.O. BOX 1957—

Dept. B. HAWTHORNE. CA 90250. VISA or Mastercard (please include expiration

date). Add $2.00 postage and handling to order. CA residents add 6% sales tax,

Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer Inc.

Circle 397 on inquiry card.

BYTE February 1983 487

Maxell Floppy Disks

The Mini-Diskswith maximum quality.

Dealer inquiriesinvited. CO.D'saccepted. CallFREE (800) 235-4137.

%

PACIFIC EXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd.. San LuisSan Luis Obispo. CA 93401In Catcall (800) 592-5935 or

(805)543-1037

- w w Forthe

^jK'ir IBM PC and•iZBfS/CP/M-86.

V.kySOST CHIP $223

APPLICATIONS

FFTs $75

MATRIXPAK $75

87/88 GUIDE VOLUME I . . .$19.95

LANGUAGE SUPPORT

87MACRCT $150

87BASIC" $150

87PASCAL"' $150

87FORTRAN" $150

IBM Personal Computer s a registered trademark

or IBM Core CP'M-86 is b trademark ot 0'gitai Re- ^Hl-

search, inc 8087 s a traflemark Of Intel Core ajj '**■

87'88GUIDE. B7MACRO 87BASIC 87PASCAL

87FORTBAN ana MicroWare are trademarks Or

MicroWare Inc

MicrolAlare

PO Box 79Kingston, MA02364(617) 746-7341

MEDICALSOFTWARE

MediSoft specializes in non-accountingsoftware applications for the medical pro-fessional, pharmacy, hospital andteaching institution. Emphasis is onliterature retrieval, drug information, pa-tient data processing, diagnostics andbiosimulation. We are currentlymarketing and developing software inthese areas. If you are a programdesigner with medical interests or amedical professional with programminginterests, contact us for a prospectus onour future and yours.

MediSoft

Medical Professions Building1595 Soquel Drive, Suite 350Santa Cruz, CA 95065(408) 476-7861

Circle 318 on inquiry card.

Circle 278 on Inquiry card.

Circle 250 on inquiry card.

price or quality?

Get both. . .

with a MICRO CONNECTION,the quality, direct connect, Bell103 modem. Independentreviewer writes, "When thegoing gets rough, if a MICRO-CONNECTION can't make it,then nothing will. In the areaof sensitivity and noise elimina-tion, it will perform as good orbetter than my $995" modem.An excellent value for $ 159.Autodial/Autoanswer for S199.

the microperipheral corporation

2643" 151st Place N.E.,Redmond, WA 98052(206)881-7544

NOW MAKE SOLID

CONNECTIONS....

Male or Female

RS 232 GENDER REVERSERS

$19.95 eachpostpaid

American Made

Order either two male ortwo female connectors with all 25 pinsinterconnected. Both GenderReversers just $34.95 post-paid. Purchase Orders fromrated firms accepted. Get freeillustrated catalog of interfaceand monitoring equipment.

electronics

Circle 273 on Inquiry card.

P.O. Box 475-B • Mendota, IL 61342

Phone (815) 539-5827

Circle 43 on Inquiry card.

Scotch'

DISKETTES

SAVE 40% £$££!:

5U i i Specify toft. Price.'10/4 10 or 16 wetor :_

#744D 1 slde/sgl/dbl dans $26.70

#745 2 sides/dbl dens 38.40

#746 1 side/77 track 33.80

#747 2 sldes/77 track 45.50

8i § Specify softor 32 sector

#740 1 side/sgl dens 27.30

#741 1 slds/dbl dens 35.80

#743 2 sldes/dbl dens 43.60

CHECKS - VISA - MC - C.O.D.(313) 7717180 ADD $2 SHIPPING

LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS

27204 Harper Ave.

St. Clair Shores, Ml 48081

Authorized Distributorinformation Processing Products

Circle 236 on Inquiry card.

LOOK TO THE FUTURE...

EPROM-32

The only EPROM programmer you need!

• IEEE-696 (S-100) EPROM programmer for single supply(+5V)EPROMs.

• Programs current IK through 16K (byte) EPROMs plus future32KEPR0MS

• EPROM can be verified through a port or located in memoryspace for verification and use.

• Personality Modules adapt board to different EPROM types:PM-1 -2508, 2758 PM-3-2732, 2732A PM-6- 68764

2516,2716 PM-4-2564 PM-7-2528

PM-2-2532 PM-5-2764 PM-8-27128

• Single zero-insertion-pressure socket accommodates both 24-pin and 28-pin EPROM packages.

• On-board DC-to-DC converter with adjustable regulator for pro-gramming voltage.

• Double-sided PC board with solder masks, silkscreen andgold-plated contact fingers.

■ 8080/Z80 control software includes commands for program-ming, verification, disk I/O and editing.

• Comprehensive user's manual contains source listing of con-trol software.

MUroOynam.es

$269.95

''assembled & tested]

Corporation Pnce includes EPROM-32, documen-

Pfl Rn* 17S77 ,ation antt tw° Personality Modules

MpmnhiqTNTft 17 (specify). AddiIional Modules-$7.95.

vJJKn %'A J..r\ Control software on 8 inch single densi-

(901)-755-0619 ty CP/M-compatible diskette-$9.95.

MasterCard & Visa

TN residents add 6% sales tax.

TM

PC/FORTH

Complete FORTH program development systemsfor the IBM® Personal Computer. Packagesinclude interpreter/compiler with virtual memorymanagement, line editor, custom screen editor,assembler, decompiler, utilities, file and recordaccess modules, and many demonstration pro-grams. 150 page user manual $100.00

Software floating point, Intel 8087 support, colorgraphics extensions, and target compiler avail-able at additional cost.

Specify PC-DOS or CP/M-86®. One disk driveand 48 kbytes RAM required. Software suppliedon 5V* inch single sided soft sectored doubledensity diskettes.

Laboratory Microsystems

4147 BMthovsn StaMtLot Angeles. CA 90066

(213) 306-7412

13«©™

Check with us before you orderFORTH from any other dis-tributor. UNIFORTH is avail-able for most Z-80, 8086/8088,LSI/PDP-11, 68000 or 16032computers, either stand-alone oras a task under an operatingsystem. UNIFORTH adheres tothe FORTH 79 standard, andincludes a video editor, floatingpoint routines, and an assembler.We offer a solid, professionalsystem with extensive documen-tation and option packages.Prices: $60 (basic) to $300(multi-user).

Requires 8" floppies.

Unified Software Systems

P.O. Box 2644

New Carrollton, Md 20784

(301)552-1295

Circle 271 on Inquiry card.

Circle 227 on Inquiry card.

Circle 423 on inquiry card.

DECADES OF SERVI

Washington Computer Services

97 Spring StreetNew York, New York 10012TO ORDER: CALL OUR TOLL-FREE NUMBER: (800)221-5416In N.Y. State and for technical information: (212) 226-2121

HOURS: 9 AM-5:30 PM (EST) Monday-Friday

anaffiliateof «gg^g£JS5» est1912

CUSTOM COMPUTER ROOM WIRING SINCE 1960

TELEX: 12-5606 CABLE: WASHC0MP NYK

FULLY CONFIGURED BUSINESS SYSTEMS

The following are some examples of the fully assembled and tested business andscientific computer systems which we offer:

The Premier Multi-User Computer System CALL

18000 SX, multi-user, multi-processor, turbo DOS FOR

~r~aTon!l CPM 2.2. FULL 2 YEAR WARRANTY! CONFIGURATION

5000IS, S-100 desk top mainframe

On-Site Service Contracts Available

MICKODECISION from below $1200

8088/8055-Runs both 8 & 16 bit software. Green or high res.color. CP/M, MS-DOSfM-ix* APC-8086, 16 bit, 128K, 8" DRIVES, 1024x1024 Color Graphic,fyfc^ 32 bit F.P. Proa, MS DOS, CP/M 86 from $3295

PC-8800 Personal Computer

The Professional's Work StationNEC on N.Y.S. Contract #P-07220

68000 16 bit multi-user, S-100. UNIX V. 7

■i

ITERGroup[

CaliforniaComputerSystems

8086 16 bit, 128K RAM, S-100. Syst. #2

$CALL

$3499

DDQ(J(15DB^ysteDDDS

XEROX.

NorthStar^

MORROW

ALTOS

8 & 16 BIT BOARDS& SYSTEMS

SCION MicroAngelo Hi Res Graphics Systems SCALL

Similar savings on SSM, DELTA, DYNABYTE, TELEVIDEO, DIGIAC, ADDS, DEC.DATA GEN., ATARI, TECMAR AND MANY OTHERS

Where Do You Turn To Solve Your Computer Puzzle?

TURN TO US!

We'll show you

the easiest way

to put the

pieces together.

Matched, Compatible, Proven-Use Someone Else's Engineering to Supplement Yours.SOFTWARE

Over 2000 business, scientific, professional applications & educational packages areavailable. Call with your requirements for our advice or a quotation.

8" DISK DRIVE SALE NOW!

8"SHUGARTSA801R $385 8"SHUGARTSA851R $540 2for$1025

QUME DATATRACK 8 or MITSUBISHI $550 2 for $1050

Enclosure, power supply for 2 8" drives A & T $350

MORROW DISCUS 2D + CP/M® MICROSOFT BASIC, CONT. $950

VISTA SCALL

HARD DISK SPECIALS

CORVUSTERMINALS

MORROW

Els5p£

PRINTERS

Teletype 40. 300 LPM-typerwriter quality, RS-232interface. This quality printer is available in manyconfigurations including forms access, quietized case, etc.

^M7

from Only$3200

TELETYPETELEVIDEOLEAR SIEGLER

PMMI MODEM

ADDS

ANN ARBORVISUAL

Teletype 43

ANADEX DIABLO

CENTRONICS EPSON

C. ITOH FACIT

DATA PRODUCTS OKIDATA

DIGITAL EQUIP. CORP. OLIVETTI

INTERGRAL DATA SYS. QANTEX

from $995MANNESMANN TALLYNEC AMERICAQUME

SMITH CORONATELETYPETEXAS INSTRUMENTS

AMPEX Dialogue 81™

Interactive Terminal

^—| •Full cursor control^F^^M «Full editing keysIH^^B J'Full visual attributesI^^^^SfJlf2 pages (4 pageoptional)• Printer port•Black & White, Green, orAmber screen

$795

XCOMP

$359

IBM 1301

DIGITAL EQUIP. CORP.

HAZELTINE

BACK TO SCHOOL SPECIAL!ZENITH ZT-1

Built-in Auto DialModem Terminal

DEC VT-52 Compatible;96 ASCII+33graphics cursorcontrol keys. Editing $CCQfunctions. Many other DDv7functions.

PLEASE!

Do not confuse us with mail order dealers. We are afull service distributor serving the data processing &

installation needs of business & industry from micros to mainframes.

System houses, Educational institutions & governmental agencies given

special consideration. Leasing available.

N.Y. State agencies, municipali-ties, and schools — call us forinformation on our O.G.S. termcontracts on hardwares software.

DEALER and INTERNATIONAL INQUIRIES WELCOME

For fast delivery, send certified check, money order or call to arrange direct bank wire transfer. Personal or company checks require two to three weeks toclear. Prices subject to change without notice: call for latest prices. Prices include 3% cash discount. N.Y. residents add sales tax. Qantex is a trademark ofNorth Atlantic Industries, Inc. CP/M® is a trademark of Digital Research. All sales subject to our standard sale conditions (available on request). Call forshipping charges. Above prices do not include customization or installation.Circle 433 on inquiry card. BYTE Febmary 1983 489

SUP€R I/O

low Cost I/O €xponsion 8oord

Build and interlace projects in minutes.Use with any Z80'» processor. Usesample In/Out instructions Nocomplicated controllers to init. jFeatures I/O or memory map•32 byte wide channels.•16 Input/16 Output♦256 bits of I/O. OptionstorTRS^SINCLAIR* andZ80*socket inter- .face cables.

"Trademarks

INTERFACERelays, lamps,breadboard proj-ects, uarts, modems.P leds, motors, voiceI projects, emulate com-P puter buses, roboticsprojects, real time con-trol, communication inter-faces. . .limited only by yourimagination.

WIN/MILL Research, Inc.

INNOVHT1V6 PRODUCTS FOR INNOVHTIV€ P€OPL€

453 Cramplon Avenuei ORDER PHONE (only) <702) 329-0441Reno, Nevada 89502 I For priority info, send SASE.

Improve the EPSON ?

Sure, with

Auto On-Line*

Forget to turn the EPSON back on-1ine? Auto On-Line remembers.

Does the remote printer hang upbecause people leave it off-line?If someone leaves it off-line formore than 20 seconds, Auto On-Line turns It back on-1ineautomatically. No more hang-ups.

Assembled,plug Inprinter.

tested and ready to:o any MX80 series

Send check or money-order $19.95(Postage and Handling INCLUDED,Conn. res. add 7 1/2% tax.)Dealer inquiries welcome.

KRtR Associates

6-Water-bury Rd,North Haven,CT 06*»73

ra] SAVE$$$

IBM®-PC USERSBuy RAM Card/Serial Portdirect from the manufacturerCOMPARE OUR PRICES

RAM Cart 64K populated, expandable to 512K $239

RAM Card 128K populated, expandable to 512K $319

RAM Card 256K populated, expandable to 512K $479

RAM Card 512K populated, expandable to 512K $799

Above each RAM Card with Serial Port, add $80

Expansion Kit 64KB(tested), only $70

LOOK AT THESE FEATURES!

• Multilayer Board for Low Noise.

• Socketed for Easy Upgrade to 512K memory.■ One Year Warranty

• Parity Generate/Check - Error Detecting Capability

• Fully compatible with IBM-PC Software 8. Hardware Specs

• Easy to Follow Instructions Included

• Serial Port may be Configured as C0M1 or COM2

• Address Flexibility - Each 64K Block is Addtess Selectablefor any Base Address.

Dealers inquiries welcome • Add $5 lor Shipping • Calilornia Resi-dent, Add 6% Sales Tax.Call or Send Check/Money Order to:

MK Research

14682 Orange Acres • Irvine, California 92714 Telephone: (714)559-1598

Circle 437 on Inquiry card.

Circle 224 on Inquiry card.

Circle 284 on inquiry card.

TAXMAN-83

An Interactive TAX MANagement Program for

VisiCalc™& Super Calc™ Users

TAXMAM3 provides you with the capability to easily calculate your 1982

taxes by using the already proven VisiCalc and SuperCalc™ electronic

spreadsheets.

TAXMAN-J3 prepares and prints 1982 individual income lax returns.TAXMAN43conskJers all tax alternatives, computes the lowest tax possible,tests reasonableness and tells you which forms are necessary for Sling.TAXMAN-83 includes the following forms/schedules: Federal 1940:Schedules A, B, C, D, E, F, G, R, RP, SE, ES, U, W; Forms 1116.2106,2119,2210,2440,2441,3468,3903,4136,4137,4255,4562,4563,4625,4684,4797,4798,4835.4952,4970,4972,5329,5544,5695,5884,6249,6251.6252,6478,6765,6781; Tax schedules X, YS, YJ, Z; Tax tables;Sales tax tables for all stales

TAXMAN-83 is now available for most microcomputers utilizingVisiCalc™ or SuperCalc™.

PRICED AT ONLY

$95.00

Call: 1-205-533-7590

ATSUKO

COMPUTING

INTERNATIONAL

303 Williams Avenue. Huntsville, AL 35801

NEW PRODUCT!

CP/M Z80-ASINGLE BOARD COMPUTER

• On board video • Wide line and thin line graphics

• 128K of RAM • Sasi interface • Floppy disk con-troller for up to four 5-1/4 and four 8 inch drives,single/double density simultaneously • 4 serialports • Full Centronics printer port • Exponsionbus • Extended track buffer • 16K printer buffer

• DMA • Compact size (8-1/4 x 12-1/4)

$600.00

on orders placed and paid forprior to Marcn 1,1983 FOB LosAngeles, CA $700 shipping

INSIGHT ENTERPRISES. CORPORATION

373 N. Western Ave.. Suite 12,

Los Angeles, CA 90004 (213)461-3262

Dealer. OEM, International Inquiries Welco

Jf£C

PRINTER CABLES

ALSOCRT & MODEM CABLES

CUSTOM MFG. TO YOUR

SPECIFICATIONS

SEND FOR

FREE CATALOG

OR

SEND A SAMPLE

-IT WILL BE RETURNED WITHQUOTATION

-SPECIFY QUANTITIES TO BEQUOTED

SECTOR SYSTEMS CO.

PO BOX 751MARBLEHEAD, MA 01945

Circle 39 on Inquiry card.

Circle 208 on Inquiry card.

Circle 380 on Inquiry card.

The ACCOUNTER

for

Apple II, 48K, One Disk Drive

Double Entry, Menu-Driven

GENERAL LEDGER

• Cash Journal • Check Record • Revenues

• Receivables • Payables • Payroll

►- Flexible, simple to apply

>- Sort, test, view, audit

*- Current financial statement

► User-error recovery

+■ Formatted printout

►- 60-page manual

>■ Many more features

GREAT FOR NON-ACCOUNTANTS

Limited-time special $89.00

Add $5.79 tax in California

Money-back guarantee

CYCLONE SOFTWARE

10395 Flora Vista Ave.Cupertino, CA 95014

Y.E.S., We have the best..,prices available on I.C.'s.

2114

200ns

1

SO

4116

150ns

1

35

4164 Pla.

200ns

5

50

4164 Cer.

200ns

5

70

4164 Cer.

150ns

6

00

6116P-3

150ns

4

75

6116LP-3

150ns

5

70

58725 HMOS

200ns

4

50

2716

450ns

3

40

2732

450ns

4

00

2764

250ns

9

9 5

2532

450ns

4

90

Z80A CPU,CTC

PIO

3

35

280A SIO

12

00

8255A-5

3

on

D8080A 2MHZ

3

90

Z80B CPU

10

00

*C.O.D., Master Charge and Visa

accepted.

*Ask for OEM quantity prices.

Yang Electronic Systems, Inc.

307 Compton Ave., Laurel, MD 20707

(301)776-0076

Circle 133 on Inquiry card.

Circle 461 on inquiry card.

Scotch1 Diskettes

Rely on Scotch* diskettes to keep your valu-able data safe. Dependable Scotch diskettesare tested and guaranteed error-free. The lowabrasivity saves your read/write heads.They're compatible with most diskette drives.

(800)235-4137

Dealer Inquiriesinvited

Circle 318 on inquiry card.

SPEECH SYNTHESIZERS

6502 MICROCOMPUTER

MINI VIDEO 40 X 24

81-260 "SLIM"

JBEs Speech Synthesizers use theVotrax SC-01 Phoneme Synthesizerchip. The SC-01 phonetically syn-thesizes continuous speech ofunlimited vocabulary. The SC-01 con-tains 64 different phonemes and 4levels of inflection accessed by an 8 bitcode. It requires 10 Bytes per secondfor continuous speech. Both boardshave an audio amp for direct connec-tion to an 8 ohm speaker.

Documentation includes basic userprograms, a phoneme chart and listingof coded words to help you get started.Documentation for the AppleII® Speech Synthesizer includes a diskwith text to speech program.

81-088 Apple II Speech

Synthesizer $129.95

81-120 Parallel Input Speech

Synthesizer $149.95

Prices include the SC-01 ChipSC-01 sold separately for $ 39.95

AD & DA CONVERTER

JBE A-D & DA Converter can be usedwith any system having parallel ports

• Interfaces with JBE Parallel I/O Card

• D-A Conversion time —5^s» A-D con-version time — 20ns • Uses JBE 5Vpower supply • Parallel Inputs & out-puts include 8 data bits, strobe lines &latches • Analog inputs & outputs aremedium impedance 0. to 5 volt range.

79-287Bare Board

ASSM. $79.95$39.95

SOLID STATE SWITCH

Your computer can control power toyour printer, lights, stereo & any120VAC appliances up to 720 watts (6amps at 120VAC). Input 3 to 15VDC •2-14MA TTL compatible • Isolation —1500V* Nonzero crossing* Comes in 1or 4 channel version

79-282-1Bare Board79-282-4Bare Board

ASSM. $13.95$6.95

ASSM. $49.95$24.95

6502 MPU,6522 VIA, 2716 EPROM, 2114RAM single board computer. Single 5volt power supply at 400 Ma. Two in-dependent 8 bit I/O ports with hand-shake lines. RC controlled 1 MHzclock.

Complete documentation. I/O lines use50 pin edge connector. Data and ad-dress lines are not accessible. Mod. for2532 is included. EPROM is not includ-ed. 1K RAM, 2K EPROM, 2 I/O ports.

80-153

Assm. $110.95

Z-80 MICROCOMPUTER

Z-80MPU, Z-80 PIO. 2716 EPROM, 2114RAM single board computer. Single 5volt power supply at 300 Ma. Two in-dependent 8 bit I/O ports with hand-shake lines. RC controlled 2MHz clock.

Complete documentation. I/O lines use50 pin edge connector. Data and ad-dress lines are not accessible. Mod. for2532 is included. EPROM is not includ-ed. 1K RAM, 2K EPROM, 2 I/O ports.

80-280 Assm. $129.95

This board can be used to add a videodisplay to your AIM or other computer.It can also, with the addition of aparallel keyboard, 5V power supply andvideo monitor, be used as a home com-puter. It will run Tom Ptttman's TinyBasic. The 2716 character gen. will pro-duce 256 8x8 characters, ASCII upperand lowercase and graphic characters.The 44 pin expansion connector can beused to add up to 6K of memory or extraI/O ports. Power requirements: 5 volts600 MA 3 watts.

Documentation includes schematic,parts list, connector pin outs, andsource listing for video: display andMonitor. Control character response:

H backspaceI up one lineJ linefeed

L clear screen and homeM carriage return...; U forward space non destructive

The curser is flashing underline type.

82-140A assm. W/O EPROMS $149.95

Character Gen. A7 $ 19.95

Tiny Basic + Monitor $39.95

GPIO Parallel Input $ 19.95

Bare Board with doc. $ 79-95

JBE I MICROCOMPUTER

CRT CONTROLLER

This intelligent CRT Controller uses an8085A CPU and an 8275 Integrated CRTController. It features:

• 25 lines (80 char./line)

• 5x7 dot matrix

• Upper & lower case

• Two 2716's (controller & char,generator)

• Serial interface RS232 & TTL

• Baud rates of 110, 150, 300, 6001200, 2400, 4800 and 9600

• Keyboard scanning system j

• Unencoded keyboard required

• Uses + 5V & ± 12V Power Supplies

• Does not have graphic capabilities.Documentation includes programlisting and composite video circuit.

Bare Board only (with doc) $39.95

2716 Char. Gen. A7 $19.95

2716ProgramA12 $19.95

2716 ASCII A12 $19.95

11.34 M Hz XTAL $5.00

JBE's 7.75 x 11.756502 base Microcom-puter has the capacity for 16K ofEPROM, 4K of RAM, 8 Parallel Portsand 1 Serial Port. Monitor and TinyBasic are also available. ;

Both versions include sockets for2716s or 2532s, 8 16 pin sockets for I/Ointerfacing and a DB25 connector forRS232. 'Hm

All address and data lines are broughtoff the board to the 50 pin edge connec-tor. (Similar to the Apple II bus.)

This board also features power on resetand cassette interface.

81-030C Fully

Populated81-030M Partially

Populated2716 EPROM

(with Tiny Basic)

$399.95$299.95$ 19.95

Single board large scale integrationMicrocomputer. This 4.5 x 6.5 boarduses the 6502 Microcomputer, two 6522VIA'S four 2114 RAM's, 2516. 2716 or2532 EPROM. The fully buffered 22/44pin bus is similar to the KIM*, SYM®,and AIM* expansion connector. Thefour 8 bit I/O ports connect through 16pin dip sockets. This board was design-ed for control and is ideal for Personaland OEM use.

• 6502 MPU

• Two 6522 VIA's

• Four 2114 RAM's (2K bytes)

• One EPROM 2516 or 2532

• Crystal clock 1 MHz

• Requires 5V 1AMP power

• 4.5 x 6.5 card

• Power on reset

• Fully buffered-expandable

• Solder mask-both sides

Use your Apple II Computer, JBE 6522Parallel Interface card and EPROM Pro-grammer as a development system forSLIM.

81-260A

Assm. $199.95

PHERIPHERALS FORSLIM

RAM EPROM Memory (32K)

81-330AAssm.W/OMemory $99.95

81-330B Bare Board $49.95

6 Slot Mother Board

81-320AAssembled $99.95

81-320B Bare Board $49.95

24 Hour Real Time Clock

81-350A Assembled $149.95

81-350B Bare Board $ 49.95

Analog I/O Interface

81-036A Assembled $199.95

81-036B Bare Board $ 49.95

12 Port Parallel I/O (6-6522'S)

82-036A Assembled $169.96

82-036B Bare Board $ 49.95

Tiny Basic +Monitor EPROM

$39.95

•John Bell Eivgiiveeriivg, live.

#244

ALL PRODUCTS ARE AVAILABLE FROM JOHN BELL ENGINEERING, INC. • 1014 CENTER ST., SAN CARLOS, CA 94070ADD SALES TAX IN CALIFORNIA • ADD 5% SHIPPING & HANDLING 3% FOR ORDERS OVER $100

SEND $1.00 FOR CATALOG (415)592-8411 *J* 2X?S!,r5&

WILL CALL HOURS: 9am - 4pm AUU $1't'U hUH OUU'

BYTE February 1983 491

BATTERY BACKUP 32K

CMOS RAM/EPROM

S-100 MEMORY BOARD

8 or 16 BIT DATA PATH

$199 KIT, $279 A&.T

6MHZ

phantom option

IEEE 696 (S-100) compatible

extended addressing switch selectable

bank select

EPROM can be mixed with RAM

Yang Electronic Systems, Inc.

307 Compton Avenue, Laurel, MD 20707

(301)776-0076

Circle 462 on inquiry card.

THE BURNER I/O

Has a complete EPROM programmer, two serial ports,one parallel I/O port with handshaking and memorymanagement.

Programmer feature*: • Programs 2704, 2708, 2508.2758. 2716, 2516, TMS2716. 2732. 2732A, 2764 • CP/Mcompatible software supplied in EPROM thai can beeasily written on a diskette EPROM selection is donewith software. Does not use programming modules• Programmer is totally I/O mapped • Programmingsocket is zero insertion force type • Programmingvoltages generated on board.

I/O Features: • 2 fully independent RS-232 serialports • Baud rate Generators are independentlyprogrammablefrom50to19200baud • Independentsbit output, input and status flags • 4directsenselines.Memory management features: • Controls addresslines A16-A23 • Is disabled with standard ADSB'signal.

Options: • Complete board with programmer, I/O andmemory management, $354.95 • Programmer only,$219.95 • l/Oonly,(2S ♦ P) $219.95 • Prog, and I/O.$329 95 • Memory management only $109 95Memory management may be added to programmeror I/O for $25.00. All combinations are assembled andtested, Delivery Stock Shipping: UPS surface $3 00.UPS air $5.00.

EXTENDED PROCESSING

3861 Woodcreek Lane

San Jose, Ca. 95117

(408) 249-8248

Circle 268 on inquiry card.

RS232C Computer compatiblePaper Tape Transmitter/Model 612

Stops and starts on character at all speedsuses manual control or X-on, X-off 90-260volt. 50-60 Hz power. 50-9600 baud, up to 150char/sec synchronous or asynchronous;gated internal or external clock. RS 232C,current loop or parallel output, reads 5-8 leveltape, 7-11 frames per character, even or oddparity. Desk top or rack mount.Addmaster Corporation, 415 Junipero SerraDrive, San Gabriel, CA 91776, (213) 285-1121,Telex 674770 Addmasier SGAB

NEW

APPLE II

LOW-COST PRECISIONA/D CONVERTER

• IDEAL FOR MONITORING AND CONTROL

• RESOLUTION TO ONE MILLIVOLT

• RANGE OF 1 4.864 VOLTS

• MAXIMUM CONVERSION TIME 200MS

• 4 DIFFERENTIAL ANALOG INPUTS' 4 OPTICALLY ISOLATED DIGITAL

CONTROL OUTPUTS

• EXPANDABLE TO 64 CHANNELS

• LOW POWER CONSUMPTION

• CUSTOM SENSORS ANDSYSTEMS AVAILABLE

$250 WITH FULL YEAR WARRANTY

LAWSON LABS, INC.

5700 RAIBE ROAD

COLUMBIA FALLS, MONTANA 59912

406-387-5355

Circle 228 on inquiry card.

WwWW

2716 $3"°

5V2KX8 EPROM 450ns

2732 $410

EPROM 450ns

2764 SIO40

EPROM 450ns

6116P-3 $48°

CMOS 2Kx8 static RAM

80C85 S1720

CMOS 8085 CPU. with info

Send for catalog. Quantity prices avail-able. Colorado residents add tax. Add $1shipping per order. Credit card OK.

Colorado Chips

P. O. Box 111, Frisco, CO 80443

Circle 471 on inquiry card.

$645

excluding shipping

•Portable Olivetti Typewriter

• Daisy Wheel Printer•Based on the Praxis 30

• Centronics Compatible Printer

OLIVETTI APPROVED

•Already own a Praxis?Easy to install interface available

TO ORDER - See your local dealer orsend check or money order to:

ARK Microsystems

925 Greenwood St.Ann Arbor, Ml 48104(313) 769-7253

c-S

rv

W

Scotch'

DISKETTES

3M

CallToll-Free1-800-328-DISC ior prices and infor-mation. Dealer inquiries invited.C.O.D. and charge cards accepted.All orders shipped from stock, within 24hours. Coll toll FREE

Lik4

m

North Hills Corporation

3564 Rolling View Dr.

White Bear Lake, MN 55110

1-800-328-DISC

MNCall Collect 1-612-770-0485

Circle 303 on inquiry card.

EPSON

NEW REPLACEMENT

RIBBON CARTRIDGES

MX 70-80 $ 4.75 ea.MX 100 10.75 ea.

Please add $.75 ea. handling/shipping.

LABELS

$12.00/5000

STOCK #10350-1-15/16"x31/2"x1 wide.

White—pressure sensitive—pin feed—

4V4" carrier, packed 5000 per box.Add $2.50 per box handling/shipping.

TERMS: Visa & M.C. (add 4%), check or

money order. C.O.D.'s. add $2.00, min. order

$12.00. CA residents add 6% Sales Tax.

s

Wi

1 COMPUTERSUPPLY CO.

25422 TRABUCO RD. SUITE #200EL TORO, CA. 92630 • (714) 768-0370

Circle 373 on inquiry card.

:

Printed Circuit A/B Switch

• Ideal for switching RS-232 devices

• High Quality Printed Circuit Board

• 3 25 pin D-subminiature Connectors

• 20 circuits switched

Device ADevice B

Kit & Assembly Drawing "34.95 ppd

Assembled & Wave Soldered '39.95 ppd

Visa/Master Charge (201)227-8411

PMI

16-6 Passaic AvenueFairfield. New Jersey 07006

Circle 7 on inquiry card.

Circle 31 on inquiry card.

Circle 331 on inquiry card.

wabash

for

as

low

diskettes

$1.39 each!

Now...Get High Quality at a Low Price

Wabash means quality products that you can depend on.For over 16 years, Wabash has been making high qualitycomputer products. Wabash diskettes are made to provideerror-free performance on your computer system. EveryWabash diskette is individually tested and is 100% certifiedto insure premium performance.

Why Wabash is Special

The quality of Wabash diskettes is stressed throughoutthe entire manufacturing process. After coating, all Wabashdiskettes go through a unique burnishing process thatgives each diskette a mirror-smooth appearance. Wabashthen carefully applies a lubricant that is specially form-ulated to increase diskette life. This saves you money,since your discs may last longer. It also assists your diskdrives in maintaining constant speed which can reduceread and write errors.

Special Seal...Helps Prevent Contamination

To keep out foreign particles, a unique heat seal bonds thejacket and liner together. A special thermal seal whichavoids contamination from adhesives, is then used to foldand seal the jacket. This results in outstanding perfor-mance and true reliability. Wabash then packages eachdiskette, (except bulk pack) in a super strong and tearresistant Tyvek® evelope. The final Wabash product isthen shrink-wrapped to insure cleanliness and reducecontamination during shipment.

Each Diskette is 100% Critically Tested

Since each step in the Wabash diskette manufacturingprocess is subject to strict quality control procedures, youcan be sure Wabash diskettes will perform for you. Andevery Wabash diskette meets the ultra-high standards ofANSI, ECMA, IBM and ISO in addition to the many criticalquality control tests performed by Wabash. Wabash doesall of this testing to provide you with consistently highquality diskettes. Reliability and data integrity - that'swhat Wabash quality is all about.

Flexible Disc Quantity Discounts Available

Wabash diskettes are packed 10 discs to a carton and 10cartons to a case. The economy bulk pack is packaged100 discs to a case without envelopes or labels. Pleaseorder only in increments of 100 units for quantity 100pricing. With the exception of bulk pack, we are alsowilling to accommodate your smaller orders. Quantitiesless than 100 units are available in increments of 10 unitsat a 10% surcharge. Quantity discounts are also avail-able. Order 500 or more discs at the same time and deduct1 %; 1,000 or more saves you 2%; 2,000 or more saves you3%; 5,000 or more saves you 4%; 10,000 or more savesyou 5%; 25,000 or more saves you 6%; 50,000 or moresaves you 7% and 100,000 or more discs earns you an 8%discount off our super low quantity 100 price. Almost allWabash diskettes are immediately available from CE. Ourwarehouse facilities are equipped to help us get you thequality product you need, when you need it. If you needfurther assistance to find the flexible disc that's right foryou, call the Wabash diskette compatibility hotline. Dialtoll-free 800-323-9868 and ask for your compatibilityrepresentative. In Illinois or outside the United States dial312-593-6363 between 9 AM to 4 PM Central Time.Circle 80 on Inquiry card.

Part #

CE quant.100 priceper disc (S)

F111

1.99

F111B

1.79

F31A

1.99

F131

2.49

F14A

3.19

F144

3.19

F145

3.19

F147

3.19

M11 A

1.59

M11A8

1.39

M41A

1.59

M51A

1.59

M51F

2.99

M13A

1.89

M13AB

1.69

M18A

2.79

M43A

1.89

M53A

1.89

M14A

2.79

M44A

2.79

M54A

2.79

M15A

2.69

M16A

3.79

SAVE ON WABASH DISKETTES

Product Description

8" SSSD IBM Compatible (128 B/S, 26 Sectors)

8" Same as above, but bulk pack w/o envelope

8" SSSD Shugart Compatible, 32 Hard Sector

8" SSDD IBM Compatible (128 B/S, 26 Sectors)

8" DSDD Soft Sector (Unformatted)

8" DSDD Soft Sector (256 B/S, 26 Sectors)

8" DSDD Soft Sector (512 B/S, 15 Sectors)

8" DSDD Soft Sector (1024 B/S, 8 Sectors)

5W SSSD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring

5'/4" Same as above, but bulk pack w/o envelope

51A" SSSD 10 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring

5'/." SSSD 16 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring

5'A" SSDD Lanier No-problem compatible

5V4" SSDD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring

5V4" Same as above, but bulk pack w/o envelope

5V4" SSDD Soft Sector Flippy Disk (use both sides)

5V4" SSDD 10 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring

5V4" SSDD 16 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring

5V4" DSDD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring

5V4" DSDD 10 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring

51/4" DSDD 16 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring

51/4" SSQD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring (96 TPI)

5'/4" DSQD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring (96 TPI)

SSSD = Single Sided Single Density; SSDD = Single Sided Double Density;DSDD = Double Sided Double Density; SSQD = Single Sided Quad Density;DSQD = Double Sided Quad Density; TPI = Tracks per inch.

Buy with Confidence

To get the fastest delivery from CE of your Wabash computerproducts, send or phone your order directly to our ComputerProducts Division. Be sure to calculate your price using the CEprices in this ad. Michigan residents please add 4% sales tax orsupply your tax I.D. number. Written purchase orders are accep-ted from approved government agencies and most well ratedfirms at a 30% surcharge for net 30 billing. All sales are subject toavailability, acceptance and verification. All sales are final. Prices,terms and specifications are subject tochange without notice. Allprices are in U.S. dollars. Out of stock items will be placed onbackorder automatically unless CE is instructed differently. Min-imum prepaid order $50.00. Minimum purchase order $200.00.International orders are invited with a $20.00 surcharge forspecial handling in addition to shipping charges. All shipmentsare F.O.B. Ann Arbor, Michigan. No COD's please. Non-certifiedand foreign checks require bank clearance.

For shipping charges add $8.00 per case or partial-case of100 8-inch discs or $6.00 per case or partial-case of 100 51/4-inchmini-discs for U.P.S. ground shipping and handling in the con-tinental United States.

Mail orders to: Communications Electronics, Box 1002,Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 U.S.A. If you have a MasterCardor Visa card, you may call and place a credit card order. Ordertoll-free in the U.S. Dial 800-521 -4414. If you are outside theU.S. or in Michigan, dial 313-994-4444. Order your Wabashdiskettes from Communications Electronics today.

Copyright 1982 Communications Electronics'" Ad #110582

MosterCard,

^MEMBER fff

DIRECT MAILMMHETmc »5S0CI«ri0«

Order Toil-Free! wabash800-521-4414 •■7?'-?!™

In Michigan 313-994-4444

diskettes

COMMUNICATIONSELECTRONICS"

Computer Products Division

854 Phoenix D Box 1002 □ Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 U.S.A.Call TOLL-FREE (800) 521-4414 or outside U.S.A. (313) 994-4444

BYTE February 1983 493

RanaSystems

EliteOne

$295

Elite Two

$499

EliteThree

$649

EliteController.

$ 89

popple computer

HARDWARE/$OFTWAREGARDEN OF EDEN

COMPUTERS

13147 Cedar StreetWestminster, CA 92683

714-894-9528

24 Hours — 7 Days

Ask for our newest Price List .

MICROPIE

PARALLEL INTERFACE EXPERIMENTER

SIMULATES TO ON/OFF l/D'SCONNECTS TO TTL CMOS ANOPI CHIPS (B255-(5S22-BB311SIMPLIFIES DEBUGGINGFAST SETUP • ■ -COMPACT

J

TEKSYM CORPORATION

14B04 COUNTY ROAD ISMINNEAPOLIS, MN. 55441

CONTROL DATA

DISKETTES

5 1/4" SPECFV SOFT. 10 or 16 SECTORS

PHICE'IO PRICE/50 PRICE/100

SSSO S23.00 S112.00 $215.00

SSDD . 26.00 12600 235.00

DSDD 3200 156.00 295.00

8" SPECIFY SOFT or 32 SECTORS

PRICE '10 PRICE/50

SSSD $25.00 $122.00

SSDD ._ ._ 30.O0 145.00DSD0 34.80 165.00

PRICE/lOO

$223.00

263.00

303.00

fCALL TOLL FREE - ORDERS ONLY

1 800-824-7888 ALL STATES EXCEPT CA

800-852-7777 forcaresidents[ ask FOR OPERATOR #906

CHECKS MO VISA M.C.. ADD 12.00 SHIPPING

CA RESlMNTS ADO 6% SALES TAX

fteativity

lfn.LLm.Lted

P.O. Box 3304. Saratoga. CA 95070-1304

Circle 180 on inquiry card.

Circle 406 on inquiry card.

Circle 125 on inquiry card.

T L

Relocatable

Threaded

Language

$15©

RTL is a new language which retains thespeed and extensibility of Forth but adds manyadditional advantages as a result of its morestructured dictionary. Names, code, and vari-ables are all stored in separate areas for easygeneration of headerless, romable code. Allcode is relocatable. RTL supports local vari-ables, multitasking, redirected I/O, and evenallows definitions to be changed retroactively.All source code is included. Versions are cur-rently available or under development for68000. 6809, 8080, 280, 8086, 8088, and6502.

RTL Programming Aids

/ 0844 Deerwood SELowell, Ml 49331(616) 897-5672

Circle 371 on inquiry card.

^BASF

DISKETTES

BASF Diskettes at compe-titive price. Call TOLL FREE(800) 235-4137 for prices andinformation. Visa and MasterCard accepted.

PACIFICEXCHANGES

1(10 Foothill BlvdSan Luis Obispo CA934(11 llnCal ca(805) 543-1037

Circle 318 on inquiry card.

SUPER-FAST!

Z80

DISASSEMBLER

$69.95

Uses Zilog Mnemonics, allows user definedlabels, strings, and data spaces. Source orlisting-type output with Xref to any device.Available tor Z80 CP/M or TRS-80.

SLR Systems

200 Ho me wood Drive

Butler, PA 16001

(412) 282-0864

Add $2.00 shipping. Specify format required.Check, money order, VISA, Master Card, C.O.D.PA residents add 6% sales tax. Dealer InquiriesInvited. CP/M, TRS-80 TM of Digital Research,Tandy Corp.

Circle 383 on inquiry card.

If you also buy either anupgrade or a terminal 4printer Else £3095

MORROW OE5IGNS

DECISION 1$2995

W/5 MEG HD& 5V<" SSDDCP/M

Cross-in-mail board swap maintenance program

INCLUDING MORROW SOAftC W/5 MEG HD & 5V-" DSDDTERMINAL ELSE $3545 *05JOvCall on all MORROW ProductsDecision 1 KSWlS-IOO.Z-80.65K Sialic. 1 10 6 user (Need more memory. Software

CPC also includes: Payroll. GL, AR. AP, Fined Assets, Raw & RmshedInventory, Mail List, Transcendental Pak, Loan Amortization. 6 FunctionCompound Interest, 400K of CP/M Utility Source Code, and StarTrek

Shipment trom factory with factory warranty.Professional tutoring buddy system for beginners

Compu

0fektfde6

All CompuPro cost-plusnp -fc 10% or less Shipment

Wr ■ O -rom distributor's stock

Call for our system prices,

<S Computers, terminals &software al cost-plusprices

dMffi . . ™^ Full line of dBase II, Fin-

■B Acr\tr\« I a ity ancial Planning. Forecast-■M/~\OIlLUIl~lCLlC mg, & related software.

PRINTERS: OKI, Cltoh, NEC, Diablo, M/T. etc.

TEAMS: CasM mm order

Add 2*o handling Wo cancellation. IS** restockingcharge F06 s~ "CALLUS9AMto 10PM |

nScim !mc p-0 Box6114-Birmingham, AL 35259-6114ZUD 0Yy-4f JO OurbankislStNationalofBirmrngnam.(3051326-5120

CostPlus

! COMPUTERS

l » i'| 8.

COMPACT 20KSINGLE BOARD COMPUTER

jjCortex"720K has 64 I/O lines. 6502 CPU,4K RAM, 16K EPROM, 4 Mhz crystal,power-on 555 start-up and reset, 4 NMIs,two 7805 regulators. Support boards andsoftware packages available. Single unitprice: 2K RAM: $159.95; 4K RAM: $169.95(EPROMs not included).Smaller juCortexT765 board with 1K RAM,2 or 4K EPROM, 16 I/O lines, 555, crystaland NMI: $79.95. Add $3.75 for shipping/handling. OEM discounts.

Cortex Research Corporation

1912 Raymond Dr., Northbrook, IL 60062Phone: 312^80-1088

FREE! FREE! FREE! FREE! FREE

II

i

=j S«»« A983 ,. g

'■ *****£* !

S thous*£SroN'c §

£<AV

,s.w

ttV-fti.**1 a

j

ss**-

Circle 123 on Inquiry card.

Circle 122 on inquiry card.

Circle 14 on inquiry card.

Why use other computer media

when you could be using

Scotch

high quality error free media?

Get Scotch Diskettes Directly From Communications Electronics

There's a lot of valuable data stored on the diskettes inyour computer or word processing system. In 1981, adiskette manufacturer calculated that the "true cost of adiskette" was $186.50 after data loading. With inflation,the actual cost is well over $200.00 today. That is why youdon't want to use just any diskette, you want the highreliability and quality of Scotch diskettes. You can trustScotch diskettes to deliver that accuracy because eachdiskette is tested before it leaves the factory and iscertified error-free. That means fewer errors and less lostdata. Flexible discs may look alike, but they don't allperform alike. Scotch diskettes can deliver all the perform-ance you'll ever need. The low abrasivity of Scotchdiskettes, 32% below industry average, saves wear andtear on you r read/write heads, which means fewer servicecalls due to head problems. Longer and more reliableservice is yours when you buy Scotch diskettes since theyfar exceed the industry standard durability tests. Finally,your Scotch diskettes are packaged in units of 10, com-plete with color-coded labels (except bulk product) tomake your filing easier.

Flexible Disc Quantity Discounts Available

Scotch diskettes are packed 10 discs to a carton and fivecartons to a case. Please order only in increments of 100units for quantity 100 pricing. We are also willing toaccommodate your smaller orders. Quantities less than100 units are available in increments of 10 units at a 10%surcharge. Quantity discounts are also available. Order500 or more discs at the same time and deduct 1 %; 1,000or more saves you 2%; 2,000 or more saves you 3%; 5,000or more saves you 4%; 10,000 or more saves you 5%;25,000 or more saves you 6%; 50,000 or more saves you7% and 100,000 or more discs earns you an 8% discountoff our super low quantity 100 price. Almost all Scotchdiskettes are immediately available from CE. Our ware-house facilities are equipped to help us get you the qualityproduct you need, when you need it. If you need furtherassistance to find the flexible disc that's right for you, callthe 3M/Scotch flexible disc compatibility hotline. Dial toll-free 800-328-1300 and ask for the Data Recording Prod-ucts Division. In Minnesota or outside the United Statesdial 612-736-9625 between 9 AM to 4 PM Central Time.

SAVE ON SCOTCH FLEXIBLE DISCS

Product Description

CE quant.

100 price

Part # per disc ($)

SSSD IBM Compatible (128 B/S, 26 Sectors)Same as above, but bulk pack w/o envelopeSSSD Shugart Compatible, 32 Hard SectorSSSD CPT 8000 Compatible, Soft SectorSSDD IBM Compatible (128 B/S, 26 Sectors)8" DSDD Soft Sector (Unformatted)8" DSDD Soft Sector (256 B/S, 26 Sectors)8" DSDD Soft Sector (512 B/S, 15 Sectors)8" DSDD Soft Sector (1024 B/S, 8 Sectors)5'A" SSDD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring

740-0

740-0 B

740-32

740-0-8000

741-0

743-0

743-0/256

743-0/512

743-0/1024

744D-0RH

5V4" Same as above, but bulk pack w/o envelope744D-0RHB

5W SSDD 10 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring 744D-10RH

5W SSDD 16 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring 744D-16RH

5'A" DSDD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring 745-0RH

5'/4" DSDD 10 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring 745-1ORH

5'A" DSDD 16 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring 745-16RH

51A" SSQD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring (96 TPI) 746-ORH

5'A" DSQD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring (96 TPI) 747-ORH

SSSD = Single Sided Single Density; SSDD = Single Sided DoubleDSDD = Double Sided Double Density; SSQD = Single Sided QuadDSQD = Double Sided Quad Density; TPI = Tracks per inch.

