Byte Magazine Volume 08 Number 05 - The Electronic Office

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Apple Computer Inc., 20525 Mariani Avenue, Cupertino, California 95014

For the authorized Apple dealer nearest you, call 800-538-9696 (800-662-9238 in California.)

Fruitful Connections,

There are more people in more places making more accessories and peripherals for Apples than for any other personal computer in the world.

Thanks to those people — in hundreds of independent companies—you can make the humblest 1978 Apple II turn tricks that are still on IBM's Wish List for 1984.

But now we're coming out with our very own line of peripherals and accessories for Apple® Personal Computers.

For two very good reasons.

First, compatibility. We've created a totally kluge-free family of products designed to take full advantage of all the advantages built into every Apple.

Second, service and support.

Now the same kindly dealer who keeps your Apple PC in the pink can do the same competent job for your Apple hard-disk and your Apple daisywheel printer.

So if you're looking to expand the capabilities of your Apple II or III, remember:

Now you can add Apples to Apples.

Gutenberg would be proud.

Old Faithful Silentype® has now been joined by New Faithfuls, the Apple Dot Matrix Printer and the Apple Letter Quality Printer.

So now, whatever your budget and your

\ needs, you can hook your Apple to a printer

that's specifically designed to take advan■w, ^ tage of all the features built into your

^ llllllllll Apple. With no compromises. fa JjjL The 7x9 Apple Dot Matrix ___J|^-—'-'' Printer is redefining "correspondence —— quality" with exceptional legibility. With 144x160 dots per square inch, it can also create high resolution graphics.

The Apple Letter Quality Printer, which gets the words out about 33% ..; faster than other daisywheel printers in its price range, also offers graphics capabilities. See your authorized Apple dealer for more information and demonstrations. Because, unfortunately, all the news fit to print simply doesn't fit.

A joy to behold

The new Apple Joystick II is the ultimate hand control device for the Apple II.

Why is it such a joy to use?

With two firing buttons, it's the first ambidextrous joystick— just as comfortable for lefties as righties.

Of course, it gives you 360° cursor control (not just 8-way like some game-oriented devices) and full X/Y coordinate control.

And the Joystick II contains high-quality components and switches tested to over 1,000,000 life cycles.

Which makes it a thing of beauty. And a joystick forever.

©1983 Apple Computer Inc.

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A storehouse of knowledge.

If you work with so much data or so many programs that you find yourself shuffling diskettes constantly, you should take a look at Apple's ProFile™ the personal mass storage system for the Apple III Personal Computer.

This Winchester-based 5-megabyte hard disk can handle as much data as 35 floppies. Even more important for some, it can access that data about 10-times faster than a standard floppy drive.

So now your Apple III can handle jobs once reserved for computers costing thousands more.

As for quality

and reliability, you need only store one word of wisdom: Apple.

Launching pad for numeric data

Good tidings for crunchers of numerous numbers:

Apple now offers a numeric keypad that's electronically and aesthetically compatible with the Apple II Personal Computer. ' So you can enter numeric data faster than ever before.

The Apple Numeric Keypad II has a standard calculatorstyle layout. Appropriate,

because unlike some other keypads, it can actually function as a calculator.

The four function keys to the left of the numeric pad should be of special interest to people who use VisiCalc? Because they let you zip around your. work sheet more easily than ever, adding and deleting entries.

With one hand tied behind your back.

VisiCalc is a registered trademark of VistGirp. Inc.

Circle 32 on Inquiry card.

How to buy a computer by the numbers.

Introducing the Cromemco C-10 Personal Computer. Only $1785, including software, and you get more professional features and performance for the price than with any other personal computer on the market. We've got the numbers to prove it.

The C-10 starts with a high-resolution 12" CRT that displays 25 lines with a full 80 characters on each line. Inside is a high-speed Z-80A microprocessor and 64K bytes of on-board memory. Then there's a detached, easy-to-use keyboard and a 5V4" disk drive with an exceptionally large 390K capacity. That's the C-10, and you won't find another ready-to-use personal computer that offers you more.

But hardware can't work alone. That's why every C-10 includes software —word processing, financial spread sheet, investment planningand BASIC, hlard-working, CP/MR-based software at meets your everyday needs. Softe that could cost over $1000 some

where else. FREE with the C-10. There's really nothing else to buy.

But the C-10's numbers tell only part of the story. What they don't say is that Cromemco is already known for some of the most reliable business and scientific computers in the industry. ^^

And now for the first .,4^|

time, this technology is available in a personal computer.

One last number. Call 800 538-8157x929 for the name of your nearest Cromemco dealer, or to request literature. In California call 800 672-3470 x929. Or write Cromemco, Inc., 280 Bernardo Avenue, P.O. Box 7400, Mountain View, CA 94039. In Europe, write Cromemco A/S, Vesterbrogade 1C, 1620 Copenhagen, Denmark.

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research. Inc. All Cromemco products are serviced by TRW.

Cromemco

Tomorrow's computers today

Circle 142 on inquiry card.

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Volume 8, Number 5

May 1983

Features

38 The Osborne Executive and the Executive II by Jerry

Pournelle / Adam Osborne's second and third machines come with more standard equipment, offer more options, and have a slightly larger video screen than the Osborne I.

49 Build an RS-232C Code-Activated Switch by Steve Ciarcia /

This device will let you switch between several peripherals connected to one serial port.

59 The Electronic Office by Pamela A. Clark / A short introduction to our theme articles.

60 Local Area Networks by Harry Saal / The proliferation of office communication systems makes standardization all the more imperative.

1 Onr The Movable Conference by Irving A. Lerch / Computermoderated conferencing is not bound by time and geographic restrictions and is sure to change the structure of the executive business meeting.

1 24 Electronic Publishing: The New Newsletter by Arthur S Bechhoefer / How a newsletter evolved from its traditional format to a computer-accessed, interactive investment advisory service.

1 5 4 Achieving Greater White-Collar Productivity In the New

Office by Randy J. Goldfield / The conversion to automated tools in an office must address many issues, especially human factors.

203 Full Use of the Epson MX-80 Under Wordstar by Neil G. Wallace / How to upgrade Version 3.2 of Wordstar to use more of the capabilities of the Epson MX-80 equipped with Graftrax-Plus.

232 Stalking the East-Asian Microcomputer by Phil Lemmons / The author chronicles his five-nation tour and reports on the state of microcomputing in East Asia as revealed by attending six electronics trade shows.

2 36 The Japanese Microcomputer Marketplace by Kurt

Veggeberg / A short report on the current state of microcomputing in Japan.

242 An Inexpensive Letter-Quality Printer by Stuart Brown / If low

cost and letter quality are two of your priorities for a printer, consider this interface between a personal computer and the Olivetti Praxis 30.

266 BYTE West Coast: Ferment In Silicon Valley by Phil Lemmons / Profiles of four start-up companies suggest the dynamism of the region and illustrate several ways in which firms get started.

272 NAPLPS: A New Standard for Text and Graphics, Part 4: More Advanced Features and Conclusions by Jim Fleming / A standard way to encode color mapping and animation, closing with some predictions on how NAPLPS will be used by personal computers.

286 Better Software Manuals by Dana Sohr / The quality of a product's companion documentation could make or break a sale. Tips on what constitutes a good manual.

298 User's Column: Ulterior Motives, Lobo, Buying Your First

Computer, JRT Update by Jerry Pournelle / Our resident critic takes his first look at Modula-2.

331 The Enhanced VIC-20, Part 4: Connecting Serial RS-232C Peripherals to the VIC's TTL Port by Joel Swank / The last in this VIC series discusses port connections.

342 Design Philosophy Behind Motorola's MC68000, Part 2:

Data-movement, Arithmetic, and Logic Instructions by Thomas W. Starnes / A look at the capabilities of the MC68000's instruction set.

368 Building a Hard-Disk Interface for an S-tOO System, Part 3: Software by Andrew C. Cruce and Scott A. Alexander / How to alter the CP/M operating system so that it will accommodate a Winchester disk drive and controller.

4UZ Using IBM's Marvelous Keyboard by David B. Glasco and Murray Sargent III / It's a fairly simple procedure to change IBM's keyboard to the Dvorak layout, or even use the keyboard with other computers and software.

41 8 Strongly Typed Languages by Earl E. McCoy / Ada. Pascal, and

other new languages let you define your own data types.

438 The Ins and Outs of the TRS-80 Color Computer by Colin J. Stearman / Find out how the Color Computer interfaces with the outside world.

45* A Conceptual Approach to Real-Time Programming by Craig R. Wyss / You can use various real-time programming techniques to turn a lazy computer into a real worker.

4# "r Regression Fitting to Economic Indexes by Dr. John R.

Merrill / An Apple II program can help determine base rates of inflation through analysis of the Consumer Price Index.

*fO* Sorting Algorithms for Microcomputers by Terry Barron and George Diehr / Programmer ingenuity and search of the existing literature can significantly improve sort performance.

Reviews

1 4 Little Big Computer, The TRS-80 Model 100 Portable Computer by Rich Malloy

82 The Fortune 32:16 Business Computer by Steven H. Barry

1 34 What a Conceptl A View of the Corvus Computer by Curtis Feigel

176 Word Tools for the IBM Personal Computer by Richard S. Shuford

220 A Comparison of Five Database Management Programs by Jack L. Abbott

263 Painter Power by Chris Pappas and William H. Murray

426 Solarsoft by Winslow H. Fuller

Nucleus

6

Editorial: Disenchantment with Detroit

8

Letters

326

Book Review: Microprocessor Systems. Interfacing and

Applications

494

BYTELINES

499

Event Queue

509

Software Received

513

Books Received

515

Ask BYTE

521

Clubs and Newsletters

524

What's New?

589

Unclassified Ads

590

BOMB, BOMB Results

591

Reader Service

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Editor In Chief

Lawrence J. Curran Managing Editor

Pamela A. Clark Senior Editor

Gregg Williams

Technical Editors

Richard S. Shuford. Curtis P. Feigel. Stanley Wszola. Arthur A. Little. Richard Malloy. Bruce Roberts; Philip Lemmons. West Coast Editor: Steve Ciarcia. Mark Dahmke, Consulting Editors; Jon Swanson, Drafting Editor

Copy Editors

Beverly Cronin. Chief;

Faith Hanson, Warren Williamson, Anthony J.

Lockwood, Hilary Selby Polk, Elizabeth Kepner.

Nancy Hayes,; Margaret Cook, Junior Copy

Editor

Assistants

Faith Kluntz. Beverly Jackson. Lisa Jo Steiner

Production

David R. Anderson, Assoc. Director;

Jan Muller, Virginia Reardon. Michael J. Lonsky; Sherry McCarthy. Chief Typographer; Debi Fredericks, Donna Sweeney, Valerie Horn

Advertising

Deborah Porter, Supervisor; Marion Carlson. Rob Hannings. Vicki Reynolds, Cathy A. R. Drew. Lisa Wozmak; Patricia Akerley. Reader Service Coordinator; Wai Chiu Li, Advertising/Production Coordinator; Linda J. Sweeney

Circulation

Gregory Spitzfaden, Manager;

Andrew Jackson, Asst. Manager;

Agnes E. Perry. Barbara Varnum. Louise

Menegus. Jennifer Price. Sheila A. Bamford;

James Bingham, Dealer Sales; Deborah J.

Cadwell, Asst: Linda Ryan

Marketing Communications

Horace T. Howland, Director;

Wilbur S. Watson, Coordinator;

Timothy W. Taussig. Graphic Arts Manager;

Michele P. Verville, Research Manager

Business Manager

Daniel Rodngues

Controller's Office

Kenneth A. King. Asst. Controller; Mary E. Fluhr. Acct. & D/P Mgr.; Karen Burgess. Jeanne Cilley. Linda Fluhr. Vicki Bennett. L. Bradley Browne. Vern Rockwell

Traffic

N. Scott Gagnon. Manager; Scott Jackson

Receptionist

Jeanann Waters Personnel/Office Manager Cheryl A. Hurd Publisher

Gene W. Simpson; John E. Hayes.

Associate Publisher/Production Director; Dons R. Gamble. Publisher's Assistant

Officers of McGraw-Hill Publications Company: John G. Wrede, President; Executive Vice President: Paul F. McPherson; Senior Vice President-Editorial: Ralph R. Schulz; Vice Presidents: Kemp Anderson. Business Systems Development: Shel F. Asen, Manufacturing; Harry L. Brown. Special Markets; James E. Hackett, Controller: Eric B. Herr. Planning and Development; H. John Sweger. Jr.. Marketing.

Officers of the Corporation: Harold W. McGraw Jr., Chairman and Chief Executive Officer; Joseph L. Dionne, President and Chief Operating Officer; Robert N. Landes, Senior Vice President and Secretary; Ralph J. Webb. Treasurer.

In This Issue

The complete and integrated electronic office is still a few years away. Yet with each new product that computerizes an individual task or an entire procedure, we move one step closer to the day when paper shuffling is just a memory. Someday, as Robert Tinney suggests in his cover painting, workers at all levels will electronically communicate with the aid of the mighty microprocessor. In "Local Area Networks" Harry Saal discusses the need for standardizing communication protocols for physically separated equipment, such as personal computers, mainframes, printers, and disk drives. Steven Barry describes "The Fortune 32:16 Business Computer," a multiuser, multitasking system that runs enhanced Unix. In "The Movable Conference" Irving A. Lerch reports on computer-moderated conferencing, and in a companion piece, "Electronic Publishing: The New Newsletter," Arthur S. Bechhoefer talks about how a traditional newsletter became a computer-accessed interactive investment advisory service. We have reviews of Radio Shack's new Model 100 portable computer and of two versions of a new computer from Osborne, the Executive and the Executive II. In "Stalking the East-Asian Microcomputer," Phil Lemmons chronicles his five-nation tour of the Far East. Steve Ciarcia's project is to "Build an RS-232C Code-Activated Switch." Plus our regular features and more reviews.

BYTE is published monthly by McGraw-Hill. Inc., with offices at 70 Main St, Peterborough NH 03458, phone [603) 924-9281. Office hours: Mon-Thur 8:30 AM - 4:30 PM. Friday 8.30 AM - Noon, Eastern Time. Address subscriptions, change of address, USPS Form 3579, and fulfillment guestions to BYTE Subscriptions, POB 590. Martinsville NJ 08836. Second class postage paid at Peterborough. NH. 03458 and additional mailing offices. USPS Publication No. 528890 [ISSN 0360-5280). Postage Paid at Winnipeg. Manitoba. Registration number 9321. Subscriptions are S2I for one year, S38 for two years, and S55 for three years in the USA and its possessions. In Canada and Mexico, S23 for one year, S42 for two years, S6I for three years. S53 for one year air delivery to Europe. 17.100 yen for one year surface delivery to Japan. S37 surface delivery elsewhere. Air delivery to selected areas at additional rates upon request. Single copy price is S2.95 in the USA and its possessions. S3.50 in Canada and Mexico. S4.50 in Europe, and S 5.00 elsewhere. Foreign subscriptions and sales should be remitted in United States funds drawn on a US bank. Printed in United States of America.

Address all editorial correspondence to the editor at BYTE. POB 372. Hancock NH 03449. Unacceptable manuscripts will be returned if accompanied by sufficient first class postage. Not responsible for lost manuscripts or photos. Opinions expressed by the authors are not necessarily those of BYTE. Entire contents copyright © 1983 by BYTE Publications Inc. All rights reserved. Where necessary, permission is granted by the copyright owner for libraries and others registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) to photocopy any article herein for the base fee of s 1.00 per copy of the article or item plus 25 cents per page. Payment should be sent directly to the CCC. 21 Congress St. Salem MA 01970. Copying done for other than personal or internal reference use without the permission of McGraw-Hill is prohibited. Requests for special permission or bulk orders should be addressed to the publisher.

BYTE® is available in microform from University Microfilms International. 300 N Zeeb Rd, Dept PR, Ann Arbor Ml 48106 USA or 18 Bedford Row, Dept PR, London WCIR 4EJ England.

Subscription questions or problems should be addressed to:

BYTE Subscriber Service

P.O. Box 328 Hancock, NH 03449

4 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

The system builder's best choice for color graphics is a CS5000 color system from SCION. Its basic component is MicroAngelo, the single board graphics display computer that has revolutionized monochrome display capability with low cost 512x480 pixel graphics resolution and 40 line by 85 character text capacity. When MicroAngelo boards are combined, they create high resolution color graphics that have a unique advantage. The displayed image is a combination of transparencies. So you can add, modify or delete images by transparency rather than as an entire image.

SCION'S Series CS5000 builds an image with up to 8 bit planes, each generated by a MicroAngelo board. You select the assignment of those bit planes to transparencies. Each transparency can display 2n -1 colors where n is the number of bit planes it uses... 2 bit planes would make a three color transparency, 8 bit planes would make a 255 color transparency. Once each transparency has been defined, your host can work with it independently, generates and modifying its graphics and text without interacting with the others. The independent transparencies are combined by the Color Mixer board which also assigns one of 16.8 million possible colors to each color of each transparency.

Your computer talks to the SCION Color System in SCREENWARE™, SCION's high level display firmware language. SCREENWARE commands are used by the computer in each MicroAngelo bit plane to generate graphics and text primitives. User interface is made simple with prompted system set-up using SCION's ColorPak.

MicroAngelo based color graphics systems are easy to use. Just plug the boards into your Multibus or S-100 host. Or use the freestanding work station configuration with its RS-232 interface. In each case, you get high resolution color graphics for such a low price you can't afford to design your own.

Think SCION for your graphics display needs. Think MicroAngelo. Call us at (703) 476-6100.

System shown is a Model CS5050S 'A trademark of Intel Corp.

if the image is important

12310 Pinecrest Rd./Reston, VA 22091 (703) 476-6100 TWX: 710-833-0684

For S-100 circle 402 on inquiry card, For Multibus circle 405 on inquiry card.

DATEBOOK IS FOR YOU

Datebook™ is an appointment scheduling program for doctors, dentists, attorneys and other professionals.

Using DATEBOOK to maintain appointments will increase office productivity by saving you or your secretary time and frustration.

DATEBOOK can schedule appointments for up to 27 different doctors, lawyers or rooms. It will search for openings that fit time of day, day of week and/or day of year constraints. Three appointment schedules are displayed on the screen at a time. Appointments are made, modified or cancelled easily. Copies of day's appointments can be printed quickly.

If you are a busy professional with time at a premium, let DATEBOOK start working for you.

DATEBOOK is $295 and requires 56K RAM and CP/M® Also available for CP/M-86™ Apple Pascal and UCSD Pascar" DATEBOOK is available in many popular microcomputer formats.

DIGITAL/MARKETING

DIGITAL MARKETING'

DIGITAL MARKETING CORPORATION

(800] 826-2222

2363 BOULEVARD CIRCLE • WALNUT CREEK - CA 94595 [415| 9471000 • TELEX 17-1852 (DIGMKTG WNCK)

Datebook is a trademark of Organic Software.

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research,

Inc.

CP/M-86 is a trademark of Digital Research. Inc.

UCSD Pascal is a trademark of Regents of University

of California.

Editorial

Disenchantment with Detroit

Lawrence J. Curran, Editor in Chief

Signs abound that a long recession—the first to seriously affect computer manufacturers—is just about over. Anticipating upturns in demand, steel and auto makers have been recalling some employees laid off months ago. Declining oil prices cheer economists even as OPEC members gnash their teeth. Consumer prices have stabilized generally, and some economic forecasters don't expect them to rise again until the second half of the year. Amid these upbeat indicators, however, there is clear evidence that the U.S. economy may never again be able to rely on such former bellwether industries as steel and autos. Millions of American consumers are disenchanted with Detroit because they believe U.S. auto makers no longer produce the type of product they want.

A recent editorial in the Wall Street Journal cited studies that quantify the disenchantment. In that editorial, John Schnapp, vice-president of Harbridge House, a Boston consulting firm, reported that of the buyers of U.S. subcompact cars surveyed recently only 22 percent were completely satisfied with their autos; 41 percent of the buyers of comparable import vehicles expressed complete satisfaction. Schnapp said further that U.S. auto buyers believe that Detroit has failed to deliver on three of their foremost needs—acceptable purchase prices, fuel consumption, and maintenance costs. The editorial concludes, among other things, that "the unlikelihood of a reconciliation between Detroit and the consumer will, unfortunately, dampen the prospects for a strong and broad-based recovery" from the recession.

We agree with Schnapp, but what does all this have to do with computers? We think that the U.S. computer industry can supplant the auto industry as an economic bulwark, especially if the management of computer companies heeds the lessons of Detroit. Simply stated, Detroit fell out of favor with part of the American-car-buying public because Americans no longer believe that U.S. auto manufacturers can satisfy their need for reliable, economical transportation.

As this nation shifts from a smokestack-based economy to a hightechnology-based economy, computer manufacturers will face a similar consumer challenge. Both domestic and foreign suppliers have the opportunity now to discern what buyers need and follow through on delivery. Those suppliers who don't consider consumer wants and needs in terms of economy and reliability will see that opportunity slip away.l

May 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc

Circle 357 on Inquiry card.

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E • IBM-PC • APPLE II • TRS-80 • R

Percom Data Corporation has one hard disk drive system for just about ALL personal computers

.. . including of course ... IBM?-PC, APPLE" II, and TRS-80". Percom Data's innovations

with 5%" Winchester technology mean that for most personal computers ...

having a reliable hard disk system is as easy as hooking up a cable.

A Percom Data PHD'" will interface with your present system ... and your future system ...

so if you do change computers, you can still keep your most important investment...

your Percom Data Hard Disk Drive.

Because Percom Data helped create the industry standards of today ... new designs in software

and hardware will make your selection of a Percom Data Hard Disk Drive pay off

tomorrow through system compatibility.

A Percom Data PHD works to capacity because we take the time to correctly develop interface

software to your computer which leaves no performance holes for you to fall into.

Percom Data knows software functionality is the key to hardware performance.

Today, Percom Data PHD supports a variety of software to match your computer:

IBM "-PC, PC DOS" 1.1 OR 1.0

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APPLE", DOS 3.3, CP/M"

TRS-80 MODELS III & I, DOPLUS, LDOS

m Data Winchester 5V4" technology ... for today's computers

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To receive an informational booklet describing Percom Hard Disk Systems, or to determine if we

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IBM is ;i registered trademark of International Business Machines, APPLF is a registered trademark ol Apple Computer, Inc. 0 is a registered trademark ol Tandy Radio Shack Corp PHU is a registered trademark of Percom Data Corporation COPYRIGHT 1983 PERCOM DATA CORPORATION

Letters

Spreadsheet Programs Help to Simulate Digital Logic

I enjoyed Robert McDermott's "Simulation of Simple Digital Logic through a Computer-Aided Design System" (January 1983 BYTE, page 396). However, exactly the same results can be achieved with considerably less effort using the built-in Boolean functions of one of the popular electronic spreadsheet programs. I have not seen this application of these versatile programs described elsewhere in print.

As in McDermott's article, complex digital structures such as D or JK flip-flops can be built up out of gates, simulated by Boolean expressions. Once a library of these structures is built up, the spreadsheet program can store them, and they can be moved about and replicated to form more elaborate structures. Used this way, spreadsheet programs have the same limitations as McDermott's program: modest size and no way to handle hardware considerations such as gate propagation delay. In addition, care must be taken with feedback loops. However, for the casual user, simulating digital logic with one of these popular programs is far easier than adapting and validating McDermott's program.

Stephen R. Troy 717 Cottonwood Dr. Severna Park, MD 21146

Better Software Through Engineering

Allow me to congratulate Daniel Ross on his excellent (succinct) letter (February 1983 BYTE, page 26). I agree with him completely when he contests Jerry Pournelle's defense of software hacking.

Having spent many years hacking away at my own codes and those of my fellow hackers and watching in embarrassment the inevitable and untimely crashes of those programs, I learned painfully that hacking creates programs that are at best unreadable and at worst unreliable. The (mal)practice is so prevalent and its results so uniformly bad that software maintenance costs are astronomical, and most people have come to assume that all programs have bugs. In fact, widespread hacking undermines the technical and

ethical advancement of the software industry.

It is my contention that there will never be a credible software-engineering profession until we can guarantee the performance of our programs the same way a structural engineer guarantees that his bridge will stand. A hallmark of a professional is his legal responsibility for his product. Just as we can sue the physician for malpractice, we can sue the professional engineer if his bridge falls down. Has anyone ever tried to sue a programmer whose program did not work?

It has been my repeated experience that the only programmers who can guarantee that their codes will work are those who are skilled and disciplined enough to engineer their software. Using rigorous and systematic techniques to complement their creativity, these programmers work hard to produce a professional-quality program, a correct program, a program that can be reviewed by other professionals as well as coded in a reliable and maintainable fashion. When the profession climbs out of the mud, these people are the ones who will be able to take full, legal responsibility for the work they do. The hackers will have to find another way to make a living.

Robert B. Dial Comsis Corporation Wheaton, MD 20902

Benchmark Surprise

In the November 1982 BYTELINES column (see "Latest 32-Bit Microprocessor News," page 542), it was reported that someone at Berkeley had run benchmarks on several 16- and/or 32-bit microprocessors and then rated them, with a DEC VAX (what model?) being a 1.00.

Surely Intel Corporation's iAPX-432 can do better than 0.05, when the 8-MHz Motorola 68000 got a 0.6, even if the 432 was running at half the speed of the 68000. Even the 8086 at 5 MHz got into the tenths.

Thanks for the great magazine; I'll keep my subscription going forever at this rate. Tell Steve Ciarcia not to forget his MPX-16 after these first three articles; we'll be wanting more. How about a special graphics terminal, based on one of the new high-resolution chips, that could

be plugged into the MPX-16's (or IBM Personal Computer's) peripheral slots7

Rex E. Felsman

PSC #2 Box 13508

APO San Francisco, CA 96367

The Sieve Revisited

We read with great interest the January 1983 BYTE article by Jim Gilbreath and Gary Gilbreath, "Eratosthenes Revisited: Once More Through the Sieve" (page 283). Of particular interest to us was the inclusion of an APL solution. We recognized that this APL was of a nonstandard syntax. Typically (per the APL of STSC, LP. Sharp and Associates, and the ANSI APL Standards Committee), within a statement, interpretation occurs from right to left; but when there are multiple statements per line (statements are separated by the ' o ' symbol), these statements are considered for interpretation from left to right. The published APL solution required right-toleft line execution.

We transposed the published APL as follows:

v THEIRApFUME N [1 ] BUM * PTR*-Np0

C2] L1 :PR«-(-PTR)/>N [3] ->(N<BxB<-PRCI<-I + 1 D/END

[4] ST: PTR<-PTRv(Bp<>> , B4-Np , B+Np UptcM C5LI ->L1

C61 END:PR

We were then able to give it a try on The Upjohn Company's IBM 3081 running I. P. Sharp and Associates' Spring 1982 release of APL under the IBM MVS operating system. A couple of full runs yielded processor times of around 256 milliseconds for an N of the first 8191 integers. After looking at the resulting list of primes we noticed a few nonprimes; obviously 8190 is not prime, nor are the more subtle 8133 (79 X 103), 8159 (41 X 199), and 8189 (19 X 431).

The above results put us into a debug mode, but as is often the case, debugging turns into a rewrite. We would thus like to submit an alternate APL solution that we believe rivals (beats) the best of the compiled or interpretive languages for speed of execution and memory requirement:

8 May 1983 © BYTE Publications tac

Smart. Buy.

For outstanding performance and unsurpassed value in a microprocessor-based CRT, the smart money is on the TTX-3000.

The TTX-3000 is a wizard when it comes to performance. Built-in editing permits fast, simple manipulation of text and data input. Ten dedicated function keys speed terminal operation. The 24-line,80-characterwide display also features a 25th status line for rapid verification of communication mode.

The TTX-3000 offers a remarkable selection

of visual attributes, including blink, blank, underscore, reverse video on a per-character basis, and much more. And, with its 128 ASCII character set—including 32 displayable control codes—the TTX-3000 is compatible

with many micro, mini, and large mainframe computers. The price? Only $599, suggested list. To find out more about the impressive TTX-3000 smart terminal, write or call us right now. It's the smartest move you'll ever make.

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Letters.

5 OURAPRIME N m P<-Nf>B«-1 * NS<-L0-5+N*0.5 C2D L1:-»<NS<B«-B+(B+P>H>*L2

i:;ri p«-pa(Bp1) .b+Np-c-b)*! ■«

[4J L2:|>FHp/lN

■>L1

When we set our function loose on the first 8191 integers it required around 57 milliseconds to find all primes (approximating the time required for the first 10 iterations would thus be 57 X 10 -5- 57 = 22 milliseconds). Artificially stopping our solution at 10 iterations (rather than letting it stop at the square root of N, the largest integer) produced processor times around 30 milliseconds.

Our solution reduces the execution time by:

1. working primarily with a bit string, N bits long, rather than the entire list of N integers. This reduces both the execution time and the memory requirement (note: we were able to search the list of primes up to 792353 in only 300,000 bytes of work space, including space taken up by the program).

2. working with more efficient and fewer bit-string generators and primitives, and

3. taking the square root of the ending integer (used to test end of iteration) only once before the loop rather than taking the square of each newly found integer.

We hope that we have saved the name of APL by showing that although it is an interpretive language (and our processor time represents both interpretation and execution time), it can produce a fast, memory-efficient, and succinct solution. One additional benefit is the flexibility of this solution—without modification (or recompiling, linking, or loading) it may be used to locate primes in variable lists of integers from 1 to N where N < 792353.

Michael C. Rowe, Ph.D. Donald F. Stoneburner, Ph.D. The Upjohn Company 7000 Portage Rd. Kalamazoo, MI 49001

You might like to add the following data to your prime-number benchmark database (see the September 1981 BYTE, page 180, and the January 1983 BYTE, page 283). I ran the Sieve of Eratosthenes program on the Apple II in Micromotion

FORTH (200 seconds) and Manx C tailored for Apple DOS (400 seconds). On a Data General MV/8000, using FORTRAN 77, I got a benchmark time of 2.2 seconds. The Manx version of C that I used employs a p-code interpreter.

John Figueras 65 Steele Rd. Victor, NY 14564

BCD Conversion Better by a Bit

I am a programmer specializing (for the moment) in Apples and working mostly in assembly language, and I find the machine-code program examples in your magazine a fascinating source of entertainment. I always look forward to the chance to analyze them. However, I found a few irregularities in listing 1 of Pat Coghlan and George White's "Another Binary to BCD Conversion Routine" (January 1983 BYTE, page 387). Unless the user has some code located at hexadecimal 1003, line 1440 (JMP $1003) should be changed.

The use of indirect indexed addressing would have eliminated the need for the use of location hexadecimal 56 in lines 1740 and 1750. Line 1750 could have been replaced with ADC (BCD),Y and line 1740 could have been eliminated. This would also save two clock cycles per iteration. Also, the comments in lines 2040 and 2050 state that the incoming carry will be added to the entire BCD (binary-coded decimal) field.

The incoming carry is the most significant bit from the last state of the binary field. However, the PBCD routine (lines 2070 through 2140) deals with only the least significant byte of the BCD field. Furthermore, on the first call to this subroutine, the BCD field is cleared to zeros, and for all other calls the BCD field has just been added to itself. This means that the BCD field will be either zero or an even number, and in either case the least significant bit will be zero.

Because the maximum value added to the BCD field by this routine is one and the least significant bit is always zero, no carry is ever possible. The BCC (branch on carry clear) following the add will always be taken. This causes the BPL (branch on sign flag equals zero) in line 2130 to be always bypassed. I have implemented this routine with the indirect

indexed addressing in line 1750 and with lines 2120 and 2130 deleted, and the routine still seems to work accurately.

Carl Haddick Rte. 1, Box 215 Mexia, Texas 76667

Apples and Fords

In the letters column of the February 1983 BYTE (see page 24), Fred K. Fox draws an analogy between the Model T Ford and the microprocessors of today. 1 found an automotive approach relevant to the Apple He and Lisa computers reviewed in that issue.

Apple's Jobs and Wozniak (like Henry Ford) detected a huge, untapped market and produced a general-purpose machine. With little competition, it swept the field. As the public got used to the new machine, however, people began to develop more focused ideas about what they wanted from it. Other makers brought out models designed to deliver specific packages of features to specific market segments, at prices tailored to the market.

But Ford and Apple misread the resulting erosion of their markets as a need to incorporate the specific features of their competitors into their "universal" machines. Hence Ford tinkered with the Tin Lizzie, and Apple came up with the Apple II Plus and now the Apple lie. But still, when most people look at the market, there always seems to be a specialized machine that delivers features a little better suited to their specific needs, and/or at a little better price. The machine that sets out to be a jack-of-alltrades winds up being the master of none.

Lisa, on the other hand, seems analogous to the DeLorean. Both were designed as "machines of the future," embodying all sorts of bells and whistles that technophiles had been daydreaming about for some time. Most people agree that they're mighty fine machines, with features that it would sure be nice to have. Then they look at the price. After picking their jaws up off the showroom floor, they decide that they can somehow live another few years without those features, and go buy some other model.

Erwin S. Strauss

9850 Fairfax Square #232

Fairfax, VA 22031 ■

10 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

i

Circle 239 on inquiry card.

■■■■

tlilllllllfllllHIIflllll

TOUGH TO OUTGROW

It's no surprise so many businesses today are using our CompuStar' multi-user microcomputer. All sorts of businesses, those at the top and those on the way, know that only CompuStar can give them the big system performance they'll need as they grow. And they know that only CompuStar can deliver that performance at a fraction of the cost of most other systems.

CompuStar' solves the small business computer dilemma. It's ideal for those first time business users who need only single-user capability. But it's also perfect when those small businesses grow into large corporations. That's because CompuStar is truly expandable... all the way up to 255 workstations, each with its own processor and internal computer memory. And that means fast, fast response, even when many users are on-line at the same time.

Whether you're a small business with big plans or a big business with an eye for economy, CompuStar' has the performance and versatility that's tough to outgrow... the price/performance ratio that's impossible to beat!

STANDARD FEATURES

• 350K/750K/1.5 MB workstation disk capacities

• 64K RAM and twin processors in each workstation

• An easy-to-read 12-inch non-glare screen

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• Microsoft' Basic

© CP/M t operating software

• Truly multi-user and multi-processor

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CompuStar' is built and backed by the company that's been in the microcomputer business as long as microcomputers have been in business. Would you trust your business to anything less? CompuStar: Tough to beat. Tough to outgrow!

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ASHTONTATE BOTTOM LINE STRATEGIST 279

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HOME ACCOUNT ANT $59

HOME ACCOUNTANT PLUS 109

FILING, CATALOGING AND MAILING APPLE .... 69

FCMIBM 99

TAX ADVANTAGE 42

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE 169

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GENERAL LEDGER 169

PAYROLL 169

PROPERTY MANAGEMENT 459

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SCRATCHPAD $199

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MONEY DECISIONS $99

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PRINTERS, ETC.

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F-10 (P) 1379

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F-10 TRACTOR OPT 229

GX-100P 250

6 MONTHS WARRANTY. MICROHOUSE IS AN AUTHORIZED C. ITOH REPAIR CENTER.

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MICROPRISM $ 679

PRISM 80/SPRINT 999

PRISM 132/Sprlnt 1279

GRAPHICS OPTION 89

SHEET FEEDER 139

COLOR OPTION 339

GEMINI

GEMIN110 $399

GEMIN115 529

OUADRAM

MICROFAZER16KP-P $159

32KP-P 189

64KP-P 239

8KP-P 189

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MANY OTHERS AVAILABLE—CALL FOR PRICES

NEC

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77-30 PRO 2499

35-10 SRO 1595

35-50 RO 2099

35-50 SHEET FEEDER 989

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OKIDATA

MICROLINE 80 $359

MICROLINE 82A 439

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MICROLINE 84P 1159

MICROLINE 92 549

MICROLINE 93 989

TRACTOR FOR 80 & 82 239

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TP-1 $599

TRACTOR FOR TP-1 139

INTERACTIVE STRUCTURES

PKASSO $135

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dBASEII/ZIP $489

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TIM III $359

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NORTH AMERICAN

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GRAPHMAGIC 69

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SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY

THE CREATOR FOR IBM 224

THE CREATOR FOR APPLE 149

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VISIFILE 228

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COLOR II 739

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MicroPros Database Management System not only combines the already renowned features of Datastar and Supersort but also features a report generator. This means you can enter, sort, retrieve, organize, and print data quickly and easily...and with no need to program! But that's not all...you can edit your reports with Wordstar. LIST PRICE: $495.00 MICROHOUSE PRICE: $279.00

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A powerful, yet easy-to-use data management system, in constructing and manipulating numeric and character Information files, you create databases, append new data, update, modify and replace fields, records and entire data bases, its special feature allows you to SORT, edit, or display a database directly from the keyboard, or program menus and programs to support your specific applications.

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A field proven, fully-integrated accounting system offering eight modules, all operating on both CP/M and mp/m. Available modules Include General Ledger, Accounts Receivable, Sales Order Entry, Accounts Payable, Purchase Order Entry, inventory, Payroll, and Point of Sale. Accounting Plus II for Apple II. CALL FOR CONFIGURATION AND PRICING!

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The MEDICAL MANAGER is a powerful office management tool for running all the accounting functions of today's medical office. This menu driven program can maintain multiple doctor practices, generate all financial reports, allow automatic third party insurance billing and has password protection for data security. Every medical practice should have this valuable program.

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with MEMORY SHIFT you assign specific amounts of memory to 9 partitions or screens all of which can contain a different program, say you're typing a document In a wordprocessor and you'd like to include some calculations. Simply push a key and call up screen 6 which contains your spreadsheet. Do your calculations and automatically Incorporate them Into your document. IT'S like having 9

IBM'S IN ONE. CALL MICROHOUSE FOR MORE INFORMATION!

MICROHOUSE PRICE: $95.00

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research inc., IBM is a registred trademark of international Business Machines, Apple Is a registered trademark of Apple computers.

Prices may vary with different formats. Not all programs are available for all formats. All prices and specifications are subject to change without notice. Please call or write for specifics.

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System Review

Little Big Computer

The TRS-80 Model 100 Portable Computer

Rich Malloy, Technical Editor

Way back in 1977, Radio Shack introduced the TRS-80 Microcomputer System, a computer we now know as the Model I. It was not the first microcomputer to become available, but it was one of the first complete computer systems to be offered to the general public. The Model I subsequently spawned a whole line of microcomputers. The familiar gray-and-black motif became a standard feature of small businesses all over the country, and Radio Shack became one of the country's leading computer manufacturers. Now, six years after the Model I, Radio Shack releases the TRS-80 Model 100 (see photo 1), which by its small size, its off-white color, and its easy-to-use features seems to signal a new direction for the Texas company, a direction that may prove to be as significant as that of the original Model I.

BH

.

Photo 1: The TRS-80 Model 100 Portable Computer.

In brief, the Model 100 is a big computer in a little package. It features a large (8-line by 40-character) LCD (liquid-crystal display), a standard-size keyboard, a lowpower version of the 8085 microprocessor, 32K bytes of ROM (read-only memory), 8 to 32K bytes of RAM (random-access read/write memory), and a cassette interface. It also includes a built-in direct-connect modem with auto-dial and auto-log-on capabilities, an RS-232C serial port, a parallel printer port, a real-time clock/calendar, and even an interface for a bar-code reader. And that's just the hardware. The built-in software includes an easyto-use text editor, a Microsoft BASIC interpreter, a communications program for the modem, and an addressbook and appointment-schedule program. This all comes in a box that weighs less than 4 pounds and is smaller than the manual for the Model I. The price ranges from $799 to $1134, depending on the amount of memory you need. Overall, this is a well-designed, integrated machine that should prove to be very useful to a large number of people.

The Model 100 is not perfect for everyone, however. Serious hardware hackers will be frustrated by the inability to swap boards. Software enthusiasts will want more RAM and some disk storage. And professional writers will need a larger display and a lot more memory. Taken in its own context, however, the Model 100 is an extremely successful design. It should be quite useful for three groups: businesspeople who need a portable workstation, advanced computer users who need a portable terminal for their main system, and

14 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Lie

Test drive our mouse.

K _a

i i

2.6 in Hi 1 lit

m

J.

1

Slim, compact size allows brisk moves in any direction.

It's no secret. This is certainly "The Year of the Mouse."

And the uproar is justified.

This "see and point" interface is the most natural, powerful and efficient way to interact with your computer.

And Mouse Systems' optical PC Mouse, now available with software support for the IBM PC, is easily the best of its breed; easily the best at making your computer userfriendly.

Grasp The Future of PC Technology

Slide our PC Mouse across its deskpad. It's optical. There are no moving parts. Your cursor instantly moves across your CRT in response.

No other device gives you such total, accurate control over cursor positioning.

The ergonomically designed PC Mouse is so smooth and natural in its movements, you'll soon be using it almost subconciously.

Your attention can thus remain on the screen and not on the keyboard, and your concentration will be increased dramatically.

PC Mouse lets you use this new freedom to take full advantage of today's "visual" software products.

(For a truly enlightening experience, ask your dealer to demo PC Mouse with IBM's Personal Editor.)

PC Mouse vs. The Keyboard

Named Mini/Micro's most significant new product of 1982, PC Mouse lets you bypass your keyboard

VisiCalc is a trademark of VisiCorp.

Wordstar is a trademark of Micro-Pro, Intl.

IBM and PC are registered trademarks of International Business Machines

for instant menu selection and function activation.

And PC Mouse requires no changes in your existing software. All cursor-related functions in Wordstar, VisiCalc, and other popular programs are replaced by the mouse.

In one darting stroke, you eliminate the pondering and second-guessing of typing complicated command codes.

For systems designers and OEM's PC Mouse's potential is staggering.

Simplicity, Itself

Just attach the PC Mouse to your PC's RS-232 port.

Each of the three buttons is user-programmable, giving you nine different functions at your fingertips.

And our software compatability assures instant system integration and simple start up.

Get It Now

PC Mouse is immediately available for $332.00 including pcMouse keeps your control software and all necessary Mention on your data,

r ln,, no not on your keyboard.

hardware for your IBM PC.

For ambitious software developers, the

optional $40.00 MouseWindow™ software package

includes routines to do high resolution graphics and "pop-up" windows. An OEM version of PC Mouse can also be supplied in quantity now, configured to your custom specifications.

For more details see your dealer, or contact Mouse Systems at 2336H Walsh Avenue, Santa Clara, CA 95051. Telephone (408) 988-0211 or Telex 467848.

VA&A

Mouse Systems

Making Computers User Friendly.

Circle 317 on inquiry card.

© 1983, Mouse Systems Corporation.

I

Photo 2: A close-up of the liquid-crystal display of the Model 100. The display size is 8 lines by 40 characters (64 by 240 pixels).

IT T.|;:;f"vTli::s,

i I I B 71

i '"■ It 11 ■'■'■■ l£ ■ H ; H ' i •WmmM

Photo 3: The complete character set of the Model 100

Photo 4: The Model 100's keyboard

novices who want to experiment with a useful, powerful computer for a fairly modest cost.

Physical Dimensions

Because desk space tends to get crowded and briefcases rapidly fill, the size of a portable computer is a key factor. As for the Model 100, if you can make space for a standard 3-ring binder, you have more than enough room for this machine. The dimensions are 11% by 81/, by 2 inches, similar to the Epson HX-20. The weight is 3 pounds, 14 ounces.

The computer's case is off-white, a color that is becoming popular with Radio Shack. The top of the unit shows the display, a low-battery indicator, and the keyboard. On the right side are an on/off switch, a dial for adjusting the LCD's brightness, and an AC adapter connector. On the left side are the bar-code-reader connector and two switches for the modem (direct/acoustic and originate/

answer). The rear panel contains the phone connector, the cassette connector, a printer connector, an RS-232C connector, and a well-protected Reset button. The bottom of the unit features the battery compartment, a compartment for an expansion ROM module and an external bus connector, and a RAM power switch (to be turned off only when the machine will not be used for an extended period).

The Display

The first thing you notice about the Model 100, besides its size, is the LCD shown in photo 2. The Model 100 can display 8 lines of 40 characters each. That's a little less than half of the typical home computer screen. It also can display graphics with a resolution of 240 by 64 pixels. Each character is composed of a 5- by 7-pixel area. Lowercase descenders on letters such as p and q make use of the row of pixels below the character area that is normally used to separate lines. The bottom line of charac

16 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

S-100 World News

MACROTECH International Corporation

22133 Cohasset Street, Canoga Park, California 91303 • 213-887-5737

Image achieved by DGS' CAT 1600 Series color video graphic workstation. Picture courtesy of Digital Graphic Systems, Inc. See story below.

GRAPHICS:

NOW MAXIMIZED

CANOGA PARK-March 30, 1983-The decreasing costs and increasing density of memory made possible the present boom in digital graphics. Graphic systems designers are now able to take another major step with the introduction of MAX-M, a one megabyte memory board for S1983. As large size system memory and multi-megabyte Virtual Disk, MAX-M opens up major new low cost implementations.

Wayne Maw, Director of R&D for RGB Dynamics, Salt Lake City, Utah, reports, "My application is dependent on speed. With the Macrotech dynamic board, I have the needed speed'.' The RGB system is a Z80-based, high resolution color directory system for shopping malls, due for April release.

Empirical Research Group of Kent, Washington, creates a state-of-the-art high resolution color video graphics system by integrating their fast 68000 computer, Macrotech system memory, and the color video image processor from Digital Graphic Systems, Inc., Palo Alto, California. Radcliffe Goddard of Digital Graphics states, "High speed image processing requires large system memory to provide instantaneous display frame paging"

The demand for MAX-M by the graphics industry was nearly instantaneous following the initial Macrotech announcement. M

MAX-256K to 1M S-100 Memory

CANOGA PARK-March 30,1983-Mike Pelkey, Macrotech International president, today released details of the revolutionary MAX line of S-100 memory boards. Pelkey stated: "IEEE-696 now has a new standard for dynamic memory. The MAX product line offers 256K to 1M, at a price that ranges down to less than S0.00023 per bit'.' Pelkey continued, "The MI product line now includes our ultra fast (70 ns) 128K static memory, with battery backup capability, plus the 150 ns dynamic memories—in every 128K step from 256K through 1M (1024K) bytes, and add-on kits to permit field upgrade of sizes'.'

The extreme density of the MAX family is made possible through the use of proprietary PALs (programmable array logic). Also stated as available for add-on to any size MAX is

PRICE INDEX

SIZE

P/N

PRICE

Static Memory 128K

128-ST

$1232

Dynamic Memory 256 K

MAX-256

$1108

24-bit 384K

MAX-384

1292

Addressing 512K

MAX-512

1647

768 K

MAX-768

1815

896 K

MAX-896

1899

1M

MAX-M

1983

With 16-bit M3 Addressing option, add $91

FROM/TO

P/N

PRICE

Upgrade Kits 256K/384K

MKT-2/3

$ 192

256K/512K

MKT-2/5

692

256K/768K

MKT-2/7

876

256K/896K

MKT-2/8

967

256K/1M

MKT-2/M

1060

384K/512K

MKT-3/5

600

384K/768K

MKT-3/7

784

384K/896K

MKT-3/8

876

384K/1M

MKT-3/M

968

512K/768K

MKT-5/7

284

512K/896K

MKT-5/8

376

512K/1M

MKT-5/M

468

768K/896K

MKT-7/8

192

768K/1M

MKT-7/M

284

896K/1M

MKT-8/M

192

M3 option

MKT-M3

121

Software (provided on 8" d

sk)

Virtual Disk for MP/M II* an

d CP/M 2.2

CP/M 3.0* Bios modules,

CP/M memory tests

$ 25

Manuals (sold separately)

128/ST

$ 15

MAX Technical Manual

15

Macrotech's popular M3 memory mapping architecture. M3 permits the 16-bit address space of an 8-bit processor to be dynamically mapped in 4K pages into as much as 16 megabytes of physical memory.

Parity error detection and 8/16 bit data transfer capabilities are provided as standard on the MAX series memory board. M

Software for W Available

BURBANK-March 30, 1983-"M3 bank switching for 8-bit processors is much more useful with the new creative systems programs',' states Dan West of Westcom Systems Inc. MP/M II* disk intensive applications are greatly improved with the new Virtual Disk routines now available through Macrotech OEM's and dealers for their M3 memory boards.

Westcom Systems, as the software consulting firm for Macrotech, has also provided subroutine listings to easily incorporate M3 mapping into the new CP/M 3.0* (CP/M Plus*) Bios module. The advantages of CP/M 3.0* with disk buffering, hashed directories, and user program expansion go hand in hand with Macrotech's flexible "bank switched" memory capabilities.

All Macrotech software and manuals are available through Dan West's CompuServe account #70250,102.

Leave comments/questions as E-Mail.

These new techniques can combine the above features with custom needs of the future, such as printer buffering, multi-page display and memory-intensive graphics displays.

The software listings are included in the Macrotech memory board manuals and are optionally available on 8" diskettes, ffl

•CP/M 3.0. CP/M Plus, and MP/M II are recisiered trademarks of Di«ilal Research Inc.

Circle 271 on inquiry card.

At a Glance

Name

Software

TRS-80 Model 100 Portable

Text editor, BASIC interpreter.

Computer

communications program.

address-book program, and

Manufacturer

appointment-calendar

Radio Shack

program

One Tandy Center

Forth Worth. TX 76102

Documentation

Reference manual: 200

Uses

pages, spiral-bound

Portable word processing.

Pocket manual: 40 pages

programming, and

telecommunications

Price

8K bytes RAM: S799

Dimensions

24K bytes RAM: S999

1 \% by8'/4 by 2 inches

32K bytes RAM: SI 134

(3 pounds, 14 ounces)

Options

Features

Phone connector (S 19.95),

8-line by 40-character liquid

printer cable |S 14.95),

crystal display, full-size, full

cassette cable (S5.95). and

travel keyboard, 8085

acoustic adapter for modem

microprocessor, 32K bytes of

(approximately S50, to be

ROM, 8K to 32K bytes of

available 3rd quarter 1983)

RAM, cassette interface, built

in direct-connect modem, RS

232C interface, parallel printer

interface, real-time

clock/calendar, bar-code

reader Interface, and

piezoelectric tone generator

ters can be used either as part of the display or as a line of labels for eight function keys.

The full 96-character ASCII (American National Standard Code for Information Interchange) set can be displayed along with 128 extra foreign and graphics symbols (see photo 3). Some of these graphics symbols are nonstandard and cannot be printed on Radio Shack printers. Reverse video characters are available, but apparently not through BASIC.

The screen contrast is fairly good, but decreases quickly as you move away from an optimum viewing angle of about 60 degrees from the horizontal. Contrast can be adjusted with a dial on the right side of the machine. I had no problem reading the display whether it was on a desk or on my lap. The LCD does tend to reflect ceiling lights, however, and this could be a problem in certain offices. Placing the unit on your lap should solve this problem somewhat.

As in most displays, scrolling is done line by line, rather than pixel by pixel (smooth scrolled). The display seems a little slower than most video displays, but not objectionably so. Although the display is smaller than the typical home display—and a great deal smaller than the typical 80 by 24 office display—I grew accustomed to it fairly easily. It is a very good size for menus. The main problem occurs with tabular material wider than 40 columns. But tables tend to be a problem on all

machines, and fortunately such tables do not occur frequently in general correspondence.

The large size of the characters and the nonflickering quality of the LCD caused me much less eyestrain than the usual cathode-ray tube display.

The Keyboard

The second most obvious thing about the Model 100 is its full-size keyboard (see photo 4). While the display is obviously limited by the small size of the unit, the keyboard exhibits few signs of compromise. In fact, it is one

While the Model 100s display was

obviously limited by the small size

of the unit, the keyboard exhibits

few signs of compromise.

of the nicest keyboards I've used on any machine, large or small.

Most of the keys are in the standard Selectric-style arrangement. The Backspace, Control, and Return keys are in their usual places. The cursor control keys are located just above the Backspace key and are arranged in a horizontal row (L-R-U-D). This cursor key arrangement is fairly common, but I much prefer a diamond arrangement for these keys.

The keyboard is controlled by its own microprocessor, and it has a good type-ahead buffer. No matter how fast I typed, no characters were dropped. Key repeat is also provided.

Special shift keys marked Code and Graph allow you to key in all 256 of the Model 100's characters directly from the keyboard.

Twelve function keys are located above the main keyboard. Four of these are permanently marked and have constant functions in all the application programs that come with the machine. "Paste" works as a Block Insert key; "Label" turns the line of function key labels on and off; "Print" is used to print either the contents of the display or an entire file; and "Break/Pause" either terminates or temporarily halts execution of a process, depending on whether the key is cap shifted or not.

The other eight function keys are programmable and are not permanently labeled although they tend to have the same function in each application program. This is a good design feature. As mentioned previously, the bottom line of the display can be used as a label for these keys. Unfortunately, the labels do not line up exactly with the keys. These keys also have interrupt capabilities that could be put to use by advanced computer users.

A "Num" key converts some of the keys into a slanted numeric keypad. Because I'm not a numeric touch-typist, I couldn't test how easy this strange configuration would be to work with. If a numeric keypad is important to you, I suggest you test this keypad in the store to see if you can work with it.

18 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 219 on inquiry card.

leavywei at a lo outweighs

oking for

competition.

!T'l Mi ii i

•*\"<S^

IBC MIDDI CADET1

Maximum Users Disk Storage Memory CPU Speed

Benchmark (Elapsed time)

List Price

9

20 MB

256 KB * *

6 MHz

1:44 Minutes*

$7495.00

ALTOS™ ACS 8000-10

Maximum Users Disk Storage Memory CPU Speed

Benchmark (Elapsed time)

List Price

10 MB

208 KB

4 MHz

5:03 Minutes'

$7995.00

The IBC MIDDI Cadet is better, faster and less expensive than the ALTOS ACS-8000-10 and others. That's why we call it the heavyweight performer.

Because the MIDDI is completely software compatible with ALTOS, ONYX"'', Dynabyte7" and others using CP/M'M 2.2, MP/M™ II or OASISrM, you can transport your applications software to the MIDDI without modification. So why not take the benchmark test yourself.

If you are an OEM, system integrator, multiple end user, or dealer for any of our competitors,

send a copy of your application program to IBC. We will run your software on the MIDDI without

modification and give you the elapsed time in minutes. You be the judge. If it really is faster

than your current hardware and it is, then you owe it to yourself and your customers to switch to

IBC.

So remember! When you want a heavyweight performer at a low price, contact: t

OUTSIDE THE USA

WITHIN THE USA

21592 Marilla Street 4185 Harrison Blvd.. Suite 301

Chatsworth. CA 91311 Ogden, UTAH 84403

(213)882-9007 TELEX NO 215349 (801)621-2294

Al IOS is a trademark of AUOS Cornputor Sylems, ONYX is a trademark ol Onyx System! Computers. CP/M ft MP/M are trademarks ot Digital Research, and OASIS is a trodemat

Upgradeable to

Inc . PYNABYTE is a I of Phase One Svsleri

Photo 5: Inside the Model 100. On the right side are the undersides of the liquid-crystal display (top) and keyboard (bottom). The left side shows the main circuitry. The modem circuitry is in the upper left-hand corner. The random-access memory is in the lower left-hand corner. The 80C85 microprocessor is in the central part of the left side.

One slight problem with the keyboard is the sound each key makes. It's not a click exactly; it's more like a pop—a quite audible pop. In fact, a plane full of business executives typing on these machines might drown out the engine noise. That, of course, is an exaggeration, but the key-popping may cause a slight problem in quiet places such as libraries. Admittedly this is a small complaint, but if I were Radio Shack I would investigate putting some type of sound-dampener under the keys.

Systems Strategies/Communications Division

Specialists in Data Communications Software

225 West 34th Street

New York, New York 10001

(212)279-8400

• Custom software to allow your product to Interface networks and emulate other vendors equipment

• Software that Is Installed and currently being utilized by computer and terminal manufacturers on Zilog Z-80, Z8000, Intel 8086, etc.

• Product oriented communications software compatible with SNA, X.25, BSC for product developers to Insure timely, cost effective marketplace entry

• Close contact with your engineers to adapt our software to your hardware

• Software in 'C, Pascal and Assembler

• Microcomputer systems development

Processor

The Model 100 uses the 80C85 microprocessor chip, a low-power CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) version of the 8085, which is a well-respected member of the 8080 family. The clock speed for the microprocessor is 2.4 MHz. One of the advantages of the 8085 is its extensive interrupt capabilities, which, as we will see later, are well exploited by the Model 100's BASIC interpreter.

Memory

Each Model 100 contains 32K bytes of ROM. This is used to store a small menu-based operating system and five application programs. As for RAM, you have a choice of 8, 16, 24, or 32K bytes. The 8K-byte RAM machine sells for $799. Each additional 8K bytes of RAM costs $120 plus a $15 installation charge. Thus, a 24K-byte machine should cost $799 plus $240 plus $15, or $1054. Radio Shack, however, is offering a special price for the 24K-byte machine of $999—a savings of $55. A full 32K-byte machine should then cost $135 more, or $1134.