Circle 81 on Inquiry card.

2.191.992.192.892.893.493.493.493.492.342.142.342.343.093.093.092.993.99

Density;Density;

Save on Scotch Static Control Floor Mats

Scotch Velostat Electrically Conductive Floor Mats, drain static chargebefore it can cause serious problems with computer or word processingequipment. Order number 1853 is a black4' x 5' size mat with lip. Costis $170.00 each. Order number 9453 is the same mat, but the color isearthtone brown, which is designed to blend with any office decor.Cost on the 9453 mat is $259.00 each. All Velostat mats comecomplete with 15 feet of ground cord. All mats are shipped freight collect.

Save on Scotch Data Cartridges

Scotch Data Cartridges are available from CE in three differentconfigurations. The DC100A data cartridge is a small version of theDC300A data cartridge. The DC100 A contains 140 feet of 0.150" tapein a package measuring 2.4 x3.2 x0.5 inches. Cost is $14.00 each. TheDC300A is a pre-loaded tape cartridge containing 300 feet of one milthick by W computer tape. The DC300A costs $18.00 each. TheDC300XL is an extra length data cartridge with 450 feet of tape. It isthe same size and interchangeable with the DC300A. The DC300XLprovides a total storage capacity of 34.5 million bits at 1600 BPI. Thecost of the DC300XL is $22.00 each.

Scotch Head Cleaning Diskettes- Helps Cut Downtime

When the read/write heads on information processing machinesare dirty, that can cause you a lot of grief. Now...with Scotch brandhead cleaning diskettes, you can clean the read/write heads onthe diskette drives yourself in just 30 seconds and as often as theyneed it. Simply apply the cleaning solution to the special whitecleaning fabric. Insert the cleaning diskette into the drive andaccess the heads for 30 seconds. That's all there is to it. Regularuse of the head cleaning diskettes can save you much of the griefcaused by dirty heads. We recommend you use them once aweek, or more often if your system gets heavy use. Each kitcontains two head cleaning diskettes, and enough solution for 30cleanings. Order # 5-CLE is for 51A" drives and order # 8-CLE isfor 8" drives. Only $25.00 each plus $3.00 shipping per kit.

Buy with Confidence

To get the fastest delivery from CE of your Scotch computer products,send or phone your order directly to our Computer Products Division.Be sure to calculate your price using the CE prices in this ad. Michiganresidents please add 4% sales tax or supply your tax I.D. number.Written purchase orders are accepted from approved governmentagencies and most well rated firms at a 30% surcharge for net 30billing. All sales are subject to availability, acceptance and verification.All sales are final. Prices, terms and specifications are subject tochange without notice. All prices are in U.S. dollars. Out of stock itemswill be placed on backorder automatically unless CE is instructeddifferently. Minimum prepaid order $50.00. Minimum purchase order$200.00. International orders are invited with a $20.00 surcharge forspecial handling in addition to shipping charges. All shipments areF.O.B. Ann Arbor, Michigan. No COD'S please. Non-certified andforeign checks require bank clearance.

For shipping charges add $8.00 per 100 diskettes and/or anyfraction of 100 8-inch diskettes, or $6.00 per 100 diskettes and/or anyfraction of 100 5'A-inch mini-discs. For cleaning kits, add $3.00 per kit.For tape data cartridges, add $1.00 per cartridge, for U.P.S. groundshipping and handling in the continental United States.

Mail orders to: Communications Electronics, Box 1002,Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 U.S.A. If you have a Master Cardor Visa card, you may call and place a credit card order. Ordertoll-free in the U.S. Dial 800-521-4414. If you are outside theU.S. or in Michigan, dial 313-994-4444. Order your Scotchcomputer products from Communications Electronics today.

Copyright e1982 Communications Electronics™ Ad #120182

OIMCT MAIL/ «««™ —

MABKf TING ASS0CI»TI0« ^t*W

Order Toil-Free!(800)521-4414

In Michigan (313) 994-4444

Authorized Distributor

COMMUNICATIONSELECTRONICSM

Computer Products Division

854 Phoenix □ Box 1002 □ Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 U.S.A.Call TOLL-FREE (800) 521-4414 or outside U.S.A. (313) 994-4444

BYTE February 1983 495

DATA COMMUNICATIONS

SPECIALISTS FOR

IBM PC & SEATTLE

COMPUTERS

Teleprocessing software available forabove computers to time-sharing host orbetween two users (send binary files.also). Version 2 software, $60; Version 3,IBM PC $95, SEATTLE $160. Write fordetails or $3.00 for manuals

SEATTLE 8086 GAZELLE

Computer system.

SPECIAL PRICE for SEATTLE SYSTEM(desktop) + 4-port serial board + cables +choice of Microsoft BASIC, Pascal,FORTRAN, or COBOL.Write for literature and prices on abovesystems, or call for quote.

■CSCSi

COMPUTER 6f STATISTICALCONSULTING SERVICES

P.O. Box 5351

Terre Haute, IN 47805

(812) 466-4111

L^poqec JL.

At Lost!!

Powerful - Economical - Professional

Peripherals for your Apple ll-«-

A/D 12-Bit. 16 Channel

$450.00

\D - 191602

Coming in March!!

Ultra ROM Board/Editor

ROM Space

• Powerful G.P.LE. (Global ProgramLine Editor) iff Firmware

• Totally Transparent — Remove Ofreload with a few keystrokes —without Disk!

't-::- Extensions including"IF. THEN, ELSE."

6842 Valiean Ave.

. Van Nuys, CA 91406

(213)989-1204

$190.00

APB - 102

<$>

Can SomethingReally Transfer SoMuch InformationSo Well For So Little?

The FORTEX XCopyReally Can!

Great for Winchester backups •Knows when the floppy is full and canbreak the file • "Submit" featureautomatically copies preselected files •Runs on CP/M, MP/M & MSDOS

Best of all, it costs only $99!

SYSTEMS CORPORATION

Call Collect:516-549 4713

1935 New York Ave.

Huntington Sta.,

NY. 1 1746

Circle 129 on inquiry card.

Circle 24 on inquiry card.

Circle 175 on inquiry card.

VOICE SYNTHESIZER

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM

CREATE YOUR OWN CUSTOM VOCABULARIES

For Tl 5220 or Gl SP-250 Speech Synthesizers

Using Your S-100 or INTELLEC™ Micro

INCLUDES HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE FOR:

DMA Voice Digitizing and Playback (8 bit mu-law codec)

• Parameter Extraction and Coding • Screen Oriented

Parameter Editor • Voice Synthesis

MODEL VPP-696 for S-100 (IEEE-696 Compatible) ■ CP/M80MODEL VPP-796 lor INTELLEC* MDS - ISIS II

$3900

{Includes Hardware and Software)tr//A47 C 4\JT f\*YJL4JL±J-41Sl.

APPLIED DIGITAL SIGNAL ANALYSIS

P.O. Box 1364 Palo Alto, CA 94301 (415)326-7303

In'ellec is a trademark of Intel Corp

Valuable FORTRAN Enhancements

with STRPAK™

STRPAK is a collection of 135 sub-routines and functions specificallydesigned to enhance FORTRAN-80with:

• String processing routines.

• Character processing routines.

• Directional character and number I/O.

• CP/M system calls and file controls.

STRPAK source code

(in RATFOR and MACRO-80):. .$225.

RATFOR preprocessor for

FORTRAN-80: $ 55.

Computer Company

DIVISION OF Sea Data Corporation

One Bridge Street, Newton, MA 02158TEL. (617) 244-8190 TLX: 951107

ALIST

Alphabetical LIST and database program. Designedfor variable length fields and flexibility. Enter SOrecords without a disk wait

Send selected records to screen, printer or disk file.Sort or re-sort records by ANY field.

Introducing ALISTA an advanced version of ALISTwith added arithmetic capabilities.

Simplified Users Guides (ALIST or ALISTA)

MAIL PHONE LIST (Included)

REFERENCE/CITATION 10.00

FILE CARDS lO.OO

Users guides for ALISTA ONLY.CHECKBOOK BUOOtTHOME INVENTORY

(Included)1O.0O

Requires 48K CP/M. Available for the Osborne I. 8SSSD CP/M. SuperBrain, Advantage... call for otherdisk formats.

ALIST (Alphabetical LIST program)ALISTA (Added features)

150 OO173.00

HONOR SYSTEM SOFTWARE

2962 E. Glade

How, AZ 8S204

(602) 892-2434

Circle 8 on Inquiry card.

Circle 59 on inquiry card.

Circle 198 on Inquiry card.

VIC-H8-CRT

VIC 20 or 64 Bus Extender Board $44*

5 slots-3 installed, gold plated contactsVIC 20 24K Memory Expansion Board

$189*

24Kb. static 200 nano sec RAM, buffered,low power, LED power indicator, goldplated board contacts, socket forEPROM (2716 type)

VIC 20 24K Memory Expansion Boardwith EPROM $239*

Same as above, 40 character screen withEPROM (2716 type)

CRT Electronics with keyboard $279*For Ball Brothers or Zenith type CRT's,reverse video, blinking, underlining. 11baud rates, upper/lower case, 80 x 24character screen, clear end of line, clearend of page, clear screenH8 16K Memory Expansion Board$229*16K static RAM RS232 serial. 8 line paral-lel with line drivers

"plus shipping and handling -

Washington Residents add sales tax

BAZ ELECTRONICS

P O- Box 4895. Federal Way. WA 98003

(206) 874-3029

visa"

33

Electronic

Circuit

Analysis

DC and AC analysis

Very fast, machine language

Infinite circuits on multiple passes

Worst case, sensitivity analysis

Dynamic modification

64 Nodes, 127 branches

Compare circuits

Log or linear sweep

Full file handling

Frequency response, magnitude and phase

Complete manual with examples

TRS-80 (TRSDOS) $90.00

CP/M $150.00

Tatum LabsP.O. Box 722Hawleyville, CT

06440

(203) 426-2184

I WILL BEAT ANY COMPETITOR'S PRICEPROVIDED IT IS NOT BELOW MY COST.TRY TO BEAT THESE IC PRICES:

DYNAMIC RAM

64K

200 ns

$4.85

64K

150 ns

5.25

16K

150 nsEPROM

1.25

2764

250 ns

$10.25

2732

450 ns

4.15

2716

450 ns

3.33

2532

450 nsSTATIC RAM

4.70

6116P-3 150 ns

$4.40

2016

100 ns

4.00

2114

200 nsZ80A FAMILY

1.60

CPU,

CTC. or PIO

$ 3.39

DART

7.50

DMA

Dr SIO;0

13.50

MasterCard VISA or LIPS CASH COD

All Prime PartsMICROPROCESSORS UNLIMITED

24,000 South Peoria AveBEGGS. OK. 74421

(918) 267-4961 and (918) 267-4796

> Call for volume prices Subieci to available quantities

Circle 48 on Inquiry card.

Circle 526 on Inquiry card.

Circle 274 on Inquiry card.

■■*■■■■■■■■■••■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■

FOR ONLY $129.95 Learn Computing :From The Ground Up

i required) ... 14.88 each,

Build a Computer kit that growswith you, and can expand to 64kRAM, Microsoft BASIC, Tfext Edi-tor/Assembler, Word Processor,Floppy Disks and more.

EXPLORER/85

Here's the low coal way to learn the fundamenlali of com-puting. Ihe all important basics you'll need more andmore as you advance in computer skills. For just $129 95you get the advanced-design Explorer/85 motherboard,with all the features you need io learn how to write anduse programs. And it can grow into a system that is amatch for any personal computer on the market. Look althese features: 8085 Central Processing Unit, themicroprocessor "heart" of the Explorer/85, (join themillions who will buy and use the 8060/8085 tnis yearalone!) Four 8-bit plus one 6-hit input/output ports fromwhich you can input and output your programs, as well ascontrol exterior swishes, relays, lights, etc a cassetteinterface that lets you store and reload programs you'velearned to write uVtuxe 2.000 byte operatingsystem/monitor makes it easy to learn computing inseveral important ways: • It allows simpler, faster writ-ing and entering of programs • It permits access by youto all parts of the system so you can check on the status ofany point in the program • It allows tracing each pro-gram step by step, with provision for displaying all Ihecontents of the CPU (registers flags, etc ) • and itdoes much more!

You gel all this in the starting level (Level Al of theExplorer/85 for only 1129.95. Incredible! To use. iuslplus in your 8VDC power supply and terminal orkeyboard/display — if you don't have them, see ourspecial offers below.

□ Level A computer kit (Terminal Version) 9129.95

6ius$3P&i.*I Level A kit (Hex Keypad/Display Version) 1129.95plus S3 P&l *

LEVEL B — This building block converts the mother-board into a two-slot Slot) bus (industry standard) com-puter Now you can plug in any of the hundreds of SlOOcards available

O Level B kit.. $49.95 plus S2P&I'D SlOO bus connectors (two required) .. 14.55 each,postpaid.

LEVEL C — Add still morecomputing power, this "build-ing block" mounts directly onthe motherboard and expandsIhe SlOO bus to six slotsG Level C kit 939.98 pluP»I.*

O SlOO bus connectors (fiverequired) . 94.95 each,postpaid

LEVEL D — When you reach the point in learning that re-quires more memory, we uffvrrwo choices: either add 4kof a memory directly on the motherboard, or add 18k to84k of memory by means of a single SlOO card, our famous"|AWS."

Level D kit: (CHECK ONE) D 4k onboard 949.95plus $2 PA 1 *. □ 16k SlOO "|AWS : .. $149.95 plus $2PAIVD 32kSl00"JAWS"...$19B.9Sp!usS2PftI\a 48kSlOO JAWS' . 9249.95 plus $2 Pftl*; D 64k SlOO"JAWS" . . $299.95 plus $2 PAI*.LEVEL E — An important "building block, it activatesIhe 6k ROM/EPROM space on the motherboard Now justplug in our 8k Microsoft BASIC or your own customprograms

D Level E kit 95.95 plus SOC P&l.*Microsoft BASIC — It s the language that allows you totalk English to your computer1 li is available three ways:

□ Bk cassette version nf Microsoft BASIC: (reouires LevelB and 12k of RAM minimum: we suggest a 16k SlOO"JAWS" — see above) $64.95 postpaid.

□ 8k ROM version of Microsoft BASIC (requires Level B* Level E and 4k RAM; just plug into your Level E sockets.Wt> suggest either the4k Level 5 RAM expansion or a 16kS100 "JAWS."). 999.95 plus $2 Pftl*

D Disk version of Microsoft BASIC: (requires Level B.32k of RAM. floppy disk controller, fi" floppy disk drive)$325 postpaid

TEXT EDTTO&ASSEMBLER — The editor/assemblerisa software tool (a program) designed to simplify the taskof writing programs As your programs become longerand more complex. Ihe asse*mbler can save you manyhours of programming time This software includes aneditor program that enters the programs you write makeschanges, and saves the programs on cassettes The assem-bler performs the clerical task of translating symboliccode into the computer readable objecl code The editor/assembler program is available either in cassette or aROM version

D Editor/Assembler (Cassette version: requires Level"B" and 6k (min.) of RAM — we suggest 16k "IAWS" —see above) 959.95 plus $2 P&l.*

D Editor/Assembler (ROM version supplied on an SlOOcard: requires Level B and 4k RAM (mm ) — we suggesteither Level Dor 16k' |AWS") $89.95 plus S2 P&l *»" FLOPPY DISK — A remarkable building block. 'Add our 8" floppy disk when you need faster operation,more convenient program storage, perhaps a business ap-plication, and access to the literally thousands of programsand program languages available today. You simply plugthem into your Exploxer/85 disk system — it accepts allIBM-formatted CP/MqirogramsD 8" Floppy Disk Drive 9499.95 plus $12 P&l *Q Floppy Controller Card $199.95 plus $2 P&l *

□ Disk Drive Cabinet & Power Supply .$3 P&l*

G Drive Cables (set up for two drives) $25.00 plusSI 50 P&l*

D CP/M 2.2 Disk Operating System: includes TextEditor/Assembler, dynamic debugger, and other featuresthat give your Explorer/85 access to thousands of existingCP/M-based programs $150 00 postpaidNEED A POWER SUPPLY? Consider our API. It cansupply alt the power you need for a fully expanded Ex-

Klorer/85 (note: disk drives have their own power supply)lus the AP-1 fits neatly into the attractive Explorer steelcabinet (see below)

O AP-1 Power Supply kit (8V & 5 amps) in deluxe steelcabinet . . 539.95 plus $2 P&l 'NEED A TERMINAL? Weoffer you choices: the least ex-pensive one is our HexKeypad/Display kit that dis-plays the information on acalculator-type screen Theother choice is our ASCIIKeyboard/Computer Terminal \"^"

kit. that can be used with either \ <£

* 95 pin-

I Plug in NntroniiKoyprid/Displciy

2. Add Level B to mS100

3. Add 4k RAM

s***8^ 4. Plug in Level E hen;,' (ftcnpls Microsoft BASIC i

\s Hex Editor/Assembler in ROM$, Add hvo SlOO hoards

ivert to 6. Add you own custom i:icutis (prototyping (irrxi)7. Connect terminal

a CRT monitor or a TV set (if you have an RF modulator).0 Hex Keypad/Display kit . ... 969.95 plus $2 P&l *

C FASTEHM - 64 TERMINAL KIT - Featuring a 56 keyASCII Keyboard, 528 character set upper and lower case.75 ohm output, 8 baud rates 150 to 19,200 (switch selectable). RS232/C or 20 MA output. 32 or 64 character by 16line formats, complete withDeluxe Steel Cabinet andPower Supply .... $199.95plus $3 P&l.*

Q RF Modulator kit (allows you to use your TV set as a

monitor) . 99.95 postpaid.

a 12" Video Monitor (10MHz bandwidth) $139.95

plus $5 P&l *

□ Deluxe Steel Cabinet for the.

Explorer/85 . $49.95 plus $3 I

P&l,*

0 Fan for cabinet .plus $1.50 P&l *

$15.00

ORDER A SPECIAL-PRICE

EXPLORER/85 PAR—THERE'S

ONE FOR EVERY NEED.

C Beginner Pak (Save $26.00) — You get Level A (Ter-minal Version) with Monitor Source Listing ($25 value)AP-1. Samp power supply. Intel 8065 Users Manual..(Reg. $199 95) SPECIAL$169.95 plus $4 P&I*□ Experimenter Pak (Save $53.40) — You gel Level A(Hex Keypad/Display Version) with Hex Keypad/Display. Intel 8085 User Manual. Level A Hex MonitorSource Listing, and AP-1,5-amp power supply . (Reg$27995) SPECIAL$219.95 plus $6 P&I 'G Special MlcroMft BASIC Pak (Save $103 00)— You getLevels A (Terminal Version), B. D (4k RAM). E. 8kMicrosoft in ROM. Intel 8085 User Manual. Level A Moni-tor Source Listing and AP-1. 5-amp. power supply(Reg. $439 70) SPECIAL $329.95 plus $7 P&I.*Q Add a Rom-Version Text Editor /Assembler | Requireslevels Band Dor SlOO Memory) . .599.95 plus $2 PW

Suiter 8" DUk System - Includes Level A. B floppy diskcontroller, one CDC 8" disk-drive, two-drive cable. IwoSlOO connectors; just add your own power supplies.cabinets and hardware . D (Reg. $1065.00) SPECIAL$999.95 plus $13 P&l.* ., . □ 32k Starter Svstem. $1045.95plus $13 P&I * D 48k Starter System $1095.95 plus $13P&I * D 64k Starter System. $1145.98 plus $13 P&I *Q Add to any of above Explorer steel cabinet. AP-1 fiveamp. power supply. Level C with two SlOO connectors.disk drive cabinet and power supply, two sub-D connec-tors for connecting your prinler and terminal . . (Reg$225,95) SPECIAL $199.95 plus $13 P&l.'fj Complete 64K System Wired & Tested $1650.00

plus $26 P&l *

G Special1 Complete Business Software Pak (Save$625 00) — Includes CP/M 2 2 Microsoft BASIC. GeneralLedger. Accounts Receivable Accounts Payable, PayrollPackage (Reg $1325) SPECIAL 9699.95 postpaid

" For Cunodiori

Continental Credit Card Buyers Outside Connecticut:

TO ORDER

Call Toll Free:

800-243-7428

To Order From Connecticut,

or For Technical Assistance,

Call (203) 354-9375

1 reg. trademark ol Digital Research

^^ (Clip and maif entire udj^»f

SEND ME THE ITEMS CHECKED ABOVE

Total Enclosed (Conn Residents add sales tax): $

Paid by

□ Personal Check D Cashier's Check/Money Order

□ VISA Q MASTER CARD (Bank No.

JETRONICS Research* Development Ltd,

1333 Litchfield Road, New Milford, CT 06776

ANNOUNCING TWONEW TERMINALS

Smart* Fast • Graphics • Matching Modem and $295 Printer

Netronlcs announces a state of the artbreakthrough In terminals, Now at prices youcan afford, you can go on-line with data-bankand computer phone-line services. It's allyours: "electronic newspapers," educationalservices. Dow-Jones stock reports, games,recipes, personal computing with any levellanguage, program exchanges, electronic bul-letin boards .. . and more every day!!!

Netronlcs offers two new terminals, bothfeature a full 56 key/128 character typewriter-style keyboard, baud rates to 19,2 kilobaud, arugged steel cabinet and power supply. Thesimplest one, FASTERM-64, is a 16 line by 64 or 32 character per line unit, with a serialprinter port for making hard copy of all Incoming data, and optional provisions for block andspecial character graphics. The "smart" version, SMARTERM-80, features either 24 line by 80characters per line or 16 by 40 characters per line, it otters on-screen editing with page-at-a-time printing, 12,000 pixel graphics, line graphics, absolute cursor addressing, underlining,reverse video, one-half Intensity and much more . .. simply plug them into your computer orour phone modem and be on-line instantly. Use your TV set (RF modulator required) or ourdelux green-phosphor monitor pictured above. For hard copy just add our matched printer.

Price breakthrough!!! Own the FASTERM-64, a complete terminal kit, ready to plug In forjust $199.95 or order the SMARTERM-80 kit tor just $299.95, (both available wired and tested.)Be on-line with the million-dollar computers and data services today ... we even supply thenecessary subscription forms.

More good news: All the components in our terminals are available separately (seecoupon), so you buy only what you need!!!

FASTERM-64 .. . DISPLAY FORMAT: 64 or 32 characters/line by 16 lines ... 96 displayableASCII characters (upper & lower case) ... 8 baud rates: 150, 300, 600, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600,19, 200, (switch sel.). .. LINE OUTPUT: RS232/C or 20 ma current loop ... VIDEO OUTPUT: 1VPIP (EIA RS-170).. . CURSOR MODES: home & clear screen, erase to end ot line, erase cursorline, cursor up & down, auto carriage return/line feed at end ot line & auto scrolling ,..REVERSE VIDEO . . . BLINKING CURSOR . . . PARITY: off. even or odd . . . STOP BITS: 1, 1.5,2 . . . DATA BITS PER CHARACTER: 5, 6, 7 or 8 . . . CHARACTER OUTPUT: 5 by 7 dot matrixin a 7 by 12 cell ... PRINTER OUTPUT: prints all incoming data .. , 1K ON BOARD RAM . . .2K ON BOARD ROM . . . CRYSTAL CONTROLLED . . . COMPLETE WITH POWER SUPPLY . . .OPTIONAL GRAPHICS MODE: includes 34 Greek & math characters plus 30 special graphicsCharacters . . . ASCII ENCODED KEYBOARD: 56 key/128 characters.

SMARTERM-80 ... DISPLAY FORMAT: 80 characters by 24 lines or 40 characters by 16 lines126 displayable ASCII characters (upper & lower case) 8 baud rates: 110, 300, 600, 1200, 2400,4800, 9600, 19, 200 .. . LINE OUTPUT: RS232/C or 20 ma current loop . . . VIDEO OUTPUT: 1Vpp (EIA RS-170). ., EDITING FEATURES: insert/delete line, insert/delete character, for-ward/back tab . . . LINE OR PAGE TRANSMIT , . . PAGE PRINT FUNCTION . . . CURSOR POSI-TIONING: up, down, right, left, plus absolute cursor positioning with read back .. . VISUALATTRIBUTES: underline, blink, reverse video, half intensity, & blank ... GRAPHICS: 12,000pixel resolution block plus line graphics . . . ON-SCREEN PARITY INDICATOR . . PARITY: oft,even or odd . ,. STOP BITS: 110 baud 2, all others 1 .. . CHAR. OUTPUT: 7 by 11 character ina 9 by 12 block . . . PRINTER OUTPUT ... 60 OR 50 Hz VERTICAL REFRESH . . . BLINKINGBLOCK CURSOR . . . CRYSTAL CONTROLLED . . . 2K ON BOARD RAM . . . ASCII ENCODEDKEYBOARD: 56 key/128 character . . . 4K ON BOARD ROM . . . COMPLETE WITH POWERSUPPLY.

TELEPHONE MODEM 103 Of A . . FULL DUPLEX, FCC APPROVED . . . DATA RATE: 300 baud... INTERFACE: RS232/C and TTY ... CONTROLS: talk/data switch (no need to connect anddisconnect phone), originate/answer switch on rear panel . . NO POWER SUPPLY RE-QUIRED.

ASCII KEYBOARD ASCII 3 .56 KEY/128 CHARACTER ASCIIENCODED . . . UPPER & LOWER CASE . . . FULLY DEBOUNCED .2 KEY ROLLOVER . . . POS OR NEG LOGIC WITH POS STROBE .REQUIRES + 5 & -12V DC (SUPPLIED FROM VIDEO BOARDS)

PRINTER COMET I . . . SERIAL I/O TO 9600 BAUD ... 80 L^. jm

CHARACTER COLUMN (132 COMPRESSED) . 10" TRACTOR FEED ^i^^ j. . . UPPER/LOWER CASE . . . INDUSTRY STANDARD RI8BONS . . .4 CHARACTER SIZES . . 9 BY 7 DOT MATRIX . BI-DIRECTIONALPRINTING

Continental U.S.A. Credit Card Buyers Outside Connecticut

CALL TOLL FREE 800-243-7428

To Order From Connecticut Or For Tech. Assist. Call (203) 354-9375

NETRONICS R&D LTD. d.p«.

333 Litchfield Road, New Milford, CT 06776

Please send the items checked below:

□ COMPLETE FASTERM-64 TERMINAL (Includes FASTVID-64 video boardASCII-3 keyboard, steel cabinet and power supply)... kit $199.95 plus $3 P&l... wired & tested $249.95 plus $3 P&l ... graphics option: add $19.95 toeach of above

a COMPLETE SMARTERM-80 TERMINAL (includes SMARTVID-80 videoboard, ASCII-3 keyboard, steel cabinet and power supply) ... kit $299.95 plus$3 P&l . wired and tested $369.95 plus $3 P&l

□ FASTVID-64 VIDEO BOARD (requires + 5 & -12V DC)... kit $99.95 plus $3P&l ... graphics option add $19.95 ... wired & tested $129.95 plus $3 P&l ...graphics option add $19.95

D SMARTVID-80 VIDEO BOARD (requires + 5 & + /-12V DC) . . . kit $199.95plus $3 P&l ... wired & tested $249.95 plus $3 P&l

□ DELUXE STEEL TERMINAL CABINET ... $19.95 plus $3 P&l

□ ASCII-3 KEYBOARD (requires +5& -12VDC)... kit $69.95 plus $3 P&l ...wired and tested $89.95 plus $3 P&l

D POWER SUPPLY (powers ASCII-3 keyboard & video boards)... kit only

$19.95 plus $2 P&l

D ZENITH VIDEO MONITOR (high resolution green phosphor)... wired &

tested $149.95 plus $6 P&l

D TELEPHONE MODEM MODEL 103 O/A ... wired & tested $189.95 plus $3

P&l

□ DOT MATRIX PRINTER Comet I ... wired & tested $299.95 plus $10 P&l

□ RF MODULATOR MOD RF-1 ... kit only $8.95 plus $1 P&l

□ 3FT-25 LEAD MODEM/TERMINAL OR PRINTER/TERMINAL CONNECTORCABLE ... $14.95 ea plus $2 P&l

For Canadian orders, double the postage . Conn. res. add sales tax.

Total Enclosed $

□ Personal Check □ Cashier's Check/Money Order

□ VISA □ MasterCard (Bank No )

Acct. No Exp. Date

Signature

Print Name

Address

City

State

Zip

SYTE February 1983 497

THE COST OFLIVING.

GIVE TO THE AMERICAN CANCER SOCIETY.!

And thenthere

were none.

The list of already extinct animalsgrows . . . the great auk, the Texas graywolf, the Badlands bighorn,the sea mink,the passenger pigeon . . .

What happens if civilizationcontinues to slowly choke out wildlifespecies by species?

Man cannot live on a planet unfit foranimals.

Join an organization that's doingsomething about preserving ourendangered species. Get involved. Writethe Mational Wildlife Federation,

Department 105, 1412 16thS Street, NW. Washington,^-•-..r-aW DC 20036.

It's not too late.

SUNNY LOW LOW COST

POWER SUPPLIES

(LINEAR & SWITCHING)FOR S-100, DISK DRIVES

S-100 & DISK POWER SUPPLIES:

ITEM +5V OVP

5A

KIT 1, 2 & 3 For S-100 R3For3x8" (or 51A") Disks S3 For S-100 & Two DisksOPEN FRAME, ASSY. & TESTED, 6 OUTPUTS, ADJU. & FUSES PROTECT.-5V +24V(OR +12V) +8V ±16V SIZE W X D X H PRICE

1A

5-7A PEAK

13A

3A

10" x 6" x 5"

102.95

12 SLOT & 2 FLOPPY(1 Floppy & 1 Hard Disk)S4 6 SLOT & 2 FLOPPY 4A 1A 4-5A PEAK 8A 3A 8%" x 5" x 4%" 92.95

DISK POWER SUPPLIES: open frame, assy. & tested, regulated, adjustable & fuses protect.

ITEM IDEAL FOR +5VOVP ^5V +24V (of + 12V) +8V Unreg. SIZE W x D x H

PRICE

f»0R1R2

R3OPTION

2 x 8" SLIMLINE2 x 8" or 2 x SW DISK[3x8"(or5V4")FLOPPY][or 1x Floppy & 1x Hard]

+ 12V @ 1A CAN BE ADDED TO ITEM '

2.5A3A6A6A

1A

1A1A

2.5A - 5A Peak3A - 5A Peak6A - 8A Peak6A - 8A Peak

2A

1.81/2"x5'1.9"x61/4

R3" SIZE 1. ONLY, COSTS $12.00 MORE.

S-100 POWER SUPPLY KITS (open frame with base plate, 3 hrs. assy, time)

ITEM (IDEAL FOR) +8V -8V +16V -16V +28V SIZE: WxDxH PRICE

KIT1KIT 2KIT 3

15 CARDS

20 CARDS

DISK SYSTEM

15A25A

15A

1A

2.5A3A3A

2.5A3A3A

5A

12"x5"x47/s"

12" x5"x47/b"

131/2"x5"x4%"

54.9561.9569.95

6 SLOT MAINFRAME assy & tested only $399.95 + shipping $18.00

FOR TWO EA. 8" THINLINE FLOPPY (TANDON TM848-1 SS/DD & TM848-2DS/DO OR EQUIV.) OR ONE HARD DISK. • 110/220 VAC. 50/60 HZ, EMIFILTER & POWER ON/OFF INDICATOR • POWER SUPPLY: +8V/8A. ± 16V/3A,+ 5V/5A OVP. -5V/1A & 24V/5A • S-100 BUS 6 SLOT CARD CAGE • 1 EA. ACCORD, 2 EA. DC CABLES WITH POWER CONNECTOR FOR DISK DRIVES •4.5" COOLING FAN • 7 EA. DB25 CUT-OUTS, 1 EA. 50 PIN & 1 EA. CENTRONICCUT-OUTS • CUSTOM FINISH & LOGO-LESS, COMPACT SIZE: 12'(W) x19"(D) x 9.8"(H) 34 LBS,

MAILING ADDRESS:P.O. BOX 4296TORRANCE, CA 90510

TELEX.182558

SUNNY INTERNATIONAL

(TRANSFORMERS MANUFACTURER)

(213) 328-2425 MON-SAT 9-6

5" x 4" x 4" 49.95

8" x 4" x 3%" 54.95

x 4%" or 2. 10" x 4%" x 3%" 69.95

x 4%" or 2. 9" x 5'/4" x 5Vt" 69.95

SHIPPING FOR EA. PWR SUPPLY:$5.50 IN CALIF; $8.00 IN OTHER STATES;$18.00 IN CANADA. FOR EA. TRANS-FORMER: $5.00 IN ALL STATES; $12.00IN CANADA. CALIF. RESIDENTS ADD6.5% SALES TAX.

ATTENTION O.E.M.'SYOUR SPECIAL NEEDS ORDESIGNS OF TRANSFORMER,LINEAR & SWITCHING PWRSUPPLY WILL BE MADE TOORDER AT SUNNY LOW LOWCOST & FASTEST DELIVERY.

SHIPPING ADDRESS:22129V2 S. VERMONT AVETORRANCE. CA 90502

498 BYTE February 1983

Circle 396 on inquiry card.

WE WILL NOT BE UNDERSOLD

TERMINALS

APPLE ACCESSORIES

MONITORS

Zenith ZT-1

$679.00

16K Card by Microsoft

$79.00

Sanyo 9" B&W

$159.00

Zenith ZT-100

$595.00

32K Card by Saturn

$199.00

Sanyo 9" Green

$165.00

Televideo910+

$595.00

64K Card by Saturn

$419.00

Sanyo 12" B&W

$179.00

Televideo 925

$779.00

128K Card by Saturn

$585.00

Sanyo 12" Green

$199.00

Televideo 950

$969.00

Softcard Plus by Microsoft

CALL

Sanyo 13" Color

$399.00

Keyboard Enhancer II by VidexVideoterm by Videx

$125.00$259.00

SMD 13" ColorZenith 12" Green

$329.00$99.00

RAM

Game Paddles by TG

$49.00

Zenith 13" Color

$339.00

16K Ram Kit for Apple II, TRS80

Joystick by TG

$49.00

Electrohome 13" HI-RES Color Monitor

$829.00

200 nano seconds; 4116 chips

$17.50

Pkaso Cards

CALL

Electrohome 13" Color

$379.00

ALF 3 Voice Board

System Saver by Kensington

$229.00$75.00

Electrohome 12" B&WElectrohome 12" Green

$179.00$189.00

DISKETTES

Microbuffer II 16K w/graphics

$259.00

Electrohome 9" B&W

$149.00

Maxell 5V4" single side

$39.00

Microbuffer II32K w/graphics

$229.00

Electrohome 9" Green

$159.00

Maxell 8" single sideMaxell 5Va" double side

$49.00$45.00

APPLE INTERFACE CARDS BY CCSSerial Asynch #7710

$139.00

Maxell 8" double side

$55.00

Centronics #7729

$149.00

DISK DRIVES

BASF 5V«"

$26.95

ADVANCED LOGIC

CC1100 for the TRS-80 Model 1

BASF 8"

$36.00

Add-Ram 16KCard

$79.00

5V4" 40 track

$299.00

Verbatim 5Vt"

$26.95

Z-Card CP/M for the Apple II

$225.00

CC1189 for the Zenith Z-89 &W 40 track

$379.00

Verbatim 8"

$36.00

Smarterm 80 Column Board w/Soflswitch

$249.00

CORVUS 5M with Mirror

$2895.00

5% File Box

$19.95

CORVUS 10M with MirrorCORVUS 20M with MirrorCORVUS Interfaces

$4195.00

$4895.00

CALL

APPLE SOFTWARE

TELECOMMUNICATIONS

MICROPRO™

RAN A SYSTEMS add-on Disc Drive for the Apple II

Novation Cat Modem

$139.00

WordStar

$379.00

Elite One 40 Track

CALL

Novation D-CAT

$155.00

MailMerge

$190.00

Elite Two 80 Track

CALL

Novation AUTO-CAT

$209.00

SpellStar

$190.00

Elite Three

CALL

Novation APPLE CAT

$319.00

DataStar

$259.00

Elite Controller

CALL

Hayes Smart ModemHayes Smart Modem 1200

$249.00$589.00

CalcStarVISICORP

$115.00

Hayes Micro-Modem

$319.00

VisiCalc

$199.00

IBM PC ACCESSORIES

Hayes Chronograph

$229.00

VisiTerm

$79.00

64K Card by Microsoft

$299.00

Signalman Mark 1

$85.00

VisiDex

$199.00

128KCard

$469.00

VisiPlotVisiFileVisiSchedule

$169.00$199.00$259.00

192KCard256K CardQuaddram

$599.00

$789.00

CALL

COMPUTERS

Sanyo MBC 100 64K

CALL

VisiTrend/Plol

$239.00

Joystick by TG

S49.00

Call for information on the complete Sanyo line

MISCELLANEOUS

Combo Card by Apparat

$249.00

Sanyo MBC 1200

CALL

Micro/Terminal

$79.00

TandonTM 100-2forthelBM

CALL

Sanyo MBC 2000

CALL

Screenwriter II

$129.00

Call for more IBM PC add-ons.

Sanyo MBC 3000Sanyo MBC 4000

CALLCALL

Executive Briefing SystemSupercalc

$169.00$279.00

Franklin Ace 1000

CALL

Personal Filing System

$115.00

IBM PC SOFTWARE

ZENITH

PFS Report Writer

$75.00

INFORMATION UNLIMITED

Z-89 48K

CALL

Word Handler

$169.00

Easy Writer

$289.00

Z-90 64K

CALL

PFS Graph

$99.00

Easy Speller

$149.00

Z-100

CALL

Multiplan by Microsoft

$229.00

Easy Filer

$319.00

Call for prices on the complete Zenith line.

VISICORPVisiCalc 256KVisiFileVisiTrend/VisiPlot

$199.00$219.00$259.00

SOFTWARE

PRINTERS

NEC 7710 Serial

$2395.00

MICROPRO™

NEC 7720 KSR

$2749.00

VisiDex

$209.00

WordStar

$379.00

NEC 7730 Parallel

$2395.00

VisiTerm

$99.00

MaitMerge

$195.00

NEC 3510 Serial

$1850.00

MICROPRO™

Customization Notes

$359.00

NEC 3520

$2099.00

MailMerge

$195.00

SpellStar

$195.00

NEC 3530 Parallel

$1850.00

WordStar

$379.00

DataStar

$259.00

NEC 3550 for the IBM PC

$2095.00

MISCELLANEOUS

CalcStar

$119.00

Antex "Generic Model of the Prowriter"

$479.00

Supercalc by Sorcim

$279.00

MICROSOFT

Epson MX-80

CALL

Superwriter by Sorcim

$289.00

Basic InterpreterBasic CompilerFortran 80

$349.00$389.00$499.00

Epson MX-80FTEpson MX-100IDS Micro Prism

CALLCALLCALL

Home Accounting Plus

ENTERTAINMENT

Deadline

$139.00$39.00

Cobol 80

$695.00

IDS PRISM 80

CALL

Temple of Apshai

$29.00

DATA BASE

IDS PRISM 132

CALL

Curse of Ra

$15.99

dBase II

$495.00

Okidata Microline 80Okidata Microline 82AOkidata Microline 83A

CALLCALLCALL

Call For More IBM Software And AccessoriesCP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research.

The CPU Computer Corporation

Announces'

.

Okidata Microline 84

CALL

The Lor al Area Network that uses

real CP M for Apples. CPUnet

allows you to run hundreds of

popular CP'M " programs, on your

Apple terminals, without disk drives!

Call for more information

$2995.00

SPECIAL OF THE MONTHRANA ELITE THREE

80 TRACK,

DOUBLE SIDE DRIVE

$ CALLS

TO ORDER CALL TOLL FREE1-800-343-6522

For fast delivery, send certified checks, money orders, orcall to arrange direct bank wire transfers. Personal or com-pany checks require one to three weeks to clear. All pricesare mail order only and are subject to change withoutnotice. Call for shipping charges.

The CPU Sh.

• I

VISA'

DEALER INQUIRIES PLEASE CALL 1-800-343-7036 » L

420-438 Rutherford Ave., Dept. BY14 , Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129 *

Hours 9 AM -9 PM (EST) Mon.-Fri. (Sat. till 6) TWX- 710-348-1796 Massachusetts Residents call 617/242-3361

Technical information call 617/242-3361 Circle 124 on inquiry card. Massachusetts Residents add 5% Sales Tax

Circle 95 on inquiry card.

TRUE MAIL ORDER PRICES

With so many so-called Mail Order establishments using "toll free" lines, and grandiose advertising, howcan you, the customer, expect to receive true mail order savings? We have done away with large ads,and free phone lines to offer comparable service passing on the savings to you.THINK! You still SEND YOUR MONEY in the mail to an unknown untested party, and delivery is stilloften doubtful and certainly protracted in most cases.

PRINTERS

LETTER QUALITY

IBM

NECPERSONAL COMPUTER

C-ITOH F10 $1345

PC-8001

$699

Brother HRI $ 849

Monte Carlo Card 64K

$ 399

Smith Corona TPi $ 569

I-C Magic

$ 69

82A no tractor

$ 419

COMINGf—NEW NEC-APC

82A with iracior

83A

84A parallel

$ 459$ 669$1009

PRINTERCONNECTORS

VERBATIM

5>4 SS'SD

$22.50

GENERIC DISKETTES

84A serial2K Buffer

$1119$ 50

TRS-80 Cables only $ 22Apple Int. & Cable $ 79

5V DS.DD

$35.00

5V4" SS/SD in plastic library case .....

. $21

Graphics 82A. 83A

$ 73

8' DS/DD

Library Cases Alone

Comet ll(125cps)

Full 15" width text printer

$ 499

Male Centronics-printer Cable $ 24

RS232 male-male $ 19

'Configured for any computer.

Availabte in soft sector and hard sector 10. 16

IBM/APPLE DRIVES

5 V

MODEMS

$ 2.50$ 3 50

• TandonTMS-100-1

$202

IDS Cable $ 33

TMS-100-2

$265

Hayes Smart Modem . . . .

$212

$ 589

Apple Graphics Card with Cableto Epson/NEC/C-ITOH . . $ 89

TMS-100-4

• Software patch tor IBM

$383$ 66

Hayes Micro ModemHayes Chronograph

$259

$179

$ 679

MONITORS

Zenith ZVM-121 Green $ 90

TECO ED 1200 line Hires Green ... $111

• RANA Elite 1 Add on Drive .Ouad drive Apple controllerFor Elite 2/3/4write tor price availability

$333$ 99

$ 99

Apple ■ Cat II ...IBM - Smart Modem Cables

RAM CARDS

$279$ 22

$ 729

Prac. Peripheral 8K Serial Buffer

$ 111

$ 444

NEC Anti Glare Green $155

- DAVONG (Apple and IBM)

Apple 16K Card

$ 66

AMDEK300G $155

5 MB

$1525

STAR PRINTERS

AMDEK Color 1 $333

10 MB

$2025

IBM 64K Quad Board

. . $375

Gemini 10 and 15

Call for Pricing

AMDEK Color II (IBM Available) $699

15 MB

$2245

Send orders and inquiries to:

TM

Computer Apparatus

P.O. Box 32063 • Aurora, CO 80041

TELEPHONE ORDER INQUIRIES:(303) 759-9251

10 a.m. to 2 p.m. Mountain Time. Monday to Friday.

We have access to a vast range of computer products from the many stocking distributors in Denver We cater lor

a range of brand name peripherals and software for TRS-80. Apple. IBM. Atari and CP M users SEND in a card

stating your interests for our free catalog

DELIVERIES: 4-6 weeks at worst, all orders are fully dated (Includes mail and shipping time).

PERSONAL CHECKS: OKAY, but cashiers checks, money orders elc . will receive shipping preference

VISA AND MASTERCARD: Add 4% to total we CHARGE only WHEN we SHIP.

CATALOG: Descriptions, charts/pricing and availability on all our products Prices subject to change without notice

SHIPPING: VIA UPS add $2.00 plus 1% of order total'

All brands are registered trademarks.

Please Circle Inquiry Card toReceive Our Comprehensive Catalog

Best Price • Good Quality • Swift Delivery • Export

COMPUTER

•The Best GraphicPersonal Computer* S

LNW 80 I Z80A, 65K, 480x192 1.250

WCP/M board 1.500

'Multiuser Business/Engineer*CROMEMCO Best Price Anywhere

CS1 5'A" floppy, Z80 2,956

CS1H W/5 MB hard disk 5,247

CS1D2E 256K RAM, 68000 & Z80

two 5Vi" floppy 4,067

CS1 D2 no error correction 3,747

CS3D5E 51 2K RAM, 6800 & Z80

two 8" floppy 7,397

C10 64K, 12" monitor

Z80A, keyboard 1,090

'Professional/Word Process*

ZENITH Z90-80, 64K 2,050

NORTH HORIZON, 1

STAR quad drive, HD5 3,999

ADVANTAGE, 2

quad drives, 64K 2,999

CROMEMCO 64K, 12" monitor. 390KCtO floppy, letter quality printer,

CP/M type O.S. + word processing+ spreadsheet 2.600

Zenith 16-Bit

Z-110 dual drives, 1 28K RAM color board,225 x 640 graphic, IBM PCcompatible 2,998

ZVM-134 superb color monitor 528

•16-bit CPU"

WICAT S150 1FS 1-user 7,520

256K RAM, CRT, 2 floppies

•68000* S150 WS 1-user 8.999

256K RAM, 10MB hard disk,960KB floppy CRT, OS + 1 language

S1 50-3 WS 3-users 10.800

same as SI 50 WS

S150-6 WS6-users 12,800

51 2K RAM same as S1 50 WSGraphics 300 x400 900

DUAL 68000, 512KRAM, 20MB hard disk,IBM floppy, UNIX. S100 14,500

ALTOS ACS8600 1 2 500K RAM 20MB

hard disk 9,750

Business System Software. . . . 1,995

TERAK, SWTPC, TELEVIDEO, NEC Call

PRINTER

$

IBM PC

s

AMDEK 310 monitor 189

Integral Data System

MtCROPRISM 75 cps excellent print/110 cps84 ■«. 84 graphic. RS232/parallel

C.ITOH F-10 40cps 1,395

Microsoft 1 28K RAM 360

PRISM 80 200 cps, 80 col 945

w/graphics 84x84 1,025

w/graphics 84 x 84 1,180

Tl 810 Superb CALL

0KIDATA MICROLINE 84 parallel 1,025

PRINTEK920 340cps, 1*4x144 2.450

'Letter Quality*C.IT0H Starwriter F-10 40cps 1,395

LEGAL TIMEKEEPING STAR 725

Concurrent CP/M 86 299

Peachtree GL, AR, AP 330

Structured Systems Accounting 700

DIGITIZER/PLOTTER

HOUSTON INSTRUMENT

HI PAD DIGITIZER DT-11 11" x 11" 725

AMDEK AMPLOT 11" x 14" 780

DIABLO 620 1,288

BROTHER HR-1 Parallel 950

DISK DRIVE

Tandon 5 ft " DD, DS bare 280

TERMINAL

ZENITH Z19 smart terminal 635

ZT-1 w/modem telecom 560

HAZELTINE ESPRIT II 588

III 788

BEEHIVE DM5 A 995

SOFTWARE

$

dBASE II AshtonTate database 499

CONDOR II 450

MICROSOFT BASIC 80 285

MAILMERG 105

Digital Research CPM 2.2 139

Accounting Plus System Plus 399

TELEVIDEO 970 1,119

VISUAL 300 948

MONITOR

ZENITH 12" green 114

CALL (212) 937-6363

free catalogue

COLOR 1 13" 340

300 G 12" green 169

SANYO 13" RGB 875

Mastercard add 3%. F.O.B. point of shipment. 20% re-stocking fee for returned merchandise. Personal checkstake 3 weeks to clear. COD on certified check only. N.Y.