The RAM is of the low-power CMOS type, and it is protected by its own power supply. This memory is powered at all times, whether the machine is on or off. Even after main battery failure, memory power continues for 8 to 32 days. There are apparently only three ways to wipe out the contents of memory: letting the batteries run down and not replacing them for a long time, initiating a cold start or Reset, or turning off the memory power switch on the bottom of the machine (which should be done only when the machine will not be used for an extended period of time).

As on most 8-bit processor machines, the maximum addressable memory space is 64K bytes. The memory appears to be allocated as follows: the bottom 32K bytes of memory (addresses 0 through 31999) are taken up by the ROM. The first 8K bytes of RAM fills the top 8K bytes of memory. Each additional 8K bytes of RAM is installed in the next highest 8K bytes of memory. The topmost part of the first 8K bytes of RAM is used by the computer's operating system for display memory and to store pointers for the BASIC programs and document files. These files are stored in the lowest part of RAM. The part of RAM between the pointers at the top and the files at the bottom can then be used for new files or for arrays for the BASIC programs. With a 32K-byte RAM machine, you have 29.6K bytes of RAM free; with the 8K-byte RAM machine, you have only 5.1K bytes of RAM free.

Future ROM modules for the ROM expansion socket will occupy the same address space as the built-in 32K-byte ROM. You will then be able to switch between the two banks of ROM available.

Some advanced users may feel limited with only 32K bytes of RAM. But programs such as the text editor reside outside of the precious RAM area. Also, the display eats up very little RAM. The result is that you can use almost the entire RAM area for document storage.

20 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Ire

1

Circle 434 on inquiry card.

Circle 474 on inquiry card..

OPEN YOUR APPLE TO A WORLD OF COMMUNICATION

Videx' new PSIO Dual Function Interface CArd gives you a whole' new world of communication... with a whole new ease of operation.

7 he PSIO allows you to use a printer (parallel output) • and a modem (serial I/O* port) simultaneously, through use of just one card! But best of all, * the PSIO makes communicating through cither method worlds easier than it's ever been before, /he PSIO lets you choose from among an unmatched range of software-selectable options, including variable baud rate selection, form width, form length, auto linefeed, linefeed mas Xon/Xoff protocol, lowercas masking, shift wire mod suppor., duplex mode, parity, data format, video echo mode and a slot echo mode. PSIO can also open up new worlds for graphics, since it can reproduce your picture on any graphics printer/Rotate your picture, enlarge it, change it as you wish.

Once you've chosen your options, the PSIO's "highly sophisticated NOVRAM (non-volatile RAM) will remember and permanently save-them. That means you won't have to give the same config• urations over and over again ... your PSIO will do it for you. And if you want to change those configurations, you can do it through software instead of through the confusing array of switches that

other cards use.

*

7he PSIO will work with any rinter/modem you now happen to own. . .and it will work with * any printer/modem you happen to r purchase in the future. Adaptable? Definitely! ' .

7"he PSIO is. completely compatible with BASIC, Pascal and CP/M* systems.

The PSIO from Videx... how in the world 'nMMh9iJtit?!

897 N.W. Grant Avenue, Corvallis, OR 97330 503-758-0521

Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer Inc.

The machine I used had 32K bytes of RAM, and after about 25 hours of typing notes and running BASIC programs, I still had about 16K bytes of RAM left. Even with the 24K-byte machine, I think I would probably run out of batteries or things to write about before I ran out of memory.

I enjoyed using this type of protected RAM. It was a pleasure knowing that I did not immediately have to save everything and that whatever I put into memory would stay there until I deleted it. Still, on this or any other machine, irreplaceable files should be backed up.

Power Supply

For a portable computer that depends on RAM for data storage, the power supply is a crucial issue. On the Model 100, power is supplied by four AA batteries or by the optional AC adapter. Operating life of the batteries is about 20 hours. This time can be shortened if excessive use is made of the various interfaces (modem, cassette, printer, RS-232C). Because these interfaces will probably be used primarily within reach of an AC socket, this power drain should not be a big problem. The low-battery indicator lights when 20 minutes of battery power are left. I used the machine for about 15 hours, making extensive use of the printer and cassette interfaces, before the low-battery indicator went on. And then the machine continued for another hour and a half before it finally died. That seems to be ample warning to get more batteries.

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The Model 100's volatile memory is protected by its own power supply, a separate nicad (nickel-cadmium) battery that is continually recharged by the main batteries or by the AC adapter. When the main batteries fail, the nicad battery will continue to power the memory for an extended period of time, depending on the amount of RAM you have. With 8K bytes of RAM, you have 32 days before the memory is lost. Even with 32K bytes, you still have 8 days to get new batteries.

Modem

In keeping with its portable nature, the Model 100 was given extensive communications capability. A key element in this design is its built-in direct-connect modem. All you need is the optional phone connector ($19.95) and you can plug into any standard modular phone jack. If a modular phone jack is not available, you can use an optional acoustic adapter with any regular phone.

The modem is a standard Bell 103-compatible version with a transmission rate of 300 bps (bits per second). Auto-dialing capability is also included. However, it can dial only in the pulse mode, like a standard rotary-dial telephone. Radio Shack says it would have liked to add tone-dialing capability, but it was not available on lowpower CMOS chips. If you have a private telephone system that can handle only tone-dialing, you will have to dial manually. The pulse dialing rate, by the way, can be set at either 10 or 20 pulses per second.

You have the option of using several serial communications parameters: the word length can be either 6, 7, or 8 bits. Parity can be handled in one of four ways: Ignore, Even, Odd, or No parity. The number of stop bits can be either 1 or 2. And the pause/continue protocol frequently indicated as XON/XOFF or <CtI S> / < Ctl Q> can be enabled or disabled.

The Model 100's modem in combination with its ROMbased communications program presents a quite powerful package. The only thing I might want to have added is auto-answer capability, but this might not be a costeffective option. After all, a portable machine like this will probably not be in one place long enough to receive phone calls.

RS-232C Interface

The Model 100 also has an RS-232C serial connector for connecting to serial printers, other computers, or high-speed (1200-bps) modems. This interface uses the same circuitry as the modem, and all communications parameters for the modem will likewise affect the RS-232C connector. Unlike the modem, however, the RS-232C port has a wide range of transmission rates: from 75 to 19,200 bps.

Parallel Printer Interface

For connections to most printers, the Model 100 has a parallel printer port. This takes the form of a 26-pin, dual-row connector on the rear panel of the machine. An optional connector cable converts this to a standard

22 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Ire

Circle 280 on inquiry card.

/

BOXED IN THE CORNER BY YOUR SMALL BUSINESS COMPUTER?

The trouble with many of today's better known small business computers is they box you into a single user system. So after your big initial investment you still have a single user system. You always will.

Now there's the Ze/iS 4 from OSM Computers. The Zeys 4 is the first multi-user, multi-processor micro at single userprices.lhe Zejus 4 is less than one cubic foot and weighs 24.6 pounds.

Yet, it's like four separate, powerful small business computers in one. It allows up to four users to share a common data base or work independently. Each has his own CPU, 64K of RAM and I/O ports. That means greater operator independence, more processor power and greater reliability.

You needn't worry about running out of storage capacity either. The Zej^s 4 comes with a built-in hard disk so users share up to 19MB of storage, about twice as much as most other multi-user systems.

You'll enjoy maximum flexibility in software applications too, because Zeps 4's MUSE operating system runs programs compatible with CP/M. Plus MUSE provides extensive file management functions typically found only on mini computers.

Here's another big advantage: The Ze/xs 4 is

designed for low maintenance, low down-time. Its four modules snap in and out with a few minutes work So if repairs are ever needed, modules are simply replaced through OSM's limited warranty program.

Maybe the best thing is that you can buy the powerful and expandable Zejis 4 for $4,595 ($6,595 fully configured for four users).

The Zeys 4 from OSM, the latest in a family of powerful, multi-user small business computers. It's the little box that lets you grow without boxing you in.

To find out more, call (800) 538-5120 or (415) 961-8680 in California or write to OSM Computer Corporation, 665 Clyde Avenue, Mountain View, CA 94043.

Computers. Your power to expand.

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc

Ze*iS 4 and MUSE are trademarks of OSM Computer Corporation.

© 1983 OSM Computers.

Circle 345 on Inquiry card.

Centronics-type plug. I was surprised they didn't put a standard Centronics jack on the machine itself.

The Print key prints out through this interface. I connected the Model 100 to a Radio Shack Lineprinter VIII and it worked without any problem, except for a few of the Model 100's nonstandard graphics symbols that could not be printed.

Cassette Interface

Besides uploading and downloading files over the telephone lines, you can also store files on a cassette. The Model 100's cassette interface stores information at the rate of 1500 bps. This translates to about 20 seconds for a 150-word letter. When you load files from the cassette, the Model 100 lets you hear the bit stream. Because this is not the most pleasant of sounds, you can turn this feature off with a BASIC command.

Other Features

The Model 100 has several other features worth mention. A real-time clock/calendar indicates the time of day, the date, and even the day of the week. A piezoelectric sound generator functions as a speaker and allows you to generate musical notes without using too much power. An automatic power-off feature is also included. After 10 minutes of not being used, the machine turns itself off to save battery power. This time interval can be lengthened or shortened or it can be disabled.

DEVELOPMENT HARDWARE/SOFTWARE GTEK MODEL 7128 EPROM PROGRAMMER

Microprocessor based intelligence for ease of use and interface. You send the data, the 7128 takes care of the rest. RS-232 interface and ASCII data formats make the 7128 compatible with virtually any computer with an RS-232 serial interface port.

Auto-select baud rate. Use with or without handshaking. Bidirectional Xon/Xoff supported. CTS/DTR supported. Devices supported as of DEC 82. NMOS NMOS CMOS EEPROM MPU'S 2758 2S08 27C16 5213 8748

2716 2516 27C32 X2816 8749

2732 2532 C6716 48016 8741

2732A 2564 27C64 8742

2764 68766 8751

27128 8755 8755

Read pin compatible ROMS also. Automatic use of proper program voltage based on type selected.

Menu driven eprom type selection, no personality modules required.

(40 pin devices require adapter) INTEL, Motorola and MCS-86, Hex formats. Split facility for 16 bit data-paths. Read, program, and formatted list commands also. Interupt driven type ahead, program and verify real time while sending data. Program single byte, block, or whole eprom. Intelligent diagnostics discern between eprom which is bad and one which merely needs erasing.

Gtek

INC.

• Verify erasure and compare commands.

• Busy light indicates when power is being applies to program socket.

• Complete with TEXTOOL zero insertion force socket and integral 120 VAC power supply. (240 VAC/50HZ available also)

• High Performance/Cost ratio.

• •• Model 7128 PRICE $389.00 ••.

MODEL 7128 SOCKET ADAPTERS

MODEL 481 allows programming of 8748,

8749, 8741, 8742 single chip processors.

Price $98.00

MODEL 511 allows programming the 8751, Intel's high powered single chip processor. Price $174.00 MODEL 755 allows programming the 8765 EPROM/IO chip

Prlco $135.00 MODEL 7128/24 - budget version of the 7128. Supports 24 pin parts thru 32K only. Upgradable to full 7128 capacity.

Price $289.00

Non-expandable, very low cost models available for specific devices. MODEL 7128-L1 for 2716 only $149.00 MODEL 7128-L2 for 2732 only $179.00

Also available from stock:

Eprom Erasers UVP model DE-4 . . $78.00

Avocet Systems Cross Assemblers $200.00

RS-232 Cable Assemblies $25.00

Programmable Devices call

Complete development systems . $3240.00

Post Office Box 289

Waveland, Mississippi 39576

(601) 467-8048

Options

Perhaps the most valuable option is the phone connector cable. This cable, which sells for $19.95, allows you to insert the Model 100 between a standard modular phone and its phone jack. The cable package also includes automatic log-on sequences for CompuServe and the Dow Jones News/Retrieval services, plus membership in these services and one hour's free time on each. That's quite a bit for $20.

The cassette cable comes free with the optional Radio Shack cassette recorder or can be purchased separately for $5.95. The printer cable for connecting a printer to the Model 100's parallel port costs $14.95.

For people who may not have access to a modular phone jack (as in certain hotel rooms or in phone booths), Radio Shack will be offering an acoustic adapter that consists of two cups that fit onto a regular telephone handset. This should be available some time this summer for about $50.

The bar-code reader is designed to work with a Hewlett-Packard bar-code wand. Software for this option will probably be available at some future time.

The Model 100 also allows for options that have not yet been announced. On the bottom of the machine is a compartment for a 32K-byte ROM module. We can only speculate about what type of software Radio Shack will put on such a chip (a mini-spreadsheet program?). Also in this compartment is a 40-pin external bus connector. Radio Shack is not telling, but this would seem to be perfect for adding storage devices or a larger display.

Software

It has frequently been said that you should buy a machine not for its hardware but for its software. Microsoft, the designer of the Model 100's software, really took that maxim to heart. On top of the impressive collection of hardware that makes up the Model 100 is an equally impressive collection of software. This is one computer you can start using immediately; you won't have to wait six months to a year for the software to be developed.

Not only are the various software packages extensive, easy to use, and of fairly good quality, but they also work well with each other and are all crammed into just 32K bytes of ROM. Of course, judging software is a subjective task, but if you keep in mind the design goal of the machine—an easy-to-use portable workstation—I'm sure you'll agree that this goal has been reached and then some.

When the machine is turned on, a simple operating system is engaged and the system's main menu appears. This shows the time, the date, the amount of free memory available, and a list of all the files in memory. The five built-in application programs are listed with no filename extension. Document files all have the extension ".DO"; BASIC programs have the extension ".BA".

Choosing a particular file to work with is easy. You simply move the cursor over that file name and press Return. If a document or BASIC program is chosen, the

24 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 211 on inquiry card.

UUY DESIGNED

SEC

Modal #002 in Walnut with DEC Rainbow 100.

Modal #001 in English Oak with Texas Instruments Professional Computer.

Modal #002 in Almond with IBM Display writer and Printer.

SECURITY: The Compucart is the first computer workstation to provide security for both the hardware and software. Simply return the keyboard to the closed position, close the doors and roll down the double walled tambour door and one key locks it all up.

ERGONOMICS: The keyboard and the focal distance to the display are adjustable to suit the individual needs of each user. The user simply places the work directly behind the keyboard and in front of the display in the normal line of sight virtually eliminating unnecessary reach and head/neck movement. Even the pitch of the work is adjustable, with the Compucart you need not compromise your comfort.

MOBILITY: Since the Compucart is on four twin wheel casters, you may move the computer/terminal from place to place to take advantage of the multi-tasking abilities of the hardware. With its compact size (requires 4 sq. ft floorspace) the Compucart fits into any existing environment, allowing you to use the computer in places that yeu thought just didn't have the room.

MORE INFORMATION: Give us a call toll free at 800/237-9024 or ask your computer or office furniture dealer to call for you. We have the only computer workstation that will keep it all securely together for you.

circle 110 on inquiry card. P.O. Box 2095, Tampa, FL 33601-2095 Telephone (813) 251-2431 CAU.TOLLFREE l-«00/237-9024

Patent Pending

text editor or BASIC interpreter, respectively, is automatically invoked. Typical operating-system functions such as file deleting are handled in BASIC.

When you finish with a particular file or program, you press one of the function keys marked Menu. This closes your file and returns you to the main menu again. Having the complete list of files appear on each warm boot, as it were, is a particularly good idea. It makes the system extremely easy to use and would save time on any operating system.

The five application programs included as standard equipment are the following: a text editor (TEXT), a BASIC interpreter (BASIC), a communications program (TELCOM), an address-book program (ADDRSS), and an appointment-calendar program (SCHEDL). These programs work well with each other. TEXT can be used to edit BASIC programs or the data files used by TELCOM, ADDRSS, and SCHEDL. Also, TELCOM and ADDRSS share the same data file.

The Text Editor

TEXT will probably be the most used program on the Model 100. It is a full-fledged character-oriented editor (i.e., not a line editor) with word-wrapping, so that words are not broken mercilessly at the end of those 40-character lines. Owing to its compactness, it lacks many of the features found on large packages such as Wordstar or Perfect Writer, but it is well designed, simple to learn, and fairly powerful.

TEXT contains only the most needed functions of a word processor, but makes up for this shortage of functions by making those it has as easy to use as possible. These functions are Insert, Delete, Search (Find), Copy a block, Delete a block (Cut), Insert a block (Paste), Save on cassette, Load from cassette, Print, and Cancel any operation (Break). Note the use of familiar names such as Cut and Paste.

Using TEXT is simple. To create a file, you merely choose TEXT in the main menu. Because it's already in memory, TEXT "loads" in an instant and asks for a filename for your new file. After that everything you enter becomes part of that file. All controls are handled by function keys. You don't have to remember any control key combinations. For those who prefer them, however, each function key has a corresponding control key combination. Of course, if your text will later be used by another word processor, you can embed the necessary commands into your text.

An interesting thing about TEXT is that it is always in the Insert mode. In other words, you can't "write over" anything you've already written. You must insert the new material and delete the old or vice versa. This took a little while to get used to, but it actually makes a lot of sense and saves time. Most of the editing I do is either inserting or deleting, and this makes the first of the two a bit easier.

As I said earlier, some functions had to be left out, but some of these are quite useful. Perhaps they can be handled by small BASIC utilities. For example, a Search and Replace function could probably be handled by a short BASIC routine. Also, an indication of the file length (which is quite important on a machine with a small display) might be provided by a short BASIC wordcounter.

Lastly, the Print function allows you to print either the whole document file or just the contents of the display. It will print in whatever line length you want, and the lines will be word-wrapped. The only problem is you can't set the left margin. Again, a short BASIC routine could probably handle this also.

To test the performance of TEXT, I tried a little textediting benchmark. I timed how long it would take to retrieve a 150-word letter, change the date, the addressee, the address, and the salutation, and then store the new

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Circle 130 on inquiry card.

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Circle 159 on inquiry card.

CLOAD?

Verifies a previous cassette load

CLOADM

Loads a machine-language program

from cassette

COM ON/OFF/STOP

Enables/disables communications

interrupt

CSAVEM

Saves a machine-language program on

cassette

CSRLIN

Returns vertical cursor position

DATES

Represents the current date

(MM/DD/YY)

DAYS

Represents the day of the week

(e.g., Fri)

EDIT

Invokes text editor

ERL

Gets line number of error

ERR

Returns error-code number

FIX

Truncates real numbers

HIMEM

Returns high-memory address

INP

Inputs data from a port

INPUTS(N)

Inputs N characters from keyboard

INPUTS(N.F)

Inputs string of length N from file

numbered F

INSTR

Searches for a given string

IPL

Defines program to run on power-up

KEY

Defines function key as string

KEY LIST

Lists current functions of function keys

KEY ON/OFF/STOP

Enables/disables function-key interrupts

LCOPY

Copies screen to printer

LINE INPUT

Inputs string from keyboard

LPOS

Returns the current position of printer

head

MAXFILES

Represents the maximum number of

open files

MAXRAM

Returns the maximum amount of RAM

available

MDM ON/OFF/STOP

Enables/disables modem interrupt

MENU

Closes files and returns to main menu

ON COM GOSUB

Defines routine to handle RS-232C

interrupt

ON KEY GOSUB

Defines routine to handle function-key

interrupt

ON MDM GOSUB

Defines routine to handle modem

interrupt

ON TIMES GOSUB

Defines routine to handle clock interrupt

OPEN

Opens file and sets logical file number

OUT

Outputs a byte to processor port

POS

Returns horizontal screen position

POWER

Sets automatic power-down period

POWER CONT

Disables auto power-down feature

POWER OFF

Turns off machine

PRESET

Turns off pixel in display

PSET

Turns on pixel in display

RESUME

Resumes execution after error

SCREEN

Turns on/off function-key label line

SOUND

Generates a tone

SOUND ON/OFF

Enables/disables beep when carrier

signal comes on telephone line

SPACES

Defines a string of spaces

STRINGS

Defines a repetitive string of a given

character

TIMES

Represents the time of day (HH:MM:SS)

TIMES ON/OFF/STOP

Enables/disables time interrupt

VARPTR

Returns memory address of a given

variable

Table 1: Some selected commands found on the Model 100's

version of Microsoft BASIC.

letter. My average time on TEXT was about twice as long as it is when I use Magic Wand, the word processor on my 4-MHz, Z80-based office machine, with which I am quite familiar. Undoubtedly, some of this time difference is due to my inexperience with the portable unit; and some of it is due to the fact that TEXT is always in Insert

mode, and thus simple write-over corrections require twice as many keystrokes; but a large portion of the difference is due to the slowness of the Model 100's LCD versus the 9600-bps display on my office machine. Subjectively, however, the Model 100 "seemed" faster than my office machine because it did not need extra time to load the text editor and the document file from the disk and later store the document on disk and reload CP/M (do a warm boot).

This illustrates a nice feature of the Model 100. You don't have to wait for the disk drives or for the display tube to warm up. You can take the machine out of your desk drawer, turn it on, and be writing a memo in about 2 seconds.

Overall, I found TEXT to be a good product. It seems perfectly designed for the Model 100, almost like a hand in a glove. Even the novice user should be able to write a short letter on it in about an hour, and there aren't many word processors you can say that about.

BASIC

For the Model 100's BASIC interpreter, Radio Shack has again gone to its traditional source—Microsoft BASIC. Of course, a few commands are missing on the Model 100 version of MBASIC, but several more have been added to take advantage of the interrupt capabilities of the 8085 processor, and it is well integrated with the Model 100's other application programs.

Table 1 describes some selected commands. Of particular note are the interrupt-handling commands, which can work with the modem, the clock, the RS-232C port, and the function keys. For example, in a long program you can insert a routine to handle an interrupt from one of the function keys. Then, whenever that function key is pressed, control is automatically transferred to that routine. The program does not have to continually check the function keys to see if they have been pressed.

As mentioned before, some commands such as WHILE. . .WEND are missing, but these can be replaced with combinations of other commands.

As for performance, I timed the BASIC interpreter with the Eratosthenes Sieve benchmark described in the January issue of BYTE on page 283. The Model 100 took 2820 seconds for 10 iterations of the routine. Compare this with 2880 seconds for BASIC on the TRS-80 Model III, 2806 seconds for Applesoft BASIC on the Apple II, and 1950 seconds for BASIC on the IBM PC.

Like the other application programs, the BASIC interpreter is integrated with the text editor. The result is that you can edit your BASIC programs in two ways: either by using the common line-oriented approach or by using TEXT. To use the latter method, you merely type TEXT while in BASIC and your program will be translated into ASCII and TEXT will be invoked. When you leave TEXT, your program will be translated back into its normal tokenized form. Long programs can require a few seconds for these translations to occur.

The Model 100's BASIC is also well integrated with the machine itself. Every hardware port and interface seems

28 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE May 1983 29

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to be accessible from BASIC. Overall, this version of BASIC is fairly comprehensive and pretty fast for a portable machine.

TELCOM

In order to take advantage of the built-in modem, Radio Shack has provided the Model 100 with a built-in communications program, and a fairly powerful one at that.

With this program, you can automatically dial a database and execute the required log-on procedures. Once online, you simply press a function key to upload any of your document files onto the database or download a file onto your Model 100. Other function keys let you "echo" your communications to a printer or change from the full-duplex mode to half-duplex.

In the event a database sends you more than eight lines of text at once, Radio Shack has even supplied a function key that lets you refer back to the previous eight lines.

The upload routine includes a very important feature that, surprisingly, is frequently missing from communications software packages. When you upload a document, TELCOM will automatically format it to any line length that your database requires. This is important because some systems cannot handle lines that are longer than a certain length.

The TELCOM program can even be used as an autodialer for voice communication.

I found TELCOM a bit harder to use than TEXT or BASIC. The auto-dial and auto-log-on routines use special notation, which is a little hard to remember. Of course, auto-log-on procedures tend to be difficult to encode on any system. Fortunately, Radio Shack will help things by including auto-log-on procedures for both CompuServe and Dow Jones with its optional phone connector. Once these procedures are properly encoded on the Model 100, data communications become easy. In fact, some Radio Shack executives have their log-on procedures for Dow Jones set up so that all they have to do is turn the machine on, press a few keys, and a few seconds later the latest price of Tandy stock appears on their display.

ADDRSS and SCHEDL

Two simple programs are provided that can turn the Model 100 into an electronic address book and appointment calendar. ADDRSS can be used to store names, phone numbers, and addresses in a special file called "ADRS.DO", which is also used by TELCOM. Once the data has been stored in this file, you can use a function key marked Find to locate, for example, all records containing the string "Bill" or "Fort Worth." Uppercase/lowercase distinctions are disregarded.

SCHEDL works similarly to ADDRSS except that it uses dates and times rather than names and addresses. It stores this data in a file named "NOTE.DO". Using the Find key, you can quickly locate all records you've entered for a given date or time or all appointments you've made with a certain person.

30 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 12 on inquiry card.

Circle 422 on inquiry card.

Don't let prio ofowninga

Adding a printer to your computer makes sense. But deciding which printer to add can be tricky. Do you settle for a printer with limited functions and an inexpensive price tag or buy a more versatile printer that costs more than your computer? Neither choice makes sense.

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ADDRSS is pretty handy because it shares its data file with TELCOM. SCHEDL seems somewhat limited by contrast. It would have been nice if Radio Shack had incorporated the clock/calendar into it, but I imagine ROM space must have gotten pretty scarce by the time SCHEDL was added. Again, you could probably write a simple BASIC program to do this. For example, it could check the clock/calendar, then check each record of the NOTE.DO file, and sound some type of alarm when the two coincide. Such a program could automatically tell you when you have an appointment and with whom.

Possible Applications

With all this hardware and software, the Model 100 is well suited for a large number of applications. It should be a great tool for writers, programmers, businesspeople, and students. With the bar-code reader, it could even be used at the local supermarket. The Model 100 looks very flexible. It should be interesting to watch applications for it develop.

Limitations

As good as the Model 100 is, it does have certain limitations.

One is the lack of convenient mass storage. There will be times when you wish you could quickly load and store large documents or programs. Looking at the external bus connector on the bottom of the machine, I wouldn't

be surprised if Radio Shack already has a mass-storage device in the works. My guess is either a thin-line SVi-inch floppy disk or a large disk-simulating CMOS RAM module. Of course, 3J/2-inch floppies and bubble memory are also possibilities.

Another limitation is the display. Although it is of a useful size, it could be a hindrance, for example, in spreadsheet programs. Again, looking at that bus connector, I've got a feeling some type of video display is on someone's drawing board. Also, as LCDs get larger and larger, I wonder if 16-line by 80-character displays are that far down the road.

A small dot-matrix printer would be a useful accessory for the Model 100. Something on the order of the new briefcase-size typewriter from Brother would be handy.

We're completely in the dark as to what that extra ROM socket might be used for. The best bet is a minispreadsheet program. But I wouldn't be surprised if some type of disk operating system were in the works, or even some games. I'm sure Radio Shack will think of something.

Speaking of games, the bit-mapped graphics of the LCD and the interrupt capabilities of the machine might lend themselves nicely to possible game applications.

Documentation

The Model 100 comes with two manuals: a large 200-page spiral-bound manual and a small pocket-size

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32 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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34 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 450 On inquiry Card.

40-page booklet. The first chapter of the large manual explains how to get the system up and running in as short a time as possible. Later chapters describe each application program in great detail. Several appendixes contain various technical information.

The pocket manual is meant to be the one you take along on trips. It contains much the same information as in the first chapter, plus most of the technical information from the appendixes, in the large manual. I would have liked a reference card with all the application program commands on it, but most of these commands are fairly intuitive anyway. The pocket manual seems like a good compromise between a large, comprehensive manual and a short, incomplete reference card.

The manuals are well written. A novice user should be able to get the text editor working without too much trouble. BASIC and TELCOM may present some problems. Novices might find an introductory book on BASIC helpful. Although the TELCOM section may not be as easy as that for TEXT, it does not seem to be any harder than the databases you will be connecting to.

In addition to the ROM-based application programs, Radio Shack also includes some useful BASIC programs in its manual. For example, one of these will alphabetically sort all the records in your ADRS.DO file..

Summary

The TRS-80 Model 100 is an amazing machine. In one fell swoop, Radio Shack seems to have bypassed the "electronic cottage" and brought us the "electronic shopping bag."

Just out of curiosity I added up what it would roughly cost to buy the separate elements that make up the Model 100, that is, if you could buy them separately. There's the display, the keyboard, the processor, the memory, the modem, the RS-232C interface, the parallel printer interface, the clock/calendar, the cassette interface, the barcode-reader interface, the text editor, the BASIC interpreter, the communications program, and the addressbook and appointment-calendar programs. My rough estimate comes to about $1500, and that doesn't include the tremendous amount of time you would have to spend getting all these things to work together. No matter what your feelings are about the software or the size of the memory or display, I think you'll agree that, at $999 for a 24K-byte RAM machine, the Model 100 is a pretty good bargain.

A few weeks ago a short note on the Model 100 was leaked by the Wall Street Journal. Rumor has it that at least one person saw this note, promptly ran down to the local Radio Shack store, and placed an $800 deposit in a very surprised salesperson's hands.

Radio Shack could probably make money issuing just a mediocre portable computer. Instead, it produced an exceptional machine. The designers of this machine—including Bill Walters of Radio Shack, Bill Gates of Microsoft, and several others at both companies—should be congratulated. And I have a feeling they will be—all the way to the bank.B

XCOMP

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Whatever your system, there is a specific Microbuffer designed to accommodate it.

have a power-efficient lowconsumption design. Special functions include Basic listing formatter, self-test, buffer zap, and transparent and maintain modes. The 16K model is priced at $259 and the 32K, at $299.

FOR APPLE II COMPUTERS, Mircobuffer II features on-board firmware for text formatting and advanced graphics dump routines. Both serial and parallel versions

FOR EPSON PRINTERS, Microbuffer/E comes in two serial versions — 8K or 16K (upgradable to 32K) — and two parallel versions — 16K or 32K (upgradable to 64K). The serial buffer supports both hardware handshaking and XON-XOFF software handshaking at baud rates up to 19,200. Both interfaces are compatible with standard Epson commands, including GRAFTRAX-80 and GRAFTRAX-80+ . Prices range from $159 to $279.

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COMBINATIONS are served by the stand-alone Microbuffer In-line.

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Circle 365 on inquiry card.

Product Description

The Osborne Executive and Executive II

Adam Osborne's Improved Portable Computers

Jerry Poumelle

c/o BYTE Publications

POB 372

Hancock, NH 03449

When the Osborne 1 burst on the scene there was plenty of speculation. Would it survive? Would people buy it despite the small screen and generally unaesthetic appearance?

It didn't take long for those questions to be answered. The Osborne 1 is now one of the top-selling personal computers and is identified with the idea of a "portable computer." Osborne Computer Corporation also pioneered the concept of including software worth more than the cost of the machine.

Osborne's second and third computers have been the subject of even more speculation, but this time people at Osborne feel that they've done it right. The Osborne Executive features a larger, 7-inch screen with 24 lines of 80 characters each, two thin doubledensity disk drives, 128K bytes of memory, both CP/M Plus and the UCSD p-System operating systems, and all the previously available software plus a new database management system, Personal Pearl. The Executive II has all of the above features and an 8088 coprocessor board with 128K bytes of its own memory, high-resolution monochrome graphics, both the MSDOS and CP/M-86 operating systems, and the ability to run IBM Personal Computer programs. If that isn't enough, there are still more options.

Photo 1: The Osborne Executive two half-height disk drives, and across the bottom front of the co

Adam Osborne and the Osborne 1

I saw my first Osborne 1 computer when it was introduced at the West Coast Computer Faire two years ago. It's hard to remember just how radical an innovation the Osborne 1 was: a full Z80-based computer with the CP/M operating system, 64K bytes of memory, two 5V4-inch disk drives, a 5-inch screen with 24 lines of 52

characters each, a detachable keyboard, an RS232C serial port and a parallel port, and plenty of software, all in one package for $1795. The programs given away with the machine were some of the microcomputer industry's best: Wordstar, the topselling word-processing program; Supercalc, a Visicalc-like electronic spreadsheet; Microsoft BASIC, the standard BASIC; and CBASIC, a better business BASIC.

It looked like a natural—if Adam Osborne could produce the machines, and if the public would buy them.

Those issues weren't in doubt for long. The public had been waiting for an affordable, easy-to-use, businessquality computer. As the Osborne advertisements said, it was inevitable. The Osborne 1 soon had a major chunk of the market all to itself.

There followed a number of product improvements. An external video monitor was optional, for those who

with a 7-inch amber screen, the input/output connectors mputer.

38 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Reach out and byte someone!

Your desk-top computer system is only a beginning —plug a low-cost UDS modem into the RS-232 port and a whole new world of communications opens up!

UDS modems add a new dimension to personal computers. For professional use, a modem permits two-way, hard-copy communication between home office and branches or among the branches themselves. Electronic mail becomes a reality. Sales, cost and inventory updates can be sent over ordinary telephone lines at economical, after-hours rates.

When you use your computer for personal applications, the modem allows you to access up-to-date market information, receive news and weather summaries, check airline schedules or even electronically scan out-of-town newspapers. Long-distance game playing and computerage personal correspondence become instant realities.

The wide range of UDS modems includes one that fits your requirement perfectly. Top of the line is the microprocessor-based 212 A/D which communicates at 0-300 or 1200bps, stores and automatically dials up to five 30-digit numbers and includes a complete prompting menu and full

Created by Dayner/Hall. Inc., Winter Park, Florida

automatic test capabilities. Yet, with

all these features, it costs only $745.

At the other extreme is the $145

103 LP, offering simultaneous two-way

communications at 0-300 bps without an

AC power cord. This unit siphons operating

energy directly from the telephone line!

In between is a large variety of units— many of them

in the LP no-power-supply design and all fully FCC certified

for direct connection to the telephone system.

Don't be a computer hermit —treat your system to a UDS modem; then you can reach out and byte someone! For details, contact your favorite computer dealer or Universal Data Systems, 5000 Bradford Drive, Huntsville, AL 35805. Telephone 205/837-8100.

Universal Data Systems

f'AAj MOTOROLA INC.

Information Systems Group

Circle 470 on inquiry card.

At a Glance

Product Name

The Osborne Executive

Manufacturer

Osborne Computer Corporation 26538 Danti Court Hayward, CA 94545

Price

S2495

Components

Size: width 2OV2 inches, depth 13 inches, height 9 inches

Weight: 28 pounds

Electrical needs: 120 or 230 volts AC, 50 or 60 Hz

Processor: 4-MHz Z80A

Memory: 128K bytes of user RAM

Display: 7-inch amber monitor: 24-line by 80-character memorymapped screen, two sets of 128 characters; 8- by 10-dot character grid; writable character font; 12-bit display memory allows blinking, dim, underlined, reversed characters and/or alternate character set for each character

Keyboard: 69 keys for text and data entry, 12-key numeric

keypad, 10 programmable function keys, 4 cursor control keys, redefinable keyboard layout, automatic repeat on all keys, detachable keyboard with coiled cable

Disk Drives: two half-height double-density 5'A-inch floppy-disk drives with 204K-byte storage capacity each, can read Osborne 1, IBM PC, DEC VT-180, Xerox 821, UCSD p-System. and Cromemco disk formats

InpurVOutput: two RS-232C serial ports for a modem and a printer, one parallel port configurable for IEEE 488 or Centronics-style accessories

Software Included

CP/M Plus (Digital Research) and UCSD p-System run-time (Softech Microsystems) operating systems, Wordstar |Micropro), Supercalc (Sorcim), MBASIC interpreter (Microsoft), CBASIC semi-compiler (Digital Research), and Personal Pearl (a database management program)

Options

300-bps direct-connect modem, battery pack

Alternate Configuration

Executive II with the standard features above plus the following: Coprocessor board with 4-MHz Intel 8088 microprocessor and 128K bytes of RAM expandable to 256K bytes, 640- by 200-dot high-resolution monochrome graphics, MSDOS (Microsoft) and CP/M-86 (Digital Research) operating systems. IBM Personal Computer compatibility, connector to external expansion bus Price: S3195

didn't care for the tiny screen. A stylish redesigned case switched ugly-duckling brown for corporate blue and gray. Optional double-density disks offered 204K bytes instead of 102K bytes per disk, and the capability to read a wide variety of 5y4-inch disk formats was featured. An 80-column or 104-column screen format could be added. A modem and external battery pack were available. More software was bundled in; a copy of the popular database management program dBASE II was given away if you bought an Osborne 1 during the Christmas sales season. One particularly interesting accessory was the Start-Pack, a combination of flip charts, documents, and audio-cassette tapes that enable a rank beginner to turn on the Osborne 1 and learn to use it in hours. (I know that one works, because we tested it on my Boy Scout Computer Merit Badge class.)

Even with the improvements, the increased competition in the small computer field indicated that enhancements to the Osborne 1 wouldn't be enough; a more powerful computer was needed. Osborne had two logical choices: keep the size constant and add capabilities, or keep the capabilities constant and make the machine smaller.

Osborne chose the first route, and the Osborne Executive is the result.

The Executive

The Executive shares the same case and colors as the newer Osborne 1. It weighs 28 pounds, making it more transportable than portable; that is, it's too heavy for most people to carry around with them wherever they go. The first noticeable difference from the Osborne 1 is the screen, which is 7 inches across and amber in color.

The character set is excellent, and with the larger screen each 8- by 10-dot character cell is very readable. An external video screen is provided for, but most users won't need one.

The designers gave the display system a lot of thought. Each character on the 24 by 80 memory-mapped screen has 12 bits of display memory to select blinking, dim, underlining, reverse video, and/or the alternate character set for each 7-bit ASCII (American National Standard Code for Information Interchange) character. Also, the entire display can be reversed to black on amber instead of amber on black. There are two sets of 128 characters, so an alternate character set could easily be defined to be italic, boldface, or even graphics characters. This feature is called a "writable character font" and has many visual possibilities. It's possible to have up to 256 different characters on the display, and you can define each character if you like. Default character sets are loaded from the disk into screen memory when the system is turned on or reset.

The 128 characters in the first character set are the same as the Osborne l's with its 31 simple graphics characters. The alternate character set with an additional 128 characters will probably be TRS-80-style block graphics and possibly some Greek characters. A fonteditor utility is supplied with the system to create your own characters.

The flexible terminal emulation program allows the Executive's keyboard and screen to imitate nearly any standard terminal. Although the Executive uses the same screen and cursor control codes as the Televideo 912 terminal, it can be made to act like the 10 to 15 other terminals in this program's menu.

The improved keyboard with its 69 keys and 12-key

40 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

The MultiMode Printer with The Magnificent Fonts

MultiMode Printer Offers Flexibility

The"Beautiful"Font

See us at Comdex W6240

... At a Sensible Price

"Flexibility" means instantaneous call up of any of this trendsetting machine's many features whether for word processing, data processing, graphics or forms generation. Using either of the two built in interfaces, an external keyboard or downloading from your computer, you can program the Qantex Model 7030 to do more.

Compare the "Beauty" of our printed letters for the word processing fonts which include Cubic, Trend, Spokesman, Courier, Italics, Script, OCR-A, APL, Scientific plus downloaded fonts from your computer. Draft copy modes include 8 resident fonts — U.S., U.K., German, French, Spanish, Swedish, Finnish, Norwegian and Danish.

Other features include high resolution graphics — 144 x 144, single pass and double pass word processing, and 180 cps data processing modes and user defined formats.

Operator initiated, the MultiMode printer provides a complete printed status report of operating parameters and diagnostics.

For more information, or a demo, call us about the new Qantex Model 7030 MultiMode Printer.

*1H north ntlnntic

Qantex

60 Plant Avenue, Hauppauge, NY 11788 (516)582-6060 (800)645-5292

Circle 382 on inquiry card.

numeric keypad still doesn't have keys for the entire set of ASCII characters, but as with the present Osborne 1, combinations of keys will produce characters such as.the curly braces ({}) and the tilde(~). However, the entire keyboard is software programmable to let you devise and install any keyboard layout you want. There are also 10 user-programmable function keys (control-0 through control-9) and four fixed-function keys (the cursor keys).

The slim-line disk drives to the left of the video screen are another striking feature of the new Osborne Executive. These half-height 5V4-inch disk drives are double-density but only single-sided. The company has been unable to find portable double-sided drives that meet its requirements of reliability and price. Storing information in the Osborne double-density format allows for 204K bytes on a disk.

Meanwhile, the Executive reads a wide variety of disk formats including, naturally, single- and double-density disks from the Osborne 1, but also formats as diverse as the IBM Personal Computer, DEC VT-180, Xerox 821, UCSD p-System, and Cromemco mini-disk.

The standard Executive uses a Z80A microprocessor running at 4 MHz and comes with 128K bytes of RAM (random-access read/write memory) plus 10K bytes of internally-used memory for power-on diagnostics, I/O drivers, and a scratch-pad area. A Zilog SIO chip provides two serial ports where the Osborne 1 had only one. The input/output is now sent to ports instead of being memory-mapped. The standard operating system will be

CP/M Version 3.0, also known as CP/M Plus, but the UCSD p-System run-time operating system will be provided as well. (The UCSD Pascal language is extra.) The additional memory beyond the 64K bytes addressable by the Z80 microprocessor is managed by CP/M Plus to allow, for example, larger disk-buffer areas for significantly faster operation. A clock keeps track of the time and date, but only while the power is turned on. A small fan cools the computer.

The connectors and controls on the front of the machine are the two RS-232C serial ports (typically for a modem and printer), a parallel port that can be configured for either IEEE-488 or Centronics-style use, video brightness and contrast, external video, the reset button, an RCA jack for composite video output (so you don't need an adapter), and the blue power switch. The grill on the right front hides the power supply.

You won't see a battery-power connector on the front of the machine because Osborne plans to offer an optional battery pack with a 12-volt DC to 220-volt DC converter that the Executive's power cord can plug directly into. The connector for the converter plugs into the battery pack or your car's cigarette lighter. (Running the car while the computer is plugged in is not recommended due to voltage spikes.) Jumpers on the back of the Executive allow overseas use of the machine with international voltages.

Another available option is a small 300-bps (bits per second) direct-connect modem that slides into the slot,

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42 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Lie

Circle 275 on inquiry card.

Now Our Family Tree Is Complete

SBC-1 (Above) A multiprocessing slave board computer with Z-80 CPU (4 or 6 MHz), 2 serial ports, 2 parallel ports, and up to 128K RAM. Provides unique 2K FIFO buffering for system block data transfers. When used with TurboDOS or MDZ/OS the results are phenomenal!

Systemaster® (Right) The ultimate one board computer; use it as a complete single-user system or as the "master" in a multi-processing network environment. Complete with Z- 80A CPU, 2 serial and 2 parallel ports, floppy controller, DMA, real time clock, and Teletek's advanced CP/M BIOS. Also /

supports MP/M-II, MDZ/OS, and TurboDOS.

HD/CTC (Left) A hard disk and cartridge tape controller combined together on one board! A Z-80 CPU (4 or 6 MHz); 16K ROM, and up to 8K RAM provide intelligence required to relieve disk I/O burden from host system CPU. Round out your multiprocessing system with an integrated mass storage/backup controller.

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Your Single Source Family of S-100 Products.

i Teletek 1983

BYTE May 1983 43

normally used for storing disks, below the disk drives. A short cable leads to the DB-25 connector directly below (labeled "Modem"). The power for the modem comes from one of the connector's pins. The modem option is intended to help make the Executive a full computer, capable of communications and nearly any job a microcomputer can do.

The software package with the Executive includes the standard items Osborne offers (Wordstar, Supercalc, MBASIC, and CBASIC), the two operating systems (CP/M Plus and UCSD p-System), and some other goodies like Personal Pearl, a database management package.

Osborne is focusing on office productivity tools and will be offering three synchronous communications packages to make communications with the company mainframe or minicomputer easier. The first package is for IBM 3270 terminal emulation; the second has IBM 3780, 2780, and 3741 protocols; the third is for the X.25 protocol. Site licenses for each package will cost about $1000 but will allow you to use the programs on a number of Executives at one location.

The Executive II

Interestingly, the designers made provisions for the Executive to become an IBM Personal Computer workalike. The Executive II is an upgraded Executive with a piggyback coprocessor board inside that contains a 16-bit Intel 8088 microprocessor and 128K bytes of memory for its use and provides 640- by 200-dot monochrome graphics. With this board, the machine should be able to run most IBM PC applications programs.

The MSDOS and CP/M-86 operating systems come with the Executive II, so IBM compatibility is assured at the operating-system, disk-format, and monochromegraphics levels. As long as programs for the IBM PC don't use special knowledge of the IBM hardware, they should run fine on the Executive II. However, the Ex

ecutive II does not copy the IBM PC input/output structure exactly.

The IBM Personal Computer disk format is directly supported by MSDOS on the Executive II, so you can just slip in a disk for the PC and run the programs or read the data. Osborne does not offer any 16-bit programs for the Executive II other than the operating systems. You can buy programs in the IBM PC disk format from existing software distributors and computer stores.

One incompatibility in the system is that you can't share memory between the different processors; they each have their own 128K bytes of RAM. However, the Z80 does handle input/output when the 8088 is in control.

You can expand the memory for the 8088 up to 256K bytes simply by filling the rest of the sockets on the coprocessor board with 64K-bit RAM chips. For real memory expandability, just wait until 256K-bit RAM chips become economical. The coprocessor board has a jumper for operation with these chips to give you 1 megabyte of memory in your portable Executive II. If you want color or other IBM accessories, the coprocessor board has a connector for an IBM-compatible expansion bus like the Tecmar PC-Mate.

"When we announce the Executive," Adam Osborne says, "we'll have several thousand in distributors' warehouses. Customers will be able to buy our machines as soon as they've heard about them." You will have to wait a month after the Executive's introduction for the Executive II to be available. A few months later, you will be able to upgrade an Executive into the Executive II when production settles down. Also, the price on the upgrade has not been set.

I didn't get to play with the machines very long, but I liked everything I saw. At $2495 and $3195, the Osborne Executive and Executive II are going to be major contenders in the microcomputer market, and not just among the portables, either. ■

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Connectors

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June '83

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make your system more capableinstantly. Order direct (201) 227-8411 by VISA or MasterCard. Add $5 postage and handling per order. N.J. residents add 6% sales tax. PMI, „,„. 16 Passaic Ave., PMI Fairfield, N.J. 07006 OEM/Dealer inquiries welcome

Id $5

p

44 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 358 on Inquiry card.

Circle 207 on Inquiry card.

IBM + GENIE = Solution

5.25" Fixed/Removable Winchester Cartridge Drives For The IBM Personal Computer

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• 5.25" REMOVABLE CARTRIDGE

(Proposed ANSI Standard). Imagine, 5 Megabytes in the palm of your hand. These small Winchester cartridges are only .75 Inches thick and 5.50 inches square. The disk itself is completely sealed from the outside and all its hazards by a sliding door that opens only once the cartridge is firmly seated Inside the drive. Long term availability of this cartridge is assured by its adoption by several well known manufacturers including Dysan, and Memorex, the world leader In computer mass storage media.

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CP/M-86 and Concurrent CP/M-86 is a registered trademark of Digital Research.

IBM Is a registered trademark of IBM Corporation.

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MD 525-01, 10, 16 26.50

MD 550-01, 10, 16 44.50

MD 557-01, 10, 16 45.60

MD 577-01, 10, 16 34.80

FD 32 or 34-9000 36.00

FD32 or 34-8000 45.60

FD 34-4001 48.60

DISKETTE STORAGE

5'/4" PLASTIC LIBRARY CASE 2.50

8" PLASTIC LIBRARY CASE 3.50

PLASTIC STORAGE BINDER w/ Inserts....9.95 PROTECTOR 5'/«" (50 Disk Capacity)....21.95

PROTECTOR 8" (50 Disk Capacity) 24.95

DISK BANK 5'/4" 5.95

DISK BANK 8" 6.95

NEC PERSONAL COMPUTERS

Call Alpha Byte for our low NEC prices.

ALTOS COMPUTER SYSTEMS

Call Alpha Byte for our low Altos prices.

ATARI

See Apple & Atari Software.

SIGNALMAN MODEM 85.0l

ATARI 800 (48K) $CALL

ATARI 400 (16K) SCALL

ATARI 1200 SCALL

ATARI 810 DISK DRIVE 445.00

ATARI 850 INTERFACE 169.00

IN-HOME KEYBOARD ATARI 400 107.00

ATARI 410 PROGRAM RECORDER 75.00

EPSON CABLE 35.00

JOYSTICK CONTROLLER 10.00

PADDLE CONTROLLERS 17.50

STAR RAIDERS 32.00

DONKEY KONG $CALL

GALAXIAN 32.00

DEFENDER 32.00

PACMAN 32.00

CENTIPEDE 32.00

TAX ADVANTAGE 38.97

FILE MANAGER 800 79.16

VISICALC 189.00

HOME ACCOUNTANT 59.97

WICO TRACKBALL 59.00

INTEC PERIPHERALS RAM MODULES

48K FOR ATARI 400 145.00

32K FOR ATARI 800 67.00

PRINTERS

STAR MICRONICS GEMINI 10 SCALL

STAR MICRONICS GEMINI 15 SCALL

RIBBONS FOR MX-80 8.95

RIBBONS FOR MX-100 24.00

C-ITOH F-10 40 CPS PARALLEL 1390.00

C-IT0H F-10 40 CPS SERIAL 1390.00

C-ITOH F-10 55 CPS PARALLEL 1639.00

C-ITOH F-10 55 CPS SERIAL 1639.00

C-ITOH PROWRITER PARALLEL 410.00

C-ITOH PROWRITER SERIAL 590.00

C-ITOH PROWRITER II PARALLEL 715.00

C-ITOH PROWRITER II SERIAL 767.00

EPSON MX-80 W/GRAFTRAX PLUS SCALL

NEW! EPSON FX-80 SCALL

EPSON MX-100 W/GRAFTRAX PLUS....SCALL

EPSON GRAFTRAX PLUS 60.00

COMREX CR-1 PARALLEL 799.00

COMREX CR-1 SERIAL 829.00

COMREX TRACTOR FEED 109.00

NEC 8023A 485.00

NEC SPINWRITER 3530 P. RO 1995.00

NEC SPINWRITER 7710 S. RO 2545.00

NEC SPINWRITER 7730 P. RO 2545.00

NEC SPINWRITER 7700 D SELLUM....2795.00

NEC SPINWRITER 3500 SELLUM 2295.00

OKIDATA MICROLINE 82A 460.00

OKIDATA MICROLINE 83A 700.00

OKIOATA MICROLINE 84 1170.00

OKIGRAPH 82 49.95

OKIGRAPH 83 49.95

MICROBUFFER IN-LINE 32K 299.00

MICROBUFFER IN-LINE 64K 349.00

MICROBUFFER 64K EXPANSION MOD..179.00

BOOKS

THE CUSTOM APPLE 24.95

BASIC BETTER & FASTER DEMO DISK...18.00

THE CUSTOM TRS-80 24.95

MICROSOFT BASIC FASTER 8. BETTER..24.95

CUSTOM I/O MACHINE LANGUAGE 24.95

TRS-80 DISK & MYSTERIES 16.95

MICROSOFT BASIC & DECODED 24.95

APPLE HARDWARE

SUPER 5 SLIMLINE DRIVE w/ Controller.375.00

OUENTIN APPLEMATE DRIVE 258.00

SUPER CLOCK II 129.00

VERSA WRITER DIGITIZER 259.00

ABT APPLE KEYPAD 119.00

SOFTCARD PREMIUM SYSTEM 517.00

MICROSOFT Z-80 SOFTCARD 249.00

MICROSOFT RAMCARD 79.00

VIDEX 80x24 VIDEO CARD 260.00

VIDEX KEYBOARD ENHANCER II 129.00

VIDEX FUNCTION STRIP 74.00

M 8, R SUPERTERM 80x24 VIDEO BD..315.00

M & R COOLING FAN 44.95

M & R UNIVERSAL MOD 54.95

T/G JOYSTICK 44.95

T/G PADDLE 29.95

T/G SELECT-A-PORT 54.95

T/G TRACKBALL 47.50

KRAFT JOYSTICK 48.00

VERSA E-Z PORT 21.95

THE MILL-PASCAL SPEED UP 270.00

PROMETHEUS VERSACARD 165.00

MICROBUFFER IIJ 16K W/GRAPHICS...259.00 MICROBUFFER 11$ 32K W/GRAPHICS...299.00 SUPERFAN II 62.00

SUPERFAN II W/ZENER 84.50

RANA CONTROLLER 104.00

RANA DRIVE ELITE 1 335.00

SNAPSHOT 119.00

GRAPPLER+ 145.00

7710A ASYNCHRON. SER. INTERFACE.149.00 7712A SYNCHRON. SER. INTERFACE...159.00

7742A CALENDAR CLOCK 99.00

7728A CENTRONICS INTERFACE 105.00

VISTA VISION 80-80 COL CARD 259.00

VISTA 8" DISK DRIVE CONTROLLER...549.00

MONITORS

USI AMBER 9" 145.00

USI AMBER 12" 160.00

NEC 12" GREEN MONITOR 169.00

NEC 12" COLOR MONITOR 399.00

BMC GREEN MONITOR 89.00

AMDEK COLOR 1 365.00

AMDEK RGB COLOR II 774.00

AMDEK RGB INTERFACE 169.00

TAXAN RGB 359.00

TAXAN 12" AMBER 125.00

MOUNTAIN HARDWARE

CPS MULTIFUNCTION BOARD 154.00

ROMPLUS W/ KEYBOARD FILTER 165.00

ROMPLUS W/O KEYBOARD FILTER 125.00

KEYBOARD FILTER ROM 49.00

COPYROM 49.00

MUSIC SYSTEM 369.00

ROMWRITER 149.00

EXPANSION CHASSIS 580.00

RAMPLUS 32K 160.00

S-100 HARDWARE

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS

2200A MAINFRAME 459.00

2065C 64K DYNAMIC RAM 539.00

2422 DISK CONT. & CP/M® 359.00

2710 4 SERIAL I/O 279.00

2719 2 SERIAL / 2 PARALLEL I/O 289.00

2720 4 PARLLEL I/O 219.00

2810 Z-80 CPU 259.00

QT PRODUCTS

MF + DD8 682.00

MF+DD12 718.00

COMREX

"THE TIMEPIECE" S-100 CLOCK 125.00

MODEMS

NOVATION J-CAT 125.00

NOVATION SMARTCAT 212 499.00

NOVATION SMARTCAT 209.00

NOVATION D-CAT (1200 Baud) 619.00

NOVATION APPLE-CAT (300 Baud) 310.00

NOVATION APPLE-CAT (1200 Baud) 605.00

UDS 212 LP (1200 Baud) 429.00

UDS 103 JLP AUTO ANS 209.00

HAYES MICROMODEM II 289.00

MICROMODEM W/ TERMINAL PKG 309.00

HAYES 100 MODEM (S-100) 325.00

HAYES SMART MODEM (300 Baud)....227.00

HAYES SMART MODEM (1200 Baud)...540.00

HAYES CHRONOGRAPH 199.00

SIGNALMAN MODEM W/RS-232C 85.00

TERMINALS

HAZELTINE ESPRIT 510.00

VISUAL-50 GREEN 690.00

TELEVIDEO 910 630.00

TRS-80 MOD I HARDWARE

PERCOM DATA SEPARATOR 27.00

PERCOM DOUBLER II W/DOS 3.4 159.00

4 DRIVE CONTROLLER P/S 259.00

TANDON 40 TRK DISK DRIVE W/P.S...289.00

LNW DOUBLER W/DOSPLUS 3.3 138.00

LNW 5/8 DOUBLER W/DOSPLUS 3.4..181.00 LNW EXPANSION INTERFACE 350.00

IBM HARDWARE

SEATTLE 64K RAM + 355.00

OUADBOARD 64K 430.00

64K MEMORY UPGRADE 80.00

APPARAT COMBO BOARD 175.00

ALPHA BYTE IBM MEMORY EXPANSION BOARDS

256K W /RS-232C 349.00

256K W /RS-232C & SUPERCALC 529.00

512K W /RS-232C 579.00

512K W /RS-232C & SUPERCALC 749.00

IBM DISK DRIVES

Alpha Byte's add-on drive kits for the IBM-PC — each kit includes installation instructions. Tandon TM100-1 Single head 40 trk....195.00 Tandon TM100-2 Double head 40 trk...262.50

ISOLATORS

ISO-1 3-SOCKET 49.95

ISO-2 6-SOCKET 49.95

BARE DRIVES

TANDON 5V4 INCH

100-1 SINGLE HEAD 40 TRK 195.00

100-2 DUAL HEAD 40 TRK 262.50

100-3 SINGLE HEAD 80 TRK 250.00

100-4 DUAL HEAD 80 TRK 369.00

TANDON THINLINE 8 INCH

848-1 SINGLE SIDE 379.00

848-2 DUAL SIDE 490.00

MICROSOFT

APPLE

FORTRAN* 150.00

BASIC COMPILER' 296.00

COBOL* 550.00

Z-80 SOFTCARD 249.00

RAMCARD 79.00

TYPING TUTOR II 17.95

OLYMPIC DECATHLON 24.95

TASC APPLESOFT COMPILER 125.00

ALDS 95.00

MULTIPLAN NATIVE OR CP/M 209.00

PREMIUM PAK 517.00

CP/M is a reg. trademark of Digital Research. 46 BYTE May 1983

•Requires Z-80 Softcard. tReg. trademark of Micro Pro International Corp. {Trademark of Practical Peripherals, Inc. "Trademark ol Software Dimensions, Inc.