1203 RGB 725

Electrohome RGB 580 x 235 599

residents add sales tax. Manufacturers warranty only.International customers, please confirm price beforeorder. Accept P.O. from Fortune 500 & schools.

MODEM

D.C. Hayes Smartmodem 300 baud 220

300/1 200 baud 570

Computer Channel TELEX:21-55 44th Road 429418

1 200 baud 590

Long Island City, NY 11101 CSTNY

500 BYTE February 1983

Circle 96 on inquiry card.

Disk DriveDouble-Density

$249.95

Printers on Sale

8" Disk Drives

Siemens FDD 100-8 single-sided double-densityMSF-201120 $274.95 ea 2 for $249.95 M

Shugart SA810 half-size single-sided double-densityMSF-108100 $424 95ea 2 for $394.95 ea

Shugart SA860 half-size double-sided double-densityMSF-108600 S574 95ea 2 for $549.95 ea

Shugart SA801R single-sided double-densityMSF-10801R $394.95 ea 2 for $389.95 aa

Shugart SA8S1R double-sided double-densityMSF-10851R $554 95 ea 2 for $529.95 ea

Tendon TM848-1 single-sided double-den thin-lineMSF-558481 $379 95 ea 2 for $369.95 ea

Tendon TM848-2 double-sided double-den thin-lineMSF-558482 $494.95 ea 2 for $484.95 ea

Qume DT-8 double-sided double-densityMSF-750080 $524.95 ea 2 for $498.95 ea

5%" Disk Drives

Tandon TM100-1 single-sided double-density 48 TPIMSM-551001 $219.95 ea 2 for $199.95 ea

Shugart SA400L single-sided double-density 40 trackMSM-104000 $234 95 ea 2 for $224.95 ea

Shugart SA45S half-size double-sided 48 TPI

MSM-104550 $349 95 ea 2 for $329.95 ea

Shugart SA465 hall-size doule-sided 96 TPIMSM-104650 $399.95 ea 2 for $379.95 ea

Tandon TM100-2 double-sided double-density 48 TPIMSM-551002 $294.95 ea 2 for $269.95 ea

Shugart SA4S0 double-sided double-density 35 trackMSM-104500 $349.95 ea 2 for $329.95 ea

Tandon TM100-3 single-sided double-density 96 TPIMSM-551003 $294 95 ea 2 for $269.95 ea

Tandon TM100-4 double-sided double-density 96 TPIMSM-551004 $394.95 ea 2 for $374.95 ea

MPI B-5f single-sided double-density 40 track

MSM-155100 $234.95 ea 2 for $224.95 ea

MPI B-S2 double-sided double-density 40 trackMSM-155200 $344.95 ea 2 for $334.95 ea

5%" Cabinets with Power Supply

END-000216 Single cab w/power supply $69.95

END-000226 Dual cab w/power supply $94.95

j Place Orders Toll Free ■

^ Continental U.S. Inside California '

I 800-421-5500 800-262-1710 1

For Technical Inquires or Customer Service call: M

213-973-7707 ■

Computer Products

4901 W. Rosecrans, Hawthorne, CA 90250

■ We accept cash, checks, credit cards, or Purchase Orders \■ from qualified firms & institutions. Minimum prepaid order $

I California residents add 61/j% tax. Export customers outside the IUS or Canada please add 10% to all prices. Prices and avatlll. subject to change without node*. Shipping & handling charges II via UPS Ground 50C/lb, UPS Air $1 00/lb minimum charga$3.00 j

Dual Disk Sub-Systems

Disk Sub-Systems - Jade

Handsome metal cabinet with proportionally balanced airflow system, rugged dual drive power supply, power cablekit. power switch, line cord, fuse holder, cooling fan. never-mar rubber feet, all necessary hardware to mount 2-8" diskdrives, power supply, and fan, does not include signal cable.

Dual 8" Sub-Assembly Cabinet

END-000420 Bare cabinet $49.95

ENO-000421 Cabinet kit $199.95

END-000431 AST $249.95

8" Sub-Systems - Single Sided, Double Density

END-000423 Kit w/2 FD100-8DS $650.00

END-000424 A & T w/2 FD100-8DS $695.00

END-000433 Kit w/2 SA-801RS $999.95

END-000434 A & T w/2 SA-801P.S $1195.00

8" Sub-Systems - Double Sided, Double Density

END-000426 Kit w/2 DT-Ss $1224.95

END-000427 A & T w/2 DT-8S $1424.95

END-000436 Kit w/2 SA-8S1RS $1274.95

END-000437 A & T w/2 SA-8S1P.S $1474.95

8" Slimline Sub-Systems

Dual Slimline Sub-Systems - Jade

Handsome vertical cabinet with scratch resistant bakedenamel finish, proportionally balanced air flow system, quietcooling fan, rugged dual drive power supply, power cables,power switch, line cord, fuse holder, cooling fan, allnecessary hardware to mount 2-8" slimline disk drives, doesnot include signal cable.

Dual 8" Slimline Cabinet

END-000820 Bare cabinet $59.95

END-000822 A & T w/o drives $179.95

Dual 8" Slimline Sub-Syttemt

END-000823 Kit w/2 TM848-1 $919.95

END-000824 A & T w/2 TM848-1 $949.95

END-000833 Kit w/2 TM848-2 $1149.95

END-000834 A & T w/2 TM848-2 $1179.95

Modems

SIGNALMAN - Anchor

Direct-connect automatic answer/originate selection, 300Baud full duplex, Bell 103, includes RS-232 cable, portable -perfect for Osborne or KayPro IIIOM-5600A Signalman $89.95

SMARTMODEM - Hayes

Sophisticated direct-connect auto-answer/auto-dialmodem, touch-tone or pulse dialing, RS-232C interface,programmable

IOM-5400A Smartmodem $224.95

IOK-1500A Hayes Chronograph $218.95

IOM-2010A Micromodem II w/Term prgm $329.95

IOM-2012A Terminal program for MMII $89.95

IOM-1100A Micromodem 100 $368.95

1200 BAUD SMARTMODEM - Hayes

r200 and 300 baud, all the features of the standard

Smartmodem plus 1200 baud, 212 compatible, full or half

duplex.

IOM-5500A Smartmodem 1200 $599.95

1200 BAUD SMART CAT - Novaton

103/212 Smart Cat & 103 Smart Cat, 1200 & 300 baud, built-indialer, auto re-dial it busy, auto answer/disconnect, directconnect, LED readout displays mode, analog/digital loop-back self tests, useble with multi-line phones.

IOM-5241A 300 baud 103 Smart Cat $229.95

IOM-5251A 7200 baud 212/103 Smart Cat $549.95

IOM-5261A 300 oaud 103 J-Cat $129.95

Circle 217 on inquiry card.

PRINTER PRICES SLASHED III

High speed dot matrix printers with all the features of thehigher-priced best-selling machines for a tot less money'.1.}100 CPS, 9x9 dot matrix with true lower case descenders,high-resolution bit image and block graphics, superscript &subscript, underlining, backspacing, double strike andemphasized print modes, proportional space font, frictionlead, tractor teed, and roll paper, 5, 6. 8% 10, 12, & 17 pitch,programable tine spacing. FREE 2.3K butter. Epson pin andplug compatible, user replaceable print head, extended 6month factory warranty.

PRM-66010 TO" wide carriage $439.95

PRM-66015 15" wide carriage $569.95

PRA-66100 Apple card & cable $45.00

PR A-66200 Serial interface card $69.95

HIGH-SPEED, HIGH QUALITY - Okidata

Mlcrollne 82A 80/132 column. 120 CPS. 9 x 9 dot matrix,friction feed, pin feed, adjustable tractor feed {optional},handles 4 part forms up to 9.5" wide, rear & bottom feed,paper tear bar. 100% duty cycle/200.000,000 character printhead, bi-directional/logic seeking, both serial A parallelInterlaces Included, front panel switch & program control of10 different form lengths, uses inexpensive spool typeribbons, double width & condensed characters, true lowercase descenders & graphicsPRM-43082 with FREE tractor CALL

Mlcrollne 83A 132/232 column, 120 CPS, forms up to 15"wide, removable tractor, plus all the features of the 82A.PRM-43083 with FREE tractor CALL

Mlcrollne 84 132/232 column, Hi-speed 200 CPS, full dotgraphics built in, plus all the features of the 83A.

PRM-430S4 Centronics parallel CALL

PRM-43085 Serial with 2K butter CALL

PRA-27081 Apple card $39.95

PRA-27082 Apple cable $19.95

PRA-27087 TRS-80 cable $24.95

PRA-43081 2K hi speed serial card $149.95

PRA-43082 Hi-res graphics ROMs 82A $49.95

PRA-43083 Hi-graphics ROMs 83A $49.95

PRA-43088 Tractor option for 82A $49.95

PRA-43080 Extra ribbons pkg. of 2 $9.95

8023 DOT MATRIX - NEC

100 CPS, proportional spacing, hi-resolution graphics,correspondence quality printing, bi-directional tractor &friction feed.

NEC-8023A 6023 parallel $499.95

NEC-8023-01 8023 ribbon $11.95

Letter Quality Printers

LETTER QUALITY PRINTER - Jade

Uses standard daisy wheels and ribbon cartridges, 16 CPSbi-directional printing, semi-automatic paper loader (singlesheet or fan fold), 10/12/15 pitch, up to 16" paper, built-innoise suppression cover.

PRD-11001 Centronics parallel $899.95

PRD-11002 RS-232C serial model $969.95

PRA-11000 Tractor Option $119.95

STARWRITER F-10 - C. Itoh

New 40 CPS daisy wheel printer with lull 15" carriage, usesstandard Diablo print wheels and ribbons, both parallel andserial interfaces included.PRD-22010 Starwriter F-10 $1495.95

TP-1 LETTER QUALITY - SCM

T2 CPS daisy wheel printer from Smith Corona.

PRD-45101 Centronics parallel $648.95

PRD-45102 RS-232C serial $648.95

PRINTER PALS - F.M.J. Inc.

Desk top printer stand and continuous form paper holder.PRA-99080 for MX-80, MX-80FT, Oki 82A, NEC .. $29.95

PRA-99100 for MX-100, Oki 83A & 84 $34.95

PRA-99700 for letter quality printers $49.95

Disk Drivefor Apple II

$269.95

Video Monitors

HI-RES 12" GREEN SCREEN - Zenith

75 MHz bandwith 700 lines/inch, P31 green phosphor,switchable 40 or 80 columns, small, light-weight & portable.VDM-201201 List price $189.95 $115.95

HI-RES GREEN MONITORS - NEC

20 MHz bandwidth, P31 phosphor ultra-high resolutionvideo monitor, high quality, extremely reliable.

VDM-651200 Deluxe 12" $199.95

VDM-651260 Economy 12" $149.95

VDM-65092 Deluxe 9" $179.95

12" COLOR MONITOR - NEC

High resolution color monitor with audio.

VDC-651212 Color monitor $389.95

NEC-1202D RGB color monitor $999.95

Apple II Accessories

APPLE DISK DRIVE - Apple Compatible

Totally Apple compatible, 143,360 bytes per drive on DOS3.3, track 0 microswitch, high speed lead screw positioner,full one year factory warranty, half-track capability - reads allApple software, plugs right in to Apple controller as seconddrive, DOS 3.3, 3.2.1, Pascal, & CPIM compatible.

MSM-123200 Add-on Apple Drive $279.95

MSM-123100 Controller w/DOS 3.3 $99.95

16K RAM CARD - for Apple II

Expand your Apple II to 64K, use as language card, full 1 year

warranty. Why spend $175.00 ?

MEX-16700A Save over $115.00 $59.95

Z-CARD for Apple II - A.L.S.

Two computers in one, Z-80 & 6502. more than doubles thepower and potential of your Apple, includes Z-80 CPU cardCPIM 2.2 and complete manual set, Pascal compatible,utilities are menu-driven, one year warranty.CPX-62800A A & T with CPIM 2.2 $169.95

SMARTERM II - A.L.S.

80 column x 24 line video card lor Apple II, addressable 25thstatus line, normal/inverse or high/low video, 128 ASCIIcharacters, upper and lower case, 7 x 9 dot matrix with truedescenders, standard data media terminal control codes,CPIM Pascal & Fortran compatible. 50160 Hz, 40180 columnselection from keyboardIOV-2500A ALS Smarterm II $179.95

SERIAL I/O CARD - A.L.S.

Full feature serial card for modems & printers, baud ratesfrom 110 to 19,200, CTC/RTS & X-onlX-ofl protocols, autoline feed, RS-232C cable interface included.IOI-1000A A 4 T $79.95

MODEM CARD for APPLE — SSM

Better then Hayes!! Better then Novation!! Direct connectModemCard plugs directly into Apple - no externalcomponents, auto-dial, auto-answer. Bell 103 compatible,full and half duplex, touch-tone or pulse dialing generatedon board, Micromodem II software compatible, displaysmodem information on screen, audio monitoring of phoneline, no serial port required, two year factory warranty, FREESource Subsrlptlon with purchase of Transend software.

IOM-3000A ModemCard $289.95

SFA-55770010M Transend 1 wISource $79.95

SFA-55770020M Transend 2 wISource $129.95

SFA-55770030M Transend 3 wISource $239.95

2 MEGABYTES for Apple II

Complete package includes: Two 8" double-density disk

drives, Vista double-density 8" disk controller, cabinet,

power supply, & cables, DOS 3.2/3.3, CPIM 2.2, S Pascal

compatible.

1 MegaByte Package Kit $1495.00

1 MegaByle Package A & T $1695.00

2 MegaByle Package Kit $1795.00

2 MegaByte Package A & T $1995.95

EPROM Erasers

ULTRA-VIOLET EPROM ERASERS

Inexpensive erasers lor industry or home.

XME-3100A Spectronics w/o timer $69.50

XME-3101A Spectronics with timer $94.50

XME-3200A Economy model $39.95

Computer Product*

IBM PC Accessories

ADD ON DISK DRIVE for IBM PC- Tandon

Single sided or double sided, double density disk drives forIBM PC, these are exactly the same disk drives used by IBMat half the price

MSM-551001 TM100-1 single sided $219.95

MSM-551002 TM100-2 double sided $294.95

SERIAL I/O for IBM PC - Profit Systems

Two asynchronous serial RS-232C I/O ports, real time clock-calender, includes software

IOI-8100A Card with 1 port $159.95

IOI-8101A Card with 2 ports $199.95

SERIAL/PARALLEL for IBM PC - Profit Sys

Two asynchronous serial RS-232C I/O ports, one parallelprinter I/O port, real time clock-calender, includes software

IOI-8110A 1 serial & 1 parallel $199.95

IOI-8111A 2 serial « I parallel $229.95

TASC MASTER for IBM PC - Profit Systems

The Tasc Master is an intelligent parallel printer and dualport asynchronous communication adapter with built inbuffer, two RS-232C I/O ports, parallel printer I/O port, 16Kor 64K buffer, on-board CPU increases system throughput

IOI-8120A 1 serial!parallel/16K $329.95

101-8121A 1 serial!parallel/64K $399.95

I0I-8122A 2 serial!parallel/16K $359.95

I0I-8123A 2 serial/parallel!64K $429.95

EXTENDER CARD for IBM PC - Profit System

Alt bus signals extended, signal names silk screened on top

of board, gold-plated card edge, low noise

TSX-300A IBM PC extender $45.00

PROTOTYPING CARD for PC -Profit Systems

Highly versatile wire-wrap or solder prototyping board foryour IBM PC, large bread board area, power and groundplanes to reduce noise, all holes are plated through, card issolder masked on both sides, all signals names are silkscreened on both sidesTSX-310A $59.95

512K PC/RAM STACK - Hammond

A high quality, high density memory expansion board foryour PC, cool-quiet-reliable operation, full parity checking,unique stacking sockets, expandable from 256K to 512K,MDRIVE high speed RAMdisk software only $25.00 withboard purchase

MEX-25600A 256K Assembled & tested $795.00

MEX-51200A 512K Assembled & tested $999.95

MEX-25600S MDRIVE disk emulator $25.00

256K PC/RAM - Hammond Engineering

User expandable from 64K to 256K, same high quality asRAM STACK above, designed to meet all your mediummemory expansion requirements

MEX-64000A 64K Assembled & tested $299.95

MEX-128000A 128K Assembled & tested $399.95

MEX-192000A T92K Assembled & tested $499.95

MEX-256000A 256K Assembled & tested $569.95

PC/SASI RAM - Hammond Engineering

Three boards in one, 256K of RAM, RS-232C asynchronousserial interlace, and a SASI (Shugart Associates StandardInterface) hard disk interfaceIOX-6000A PCISASi RAM $1095.00

Circle 218 on inquiry card.

12" COLOR MONITORS - Taxan

18 MHz high resolution RGB color monitors fully compatiblewith Apple It and IBM PC, unlimited colors available.

VDC-821210 RGBvision I, 380 lines $389.95

VDC-821220 RGBvision II, 510 lines $589.95

VDC-8221230 RGBvision III, 630 lines $689.95

VDA-821200 RGB card for Apple II $99.95

COLOR MONITORS - Amdek

Reasonably priced color video monitors.

VDC-80130 13" Color I $379.95

VDC-801320 13" Color II $894.95

IOV-2300A DVM board for Apple $199.95

AMBER or GREEN MONITORS - Jade

High resolution 18 MHz compact video monitors.

VDM-751210 12" Amber phosphor $149.95

VDM-751220 12" Green phosphor $139.95

VOM-750910 9" Amber phosphor $149.95

VDM-750920 9" Green phosphor $139.95

Single Board Computer

SUPERQUAD - Adv. Micro Digital

Single board, standard size S-100 computer system, 4 MHzZ-80 A, single or double density disk controller for 5y4" or 8"drives, 64K RAM, extended addressing, up to 4K of EPROM,2 serial & 2 parallel IIO ports, real time interrupt clock. CPIMcompatible.

CPC-30800A A i T $724.95

IOX-4232A Serial I/O adapter $29.95

Z-80 STARTER KIT - SD Systems

Complete Z-80 microcomputer with RAM, ROM, I/O,keyboard, display, kludge area, manual, & workbook.

CPS-30100K Kit with workbook $299.95

CPS-30100A A & T with workbook $469.95

S-100 EPROM Boards

PB-1 - SSM Microcomputer

2708, 2716 EPROM board with on-board programmer.

MEM-99510K Kit with manual $154.95

MEM-99510A A & T with manual $219.95

PROM-100 - SD Systems

2708, 2716, 2732 EPROM programmer with sottware.

MEM-99S20K Kit with software $189.95

MEM-99520A AS, T with software $249.95

S-100 MotherBoards

ISO-BUS - Jade

Silent, simple, and on sale - a better motherboard6 Slot C5%" x B%")

MBS-061B Bare board $22.95

MBS-061K Kit $39.95

MBS-061A A & T $69.95

12 Slot (9*/," x &/,")

MBS-121B Bare board $34.95

MBS-121K Kit $69.95

MBS-121A A&T $109.95

18 Slot (U'/2" x 8*/,")

MBS-181B Bare board $54.95

MBS-181K Kit $99.95

MBS-181A AS, T $149.95

ACTIVE TERMINATOR - CompuPro

A true mothers helper.TSX-100A A&T $59.45

New !!! CP/M Plus 3.0

NEW CP/M 3.0 - Digital Research

CP/M 3.0 is Digital Research's latest version ol the industrystandard disk operating system. It features manyperformance improvements such as intelligent recordbuffering, improved directory handling, "HELP" facility,time/date stamping of files and many more improvements.AND A TREMENDOUS INCREASE IN SPEED !!!, it Is fullyCP/M 2.2 compatible and requires no changes to yourexisting application software. Available only to VersatloppyII owners with SBC-200 CPU's

• CP/M 2.2 compatible

• Easily customized

• Easier to learn and use

• High performance file system

• Time and date stamps on file

• Automatic disk log-In of removable media

• Support for 1 to 16 banks of RAM

• Supports up to 16 drives of 512 Megabytes each

• Up to ten times faster than CP/M 2.2

• Console I/O re-dlrectlon

• Easy to use system utilities with HELP facility

• Power batch facility

• Designed for application programmers

• Resident system extensions

• Sophisticated programmer utilities

• Designed with the business user In mind

SFC-55009057F CP/M 3.0 8" with manuals $200.00

SFC-55009057D CP/M 3.0 manual set $30.00

S-100 Memory Boards

256K RAMDISK - SD Systems

ExpandoRAM III expandable from 64K to 256K using64Kx 1RAM chips, compatible with CP/M, MP/M, Oasis,Cromemco, & most other Z-80 based systems, functions asultra-high speed disk drive when used with optionalRAMDISK software.

MEM-65064A 64K A & T $474.95

MEM-65128A 128K A & T $574.95

MEM-65192A 192K A & T $674.95

MEM-65256A 2S6K A &T $774.95

SFC-55009000F RAMDISK sftwr CP/M 2.2 $44.95

SFC-55009000F RAMDISK with EXRAM III $24.95

64K STATIC RAM - Jade

Uses new 2K x 8 static RAMs, fully supports IEEE 696 24 bitextended addressing, 200ns RAMs, lower 32K or entireboard phantomable, 2716 EPROMs may be subbed forRAMs, any 2K segment of upper 8K may be disabled, lowpower typically less than 500ma.

MEM-99152B Bare board $49.95

MEM-99152K Kit less RAM $99.95

MEM-32152K 32K kit $199.95

MEM-56152K S6K kit $289.95

MEM-64152K 64K kit $299.95

Assembled & Tested add $50.00

16K STATIC RAM - Mem Merchant

4MHz lo-power static RAM board, IEEE S-100, bankselectable, addressable in 4K blocks, disable-able in IKsegments extended addressing.MEM-16171A 16K A & T $149.95

S-100 Disk Controllers

DISK 1 - CompuPro

8" or 5%" DMA disk controller, single or double density,single or double sided, 10 MHz.

IOD-1810A A & T $449.95

IOD-1810C CSC $554.95

VERSAFLOPPY II - SD Systems

Double density disk controller for any combination of 5%"and 8" single or double sided, analog phase-locked loopdata separator, vectored interrupts, CP/M 2.2 & Oasiscompatible, control/diagnostic software PROM included.

IOD-1160A A&T with PROM $359.95

SFC-55009047F CP/M 3.0 with VF U $99.95

2242 DISK CONTROLLER - CCS.

5'/4" or 8" double density disk controller with on-board boot

loader ROM, free CP/M 2.2 & manual set.

IOO-1300A A 8, T with CP/M 2.2 $399.95

DOUBLE D - Jade

High reliablity double density disk controller with on-boardZ-80A. auxiliary printer port, IEEE S-100, can function inmulti-user interrupt driven bus.

IOD-1200B Bare board & hdwr man $59.95

IOD-1200K Kit w/hdwr & sftwr man $299.95

IOD-1200A A & T w/hdwr & sftwr man $325.95

SFC-59002001F CP/M 2.2 with Double D $99.95

New CP/M PlusVersion 3.0

Shopping for S-100 Boards ?WE CAN BEAT ANY PRICE!!

THREE BOARD SET - SD Systems ' THREE BOARD SET - CCS

' eE CP/M 3.0 Save *00.°° J Sa,e >700.» j

|FREECP' I FREE ^^ Limited Quantity I

I S-100 board set with 4 MHz Z-80A, 64K of RAM m S-100 board set featuring high speed DMA CPU and disk ■

expandable to 2S6K, serial and parallel I/O ports, ■ controller, includes 4 MHz DMA Z-80A CPU, 64K of high I

I double-density disk controller for 5%" and 8" disk I speed RAM, 2 serial and 1 parallel I/O ports, double-density I

J drives, new and improved CP/M 3.0 manual set, system ■ DMA disk controller for 5%" or 8" drives, FREE CP/M 2.2 on I

I monitor, control and diagnostic software. Includes SD I 8" disk with full manual set, all necessary diagnostic and I

■ Systems SBC-200, 64K ExpandoRAM III, Versatloppy II, Z conUot software. Package consists of the new CCS 2820I and FREE CP/M 3.0 -all boards are assembled & tested. | DMA CPU, new CCS DMA disk controller (not the old 2422),

Z & CCS 2065 64K RAM, and FREE CP/M 2.2 ■ all boards are 'I * 64K Board Set with FREE CP/M 3.0 $1195.00 | assembled & tested with full factory warranty.

■ 256K Board Set with FREE CP/M 3.0 $1395.00 ■ SPECIAL PACKAGE PRICE Save over $700.00 .. $694.95 .

Call Jade Toll Free for Prices

SD Systems, CCS, CompuPro, SSM Microcomputer, Memory MerchantScion, Jade Computer, Dual Systems, Advanced Digital, Vector Graphics

S-100 I/O Boards

I/0-4 - SSM Microcomputer

2 serial I/O ports plus 2 parallel I/O ports.

IOI-1010B Bare board w/manual $35.00

1OI-1010K Kit with manual $179.95

IOM010A A & T with manual $249.95

I/0-5 - SSM Microcomputer

Two serial & 3 parallel I/O ports, 110-19.2K BaudIOI-1015A A&T $289.95

INTERFACER 4 - CompuPro

3 serial, 1 parallel, 1 Centronics parallel.

IOI-1840A A & T $314.95

IOI-1840C CSC $414.95

THE BUS PROBE - Jade

Inexpensive S-100 Diagnostic Analyzer

So your computer is down. And you don't have anoscilloscope. And you don't have a front panel... You're notalone - most computers have their occasional bad days. Butwithout diagnostic equipment such as an oscilloscope(expensive!) or a front panel (expensive!), it can be verydifficult to pinpoint the problem. Even if you have anextender board with a superfast logic probe, you can't seemore than one signal at a time. You're stuck, right?

Not anymore; Jade is proud to offer our cost-effectivesolution to the problems mentioned above: THE BUSPROBE.

Whether you're a hobbyist with a cantankerous kluge or afield technician with an anxious computer owner breathingdown your neck, you'll find THE BUS PROBE speeds yourrepair time remarkably. Just plug in THE BUS PROBE andyou'll be able to see all the IEEE S-100 signals in action. THEBUS PROBE allows you to see inputs, outputs, memoryreads and writes, instruction fetches, DMA channels,vectored interrupts, 8 or 16 bit wide data transfers, plus thethree bus supply voltages.

TSX-200B Bare board $59.95

TSX-200K Kit $129.95

TSX-200A A&T $159.95

Circle 218 on inquiry card.

S-100 CPU Boards

SBC-200 - SD Systems

4 MHz Z-80A CPU with serial & parallel I/O, IK RAM, 8K

ROM space, monitor PROM included.

CPC-30200A A & T $329.95

THE BIG Z - Jade

2 or 4 MHz switchable Z-80 CPU board with serial I/O,accomodates 2708, 2716, or 2732 EPROM, baud rates from75 to 9600.

CPU-30201B Sare board w/manual $35.00

CPU-30201K Kit with manual $149.95

CPU-30210A A&T with manual $199.95

2810 Z-80 CPU - CCS.

2 or 4 MHZ Z-80 CPU with serial I/O port & on-board monitor

PROM, front panel compatible.

CPU-30400A A&T with PROM $289.95

CPU-Z - CompuPro

2/4 MHz Z80A CPU, 24 bit addressing.

CPU-30500A 2/4 MHz A&T $279.95

CPU-30500C 3/6 MHz CSC $374.95

8085/8088 - CompuPro

Both 8 & 16 bit CPUs, standard 8 bit S-100 bus, up to 8 MHz,accesses 16 Megabytes of memory.

CPU-20510A 6 MHz A & T $398.95

CPU-20510C 6/8 MHz CSC $497.95

S-100 Video Boards

MICROANGELO - Scion

Ultra-high-resolution 512 x 480, 256 color or black & white S-

100 video board

IOV-1500A A&T $799.95

Computer Products

« » fi& MICRO

iui a) Supc

* MADE IN U.S.A. BY AMERICANS *

V

S-100-4 MINI'S

Choose the System that fits your needs!

A complete computer system ready to addon a terminal and printer. All Systems in-clude CP/M® software and system manualset. Full six-month parts and labor warrantyexcluding drives which carry the full O.E.M.manufacturers warranty. All S-100-4 Sys-tems advertised are in stock assembled andtested available for immediate delivery.

MINI FLOPPY

Only $1395.00

COMPLETE

* with 46 TPI single sideddouble density 5'A". .$1 395.00

* with 48 TPI double sideddouble density 5'A". $1495.00

* with 96 TPI double sideddouble density 514" . .$1 650.00

An inexpensive but powerful system featuring a4 slot S-100 bus chassis with the XOR S-100board set; 4-MHZ Z-80 CPU • 64K dynamicmemory -k multi-sector mixed density disk con-troller * 2-RS232 output ports in the rear foryour terminal and printer * 3 eight-bit parallelports on the CPU ready to add a cable andinterface to your printer * All above systemsare in stock • Includes CP/M® 2.2.

CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research

DUAL DRIVE SUBSYSTEMS

HORIZONTAL OR VERTICAL

Fully Assembled and Tested Units

w/two Shugart 801R SS/DD $ 975.00

w/two Shugart 851R DS/DD 1 225.00

w/two Qume DT-8 DS/DD 1 250.00

w/two Tandon 848-1 SS/DD 995.00

w/two Tandon 848-2 DS/DD 1195.00

Cabinet A &T w/Power Supply and Aces. .235.00Cabinet Top and Bottom 69.50

<s

CaliforniaComputerSystems

SPECIAL!

CCS SYSTEM 2410 . . $1995.00

• Includes CP/MB 2.2 • 2-Serial/1 -Parallel Port

• DMA Disk Controller • Hardware Vectored Interrupts

• 2-Real Time Clocks • SupportsCP/rvT.MP/M'8.OASIS

CCS 2300 System, A & T.. 1695.00

• 2810 CPU Only—255.00

• 2422 Disk Controller Only—330.00

• 2066 64K Only—360.00

• 2300A Mainframe NEW!! Only—455.OO

• CCS Apple Boards. . . Call Toll Free For Prices

HARD DISK

(Only $2995.00

COMPLETEs These S-100-4 Systems mays be very small in size (9"H x| 9V!"W x 18'/2"L) but look at thesize of the ATASI® 5V4" Win-chester hard disks we offer!

4 models to choose from

* Seagate 5 Megabyte System .. $2995.00

* #3020 15.6 Megabyte- System $3495.00

* #3033 26 Megabyte- System $3995.00

* #3046 36 Megabyte- System $4495.00

The above systems include a 96 TPI double sided double density 514"floppy as standard. The hard disk is controlled via Western Digital'scontroller for hard disks. Other features are the same as system at left.

* Megabyte sizes mentioned above are the available storage space afterformatting.

TAPE BACKUP

with hard Only $4250.00

DISK COMPLETE

■ _ ,. Now available throughU.$ Micro Sales, theXOR IRWIN 510 S-J: 100-4 tape backup sys-' "j tem with 10 megabytes__ijg,| of hard disk storage.Back up your hard diskon a mini-tape (we're talking 10 meg.) inless than 31/z minutes! The above systemincludes a 96 TPI DS/DD floppy drive andthis system's modular design allows youto add a second floppy for only $395.00.

*** XOR COMPATIBLE SOFTWARE *•*

WORD PROCESSING&TEXT EDITING

WordStar $275.00

MailMerge 100.00

SpellStar 175.00

Random House Thesaurus 1 35.00

TEX (Text Formatter) 90.00

Mince (Text Editor) 145.00

Scribble (Formatter) 145.00

(Both Mince & Scribble) 245.00

Random House Thesaurus 1 35.00

Final Word (Word Processor) 265.00

Peach Pack (4 Programs) 450.00

Spell Guard 225.00

WordMaster (Text Editor) 11 5.00

The Word Plus (Spelling Checker) 1 30.00

DATA APPLICATIONS

dBASE II $595.00

Quickcode (Program Generator, Screen

Builder for dBASE II 250.00

FMS-80 890.00

FMS-80-11 440.00

DataStar (Data Entry & Ret.) 245.00

CalcStar (Elec. Spreadsheet) 145.00

BT-80 (Rec. Retreival) 1 75.00

Access Manager (For B-Tree) 250.00

SuperCalc 265.00

Mailman (M/L Manager) 119.00

NAD (M/L Manager) 90.00

Recover (Lost Data Recovery) 65.00

LANGUAGES

MBasiC-80 .:'.'.' $290.00

MBasic Compiler 325.00

CBasic 2 100.00

CB-80 (Compiler) 455.00

Fortran-80 375.00

PL/l-80 (Language) 450.00

Pascal MT+ (Language) 445.00

Pascal MT+ (Compiler) 310.00

Cobol-80 (Language) 585.00

C Compiler (Language) 215.00

ADA (Compiler) 265.00

MAC (Macro Assem.) 85.00

Macro-80 (Macro Assem.) 1 50.00

Formats for XOR, NORTHSTAR, ALTOS, VECTOR GRAPHICS, Etc.

COMMUNICATIONS

Move-it $ 80.00

Crosstalk 160.00

BSTAM 149.00

BSTMS 149.00

Term II 150.00

CP/M® HELPS

ATI-CP/M® Power 2.2 (Training) 75.00

Supervyz 95.00

CP+ (English Language Menus) 1 25.00

Smart Key 50.00

Smart Print 30.00

ISIS (CP/MS) (Translator) 199.00

Disk-Edit 90.00

ACCOUNTING

Peachtree - Series 4

General Ledger

Accounts Receivable....

Accounts Payable

Inventory

Payroll

Peach Pak (G/L, A/R, A/P)

Accounting Plus

Structured Systems

Medical

Dental

Master Tax (Prof 1040) ..Standard Tax (A 1040)...

$395.00395.00395.00395.00395.00900.00CALLCALL845.00845.00

1500.00550.00

OTHER APPLICATIONS

SuperSort $190.00

M-Sort 1 70.00

Q-Sort 89.00

Disk Doctor 89.00

Pearl 1 (Entry Lev. Prg. Gen.) 45.00

Pearl 2 (Int. Prog. Gen) 250.00

Pearl 3 (Advanced) 450.00

ATI D.B. Power (dBase II Training).... 75.00

ATI SuperCalc (Training) 75.00

ATI MBasic (Training) 75.00

ATI WordStar (Training) 75.00

DeSpool (Background Print Utility) 45.00

ZSID (Debugger) 89.00

Circle 420 oninquiry card

BERMS: We accept VISA/MC, prepay, check or money order, Please allow personal check two weeks to clear before shipment5.G0 handling charge on ali orders under $50.00 15% Restocking Fee'All orders shipped via UPS. unless otherwise specified. AllPS C.O.D. orders over $100.00 rep^ire a Caskets Checit. #0ur^r^drives, printers and terminals which carry the full 0 EM. factory warranty PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE.

TfW© [L©(ggy£[J®[jD@ ft® §®[?w® ^f®0D

ft EAST Coast Call (815) 485-4002ft WEST Coast Call (714) 891-2677

OUT

OF

STATE

* EAST + 11 Edison Drive, New Lenox, Illinois 60451

• WEST-k 6182 Garden Grove Blvd., Westminster, CA 92683

UNIVERSAL POWER SUPPLY

For Big Board. Apple or Aim 65+5VDC @ 3 Amps

+ 12VDC @ .750 Amps-12VDC @ ,750Amps-5VDC @ .500 Amps

Dimensions: 4" x 4" x11"

$69.95

DISK DRIVE POWER SUPPLY

For 2 - 8" or 5" Drives

+ 5VDC @ 4 Amps

+24VDC § 3 Amps

- 5VDC @ 1 Amp

AC Cables for 2 Drives $7.50

Dimensions: 4" x 4" x 11"

$59.95

■100 POWER SUPPLY

+8VDC @ 30 Amps+ 16VDC @ 6 Amps-16VDC @ 6 Amps

PC Board DesignDimensions: 5" x 6" x 11"

$89.50

TERMINALS

Televideo 910+ with green screen. $575

T.V. 925 $739 T.V. 950 $945

Adds Viewpoint Model 3A+ $519

Zenith Z-1 9 $740

PRINTERS

Epson MX-80FT $549.00

Epson MX-100FT $699.00

Okidata 82A 80 column $465.00

Okidata 83A 132 column $745.00

C-ITOH Prowriter I $525.00

I.D.S. Microprism Model 480 . $565.00

8" DISK DRIVES

SA801R 388.00 ea. Two for 379.00 ea.

SA851R 535.00 ea. Two for 529.00 ea.

QUME DT-8 . 540.00 ea. Two for 529.00 ea.Tandon 848-1 395.00 ea. Two for 388.00 ea.Tandon 848-2 525.00 ea. Two for 519.00 ea.Mitsubishi Model 2896 DS/DD 475.00 ea.

■H

© \KWY

by XO

For test or systems applicationsComplete S-100 12 Slot Main-'-;frame with Disk Drive Power Supplyfor 4 Drives.

SPECIFICATIONS

Regulated+5V @ 5A+24V @ 3A-5V @ 1A$225.00 Kit with 12 S-100 Bus Connectors$255.00 Assem. and Tested with 1 2 Bus Connectors

$15.00 AC/DC Drive Cable Set for 2 DrivesDimensions 6" x 10" x 18" — Shipping Weight 25 lbs.

Unregulated+8V @30A±16V @ 6A

Low VelocityWhisper® FansOn/y$18.00eaFinger Guards$2.50 each.

XOR

S-100 MOD

— »■' ■—"■■

CUSTOMER SERVICE HOTLINE 1 - (714) 898-5525

tJ®®=4

n

$1695.00

* 4 Slot S-100 Bus • Inculdes CP/NT 2 2 and Manl

* Two Separate Power Supplys * All Cables Provided

* XOR S-100 Board Set * Dimensions only 9" x 9" x 18'Y'

S-100-4 System Complete with:

2-Tandon Thinline 8" (Model TM-848-1 SS/DD)Part#S-1000-40 $1 695.00

2-Tandon Thinline 8" (Model TM-848-2 DS/DD)Part#S-1000-39 $1950.00

Now we are able to offer Mitsubishi thinline drivesDSDD model 2896 for full 2.4 megabytes of formattedstorage. All S-100-4 systems with these drives willinclude a full 6 months parts and labor warranty in-cluding the drives! Part #S-1000-34

V.

$1795.00

TERMINAL

• Feather Touch Capacitance Kybrd * 60 Key Standard ASCII

• SOROC Type Screen Attribute Set * 8 Special Function Keys

• Halt Intensity • 20 Screen Editing Keys

COMPUTER

• XOR S-100 Board Set * Includes CP/Me 2.2

• Programmable Keyboard Set * 8 Slot S-100 Bus

S-100-8 System Complete With:

Shugart 801R Subsystem* (#S-1000-22) ...$2675.00Shugart 851R Subsystem* (#S-1000-23) ... 2925.00

Qume DT-8 Subsystem* (#S-1000-24) 2950.00

Shugart SA 400 Minis (#S-1000-25) 2350.00

Complete System, No Drives (#S-1000-21). 1795.00

'Available in Horizontal or Vertical Cabinet

Introducing a major breakthrough in technology...The removable cartridge disk called the Alpha-10'". 10 megabytes of removable storage space(14 meg unformatted) with the speed and reliabili-ty a Winchester offers. The complete system in-cludes the XOR Z-80 based 64K board set, the S1 -MOD power supply/mother board, the Alpha-10"drive (w/ 3 cartridges), sitting alongside a Shugart851 DS/DD multi-sector floppy disk, CP/M" 2.2software and manuals, and we'll even throw in a 6month parts and labor exclusive warranty.

(#siooo-75) $3995.00

If you already own an S-10O-12 w/2 floppies buyan Alpha-10" upgrade package. Includes Alpha-10" cartridge drive, cartridge control board, S-100interface board w/all necessary cables, softwareand manuals. System price includes 3 10 meg

cartridges. (#S-1000-80) $1995.00

*Extra cartridges available(#M-20O0-51). $50.00

ALPHA-10" is a product manufactured by IOMEGA' CORP

Apple 8" Disk Controller Card $395.00

ZVX4 Dual Density, Single & Double Sided - Auto BootDisk_2_+ 2 Single Density Single or Dual Sided

VSVA^ 300.00

^—/ /

Complete line or add on drives for AppleCALL TOLL FREE FOR PRICES

■

Circle 420 on inquiry card.

Ask about our Low Cost MODEM Software

Hayes-MicroModem100Ser/Por11u7300Baud . $275.00Hayes ■ Smart Modem 300 Baud Orig/Ans Director $250.00NOV. - DCAT 300 Baud Direct Con Ans/Orig 165.00

NOV. - AUTOCAT Auto/Ans/Orig Direct Con 235.00

NOV. -APPLECAT 300/1200 Baud Direct Con 350.00

PMMI - MM103 300/600 Baud (S-100) 359.00

SEE US AT THE WEST COAST

COMPUTER FAIRE!

Civic Auditorium Brooks Hall, San FranciscoMarch 18,19,20, 1983-Booths #1844 and #1846

Don't miss out... Be sure to call, write orvisit us to get a 1983 Winter/Spring Catalog

itornia mqiTA

Post Office Box 3097 B • Torrance, California 90503

*k FREE *

Plastic library case supplied with all| diskettes purchased from California Digital

*24?s

Private labeled for California Digital by one of therespected producers of magnetic media Each diis certified double density at 40 tractis. Toextended media life all diskette are man jlacturedreinforced hub.Each box of diskettes is supplied with a free plasti

Sott sector CAL-501, Ten sector CAL-510

I Ten boxes '22.75 One hundred boxes '21.50

5'4" DISKETTES

WITH LIBRARY CASE

$26.50

Your Choice

SCOTCHMEMOREX| VERBATIM

Single Side Double DensitySoft Sector 10 Sector 16 Sector

SCOTCH

744D-0

7440-10

744D-16

26.50

MEMOREX

3481

3483

3485

26.50

VERBATIM

525-01

525-10

NA

26.50

MAXELL

MD1

MH1-10

MH1-16

29.85

DYSAN

104/10

107/1D

NA

45.00

Double Side Double

Density

SCOTCH

745-0

745-10

745-16

42.50

VERBATIM

550-01

550-10

NA

42.50

MAXELL

MD2-D

MH2-10D

MH2-16D

45.00

DYSAN

104/2D

107/2D

NA

49.50

DYSAN 96

204/2D

NA

NA

59.50

EIGHT INCH DISKETTES

Single Side Single Density

Single Side Double Density

SCOTCH

740-0

29.50

SCOTCH

741-0

39.00

MEMOREX

3060

29.50

MEMOREX

3090

35.00

DYSAN

3740/1

39.50

DYSAN

3740/D

57.50

Thirty Two Sector

Double side Double Density

SCOTCH 1740-32 129.50

SCOTCH

743-0

47.50

Scotch Head Ctoining KKl 5 V. 41" '2«,9SPUiticLibrary Casti S'AftS" 2.05

MEMOREX

3114

39.50

MM***!*

Diskette F.p Tu

12«" r'

DYSAN

3740/20

65.00

Microswitch

ASCII

KEYBOARD

m

Each keyboard contains 81 high reliability Hall Effect keys.Outputs seven bit parallel ASCII MIC-81S05 3 Lbs.

....

HITEK

KEYBOARD

*24.95

This Hifek keyboard is the same unit used by Lear Siegler tn their middle lineCRT terminals The keyboard features 58 unencoded metal on metal con-tacts (HIK-58). Matching numeric cluster with 15 keys is available lor S9.95(HIK-15). Buy both ot these units for only $29 90 and save $5.00 (HIK-5815).

3

VISA

1

[master chare

1

J

MEMORY

16K DYNAMIC

1.95

4116 150ns.

64K DYNAMIC

6.95

4164 150ns.

2732 EPROM

4.95

450ns.

16K STATIC

4.95

6116 200ns

V

4027 4K dynamic 250ns4116150ns. 16K4H6 200ns.l6K4164 150ns. 64K12Brefrs41256 150ns 256K

2iL02200ns IKsiatic21L02 450ns 1K static2t12450ns 2Kstatic2114 300ns. 1Kx 44044TMS450ns. 4K x 15257 300ns 4K x 16116P42O0ns 2K.86116P3150ns 2K x 86167/2167 100ns. 16K

2708450ns 1Kx82716450ns 2Kx82716TMS 450ns. Tri-vol2732 450ns 4K « 82732 350ns. 4Kx 82532 450ns. 4K* 62764 350ns 8K x 827128 350ns 16K ' 8

DYNAMIC MEMORY

ICM-402725OICM-4116150ICM-4116200•Sh ICM-4164150

ICM-41256150

STATIC MEMORY

ICM-21L022001CM-21L02450CM-2112450tCM-2114300ICM-4044450ICM'5257300ICM-6116200rCM'61161501 120pm) ICM-6167100

EPROMS

iCE-2708ICE-2716ige ICE-2716TMS

ICE-2732ICE-2732350ICE-2532ICE 2764ICE 27128

2 75

1.75299

4 958 501050

CONNECTORS

S-100Gold$2.95

DB25P

$2.50

GOLD EDGE CONNECTORS

s-ioo .123" sealers oac:Imsai solder .250" row S2.il

Imsai wire wrap (TI) -1.3

Sulllns Hi-Ret. .250' 4.5'

Suitlna Hi-Rel. WAV 5.3

SuUtns/AUair . UO" 4.9,156*' Centers (standard)

22/44 Kim Eyelet 3.5'

36/72 Digital Group S/T i.936/72 Digital Group WAV 6.6'

43/86 Motorola 6800 S/T 6.6'43/86 Moto. 6800 W/W

T.00 6.85

IKTEGRATLiD CIRCUIT SOCKETSLow Profile Wire Wrapeach ICO+ each 100+8 pin $.10 1.00 $.-46 $.41

"D" rvpe each

. !.-■!■ . ...I. jil.'JO

DSSS '■■

UE hood

l.£

isle

:ih

DA15S feni

DA hood 2/P 1.60

DB35P male 2.50

DB258 Female 3.35DB hood 2/P 1.35DC37P male 4.20DC:i?S female 6.00DC hood 2/F 2.25DD50P ajftl-t1 5.50

DD50S female U.40IJD50 hood 2/P 2.GO

RIBBON CABLE CONNECTORS17/34 5"iiisk 4.85 4.15 3.9520/40 TRS-80 5.65 5.05 4.7023/30 8" disk 5.90 5.15 4.80

Ideal monitor

for classroom

demonstrations.

gathering

:a23 high resoiutuThese unite accept standard ccmposil video signalsthe Apple and IBM Attach it your computer and m

MOT-BW23 35 Lbs Monitors are open frame amenclosure for above S35 00 additional CAL-ENC23

you' opportunity lo

Shipping: first five pounds $3.00. Each additional $.50.Foreign orders: 10% shipping. Excess will be refunded.California residents add i>\% sales tax. COD's discouraged.Open accounts extended to state supported educational instituteand companies with a "strong" Dun & Bradstreet.Warehouse: 15608 Inglewood Blvd. Visitors by appointment.

Eight Inch Singli

! Sided

One Two

Ten

SHUGART SA801R

S39S I 385

375

SIEMENS FDD100-8

259 259

225

TANDON 848-1 SLIMLINE

379 J 369

359

Eight Inch Double Sided

SHUGART SA851R

525

495

475

QUME DATA TRACK 8

525

495

475

MITSUBISHI M2894-63

485

475

469

OLIVETTI 802/851

369

359

349

TANDON 848-2 SLIMLINE

495

485

475

SHUGART 860 THINLINE

569

549

539

Five Inch Single Sided

SHUGART SA400

215

.209

199

TANDON TM 100-1

209

199

195

Five Inch Double Sided

SHUGART SA450

349

329

315

TANDON TM 100-2

295

269

259

TANDON 96TPI TM 100-4

369

355

350

OLIVETTI 502 2A height

239

225

215

Three Inch Rigid Floppy

HITACHI-AMDEK

call for pricing

Five Inch Winchesters

SEAGATE 506 6 Megabyte

759

725

695

SEAGATE 512 12 Megabyte

995

960

960

TANDON 603SE 14 Megabyte

995

960

895

WESTERN DYNAX removable

995

960

950

Upon request, all drives are suppliedwith power connectors and manual

Eight Inch Subsystem

Two Siemens FDD100-8 disk drives with power supply,4" exhaust fan complete with all necessary power cables.

Same as above but wltb:

Shugart801R MSD2801 1195

Shugar1851R MSD2851 1450

Oliveni 802 CAL2802- 1250OumeDTS MSD8DT 1450

ECLIPSi100

*69&

INDUSTRIAL S-IOO MAINFRAMi

Suitable for hospital and industrial applications. Constructed from 304brushed Slainless steel Modualar 500 watt toroid power supply provides8 volts at 30 Amps and i_16 volts at 4 Amps Supplied with standard 18 slotFaraday mother board. Auxilary switched AC receptacles The Eclipse 100can be either table or rack mounted. Provisions for internally mounting a tenmegabyte Winchester disk drive.

The Eclipse 100 is the perfect mainframe to till the void left by thenow defunct TEI Corporation. EPS-100 50 lbs.

TOLL FREE ORDER LINE

800)421-5041

TECHNICAL & CALIFORNIA

213679-9001

irORNIA UiqiTA

Post Office Box 3097 B • Torrance, California 90503

uper Buy $239

K-

SIEMENS

FDD 100-88" DISK DRIVE

10 Drives s209

100 Drives '175

California Digital has recently participated in the purchase of several thousand Siemens FDD 100-8 floppy disk drives.These units are electronically and physically similar to that of the Shugart 801R. Any application that will accept theShugart will work with the Siemens FDD 100-8.

All units are new and shipped in factory sealed boxes Because of the extremely low price we expect a quick sell out.SEA-F1008 17 lbs. Manual and power connectors supplied tree upon request Also available: Two drive subsystemsupplied in metal enclosure with power supply and exhaust fan. S750.00 CAL-2F1008.

MORROWDESIGNS

MICRO DECISION

*W5

Buy before month end and California Digitalwill supply, free of any additional cost, 50Diskettes and a 5V4" Flip & File.

Includes S1800 worth of free software:

Digital Research 2.2 CP/MMicroPro WordstarElectronic Spreadsheet

• NorthStarBazic

• Spelling Checker

• Microsoft Basic 80

The Morrow Micro Decision offers one of the best values in small business computers. Standardfeatures include 64K of RAM, 4MHz Z 80 CPU, two RS232 serial ports, dual density floppy diskcontroller capable of supporting four disk drives, and a 200 Kilobyte SW disk drive The unit ispowered by a low noise switching power supply.

The low profile enclosure should blend in to most any office environment. The Micro Decision isdelivered complete with CP/M 2.2 as well as Basic 80 and Wordstar. Available options include asecond disk drive and a video terminal. MDS-MD1 18 lbs

TERMINALS

Wyse

MATRIX PRINTERS

Star Gemini-10 fnclion 4 tractor 100 char'sec parallel

Star Eclipse B0FT friction & traclor

Okidata 82A senal & parallel 9V paper

Okidala 93A serial & parallel 15" paper

Okidata B4A senal 8 parallel 15' paper

Okidata 2350 (new) 350 char/sec

EpSonMXBOFT with graphira>. triclion 8 traclor teed

EpsonMX 100 with graphtrai 15 paper

NEC8033A parallel 9',s paper, graphics

Anadex 9500A high speed 15' paper

Anadex 9501A high speed with graphics

Dalasouth 180 high speed 180 cps 15

Quantex 7030corespondencequality 180 char/sec

Prowiter8510parallels'; paper

Prownter 8510 senal 9"; paper

Prownter II 15" paper

Printronix P300 high speed printer 300 lines per minute

Printroom P600 ultra high speed 600 lines per minute

Mannesmann Tally 1805 200 char/sec serial.

STU-GIO

STR-EBOfT

OKIB2A

OKI-B3A

OKI-B4A

OKI-2350

EPSMX80FT

EPS-MX1CO

NEC-8023A

AD X- 9500 A

ADX-9501A

DS1-1B0

□TX-7030

PRO-8510P

PRO-8510S

PR0 2P

PTXP300

PTX-P600

MAN-1805

WORD PROCESSING PRINTERS

NEC7710 55char/second. serial interlace NEC-7710

NEC7730 same as above only parallel interface NEC-7730

NEC3510 15 serial NEC-3510

Diablo 630 40 char/sec. serial DBL-630

Brother HR11 daisey wheel BTH-HR1S

BrotherHRii serial interlace BTH-HR1S

Smith Corona TP-1 daisy wheel primer, senal SCM-TP1S

StarwnterF 10 serial PRO-F10S

Starwmer F10 parallel PRO-F10P

359 00297 00459 00695 001079 001995 00519.00695.00485 001279 001279 001295.001535 00495 00639 00750 004500 006150001650.00

2379 002379 001775.002250.00855 00895 00659 001475 00

UM

EPSON MX80

RIBBONS s6.95

MONITORS

Zenilh ?121 green phosphor 12" 40/BO column switch 2IH-7121

BMC 13A green phosphor 15 Mh; composit video BMC-12A

BMC 12EN green phosphor 20 Mh7 high resolution BMC-12EN

NEC JB1201 green phosphor 18 Mhz composit video NEC-JB1201

NEC JB1260 green phosphor commercial grade composit NEC-1260

Motorola 23 open frame blk/while composit video M0T-8W23

Motorola 12" open Irame oik/1white reqires horz sync S powMOT AW12

Contac 9' open frame requires horz sync & cower supply C0N-8W9

ICOLOfl)

NEC JC1201 composit color NEC-JC1201

NEC RGB monitor NEC-1202DM

BMC 13" Composil video BMC-1400CL

BMC 13" RGB color momlor BMC-1401RGB

BMC interlace card for Apple II for above RGB BMC-B1HG8

Comrex/Hitachi 13' RGB high res monitor COM-6600

Convex /Hitachi 13" Composit color monitor COM-6500

Amdek color *1 composit video AMD-100

Amdek color *2 high res RGB color monitoi AMD-200

Amdek color #3 commercial grade color RGB AMD-300

115.0086 00139.TO169.00129 00159 0069 0059 00

325 00875 00273.00329 00149.00539.00395.00

Direct Connect

MODEMS

Hayes Micrornodem 100 S-100 modem HVS-100 31900

Hayes Smart Model RS232 HYS-232 22900

Hayes Micromotlem II Apple direct connect HYS-MM2 279.00

Hayes Chronograph time & dale HYS-CHR232 199.00

Novalion Cat acoustic connect N0V-CAT 149.00

Novation D Cat direct connect via handset N0V-DCAT 16900

Novation 212 Autocat Bell 212A NOV-212 596 00

Novation Auto Cat 103 N0V-AUTO 219 00

Universal 103LP direcl connect, line powered UDS-1Q3LP 169 00

Universal 103LPJ direct connect, auto answer UDS-103LPJ 20900

Universal 202 rjuect connect 1200 baud, halt duplex UDS-202LP 189 00

Universal 212LP direct connect 1200 baud lull duplex UDS-212LP 45000

^Signalman Mark 1 direct connect with terminal cable SGL-MK1 89 00

Ampex Dialogue B0 green screen two page functioo keys APX-DB0C

Ampex Dialogue 80 amber screen, two page, tunclion keys APX-DS0A

Ampex Dialogue 80 green screen Selectnc keyboard APX-D81G

Ampex Dialogue 8i amber screen Selectnc keyboard APX-D81A

Ampex Touch Term screen command lor data entry APX-T80

Wyse horz & vert split screen, metal case delated keyM WVS-100

Televideo 910C emulator TVI-910C

Televideo 910 Plus block mode TVI-910P

Televideo 925C detalcnable keyboard 22 lunction keys TVl-925

Televideo 950 graphic char split screen. 22 functions TVT-950

IBM 3101-10 detatchable keyboard green IBM 3501

Zenith Z-19 keyboard 2TH-219

Adds Viewpoint A1 detatchable keyboard ADD-VP1

Adds Viewpoint A2 xy cursor green screen ADD-VP2

Adds Viewpoini A3 emulator AD0-VP3 /<;

795 00895 00895.00

498 00595 00575.00

S-lOOBOARDS

16 BIT MICROPROCESSORS

GBT-86B7 Gndtioul 8086/8087 M.ci OprMiJWr M* BGBT-86B7 Godboul 8O98.B08S dual 8 Oil

SEA-S0B6 Seattle Comrjuler 16 bit micro lnvo

SINGLE BOARD COMPUTERS

WAV-BUI Wavemaie Bullet 1 wrin llopoy 256K

795 M75000

67500

APPLE

48K Plus

1089

%

APL-48PAPL-DSK1APL-DSK2

APPLE BRAND PRODUCTS

Apple Plus 48k RAM

Apple disk with controller card

Apple disk without controller C3(d

Xilen 10 Megabyte Gallium hard disk1BK RAM card lor Apple II

RANA SYSTEMS

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS

CCS-7710 Asynchronous Serial Interface

CCS-7728 Centronics Parallel Interface

CCS-7720 Apple Paiallel interlace

CCS-7114 12K Rom/Prom Module

CCS-7424 Calendar/Clock Module

CCS-7440 Programmable Timei

CCS-7611B Arithmetic Processor lor Apple II plus

MOUNTAIN COMPUTERS. INC.

MTN-CPS CPS Multifunction Card

MTN-TCLK Clock/Calendar

MTN-STLK Superialker SD200

MTN-R0MF Rom Plus with Keyboard hlter

M1N-R0MRTR Rom Writer with Eprom socket

M1N-ADDA A-D.'D-A Converter

MTN-BSR .X-10 Control Card tor BSR system

MICRO SOFTMSF-SFTCRD Microsoft £-80 CPU card

MSF-16KRAM Microsoft 16K RAM card

VISTAVSA-A800 Vista 8 controller card

VSA-VIS60 Vista Vision 80

MCl-CNTRl Micro Sci disk drive controller

FOURTH DIMENSIONFDN-SPRDRV Super Drive-35 track Apple add on

SORRENTO VALLEY ASSOCSVA-221 Single sided single density controller

SVA-222 Double sided single density controller

SVA-223 Single or double sided double density

ADVANCED BUSINESS TECHABM3KEYN 13-Key pad loi new Apple

149 00169 00145 00

8 BIT MICROPROCESSORS

GBT-Z80 Garjboui ZB0 8 bit CPU 34 fill extended

address 2

CCS-2810 California Computer 7-80 iricroo'ocessu. 1SDS-SBC?on SO Systems EBC-ffiO 7-80

MSM-ZBO M^asutement System Z.80 2810

mitropiocessof 4

AH-780 TaiDi-ll FI«cMi:ii.:-.s I ftu wilt' two RS232

Doris 3

FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLERS

GorJWWIDiskOneoouDiedensityNEC-76S 3Motfow Desirjns Disk Jnckey" wnti CPM %

Moimw DsHinns Disv Juckey I Single

density 1

CaflfOfrrH Cumpjter 7X12 wiin CPM 3

:,,.:„i i ,-.ir.-.. i, ■ i,

GBICPMB6 GoUbOul CPM 86 lor operaUm) wilh

BOBb Hoard 265 00

HARD DISK CONTROLLER

GBT-DSK2 Godhoul Disk II "art! disk conlriillei 69500

GBT-0SK3 Gadtwut Disk III hard disk coiittoUer

Ml!> WiUlfi MO'-iiw Desifjrtf. W^.'n'Met loi

S«lfla»SG6 49500

WOM0CO Western Oigiial W0-1000 <m>l S I00i 496 00

EPROM BOARDS

ADS PB100 Afkvnan Digital Prom Blaslei 100 27500

S0S-P100 50 Syslems Prom-100 piugrammei 260on

SSM-P61 SSM Prom piigrflmmpi i| ta ?JI6 195 W0GR-P37 Digital Research Sk Eprom .ead only

Inarfl to&oo

STATIC MEMORY BOARDS

CAL-554 California Digital Sialic 64 8/16 bit

WShGBT-H16 Godbout Ram 16 64* memory 8/16 bitGBT Fit? Gnahout flam 17 64K memoiv B bil

24 Wl atlrlG8T-R?0 Goottoul Rsm 20 ;12k iiahc memmy 4K

ritiunoGfll-RJI Godtoul Ram 2i 1P6X 8'16 hit sialic

CCS-2116 Crtlilornia Comultr 2116 16K slali:

DYNAMIC MEMORY BOARDS

CAL-0256 Caliionna Digiia! 256K dynamic memoryBbii

■■>. . ' ;... .■,■-■:>.: .1.1- .:, ■

CCS-2065 Caiiloin.i Cnmpuleis 2065 (v4K dynamicMSM-DM664 MessijrememSysiemsDMe6400 (Alpha

INTERFACE BOARDS

r-Bt iiha

■ ■■

S ''I

II 3 IMMllfl

■'

SPECIAL FUNCTION BOARDS

.. '.' ■■ 5 lOOFCC

9K«

ri'KKKHii Syiii!'" SiijiiMiM w-m 1)231'

'■' ■ ■

'■'■ ■■'■;■ i ■■■: hi; titil- h i I'.iini'i-.-

HI DlQtl II K:.. ■. ■ f Mi r -. i - - taMtd

'

*'a|> iimlnlviu'

256K DYNAMIC

MEMORY BOARD

*495

• 256 kilobytes ol memory using 64K dynamic RAM

• Over one megabyte of memory using the new25EK dynamic RAM chips

• Error detection-trap capability

• Individual 16K block can be relocated to anyboundry wiltiin a megabyte o< RAM.

• 24 Bil addressing and phantom mode capability.

The California Digilai 256K BAM txiard repiesei

abovo earlier generalion S-1K dynaninfram Ooafffla » givaa v

Parity error lealure can be |umpered to any of the interrupt

signal 24 or 16 Oil addressing with memory managemer"

Proper OpwaflOn wi9l frpnl panel equpped systems DMA disk controllers, and I6EE-696 Temporary Buss Masters

assured with an on the board Ml generator tor memory refresri liming CAS and RAS liming is controlled wrlh tapped

U lor proper operation over trie enine operating temperature rangeThe Doard is very recent in design using ttie National Semiconducroi DP-S409 RAM Controller cnip Split termirialioinetworks are used on all address lines CASiine.andRASIirieseiiminati."i.i rhef.isr rraces o! nnrpmi Thel useparale voltage retmlators One 'or ihe DRAMs and one Irjr the interface logic increasing the noise inwol Ihe ram array Typical power dissipation is 8 watts

Documental I on nciudes [h,H.«v of opi>raiion .... - ii i- i 11 ■ = i::; ■> ■ii.n/'- i -■-.h.-in M.c jnj . ipuii.:aliOn miles on 1use ol the memory management options CAL-356K 2 LCs

Hue m S-100 memory leennology Priced Slightyaddttronal laaturos 256K ot memory with parrlyaaHlB porl ERROR LED or IEEE-696 "ERROR

.00. Each additional $.50.Excess will be refunded.ales tax. COD's discouraged.e supported educational instituDun & Bradstreet.

TOLL FREE ORDER LINE

800)421-5041

TECHNICAL & CALIFORNIA

213679-9001

MICROPROCESSOR COMPONENTS

SN7472N 14

SN7473N 14

SN7474N 14

SN7475N IB

SN7476N IB

SN7479N 14 ■

SN7480N 14

SN7482N 14 :

5N74B3\ 16

SN7485N 16

SN74B6N 14

SN7489N 1G :

SN7490N 14

5N7491N 14

SN749JN 14

SN7493N 14

SN7494N 14

SN749SN 14

SN7496N 16

SN7497N 16 :

SN74100N 24

SN74104N 14

SN74105N 14SN74107N 14SN74109N 16

SN74116N 34

SN74121N 14

SN74122N 14

SN74123N 16

SN74125N 14

SN74128N 14

SN74132N 14

SN74136N 14

SN74141N 16

SN74142N 16

SN74143N 24

SN74I44N 24

SN74145N 16

SN74147N 18

SN74148N 16

SN74150N 24

SN74151N 16

SN74152N 14

SN74153N 16

SN74154N 24SN74155N

74LS92

74LS93

74LS95

74LS96

74LS107

74LS109

74LS112

74LS113

74LS114

74LS122

74LS123

74LS125

74LS126

74LS132

74LS133

74LS136

74LS138

74LS139

74LS151

74LS1S3

74LS154

74LS155

74LSI56

74LS157

74LS158

74LS160

74LS16I

74LS162

74LS163

74LS164

74LS165

74LS168

74LS169

74LS170

74LS173

74LS174

74LS175

74LS181

74LS190

74LS191

74S12474S13374S13474S13S74S13674S13874S13974S14074S15174S15374S15774S15874S16074S17474S17574S1B8*74S19474S19574S19674S24074S24174S242

CA3060N

if.

CA3C80E

8

.89

CA3081N

16

1.4S

CA3082N

11

1 49

CA3083N

16

1 49

CA3086N

M

Bfl

CD404Q 16

CD4041 14

C04042 16

CD4043 16

C04O44 16

C04046 16

CD4047 14

CWM8 IB

CD4049 16

CO405O 16

CD4051 16

C04052 16

CD4053 16

CD4056 16

CD4059 24

CD4060 16

CD4Q66 14

CD4068 14

CD4069 14

CD4070 14

CD4071 14

CD4072 14

CD4073 14

CD4075 14

C04076 16

CD407B 14

C 04081 14

CD4Q8Z 14

CD4093 14

SN74156NSN74157N '

SN74160N 1

SN74151N ■

SN74162N '

SN741(i3N '

SN74164N '

SN74165N '

SN74166N '

SN74167N '

SN74170N "

SN74172N I

SN74173N

SN74174N

SN74175N '

SN74176N ■

SN74177N

SN74179N

SN74180N ■

SN74IB1N ;

SN74182N

SN74184N

SN74185N

SN74190N

SN74191N

SN74192N

SN74193N

SN74194N

SN74195N

SN74196N

SN74197N

SN74198N

SN74199N

SN7422JN

SN74251N

SN74276N

SN74279N

SN74283N

SN742B4N

SN74285N

SH74365N

SN74366N

SN74367N

SN74368N

SN74390N

SN74393N

74LS19274LS19374LS19474LS19574LS19774LS22174LS24074LS24174LS24274LS24374LS24474LS24574LS24774LS24874LS24974LS25174LS25374LS25774LS25874LS26074LS26674LS27374LS27974LS28374LS29074LS29374LS29874LS35274LS35374LS36574LS3G674LS36774LS36874LS37374LS37474LS37574LS38674LS39374LS39974LS67081LS9581LS97

74S243

74S244

74S2S1

74S253

74S257

74S258

74S260

74S28D

74S287"

74S2BB*

74S373

74S374

74S387-

74S471-

74S472"

74S473"

74S474*

74S475-

74S570-

74S571*

74S572*

74S573"

74S940

74S941

CA3089NCA3096NCA3130ECA3140ECA3160KCA3401NCA3600N

CD409B IB

CD4506 16

CD4507 14

CD4508 24

CD4510 16

CD4511 16

CD4S12 16

CD4514 24

CD4515 24

CD4516 16

CD4518 16

CD4519 16

CD4S2Q 16

C04526 16

C04S28 16

CD4529 16

C04543 16

C04562 14

CD4566 16

CD4583 16

CD4584 14

CD4723 16

CD4724 16

MC14409 16UC14410

24

MC14

MC14412 16

MC14419 16

MC14433 24

MC1453B 16

MC14541 14

-MICROPROCESSOR CHIPS-

Part Ho. "Plni function

CDP1802 40 CPU

2650 40 MPU . . . .

IDM2901AOC 40 CPU-4-bii slice (Com. Temp. Gr )

MCS6502 40 MPU w/Clock (65K byles mem )

MC6802CP 40 MPU w/Clock and P.AM .

INS8035N-S 40 MPU-8-W1 (6MHz)

INSB039N-6 40 CPU-Sgi.chipB-tJrt(l2flbls torn).

INS8040N-6 40 CPU (256 oytes BAM)..

INS8070N 40 CPU (64 oyles RAM)

INS8G73N 40 CPU w/Basic Micro Interpreter

P8085A 40 CPU ..

Z80, Z80A, Z80B, Z8000 SERIES-

Z80 40 CPU <MK3880N}(7B0C) 2MH*

Z80-CTC 28 Counter Timer Circuit

Z80-DART 40 Dual Asynchronous Bee. /Trans. .

Z8D-DMA 40 Direct Memory Access Circuil

7fln-Pio 40 Parallel I/O Interface Controller

40 Serial t/0 (TxCB ana R.CB Bonded)

40 Serial I/O (Lacks DTRB) ........

40 Serial I/O (Lacks SYNC8)

40 Serial I/O

40 CPU(MK3880N-4)(780C-!)4MHz

"" Counter Timer Circuit

Z80-SI0/0

ZBO-SIO/t

Z80-S10/2

Z80-S10/9

Z80A

Z80A-CTC

Z8DA-0ABT

Z80A-0MA

2B0A-

40 Direci Memory Access Circuit

40 Parallel I/O interlace Controller

ZBOA-SIO'O 40 Serial I/O (T«CB and RxCB OonOed) 16 95

Z80A-S10/1 40 Serial I/O (Lacks DTRB) 16.95

Z80A-S10/2 40 Serial I/O (Lacks SYNCB) . . 16.95

Z80A-St0/9 40 Serial I/O 16.95

2806 40 CPU(MK3B80N-6)6MH2 11.95

Z80B-CTC 2B Counter Timer Circuil . ....13.95

Z80B-P10 40 Parallel I/O Interface Controller 13.95

Z8001 4B CPU Segmented ...... 5195

Z8002 40 CPU Non-Segmented 55.95

ZB030 40 Serial Comm. Controller .44.95

Z8036 40 Counter/Timer & Parallel I/O Unit. . 29.95

6800/68000 SERIES

MC6B00

MC68I0API

MCG821

MC6828

MC6830L8

MC6850

MC6B52

MC686C

MC6862

MC6880A

MC68000L8

MC68488P

MC6B652P2

MC6866IPB

INS8080A

TMS5501

IN SB 154

INS82C06

DP8212

DP8214

DPB216

DP8224

DP8226

DP8228

0P8238

INS8243

INS8245

INS8246

1NS8247

INS8248

^S8250N

0P8251

OP8253

DP8255

0P8257

DP8259

DP8275

DP8279

DP8303

OP8304

DP8307

DP830S

DP8310

DP8311

40 MPU

40 MPU wltH clock and RAM .....

24 128x8 Static RAM ....

40 Peripheral Inter Adapt (MC6B20)

24 Priority Interrupt Controllei

24 1Q24x8-bit ROM (MC68A30-8).

24 Asynchronous Comm Adapter

24 SyncnronousSeiialOataAdapter

24 0-600DPS Digital MODEM

24 2400bps Modulator ...

16 Quad 3-state bus trans. (MC8T26)64 MPU l6-Brt!8MHz140 General Purpose Int Adapter40 Multi Protocol Comm. Controller.26 EnhancedProgComm.ini — 8080A SERIES

40 CPU

40 Synchronous Data Interlace (SIRC)

40 12BByteRAM 16-Bitl/O

20 Octal 0 Flip Flap Tn-Stale (74C374)

24 8-bt1lnput/0utput(74S4t2) .

24 Priority Interrupl Control

16 Bi-Directional Bus Driver

16 Clock Generator/Ortver

16 Bus Driver

28 System Com./Bus Driver (74S428)

28 System Controller (74S438)

24 I/O Expander lor 48 Series

18 16-Key Keyboard Encoder (74C922)

20 20-Key KeyOoard Encoder (74C923)

20 Display Controller (74C911)

20 Display Controller (74C912)

40 Asyn. Comm. Element (IMS8250)

20 Prog Comm. 1/0(USART)

24 Prog interval Timer .

40 Prog Peripheral l/D (PPI]

40 Prog DMA Control

2B Prog. Interrupt Control

40 Prog. CRT Controller

40 Prog Keyboard/Display Interlace

20 B-Bit Tri-State Bi-Direclional Trans

20 8-bit Bl-Directional Receiver . .

20 8-bit Bi-Directional Receiver

20 8-bil Bi-Directional Receiver

20 Octal Latched Peripheral Driver.

20 Octal Latched Peripheral Dr

MICROPROCESSOR MANUALS 4V DATA BOOKS

M-Z80

M-CDP1802

M-2650

10400

30001

30002

30003

30005

User ManualUser Manual

User Manual .. ,

1982 Intel Data Book (1405 pg.)

1981 Nat. CMOS Book |628 pg )

1980 Nat. Interlace Book (640 pg)

1982 Nat Linear Book (1952 pg>

1981 Nat TTL Book (624 pg )

1980 Nat Memory Data Book (464 pg |

1980 Nat. Linear Applications (736 pg.)

1983 2IIOQ Data Book (641 PB ■)

1981 Intel Peripheral Design (828 pg |

Pitt No.

-DYNAMIC RAMS-

rrjw

.. 3.«5t.89-8/14,95

1103 16 1024x1 1300ns) 99

4027 16 4088x1 (250n») 2.49

4116N-2 16 16,384x1 (150ns) 189-8/14 95

41I6N-3 16 16,384x1 (200ns) 169-8/12-95

4116N-4 16 16,384x1 (250ns) 1.49-8/1095

4I64N-150 16 65.536x1 (150ns) 795-8/5995

4164N-200 16 65,536x1 1200ns) 749-8/54.95

MM5261 IB 1024x1 (300ns) . .49-8/1.95

MM5262 22 2048x1 (36SnS> 49 — 8/1.95

MM5270 18 4096x1 (250ns) MK4096

MM5280 22 4096x1 <200ns) 2107

MM5290-2 16 16.384x1 (150ns)

MM529Q-3 16 16.384xt (200ns)

MM5290-4 16 16.384x1 (250nsi

MM5298-3 16 8192x1 (200ns)

STATIC RAMS

1101 16 256x1 (650ns)

2101 22 256x4 (450ns)8101

2102 16 1024x1 (350ns)21L02 16 1024x1 (450ns) L.P..

2111 18 256x4 (450ns)8111

2112 16 256x4 (450ns) MOS2)14 IB 1024x4 (450ns2114L 18 1024x4 (450nsjL.P- .2114-2 18 1024x4 (200ns .2114L-2 18 1024x4 (200ns)L.P..

18 4096x1 (150ns)

18 4096x1 (70ns).

IB 1024x4 (70ns)

18 4096x1 (450ns)

18 1024x4 (450ns)

22 256x4 (450ns) CMOS

1 95-8/13.952.25-8/15.952.25-8/15.95249-8/17.95

2147

2148

TMS4044

TMS4045

5101

MM5257

HM6116P-3

HM6116-4

MM6116LP 4

7489

74C920

74C921

74C929

74C930

74S189

74S200

74S206

74S289

82S10

82S25

Part No.

9 ^s"\

22 256x418 266x4

"" 1024X

16 256x116 266x116 16x4

1702A

2708

2708-5

1MS2516

1MS2532

1MS2564

TMS2716

2716

2716-1

2732

27560

MM2764

MM2764-3

74S188

74S287

74S28B

74S387

74S471

74S472

74S473

74S474

74S475

74S478

74S570

74S571

74S572

74S573

B2S23

82S115

82S123

82SI26

a2S129

82S130

32S185

DM87S1BON

DM6/S181N

DM87S184N

DM87S185N

DM8/S190N

DM87S191N

24 2048x8 [200ns)CMOS .

24 2048x8 (200ns) LP CMOS

16 16x4 (50ns)3101

(250ns)CMOS(6551)

1250ns) CMOS

(250ns) CMOS (6501)1024x1 (250ns) CMOS (6518)

(35ns) 93405

(80ns) 93410

(60ns)93411

i:i':.n-,!3101

(50ns) OC (93415)16 16x4 (50ns)OC (74S289!

EPROMS

24 256x8 (1USI

24 1024x8 (450ns)

24 1024x8 (550ns) SM00246

24 204BxB (450ns)2716 . . ..

24 4096x8 (450ns) NMC2532

28 8192x8 (450ns) .....

24 2043x8 (450ns)3voltage

24 2018x8 (450ns)

24 2048x8 (350ns)

24 4096x8 (450ns)

24 1024x8 (450ns) single

28 8192x8 |450ns)

2B 8192x8 (300ns)PROMS

5V

16 32x8

16 256x4

16 32x8

16 256x4

20 256x8

20 512x8

20 512x8

24 512x8

24 512x8

DC10

MC3470P

MCI 4081.7

MC1408L8

A0C0804

DACC8Q6

ADC0809

AY-5-1013A

PROMOC (6330-1)PROMT S. (6301-1) .PROMTS (6331-1} ...PROMOC (6300-1)PROMT S.(6309-t|

PROMT S (6349-1)

PROMO C (6348) . .PROMT S (0M87S296N)_ PROMOC (6340)24 1024x8 PROMT S (TBP28S86) .16 512x4 PROM D.C (6305)16 512x4 PROMTS. (6306)18 1024x4 PROMOC (6352)18 1024x4 PROMT.S (B2S137) .16 32x8 PROMOC (27S1B)* PROMTS (27S15)PROM T S (27S19)PROMOC (27S20) ....PROM T S (27S21) .PROMO C (27S12JPROMTS ITBP24S81)Z4 1024x8 PROMOC (82S180)24 1024x8 PROMT.S. (825181)IB 2048x4 PROMOC. (B2S1B4)IB 2048x4 PROMTS (82S1B5)24 2048x4 PROMOC.(B2S190)24 2048x8 PROMT.S.(82S19I)

— DATA ACQUISITION

Mostek DC/DC Convert +5VI0-9V

18 Hoppy Disk Read AMPSystem

16 7-bit D/A Converter (DAC0807LCN)18 8-bit D/A Converter (DAC0808LCN)20 8-bit A/D Converter (1 LSB)16 8-bit0/AConverter (0 78W Lin.) .28 B-bit A/D Converter (B-Cn. Multi )40 30KBaudUart(TR16O2)

7045IPI 21

7045EV/Kif 21

7106CPL 4)

7106EV/Ki!" 4<

7107CPL 41

7107EV/Kif 41

7116CPL 41

7117CPL 417201IUS

7205IPG 2'

7205EV/Kif I

7206CJPE II

7206CEV/Klf H

7207AIPD t

7207AEV/Kif 1.

720BIPI t

7209IPA (

7215IPS 2

7215EV/KIC 2

7216AUI 2

7216CUI I

7216DIP1 2

7217IJI 2

7217AIPI 2

7224IPL 4

7226AIJL 4

7226AEV/KII* 4

7240UE 1

7242UA I

7250IJE 1

7260IJE 1

7555IPA I

7556IP0 1

7611BCPA I

7612BCPA I

7621BCPA I

7631CCPE 1

7641CCPD 1

7642CCPD 1

7660CPA I

8038CCPD 1

8048CCPE 18069CC0

B211CPA I

8212CPA 2

CMOS Precision Timer

Stopwatch Chip, XTL . ., ...

3'/i Oigil A/D (LCD Drive)

iC. Circuit Board Display .....

3Vr Digit A/0 (LED Drive)

IC. Circuit Board, Display

3W Digit A/0 LCD OlS HLDVh Digit A/D LED Dis HLD

Low Battery Volt indicator

CMOS LEO Stopwatch/TimerSlopwatch Chip. XTL

Tone Generator

Tone Generator Chip. XTLOscillator Controller . .Freq CounterCnip, XTL

Seven Decade Counter

Clock Generator ....

4Func CMOS Stopwatch CKT4Func Stopwatch Chtp. XTL . .

8 DiQit Unlv Counter C.A

B Digit Freq Counter C A.6 Digit Freq Counter C.C.4 Digil LEO Up/Down Counter C.A. ..

4 Digit LED Up/Down Counter C.C.LCD 4Vj Digit Up Counter Dfll8DigitUniv Counter

5 Function Counter Chip, XTLCMOS Bin Prog. Timer/CounterCM0SDivide-by256RCTmw .CMOS BCD Prog Timer/Counter.CMOS BCD Prog. Timer/CounterCMOS S55 Timer

CMOS 556 Timer

CMDS Op Amp Comparator ...CMOS Op Amp Ext CmvrCMOS Dual Op Amp Comp

CMOS Tri Op Amp Comp

CMOS Quad Op Amp Comp

CMOS Quad Op Amp CompVoltage Converter . .

Waverorm Generator

Monolithic Logarithmic Amp

50ppmBand—GAPVollRel Diode

VOlt Ret/Indicator

Volt Ret /indicator

19.959.9534.9511.9529.9516.9515.95

149529.9524.95

2 25

6.00

.5.25

1.45

2 20

5MV 2 25

5MV 2 95

5MV 395

10MV 5.35

10MV 7 50

10MV 750

295

. .3,95

. . ..16 95

2.50

296

130009 1983 INTERSIL Data Book n356p

mi mm..* ■

;'4«j'j

74C02

74C04

Z4CDS

TKte

74C1474C20■ JC3074C3271C4274C48

.'■u;n

74C7474C85

74I..B6MC8974C9C

74C9574C10774C15174C15474C15774C16074C16174C16274C16374C16474C17374C17474C17574C19274C193

221

74C24074C24474C37374C37474C90174C90374C90674C91174C91274C91574C91774C92274C92374C92574C92680C9580C97

«Sr. 74HC High Speed CMOS

24 512x8

16 32x8

16 256x4

16 256x4

16 512x4

18 2048x4

74HCOO 14 ,75

/4HC02 14 .75

•74HCU04 14 75

74HC08 14 75

74HC10 14 75

74HC20 14 .75

74HC27 14 75

74HC74 14 99

74HC75 16 .99

74HC86 14 .99

74HC1Q9 16 1 39

74HC13874HC13974HC14774HC15174HC15774HC16074HC16174HC16474HC17474HC17574HC242

74HC243

14

2.79

74HC251

16

1 m

74HC266

14

.99

74HC280

14

1 ft

74HC373

70

I Bfi

74HC374

7(1

3 95

74HC533

»

Iffl

74HC534

71)

195

74HC4075

14

A

74HC4538

IB

IM

74HC4543

16

4 95

rid S 30 tor

heel

/Programmable Array Logic (PALS)

"Pins Function

'msMt

y^ \j |\| |\| t \j I \J K^™SSRWWWWP

10-lnput AND-OR Gate Array (High Outpul)

PAL12H6 20 Hex 12-lnput AND-OR Gale Array (High Output)

PAL14H4 20 Quad 14-lnputAN0-0R Gate Array (High Outpul)

PAL10L8 20 Octal 10 input ANO-OR-lnvert Gate Array (Low Output)

PAL12L6 20 Hex 12-lnput AND-OR-lnven Gate Array (Low Output)

PAL14L4 20 Quad 14-lnput AND-OR-lnverlGateArray (LowOulput)

PAL16L8 20 Octal 16-tnput AMD-OR-lnvert Gate Array (Low Output)

PAL16R8 20 Octal 16 Input Register AND-OR Gate Array

PAL16R6 20 Hex 18 Input Register AND-OR Gate Array

PAL16R4 20 Quad 16lnpul Register AND-OR Gate Array

S5 955 955.95

130012 1982 NATIONAL PAL Data Book(i76P) $5.95j

DB25 — D Subminiature (meets RS232) I Solder Eyelet/Wire Wrap Edge Card

Prfce Part No. CnK. Sp "-

11 79 15/

DB25P 25 Pin Ptug (Moots HS232) 2.49DB25S 25 Pin Sockel (Moots RS232) 3.25

RF Coaxial Connectors

UHF Straight AdapterUHF Reducing. AdapterBNCftug

mm. IC SOCKETS -

y^^T^J For Socket Required. See Column After The IC Part No. mill'

LOW PROFILE (TIN) SOCKETS WIRE WRAP (GOLD) SOCKETS

8 pin LP

14 plr

LP

16 pin

IP

18 plr

LP

20 pin LP

22 pir

IP

74 pin

LP

26 pin

LP

36 plr

LP

40 pin

LP

- Soidortail Standard Tin & Gold Also Available -

LEVEL #3

16 pin WWIBplnWW20 pin WW22 pin WW24 pin WW28 pin WW36 pin WW40 pin WW

$10.00 Minimum Order — U.S. Funds OnlyCalifornia Residents Add 61/2% Sales TaxPostage — Add 5% plus $1.50 InsuranceSend S.A.S.E. for Monthly Sales Flyer!

Spec Sheets — 30c eachSend $1.00 Postage for yourFREE 1983 JAMECO CATALOGPrices Subject to Change

—

1 call 'oiQuantityDiscounts

1355SHOREWAY ROAD

ameco

"1.95 -A-BELMONT, CA 94002

2/83 PHONE ORDERS WELCOME — (415) 5928097 Telex: 176043

TL071CP 6

TL072CP t

TLQ74CN 14

TL081CP 0

TL082CP 8

TL084CN 14

LM3G1CN 8

LM302H

LM304H

LM305H

LM307CN B

LM308C\ 8

LU309K

LM310CN 8

LM311CN 8

LM312H

LM317T

LM317K

LM318CN 8

LM319N 14

LM320K-5

LM320K-12

LM320K-15

LM320T-5

LM320T-12

LM320T-15

LM323K

LM324N 14

LM337T

LM338K

LM339N 14

LM340K-5

LM340K-12

LM340K-15

LM340T-5

LM340T-12

LM340T-15

LM348N 1

LM350K

LF355N

LF356N

LM370N 1

LM373N 1

LM377N 1

LM380N 1

LM381N

LM382N 1

LM384N

LM386N-3

TM94CN

TL496CP

NE510A

NE529A

NE53W

NE536H

NE540H

NE544N

ME550A

NE555V

LM556N

NE564N

LM565N

LM566CN

LM567V

14 195

NE570N

LM703CN

LM709N

LM710N

LM711N

LM723N

LM733N

LM739N

LM741CN

LM747N 14 69

LM748N B 59

LM1310N 14 1.49

IM1458CN 0 59

LM1488N 14 .69

LM1489N 14 69

LM1496N 14 1.95

LU1800N 16 1 49

LM1B89N IB 1.95

LM1896N 14 2 95

LM2002T 1.49

LM3189N 16 1.59

LM3900N 14 .59

LM3905CN 6 1.19

LM3909N 8 .99

LM3914N 18 3.49

LM3915N

LM39t6N

RC4136N

flC4151rJB 8 195

ICL80386 14 3 95

LM13080N ■ 1.19

LM13600N 16 1.19

MORE AVAILABLE

18 3 4918 34914 1.25

Digitalker

DT1050 — Applications: Teaching aids,appliances, clocks, automotive, telecommunica-tions, language translations, etc.

The OT1050 is a standard DIGITALKER kit encoded with 137 separateand useful words. 2 tones, and 5 different silence durations. Thewords and tones have been assigned discrete addresses, making itpossible to output single words or words concatenated into phrasesor even sentences. The "voice" output of the OT1050 Is a highly In-telligible male voice. Female and children's voices can be synthesiz-ed. The vocabulary Is chosen so that It is applicable to many pro-ducts and markets.

The DT105O consists of a Speech Professor Chip, MM54104 (40-plnJand two (2) Speech ROMs MM52164SSR1 and MM52164SSR2 (24-pin)along with a Master Word list and a recommended schematicdiagram on the application sheet.

DT1050 Digitalker™ $34.95 ea.

DT1057 — Expands the DT1050 vocabularyfrom 137 to over 260 words. Incl. 2 ROMs and specs.DT1057 $24.95 ea.

508 BYTE February 1983

Circle 219 on inquiry card.

JOYSTICKS

JSA(2).. .$6.95/pair

-w?

PADDLES

JSP(2).. .$4.95/pair

TV GAME SWITCH

' j^^—^gj^-^ Switches TV to video game"™****-tj or computer operation.Used on Atari.

TGS-1. . $2.95ea.

^iflK^i

JOYSTICKS

5K Linear

Taper Pots S5.25

to lnnir 100K LinearJV1UUK Tap,rPrt,

S4 95

E 150K Linear1 Taper Pots

S4.75

JVr 40 40l< I2' vllle0 c<m'js-sk (pictured) -<■■»• |roner in case $4.95

JS KNOB Knob for JS5K,100K,150K $.99ea.

JVC KNOB Knob lor JVC-40 $.99 ea.

RADIO CONTROL CIRCUITS

Ideal to use lor

• Toys, hobby crafts, robots, trains

• Burglar alarms • IR data link

• Remote slide projector control

• Consumer remote data links ^VS-*

• Energy-saving, remotely switched lighting systemsA complete 6-channel digital encoder and RF transmitter: low power,at frequency ot 27MHz or 49MHz. a field strength* ot 10,00OuV meterat 3 meters 9V operation on chip RF oscillator/transmitter, on chip4.6 regulator. Up to BOM Hz carrier frequency operation.LM1871N RC Encoder/Transmitter Chip . . .$1.95

A complete RF receiver/decoder, used at72MHz. It provides 4 independent channels(2 analog. 2 dig) operates from four t.5V cf

LM1872N RC Receiver/Decoder Chip $2.49

tlther 27MHz, 49MHz orwhen used wiih LM1871Ms. Crystal controlled.

SRX1504SRX1505

49.435MHz Crystal (LM1872N) .49.890MHz Crystal (LM1871N)

. $3.95S3.95

Digital Thermometer Kit

Dual sensors — switchcontrols for indoor/outdooror dual monitoring — can beextended to 500 feet. Con-tinuous LED .8" ht. display.Range:-40'F to 199*F,-40"Cto 100"C. Accuracy ±1*

tor

•^r t _,» ,"""* **■» J Simulated walnut case. AC

irnnfi eon r\c watt adapter included. Size;

JfcoUU 3>Oy.yi> 6%"Lx3y."Hx U"D.

BOOKS

NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR — INTERSIL — INTEL

30001 National CMOS Data Book (1981) $6.95

(640 pages) 74C, CD4000, and A/D Converters

30002 National Interface Data Book (1960) $6.95

(704 pages) DP, DS6000, OS36O0, DS5700. etc.

30003 National Linear Data Book (1962) $11.95

(1376 pages) LM, LF, ADC, DAC, LH Series

30004 National Series 80 — Board Level Computer(19B0) 14.95(224 pages)

30005 National TTL Logic Data Book (1961) $9.95

(624 pages) 740O,LS.L,H,S, and DM8OO0 Series

30006 Above (3) 30001,3,5 as set .. S24.95

30008 Nallonal Memory Data Book (1980) S6.95

(464 pages) RAMs, ROMs, PROMs. EPROMs Series

30009 Intersil Data Book (1983) 59.95

(1356 pages) Complete line.

30010 National Audio/Radio Handbook (1980) $5.95(240 pages) Pre-Amps, AM, FM & FM Stereo, Power Amps

30011 National Linear Application Handbook (1980) $15.95

(736 pages) Application Notes, Linear Briefs, etc.

30012 National PAL Data Book(1982) $5.95

(178 pages) Data Sheet, PAL Design

30013 Zilog Data Book (1963) S7.95

(641 pages) Microprocessors and Support Chips

010400 Intel Component Data Book (1982) $14.95

(1405 pg.) Full data sheets for Intel's products incl. mem.

devices, microproc. periph. & Ind./mil. products205610 Intel Peripheral Design Handbook (1981) $9.95

(828 pages) Full data sheets, application notes for Intel

peripheral device components

Universal —_£omputer Keyboard Enclosures

"DTE" Blank Desx-Top Enclosures

are designed lor easy rnodifica-

\ lion. High strengtti epoxy molded

end pieces in mocha brawn finish

Sliding rear/bottom panel for service/

■*" component access'. Top/Dot!, panels .080"

' Mick alum alodtne type 1200 finish [gold uni

color) for best paint adhesion atier modification.

Vented top & botlom panels lor cooling efficiency

Rigid cons I rue lion provides unlimited applications

-B.ati —„/ Assembly instructions included

DTE-8 Panel Width 7.5" $24.95

DTE-11 Panel Width 10.13" $27.95

DTE-14 Panel Width 13.5 * $29.95

DTE-20 Panel Width 19.25" $34.95

Mostek DC/DC Converter+ 5 VOLTS TO-9 VOLTS

Input: +5V. Output: -9V (regulated) @ 30mA.Prlnfed circuit mounting. Specifications Incl,

DC10 $2.95 ea. or 2 / S4.95

POWER SUPPLIES — KEYBOARDS expai-

Wb

23"L.x5J/.',Wx1-3r'8',l

POWER SUPPLY +5V0C @ 1 AMP REGULATED

Transaction Tech:k/beioe) selleri. 3 lbs Bala sheet Incl.

$19.95 each

POWER SUPPLY +5V0C @ 1 AMP REGULATED

Output +5V0C 0 l amp, +36-42VDC adi 400mA or less, 30VAC (isol I .■;; I. Samp. Input 115VAC60Hi Circ brkr rB-sefbulton Blk SBll-encl case w/4 rubber feet 611.: 3 cr-- "* —On/off switch. 6VW > 7VD x 3-7/B H - wt 7 lbs. Data sheet included

3 cond blk pow cord

POWER SUPPLY + 5VDC 3 3 AMP REGULATED oe,„on

Input: 115VAC. 47-44QHZ. Output: 5V0C Adjustable 0 3 »">P- 6VDC D 2.5 amp. Adjustable cur-rent limit. Hippie & Noise: 1MV rms, 5MV p-p — 2 mounting surfaces. UL recognized. Size: 4"Wx4V("L« 2-7/16"H - wt. 2 lbs. Data sheet included.Part No. QPS-1 $29.95 each

POWER SUPPLY +5VDC @ 7.5 AMP, 12VDC @ 1.5 AMP SWITCHING

Input: 115VAC. SO-60H* fi 3 amp/230VAC, 50Hz @ 1.6 amp. Fan volt,/power supply select swit-ches (115/230VACI Output: 5VDC Q 7.6 amp. 12V0C fl1.6 amp. Bit. blk. pow. cord. lIVWx13VD * 3*"H. Wt 6 lbs.PartNo.PS94V0 S49.95each

POWER SUPPLY 4-Ctiannel Switching Power Supply

Microprocessor, mini-computer, terminal, medical equipment and process control applications. In-put: 90-130VAC 47-44CH.-. Output: + 5VDC#5A, -5VDC („■ 1A: + 12VDC ,»■ 1A. -12VUC ri 1A.Line reo : iO.2% Ripple 30mV p-p LoaO reg r1%. Overcurrenl protection Adj: 5V main oul-pul i 10% 6-3/8"L > 1-7/8"W i 4-15/t6"H. Wt. Vtt IlK.