MICRO PRO

APPLE CP/M®

WORDSTAR*! 279.00

SUPERSORT*! 179.00

MAILMERGE't 174.00

DATASTAR't 207.00

SPELLSTAR't 174.00

CALCSTAR-f 109.00

TRS-80 GAMES

Specify MOD I or III

DEADLINE 38.00

STARCROSS 31.16

FROGGER 16.45

FLITE SIMULATOR 28.31

Call lor more TRS-80 games.

TRS-80 SOFTWARE

NEWDOS/80 2.0 MOD I.Ill 139.00

LAZY WRITER MOD I,II 165.00

PROSOFT NEWSCRIPT MOD I,III w/labels109.00

SPECIAL DELIVERY MOD I,III 119.00

X-TRA SPECIAL DELIVERY MOD I,III....199.00

TRACKCESS MOD 1 24.95

OMNITERM SMART TERM.MOD I.Ill 89.95

MICROSOFT BASIC COMP. FOR MOD I..165.00 LDOS 5.1 MOD I.Ill 119.00

IBM SOFTWARE

MULTIPLAN 209.00

INFOSTAR 279.00

HOWARD SOFT TAX PREP 209.00

VOLKSWRITER V 1.2 145.00

WRITE ON 90.00

EASYWRITER II 247.00

EASY SPELLER 149.00

EASY FILE 285.00

HOME ACCOUNTANT+ 105.00

FIRST CLASS MAIL 85.00

SUPERCALC 179.00

WORDSTAR 279.00

MAILMERGE 174.00

DATASTAR 207.00

SPELLSTAR 174.00

SUPERSORT 179.00

d BASE II 429.00

THE WORD PLUS 117.00

T.I.M 379.00

JFORMAT 39.00

MOVE IT 109.00

THE TAX MANAGER 188.00

VISICALC / 256K 189.00

VISITREND / VISIPLOT 235.00

VISIDEX 192.00

VISIFILE 249.00

VISISCHEDULE 229.00

VERSA WRITER GRAPHICS TABLETS....270.00

CONCURRENT CP/M*' 86 315.00

GRAPHICS HARD COPY SYSTEM 19.50

Call lor additional IBM software prices.

IBM GAME SOFTWARE

ZORK I, II, III 28.00

WIZARDRY 46.76

STARCROSS 28.00

DEADLINE 35.00

GALAXY 19.50

MIDWAY CAMPAIGN 17.00

THE WARP FACTOR 31.16

LOST COLONY 23.36

CONQUEST 23.36

GALACTIC ATTACK 25.00

APPLE PANIC 23.61

TEMPLE OF ASPHAI 34.95

CROSSFIRE 24.95

FROGGER 27.26

M'SOFT FLIGHT SIMULATOR 38.95

II you don't see the software you want, call. Our software stock is constantly expanding.

APPLE SOFTWARE

HOWARD SOFT TAX PREP 189.00

MAGIC WINDOW II 117.00

MAGIC WINDOW 79.00

MAGIC WORDS 59.00

MAGIC MAILER 59.00

DB MASTER 169.00

DB MASTER UTILITY PACK I OR II 69.00

DATA CAPTURE 4.0/80 59.95

PFS. GRAPH 89.95

PFS: (NEW) PERSONAL FILING SYSTEM.85.00

PFS: REPORT 79.00

Z-TERM* 89.95

Z-TERM PRO* 129.95

ASCII EXPRESS PRO 98.00

EASY WRITER-PRO 136.00

EASY MAILER-PRO 117.00

BEAGLE BROTHERS UTILITY CITY 23.00

APPLE MECHANIC 23.00

TIP DESK #1 15.95

BEAGLE BAG 23.00

SUPER TEXT 40/56/77 97.50

LISA 2.5 59.95

DATASTAR 207.00

SPELLSTAR 174.00

CALCSTAR 109.00

MICROSOFT

MULTIPLAN 209.00

BASIC 80 249.00

BASIC COMPILER 299.00

FORTRAN 80 359.00

COBOL 80 585.00

MACRO 80 156.00

mu MATH/mu SIMP 200.00

mu LISP/mu STAR 165.00

1983 Woid Processor Special

FRANKLIN ACE

1000 1395.00

FRANKLIN ACE SYSTEM

DISK DRIVE W/CONT... .539.00

ACE WRITER

WORD PROCESSOR 129.00

EPSON MX-80 645.00

B.M.C. GREEN 129.00

SCOTCH 3M DISKETTES .44.00

APPLE TO EPSON

INTERFACE & CABLE... 129.00

Now $1983

* * FRANKLIN 1200 CALL * *

This system may be modified to your needs. Call for special price quote.

TRANSCEND II 115.00

SCREENWRITER II 99.00

DICTIONARY 79.00

GENERAL MANAGER 179.00

CONTINENTAL SOFTWARE

G/L 165.00

A/R 165.00

A/P 165.00

PAYROLL 165.00

PROPERTY MGMT 325.00

THE HOME ACCOUNTANT 59.95

F.C.M. w/lorm letter 75.00

TAX ADVANTAGE 45.00

VISICORP

DESKTOP PLAN II 189.00

VISIPLOT 158.00

VISITREND/VISIPLOT 229.00

VISIDEX 189.00

VISITERM 79.00

VISICALC 189.00

VISIFILES 189.00

VISISCHEDULE 229.00

CP/M® SOFTWARE

We carry CP/M"' software in all popular disk formats — Northstar, Televideo, and Heath/Zenith formatted programs in stock! Call for availability and price. Most software also available on IBM.

THE WORD PLUS 117.00

d BASE II 429.00

QUICKCODE 230.00

DUTIL 91.00

SUPERCALC 189.00

SPELLGUARD 230.00

P&TCP/M" MOD 2 & 16 TRS-80.... 175.00

PASCAL Z 349.00

PASCAL/M Z-80 OR 8080 295.00

DIGITAL RESEARCH

MAC 82.00

ZSID 92.00

PASCAL MT+ W/SSP 429.00

PL/ 1-80 439.00

C BASIC 2 109.00

SUPERSOFT

DIAGNOSTIC II 89.00

'C'COMPILER 179.00

RATFOR 89.00

FORTRAN 239.00

DISK DOCTOR 78.00

MICROPRO

WORDSTAR 279.00

SUPERSORT 179.00

MAILMERGE 174.00

APPLE & ATARI GAMES

ZAXXON 31.16

BRODERBUND

APPLE PANIC 23.61

MIDNIGHT MAGIC 27.26

CHOPLIFTER 27.20

AUTOMATED SIMULATIONS

INVASION ORION 20.95

STAR WARRIOR 31.35

CRUSH,CRUMBLE AND CHOMP 24.95

TEMPLE OF APSHAI 31.35

HELLFIRE WARRIOR 31.35

RESCUE AT RIGEL 23.36

ON-LINE SYSTEMS

WIZARD AND PRINCESS 27.26

SOFT PORN ADVENTURE 23.36

THRESHOLD 31.16

JAW BREAKER 23.36

CROSSFIRE 24.95

ULYSSES & GOLDEN FLEECE 25.95

FROGGER 24.50

INFOCOM

ZORK I.II,III 28.00

STARCROSS 28.00

DEADLINE 35.00

EDU-WARE

COMPU-READ 24.95

COMPU-MATH FRACTIONS 34.95

COMPU-MATH DECIMALS 34.95

MORE GREAT APPLE GAMES

DARK CRYSTAL 31.61

TUBEWAY 27.26

ARCADE MACHINE ^44.38

TUES. MORNING QUARTERBACK 25.95

THE SPACE VIKINGS 38.50

COMPUTER QUARTERBACK 31.16

SEA FOX 24.00

THE SHATTERED ALLIANCE 49.95

POOL 1.5 27.26

ULTIMA 31.16

RASTER BLASTER 23.36

FLIGHT SIMULATOR 26.61

INTERNATIONAL GRAND PRIX 25.95

SARGON II 28.95

MASK OF THE SUN 31.16

A.E 23.72

PINBALL SUBLOGIC 24.50

SNACK ATTACK 23.36

BUDGECO PINBALL CONST. SET 31.61

THIEF 24.95

THE WARP FACTOR 31.16

COSMO MISSION 23.36

WIZARDRY 37.95

NIGHT OF DIAMONDS 27.26

STARBLAZER 24.95

CRISIS MOUNTAIN 26.32

EVOLUTION 33.80

SIRIUS SOFTWARE

SPACE EGGS 23.36

GORGON 31.16

SNEAKERS 23.36

PHANTOMS FIVE 22.00

BANDITS 25.00

EDU-WARE

PERCEPTION PKG 19.95

COMPU-MATH: ARITHMETIC 39.95

COMPU-SPELL (REO. DATA DISK) 24.95

COMPU-SPELL DATA DISKS 4-8. ea 17.95

RENDEZVOUS 28.50

ON-LINE SYSTEMS

ULTIMA II 42.00

MISSILE DEFENSE 27.26

LUNAR LEEPER 23.36

TIME ZONE 77.96

CRANSTON MANOR 25.95

CANNON BALL BLITZ 25.95

MUSE SOFTWARE

ROBOT WARS 32.95

THREE MILE ISLAND 31.61

A.B.M 19.46

To older or for information call

In Chicago: (312)454-1236 In Newark: (212)509-1923 In Los Angeles: (213)706-0333 In Dallas: (214)744-4251 By Modem: (2»)991-J604

fcALL OUR MODEM UNE I FOR WEEKLY SPECIALS. I

IPUTER PRODUCTS

31245 LA BAYA DRIVE WESTLAKE VILLAGE, CA 91362

Satisfaction Assurance — Your satisfaction is assured by our 30 day moneyback guarantee on all hardware products we sell. No refunds after 30 days. All manufacturers' warranties are supported. Defective software will be replaced tree during the first 30 days, however, no refunds or exchanges on software. Proof ol purchase required. All returns must be authorized in advance. How To Order — All orders must be paid prior to shipment. Order by phone or by mail. Use Visa, M/C, check or COD. COD limit $300. Shipping charges: Visa, M/C orders = actual shipping costs. Prepaid orders add $3 (under 25lbs.) or $6 (over 25lbs.) COD s use prepaid rates and add 14 surcharge. Foreign. FPO and APO orders add 15% of order total. Calif, orders add 6% sales tax, L.A. County add 6'/*% sales tax. Prices quoted are subject to product availability and may change without notice.

Circle 24 on Inquiry card.

BYTE May 1983 47

Powerful CP/M Software.

For Apple, Osborne, Xerox, Kaypro, North Star, SuperBrain, Heath/Zenith, and others.

Now only $Z9«95 each!

NEVADA

COBOL

was $199.95 now only $29.95.

When we introduced Nevada COBOL in 1979, it was loaded with innovations. Today's Edition 2 is even better!

□ Extremely Compact. You can compile and execute up to 2500 statements in 32K RAM, 4000 statements in 48K, etc.

□ It's based upon the ANSI-74 standards with level 2 features such as compound conditionals and full CALL CANCEL.

□ You can distribute your object programs royalty FREE!

□ You get a diskette, 153-page manual with lots of examples and 16 complete COBOL source code programs.

Also available: COBOL Application Packages, Book 1 $9.95

NEVADA

PILOT

was $149.95 now only $29.95.

□ Perfect for industrial training, office training, drill and testing, virtually all programmed instruction, word puzzle games, and data entry facilitated by prompts.

□ John Starkweather, Ph.D., the inventor of the PILOT language, has added many new features to Nevada PILOT. There are commands to drive optional equipment such as Video Tape Recorders. There's a built-in full-screen text editor, and much more.

□ Meets all PILOT-73 standards for full compatibility with older versions.

□ You get a diskette, 114-page manual and ten useful sample programs.

□ See Review in Microcomputing, January 1983, page 158.

NEVADA

FORTRAN

was $199.95 now only $29.95.

□ Based on ANSI-66 standards with some 1977 level features.

□ IF.. THEN .. ELSE constructs.

□ A very nice TRACE style debugging.

□ 150 English language error messages.

□ You get a diskette, 174 pages of Documentation and five sample programs. Requires 48K RAM.

NEVADA

EDIT

was $119.95 now only $29.95.

□ High quality text editing for micros!

□ A character-oriented full-screen video display text editor designed specifically to create COBOL, BASIC and FORTRAN programs.

□ Completely customizable tab stops, default file type, keyboard control key layout and CRT by menu selection.

□ The diskette comes with an easy to read manual.

To make our software available to even more micro users, we've slashed our prices. What's more, we're offering a money back guarantee. If for any reason you're not completely satisfied, just return the package—in good condition with the sealed diskette unopened—within 30 days and we'll refund your money completely.

This is a limited time offer, so order yours today!

Shipping/handling fees. Add $4.00 for first package and $2.00 each additional package. OVERSEAS Add $15.00 for first package and $5.00 each additional package. Checks must be in U.S. funds and drawn on a U.S. bank!

Trademarks: CP/M, Digital Research; TRS-80. Tandy Corp.; TeleVideo, TeleVideo Systems, Inc.; Apple II, Apple Computer Inc.; Osborne 1. Osborne Computer Corp.; Xerox 820, Xerox Corp.; Kaypro. Non-Linear Sys.; Heath/Zenith. Heath Co.; IBM, International Business Machine, Corp. © 1983 Ellis Computing.

MAIL TODAY! To: Ellis Computing 3917 Noriega St. San Francisco, CA 94122 (415)753-0186

o

ELLIS COMPUTING

The CP/M-80 Operating Systems and 32K RAM are required.

Indicate diskette format:

8" □ SSSD (Standard IBM 3740 format)

5Va" □ Apple CP/M

□ North Star DD

□ TRS-80 Mod I (4200 hex)

□ Heath, Hard Sector

□ Micropolis Mod II

□ Xerox 820 (Kaypro) Indicate software packages:

□ Osborne

□ North Star SD

□ TRS-80 Mod I/Mapper

□ Heath, Soft Sector

□ Superbrain DD DOS 3.X (512 byte sectors)

D TeleVideo

D COBOL □ PILOT □ FORTRAN D EDIT

Send my order for

packages @ $29.95 each Total

COBOL Applications Package @ $9.95 each Total

□ Check enclosed

□ MasterCard □ VISA

In CAadd sales tax

Shipping/handling

TOTAL

Exp. Date.

Signature Ship to: Name

Street

City/St/Zip Country

48

BYTE May 1983

Ciar

Circuit Cellar

Build an RS-232C Code-Activated Switch

This device will let you switch between several peripherals

connected to one serial port.

Steve Ciarcia

POB 582

Glastonbury, CT 06033

Do you ever find yourself probing through a mass of tangled cables behind your computer? If your computer is like mine, you probably have only one serial port, to which you have to connect both a printer and modem. Of course, whenever you want to use a different peripheral, you have to unplug one and plug in the other.

The variety of peripheral devices necessary to gain full use of a personal computer can create a connection jam at the serial port. Many small computer systems have two I/O (input/output) ports intended to support a printer and modem. Usually the port intended for connection to the printer is a parallel port (although many printers require a serial port), while a serial port (perhaps called a "communications port") is provided for connection to a modem. For the typical user, this may be adequate.

Copyright © 1983 Steven A. Ciarcia. All rights reserved.

Z8 is a trademark of Zilog Inc.

Special thanks to Bill Curlew for hi:

Z8-programming expertise.

Some of us, however, aren't typical users; we have more than one printer and one modem attached to our computer, or our printer uses a serial interface, not a parallel one. I have three serial printers and two modems, all of which I must connect to my workhorse computer system through a single RS-232C serial port. (It's not that my computer is a small configuration: it has eight parallel ports in addition to the one serial port. It's just that every new peripheral device I buy seems to be serially interfaced, and I can't fit any more serial ports inside the already crowded enclosure.

Recently, while juggling three cables and leaning over the computer, I began to wish for an easier way to switch between devices. I wondered if I could just put together a little box containing a multiple-pole rotary switch wired to a few DB-25 connectors as a workable compromise. But then I thought of a possible better solution as I remembered something I had seen in a catalog of datacommunication products: a device called a code-activated switch.

Functional Analysis

The function we need here is the ability to multiplex—switch between as needed—several peripheral devices

connected to a single I/O channel. A communications multiplexer performs this function. In essence, this device forms a bridge in the communication link between the master device (usually the host computer's I/O port) and one of several slave devices; transfer of data can proceed in either direction over this bridge. The physical linking of the input and output can be accomplished either mechanically or electronically.

Two Approaches to Switching

The simplest possible device for the purpose is a four-position mechanical switch box. Available commercially for about $150, a DB-25 switch box allows you to select one of four peripherals for output by turning a four-position multipole rotary switch. This manually activated switch is most frequently used where the peripherals, computer, and operator are in close proximity. Its major advantage is its relative low cost.

Unfortunately, mechanical switches are subject to deterioration from the elements and, of course, require a human operator to function. Harsh environments call for fully electronic switches. In situations where the communicating devices are at great distances from the computer, some

May 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc 49

Photo 1: Prototype of the Micromux four-channel code-activated switch, built around a Zilog Z8 single-chip microcomputer.

form of remote-controlled switch must be used. An ordinary electrical relay can provide remote control, but the greatest flexibility and reliability are obtained from a fully electronic, software-controlled, code-activated peripheral-device switch. Let's look at some of the possibilities.

Electronic Switches

Figure la is a simple block diagram of a four-channel electronic RS-232C multiplexer switch. The master input on the left side is intended to be connected to a computer's I/O port and the four channels on the right side are intended to be connected to four peripheral devices. (In the following discussion, the assumption will be that data is being transmitted by the master device to one of the slave devices, although data can also move in the other direction.)

On the left side of the electronic multiplexer, the input serial data from the master device (the computer) is converted from RS-232C

(la)

3-STATE BUFFER

TTL TO

RS-232C

CONVERTER

,

i*

3-STATE BUFFER

TTL TO

RS-232C

CONVERTER

3-STATE BUFFER

TTL TO

RS-232C

CONVERTER

ENABLE 3

RS-232C TO TTL CONVERTER

3-STATE BUFFER

TTL TO

RS-232C

CONVERTER

ENABLE i

MASTER

1/0 4 k

„'

'„

CHANNEL INPUT

I/O

CHANNEL 1 OUTPUT

I/O

CHANNEL 2 OUTPUT

I/O

CHANNEL 3 OUTPUT

I/O

CHANNEL A OUTPUT

Figure la: Block diagram of a four-channel peripheral switch for RS-232C serial communication, which may be controlled via wired remote activation or code activation.

50 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

voltage levels (±15 V) to TTL (transistor-transistor logic) voltage levels (0 to +5 V) and directed to the inputs of four three-state signal buffers (also known as three-state switches) wired in parallel.

Each three-state signal buffer has an active-low enable input. An input voltage of 0 V on this enable input line allows a signal to pass through the buffer. When any one of the four buffers is enabled, the master device's input signal is allowed to pass through it. This signal is then reconverted to RS-232C levels and sent on to the peripheral. Changing the active-low enable signal from the first three-state signal buffer to another diverts the output to a different peripheral device. (In this particular configuration, only one of the four buffers should be activated at one time. Other setups could allow output to be sent to two, three, or all four of the output buffers.)

The method by which the enable lines of the three-state signal buffers are activated determines the complexity of the electronic switch. Two particularly important types of control methods are used by devices called remote-activated switches and codeactivated switches.

Both remote- and code-activated switches are designed for hands-off operation. The difference between them is this: selection of an output channel is done in the former by decoding separately conveyed logicsignal inputs and in the latter by decoding signals conveyed as part of the data being transmitted through the multiplexer switch.

In the case of the remote-activated switch, wires for the remote-control signals must be provided in addition to the serial data connection. Furthermore, if the switch is located some distance from the computer, it may be necessary to add line drivers and receivers to these control lines. In the example control circuit shown in figure lb, only three wires (plus ground) and a single type-74LSl55 integrated circuit (a two- to four-line demultiplexer) are required to provide the enable signals to the four buffers. Two of the wires select one of the four control outputs; the third

(lb)

REMOTE-ACTIVATED SWITCH

'0 ENABLE | ]>

2 Bl

TojO

1/

CHANNEL \

CODE LI>

| ^> ENABLE 1

\ >ENABLE 2 | >ENABLE 3

\ ^> ENABLE 4

Figure lb: Functional diagram of a 74LS155 two- to four-line demultiplexer as it would be connected in a peripheral switch using wired remote activation.

wire serves as a switch-enable line, selecting output from one buffer or none.

In principle, remote-activated switches are not much more complicated than their mechanical equivalents. They are generally costeffective where high speed is essential or where there are tens of channels with various selection configurations. On the negative side, remoteactivated switches require hardware and software control interfacing and are not easily adapted to different computers.

The Code-Activated Switch

The code-activated switch uses a microprocessor to analyze the characters in the data flowing through the switch. When a particular character or series of characters is received, the microprocessor turns output channels on or off. The only connection between the host computer and the multiplexer is the master input serial line.

Code-activated switches are available with various levels of complexity. The simplest ones merely switch channels upon recognizing a certain code sequence. More sophisticated units can accept incoming data at one data rate, collect it in a memory buffer, and send it to an output channel at another data rate. The most sophisticated units function more as message switchers and data concentrators than multiplexers, allow

ing party-line conversations and priority-interrupted communications. Rather than confuse the issue by explaining all the various hardware categories, I've chosen as this month's project an "intelligent" (at least microprocessor-controlled) but rather simple code-activated switch that I call the Micromux. I hope you'll take the opportunity to build it and experiment with it. While useful as a printer or modem switch, this code-activated switch may perhaps find more demanding applications such as message channeling and data acquisition.

Build the Micromux

The intelligence of the Micromux, which is used to decode characters from the serial data, could have been provided by virtually any microprocessor. The only requirement is that the system contain a program-storage area and both a parallel and serial I/O port (the former to send enable signals to the three-state signal buffers, the latter to read and transmit serial data). While I could have chosen a generalpurpose microprocessor such as the 6502 or Z80 and then used PIO (parallel input/output) and SIO (serial input/output) adapters, I chose to use the Z8671 variant of the Zilog Z8 single-chip microcomputer to reduce the complexity of the project. The Z8671 was the basis for my Z8-BASIC Microcomputer project (see reference 1) and the new Z8-BASIC SystemController board available from The Micromint. The connections needed

May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 51

(lc)

CODE-ACTIVATED SWITCH

MASTER

I /O

SERIAL

INPUT

Z8671 MICROCOMPUTER

PROGRAM EPROM

DATA-RATE SELECTION SWITCHES

ENABLE 1

-*• ENABLE 3 -»• ENABLE 4

Figure lc: Functional diagram of a Z8671 microcomputer chip (variant of a Zilog Z8) as it would be used to control a four-channel code-activated peripheral switch.

Number

Type

+5V GND-12V+12V

IC1

Z8671

1

11

IC2

2716/32

24

12

IC3

74LS373

20

10

IC4

74LS367

16

8

IC5

74LS10

14

7

IC6

74LS244

20

10

IC7

MC1489

14

7

IC8

MC1488

7 1 14

IC9

7407

14

7

Table 1:

Power connections for the in

tegratea

circuits of figi

re 2.

by the Z8671 to control the fourchannel switch are shown in figure lc.

Much of the hardware and many of the software subroutines required for the task are built into the Z8671 already. This Zilog product contains 256 bytes of RAM (random-access read/write memory), a serial port, two counter/timers, two parallel ports, and a 2K-byte tiny-BASIC (BASIC/Debug) interpreter within a single integrated-circuit package. Combined with a type-2716 EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory) and a data-rate-selection switch, the five-chip Z8-BASIC Microcomputer system can be easily programmed to monitor RS-232C serial communications and switch channels on cue. The control program can be written in either BASIC or assembled machine language, as you will see.

Figure 2 on page 53 is the schematic diagram of the Micromux. ICl is the Z8671. Its serial input line (SI) is tied directly to the data input of the master input channel (RD). Four of the Z8671's port-2 output lines serve as the enable inputs to the three-state signal buffers. The program that controls the computer and analyzes the data transmissions has been written into the 2716 EPROM, IC2. IC3 is an 8-bit latch which holds the 8 loworder address bits (from the Z8's multiplexed outputs) during memory and I/O operations. IC5 is configured as a memory-mapped address decoder that enables IC4 when any address over hexadecimal C000 is accessed.

The data rate is selected by the switch settings on the input of IC4. When the system is powered up, these

data-rate switches are read (as memory location hexadecimal FFFE) and used to set a counter/timer that divides the signal from the 7.3728MHz crystal. The data rates that may be thus selected include 110, 150, 300, 1200, 2400, 4800, and 9600 bps (bits per second).

The integrated circuits IC6 through IC9 are type-74LS244 three-state signal buffers. Nothing flows through them unless their active-low enable lines, pins 1 and 19, are at logic 0. IC18 is a type-7407 buffer/driver, which lights one of four LEDs (lightemitting diodes) to show the enabled channel.

RS-232C drivers and receivers are provided, appearing in the schematic as IC10 through IC17. I chose to use only the six most frequently used RS232C communication signals in this circuit. If you need additional signals, then you'll have to include more three-state signal buffers and driver/ receivers. Conversely, if you need only Received Data and Transmitted Data (pins 2 and 3), then you'll need fewer chips in your code-activated switch. (Six signals—Received Data, Transmitted Data, Clear to Send, Ready to Send, Data Set Ready, and Data Terminal Ready—were as many as I was willing to wire by hand.)

Programming the Micromux

The Z8671 can be programmed in either tiny BASIC or assembly language. The primary difference is speed. With the Z8671 set to receive data at 9600 bps, only a machine-language program would execute fast enough to digest the data and make control decisions at that rate. But for slower data rates where there is more

time for the processor to react, using BASIC makes the programming task easier.

For a multiplexer to switch quickly between four different output channels, four distinct character codes are required. These codes can be single ASCII (American National Standard Code for Information Interchange) characters such as the letters A, B, C, and D or sequences of characters such as "$%&1", "$%&2", "$%&3", and "$%&4". However, because the codeactivated switch relies upon the data stream to contain its control codes, it's important that the channel-activation codes be different from any character sequences appearing in the data transmissions, or false channel selection may occur. Obviously, we would not choose the letter A as a practical selection code in most applications, so we choose some multicharacter sequence that would be unlikely to appear. For instance, you would probably never need to print the sequence "$%&1", and it could be used to designate a switch to a printer connected to output channel 1. Similarly, "$%&4" would enable channel 4.

Because the sequence-recognition time is dependent on the code length, an alternative is to use single nonprinting characters such as Control-A or Control-D. A single-character switch-control code is recognized faster than a three- or four-character code. When using a machine-language program running at 8 MHz the difference is hardly significant, but in BASIC the difference could be considerable.

Micromux Control in BASIC

At this point, let's look at how the

52 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 53

Micromux might function with the Z8671 programmed in BASIC.

First, assuming that the switch is to be used only with printers and modems that use printable ASCII characters and commonly used control codes (Return, Backspace, Delete, etc.), I chose the four nonprinting characters Control-A, Control-B, Control-C, and ControlD to select the four output channels. For example, when the program sees a Control-C, it activates the enable line to the three-state signal buffer for

channel 3.

Figure 3 is a flowchart of a control program written for the Z8-BASIC/ Debug interpreter that obeys this convention. The program is seven lines long, as follows:

10 @246 = 0 : @2 = 255

20 X=@240 : IF X>4 THEN 20

30 IF X = 1 THEN @2 = 254 : GOTO 20

40 IF X = 2 THEN @2 = 253

50 IFX = 3THEN @2 = 2S1

60 IF X = 4 THEN @2 = 247

70 GOTO 10

GOTO 20 GOTO 20 GOTO 20

( START J

-*:'

INITIALIZE PORT 2

READ SERIAL

INPUT BYTE

IS INPUT BYTE\ NO HEX VALUE <04 P

YES

SET CHANNEL 1 OUTPUT

IS

VALUE=01 ?

IS

VALUE = 02 ?

VALUE=03 ?

YES

SET CHANNEL 2 OUTPUT

YES

SET CHANNEL 3 OUTPUT

YES

SET CHANNEL 4 OUTPUT

YES

CLEAR ALL SERIAL OUTPUT CHANNELS

Figure 3: Flowchart of a Z8-BASIC/Debug program to control the four-channel codeactivated switch at low data rates.

Line 10 configures port 2 for output and sets all enable lines to a logic 1 (not activated). Line 20 examines the serial input register of the Z8 and checks to see if its value is greater than 4. The only ASCII characters with values of 4 or less are the select codes mentioned above plus Control-®. Lines 30 through 60 set the output of the Z8's port 2 according to the control convention or, if a Control-® is read, to disable all output channels. If the character coming in over the serial input line is not one of these control characters (that is, if its value is greater than 4), the character is sent on to the current output channel (if any), and the port is read again.

Because the read-and-analyze routine is a single program line which returns to itself, it operates fairly fast. The Z8 can be set for any of the 7 common data rates between 110 and 9600 bps. If the multiplexer channel is set before the transmission starts, or if the control code is the very last character in a particular message, then the data rate is irrelevant to the proper functioning of the program. It is only when the control code is embedded in a significant character stream that speed of execution is a consideration.

Regardless of the data rate, about 40 ms (milliseconds) are required to analyze a serial character using this program. As long as a delay of 40 ms is allotted after any of the 5 control codes is sent, the code-activated switch will respond properly. Another possibility is to put several of the same control codes in series so that the program will catch at least one of them.

Machine-Language Control

For the hasty folk who like to send and switch data at 9600 bps, we have to use a machine-language program. A flowchart of such a program is shown in figure 4 on page 55. The increased processing speed using machine language allows us to use more characters in the switch-control code sequence and lessens the likelihood of confusion with data passing through the switch.

54 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

f START J

INITIALIZE PORT 2, CLEAR FLAG, INITIALIZE Z8 SERIAL PORT

READ SERIAL INPUT BYTE

RESET FLAG

YES

SET FLAG=1

ROTATE CARRY INTO WORK REGISTER

COUNT=COUNT-l

STRIP UPPER NYBBLE OF INPUT BYTE, REMAINDER; COUNT

CLEAR REGISTER 12

GET CARRY FLAG

COMPLEMENT WORK REGISTER 12

Figure 4: Flowchart of a Z8 machine-language program that can control the code-activated switch at data rates up to 9600 bps.

May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 55

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The final program, shown as assembly code in listing 1, uses many subroutines already available in the Z8671's ROM and requires only 88 bytes. It is designed to use a twocharacter control-sequence-recognition code, followed by a channel number. (I decided not to use unprintable control codes in this example, but any ASCII characters can be used.) The complete sequence is "@ \x", where x is a value from 1 to 4. The code sequence "@I3", for example, would direct the output of the Micromux to channel 3, while the sequence "@!1" would send the output to channel 1. One handy feature of the read-and-analyze routine is that only the 4 low-order bits of the third character in the sequence are used. This allows us to use one of the Control-A, -B, -C, or -D outputselection characters (as used in the BASIC program) as the third character in the sequence in place of the digit.

Because the program of listing 1 runs entirely in machine language, channel changes may occur at any point in the transmission, at any of the available transmission speeds. If you plan on using this program with a printer attached to one of the output channels, you may want to change the "@I" part of the sequence to two nonprinting characters. Simply substitute two ASCII codes of your choice in the program.

In Conclusion

The primary purpose of this article is to present something the average computer hobbyist can successfully build and use. However, if you are an industrious programmer with a lot of experience, you might want to add some additional features, such as storing input in a memory buffer, trapping control-code sequences (which would filter the switching codes out of the data flowing to the output channels), and party-line communication (where data is sent to more than one output channel). Of course, all of these additions would have involved more complex hardware and software.

In my own case, the Micromux

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didn't end up attached to a printer. I'm using the prototype, consisting mostly of a modified Z8-BASIC Microcomputer, to communicate with four other Z8 boards that per

form specific control and security assignments, none of which I had previously deemed important enough to merit tying up four separate serial ports.

Listing 1: Machine-language program for the Z8671 to control the code-activated switch at data rates up to 9600 bps.

1003

D310

1000

0320

1030

0030

MUL

riPJEXER SWITCHING PRC

GRAM FOR THE

1000

0340

zil

5G Li

MICROPROCESSOR,

P/N Z3SP WITH

1003

0050

0.1

S'JARD

BASIC/DEBUG ROM

1033

0063

1003

00 M

READ A NO 3YTE CODE AND

THEN SET THE

1033

3033

PORT 2 CONTROL, BITS A3 REQUIRED BY

1003

0090

THE

THIRD

(DATA) BlfTS.

1003

0100

1000

0110

USE

i ROM

CALL TO READ BYT

SS ON THE SERIAL

1000

0120

PORT OF THE Z-3 COMPUTER

BOARD.

1003

3130

1030

3140

TO

CHANS

E CONTROL BYTES

STORE FIRST COMMAND

1003

0153

AT

1041f

, SECOND COMMAND

AT 1055H. YOU MUST

1030

0160

USE DIFf

ERENT CODES FOR

CMD1 AND CMD2, DUE TO THE

1003

0170

UNCONDITIONAL FLAG SET AFTER THE "FIRST" LABEL.

1000

0183

1000

3193

1003

0200

FIRST SET

THE FIRST 20H BYTES TO OFFH. THESE ARE THE

1030

0210

INTERRUPT

VECTORS, AND ARE UNUSED BK THIS PROGRAM.

1000

0220

1003

0230

1000

0240

"ILL

EQU

1033H

1000 FF

FF

FF

FF

FF

0250

DB

I0FFH,»0FFH,tOFFH,I0FFH,I0FFH,I0FFH.I0FFH,»3FFH

FF

FF

FF

1008 FF

FF

FF

FF

FF

0260

DB

#0FFH,I0FFH,#3FFH,I0FFH,I0FFH,I0FFH,I0FFH,#0FFH

FF

FF

FF

1010 FF

FF

FF

FF

FF

0270

DB

#0FFH,I0FFH,#0FFH,#0FFH,I0FFH,#0FFH,I0FFH,#0FFH

FF

FF

FF

1018 FF

FF

FF

FF

FF

0283

DB

#0FFH,I0FFH,I0FFH,#0FFH,I0FFH,#0FFH,I0FFH,#0FFH

FF

FF

FF

1020

0293

;

1020

0303

1020

0310

3ASIC

ORG

1020H

PLACE A BASIC LINE AT 1020H

1020 00

0A

47

4F

20

0320

DB

#0,»10,'G0 8H1030',#0,#OFFH,#OFFH,»0FFH

10

25

31

30

33

30

00

FF

f^

FF

102F

0330

102F

0340

102F

0350

1ULTI

0R3

1030H

1030 E6

F6

00

0360

LD

246,10

SET UP PORT 2 A3 OUTPUT

1033 E6

n

CI

0370

LD

247,#0C1H

7 BITS, ODD PARITY, 1 STOP, PORT

ULLUP3 ON.

1036 E6 02

FF

0380

LD

2.I0FFH

SHUT DOilN ALL I/O AT START

1039 E6

30

00

0390

LD

30H,#0

SET FLAG TO 0

103C

0403

103C

0410

I

103C D6

00

54

0420

MAND

CALL

f0054H

GET A BYTE FROM THE SERIAL PORT

103F A6

13

40

0430

CP

13H,#CrtD1

IS THIS THE FIRST COMMAND CODE ?

1042 6B

05

0440

JR

Z,FIRST

YES, DO SET FLAG

1044 A6

30

03

0450

CP

30H,#0

IS FLAG 0 ?

1047 EB

05

0460

JR

NZ.PART2

NO, TEST FLAG SOME MORE

1049 E6

30

01

0470

'IRST

LD

30H,#1

SET FLAG TO 1

104C 8B

BE

0480

JR

CMAND

AND GO BACK TO LINE

10HE A6

30

01

0493

PART2

CP

30H,»1

IS FLAG A 1 7

1051 EB

OA

0500

JR

NZ.PART3

NO, CHECK LAST POSSIBLE FLAG SET

1053 A6

13

21

0510

CP

13H.ICHD2

YES. IS THIS COMMAND BYTE 2 ?

1056 EB

18

0520

JR

NZ, RESET

NO, FALSE ALARM. RESET FLAG BYTE

1053 E6

30

02

0530

LD

30H,»2

YES, UPDATE FLAG

105B 8B

DF

0540

JR

CMAND

AND GO BACK TO LINE

105D A6

30

02

0550

PART3

CP

30H.I2

IS a AG A 2 7

1060 EB

11

0560

JR

NZ,RESET

NO. FALSE ALARM. RESET FLAG BYTE

1062 B0

12

0570

CLR

12H

CLEAR REG 12H

1064 DF

0580

SCF

SET CARRY FLAG

1065 56

13

OF

0590

AND

13H,#0FH

MASK OFF H.O. BYTE OF DATA

1063 10

12

0603

.OOP

RLC

12H

ROTATE BIT ONCE.

106A 00

13

0610

DEC

13H

COUNT=COUNT-1

106C EB

FA

0620

JR

NZ.LOOP

106E 60 RCUIT

12

0630

COM

12H

COMPLEMENT BECAUSE 0 a ENABLE TO

1070 E4

12

02

0640

LD

2.12H

WRITE BIT TO THE MUX CONTROL POR

1073 E6

30

33

0650

BESET

LD

30H,#0

RESET COMMAND FLAG

1076 8B

C4

0650

JR

CMAND

AND GO BACK TO LINE

1073

0670

i

1078

0680

t

1078

0690

CMD1

EQU

,g,

1078

0700

CMD2

EQU

'!'

1078

0710

•

1078

0720

zzzz

END

SYMBOL

rABLE

BASIC 1020

CMAND 103C

CMD1

0040

CMD2 0321 FILL

1000

FIRST 1049

!•

OOP 1068

MULT

I 1030

PART2 104E PART3

105D

Now, of course, I need another code-activated switch for the printers and modems, but I'm not enthusiastic about hand-wiring another one. So if The Micromint decides to make an improved version of the Micromux, I'll take the first one off the assembly line. ■

Next Month:

New developments in technology have prompted yet another speechsynthesis project, this one using adaptive differential pulse-code modulation.

Reference

1. Ciarcia, Steve. "Build a Z8-Based Control Computer with BASIC, Part 1," July 1981 BYTE, page 38. Part 2, August 1981 BYTE, page 50. Reprinted in Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Volume III. Peterborough, NH: BYTE Books, 1982.

Editor's Note: Steve often refers to previous Circuit Cellar articles as reference material for each month's current article. Most of these past articles are available in reprint books from BYTE Books, McGraw-Hill Book Company, POB 400, Hightstown, NJ 08250.

Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Volume I covers articles that appeared in BYTE from September 1977 through November 1978. Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Volume II contains articles from December 1978 through June 1980. Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Volume III contains the articles that were published from July 1980 through December 1981.

If you would like to put together a code-activated switch from off-theshelf components, you could configure powerful hardware using the new Z8-BASIC System-Controller board (which contains RAM, EPROM, and a Z8671 on board) and a few Z8-BAS1C Serial Expansion boards. For information about availability and prices of the Z8671 or other Z8-BASIC board products, contact The Micromint Inc., 561 Willow Ave., Cedarhurst, NY 11596, (800) 645-3479.

58 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

The Electronic Office

by Pamela A. Clark, Managing Editor

The term electronic office has been overused to the point where one might believe that the complete electronic office does in fact exist. ..Nothing could be farther from the truth. . '.

While many office tasks are indeed automated —dedicatedfunction machines share data and a few peripherals —you y

could hardly say the electronic office is in full bloom. The current level of electronic office automation represents only a . • k

very small number of the myriad functions within an entire organization that could benefit .'.'

from the speed and efficiency of the microprocessor. Com- \

panies strongly committed to implementing the electronic ' ^

office will find the task complicated by the very nature of the change, as well as by confusion in the marketplace.

In the words of Marshall McLuhan, the medium is the message, and electronic transfer of information will profoundly affect the structure and management of an organization. If information is power, then distributed information means distributed power —a new and threatening concept for many companies. Management by divisional competition and conflict must give way to cooperative management as information is shared rather than controlled. Technological advances always create changes in staff hierarchy, performance standards, and human relations. Organization charts may soon reflect more tenets of communication theory than management theory as the organizational functions become inextricably linked to information management. The answer to the fundamental question, "Who has the authority to make changes in a shared database?" could restructure an entire corporation and postpone its electronic birth for a number of years.

The delayed emergence of the electronic office can also be traced to confusing signals from the technical

rr*,^

arena. Traditional mainframe vendors tout powerful dedicated systems, but can't deliver the stand-alone features of a workstation, a situation that only perpetuates centralized I n^ resources and information.

PBX vendors provide excellent 1^,... low-speed voice and data local

■. •-. networks to channel informa

tion throughout a building, but have only recently begun to supplement this with terminals and software. The proliferation of microcomputers increases the impetus for change, but system incompatibility hinders electronic reorganization. The usefulness of integrated software packages remains limited by general-purpose designs aimed at large markets.

Organizations in search of electronic nirvana must still look to multiple vendors for discrete components. Rapid technological changes and the accompanying lag in industry standards combine to sustain that situation and keep the complete, integrated electronic office from realization. However, the entrance of industry giants AT&T and IBM brings a powerful new pressure on the market. These heavyweights have the necessary resources to tackle the many disciplines embodied in the electronic office. The level of technical integration required for a fully functional system is colossal. While the electronic office promoted by these giants may not be as innovative as current speculation would have it, it will be integrated. And if the electronic office is to become a reality, harmony must be the bottom line.

Our theme articles, beginning on page 60, are as diverse and discrete as components in the electronic office. Networks, individual computer systems, and software applications all play an important role in today's office. However, the total electronic office remains only a vision on the horizon ■

Local Area Networks

An Update on Microcomputers in the Office

The boom in office communication systems is creating a pressing need for standardization.

Harry Saal

Nestar Systems Inc.

2585 East Bay shore Rd.

Palo Alto, CA 94303

The ideal state of computing—in which any computer or office device can communicate with any other device—is still on the horizon. But sharing information between physically separated personal computers, corporate computers, expensive printers, and disk drives is becoming more feasible and desirable every working day.

Often the information that managers would like to analyze with their electronic spreadsheet programs is ready and waiting on databases on the company mainframe computer, waiting for an easy communications link to the workspace in the managers' desktop computers. Electronic mail will help usher in a new era of office productivity, improving intercompany communications and ending vicious circles of returning calls to people who've returned your calls, etc.

Systems of computers and peripherals linked together in adjacent offices and buildings, or local area networks (LANs), will bring about complete office automation and standardize computer interconnections. But we're not quite there, yet.

Office computers are no longer de

About the Author

Harry Saal is the president of Nestar Systems Inc.

signed for the exclusive use of computer professionals; from senior management to the receptionist, employees are expected to use computers as standard parts of the office environment. Everyone from a trained analyst to a temporary secretary now needs to have access to information in databases and process it electronically.

In business, a wide spectrum of individuals must share information; rarely is true personal data encountered in corporate situations. One person might enter the basic data, another will edit or modify it, and a third will produce reports or graphic displays from it. Information is typically supplied by many sources but must be merged, managed, and distributed to be useful. Also, because information is a valuable resource, it must be protected from malicious or accidental misuse.

Traditional multiuser computer systems, whether mainframe or minicomputer, are not well suited to this new type of automated applications. Conventional systems require large centralized facilities, inaccessible to the user. They require costly support staffs. Maintenance problems make it difficult to justify new development, resulting in today's widespread applications backlog.

Conventional systems also lack the responsiveness, ease of use, and user orientation of the newer desktop systems. They are designed for a more sophisticated, trained user, thereby limiting their usefulness for the far broader class of new computer users.

This unsatisfactory state of affairs, contrasted with the benefits of friendly, fast, and economical personal computing, is spurring current desktop computer development.

The Communications Requirement

Although often separated by distance, allied users must work together cooperatively. On different floors, in different buildings, or in different states and countries, fellow workers must exchange information. For them, communications are no longer a luxury; they are essential and growing daily in importance.

Two recent developments, local area networking and personal computing, provide a way to address the needs of this new class of computer users; community microcomputing is the merger of these two technologies.

Community microcomputing enables a community of users to share information that resides on common peripherals. Users share common programs and data as well as expen

60 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Ire

(lc)

(lb)

5

Figure 1: Popular network configurations. The star network (la) is the most common of the early network types (such as the telephone system) and relies on the central node for control of operations. Bus configuration (lb), as used on the Ethernet and by cable television, allows nodes to be added or removed without impairing the network. The ring network (lc) circulates all messages in one direction and may pass toketzs to specify which node may transmit; a failure of any node may interrupt network operation.

sive, high-quality equipment such as printers and disks. Individuals connected to a community microcomputing system have their own dedicated personal computers as well as support environments for communications and for sharing of peripherals and information. Familiar personal computers, serving as desktop workstations, provide a nonthreatening setting that enhances the effectiveness of professional and clerical workers. These personal workstations are open-ended, multifunction tools that make possible word processing, data manipulation, graphics, and sending electronic messages.

Attributes of a LAN

Local area networks are a specialized part of the larger class of communications networks. They undertake the job of intercomputer communications within geographically limited distances in a very reliable and cost-effective way. Conventional long-haul (telephone) lines and satellite systems are optimized for the

transmission of analog or digital data over thousands of miles. Local area networks are optimized for use in the office or factory, over distances of hundreds to many thousands of feet.

Local area networks typically are bounded by speed as well as distance, running several hundred thousand bits per second to as many as tens of millions of bits per second.

Speed and distance, however, are not the only two design considerations of a local area network. LANs operate with digital data and exhibit high reliability of communications over the distances specified. A system of error detection must be added to the digital information to ensure that even a rare error will be detected. Additionally, an error-correcting mechanism is needed to ensure that the correct data is retransmitted.

To accomplish retransmission, data is split into groups or packets. Each packet contains information regarding its source and destination. Most local area network schemes permit a special form of addressing referred to as broadcasting, whereby

a station may send a packet that is destined for all stations connected to the local area net. Multicasting is similar; however, in multicasting the targeted stations are a subset of the totality of connected stations.

Typically, within the data packet, there are various acknowledgments, additional information concerning the sequencing of packets, network addresses, etc. This information is used to provide more sophisticated services to the programs running on the workstations than services simply based on a "point-to-point" transmission medium. Such sophisticated services include routing, distinguishing which programs on a particular machine are addressed, and identifying character sets and protocols in use.

The error-recovery schemes used in local area networks generally make it possible to add a new station to a functioning communications network without disrupting ongoing operations. This possibility results from several factors: First, the act of connecting (or disconnecting) a new station to the actual network medium causes some momentary interference and errors. But the basic design of the network accommodates such errors automatically, by retransmitting the information. Second, because local area networks are designed as fully distributed systems, there is no central station or master list of stations that must be updated in order for the system to continue functioning. This updating of station information takes place dynamically as the system runs. In more conventional communications schemes, it is generally necessary to stop the system and take some global action in order to add or delete a network node.

Network Topologies

The form of the physical connection of stations to the communications medium generally falls into one of three main categories: star, bus, or ring form (see figure 1).

Telephone systems are the best example of the star configuration, or topology. Each instrument is connected via cable to the centra] office where the switching is done between

May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 61

stations. To talk to your next-door neighbor, the information must flow to a main switching point, where it is processed by an exchange, then back to the house next door.

Few examples of the star topology used in local area networks exist, other than the private-branchexchange (PBX) telephone system, due to the problems encountered by having a specialized piece of equipment to service all the stations at the ends of the lines. In computer systems, the services to be performed by the switch are likely to become more complex over time. This may require more than one piece of equipment, which makes it more difficult to arrange the equipment in a star configuration rather than in a bus or ring topology.

The star topology seems most suitable to a PBX-type system in which the main service requirement is dataswitching from point to point. The data speed requirements are generally nominal (less than 50K bits per second), and the wiring exists in millions of offices. This type of network works efficiently when fairly powerful multiuser systems are connected to it, thus providing the computing power for low-speed intelligent terminal devices. With many of the existing telephone systems manufacturers preparing to introduce this type of network, it could well dominate in the future.

The bus topology usually involves one long central spine of cable to which each of the nodes is connected. Nodes may connect directly, or as in many cases, they may be connected via a cluster box, which provides for multiple station connections. By connecting several cluster boxes, you obtain a treelike structure of interconnected cables, or a "star of stars." This configuration still remains a bus in the sense that stations can still communicate directly without the need of an intermediary station.

Bus schemes are sometimes found with two cables running to each station; one cable receives while the other transmits. In this case, all the transmitters are connected together via a bus that runs to a special headend retransmitter. This retransmitter

takes the signals, amplifies them, and broadcasts them on the receive cable to which all stations listen. Most community antenna television (CATV) systems work in this fashion. This system implies that stations cannot directly talk to each other but only via the intermediate amplifier. In this scheme, it is essential to make the head-end retransmitter extremely reliable, so that it is not the weak link in the network. Using this scheme adds significantly to the basic system cost; this is practical if the network is servicing a unit larger than an individual office, such as a complete building.

A ring can be thought of as a bus that is closed back on itself. The ring topology does not have the flexibility that bus structures have, yet it forces more regularity into the system, thereby assisting in error-diagnostic and repair capabilities. In ring systems, the information circulates (clockwise or counterclockwise), and it is possible to implement a scheme whereby a station can check to see if the data transmitted was received or not. This is done by looking at control information that is inserted or modified by the receiving station and passed around the ring, sometimes followed by a token.

One proposed ring system uses a pair of counter-rotating rings to circulate information. This system permits a nonfunctioning station to be isolated while all the other stations are still interconnected. On the other hand, adding or deleting a station from a ring system is more complex than with either the star or bus approach. The process typically disrupts the closure of the ring for significant periods of time during which the system is not operational.

Standards

The office is one of the most heterogeneous of all data-processing environments. Typically, companies have already acquired an assortment of word processors, small computer systems, and telephone exchange equipment and may be using outside timesharing services. Since one of the goals of a local area network is to facilitate the intercomputer com

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62 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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munications within the office, it is very attractive to imagine a local area network that can connect together a variety of equipment, present and future.

The equipment must be compatible on many levels to accomplish this interconnection. Practically speaking, most vendors rely on the lack of interchangeability to prevent their customers from rushing off to the competition, and they do not actively publish specifications that enable easy substitution. Very often commonality comes about in informal ways, in which a number of vendors play follow the leader, otherwise known as being IBM-compatible! But the world of communications is one domain in which the need for information interchange requires more than casual attention to standards.

The ISO Reference Model

The International Standards Organization (ISO) established a framework for standardizing communications systems, called the Open System Interconnection (or OSI) Model. The OSI architecture defines seven layers of communications protocols, with specific functions isolated at each level. The purpose of layered protocols is severalfold: one significant advantage is that differing lower-level implementation details can be hidden, while compatibility can still be achieved at the higher levels. This permits considerable variation in the basic electrical technology, while retaining the fundamental information flow between systems.

Level 7 is the Application Level, which handles the utility aspects of network usage. Issues such as the identification of users, selection of services, or global network access are dealt with by Level 7. Typical programs at this level are file transfer programs, terminal-to-terminal emulation capabilities, and electronic message programs. At this level, tasks are performed; all the lower levels are there to support applications.

Level 6 is the Presentation Level, which handles the conversion of data

64 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 122 on inquiry card.

The Professional's Editor for Program Development Word Processing Source CodeTranslations

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With two modes of operation, VEDIT never compromises its speed or ease of use for its power and sophistication. As one reviewer (Bradford Thompson, BYTE) Wrote: 'If this review gives you an appetite for simplicity while editing, then VEDIT is well worth considering.' Its command language, based on TECO, is virtually a text oriented programming language, allowing command macros to be created, loaded and saved on disk. Yet its simplicity allows even a novice to perform tasks beyond the capabilities of any word processor.

VEDIT cuts programming time in half - with multiple file handling, macro capability and special features for Pascal, PL/1, 'C, Cobol, Assembler and other languages. And it can help with source code translations (example ZILOG to/from INTEL translator macros are included). A complete line of translators will be available by the year's end.

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from one format to another. This involves the packing and unpacking of data, changes in character set, expansion of graphics commands, and encryption.

Level 5 is the Session Level, in which the establishment and termination of streams of data from station to station are handled. Level 5 is typically responsible for mapping network-oriented addresses into more logical process or port names on the local workstation.

Level 4 is the Transport Level, which manages a lower level of connection than the Session Level and handles the connections needed to deal with messages that exceed the maximum packet size of the network. Making a reliable end-to-end connection across an imperfect basic network is done by Level 4. Error control, sequence checking, handling of duplicate packets, flow control, and multiplexing issues are the main concerns of this level.

Level 3 is called the Network Level. It deals with the routing of informa

tion from node to node via intermediate nodes and stations. This is often not required on the local network itself due to the broadcast nature of the information exchange, or because of direct addressing provided by the network hardware. Interconnections between more than one LAN, however, require a functional Level 3.

Level 2 is referred to as the DataLink Level. The data-link deals with the actual packets themselves and provides for the addition or removal of header and framing information surrounding the actual data contents. These headers provide for timing signals, error-detection checksums, and station addresses for hardware recognition. It is the data-link level that incorporates the access strategy for sharing the basic cable among many stations: for example, whether it is a round-robin protocol, controlled token-passing, or a probabilistic contention scheme.

Level 1 is the Physical Level, which defines the electrical and mechanical

characteristics of the network. The particular signaling scheme used, modulation techniques, frequencies, and voltages employed are all specified at this level.

See table 1 for an idea of how the major microcomputer networks fit into the ISO framework.

Adoption of Standards

Clearly a need exists for some level of electrical compatibility at which a standard connector, standard signaling levels, etc., are used to successfully build fully integrated office systems that directly link together disparate office equipment. The most attention has been on the layers that deal with these issues, namely, Levels 1 and 2. This attention should result in the availability of standard components that a variety of manufacturers can use, thus reducing the cost to the consumer. This attention also follows the industry's tendency to feel that once the hardware is compatible, the software "can always be fixed later." It is interesting to note that this

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BYTE May 1983 67

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Table 1: Microcomputer local area networks in the levels defined by the International Standards Organization reference model. The ISO model provides only a framework not a standard. Most network systems (like Ethernet) implement only a few of the layers.

type of standardization argument actually runs contrary to the purpose of the OSI model; the OSI model attempts to preserve compatibility across applications by permitting variation in the lower levels as long as they are fully shielded from the higher-level programs.

IEEE 802

A great deal of attention has been focused on the activities of the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 802 Committee. While de facto follow-the-leader-style standardization may be the dominant trend, official standards processes are important in the communications world. Hence, all the major computer manufacturers have participated actively in the IEEE standards work on local area networks.

A curious state of affairs has developed in the IEEE 802 Committee. After substantial initial activity, the Committee finally recognized the impossibility of adopting only one standard that would satisfy the variations in speed, distance, reliability,

cabling, etc., required by the computer industry. Rather than to give up entirely, the current plan is to have a series of alternatives, each with several options. However, even this strange and indecisive proposal compares favorably to what is essentially anarchy in the current choice of product offerings.

The IEEE 802 standards are split into three main areas: (1) 802-3, a carrier-sense multiple-access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) system, based on the design of the Ethernet system; (2) 802-4, a token-passing bus network, and (3) 802-5, a token-passing ring network. The latter is especially interesting to industry observers since IBM is its strongest advocate in committee and public technical discussions. Each of these fundamentally different schemes has at least three or four alternatives, which vary such parameters as data rate, transmission medium, distance traversed, and modulation and encoding techniques used. For example, within the token ring scheme, there are four variations of speed (1, 4, 10, and 20 million bits per second) using

two different types of cable (150-ohm twinax, or a bundle of three lines of 75-ohm coax).

It is likely that the American standards for the lowest levels will be adopted during 1983. The years of work that went into the standardization process thus far are a portent of even more complex activity needed to standardize at the higher levels of networking protocols. Some companies, like Xerox, have published the standards they have adopted for their own products, and this encourages other companies to do the same. The National Bureau of Standards has proposed a series of higher-level protocols for the transport level and electronic messaging.

For users of networked office systems, this is an unfortunate state of affairs since they are primarily interested in the Application Level. Users want to move information from system to system, have it shared between machines with different internal hardware, and be able to display graphs on a variety of screens with different qualities and features. No doubt this capability is the ultimate goal of

70 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Ire

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standards activities for LANs, yet the prospects for resolution appear to be years away.