PartNo.FCS-fiD4A $69.95 each

POWER SUPPLY Adjustable Switching 4-24V0C to 5 Amps

Ad[ 4-2«VDC;5V0C(<7-SA, 6V0C @ 4 8A. 9V0C « 4.1A, 12VDC |S 3 3A. 1BVDC ,'«■ 1.9*.. 24V0CA] 5A. Ovarvohage Protection Input: 11SYAC 50/60HZ. Output variations within OimV. 8 2S"L t4.25"W < 2.25"H. W1. 3.25 lbs.

JE224 Kit $79.95 each

JE224A Assembled A Tested $99.95e3Ch

MICRO SWITCH 69-KEY KEYBOARD

Data Entry Keyboard. Encoded Output. 8-brt Parallel E8C DIC Switching: Hall Ellect. 24-pin EdgeCard Connection. Complete w/Pin Connection. Can easily be modified to ASCII code.

Part No. KB69SD12-2 (Fits into DTE-20 Enclosure) $19.95 each

MICRO SWITCH 85-KEY KEYBOARD

Word Processing Keyboard, 26 Pin Edge Card Connection Supply Voltage + 5VDC. Mem KeyboardIs QWERTV. Additional Key Pads for Cursor and word processing functions

Part No. B5SD18-1 $29.95 each

MICRO SWITCH SB-KEY KEYBOARD (PARALLEL)

Data Entry Keyboard used In a Diablo 1640 Terminal. Supply Voltage: + 5V. -12V Switching: Hall

Effect — 10-pin Edge Card Connection Schematic included Uses 3048 Encoder Chip

Part No. B8S022 (Fits into DTE-2D Enclosure) $69.95 each

HI-TEK 58-KEY KEYBOARD

SPST switching, mechanical, monolithic housing, charcoal grey keycaps. Keyboard Is not mounted

on circuit board (each key Is individually accessible). Used to replace touch-membrane found on

Sinclair, Atari, and TI.S-8B computers.

PartNo.K-58 $19.95

84-Key Keyboard

CA153A $69.95

95-Key Keyboard

CA154A $79,95

CONTROLDATA

Data EntryKeyboards

RS232_lntertace

FT2 Shielded Base

SPST Switching

Momentary

Contact

Key switches

30* Interface

Cable

Attractive

Case

104-Key Keyboard

CA148 $99.95

80-Key Keyboard

CA150C $89.95

Color; keycaps: black, blue, red - cover: black w/beige base. 21 v?" x 9" x 3 Vt". 6 lbs.

BUG BOX™ — 30 individual compartments

• Stores BO 8-pin or 30 14- or 16-pin DlPs • Heavy du-ty injection molded plastic ■ Clear plastic coverslides & locks • Cover marked nv/numbers 1-30

• Compartment size: 1" x 3.75" i .5" deep • Boxsize; 4.9" x 3.3* x .6"'Weight: 1.75 oz.

BUG BOX™Please specify color code: (B) Blue. (R) Red, (W)While. (Y) YellowPari No-JColor Code QTY PRICE

BUG BOX™

STORAGE

SYSTEMS

BUG CAGEIm (BGC-001- _ ) with Bug Boxes

BGX-001-1

BGX-010-(

>

)

' 10

S 2.2919.99

BGX-0011

BGX-010-(

ANTI-STATIC

>AS

)AS

' 10

S 3.2928.89

Battery Checker

Easy-to-use hand-held batterychecker tests AA, AAA, C, D, and 216batteries. A multi-colored metershows if battery is good, weak orneeds replacing. Size: 6Y4 "L x 2V. "Wx 1-7/8 "H.

BC-1 $6.95 ea.

BUG CAGE™ — 12 locations store Bug Boxes.Big Bug Boxes or Bug Trays ■ Modular and in-terlocking • Heavy duty injection molded plastic

• Each cage has 6 slip-on locations • 2 cages perpkg. »Cage size: 5-1/8' x 5' x 3-7/8" «4 colorsavailable — please specify color code: (B) Blue. (R)Red, (W) While, (Y) Yellow

Part No J Color Code Price

BGC-001-f )2Cages(6ioc. ea.) $11.95/pkg.

BUG TRAY™ — Stores in Bug Cage • Moldedplastic • Three styles: Open (l compartment 3.05" x4.6" x .6"); Vertical (5 compartments .5" x 4.6" x .6"J;and Horizontal (8 compartments A" x 3.95" x .6T

• Ideal for tools, hardware, components, etc. • Traysize; 3.55" x 5.05" x .6" • Black color only

PART NO. DESCRIPTION PRICE

BTH-OOf Horizontal Bug Tray $1.95

BTV-001 Vertical Bug Tray 1.95

BTO-001 Open Bug Tray 1.95

BTX-003 1 of each Bug Tray (3) 4.98

LSI BIG BUG BOX™ — Designed to storelarge IC's, Resistors. Capacilors and Diodes • Divid-ed into three compartments measuring 1" x 4.15" x.5" deep • Three vertical and three horizontaldividers included • Heavy duty injection moldedplastic • Box size: 4.9"x 3.3" x .6"* Weight: 1.75 oz.

LSI BIG BUG BOX™

Please specify color code: (B) Blue, (R) Red, (W)While, (Y) Yellow

PART NO..'COLOR CODE _ QTY PRICE

BACK PACK™ — Self adhesive labels for theback ot ICs • Shows exact internal logic in relationto IC pins • 532 labels in each package (includingseveral blank labels) • Each package lor 8. 14. 16,24, 28 and 40-pin ICs • Combo package includes1,068 labels tor TTL and CMOS ICs• Microprocessor package contains 744 labelsPart No. Dascription Price

BPT-012

BPC-012 CMOS

BPM-012 Combo

BPU-012 Micropi

S7.95

. 8.95

14,95

9.95

JUMPER AND CABLE ASSEMBLIES

STANDARD DIP JUMPERS

eateddiK

CI applications.

DJ14 1

924102 12

14

Unglt did

12-

$1.79

2.05

iirtsit «na

36"

2.35

9M106 12

12-

2.95

DJ14.Z U

924106 24

amble end

34"

3.19

PJM-J-M

924 106-36

36"

924112 11

IB

bnglt tfld

1.89

to

2.19

024112 36

H5

36"

2.59

ojismb

92411612

1H

2.95

924 116 24

IS

24"

3.29

38"

3.59

924122 12

■a

smBMrend

2.69

DJ24-2

924122 24

24

3.19

92412! M

36"

3.59

DJW1Z4

S34126-12

14

doubt, emi

12"

4.49

c^°

""„.,*.,„„„

One.,,!,...

■*,_

DJ40-1

924132 11

40

,,,! 1

12"

5.39

924132 24

49

6.19

□J40-3

924132 36924136 12

z

'^tilTfr.

36"

6.899.49

924136 24

10.29

DJ4U340

924136 36

■-■'

...,,..,

36"

10.95

STANDARD DB25 SERIES CABLES

Now vou can order OB25 P or S connectors with the

STANDARD CABLES

Part No.

Conrw

DB25P-4

DB2BS-4DB25P-4P

DB2BP-4-SDB25S-4-S

1-DB25P $7.95

I DB25S 8.49

2-DB2BP 13.49

1 DB25P/I DB25S 13,75

2-OB25S 13.95

$10.00 Minimum Order — U.S. Funds OnlyCalifornia Residents Add 6Yi% Sales TaxPostage — Add 5% plus $1.50 InsuranceSend S.A.S.E. tor Monthly Sales Flyer!

■I.'l *M^

Spec Sheets — 30* eachSend $1.00 Postage for yourFREE 1983 JAMECO CATALOGPrices Subject to Change

-J

%

ameco

ELECTRONICS

1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 940022/83 PHONE ORDERS WELCOME — (415; 592-8097 Telex: 176043

IKb-oO to 1br\, 32K, or 48K

"Model 1 - From 4K to 16K Requires (1) One KitModel 3 ■ From 4K to 48K Requires (3) Throe KitsColor = from 4K to 16K Requires (1) One Kit

"Modal 1 equipped with Expansion Board up lo 4SK Two Kits Required- One K» Hequired lor eech 16K ot Expansion -

TRS-16K3 "200ns for Color & Model III $12.95

TRS-16K4 •250ns tor Model I $10.95

TRS-80 Color 32K or 64K Conversion Kit

Kil comes complete with 8 each 4164-2 (200rts) 64K dynamic RAMsand conversion documentation. Converts TRS-80 color computerswith E-revlsion boards and 1,1 ROMs to 32K of memory. Minormodifications of 32K memory will allow the use of all 64K of thedynamic RAM.

TRS-64K2 (200ns)

$54.95

5Va" Mini-Floppy Disk Drive

FOR TRS-80 MODEL I (Industry Standard)Features single or double density. Recordingmode: FM single, MFM double density, Power:+ 12VDC(±0.6V)1.6AmaK., +5VDC(± 0.25V)0.8A max. Unit as pic. at left (does not incl.

Part No. Limited Quantify; Price

FD200 $179.95

Single sidud. 40 tracks, 250K bytes capacity

FD250 $199.95

Double-sided, 35 Hacks, 43SK bytes capacity

Siemens

8" Floppy Disk Drive

• Single-Sided

• 77 Tracks

• 400/800K BytesCapacity

• Industry Standard

The FD0100-8 B" Floppy Disk Drive (Indusiry Standard) featuressingle or double density. Recording mode: FM single, MFM doubledensity. Transfer rale: 250K bits/sec. single density; 500K bits/sec.double density. The FDD100-8 is designed to work with the single-sided soft sectored IBM Diskette I. or eq. disk cartridge. Hard-sectored option available. Power: 115-'230VAC @ 50-60Hz, + 24VDC@ 1.7 amps max., +5VDC u 1-2 amps max. Unit as pictured above(does not include case, power supply, or cables). Size: 8.55 "Wx 14"Lx 4.5 "H. Weighs 12 lbs. Incl. 96-pg. manual.Part No- Price

FDD100-8 Buy 1 for $269.95each

FDD100-8 Buy 2 for $259.95 each

FDD100-8 Buy 10 tor $249.95 each

2708,2716.2732 & 2764 EPROM Programmer

JE664 EPROM PROGRAMMER

8K TO 64K EPROMS — 24 AND 28 PIN PACKAGES

Self-Contained — Requires No Additional Systems for Operation

new;

• Programs, validates, and chttcks for properly erased EPROMs • Emulates PROMs

Compares EPROMs lor content rJitterertces • Copies EPROMs ■ Power In-put: 115VAC. 6OH7. ■+ 10W power consumption • Enclosure: Color-c00rdineted.light tan panels w/roolderJ mnelw brown end pieces • Size: 15-5/8"!. * 8J/i"D 13Vj"H • Wt.: 5V. lbs.

JE664-A EPROM Programmw $995.00

Assembled S Tested 1 Includes JM16A ModulB)

JE665 - RS232C INTERFACE OPTION - The JE665 RSZ32C interlaceOption implements computer access to the JE664 s RAM Sample software written tnBASIC provided lor TRS-80* Model I, Level n Computer Baud rate 9600 Wordi gih rj hits - odd canty Stoo bits 2 Option may De adapted to other computers

JE664-ARS FPROMProg w/jEeesoption $1195.00

Atsemowo ana tested )includes JM16A Module)

EPROM JUMPER MODULES — IneJE664's JUMPER MODULE (Personali-ty Module) is 3 (Hug-ir Mooufe tfcat p'e sets JE664 for proper programming pulses loIhe EPHOM ri conligures EPftOM socket connections tor trial particular EPfiOM

Part

No. EPROM EPROM MANUFACTURER PRICE

JM32A

M32BJM64A

2708

2716.TMS2516

TMS2H6

TMS2532

2732

MCM68764,

MCM68L764

2764

TMS2564

AMD.Motorola.National Intel.TlIntel, Motorola, National, NECJiMotorola, Tl (+5,-12,+ 12) .

Motorola. Tl

AMD. Fujitsu, NEC, Hitachi. Intel

Motorola .

£14.95

UV-EPROM Eraser

8 Chips — 51 Minutes

| 1 Chip — 37 Minutes]

Erases 2708. 2716, 2732, 2764, 2516, 2532, 2564. Erases up to 8 chipswithin 51 minutes (1 chip In 37 minutes). Maintains constant exposuredistance of one Inch. Special conductive foam liner eliminates staticbuildup. Built-in safety lock to prevent UV exposure. Compact — only9.00" x 3.70" x 2,60". Complete with holding tray for 8 chips.

UVS-11EL Replacement Bulb s16.95

DE-4 UV-EPROM Eraser . .. .S79.95

Sprite-style Fan

• 36cfm free air delivery rvvwi

» 3.125" sq. x 1,665" depth f-Metai5» 10 yrs. cont. duty at 20 °C Sframe-S■115V50/60H2 "-WW-1

PWS2107U SKTiridi*PWS2107Fn™

S 9.95 ea.$14.95 ea.

%>

Muffin-style Fan

i * 105cfm tree air delivery X^»

' ' 4.68" sq. x 1.50" depth irSrn

• 10 yrs. cont. duty at 20 "C i-wy

: • Impedance protected, ambients to 70 °C

• 115V 50/60H2 14W Wt. 17 oz.

•JE&l-H »'"«"■-» S995ea

•MU2A-1N n«... . , S14.95ea.

Circle 219 on inquiry card.

BYTE February 1983 509

DoKOtU Computer

Products,

1702

2708

2758

TMS 2516

2716

2716-1

TMS 2716

2532

2732

2764

MC 68764

EPROMS

ins

450ns5V 450ns5V 450ns5V 450ns5V 350ns

450ns5V 450ns5V 450ns5V 450ns(5V 450ns)(24 pin)

STATIC RAMS

VISIT OUR RETAIL STOREAND RECEIVE A 5% DISCOUNT'

3250 KELLER STREHT, #9 • SANTA CLARA, CA 95050

DYNAMIC RAMS

INTERFACE

16K APPLE*IIRAM CARD

BARE BOARD 14.00I

KIT 39.90

ASSEMBLED 45.00I

■Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

8T26

8T28

8T95

8T96

8T97

8T98

DM8131

DP8304

DS8836

1.65

1.95

.95

.95

.95

.95

2.90

2.25

1.25

TMS 4027

MK 4108

MM 5298

4116-1

4116-2

4116-3

2118

MK 4816

4164-200

4164-150

250ns

200ns

250ns

150ns

200ns

250ns

5V 150ns

5V 300ns

5V 200ns

5V 150ns

3.002.999.755.753.497.858.757.856.49CallCall

2.001.751.751.751.251.15CallCallCallCall

2101

2102-1

2102L-2

2111

2112

2114

2114 L-3

2114 L-2

2147

TMS 4044-4

TMS 4044-3

TMS 4044-2

MK 4118

TMM 2016

TMM2016

TMM 2016

HM6116-4

HM6116-3

HM6116-2

Z-6132

450ns450ns250ns LP450ns450ns450ns300ns LP200ns LP

55ns450ns300ns200ns250ns200ns150ns100ns200ns150ns120ns300ns

1.85.791.552.492.691.751.851.958.953.203.503.959.755.496.497.49CallCallCallCall

LP = Low Power

RESISTORS

V» WATT 5% CARBON FILM

ALL STANDARD VALUES

FROM 1 OHM TO 10 MEG OHM

50 PCS. SAME VALUE .0200

100 PCS. SAME VALUE .0150

1000 PCS. SAME VALUE .0125

We Will Beat

Any Competitors*

Prices!

74LS00SERIES

74LS00

74LS01

74LS02

74LS03

74LS04

74LS05

74LS08

74LS10

74 LSI 1

74 LSI 2

74LS13

74LS14

74 LSI 5

74LS20

74LS21

74LS22

74LS26

74LS27

74LS28

74LS30

74LS32

74LS33

74 LS3 7

74LS3 8

74LS4 0

74LS4 2

74LS4 7

74LS4 8

74LS49

74LS51

74LS54

74LS55

74LS6 3

74LS73

74LS74

74LS75

74LS76

74LS78

/4LS83

/4LS85

74LS86

74LS90

74LS91

74LS92

74LS93

74LS95

74LS96

74LS107

74LS109

74 LSI 12

74LS113

74LS114

74LS122

.24.24.24.24.24.24.24.24.30.30.40.89.30.24.30.24.30.24.30.24.36.55.55.35.30.49.75.75.75.30.35.351.20.39.44.49.39.49.75.95.39.65.79.65.59.79.79.39.39.39.39.49.45

74LS12374LS12474LS12574LSI 2674LS13274LS13'j74LS13774LS13874LS13974LS14574LS14774LS14874LS15174LS15374LS15474LS15574LS15674LS15774LS15874LS16074LS16174LS16274LS16374LS16474LS16574LS16674LS16874LS16974LS17074LS17374LS17474LS17574LS18174LS18974LS19074LS19174LS19274LS19374LS19474LS19574LS19674LS19774LS22174LS24074LS24174LS24274LS24374LS24474LS24574LS24774LS24874LS24974LS251

.95

2.90

.95

.79

.75

.49

.95

.75

.75

1.10

2.20

1.20

.75

.75

1.75

.89

.89

.75

.75

.95

.95

.95

.95

.95

.95

1.95

1.69

1.69

1.69

.75

.89

.89

1.99

9.50

.89

.89

.89

.89

.89

.89

.79

.79

1.10

.95

.95

1.79

1.79

.95

1.89

.79

1.20

.89

1.25

74LS253

.80

74LS25 7

.80

74LS258

.80

74LS259

2.80

74LS260

.60

74LS266

.49

74LS273

1.60

74LS275

3.25

74LS279

.49

74LS280

1.95

74LS283

.95

74LS290

1.20

74LS293

1.79

74LS295

.99

74LS298

.99

74LS3 24

1.75

74LS3 5 2

1.49

74LS353

1.49

74LS363

1.49

74LS364

1.95

74LS365

.89

74LS366

.89

74LS367

.69

74LS368

.69

74LS3 73

.99

74LS374

1.69

74LS377

1.40

74LS378

1.15

74LS379

1.35

74LS385

1.89

74LS386

.59

74LS390

1.79

74LS393

1.79

74LS395

1.59

74\-.S39<Z

1.5 9

74LS4 24

2.89

74LS44 7

.75

74LS490

1.89

74LS668

1.65

74LS669

1.85

74LS670

2.10

74LS6 74

9.50

74LS682

2.99

74LS683

2.39

74LS684

2.39

74LS6 85

2.39

74LS688

2.39

74LS689

2.39

81LS9 581LS9681LS9 781LS98

1.651.651.651.65

UARTS

AY5 1014AY5 1013AY5 2376TR 16021M 64021M 6403

5.853.9010.953.907.858.85

LEDS

Jumbo Red 10/1.00

Jumbo Green 6/1.00

Jumbo Yellow 6/1.00

DIP SWITCHES

4 Position

5 Position

6 Position

7 Position

8 Position

.85.90.90.90.95

EXAR

XR 2206XR 2207XR 2208XR 2211XR 2240

3.753.753.905.253.25

RCA

CA 3010CA 3013CA 3023CA 3035CA 3039CA 3046CA 3053CA 3059CA 3060CA 3065CA 3080CA 3081CA 3082CA 3083CA 3086CA 3089CA 3130CA 3140CA 3146CA 3160CA 3401CA 3600

.951.992.752.491.251.251.452.902.901.751.101.651.651.65

.802.901.251.151.751.15

.593.45

CMOS

40004001400240064007400840094010401 140124013401440154016401740184019402040214022"0234024402540264027402840294030403440354040404 14042404340444046404 7404940504051405340604066406840694070407140724073407540764078408140824085

.25.30

.30.90.25.90.45.45.30.30.45.90.90.45

1.15.90.45.90.90

1.10.35.75.35

1.60.60.75.90.45

2.90.85.90

1.20.75.75.75.90.90.50.50.90.90

1.39.75.39.30.35.30.3030.30.90.30.30.30.90

40864093409840994502J503■ 508451045114512451445154516451845194520452245264527452845314532453845394543455545564581458245844585

80C0780C9580C9680C9780C98

74C0074C0274C0474C0874C1074C1474C2074C3074C3274C4274C4874C7374C7474C7674C8374C8574C86

.90

.90

2.49

1.90

.90

.60

1.90

.90

.90

.90

1.20

2.20

1.50

1.20

1.20

1.20

1.20

1.20

ISO

1.20

.90

1.90

1.90

1.90

2.70

.90

.90

1.90

1.90

.90

.90

.90.90.90.901.15

.35

.35

.35

.35

.35

1.50

.35

.35

.50

1.75

1.20

.65

.85

.80

1.95

1.95

.95

6500

1 MHZ

650265046505650765206522653265456551

5.496.907.659.904.357.959.9519.9511.75

2 MHZ

6502A 9.45

6522A 10.95

6532A 11.95

6545A 27.95

6551A 11.95

3 MHZ

6502B 11.95

74C89

74C90

74C93

74C95

74C107

74C150

74C151

74C154

74C157

74C160

74C161

74C162

74C163

74C164

74C165

74C173

74C174

74C175

74C192

74C193

74C195

74C200

74C221

74C373

74C374

74C901

74C902

74C903

74C905

74C906

74C907

74C908

74C909

74C910

74C911

74C912

74C914

74C915

74C918

74C920

74C921

74C922

74C923

74C925

74C926

74C927

74C928

74C929

74C930

1440914410144111441214419

4.50

1.75

1.75

1.75

1.00

5.75

2.25

3.25

1.75

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.25

2.25

2.25

2.25

2.25

5.75

2.25

2.75

2.75

.80

.85

.85

10.95

.95

1.00

2.00

2.75

9.95

10.00

10.00

1.95

2.00

2.75

17.95

15.95

5.59

5.95

6.75

7.95

7.95

7.95

19.95

19.95

12.9012.9011.9012.904.90

DoKau

L/VJ IxVAU Computer Products, Inc.

3250 Keller Street, #9

Santa Clara, CA 95050(800) 538-8800Calif Residents Local Phone

8001 848 8008 408)988-0697

STORE HOURS:

MON-FRI 8:30 A.M.-6:00 P.M.

SAT 10:00 A.M.-3:00 P.M.

BankAmericard

■ 11

[

^^■■i^^

TERMS For shipping include $2 00 for UPSGround $3.00 for UPS Blue Label Air $10 00minimum order. Bay Area residents add 6V4% SalesTax California residents add 6% Sales Tax Wereserve the right to limit quantities and substtuttmanufacturer Prices sub|ect to change withoutnotice. Send SASE for complete Ijst.

510 BYTE February 1983

Circle 152 on inquiry card.

APPLE II USERSDISK DRIVE!

Includes metal cabinet

Color matches Apple

35 Tracks/single side

Includes cable

Use with Apple II Controller

279P0

WITH CONTROLLER CARD - 359.95

L/OKOtU Computer

Products,

VISIT OUR RETAIL STOREAND RECEIVE A 5 : DISCOUNT

,v*

UPGRADE

4116 -2008/10.00

X.

ns

2.5 MHZ

Z80-CPU

Z80-PIO

Z80-CTC

Z80-DMA

Z80-DART

Z80-SIO/0

Z80-SIO/1

Z80-SIO/2

Z80-SIO/9

4.0 MHZZ80A-CPUZ80A-PIOZ80A-CTC

CLOCKCIRCUITS

MM 5314 4.90MM 5369 3.90MM 5375 4.90MM 58167 8.90MM 58174 10.95

MSM 5832 6.90

3.754.954.9516.9514.9517.951/.9517.9516.95

Z80

SERIES

Z80A-DMA

Z80A-DART

Z80A-SIO/0

Z80A-SIO/1

Z80A-SIO/2

Z80A-SIO/9

6.0 MHZZ80B-CPUZ80B-PIOZ80B-CTC

4.954.956.95

ZILOG

Z6132Z8671

25.9517.9521.9521.9521.9518.95

16.9514.9514.95

CallCall

3250 KELLER STREET, «9

Diskettes

SANTA CLARA, CA 95050

5\

ATHANASS SD SOFT.

ATHANASS DD SOFT

ATHANADS DD SOFT

. 23.95. 24.95. 31.95

BULK

SS DD SOFT$1.85ea

ORDER TOLL FREE

(BOO) 538-8800(800) 848-8008

(CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS)ALL MERCHANDISE IS 100% GUARANTEED

LINEAR

I.M301

LM308

LM309K

LM311

LM317T

LM31 7K

LM318

LM323K

LM324

LM337K

LM339

LM377

LM380

LM386

LM555

LM556

LM565

LM566

LM567

LM723

LM733

.32

. 1'j,

1.2b

.04

1.G5

1.70

1.49

3.75

.59

3.90

.79

2.25

1.25

1.00

.38

.65

.95

1.4b

.99

.49

.95

LM/4 1

LM/47

LM748

LM1310

MC13 30

MC1350

MCI 358

L M 1 4 14

LM1458

LM1488

LM1489

LM1800

LM1889

LM3900

LM3909

LM3914

LM3915

LM3916

75451

75452

75453

.29

.75

.49

2.45

1.69

1.25

1.69

1.49

.55

.95

.95

2.45

2.45

.59

.95

3.70

3.70

3.70

.35

.35

.35

DiscControllers

9000 SERIES

3163343684015015026S02

.952.393.698.95

.691.391.79

MISC.

11 C 903242MC 3470MC 3480ULN 2003CA 31462513-001 up2513-002 low

12.956.957.958.955.951.759.699.69

VOLTAGE REGULATORS

805T808T812T815T824T

805K812K815K824K

905T

.75.75.75.75.85

1.291.291.291.29.85

7908T7912T7915T7924T

.85.85.85.95

7905K 1.39

7912K 1.39

7915K 1.39

7924K 1.39

T = TO-220K = TO-3

CONNECTORS

RS232 Male

RS232 Female

RS232 Female Right Angle

RS232 Hood

30 pin Edge

44 pin Edge

50 pin Edge

86 pin Edge

100 pin ST

100 pin W/W

3.003.504.951.202.492.492.693.903.904.90

DoKau

CRYSTALS

32.768 KHZ

10 MHZ

1.8432

2.0

2.097152

2.4576

3.2768

3.579545

4.0

5.0

5.0688

1.904.504.503.903.903.903.903.003.003.003.90

5.185

5.7143

6.5536

8.0

10.0

14.31818

18.0

18.432

20.0

22.1184

32.0

3.903.903.903.003.003.903.003.003.003.003.90

8000

8035

8039

8080A

8085A

8088

8155

8156

8185

8741

8748

8755

8202

8205

8212

8214

8216

8224

8226

8228

8237

8238

6.95

7.59

3.90

7.95

34.95

7.75

8.75

29.00

39.00

14.95

29.95

27.95

3.45

1.80

3.75

1.75

2.45

1.80

4.50

19.00

4 75

8239

8243

8250

8251

8253

8253-5

8255

8255-5

8257

8259

8272

8275

8279

8279-5

8282

8283

8284

8286

8287

8288

8289

4.75

4.75

14.90

4.50

8.75

9.75

4.50

5.20

8.50

6.85

39.00

29.00

9.25

9.95

6.50

6.50

5.50

6.50

6.50

25.00

49.00

1771 16.001791 27.951793 29.951795 49.951797 49.951691 17.95UPD 765 34.95

IC Sockets

ST W/W8 PIN .10 .4914 PIN .12 .5016 PIN .15 .5718 PIN .20 .8520 PIN .25 .9922 PIN .25 1.3024 PIN .25 1.4028 PIN .35 1.5040 PIN .40 1.80

ST ■ SoldertailW/W = Wirewrap

6800

6800

6802

6808

6809

6809 E

6810

6820

6821

6828

6840

6843

6844

6845

6847

6850

6852

6860

6862

6875

6880

6883

2 I

68B00

68B02

68B09

68B09I

68B10

68B21

68B45

68B50

8 MHz

68000 95.95

4.75

8.65

8.45

11.95

17.95

2.90

3.50

3.50

14.90

7.95

32.95

32.95

16.90

11.95

3.20

3.50

10.90

11.90

6.90

1.80

22.95

10.0021.9528.9529.907.9012.0034.0012.00

Power Supplies

MOUNTED ON PC BOARD

MANUFACTURED BY CONVER

+5 VOLT 4 AMP

±12 VOLT 1 AMP

34.95

L/VJ IXUtU Computer Products, Inc.

13250 Keller Street, #9

Santa Clara, CA 95050

(800) 538-8800

alif. Residents Local Phone

300) 848 8008 (408) 988 0697

STORE HOURS:

MON-FRI 8:30 A.M.-6:00 P.M.

SAT 10:00 A.M.-3:00 P.M.

Bankamericard

'master charge]

TERMS: For shipping include $2.00 for UPSGround. $3.00 for UPS Blue Label Air. $10.00minimum order. Bay Area residents add 6/2% SalesTax. California residents add 6% Sales Tax. Wereserve the right to limit quantities and substitutemanufacturer. Prices subject to change withoutnotice. Send SASE for complete list.

Circle 152 on inquiry card.

BYTE February 1983 511

LAEWVNCED

COMPUTER•QDUCTS

MICROPROCESSORS

16K Apple™ Ramcard

LIST 195ACP

95

$59

• Full 1 year warranty• Top quality — gold fingers• Expand Apple II48K to 64KCompatible with Z-80 Softcard"• Allows system to run with CP/M™, PASCAL,DOS 3.3, COBAL, Visicalc, etc,• Supplied with extra 16K RAM & has (2) LEDs

32 K STATIC RAM

2 or 4 MHz

Expandable

UlM

21 ML'I

16K4MHzKit $159.95

16K4MHZAST ,,,-„, 2<7-»532K4MHZKH sl ZS-SD-?S9«.• 32K 4 MHz A&T • 339.00

BARE BOARD 39.95

BareBdw/ailpartsleastnem. 99.95

BARE BOARDS

S-100 Sound Board8080ACPU32K Static RAM (2114)8K EPROM (2708)2708/2716 EPROMACP Proto BoardVector 8800 ProtoVector 8803 11 Slot MBACP Extender with connector13 Slot Mother Board (WMC)9 Slot Mother Board (WMC)8 Slot Mother Bd (Expandable)Floppy PCB (8" SHUGART)S100 (AY5-8910) Sound BoardApple Sound Board

$34.9534,9534,9524.9534.9522,9522.2029,9518.9532,9529.9534.9539,9534.9524.95

UV "EPROM"

ERASER

ModelUVs-11E$79.95

Modal S-52T

Holds 4 EPROM'!at a time.

16K MemoryExpansion Kits

for Apple/TRS-80

8PCS411616K

200/250nS tf>H Q QC

Specify computer ^ I ci.\D\J

CALL FOR VOLUME PRICING

"D" SUB CONNECTORS

*

Unreal price. DB37male, DB25 female.Gold PC mount withmounting holes.Mfg. AMP,Specify 25 or 37 pins.

■ $2.50 mm $1.95

Astec RF Modulator

/•A

—-^J^ B/W

P/N 1082 Channel 3 or 4 $6.95

1200 BAUD MODEM IC

^^pd^**. Features:

^^r^fl^^HH* • 1 200 Baud•^■■Hnpil' .40 Pin^jnT***^ •SVottsOntySL1200 $129.00

64K CMOS RAM

S100(200nS)

Uses2716's SOQQ00or6116's iCv3v3

Assembled S Tested $399.00

MOSTEKra4ms

^A 29(Uea

■MWRl'u l 200,000 pieces in

Til' stock— pricedtomove.If Same as MK4027 except 1 mSrefresh. MK4015 4Kx1 RAM.

STEPPER MOTOR

Operates by applying12VDC In one direc-tion and then revers-ing polarity (or squarewave). Uses 12VDC,Clock Wise Rotation,Rated 3 RPM at 4P.P.S. with a 5 degreestepping angle.

10 for $39.95

4K STATIC RAMiELL-OFF

10/S9.90

Same as TMS4044but designed specificallyfor Z-80 based systems. Thisis a lull-spec 4Kx1 RAM. 450nS.Order P/N Zllog6104-4 while supply lasts.

Zilog

Z8CPU

withTINYBASICDebug prog

Plus 6132 companionquasi-static RAM 29.95

l4?

,rog. $49.95

Stepper Motor

<&»

USED IN

DATA

PRODUCTS

PRINTER$19.95ea

CONNECTORS

DB25P (RS232)DB25S FemaleHood

Set with Hood, Sale

22/44 S/T, KIM

43/86 S/T. MOT

50/100 S-100 Connector W/W

50/100 S-100 Connector S/T

$3.253.75

1.257,502.956.50

4.953.95

PARALLEL ALPHA NUMERICPRINTER

^H 9p 19 Column Printer prints 16 numerical columns plus 3

^^^^■i^^ columns which have math, alpha and other notations.^^^ Each wheel has 12 positions with position 12 blank.

Position 11 on numerical columns have decimal point or #. Utilizes 2.75"wide adding machine tape and a dual color ink ribbon. Input data parallelwith four bit BCDcomparator circuit (schematic provided). Print rate, 3 linesper second. Operating voltage 22-28VDC with typical cycle time of340mS, Size6te"Wx31VHx5%"Dp. New. $9.95 ea. 3/$27

Z8001 $9900

8008-1

S14.95

6802P 14.95

Z8002 69.00

2901

9.90

8035 14.95

Z80 9.95

2901A

14.95

8039 12.95

Z80A 11.95

9900JL

49,95

8073N 34.95

F-8 (3850) 16.95

6502

9.95

8755 49.95

2650 16.95

6502A

16.95

8748 4995

1802 9,75

i Me ioo

29.95

6809 30.00

6800

11.75

8086 4995

8085 14,95

S800B

19.95

68000 129.95

1

122

m

e$£>

6116/2016 $7.98264-64K 5.94116-2 1.9

4116-2 8/12.9

2101 3.9

2102 .721L02-2 1.421L02-4 1,2

2111 3.4

2112 3.42114 1.92114L-2

2147 $5.995.994.69

411

4141101

11034027404440504060409641154200

2114L-4 2.29 4402 1.S2125

6.99 5280 4.60

l^HJJ.'.-.J

8155 $9,95

8156 9.958202 29.958205 2,698212 2.758214 4.958216 2,758224 2.958226 2,958228 3.958243 9,50

8250 14.95

8251 6.508253 11.958255 4.508257 9.50

8259 $8.958275 19.958279 9.506810 4.75

6820 6.50

6821 6,506828 10,506834 16.956845 22.956847 27.956850 5.256852 5.256860 10.956862 10.956875 5,956880 2.49

68047 $22.95

68488 19.95

46505 22.95

6520 6.95

6522 9.95

6530-X 24.95

6532 17.95

6551 19.95

Z80-PIO 6.50

Z80A-PIO 9.50

Z80-CTC 6.50

Z80A-CTC 9.50

Z80-DMA 19,95

Z80A-DMA 27.95

Z80-SIO 24.95

Z80A-SIO 29.95

MOS PROMS

2764 (8Kx8) TS $69.95

2732(4Kx8)TS 12.952716/2516; 5V

(2Kx8) TS 7.95

TMS2716. 5V, 12V 17.95

2758. 5V. (450nS) 3.50

2708(450nS) $5.7527O8(650nS) 5.251702A 5.75

MM5203AO 14.50MM5204Q 9.95

BBSj

2513-001 (5V) Upper S9.502513-005I5V) Lower 10.952513-A0M3(5V)Ur*8r 14.35MCM66710 ASCII Shitted 12.95MCM66740 Math Symbol 13.95MCM66750 Alpha Control 13451771-01 8" & Minifloppy 24.951781 Dual Floppy 29.95

1791-01 Dual Floppy 36.951791-02 Dual Floppy 44,951793 DO. OS Floppy1797 DD. DS Floppy1691 Data Separata2143 Clock Genwator

8700 8 bit Binary

8701 10 bil Binary8703 B bit TS8400 Volt !o Freq Com8750 3'.-! Dion BCD1408 L66 oil1408L8 B bit

19.95

5495

2200

MSM

0AC10O 9.95

8038 Function Generator 4 50

MC4024 VCO 2.95

LM566VC0 1.95XB2206 Function Generate* 5 25

TR1602B(5V, 12V) 3.95

AV51013(5V. 12V) 4.95

AY51014A/1612I5-14V) 6.95

AV51015A/1863(5V) 695

1M6402 7.95

IM6403 8,95

2350 USRT 9,95

1671BAstfOS 24.95

MC14411 11.95

4702 14.95

WD1941 9.95

C0M5016 16.95

INS8250 15.95

AY5-237S 13.75

AY5-360Q 13.75

DAC01 DMA

595 MM5740AAC

Eszsa

^^w

LOW PROFILESOCKETS (TIN)

8 pin LP

14 pin LP16 pin LP18 pin LP20 pin LP22 pin LP24 pin LP28 pin LP40 pin LP

3L WIREWRAPSOCKETS (GOLD)

Spin10 pin14 pin16 pin18 pin20 pin22 pin24 pin28 pin40 pin

WW .55

WW (Tin) .65

WW ,75

WW .80

WW

WW

WW

WW

WW

WW

1.151.451.351.60

2.20

1.081.351.261.53

2.09

1.231,14

1.38

78H05K

78M06

78M.G.

LM108AH

LM300H

LM301CN

LM304H

LM305H

LM306H

LM307CN

LM308CN

LM309K

LM310CN

LM311D/CN

LM312H

LM317T

LM318CN

LM319N/H

LM320K-XX*

LM320T-XX*

LM320H-XX"

LM323K

LM324N

LM337K

LM338K

LM339N

LM340K-XX"

LM340T-XX"

LM340H-XX*

LM344H

LM348N

LM350K

LM358CN

LM360N

LM372N

LM376N

LM377N

LM380CN/N

LM381N

LM383T

LM386N

LM387N

LM390N

NE531V/T

NE555V

NE556N

NE561T

NE565N/H

NE566H/V

NE587V/H

NE592N

LM702H

LM709N/H

LM710N/H

LM711N/H

LM715N

LM723N/H

LM733N/H

LM739N

LM741CN/H

LM741CN-14

LM747N/H

LM748N/H

LM760CN

LM1310N

MC1330

MC1350

MC1358

74S00$ .39

74502 .43

74503 .45

74504 .52

74505 .52

74508 .49

74509 .49

74510 .42

74511 ,4274S15 ,4274S20 .4274S22 4274S30 .4274S32 .4974S38 1.1974S40 .4974S51 .42

74564 46

74565 .4674S74 .6974S86 .72

745112 .72

745113 .72

745114 .72

LM1414N

$1.90

1.492.95

LM1458CN/N .49

MC1468N .99

MC1489N .99

LM1496N .89

LM1556N 1,50LM1820N

1.254.95

1.751.25

1:25

1.491,953.752.751.251.791.951.251.401.953,75.39,9819.951.251.751.502.751.99.29

1.15.33

.19

2.951.90

LM1850NLM1889NLM2111N

LM2900N

LM2901N

LM2917N

CA3013T

CA3018T

CA3021T

CA3023T

CA3035T

CA3039T

CA3046N

LM3053N

CA3059N

CA3O60N

CA3062N

LM3065N

CA3080T

CA3081N

CA3082N

CA3083N

CA3086N

CA3089N

CA3096N

CA3097N

CA3130T

CA3140T

CA3146N

CA3160T

CA3190N

CA3410N

MC3423N

MC3460N

SG3524N

CA3600N

LM3900N

LM3905N

L.M3909N

LM3914N

LM3915N

LM3916N

RC4131N

RC4136N

RC4151N

RC4194TK

RC4195TK

ULN2001

ULN2003

SN75450N

SN75451 N

SN75452N

SN75453N

SN75454N

SN75491N

SN75492N

SN75493N

SN75494N

TL494CN

TL496CP

.953.101.75

.99

2.502.952.191.993.492,992,751.291.291.493.193.194,95

1.301,192.49

3.95

3.953,39.59

3.753,95

3,752,951.103.704.955,401.251.50

74S124

74S13374S13474S13574S13674S13874S13974S14074S15174S15374S15774S15874S16074S17474S17574S18874S19474S19574S19674S24074S24174S24274S243

3,69

1 291.29

1 29

2 791.491.492.69

74S244 $2,99

74S251 1,35

74S253 1.35

745257 1,29

745258 1.2974S260 .7574S280 2.79

745287 2,99

745288 2,55

745373 3.10

745374 3.1074S387 2.75

745471 7.95

745472 7.95

745473 7,95

745474 9.95

745475 9.95

745570 5.75

745571 5,75

745572 8.95

745573 8.95

745940 2.90

745941 2.90

DIP

SWITCHES

2 Position $ .99

4 Position 1,19

5 Position 1.29

6 Position 1.35

7 Position $1,.

8 Position 1.49

9 Position 1.6510 Position 1,69

MUFFIN® FAN

The dependable, lowcost, largest selling fanfor commercial coolingapplications.

• 105dm free air delivery

• 4.68" sq.x 1.50" deep.Weight- 17 oz.

SPECIAL PURCHASE

KB* $9.50..

SUPER IC CLOSEOUT SPECIALS

ULN2003 2/S1.S

74LS668

74LS377

74LS241

8259

6561 RAM

LM733CN

MC1414

3/1.992/1.992/1.996.952.953/1.993/1.

2N6121 3/$1,00 8080ACPU

SIG 2652 3.95

74S287 1.95

2758 EPROM 2.95

74173/8T10 5/1.99

Z80A CPU 4.95

6522 6.95

6502 CPU 5.95

2.95.75

2102 RAM

4060 RAM

8X300 CPU 14.95

74S387 1.96

2708 EPROM 8/29 95

74LS93 3/1.00

2114 8/14.50

5027 CRT

$9,95

11C24

6,95

95H03

2.89

MM5320

5.99

9131 RAM

1.99

EMM4402

1.99

1103 RAM

3/1.50

8700 A/D

2/16.95

' CP/M trademark of Digital Research. Apple trademark ol Apple Computer.

TOLL FREE

800-854-8230

TWX

910-595-1565

.39

45,45.35

4008 1

4009

4010

4011

4012

4013

4014

4015 1.15

4016 .59

4017 1.19

4018 .89

4019 .45

4020 1.10

4021 1.19

4022 1.15

4023 .29

4024 .75

4025 .25

4027 .65

4028 .85

4029 1.29

4030 .45

4031 3.25

4032 2.15

4034 3.25

4035 .95

N

74027403740474057406740774087409741074117412741374147416741774207421742274237425742674277429743074327437743874397440744174427443744474457446744774487450745174537454745974607470747274737474

74LS00$ .26

74LS01 ,28

74LS02 .28

74LS03 .28

74LS04 .35

74LS06 .2S

74LS08 .28

74LS09 .35

74LS10 .2874LS1174LS1274LS1374LS1474LS1574LS20

74LS21 .33

74LS22 .33

74LS26 .33

74LS27 .33

74LS28 .33

74LS30 .26

74LS32 .33

74LS33 .55

74LS37 .45

74LS38 .39

74LS40 .26

74LS42 .79

74LS47 .79

74LS48 .95

74LS51 .26

74LS54 ,29

74LS55 .29

74LS73 .45

74LS74 ,42

74LS75 .59

74LS76 .45

74LS78 .45

74LS83A .79

74LS85 1.19

74LS86 .45

74LS90 .57

74LS92 .75

74LS93 .75

74LS95 .88

74LS96 .98

74LS107 .45

74LS109 .45

74LS112 ,43

4000 $ .35

4001 .35

4002 .354006 1.054007

7475 $ .38

7476 .34

7479 4,60

7480 .49

7482 .95

7483 .55

7485 .65

7486 ,35

7489 1.75

7490 .39

7491 ,57

7492 .45

7493 .45

7494 .69

7495 ,65

7496 69

7497 2.90

7410

.37

74116 1.95

74121 .29

74122 .39

74123 .59

74125 .39

74126 .4474128 .5974132 .6974136 .7574139 .95

74141 .79

74142 2.95

74143 2.95

74144 2.95

74145 .62

74147 1.95

74148 1.20

74150 1.09

74151 .67

74152 .67

74153 .67

74154 1,19

74155 .78

74156 .78

74157 ,69

74158 1.65

74159 2.49

74160 .88

74LS113$74LS11474LS12274LS123 174LS124 174LS12574LS12674LS13274LS13674LS13874LS13974LS145 174LS148 174LS15174LS15374LS154 174LS155 174LS15674LS15774LS15874LS160 174LS161 174LS162 174LS163 174LS164 174LS16574LS166 2.74LS168 174LS169 174LS170 174LS17374LS17474LS17574LS181 274LS190 174LS191 174LS19274LS19374LS194 174LS19574LS19674LS19774LS221 174LS240 174LS242 174LS243 174LS244 1

74161 $ ,88

74162 .89

74163 .67

74164 .87

74165 .87

74166 1,20

74167 1.9574170 1.69

74172 4.75

74173 .79

74174 .89

74175 .85

74176 .75

74177 .75

74179 1.34

74180 75

74181 175

74182 .75

74184 2.25

74185 2.25

74186 9.9574188 3.9074190 1.1574191741927419374194741957419674197

1.15

7419

1.;

74199 1.39

74221 1 19

74251 .95

74273 1.05

74276 1.89

74279 .75

74283 1.40

74284 3.90

74285 3.9074290 1.2574298 .95

74365 .68

74366 .68

74367 .68

74368 ,6874390 1.4574393 1.9074490 1.90

404140424043

4046 1.75

1.25.95

.85

74LS245$2.20

74LS247 1.10

74LS248 1.10

74LS249 1,19

74LS251 1.40

74LS253 1.40

74LS257 .85

74LS258 .98

74LS259 2.95

74LS260 .65

74LS261 2.49

74LS266 .59

74LS273 1,75

74LS275 4.40

74LS279 .59

74LS283 .99

74LS290 99

74LS293 .99

74LS295 1.10

74LS298 1.19

74LS324 1.75

74LS347 1.95

74LS348 195

74LS352 1.19

74LS353 1 19

74LS363 1.49

74LS365 .69

74LS366 .69

74LS367 .69

74LS368 ,69

74LS373 1.89

74LS374 1.89

74LS375 69

74LS377 1.95

74LS385 1.95

74LS386 65

74LS390 1.95

74LS393 1.95

74LS395 1.70

74LS399 2.35

74LS424 2.95

74LS668 1.7574LS670 2 29

81LS95 169

81LS96 1.69

81LS97 1.69

81LS98 1.69

VOLUME PRICING

~ CALL

TOLL FREE

4089 $2.95

4093 .99

4094 2.95

4098 2.29

4099 225

14408 12.95

14409 12.95

14410 12.9514412 12.9514415 8,9514419 4.954501

4055 3.95

4056 2.95

4059 9 25

4060 1.394066 .75

4069 .35

4070 .49

4071 .35

4072 .35

4073 .35

4075 .35

4076 1,29

4077 ,35

4078 .35

4081 .35

4082 .354085 1.95

4502

4503

4505

4506

4507

4508

4510

4511

4512

4515

4516

4518

4520

4555

4556

4566

80C95

80C97

i tr.:<

Mailorder P.O. Box 17329 Irvine. CA 92713

Retail: 131 OB E Edlnger Santa Ana CA 92705(714) 558-8813

542 W Trimble, San Jose. CA 95131(408) 946-7010

TERMS: MO Cashier's Check. Bank Wire. Personalchecks allow 2 weeks tor processing Include DriversLicense and credit card #s Visa. AMEX. CB add 3%service charge Add 3% shipping & handling or $2 50,whichever is greater. Add 10% lor foreign orders orUS Parcel Post Include Telephone number NO CODsPrices subject to change without notice. Some itemssubject topriorsale.We reserve the right to substitutemanufacturer Retail prices may vary

512 BYTE February 1983

Circle 9 on inquiry card.

V-^lAEMVNCED

> Z=»-CQMPUTER

OTRONP RTTRCHE

Vista

-H'it

Vision 80

"=^ as reviewed inMay BYTE pg. 266

This is the widely discussedCadillac 80 column card for the

Apple II. The Vision 80 responds to more Apple text screen commands than

any other board. It supports PASCAL, Microsofts Z80 Softcard and can be

used as an intelligent terminal.

List Price.... $395.00 Special Low Price $269.00

The Vision 80 can also be used in conjunction with the Vision 40 (allowsenhanced character sets) and the Vision 20 for lower case.

G°

&

&*

•ft

UNBEATABLEmemory ADD-ON PRICES!

VISTA 576K Expandable In 64K Increments

W/256K populated cs^10'' t. only $699

w/512K populated „ pip*'0. only 999

iP^6 • w/576K populated 7T." only 1099

VISTA/SUPERCALC/SUPERCACHE"

• 192Kwith IBM SUPERCALC, Serial, Parallel Clock 459

MICROSOFT RAMCARD

• 64K w/RAMDRIVE (expandable) 399

• 256K w/RAMDRIVE 699

AST MEMORY CARD

• 64K EXPANDABLE 299

• 256K w/PARITY 595

AST "COMBO CARD"

• MEMORY. ASYNCHCOMM, PARALLEL

• 64K SP 399

• 256K SP 749

• INTERFACE CARDS

AST ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS

• 2 RS232 PORTS 199

• BABY BLUE Z80 CARD 499

• PROTOTYPE CARD 69

• EXTENDERCARD 29

• DISK DRIVES-ADD-IN (Compatible) 239

• EPSON ADD-ON PRINTER 429

• SUPR'MODVRF MODULATOR 49

• EPSON TO IBM CABLE 49

\

MX6Q $429.00

MX80FT 529.00

MX10OFT 725.00

Apple I/O w/cable 54.95

Serial I/O w/cable 95.00

Serial I/O w/2k & cable 129.00

Grapf Tax 89.00

Printer Pal (P80) 29.95

Printer Pal (P100) 39.95

C.ltoh

STARWRITERF-10

40 CPS Daisy Wheel $1475

PRO-WRITER 8510A

DIABLO 630

COEX 80-FT

Best of all, the price.

S

349

00

*' -«<r

I Optional COEX Interface Card IJto Apple $39.95 I

a «120cps

*.._ m^ •Lopic

^ r m seeking^ ™ • Double

kn, width &

condensedprint* Fontseletion, char-acter pitch & line spacing program cont-rollable* Bi-directional printing

82A 120 CpS w/tractor $499.00

83A 120 CpS 136 columns.... 740.00

B4A-P200cps 136 col 999.00

84A-S Serial w/2K Buffer 1199.00

Apple Card 49.95

Apple Cable 19.95

Serial Card w/2K 129.95

Graphics ROM (82A/83A) 75.00

• Truly Portable 18 lbs.

• Includes: CP/lvT,Wordstar-plus'" Basic 80,Valets Chartoa

• Includes; (2) DoubleDensity, Double Sided thindrives. • 380K Bytes each.

ACP PRICE , $ CALL

i$ KAYCOMPU

• Full 9" Green Screen

• CP/M Based

• Portable BusinessComputer

• Complete w/CP/M 2.2 M BASIC, Magic Work-sheet, Selec Word Processing, and Teach.

ACP Price only $1795 I

AATAR

MODEL

LIST

ACP

800 with 16K

$1080.00

SCALL

800 with 48K

1280.00

549.00

800 with 32K-M28K

CALL

810 Disk Drive

600.00

469.95

825 Printer

999.00

699.95

830 Acoustic Modem

199.00

159.95

850 Interface Module

219.95

189.95

Atari Visicalc

200.00

1 69.00

Atari PAC-MAN

CALL

Microtek 16K RAM

99.00

75.00

Microtek 32K RAM

199.00

149.00

Axalon128KRAM

CALL

400 with 16K

399.95

329.95

51/4' DISK DRIVES

TM100-1 SSDD. $199.00

SA400 SSDD 225.00

TM100-2 DSDD 268.00

TM100-3 SSDO 268.OO

TM100-4 DSDD 374.00

B-51 SSDD 224.95

B-52 DSDD 334.95

B-91 SSDD 259.00

B-92 DSDD 459.95

5V4" Cabinets with Power Supply

Single cabinet w/power supply $69.95

Dual cabinet w/powersupply 94.95

SA801 R SSDD $386.00

SA851 R DSDD 525.OO

TM848-1 SSDD 369.00

TM848-2 DSDD 499.00

DT-8 DSDD 499.00

FDD100-8 SSDD 199.00

FDD200-8 DSDD 399.00

V1000 Case/Power Supply..... 375.00

Dual 8" Power Suppty $99.00

Surge Suppressor Fan. $ T Q95

Double Outlet Receptacle Ig

APPLE System Saver FAN

^SANYO

FCC CLASS 2 APPROVED

LIST ACP

$210$169220 179250 219260 229470 422

MODEL4509 9" B/W5109CX 9" Green8012C 12" B/W8012CX 12" Green6013 13" Color6113 13" RGB

NEW Down & Dirty2012 12"B/W 145 139

2112 12,r Green 169 155

USi

■ncawrnw! USI Computer Products

SANYOEQUIVALENT

MODEL LIST ACP

Pi I 9" Green $199 $159Pill 12" Green 199 149Pi III 12" Orange 249 199

Q

TERMINALS

IDS PAPER TIGER

Dot Resolution Grap-hics* 9-wire stag,printhead• Lowercasedecenders• Over 150cps• Bi-directional,logic seeking • 8character sizes»80-132 cof.»Hi-resdot graphics* Proportional spacing• Text justification.

Prism 80 $899 $ 699

IDS Paper Tiger 560G 1395 1099Prism 132 (color)

1995 1875

• 144 x 160 dots/inch* Proportional spac- *ing • Lower case descenders* Nx9 dotmatrix* 8 char, sizes* 5 unique alphabets

• Greek character set* Graphic symbols

• 100 cps* Bi-directional logic seeking■ Adjustable tractors* Single-sheet frictionfeed* Vertical & horizontal tabbing

NEC 8023 List $795 ACP $549

TELEVIDEO

910C $599

920C 769

925C 749

950 969

SOROC

IQ120 $695

IQ 130 595

|Q 140 999

NOW AVAILABLE

FREE

IBM PC Catalog

Apple II

CompatibleDisk Drive

Totally compatible to Apple Drives.

only

$

269

00

Controller $99.00

Just plug in and run.

Computer Company

Add 8" Disk DrivesTo Your Apple II

Up To 2.4 Megabyte!

Now "TRIMLINE V1100" withTandon Thinline DS DD Drives.

Tandon Dual DS DD $1895.00

Qume Dual DS DD 1699.00

Shugart Dual 801R 1295.00

Vista Quartet

Drives

tMopokz computer

^^* Authorized Dealer

ON DISK FOR APPLE

SAVE UP TO 40% OFF

ACP

Visicalc 3.3 $189

Supercaic 189

Visi Trend/Visi Plot 235

VisiDex 199

Visi File 199

Visi Plot 159

Desk top Plan ll/lll 199

Visi Schedule 219

Visi Term 79

Zork 34

Versa Form 287

dBase H Ashton-Tata 439

Wordstar 365

Mail Merge 180

Spell Star 180

Data Star 189

CalcStar 99

Super Sort 170

Spellguard 150

DB Master (new) 155

DB Utility 89

PFS ll/lll 85

Report ll/ili 65

Locksmith 4.0 74

Accounting Plus 1195

Microcourier. 229

Mic rote leg raph 229

Magic Window II 69

HP41C Prog. Scientific S189

HP41CV W/2.2K Memory 256

HP41 Memory Module 26

HP41 Quad RAM 83

HP41 Card Reader 169

HP41 Printer 292

HP41 Optical Wand 99

HP-IL Interface Loop 119

HP11C Advanced Scientific 119

HP12C Financial 129

HP34C Prog. Scientific 112

HP38C Prog. Business 116

flfcippkz computer

w9* Authorized Dealer

USTApple II Plus W/48K $1530.00

Apple II Plus W/64K 1729.00

Apple II System Special W/64K,

Z80 Card, Vision &Apple III W/128KApple III W/256KProFile Hard Disk DriveVista Apple III Timecard

2519.003495.004295.003499.00195.00

ACPS999.0O1049.00

1499.002695.O02995.002095.OO169.00

"Apple Products Available In-store Only"

APPLE HARDWARE

Apple II Disk II w/ControrrApple II Disk II w/oApple Family SystemPrototype CardIEE&488 InterfaceExtended Warranty- 1 yrSuper Serial CardLanguage CardGraphic Tablet w/IO

LIST

$645.00525.00

2495.0024.00450.00225.00195.00195.00795.00

"Available In-store Only"

ACP

$449.00

389.00

CALL J

21.95

375.00

199.00

1 74.95

149.95

695.00

MORE HARDWARE

$395.00195.00899.00

149.9549.9529.95

MICROSOFT

Z80 Softcard

16KRamcard

The Premium PackageSSM

AIO-114 Function Serial/Parallel

AIO Serial/ ParallelKEYBOARD COMPANY

Numeric Keypad

Apple II Joystick

Apple II HandcontrollersPROMETHEUS

VERSAbox Spool/Burr 249.00

VERSAcard Four-in-1 199.00

AUTO-DOC diagnostics 127.00VISTA COMPUTER CO.

Vision 80 80x24 Card

Vision 40 40 col.enhance

Vision 20 lo case ROM

A800 8" DS, DD

Quartet Disk Drive

Duet Disk Drive

Solo Disk Drive

40 Char Type-ahead

Wild CardVIDEX

Videoterm 80x24 Card

Keyboard Enhancer II

Soft Switch

Function Strip Keys

ACP

$249.0089.00579.00

199.00166.00117.00

395.00 269.00

199.0029.95595.00

345.00149.0035.0079.00

PRACTICAL PERIPHERALS

16KMicrobuffer 259.00

32KMicrobuffer 299.00

Snapshot Option 69.00

VOTRAX

Type n' Talk SpeechSCOTT INSTRUMENTS

Voice Recognir n VET80CORVUS

5 Mb Hard Disk

10 Mb Hard Disk

20 Mb Hard DiskORANGE MICRO

TheGrapplerl/OfPlus)SATURN SYSTEMS

32 K RAM Card

64K RAM Card

128K RAM CardNOVATION

Apple-Cat IIHAYES MICROCOMPUTER

Hayes Chronograph 249.00

Micromodem II 349.00

Smartmodem 299.00

MOUNTAIN COMPUTER

CPS Multifunction

RAM Plus

Expansion Chassis

Music System

100,000 Day Clock

The Clock

A/D plus D/A

Supertaiker

lntrolX-10 Controller

ROM Plus

Keyboard Filter ROM

Copy ROM

ROM WriterMAR ENTERPRISES

Sup'rterm 80x24 Card

Sup'rSwitcher6 AmpPower Supply

SupYMod II RFModulator

Apple FanALS

The CP/M Plus Z80 card 399.00

Smarterm 80x24 Card

The Synergizer Package

Compatible withZ80 Softcard™ ... PASCAL CP/M

Full 1 year Warranty. Top Quality by COEX

low $CQ95

PRICE W WAlso from COEX NEW EPSONParallel Interface for Apple.With cable $39.95

375.00

799.00

3750.005350.006450.00

195.00

239.00425.00599.00

389.00

239.00189.00750.00395.00375.00280.00350.00199.00200.00155.0055.0055.00175.00

395.00

149.0025.00399.00699.00499.00269.0035.00115.00

279.00129.0030.0069.00

220.00253.0059.00

2495.002895.003995.00

189.00355.00505.00

229.00289.00229.00

169.001 39.00699.00335.00325.00249.00299.00189.00175.00129.0044.0044.00159.00

TOLL FREE Mailorder P.O. Box 17329 Irvine. CA 92713

800-854-8230 ",,,,l: ,3,0BE■ WSM?CA9270S

•mm pil? mmmm 54Z W TrilnD"' San >>»««. " 15131

910-595-1565 ww 940-7010

TERMS: MO. Cashier's Check Bank Wire. Per.checks allow 2 weeks for processing. Include DriversLicense and credit card #s Visa. AMEX, CB add 3%service charge. Add 3% shipping 8 handling or $2.50,whichever is greater. Add 10% for foreign orders orUS Parcel Post. Include Telephone number NOCODs.Prices subject to change without notice. Some itemssubject to prior sale We reservethe right tosutistitutemanufacturer. Retail prices may vary

Circle 9 on Inquiry card.

BYTE February 1983 513

AnfZA 64K DYNAMICt I Of 200 NS

ALL MERCHANDISE 100% GUARANTEED!

TMM2016

2KX8 STATIC200 NS

CALL US FOR VOLUME QUOTES

STATIC RAMS

2101

5101

2102-1

2102L-4

2102L-2

2111

2112

2114

2114L-4

2114L-3

2114L-2

2147

TMS4044-4

TMS4044-3

TMS4044-2

MK4118

TMM2016-200

TMM2016-150

TMM2016-100

HM6116-4

HM6116-3

HM6116-2

HM6116LP-4

HM6116LP-3

HM6116LP-2

Z-6132

256 x 4256x41024 x 11024 X 11024 X 1256 X 4256x41024x41024 X 41024 x41024 X 44096 x 14096 x 14096 x 14096 x 11024x82048 x 82048 X 82048 x 82048 x 82048 x 82048 x 82048 x 82048 x 82048 x 84096 x 8

(450ns)(450ns)(450ns)(450ns)(250ns)(450ns)(450ns)(450ns)(450ns)(300ns)(200ns)(55ns)(450ns)(300ns)(200ns)(250ns)(200ns)(150ns)(100ns)(200ns)(150ns)(120ns)(200ns)(150ns)(120ns)(300ns)

(cmos)

(LP)(LP)

(LP)(LP)(LP)

(cmos)

(cmos)

(cmos)

(cmos)(LP)

(cmos)(LP)

(cmos)(LP)

(Ostat)

1.953.95

.89 I1.291.69 I2.99 [2.998/14.958/15.258/15.458/15.954.95 I3.49 I3.994.499.954.15 14.95 16.154.955.958.956.958.95[10.95 |34.95 |

DISCCONTROLLERS

LP - Low Power

Qstat = Quasi-Static

DYNAMIC RAMS

TMS4027

4096 x 1

(250ns)

1.99

UPD411

4096 x 1

(300ns)

3.00

MM5280

4096 x 1

(300ns)

3.00

MK4108

8192 x 1

(200ns)

1.95

MM5298

8192 x 1

(250ns)

1.85

4116-300

16384 x 1

(300ns)

8/11.75

4116-250

16384 x1

(250ns)

8/11.95

4116-200

16384 x 1

(200ns)

8/13.95

4116-150

16384 x1

(150ns)

8/15.95

4116-120

16384x1

(120ns)

8/29.95

2118

16384 x 1

(150ns) (5v)

4.95

4164-200

65536 x 1

(200ns)(5v)

6.25

4164-150

65536 X 1

(150ns)(5v)

7.25

5V = single 5 volt supply

EPROMS

1702

2708

2758

2716

2716-1

TMS2516

TMS2716

TMS2532

2732

2732-250

2732-200

2764

2764-250

2764-200

TMS2564

MC68764

256x81024 x 81024x82048 x 82048 x 82048 x 82048 x 84096 x 84096 x 84096 x 84096 x 88192x88192 x 88192x88192x88192 x 8

(1us)(450ns)(450ns)(5v)(450ns)(5v)(350ns)(5v)(450ns)(5v)(450ns)(450ns)(5v)(450ns)(5v)(250ns)(5v)(200ns)(5v)(4S0ns)(5v)(250ns)(5v)(200ns)(5v)(450ns)(5v)(450ns)(5v)(24 pin)

4.503.955.953.956.255.507.957.954.9512.9516.9516.9518.9524.9524.9539.95

5v = Single 5 Volt Supply

EPROM ERASERS

PE-14PE-14TPE-24TPL-265TPR-125T.PR-320

Timer

xxxxx

CapacityChip

6

6

9201632

Intensity(uW/Cm1)

5,2005,2006,7006,70015,00015,000

83.00119.00175.00255.00349.00595.00

1771

1791

1793

1795

1797

6843

8272

UPD765

1691

2143

16.9529.9538.9554.9554.9534.9539.9539.9518.9518.95

INTERFACE

8T26 1.69

8T28 2.498T95 .99

8T96 .99

8T97 .99

8T98 .99

DM8131 2.95

DP8304 2.29

DS8835 1.99DS8836 .99

MISC.

3242

7.95

3341

4.95

MC3470

4.95

MC3480

9 00

11C90

13.95

95H90

7.95

2513-001 UP

9.95

2513-002 LOW

9.95

SOUND CHIPS

76477

3.95

76489

8.95

AY3-8910

12.95

MC3340

1.49

CRTCONTROLLERS

6845 14.95

68B45 35.95

HD46505SP 15.95

6847 12.25

MC1372 6.95

68047 24.95

8275 29.95

7220 99.95

CRT5027 39.95

CRT5037 49.95

TMS9918A 39 95

DP8350 49.95

BIT-RATEGENERATORS

MC14411 11.95

BR1941 11.95

4702 12.95

COM5016 16.95

COM8116 10.95

MM5307 10.95

UARTS

I AY3-1014

AY5-1013| AY3-1015

PT1472| TR1602

2350

2651

TMS6011] IM6402

IM6403

INS8250

6.953.956.959.953.959.958.955.957.958.9514.95

KEYBOARDCHIPS

AY5-2376 11.95

I AY5-3600 11.95

CLOCKCIRCUITS

MM5314 4.95

MM5369 3.95

MM5375 4.95

MM56167 8.95

I MM58174 11.95

1MSM5832 6.95

Z-80

2.5 Mhz

Z80-CPU 3.95

Z80-CTC 5.95

Z80-DART 15.25

Z80-DMA 17.50

Z80-PIO 5.75

Z80-SIO/0 18.50

Z80-SIO/1 18.50

Z80-SIO/2 18.50

Z80-SIO/9 16.95

4.0 Mhz

Z80A-CPU 6.00

Z80A-CTC 8.65

Z80A-DART 18.75

Z80A-DMA 27.50

Z80A-PIO 6.00

Z80A-SIO/0 22.50

Z80A-SIO/1 22.50

Z80A-SIO/2 22.50

Z80A-SIO/9 19.95

6.0 Mhz

Z80B-CPU 17.95

Z80B-CTC 15.50

Z80B-PIO 15.50

ZILOG

Z6132 34.95

.Z8671 39.95 j

8000

6800

CRYSTALS

32.768 khz

1.95

1.0 mhz

4.95

1.8432

4.95

2.0

3.95

2.097152

3.95

2.4576

3.95

3.2768

3.95

3.579535

3.95

4.0

3.95

5.0

3.95

5.0688

3.95

5.185

3.95

5.7143

3.95

6.0

3.95

6.144

3.95

6.5536

3.95

8.0

3.95

10.738635

3.95

14.31818

3.95

15.0

3.95

16.0

3.95

17.430

3.95

18.0

3.95

18.432

3.95

20.0

3.95

22.1184

3.95

32.0

3.95

DATAACQUISITION

ADC0800 15.55

AOC0804 3.49

ADC0809 4.49

ADC0817 9.95

DAC0800 4.95

DAC0806 1.95

DAC0808 2.95

DAC1020 8.25

DAC1022 5.95

MC1408L6 1.95

MC1408L8 2.95,

8035 5.95

8039 6.95

INS-8060 17.95

INS-8073 24.95

8080 3.95

8085 5.958085A-2 11.95

8086 29.95

8087 CALL

8088 39.95

8089 89.95

8155 7.95

8156 8.958185 29.958185-2 39.958741 39.958748 29.95

,8755 32.00,

8200

8202

29.95

8203

39.95

8205

3.50

8212

1.80

8214

3.85

8216

1.75

8224

2.25

8226

1.80

8228

3.49

8237

19.95

8238

4.49

8243

4.45

8250

10.95

8251

4.49

8253

6.95

8253-5

7.95

8255

4.49

8255-5

5.25

8257

7.95

8257-5

8.95

8259

6.90

8259-5

7.50

8271

39.95

8272

39.95

8275

29.95

8279

8.95

8279-5

10.00

8282

6.50

8283

6.50

8284

5.50

8286

6.50

8287

6.50

8288

25.00

8289

49.95

FUNCTION

GENERATORS

MC4024

3.95

LM566

1.49

XR2206

3.75

8038

3.95

INTERSIL

ICL7103

9.50

ICL7106

9.95

ICL7107

12.95

ICL7660

2.95

ICL8038

3.95

ICM7207A

5.59

ICM7208

15.95

68000

59.95

6800

4.95

6802

7.95

6808

13.90

6809E

19.95

6809

12.95

6810

2.95

6820

4.95

6821

3.25

6828

14.95

6840

12.95

6843

34.95

6844

25.95

6845

14.95

6847

12.25

6850

3.45

6852

5.75

6860

9.95

6862

11.95

6875

6.95

6880

2.25

6883

24.95

68047

24.95

68488

19.95

6800 1MHZ

68B00

10.95

68B02

22.25

68B09E

29.95

68B09

29.95"

68B10

7.95

68B21

12.95

68B45

3595

68B50

12.95

68B00 2 MHZ

6500

1 MHZ

6502

5.95

6504

6.95

6505

8.95

6507

9.95

6520

4.35

6522

8.75

6532

11.25

6545

22.50

6551

11.85

2 MHZ

6502A

9.95

6522A

11.70

6532A

12.40

6545A

28.50

6551A

12.95

EXAR

XR 2206 3.75

XR 2207 3.85

XR 2208 3.90

XR2211 5.25

XR 2240 3.25

9000 SERIES

9316 1.00

9334 2.50

9368 3.95

9401 9.95

9601 .75

9602 1.5096S02 1.95

JDR MICRODEVICES, INC.

1224 S. Bascom Avenue

San Jose, CA 95128

800-538-5000 • 800-662-6279 (CA)

(408) 995-5430 • Telex 171-110

c 1982 JDR MICRODEVICES, INC.

VISIT OURRETAIL STORE

— NEW HOURS —

M-W-F, 9-5

T-Th.,9-9 Sat. 11-3

PLEASE USE YOUR CUSTOMER NUMBER WHEN ORDERING

TERMS: For shipping include $2 for UPS Ground or $3 lor UPS BlueLabel Air. Items over 5 pounds require additional shipping charges.Foreign orders, include sufficient amount for shipping. There is a $10minimum order. Bay Area and Los Angeles Counties add 6 V'o SalesTax. Other California residents add 6% Sales Tax. We reserve theright to substitute manufacturer. Not responsible lor typographicalerrors. Prices are subject to change without notice. We will match orbeat any competitor's price provided it is not below our cost.

514 BYTE February 1983

Circle 220 on inquiry card.

IbK EPROMS

2732

ALL MERCHANDISE 100% GUARANTEED!

C I \J4L 32K EPROMS T EACHCALL US FOR VOLUME QUOTES

74LS00

IC SOCKETS

74LS0074LS0174LS0274LS0374LS0474LS0574LS0874LS0974LS1074LS1174LS1274LS1374LS1474LS1574LS2074LS2174LS2274LS2674LS2774LS2874LS3074LS3274LS3374LS3774LS3874LS4074LS4274LS4774LS4874LS4974LS5174LS5474LS5574LS6374LS7374LS7474LS7574LS7674LS7874LS8374LS85

.24.25.25.25.24.25.28.29.25.35.35.45.59.35.25.29.25.29.29.35.25.29.55.35.35.25.49.75.75.75.25.29.291.25.39.35.39.39.49.60.69

74LS86

74LS90

74LS91

74LS92

74LS93

74LS95

74LS96

74LS107

74LS109

74LS112

74LS113

74LS114

74LS122

74LS123

74LS124

74LS125

74LS126

74LS132

74LS133

74LS136

74LS137

74LS138

74LS139

74LS145

74LS147

74LS148

74LS151

74LS153

74LS154

74LS155

74LS156

74LS157

74LS158

74LS160

74LS161

74LS162

74LS163

74LS164

74LS165

74LS166

74LS168

.39.55.89.55.55.75.89.39.39.39.39.39.45.792.90.49.49.59.59.39.99.55.551.202.491.35.55.551.90.69.69.65.59.69.65.69.65.69.951.951.75

Prices Slashed!74S00

74SO0

74S02

74S03

74S04

74S05

74S08

74S09

74S10

74S11

74S15

74S20

74S22

74S30

74S32

74S37

74S38

74S40

74S51

74S64

74S65

74S74

74S85

74S86

74S112

74S113

74S114

74S124

74S132

74S133

74S134

74S135

74S138

74S139

74S140

74S151

74S153

74S157

74S158

74S161

74S162

.35.35.35.35.35.40.35.35.35.35.35.35.40.88.85.35.35.40.40.501.99.50.50.50.552.751.24.45.50.69.85.85.55.95.95.95.951.951.95

74S16374S16874S16974S17474S17574S18174S18274S18874S18974S19474S19S74S19674S19774S20174S22574S24074S24174S24474S25174S25374S25774S25874S26074S27474S27574S28074S28774S28874S28974S30174S37374S37474S38174S38774S41274S47174S47274S47474S48274S57074S571

1.95

3.95

3.95

.95

.95

3.95

2.95

1.95

6.95

1.49

1.49

1.49

1.49

6.95

7.95

2.20

2.20

2.20

.95

.95

.95

.95

.79

19.95

19.95

1.95

1.90

1.90

6.89

6.95

2.45

2.45

7.95

1.95

2.98

4.95

4.95

4.95

15.25

2.95

2.95 ,

74LS16974LS17074LS17374LS17474LS17574LS18174LS18974LS19074LS19174LS19274LS19374LS19474LS19574LS19674LS19774LS22174LS24074LS24174LS24274LS24374LS24474LS24574LS24774LS24874LS24974LS25174LS25374LS25774LS25874LS25974LS26074LS26674LS27374LS27574LS27974LS28074LS28374LS29074LS29374LS29574LS29874LS299

1.75

1.49.69.55.55

2.15

8.95.89.89.79.79.69.69.79.79.89.95.99.99.99.99

1.49.75.99.99.59.59.59.59

2.75.59.55

1.49

3.35.49

1.98.69.89.89.99.89

1.75

74LS323

74LS324

74LS352

74LS353

74LS363

74LS364

74LS365

74LS366

74LS367

74LS368

74LS373

74LS374

74LS377

74LS378

74LS379

74LS385

74LS386

74LS390

74LS393

74LS395

74LS399

74LS424

74LS447

74LS490

74LS624

74LS668

74LS669

74LS670

74LS674

74LS682

74LS683

74LS684

74LS685

74LS688

74LS689

74LS783

81LS95

81LS96

81LS97

81LS98

25LS2521

25LS2569

3.50

1.75

1.29

1.29

1.35

1.95

.49

.49

.45

.45

.99

.99

1.39

1.18

1.35

1.90

.45

1.19

1.19

1.19

1.49

2.95

.37

1.95

3.99

1.69

1.89

1.49

9.65

3.20

3.20

3.20

3.20

2.40

3.20

24.95

1.49

1.49

1.49

1.49

2.80

4.25

1-99

100

8 pin ST

.13

.11

14 pin ST

.15

.12

16 pin ST

.17

.13

18 pin ST

.20

.18

20 pin ST

.29

.27

22 pin ST

.30

.27

24 pin ST

.30

.27

28 pin ST

.40

.32

40 pin ST

.49

.39

64 pin ST

4.25

call

ST = SOLDERTAIL

8 pin WW

.59

.49

14 pin WW

.69

.52

16 pin WW

.69

.58

18 pin WW

.99

.90

20 pin WW

1.09

.98

22 pin WW

1.39

1.28

24 pin WW

1.49

1.35

28 pin WW

1.69

1.49

40 pin WW

1.99

1.80

WW = WIREWRAP

16 pinZIF

6.75

call

24 pin ZIF

9.95

call

28 pin ZIF

10.95

call

ZIF TEXTOOL

(Zero Insertion Force)

CONNECTORS

RS232 MALERS232 FEMALERS232 FEMALE

RIGHT ANGLERS232 HOODS-100 ST. S-100WW

2.953.50

5.251.253.954.95 ,

DIPSWITCHES

4 POSITION .85

I 5 POSITION .90

! 6 POSITION .90

7 POSITION .95

L 8 POSITION .95.

ORDER TOLL FREE

800-538-5000800-662-6279

(CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS)

IF YOU CAN FIND A PRICE LOWERELSEWHERE, LET US KNOW ANDWE LL MEE T OR BEA T THEIR PRICE'

iSEE TERMS BELOW;

* Computer managed inventory-virtually no back orders!

* Very competitive prices!

* Friendly staff!

* Fast service — most ordersshipped within 24 hours!

LED DISPLAYS

I HP 5082-7760

MAN 72

MAN 74

FND-357 (359)

FND-500 (503), FND-507(510)

.6".3".3".375"

.5".5"

CCCACCCCCCCA

1.29.99.991.251.491.49

TI

7400

7401

7402

7403

7404

7405

7406

7407

7408

7409

7410

7411

7412

7413

7414

7416

7417

7420

7421

7422

7423

7425

7426

7427

7428

7430

7432

7433

7437

7438

7440

7442

7443

7444

7445

7446

7447

7448

7450

7451

7453

7454

7460

7470

7472

7473

7474

7475

7476

7480

7481

7482

7483

7485

7486

7489

7490

7491

7492

7493

7494

7495

7496

7497

74100

74107

74109

74110

74111

74116

74120

74121

74122

74123

74125

74126

74128

74^00

.19.19.19.19.19.25.29.29.24.19.19.25.30.35.49.25.25.19.35.35.29.29.29.29.45.19.29.45.29.29.19.49.65.69.69.69.69.69.19.23.23.23.23.35.29.34.33.45.35.591.10.95.50.59.352.15.35.40.50.35.65.55.702.751.75.30.45.45.551.551.20.29.45.49.45.45.55

741327413674141741427414374145741477414874150741517415274153741547415574156741577415974160741617416274163741647416574166741677417074172741737417474175741767417774178741797418074181741827418474185741867419074191741927419374194741957419674197741987419974221742467424774248742497425174259742657427374276742797428374284742857429074293742987435174365743667436774368743767439074393744257442674490

.45.50.652.952.95.601.751.201.35.55.65.551.25.75.65.551.65.85.69.85.69.85.851.002.951.655.95.75

.89

.75

1.15

1.75

.75

2.25

.75

2.00

2.00

18.50

1.15

1.15

.79

.79

.85

.85

.79

.75

1.35

1.35

1.35

1.35

1.25

1.85

1.95

.75

2.25

1.35

1.95

1.25

.75

2.00

3.75

3.75

.95

.75

.85

2.25

.65

.65

.65

.65

2.20

1.75

1.35

3.15

.85

2.55

CMOS

4000

4001

4002

4006

4007

4008

4009

4010

4011

4012

4013

4014

4015

4016

4017

4018

4019

4020

4021

4022

4023

4024

4025

4026

4027

4028

4029

4030

4034

4035

4040

4041

4042

4043

4044

4046

4047

4049

4050

4051

4053

4060

4066

4068

4069

4070

4071

4072

4073

4075

4076

4078

4081

4082

4085

4086

4093

4098

4099

14409

14410

14411

14412

14419

14433

4502

4503

4508

4510

4511

4512

4514

4515

4516

4518

4519

4520

4522

4526

.29

.25

.25

.89

.29

.95

.39

.45

.25

.25

.38

.79

.39

.39

.69

.79

.39

.75

.79

.79

.29

.65

.29

1.65

.45

.69

.79

.39

1.95

.85

.75

.75

.69

.85

.79

.85

.95

.35

.35

.79

.79

.89

.39

.39

.29

.35

.29

.29

.29

.29

.79

.29

.29

.29

.95

.95

.49

2.49

1.95

12.95

12.95

11.95

12.95

7.95

4.18

.95

.65

1.95

.85

.85

.85

1.25

1.79

1.55

.89

.39

.79

1.25

1.25

4527

4528

4531

4532

4538

4539

4541

4543

4553

4555

4556

4581

4582

4584

4585

4702

74C00

74C02

74C04

74C08

74C10

74C14

74C20

74C30

74C32

74C42

74C48

74C73

74C74

74C76

74C83

74C85

74C86

74C89

74C90

74C93

74C95

74C107

74C150

74C151

74C154

74C157

74C160

74C161

74C162

74C163

74C164

74C165

74C173

74C174

74C175

74C192

74C193

74C195

74C200

74C221

74C373

74C374

74C901

74C902

74C903

74C905

74C906

74C907

74C908

74C909

74C911

74C912

74C914

74C915

74C918

74C920

74C921

74C922

74C923

74C925

74C926

74C928

74C929

1.95

1.19

.95

1.95

1.95

1.95

2.64

1.19

5.79

.95

.95

1.95

1.95

.75

.75

12.95

.35

.35

.35

.35

.35

.59

.35

.35

.39

1.29

1.99

.65

.65

.80

1.95

1.95

.39

4.50

1.19

1.75

.99

.89

5.75

2.25

3.25

1.75

1.19

1.19

1.19

1.19

1.39

2.00

.79

1.19

1.19

1.49

1.49

1.39

5.75

1.75

2.45

2.45

.39

.85

.85

10.95

.95

1.00

2.00

2.75

8.95

8.95

1.95

1.19

2.75

17.95

15.95

4.49

4.95

5.95

7.95

7.95

19.95

TRANSISTORS DIODES

LED LAMPS

1-99 100-upJumbo

Red .10 .09

Jumbo

Green .18 .15Jumbo

Yellow .18 .15

PN2222PN29072N22222N29072N30553055T2N39042N3906

IN4148 (IN914)kIN4004

NPN SWITCHPNP SWITCHNPN SWITCHPNP SWITCHNPN POWERNPN POWERNPN SWITCHNPN SWITCHSWITCHINGRECTIFIER

TO-92

TO-92

TO-18

TO-18

TO-3

TO-220

TO-92

TO-92

10/1.00

10/1.25

.25

.25

.79

.69

10/1.00

10/1.00

25/1.00

10/1.00

100/8.99

100/10.99 I

50/10.99

50/10.99

10/6.99

10/5.99

100/8.99

100/8.99

1000/35.00

100/8.99 J

1982 JDR MICRODEVICES. INC.

Circle 220 on Inquiry card.

BYTE February 1983 515

LINEAR

LM301

LM301H

LM307

LM308

LM308H

LM309H

LM309K

LM310

LM311

LM311H

LM312H

LM317K

LM317T

LM318

LM318H

LM319H

LM319

LM320 (see 7900)

LM322 1.65

LM323K

LM324

LM329

LM331

LM334

LM335

LM336

LM337K

LM337T

LM338K

LM339

LM340(S

.34

.79

.45

.69

1.15

1.95

1.25

1.75

.64

.89

1.75

3.95

1.19

1.49

1.59

1.90

1.25

4.95

.59

.65

3.95

1.19

1.40

1.75

3.95

1.95

6.95

.99

7800)

LM348

LM350K

LM350T

LM358

LM3S9

LM376

LM377

LM378

LM379

LM380

LM380N-I

LM381

LM382

LM383

LM384

LM386

LM387

LM389

LM390

LM392

LM394H

LM399H

NE531

NES36

NE555

NE5S6

NE558

NE555

NE556

NE558

NE561

.994.954.60

.691.793r751.952.504.50

.891.101.601.601.951.95

.891.401.351.95

.694.605.002.956.00

.34

.651.50

.34

.65

1.50

24.95

NE564

LM565

LM566

LM567

NE570

NE571

NE592

LM703

LM709

LM710

LM711

LM723

LM723H

LM733

LM741

LM741N-

LM741H

LM747

LM748

LM1014

LM1303

LM1310

MC1330

MC1349

MCI 350

MC1358

MC1372

LM1414

LM1458

LM1488

LM1489

2.95

.99

1.49

.89

3.95

2.95

2.75

.89

.59

.75

.79

.49

.55

.98

.35

I .35

.40

.69

.59

1.19

1.95

1.49

1.69

1.89

1.19

1.69

6.95

1.59

.59

.69

.69

LM1496

LM1558H

LM1800

LM1812

LM1830

LM1871

LM1872

LM1877

LM1889

LM1896

LM2877

LM2878

LM2900

LM2901

LM3900

LM3905

LM3909

LM3911

LM3914

LM3915

LM3916

MC4024

MC4044

RC4136

RC4151

LM4250

LM4500

LM13080

LM13600

LM13700

H ■ TO-5 CAN

RIBBON CABLE

CONTACTS

SINGLE COLOR

COLOR CODED

1'

10'

r

10'

10

.50

4.40

.83

7.30

20

.65

5.70

1.25

11.00

26

.75

6.60

1.32

11.60

34

.98

8.60

1.65

14.50

40

1.32

11.60

1.92

16.80

50

1.38

12.10

2.50

22.00

WIREWRAP CARDS

FR-4 Epoxy Glass LaminateWith Gold Plated Contact Fingers

S-100 BUSS

P100-1 Bare — No Foil Pads 15.95

P100-2 Horizontal BUSS 22.95

P100-3 Vertical BUSS 22.95

P100-4 Single Foil Pads Per Hole 23.95

APPLE

P500-1 Bare — No Foil Pads 15.95

P500-3 Horizontal BUSS 22.95

P500-4 Single Foil Pads Per Hole 23.95

IBM

IBM-PR BUSS Lines + Pads 55.00

GENERAL PURPOSE

22/44 PIN ( .156" SPACING)

P441-3 Vertical BUSS, 4.5" x 6" 13.95

P442-3 Vertical BUSS, 4.5" x 9" 14.95

36/72 PIN ( .1" SPACING)

P721-3 Vertical BUSS, 4.5" x 6" 13.95

P722-3 Vertical BUSS, 4.5" x 9" 14.95

.853.102.378.253.505.495.493.251.951.752.052.25

.851.00

.591.25

.982.253.953.953.953.954.501.253.951.753.251.291.491.49

RCA

CA 3023CA 3039CA 3046CA 3059CA 3060CA 3065CA 3080CA 3081

2.751.291.252.902.901.751.101.65

CA 3082CA 3083CA 3086CA 3089CA 3096CA3130CA3140CA3146CA3160

Tl

TL494

4.20

TL496

1.65

TL497

3.25

75107

1.49

75110

1.95

75150

1.95

75154

1.95

75188

1.25

75189

1.25

75365754507545175452754537545475491754927549375494

1.651.55.802.993.491.301.151.851.19

1.95.59.39.39.39.39.79.79 I.89.89

VOLTAGEREGULATORS

Bl FET

TL071

.79

TL084

2.19

TL072

1.19

LF347

2.19

TL074

2.19

LF351

.60

TL081

.79

LF353

1.00

TL082

1.19

LF355

1.10

TL083

1.19

LF356

1.10

LF357

1.40

WE HAVE THECOMPLETE LINE

OF IDC AND

D-SUBMINIATURE

CONNECTORS

BEST SELLINGBOOKS

OSBORNE/MC GRAW-HILL

Apple II Users Guide 16.95

CRT Controllers Handbook 9.95

68000 Assembly Language

Programming 16.99

CBASIC User Guide 15.00

SYBEX

Your Your First Computer 8.95

The CP/M Handbook 14.95

The PASCAL Handbook 18.95

Microprocessor Interfacing

Techniques 17.95

MICROCOMPUTERHARDWARE HANDBOOK

FROM ELCOMP —$14.95

I Over 800 pages of manufacturers data I

sheets on most commonly used IC's.

Includes:

* TTL — 74/74LS and 74F

* CMOS

* Voltage Regulators

* Memory — RAM, ROM, EPROM

* CPU's — 6800, 6500, Z80, 8080,8085, 8086/8

[ + MPU support & interface — 6800,6500, Z80, 8200, etc.

7805T7808T7812T7815T7824T

7805K7812K7815K7824K

78L0578L1278L15

78H05K78H12K

.89

.89

1.391.391.391.39

.69.69.69

9.959.95

TO-220L =

7905T7908T7912T7915T7924T

7905K7912K7915K7924 K

79L0579L1279L15

LM323KUA78S40

.99.99.99.99.99

1.491.491.491.49

.79.79.79

4.951.95

DISK DRIVES

TANDON

TM100-1 5% (FOR IBM) SS/DDTM100-2 BW" (FOR IBM) DS/DD

SHUGART

SA 400L 5% (40 TRACK) SS/DD 199.95

SIEMENSFD100-8 e ss/dd

(801 REPLACEMENT)

PERTECFD-200 5V ss/dd

, FN-250 5'/. DS/DD

229.00> 295.00

259.00

179.95199.95 J

CABINET FOR 51/V'DISK DRIVE

• COLOR MATCHES APPLE

• FITS SHUGART

SPECIAL — $29.95

BYPASS CAPS

01 UFDISC

100/6.00

1 UFDISC

100/8.00

.1 UF MONOLITHIC

100/15.00j

WE NOW STOCK A

COMPLETE LINE OF

DISC, ELECTROLYTIC,

MONOLITHIC AND

TANTALUM CAPACITORS

RESISTORS

V. WATT 5% CARBON FILM ALL

STANDARD VALUESFROM 1 OHM TO 10 MEG OHM50 PCS. SAME VALUE .025 EA.

100 PCS. SAME VALUE .02 EA.

,1000 PCS. SAME VALUE .015 EA.

JDR MICRODEVICES, INC.

1224 S Bascom Avenue

San Jose, CA 95128

800-538-5000 • 800-662-6279 (CA)

(408) 995-5430 • Telex 171-110

.1982 JDR MICRODEVICES, INC.

VISIT OUR -NEW HOURS-

RETAILSTORE T-Th.^'laL 11-3

PLEASE USE YOUR CUSTOMER NUMBER WHEN ORDERING

TERMS For shipping include $2 tor UPS Ground or $3 tor UPS BlueLabel Air Items over 5 pounds require additional shipping chargesForeign orders include sufficient amount for shipping There is a $10minimum order Bay Area and Los Angeles Counties add 6 V- SalesTax Other California residents add 6' Sales Tax We reserve theright to substitute manufacturer Not responsible for typographicalerrors Prices are subject to change without notice We will match orbeat any competitor s price provided it is not below our cost

516 BYTE Ftbnury 1983

Circle 221 on inquiry card.

41 16 16K DYNAMIC RAMS 250NS 8/$1 I9s5e

ALL MERCHANDISE 100% GUARANTEED!

CALL US FOR VOLUME QUOTES

He* VIEWMAX 80

A Full Function 80 column cardfor Apple II* — Compare thesefeatures with any other:

• 7x9 dot matrix; Upper andlower case with truedescenders

• Soft Video switch

• Inverse video characters

• Shift key support

• Fully compatible with Apple*DOS, CP/M*, PASCAL, andmost popular wordprocessors

• 2 YEAR WARRANTY

$219

95

JDR COOLING FAN1

FOR YOUR APPLE II

Easy installation — no

modification of Apple

required

Eliminates overheating

problems

Switch on front controls fan,

Apple, and extra outlet

Rotron whisper fan is the

quietest, most reliable on the

market

$5995

DISK DRIVE

* Fully Apple* compatible

* 35 Track — Will read halftracks!

* Use with our controller(call for price) or withyour Apple controller

* Price includes case andcable — ready to plug in

* Attractive cabinetmatches Apple drive

* 90-Day Warranty

$299

95

I JDR 16KRAMCARDFor Apple II** Expand your 48K Apple to 64K* Fully compatible with AppleLanguage System — Use inplace of Apple Language card• Provides extra memory forVisicalc™• Run PASCAL, FORTRAN,Integer Basic with appropriatesoftware• Highest quality card features:gold edge connector, socketsfor all IC'sNOW WITH 2 YEAR WARRANTY

ORDER TOLL FREE

800-538-5000800-662-6279

(CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS)

IF YOU CAN FIND A PRICE LOWER

ELSEWHERE. LET US KNOW AND

WE'LL MEET OR BE A T THEIR PRICE1

I SEE TERMS BELOW'

* Computer managed inventory—virtually no back orders!

* Very competitive prices!

* Friendly staff!

* Fast service — most ordersshipped within 24 hours!

ASSEMBLED & TESTEDWITH WARRANTY

KIT —INCLUDES ALLPARTS & INSTRUCTIONS.

BARE PC CARD

WITH INSTRUCTIONS

$4495

$4095l$■1495

MONITORS

GREEN PHOSPHORNECJB1201M *16900

ZENITH zvm.121 $11900

COLOR

AMDEK color 1 $33500

OKIDATA PRINTERS

• 120 cps, 9x9 Dot Matrix

• 50% faster than EPSON

• Parallel and Serial interfacesare standard

ML-82A *47950

ML-83A $69995

ML-84 PARALLEL... $105900CALL FOR PRICES ON 82A TRACTOR OPTIONAND 82A, 83A GRAPHICS OPTION. CABLES. AND INTERFACE CARDS AVAILABLE

51/T DISKETTES

ATHANA SS SD SOFT . . . 24.95MEMOREX SSSDSOFT 26.95VERBATIM SS DD SOFT 29.95VERBATIM 10 sect hard 29.95

NASHUA

TOP QUALITY — LOW PRICE!

Single Sided, Single DensitySoft Sectored with Hub Ring

$19.95 box of 10

NEWPORTPROSTICK

Professional QualityAtari-Type JoystickExtremely Rugged — ActualArcade game JoystickAll parts are replaceable6 Month Warranty

$31

00

EA

$59

95

PR

POWER SUPPLY *3995

MOUNTED ON PC BOARD

MANUFACTURED BY CONVER

+5 VOLT 4 AMP

±12 VOLT 1 AMP

SPECIAL THANKS TO

MARC AND AL FOR

THEIR HARD WORK

AND DEDICATION

•APPLE IS A TRADEMARK OF APPLE COMPUTER. INC.

.1982 JDR MICRODEVICES. INC.