Office systems buyers should, therefore, not anticipate that a local area network will make it possible for their IBM Displaywriter to talk to their Wangwriter and then to their CP/M machine without the addition of special programs and services to make it possible. Similarly, the adoption of electrical standards, whether by official committee or de facto

adoption, does not solve the fundamental difficulties inherent in handling a variety of computers, with different operating systems, languages, and databases. Local area networks expose these problems to the harsh light of day; they are not responsible for having caused them.

Cost and Acceptance in the Office

For a wide range of applications, community microcomputing solu

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Memory transfer rates of 517Kbytes/second, direct memory access, memory mapping and host to slave requests via interrupt control make the CPS-MX fast. And easy to integrate. Fully compatible with TURBOdos™, Intercontinental Micro System's slaves are available in four versions: synchronous or asynchronous serial port, 4Mhz or 6Mhz. The choice is yours. The CPS-MX also allows the bus master to utilize slave memory at the user's discretion. The slave then acts as a 64K RAM card.

The CPS-MX is also easy to integrate with Intercontinental's full line of S100 products: CPZ-48000 SBC, ~ single board computer with ; 64K on board RAM, 4 I/O

channels, memory management, on board floppy controller, DMA and vectored priority interrupts; and 256K bank selectable or contiguous memory.

A complete line of personality boards allow easy interface to anything from a floppy to a Winchester, including modems and printers, and don't take up any S-100 bus space.

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tions are far more economical than conventional multiuser minicomputer approaches. Community networks are less expensive to purchase and, due to lower overhead, less expensive to operate. Fitting easily within existing office environments, community networks are less expensive to install than dedicated computer facilities.

More than price alone separates the personal computer local area network solution from traditional computing systems. To achieve productivity gains, workers must accept a system rather than resist it. Using familiar personal computers as workstations significantly aids in that acceptance. If a LAN functions transparently, the users see the network as an extension of their own personal environment rather than as a complex distributed data-processing system in which they feel like mere "nodes." The users feel that they are controlling their environment, not being controlled by it. This feeling of control and individuality by the user is the single most important difference between traditional systems and community microcomputing systems.

This article does not attempt to completely survey the available local area network hardware and software for personal computers in office applications. Instead, I will try to give several particular illustrative examples and let the interested readers follow up directly with their local computer vendor or by study of the references.

First, let's look at some of the microcomputer vendors who have gone ahead and designed their own proprietary networks for their own machines.

Proprietary Networks

Apple Computer Inc. recently announced a network for Apple products but has not delivered actual hardware and software or complete details on it yet. Applenet is described as a 1-megabit-per-second network, connecting as many as 128 stations over at most 2000 feet. It uses a twinax cable, which runs between a series of transformer-coupled boxes that permit as many as four stations to tap in at a time to the main bus. A

72 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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spokesperson stated that Apple expects the networking hardware to sell for less than $500 per station and be available at the end of 1983. Although the network was announced as part of the new Lisa computer, Apple stated that Applenet will also be available for the Apple II and III machines. No details were given on the kinds of hardware or software services that will be made available with Applenet.

Altos Computer Systems introduced its own Altosnet during 1982. This system can connect together as many as 32 stations at a data rate of 800K bits per second. Each system attachment costs $295. Currently, Altosnet appears to be available only for the interconnection of more than one Altos multiuser (Xenix) system to another. It cannot be used to network independent single-user personal computers at this time.

Digital Microsystems has been one of the pioneers in this field, providing the Hinet system. It connects as many as 32 users at 500K bits per second, by a maximum of 1000 feet of multiwire ribbon cable. Digital Microsystems has recently introduced a series of special workstations, specifically for use on its network, which do not incorporate local disks. This is one of the first network-only workstations available in the microcomputer world.

North Star Computers provides the Northnet system for its Advantage microcomputer. This system supports CP/M-only applications and permits the sharing of resources in a 4000-foot end-to-end network. The network runs at 1 megabit per second and costs approximately $400 per station.

Cromemco Inc. provides its own C-Net, which is a twinax-cabled system running at 500K bits per second. It costs more than $1000 per user if an interface is dedicated to each workstation but drops to less than $500 if shared among 5 or more users.

Vector Graphic developed its LINC (local interactive network communications) system, which is a token-passing network, running at 750K bits per second, over two twisted-pair cables. As many as 16 stations can be connected over a

2000-foot distance, at a cost of about $750 per station. An enhanced version of CP/M is provided for network access.

Nonproprietary Networks

Only a few networks were developed by a computer vendor and then subsequently adopted by a number of other companies for their own use. There are three prime candidate networks in this area: the Corvus Omninet, Xerox Ethernet, and Datapoint ARCnet (attached resource computer network).

The Omninet system is designed for educational and small-business markets. As many as 64 stations can be connected to a 1000-foot cable. Repeaters can be used to extend the cable length to as many as 4000 feet.

The three prime candidates for standard

networks are the

Corvus Omninet, Xerox

Ethernet, and the

Datapoint ARCnet.

Omninet transmits data at 1 megabit per second, and a variety of microcomputer interfaces is available from Corvus Systems Inc. The interfaces range in cost from about $500 to $750. Corvus has worked with several computer vendors and licensed the technical details to them for use with their own offerings. Some examples of these companies are Dictaphone, Onyx, NCR, and Texas Instruments. Corvus also offers the simpler Multiplexer that shares time on the peripherals and uses the same high-level Constellation software that Omninet does. Corvus now manufactures its own office workstation, known as the Concept, which comes with a network interface as a standard feature.

Xerox Corporation has developed and licensed its own networking system, Ethernet, with the support of Intel, Digital Equipment Corporation, and many other manufacturers. Ethernet communicates at 10 megabits per second and can connect as many as 1024 stations attached to a

series of segments that span as much as 7600 feet. Each station is given a unique 48-bit address, and Xerox provides a means of coordinating addresses and protocols on a worldwide basis. The Ethernet scheme provides the technical basis for one of the three IEEE committee standards. Due to the very early availability of the technical details from Xerox, Ethernet achieved a large measure of de facto acceptance prior to any formal adoption. Xerox has also released many of the details of the higher-level protocols, the Xerox Network Systems, that it uses throughout its network products; this, too, has led to significant de facto standardization to date.

Due to Ethernet's high performance and tight technical specifications, Ethernet controllers have been more expensive than other offerings. The recent production of custom very large scale integration (VLSI) chips has lessened the disparity, and the 3COM Corporation has introduced an Ethernet controller for the IBM PC, with a price of $950 per station. The 3COM Corporation also offers a shared hard disk, Ethershare ($11,500), and software packages to use with it. Etherprint ($750) enables several users to share printers, and an electronic mail package, Ethermail ($1500), provides sophisticated office communication for as many as 1024 users. The 3COM Corporation has agreed to provide Ethernet controller cards to Apple for use in all Apple's personal computers, including the Lisa, and also supplies controllers on an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) basis to companies such as Altos Computers and Digital Equipment Corporation.

Datapoint Corporation introduced its ARCnet system for linking together its own series of office equipment products beginning in 1977. Since then the product has expanded and, due to the thousands of systems being sold, was reduced to VLSI circuitry early. These circuits are available without any licensing fees or restrictions from their manufacturers, which is a more open stance than that taken with the previous two systems. ARCnet communicates at 2.5 mega

74 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE May 1983 75

The next generation ISAAC/Apple

r * i

Important advances in the proven lab computer.

Apple is the worlds most popular personal computer. Now the ISAAC/ Apple is the world's most flexible, most accessible, most useable laboratory computer system.

More than a thousand ISAAC/ Apple Laboratory Computer Systems are already at work, handling hundreds of applications in laboratory, electronic test and process control environments. Now this enormously successful system has been significantly improved.

To begin with, the system uses either the Apple II Plus or the new Apple He, with improvements like expanded 64K memory, easier-to-use keyboard, and enhanced operating system. Then there are new ISAAC enhancements: expanded software, new hardware and new flexibility.

Softening a hard job.

Your work is demanding enough already. You shouldn't have to struggle with software. So ISAAC'S LabSoft extended BASIC has been made even more powerful with no sacrifice in ease-of-use, and convenient new utilities and application programs have been added. For example, there's a new high-speed data acquisition utility and a program that makes formatting graphs a breeze.

Then there are menu-driven "no programming" software packages for thermocouple data logging (DATATEXT) and chromatography data handling (CHROMATEXT), and software for communications to host or other personal computers.

No software anywhere works better in the lab. And, of course, no other software offers you the important advantage of Cyborg professionals ready to assist you in configuring and supporting the best system for your individual application.

Hardware that makes getting started easy.

The new modular ISAAC Model 41A now joins the full-featured Model 91A in Cyborg's line. When you choose the 41 A, you can buy only the components your specific application requires, meaning entry-level prices are lower —as low as $4,000 including the Apple lie. You can then add expansion modules—AID, D/A, Binary I/O and more—as you grow.

Then there's the new DataMem Card, a 147K memory buffer. It frees more of the Apple's internal memory for your programs and data. And there's a remote input system for pre-amplification of signals from thermocouples (K, J, T and others),

RTDs, strain gauges, instruments and any other digital or analog signal. It can handle just one instrument or as many as 256 channels, at distances up to 50 feet.

Your laboratory solution.

The computer's impact on the laboratory is no longer a matter of conjecture. Everywhere, computers are bringing new speed, accuracy, and ease of use to data handling and storage.

And now Cyborg, the recognized leader in personal laboratory computer systems, introduces a new generation ISAAC/Apple system, adding flexibility, affordabilrty and even more computer power.

If you want more from your instruments or sensor-based systems, you should have ISAAC/Apple working for you.

And the very first step in that direction is to find out more. Call, write or check the reader service number below, and we'll rush you information that can bring your laboratory into the computer age.

55 Chapel Street, Newton, MA 02158, (617) 964-9020, (800) 343-4494

Cyborg

Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. Cyborg is a registered trademark ot Cyborg Corporation. Chromatext, Datatext and LabSott are trademarks o( Cyborg Corporation.

Circle 145 on inquiry card.

bits per second, and as many as 255 stations, as far as 4 miles apart, can be connected at a time. ARCnet is a bus-oriented system, i.e., any station can communicate to any other without intervention. But the electrical connection is made (every 2000 feet) through a starlike amplifying and isolating device; thus the physical topology resembles a star or treelike form. The form of access control used is a token-passing scheme, which is a ringlike logical connection.

The issue of installed cabling may be critical in decisions about adopting a network, as was pointed out in the discussion about PBXs earlier in the article. ARCnet uses the standard IBM 3270 coaxial and connectors for its cabling scheme, thus taking advantage of the wealth of field experience and quantity of installed cable (more than 1 million offices). Rather than costing about $1000 per station, as in Ethernet, ARCnet interfaces range from $400 to $600.

ARCnet has been adopted by two other companies to date in the microcomputer arena. Tandy Corporation announced that it will provide ARCnet capability for its Model II and Model 16 products. Tandy will provide a series of shared disk systems and the necessary software for office use.

Nestar Systems provides its PLAN (Personal Local Area Network) 4000 series products, which use ARCnet for their electrical network interconnection. Nestar chose to adopt another de facto standard at the same time, namely, the Xerox Network System (XNS) protocols (Levels 3 to 5), which are used by many Ethernet implementations. This permits the eventual easy interconnection between ARCnet and Ethernet for Nestar products, as well as the use of many XNS-based software products in an ARCnet hardware base.

Nestar's PLAN 4000 system interconnects IBM PC, Apple II, and Apple III workstations. Software is provided to permit each of these machines to operate in one of several different local-operating-system environments, rather than restricting the user to one particular choice. This may be important in permitting users

to select their environment based on the available application software, and not the other way around.

Nestar, like Xerox and Datapoint, provides a fairly complete set of surrounding hardware and software offerings to add to the basic networking equipment. This includes such capabilities as sharing disks, printers, a multitude of mainframe communications packages, electronic mail, etc.

Who's Missing?

The overview here is partial. Undoubtedly by the time this article is in print, there will have been significant changes in the networking industry. In particular, the offerings from IBM have not yet been unveiled. Once done, we can expect to see many companies shift swiftly in its direction.

The crucial question has to do with activities in the operating system and application software arena. Will we see true embedding of network primitives in the operating systems produced by such companies as Microsoft, Digital Research, and Softech Microsystems? (Digital Research has introduced the CP/NET system, but it has not been an outstanding success as measured by the number of networking companies that prefer to develop their own network-based CP/M support.) And which programs will take advantage of the multiuser database aspects of networks? Will the vendors of software packages trust the security and protection mechanisms of microcomputer-based local area networks? Who will sell networking systems—local computer retailers or specialty houses that work only in selected vertical markets7

Summary

Local area networking of personal computers in the office is a complex subject. The number of solutions offered are bewildering to purchasers of such systems, and it looks as if the product proliferation will continue for some time before any true coalescence occurs. Standardization is a slow process, and the real problems have yet to be addressed. At this time, users need to work closely with

Circle 322 on Inquiry card. >

Get the

total

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«ii//g//iiii mimm Your computer's telephone. f f

A personal computer without communications, is like a car without gasoline. It can't go anywhere.

It needs a special telephone (called a modem), to get you communicating with other computers. Across the city. Or the entire country.

Whether you're swapping programs with friends or dub members. Working at home and sending reports to the office. Or taking advantage of a wealth of information from any of the networks or information utilities. Telecomputing gready expands the world of your personal computer

And Hayes provides the communications fink. Smartmodem 300, and the faster Smartmodem 1200, work with any computer with an RS-232C I/O port. Plugging your computer directly into the phone

system, they allow you to communicate over ordinary phone lines with computers and terminals anywhere in America. But any modem will send and receive data. A Hayes Smartmodem also dials, answers and disconnects calls. Automatically. And it does this without going through the tele

Shone receiver, a design feature lat makes it far superior to acoustic coupler modems.

Choose your speed, choose your price. Hayes Smartmodems are available at two different speeds and price levels. The lower-priced Smartmodem 300 is ideal for local data swaps and communicates at 300 bps.

For longer distances and larger volumes, Smartmodem 1200 operates at 1200 bps or up to 300 bps, with a built-in selector that automatically detects transmission speeds.

Both modems work with rotary dials, Touch-Tone* and key-set systems. We've even included an audio speaker and indicator lights so you can monitor the communica

QD Hayes

tions process. Smartmodem 1200 has an additional indicator light that detects high-speed transmission. And, unlike many modems, both Smartmodems operate at full or half duplex, for compatibility with most time-sharing systems.

At Hayes, all of these "extras" are standard. We've built our reputation on superior quality. Excellent documentation. A limited two-year warranty. And a wide range of software support. Including our own hot-selling Smartcom II™ communications software for the IBM** PC, making Smartmodem 300 and 1200 even easier for you to use. See your computer dealer today for a demonstration. Then break out of isolation. Get a Hayes telephone for your computer. Hayes Microcomputer Products, Inc., 5923 Peachtree Industrial Blvd., Norcross, Georgia 30092. 404/449-8791.

Smartcom II is a trademark of Ha^es Microcomputer

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*TM American Telephone S Telegraph

"IBM is a registered trademark of International

Business Machines, Corp.

©1983 Hayes Microcomputer Products. Inc.

Sold only in the U.S.A.

Circle 212 on inquiry card.

those vendors and their representatives who are well trained, knowledgeable, and dedicated to the field of networking. It is not as simple as plugging in a card, much as one would plug in a printer interface or memory expansion board. In spite of the complexity, personal computer local area networks are being used for some truly exciting applications, but, for the moment, they are not available as off-the-shelf products. Community microcomputing, the merger of personal computers and local area networking, is becoming a standard offering of most microcomputer vendors, but only a few have recognized the advantages of adopting standards and have avoided

the pitfalls of the invent-your-own approach. True office local area networking is still a dream to be fulfilled. ■

References

1. Davis, George R., ed. The Local Network Handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1982.

2. Saal, Harry J. "Local Area Networks: Possibilities for Personal Computers." BYTE, October 1981, pages 92-112.

3. Shotwell, Robyn. The Local Computer Network Vendor List. San Francisco: Shotwell and Associates, 1982.

4. Thurber, Kenneth. The LocalNetter Designer's Handbook. Minneapolis, MN: Architecture Technology Corporation, 1982.

5. Wolfberg, N.E., ed. The Ethernet Handbook. San Francisco: Shotwell and Associates, 1982.

Vendor

Product

EXO Corporation 1265 Montecito Ave.

EXO/NET

Action Computer Enterprises Inc.

DPC/NET

Mountain View, CA 94043 (415) 969-8624

55 West Del Mar Blvd.

Pasadena, CA 91105

Nestar Systems Inc. PLAN 4000

(213) 793-2440

2585 East Bayshore Rd. Palo Alto, CA 94303 (415) 493-2223

Apple Computer Inc.

Applenet

20525 Mariani Ave.

North Star Computers Inc.

Northnet

Cupertino, CA 95014

14440 Catalina St.

(408) 996-1010

San Leandro, CA 94577 (415) 375-8500

Altos Computer Systems

Altosnet

2360 Bering Dr.

Tandy Corporation

ARCnet

San Jose, CA 95131

1800 One Tandy Center

(408) 946-6700

Fort Worth, TX 76102 (817) 390-3300

Corvus Systems Inc.

Omninet,

3COM Corporation

Etherseries

2029 O'Toole Ave.

Multiplexer

1390 Shorebird Way

San ]ose, CA 95131

Mountain View, CA 94043

(408) 946-7700

(415) 961-9602

Cromemco Inc.

C-Net

Tri-Data

NNET

280 Bernardo Ave.

505 East Middlefield Rd.

Mountain View, CA 94040

Mountain View, CA 94043

(415) 964-7400

(415) 969-3700

Datapoint Corporation 9725 Datapoint Dr. San Antonio, TX 78284

ARCnet

Vector Graphic Inc.

500 North Ventu Park Rd.

Thousand Oaks, CA 91320

LINC

(512) 699-7151

(805) 499-5831

Xerox

Ethernet

Digital Microsystems

Hinet

Office Systems Division

1840 Embarcadero

1341 West Mockingbird Lane

Oakland, CA 94606

Dallas, TX 75247

(415) 532-3686

(214) 689-6000

wJIVnOEBBBn

Read the fine print.

Improve the output of your present system with a dot-matrix printer from NEC.

For good-looking copy in a hurry, it's hard to beat NEC's hard-working PC-8023A.This is a bi-directional 100 CPS, 80-column printer that can operate in a compressed-print mode to yield 132 columns. Special 2I< buffer holds a page of data, so the unit can print while you're typing in something else. Compatible with a wide range of computers, from Apple to Zenith''*.

Compare these features with your present printer:

Tractor and friction feed

Complete ASCII characters plus Greelc, math, and graphic characters

Elite, pica, compressed print, proportional spacing, subscript and superscript

Standard parallel Centronics interface, serial optional

Prints clear original and up to three copies simultaneously

•Special cables may be necessary. Contact your local NEC Home Electronics dealer

Circle 323 on inquiry card.

\ Productivity at your fingertips

NEC Home Electronics (U.S.A./, Inc. Personal Computer Division

1401 Estes Avenue

Elk Grove Village, IL 60007

(312)228-5900

Nippon Electric Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan

The TelevideoTS 1603

"I chose TeleVideo's Personal Computer for all

the things IBM left out."

I didn't choose TeleVideo because it's $1,000 less than IBM* It was because TeleVideo thought of everything.

To begin with, my TeleVideo has twice as much storage capacity as IBM, even with the extra cost IBM disk drive. I can use that extra capacity.

My TeleVideo came with a big 14" screen that's easier to read, and it tilts for the extra comfort that's so important when you use a computer as much as I do. With IBM, you pay more for a smaller 12" screen that doesn't tilt at all.

Another thing I like. TeleVideo's keyboard is so lightweight and comfortable my fingers hardly know they're working. IBM's keyboard? It's a little behind the " times.

TeleVideo also gave me the choice of popular CP/M® or MS- DOS® operating systems—FREE—so I can pick from thousands of proven software programs. You can get the same option from IBM, but you have to pay for the privilege.

Last but not least, TeleVideo's network capabilities give me a real growth path

for the future, linking up to sixteen computers in one powerful network. You can't get that from IBM.

So before you choose any personal computer, do like I did and compare. You'll see that TeleVideo gives you a lot more computer for a lot less money. And you'll buy TeleVideo because they didn't leave anything out.

For more information, write TeleVideo Systems, Inc., 1170 Morse Ave, Sunnyvale, CA 94086, call toll-free 800-5381780 (In California call 800-672-3470 Ext. 945), call one of our authorized distributors or dealers, or contact one of our regional sales offices, listed below.

Northeast Region, 617-369-9370 Eastern Region, 703-556-7764 Southeast Region, 404-447-1231 Midwest Region, 312-969-0112 South Central Region, 214-258-6776 Northwest Region, 408-745-7760 Southwest Region, 714-752-9488 European Sales (Holland), (31) 075-7461 UK/Scandinavia Sales, (44) 0908-668-778

TeleVideo Systems are fully serviced nationwide by TRW

' Based on manufacturer's suggested retail prices for comparably equipped computer

fteTeleVideo Systems, Inc.

Circle 448 on inquiry card.

IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines, Inc CP/M is a registered trademark oi Digital Research, Inc MS-DOS is a registered trademark of MicroSofl, Inc

Hardware Review

The Fortune 32:16 Business Computer

A multiuser, multitasking system that runs enhanced Unix.

Steven H. Barry

Systems Research Laboratories Inc.

6231 Leesburg Pike, Suite 300

Falls Church, VA 22044

The Fortune 32:16 has garnered its share of publicity as the first well-integrated Unix-based computing system for about $5000. "Under $10,000" might be more accurate, but at any rate the system has several unique and interesting features. User-friendly, the Fortune is directed at the first-time business computer user. In this review I'll describe the system's features, cost, performance, and product support and take a look at the For:Word wordprocessing program.

An Overview

The basic Fortune 32:16 is housed in three cabinets—the processor unit, the keyboard, and the video display unit (see photo 1). The processor unit contains a Motorola 68000 microprocessor that runs at 6 MHz, 256K bytes of memory (expandable to 1 megabyte of main memory), and a video-display controller board. The system can presently support a four-port serialterminal controller and a microprocessor-based intelligent-terminal controller. In the future it will support these peripheral controllers as well: an optional storage-module disk interface, a parallel device interface, a high-resolution graphics board, and an Ethernet localarea network board. A console keyboard and video interface are standard, as is an RS-232C serial interface, which is often used for a serial printer.

The unit also contains a programmable-array logic IC (integrated circuit) and PROM (programmable read-only memory) used for loading the operating system,

About the Author

Dr. Barry is a senior scientist with Systems Research Laboratories Inc. working on state-of-the-art personal workstations.

Photo 1: Fortune's 32:16 computer system. The processor unit and keyboard and video display for a single user are shown.

software-security and operating-system parameter tables (parts of which can be modified by the user), and magnetic-disk storage controllers and drives.

The detachable console keyboard is connected to the front of the processor unit by a 4-foot coiled cord with a modular jack. The keyboard is a close cousin of the one found on Wang Laboratories' word-processing systems, but it has a total of 99 keys, including a 15-key numeric keypad. These are well arranged and color-coded., A Help key provides access to online help pages at nearly any stage of operation. Sixteen programmable function keys, which are used by Fortune-supplied application programs, are available for user-developed programs. The keyboard provides adjustable auditory feedback, good tactile feedback, and two speeds of automatic repeat when a key is held down.

82 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 441 on inquiry card.

TECMAR'S GRAPHICS MASTER:

It adds graphics to your IBM Monochrome Display, or 16 high-resolution colors to your color monitor!

i

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Now your IBM-PC can run monochrome or color displays with remarkably enhanced graphics... and all from this one multifunction board — no other video board needed!

with youi IBM Monochrome Display the Graphics Mastei '•

board gives you truly high resolution graphics, allowing 640 horizontal x 350 vertical pixel display.

With other monochrome display screens you can obtain even higher resolutions

up to 640 H x 480 V, with full-page 80-charactet x 60line text display

With a color monitor, it extends your color graphics to 640 horizontal x 400 vertical 16 color inter laced display

Graphics Master™ accepts external sync, so you can add labeling to images. You can oveilay characters or other computer-generated images on a video picture using the PC-Mate'K' Video Cassette Recorder Controller.

This remarkable new board fully supports all ibm advanced BASIC color graphics (unctions.

For further Information about our Graphics Master"1' and the largest line of options available anywheie for I he IBM Personal Computer, call or write for the lafest cafalog of PC-Mate'" peripherals from Tecmar.

TECMAR

The Next Step

23600 Mercantile Roa

At a Glance

Name

Fortune 32:16 computer system

Manufacturer

Fortune Systems Corporation 300 Harbor Blvd. Belmont, CA 94002 (415) 593-9000

Price (suggested retail)

Single floppy-disk-based, single-user system: S4995

Dual floppy-disk-based, single-user system: S5990

5-megabyte hard disk, one floppy disk, single-user system: $8990

10-megabyte hard disk, one floppy disk, single-user system: S9990

20-megabyte hard disk, one floppy disk, single-user system: s 10,990

Dimensions

Processor unit: 5.8 by 13.9 by 22.3 inches, 30 pounds Console video display: 12.9 by 13.7 by 12.3 inches, 12 pounds,

connected to rear of the processor unit with a 4-foot

coiled cord with a modular jack. Keyboard: 2.2 by 6.3 by 22.3 inches, 6 pounds, connected to the

front of the system unit by a 4-foot coiled cord with modular

jack.

Description

Fortune 32:16 computer: Motorola 68000 microprocessor, 6-MHz system clock. Minimum 256K bytes of memory, 1.0-megabyte maximum. Five memory slots [one for error checking and correction board), five I/O option slots. Standard interfaces, disk control, video terminal control board, serial line printer RS-232C, and console keyboard and display. 99-key, detached, color-coded, business-style keyboard with numeric keypad, 16 function keys. Help and Cancel/Delete keys. 12-inch green-phosphor display with 80-column by 24-row display format, 9-by 20-dot-matrix character cell, with tilt and swivel mount.

Disk Storage

One or two disk options housed within the system unit. Hard disks: 5-, 10-, or 20-megabyte stepper-motor head positioner drives (approx. 75 ms. average access time). Floppy disks: 800K-byte capacity. 96 tracks per inch, double sided. Additional disk storage in expansion cabinet: S750* (holds up to two devices). Additional 5-megabyte disk: SI995. Additional 10 megabyte disk: S2995. Additional 20-megabyte disk: S3995.

Magnetic Tape Cartridge

20-megabyte cartridge-tape drive with integral controller in expansion cabinet: $3550*. May be ordered with a disk drive (see above for prices).

Operating System

Unix, version 7 with Fortune, University of California. Berkeley, and a small number of System III enhancements. Multiuser capabilities are available for S495. The Fortune-developed user interface (i.e.. shell) as well as the Unix pseudostandard Bourne shell are available to the user. Standard Unix file-system structure allows essentially unlimited nesting of user directories. Fortune has implemented file, page, and record locking features. File system and software integrity checking is executed at start-up and shutdown.

Software

Business-accounting software available. Order processing and inventory control: $595*. Accounts receivable: S595. Purchase orders: S395. Accounts payable. S595. Payroll: S595. General ledger: S395. For.word: S495. For.word Plus: S795*. Idol database-management system: S595*. Multiplan spreadsheet: S295. Business BASIC: S295. C language. FORTRAN-77. and Pascal*: S495 each. Two types of COBOL^Type 1: S495 runtime environment, S795 compiler. Type 2: unpriced at this time. Fortune operating system development tools: S495.

* Denotes items that are near release or planned for release at this writing.

The separate 12-inch (diagonal measure) video monitor has a green-phosphor screen with medium persistence and displays 80 columns by 24 rows. Characters are formed in a 9 by 20 pixel (picture element) cell. A set of up to 288 different characters can be displayed, including a subset of the AT&T videotex character set. The display's several video attributes include blink, inverse video, and bright fields.

The monitor is mounted on a sturdy, but too low, pedestal that permits easy tilt and swivel adjustments. The video display is connected to the rear of the processor unit by a 4-foot coiled cord and a modular jack.

The Fortune 32:16 comes with three hard-disk storage options: the disk controller can handle up to four 5-, 10-, or 20-megabyte disk drives. All hard-disk configurations come with a single 5V4-inch double-sided double-density 96-track-per-inch (800K-byte) floppy-disk drive. The floppy-disk drive is used for backup and for removable storage of data and programs. All software releases are on floppy disks. The processor's cabinet can accommodate only two such mass-storage devices. An optional disk cabinet will be available to house additional hard- or floppy-disk drives or a 20-megabyte cartridge-tape unit.

Depending on the user's needs, the system software, languages, and application programs may consume between 3.0 and 6.2 megabytes of disk storage. Thus a business with multiple users would be wise not to consider a system with less than 10 megabytes of hard-disk storage. Memory is also an important resource in Unix systems; it makes good sense to provide plenty of RAM (random-access read/write memory) to avoid excessive swapping to the disk.

Cost

A practical small multiuser configuration would be what Fortune Systems Corp. calls a System 10 (it has a 10-megabyte hard disk with the system keyboard and video monitor, one 800K-byte floppy disk, and 512K bytes of memory) and a four-port serial communications interface. Together with the multiuser-system software upgrade, this configuration will cost $11,980—that's without terminals or application software. The lowestcost hard-disk-based single-user system is $7990 (a promotional price, $1795 less than list price), including the system keyboard and display, a 5-megabyte hard disk, the For:Word word-processing package (soon to be

84 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

ANNOUNCING THE ACCELERATOR II

Make your Apple• II run 3.6 times faster with VisiCalc",

DB Master", Applesoft, Apple Fortran, Pascal, and much more!

Eliminate those long delays in recalculating VisiCalc models, etc.

Just plug in the Accelerator II, and make your Apple

one of the most powerful microcomputers available.

TM

' I iu:r Aanw\r, «*

>*»**•*-»•

im'Jim m f? luuunuti a, f> ■

— -•';!)"

Jl |

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The Accelerator II: Based on a fast 6502 processor with 64K of high-speed memory. Includes built-in fast Language card. Hardware compatible with all standard peripherals. Transparent operation with Apple II software. Special pre-boot diskette included to run Applesoft, PASCAL, and Integer Basic from high-speed RAM. Suggested retail price: $599.

Circle 403 on Inquiry card.

P.O. Box 8050

Ann Arbor, Michigan 48107

(313)973-8422

BYTE May 1983 85

ra Doc fortrev Page 1 Line 1 Position 25

..U ».,.2...M

.» >.5 >...6...H

♦Steven H. Barry, Ph.D.*

♦Senior Scientist*

•Systems Research Laboratoriesi Inc.*

♦5231 Leesburg Pike, Suite 388< ♦falls Church, W 22844*

•The Fortune 32:16 has received much publicity as the first utll integrated UNIX computing system in the $5,088 price ':':=. While it is a very well integrated system and does run .Mv, if is not, in my opinion, a true $5,888 system. What ":";ri 5ys»ems can really claim the 32:16 to be is a system ":• s priced from $18,888 and up. This is not a : r.:siy%mu but rather a look at the reality of system costs

Photo 2: Editing sample text with For: Word. Note the status line at the top of the screen; it shows what page is being worked on, where the cursor is positioned, and where the tabs are.

dubbed Fortune:Word, to avoid legal hassles with another company), and a certificate for the advanced (but as yet unavailable) For:Word Plus. Programming languages, programmers' "tools," screen-oriented editors, communications software, and application programs such as accounting and graphics are all available for extra cost (see "At a Glance"). Single-user floppydisk-based minimum systems have been announced at $4995 and $5990 for one or two floppy-disk drives, respectively, but neither system is presently available. I have not used a floppy-disk-based Fortune system, so I won't comment on its utility and performance. But I will note that "standard" Unix uses both disk and memory aggressively. Based on my experience with other Unix systems and with several popular but less sophisticated and flexible floppy-disk-based CP/M systems, I am pessimistic about the performance of a floppy-disk-based Unix system.

Fortune Word Processing

One of the Fortune 32:16's most attractive features is the application software now available or planned for the near future. Word processing in particular is often cited as important for a small-computer user. The ForWord package is a close copy of the excellent Wang Laboratories system. Where differences can be found, they are either enhancements, trivial, or due to a bug. The Wang system is nearly bug-free (we have one in our office, and it was a major factor in our choice of the Fortune 32:16). The Fortune program is not bug-ridden, but it is recognizably new.

In general, the Fortune word processor compares favorably with popular alternatives for personal com

puters. The extensive use of labeled function keys makes learning and using the system far easier than other popular programs such as Wordstar. ForWord, like Wang's editing system, is an early approach to a whatyou-see-is-what-you-get word processor.

Wordstar does a better job with word wrap, pagination, and line-by-line justification on the screen, but ForWord's printer justification is better. ForWord also does a much better job with printing, hyphenation, formatting, searches, tabulation, and advanced features. Extensive use of screen attributes makes bold print and underlines quite clear. ForWord doesn't handle superscripts and subscripts as well; the material to be half-line shifted is surrounded with vertical arrows. That's much better than Wordstar, but it doesn't make things as nice as a true what-you-see-is-what-you-get system such as the Xerox 8010 Star word processor or Apple's Lisa.

Printing on the ForWord is accomplished by a postprocessor that takes, in our application, from 10 to 40 seconds, depending on file length and system loading to execute before printing begins. On the Wang system, printing starts almost instantaneously.

While the word processor is generally excellent, a few areas need improvement. These include line-by-line justification on the screen at text-entry time, printer-code conversion at text-entry time (to avoid long printer waits), word wrap keyed to a hard hyphen (currently done only at word breaks), the ability to start pagination or hyphenation passes at any arbitrary point in the text, and continuation of format settings (e.g., the Indent feature that keeps a block of text indented until the first hard carriage return is encountered) across page boundaries. Some of these features, such as line-by-line justification, would not look exactly like what you see on the printed page because the Fortune (and Wang) screens are character-oriented rather than bit-mapped (bitmapped screens can be used to show microspacing on the screen). Some of these features and several others are slated for the ForWord Plus package, which is due out by the second quarter of 1983.

The word-processing screen (see photo 2) is headed by a status line that tells you the document name, the current page, line, and column, and the cursor mode. The cursor mode is the amount of material through which the cursor will move with a press of the left or right cursormotion keys. There are five cursor-motion modes: word, line, sentence, paragraph, and page. Below the status line is the format line, which is used to control vertical line spacing (no space, quarter spacing, half spacing, single spacing, a space and a half, double spacing, and triple spacing are available). The format page also controls tab stops and line length and provides a visual indication of cursor position on a line. The text area is bounded at its bottom by a double dashed line and the words Document End.

Overall document format standards are set in what is called a prototype document. Default settings such as line length, tabs, line spacing, and page length as well as

86 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

VISUAL presents ergonomic elegance and high performance in a low-cost terminal.

FEATURE CO

MPARISO

N CHART

FEATURE

VISUAL 50/55

Hazeltine Esprit

ADDS Viewpoint

Lear Siegler ADM-5

TeleVideo® 910

Tilt and Swivel

YES

NO

NO

NO

NO

Detached Keyboard

YES

NO

YES

NO

NO

N-Key Rollover

YES

NO

YES

NO

NO

Audible Key Click

YES

YES

NO

NO

NO

Menu Set-Up Mode

YES

NO

NO

NO

NO

Status Line

YES

NO

NO

NO

NO

Full 5 Attribute Selection

YES

NO

NO

NO

YES

Smooth Scroll

YES

NO

NO

NO

NO

Line Drawing Character Set

YES

NO

NO

NO

NO

Block Mode

YES

YES

NO

NO YES

Insert/Delete Line

YES

YES

NO

NO

YES

Bi-Directional Aux Port

YES

YES

NO

YES

NO

Columnar Tabbing

YES

YES

NO

NO

YES

Independent RCV/TX Rates

YES

NO

NO

NO

NO

Answerback User Programmable

YES

NO

NO

OPT.

NO

VISUAL 50 and VISUAL 55 represent a new approach in low-cost terminals. Although they cost drastically less, they offer features you expect only from the high priced units. For example, the enclosure is ergonomically designed in lightweight plastic and can easily be swiveled and tilted for maximum operator comfort. A detached keyboard, smooth scroll, large 7x9 dot matrix characters and non-glare screen are a few of the many human engineering features normally offered only on much higher priced terminals.

Another distinctive feature of the VISUAL 50 and VISUAL 55 is their emulation capability. Both terminals are code-for-code compatible with the Hazeltine EspriC ADDS ViewpoinC Lear Siegler ADM-3A" and DEC VT-52! In addition, the VISUAL 55 offers emulations of the Hazeltine 1500 and VISUAL 210. Menudriven set-up modes in non-volatile memory allow easy selection of terminal parameters.

And you're not limited to mere emulation. As the chart shows, the VISUAL 50 and 55 have features and versatility the older, less powerful low-cost terminals simply cannot match.

The VISUAL 55 extends the VISUAL 50 performance by adding 12 user-programmable function keys, extended editing features and selectable scrolling regions.

Both terminals are UL listed and exceed FCC Class A requirements and U.S. Government standards for X-ray emissions. Call or write for full details.

See for yourself

Service available in principal cities Division of Management Assistance,

Circle 477 on inquiry card.

through Sorbus Service, Inc.

Visual Technology Incorporated 540 Main Street, Tewksbury, MA 01876 Telephone (617) 851-5000. Telex 951-539

BYTE May 1983

87

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Coraents:

STATISTICS

OPERATION DATE TK WMK ^STROKES

Cnatid 12/26/82 13i34i81 [iffifl 63|6

Last Revised 1/31/93 15i3Bi38 W

Last Printed 2/14/83 14i41tB6

Last Archived 1/31/83 IftUiM to disk /u/st«v«/AR886116

Last Retrieved 2/84/83 12ill<28

PA6ES LINES CHfiRS MWTK ^STROKES

Total 28 654 36518 IfifMl 73645

:'2'- Rj 25 flit no: 1_

- rgt heasitta Pise: 1_

- ';• footifij cast: 1_ r::* (13 bijins on line: 58.

;=:£ Jjlsd one from each column:

Paper lensth: Left niacin: No. of or 191nal5:

Printer IjHi

"" -"-- DOCUHENT DELETE LINE:

FORMAT PAPER STYLE STORY DOCUMENT FE= IN.

'J" JUS'if ltd ,_

UBIUS1 5:naie Sheet Draft Print

(3c)

(3d)

Photo 3: Some of the menus found in the Fortune's word-processing system. The menus are the main word-processing menu (3a), the document index menu (3b), the document summary (3c), and the document printing menu (3d).

default print options are set in this document. Each subsequent use of For:Word is initialized with these default settings.

Text entry begins at line one on a page and continues for as many lines as you want to enter. Pagination is done either manually or in a pagination pass at the end of the text-entry process. (It makes sense to define pages manually as you go along because several functions, such as Insert and Delete, trigger a line-by-line textrearrangement process that works on a page at a time. "Pages" that are hundreds of lines long take a long time to rearrange.) A Go to Page function makes access to any selected page easy. Each page of the final output has a place for a header and a footer, which are specified by separate pages in the prototype document. Prototype documents offer considerably more format capability than is available with Wordstar.

Human-factors engineering was less a consideration when Wang created its word processor. As a result, some aspects of the generally good user interface are annoying or awkward. For:Word has improved on Wang by making processes and manipulations more explicit (see photo 3), but in some areas the user can still be easily confused.

One such area is in the exit process after editing is complete. To exit the word processor text-entry mode, you press the Cancel/Delete key. An "End of Edit?" message appears at the right side of the status line. Pressing the Execute key confirms that editing is done. After pressing Execute, the following menu appears:

END OF EDIT Cancel erases the changes Execute saves the changes Return goes back to the editing screen

The correct choice looks easy, but in practice many users find the Cancel, Execute, Execute sequence, at first, counterintuitive. You only have to enter Cancel, Execute, Cancel once to appreciate the awkwardness of the whole process. There is no way to retrieve the buffer after such errors.

The HASCI (Human Applications Standard Computer Interface) keyboard, developed for and implemented on the Epson QX-10 computer, solves this problem by providing a Save key. The prerelease example of FonWord Plus that I saw improves on the current state of affairs

88 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

From the inventors of the first personal computer-controlled, fully programmable digital oscilloscope, come two more instruments - destined to make waves.

allows you to build complex waveforms by defining them mathemat

, LlL

Personal instrumentation. It's a whole new wave in test and measurement systems.

First, Northwest Instrument Systems introduced the Model 85 aScope™. Now it's joined by the aSource™ Arbitrary Waveform Generator and the aGen™ Programmable Function Generator. Result? The world's first personal computerbased, closed-loop waveform stimulus/acquisition system. A system designed for user-interaction. With easy-to-learn menu-driven set-ups. Single keystroke standard commands. And the ability to address customized applications via co-resident programs.

Yet, for all their features, each of these instruments sells for under $1,000; a tremendous price/ performance breakthrough achieved by making these instruments peripherals to a personal computer, not stand-alone products linked to an instrument controller.

aSOURCE

NWIS's aSource converts the Apple II or He into a fully programmable arbitrary waveform generator.

Its unique Waveform Editor™

ically or constructing them from previously stored waveform segments. aSource generated waveforms have 12-bit resolution and record lengths up to 4096.

aGEN

The aGen transforms • the Apple II or He into a fully programmable 0.5Hz to 5MHz function generator that can generate all classic waveforms—sine, square, triangle, ramp and pulse.

Gontinuous, triggered, gated and n-burst modes, along with variable symmetry, amplitude and frequency modulation, combine to make aGen a full-featured, flexible signal source.

aSCOPE

aScope completes the loop. From its residence in the Apple II or He aScope provides you with a dual

3BSU

channel programmable 50MHz digital memory oscilloscope with standard operating software that includes

waveform disk storage and retrieval, hard copy output, waveform digital voltmeter, and waveform averaging.

THE REAL BEAUTY

OF THE SYSTEM.

Each of these personal instruments by itself is a versatile, costeffective programmable instrument.

But used in combination they form an incredibly efficient, highperformance stimulus/acquisition system. A closed-loop system with which you can acquire information via the aScope and analyze it with

your Apple-resident BASIC or assembly language program. The program can then control the stimulus instrument (aSource or aGen) based on the analysis. And characterization, calibration and test results can be displayed according to your needs. Total cost of these capabilities (including the personal computer, monitor and disk drive)? Less than $4,000.

So now you can allocate less time to setting up tests and wading through data. And more to the most important part of your work. Developing solutions.

For more information, including a demo disk or live demonstration, contact us for the name of the NWIS representative in your area.

PERSONAL INSTRUMENTS. BRINGING YOU CLOSER.

oS

NORTHWEST INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS, INC.

P. O. Box 1309, Beaverton, Oregon 97075 800-547-4445, (503) 297-1434

Circle 333 on Inquiry card.

BYTE May 1983 89

and some other things as well.

Placement of certain options on menu screens is another source of confusion. To access document directories, you select Index on the main For:Word menu. But documents are placed in and retrieved from archives and libraries by selecting Filing on the main menu. Thus to retrieve a document from an archive you must look it up using Index, use the Cancel key twice to return to the main menu, and enter two levels of menu before you can use the name you ,remember from Index in order to retrieve the file. Providing an index function within the Filing menu choice would be a simple matter.

In summary, the For:Word word-processing package is a professional system that both secretarial and managerial personnel can use. The system is easy to learn, designed with users in mind, and very flexible. While the package is not complicated, its flexibility is a drawback in certain situations, as is the lack of advanced person-computer design features. Because FonWord emulates the Wang system, the most widely used word processor in the U.S., these criticisms actually apply to that as well.

FonWord has a number of bugs, and Fortune has assured me that a future version of the software will address them. Fortunately, none of. these bugs stands in the way of the word processor's usefulness. Until the bugs are out, however, a list would help users to circumvent the worst of these problems. Because Fortune communicates with its customers only through its dealers, the company

misses useful feedback from the field and users miss many of the company's tips and cautions.

Applications Software

Other software, available now or in the near future, includes a complete Business Accounting System with related applications such as order processing and inventory control along with a coordinated business graphics package, Multiplan spreadsheet software, Pascal, FORTRAN-77, two types of COBOL (one of which is a high-intermediate level), programmers' tools, Idol database-management software, Sequitur databasemanagement software (third-party software known to work on the machine, but unsupported and without the company's blessing), general-purpose graphics, a very extended BASIC, a set of filters said to convert code written in other BASICs to the Fortune language (these include Applesoft, MBASIC, CBASIC, and TRS-80 BASIC), the C programming language, and the FonWord Plus advanced word processor.

The Fortune 32:16's operating system itself is scheduled for an update around mid-year for all users. Selected users have access to an interim upgrade of the operating system. The new version, in combination with replacing some ICs on the disk controller board and the upgrade to FonWord Plus, will make the system much quicker, I'm told. Our dealer will make each of these improvements at no additional cost. The disk-controller upgrade, on the other hand, is being done for all Fortune users. Fortune

Single Board Microprocessor System with STD Bus Expansion Capability

' Floppy Disk Controller

8" and 5 tV< SS/DD and DS/DD

'Winchester Host Adaptor ■

DC Power

Connector

Timing and Control

Brown Out ■ Detection Logic

"Status *" Switch & LED's

Baud Rate __^^ Generator

*RS422

System with STD Bos Expansion Capability

Channel

'RS232C B .

Channel

<1t * Sy»r.m« Inc.

ADDITIONAL OPTIONS DMA * Expansion Card Cage

Controller ' Video Display

Controller (24 X 80) • CP/M 2.2 with enhanced BIOS , Z80(A) Microprocessor

». Bytewide Sockets

'Video Display Controller Port

■ STD BUS » Expansion

'Optional Features

*STD BUS Interface Logic

2-RS232C Channels

2-8 Bit Parallel Ports

64K Bytes DRAM with Parity

Our Newly Packaged DSTD-764 comes complete with:

• 1 Flat Cable — Floppy

• 1 Twisted Pair Cable — Console

• 1 Eight Inch Floppy Disk with CPM (8" Shugart SS/DD)

For immediate off the shelf delivery contact:

Intercomp Inc.

Chicago, (312) 843 2040

Payment by Visa,

MasterCard or COD ■ ^ us

$980.00

77Z

dy-4 SYSTEMS INC.

888 Lady Ellen Place Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1Z5M1 (613)728-3711

90 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 529 on Inquiry card.

«e. QuadraM's QuadcroMe Color Monitor Dear Larry,

<•— "icf That's the way we

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has recommended that the dealers upgrade the operating system for only those customers who "need" it now. I suspect this policy will return to haunt both the dealers and Fortune, if only in the short run. Supporting one version of mass-distributed software is difficult enough, but it will be a nightmare to support two versions until the second and universal release is made.

Fortune would do well to consider providing a software-maintenance service that automatically updates subscribers' software twice a year, supplies revisions to manuals (and any new manuals that are published for the customers' licensed software), and offers hints and tips to the users. Digital Equipment Corporation has done just that very successfully, after a slow and awkwardly administered start. Such a service would keep all users at the same revision level, reduce bugs in the field, keep the customers happy, and enhance the company's image.

Performance

If you're accustomed to 64K-byte dual-floppy-diskbased CP/M (or similar) systems, you'll be appalled at the amount of disk and memory resources Unix systems use. Note, however, that combined program and data memory sizes totaling as much as 880K bytes may be selected on the Fortune system. The user environment, whether it's within the excellent Fortune-supplied menudriven shell or within the more standard Bourne shell, is much more flexible than CP/M's command processor, and the operating system services are light-years ahead of

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CP/M's. I will describe some of these advantages in detail below. It's important to keep in mind that the Fortune has a multiuser, multitasking operating system; each user (up to a practical maximum of 12) can run multiple processes simultaneously.

A system on the order of the 64K-byte one described above is the practical minimum for multiuser business applications. In addition to the components described, the system must have terminals and a printer. We use three Fortune Intelligent Workstations along with an NEC (Nippon Electric Company) 7725 letter-quality (55 characters per second) printer. That leaves one serial port available on this configuration for telephone or modem access. Our system is used for two widely disparate types of work; our analysts spend most of their time using For:Word, while the programmers spend most of their time editing, compiling, and testing programs written in one of several languages.

Under most circumstances, the system performs at an acceptable level. Things tend to slow down quite a bit when several users are in FonWord (a lot of "character banging" goes on in this program; for each character typed, about 20 are sent from the computer to the terminal) or when they try to access the disk at the same time or during the execution of a program compilation. System response should improve when a four-port, microprocessor-controlled serial interface replaces the "dumb" unit we are now using. Another 256K bytes of memory should also make things better. Fortune notes that the universal release of an operating-system upgrade (version 2.0) at mid-year will also improve performance.

A word about response degradation is in order. All disk-based multitasking timesharing systems have the same weakness: the average access time for a disk is thousands of times slower than it is for semiconductor memory. Small-business Systems usually have relatively limited amounts of memory, compared to the amount that current system and users' tasks and data require.

System tasks called daemons (British for demons) are called from the disk and executed periodically to do housekeeping chores. The process of moving inactive tasks to the disk or making room in memory for large tasks whose turn it is to run is called swapping. The disk is used to minimize the amount of semiconductor memory the system requires and achieves an acceptable compromise between service and cost. The swapping overhead of a system, if excessive, can cause response to become very slow, even though the processor may be idle most of the time.

Generally, delays are particularly noticeable in timesharing systems when the same hard-disk drive is used for systems software, swapping, and user directories. Delays are aggravated by low-performance disk hardware (such as floppy disks, whose average access time is in the 250 to 500 milliseconds range) and by stepper-motor headpositioners on hard-disk drives (about 75 ms). There is a consensus in the Unix community about the performance improvements to be gained from high-speed disks (about 35 ms average access time), optimal placement of direc

92 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 376 on inquiry card.

REVOLUTION

The Disc-less revolution can make speed, flexibility and productivity an off-the-shelf reality for you, today.

The IEEE Disc-Less System eliminates systems dependence on floppy discs. In the most hostile Industrial environments the IEEE 8/16 bit Discless system makes Data Acquisition, Process Control, Energy Management and other real time applications easy, low-cost tasks to accomplish.

A staff of industrial process control experts are ready to assist in your applications.

Here are just a few of the "real world" applications now being delivered.

1. Ultra-fast 8/16 bit Disc-less Cache Network: The Disc-Less Network utilizes "Ram-Disc" technology as on-line CACHE memory allowing data transfer from the2 Mbit/sec. Baseband network directly to the Ram-Disc. The direct transfer enables continuous system operation while upline or

^downline loading large volumes of data. PRICE $6995

2. The 8/16 bit Disc-less systems and popular WORD PROCESSING software in ROM provide for the fastest and most flexible system WORKSTATION available today. The Disc-less system eliminates time consuming disc accesses In that system software is available in ROM. Text editing, document recall and search and replace are accomplished in seconds. PRICE $7995

3. The true flexibility of the Disc-less Approach Is demonstrated In the user configurable 8/16 bit Disc-Less system. Sort, compile and assembly tasks are cut in half because no disc accesses are required. The Rom-Disc loads simple and complex software systems in microseconds. The actual leading of CP/M from ROM is accomplished in 1/60 sec. As a development system the Disc-Less operation increases productivity by at least 200%.

PRICE $5995

4, The integration of Disc-less technology In the POWERFUL 8/16 BIT ZENITH Z-100 provides minicomputer speed and computing power at LESS THAN MICRO COMPUTER PRICES. An optional S-1QQ Subtle-Disc make the hardware combination the ultimate in tOfflputiha. price $6999

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Single Board Slave SBC-1008

• Z-80A 4MHZ processor • Zilos DART tor 2 RS-232 channels • 4 parallel ports; 2 thru connectors, 2 thru bus • 64K onboard ram • 4 2732 EPROM with EPROM programmer onboard ■ Software controlled RESET inhibit • CP/M, MP/M, TurboDos compatible

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• Supports Master-Slave operation • IEEE 696 compatible • Supports full 24 bit addressing onboard and bus memory • 64K byte onboard ram. EXPANDABLE TO 128K BYTES • 2 full duplex RS-232 channels ASYNC. SYNC, HDLF • SASI interface for TAPE. DISC and OTHER DEVICES • IEEE 696 compatible PRICE $750

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Rom-Disc

■ The Rom-Disc is the companion product to the Ram-Disc in that the Rom-Disc is a solid state program load device • The installation of operating systems, intermediate level languages, graphics drivers and applications software allow systems to load simple and complex software in micro-seconds • IEEE 696 compatible PRICE $289

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tories and swap tracks (a feature said to be in Fortune's operating system version 2.0) on at least two disk drives to minimize disk arm movement, the use of overlapped disk seeks, separation of systems software from user directories, and separation of high disk-load users from low disk-load users. The use of only one hard-disk drive on a timeshared system can affect response time when relatively small memory is available. This is true for all timesharing systems, especially those that, like Unix, allow users to execute multiple tasks concurrently.

Product Support

Fortune has a Software Service WATs telephone number for its dealers. Users report problems to the dealers, who attempt to fix them with their own resources or query the software hotline. Because both Unix and Fortune are new to most of the dealers handling the 32:16, they often have to resort to Fortune's dealersupport system.

Because the Fortune 32:16

computer is directed at first-time

business-computer users, dealers

need to know about and be able to

support the application software.

Our dealer, Kramer Systems International in Silver Spring, Maryland, seems to be learning to support this product fairly quickly. The company has perceived the need to provide Unix expertise and dealer support that is more comprehensive than what many microcomputer vendors offer.

Fortune offers its dealers training courses in hardware, operating-system software, and supporting the applications software. Our installation was completed relatively early in the dealer training cycle, before some of the support that's now routine became available. The Fortune 32:16's commercial success seems to be driving the dealers toward better service and, inevitably, away from a willingness to discount. Because the system is directed at the first-time business-computer user, dealers are required to know about and support the application software.

A lot of software is available now, and more is constantly becoming available. The software and manuals I've reviewed seem to be solid, flexible, and nontrivial products. The programs are well debugged at the surface level, and as a whole my impression is that this is good first-release software. Remarkably good, in fact, for an industry that routinely uses its first customers as a final test and inspection department. The software manuals are outstanding for novices, but too superficial for people who know their way around systems and software.

An effective dealer has to invest significant training in both technical and sales staffs to support the depth and range of products to be offered. A financially solid, com

mitted, and technically qualified dealer is a valuable facet of the overall decision to use the Fortune 32.16 in a business environment. As always, it's wise to give some serious thought to the purchase contract, installation support, and maintenance before you purchase any system. Despite a marketing focus on the first-time business-user, the Fortune has (or will have) the tools to support software development on a small scale. The thought of twelve sophisticated programmers working simultaneously on a 32:16 boggles the mind, but for environments in which word processing and packaged applications constitute 80 percent of the system's use, ample resources are available. Here, too, even if you're a Unix expert, good dealer support is highly desirable (if for no other reason than as an information conduit between you and the support people at Fortune, who will not speak to you directly).

The Unix Operating System

Unix, a multitasking operating system developed at Bell Laboratories, has been both praised and damned. Experienced users find it a superb software-development environment. Often, however, a user must navigate through a complex and branching structure to find a particular file. The Unix file structure is much like a branching tree; the top of the structure is called the root but is referred to as / (slash) when addressing that directory.

Like other directories, / is a file, and like all directory files it contains disk address pointers to executable binary files, binary object files (the results of the compilation process or the assembler process), data files, and other directories. The user looks at a directory listing and sees the names of these files, not the pointer value.

A typical Unix file of whatever type has an owner and a set of read/write/execute permissions for other users (naturally, nonexecutable files, such as ASCII text files, can't have an execute permission). By Unix convention, most files and all commands are styled with lowercase characters.

Unix also appears to have a perverse and pervasive unwritten rule requiring all commands be abbreviated to the point of unintelligibility. For example, to get to a file belonging to a user called "george," you use a command like this: cd /usr/george. The command cd changes your current directory to the one specified after the cd command—in this case, the directory george that is itself contained in the user directory. The first / refers to the root, where everything starts; usr refers to the directory in which all user directories are kept, the second / is merely a separator, and george is the target directory. (On the Fortune Unix system, user directories are kept in u instead of usr.)

To execute a program or command, you must first have permission. Then you only need to type the name of the pathway that leads to that program.

The file-system structure enables you to organize files by subject, project, month, or whatever is convenient. Each category name is used as a directory name. Subdivisions of the category can be used as the names for

94 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

&<

id

I

v

Now you can upgrade from

8-bit to 16-bit without creating

a lot of bad memories.

Introducing Board 8/16 from Octagon.

Plug it into your S-100 bus and it's ready. Ready to come right up. Ready to execute both the Z80* and the 8088 instruction sets. Ready to run both CP/M 86* and CP/M 80* software. Ready to deliver all the advantages of true 16-bit power.

Its floppy disc controller is ready to run up to four 51/4" or 8" floppies. In any combination. At the same time. And you can transfer files back and forth between them.