Circle 221 on inquiry card.

BYTE February 1983 517

Palomar:first wordin savings,

final word

for

service!

Depend on Palomar for great backup:(1) Expert technical advice. (2) Fastresponse on orders. (3) In-houseservice. (4) Guaranteed satisfaction.

FRANKUN SPECIAL

Save 28%

Franklin Ace 1000 ... $1,330.00 Taxan 12"

TEAC Super 5 Disk Drive Green Screen 169.00

with Controller .... 495.00 Diskettes 35.00

Gemini 10 499.00 Oiskette Case 5.00

Genie Graphics Card .. 159.00 HMtm

"Add $200 for Apple II/48K NOW—$1,945°°

PRINTERS

COMREX

Comriter CR-1C CALL

Tractor Feed 89.00

EPSON

ASAP 2K Serial 59.00

Comrex 4K Buffer .139.00

Microbuffer-16K Parallel . 139.00Microbuffer-8K Serial 139.00

NEC

3510 R0 Serial 1515.00

3520 KSR Serial 2100.00

3530 RO Parallel 1750.00

3550 R0 IBM 1880.00

7710 R0 Serial 2465.00

7730 RO Parallel 2465.00

8023-A Dot Matrix 549.00

Bi-Directional Tractor (3500) 230.00

Cut Sheet Guide (3500) 90.00

Envelope Handler (3500) 270.00

Horizontal Tractor (7700) 150.00

Bi-Directional Tractor (7700) 345.00

Friction Attachment (7700) 35.00

NOVELL

Image 800 999.00

MODEMS

HAYES

Micromodem II (Apple II) 299.00

Micromodem II With Terminal

Program 315.00

Micromodem 100 (S-100) 349.00

Smartmodem (RS-232) 225.00

Chronograph (RS-232) ..... 195.00Terminal Program 75.00

UDS

103 LP Direct 175.00

103 JLP Auto Answer 209.00

202 SLP 1200 BAUD 255.00

212 LP 469.00

SUPPLIES

PRINTWHEELS

Comrex 18.00

NEC (Thimble) 14.95

Olympia(Whisperdisc) 30.00

Smith Corona 4.95

OKIDATA

Microline 82-A 519.00

Microline 83-A 775.00

Microline 84-S 1250.00

Microline 84-P 1150.00

2K Parallel Interface 129.00

Forms Tractor (82-A) 55.00

OLYMPIA

ES 100 KR0 999.00

ES 100 799.00

Serial/Parallel Interface 250.00

CCS Apple Serial Card 135.00

SMITH CORONA

TP-I 649.00

STAR MICRONICS

Gemini 10 CALL

Gemini 15 CALL

TEC

PMC 8510 Parallel 475.00

IT0H 8510-A Parallel 499.00

ITOH 8510-A Serial 650.00

IT0H 1550 Parallel 750.00

ITOH 1550 Serial 789.00

ITOH F-10-40 1535.00

ITOH F-10-55 1875.00

NOVATION

CAT (Acoustic) 149.00

D-CAT 165.00

Auto CAT (300) 215.00

212 Auto CAT 599.00

Apple CAT II 299.00

212 Apple CAT 615.00

Expansion Module 35.00

Handset 27.00

Firmware ROM 27.00

Order Toil-Free!

VERBATIM

5'/4"SSDD 3.25

5'/4" DSDD 5.00

5'//' SSQD 4.50

5V«" DSQO 6.00

Many items are not listed. Please call our 800 number ifyou don't see what you're looking for.

518 BYTE February 1983

APPLE

HARDWARE

Apple II Plus

ALS Z Card

ALS Z Card, with Supercalc

CCS IEEE Card

CCS Analog. Digital Card

CCS 12K ROM 'PROM Module

CCS Programmable Time'

Comrex Clock Card

CPS Multifunction Card

Echo « Speech Synthesizer

EDP AC Surge Protector

tDP EMI-flFI Filter

Expandaport-6 Ports With Speaker 5500

Mayes Micromodem II 299 00

Microbuffer II 16K 219 00

Microbufter II 32K 245.00

Microsoft ZSO Softcard 265 00

Microtek I6K flam Card 79 00

Microtek Parallel Printer Card

Microtek Graphics Card

Microtek Graphics Card-16K

Mountain Computer Romwnter

Mountain Computer Ramplus (32K) 179.00

MPC Serial Printer Card

M & R Super Fan

Novation Apple Cat

Novation Expansion Module

Novation Handset

Numeric Key Pad

Paymar Lowei Case Adapters

Old (Rev 1-6)

New (Rev 7)STB 64K Expansion CardSTB 128K Memory CardSystem Saver -Fan.'Outlets/Switch

CALL

219 00369 0017500105 00109 OQ105 0069,0017900175 00■190039,00

109 00165 00145 00

DISK DRIVES

Corona 5MB Winchester CALL

Corona 10MB Winchester CALL

Disk II With Controller Card CALLMicrosci A35 With Controller Card 375.00

Microsci Controller Card 99 00

Rana Disk Drive 359.00

flana Controller 10900

1EAC Super 5 Disc Drive 299 00

TEAC Super 5 Controller Card 8900

TG Game PaddlesTG Joy SticksTG Selec!-A-PortVidex 80 Column CardVirJex Ennancer II (flev 7)Videx Function Strip

4000299.0035.0027 00150 00

29.0019,00239 00399 0079 0029 00450045 00279 00125 0065 00

SOFTWARE

BUSINESS

d Base II

Trie Home Accountant

Sensible Speller

PFS.

PFS Report

PFS Graph

Super Calc

DB Master

OB Master Utility Pak =1

DB Master Utility Pak *2

VisiCalc

Desktop Han II

Visi Trend/Plot

V i si Term

VisiOex

V.s.File

VisiSchedute

Leiter Petted

Data Perlect

Suoertexl 40/56,70

PERSONAL A HOME

Algebra I

Algebra II

CompuMath Anth Skill

CompuSpell (Reg Data Oiski

CompuRead

SAT Word Attack Skill

539 0055 00990099 00690099 00235 00179 0079.0079 00205 00205 00249 0085.00205.00205.0024900109.0075.0099 00

29.0029.0039 0021.0021003900

DOS Boss

Utility City

SAM

Apple Sott Compiler

Basic Compiler

The Artist

Zoom Graphics

GAMES

Temple of Apsnai

Dateslones ot flyn

Morloc's Tower

Rescue at Rigel

Intro 3-Pak (flyn. Morloc. Urge!)

Crush. Crumble and Chomp

Dragon's Eye

Chop Lifter

Apple Panic

Arcade Machine

Slat Blazer

Serpentine

Raster Blaster

Deadline

Starcross

Zork I

Zork II

Zork III

Snack Attack

Prism

Castle Woffertstem

Robot Wars

Three Mile Island

Frogger

Cannon Ball Blitz

Warp Destroyer

Audex

Autobahn

Bandits

Beer Run

Borg

Cops & Robbers

21001800210099 0013500299.00590035.00

29 00150015.002100

25.0021.0035 0025 0025.00210035 0029 0029 0029.0029 00210015.0021.0029 0029 0025 002500210021.00210025 0021.00210025 00

Palomar offers a complete selection of Apple Hardware and Software.

HARDWARE

IBM PC CALL

Amdek Color II RGB Monitor 799.00

Amdek 3" Dual Disk Drive 785.00

Corona 5MB Winchester CALL

Corona 10MB Winchester CALL

M & R SuperMod/5 59.00

Percom Add On DiskDrive (Dual) 450.00

PMC Disk Drive 199.00

STB I/O Printer Interlace (4 Ports) 225.00

STB 64K I/O Memory Card 479.00

Tandon TM 100-1 Disk Drive 219.00

Tandon TM 100-2 Disk Drive 299.00

TG Joysticks 49.00

Tech Adam & Eve Paddles 29.00

64K Kit (9 64K x 1 Chips) 119.00

64K RAM Card 199.00

SOFTWARE

BUSINESS

dBase II 499.00

Denver Accounting System 549.00

Easy Filer 295.00

Easy Planner 145.00

Easy Writer II 259.00

VisiCalc 205.00

HOME & PERSONAL

The Home Acccount + 109.00

Money Decisions 145.00

Mathmagic 65.00

Graphmagic 65.00

GAMES

Temple ot Apshai 29.00

Zork III 29.00

Galactic Attack 29.00

S-lOO

HARDWARE

CP/M

SOFTWARE

Tandon TM 100-1 Disk Drive 219.00

Tandon TM 100-2 Disk Drive . 299.00

CCS Disk Controller/CPM 2.2 375.00

CCS 16K Static Ram Module 259.00

CCS 32K Static Ram Module 439.00

CCS 2 Serial Port + 2Parallel . 315.00

Comrex Clock Card 119.00

Hayes Micromodem 100 349.00

ACCESSORIES

CCS CP/M Control Program 2.2 129.00CCS CP/M Macro Assembler 79.00

CCS CP/M Symb. Instr. Debug 65.00

CCS CP/M Text Formatter 65.00

Hayes Terminal Program (8") 22.00

Microsoft Fortran 80 (8") 385.00

Microsoft Basic Compiler (8") . 299.00Microsoft Basic 80 (8") 269.00

CABLES CENTRONICS

Centronics/Centronics 2500

Centronics/Atari 30.00

Centronics/IBM 30.00

Centronics/Osborne 30.00

Centronics/S-100 30.00

Centronics/TRS I, III 30.00

RS-232

4 Wire, M/M.M/F-10 FT 18.00

9 Wire, M/M.M/F-10FT 20.00

12 Wire, M/M.M/F-10 FT 21.00

25 Wire. M/M.M/F-10 FT 25.00

MANY MORE CABLES AVAILABLE CALLOUR 800#.

PERSONAL COMPUTERS

ALTOS

ACS 8000-2ACS 8000-15 ....

APPLE

Apple II Plus ...Disk II D.O.S. 3Disk II

3199.004399.00

CALLCALLCALL

BASIS

108-0003 (64K) 1895.00

108-0004 (128K) 1995.00

FRANKLIN

ACE 1000 (64K) CALL

ACE 10, DiskDrive CALL

MONITORS

OSBORNE

Osborne I Portable, Includes $200Extras 1795.00

KAYCOMP

Kaypro Portable, Includes $250Extras 1795.00

TELEVIDEO

TS802 3119.00

TS 806 5735.00

TS 816 10365.00

Palomar is pledgedto your satisfaction.

COMREX

CR 5500-12" Green

CR 6500-13" CompositeCR 6600-13" RGB

155.00315.00429.00

AMDEK

Video 300-12" Green 165.00

Color I -13" Color Composite 365.00

Color II -Hi Res. RGB 799.00

Color III -Lo Res. RGB 469.00

RGB Apple II Card 165.00

U.S.I.

9" Green Screen 119.00

9" Amber Screen .155.00

12" Green Screen 155.00

12" Amber Screen 175.00

TAXAN

KG 12N-12" Green CALL

KA 12N-12" Amber CALL

RGB Vision 1-12" RGB CALL

RGB Vision 11-12" RGB CALL

[AH Palomar makes buying easy

ORDER TOLL-FREE! Call

800-237-3333

In California call 800-338-5555

Telex 697120-150

TERMS OF SALE: Cash, Check, money order, bank wire transfer, credit card, or purchase ordersfrom qualified firms and institutions. Please include telephone number with order and expirationdate on credit card orders. California residents add 6% sales tax. Advertised prices are forprepaid orders F.O.B. shipping point. Add 3% or $3,00 minimum for shipping in the U.S. Pricingand availability subject to change without notice. Address written orders to:

910-105 W. San Marcos Blvd., Dept. FJ-2, San Marcos, CA 92069

PALOMAR

COMPUTER PRODUCTS

Circle 326 on inquiry card.

BYTE February 1983 519

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

THERE ARE NO BETTER BOARDS - THERE ARE NO BETTER PRICES!

L ompuPro from priority one electronics

CPU BOARDS

CO-PROCESSOR 8086/6087

76 bit 8 or 10 MHz 8086 CPU with sockets>or 8087 and 80130

Part No.

Description

List Price Our Price

BNGBTI86A A&T 8MHz 8086 only $695.00 $624.89

BNGBT186C CSC 10MHz 8086 only$850.00 $764.89

BNGBT186A87 A&T with 8087 option $996.00 $925.00

BN6BT186C87 CSC with 8087 option's 1150.00 $1065.00•8087 Limits clock speed to 5MHz

® DUAL PROCESSOR 6085-8088

6 or 8 MHz provides true 16 Bit Power with a standard

8 bit S-100 busBNGBT1612A A&T 5MHz $425.00 $398.89

BN GBT1612C CSC 6/8 MHz $525.00 $497.89

68K-68000 16 DIT CPU

76 bit 8 or 10 MHz on-board sockets tor 27(6. 2732,

or 2764 EPROMs for ,p to 8Kx 16 o' memoryBNGBT1B4A A&T 8MHz $695.00 $625.00

BNGBT184C CSC 10MHz $850.00 $765.00

FORTH OPERATING SYSTEM FOR 66K CPU

Requires a DISK 1. *-4K of CompuPro memory.

and an INTERFACER 3 or 4.

BNGBTBBKOS FORTH operating system S200.00

CPUZ - Z80D CPU NOW 6MHz!

3/6 MHz Z80B CPU with 24 Bit Addressing

FASTEST Z80 CPU AVAILABLE!

BNGBT160A 3/6 MHz A&T $295.00 $279.89

BNGBTI60C 3/6 VI-Hz CSC $39500 S374.89

'When 2 or more 8" disk drives are purchased withDisk 1 Controller.

DISK CONTROLLERS

DISK 1 FLOPPY CONTROLLER- OUR DEST!

Fast DMA, Soft Sector, Controls Up To Four 8" orS'A"Single or Double Density Drives.

BNPDBI71ACPM A&T w/CPM 2.2 S. BIOS $670.00 $495.00'When purchased with two 8" $450.00disk drives only.BNP0B17ICCPM CSC w/CP/M 22 & BIOS $770.00 S595.00BNGBT17U Disk 1 Controller A & T $495.00 $44».B9BN6BT17IC Disk 1 Controller CSC $595.00 $550.00CP/M 2.2 tor Z80/8085 w/manual &BIOS 8" S/D disk. S174.89

CP/M 2.2 tor 8086 w/manuals& BIOS 8" S/D disk. $299.89

BNGBTCPM80

BNGBTCPM86

DISK 2/SELECTOR CHANNELHARD DISK CONTROLLER

Fast DMA 2 board set. controls 4 Shugart 4000 series

or Fujitsu 23'!0 type drives. Includes CP/M 2.2'BHSBT177A Assembled & Tested $795.00 $750.00BNGBT177C CSC $895.00 $850.00

CMOS RAM SALE!RAM 17 - 64K CMOS STATIC RAM

72 MHz. RAM I 7.2 Wall. DMA Compatible 24 Bit Addressing

Part No.

Description

List Price Our Price

BNGBTRAM17 64K A&T 10MHzBNGBT175AB4 64K A&T 12MHzBNGBT175C64 64 X CSC 12MHz

$319.00$599.00 $549.89$699.00 $650.90

RAM 16 - 32K x 16 DIT CMOS STATIC RAM

8 and/or 16 Bit

© 12 MHz RAM 16. 32K x 16 or 64K x 8

IEEE/696 16 Bit 2 Walt. 24 Bit Addressing

BNGBTRAM16 64K A&T 10MHz $349.88

BNGBT180A 64K A&T 12MHz $650 00 $598.89

BNGBT180C 64KCSCI2MHZ $750 00 $898.89

t

NEW! RAM 21 - 128K STATIC RAM

r® RAM 21 12MHz. I28K x 8 or 64K x 16

IEtE/696 8 or 16 it. 1 2 Amps. 24 Bit Addressing

BNGBT190A I28KA&T $1350.00 $1225.00

BHGBTI90C 128KCSC $1450.00 $1375.90

M-DRIVE SOLID STATE DISK DRIVE.3500% FASTER!!

Not really. bu,t the next best thing tor CompuPro 8085/88

Users Call tor Details on M-Drive.M- Drive requires a6MHzCPU8085/88 dual processor. DiskI DMA disk controller and System SupportI Multifunction Board.BNBBTK0128KA 128K of AST memory S M-Drive Software $1198.00BNGBTM0128KG 128K ot CSC memory & M-Dnve Software $1398.00BNGBTMD256KA ?56K ol A&T memory & M-Drive Software $2395.00BNGBTMD256KC 256K of CSC memory 8 M-Dnve Software $2795.00

M-DRIVE/ H HARDWARE LOGICAL DISK SYSTEM

Interfaces through 'wo I/O ports, and runs at 10MHz.IEEE 696 compatible Requires any CompuPro CPUand a Disk t. Each boird contains 512K of fast, low

power (900mA) RAM. with parity checking.

BNGBT197A M-DRIVE/H w/software. A&T $1895.00 $1775.00

BNGBT197C M-DRIVE/H w/software. CSC S2095.00 $1950.00

►

I/O BOARDS

SYSTEM SUPPORT 1 MULTIFUNCTION DOARD

Serial port (software prog, baud), 4K EPROM or RAM

provision. 75 levels of interrupt, real time clock,

optional math processor

Part No.

Description

list Price Our Price

BNGBT162A Assembled & Tested $395.00 $359.89

BNGBT162C CSC $495.00 $459.89

BNGBT823I Math Chip $195.00

BNGBT8232 Math Chip $195.08

BNGBT162AM1 A&T w/8231 MathChip $490.00

BNGBT162CMI CSC w/8231 Math Chip $654.89

BN6BT162AM2 AS f w/8232 Mat/) Chip $490.00

BN6BT162CM2 CSC w/8232 Math Chip $654.69

MPX CHANNEL DOARD

I/O Multiplexer, using 8085A-2 CPU on board w/4K RAM

BNGBT16SA4 Assembled & TestedBNGBTI66C4 CSC

With 16K RAMBNGBT16GA16 Assembled & TestedBNG6TI66C16 CSC

$495.00$595.00

$649.00$749.00

$444.89$534.89

$584.89$674.89

BNGBT133ABNG6TI33C

INTERFACER 1

Two Serial I/OAssembled & Tested $249.00 $218.89CSC $324.00 $288.89

4

INTERFACER 2

Three parallel, one serial I/O board

BNGBT150A Assembled & Tested $249.00 $218.89

BNG8T15BC CSC $324.00 $289.89

INTERFACER 3

Eight-channel multi-user serial I/O board

BNGBT1748A Assembled & Tested $699.00 $628.89

BNGBT174BC CSC 200 hr. 8 port $849.00 $748.89

BNGBT1745A Assembled & Tested $599.00 $558.89

BNGBT1745C CSC 200 hr. 5 port $699.00 $628.89

INTERFACER 4

Three Serial, 1 Parallel, 1 Centronics ParallelBNGBT187A Assembled ; Tested $395.00 $314.89BNGBT187C CSC $495.00 $414.89

SPECTRUM COLOR GRAPHICS

Color Graphics board with Parallel I/OBNGBT144A Assembled & Tested $299.00 $285.00BNGBT144C CSC $395.00 $375.00

S-100 MAINFRAME

110V 60Hz CVT Mainframe uses famous 20 slot

CompuPro Motherboard (55 lbs.)

BNGBTENC20RM 20 Slot Rackmount $895.00 $825.00

BN6BTENC20DK 20 Slot Desk Top $825.00 $760.00

S-100 MOTHERBOARDS

Active termination. 6-12-20 Slot

BNGBT153ABNGBT153CBNGBT154ABNGBT154CBNG8T155ABNGBT1S5C

AS7 6 slot. 2 lbs.CSC 6 stof. 2 lbs.A&T 12 slot, 3 lbs.CSC 7 2 slot. 3 lbs.A&T 20 slot. 4 lbs.CSC 20 slot, 4 lbs.

$140.00$190.00$ 1 75.00$240.00$265.00$340.00

$125.00

$155.00

$155.00

$220.00

$235.00

$310.00

Circle 342 on inquiry card.

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

ompuPro 10 MHz 64KDytes

S-100 STATIC RAM - ULTRA LOW POWER - ONLY 2 WATTSASSEMBLED & TESTED - ONE YEAR WARRANTY

UNBELIEVABLE! While the restpower consumption (400mA; 2the remainder of CompuPro's

• Extremely low power consumption (2 wattstypical)

• Flawlessly handles any DMA device per IEEE696 specifications

• Single +5 Volt operation (requires no othersupply voltages)

• Switch-Selectable choice ot 24 address linesconforming to IEEE 696/S-100 extendedaddressing

• 2K windows, individually selectable at EOOO,E800, FOOO, and F800 permits use with oldermemory-mapped disk controllers or ROM(ie.. Morrow, NorthStar)

• Any 16K block may be disabled; dip switchselectable 2K disable from XXEOOO - FFFF in2K increments

• Switch Selectable PHANTOM disable

of the industry struggles to attain 6MHz, CompuPro has effortlessly jumped from 10 to 12MHz. TheWatts) is still the lowest in spite of running nearly twice as fast. Priority One Electronics has purchased10MHz boards and are offering them at these unprecedented prices.

RAM 17

price: $319.00 ea.

List Price: $599.00

Mor°e: $299.00 68.BNGBTRAM17 Assembled & Tested

► Board addressable asone64Kx8or32Kx 16

block; DIP switch selectable on any 64 Kboundary

► Extremely low power consumption (2 wattstypical)

' Meets or exceeds all IEEE 696/S-100 speci-fications

► Flawlessly handles any DMA device per IEEE696 specifications

► Single +5 Volt operation (requires no othersupply voltages)

' 24 bit addressing; conforms to IEEE 696

specifications• 8 or 16 bit data transfer dependant on SXTRO.

Conforms with IEEE 696 timing requirements

for XTRQ and SIXTN

RAM 16

price: $349.00 ea.

List Price: $650.00

More: $325.00 ea.

BNGBTRAM16 Assembled & Tested

CompuPro

NEW 16 BIT

12 USERSYSTEM 816/D

SAVE OVER $4000.00 ON SYSTEM « TERMINAL!

The System 816/D is a high performance, multi-user, multi-tasking 16-bit system, with the power needed for involved applications such assoftware development. This is the preferred system for business,industrial or scientific environments. In addition, the 816/0 deliversspooling (simultaneous printing and editing) to further increaseproductivity.

• 10MHz 16 bit 8086 CPU with 80130 operating system firmwarecomponent

• 512K bytes of low power RAM

• 1 megabyte of M-DRIVE/H high speed solid state logical disksystem

• Fast DMA floppy controller with 2 double sided 8" disk drives; 2.4megabytes of storage

• 20 slot desk top S-100 enclosure

• 12 serial interfaces

• 1 parallel, 1 Centronics parallel interlaceSoftware; CP/M-86, MP/M-86, SuperCalc

Convenience features: clock/calendar; interrupt controllers; intervaltimers, and co-processor and Operating System Firmware option, -This System 818/0 is priced at $13,995.00, a savings of over $3,000 ifall of the components were purchased separately.

Part He. Description Price

BNGBTSYS81BDDA Multiuser 16 bit desk top system A&T $13,995.006N GBTSTS8160DC Multiuser 16 bit desk top system CSC $15,995.00BNGBTSTU16DDA21 Same as above with RAM 21s. A&T $14,395.00BNGBTSTS8160DC21 Same as above with RAM 21s. CSC $16,395.00

OASIS 16 SYSTEM 816/016

All the hardware mentioned with the System 816/D with the OASIS 16Operating System and utilities instead of CP/M-86, MP/M-86, andSuperCalc,

Multiuser 16 bit desk top system AST (19.995.00Multiuser 16 bit desk top system CSC $15.905.00Same as above with RAM 21 s, A&T S14.395.00Same as above with RAM 21s. CSC $16,395.00

8N66TSYS8I600ABN6BTS1S81600CBN6BTSYS8I600AJIBNGB1SYSB160DC2!

$1,001!

VISUAL 300

With the purchase ofany CompuPro System DAN ADDITIONAL

SI $1049.00

VSL330GN Specifications in column at right

VEUAL

330 AND 300

SORRY

TELEVIDEO,

THIS IS THE NEW STANDARD

The microprocessor-based VISUAL 330 combines VISUAL ergonomicelegance with selectable emulations of the DEC VT52l1), Data GeneralD200, Lear Siegler ADM-3A. and Hazeltine 1500 terminals.

Specifications

VISUAL330

VISUAL TeleVideo300 950

ANSI X3 64 SpecifiedSolid State KeyboardProgrammable Non-volatile

Function KeysVideo Attributes Require No

Display SpaceSmooth Scroll, Slow Scroll

and Jump ScrollNon Volatile Set-up Modes,

"Menu" StyleBlock GraphicsSculptured Keycaps,

Matted for Low GlareProgrammable Non Volatile

Columnar TabbingChoice of Typomatic/Non-

Typomatic Keyboard14" ScreenN-Key RolloverCR New Line ModeTilt and Swivel CRTUser Programmable Non-Volatile Answerback, 32 CodesScreen Brightness Control

from KeyboardXON/XOFF Flow Control,

Split for Xmitter and Receiver

NOSTD

STD

STD

STDSTD

STD

STDOPTSTDSTDSTD

STD

STDSTD

STD

STDSTD

STD

STDOPTSTDSTDSTD

STD

NONO

NONO

NO

NONONONONO

NO

List Price Our Price 2 or More

BNVSL330GN Green Screen 12"BNHSL330I46NGreen Screen 14"

$1200.00 S1050.00 S 995.00$125000 $1095.00 $1050.00

The VSL300 contains all of the same specifications as the 330 but withno multi-emulation capabilities. The VSL300 is ANSI X3.64 com-patible

BNKL3O0GN Green Screen 12"BNKSL300146N Green Screen 14"

$120000 $1050.00 S 995.00$1250 00 $1095.00 $1050.00

LOW COST DAISYWRITER 2000

WITH 40 CPS EFFECTIVE SPEEDAND 48K BUFFER!

ONLY $1495.00!!

The SLMDW2000 may just be the best dollar value in a letter quality

printer on the market today. Features include;

• Effective printing speed raised from 16cps to 40cps by the intel-ligent interface

• 48K buffer memory

• Daisyplot Graphics

• Printwheel cassettes available in 12 styles and 15 languages

• Standard IBM ribbon cartridges

• MTBF of 4000 hours at 25% duty cycle

This printer is DIP switch selectable for its personality protocols. Thiseliminates the need to replace a printer when the computer system isexpanded, modified or adding additional printers that must becompatible with existing hardware and software. Included among theprotocols that can be emulated are:

• NEC 5510 • DIABLO 630 • QUME Sprint 9• IBM Personal Computer • ATARI (Centronics 737)INTERFACES:

• RS232C and Current Loop • Centronics type parallel interface

• IEEE/488 All are DIP switch selectableSPECIAL FEATURES:

• Z80CPU • 12KROM • Standard 48K Buffer • 16Softwareorhardware selectablebaudrates50-19.2Kbaud • Micro-coded alarmdifferentiates error conditions with pulse combinations • Intelligent bi-directional printing with logic seeking • Complete word processingfeatures, standard • Complete self test • Auto reprint up to 255 times

• Auto clear error - printer automatically resumes printing uponcorrection of ribbon, paper or cover open conditions • Proportionalspacing • Supports Automatic justification • Complete Vectorplotting routines • Sheet feeder mode - allows easy interface to mostmechanical sheet feeders • Quite- 60db • Front panel forms control

• Universal power supply 115/220V 50/60Hz

Part No.

Description

List Price Our Price

RNSLMDW2000 Printer with 48K buffer S1595.00 $1495.00

BNSLMOWVFT Vertical Form Tractor $125.00

Pre-configured cables are available. Please call for price and part number

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

9161 DEERING AVE • CHATSWORTH. CA 91311 SK^'ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 423-5922 - CA. AK, HI CALL (213) 709-5111

Terms. US VISA. MC. BAC, Check. Money Order. U 5 Funds Only CA residents add 6Wt% Sale Tax. MINIMUM PREPAID ORDER II 5.00. Include MINIMUMSHIPPINGS HANDLING of $3 00 for the first 3 lbs plus 40t for each additional pcund Orders over 50 lbs. sent freight collect. Just in case, please include yourphone number Prices subject to change without notice. We will do our best to maintain prices through February, 1983. Credit Card orders will be charged appro-priate freight If you haven't received your Winter 83 Engineering Selection Guide, send $1 00 for your copy today! Sale prices for prepaid orders only

Circle 342 on inquiry card.

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

SIEMENS FDD100-8

iwaaggHa

SltfGLEJSIDED, DOUDlEyDENSITY

90 DAY WARRANTY!

ONCE AGAIN YOURECEIVE THEBENEFIT OF OURUNEQUALLED PUR-CHASING POWER!

ORDER NOW AND SAVE!

§9,00

Wm $225.00

i 13 u 111111 < 11! I *•'«si 1■813 >-1

(include $7.00 Her dm* for snanngjBNSIEF0D1008

m

International

Instrumentation

Incorporated

Positive Pressure Filler CoolingPower Supply:4A(a +5V,3A@ +24V

1A:a-5VEach output is individually fused

1 Hinged lop for easy access1 Heavy non-flex .090 alumin-um base1 Modular power connectors

BUY DRIVES AND CABINETTOGETHER AND $AVEH

DUAL 8 SIEMENS FDD1008.

DUAL 8 CABINET POWER SUPPLY

AND INTERNAL POWER CABLES

IF BOUGHT SEPARATELY: $910.00

PRICED AT:

$750.00

S-100 DUAL 8" SUBSYSTEM

BNPDBIIISIE

BNCCS2422A

BNSIEFDD1008

BNIIIFDE002

S-100 Disk Controller with CP/M 2.2 1

Siemens Double Denisty 8" drive 2

Dual Horizontal Cabinet 1with Power Supply

and Data Cable 1

SAVE $232.00!!

$995.00

$399.00$498.00$295.00

$ 35.00$1227.00

(Include $30.00 lor shipping)

DON'TMISS OUT!

Order No.BNPDBSIESUB1

OUR DEST DRIVES

WITH THE

DEST CABINET!!

A MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC

I andon

8-INCHTHIN LINE

Better Than

QUME!Better ThanSHUGARTI

BNMITM289463 Shipping ....BNMITM289463M Manual

2 or More: $435.00 each

I INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTATION, INC.

Exactly one-halt the height ot any other model

proprietary high-resolution, read-write heads patented

by Tandon

D.C. only operation - no A.C. required

Industry standard interlace

Three millisecond track-to-track access time 19 lbs.)

BNTNDTM8481 Single Sided $380.00 2 a more $370.00 ea.

BNTNDTM8482 Double Sided $495.00 2 or more $489.00 ea.

TANDON SV*" DRIVESBNTNDTMI001 Single Sided, 250KB (5 lbs.) $220.00 ea.

2 or More: $200.00 each

BNTNDTMI002 Double Sided. 500KB $295.00 ea.

2 or More: $270.00 each

BNTNDTM1003 Single Sided. 500KB $295.00 ea.

2 or More: $270.00 each

BNTNDTM1004 Double Sided 1000KB $395.00 ea.

2 or More: $375.00 each

►

ENVIRONMENT MONITOR PANEL

Temperature and voltage monitor with visual and audible alarm torovertemp condition. Direct Digital Readout of Internal temperature in

C on standard OVMBNIIIFDE002 CABINET ONLY (Sh. Wt. 38 lbs.) $295.00BNPDBIIISIEEM 2-Dnves. Cabinet S disk environment monitor $775.00BNIIIFOE002EM Cabinet only with disk environment monitor $375.00BNPGCS0MISE1SE Dual Internal Data Cable $31.15

BNP6C50S60S External Data Cable $19.77 |

VISUAL 50

• Low profile detachedkeyboard features sculpturedkeys with matte finish

• Screen tilts and swivels

• 80 x 24 display with 25thstatus line

• 7 x 9 dot matrix with full decenders

• RS-232 Serial interface w/auxillaryRS-232 port

• 128 Character ASCII set and 31character line drawing set

INTRODUCTORY OFFER!!

BNVSL50BW Non-glare Black & White Lst S695 0U Our Price: $650.00

BNVSL50GN P3I green display List S750 00 Oar Price: $685.00

(Shipping Weight 37 lbs.)

NEWf^CES!

4

5V*" DISK DRIVES

BNMPI51 * Single-Sided Double-Density 48 TPI $200.00BNR1PI52* Double-Sided Double-Density 48 TPI $270.00BNMPI91* Single-Sided Double Density 96 TPI $275.00BNMPI92* Double-Sided Double-Density 96 TPI $400.00*Replace "*" when order, with "m" for MPI style bezel, or"S" for Shugart style bezel. {Shipping weight: 5 lbs.)

2 HIGH 8 DISK DRIVES

DUAL 8 FLOPPY DRIVE CARINET

• Positive Pressure Filter Cooling • Hinged lop for easy access

• Power Supply4A@+5v,,3A@+24V • Heavy non-flex .090 alumin-1A@-5V urn base

tut is individually fused • Modular power connect

TWO MITSUBISHI 8" DRIVES

DOUBLE SIDED DOUBLE DENSITY

AND CABINET TOGETHER!!!

$1150.00

1 BNPDBMITFOE

BNPDBIHIITFDEEM* Same as aboue with disk environ- $1230.00ment monitorDRIVES AND CABINET SHIPPED SEPARATELY

DUAL THIN LINECABINET by TOr

• Fan cooled *

• 24V 68 4 A/5A

• 5V @ 2A

• Scratch resistantBaked Enamel Finish

List Price Our Price

BNJMRTLC Cabinet 8, Power Supply $200.00 $180.00(Shipping Weight 12 lbs.)

DUY THE CABINET AND DRIVES TOGETHER:

BNPDBJMRTNDl w/two TNDTM8481S (30 lbs.) $920.00

BNPDBJMRTN02 w/two TNDTM8482S (30 lbs.) $1150.00

. Includes Power Cables

SV*" DISK DRIVE CABINETS

BNJMRIC5 JMH Single 5'A ' Drive Cabinet $ 79.00

(5V @> 1A, 12V @ 1.5A) Sh. Wt. 5 lbs.

BNVIS9802 Vista Dual 5'A" Drive Cabinet $110.00

(+5V <5> 2A, 12VIS3A) Sh. Wt. 9 lbs.

The tirst 2" high 8" disk drive allows lor mounting underthe keyboard on CRT, etc.

NO AC Required +SV +24VDC onlyFAST 3 msec track to track!BNMPWIM </2 High 1 side double-denisty $380.00

BNMPI42M ';■ High 2 side double-density $460.00

BNMPI41S Full height 1 side single drive, dble.-density $380.00BNMP142S Full height 2 sided single drive, dble.-density $460.00BNMPI410 Full height 1 side dual drive, dble.-density $760.00BNMPI42D Full height 2 sided dual drive, dble.-density $920.00

(Shipping Weight: 11 lbs. per drive)

Circle 342 on inquiry card.

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

'

5" DISKETTES

SOFT SECTOR

40 TRACK SINGLE SIDED

DOUBLE DENSITY WITH

HUB REINFORCING RINGS

Package of 10: $1 9.95

BONUS!

FREEH KASSETTE 10LIBRARY CASE WITHPACKAGE OF 10 DISKETTES

A $4.25 VALUE!! BNPRI5SDD (Shipping Weight: 2 lbs.)

BNPRISSO package of80, less Library Case $120.00

EIA/RS232 WALL PLATES

(Does not include connectors!BNMIWPDB25! Single punched

4/$ 10.00

BNIIIWP0B252 Dual Punched

4/$ 12.00

RS-202 "D" SUD-MINIATURECONNEaORS

1-9 10-24 25-99 100-UP

$2.75 $2.50 $2.25 $1.95

$4.00 $3.50 $3.25 $3.00

$1.05 $1.40 $1.25 $1.15

$1.50 $1.25 $1.10 $1.00

$1.75 $1.50 $1.35 $1.20

BNCNDDB25P 25 Pin Male

BNCN0DB25S 25 Pin Female

BNCND0B51212 I Pc Grey Hood

BNCNDP25H 2 Pc Grey Hood

BNCNDDB51226 2 Pc Black Hood

BNCNDD2041B Hardware set 2/Pr. $1,00 $ .80 $ .70 $ .6

COMPLETE CompuPro SYSTEMS

FREE SUPERCALC-86! FREE dBASEIIHAND A TELEVIDE0 910 TERMINAL FOR ONLY $1.00!

SYSTEM 816/AENTRY LEVEL SINGLE-USER SYSTEM

System 816/A is an excellent choice for an entry level, single user system that's designed with futureexpansion in mind. 816/A includes Interfacer 4 (three serial I/O ports, parallel port, andCentronics/Epson-style port), two RAM 17s for 128K of fast, static memory, and System Support 1(clock calendar, RAM/ROM/match processor options, RS-232C serial port, interrupt controllers,interval timers, and more), and Ashton-Tate's dBase Junior™, an upgradeable subset of their populardBase II data base management software. This combination of components means superb computingtoday with an option for future expansion — all the way up to a multi-user system, System 816/A ispriced at $5495.00, a savings of over $1000.00 compared to all components purchased separately.

BNGBTSYS816ADA Single User System Desk Top, A&T $5495.00

BNGBTSYS816ADC Single User System Desk Top, 200 hr. Burn-in $6345.00

BNTLV910 TeleVideo910 Blacks Whitew/purchaseofabovesystem gl .00

nri DATAGARD

G

LJUSGLWABER

, LINE MONITOR POWERCONDITIONERS

Before you plug in your computer, you'd better consider how you aregoing to insure or protect your investment from unwanted electricalpollution

DG115 SERIESSINGLE STAGE SPIKE PROTECTION

Part Mo. Inscription Wt. List SALE

BNWBR0G1I5P Wall unit plug in 2 lbs. $49 95 $34.95

BNWBRDG1I5S 6 outlet strip w/SW&LT 3 lbs. $61.95 $42.00

DG015 SEMES

3 STAGE SPIKE FILTER AND FOUR STASE NOISE FILTER

BNWBR0G3I5P Wall unit plug in 2 lbs S153 95 $ 99.95

BNWBRDG315S 6 outlet strio w/SW&LT 3 lbs.S193.95 $119.95BNWBROG315R 6 outlet racks w/SW&LT 8lbs.S193.00 $119.98

COMPUTERSVSTF MS

INC

ZOO BEGINNER KITZ80CPU-2S-100EXPANSION SLOTS

• Z80 CPU

• 2 S-100 slots for expansion

• Wire wrap area for custom circuitry

• On board keyboard and display

• Cassette interface for mass storage

• 2K RAM included

• 4K ROM (not included)

• RS232 port 300-19.2K baud

• Comes with ZBUG Monitor oo ROMwith SI0 driver routines

• TINY BASIC available

LOWEST

COST

PRINTER

AVAILABLE

$229.i

• it

THIS IS NOT A TYPOGRAPHICAL ERROR!

BNQTCZ80BEGA

LIST PRICE: $400.00SALE PRICE:

$340.00

(Shipping weight 4 lbs)

TINY BASIC ROM:BNQTCTBASIC $25.00

►

• 5 x 7 Dot Matrix • Parallel Interface(Centronics) • Tractor Feed • Dot Address-able Graphics • Up to 3-Part Paper • SelfTest • One Year Warranty • 30 CPS 80Column Unidrectional • Uses Regular PaperBNAXMGP100A (Shipping Weight 11 lbs.)

List Price: $389.00 $229.00

PRIORITY j

Texas Instruments16 pin gold and tindip soldertail sockets

TIN GOLD

OTY BNTIS16LP BNTIG16LP

so $ 8.00$ 10.00iooo $ 60.00 $ 80.004500 $225.00 $315.00

1200 BAUD AUTO-DIAL

HAYES SMARTM0DEM COMPATIBLE

|5j] U.S. ROBOTICSMODEMS

$495.00

The AUTO DIAL 2I2A Modem is a direct connect 0-300 or 1200 baudmodem capable of dialing and calling for you. The AUTO DIAL 212A is

compatible in lunction to the DC Hayes SMARTMOPEM".

Part No. Description List SALE Price

BNUSRA0IAL2I2A 0-300.1200 baud dialing modem $59900$495.00

^jr

ACOUSTIC MODEM

! PHONE LINK Modem is a 300 baud RS232 compatible acoustic

BNUSRPLNK 0-300 Baud acous

$14900 $129.00

MICRO LINK DIRECT CONNECT MODEMS

0NUSRMLNK300 0-300 baud direct connect $179.00 $159.008HUSRMLNKI200 1200 baud direct conned $44900 $399.00

AUTO LINK DIRECT CONNECTAUTO ANSWER MODEMS

BNUSRALNK300 0-300 baud auto/direct connect $219.00 $195.00BNIISRALNK.I200 1200 baud auto/direct connect $499 00 $449.00nuiKBAiy>7i7i n.mn ™« h»,]d auto/drrect $549 00 $475.00

BNUSRALNK212A 0-300. 120'

V\3

vv^%r<*%

X %

1200 BaedI 0-300 BaudI Auto Dial

I (Hayes Smartmodem

I comoaiielel

I Auto Answer

I Auto Mode Select

I BTR OutrideBS232 pins 2*3

I renrsiMe

|U0 IndJcnMn:Carrier DetectAnalog lupback/Sell TestSend DataReceive DataTerminal ReadyOft HootAnswer MeteBins IndicateWo* Speed

ELECTRONICS

9161 DEERING AVE • CHATSWORTH, CA9131ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 420-5922 - CA, AK, HI CALL (213) 709-5111

Terms. U.S. VISA. MC, BAC, Check, Money Order, U.S. Funds Only. CA residents add 6>A% Sales Tax. MINIMUM PREPAID ORDERS, 5 00. Include MINIMUMSHIPPING & HANDLING of $3.00 for the first 3 lbs. plus 40b for each additional pound. Orders over 50 lbs. sent freight collect. Just in case, please include yourphone number. Prices subject to change without notice. We will do our best to maintain prices through February, 1983 Credit Card orders will be charged approp-riate freight. I* you haven't received your Winter '83 Engineering Selection guide, send $1.00 for your copy today! Sale prices for prepaid orders only.

Circle 342 on inquiry card.

M 1*1* A I"*1 Mi

DUAL TRACE OSCILLOSCOPES

ALL HITACHI DUAL TRACE SCOPES ARE SHIPPED COMPLETEWITH 2 PROBES AND INSTRUCTION MANUAL

-053F

35 MHzDELAYED SWEEP

• Single time base delay sweep •rectangular CRT with internal graticule

• High sensitivity 1mv/div (7MHz) •Large dynamic range of 8 div to full band-width • CH1 output • Built-in signaldelay lineBNHITV353F List: $949.00

SALE: $799.00

V-352F 35 MHz DUAL TRACE

Same as V352F except without delayed sweep.BNKITV352F List: $89500 SALE: $749.00

V-200F

20 MHzDELAYED SWEEP

• Single time base delay sweep • High

sensitivity 1mv/div (5MHz) • Full TV

triggering • X-Y operation • CH1

Output • High reliability, MTBF 20,000

hours

BNHITV203F List: $749.00

SALE: $625.00

V-002F

30 MHzDUAL TRACE

• High sensitivity 1mv/div(5 MHz) •Full TV Triggering • X-Y operation •CH 1 Output • Built-in signal delay line

• High reliability, MTBF 20,000 hours

BNHITV302F List: $799.00

SALE: $690.00

V-202F 20 MHz DUAL TRACE

Same as K03F except without delayed sweep.

SALE: $575.00

List: $695.00

V-152F 15 MHz DUAL TRACE

Same as U302F except without delay line and only 15MHz.

SALE: $495.00

64K IEEE/S-100 DYNAMIC RAM

>i

CaliforniaComputerSystems

2 or 4MHz BANK SELECTABLE

• 2 or 4 MHz operation • Designed to IEEE proposed S-100 bus stand-ards • Supports IMSAI-type front panels • Operates with either an 8080or 2-80 based S-100 system providing processor transparent refresheswith both • Bank-select system allows system memory expansion •Bank-select port's address is lumper selectable • Any 16K block can bemade bank-independent • All 64 K can be made bank-enabled on power-on and reset • Fully buffered address and data lines • Configuration as a16K, 32Kor48K board without the removal of RAMs • Fail-sate refreshcircuitry for extended Wait States • Board configuration with reliable,easy to configure Berg jumpers • Supports DMA • Jumper-selectablePhantom input • Assembled & Tested • All ICs in sockets • UsesPopular 4116 RAMs • Full factory warranty.

REGULAR LIST PRICE IS $375.00

YOU SAVE ANINCREDIBLE $176.00!!

SIERRA DATASCIENCES

List: $595.00

COMPARE PRICES!

Applied Digital Data Systems

SALE!$525.00

VIEWPOINT 3A+- ADDS

Detachable keyboard, RS232 interface and auxiliaryport, 80 x 24 display with 5x7 dot matrix, tiltable 12"green screen.

BNADDVWPR Sh. Wt. 30 lbs. List: $699.00 OUR PRICE: $525.00

S 199.00

BNCCS20653 (Sh. wt. 2 lbs.)

& MICROPOLIS"

DEST OF DOTH WORLDS!

PERFORMANCE AND

LOW COST!

• Z80A 4MHz CPU • 64K RAM • 2 Serial RS-232 Ports •Floppy Disk Interface Controls Four 8" or 5'/V Drives • 35 Mbytesof mass storage • CP/M 2.2 with the Sierra Data Menu Driven BIOS

• Winchester Hard Disk Adaptor • Disk Drive Power Supply andCabinet • Drive Data Cable • S-100 IEEE Compatible

Menu

CONTAINS:BNSDSSBC SBC Computer $850.00BNSDSHD1 Hard Disk Com $150.00BNSDSWNMCP Disk Cab & PS $495.00BNMCPI2231 35 Mbyte

Hard Disk $3595.1BNS0SCPM CP/M 2 2 w/BIOS$150.t

$5240.00 'SAVE $445.00!!

(Shipped in 5 boxes, total Sh. Wt: 81 lbs) BNPDBSDSMCP

COEX 80 F/T

LOW COST,

DOT MATRIX

PRINTER!

S-100 D0ARDS

SSM

Part No. Description

List Oot Price

BNSSMPB1A 2708/2716 Programmer & EPR0M

$265.00 $219.89

BNSSIW05A 105 Input/Output

$32900 $289.89

BNSSMI08A 108 Eight Serial 1/0

$55000 $469.89

BNSSMI04A 2 Parallel, 2 Serial 1/0

$29000 $249.89

BNSSMVB3A24 80 x 24 Video Board

$499 00 $440.00

DUAL

BNOULcpireaooo

68000 S-100 CPU

$895 00 $850.00

BNDUL0MEM25SX 256K Dynamic Memory Card

Vi in $1230.00

BNDULCMEM32

32K CMOS Memory Card

$695 00 $660.00

BNDULEPB0M32

2716 EPROM Board

$295 00 $280.00

BNDULSI040MA

S104-DMA

QT COMPUTER

S695.00 $650.00

BNQTCZ80BEGA

280A SBC Beginner Kit A&T

$400 00 $360.00

BNQTCSBC24A

S-100 SBC AST

$325 00 $295.00

BNQTCCCSA

Clock Calendar

$165 00 $150.00

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER

BNCCS2B10A

Z80A CPU W/RS232

$325.00 $289.89

BNCCS271001

4 Port Serial I/O

$325 00 $310.00

BNCCS271901

2 Serial. 2 Centronics Par,

$360 00 $345.00

6NCCS2720DI

4 Port Parallel I/O

$275 00 $265.00

BNCCS27300I

6 Porl Serial I/O

$550.00 $525.00

BNCCS2422A

Floppy disk controller w/CP/M

$425.00 $399.00

TOTALPACKAGE

PRICE:

!:? $4795.00

• 80cps • 10,12 or 16.5 cpi • 3 selectable line spacing • Verticalformat control • Centronics parallel or RS232 serial interface • Use astandard Underwood spooled ribbon • Friction and tractor feed.