And when you buy either Concurrent CP/M 86* or MP/M 86* from Octagon, Board 8/16 is ready to run any CP/M 86* or CP/M 80* programs. Simultaneously.

Board 8/16 is not only ready to boot the operating system from disk, its 8K monitor also contains many useful debugging features. Memory test. Memory dump. Memory search. Plus all the disk interface software you need for almost any operating system.

Board 8/16 takes only one expansion slot—yet it takes the place of up to five boards.

So if you're ready to upgrade

Dual processors: 4MHz NSC-800 (executes full Z80" instruction set) and 8MHz 8088. Concurrent CP/M 86* or MP/M 86* from Octagon includes CP/M 80* emulator and auto-select bios. Intel 8272 floppy disk controller with 24-bit DMA. 8K PROM monitor boots operating system. Two serial ports (baud rate software-selectable up to 19.2K bauds.)

Interrupt controller with eight vectored interrupts. Fixed-frequency real-time clock interrupt for multiuser dispatching. Optional 8087 math co-processor. IEEE-696 S-100 compatible.

to 16-bit, but you're not ready to scrap all your 8-bit software, get ready for Board 8/16. Order today.

I

I I I

I I I

I I

Name

Address.

City

Zip

Title

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□ Visa DMC □ Check enclosed

□ Board 8/16 $895

□ Concurrent CP/M 86* $195 (Save $155)

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□ More Information

Calil. residents add 6'/2%. Operating systems not sold without board. "Z80 is a trademark of Zilog. CP/M 86. CP/M 80 and MP/M 86 are trademarks of Digital Research.

OEM inquiries invited.

(Octagon

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408/225-2700

Circle 338 on inquiry card.

BYTE May 1983 95

When one terminal is not enough

Adda MuSYS Slave!

Expand your Z80A/S-100 based micros with MuSYS slaves and TurboDOS*. Our NET/82 slave board has everything you need for another station: Z80A CPU, up to 128K bytes of RAM, two serial ports, a priority interrupt controller, memory parity checking, and many other features. There isn't a more cost-effective way to add complete, hardware-isolated network slaves to your system. And TurboDOS makes it even better. It's faster than CP/M® * for systems functions, supports larger files (134 MB) and disks (1048 MB), and unlike CP/NET* it's compatible with nearly all 2.2 applications software. Many features which are optional, extra-cost, or not available at all in CP/M are standard with TurboDOS. Call today for all the details. Generous dealer/OEM discounts available.

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subdirectories if you find that useful. These features are very nice, but the result is that it takes a lot of disk-head motions to accomplish a file access and execute the program. It's also very easy to forget where things are stored if you are new to Unix, the project, or have been doing other things for a while. Moreover, this structure does not promote good housekeeping habits; because all directories and subdirectories must be empty before they may be deleted, it becomes a chore to find all of your useless files and delete them, move those you want to keep, and then delete each of the subdirectories in ascending order until you are done. Because of this tedium, users need to be cajoled into releasing unneeded disk space before the disk is completely jammed with useless files. The floppydisk drive can be used to provide a copy of files that might be useful but are not needed for current work.

Unix enables each user to execute a number of tasks—called processes—concurrently. This can be very useful: you can start compiling a program and immediately begin editing another program module. You can run a "spooler" program in background mode that would immediately send to another computer, via a modem attached to another terminal port, any material placed into a specific directory—just the thing for making sure that time-critical reports generated by a team of people reach their destination as soon as possible. Simultaneous printing and editing is supported, as is printer queueing.

Programs can pipe results to another program waiting to receive them. Thus it is possible to use several modular service programs in various combinations to create new services. One example is the program called more. Long directory listings can easily zip right by your eyes on a terminal operating at 9600 or 19,200 bits per second. The directory listing can be piped to more, which will catch the output of the listing and display it 24 lines at a time, at your command.

Yes, it would be easy to modify Is, the directory lister, to display 24 lines at a time, but then you'd have a program that makes assumptions about the terminal on which it is working. This is completely foreign to the Unix philosophy, which encourages portability and machine independence. Unix uses a file named termcap to define the individual characteristics of numerous terminals, thus making programs like more device independent. You can also use more to provide screen buffering for many other tasks—something that a custom-modified Is couldn't do. Such applications might include looking at a long file of data produced by a program or browsing through text files. You would use the cat command to catenate a file (i.e., dump it) to the default output device (i.e., the terminal), but you would pipe the result of cat to more for screen buffering. Unix contains many programs that can be used as commands or used in combinations by piping the results of one to another.

Unix has many unique and useful features. Even an experienced user of other systems will find Unix a strange and somewhat intimidating environment at first. Many of the commands have very terse and not very descriptive

96 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 321 on inquiry card.

This Programming professional deserves a lot more from his personal computer.

He's earned it. As a seasoned professional, he's learned to master some of the world's most advanced programming tools. Tools specially designed to meet the everyday demands of programming experts.

But as the owner of a personal computer, he's come to expect less. Less performance. Less sophistication. And less flexibility.

Why should programming a personal computer be any different?

Prior to the announcement of micro/ SPF™ development software, experienced programmers felt programming a personal computer was a lot like playing with a toy. You couldn't take it seriously.

But today, there's micro/SPF™ a solution to elementary program editing tools now offered with most micro-computers.

With micro/SPF™ you get the same procedures and commands experienced programmers are accustomed to using at work. By mimicking features found in

standard SPF software, micro/SPF™ provides all the sophisticated utilities programming professionals expect.

Programming experts can take advantage of skills they've spent years perfecting.

Now, for the first time, mainframe software is available for personal computers. SPF screens are fully reproduced in logical sequence and each screen is formatted identical to those found in the SPF system.

In addition, micro/SPFM comes equipped with the same primary and line commands, tutorial messages and program editor (with program function keys) experienced programmers are used to.

Programming professionals who've spent years perfecting the art of writing sophisticated code deserve to work with state-of-the-art tools, not toys. Find out how micro/SPF™ can help you do workcompatible programming on your personal computer today!

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PH/15ER

PHASER SYSTEMS, INC 50 WEST BROKAW ROAD SAN JOSE, CA 95110

Circle 360 on inquiry card.

BYTE May 1983 97

1st level

2nd level

3rd level

Business Applications

business systems business surveys business graphics

edil old document

Fortune Global Menu (Fortune Applications and Languages)

Professional Tools

Multiplan color graphics

Electronic Office Tools

record processing automated calendar FonWord

Record Processing

Communications

asynchronous bisynchronous local network X.25 SNA/SDLC

Training/ Education

topic introduction amusements operator training CAI training demonstrations

ForWord Menu

edit old document

create new document

print document

printing control

index

filing

advanced functions

glossary functions

supervisory functions

Automated Calendar

create document

print

print control

I

index

"I

filing

System Tools

system utilities system management languages IDOL

product maintenance

advanced functions

glossary supervisory

functions functions

4th level

5th level

document summary enter data

document summary enter data

old document new document text entry text entry

modifications modilications

< select >

< select >

options

< select, load

floppy disk,

enter required

data>

< select >

< select > < select >

Figure 1: The Fortune Global Menu. Each of the six applications in the first level is followed by a list of available software.

names. For example, cp copies files, nroff is a text formatter, and cc calls the C compiler, while cb calls a C beautifier (a program that formats a C program for easy reading and good style). There is a very fussy syntax checker for the C language, called lint. The program as calls the assembler for the host machine, and df gives you statistics on the amount of free disk space available, but diff is used to compare the contents of files or directories. Literally hundreds of such commands are available in standard Unix when using the Bourne shell. These commands, together with an environment that makes group programming or other group efforts easy to organize and efficient to monitor, make Unix a very useful system for those who are willing to do the requisite apprenticeship. Unfortunately (no pun intended), Fortune does not currently supply any Unix documentation with its system and supplies only a relatively minuscule amount of documentation with the C programming language package. I bought a set of manuals for $91 from the University of California at Berkeley, whose version of Unix is the current model for the Fortune operating system. Due to the terse and sometimes irregular syntax of commands, the large number of commands, the potential for disaster if you misuse a command (Unix assumes that you know what you're doing), and the industry-wide

lack of Unix documentation for the casual user, many consider the standard shell inappropriate for the average business environment. Luck is on our side, however, because Unix has an answer.

Unix allows the use of many different shells. In fact, each user can have his own shell. The standard shell even lets you program within it to create new commands out of old ones. Thus there's a strong foundation on which you can build a shell that is more appropriate for an office environment. Fortune Systems is one of the companies that has done this.

The Fortune shell is menu-oriented. You sign on to the system by turning on your terminal and typing your name and password in response to screen prompts. If the name and password correspond to entries authorized on the system, you can progress to the Fortune Global Menu (or to the Bourne shell, if your account specifies this option). The Fortune Global Menu has six areas: business applications, professional tools, electronic office tools, communications, training/education, and system tools. Each of these areas has a list of available software.

Figure 1 and photo 4 show the global menu. Note that some entries are brighter than others. The brighter entries signify software options installed on the machine. To select an option, you can use the Return key, which will

98 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Compu

DOING WELL.

What does it take to move up in the world ? made quite a reputation by adopting a few simple principles:

1) You've got to do a little extra — like provide more memory, run 8 and 16 bit software, use rugged all-metal enclosures, and offer all the other extras that spell performance.

2) You have to be reliable. If our products iffy, we'd offer a 90-day warranty, like the

But you get 365 days from CompuPro we have four times the confidence.

^K

<^

3) You have to take on bigger challenges willingly. Even our single-user systems can expand easily to multi-user status, acquire more power, or take advantage of new technology.

4) You've got to keep the boss happy. And she'll be plenty sour if her computer has to be shilKffiffH the factory for repairs. CompuPro offers on-sTfe^ervice contracts in all 50 states, plus Canada.

5) You need a wide-reaching intellect. Our sytems run the vast library of more than 3,000 CP/M® programs, and meet the popular IEEE 696/ S-100 hardware standard.

6) Use a CompuPro. (We do.).

M

fei

IS

*J

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■l

Call (415) 562-0636 for the location of your nearest Full Service CompuPro System Center.

CompuPro, a Codbout company, Box 2355, Oakland Airport, CA 94<j14 Circle 498 on Inquiry card.

■ 5T£M UTILITIES HEWl

BUSIfCSS APPLICATIONS PRQFESSIONflL TOOLS

OFFICE AUTOMATION TOOLS

:S Surveys $1 jraphics

I: :w-ac

PI Hulliplan P2 Color Graphics

TRAIMN6 m EDUCATION

SYSTEM TOOLS

Tl Topic Introduction SI Ssstei utilities 12 Aaustaents 32 Ssstei tanaseaent

T3 Operator Training S3 Lansuases

T4 C.A.I. Training T5 Demonstrat ions

Fortune Sestets Corporalion

Enter Selection 1 Press (RETURN)i ell

54 IDOL

55 Product Maintenance

56

Press (HELP) For ftssistance

FILE HANDLING

DIRECTORY HANDLING

11 Append !'j ■ -:-r

11 Cops -

21 Create - I --:::-.

12 Create - : s

22 Delete - : '■:::':

13 Delate -

23 Bo To -:■■-.' I '-:::-.

14 broup :: .'i'-i :• - - -:

24 6roitp :: '-■-;■■-

15 List -" i ::'«e"i :- icrser

16 hove :- =■:':-: - - -:

26 Hove :- -VYi --.■■■.:■:■

17 OHntr :-:-:-: : '-:;

27 ttaae :/'-:" : -:::-:

18 Print ■ -: ::••-:•■ :- :- "-:

28 Owner .'»":-: . '-..

15 Peraission '.■■'■-. :■' - '• -:

23 Peraission .:•;-: '.• . '-:::\

31 Backup r Tt :;

32 Foraat • -: o.e

31 Reload r a •-. --: cH D-Si

33 Clear : n : : i

--■:■: (tCLP) --:■ -:■■. '.':v~v

Enter Selection Nuaber i Press (RETURN)i

(4a)

(4b)

ACCOUNTS

II AM '[ KC5JM

11 BOdifj i «! r: KCOgnt

12 Delete i v.'.-. gccouni

13 List icceunts

6R0UPS

21AM 21IWIfj

22 Delete

23 List

OTHER TOOLS

M Shutdow ::-■

31 Un isu

32 Disk uses

33 Percent :•' :

34 Quote m

35 Displl! current date ana tiae

36 Sit date and tine

37 Hrlta messa9e to a terminal

38 Sand nessaje to ai ■ liraim 33 Chante dtvice connection!

Enter Selection Nueber 1 Press <RETURK>i I

(4c)

Photo 4: Global system menus and submenus. The global menu (4a) is the root for all access to the Fortune's operating system; also shown are the system utilities menu (4b) and the system management menu (4c).

move the cursor through the menu selections sequentially, use the cursor keys to select the application, or type the entry number of the desired option (e.g., el, or El for For:Word), followed by pressing the Execute key.

The options within each application are also menuoriented. Thus it is possible to get three or four menus deep into an application before you can execute a function. This procedure treats the new or infrequent user very gently, but it can be tedious for users who are familiar with their applications.

Menus are also a very slow way to use computer systems. Fortune has provided mechanisms that alleviate some of these lengthy navigations of the system menus, but these commands do not yield complete access to all options. For example, you can go to any previously created document from the Document Index display

without climbing and descending a set of menus. Although it is slow and occasionally confusing, the Fortune menu shell and the menu approach to applications are generally very well thought out. Few areas have been neglected, and those are sufficiently technical in nature that the user might well use the standard Unix shell for them.

You can access the Bourne shell whenever you are being asked for a Global Menu choice by typing an exclamation point followed by the desired Unix command. The command is executed and you are returned to the menu shell at its completion.

Summary

The Fortune 32:16 computer offers an oustanding business-operating environment with a reasonably good technical development environment. The system is well designed and easy to use. Dealer support is advised if you're not expert at fending for yourself in complex systems environments. The Fortune operating environment does not encourage tinkering with the inner workings of the operating system, but if you're technically inclined you'll have a good time with the system.

The major marketing consideration that distinguishes this system from the large number of similar systems on the market is its optional gentle user interface and the wide range of very high quality application software available now or planned for the near future.

Some systems are better adapted to highly technical environments, to the use of industry-standard interface cards (e.g., STD bus or Multibus), and to real-time applications. Fortune Systems has, however, created one of the better systems currently available for business use and for technical efforts that do not require all of the nitty-gritty of standard Unix, the pleasures of the Programmers' and Writers' Workbench modifications to Unix, or the flexibility of systems designed for laboratory environments. Given the technical orientation of the bulk of offerings in the Unix marketplace today, Fortune Systems has chosen the harder row to hoe and has done it very well.al

100 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 497 on inquiry card.

THE NEW DAS SERIES 500 FOR THE IBM PC:

IT AMBMBMMM

AJL

CJol53 ri nil s

~~jtli _

THE DATA ACQUISITION ^CONTROL SYSTEM

YOU SHOULD CONSIDER OVER A MINI.

EVEN IF MONEY IS NO OBJECT

lgh money to combination of inputs and outputs, sition and digital or analog. And do so almost

i choose1 So the Series 500 Is ideal for lum;er power is your main require- dreds of applications in product test, ou might choose an expensive process control and energy managempuler system. But, then menl; in psychology, biology, analyti•ou might just as well choose cal chemistry and neuroscience. ,■ DAS Series 500. If ease of use is high on your list, )ly plug the Series :">()() into any consider this: ( tally the Series 500 shelf IBM Personal Computer comes equipped with the advanced. I'll have up to :>.'!<> channels of integrated SoftoOO software package. input, 60 channels of analog Willi it, you can set up, collect, store, and 192 channels of digital l/<) control, display and analyze, all with ; iC/l >C device control). And few simple BASIC commands. uasuremenl speeds as high as In fact,Soft500 makes programanalog data points per second, ming so easy.you can he up and rune \2 or 14 hit precision, you'll ning with your Series 500 the same

s oi analog

output and 192 channels of digital 1/ (even AC/DC device control). And with measurement speeds as high as

the most demanding applications. computer expert.

If you need flexibility,you'll want Now compare advanced features.

to compare other, more costly systems Like exclusive foreground/

to the fully modular Series 500. It background software architecture

comes supported by an extensive that lets you analyze data while you

library of integrated plug-in modules collect it. Like the real-time clock/

thai let you custom tailor almost any calendar and precision interval timer.

Or the tremendous XI ditioning options, im

selected gain and off; from millivolt levels.

ig software

s. and provis

rmocouples.

gauges aiu

These are features you might not get elsewhere, no matter how much money you spend. But then, why

Because for less than SriOOO you ge both the advanced capabilities of the DAS Series 500,plus an IBM PC*

;aPCd<

For complete information on the DAS Series 500 data acquisition and control system, write to us at Data Acquisition Systems, Inc.. 349 Congress Street, Boston. sachusetts 02210. Or call us at

Shown are IBM-PC* compatible programs. The Columbia MPC runs MS-DOS" plus six other operating systems.

THE COLUMBIA MPC r WORKS WITH A

WORLD OF SOFTWARE. $3,000 WORTH COMES FREE WITH THE SYSTEM.

World Headquarters:

8990 Route 108 Columbia, MD 21045 (301) 992-3400 TWX 710-862-1891

West Coast: Europe:

3901 MacArthur Blvd. Limitenstr. 94 Access Systems

Suite 211 4050 Moenchengladbach 2 Wellesley, MA

Newport Beach, CA 92663 West Germany (617)237-7743

(714) 752-5245 Phone 02161-33159

Telex 277778 Telex 852452 N.I.D.I. (National Instru

ment Distribution Inc.) Dayton, OH (513)435-4503

Call our distributor nearest you.

Advanced Management Systems Aurora, CO (303)752-2972

RPC Electronics Cleveland, OH (216)461-2280

Central Microcomputer

Distributors

Montreal, Quebec, Canada

(514)849-7533

RPC Electronics Pittsburgh, PA (412)782-3770

Distributors in Australia, Austria, Belgium, Colombia, Denmark, Hong Kong, Israel, Italy, Malaysia, Netherlands-Antilles, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, Venezuela.

Today, the Columbia MPC takes on hundreds of IBM-PC compatible software programs and IBM-PC addons or peripherals.

What's more, six other Columbia-supported operating systems are available — CP/M-80)' CP/M-86,' Concurrent CP/M-86,' MP/M-86" (OASIS-16" and XENIX" available soon) — stretching the Columbia MPC's software compatibility beyond any other personal computer.

Farther, faster, for far less.

The Columbia MPC is shipped with fully supported software that will save you $3,000. Included is the entire self-teaching Perfect Software'" family: Perfect Writer!" a word processor; Perfect Speller^" a 50,000 word dictionary; Perfect Filer!" a data

base manager; and Perfect Calc,'" a financial calculation system.

In addition you get MS-DOS, CP/M-86, Macro/86 Assembler, BASICA!' Asynchronous Communications Support, Diagnostics and the Columbia Tutor program. This means your Columbia MPC is up and running right out of the box. Space Commanders and Fast Graphs show off the Columbia MPC's fullcolor graphics.

Way out front in value and performance.

With a list price of $3,995including 128K RAM, 640K in dual disk drives, 8 IBM-PC compatible expansion slots, 2 serial and 1 parallel I/O, IBM-PC compatible keyboard, and color graphics monitor controller—the Columbia MPC is

ready to go. And a complete 12MB hard disk system lists for $5,995 — software included! B/W or color monitors and printers optional.

Made in U.S.A.—supported worldwide.

All Columbia hardware and software are backed by the "Call for Columbia" national service program. So, call us or our distributor for the dealer nearest you—and start looking at the Columbia MPC. It'll show you a whole new world of performance and value.

COLUMBIA

DATA PRODUCTS, INC.

Commerical Computer Sales Atlanta, GA (101)256-9190

Empire Micro Products Rochester, NY (716)626-3660

MP Systems

Dallas.TX

(214)385-8885

Mid Tech Associates Desoto, KS (913)441-6565

Mid Tech Associates Florissant, MO (314)837-5200

Mytec.Inc. Sanford, FL (305)321-2301

Renaissance Technology Corp.

Concord, CA (415)676-5757

Southeastern Data Products Lynchburg, VA (804) 237-6286

Tek-Aids Industries Arlington Heights, IL (312)870-7401

Tele-Terminals Brooklyn Park, MN (612)328-3072

Waybern Corporation Garden Grove, CA (714)554-4520

Perfect Software, Perfect Writer. Perfect Speller, Perfect Filer, and Perfect Calc are trademarks of Perfect Software, Inc. IBM is a trademark of International Business Machines. CP/M and MP/M are registered trademarks of Digital Research. Inc. OASIS is a trademark of Phase One. MS-DOS and XENIX are trademarks of MICROSOFT.

Circle 101 on inquiry card.

The Movable Conference

A report on a revolutionary new communications medium: computer-moderated conferencing.

During the eighteenth Egyptian dynasty, about 3500 years ago, a royal scribe named Amenophis, son of Hapu, rose to great prominence. He was such an accomplished communicator that the pharaoh appointed him both hereditary prince and master of ceremonies of the feast of Amun, a position rivaling that of the high priests of Karnak, the great temple city of upper Egypt.

Since that time, the princes of communication have always aspired to power but have rarely achieved the deified status of Hapu's remarkable son. In 1970, however, an experiment in information science started a movement that, as this decade matures, will extend and transform this most fundamental of human activities and may confer unprecedented power on a new generation of electronic messengers.

Consider the ways we usually communicate (talking, writing, and gesturing) and how we enhance that communication (telephone, gatherings, print, video, signs, radio, etc.). Such exchanges are limited by the environment, by the need for synchrony in time and place for dialog to occur.

The most desirable form of corn

About the Author

Irving A. Lerch, a professor of medical physics at the New York University School of Medicine, has published numerous articles on the impact of science and technology on society.

Irving A. Lerch

New York University Medical Center

Division of Radiation Oncology

566 First Ave.

New York, NY 10016

munication is the face-to-face meeting. But face-to-face meetings are unstructured, weighed down with social conventions based on rank, subject to misunderstandings, and vulnerable to information loss. If needed data is not immediately available during the meeting, many decisions will be delayed until some time after the conclusion of the conference. Meeting planners must have exquisite foresight if everything is to run smoothly. If numerous participants are located in different cities, the travel and accommodation costs can be excessive and the meeting cut short, often before anything useful is accomplished. With the computer as communications device, however, the bonds of synchrony can be cut. A conference can now "move" in terms of both time and place to each participant of that conference.

Indeed, the most apparent difference between computer-moderated conferences and face-to-face meetings is in the temporal relationship of the exchanges. In a computer conference, messages are forwarded in time until a participant reads them and replies. Participants may review the proceedings, respond to specific messages, enter new information, ask questions of any participant, or acquire data at any time, day or night. And because

each participant needs only a normal telephone line or leased communications line to connect a terminal to a central host computer, the interchange is independent of place as well as time.

In addition, because the computer maintains an accessible record of all transactions, memoranda and synopses are unnecessary; the final documentation can simply be edited from the computer memory. Add a feature for privacy to protect proprietary exchanges, and the system begins to develop a useful shape.

To a limited degree, we already have a measure of this power. The telephone enables us to contact people anywhere, at almost any time, and to carry on group conversations. We can even use the telephone to transmit printed and graphic information. But such teleconferencing must be conducted in the heat of the here and now, and the spoken word is fragile and notoriously elusive. What is obvious to one participant may be opaque to another. Some people may require more time to digest a certain piece of information. Much information is invariably lost.

Thus the conventional ways we exchange information are somewhat limited. But all of this is about to change in a way so fundamental, so profound, that the processes of collating and synthesizing information will cease to exist as separate activities divorced from communication.

104 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Keep Your Computer Healthy...

with the Industry Standard in System Maintenance Programs.

Diagnostics 11

Diagnostics II is the finest set of system maintenance routines available for microcomputers. It thoroughly checks all five areas of your computer system, pinpointing hardware problems to help keep your computer in perfect working order. The areas of your computer which are tested include: Memory, Printer, Terminal, Disk, and CPU

Disk Doctor

Disk Doctor automatically recovers otherwise unrecoverable information from "crashed" diskettes. It also un-erases files.

Maybe it was a lightning storm, static from the rug, or just too late at night to be working. Whatever the cause, when the diskette "crashes" or a file is accidentally erased, valuable data or programs can be permanently lost. Disk Doctor was designed to recover this "lost" information. It consists of five wards, each performing a specific recovery operation.

Ward A: Verifies diskettes and locks out bad sectors.

Ward B: Places copyable information from a "crashed" file in a

good file. Ward C: Copies diskettes without stopping for bad sectors. WardD: Un-erases files. Ward E: Displays a directory of recoverable erased files.

Disk Doctor was not designed for use with double sided

Or hard disks. Circle 430 on inquiry card.

In addition to being extremely thorough, every test ir Diagnostics II is also "submit"-able. The output of the tests can be logged to disk for later review. (Requires 32KCP/M") Diagnostics II: $125 Manual only: $ 40

(Requires 48K CP'M", two drives for complete

operation)

Disk Doctor: $100

Manual only: $ 30

Available from fine dealers everywhere, or directly from

SuperSoft.

Japanese Distribution:

ASR Corporation International

3-23-8, Nishi-Shimbashi, Mlnato-Ku

Tokyo 105, Japan

Tel. (03) 437-5371, Telex 0242-2723

European Agent: Micro Technology Ltd., 51 The Pantiles,

Tunbridge Wells, Kent, England TN2 5TH Tel. 0892-45433. Telex: 95441 Micro-G Diagnostics II available for virtually all CP/M *. CP'M-86". and MS DOS compatible systems. Disk Doctor available for virtually all CP/M:", and CP/M-86" compatible systems.

CPM" and CPr^86' are registered trademarks of Digital Research

!!•

1

FIRST IN SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY P.O.Box 1628 Champaign, IL 61820 (217)359-2112 Telex 270365

EMISARI

In 1970, the White House Office of Emergency Preparedness (OEP) was given the responsibility of administering President Nixon's wage-price freeze. To accomplish this difficult task, the OEP put into use the first electronic conferencing system, the Emergency Management Information System and Reference Index (EMISARI). The following quote from The Network Nation by Starr Roxanne Hiltz and Murray Turoff

(Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1978) describes how EMISARI supervised information flow:

The ten regional offices of OEP needed to be able to generate and share timely and useful data on . . . the wage-price freeze. The regional offices had to respond to requests and inquiries from the public in a way that was consistent with the initial guidelines and emerging modifications and inter

Excellence Acknowledged.

Some people demand the best.

Superior quality at superior value identifies the "best" products, and the best in Apple Incompatible drives is the Micro-Sci line of 5V4" floppy disk drives and subsystems.

Business people needing storage, reliability and fast access have been impressed with Micro-Sci's A40 system since we introduced if back in 1979. For a lower list price than the Apple Disk lllVs, the A40 offers 20Kb more capacity, faster access time and greater data reliability.

The Micro-Sci A70 drive combines quick access and high reliability with a full 286Kb storage capability.

The newest member of Micro-Sci's Apple IIcompatible family, the A2, is a direct replacement for the Disk II

MICRO-SCI

Micro-Sci is a Division of Slandun Controls, Inc.

2158 SOUTH HATHAWAY STREET ■ SANTA ANA, CALIFORNIA 92705 • 714/662-2801 • TELEX: 910-346-6739

International Dealer Inquiries... IMC International Markets Corp. Telephone: 714/730-0963 • Telex: 277782-ROBY UR

fj-sa

featuring total compatibility at a lower cost. Better still, you can mix our A2 drive and controller with their drive and controller for complete freedom of interchangeability.

And Micro-Sci's controller includes operating features like jumper-selectable 3.2 and 3.3 DOS. Give yourself the privilege. Micro-Sci delivers the most in quality, reliability and performance. So when you consider additional drives or a disk subsystem for your Apple II, indulge yourself in the MicroSci alternative.

See our complete product line today at a dealer near you.

(SPECIAL NOTE TO APPLE III'" USERS: Micro-Sci also offers a full range of Apple Ill-compatible drives. Ask your local dealer for details.)

■ Apple, Apple II, Apple III and Disk II ore

trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc.

pretations. The central OEP management had to make sure that policy interpretation was consistent from region to region. . . .

The primary innovation in EMISARI was the ability to set up alternative communication forms, such as collections of numeric estimates, tables of numbers, and situation report forms, and have these assigned as a permanent responsibility to some member of the communication group who would supply the information on a regular basis. . . . All this was under the control of a human monitor who could tailor the communication structure and the responsibilities as a function of the problem at any time.

As you might imagine, the advent of this unique, computer-moderated conferencing system was accompanied by a great deal of discord between the OEP establishment and the outsiders who invented EMISARI. The story of this conflict, recounted by Hiltz and Turoff (one of the designers of EMISARI) in their book, illustrates the friction generated when control over information changes hands. In spite of this difficulty, however, the concept of computer-moderated conferencing has been employed in a number of communications systems.

From New Guinea

to the Electronic Cottage

A few years ago, the multinational Bechtel Corporation approached its telecommunications group with a problem: how could a team of employees scattered across several time zones and continents maintain effective communications? The great geographical dispersion made it clear that only a messaging service would work, yet the traditional methods were inadequate to sustain technical dialog among the 10 to 12 people in a team. Bechtel solved the problem by subscribing to Infomedia's Notepad system, developed by one of the premier innovators in the field, Jacques Vallee.

An early Bechtel project using Notepad was centered at a Nevada molybdenum mine with no telephone access. In order for the site manager

106 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 302 on inquiry card.

'More documentation? Go to a book store."

'Training? Call a J^

computer school." I

"Technical support? Call the publisher."

Interested in dBASE II or 1-2-3? Beware The Dreaded Finger Pointers!

Sound familiar? Does your dealer turn into a "finger pointer" when you need help? At SoftwareBanc we offer a complete system that doesn't stop when your software is delivered.

Careful Product Selection

Do you get bewildered by the endless lists of software you find in most ads? Let us be your quality control department.

We only sell the best programs on the market. After a thorough evaluation we chose dBASE II™ for data processing, and 1-2-3™ for financial management.

Our complete line of add-on products help you to continue to get the most from your sof twa re.

Expert Technical Support

When you buy software from us, you can rest assured that help is only a phone call away. Just call us at (617) 641-1235 for all the free support you need.

Free dBASE II" User's Guide

We don't send you somewhere else to learn more about a product we sell. Order dBASE II™ from us, and you'll receive a free copy of our dBASE 11™ User's Guide. You can also buy the User's Guide first for only $29, and then receive a full credit when you buy dBASE II.™

Free 1-2-T Utility

Receive 1-2-3 TRANS free with your purchase of 1-2-3™ 1-2-3 TRANS is a menu driven program that will quickly and easily transfer files from dBASE II™ to 1-2-3™ and backagaim

1-2-T & dBASE llm Classes

Want more in-depth information about dBASE II™ or 1-2-3™? Attend a SoftwareBanc seminar near you. Each session runs from 9 to 5, and costs $175.

Prices You Can Afford

1-2-3™ Call for price*

dBASE II™ $479

ABSTAT $379

dBASE II™ User'sGuide $29

DBPIus™ $95

dGRAPH $199

dUTIL $69

dNAMES $109

QUICKCODE $199

*0nly available for IBM PC with MS-DOS.

Free Catalog

If you want to learn more about SoftwareBanc, call or write for our free product catalog.

SoftwareBanc

661 Massachusetts Avenue Arlington, Mass. 02174 To order call: (800)451-2502 (617)641-1241 in Mass. For technical support call: (617)641-1235

1-2-3 is a registered trademark of Lotus Development Corporation/dBASE II is a registered trademark of Ashton-Tate, Inc. Payment may be made by: MasterCard, Visa, check, C.O.D., money order. Mass. residents please add 5% sales tax. Add $5.00 for shipping and handling.

Los Angeles

Anchorage

July 18-22

August

Washington, D.C.

New York City

Aug. 29-Sept. 2

September

SoftwareBanc

Order Toll Free

1-800-451-2502

(617) 641-1241 in Mass.

■Sf

H

Circle 419 on inquiry card.

BYTE May 1983

107

to communicate with a central office in San Francisco, he was given a portable terminal. Each evening he jumped into his jeep, drove to the nearest town, and telephoned Infomedia's computer in San Bruno, California, to receive updates on engineering and management messages and details concerning orders and shipments. The system was also successful in managing gold and silver mines in Idaho and Canada and in supporting a nine-month project in

the Beluga oil fields in Alaska.

The most spectacular Bechtel conferencing project involves a mining operation in Ok Tedi, a remote province 400 miles from the coast in Papua New Guinea. Altogether, several teams had to be coordinated between New Guinea, Australia, and a central office in Los Angeles.

Ironically, Bechtel does not use conferencing for its internal corporate communications. As is true for many organizations, messaging is accom

r/'*' '•■■■'■' ■:>':

GREAT INNOVATORS

15th century renaissance man, Leonardo Da Vine1 contributed an inexhaustible collection of inventions and ideas to solve the world s problems. These Ideas were centuries ahead of their time. The studies on this page deal with experiments in optics.

Like Leonardo. Vista Computer Is answering many of today's complex computer storage problems. The Vista VI200 Is a great solution to iBMPC storage. Mass storage for your IBMPC Computer has always been a problem. On one hand, there were the exotic, expensive hard disks with no cost efficient means of backup. On the other hand, the IBMPC floppy drive lacked the speed and storage demanded by today's professionals.

Vista's VI200 offers both al an Incredibly attractive price. The removable VlslaPak cartridges offer 6 Megabytes of removable storage each and can be backed up like a floppy.

how hard disk storage can tie yours with the added capability ol interchangeable media. The V1200 eliminates the worries

Of head crashes, drive alignments, lost data, or bacKu a new application of field-proven floppy technology.

The Vistal'ak cartridges hold 6MB of formatted data each. The removable cartridge allows you to keep duplicates of your valuable data as well as to keej), separate paks for your accounting, word processing, spread sheet and other applications, ho other storage device offers more in flexibility and capability.

* Microprocessor controlled, self-aligning drive Controller • Removable Data Cartridges • Includes 1 cartridge • Vista 120 Day Warranty ■• MS DOS compatible • Controller accomodates V I 200 as we.U as your 8" and IBM 5'/*" Drives.

Contact Your Local VlsLa Dealer or Call our Vista Hotlines.

Vista

COMPUTER COMPANY. INC

1317 East Edinaer / Santa Ana. CA 92706 (714)953-0523 / 1800)8548017

Distributors

Ifoia Y4200

"Apt"," H K a n'ilUf.

plished by using switching networks, electronic mail, and similar systems. This may change as computer conferencing is exploited to relieve working groups of the need for extensive travel and real-time discussions.

Two other computer-moderated conferencing systems, Confer and EIES (Electronic Information Exchange System), serve the needs of specialized study groups and business clients who "meet" online to develop documentation, examine specific problems, exchange data, and communicate with allied organizations. The Army's Delta Force, a network of consultants and Department of Defense specialists, uses Confer to examine future needs and organizational requirements. (See "Electronic Publishing" by Arthur Bechhoefer, page 124, for an account of another interesting application of Confer.)

EIES has been the site of professional-society committee deliberations such as those of the Instrument Society of America. Also, 10 hepatitis experts used EIES to organize a new database, the Hepatitis Knowledge Base, for the American Library of Medicine. The Hepatitis Knowledge Base is now available for downloading into physicians' microcomputers. In addition, Starr Roxanne Hiltz, coauthor of The Network Nation and sociologist studying acceptance of the new telecommunications technologies, has employed EIES to present online courses such as Telecommunications in the Future.

In 1978, a conference was organized on EIES, called Politechs, that included federal laboratories, state legislatures, local governments, public-interest groups, technical professional societies, and the White House. The conference was dedicated to promoting exchanges on the impact of science and technology on public policy. As a result of this conference, proposals have been made that aim at developing permanent interchanges for various departments of the federal government.

After the Three Mile Island incident in 1979, the nuclear industry responded by founding an Institute of Nuclear Power Operators that uses Notepad to tie together each utility

108 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 476 on inquiry card.

incubation complete

A Third Generation is Born

(Pictured above)

A Z80 based microcomputer board with memory and I/O functions

• Fully complies with IEEE 696 Standard

•4/6/8MHZZ80A/B/H*

• SupportsCP/M® Plus

• Operates as bus master/slave for multi-user, multi-processor architecture.

• 64K on board memory, dual ported, parity checked

• 2 serial ports, 1 full SASI port

• All I /o drivers on board

• Memory management

• Full 24 bitaddress capability •3-16 bit CTC'S

ExpandORAM IV—Random access memory board utilizing 64K or 256K NMOS RAM chips

• Fully complies with IEEEE 696 Standard

• 256K capacity with 64K chips

• 1024K capacity with 256K chips

• Error checking and correction (2 bit detection, 1 bit correction)

• On board refresh

• Supports both 8 and 16 bit data transfers

• 24 bit addressing

SD300—A new series of compact yet expandable S-100 microcomputers.

• compact size approximately 4" x 14" x 17"

• 6 Slot motherboard

• Rugged metal enclosure

• Supports up to 5 users

OEM Version: Designed for ease of integration and maximum flexibility

• Z80 CPU

• 256KRAM.

• versafloppy n with free CP/M Plus™

Diskless Version: An Ideal high performance system for disk intensive applications. Eliminates disk wait states for spread sheets, spelling checkers, and network operation. Utilizes SD Systems RAM Disk and ROM Disk modules.

VFW-3: A single board controller for floppy and Winchester disk drives:

• Fully complies with iee 696 Standard • Free copy of CP/M Plus™ included • Up to 4 floppies and three Winchester drives may be controlled by VFW-3 • Data transfers to and from board under DMA or programmed I/O control • Supports 24 bit address space.

CP/M PIUS™:hlgh performance single user operating system.

• CP/M® 2.2. compatible—no modification! • When used with SDSystems 256K memory board speeds are upto7timesfasterthanCP/M® 2.2. • High performance file system • MP/M® II file password protection • Time and date stamps on files • Support for 1 to 16 banks of RAM • Support fori to 16 drives of up to 512 MB each • Easy to use system utilities with help facility • Powerful batch facility • Sophisticated programmer utilities.

RAM Disk 256: A solid state disk emulator that greatly Increases system performance by eliminating disk waits In disk Intensive applications. Excellent for spreadsheets, spelling checkers and software development.

• 256K capacity • 1 mb total bus capacity • CP/M® 2.2, plus™ compatible • I/O port addresses user selectable • Storage locations addressed by on board 20 bit counter • on board refresh.

ROM Disk 128: An eprom board that replaces a floppy disk drive for the purposes of booting CP/M® and loading application programs.

• Provides non volatile, permanent storage of programs and data • Utilizes 2732 or 2764 EPROMS, (16 max) • 128K capacity per board • 512K system capacity

• use with SDSystems RAM disk to configure a stand alone or network diskless system • CP/M Plus™ available in eproms • Serial port provided.

CP/ m® 2.2 andCP/ m Plus™ are registered trademarkes of Digital Research, Inc. *Z80 product of Zilog Corp.

SDSystems

A Syntech Company

10111 Miller Road • Dallas, Texas • (214)340-0303 • tlx-682 9016

Circle 407 on Inquiry card.

Communitree: A MicrocomputerBased Conferencing System

An organization in San Francisco called the Communitree Group has developed a computer conferencing system for the Apple II. Designed as an alternative to the many computer bulletin boards around the nation, this system provides a relatively simple messaging structure capable of supporting complex branching communications— hence the name Communitree. In operation, you simply dial the system as you would any other bulletin board. You then obtain a list of parent conferences that can be accessed with a simple READ command. If the selected conference contains a subconference structure, the titles of the branch conferences will be displayed. You may browse as with more elaborate systems and enter messages with a simple line editor. Only the system operator has the power to delete or shift messages. Help files assist novices in learning the system's features.

This design is similar to The Source's Participate in that it provides a message-branching structure. Communitree is much more primitive, however, because machine limitations restrict the resources available to users, but the system's simplicity makes it easy to learn and very suitable for restricted applications.

To run the conferencing software, you must have an Apple II with 48K bytes of RAM (random-access read/ write memory) and two disk drives. This will support a maximum of 320 fifty-line messages. The system deletes notes that are not current, and it can easily handle up to 35 users per day if it is kept online 24 hours per day. The Communitree Group also intends to develop software for other personal computers such as the IBM Personal Computer.

The source code is written in FORTH, and the cost of the program and manuals is $150.

Additional information may be obtained from the Communitree Group, Suite 207-3002, 470 Castro St., San Francisco, CA 94114.

with consultants, vendors, and numerous organizations.

Participate, a conferencing system that has recently appeared on The Source, has facilitated conferencing among disparate groups. These

groups can subsequently organize themselves into communities.

An interesting example of the synthesis achieved in such a structure is the electure, a project designed and implemented by a group of approximately 20 participants within a three-month period. Jim Rutt, while serving as manager of Product Development for The Source, started with a concept developed by David Hughes, an early exploiter of computer telecommunications as a teaching tool, and suggested that Participate provide popular electronic lectures or "electures." A conference was started in which the members examined the scope, organization, and operation of an electure.

Despite the fact that many key members of the conference were periodically absent for extended periods, the group was first able to define the mechanism and procedures that were needed and then put the first electure online. The "electurer" was Starr Roxanne Hiltz, and the subject was the computer revolution— how the "electronic cottage" is changing the home. It appeared in seven segments, each segment followed by a ballot and a separate discussion conference. The electure became a powerful model for colloquia, seminars, electronic publishing, and structured telecommunications.

Where the Conferences Are

As of this writing, approximately a dozen commercial conferencing services are available in the United States. Some of these are run on central computers and can be accessed by terminals or microcomputers via packet-switching networks such as Tymnet and Telenet. Some can be licensed for use on a private mainframe computer. Most of these services are summarized in table 1. In addition, there is even a computermoderated conferencing system that runs on a microcomputer.

It is difficult to compare the various conferencing systems because many were designed with different tasks in mind. This has led to certain structural and operational quirks peculiar to each one. However, because some features are shared,

there are undeniable family resemblances.

All systems are designed to facilitate many-to-many communications. Participate differs somewhat in that it was designed to accommodate what has been referred to as "inquiry networking." Users of Participate may branch off a main conference and develop their own subconferences, usually based on an inquiry generated in the trunk discussion. This multiple-branching capability is analogous to the organization of subcommittees in a plenary session. The subcommittees are established to examine specific topics and then report back to the full committee. This structure facilitates the problemsolving aspeci of conferencing.

Of course, any system that provides such opportunities for multiplebranched conferencing must also supply the user with means to maintain access and control. This requires a more complex set of instructions that can frustrate the unsophisticated subscriber. Initially, users may have difficulty knowing where they are within the conference hierarchy. Most computer conferencing systems have limited branching capabilities and use as simple a procedure as possible in order to achieve userfriendliness.

This does not mean that such systems are simple—far from it. EIES furnishes elaborate subdivisions for specialized information transfers, such as an electronic marketplace for buying and selling information and a "paper fair," a repository of research documents. Participate relies on its branching capability, which users must learn in order to tailor the system to their own needs.

Perhaps the most elaborate system is Augment, which gives the subscriber maximum control over all textual operations, from processing to multicolor page composition. Such a system requires a high degree of user knowledge and skill.

Com, the Swedish entry, has an extremely flexible structure that enables participants to track related messages via the links that interconnect them as a discussion grows. A single command is all that is needed to trace the

110 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

North Star solutions are simple and powerful.

Not everyone needs a small business computer as powerful and fully-featured as a North Star.The North Star ADVANTAGE and HORIZON" microcomputer systems are built for those who demand a great deal more... of themselves as well as the vital tools they select for office automation.

Powerful

Putting a North Star system through its paces is like highspeed driving in a luxury sports car: instant response to user commands, with a feeling of untapped resources within. Your North Star system has the power to get you through the fast curves of business and over towering peaks in workload. North Star outperforms the industry in single-user, multi-user and now in office network systems.

Simple

Advanced software engineering has harnessed the power of the HORIZON and ADVANTAGE, so that achieving your results is as simple as a Sunday drive. Concise user commands instruct the computer to work the way you want it to.

And, we keep it simple everywhere: service, system expansion, and even custom software.

Solutions

North Star systems are designed to get you from A to B as effectively as possible. The

designed-in harmony of our word processing, planning, accounting and other applications permits faster solutions and a broader range of possible accomplishments.

And no solution is complete until it is in presentation form. North Star graphics concisely present your results in charts, graphs and graphic figures.

Discover North Star's simply powerful solutions at one of over 1000 computer stores or systems houses. Call 800-447-4700 for the location nearest you, or write North Star Computers, Inc., 14440 Catalina Street, . .

San Leandro, CA 94577. \M

NorthSlar^

Simply powerful solutions.

See us at NCC, Booth -W63 58.

The North Star logo, togline and HORIZON are either trademarks or registered trademarks of North Star Computers, Inc. c 1983.

Systems serviced nationwide by MAI/Sorbus Service Division. Circle 331 on inquiry card.

System

Availability

Connect Costs

Processor

Participate

Participation Systems Inc. 43 Myrtle Terrace Winchester, MA 01890

The Source; may be licensed

$20.75 to $5.75/hour; closed user group: $5000; licensing cost: $10,000 to $60,000

Prime computers

EIES

Electronic Information Exchange

System New Jersey Institute of Technology 323 High St. Newark, NJ 07102

Telenet, Univet, or direct dial

$75/month;

group accounts: $200/month

plus $10/month per user

plus $8/hour

Perkin-Elmer 3230

Notepad

Infomedia

801 Trager Ave., Suite 275

San Bruno, CA 94066

Tymnet;

may be licensed

$10/hour average;

closed user group: $1000/user

plus $60/hour; licensing fee: $35,000

DEC-20 with TOPS-20 operating system

Confer

Advertel Communications

2067 Ascot

Ann Arbor, Ml 48103

Telenet

$19/hour average

Amdahl 580

Hub

Institute for the Future 2740 Sand Hill Rd. Menlo Park, CA 94025

Uninet;

may be licensed

$30 to $40/hour; licensing fee: $40,000

DEC-20 with TOPS-20 operating system

Com

Swedish National Defense

Research Institute Stockholm University Computing Center Box 27322 S-10254 Stockholm Sweden

no subscription service; may be licensed

purchase cost: $14,000 ($7000 for universities);

leasing cost: $4000/year ($2000/year for universities)

DEC-10; DEC-20

Genie

Data Dynamics POB 5517 Portland, OR 97228

no subscription service; may be rented or licensed

rental cost:

$15,000/3 months; licensing costs: $35,000

CDC Cyber 175; DEC VAX-11/780

MTX

Matrix Transaction Exchange Cross Information Co. 934 Pearl Mall, Suite B Boulder, CO 80302

Telenet;

may be licensed

$50 fee plus $25/hour; leasing costs: $l000/month and up

DEC systems

Augment

Tymshare

20705 Valley Green Drive

Cupertino, CA 95014

Tymnet;

may be licensed

$14 to $18/hour; licensing cost depends on implementation

DEC-20 with TOPS-20 operating system

Table 1: A list of commercial computer-moderated conferencing systems available today. Most of these systems can be accessed with either a microcomputer or a terminal. In addition, the software for some of these systems can be licensed for operation on a mainframe computer.

complex branches of an involved discussion.

Computer Resources

One of the main advantages of computer-moderated conferencing is the ease with which you can access other very useful computer resources such as text editors, databases, and so

on. Obviously you need an editor to process text that you will enter into conference discussions, and databases, programs, graphics packages, and instructional texts are all significant enhancements.

This support may be achieved by one of three strategies: putting the resources on the conferencing com

puter, accessing a separate resource computer over a network link, or implementing these resources directly on the user's microcomputer. In this last case, the conference computer may append one user's resource fo:the benefit of other users, although this is not the most important feature of such an arrangement. Obviously,

112 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

You can count on 3M diskettes. Day after day.

Just like the sun, you can rely on 3M diskettes every day. At 3M, reliability is built into every diskette. We've been in the computer media business for over 30 years. And we've never settled in. We're constantly improving and perfecting our product line, from computer tape and data cartridges to floppy disks. 3M diskettes are made at 3M. That way, we have complete control over the entire manufacturing process. And you can have complete confidence in the reliability of every 3M diskette you buy. Look in the Yellow Pages under Computer Supplies and Parts for the 3M distributor nearest you. In Canada, write 3M Canada, Inc., London, Ontario. If it's worth remembering, it's worth 3M diskettes.

3M hears you...

Circle 524 on inquiry card.

3M

FOR

MATURE USERS

OKLY

If you're a dealer, OEM, or fairly knowledgable end user, Vandata has an incredible deal for you —the Vandata Business Software Package. The package includes: General Ledger, Accounts Payable, Accounts Receivable and Payroll with Cost Accounting, plus our custom installation program. All for only $295.

Why so low? Because a mature user doesn't need support. That drastically cuts our costs. And yours.

And if you're a software dealer, you can resell Vandata Business Software without paying royalties. The Vandata business package is the best-debugged, easiest to-install enhanced Osbome-based system on the market. It's well worth up to $995 with your support to end users.

Minimum requirements are 48K RAM, CP/M™, or CDOS, CBASIC2™, a CRT and a 132-column printer. The package is available on most CP/M disk formats. Our installation manual is included and the Osbome/McGrawHill application manuals are available separately.

Why pay for support you don't need? Order the Vandata Business Software Package. Call toll free: 1-800-426-5248.

VANDATA

17544 Midvale Ave. N., Suite 107. Seattle, WA 98133. In Washington call (206) 542-7611. VISA or MasterCard accepted.

line costs may be minimized if you can access these editing and programming resources offline. (I'll discuss this further in the following section).

EIES uses a microprocessor to dial out through Telenet to specific resources such as the New Jersey Educational Computing Network, which provides software packages for data analysis.

Designers of the Hub conferencing system from the Institute for the Future (IFTF) decided to support four basic activities: graphics, programming, documenting, and balloting. Upon conclusion of the developmental and testing phase of the system, Hubert Lipinski and Richard Adler of IFTF concluded that a more general method of achieving usermediated access to resources is through a programmable microcomputer, so that connection to the conference computer and the resource computer could occur simultaneous

ly.

Participate, as implemented on The Source, relies on the resources of the host computers in McLean, Virginia. These include various compilers; mathematical, statistical, and financial packages; and management modeling programs. The procedure for accessing these resources is complicated, however: the data must be processed outside the conference, the result placed into a file, and the file transferred into the conference.

Microcomputers as Terminals

As mentioned previously, you can reduce online charges by using a microcomputer (or intelligent terminal) capable of supporting text processing and a wide variety of communications tasks. A long document can be composed offline, edited, and then transmitted to the conference. Conversely, documents can be downloaded and read at leisure. And for the corporate executive with a hectic schedule or the computer hobbyist with little money, the microcomputer can wait until an appropriate time (say, after midnight when the network rates are lowest), dial into the conference, upload documents, download messages, and inform its user of the transactions the next day.

114 May 19B3 © BYTE Publications Ire

Circle 471 on inquiry card.

LET THE "ANGEL" DO THE WAITING

Two RS-232C Connectors for serial ir put and output

6 Leds to indicate power, transmission and reception status, buffer activities, page number, etc.

SKIP and REPRINT provide independant page controls to reprint portions of documentation.

40 Pin Expansion Bus available for future expansion

COPY provides convenient one key operation for single copy or multi-copy of text

3 externally accessible Dip Switches for baudrate, device type, and parallel and serial selections. Selections can be made without losing buffer

Connect an "ANGEL" between your computer and your printer, and let the "ANGEL" do the waiting ....

Your valuable computer spends 95% of its time waiting for the printer to catch up...and while the computer waits, the payroll con tinues.

The computer sends data to the "ANGEL'

at speeds up to 19.2K baud. The "ANGEL'

stores data and sends it to the printer at a

speed the printer can handle, and your com

puter is free to continue working without in

terruption.

A USER WRITES:

"I tried the "ANGEL" with my Altos

system connected to an Epson MX-100,

both set at 9600 baud. Without the

"ANGEL" it takes 30 minutes to print 210

doctors' requisition forms. With the

"ANGEL" installed, my computer is free

after 90 seconds."

With "ANGEL'S" self diagnostics and

memory test, the entire system thoroughly

checks itself every time you power up.

PAGE REPRINT is another unique feature.

EXAMPLE: You are printing a 32 page

report, and the paper jams at page 11.

Reset the printer to the top of the form,

press PAGE REPRINT, and resume printing

at the top of page 11. Want to restart two

pages back? Press PAGE REPRINT twice,

and you resume at page 10.

/""*'"''"1

Function keys extend the useful commands to more than 10. including: hexdump, memory test, remote loading, etc.

Independant PAUSE and HOLD controls to suspend transmission and recep

8 easyto-operate membrane key switches.

Two 20 Pin Edge Connectors for parallel input and output

"ANGEL" is compatible with almost all Micro-Computers, including IBM, Apple. TRS-80. Vector Graphic, NorthStar, Altos. Xerox. Heath, Zenith. NEC, DEC, etc., with RS-232 serial, Hardware Handshaking, or Centronics compatible parallel interface. The manufacturer reserves the right to change the product specification.

...And think of these other possibilities: HEX DUMP. Display or printout every bit of data your computer sends out to the printer in an easy-to-read Hexidecimal and ASCII format. A must for your programmer. Pause and Hold for real time programs. Page skip for selective printing. What a waste to print the entire documentation if you only need part of it. Simple external switch settings, let the "ANGEL" accept either RS-232 serial or Centronics parallel data and can output either/or in any combination, (S-S,S-P,P-S,P-P). The "ANGEL" is compatible with almost all Micro-Computers, and can be installed by anyone in minutes. Switches are clearly marked for ease of operation, and a concise, USER FRIENDLY operator reference card is included with each unit. The "ANGEL" has a full one year limited warranty.

THE "ANGEL" WILL NEVER KEEP YOC1 WATTING!

The chart shown here illustrates the features of the "ANGEL" compared to other buffer devices. When compared with the "ANGEL", the others just don't measure up. Sorry guys.

Feature

ANGEL

MICRO FAZER ••

SPOOUfrt

MICRO BUFFER

SOOPER SPOOLER

Price

295.00

330.00

319.00 w/o serial

349.00

603.00

Memory Size

64K

64K

6-m

64 K

62K

Max Baud Rale

19.2K

J

N/A

19.2K

Serial-Parallel

y«i

*

Mo

•

Parallel-Serial

Yes

No

■

Parallel-Parallel

Yes

Yi".

"

Serial-Serial

No

Yes

Yes

Copy

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

Reset/Clear

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Pause/Hold

No

No

No

Page Skip

V

No

No

No

No

Page Reprinl

Yes

No

No

No

No

Omiinuous Copy

Yes

1

No

-i

No

Sell-Diagnoslics

Yes

1

■3

->

?

Hex-Dump

Yes

No

No

No

No

* Can only be configurated (or one of the (our Modes: •'Information based on available specifications manufacturer's advertisement as of December. 1982

Micro-Fazer TM of Guadram Corp.

Sooper Spooler TM of Compulink Corp.

r

"r frf?f%

PAGE REPRINT HEX DUMP

LigO Research, Inc. • 396 E. 1 59th St. • Harvey. IL 60426 • 1-312-331-8797 • In Canada 1-416-859-0370 Circle 261 on inquiry card.

TO ORDER:

CALL TOLL FREE 1-800-323-3304

OR SEND CHECK OR MONEY

ORDER TO LIGO RESEARCH

Please rush me ( ) "ANGELAS)" @

$295.00 each

Sub total

onlyS Add 6% U.S. sales tax

Delivery charge $4.00

TOTAL

Charge my () VISA () MASTERCARD

MY ACCT. # IS

EXPIRATION DATE

BYTE May 1983 115

The essential capabilities for a microcomputer communications software package are the following:

• to provide a transparent talk utility that relegates the microcomputer to the "dumb" role of inputting key strokes and displaying information sent back by the host

• to record into mass storage all information received in the talk mode

• to upload files to the host computer in the talk mode

• to upload files with a "stop-andwait" protocol so that large files may be uploaded without exceeding the buffer capacity of the recipient machine (for example, a microcomputer might upload a file until the host machine sends a wait signal—a Control-S on most keyboards—and will resume uploading when the host sends a continue signal—usually a Control-Q)

• to divert incoming data to a printer if hard copy is needed

Many other capabilities are useful,

and much depends on such factors as the data-transmission rate. With slow data transmission, the stop-and-wait protocol is usually not needed. If accuracy is essential, such as when sending binary or numerical data, asynchronous transmission may not be satisfactory.

Existing communications software packages for linking personal computers to such popular subscription facilities as CompuServe and The Source have rather limited capabilities. In contrast to this are the proprietary networks (e.g., Ethernet, Wangnet, and SDnet) developed by office equipment manufacturers for in-house electronic mail, Telex operations, the sharing of peripherals, and other telecommunications.

Recently microcomputer software designers have begun integrating packages for text editing and formatting, database management, and asynchronous communications all into a single system. One such system, MIST (Microcomputer Information Support Tools), was

BYte>NRiie*

DAISY WHEEL PRINTER

• Full Olivetti typewriter warranty

• U.L. Listed

$695

plus shipping

FEATURES

• Typewriter operation with nothing to disconnect • 10. I 2 or 15 characters per inch switch selectable • Portable with carrying case • Entire interface mounted Internally in the Olivetti Praxis 30 typewriter • Underlining • Cables available for most computers • Service from Olivetti dealers • Centronics compatible parallel input • Built in self test • Cartridge ribbon • 2nd keyboard switch selectable.

cjBYTE WRITER

125 NORTHVIEW RD., ITHACA, N.Y. 14850 (607) 272-1 132

developed by Peter and Trudy Johnson-Lenz and is available from New Era Technologies for licensing on microcomputers using the CP/M 2.0 operating system (MIST requires 56K bytes of volatile memory and two 250K-byte floppy disks).

Ultimately, multitasking multiuser operating systems running on the new generation of microprocessors will enable conferees to access many discussions, databases, and computer resources simultaneously. Without question, this will elevate telecommunications into a new realm about which we can only speculate.

An Example: Participate

The best way to give you a good idea of how computer-moderated conferencing works is to show you an example of transactions with Participate on The Source. Getting into Participate is somewhat easy. After logging onto The Source and requesting command mode, all I have to do is type "PARTICIPATE." My terminal should then respond by displaying the following:

[PARTI Version 3.08]

Welcome to PARTICIPATE on the

Source, IRVING!

"PARTICIPATE" AND "PARTI" are

trademarks of Participation Systems Inc.

5 waiting notes.

Read, Scan, Batch, Cancel

Hold?

When a Source user asks for Participate, the conferencing computer automatically checks its memory to see if the account number is registered and what conferences the customer has access to. In this case, the computer recognizes me as "IRVING." It is more than a name, it is an address to which others can send messages and information. Note that I have five messages waiting for me. If I simply type "Read," I will be asked to respond to them one by one. By batching them together, I can decide what to do at the conclusion. These notes may be conference notes, readable by members of the conference, or they may be addressed to me alone or to groups of respondents.

Let's say I am involved with the engineering section at a computer man

116 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 82 on inquiry card.

ZERO TO MULTIPLAN

5.2 MINUTES.

FINANCE OR ACCOUNTING WORKSHEETS FAST.

Gentlemen, start your computers.

Time: 0

Select budget intervals.

Time: 0.5

Enter sales revenue.

Time: 1.0

mZ '■";'11 iiii'm

mm SjPjSffl

mm i i'i'iIB mm iMwm9

Enter selling expenses.

Time: 1.5

Your sales budget an the Multiplan electronic uuorksheet-in record time.

Time-. 5.2

First, Microsoft created the Multiplan interactive electronic worksheet, to help you analyze yourbusiness problems and explore possible solutions. Without 1 asking you to become a computer expert.

Now we've added the Multi-Tool™ budget and financial expert systems.

They can help design

and build financial or accounting worksheets tailored to your specific needs. In minutes.

You won't have to worry about developing formulas or formatting screens to build your Multiplan worksheets. Because the expert systems literally do it for you.

For example, the MultiTool Budget expert system creates seven interrelated

Multiplan worksheets for a total budget planning and control environment.

Whaf s more, each system is developed by experts: business professionals and leading authorities in finance and accounting. You'll benefit from their knowledge immediately, through the powerful worksheets each Multi-Tool expert system builds for you. And with the sophisticated tutorial manuals that accompany each system. Each manual provides in-depth information about both the design of the worksheets and the areas of finance and accounting they cover.

The result: a tailored electronic worksheet that helps you make high guality decisions.

That's just what you'd expect from Microsoft. The people who let you concentrate on your business rather than on your computer.

Ask your computer dealer to let you test drive the new Multi-Tool expert systems. Better tools that help you put your business in first place.

THE MULTI-TOOL EXPERT SYSTEMS. A POWERFUL ADDITION TO THE MULTIPLAN ELECTRONIC WORKSHEET.

Available now:

The Multi-Tool Budget

expert system.

The Multi-Tool Financial

State ment expert system,

BETTER TOOLS FOR MICROCOMPUTERS

MICROSOFT

Microsoft is a registered trademark, and Multi-Tool, Multiplan and the Microsoft logo are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.

Circle 50 on inquiry card.

Less for lour Money

If you do word processing on your personal computer, you probably know that there are many programs for sale to help you with your spelling. But the biggest spelling error you'll ever make is paying too much for your spelling correction software. The Random House ProofReader gives you less for your money less trouble, that is, and fewer spelling errors. The Random House ProofReader is based on the world famous Random House Dictionary. It contains up to 80,000 words, depending on your disk capacity. You can add new words with the touch of a key. It shows you the error and the sentence it's in. It instantly suggests corrections. It even rechecks your corrections. And it costs half as much as other programs with far less power. The Random House ProofReader is compatible with all CP/M 2.2®, MS-DOS® and IBM Personal Computer® systems.

ENrfthe

The

Random House ProofReader

*50

For orders or information, see your local dealer or call 505-281-3371. Master card and VISA accepted. Or write Random House ProofReader, Box 339-B, Tijeras, NM 87059. Please enclose $50 and specify your computer model, disk size and memory.

Handom House and the House design arc registered trademarks of Random House, Inc. CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc. IBM and IBM Personal Computer are registered trademarks of International Business Machines, Inc. MS-DOS is a registered trademark of Microsoft, Inc.

ufacturing company, and I have been using a conference on engineering to keep in touch with everyone. The following message illustrates a typical exchange:

"NEW PRODUCTS" Conference 83.34 HENRY, about "THE MANUFACTURE OF PORTABLE PRINTERS." (answers: 5) THUR, 01/27 13:35 (254 characters)

The decision has been made to design and produce portable printers. The product is to be on the market by the middle of next year. All members of the engineering staff are to begin their preliminary discussions in this conference.

Join to

futu

re answers.'

This message alerts me to the fact that on Thursday, January 27, another conference participant, HENRY, organized a new conference called "NEW PRODUCTS"-the 34th conference of 1983 (83.34)—about the manufacture of portable printers, and that there are already five responses in the conference discussion. I can find out who has already joined and what the topics of the discussions are, or I can join for a while, participate in the discussion, and then leave or quit the conference. Once I leave, however, I will no longer automatically receive notification of new discussion entries each time I log onto the computer.

Let's say I want to start my own conference, "JOINT," to establish communication between the engineering department and the marketing department to help market portable printers. To do this I type "Write" or simply "W" in response to the computer prompt, "Disposition for 'NEW PRODUCTS'?" At this point, I can write my message in a special editable workspace — the scratch pad—set aside by the conference computer.

This is to notify all members of the engineering staff that a joint marketing-engineering conference called "JOINT" Conference has been organized to coordinate activities. A preliminary market survey indicates that there are three manufacturers of portable printers with high inventories. Design failures may have been the largest factor contributing to their lack of sales, and it will be

necessary to determine what was responsible for their poor performance.

The above message will be automatically appended to the "NEW PRODUCTS" Conference. At this juncture, I may use the editable workspace to organize the "JOINT" conference. As members of the engineering staff log onto the computer, they will be informed of my message concerning the "JOINT" conference and given the opportunity to join and participate.

This kind of communication system gives everyone the choice to enter, abstain, or simply monitor all goings-on. Only the moderator—the discussion editor—has the power to restrict membership, delete, or modify what has been recorded in the conference. It makes no difference whether HENRY and I are separated by a few feet or 10,000 miles, by seconds or days.

The Computer as Publisher

Some large corporations, primarily those involved in computer technology, have begun to experiment with automated conferencing as a tool to facilitate their developmental work. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Center for Information Systems Research has been using Participate to run a conferencing project for a number of corporations. The MIT program has been particularly successful in using Participate to organize meetings and to explore specific conference topics. Notepad was used to organize the Spring 1982 Office Automation show in San Francisco.

In the past, a major meeting required careful planning and volumes of communication, but when the preparatory work is handled in a computer conference, the content and scope of a meeting are easily developed. Computer conferencing cannot substitute completely for all meetings, of course, but it can greatly increase the productivity of meetings when they do take place. Such conferencing also includes a democratizing feature: the organization is open to criticism and discussion among all conferees.

This immediately points to a poten

118 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

BGSB

Some people drive

fine German machines to work.

Some people drive them once they arrive.

The tradition of high quality, high performance German craftsmanship and engineering is legend. And while we most often see that tradition in action on America's streets and highways, it is in America's business offices that its future holds the most promise.

The BASIS 108 is the proof.

This powerful small business computer passes higherpriced competitors with ease. Its dual processors — for CP/M* and Apple II® compatibility — open up the largest library of microcomputer software and plug-in peripherals available today. This unique combination also provides compatibility with other popular languages, including Pascal™ and LOGO.™

The detached keyboard is a work of art and practicality. Lightweight and low profile, it features a full one-meter cord for comfortable operation on your desk— or your lap. There's a full 128-key ASCII character set. Fifteen user-definable function keys that can provide access to 60 distinct functions. A nine-key cursor control block. And a convenient eighteenkey numeric pad. For special applications, you can also custom map the keyboard with a simple exchange of ROMs.

And there's more. RGB and composite NTSC or PAL video. Keyboard-selectable 80-or 40-column display.

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tially important new application. Computer conferencing may be ideally suited to filling certain gaps in publishing. Consider this: with a computer terminal connected to a network, the user has potential access to thousands of information libraries or databases—from the New York Times Consumer Data Base to the Library of Congress Card File. There is no substantial publisher of data that does not put at least part of its information into computer storage. Some commercial information services such as Dialog, a subsidiary of Lockheed, have access to over 45 million records in more than 120 databases on business, science, medicine, technology, the humanities, and politics.

The computer facilitates the search for meaningful information by providing highly selective search strategies. It is no longer true that the proliferation of information is threatening to deluge us with meaningless drivel. The problem is the opposite. Information is not being produced fast enough.

Particularly troublesome is the fact that some scientific and medical articles take a year or more after submission to a journal before emerging in print. Also, the processing of economic statistics can be excruciatingly slow. Such delays are not acceptable. We need more informa

tion faster if we are to be able to correlate and organize the diverse pieces necessary to make coherent and prompt decisions.

One exciting solution is for scientific societies to supplement their publishing operations with computerized conferences in which information exchanges can be conducted and subjected to the critical scrutiny of their members. Specialized research groups can also conduct exchanges, partially in public or wholly in private, in order to accelerate the interchange of ideas and data. Ongoing dialogs can be developed and nurtured along diverse, interdisciplinary lines, merging with specialists in different groups when necessary.

The Collective Intelligence

The marriage of cable television with computer technology has already led to a limited form of mass conferencing in certain test markets. On the Qube system in Ohio, subscribers can respond to inquiries, participate in votes, play games, and obtain information through a communications link with their cable service.

In the future—especially as videotex services become more popular—electronic mail, commercial transactions, conferences, magazine abstracts, local reports, and public-interest announcements will be

integrated into our daily routine.

How the institutions of our society—business, government, universities, laboratories—will be changed by this technology is difficult to assess. The process of communicating creates new information: new designs for equipment, solutions to marketing problems, the synthesis of scientific and technical knowledge, the testing of hypotheses, the hard work of whittling fact from the raw material surrounding it. And the more people communicate, the more new information will become available. Once expressed, an idea will become part of a percolating turbulence of thought, criticism, and judgment—a collective intelligence.

There will be dangers, however. Information vendors may assume tremendous power; no antitrust laws govern the managment of ideas. The great institutions may acquire even greater authority, and a suffocating superclass might emerge to stifle the innovations of the future. Privacy may be difficult to maintain, and privileged information may become the prey of unscrupulous individuals and institutions.

What we gain, however, will be more than what we hazard losing. We will live with a wealth of ideas, in a firmament of information as enormous as the whole of human knowledge. ■

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122 BYTE May 1983

The best software for the IBM Personal Computer. Could itbeyours?

Attention, all programmers. Here's a chance to reach the top.

If you've written software that's completed and runs on the IBM Personal Computer, we could be interested in publishing it.

(We also could be interested if it runs on another computer. If we select your software, we'll ask you to adapt it to our system.)

But be advised.

Our expectations are great.

Because the software we publish must be good enough to complement IBM Personal Computer hardware. In fact, the more you take advantage of all our hardware capabilities (see the box at right), the more interested in your software we become.

Think about incorporating color graphics into your program, for example.

Use sound. Consider the power of our keyboard and remember to utilize the ten programmable function keys.

In all cases, we're interested in "friendly" software—with emphasis on quality and wide appeal. Programs with the greatest chance of being published must be easy to use, offer a better way to accomplish a task and provide something special to the user.

What kinds of programs? All kinds.

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We select programs that will make the IBM Personal Computer an even more useful tool for modern times.

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Circle 221 on inquiry card.

BYTE May 1983 123

Electronic Publishing

The New Newsletter

How a traditional newsletter became a computer-accessed, interactive investment advisory service.

Computer conferencing is gaining popularity as a solution to the time and place restrictions of conventional business meetings; however, the techniques involved readily lend themselves to other uses. Through the example of the Independent Investors Forum (IIF) I'll show how such conferencing techniques can be applied to the field of newsletter publishing to develop an information service that is highly receptive to the needs of its audience.

Not long ago I found the opportunity to publish a small newsletter for stock market investors. In designing this publication, I had two principal objectives. First, the publication would have to be profitable, even though it would probably circulate to fewer than 500 subscribers. Spreading investment advice to a larger au

Editor's Note:

for more information on computermoderated conferencing, see the article entitled "The Movable Conference," by Irving Lerch, also in this issue on page 104.

About the Author

Arthur Bechhoefer has a doctoral degree in Urban and Regional Planning from the University of Michigan. He is the director of the Independent Investors Forum, the first commercial application of computer conferencing techniques to newsletter publishing.

Arthur S. Bechhoefer

Independent Investors Forum

1640 Argonne Place, NW

Washington, DC 20009

dience, as is done in many newsletters and most notably on public television's Wall Street Week, destroys the value of the advice: too many people act on it before you get a chance.

Second, because I wanted the publication's information to help individuals make investment decisions that best meet their own needs, people ought to have some input into the editorial process. They should be able to question the research staff, offer their own opinions, and ask other subscribers what they think. (In practice on the IIF, not only does this dialogue produce better decisions, it keeps our research staff honest. That's why we tell our clients, "Our advice is questionable.")

This second objective presented me with an interesting new application for my personal computer. Originally I had intended to use it simply as a word processor to produce clean copy suitable for a biweekly newsletter. But even a computer novice like me could see at a glance the advantages of a computerized investment service over traditional market

advisory letters. The major benefit, of course, is the elimination of the time needed for preparing hard copy and mailing it to subscribers. Investment advice often loses its value rapidly. Timing of purchases and sales is critical, especially for the small investor. With a computer and communications equipment, you can get all the information instantly.

An electronic mail or bulletin board system would be one way to meet this need for rapid communication. But the problem with these systems is that the user often likes to refer back to certain articles and to skip over other articles entirely. The user needs to be able to sort through the entire data file quickly to minimize connect-time costs and to avoid eyestrain from looking at a video display that, in the case of most home systems, is pretty unsophisticated.

Compared with hard copy, the average home computer terminal leaves a lot to be desired. There are no fancy type styles, no photos, and very limited graphics. Everything merely scrolls up a phosphor monitor that displays at best only 80 columns of text. How much of that can you take before you get bleary-eyed or just plain bored? We had a hunch, confirmed by subsequent research,

124 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Ire

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126 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

"Listening in" on

the Independent Investors Forum

The following is an edited series of responses on the IIF. Note that although the item was originally dated June 1982, a participant was able to join in November and get an update.

Item 1 08:56 Junl4/82 20 lines Arthur Bechhoefer June Recommendations— Fruits of Labor

Despite the poor functioning of the economy, there are STILL some stocks worth considering. For June, I continue to recommend high technology stocks in markets that are growing steadily or that have at least cyclical growth potential.

As I noted last month, my two choices continue to be Apple Computer, because of a better than 30 percent growth in the personal computer market, and Cherry Electrical Products, a manufacturer of microswitches, computer keyboards, and "dedicated" semiconductor circuits for cameras, smoke alarms, and other control apparatus.

You're certainly big on fruit. How about meat and potatoes?

The only item along that line I recommend is Prime Computer, which unlike its two main competitors— Digital and Data General—continues to post profit gains from quarter to quarter and has had recent purchases

of its stock by officers and directors. . . .

Six Discussion Responses

1) Howard Finney: How do you feel about DEC overall7

2) Art Bechhoefer: Last May, as reported by the Securities and Exchange Commission, five of Digital's officers sold roughly 10 percent of their stock holdings at prices ranging from $76 to $81. With the stock currently about $84, I think I'd go along with the insiders and sell too, if I owned it.

3) Peter Hollidge: Art, it's now November. Do you still feel the same about Apple7

4) Art Bechhoefer: Peter, yes, basically I feel the same way. See item 31 for an update. I tend to think that the market as a whole is too high right now (November 3) but remember that Apple has been lower relatively speaking, due to Steven Jobs' having sold a bundle of shares to finance a music extravaganza last August.

5) Carolyn Allen: Art—it was Steve Wozniak who blew a bundle on the US festival.

6) Art Bechhoefer: Right you are. Anyway, same difference. A lot of stock went on the market and kept Apple prices artificially low. This was coupled with skepticism in the investment community concerning lack of a new computer to update the Apple II.

that the limit was something like 4 minutes for an article and not more than 10 or 15 minutes for an entire session, including the time to sign on, request the information, read it, and decide on subsequent action.

If we examine these constraints in terms of what they mean for stock market advice, we find that our research articles could cover only basic points—the main reasons behind our buy, hold, or sell recommendations. But the user might be left with quite a few unanswered questions concerning the research data as well as other possible investment alternatives. This suggests that some method for requesting more information, such as two-way communica

tion, is essential in electronic publishing.

Two-way communication provides a basis for dialogue and thus enhances information transfer and learning. What is true for scientists, engineers, or any other professionals, applies equally to those providing investment advice: no one has perfect information. No one has a monopoly on expertise. Some people specialize in one area, some in another. A well-formed investment decision is the product of all the best available information, given the constraints of time and cost. Dialogue speeds the transfer of information and thus makes learning and decision making more efficient.

To facilitate two-way communica

The new COMPAQ Portable Computer. IBM compatibility to go.

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you'd probably need to buy an additional display screen because the built-in screen is too small for certain tasks, like word processing. The COMPAQ Computer's display screen is nine inches diagonally, big enough for any job, and it shows a full 80 characters across. And the built-in display offers high-resolution graphics and text characters on the same screen.

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In the standard configuration, the COMPAQ Computer has three open slots for functional expansion electronics as your needs and applications grow. It accepts standard network and communications interfaces including ETHERNET™ and OMNINET™.

If you're considering a personal computer, there's a new question you need to ask yourself. Why buy a corn

Portable as a mobile unit that can use the same programs, the same data disks, and even the same user manuals.

There are more programs available for the COMPAQ Computer than for any other portable. More, in fact, than for most nonportables. You can buy them in hundreds of computer stores nationwide, and they run as is, right off the shelf.

With most other portables

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The COMPAQ Por- \ table sells for hundreds less than a comparably equipped IBM or APPLE® III. Standard features include 128K bytes of internal memory and a 320K-byte disk drive, both of which are extra-cost options on the IBM. Memory and additional disk drive upgrades are available options to double those capacities.

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•> 1983 COMPAQ Computer Corporation IBM* is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corporation.

ETHERNET" is a trademark of Xerox Corporation. OMNINET"' is a trademark of Corvus Systems. Apple* is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. COMPAQ'" is a trademark of COMPAQ Computer Corporation.

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128 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Lnc

Circle 453 on inquiry card.

tion, I chose a computer conferencing system available on the Michigan Merit network. The system, known as Confer II, runs on an IBM 3081 or Amdahl equivalent and is accessed from any of five network host computers via GTE's Telenet network or leased outside lines. Confer II has a number of features that, while not unique, are eminently well suited to electronic publishing:

• The computer conference organizer (editor) can easily create agenda categories for the different types of information that will be presented. The agenda is similar to a table of contents in a magazine.

• The user (reader) always has a chance to respond, discard, or pass on each item (research article) presented. The user can select the latest items and literally throw away the rest, or just read summaries or items dealing only with certain subjects (stocks, industries, investment strategies, and so forth).

• The ability to respond at any time, either openly for all participants or privately for selected individuals, means that the more timid participants don't get shouted down or brushed aside. Conversely, the more assertive participants soon learn that long responses cost more. In some ways these features actually improve the quality of dialogue beyond what might occur in a real-time teleconference or face-to-face meeting. In the context of a publication, it is far livelier than a standard Letters to the Editor column.

• The focus of the conferencing system is on making decisions, not just sharing information. The system software encourages users to contribute information, suggest topics for future research, vote on the conference agenda, or express their preference for particular investment alternatives.

The net effect of these features from the organizer's (i.e., editor's) point of view is to have at one's fingertips a vast amount of feedback, making it possible to provide what the users want, not what the organizer or editor thinks they want. From the

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mirales

West Germany

point of view of the researcher, it puts an end to the notion that there are only a few experts whose words are infallible.

As for the users, our information indicates that they prefer spending no more than 15 or 20 minutes online per session. They sign on mostly during weekends or holidays, thereby reducing their connect-time costs by about 10 percent. Also, if they have appropriately equipped personal computers, they can download items from the host system and store them on disk. The items can then be read at the users' leisure, and connect time will be reduced. Similarly, users can prepare messages on their personal computers before going online, and then quickly upload the messages into the host system, saving even more time.

Although users of the Independent Investors Forum have some difficulty mastering the numerous system commands at first, their capabilities improve quite rapidly, as evidenced by the accuracy and appearance of their

responses and other communications. When troubles occur—and they do—the user can call us by telephone. We have a technical advisor who provides advice either over the telephone or online. We also have a tutorial to make the system easier for beginners. A professional conference facilitator helps everyone participate actively, and a monthly user's guide provides technical tips and research articles more suitable for hard copy. Nearly all users who initially selected a 60-day trial membership have converted subsequently to a full year.

In the future, we hope to expand this form of electronic communication by publishing other journals and newsletters for those who need to keep up on what is happening in their field now, not three months from now. Also, because of this system's low cost in comparison with on-site meetings or video conferencing, it would probably be useful for maintaining contact between various divisions or field offices in a corporation. Or it could be used for conducting

training seminars without disrupting anyone's work schedule or straining a limited travel budget. All in all, computer conferencing should have a fairly significant impact not only on the way we gather information, but also on the way we work. ■

Accessing the IIF

The Independent Investors Forum can be accessed by any microcomputer or terminal equipped with a modem and an appropriate communications software package such as ASCII Express "The Professional" from Southwestern Data Systems (POB 582, Santee, CA 92071; (714) 562-3670) or Crosstalk from Microstuf Inc. (1845 The Exchange, Suite 140, Atlanta, CA 30339; (404) 952-0267). Communication is available at either 300 or 1200 bits per second. A one-year membership in IIF costs $300, plus telephone connect charges ($19 per hour, average). A 60-day trial membership costs $125 and includes 3V* hours connect time. Membership and telephone charges may be tax-deductible as investment expenses.

Circle 468 on inquiry card.

Introducing automatic dialing,

300/1200 baud for $599*

• 300/1200 Baud—Bell 103/113/212 compatible

• Auto Dial—compatible, Hayes dialing protocol

• Full or Half duplex

• Audio Monitor signals busy line, no-answer, etc.

• Two year limited warranty

Our newest modem does all this with 3 LSI chips— about one seventh of the usual integrated circuits. Its simplicity, an achievement of advanced microprocessor design, promises two major benefits. The first is outstanding reliability—that stands to reason. The second is a cost low enough to inspire skepticism. Be skeptical: shrewd comparisons may save you $100 or more.

Intelligent design also makes this modem uncommonly easy to use. Lights and switches let you test and correct installations without technical experience—including some that require special interfaces or rewiring with most modems.

The shrewd modem. If it's not at your dealer's yet, write or call for complete specifications.

'Suggested list for model 212A Auto Dial.

■

m

21a a

■ !■ ■ *

MM **

U.S. ROBOTICS INC.

1123 WEST WASHINGTON BOULEVARD

CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60607 (312) 733-0497

■

Graphic Software for Micros

SOFTKITS

Softkits contain complete, ready-to-run programs. The programs are modular, menu-driven and written In BASIC. They come fully-documented with listings, theory, equations and operating Instructions. Use them as-ls or modify and combine for custom applications. Softklt disks are copyable.

This complete graphics self-teaching guide will show you how to write your own 2 and 3 dimensional graphics software quickly and easily.

Contains 61 programs arranged in a tutorial manner. Learn how to create 2D and 3D shapes, translate, rotate, scale, stretch, clip, remove hidden lines, shade, create perspective views, calculate and plot surface intersections, and produce animations effects.Applications to science, education and business.

Math level is kept to a minimum and new concept are explained as they are used.

Named "The Best Book on Microcomputer Graphics" by Creative Computing magazine. D Manual with Dlsk(Apple) or Tape(TRS-80 Color Computer): $45

Data Plotting Software for Micros

This softkit contains a system of 18 complete programs which process and display data: pie charts, bar charts, stock market charts, histograms, 3D views of surfaces, log plots, curve fitting, data management, histograms and statistical analysis.

Programs are modular, menu driven, written in BASIC, fully explained and keyed to theory. They are listed in the book alongside theory and equations. Use as-is or modify to best suit your own applications.

Four data base management programs are included. These create x, x-y, x-y-z and stock market data files and store them on disk. Plotting programs read the data files and carry out sorting, statistical analyses and plot results.

Features include automatic scaling, axis marking and numbering, auto replot when data changes, and a special program called LABELER which places text and symbols over graphics using a moving cursor. DManual with Dlsk(Appla or IBMpc) or Tape(TRS-80 Color Computer): $48

IBMpc Graphics

This softkit is a self-teaching guide that will show you how to write your own 2 and 3 dimensional graphics software on the IBMpc, quickly and easily.

Learn how to create 2D and 3D shapes, translate, rotate, scale, stretch, clip, remove hidden lines, shade, create perspective views, calculate and plot surface intersections, produce animations effects, store graphics on disk.

Applications to science, education and business included. Also covers hardware needed for PC graphics, use of the PC's special graphics enhancements, and how to separate text from graphic on the PC's sceen.

Contains 61 programs arranged in a tutorial manner leading from one step to the next. Math level is kept to a minimum and new concept are explained as they are used.

Much of this softkit is based on the popular Graphic Software for Microcomputers by B.J. Korites which was named "The Best Book on Microcomputer Graphics" by Creative Computing magazine. D Manual with Dlsk(IBMpc): $45

Engineering Software for Micros

This softkit contains 25 fully-documented programs for computeraided design and analysis on micros. They will show you how to write modern CAD software or they can be used as-is for professional engineering work.

Emphasis is on combining computer graphics with engineering problem solving. Programs are included to interactively create engineering drawings, store them on disk, recall, update, merge, add physical properties such as resistance, thermal capacity and density, and rotate in 3 dimensions to produce isometric views.

After being stored on disk, the drawings are recalled by applications programs which perform mechanisms simulation, heat transfer, matrix operations and optimization using Monte Carlo techniques. Programs are also included for Fourier Series and Transforms. These graphically display spectra alongside waveforms.

All programs are menu driven, written in BASIC and fully documented and keyed to theory and equations. DManual with Dlsk(Apple or IBM): $48

Structural Analysis Software for Micros

These 11 programs will enable you to carry out sophisticated structural analyses on your micro. They are modular, fully documented and ready to run.

You will be able to create a finite element mesh on the screen, rotate it in 3 dimensions, and store it on disk. Then recall the mesh from disk, recall a file of material properties and carry out a 3d truss or frame analysis. Shape of a deflected truss may be plotted over the original shape.

Other programs analyze trusses with large deflections and nonlinear material properties. These use an incremental solution strategy. Also included are programs which calculate combined stresses and properties of beam cross sections.

Analyses use the modern "direct stiffness" method.

This system of programs is patterned after large-computer structural analysis systems such as ADINA and SAPP, but reduced in scale for micros. They were written by B. J. Korites, PhD, former CAD/CAM consultant to the Arthur D. Little Company. D Manual with Dllk( Apple or IBMpc): $85

To order, send check drawn on US bank, money order in US funds, Vila or Mastercard number with expiration date to KERN PUBLICATIONS, 190 Duck Hill Road, P.O. Box 1029B, Duxbury, Massachusetts 02332. Add $2 per book 4th class postage in US and Canada, $4 1 st class or UPS in US; $4.50 1 st class Canada; $12 air Europe and Central America; $18 air elsewhere.

Call (617)934-0445 for faster delivery.

Circle 254 on Inquiry card.

KERN

PUBLICATIONS

BYTE May 1983 131

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jucts, 1983

Hardware Review

What a Concept!

A View of the Corvus Computer

Curtis Feigel, Technical Editor

To call the Corvus Concept a microcomputer is to miss the point. The 68000-based Concept is a complete system for automating the modern office. Not merely a workstation or a personal computer (although it can be either), the Concept consists of software and hardware modules designed to work together in an office environment.

Getting personal computers to perform useful functions has always been a challenge for designers and programmers. Heretofore, we have had a variety of off-theshelf solutions to the problems of financial planning, text editing, and communications. Until now, however, if you wanted a spreadsheet that worked with a word pro

cessor that worked with a local-area network, you needed to buy each item separately, then modify all three so they would work together. Corvus has done this job for you by combining these functions in one easy-to-use package.

The Concept, which uses a Motorola 68000 microprocessor running at 8 MHz, comes standard with both 256K bytes of memory (expandable to 512K bytes) and an Omninet local-area-network interface. In addition to its two serial ports, the Concept has four I/O (input/output) expansion slots that accept Apple II peripheral cards. The machine features a bit-mapped video display in a full

Photo 1: Two Concepts linked to a 6-megabyte hard-disk drive (center) via an Omninet local-area network. An 8-inch thin-line floppy-disk drive (right) is connected to a controller board installed in the Apple 11-compatible expansion bus of the Concept on the right. The video display on the right is set up in the portrait format, almost the exact size and shape of a sheet of paper. The monitor on the left has been rotated 90 degrees for viewing in the landscape format.

134 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Ire

NOW

AVAILABLE I

ON

THE

Looking foron-track accounting solutions to increase your company profits? Look to the software champion... The SOFTWARE FITNESS PROGRAM.

Our competition can't come close. Since 1974, we've built a track record as the pacesetting supplier of comprehensive, interactive accounting solutions for more than 30,000 customers worldwide in 200 different types of businesses. Wholesalers . . . distributors . . . manufacturers... job shops... retailers... accounting firms... businesses like yours.

Anyone familiar with bookkeeping can get up and running with The SOFTWARE FITNESS PROGRAM. We run on more than 50 of the best known computers in

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the industry. Our products include training disks and owner manuals that'll put even a computer novice at ease. And, whatever your accounting needs, we've got the most advanced software you can buy—one that's designed to become more powerful as your business grows.

If your bottom line is your top priority, today and tomorrow, we've got solutions.

Ask for a demonstration from your local computer dealer.

Dealer inquiries are invited.

Circle 340 on inquiry card.

> I r-U^ r^

L#W^- "^W^LMyl^lL^

k& 1 IP*

At a Glance

Product

Corvus Concept

Manufacturer

Corvus Systems Inc. 2029 OToole Ave. San Jose, CA 95131 (408) 946-7700

Components

Processor Unit: 8-MHz Motorola 68000 microprocessor; 256K

bytes of memory; two RS-232C serial ports; Om

ninet local-area network; four Apple II

compatible expansion slots

height; 4 3/8 inches

width: 16 7/8 inches

depth: 15 1/8 inches

weight: 28 lbs

Display: 14-inch (diagonal measure) high-resolution

black-and-white video monitor; 8 1/2 by 11 1/2 viewing surface; tilt and swivel mounting on top of processor unit; monitor can be rotated 90 degrees to provide either portrait (545 by 639 pixels, 63 lines of 90 characters) or landscape (707 by 479 pixels, 47 lines of 117 characters) aspect ratio height: 15 inches width: 13 1/2 inches depth: 14 inches weight: 36 lbs

Keyboard: standard typewriter layout with numeric keypad

and 10 software-definable function keys; detached from processor unit with 9-foot coiled cord

height: 3 3/8 inches width: 16 7/8 inches depth: 8 inches weight: 6 lbs

Cost

S4995 (S5995 for 512K bytes of memory)

Hardware Options

Hard-Disk Drive:

choice of 6-, 10-, or 20-megabyte-capacity drives (one required); can interface to single workstation via l/O-expansion controller board or to multiple workstations via Omninet network interface height: 5 3/4 inches width: 12 inches

depth: 15 1/5 inches

weight: 18 lbs

cost: 6-megabyte S2495

10-megabyte S3495

20-megabyte S4495

Mirror Unit: installs between hard-disk drive and user

supplied video-cassette recorder; backup times are approximately 1.8 minutes per megabyte

height: 3 1/4 inches width: 7 1/2 inches depth: 13 1/8 inches weight: 10 lbs cost: S790

Floppy-Disk Drive: Tandon thin-line 8-inch floppy-disk drive in external case that interfaces to processor via l/O-expansion controller and 50-conductor ribbon cable height: 10 1/4 inches width: 4 3/4 inches depth: 16 inches weight: 14 lbs cost: S1500

Software

Operating System: CCOS (Corvus Concept Operating System), designed specifically for the Concept, accepts most commands from the keyboard's specialfunction keys (cost included in package price)

Languages: FORTRAN-77 compiler cost: S445

Pascal compiler included with floppy-disk drive

Applications: EdWord text editor accepts most commands

from the keyboard's special-function keys cost: included with floppy-disk drive

LogiCalc spreadsheet program accepts most commands from the keyboard's specialfunction keys cost: S195

CP/M emulator imitates Intel 8080 microprocessor running CP/M; allows mass storage on hard disk and is capable of accessing IBM 3740-format single-density 8-inch floppy disks cost: $295

page format. It also includes a detached keyboard whose 10 function keys match the software-generated menus. Thin-line 8-inch floppy-disk drives are available. A required hard-disk subsystem and optional companion video-tape interface can connect to the unit or to the Omninet network for access by more than one Concept (see photo 1).

Because the 68000 microprocessor is relatively new and independent vendor software for the Concept is far from abundant, Corvus supplies two of the most important programs: the LogiCalc spreadsheet program and the EdWord word processor. The company also provides two

high-level languages, Pascal and FORTRAN, as well as a CP/M emulator.

The Workstation Approach

Its designers intended the Concept to be an individual workstation operating within a local-area network. With this arrangement, each user receives the full resources of a computer, but can also share both information and peripheral devices. The networked computer offers some attractive cost advantages and allows several people to work simultaneously on the same task.

136 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 255 on Inquiry card.

KEY TRONIC

POLISHES THE

APPLE H* KEYBOARD

|£key tronic

Eleven Function Keys Streamline Multiple Key Operations

Keys in Familiar Typewriter Locations

10 Foot Cable For Portability

Full Shifting Capability

Numeric Pad

Enhance your APPLE II* Computer System with a Key Tronic keyboard peripheral.

This detached, low-profile keyboard is plug-compatible with the existing keyboard socket

of the Apple II. It also features reliable microprocessor electronics, solid-state

capacitance switches, and positive tactile feedback.

Come see US at NCC, Booth #W6270. Price: $298.00, includes shipping & handling.

To Order Model KB-200 Call Toll Free 1-800-262-6006 (8am-4pm Pacific Standard Time).

key tronic

Warranty information may be obtained, free of charge, by writing to the address below.

THE RESPONSIVE KEYBOARD COMPANY

DEPT. El • P.O. BOX 14687 • SPOKANE, WASHINGTON 99214 USA

'Apple II is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

AUTHORIZED DISTRIBUTORS:

C-J SALES

San Francisco, CA, (415) 941-6892 DIGITAL ENTRY SYSTEMS, INC. Boston, MA, (617) 899-6111 COMPUTER-MATE, INC. Dallas, TX, (214) 669-9370

COMPONENTS UNLIMITED Lynchburg, VA, (804) 237-6286 J C SALES COMPANY Los Angeles, CA, (213) 340-6136 SSE PRODUCTS, INC. Elmont, NY, (516)872-9001 PERIPHERAL SUPPORT, INC. Chicago, IL, (312) 593-5900

CANADA:

FUTURE ELECTRONICS.

INC.

Montreal, Quebec

(514) 694-7710

Ottawa, Ontario

(613) 820-8313

Toronto, Ontario

(416) 663-5563

Calgary, Alberta

(403) 259-6408

Vancouver, B.C.

(604) 438-5545

Photo 2: The keyboard features 10 function keys (Fl through F10) above the standard QWERTY layout.

Photo 3: The character editor allows the user to customize and redesign the displayed characters.

A second feature of the Concept workstation is the absence of individual mass storage. Whenever a system must process large amounts of data, hard-disk drives are a necessity. Because these drives are expensive, providing one for each user can be too costly. For this reason, the Concept allows several users to share a single hard disk.

Corvus also realizes that the office market contains many potential users who know little about using computers. All the bundled software programs—including the operating system, spreadsheet, and text editor— focus on people who want to use a computer with their work, but who don't want to solve puzzles to make that happen. In fact, the software menus make it possible for a computer novice to use either the spreadsheet or text editor with less than an hour of tutoring.

Fingers and Keys

The Concept detachable keyboard has 91 keys in a standard typewriter layout with additional function keys and a calculator pad. In addition to the standard features, you get three keys labeled Fast, Alternate, and Command. Although any key will automatically repeat when held down for more than one-half second, pressing the Fast key simultaneously increases the repetition rate. The Alternate key works like the Control key in special applications.

Across the top of the keyboard are the special-function keys, arranged in two groups of five (see photo 2). These keys correspond to menu selections appearing at the bottom of the display screen. The Command key allows you to toggle between menu selections when more than 10 functions are available for a particular application. The function keys also let you select additional menus. After a bit of practice, your speed with the function keys can become quite impressive because they make it un

necessary for you to memorize and type a complex command. Additionally, the Concept's keyboard buffer lets you rapidly enter commands, while the machine continues to execute them in order. If you forget what a function can do, pressing the Help key and then a function key produces a description of the second key's function.

A New Look

If the Concept's keyboard is a good idea, the video display is an amazing one. It sits atop the processor cabinet secured by a swivel joint that lets you tilt and pivot it as you wish. In its vertical position, which is great for text editing, the screen contains 90 columns by 63 lines in a display about the size of a sheet of notebook paper. You can also unlock the display, rotate it 90 degrees, and secure it in the holder to get a display of 117 columns by 47 lines, which works well with the spreadsheet. Besides the option of two display modes, the Concept offers both white-on-black and black-on-white characters. You have a choice of supplied type fonts and can also create your own character sets. A large blank matrix lets you redefine characters using a process similar to painting (see photo 3).

The video display also divides into windows or rectangles of user-defined ratio and size. Each window becomes an independent display area with its own attributes, providing the user with a powerful and convenient feature. In a window you can show text in any font, display black or white characters, and scroll the text independently of the rest of the display. For example, you could use EdWord to write a report while creating a separate window of information from a LogiCalc model.

Under the Hood

Considering all the functions that the Concept provides, the hardware formula is simple: combine the

138 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

New Super Expander Plus™ pre-boot

for Ramex-128™ board upgrades any

Apple II™ 16-sector VisiCalc™ to look

like the Advanced Version.

SUPER EXPANDER PLUS keeps all your existing VisiCalc facilities, and adds variable column width, global formatting of numbers, negative numbers in brackets, password protection, new format commands, tabbed fields, the works. It even supports an 80-column card if one is present.

If 136K is enough, you can get all these features with just one Ramex-128 board. But SUPER EXPANDER PLUS supports two Ramex-128K cards to give you an incredible 255K VisiCalc File, and dumps the whole model back and forth to floppies in less than 40 seconds.

There's simply no other memoryexpansion/software combination

that even comes close. All the others give you less memory, take longer to load and save (as much as fifteen minutes longer), and cost more for what you get. You've got to see it to believe it. Quick! Call your dealer.

Ramex-128 card, just $499. SUPER EXPANDER PLUS, just $125.

OAAEGA MICROWAREJNC

222 SO. RIVERSIDE PLAZA

CHICAGO, IL 60606

312-648-4844

Following our long-established Omega MlcroWare policy, present Super Expander-40 and -80 owners may upgrade for the price difference only. Phone our office for details.

Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. VisiCalc is aregistered trademark of VisiCorp. Inc. Super Expander Plus. Ramex-128. and Omega Micro Wire are trademarks of Omega Micro Ware, Inc.

© 1983 Omega MlcroWare, Inc. Circle 339 on Inquiry card. BYTE May 1983

139

Photo 4: The drawer containing the Apple H-compatible expansion connectors.

Dispatcher Functions

ClrWndow

Clears the current window, leaving cursor in

upper left corner

Const II

Runs the Constellation II utilities; produces

Its submenu

CP/M

Runs the CP/M emulator

CreWndow

Allows creation of windows on the video

display

EdWord

Runs the word processor; produces its

submenu

ExeoFile

Executes a file of commands

FileMgr

Runs utilities for maintenance of files; pro

duces its submenu

Help

Produces a help message for any function

label

LogiCalc

Runs the spreadsheet program; produces

its submenu

ListVol

Lists all volumes online or names of all files

on a disk volume

MountMgr

Runs utilities for mounting disk volumes;

produces its submenu

Restart

Causes the system to be completely re

loaded from disk

RevBackgnd

Reverses the background color of the cur

rent window

SelWndow

Assigns one window as the current window

SetVol

Used to select which volume is to be cur

rent

SystmMgr

Runs utilities for setting system attributes;

produces its submenu

WndowMgr

Provides functions for setting window

characteristics; produces its submenu

Table 1: The Concept's functions are accessed via a series of

menus beginning with the Dispatcher level.

16/32-bit architecture of the 68000 with a large amount of RAM (random-access read/write memory). Most of the flexibility and many of the special features of this system result from this combination of power and memory. For instance, the microprocessor positions each of the screen's 350,000 pixels, which allows you a variety of display options such as windows and programmable character sets. Access to the outside world comes from an Omninet

local-area-network interface and the capability to use Apple II peripheral cards. The Omninet network provides users with one of the best-defined network standards in the marketplace and provides the convenience of local communication and rapid data-transfer rates necessary to many business applications. By duplicating the Apple II expansion bus, the Concept can take advantage of the hundreds of expansion boards already on the market (see photo 4). In addition, Corvus did not forget the need for local I/O devices and provides two RS-232C serial ports for connection to a printer and modem.

Software Details

The Concept uses menu-driven software that appears to the user as a single hierarchical system. From the operating system to the lowliest editing command, all functions are menu items. At any point, your options are obvious and you can easily move to the previous or following menu. The first menu of available functions, the Dispatcher level, presents all the major software features (see table 1). This level, similar to the operating system in other computers, gives you a choice of four menus: File Manager, Window Manager, System Manager, and running programs. Selecting any of these options produces a submenu of choices, and some of those choices produce still further menus.

File Manager becomes a frequent choice because the Concept requires that you divide the hard-disk storage into separate volumes to limit information access to particular users. While the size may vary, each volume has a name and a directory, much like a floppy disk. When you

File Manager Functions

ClrWndow

Clears the current window, leaving cursor in

upper left corner

ConcFile

Concatenates files

CreWndow

Allows creation of windows on the video

display

Crunch

Reclaims unused disk space within a

volume

CopyFile

Copies disk files

DletFile

Erases disk files

DletTemp

Erases a temporary disk file from a volume

Exit

Returns to previous menu

Help

Produces a help message for any function

label

ListFile

Lists the contents of a text file

MakeFile

Creates a disk file

MountMgr

Runs utilities for mounting disk volumes;

produces its submenu

RevBkgnd

Reverses the background color of the cur

rent window

Rnamfile

Changes the name of a disk file

SelWndow

Assigns one window as the current window

SetVol

Used to select which volume is to be cur

rent

Spool

Sends output to a temporary disk file from

which it may be read and printed elsewhere

on the network

Table 2: Disk-file-management functions are available

through the File Manager menu.

140 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Ire

Thoughtware™ tames your CP/M system for just $49.95

CLIP™, our Command Line Interpretive Program, makes your system more efficient than ever before. CLIP replaces the Interactive portion of CP/M with a user friendly "shell". CLIP Is sophisticated enough to satisfy the entire spectrum of needs from the novice to the most expert programmer.

Command Files

Command sequences that you use often can be placed in a command file. From then on you'll never type the commands again, since typing the name of the file will execute the commands as if you typed them by hand. These files can ask questions and perform different tasks depending on the answers received. In addition, a special command file can begin working whenever your computer is turned on.

All input text can be edited.

Once CLIP is in control, entry of text into ANY program can be edited as if you were using a word processor. The single keystrokes that you use to edit the text can be defined to be similar to your existing word processor. CLIP also remembers your previously entered line, and it can be retrived with only one keystroke.

Built-in file editor

Clip contains a simple editor for editing command files, programs, or data files. English-like commands simplify any editing task.

Automatic file searching

With file searching you can keep files that are frequently accessed in a common place. CLIP will find them when requested by a program or command file, no matter which disk or user number you are currently at. This can save precious disk and directory space.

Help Files

Extensive on-line help is available foreach of the 50+ commands in CLIP. You can also add your own help files to customize your working environment.

Built in calculator.

CLIP has a built in 16-bit calculator with the functions: +, -, *, /, remainder, AND, OR, XOR, and NOT. The calculator has 10 memory registers and works in any base from 2 to 16. Circle 454 on Inquiry card.

A Unix™ like environment with I/O redirection and pipes.

With CLIP you can direct screen output from any program to a file for later viewing or printing. CLIP can also take any program's input from a file instead of the keyboard. "Pipes" force the output from one program into the input of another automatically.

Sophisticated command language with over 50 commands.

CLIP is a state-of-the-art command language that includes:

• Conditional command execution with IF, THEN, ELSE, and ELSEIF and ENDIF commands up to 64 nested levels.

• Command files (or macros) with looping capabilities and conditional termination. Macros can use other macros. Extensive argument extraction capabilities can extract values and switch options off of a command line.

• The ability to trace command file execution.

• Commands that can OPEN, CLOSE, READ and WRITE files.

• Ten alphanumeric registers that can store command lines, filenames, file input, or anything you desire.

• Multiple commands per line.

• A copy command that can copy files between disks and user numbers.

Buy CLIP and get 50% off our software tools. Just $25.00!

We have a collection of 10 software tools that make difficult tasks easy.

BC - Binary file comparison

SC - Source file comparison

SR - Search for a pattern in a file

SRT - Simple in memory sorter

DMP - Hex file dumper with ASCII

BFE - Binary file editor

XC - Extract columns from a file

XW - Extract words from a file

WC -Counts words, lines, and bytes

HC - Horizontal file concatenate

Also get 50% off our file encryption program. Just $25.00.

If you have more than one person accessing your computer, then you need our file encryption program. This program won't stop the KGB, but it will stop others from seeing sensitive data. A twelve-character password gives you all the protection you need. For just $25.00, you can't afford to be without it.

ORDERING INFORMATION:

Order HOT LINE: 8-5 MST

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CLIP $49.95

Tools $49.95 ($25.00 with CLIP)

Encryption $49.95 ($25.00 with CLIP)

CLIP user's manual can be purchased separately for $25.00

CLIP, the tools, and the file encryption program have been designed for the Z80™ microprocessor, running CP/M version 2.2. Distribution is on standard 8-inch SS/SD floppies.

Visa and Mastercard accepted.

No COD's, please.

Send check or money order to:

Thoughtware, Inc.

P.O. Box 41436

Tucson, AZ 85717

Please add $3.50 shipping for all orders. AZ residents please add 6% sales tax. Prices are subject to change.

CP/M - TM Digital Research, Unix - TM Bell Labs, Z80 -TM Zilog Inc. Thoughtware and CLIP - TM of Thoughtware Inc.

ThnughtuarE

BYTE May 1983 141

Circle 65 on inquiry card.

PC-1

Powerline

Controller

Puts Bidirectional A.C. carrier communications in your APPLE II

■ Operates up to 256 Leviton/ BSR remote control devices

■ Receives input communications from Leviton/BSR transmitters

• On board real time clock

• Worldwide compatibility (50/60 Hz)

• Easy installation and operation

PC-1 is available for $285.00

Dealer inquiries invited.

BI-COMMS'

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Voltage Surge

Protect your computer system from damage or disruption from sudden spurts of excess voltage—from lightning or flickering fluorescent lights. This Voltage Surge Protector plugs into any wall outlet. Dissipates up to 600,000 watts. Prevents downtime, lost data, circuit damage, service calls. You save valuable time and money. And Pryor Corporation guarantees your satisfaction.

Computer Supplies Catalog

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Send Voltage Surge Protectors (two outlet) Order No. 526-105 at $89.50 ea.

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□ Check enclosed □ Bill me Total $

□ Send a FREE copy of the Pryor Computer and Word Processing Supplies Catalog

Name .

Company

Address

City

Phone

_Zip_

_ Signature _

Window Manager Functions

ClrWndow

Clears the current window, leaving cursor in

upper left corner

CreWndow

Allows creation of windows on the video

display

DelWndow

Deletes the current window

Exit

Returns to previous menu

Help

Produces a help message for any function

label

LdDispCh

Loads character set and assigns to display

LdKybdCh

Loads character set and assigns to

keyboard

RevBkgnd

Reverses background color of current win

dow

ScrlMode

Allows text to be scrolled by line or page

SelWndow

Assigns one window as the current window

TestPtrn

Displays test pattern on screen

System Manager Functions

AsgnDrvr

Assigns a peripheral driver to a logical

device

DrvrVrsn

Displays attributes of currently available

drivers

EdChrSet

Allows user to create or alter character

sets

Exit

Returns to previous menu

Help

Produces a help message for any function

label

SetDate

Sets the system calendar

SetPrntr

Assigns printer characteristics

SetTime

Sets the system clock

Table 3: The Window Manager and System Manager menus

allow you to

choose from a variety of functions.

turn on the Concept, your current or active volume is System (named /CCSYS), and you use the File Manager option to make any other volume your current volume (see table 2).

Using the Window Manager option, you can create, manipulate, and display up to 17 windows on the Concept's screen. The user moves, clears, scrolls, and deletes windows, which are limited only by their rectangular shape and their need to fit within the Concept's display. Various utility programs available from the System Manager menu allow you to select the I/O drivers, specify printing parameters, and edit the character set. In addition, other utilities let you format floppy disks, automatically load a floppy disk, and execute a printer spooler. The Concept's printer spooler lets you send output to a special volume named /PIPES, and when the network's printer is available, that stored output is printed (see table 3).

When you decide to run a program, the EdWord text editor may be your first stop. If it weren't for its Undo and Redo features, EdWord would be just another unremarkable text editor (see photo 5). The service provided by this combination of features is essentially a "flight recording" of your editing progress. If you blunder and delete a hefty section of an important report, the Undo feature restores the text to its preedited condition.

142 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 381 on inquiry card.

IntroducingThe Pied Pipei:

The Fbrtable Computer that leads your business exactly where you want to go...

Meet The Pied Piper and enjoy j the convenience of the office wherever you go. Do your work wherever you are. Send documents back to the office over the phone.

The Pied Piper is completely portable, about the size of a slim briefcase, and weighs only 12% lbs.

But it is loaded with features. The Pied Piper is faster and has twice the data storage capacity of much larger personal computers.

With the Pied Piper you have superb word processing capability with spelling checker. Spreadsheets for business projections. Data base management.

Everything you could want.

And its astonishingly low cost includes the most advanced business software programs—worth S1700 if purchased at regular retail prices.

The Pied Piper comes with CP/M°" plus its own unique

foronly$1299.

set of CP/M-compatible utilities. It has a standard typewriter keyboard and full 80-column display capability. It organizes mass mailings, creates invoices, prints labels, writes standard or "boilerplate" letters from the file. The Pied Piper lets you talk to data banks, e.g. Dow Jones News/ Retrieval" or The Source, or your own corporate computer and database system.

Try The Pied Piper. If your computer store doesn't have it, call us and we'll send you the name of your nearest dealer.

In California call toll free: 800 772-3545, ext. 576; elsewhere call 800 227-1617, ext. 576.

Pied Piper Specifications. Z-80A, 4MHz, CP/M2.2,64K, 784K mini floppy (formatted),Perfect Software,full 80x24 video format,Pied Piper Utilities,expandable, parallel port, 12>/2 lbs.,Nationwide Xerox Warranty and Service. Options include 10Mb drive, modem, RS232C, LCD.

J

&

See us at Comdex Booth 3130-3132

The portable computer all others will follow.

STM Electronics Corporation, 525 Middlefield Road, Suite 130 • Menlo Park, CA 94025 • (415) 326-6226

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc./Dow Jones News/Retrieval is a registered trademark of Dow Jones & Company. Inc. Pied Piper is a registered trademark of STM Corporation./The Source is a service mark of Service Telecomputing Corporation, a subsidiary of The Reader's Digest Assn.. Inc.

Circle 425 on inquiry card.

BYTEMayl983 143

MjguUS SYSTEHS. INC 3te8 O'Toole Fwenue San Jose, Cfl 95131 (4881 M6-7TW

The Cr«bjut«r Store 133 Main Street Anywhere, SI 12345

Itear Salesperson:

ilkw to the abbreviated Edaord tutorial. For the sake of tiae. ee -ill demonstrate *H selects eoa»anos. fts you II see. the special function keys "ill do aost of the «ort For us.

PLEIVSS REM) KU OF tflCH PMMaWH MTOFE TftYltK BUY COWUHuS.

First, let's renter justify our letterhead. Usiny the arrow kJ3. pu> th« cursor on thl first line. "CORUUS SYSTEMS. INC". Ho. press the "Co»aand" ley .an the lo»er left of your keyboard. you'll see the aee'd -Center" appear on the loaer right of mite screen at social function ley H. Hold the -Coe.ar«l" key doer, and press '* >'" "met. Don't hold F8 den. The letterhead should now be center justified.

Hooiny a paragraph or paragraphs is easy. For practice, let's •o.* this paragraph to the beginning of c«r letter. Put the c.asor or. it.e first space of Hie blank line eboue ttie p.w-agrapl. arrf use thr "Hart.- cuaaand. You'll need to hold do-n the Shift terj arel press F4. ttn« aoue the curwr to ttie loaer rightmost corner i"a"i of the paragraph and prrSS "Bound". Y< prcs F4 aithnnt the shift hey.

If* paragraph "nil no*, be highl ighted. Holding doari the "Oauaand" key aill rwoea) the "Cut" ccaweand at Fl on the tower left of your ,cmen. Use "Cut" to delete thr highlighted area, then ao.Ni thr: cursor' to the blar* line after "Dear Sa I esarerscei:' * id pre:. "P.llir." rCowwandfc I,

In Fdword, we ran delete characters to the left <e- the right of the ojrear. To .klete to the- right, we can use "TielChr". u#.ich is fey Ft.. Th, cur***- -ill pull chratos in froa. tlw; right. Fe delete char actcr t to tt* left of thr, cursor, wo can press "InsChr" «FS> md then use the backspace key.

Ut's tru ii. f iest, put the elisor on the blank space between ttie ft's and B's below. Delete the R's using "Delete'", and then delete tie. (Is liy li.ichinq backspace key. To yet out of MrtsChr" iau.se, press cm of tlie arrow keys.

. Bob bhbb bbhbb b bbb bbbbb bb b

iwply

still a line of 6"s that has not been il cowwends that can be used to delete a_

EdWord operates solely on files residing in its workspace, a special area of a disk volume that you create. Several files or workpads must be included in this area. These workpads include the text file you are editing, a formatted print file (if you intend to print the text), files for the Undo and Redo information, copy space for your cut-and-paste operations, and a directory of this workspace. The smallest allowable workspace is 50 blocks (512 characters to a block) with the upper limit determined by the size of the volume containing the workspace.

Several important and variable editing parameters are displayed with graphics. A column rule indicating the width of the editing window tops the EdWord display. At the bottom of the screen is a thermometer-like scale that reveals the proportion of the workspace that is free. Another linear scale in the lower left of the screen displays the cursor's present position within the document being edited. In addition to these graphics representations, the system also shows the actual line number, column number, and number of lines in the text at the bottom of the display screen.

One advantage that EdWord provides over most present editors is the ability to execute system functions without exiting to the operating system. If you want a directory of available files, you simply request it from within the editor.

SaHa[fflits3Bsains* mmsBm^m'&m^^

Photo 5: The EdWord text editor can display more than 60 lines of text on the screen. Note the thermometer-like workspace indicator (bottom right) and the cursor/position scale (lower left of text).

___

io-. •»

179.•» 1

m.t» i 46. M !