List Price Our Price8NCOX80FT Parallel int. $399.00 $329.00

BNC0X8DFTSER Serial int. $39900 $329.00

List Price: $399.00

SALE PRICE:

$329.00

(Shipping Weight 21 lbs.)

PRIORITY

ns2

SOLO

Introducing Solo, a new cost-effective solutionto Apple Disk Storage, offering all the capa-bilities of the standard Apple Disk II at afraction of the cost!

APPLEDISK DRIVE

• Totally Apple II compatible

• Cost effective

• 35 track drive

• 143K bytes of storage

• 120 day warranty

$269.00

list Price SALE

BNVIS3101 Apple drive add-on $299.00 $269.00

VISTA 3101 DISK DBIVE WITH APPLE II CONTROLLERBNVIS311 Drive with controller $379.00 $349.00

(Shipping Weight 6 lbs.)

524 BYTE February 1983

ELECTRONICS

9161 DEERING AVE • CHATSWORTH, CA913ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 420-5922 - CA, AK, HI CALL (210) 709-5111

Terms. U.S. VISA, MC, BAG, Check, Money Order. U.£ Funds Only. GA residents add 6Vz% Sales Tax. MINIMUM PREPAID ORDER 515.00. Include MINIMUMSHIPPING & HANDLING of $3.00 for the first 3 lbs. plus 40tt tor each additional pound. Orders over 50 lbs. sent freight collect. Just in case, please include yourphone number. Prices subject to change without notice. We will do our best to maintain prices through February, 1983. Credit Card orders will be charged approp-riate freight. If you haven't received your Winter '83 Engineering Selection guide, send $1.00 for your copy today! Sale prices for prepaid orders only.

Circle 342 on inquiry card.

Unclassified Ads

FOR SALE: Sinclair 2X81 computer complete with 16K mem-ory module and Financial Program package, used for only oneweek, S110. Joe Bryan, 1607 Limestone Court, Montgomery. AL36117, (205) 272-0754.

FOR SALE: IBM Selectric terminal from the IBM Saber systemconverted to an uppercase and lowercase printer. S200 buysprinter, interface and driver for H-8, driver listing, and schematicsneeded to interface to other microcomputers. Tom Golway, (212)735-2935, Monday through Friday between 9:30 a.m.-4:30 p.m.

FOR SALE: Heathkit H-14 printer with 40, 80, 96, and 132 col-umns. Selectable bps rate 110, 9600. Letter quality. RS-232C inter-face: S290. Jrm Brooks. 3343 Grand River Dr.. Grand Rapids, Ml49505, (616J 363-2660.

WANTED: Hardware information, service manuals, circuitdiagrams, etc., for aging Wang 220OB computer; any or allperipherals and any information concerning add-on ROMs. Amalso interested in reasonably priced peripherals for same. Will glad-ly pay for photocopies, etc., but please contact me first to avoidduplication. Phil Sutherland, POB 177, Nedlands, WesternAustralia 6009. or phone international + 619 386 4859 duringoffice hours here [0100 to 0900 GMT).

FOR SALE: North Star floating-point board. Unused, due to in-compatibility with FORTRAN compiler. Lists at S399, will sell forS250 or best offer. Mike Modest, 12651 Windward Ave., LosAngeles. CA 90066. (213) 397-4836.

WANTED: Your help bringing microcomputing awareness torural Minnesotans. East Central Regional Library (ECRL) ComputerFund raises funds to place microcomputers and educational soft-ware in rural libraries for use by general public free of charge. Sendtax-deductible contributions to ECRL Computer Fund, Attn; D. L.Deye MD, Cambridge Clinic. 626 South West 7th Ave., Cam-bridge, MN 55008,

FOR SALE: Apple Stlentype thermal printer with interface cardand connecting cable. Driven by little old lady to church on Sun-days. Excellent condition. Free with purchase: one well-used butinterpretable manual. Asking S425 US funds. Response guaran-teed Erik Sea. 22 Edgar Dr.. London. Ontario, N6G IK1 Canada.

FOR SALE: 54 disks of games! Complete personal collection ofover 1,000 arcade, adventure, educational, space, etc. Will sellonly as a unit for S850. One of a kind. E. Abrams, 6400 Hayes St.,Hollywood, FL 33024. (305) 987-6889.

FOR SALE: New TRS-80 Model III with 48K. two disk drives,serial port. Scnpsit Word Processor and parallel cable; best offer.Spectrum Soft Sector 5!^-inch floppy disks, excellent quality; theywill work in Apple, TRS-80, and many others: S2.50 each plus suf-ficient first-class postage, J. Browning, 3616 Crest SE, Albuquer-que. NM 87108.

WANTED: Apple II with 16K of memory or Osborne I per-sonal computer in exchange for full tax write-off. A professional,fully registered, nonprofit theatre needs a small business computerfor budget planning and control needs. Word processing andprinting capabilities are not essenoal. Your donation is tax-deductible. David Lemos, Producing Director, San Jose RepertoryCompany, POB 9584. San Jose, CA 95157, (408J 294-7572.

ATARI USERS: I am currently interested in hearing from otherAtari users around the states to start a users group and put out anewsletter. If you have anything to contribute to the first issueplease send it to me. I am also looking for software to trade. JohnConley, 11 Sunnyside Rd., Scotia, NY 12302.

FOR SALE: Attention homebrewersl I am selling many ICs andother components. Most of these ICs are memory. LSI interface,and many 7400 TTL, also some 4000 CMOS. All at low pricesand guaranteed. Most are new and unused. Send SASE for a listand prices. Kevin Lovelace. 5500 Sonora Dr.. North Little Rock,AR 72118.

FOR SALE: Eaton LRC 7000 + printer with manual, three newribbons, and cable. Excellent condition. SI50. John C Daoust.1103A East 23rd St., Texarkana, AR 75502, (501) 774-1340 after

5 p.m.

FOR SALE: Lobo Model 1850 hard disk for Apple II Plus com-puter. Includes in one package: IO-megabyte fixed 8-inch disk,1.2-megabyte 8-inch floppy disk, power supply, and controllercard. Brand-new condition, 6 months remaining on factory war-ranty: S3000. Ray Krauss, 3478 East Jamison Ave., Littleton, CO80122, |303) 694-1931.

FOR TRADE: Software for Timex and/or Sinclair computerswith 16K RAM. I have a collection of games and utilities which Iwould be interested in swapping for programs of equal value.They are available on cassette or in listing form Chris Collins, 485Willowtree Dr., Melbourne, FL 32935.

WANTED: Manual for TDL/Xitan text editor. Will pay cost ofduplicating. Lloyd Larson, 38236 Sheridan Rd., Waukegan, IL60087. (312) 244-4943. evenings; 882-3777, days.

FOR SALE: DEC M8059-KF 128K-word (16 bit with parity)memory card for Q-bus (LSI-11). Brand new in original box;manufactured April 1982, DEC list price: S2834 with 12-monthdelivery. Uses Hitachi 4164s. Asking $2000, price negotiable.Michael Blyler. Georgia Tech Box 32380, Atlanta. GA 30332,(404} 874-4987.

FOR SALE: New multi-user North Star Horizon with 256Kbytes of memory, 18-megabyte hard disk, one quad drive, oneHSIO board, and processor. Reasonably priced below wholesale.Drop a card with quote and I will call you. A. I., 74 Lincoln St.,Jersey City, NJ 07307. (201) 659-0836

FOR SALE: Exidy Sorcerer 32K, 8K BASIC pak. several games.computer instruction book, and BASIC instruction book: S550 orbest offer. Development pak: S60. 64K Netronics memory boardwithout memory (4116): SI00. Heathkit ET-3400 trainer andcourse: SI95. Would consider trade on any of the above for8-inch disk drives or CP/M software. Nelson Lewis. 1005 DonRovin Ln., Farmington, NM 87401. (505) 325-5426 evenings.

WANTED: CP/M software. Well-established nonprofit corpora-tion seeks tax-deductible contributions of new and used CP/Msoftware. Will furnish certified receipts. Philadelphia FestivalChorus, Suite 4310. 1500 Locust St.. Philadelphia, PA 19102.

FOR SALE: Ball transistor-transistor logic 12-inch black-and-white monitors, little use, ready to plug into Osborne 1. Moneyback if not fully satisfied: S125 (S130 with manual and schematic)plus UPS shipping charges. Also, I want a biorhythm program on5 /«-inch floppy disk for CP/M operating system. Lew Yeager, 728Seventh St., Marietta OH 45750, (614) 373-6501.

FOR SALE: Heath H-89 with single 5'A-inch floppy disk andH-14 printer: best offer. Xerox dual 8-inch smgle-sided disk drives,new: SI395. Sencore CB-42 analyst: best offer. Sams CB-1through CB-125: best offer. Heathkit SB-300 and SB-401 completewith manuals: best offer, Stan Stevens, RR4 Box 26, Iowa City, IA52240. (319) 354-9726.

WANTED: Collecting Apple II PLus one-line programs (up tofive-liners) including utilities, graphic/sound routines, or illustrationsof useful addresses in the Apple. If you wish a listing in return,please send a SASE with your one-liner or include a dollar(without a one-liner) to cover printing costs. James A. Sullivan,2309 Glenn Court. Charlottesville, VA 22901.

FOR SALE: Two teletype Model 43 keyboard/printer, dot-matrix terminals, 30 cps RS-232C in mint condition. S450 each.Also. Millenium universal in-circuit emulator with 6800 personalitycard, $1500 (originally S7000|. Ralph Guditz. 1951 Colony St..Mountain View. CA 94043, (415) 960-3462 after 10 p.m. PT.

WANTED: TRS-80 Model l/lli—compatible software to swap. Ihave a large library of programs to trade for anything rangingfrom utilities to arcade games. Send a list of your programs or acassette or disk of your better programs and I will promptly returnthe same. Ron Katcher. 13843 North 51st St., Scottsdale, A285254, (602) 996-5454.

FOR SALE: Ohio Scientific C4P Series 2; 8K RAM and 8K ROM,color graphics. Includes full schematics and instruction manuals.Used less than 500 hours. Paid S 1600 for computer and Amdekcolor monitor. SI250 firm. I will pay shipping, Orpheus Allison,POB 387, Mapleton. ME 04757.

FOR SALE: 48K Apple U Plus computer with radio-frequencymodulator and tape recorder. Lots of software plus all manualsand demonstration programs: S900. Geoff Emerson. 3 SpauldmgCourt, Saugerties, NY 12477, (914) 246-9770.

FOR SALE: OSI CIP with 8K RAM. 32/64 video modification,new ROMs. RS-232C port, dual joysticks, and sound port. Goodcondition. S375 or best offer. Also, Micro Communication Corp.digital tape drive and nine 50-foot tapes (similar to Exatron Stringy/Floppy), barely touched: SI25. Send SASE. Michael Mclnerny, 75Coachman Dr. Penfield. NY 14526.

FOR SALE: Cromemco Z-2 with dual 8-mch floppy disks. 128Kbytes of memory, digital-to-analog and TV Dazzler boards, twojoysticks, SOROC IQ 120 terminal, and GE Termmet 300 printer.Software; FORTRAN, assembly. Database, Word Processing.BASIC, Dazzler games and graphics. LISP, and Ratfor. OriginallyS8000. asking $3600 P Baum, 11410 Lombardy Lane, Sunny-mead, CA 92388

WANTED: Broken or unwanted computers, printers, andother peripherals. I am a high school student, but will pay for ship-ping and handling. Greg Ham, 4048 Southwest 8th St., Planta-tion, FL 33317. (305) 792-4204.

FOR TRADE: One or more new Xerox 820 computer systemswith dual 8-mch disk drives (retail S3900 each) and/or one or

more Xerox #400 Telecopiers (retail $ 1695 each). We need threeletter-quality printers of 40 cps or better; also a Televideo displayand keyboard; and/or a hard-disk system to link with our Altos8000 processor. Call if you are interested in bartenngl Mary Lom-bard), 547 Mission Vineyard Rd.. San Juan Bautista, CA 95045,(408) 623-4576.

FOR SALE: PET 2001 with 24K bytes of memory (8K plus I6Kexpansion). Can insert additional 16K in memory-expansionboard. Commodore 2040 dual-disk drive One built-in cassettedrive and added full-sized keyboard. All manuals included: S975.Neil Omvedt, 3036 Asbury St, Roseville, MN 55113. (612)633-5743

FOR SALE: Apple III including black-and-white monitor andadditional disk drive. Also, Pascal, Visicalc, and Business BASICsoftware packages. Less than one year old and in perfect condi-tion. $4000. R. Michael Tague, 200 Don Allen Rd„ Louisville, KY40207. (502) 895^508.

WANTED: User manual, schematics, etc.. for Compu/TimeCT-IOO-t calculator and digital clock S-100 board. I will payreasonable reproduction and mailing costs. Jim Wolfe, POB 6601.Torrance, CA 90504, (213) 376-2931.

FOR SALE: NEC 12-mch monitor and Microsoft I6K RAM

card, unused, new: S 100 each or best offer, A. Morton, 1340 Laf-fer Ave.. Akron. OH 44305, (216) 784-9697.

UNCLASSIFIED POLICY: Readers who have computer equipment to buy, sell, ortrade or who are requesting or giving advice may send a notice to BYTE for inclusion in theUnclassified Ads section. To be considered for publication, an advertisement must be non-commercial (individuals or bona fide computer clubs only), typed double-spaced on plainwhite paper, contain 75 words or fewer, and include complete name and address. This ser-vice is free of charge; notices are printed once only as space permits. Your confirmation ofplacement is appearance in an issue of BYTE as we engage in no correspondence. Pleaseallow at least three months for your ad to appear. Send your notices to Unclassified Ads,BYTE/McGraw-Hill, POB 372. Hancock. NH 03449.

February 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc 525

Unclassified Ads

FOR SALE: Ohio Scientific Challenger 4P color computer. Ex-cellent condition with Quasar solid-state black-and-white con-verted TV/monitor and cassette recorder. Includes all manuals andOS! home-taped programs: S550 or best offer Barry Sitek, 140Mornmgside Ave., Park Ridge, NJ 07656, (201) 391-6015.

ADVICE NEEDED: I have an 8085-based homebrew and Iwould like to implement a BASIC interpreter. I will buy or swapparts or ideas. I have many homebrew microcomputer circuits. B.Shaffe. 98 Onieda Ave.. Centereach. NY 11720.

FOR SALE: TRS-80 Model III 48K with disk drive: S1550. only 4months old. Leave a message and I will call back. Robert Lmza,|713| 332-7480.

FOR SALE: 3-year-old TRS-80 with four disk drives, high-speeddaisy-wheel printer with optional tractorfeed, RS-232C, uppercaseand lowercase adapter, data separator, 64K Omikron Mapperwith CP/M. Excellent condition. Software includes Scripsit, Script.Chextext. NEWDOS, NEWDOS-80, TRSDOS. CP/M-22. C-BASIC,MBASIC-80, Wordstar. BASIC Compiler, TDAM. Sort-Merge, AIDSIII, and much more. New cost was SI 1,000 asking S4675. TomHamilton. 1998 Collmgswood Rd., Columbus, OH 43221, (614)488-7771.

FOR SALE: S-100 boards in working condition: 16K North StarRAMforS225. 16K Memory Merchant static RAM for S 150. I6KCCS Model 2116C static RAM for S225. Morrow Switchboard forS200 SSM 104-2 parallel, 2 senal I/O for S225. R. E. Clark, 712South Ninth, Memphis, TX 79245, |806) 259-2232 after 8 p.m.

WANTED: Wang 2200 SVP-8B, MB DSDD disk, two MB fixeddisks. 2236 DE interactive terminal, and 2235 matrix printer. JoeShowers, 1315 North Union St., Wilmington, DE 19806, (302J655-6224, collect during day.

WANTED: Used S-100 computer for college student. I will ac-cept any excess you have: drives, mainframe, memory, etc. I willsend my 5-year-old stamp collection as a donation toward a run-ning disk system. Call before sending. Tom Knox, POB 1 11305,Nashville. TN 37211. (615) 333-3627 after 5 p.m.

FOR SALE: Two 5'/«-mch Shugart Model SA400 disk drivestogether in case with power supply; includes cables, manual, anddustcover: S360. Also, one SEA-16 !6K-byte memory board forKIM, SYM. AIM, or any KIM-4 bus machine: S 100. Both in mintcondition. Tim J. Ingham, 2540 College Ave. #302, Berkeley, CA94704, (415) 548-5370.

WANTED: Any learning information appreciated as I have ac-cess to a Hewlett-Packard 2647A and a SWT 6800 System withflex. Trying to learn while in prison. Stafford B. Bright, POBAE-1146. San Luis Obispo, CA 93409.

FOR SALE: KIM system: KIM-I: S80, RCA keyboard: S50,TVT-6 video board; S25. TRS-80 video monitor: S40, Econoramll-A 8K RAM: S80. Trendcom 100 printer with Apple interface;S225. Complete computer system up and running, with alltechnical manuals. Tiny BASIC, assembler, and much additionalsoftware: $400. Will sell all or part. Joel Aycock, POB 209, Kula,HI 96790, |808) 244-9108 (work).

WANTED: Used, working S-100 or multibus mainframe withmotherboard and power supply, with or without cards. Alsoneed wire-wrap boards for the above. David Langmann. 2900Connecticut Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20008.

FOR SALE: Teletype Model 43 KSR, sprocket feed, with (inter-nal) 16K-byte Edge Technology Inc. Telebuffer-43 ASR. Excellentcondition: SI300. F. T. Graver, 8201 Hamilton Spring Court,Bethesda. MD 20817. (30 Ij 365-0969.

BOMB

BYTE'

$ Ongoing Monitor Box

Article #

Page

Article

Author(s)

1

33

The Lisa Computer System

Williams

■ ? 2

54

Build a Handheld LCD Terminal

Ciarcia

3

68

Apple's Enhanced Computer: The Apple He

Moore

4

90

An Interview with Wayne Rosing, Bruce

Morgan,

Daniels, and Larry Tesler

Williams,Lemmons

5

118

The Enhanced VIC-20. Part 1. Adding a Reset

Switch

Swank

6

130

The World of Standards

Card, Prigge,

Walkowicz,

Hill

7

146

Welcome to the Standards Jungle

Witten

8

182

A Proposed Floppy-Disk Format Standard

Card

9

194

The Proposed ANSI BASIC Standard

Anderson

10

203

NAPLPS A New Standard for Text and

Fleming,

Graphics, Part 1 Introduction, History, and

Frezza

Structure

11

256

Realizing Graphics Standards for

Langhorst,

Microcomputers

Clarkson

12

272

The IEEE Standard for the S-100 Bus

Garetz

13

302

The Scribble Text Processor

Kern

14

314

Problem Oriented Language, Part 3:

Assembling the Modules

Finger

15

347

User's Column: Confessions, Pascal Prime,

Wescon, and Perfect Writer

Pournelle

16

366

LDOS Utilities

Daneliuk

17

392

Shape-Table Graphics for the TRS-80

Rollins

18

452

Passing Untyped Parameters in UCSD Pascal

Willner

19

458

A Terminal Program for the TRS-80 Model III

James

FOR SALE: Word processor: Addressograph 425 with full-page 54-by-80 green moniror; letter-perfect Qume daisy-wheelprinter and tractorfeed; dual 8-inch drive. Complete with mailmerge, sort, select and arithmetic options, 150 floppy disks, andmanual. Excellent condition. New S9000, will sacrifice for $4200.Soaring Bear, 2509 North Campbell, Tucson, A2 85719, |602)432-3081.

FOR SALE: Complete set of BYTE magazines. Over 80 issuesfrom premier 1975 issue to latest issue (August 1976 missing)S210 postpaid. Greg Aharonian. 307 Willow Ave., Ithaca. NY14850, (607) 256-4940.

WANTED: Graduate student wishes to correspond with any-one interested in cognitive sciences. Looking for exchange oftechniques, ideas, and opinions on topics such as artificial intelli-gence, languages (LISP, Logo. Planner, etc.), and psychology. Ihave background in psychology and programming. Conrad San-ford, 135 State St. 76B-360. Auburn, NY 13021.

FOR TRADE: Apple ownersl Send me a list of your softwareprograms and I will send you mine. I am especially interested inrecreational software. Please include a SASE. T. I. Chienroi, POB855, Islington, MA 02090.

FOR SALE: Hewlett-Packard HP 4I-C calculator, card reader.four memory modules, math and stat modules, and several ap-plication books: S425. Dr. Alan Grant, 530 44th St.. Brooklyn, NY11220, (212) 436*1714.

FOR SALE: Software for the Apple H Plus. The Comptroller,General Business System, A/R. A/P, and G/L. Nate Brown, (717)822-6184.

FOR SALE: Exidy Sorcerer 32K-byte computer with BASICROM cartridge. Excellent condition, in original carton, withmanuals, schematics, and two years of newsletter issues: S590.Multibus interface for above, makes it Multibus Master; S80 withcable. Intel 8086 University Kit, all the Integrated Circuits requiredto build an 8086 system (includes monitor in ROM), unused: S90Robot parts: two Slo-Syn 5.5V, 3.25-inch diameter, 50-ounce-inchtorque stepper motors and platform for the above made of /e-inchmachined aluminum: S95. Bill Georgiou. 6661 Berkshire Terrace#31, Goleta, CA 93117.

FOR SALE: Back issues of BYTE. August 1977 to December1980. David Yost, 13329 Pearl Rd., Strongsville, OH 44136. (216)238-0644 after noon.

MPX a Winner

Readers of the November BYTEvoted overwhelmingly for SteveCiarcia's "Build the Circuit CellarMPX-16 Computer System, Part1." Ciarcia will receive the S100first-place award for his project ondesigning an 8088-based systemthan can run any peripheral devicedesigned to be installed in the IBMPersonal Computer. Second placegoes to Peter Sorensen for "TronicImagery," in which he describedthe development of the computer-generated graphics in the movieTron. He will receive $50. Thirdplace goes to Jerry Pournelle for hisUser's Column "Terminals, Key-boards, and How Software PiracyWill Bring Profits to Its Victims."

526 Fibroary 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Reader Service

Inquiry No. Page No.

Inquiry No. Page No.

Inq

uiry No. Page No.

Inquiry No. Page No.

1 47th STREET COMPUTER 481

88

COMPUADD 482

175

FORTEX SYSTEMS 496

262

MICRO PRO INT'L. 174, 175

2 800 SOFTWARE 195

90

COMPUPRO/GODBOUT 105

176

FOX & GELLER INC. 307

264

MICRO SCI 93

3 A.S.T.RESEARCH 168, 169

*

COMPUPRO/GODBOUT 430, 431

177

FRANKLIN COMP.CORP. 125

266

MICRO WEST 417

4 AB COMPUTERS 475

93

COMPUSERVE 71

325

FROBCO 480

267

MICRO WORKS, THE 206

5 ABACUS DATA INC. 81

345

COMPUSHACK 202

179

G-H COMPUTER SYS. 484

269

MICROCOMP.BUSN.IND. 222, 223

6 ACTIVE ELECTRONICS 415

346

COMPUSHACK 260

180

GARDEN OF EDEN COMP. 494

271

MICRODYNAMICS 488

7 ADDMASTER CORP. 492

94

COMPUSOFT PUBL.-B 108

181

GENERAL SOFTWARE INC. 375

272

MICROHOUSE 12, 13

8 ADISA CORP. 496

95

COMPUTER APPARATUS 500

182

GENIE COMPUTER CORP. 66, 67

273

MICROPERIPH.CORP.THE 488

9 ADV.COMP.PROD. 512, 513

96

COMPUTER CHANNEL 500

464

GENSTAR REI 460

274

MICROPROCESSORS UNLTD. 496

10 ADV.DIGITAL CORP. 255

97

COMPUTER COMPNTS.UNLTD. 360

183

GIFFORD COMP. SYS. 275

275

MICROSOFT 263

149 ADV.LOGIC SYSTEMS 311

98

COMPUTER DISC. OF AM. 298

183

G&G ENGINEERING 275

276

MICROSTUF, INC. 287

11 ADV.SYS. CONCEPTS 478

99

COMPUTER DISCOUNT PROD. 477

185

GILTRONIX.INC. 480

277

MICROTECH EXPORTS 297

12 AEGIS SYSTEMS 467

455

COMPUTER EXCHANGE 136, 137

187

GLOUCESTER COMP. BUS C 486

278

MICROWARE 488

13 AFTERTHOUGHT ENG. 486

456

COMPUTER EXCHANGE 136, 137

188

GTEK INC. 50

279

MILLER MICROCOMP.SERV. 288

* ALF PRODUCTS, INC. 393

457

COMPUTER EXCHANGE 136, 137

189

HAL SOFTWARE BROKERS 436

280

MINI MICRO MART 219

14 ALL ELECTRONICS CORP. 494

103

COMPUTER FURN.&ACCSS. 266

190

HANDWELL CORP. 463

281

MINI MICRO MART 234

15 ALPHA BYTE COMP.PROD. 52, 53

104

COMPUTER INNOVATIONS 28

191

HARPER & ROW 356

282

MINI MICRO MART 483

16 ALPHA BYTE COMP.PROD. 293

105

COMPUTER LEARNING TREE 214

192

HAYDEN BOOK CO. 363

283

MINOLTA CORP. 353

17 ALPHA BYTE COMP.PROD. 327

114

COMPUTER LINE 300, 301

194

HAYES MICROCOMP.PROD.

284

MK RESEARCH 490

18 ALPHA SOFTWARE 123

115

COMPUTER LINE 317

112, 113

285

MONARCHY ENG.INC. 478

19 ALTOS COMP.SYS. 336, 337

106

COMPUTER MAIL ORDER 376, 377

195

HEATH COMPANY 96, 97

286

MONITOR DYNAMICS 486

20 AMDEK CORP. 231

107

COMPUTER PERIPH., INC. 173

*

HEWLETT-PACKARD 180, 181

287

MONROE SYS.FOR BUSN. 397

21 AMER.SMALL BUSN.COMP. 451

108

COMPUTER PLUS 415

196

HEWLETT-PACKARD 344, 345

288

MOORE BUSN.FORMS 362

22 AMER.SQUARE COMP. 147

109

COMPUTER SOLUTIONS 139

*

HILTON HOTEL CORP. 319

290

MOUNTAIN VIEW PRESS 389

23 AMERICAN COMPUTER PROD. 437

110

COMPUTER SOURCE INT'L. 126

197

HOFFMAN COMP. PROD. 484

291

MPI 15

452 ANCIE LABS 415

111

COMPUTER SPCLTIES. 218

198

HONOR SYS.SOFTWARE 496

292

MUSYS 44

24 APOGEE INC. 494

*

COMPUTER WAREHOUSE 343

199

HUMAN SOFT 385

293

NEBS 437

25 APPARAT INC. 207

474

COMPUTERS & MORE 459

200

I.T.M. 102

294

NEC HOME ELECTR.USA 153

26 APPLE COMPUTER INC. 240, 241

112

COMPUTERS WHOLESALE 133

201

IBM CORP. 312, 313

295

NEC INFORMATION SYS. 63

27 APPLEWARE, INC. 480

113

COMPUTERWARE 248, 249

202

IBM INSTRUMENTS, INC. 116, 117

296

NEC INFORMATION SYS. 76,

• APPLIED CREATIVE TECH.,

116

COMPUTING 259

203

IDE CORPORATION 357

77, 78, 79

INC. 24

117

COMPUVIEW PROD.INC. 65

204

IMS INTERNATIONAL 185

300

NEC INFORMATION SYS. 225

28 APPLIED MICROSYSTEMS 183

118

CONCURRENT CORP. 84

205

INCOMM 443

*

NETRONICS 497

29 APPLIED SOFTWARE TECH. 277

•

CONNECTICUT MICRO COMP. 254

206

INCOMM 465

301

NETWORK CONSULTING

31 ARK MICROSYSTEMS 492

89

CONSOLINK CORP. 9

207

INFOSCRIBE 16

CORP. 166

32 ARTIFICIAL INT'L.RESRCH. 482

119

CONSUMER COMP. 188, 189

208

INSIGHT ENTERPRISES 490

302

NORTH HILLS CORP. 482

33 ASHTONTATE 200, 201

121

CONTROL DATA 128, 129

209

INSTITUTE -SCTF.ANALYSIS 478

303

NORTH HILLS CORP. 492

34 ASHTONTATE 250

122

CORTEX RESEARCH CORP. 494

210

INTEGRAND 278

304

NORTHWEST INSTR.SYS. 215

35 ASPEN SFTW.CO. 114

123

COST PLUS COMP. 494

212

INTELLIGENT ARTEFACTS 411

476

NOVATION 270

36 ATARI 445

•

COUGAR MT. SOFTWARE 456, 459

213

INTERACTIVE STRUCT. 247

477

NOVATION 271

37 ATLANTIC CABINET CORP. 480

124

CPU SHOP, THE 499

214

INTERTEC DATA SYS. 11

*

NRI SCHOOLS ELECTR. DIV. 401

38 ATLANTIS COMP.SERV. 484

125

CREATIVITY UNLTD. 494

215

IPEX INT'L. 126

305

OASIS SYSTEMS 338

39 ATSUKO COMPUTING INT'L. 490

126

CROMEMCO CI, 1

470

IRONSIDES 109

306

OKIDATA CORP. 213

40 AUTOCONTROL INC. 326

127

CROMEMCO 2

216

J.C.SYSTEMS 152

307

OMEGA SALES CO. 253

41 AUTOMATED EQUPMNT. 205

129

CSCS 494

217

JADE COMP.PROD. 501

308

OPTRONICS TECH 86

42 AVOCET395

130

CUESTA SYSTEMS 463

218

JADE COMP.PROD. 502, 503

309

ORANGE MICRO 165

43 B&B ELECTR. 488

131

CUSTOM COMP.TECH. 453

219

JAMECO ELECTR. 508, 509

310

ORANGE MICRO 187

44 BASF SYSTEMS 47

*

CYBERNETICS INC. 73

220

JDR MICRODEVICES 514, 515

311

ORGANIZATIONAL MANAGEMENT

45 BAUSCH & LOMB INSTR.SYS. 119

133

CYCLONE SOFTWARE 490

221

JDR MICRODEVICES 516, 517

SYS. 486

46 BAUSCH & LOMB INSTR.SYS. 119

*

DMA 387

222

JRT SYSTEMS 88, 89

312

ORTHOCODE GROUP 58

47 BAY TECHNICAL ASSOC. 464

134

DAMAN 480

223

JVB ELECTRONICS 480

313

ORYX SOFTWARE 365

48 BAZ ELECTRONICS 496

135

DATA ACCESS CORP. 120

224

K.R. & R. 490

*

OWENS ASSOC. 18

• BELL, JOHN ENGR. 491

136

DATA ACQUISITIONS SYS. 85

225

KADAK PRODUCTS 349

316

P.R.I.C.E. 484

50 BHRT 149

137

DATA BASED SOLUTIONS 140

226

KEY TRONICS CORP. 305

317

PACIFIC COMP. 306

51 BISON PROD INC. 299

139

DATA EXCHANGE 484

227

LABORATORY MICROSYS. 488

318

PACIFIC EXCHANGES 462, 478,

52 BISON PROD INC. 299

211

DATA MAIL 411

228

LAWSON LABS 492

482, 486, 488, 490, 494

53 BISON PROD INC. 299

140

DATA ROYAL INC. 359

229

LEADING EDGE PROD. Clll

326

PALOMAR COMP.EQUIP. 518, 519

54 BISON PROD INC. 299

141

DATA SOURCE SYS.CORP. 405

231

LIFEBOAT ASSOC. 413

327

PAN AMERICAN ELEC. INC. 413

55 BISON PROD INC. 299

142

DATASMITH 388

232

LOGICAL DEVICES 440

328

PANASONIC H.H.C. 144, 145

56 BLAT RESRCH. & DEVELOP. 244

143

DATASOUTH COMP.CORP. 17

233

LOGICAL MICROCOMPUTER 46

*

PEEK 478

57 BOTTOM LINE, THE 211

144

DATASOUTH COMP.CORP. 199

465

LOGIC PRGM. ASSOC. 460

330

PERCOM DATA 7

58 BPI SYSTEMS 91

145

DIGITAL DIMENSIONS 148

234

LOMAS DATA PRODUCTS 283

331

PERIPHERAL MARKETING INC. 492

59 BRIDGE COMPUTER 496

*

DIGrrAL EQUIPMNT.CORP. 290, 291

235

LOTUS DEVELOPMENT 390, 391

332

PERIPHERALS UNLTD. 346

60 BUNKER-RAMO 420

146

DIGITAL MARKETING 6

236

LYBEN COMP.SYS. 488

333

PERSONAL COMP.SYS. 335

61 BUSINESS SOLUTIONS 388

147

DIGITAL RESEARCH 49

237

LYBEN COMP.SYS. 326

334

PERSONAL COMPUTER AGE 246

• BYTE BOOK CLUB 449

148

DIGITAL RESEARCH 143

239

LYCO COMPUTER 383

335

PERSONAL SYS.TECHN. 45

' BYTE BACK ISSUES 342

149

DIGITAL RESEARCH 311

240

MACROTECH INT'L. 265

336

PHASER 161

63 BYTE INDUSTRIES 438

•

DIGITAL RESEARCH COMP. 479

241

MAILCOMP INC. 333

337

PICKLES & TROUT 196

• BYTE PUBLINC. 216

150

DISCOUNT SOFTWARE 171

243

MANNESMANN TALLY 25

338

PION INC. 216

64 BYTEK COMP. SYS. 435

152

DOKAY COMP.PROD.INC. 510, 511

•

MANX SOFTWARE 94

339

POPCOM 230

65 BYTEWRITER 26

"

DOW JONES SOFTWARE 177

522

MARCEY, INC. 379

340

PRACTICAL PERIPH. 22, 23

66 C-SYSTEMS480

153

DUAL SYS.CONTROL CORP. 155

523

MARCEY, INC. 379

479

PRINCETON GRAPHIC SYS. 135

67 CAB-TEK, INC. 413

154

DYSAN CORP. 328, 329

•

MARTIN MARIETTA CORP. 309

341

PRIORITY ONE 217

68 CALIF. DATA CORP. 482

156

E/Z ASSOC. 478

245

MARYMAC INDUSTRIES 374

342

PRIORITY ONE 520, 521, 522, 523,524

• CALIF. DIGITAL 506, 507

230

EASTERN ENTERPRISES 445

•

MAXTEK 158

347

PROFESSIONAL DATA SYS. 285

' CALIF.MICRO.COMP. 435

158

ECONOMY PERIPHERALS 478

459

MC/N 127

348

PROFESSIONAL DATA SYS. 322

70 CDEX CORP. 19

159

ECOSOFT 451

247

MCNEILL 466

349

PROGRAMMERS SFTW. EX. 8

71 CDR SYSTEMS 484

160

EDGE MICROSYSTEMS 482

*

MCGRAW-HILL CONTN. EDU.

350

PURCHASING AGENTJHE 160

72 CHECK-MATE 436

161

E.M.S. 230

CTR. 192, 193

525

Q.T./GOLDEN WEST 267

73 CHECKS-TO-GO 150

162

E.M.S. 486

248

MEDIA DISTRIBUTING 228

352

QUADRAM CORP. 269

74 CHIPS & DALE 463

163

ELECTROSONICS 326

249

MEDIA DISTRIBUTING 229

353

QUADRAM CORP. 280, 281

75 CHRISLIN INDUSTRIES 221

165

ELLIS COMPUTING 179

250

MEDISOFT 488

354

QUARK ENGINEERING 101

242 CMA 48

166

EMERGING TECH.CONSLT. 131

251

MEGA CO. 126

356

QUASAR DATA PROD.INC. 121

76 COGITATE 484

167

EMERGY AIR FREIGHT 321

252

MEMORY MERCHANT 111

442

QUBIE DISTRIBUTORS 59

77 COLONIAL DATA SERV. 282

*

EMPIRICAL RESRCH.GRP. 154

253

METAMORPHIC SYS.INC. 107

443

QUBIE DISTRIBUTORS 295

471 COLORADO CHIPS 492

161

E.M.S. 230

254

MFJ ENTERPRISES INC. 296

357

QUEST ELECTR. 485

78 COLUMBIA DATA PROD. 103

162

E.M.S. 486

255

MICRO AGE COMP.STORE 268

358

QUEST RESEARCH INC. 482

79 COLUMBIA NATIONAL 352

169

ENERCOMP 236

256

MICRO BUSN.WORLD 330

359

QUME CORP. 98, 99

80 COMMUNICATIONS ELECTR. 493

170

ENGINEERING SPECIALTIES 478

257

MICRO INK.INC. 486

361

R.C.ELECTRONICS 198

81 COMMUNICATIONS ELECTR. 495

171

EPSON AMERICA 232, 233

258

MICRO MANAGEMENT SYS. 382

362

RACET COMPUTES LTD. 421

82 COMP.&ELECTR. SUPPLY SVC. 251

172

ESSEX PUBLISHING 420

259

MICRO MANIA 394

364

RADIO SHACK CIV

83 COMPONENTS EXPRESS 409

173

EXPOTEK 190

265

MICRO MART 126

365

RANA SYSTEMS 30, 31

84 COMPONENTS EXPRESS 451

268

EXTENDED PROCESSING 492

260

MICRO MIDWEST 478

366

RCA 141

86 COMPUADD 482

463

FINER PROGRAM 460

261

MICRO MINT 399

367

RCA SOLID STATE 87

87 COMPUADD 482

174

FORMULA INT'L. 407

468

MICRO MINT 461

368369370

RCS INC. 394

RED BARON COMP.PROD. 156, 157

RICKERDATA 462

■

To get further information on

the products advertised in BYTE, fill

out tr

e reader service card with 1

363458

R.K.S. INC. 439ROKLAN SOFTWARE 32

your name and address. Then c

rcle the appropriate numbers for th

? advc

rtisers you select from the 1

371

RTL PROGRAMMING AIDS 494

list. Add a 20-cent stamp to the

card, then drop it in the mail. Not or

ily do

you gain information, but 1

372373

S C DIGITAL 210

S&W COMPUTER SUPPLY 492

our advertisers are encouraged t

o use

the marketplace provided by B\

TE. Tr

is helps us bring you a big- 1

374

S-100 INC. 440

ger BYTE. The index is provided

as an additional service by the publis

her, vt

'ho assumes no liability for 1

375376

SAGE COMP.TECH. 75SANDHU MACHINE DESN. 467

errors or omissions. "Correspon

d directly with company.

1

377

453

SATURN SYSTEMS INC. 159SCION CORP 5

February 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 527

Inquiry No. Page No.

Inquiry No. Page No.

Inquiry No. Page No.

Inquiry No. Page No.

454 SCION CORP 5

* SPERRY UNIVAC 426, 427

* TEXAS COM P.SYS. 245

433 WASHINGTON COMP.SERV. 489

379 SCOTIA SOFTWARE 100

* STANDARD & POORS 274

413 TEXPRINT126

* WESTICO INC. 239

* SCOTTSDALE SYSTEMS 315

394 STEMMOS LTD. 298

414 THINKER'S SOFT INC. 110

* WESTINGHOUSBLGHTNG DIV. 403

392 S D SYSTEMS 208, 209

395 STREET ELECTR. CORP. 20

415 TIMESHARING DEV. INC. 292

• WESTINGHOUSE ELECTR.CORP.

380 SECTOR SYSTEMS 490

396 SUNNY INT'L. 498

416 TNW CORP. 132

INSERT 64A

381 SEIKOSHA CORP. 151

397 SUNTRONICS 487

417 TOSHIBA AMERICA INC. 361

435 WHOLESALE SUPPLIERS 480

382 SIERRA DATA SCIENCES 29

398 SUPERSOFT 163

151 TRAKSTOR 381

436 WILD HARE COMP.SYS. 355

472 SIERRA DATA SCIENCES 323

399 SYSTEMED484

418 TRISTAR DATA SYS. 304

437 WIN/MILL RESEARCH INC. 490

478 SIGEN CORP. 244

400 TALLGRASS TECH. 106

419 TSK ELECTR.CORP. 279

438 WINTEK CORP. 486

383 SLR 494

401 TARBELL ELECTR. 237

466 U.S. EXCHANGE 461

440 WINTERHALTER & ASSOC. 429

384 SLUDER429

526 TATUM LABS 496

420 U.S. MICRO SALES 504, 505

441 WORDTECH SYSTEMS 453

385 SOFTCORP INT'L 92

402 TAYCO BUSINESS FORMS 462

422 U.S. ROBOTICS 104

444 XC0MP61

386 SOFTTECH MICROSYS. 191

403 TECH-DATA CORP. 480

423 UNIFIED SOFTWARE SYS. 488

445 XEROX EDUCATION PUBL. 95

387 SOFTQUEST 294

404 TECH-DATA CORP. 486

424 VECTOR ELECTR. 457

461 YANG ELECTRONIC 490

388 SOFTWARE BANC 83

* TECHNICAL SYS.CONSLTNS. 243

426 VECTRIX 289

462 YANG ELECTRONIC 492

473 SOFTWARE MANAGEMENT

405 TECMAR INC. 115

• VERBATIM CORP. 197

GROUP INC. 459

406 TEKSYM CORP. 494

427 VIDEX21

467 SOFTWARE PUBLISHERS 461

* TEKTRONIX INC. 27

• VISICORP INC. 273

390 SOFTWARE TECHNIQUE 484

408 TELECON SYSTEMS 310

428 VISUAL TECH.INC. 167

• SOLID STATE SALES 362

409 TELETEK51

429 VOTRAX424

393 SONICS MICRO SYS. 351

410 TERCER MEDIO 303

431 VYNET CORP. 350

"Correspond directly with company.

• SOURCE EDP 324, 325

411 TERMINALS TERRIFIC 386

432 WASHINGTON COMP.SERV. 438

National Advertising Sales Representatives:

Northeast (617) 444-3946 Southeast (305) 628-3525 Northwest (415) 964-0706

ME, NH, VT, MA, CT, Rl, DE, MD, NC, SC, GA, FL, AL, MS, TN, AK, HI, WA, OR, ID, MT, WY,

VA, WV, OK, TX, Upstate NY, KY, LA Northern California, Nevada Except

Eastern Canada Halar Associates Las Vegas, Western Canada

Hajar Associates Diplomat Bldg. Hajar Associates

280 Hillside Ave. 5400 Diplomat Circle 1000 Elwell Ct.

Needham Heights, MA 02194 Suite 205 Suite 124

Orlando, FL 32810 Palo Alto, CA 94303

Mid Atlantic (201) 741-7744

NY, NYC, NJ, PA Midwest (312) 966-0160 Southwest (714) 540-3554

Hajar Associates MN- Wl< Ml> ,A> "-',N- OH> UT> co- AZ< NM, Las Vegas,

321 Broad St. MO>NE'KS-ND-SD'AR Southern California

Red Bank, NJ 07701 Hajar Associates Hajar Associates

5225 Old Orchard Rd. 3303 Harbor Blvd.

Suite 50 Suite H-4A

Skokle, IL 60076 Costa Mesa, CA 92626

European Advertising Sales Representatives:

Mrs. Maria Sarmlento Mr. Fritz Krusebecker Mr. Ello Gonzaga

Pedro Telxelra 8, Off. 320 McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.

Iberia Mart 1 Lleblgstrasse 27C Via Baracchlnl 1

Madrid 4, Spain D-6000 Frankfurt/Main 1 20123 Milan, Italy

45 52 891 West Germany 86 90 617

72 0181

Mr. Andrew Karnlg

Andrew Karnlg & Associates Mr. Michael Sales Far East/Pacific

Kungsholmsgatan 10 McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. «m%#»» i tw

112 27 Stockholm, Sweden 17 rue Georges Bizet JM w "a<

08 51 68 70 F 75116 Paris 05-49/50 Tanglln Shopping Center

France 19 Tanglln Rd. Singapore 1024

Mr. Hans Csokor 720 33 42 Runnhllr nf ^Innannm

Publlmedla Republic of Singapore

Relsnerstrasse 61 Mr. Simon Smith

A-1037 Vienna, Austria McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.

34 Dover St. Seavex LtdMrs. Gurlt Gepner London W1X3RA Je e ' u'

McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. England Room 102, Yu Yuet Lai Bldg.

115 Yosephtal St. 01 493 1451 43-55 Wyndham St. Central

Bat Yam, Israel u„„„ unnr%866 561 321 39 Ho"9 K°n9

528 February 1983 © BYTE Publicatiom Inc

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BHimiiiaalaaiaMilllaa ■*

PRINTMASTER F-IO

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Circle 229 on inquiry card

Sale! Radio Shack Color ComputerDisk Drives Now Cut 25°/°

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1st Drive

Save $150£& 44900

26-3022 W ^0 ■ ■

2nd, 3rd, 4th Drives

Save $100

Reg.399.00

26-3023

2QQ00%J ^J Each

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If you think your Extended BASIC TRS-80® ColorComputer is a great little computer (and everybody whoowns one does!), just wait until you add one or more diskdrives to it.

These 35-track, 51/4" double-density drives will giveyou the high-level performance you want from yourColor Computer. Each drive puts over 156K of on-linedata and program storage right at your fingertips. Andyou can chain up to four drives together for a total ofmore than 626K.

Yet all that extra storage is available at an access speedthat you just can't get from a cassette recorder—a seektime of 30 milliseconds (track to track) and a data trans-fer rate of 250 bits per second.

Best of all, our Color Disk Drives are easy to install. Justplug the controller Program Pak™ into your ROM portand you're all set. It uses only about 2K of RAM, too.And you can upgrade your TRS-80 Standard ColorComputer to use disk drives with our Extended BasicROM Kit (26-3018, $99, plus installation charge).

New Low Prices on Color Computers!

All Are $100 Less Than Last Year!

16K Standard BASIC Color Computer (26-3004). Nowonly $299.95.

16K Extended BASIC Color Computer (26-3002). Nowonly $399.95.

32K Extended BASIC Color Computer (26-3002). Nowonly $549.95.

See the complete line of TRS-80 Color Computers, diskdrrves, programs and accessories at your nearby RadioShack Computer Center, store or participating dealer—where complete color disk systems start at only$848.95. But hurry—this sale ends Feb. 28, 1983.

Radio /hack

The biggest name in little computers®

A DIVISION OF TANDY CORPORATION

Retail prices may vary at individual stores and dealers. All prices are less TVReference pricing from Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC-8

Circle 364 on inquiry card.