M.W 1 l*.t*0

—rss:»

■Ml 15,«

i3.eo

-.» 70,**)

i n.ee

—-iSTiS

SPTtt 1 i

cur.c-, r-W

dirr.f.M f"38

Zpti i

'"'"»'■TirrHkP «?*?^F r/iPLM l?'.t^ii%«

a r.Si --a» l|.-nll» ' - . a— Ja^iLj^B i. ' |'|'," |J

',^'W ICSaB JIiaEM KUTSI Eisa*

Photo 6: The LogiCalc spreadsheet. With this display, more than 400 items can be shown simultaneously.

LogiCalc

A chronic problem of most spreadsheet programs is the limited size of the video display. The Concept solves this problem by allowing you to rotate the monitor 90 degrees, displaying a spreadsheet with 38 lines and 10 cells of 12 characters (see photo 6). With more than 500K bytes of memory available, a LogiCalc model might contain 1000 active cells. Like EdWord, LogiCalc provides the expected functions and a few pleasant surprises. The expected functions involve cursor control and data entry. The surprises are more sophisticated, presenting the user with a calculator, linear-regression functions, formatting commands, averaging and summation functions, and even user-definable functions. Although these are not unheard of in spreadsheets, it's rare to find them all in one program (see table 4).

Development Tools

Even with a text editor and spreadsheet, an obvious lack of business-applications software still limits the Concept. In particular, database-management programs and graphics and accounting packages will be necessary before this machine can take an active role in the office. Corvus is taking steps to encourage the development of more software by providing Pascal, FORTRAN-77, a 68000 assembler, and a CP/M emulator. It is hoped that this step will promote program development by software houses.

Corvus Pascal, developed by Silicon Valley Software, is compatible with the ISO (International Organization for Standardization) Level 0 standard and provides most

144 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

TIMEX MAKES THE

COMPUTER,

BUT WE MAKE IT TICK.

If you own a TS-1000 or ZX-81 computer and want to bring out the power within it, you'll want Memotech. From easier input to high quality output and greater memory, Memotech makes the add-ons you demand. Every Memotech peripheral ^—_M

conies in a black anodized aluminum case and is designed to fit together in "piggy back" fashion enabling you .^ggKOlll

to continue to add on and still keep an integrated system look.

High Resoluiion Graphic!

MEMOPAK RAM All Memopak RAMs are directly addressable, user transparent, are neither switched nor paged and no additional power supply is required. You can also choose the Memopak RAM which is just right for your needs. From economy to power. 16K RAM The Memopak 16K RAM is the most economical way to add memory to your TS-1000. It is fully compatible with the Timex or Memotech l6K RAMs to provide you with up to 32K of RAM. The l6K RAM also offers additional add-on capabilities through its "piggy back" connection. 32K RAM The 322K Memopak enables you to execute sophisticated programs and store large data bases and like the l6K RAM is fully compatible with Timex's or Memotech's l6K RAMs to give you a full 48K of RAM. 64K RAM The 64K Memopak is powerful enough to turn your TS-1000 into a computer with capabilities suitable for business and educational use. It accepts such BASIC commands as 10 DIM A (9000). MEMOCALC Memocalc, our spreadsheet analysis software, enables TS-1000 users to perform complex number crunching routines with ease. With the 64K RAM a table of up to 7000 numbers with up to 250 rows or 99 columns can be specified. Quick revisions can be achieved by entering new data to your formula. MEMOTECH KEYBOARD For ease of operation, the Memotech keyboard is a high quality standard typewriter keyboard, with TS-1000 legends. The keyboard is cable connected to a buffered interface which is housed in a standard Memopak case and plugs directly into the back of the

TS-1000 or other Memopaks. MEMOPAK HRG The Memopak High Resolution Graphics, with up to 192 by 248 pixel resolution, enables display of high resolution "arcade game" style graphics through its resident 2K EPROM, programmed with a full range of graphics subroutines. CENTRONICS PARALLEL AND RS232 INTERFACES Memotech's Interfaces enable your TS-1000 to use a wide range of compatible printers. The resident software in the units gives the complete ASCII set of characters. Both Memopak Interfaces provide lower case character capabilities and up to 80 column printing. The RS232 Interface is also compatible with modems and terminals. SEIKOSHA GP IOOA PRINTER The Seikosha GP 100A uses a 5x7 dot matrix printing format with ASCII standard upper and lower case character set. Printing speed is 30 characters/second with a maximum width of 80 characters. The printer uses standard fanfold paper up to 9-1/2 inches wide. The GP 100A is offered as a package including cable and

interface. Other printer packages are also available through Memotech. ORDER AT NO RISK. All Memotech products carry our 10 day money back guarantee. If you're not completely satisfied, return it within ten days and we will give you a full refund. And every Memotech product comes with a six month warranty. Should anything be defective with your Memotech product, return it to us and we will repair or replace it free of charge. Dealer inquiries welcome. To order any Memotech product use the order coupon or call our toll-free number 800/662-094-9

TS-l(M) is a registered Irademark of Timex Corp.

* " L~71U**M*Uk

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CORPORATION 7550 West Yale Avenue, Denver, Colorado 80227, 303/986-1516, TWX 910-320-2917

. Mail To: Memotech Corporation Coue: BYT-5

7550 West Vale Ave., Denver, CO 80227

Price* Qty. Iblal

| 16K RAM

S 49.95

| 32K RAM

99.95

| 64KRAM

149.95

1 Memocalc

49.95

1 Keyboard with Interface

99.95

1 High Resoluiion Graphics

9995

1 Centronics Parallel Interface

74.95

| RS232 Interface

9995

Printer Cable

19.95

[ GP 100A Printer Package**

399.00

1 Shipping and Handling

4.95

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1 lax (Colorado resident only)

1 TOTAL

$ 1

1 *All prices quoted in U.S. dollars. Prices and specifications subject to chang | **Please add an additional 55.00 for printer shipping charges, r D Check □ MasterCard D Visa

1 Armnnl Mn I'vp

without nolice. |

( \ \

' Name

Phone number

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Stale

Zip 1 -1

LogiCalc Functions

Advance

Automatic cursor advance during text entry

ACalo

Automatic recalculation of whole spread

sheet whenever an item is entered

Aform

Begins text entry on a predefined form

template

Copy

Copies series of entries to another part of

the sheet .

DelAII

Erases every entry

DelCol

Erases a whole column

DelEnt

Erases a single entry

DelRow

Erases a whole row

EdText

Allows editing of items on the entry line

Exit

Returns to previous menu

FMode

Selects form mode

Go To

Moves cursor to a specific entry

Help

Produces a help message for any function

label

insCol

Inserts a new column into the array

InsRow

Inserts a new row into the array

LckBth

Allows simultaneous viewing of two parts of

the sheet

LckCol

Allows simultaneous viewing of two parts of

the sheet

LckRow

Allows simultaneous viewing of two parts of

the sheet

Load

Reads a disk file Into the array

LstVol

Lists all flies of a volume

Merge

Overlays a disk file onto the current array

MovArr

Positions the cursor at the top left entry

NxtRow

Moves cursor to first item of next row

Order

Changes the order In which the array is

evaluated

Prec

Sets the number of decimal places to be

displayed at any entry

Print

Prints copy of spreadsheet

ReCAII

Recalculates results at every position

ReCEnt

Recalculates results at one position

Save

Writes array to a disk file

Space

Displays space available

Where?

Gives coordinates of cursor position

Width

Sets cell width

Table 4:

The LogiCalc functions include alt the expected

ones plus a few surprises.

UCSD features as extensions. A run-time library provides a source of relocatable support code. Any compiled Pascal source file must be linked with this library before the system produces executable 68000 object code. The same developer provides the FORTRAN-77 compiler that conforms to the ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standard. As with the Pascal, this compiler's output must be linked to a run-time library before execution. The Corvus ASM68K assembler is quite similar to Motorola's specifications syntax for 68000 assemblers, and its output is also relocatable object code that must be linked to a run-time library. The CP/M emulator makes the Concept actually emulate the registers and instructions of an Intel 8080 microprocessor. Programs written for the 8080 can thus be transferred and run on the Concept. Obviously, for anyone who has already invested in 8080 software, this feature is important. Unfortunately, because Corvus doesn't emulate instructions for Zilog's Z80 microprocessor, Z80 specific code will not run under the CP/M emulator.

All the built-in CP/M commands are available, as well as the transient commands: ASM, DDT, DUMP, ED, LOAD, PIP, STAT, SUBMIT, SYSGEN, and XSUB. Because of the software overhead, however, the emulator runs slower than the average CP/M system. In the emulation mode, the Concept provides access to as large a quantity of hard-disk storage space as the user wants. In fact, you can assign 16 CP/M logical-disk drives to the mass-storage volumes. By adding the optional 8-inch floppy-disk drive, the Concept can also read standard IBM 3740-format single-density disks. When you use the emulator, the screen and keyboard appear to CP/M as a Lear Siegler ADM 3A video terminal.

Documentation

Bluntly, the lack of documentation for the Concept is a tragedy. While some manuals are available, they don't begin to cover what you need to know to set up an officeautomation system, and the Corvus Concept definitely falls into that category. The only saving grace is that Corvus worked very hard to ensure that users won't need to refer to the manuals during day-to-day operations. The manuals supplied with the system are listed in table 5. Most of the ones we received were readable, but they were also stamped "Preliminary" and all contained errors and confusing passages.

Conspicuous by its absence is an introductory manual providing an overall view of the Concept. The user needs to know what to expect from this system, how to set it up, and something about the philosophy behind the system design. Although installing the system and getting it to run required only that we make simple connections and follow straightforward procedures, everything had to be done in the right order— which was not always obvious. After a dozen phone calls during a four-week period, we finally got our two workstations and the harddisk drive with a video-cassette-recorder backup communicating over the network.

Considering that the Concept is aimed at the business market, Corvus should make the installation as fast and painless as possible. A big step in that direction would be an improved set of manuals. The current materials are primarily a set of dry references for the applications software packaged in impressive suede-cloth binders. Still lacking are tutorials for the novice, quick-reference cards for the advanced user, and some nitty-gritty technical manuals on the software and the circuitry. With support materials like these, independent consultants and dataprocessing managers would have no qualms about recommending this system to clients, and third-party developers could provide much-needed software and add-on boards.

Performance

While user-friendliness is an important consideration, the Concept must also be able to work for a living. The machine's particular combination of features—graphics potential, powerful processor, large memory, FOR

146 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

SuperSof t FORTRAN

Now for CP/M-86, MS DOS, and IBM PC DOS

SuperSoft FORTRAN is the answer to the growing need for a high quality FORTRAN compiler running under CP/M-86 and IBM PC DOS. It has major advantages over other FORTRAN compilers for the 8086. For example, consider the benchmark program used to test the IBM FORTRAN in InfoWorld. p. 44, Oct. 25, 1982. (While the differential listed will not be the same for all benchmark programs, we feel it is a good indication of the quality of our compiler.) Results are as follows: IBM FORTRAN: 38.0 Seconds

SuperSoft FORTRAN: 2.8 Seconds In its first release SuperSoft FORTRAN offers the following outstanding features:

1. Full ANSI 66 standard FORTRAN with important extensions

2. Standard data types, double precision, varying string length, complex numbers

3. Free format input and free format string output

4. Compact object code and run time support

5. Special functions include string functions, dynamic allocation, time/date, and video access

6. Debug support: subscript checking, good runtime messages

7. Full IEEE floating point

8. Full 8087 support($50.00).

-available as option

Program developers:

SuperSoft's family of FORTRAN compilers means you can write your programs once and they will run under CP/M-80, CP/M-86, and MS DOS. This lets you get your applications running fast no matter what the environment.

The current compiler allows 64K code space and 64K data space with expansion anticipated in future releases.

"At last, a FORTRAN compiler that works great on my 8086, 8087, and 8088 based systems!"

SuperSoft FORTRAN: available NOW and working great!

Requires: 128K with CP/M-86®

and MS DOS Price: $425 (in each environment)

CP/M-80 version also available.

In conjunction with SuperSoft. SuperSoft FORTRAN was developed by Small Systems Services. Urbana, IL. a leader in FORTRAN development.

CP/M and CP/M-86 are registered trademarks of Digital Research.

Japanese Distributor: ASR Corporation International, 3-23-8, Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-Ku, Tokyo 105. Japan, Tel. (03)-437571 Telex: 0242-2723.

European Agent: Micro Technology Ltd., 51 The Pantiles, Tunbridge Wells. Kent. England TN2 5TH TEL 0892-45433. Telex: 95441 Micro-G.

Circle 431 on inquiry card.

FIRST IN SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY P.O.Box 1628 Champaign, IL61820 (217)359-2112 Telex 270365

Outline of Corvus Manuals

Personal Workstation User Guide (120 pages)

CP/M Emulator Installation Guide (20 pages)

System Start-up

Installing CP/M

Keyboard and Display

CP/M on the Concept

Operating System

Technical Notes

Utilities

Peripheral Connections

FORTRAN Language Reference Manual (171 pages) Introduction

Omninet Disk Installation Guide (41 pages)

Lines, Statements, and Control Flow

Hardware and Software Required

Data Types and Constants

Hardware Setup

FORTRAN Names, Arrays, and

Booting from Disk

Substrings

Firmware Update

Expressions

Disk Initialization

Specifications Statements

Booting from the Network

Data Initialization

Copying System Files to Hard Disk

Assignment Statements

Control Statements

Operating System Reference Manual

FORTRAN Input and Output

File System and Volumes

Units

Operating System Interface

Format Specifications

Utility Software

Program and Subprogram Structure

Software Development Tools Linker and Librarian

Using the FORTRAN Compiler

Drivers

Pascal Reference Manual

Introduction

LogiCalc Glossary (142 pages)

Defining Data Types

Function Key Labels

Declaring and Referencing Variables

The System Functions

Expressions

The Calculator Functions

Statements

The Linear-Regression Functions

Input and Output

The Slash Commands

Program Structure

Miscellaneous Functions

Standard Procedures and Functions

The User-Defined Functions

Running the Pascal Compiler

Conditional Expressions

Pascal Language Syntax

EdWord User Guide (133 pages) Overview

Relationship to Other Versions Data Representations

The EdWord Workspace

ASMK68 Assembler Reference Manual (82 pages)

Making a TXT Workpad

Introduction

Basic Editing

Layout of an Assembler Program

Formatting Text

Operand Information

Printing a Workpad

Assembler Directives

Dot Commands and Codes

Assembler Operation Codes

Search and Replace

Using the Assembler

Cut and Paste

Assembler Output and Messages

Table 5: Outline of manuals available for the Concept and

its attendant software.

TRAN, and Pascal—makes it attractive to scientists and designers, as well as to the business community. To determine a performance rating of the Concept in a timesensitive environment, we compiled the Pascal version of Jim Gilbreath's prime Sieve benchmark (see "Eratosthenes Revisited: Once More through the Sieve," January 1983 BYTE, page 283). The compilation was fast, less than 8.2 seconds, with an execution time of 21.26 seconds, slower than the times of most 8-MHz 68000s running Pascal. We also compiled the FORTRAN version of the Sieve with a compilation time of 30 seconds and an execution time of 4.5 seconds—a quite respectable performance.

While multiuser systems always exhibit a loss of response time as more users come on line, this result may not occur with a distributed processing system such as the Concept and Omninet combination. In this case, the only possible waiting occurs when two users try to access the same shared resource, for instance, the hard-disk drive or a printer. We were unable to detect any difference with

either one or two active users, even when both were performing tasks involving a high level of disk I/O.

Prices and Options

Today, the Concept does not offer many options. The basic workstation with 256K bytes of memory costs $4995. Another $1000 gets you an additional 256K bytes. Included with the workstation are the operating system, two serial ports, and the built-in Omninet interface. The required hard-disk drive, available from Corvus with capacities of 6,10, and 20 megabytes, costs an additional $2495 to $4495. You can install the hard-disk drive in an expansion slot, if it is intended for use on a single Concept, and through the Omninet interface, if it is to be shared by more than one workstation.

The only real options are a thin-line 8-inch floppy-disk drive and the Mirror backup unit for the hard-disk drive. The floppy-disk drive, in its own enclosure, connects to an interface board installed in the workstation's expansion slot. The Mirror, which connects between the hard

148 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE May 1983 149

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□ IBM Personal Computer (min 64k) w/disk

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Name

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Apple, IBM and Osborne are registered trademarks of Apple Computer. Inc .

International Business Machines Corp and Osborne Computer Corp respectively

Boggle and Scrabble are registered trademarks of Parker Brothers Division of

CPG Products Corporation and Selchow and Richter, respectively.

disk drive and a user-supplied video-cassette recorder, records data on a video cassette. This backup is essential in an office environment where lost data means lost business. The Mirror—which can record 6 megabytes in 11 minutes, 10 megabytes in 17 minutes, and 20 megabytes in 35 minutes—costs $1250.

Service

While Corvus Systems Inc. is not a small company, getting a Concept repaired won't be as easy as with some other popular personal computers. This is a sophisticated machine, and the only place to get one fixed is at a Corvus-authorized dealer. Presently, there are only two dozen of these dealers across the country. It's likely that these dealers will need technical manuals to perform the necessary repairs, and there is also no word yet about the availability of service contracts. This seems to mean that Concept owners are taking a chance if they rely on one machine. With a large networked system, you can usually weather an occasional failure. At this point, I should add that we haven't had any problems in more than 100 hours of use.

The Envelope Please

I approached the Concept with high expectations, which for the most part have been realized. The designers have included some features that are very special. They have created menus for every possible situation. The keyboard and video display should set a standard for massproduced personal computers. The bundling of a complete package of business software and hardware is also an idea to be imitated. These features make the Concept a highly usable computer system.

I would like to see Corvus attend to a few details. My most nagging concern is with the inconsistencies encountered when you move from level to level in the menus. When you want to return to a parent menu, you must select a function button. Depending on which level you are at, however, that key is labeled Quit, Exit, Edit, Cancel, or (Cncl). One of the advantages of function keys is not having to memorize the commands. With this arrangement, you must still memorize a set of commands for each level. Adding to the confusion is the fact that the same function label has a different result in different menus. For example, in one menu Cancel returns you to the most recent menu; at another level, it returns you all the way back to the first level, the Dispatcher.

I also found a few cases in which a function listed on the screen was not yet implemented, specifically the < Para and Para > functions in EdWord and the print spooler. In only one case did I find an improperly implemented function, which was a minor problem. Overall, Corvus has done many things right in creating the Concept, but the system needs much more applications software to take advantage of its features. Although the manuals seem to be a major stumbling block, if a sufficient number of companies develop programs and boards for this computer, the Concept could still become a very popular machine. ■

150 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 380 on Inquiry card.

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How to mat work like a

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You'll wonder how you managed without it.

You'll find that dBASE II, because it's a relational database management system (DBMS), starts where file handling programs leave off.

dBASE II handles multiple databases and simplifies everything from accounting to department staffing to monitoring rainfall on the Upper Volta.

With a word or two, you CREATE databases, APPEND new data instantly, UPDATE, MODIFY and REPLACE fields, records and entire databases. Organize months worth of data in minutes with the built-in REPORT. Do subfield and multi-field searches, then DISPLAY some or all of the data for any condition you want to apply.

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Circle 48 on Inquiry card.

©1982 Ashton-Tate

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research

Achieving Greater White-Collar Productivity in the New Office

The conversion to automated tools in an office must address many issues, especially human factors.

Randy J. Goldfield

The Omni Group

115 East 57th St.

New York, NY 10022

The issues of automated office management and white-collar productivity are no longer the stuff for futurists. The spiraling availability of high-technology office equipment, coupled with inescapable economic forces like increasing labor and management costs on the one hand and decreasing costs of electronics and communications on the other, mandate that top management address the issue of how to increase office worker productivity in this new environment.

The trend is clear: improved whitecollar productivity has become a key to increased profitability. There is a

Reprinted with permission from the Directory of Information/Word Processing Equipment and Services, available from Information Clearing House, 500 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10010. The directory is sponsored by the Association of Information Systems Professionals (AISP).

About the Author

Randy ]. Goldfield is president of The Omni Group, a New York-based consulting firm that specializes in office systems productivity improvement.

twofold reason for this: the whitecollar work force now accounts for the majority (53 percent) of workers and, simultaneously, past blue-collar productivity gains show little leeway for further improvements. According to Labor Department statistics, while industrial productivity rose 83 percent during the past decade, there was a mere 4 percent advance among white-collar workers, despite huge outlays for new technological equipment. The shift away from an industrial work force to an office work force adds greatly to the importance of automation as well as to the potentials for greater output.

Today, business is on the verge of enormous changes spawned by the development of new technologies for distributed word processing, smart copiers, effective terminal PBXs, computerized filing and data banks, laser printing, and the like. As a result, management is faced with the strategic issue of collectively committing tens of billions of dollars to the new and evolving technology of office automation. Executives are asked to weigh technologies that are often not completely understood, factor

them into potentially disruptive human elements, and then decide to what extent they should commit to a relatively new office work-style or mode of operation.

The Two Reactions to Office Technology

There have been two general reactions to the challenge of office technology. Both are extremist and contribute to poor results in automated ventures. The majority trend has been to wait for the emergence of time-proven office systems and technologies that present minimum risk. Unfortunately, this trend often leads to a loss of competitive edge in the marketplace.

The second reaction falls to the breed of executives who, so overly enthralled with new technologies, ignore bottom-line reality. To some degree, the reason that investment to date in advanced office equipment has not paid off in more visible productivity dividends is because this Buck Rogers group—by focusing predominantly on equipment at the expense of integrating advances into office procedures and human factors re

154 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE May 1983 155

Circle 177 on inquiry card.

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quirements—often created overly ambitious projects that were never completed or disappointed users or caused fiascoes when employees refused to adapt to change.

Of course, almost everyone knows cases where high-technology equipment was installed and failed to live up to expectations. Responsible management, however, recognizes that the office has become the next logical place to look for the sort of improvement that can mean sharply increased profits. In fact, with office overhead costs now accounting for 52 percent of operating costs (up 100 percent since 1955), improving productivity in the office has become imperative. What, then, are the key issues to determine before creating a corporate office automation strategic plan? And what are the results that can realistically be expected7 These questions must be addressed before any successful implementation can be accomplished.

American industry invests enormous amounts of capital in its workers—and is growing rapidly as the U.S. economy evolves from primarily a manufacturing base to a service base economy. The federal government predicts that by 1985 about 55 million workers of the projected 104 million person work force will be working in offices. For a national economy that historically has had a farming and manufacturing base, this is a revolution indeed. The Commerce Department estimates that some 60 percent of the gross national product already involves information production, storage, transfer, and utilization—clear evidence that the Information Age is already well upon us.

A recent analysis of current and projected work force costs for more than a dozen companies conducted by Gibbs Consulting Group shows they spend record amounts in direct costs for white-collar workers and for information resources/access in an attempt to reap greater gains in worker output. And this is clearly the trend. Melody Johnson, of Kidder Peabody, explains, "Everyone seems to be jumping into automation! Unfortunately, not everyone is prepared

to deal with the problems, and consequently not all will reap the benefits."

Because, despite these expenditures, most office workers are far from being as productive as they can be. In a recent Lou Harris poll conducted for Steelcase, between 67 and 80 percent of white-collar workers reported their individual productivity could be increased if the office work load were reorganized and analyzed so work flowed more smoothly from person to person and department to department. In fact, almost all executives surveyed said they backed investment in more computer terminals and electronic filing, typing, copying, and other equipment to increase office efficiency.

Business executives give top rankings to conversion to electronicprocessing telecommunications and data-processing methods as these offer the most visible productivity gains. In addition, the need to enhance overall functioning, and the need to seek better physical layouts that would positively affect employee productivity, play important roles in the reorganization and refining of the office environment.

Despite the investment in labor and the clearly perceived need for productivity increases, the total investment in information resources has reached only about $73 billion, which, impressive as it might seem, does not clear the threshold necessary for meaningful productivity improvement. In a recent survey of professional productivity, it was determined that professional staff interfaces with computers less than 1 percent of the time. Pens and pencils, at 65 percent, were by far the most popular tool. Overall, it is clear that integrated systems with their synergistic effect on productivity have not yet been put into the right place in significant numbers.

The Spread of Automation: The Rationale

Of course, many current office systems have at least some equipment that can help boost output. Although U.S. business is generally still entrenched in inefficient paper, mail, and filing systems and relies on anti

156 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

TIMES

FASTER THAN

SUPER

dBASE II

TM

If you bought your computer to save time, then you need SUPER, the most powerful database system you can use. Power is a combination of speed, ease of use and versatility. SUPER has them all.

FAST - To demonstrate SUPER'S speed, ISA retained a professional dBASE programmer to benchmark SUPER vs. the acknowledged leader. A simple mailing list application was chosen to minimize dBASE programming cost. The results:

Task Set up/Program Input 100 records Sort & Print Labels

Totals

SUPER Time

5:20 min.

50:29 min.

6:41 min.

1:02:30 hrs.

dBASE II Time 12:18:00 hrs. 1:27:50 hrs. 4:18 min.

13:50:08 hrs.

Notice that SUPER was faster at every task where your time is involved—and saving your time is probably the whole reason you bought a computer.

EASY TO USE - SUPER won because of its ease of use. Since it is menu-driven, office personnel can easily learn to use SUPER to set up their own applications, speeding and simplifying dozens of tasks without the need of programmer support.

VERSATILE - SUPER, unlike other business programs, doesn't dictate how to run your business. With SUPER the computer does what you want, when you want, the way you want it. SUPER may be the only business program you'll ever need. It can handle customer files, payables, receivables, depreciation, appointments, cost accounting, time charges, commissions, inventory, manufacturing control, and even matrix accounting systems!

SUPER PERFORMANCE AT A SUPER PRICE

That SUPER beats the $700 dBASE program may surprise you, but in terms of price vs. performance SUPER has no competitors. Among its features are: production input, data compression, multiple databases on line, transaction posting, file reformating, stored arithmetic files, flexible report formats, hierarchical sort and multi-disk files for up to 131, 068 records. It can select by ranges, sub-strings, and field comparisons. It interfaces to word processors such as WordStar™, SuperSCRIPTSIT™, Model 11/16 SCRIPTSIT™, and NEWSCRIPT'". In fact SUPER has so many features that

it takes a six-page product description to cover them all. Write or call and we'll send you one.

SUPER is available for TRS-80™ Models I & III under NEWDOS'", LDOS™, and DOSPLUS; for TRS-80 Models II, III and 16 under TRSDOS™; and CP/MT" systems.

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quated typing equipment and "dumb" copiers, there also are electronic dataprocessing machines, leased or owned private branch exchanges or key systems, and increasing numbers of basic word processors (mainly standalone, single systems). And these devices can, and do, improve productivity. But productivity improvement is not always the only issue. In fact, productivity increases when not offset by staff reduction or cost avoidance will not benefit the organization. And it takes careful control to ensure

the savings are captured.

It is estimated that U.S. business can anticipate a productivity and cost reduction of about $300 billion annually by 1990, simply by adapting new technology and focusing work forces in the right direction. Jack Walsh, Director of Information Services at Avon Products, feels that productivity is a secondary consideration. He says, "Most managements are concerned with profitability. Those of us in the trenches, who understand the day-to-day needs of

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coordinating human resources, machinery, procedures, etc., see productivity as a realistic goal, but senior management will lean toward profitability. Until our offices mature, the profitability of installing automated equipment will overshadow productivity issues."

In addition to productivity improvement and profitability concerns, an added benefit of automation is to allow top management to make far faster, higher-quality decisions because of the new systems' capabilities for organizing, sorting, and storing huge amounts of data at speeds measured faster than ever thought possible. And, in fact, other "soft" benefits, such as improved customer service, faster research and development, better marketing information, etc., are all outgrowths of office automation.

Therefore, the executive charged with determining policy on automation must understand both hard and soft improvement opportunities and pressures and the three basic rationales for conversion.

Improving Corporate Profits, Current competitive patterns and seemingly intractable lags in productivity make this a persuasive argument for automation. The significance to a company's competitive position, of course, varies with the industry. In banking and insurance, for instance, automation is a critical issue. But at some point in the next 5 to 7 years it is clear that automation will be a necessity that is driven equally by increasing overhead and more automated competition.

For example, some banks have increased their market share by taking greater advantage of information technology to provide 24-hour banking and instant access to customer records. This strategy stems from the highly competitive environment of banking. Similarly, legal firms use terminals to query court proceedings and other legal information as a counter to the growing volume and complexity of precedent searches. In helping to achieve these goals, office automation becomes a strategic issue as well as an operating decision.

Reducing Escalating Costs. Con

158 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 197 on Inquiry card.

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Insert pictures, graphics or spread-sheet data into reports. Duplicate form letters—automatically changing addresses on each. Now, all your programs can work together to produce printed output.

For the first time ever, here is a buffer that not only frees your fast computer from your slow printer but also allows you to rearrange, compose and copy your data on its way to the printer.

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ventional office support systems are not only outdated, but inefficient. Labor-intensive jobs like secretarial typing, shorthand, etc. can be greatly reduced or eliminated by automation. In addition, potential staff reductions through improved processing by machinery can often reduce the number of employees required to perform the more redundant tasks.

Increasing Professional Productivity. In the average company, professional salaries account for about half of total salary costs. As the largest segment of the work force salary, increased professional productivity becomes a prime target and justification for automation and increased output. An outlay for equipment, therefore, can be recouped very quickly. Although difficult to quantify, the benefit of providing complete and correct data to professionals is, perhaps, the greatest profit improver office automation will offer. According to James Folts, Vice President, Corporate Development at Syntrex Incorporated, 'Automation as a

management tool is the single most important factor in office automation. Historically, management has viewed office automation as a secretarial tool. However, this approach is the least cost-effective. When used as a professional tool, automation can have an impact on productivity for outweighing the simple increases in document production many companies see as the chief benefit of automation systems."

While word processing and data processing have initially focused on clerical and secretarial staff, increased professional productivity is now seen as a major priority in business. Professional staff salaries have the greatest impact on white-collar costs because much of professional work can be defined as decision making. The key factors in improving productivity are timely handling and processing of information and a reasonable amount of information upon which to base decisions. When people don't have the correct information resources, decision making becomes more complex, and usually less effec

tive. Conversely, if you inundate people with facts, details, and ideas, they are unable to effectively analyze this profusion of information and the right decisions will become impossible to make. The crux is that the proper amount of information provided in a timely fashion permits reasonable decisions. A chief objective within the office, therefore, is to provide professionals with reasonable tools that give them the information they need to make practical, timely decisions. Information must also be presented in a useful form and automation enhances the availability of information. Hence, the obvious relationship between decision making and automation.

Taking the Plunge: The Risks of Converting

While pioneering is not often profitable, however, timely implementation is important. To wait for the perfect system, totally compatible with every other device, at the right price from the right company is to delay forever. The greatest gains in

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Mot only are the new TEAC drives half the height, they also consume half the power and generate half the heat. Design innovations using a low-noise brushless DC direct drive motor are responsible for this breakthrough. The result: a highly reliable drive with over 10,000 hours life backed by a one year parts and labor warranty.

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160 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 281 on inquiry card.

The Inmac Plus floppy

is totally reliable,guaranteed for life,

and you can get one free.

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The other two are for you to use for 45 days at no obligation. Test them out. Compare them to the diskettes you're now using.

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But if you're not completely satisfied, simply return the two diskettes and keep the third one with our compliments.

Inmac Plus quality for error-free performance.

Do your floppy disks work the first time, every time you put them in your drive?

Ours will, and we're not just saying that. We back every Inmac Plus diskette with the strongest guarantee in the industry—a lifetime guarantee.

For as long as you own an Inmac Plus diskette it will read and write flawlessly. It will protect your data. It will perform to perfection—or we'll replace it free.*

With Inmac Plus diskettes, you're guaranteed 100% read/write accuracy and lifetime data protection.

The problem with ordinary floppy disks is that they gradually wear down under the everyday stress of drive heads and pressure pads. This can result in everything from annoying read/ write errors to complete data loss.

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drives, even finicky ones. One reason for this is a special reinforced hub ring that protects against a major cause of data loss—warps, dents, and tears resulting from the drive's clamping hub.

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Inmac Plus

Price for 3

System

description

diskettes

Apple II, II Plus, III; IBM PC

sy/ssDD

$11.80

(single side); Osborne PC;

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profitable automation will be forthcoming from research and development groups working at beta test sites across the country, and the fear of becoming involved in automation too early, or of being locked into obsolete equipment, should be put into its proper perspective. A timely start, despite the hazards involved, will ensure a smoother transition, as automation makes further advances, along with the development of a core of internal expertise that can provide hands-on knowledge and a leading edge on the competition.

But this does not mean that one should opt for an overnight plunge into the so-called, much-touted "office of the future." Because most offices exist with yesterday's systems (or lack of them), an orderly update to the "office of today" makes more sense and avoids the trauma, expense, and serious disruptions that an overly ambitious or, perhaps, premature program will invariably cause.

Of course, outright purchase of equipment in a climate so volatile is rarely desirable, although some underfinanced manufacturers make their rentals virtually punitive versus relatively attractive lease/purchase plans. The cash flow and capital situation of the company is, of course, also a factor. In fact, cost-justification and return on investment become highly complex.

Quantifying Benefits: Justifying the Investments

There is, typically, a "backbone" application that must exist to justify automated equipment within each area of a company. Frequently, that backbone is word processing—the task of text-editing and manipulating words—where productivity can be dramatically increased by automation with the least outlay of capital and most quantifiable resultant savings. In promoting a recently announced multipurpose office system, for example, salespeople stressed its application simply by cost-justifying it as an automatic typewriter. Despite many other capabilities, products from Xerox, Syntrex, IBM, and Wang are also marketed in this manner to

capture the most obvious audience. Chuck DeNapoli, General Sales Manager at Micom, explains, "Our marketing approach is to appeal to the clients' common ground, and then augment it. New accounts usually feel more comfortable approaching advanced automation applications as an add-on to their current typing process rather than a completely new and different mode of operation. Improved typing is often the best avenue to travel on first applications."

But once a terminal is in place for word processing, additional peripherals can add sex appeal and accrue additional benefits for very little or no extra cost. Applications like automatic filing, conferencing, or electronic mail can complement the backbone application.

Electronic mail alone, for instance, is rarely cost-justifiable except in unique situations requiring both speed and accuracy. But without a large installed base of preexisting terminals as a backbone, it realistically is both prohibitive in cost and in usefulness.

Another key issue is to determine to what extent potential and achieved benefits can be quantified. By and large, the task of quantifying clerical work has been accomplished through systems as sophisticated as MTM and other industrial engineering techniques. Secretarial productivity, however, is somewhat more ephemeral. If a secretary received 20 calls today, versus 40 yesterday, is she half as productive? Clearly, the task is more complex because, in addition to measuring output, a value must be placed on it. Yet administrative support audits can—and do—quantify secretarial efficiency, typically finding cost reduction opportunities of about 20 percent in most studies.

If secretarial productivity quantification is somewhat difficult, it's a cinch compared to the issue of quantifying professional and managerial productivity, which raises far more questions as to its value or its feasibility.

The difficulty, of course, is in assigning a dollar value to creative and intangible activities that may or may not eventually result in tangible

162 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

System Saver

The most important peripheral for your Apple n and lie.

For Line Surge Suppression

The SYSTEM SAVER provides essential protection to hardware and data from dangerous power surges and spikes.

VoltS RMS

SYSTEM SAVER APPLE II

J

By connecting the Apple II power input through the SYSTEM SAVER, power is controlled in two ways: 1) Dangerous voltage spikes are clipped off at a safe 130 Volts RMS/175 Volts dc level. 2) High frequency noise is smoothed out before reaching the Apple n. A PI type filter attenuates common mode noise signals by a minimum of 30 dB from 600 khz to 20 mhz, with a maximum attenuation of 50 dB.

For Cooling

As soon as you add 80 columns or more memory to your Apple II you need SYSTEM SAVER.

Today's advanced peripheral cards generate more heat. In addition, the cards block any natural air flow through the Apple II creating high temperature conditions that substantially reduce the life of the cards and the computer itself.

For Operating Efficiency

SYSTEM SAVER contains two switched power outlets. As shown in the diagram, the SYSTEM SAVER efficiently organizes your system so that one convenient, front mounted power switch controls SYSTEM SAVER, Apple E, monitor and printer.

Of

SYSTEM SAVER provides correct cooling. An efficient, quiet fan draws fresh air across the mother board, over the power supply and out the side ventilation slots.

The heavy duty switch has a pilot light to alert when system is on You'11 never use the Apple power switch again!

Easy Installation

Just clips on. No mounting or hardware required. Color matched to Apple II.

PATENT PENDING

Compatible with Apple Stand

Suggested Retail One Year Warranty

$8995

Kensington Microware Ltd. 919 Third Avenue New York, NY 10022 (212) 486-7707

39

KENSINGTON MICROWARE

Circle 253 on inquiry card.

Circle 361 on inquiry card.

P&T CP/M®2 is GROWING a

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benefits to the company. Is a trip to a convention productive? By what standard? How do the hours spent preparing for an internal meeting contribute directly to the bottom line of profits? Should productivity be determined by the number of reports read or memos written or meetings attended? Obviously not, but finding out what methods to best use is difficult. The target group may not be willing to cooperate and there are many aspects of professional activity that cannot be measured. Finally, in addition to support staff and professional quantification, those "soft" benefits or value of more complete, timely, or accurate information must also be considered.

A "backbone"

application must

exist to justify

automated equipment

within each area of a

company.

For example, putting a price tag on the speed and accuracy with which market data, government regulations, competitive analyses, sales figures, inventory, etc. are available is difficult but can make a significant difference on the bottom line of a company. In terms of government reporting alone, the burden for some companies is immense. For example, a report released in March 1979 estimated that each of the 48 largest U.S. companies spent an average of $54 million annually on government reporting.

However, implementation cannot begin, even after benefits have been established and costs justified, without careful consideration of how quickly implementation can take place within a particular company's individual environment. Its resources, potential user acceptance, and funding availability must all be realistically appraised. Appropriate planning is critical, and the environment will define how fast changes can be implemented and how quickly benefits will accrue.

Managing Change in the Office

The mechanics of managing office automation present another side to the environment issue. In putting together a plan, one must determine:

• size of staff necessary to implement and convert the facility

• the function of each staff member

• study methodologies used to study, justify, and design the system

• productivity measurements

• result quantifiers

Of course, top management most frequently asks: "How much will automation cost?" Although this is a valid query, it is impossible to answer in generalized terms. Costs will depend on the company's current level of automation, the industry, and individual needs and must reflect them. As a general rule of thumb, hardware costs should be offset by labor savings and productivity increases within about 18 to 36 months, and sometimes can be realized sooner.

Cost considerations are being helped by continuing breakthroughs in microelectronics and other technologies. Cost reductions of 85 percent and more are being realized, and further reductions are certain to appear as the volume of production of automated office equipment continues to run counter to general inflationary trends.

If an implementation plan is being created, it is important to also determine the best way to integrate the plan to a corporation's internal attitudes. Should a task force or committee be set up to assist in the planning and conversion process? What involvement should end users have? Who in the firm should take on dayto-day operational responsibilities? How should such a plan be structured to ensure integration with complementary functions such as data processing and personnel?

The management philosophy of a company will dictate the appropriate method of involving employees. Democratic, highly communicative firms typically opt for committees, with high user feedback and re

164 May 1983 © BYTE Publicaeions Inc

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sponse, while more paternalistic firms, predictably, design a system and only then introduce it to the staff.

Analysis of individual office styles is also important. What works in New York may not work in Boston, but almost certainly will be totally inappropriate in Los Angeles or Honolulu.

The type of industry is also important. The style of a large nonprofit theater corporation will vary widely from a light manufacturing facility. Careful consideration of the organizational and management philosophy and style will prevent the formulation of a heavy-handed or inappropriate action plan and greatly support active gains in implementation. Of course, risk factors will vary, not only from company to company, but from division to division, or even from department to department. They may include issues such as impact on unionization, loss of professional and clerical staff, trauma during conversion, disruption of schedules, changes in pay scales, or even sabotage to equipment.

It is best to define and realistically consider these risks versus the opportunities, and once a decision has been reached, to proceed, setting up implementation programs to mitigate the risk factors whenever possible.

To lessen some of these risks, begin automation slowly. Installing a "core" system to provide one department or office with several applications is a good approach, with dispersed or satellite equipment of a more limited but compatible type in other parts of the company. In this way, the overall corporate structure is introduced to the benefits of automation on an incremental basis.

Such basic systems should be capable of relatively simple expansion, as more and more of the firm's information and transactions are switched from paper to electronic media as development of the system proceeds. This sort of solution, if the original equipment is planned as cost-efficient from the beginning, can also ease financing problems that may extend beyond cash flow and debt considerations. Programs that are demonstrably self-liquidating can go far toward

convincing boards of directors and activist stockholders of the viability of new technologies.

Picking the Hardware: Defining the Function

The concern that is raised with greatest frequency by users at professional conferences, seminars, and on consulting assignments is always: "What equipment should we be using in automating our office?" Unfortunately, the push from zealous vendors has focused attention on equipment, and all too often users are made to believe that it is the machine rather than the procedures that is the key to a successful conversion. Management is also intimidated by the technology and fearful of making a wrong choice.

Publicity and media overexposure, coupled with a host of manufacturers jumping into this hot marketplace, have inevitably led to confusion over the viability of the "office of the future." But when you define office automation needs by function, rather than with a hardware bias, equipment falls relatively easily into five basic functional categories.

Of course, equipment will vary considerably and continue to do so, but can best be judged by the components most systems use and then individually compared.

Input. This converts information from the human-recognizable form of the typed page to electronic storage form, for example, the keyboard on a word processor is the input component through which an operator translates a handwritten draft into impulses on magnetic media.

Output. The component that performs the reconversion translating from electronic/storageable form to human-recognizable form, e.g., laser printers that translate magnetic coding into typewriter-quality, human-readable documents.

Storage. The electrical, magnetic, and optical filing of information that can be done on microfilm or microfiche, computer disk, cassette, magnetic card, or other media, both on line or off. These media have the unique ability to conserve space by thousands of percentages.

Transport. The transfer of information either electromagnetically or optically between devices, as in OCR scanning or facsimile transmission.

Processing. The capability to perform logical arithmetic or formatting manipulation of information, as well as the control of all four previous physical components through software procedures.

By determining the requirements of a particular office, one can select the category of functions that need to be fulfilled and judge available equipment by the quality and features of the components that fulfill these functions. The old hardware categorizations, such as "stand-alone word processor" or "executive terminal," are not really relevant. To be sure, to best address business needs, the process must involve defining current support requirements and potential benefits of automation, designing the appropriate systems, and estimating resource requirements to achieve the plans.

Some firms have even created a position to address this need, such as Director of Office Automation, Vice President of Productivity, etc. Although the titles vary, and the responsibilities range from simple advisory to wholesale implementation and management duties, the position is, in almost all cases, that of a company-wide coordination ensuring an integrated and compatible approach to office automation.

This sort of approach requires a management commitment to change. And although no totally futuristic or empirically more productive automated office exists in today's business place, beta test sites and partial conversions are springing up nationwide. Many have been instigated by relocation projects—company moves are a perfect opportunity for reevaluation and change.

Converting the Office: A Blueprint for Change

Planning and bringing to successful completion a conversion to office automation must successfully address all the issues already described. The approach suggested below can assist in ensuring success, but the solution,

166 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 324 on Inquiry card.

My Dad bought NEC TREK for all the wrong reasons:

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of course, must vary depending upon the unique needs of the situation. The outline beJow helps make sure that all aspects of office automation strategic planning are covered, but, realistically, the skill of a Houdini still may be needed to pull it off.

Step 1. Create a detailed work plan for the project. Because of the implications and tremendous breadth of an undertaking like this, a fully detailed, time-phased plan is necessary to describe tasks that must be undertaken, manpower necessary, elapsed time for each task, and target due dates, which may extend over a period of years. Such a plan will help control an unwieldy, major undertaking. Most important, the plan should be approved by top management before the program begins, which guarantees its knowledge of and involvement in various steps. Interface with office corporate groups is also necessary to ensure compatibility in planning between sites.

Step 2. Assess business needs and relate them to automation/productivity implications and opportunities. Those involved in designing automated systems must understand the future business directions and strategies of the corporation and compare the operating objectives, long-term positioning, and economic and regulatory constraints to available technological solutions. For instance, rapid growth, industry needs,

competitors' capabilities, and even the overall economy are important considerations when designing a system. Governmental policies, new business strategies, cash flow, or changing marketplace conditions all should impact the plan.

Because of the certainty that meaningful office automation will vastly affect both day-to-day operations and strategic outlook for the enterprise, rigid analysis of where the company is and where it intends to go is essential. When the planning process is ended, if it is successful, the firm will commit itself to a phased implementation program that will merge downstream with the company's evolving business and market strategies to capture potential productivity gains.

Step 3. Select applications and concepts that will profit and improve business. By applying the set of available automated office concepts to business needs, a backbone application as well as additional peripheral applications should evolve.

It is critical, then, that the benefits of technology specific to industry and business be determined. For example, electronic mail is most attractive when internal communications need enhancement. For a firm with largely external communications needs, electronic mail will not be a great boon. It is the role of the office automation

practitioner to overlay the business needs onto the available technology, determining applications.

Armed with what amounts to a first-cut solution, the planners must then determine resource requirements to bring about such a solution. Financial and personnel needs must be weighed carefully and then factored in with a prudent estimate of what future technical, human, and financial resources the company can commit. Without an assessment of the "real" constraints as perceived by future end users, office automation planners may find themselves in a situation where "client" departments are very resistant to change and feel left out of the planning process involved. Needless to say, "solutions" presented without first going through this feedback loop are doomed to failure.

Step 4. Conceptualize the architecture of the system. The user must develop a conceptual design of the proposed system based on available technology, price/performance, and vendor service and support records. Systems architecture must be described in terms of the five physical elements previously mentioned: Input, Output, Storage, Transport, and Processing.

At this point, organizational alternatives must be considered. Should devices be located in centers, in clusters, or individually? Should they

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168 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 342 on inquiry card.

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be used by dedicated full-time operators or by multifunction personnel? Should devices be located at the professional workstation, by secretaries, or perhaps only one should be assigned within a department?

Often, enormous flexibility can be achieved through the use of distributed information systems, which sometimes permit equipment to be located at great distances from the main computer.

During rapidly changing business conditions when inventory control is especially crucial, this sort of option can have enormous economic impact. As architecture falls into place, planners need to establish a system of priorities that combines the predetermined criteria for potential solutions and the interrelated business strategies they must address. Also, planners must begin working toward specific rather than general goals. Therefore, it is important that past work and estimates of future needs be checked for accuracy.

Step 5. Define and address human resource issues. The reaction of the

end user to automated office support systems must be considered, including behaviorism; staff orientation, training, and preparation; and habit changes. In fact, it is the people problems that are perhaps the most difficult issues to resolve.

New positions, new tools, and new roles for office staff are bound to create fear and concern among office workers.. Job security status and salary issues will need to be addressed. In addition, human resources to undertake the physical conversion must be located and allocated to the tasks ahead. In this area, senior office systems practitioners must take a strong hand during the planning process. Subordinates and those with experience in early, less sophisticated office equipment may press for less than optimum solutions as they seek to defend or enlarge their own power—this can prove fatal in such a venture.

Senior office automation practitioners must consider whether current staff with expertise in the fields of data processing and word processing,

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telecommunications, and the like have the abilities to move into crucial management roles in the new office structure. Often, new technologies involve massive and potentially dangerous change, and top management should view the decisions made on the issues of supervision, reporting, and authority levels to be as important as they would be when establishing a new division upon which the firm places major hopes for future profitability.

Step 6. Select appropriate hardware. Basic assumptions must now be made about the equipment itself. Key considerations are availability, level of support, price flexibility, and the performance of hardware, software, telecommunications, and related items. Architectural requirements will begin to emerge as the list of expected information flows is juxtaposed against technology assumptions. Negotiations with vendors must begin, equipment must be selected and displayed, and operating staff must be trained.

Step 7. Design the management process cycle. With a workable program for implementing office automation, planners still have not completed work on critical issues. An especially crucial consideration involves the management processes necessary if the new systems are to work at optimum and productive levels. A most common cause for failure in achieving hoped-for productivity gains from automated office equipment is not establishing new management systems that will provide smooth and efficient operations.

A number of critical new management processes must be developed to translate the plan into a successful set of operations. Cost audits and postinstallation reviews need to be devised to enable the user to establish and maintain the cost-effective, efficient, service-oriented automated office environment. A permanent staff of service-oriented, technically knowledgeable, bottom-line-oriented personnel must be recruited or developed to manage the new systems.

Step 8. Address key corporate issues. Finally, identify and resolve organizational issues such as end-user

170 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Technically, IDE's new Combination Board for the IBM PC

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It's a technical knockout.

The interfacing innovations are only the beginning.

For the first time, you can get a Winchester disk drive interface on a combination board. Or you can use the same interface for a printer.

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Circle 223 on inquiry card.

BYTE May 1983 171

Circle 102 on inquiry card.

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To order your SPL program call us today specifying what disk format you require. You can charge it to your VISA or Master Card if you prefer.

Blat Research+Development Corp. 8016 188th SW, Edmonds, WA 98020 Phone orders: [206] 771-1408

involvement, information policies, security standardization and operational responsibilities to ensure acceptance, and proper coordination and control of office automation strategies and implementation.

Top Management Briefing

In summary, management must be aware that office automation is not simply the acquisition of new and better technology to achieve productivity gains. Equipment alone is not the answer, and management must stop the unplanned proliferation of machines to ensure a cost-justified, totally integrated, strategic approach to the office. A comprehensive program must be devised that will provide such key benefits as:

• standardized base line studies to ensure company-wide conformity and a base for future cost-justification

• compatible backbone equipment selection to allow for future systems integration

• bulk discount purchasing where feasible

• education and training programs for clerical, secretarial, and professional staff

• internal expertise in office technology to design and manage systems and benefits

An office automation conversion cannot be successful without senior management guidance and support. While office automation offers an important strategic opportunity for business in the 1980s and promises increases in productivity, as with any new opportunity, only the best will manage to reap those benefits fully. Specific strategies and goals help to maintain viable operations and garner increases in output. The '80s will be the decade when automated tools will be mastered and accepted as commonplace in the office. Yet the process is bound to be a somewhat painful one; mistakes will be costly. Delay may be irresponsible; haste, catastrophic. Management must find an approach to best utilize new technologies to achieve that shimmering goal—increased white-collar productivity and profitability.■

172 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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TO ORDER Phone orders mviled using Visa Mastercard American Express or Dank wire transfers Visa. MC. and American Express service charge of 2% Mail orders may send charge card number iinclude expiration date) cashiers check, money order, or personal check (allow 1 0 business days lor personal or company checks to dear) Pieaseadd 3% ($500 minimum) for UPS shipping, nandlmg. and insurance COD's minimum $250.00 with $25 00 deposit All equipment is in factory cartons with manufacturerwarranty Opened products not returnable Restocking

Viewpoint A-2 .^ Viewpoint A-3 .. Viewpoint 60

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THE NEW ATARI 1200XL HOME COMPUTER MAKES SOPHISTICATED GRAPHICS AND SOUND SO EASY TO PROGRAM.

ONLY the new ATARI 1200XL Home Computer combines custom microchip technology with 64K RAM computing power to deliver graphics and sound capabilities that are so easy to program. The ATARI 1200XL has 11 graphics modes and 5 text modes. (The Commodore 64 and Apple ll-e have only 2 graphics modes and 1 text mode.) Additional text and graphics modes allow users to easily program sophisticated graphics effects with relatively few commands, taking full advantage of the 256 color variations available. The sound capabilities of the ATARI 1200X1 are also easy to program. Four distinct "voices" spanning 3Vi octaves are controlled by a separate microchip, leaving the principal microprocessor chips free to perform other tasks.

ONLY the ATARI 1200X1 offers a keyboard featuring 8 programmable function keys controlling 16 functions in a 64K computer. (That's twice as many as the Commodore 64). Four new function keys enable you to lock and unlock the keyboard electronically disable the screen DMA for faster processing time, generate European language or graphics characters, turn the keyboard sound on and off or access the one-touch cursor control. The unique user-definable "help"

THE NEW

© A Warner Communications Company © 1933. Atari, inc. ah rights reserved.

174 BYTE May 1963

key permits users to self-test ROM, RAM, audio-visual circuitry and keyboard functionality or call up assistance within complex programs. For even more help, Atari gives you a toll-free number to call for product and technical information (800) 538-8543; in California 1-(800) 672-1404.

ONLY the ATARI 1200XL offers you a home computer compatible with virtually all ATARI Computer peripherals and software (compatibility that other new computers like the Commodore 64 don't offer). There are over 2,000 programs and seven programming languages currently available for the ATARI 1200XL. New programs like AtariWriterm and languages like ATARI Microsoft BASIC, Assembler Editor, PILOT, Pascal, ATARI BASIC, Forth, and Macro Assembler offer you even greater programming challenges and flexibility.

ONLY Atari puts so much more in the new 1200XL Home Computer so you get so much more out of it.

AIARI1200xl

HOME COMPUTER

Circle 51 on inquiry card.

BYTE May 1983 175

TTs new Compact Computed It takes over your work, not your desk*

The ordinary personal computer occupies too much of the ordinary desk.

Now Texas Instruments brings you a cordless compact computer that solves the same sort of problems as the Apple™ or IBM™ personal computer. It has enough memory and power for complex problems in business and science, yet the whole thing is smaller than a magazine page.

Sophisticated software is available right now for finance, statistics, production planning, graphics—and spreadsheet and wordprocessing are just around the corner.

For most personal computer tasks, its 6K RAM and 34K ROM are ample. The system is easily, economically expanded.

The TI Compact Computer 40 has peripherals that make it even more useful:

"Based on published manufacturer's suggesred retail price. Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computet. Inc IBM is a registeted trademark of International Business Machines Corp.

a 4-color printer/plotter; an RS-232 interface for talking with other computers or running a larger printer; and TI Wafertape™ drive for program or data storage. TI Solid State Software™ cartridges offer you a choice of convenient, foolproof programs.

Its built-in language is TI Enhanced BASIC, which allows you to write programs in everyday words. The integrated liquid crystal display shows 31 characters, which can be scrolled to show up to 80 per line. It operates on four AA alkaline batteries that give up to 200 hours of service.

The TI Compact Computer 40 offers solutions anywhere you go. Yet it retails for less than 1/3* the price of Apple™ or IBM™ personal computers. The TI Compact Computer—compact in price and size, but not in power. See it soon at your Texas Instruments retailer.

Creating useful products H,« and sen-ices for you. wk'W

Texas Instruments

Copyright © 1983 Texas Instruments

Circle 452 on inquiry card.

Protect your computer operation from loss of data files, lost keyboard input, and questionable integrity of stored information due to power failure. Operation is completely automatic, just attach your own 12V battery, or purchase below.

Available for:

Apple, Radio Shack, IBM, Olivetti,

and most other personal and business computers.

Specify equipment to be attached when ordering.

If not completely delighted, return in original condition within 30 days for refund. Ten percent restocking fee will be charged. Ninety-day factory warranty.

Gel battery pack available with cables: 1-amp. computers - $65; 2-amp. computers - $111.

For fastest delivery, send certified check or money order payable to "Thunderhawk." Send 10% with C.O.D. orders. Sent FOB, Texas. Price subject to change without notice. Texas residents add 5% sales tax. Broad selection of power ranges available for larger computers — call for prices.

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED — send on letterhead.

Thunderhawk Manufacturing (214) 586-6256

A Division of Thunderhawk Corporation

P.O. Box 573

Jacksonville, TX 75766

L © 1983 Thunderhawk Corporation

gram under an old name from Information Unlimited Software (IUS); Volkswriter, from. Lifetree Software; Wordstar, from Micropro International; and The Final Word, from Mark of the Unicorn.

Preliminary Cautions

A word-processing program is a tool, and, just as you choose a hammer that fits your hand, you should choose a program that fits both the job to be done and your working style. That means you should try out the software before you buy it. Most computer users will certainly want to buy their word-processing software from a retail computer store or dealer, not only to try out the program before buying but to be able to ask questions there after the purchase. The state of the art in user's manuals is still not sufficiently advanced that I can recommend giving a new program to an inexperienced user without a live person somewhere around to give advice and render help.

Four major users of word

processors: an author of magazine

articles, a marketing manager doing

mass mailing, a personal secretary,

and a newsletter editor.

As many different word-processing jobs exist as there are things that people want to write. But the capabilities you may need in a system do fall into a few broad categories. For instance, Dr. Larry Press, in a 1980 article in onComputing magazine (precursor to Popular Computing, see reference 8), outlined four major kinds of wordprocessing work, typified by four users: an author writing long continuous articles, a marketing manager doing mass mailings of form letters, a secretary typing many short personalized letters, and a newsletter editor concerned about document merging and exact formatting.

There are also a number of ways to test wordprocessing programs. Some authorities count the number of available features; some weigh the balance of features for different tasks. Some people look for only one or two features that may be vital in certain jobs; others avoid characteristics judged undesirable. No list of features can fully capture the feel of using a program, just as knowing the weight and length of a hammer gives you only a rough idea of what it will feel like to pound a nail with it. My method of evaluating these programs has been partially subjective, and here I should state my prejudices.

Although I have on occasion done work similar to that of each of the four hypothetical users above, my everyday use of a word-processing program is closest to that of the author: writing, rewriting, and editing lengthy articles. The first program I ever used was Magic Wand running on a Z80-based CP/M-80 system with a Cops-10 video terminal. (Magic Wand, now called Peachtext by its distributor, Peachtree Software, is not reviewed here because a version of it was not available for the IBM Personal Computer when I started this project.) I am a

178 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Lie

Circle 455 on inquiry card.

NEW FOR APPLE II AND lie

I m.

MAKES BACK-UP COPIES OF PROTECTED SOFTWARE QUICKLY, EASILY, WITH JUST A PUSH OF A BUTTON.

New software locking schemes have rendered even the latest generation of copy programs virtually unusable. Locksmith™, Nibbles Away™ and other "Nibble copiers" require complicated parameter settings, much patience and great effort to use. More often than not, the results are disappointing. WILDCARD is different. Rather than copying disks track by track, WILDCARD ignores the disk and any copy protection encrypted on it. Instead, WILDCARD

takes a snapshot of memory in your Apple® II. Now you can make back-up copies H--. of protected software with

the push of a button.

FEATURES

□ Hardware copying device... push button operation.

□ Copies 48K memory resident software, most 64K software.

□ No programming experience or parameters necessary.

□ Backs up DOS 3.2 and DOS 3.3 disks.

□ Creates DOS 3.3 unprotected and autobooting disks.

□ WILDCARD lives in any slot. Undetectable by software.

□ Produces autobooting disk in 2 minutes.

□ Copies are DOS 3.3 compatible.

□ Copies become accessible for alterations.

□ Simple, easy-to-use software included.

WILDCARD Utility Disk 1 also included, featuring:

□ Automatic program compression and BRUN file maker.

□ Multiple programs can be placed on the same disk.

d Recreates basic files to load and save.

□ Files can be placed on a hard disk...and more.

Software is not copy protected. System requirements: Apple II Plus with 64K and DOS 3.3 or Apple lie. Franklin Ace also supported.

'Wildcard does not operate with CP/M• or other microprocessor based software.

WILDCARD

$139.95

Order direct from East Side Software Co., 344 E. 63 St., Suite 14-A, New York City 10021,212-355-2860. Please include $3.00 for shipping and handling. Orders outside . continental U.S. please add $10.00 for shipping and handling. Mail and phone orders may be charged to MasterCard and VISA. N.Y. State residents add sales tax. Dealer inquiries welcome.

Circle 180 on Inquiry card.

IMPORTANT NOTICE: The WILDCARD is offered for the purpose of enabling you to make archival copies only. Underthe Copyright Law you, as the owner of a copy of a computer program, are entitled to make a new copy for archival purposes only and the WILDCARD will enable you to do so. The WILDCARD is offered for no other purpose and you are not permitted to utilize it for any other use, other than that specified.

Apple and the Apple logo are registered trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc.—CP/M— trademark of Digital Research, Inc. Locksmith— trademark of Omega Microwave, Inc. Nibbles Away—trademark of Computer: applications.

At a Glance

Name

Easy writer II

Type

Word-processing program

Manufacturer

Information Unlimited Software Inc. 2401 Marinship Way Sausalito, CA 94965 (415) 331-6700

Price

S350

Format

Two 5'/4-inch floppy disks

Language

C |source code not available)

Computer

IBM Personal Computer

Documentation

User's manual: 92 typeset pages in small loose-leaf binder; function-key sticker

Audience

Beginning users of word processing

moderately fast touch-typist (I usually can type faster than I can think), and I like to place the detached keyboard in my lap.

Simply using Easywriter II, Volkswriter, Wordstar, and The Final Word was the most important test I could put them to, but my conclusions are inevitably affected by the factors I've listed above. Your needs and desires will inevitably differ from mine. That's all the more reason to try any program before you buy.

Easywriter II

Only the name is the same here. Easywriter II is a completely different program from the Easywriter sold by IBM. The II suffix is intended to distinguish this Easywriter package, written in the C language for IUS by the Basic Software Group, from the IBM-distributed program (Easywriter 1.0 and Easywriter 1.1), written in FORTH by Cap'n Software. Easywriter II is being sold directly by and through the dealers of Information Unlimited Software Inc., not by IBM.

Information Unlimited Software certainly has learned from IBM how to package Personal Computer software; Easywriter II is sold in a boxed, 9Vi- by 8-inch, linencovered loose-leaf binder that is perfectly coordinated in appearance with IBM's Personal Computer documentation.

IUS was not able to coordinate certain other characteristics of its new program quite as well, at least at first. In

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DaVOng 5 MB Hard Disk System - $1495.00 12 MB - $1995.00

IBM PC-2 Drive System $ CALL

Quadrant - Quadboard with Parallel

Port, Serial Port, Clock/Calendar, Expandable to 256K

64 K on brd.- $425.00 192K on brd. -$629.00

Quadrant Memory Expansion

192K Maximum

64 K on brd.-$230.00

192 K on brd.-$490.00

128K on brd.-$539.00 256Kon brd. - $719.00

128 K on brd. -$350.00

Amdek Monitors

Mod 300 Phosphor - $150.00 IBM RGB Compatible Color II

Composite Color III -$345.00 $850.00 Color I - $300.00

IBM/TRS 80 Disk Drives/Cabinets

TM 100 Single 40 Track Drive - $189.00 TM 100-2 Double 40 Track Drive - $280.00

VISA, MASTERCARD ($100 Min, Add 2%)

Or Certified Check

90 Day Warranty (Parts & Labor)

TRS80isaRegisteredTrademark,TandyCorp. Prices Subject to Change Without Notice

180 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Ire

JMR

Apple II® Computer Products Syscom Apple Compatible System... $695

Apple Compatible Controller Card $ 79.95

Apple Compatible Disk Drive w/Cabinet & Cable 249.00

w/Controller 315.00

Printer/Graphics Interface 99.05

Davong 5 MB Hard Disk System - $1495.00 — 12 MB - $1995.00 Apple Compatible Joysticks 29.95

Epson/Smith-Corona Printers

MX80 $425.00 FX80 $550.00 MX100 $640.00 TRS 80 / Parallel Printer Cable $20.00 IBM Parallel Printer Cable $35.00 STAR MICRONICS GEMINI 10 $ CALL GEMINI 15 $ CALL Smith Corona TP-1 Letter Quality Daisy Wheel $575.00

TRS-80 MOD III Drives w/RS 232 $1650.00

TRS-80 MOD III Disk Controller

Includes Disk Controller, Power-Supply, Mounting Hardware, Cables and

Instruction Manuals $239.00

HManni COMPLETE

PMMFR <tllPPIY Dual 8" Slim Line-$180.00-Dual 5VV Slim Lme-$ 99.00

flNn PARINFTQ s"*5 s m Line $ 890°

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(213) 993-4804

(IN CALIF.)

Circle 233 on inquiry card.

DATA— MAIL

P.O. Box818, Reseda, CA91 335 1-800-635-5555

Software Review

Word Tools for the IBM Personal Computer

Richard S. Shuford Special Projects Editor

Photo 1: Four currently available word-processing programs for the IBM Personal Computer (Model 5150): Easywriter II, from Information Unlimited Software; Volkswriter, from Lifetree Software; Wordstar, from Micropro International; and The Final Word, from Mark of the Unicorn. (All photos by Ed Crabtree.)

The BYTE editorial staff was clustered in the computer lab eagerly watching text scroll up the screen of a video display. The date was August 13, 1981, and we were watching Phil Lemmons' first report on the announcement of the IBM Personal Computer (reference 6) come in through a modem connection.

"Aha," someone said, reading from the screen, "IBM is offering an impressive set of software: Microsoft BASIC, Visicalc, the Peachtree business package, UCSD Pascal, CP/M-86, and . . . Easywriter?" We were sufficiently surprised at the appearance of this program from the realm of Apple computers that we

later called Phil to double-check; the Easywriter word-processing program, from Information Unlimited Software, just didn't seem to fit with the other pieces of software in that initial announcement.

Before long, many purchasers of the IBM Personal Computer (PC) were also surprised by Easywriter, and unpleasantly so. The first Easywriter package, Version 1.0, quickly developed a reputation for user-unfriendliness and annoying bugs. Eventually IBM released the improved and more reliable Version 1.1, but the impression had been made and many independent developers of software perceived a ripe opportunity to sell an alternative word-processing program for the IBM PC.

In trying to seize this opportunity, some developers rushed dubious programs to market in the guise of wordprocessing software. But enough time has now gone by that a state of dynamic equilibrium (although certainly not a state of calm) has settled over the market for IBM PC wordprocessing programs, and most users will be able to find a program that meets their needs. In this article, I'll tell you about four candidates: Easywriter II, a new and different pro

176 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

HIGH TECHNOLOGY PRODUCTS & SERVICE FROM THE HIGH COUNTRY

*•*• MILE-HIGH SAVER ****

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Quadboard Multifunction Board

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Parallel Printer Port

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TANDON "SLIM-LINE" TM50-2

Put Two in One Slot!

CALL

Programmable clock/calendar Ram Disk Drive (software)

$429 00

MAYNARD ELECTRONICS

Floppy Disk Controller Card Parallel or Serial Port

$229 00 $259 00

Microlazer Printer Spooler Print Buffering from 8K to 64K One Model goes to 512K1

Any printer/computer combo

Why wail on your primer-?

CORONA DATA SYSTEMS

(All prices include power supply)

Hard Disk — 5 or 10 meg

8K Epson Snap-On . .

$139.00

Seagale Technology w/Dala Guard

8K par to par w/copy . .

$149.00

Comes Inillalized'

8K ser to par w/copy

$169.00

ROS networking available

8K ser to ser w/copy

$179 00

16 operating syslems in dynamic partitions

8K par lo ser w/copy .

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Includes CP/M and Pascal extensions

DAVONG SYSTEMS

5 meg $153900 10 meg $196900

Hard Disk Drive / Can be internal

Complete package includes

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Drive, controller, power supply.

IBM compalibilily in a MuiN-User 16 bil

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MP/M 86. OASIS 16

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IBM-PC SOFTWARE

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Apptkd Software Tech., Versatorm

$319 00

Auto. Slmuiatlona, Oil Barons

$74 00

Athlon Tat*, D BASE II.

iemple ol Apsha

$29 00

Requires PC DOS & 128K

$469.00

C 'rse ol Ra

$15.00

Continental, Home Accounlanl Plus

S99.00

Avalon Hill, Galaxy

$1900

Denver Software, EASy™

$549 00

Midway Campaign

$1600

Eagk Software, Money Decisions . HowardSoft. Real Eslnle Analyzer II

$145 00

$29.00

$189 00

Inlocom. Deadline

$37 00

Into. Unlimited. Easy Writer II .... Easy Planner ...

$29.00

$143 00

Zork 1. II. III. each

$2900

Easy Speller

$128 00

Innovative Oaalgna, Pool 15

$2500

$3900

Micro Pro, Wordstar

. CALL

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$29.00

Peachlree, GL. AR. AP

$372 00

Crossfire

$2200

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Photo 2: 77ie /irsf thing Easywriter II does is give you a menu of possible activities. The special file system keeps track of a certain amount of document history, as you can see here from the directory of one disk. Two of the documents were "imported" to the Easywriter II disk environment from a PC-DOS disk; therefore, parts of their histories are missing. The file names appear on the screen in bright-intensity characters, most other things in normal intensity. You call up a document by typing only its number, not its full name. This photo was taken from the screen of an IBM Monochrome Display, as were all other screen shots in this article except photo 13.

56/ full 82/81/83 i 33 Page 1 Doc 5 IBtt Word Processors, Part lew. FULL

2 3--C 4 5 ft K-- 7

is clustered in the coaputer lab ill up the screen of • video display. "1, and ue were watching Phil L event of the IBM Per i U come in through a Bod

ending fro* the sere

Uisicalc, ifca Peaebtfee business pacliaee, tiCSD Pascal, CP/fl~86, " ywiter?" Me were sufficiently surprised that MB later called Phil to douMecheck: the Easywriter word-processing iftuare, just didn't se s of software in that initial

i of the IBM Personal Conput

ised by Easywriter

eleased the iwproved *

Photo 3: A typical editing screen display produced by Easywriter II. The top three lines of the screen are used to show a variety of status information and transient messages, including the current text-object mode (CHAR for character), percentage of the document disk used (56 percent), the current date, the cursor position ("Space" means column), the current page number, the name of the document, an indication of space left in the current page, and a tab ruler. All characters have normal video attributes (not especially bright, inverted, blinking, or otherwise).

the version I tested, the biggest such discontinuity was that Easywriter II did not run under PC-DOS (also known as MS-DOS, the most widely used disk operating system for the IBM Personal Computer). It ran in its own disk environment, storing its files in an incompatible format and requiring that floppy disks be specially formatted for storing documents.

The unique disk environment caused other problems. The Easywriter II software was divided onto two disks: a

"system" disk and a "housekeeping" disk. Even such a simple operation as copying document files required an annoying number of manual disk changes, and operation on a single-disk-drive system was impossible. Only single-sided floppy disks were supported, with a capacity of less than 100,000 bytes' worth of documents on one disk (on a double-sided drive, only one side was used). A utility program on the housekeeping disk converted Easywriter II files to PC-DOS format and vice versa, but it could copy correctly only onto single-sided disks; this undocumented fact caused me some frustration. "Importing" a 21,504-byte file to an Easywriter II disk took 2Vi minutes.

At least one of the effects of the Easywriter II disk structure was good. The structure allowed long (30-char

Easywriter II depends heavily on

the use of on-screen menus and

function keys.

acter) document names (like "TEC FinanceCommittee 17 Jan 83") and the keeping of a certain amount of document history: author's and typist's names, size in pages, and dates (but not times) of creation and last modification (see photo 2). Each document on a data disk was assigned a sequence number by the system, so that you did not have to type those long file names; you referred to documents by number.

The verbs in the preceding section are intentionally past tense. According to a telephone conversation I had with a representative of IUS, a new version of Easywriter II should be available by the time you read this. The new version is intended to run under PC-DOS, and most, if not all, of the inconveniences caused by the disk environment should be removed.

I found the editing command structures in Easywriter II to be quite different from those of the other microcomputer word-processing programs I have used. Easywriter II is organized around pages and modes. The computer's video-display screen is used as a window onto one page of the document (see photo 3); normally, you can scroll only up and down on this single page, and you have to issue an explicit command to move to the next page or a previous page, either of which takes about 4 seconds. The most text you can cram into one logical page is about 200 lines, and the computer will remind you of every line entered on a page past line 54 (or a number you set).

The action of any editing and most cursor-movement commands depends upon the current object mode. Seven possible modes each correspond to one defined text object (character, word, sentence, paragraph, line, block, and page). Each command acts upon the object named by the mode currently in effect. To select the object mode, you press one of the 10 assignable-function keys (Fl through F10) on the left side of the keyboard or, in some cases, a function key plus the Shift key. Some of the more dangerous operations (like delete page) require explicit

182 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 367 on inquiry card.

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elect an editing >

Editor

1. Status Lines

2. Cursor Control

(press ESCAPE to edit)

3. Editing Keys A. Page Formatting

BUI copies text fr

one tiae is limited by the page size.

ithTftGs. (SeeTfiS.)

• Press MERGE when the cursor's on the tine ABOVE the point y— ■ inserted.

» Enter - the drive nuaber, then press TAB to aove to the next blank

- the nuaber of the source docoaent

- the TAG naae. All text UP TO THE NEXT TA6 Mill he copied.

• Press HETURH, then press. ESCAPE to continue editing.

Photo 4: Easywriter II relies heavily on "help" screens to coach new users on how to use the system, rather than lengthy chapters in the written documentation or online tutorial files. After you hit the F2 function key, you are presented with a menu of possibilities. Shown here is the explanation of the merge function.

confirmation. The keys of the numeric/cursor-control keypad on the right are also used.

Easywriter II depends quite heavily on use of both onscreen menus and the function keys. The use of menus is common enough, but use of the function keys deserves some attention. The assignable keys Fl through F10 are used both unaugmented and along with the Shift and Alt (alternate) keys. IUS provides a reference sticker as an aid in remembering what the function keys do, and I gather that you are supposed to affix the sticker to the front panel of the IBM PC system unit, between the disk drives and the IBM nameplate. The sticker has one great deficiency: it's too small. The words within the key outlines seem to be in 5-point type and are impossible to read without leaning up close.

The page orientation, the object modes, and the heavy, enforced use of the function keys combined to make me dislike editing with Easywriter II. I don't put much significance on page divisions in the documents I write and edit (this article, for instance), and it's much more convenient to be able to scroll up and down through a large buffer containing the whole document. And with Easywriter II, block-move and block-copy operations cannot occur in block sizes greater than one page.

When editing text, I like to make both large and small changes in the same pass through the text. Easywriter II assumes that you will make changes mostly at the level of one text object at a time. I also found myself forgetting what mode was in effect (even though a status line on the screen indicates this) so that I often changed the wrong text object. Furthermore, I like to leave my fingers in the home position on the keyboard, so that I'll know where they are and only rarely need to look at them to guide my keystrokes. Using Easywriter II, you have to use the function keys a lot to change between the modes, and you have to lift your hands out of the home position and look down at them to hit most of the function keys (while

184 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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squinting at the reference sticker). This sort of thing slows me down. You use the keyboard's directional cursor keys, which require you to move from home position, to move the cursor. It's not that I object to function keys in themselves, but there should be a way for expert users to streamline their actions.

My objections don't apply to some users. If you are new to computers (see photo 4), you may appreciate having certain keys dedicated to common functions, and if you are a hunt-and-peck typist you won't care about the home position. And again, if you do only light editing of your text once you have entered it, these problems will be negligible. But once you have learned the system, if you come to use it frequently for editing and revision, you just might get tired of moving your hands back and forth every other keystroke.

You format text for printed output from Easywriter II chiefly by getting it to look on the screen the way you want it on paper. (I'll have more to say about such screen-oriented formatting later on.) A "ruler" line on the screen defines tab settings, margins, and page centering; as many as eight rulers may be used for each document.

Decimal-tab settings allow easy alignment of columns of figures, although no column-move facilities are provided. Different headers and footers may be defined for left and right pages, with page numbering placed as desired.

Printing can occur while editing is taking place, including immediate printing of the page just edited. The version of Easywriter II that I tested was unable to drive a serially interfaced Integral Data Systems Prism printer at full speed; IUS is planning to speed up the new version to avoid this problem.

The program I had didn't contain a true global searchand-replace function (the updated version is supposed to have one). An update of the documentation is planned, giving more tutorial examples.

A few other comments are in order: Online help for most functions can be gotten by simply pressing the F2 key. Whenever you wish to take a break from working, you can hit the Escape key, and the page you are working on will automatically be stored on disk against the possibility of some system mishap while you're gone. Sections of one document may be tagged to be merged with another document. No extra backup copies of files

Text continued on page 196

Property

Easywriter II

Volkswriter

Wordstar

The Final Word

Price

$350

$195

$495

$300

Printed

9'/4- by 8- by 13/4-inch

9- by 7- by 1 Va-inch

12- by 10- by 13/i-inch

12- by 10%- by 2%-inch

documentation

binder, 92 typeset pages,

binder, about 70 typeset

binder, 230 pages, 5-page

binder, 402 pages, 8-page

5-page index; linen-covered

pages, 5-page index

index, 14 pages specific

index; reference card;

box; function-key sticker

to IBM PC; pocket reference card; separate tutorial workbook

function-key chart

Minimum

64K bytes of RAM,

64K bytes of RAM,

128K bytes of RAM,

128K bytes of RAM,

practical

80-character display, two

80-character display, one

80-character display, two

80-character display, two

hardware

5!4-inch floppy-disk drives

51/4-inch floppy-disk drive,

5V4-inch disk drives

5!/4-inch double-sided

configuration

(reviewed version supports

and printer

(double-sided recom

floppy-disk drives, and

only single-sided drives),

mended), and printer

printer

and printer

Maximum

window sees only one page

with 128K bytes, 58,570

varies according to disk

varies according to disk

number of

at a time; number of pages

characters; with 64K

size

size and user-set size of

characters

in file varies with disk size

bytes, 15,370 characters

swap file

directly

manipulable

Editing

window into one page of

window into buffer in

window into buffer auto

window into buffer auto

universe

file

RAM

matically paged to and from disk

matically paged to and from disk; supports two windows and multiple buffers

Command

mode-oriented; uses menus

uses special- and assign

control keystrokes

control keystrokes

structure

and special- and assign

able-function keys plus

organized by two-level

organized by three-level

able-function keys plus Alt

Alt key

menus, limited function

menus, user-definable

and Shift keys

key support

function-key support; mode-oriented

Tutorial

first chapter in user's

files for online tutorial

separate stand-up begin

nine chapters of user's

course for

manual

provided on disk

ner's workbook (intro

manual, some chapters

beginners?

■

ductory textbooks available from independent sources)

also provided on disk for online practice

Online help

separate screen displays

brief descriptions of

command menus appear

command menus at top of

during editing?

explaining function keys

function keys placed on

ing at top of screen after

screen appearing after

and editing procedures,

screen after user types

user types proper control

user types Control-X, also

placed on screen after user

F1

character (menus may be

brief messages on com

types F2

suppressed by expert users)

mand sequences and keystroke functions

Table 1: Comparative properties of four wo

'd-processing programs for

the IBM Personal Computer.

186 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Table 1 continued on page 190

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MuLisp-80 $174

ORGANIC SOFTWARE

Textwriterlll $111

Datebook II $269

Milestone $269

OSBORNE (Mcgraw/Hill)

G/L, or AR & AP, or PAY $59

All 3 $129

All 3 + CBASIC-2 $199

Enhanced Osborne $299

PEACHTREE G/1.A/R, A/R PAY, INV

(each) $399

P8 Version Add $234

Peachcalc $249

Other Less 10%

STAR COMPUTER SYSTEMS

G/L, A/R, A/P, Pay (each) $349

All 4 $1129

Legal or Property Mgt $849

STRUCTURED SYSTEMS Business Packages (call) SORCIM

$249 SuPerCa|c

Act $157

SUPERSOFT

Ada $270

Diagnostic II $89

Disk Doctor $89

Forth (8080 or z80) $149

Fortran $319

Ratfor $79

C Compiler $225

Star Edit $189

Scratch Pad $266

StatsGraph $174

Analiza II $45

'V ''w v W" w "'^ w •l-'!1'" w it"* ^/ y *^ y \^y -w-' w w *&~

Disk Edit $8!

Encode/Decode II $8'

Optimizer $17'

Term II $175

Utilities I or II $5'

SOFTWARE DIMENSIONS/ ACCOUNTING PLUS

1 Module $39!

4 Modules $149!

All 8 $279!

UNICORN

Mince or Scribble (each) $14!

Both $245

The Final Word $27(

WHITESMITHS

"C" Compiler $60(

Pascal (incl "C") $85(

PASCAL'

Pascal/MT+ Pkg $42!

Compiler $31 £

SPProg $17£

Pascal Z $34E

Pascal/UCSD 4.0 $67C

DATA BASE

dBASE II Call 4?"

FMS-80 $79£

FMS-81 $39£

Condor I & III Cal

Superfile $15£

"WORD PROCESSING"

Perfect Writer $18S

WordSearch $17£

SpellGuard $19£

Peachtext $28!;

Spell Binder $34£

Select $495

The Word $65

$145 TheWordplus

Palantier-1 (WP)................ $385

"COMMUNICATIONS"

Ascom $149

BSTAM or BSTMS $149

$-1QQ Crosstalk

$89 Move"lt

"OTHER GOODIES"

Micro Plan $419

Plan 80 $495

Target PlannerCalc $79

Target Financial Modeling $299

Target Task $299

Tiny"C" $89

Tiny "C" Compiler $229

MicroStat $224

Vedit $130

MiniModel $449

StatPak $449

Micro B+ $229

String/80 $84

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String/80 (source) $279

ISISCP/M Utility $199

Lynx $199

Supervyz $95

ATI Power (tutorial) $75

Mathe Magic $95

CISCobol $765

Forms II

Graph Magic $79

Basic $249

Zip MBasic, CBasic $129

APPLE II

ASHTON-TATE

(See CP/M Ashton-Tate) BRODERBUND

G/L (with A/P) $444

Payroll , $355

INFO UNLIMITED

EasyWriter (Prof) $155

EasyMailer(Prof) $134

Datadex $129

MICROSOFT

Softcard (Z-80 CP/M) $239

Fortran $179

Cobol $499

Tasc $139

Premium Package $549

RAM Card $89

MICROPRO

(See CP/M Micropro)

VISICORP

Visicalc3.3 $189

Desktop/Plan II $219

Visiterm $90

Visidex $219

Visitrend/Visiplot $259

Visifile $219

Visischedule $259

PEACHTREE

G/L, A/R, A/P, PAY, (each). ... $224

PeachPack P40 $395

ACCOUNTING PLUS

G/L, AR, AP, INV, (each) $385

"OTHER GOODIES"

Super-Text II $127

Data Factory $269

Mini Factory $269

DB Master $184

Versaform VS1 $350

, 16 BIT 8;' TER

"WORD PROCESSING'

Wordstar $289

Spellstar $199

Mailmerge $199

Easywriter $314

Easyspeller $159

Select/Superspell $535

Write On $116

Spellguard $189

Textwriter III $189

Spellbinder $349

Final Word $270

"LANGUAGES & UTILITIES"

Crosstalk $174

Move-it $129

BSTAM or BSTMS $149

Pascal MT+ /86, SPP $679

CBasic 86 $294

Act 86 $157

Trans 86 $115

XLT86 $135

MBasic (MSDOS) $329

MBasic Compiler (MSDOS). . $329

Both $629

CBasic Compiler (MSDOS).. .$495

Cobol (MSDOS) $649

Pascal (MSDOS) $429

Fortran (MSDOS) $429

"C" (MSDOS) $429

CP/M 86 $239

OTHER GOODIES"

Lotus 1-2-3 $329

SuperCalc $269

VisiCalc $219

Visiplot/trend $259

Visidex $219

Easyfiler $359

Mathemagic $95

dBase II Call 4??

Condor Q & R, Others Call

Statpak $449

Optimizer $174

Desktop Plan $259

8"single density 8" OS I Superbrain

Micropolis/Vector Graphic NorthStar Horizon NorthStar Advantage Osborne Heath/Zenith Cromemco Televideo Xerox 820 Dynabyte

Hewlett-Packard 125 NEC Eagle Apple ll/lll Otrona

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Outside Continental U.S.-add $10 plus Air Parcel Post. Add $3.50 postage and handling per each item. California residents add 6WX> sales tax. Allow 2 weeks on checks. C.O.D. $3.00 extra. Prices subject to change without notice. All items subject to availability. *Mfr. trademark. Blue Label $3.00 additional per item. CP/M is a registered trademark of DIGITAL RESEARCH, INC.

?N

#%#

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BM583

GUI lYVftllL

Property

Easy writer II

Volkswriter

Wordstar

The Final Word

Longest line

255 characters (horizontal

80 characters

240 characters (horizontal

65,535 characters (no

length that can

scrolling possible)

scrolling possible)

horizontal scrolling; line is

be set

wrapped back onto

disk drive being used for

active file name; current

screen for display only) version of The Final Word

On-screen

text-object mode in use;

status

percentage of document

file accesses (logged

page; cursor line and

in use; text insert/align

information

disk used; current date;

drive); cursor line and

column; insert mode on

ment mode; current

shown during

cursor position (column,

column; percentage of

or off; line spacing;

buffer name; file name

text entry and

line, page); document

buffer unused; cursor is

margins and tab stops;

associated with current

editing

name; margins; tab stops;

enlarged during insert

page breaks; various line

buffer; percentage of

page center; right-hand

mode; additional transient

ending codes; optional

buffer contents behind

word-wrap zone; other

messages

command menus; other

cursor; "*" if buffer has

transient messages

transient messages

been modified; " + " if new deletions will be appended to old; "H" if new text will be highlighted; current "verb" (actually adverb); transient

Screen

three lines at top, normal

bottom line, inverse video

messages

top two lines (if menu

next-to-bottom line,

location of

character attributes

suppressed) of rightmost

inverse video; transient

status

column; menus occupy

messages appear on

information

several lines at top of screen, in both normal

bottom line; menus on several lines at top of

extensive, mandatory; Alt

and bright intensities

screen

Use of IBM PC

extensive, mandatory; uses

optional; curious choice

optional; uses Alt, Shift,

function keys

Alt and Shift keys with

key doubles functions;

of key assignments

and Control keys with

assignable keys; function

on-screen key menu

assignable keys; key

key sticker provided

chart provided; assignments may be

Action of Del

deletes current text object

deletes character to the

changed by user

deletes character to the

deletes character at

key

right of cursor

left of cursor

cursor

Action of back

nondestructive backspace

destructive backspace

nondestructive backspace

delete character

arrow key

(replaces character with a

backwards

Decimal tab

space)

yes

no

yes

no

stops?

Column-move

no

no

yes

no

capability?

Possible

no

yes

no

yes

insertion of

nonprinting

ASCII control

characters?

Formatting

on-screen

on-screen; some printing

on-screen

both on-screen and

scheme

parameters stored in disk files

embedded-command formatting possible

Transition time

reviewed version: 25 sec

128K-version: 16 seconds

60 seconds for 28,469

for 28,167-character

from edit mode

onds for 28,469-character

for 28,469-character file

character document,

document, without

to printing

(or 9-page) file

printed directly out of

includes

embedded-character

start (includes

buffer; 64K-version: 48

saving to disk

formatting: 1 minute, 35

answering

seconds for same file,

seconds; for same docu

queries as fast

includes saving to disk

ment with formatting: 4

as reasonably

minutes

possible)

Print while

not reliably

no

yes

yes

editing?

Obtain file

document files only

yes

yes

yes

directory

without leaving

program?

Can user

some (with menu-driven

those in format (.FMT)

only printer-support

most print and edit

change default

utility program)

files

parameters

defaults (with menu-driven

parameters?

utility program)

190 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Table 1 continued on page 192

WE HAVE THE JUMP ON THE COMPETITION

Kangaro

in QUALITY and PRICE!

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REINFORCED HUB RINGS

ALL KANGAROO DISKS ARE PACKAGED IN A HARD LIBRARY CASE

10 YEAR WARRANTY

Suggested List Price

V* inch Single Sided/Double Density $29.95 lA inch Double Sided/Double Density $3" '

I| TrY

— ■ Kangaroos On Us!

We are so convinced Kangaroo is the best

disk you can buy that we make this offer. Buy

a box of Kangaroos, if for any reason you are

\ not satisfied with the quality of Kangaroos,

return them within 30 days for a full

refund-—no questions asked.

EXCLUSIVE NORTH AMERICAN DISTRIBUTOR:

MICROCOMPUTFR BUSINESS

ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICES: 1019 8TH STREET, GOLDEN. COLORADO 80401 (USA.) TELEPHONE:(303)279843B TWX: 910 9340191

Circle 537 on Inquiry card.

Property

Easywriter II

Volkswriter

Wordstar

The Final Word

Document

includes "tagged" sections

can include entire files

can include entire files;

marked blocks of text

assembly

of other document files

marked blocks of files

may be transferred

during editing

may be written to disk

between two buffers

Document

no documented method

can embed entire files in

needs optional Mailmerge

can embed entire files in

assembly

output

program at extra cost

output

during printing

no

Accept

no

needs Mailmerge

yes

operator input

for immediate

inclusion in

printed

output?

Automatic

multiple-line headers and

page formatting through

single-line headers and

extensive and complex

formatting

footers, alternating left and

.FMT files

footers

capabilities through

capabilities

right

embedded commands

(other than

defaults)

Default text

flush-left (ragged-right

flush-left (ragged-right

fully justified

fully justified (as

justification

margin)

margin)

distributed; user can

style

change)

Can docu

yes

yes

no

no

ments be

printed without

being saved to

disk?

Difficulty of

difficult

easy

difficult

easy, requires use of

changing from

formatter

single spacing

to double

spacing

Can text be

no

yes

no

yes

searched for

printing

attributes?

Printers sup

IBM Parallel Printer; Epson

IBM Parallel Printer;

IBM Parallel Printer;

IBM Parallel Printer;

ported (not all

MX-80; Diablo 1610*;

Epson MX-80 (with and

Epson MX-80; Diablo

Epson MX-80 with

printers can

Diablo 1650 (with sheet

without Graftrax); Smith

1610/1620; Diablo 1640/

Graftrax; C. Itoh 8510;

output all text

feed); Diablo 630*;

Corona TP-1; Brother

1650; Diablo 630; NEC

Leading Edge Prowriter;

attributes)

NEC 5510*; and C. Itoh

HR-1; Comrex CR-1;

5510/5520; NEC 3550f;

Diablo 1610/1620; Diablo

Parallel* (others, without

NEC 8023-A; and NEC

Qume Sprint 5; and C.

1640/1650/630; NEC

full capability

3550 (other printers,

Itoh Starwriter (others,

8023A; NEC 3550; NEC

without full capability)

without full capability)

5510/5520; Qume Sprint

'requires adjustment of

9/35; IDS 440/460; IDS

numeric parameters from

■fpartial support

Prism; Centronics

chart

737/739; and Radio Shack Daisywheel II (others,

Special

nonstandard file format in

"1" character (ASCII

with varying capability)

high bits of character

normal PC-DOS files; high

features of

tested version; file

decimal 20) at hard

bytes set at ends of

bits of character

disk-file format

conversion utility produced

returns, "§" character

words and at soft returns;

bytes set only in

normal PC-DOS files; new

(ASCII decimal 21) at

soft (ghost) hyphens and

highlighted text

version to use PC-DOS files

page ends; otherwise normal PC-DOS files

other special attributes use nonprinting ASCII values

Checking of

no

no

yes (with optional pro

no

spelling

gram Spellstar at extra

integrated into

cost)

program?

192 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Table 1 continued on page 194

.-.^mm^ 111 , '■■.■:-,,?■ fej ",:■■

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°'

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..-4-'

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.Hkk drive ano 7iff torn* sensitive —x

, pio»lW'a5ir^'~"'"S

. HAT 0"^

oV

APPLE II IS A REGISTERED TRADEMARK. PIOHEER IS A REGISTERED TRADEMARK OF PIOHEER VIDEO, INC.

SEE US AT NCC BOOTH D 1402

Property

Easywriter II

Volkswriter

Wordstar

The Final Word

Most annoying

multiplicity of text-object

block operations by

unchangeable default

enslavement to forward

characteristics

modes; (in version tested)

groups of lines only; 80

conditions; tedious

and reverse modes for

incompatible disk format,

character maximum line

method of printing same

most editing operations;

single-sided-disk use even

length; (to expert users)

text in two different

lack of single-line screen

on double-sided drives,

required use of function

formats; lack of planning

scrolling; inadequate dif

necessity to change disks

keys

in adaptation to IBM PC

ferentiation in documenta

for routine functions; lack

hardware; lack of ability

tion between certain

of ability to search text for

to search for printing

similar features; require

printing attributes

attributes

ment of two return characters between paragraphs; inflexible tabsetting

Most pleasing

long, descriptive document

quickness of screen

efficient grouping of

extreme flexibility; pro

characteristics

names (30 characters in

scrolling; simplicity of

control characters for

tection against inter

length); use of ordinary

design; storage of canned

cursor movement and

ruptions and system

"cut-and-paste" terminol

formats; ability to insert

other often-used opera

crashes; ability to view

ogy; accuracy in the

almost any ASCII char

tions; variable amounts of

and edit two documents

reproduction of IBM's

acter into text

user prompting through

at once in two visible text

documentation binder

repressible menus

windows; provision of Control-T command to correct two-character transposition typos

Miscellaneous

Special telephone-help

You purchase a version

Wordstar has provision

TFWINM (see text); does

comments

service may be purchased

tailored to run on a

for helping hyphenate

not use "meta" char

for $70 per year. Second

64K-byte system; when

words during reforming of

acters for commands.

serial port cannot be used

you send in the registra

paragraphs. Text is dis

Uses Recover program to

for printer.

tion card, you are sent

played on screen in

maintain swap file. Printer

the 128K version. Owners

bright attribute, menus in

paper may be offset to

of version 1.1 may

normal attribute.

save forms. Screen-high

receive an upgrade to

lighted text shows up in

1.2 for $20.

blue on a color monitor.

Co-owner Jack Abbott says,'7 hope you Ve been reading my review series Microsoft BasicSO $265

in Byte magazine on Database Management Systems. Please call me at Microsoft Basic Compiler...'.. $295

(602) 842-1133 if lean be of help in solving your software requirements." Accounting Plus Modules .. $485 ea

Peachtree Peach Pak, AR, AP, GL.. $375 Peachtree Magic Wand, Spell Checker, Mail

List $350

IBM PERIPHERALS

WAREHOUSE SOFTWARE

CALL TOLL FREE FOR ORDERS

1-800-421-3135

MOST DISK FORMATS CB-80 $415

AVAILABLE: Datastar $215

Program names prefaced with"#" available Supersort $175

also for IBM PC #Supercalc $195

CP/M DATA BASE CP/M Power $135

MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS: #T.C.S. AR, PAY, AP, GL

iiiHiiHuumi.ii Kind. e««Aii»e«sn-„kmnj„i„ 64K RAM expandable to 256 w/Async port

#Ashton-Tate DBase II Call S400 or S125each rnodu^ w S295

#Condorlll Call Target Systems Planner Calc $85

#T.I M .$365 #MOVE-IT(MicrotoMicroCOM&MODEM)

#lnfostar Call $1?5

IBM Disc Controller Adapterw/par. or serial

port $249

Seven Function Board—64K expandable to 256K, par. port, async port, realtime clock w/battery, game paddle port, print spool software, ramdisk software, 1 year warranty

$395

Piggyback Board—Expands multi function

board by 256K (No Ram) $150

64K Ram expansion $75

4 Function Board, same as 7 function board without the RAM or the software.. $250

CP/M UTILITIES

Package Price, Wordstar, Mailmerge, Spell Checker, for CP/M 80 and for IBM PC

$445

Above package with Spell Star . . . $495

♦Wordstar $285

#Mailmerge $125

#Wordstar& Mailmerge $395

#Spellstar $145

Ca/cstar $135

#Aspen 50K Spell Checker $50

C-Basic $115

Lotus 1,2, 3 (IBM Only) $375

Fox Geller Quickscreen

$135

SPECIALS

#TCS

Version

AR, PAY, AP, GLAugm< . $400 or $125 each m

jnted odule

dBase

examp invoici charge Data E dBase

t II includes special extra < e programs including invc ng, and mail list at no . Also included is Every iase Primer, 300 page II

liskof mtory, extra mans js on Call

Tandon 100-2 D/S D/D Drives 320K for

IBM PC Call

5MEG Winchester w/removable cartridge Call

[WAREHOUSE SOFTWARE

Orders-Call 1-800-421-3135 Technical Information—

(6021842-1133 4935 W. Glendale Ave. Suite 12 Glendale, Arizona 85301

ALL PROGRAMS GUARANTEED LATEST VERSION- FULL DOCUMENTATION

Prices reflect 3% cash discount. Please add $5.00 per order for shipping. Price & availability subject to change without notice.

194 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

tomPUTCR WAREHOUSE

CALL TOLL FREE

ATARI

Special 800 System

800 w/48K, recorder, Pac Man or Star Raiders, joysticks $640

1200

800 (48K)

400

8*10 Disk Drive 850 Interface. 410 Recorder . 830 Modem . .

COMMODORE

64

AXLON

Rampower 48 for Atari . Rampower 128 for Atari Ramdisk 128 for Apple . Ramdisk 320 for Apple . Data Link

PRINTERS

Anadex

9620A

C-ltoh

F-10-Parallel

F-10-Serial

55CPS-Series

8510 Parallel (Prowriter). Computer International

Daisywriter 2000 w/16K .

Daisywriter 2000 W/48K Comrex

CR-1-S

CR-1-P

Datasouth

DS 180

Diablo

620 RO wo/Tractors

630 RO wo/Tractors. . . . IDS

Microprism480

Epson

All models

NEC

PC-8023A

3510

3550

7710

7720

Okidata

All models

Smith-Corona

TP-1

Star Micronics

Gemini-10

Gemini-15

Tally

1805/1802

MT 1601 w/Tractors

MT 160L w/Tractors

MT 180

Texas Instruments

810 Basic

Toshiba

P1350

Call $525 $225 $440 $170

$75 $155

$395

$140 $355 $355 $1035 $300

$1445

$1165

$1165

Call

Call

$975 $1000

$675 $775

$1170

$920 $1730

$515 Call

$435 $1375 $1835 $2050 $2425

Call

$650

Call Call

$1455 Call Call Call

$1260 $1475

1-800-528-1054

SPECIAL OF THE MONTH

NEC 8023A $435

DISK DRIVES

Percom

Atari S/SS/D 1st Drive . Atari S/SS/D 2nd Drive Atari S/SD/D 1st Drive . Atari S/SD/D 2nd Drive Rana (Drives for Apple)

Elite 1

Elite 2

Elite 3

Controller (w/Drive only). 1000 (For Atari)

MONITORS

Zenith

12" Green Screen

Amdek

Video 300

Video 300A

Color I

Color II

Color III

BMC

12" Green

13" Color

Comrex

13" Color Composite ...

13"RGB

NEC

JB1201

JB 1260

Taxan

12" Amber

USI

9" Amber

12" Amber

$400 $300 $525 $330

$265

$420

$550

$75

Call

$95

$130 $145 $285 $610 $360

$85 $265

$290 $455

$155

$115

$125

$130 $150

MODEMS

Hayes Smartmodem $210

Novation

CAT $140

D-CAT $155

J-CAT Call

C& I

compureR

WAREHOUSE

VIDEO TERMINALS

Qume

QVT 102

Televideo

910

910 Plus

920

925

950

$550

$570 $570 $735 $730 $915 $1100

970 . Zenith

Z-19 $670

z-29 $640

ZT-1 Keyboard Only $350

COMPUTERS

Altos

ACS 8000-15 $3550

Series 15D $2125

Series 5-5D $3900

5-80-10 Call

Eagle II $2330

NEC

8001 $730

8012 $470

8031 $730

APC Call

Northstar

Advantage $2800

Advantage w/5MB $3600

Horizon II 64K QD $2625

Sanyo MBC-1000 w/Micropro Software,

S-Basic,CPM® Call

Above w/2 Drives Call

Televideo Systems

TS-802 $2599

TS-802H $4450

Zenith

Z-120 $3100

Z-110 $3025

DISKETTES

Maxell

MD-1 (Qty. 100) . Scotch

744-0 (Qty. 100). Elephant

S/SS/D (Qty 100)

$250 $225 $180

2222 E. Indian School Rd. Phoenix, Arizona 85016

Order Line: 1-800-528-1054 Other Information: 602-954-6109 Order Line Hours: Mon.-Fri. 10-5 MST Saturday 9-1 MST

Prices reflect 3% to 5% cash discount. Product shipped in factory cartons with manufacturer's warranty. Please add $8.00 per order for shipping. Prices & availability subject to change without notice. Send cashiers check or money order. ..all other checks will delay shipping two weeks.

At a Glance

Name

Volkswriter

Type

Word-processing program

Manufacturer

Lifetree Software Inc. 177 Webster St., Suite 342 Monterey, CA 93940 (408) 373-4718

Price

SI 95

Format

5'/i-inch floppy disk, PC-DOS |MS-DOS]

Language

IBM (Microsoft! Pascal (source code not available)

Computer

IBM Personal Computer

Documentation

User's manual: approximately 70 typeset pages in small loose-leaf binder; tutorial files on distribution disk

Audience

Beginning users of word processing

, — VOLKSWRITER EDITOR - CHOOSE AMONG THE FOLLOUtHG COMMANDS — —

D DISPLAY ALL PILES S - STORE FILE ON DISK K - RENAME PILE P PRINT I

J R - RETRIEVE DISK FILE F - FORMAT SELECTION 2 - DELETE FILE X EXIT

| E - EDIT CONTENTS C - CLEAR t START OUER II - HELP I

VOIIR CHOICE :_

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FEBED.TUS

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CCCAPRIL.TXT

IBM-ATAG.BAK

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IBM TAB.BAR

tan TAB.TVS

Photo 5: Volkswriter consistently places the list of major menu choices at the top of the screen, with subsidiary information arranged underneath as required. Shown here is the main menu, which appears on the screen after a brief graphical diversion.

Text continued from page 186

are made unless you give explicit commands to cause it. No automatic-hyphenation functions are provided. A crude kind of "undo" command can, under most conditions, cancel changes to a page made since it was called up. Some other specific features are delineated in the comparison in table 1 (see pages 186-194).

Volkswriter

Volkswriter, or VW as its devotees call it, was one of the first alternatives to the original Easywriter. VW runs

under PC-DOS and is one of the few word-processing programs for the IBM PC that can be run (although not at top performance) on a fairly small hardware configuration, i.e., 64K bytes of user memory and one 5Vi-inch floppy-disk drive. Lifetree Software provides two different sets of program files (see photo 5) for registered users of VW: one set, to be used in systems with 64K bytes, contains separate programs (linked in execution by batch files) for Volkswriter's editing and printing functions; the other set, to be used with 128K bytes or more, combines the two programs into one.

In keeping with its modest hardware demands, Volkswriter is moderately priced. With a suggested list price of $195, VW is the least expensive of the four tools considered in this article. The program is simple in design, and I found it quite straightforward to use for modest writing projects. It's a no-frills piece of software: it has just enough features to get most jobs done.

Lifetree Software doesn't come as close as Information Unlimited Software in imitating IBM's user's manuals, but some thought was given to the matter, because the loose-leaf binder and box are roughly the same size as IBM's, although covered with slick paper instead of linen.

To initiate first-time users to the concepts of word processing and its peculiarities, VW depends less on the user's manual than on a series of interactive lessons. You take the lessons by editing a set of files that comes on the Volkswriter distribution disk. I found the lessons to be well done except for a couple of problems, such as a search-and-replace lesson that became unintentionally modified by being searched and replaced. (These glitches can be considered minor if a knowledgeable user can be consulted by the person taking the lesson.)

In contrast to Easywriter II's page orientation, Volkswriter treats the display screen like a window onto a large, continuous buffer, or storage area, containing the entire text you are editing. Both the buffer and the Volkswriter program itself must fit simultaneously in user memory, so that the amount of text you can work on in a 64K-byte system is limited to around 15,000 characters. But this limitation makes possible great speed in moving the window around in the buffer. You never have to wait for the word-processing program to read more text from a floppy disk; it's always immediately accessible. In a 128K-byte system, you can work on a buffer size of as many as 60,000 characters. The status line at the bottom of the screen tells you what percentage of the buffer is available for entering text, although for some reason it starts out at 93 percent empty instead of 100 percent.

Like Easywriter II, Volkswriter uses the 10 assignablefunction keys heavily to invoke various commands; the Alt key is used to double the commands available with the assignable-function keys. Also as in Easywriter II, you must use these keys; there is no alternative for the expert user. The keys of the numeric/cursor-control keypad on the right side of the keyboard are used also as they are marked. My feelings about having to use the assignablefunction keys in Easywriter also apply to VW, but I

196 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Lnc

Okidata MICROLINE 92

$524.88 UPS DELIVERED

• 160 characters per second, bi-directional, logic-seeking printhead action with 80 & 40 cps hl-res correspondence print modes

• 9 x 9 matrix produces correspondence, 10, & 17 cpi with true descenders: double width & download option for character sets standard

• Subscripts, superscripts, underlining, backspace. & forms control

• Friction & pin feed paper handling takes up to 3-part forms (8.5")

• Centronics parallel or RS-232C interfacing (specify)

Microline 93 (136 columns). $884.88

PRINTERS

Anadax

Anadex WP-80OOA (P»S) 89089.M Anadex 0P-9501A (P&S) ... $1409.89 Anadex DP-9620A (PiSI ... $1499.88

Centronics

Centronics 1 22 (P) $829.08

Centronics 1 22 R) $849.88

Centronics 352 (P&S) $1884.88

Centronics 353 (P&S) $2328.88

C. Itoh

C. Itoh Prowriter $398.88

W/RS-232C $809.88

C. Itoh Prowriter 2 $734.88

W/RS-232C $789.88

Daisywritor

Wm i Am

Daisywriter 2000 48K butter (P&S)

sold only w/cable $1139.88

Tractor $149.88

Sheetfeeder $739.88

Diablo

Diablo 620 (S) $1028.88

Diablo 630 (SI $1889.88

Diablo 630 KSR (S) $2894.88

630/630KSR Tractor $289.88

Star Micronies

Gemini 10 (P) $399.88

Gemini 10 (P&S) $479.88

Gemini 15 P) $499.88

Gemini 15 (P&S) $879.88

PRINTERS

IDS

35

above w/graphics

$1189.88

above w/4-color

IDS Prism 132 (P&S) above w/graphics ... above w/sheetfeed...

above w/4-col or

IDS Microprism (P&S)

Okidata

$1839.88

$1289.88

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$1499.88

$1899.88

$879.88

$339.88

Microline 82A (P&S) .

$419.88

"—"*■ ■■ "**1

L.

82A Okigraph ROM .. 80/82A Tractor

J

$49.88

$89.88

C. Itoh F-10 Starwriter

$1379.88 UPS DELIVERED

• 40 characters per second, bi-directional, logic-seeking printhead action

• 1 36 column, friction fed. takes 15" paper & 3-part forms

• 96 character set. fully-formed letters on Diablo-compatible daisywheels for optimum print quality

• Subscripts, superscripts, underlining, backspace, & forms control

• Centronics parallel or RS-232C interfacing (specify)

F-10 Printmaster (55 cps) $1679.88

F-10 Tractor (Starwriter/Printmaster) $289.88

PRINTERS

Okidata

B2A Roll Paper Holder $49.68

Microline 83A (P&S) $679.88

83A Okigraph ROM 849.86

Microline 84 w/graphics & tractor

m

NEC 3510 (S) $1929.88

NEC 3530 (PI $1789.88

NEC 3550 (P| $2199.88

3500 Tractor $239.88

NEC 7710 (S) $2399.88

NEC 7720 KSR (S| $2789.88

NEC 7730 (P) 2399.88

Information & Orders

(603)-881-9855

Orders Only: (8O0)-343-0726

No Hidden Charges

FREE UPS shipping on all orders—No extra charge to use credit cards—All equipment shipped factory fresh with manufacturer's warranty—COD orders accepted ($10 fee added)—No purchase orders accepted—No foreign or APO orders accepted—Minimum $50 per order—This ad prepared in February: prices are subject to change.

PRINTERS

NEC

NEC PC-8023A (P). .

Qume

Qume Sprint 11 + Parallel or RS-232C. includes cables $1449.88

Smith-Corona

Smith Corona TP-1 $879.88

Specify either 10 or 12 cpi, & paraflel or RS-232C interface

Tranatar

Translar 130 $759.88

CALL FOR PRICES on Cannon, Datasouth, Epson, Mannesmann Tally, Panasonic. Ricoh, Silver Reed, & others

Intarfaces

PKASO eard/cabla $139.88

IDS PKASO card/cable $189.88

Parallel Card w/cable $89.88

Grappler+ w/cable $149.88

CBM/PET w/cable $119.88

TRS-80 Color RS-232C to

Parallel, w/cable $99.88

VIC/Commodore 64 Serial Interlace w/cable $149.88

Parallel Cablas

IBM-PC $39.88

TRS-80 Model l/lll $29.88

TRS-60 Model 11/15 $29.88

Atari 300 $39.88

Osborne-1 (IEEE488) $39.98

Prism 80/132/MicroPrism Centronics cable adapter $20.00

Centronics male/male $39.88

Centronics male/female $39.88

RS-232C Cablas

DO 25 male/male $29.88

DB-25 male/female $29.88

THE BOTTOM LINE

MILFORD, NH 03055-0423 □ TELEPHONE (603) 881-98551

Circle 73 on Inquiry card.

BYTE May 1983 197

. FUNCTION KEY REFERENCE GUIDE —

KEY: Fl F2 F3 F4 FS FA F? F8 fl IIH I

BY ITSELF: HELP T/IE ** -WORD rBLOCK 4BL0CK FINO REFORM TAB<HARC RESEtI

WITH KIT: PRINT aFILE U1NE -LINE aMOUE aCOPY REPL -BLOCK CENTER EXIT 1

has all that you expect Fran a BBS: chat, userlog, user ID's. Id File Maintenance program, 5 levels c-F caller access, r operation, public and private Messages (has 3 differen. _. basest), ongoing discussion section (not available on Most c prograas!), RS-23Z driver uith Asseably Source code and other functio and features. The prograa runs under NEWD0SB8 U2 and will work with any auto-ansuer Mode*. For store infoniation, call The Fred Board at 683-555-1212, and leave your naate and telephone nunher in a

isage. Hi he Frederick

FROM: DON FINE DATE SENT: 8S-lb-19B2 SUBJECT: HAM RADIO <R)ead, <N>est, or <E)nd: r

Lu«py BBS. Besides the |___ offers a free suftware download systea Well, not entirely free... You aiust I: tn then lo take advantage of this fea< '.ystea, hut I have accessed it a nunbt

I BBS called the of a BBS, this one

(using MODEM/CMD). rst UPload a progran are. This is not ay r of Mr—

FORMAT SELECTION '

ENTER CHOICE: H

U-USE THIS FORMAT M-MODIFY THIS FORMAT

i CURRENT FORMAT —

PRINTER TYPE (3=UNKN0MN) RESET PRINTER (Y/N) PAGINATION <Y/N) LINES / PAGE (2-255)

FIRST TEXT LINE

LAST TEXT LINE LEFT MARGIN

EXTRA SPACING BETWEEN LINES CONTINUOUS FORMS (Y/N) LINES ' INCH K./II)

R-RETRIFAJE STORED FORMAT 1

S-STORE FORMAT FOR LATER USE I

■ TO MODIFY FORMATS

he cursor will stop next to each of the values on the panel on the left.

To change a value, just type its new value and ENTER

To leave a value unchanged, just press ENTER.

When the regaining values are satisfactory, just press Flfl.

After defining a foraiat, you can store it for later use

Photo 6: Typical screen display in Volkwriter's edit mode. By hitting the Fl key, you cause the reference guide to the assignable-function keys to appear at the top of the screen. This is the only online help available, however. The bottom line of the screen shows status information in inverse video.

Photo 7: Parameters of Volkswriter's printing format are stored in disk files given file name extensions of ".FMT". You can change the parameters using a simple, menu-driven procedure, illustrated here.

didn't find editing with VW as objectionable as Easywriter II, perhaps because the effects of VW's commands are not modified by a lot of object modes.

Lifetree does not give you a reference sticker to look at, but by pressing the Fl key, you cause a menu of the assigned command functions to appear at the top of the display screen (see photo 6). (Incidentally, use of Fl makes more sense than Easywriter II's use of F2.) The legends are somewhat cryptic to the new user, but once you have become familiar with Volkswriter the display makes sense. Also, the F10 key is used as a kind of panic button; you can press it to halt an operation you did not intend. The system is kind to inexperienced users in that it asks you to confirm your intentions when you give it a command that could wipe out a large part of the text.

The printed output that Volkswriter produces is

formed on the page according to parameters specified by special format files (given ".FMT" extensions). The parameters vary somewhat depending on what printer you are using, but they can include the character pitch to be used, the margins on the page, line spacing, justification, and starting page number. You can set up separate format files (see photo 7), automatically invoked, for each type of document that you produce, or you can use the default format. You can even change the formats during printing with a command embedded in the text.

In the document file, you can embed any number of header and footer lines, with justification specified to alternate between left and right pages. You can set temporary indentations for quoted paragraphs or other special material. You can embed almost any arbitrary character code in the text, perhaps to activate a special

Need More Serial Ports ?

HMitWf emmm

jumtw M*»

• • • •

"*" Add a BTA smart multiport controller to your C.P.U.

"K" The MODEL 524 expands a single RS232 port to four individual ports with port selection and baud rate controlled by user software.

I "K" Buffered inputs permit simultaneous operation increasing data exchange rate.

I « 62K spooler model also available.

Price

$249.00

Bay

P.O.

Technical Associates

Box 387, Bay St. Louis, MS. 39520 601 - 467-8231

198 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 61 on inquiry card.

(km sdkgm wm oumMfl

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' "i

Finally, you can buy state-of-the-art S-100/IEEE 696 static memory for your computer at an unprecedented savings.

Memory Merchant's memory boards provide the advanced features, quality and reliability you need for the kind of operational performance demanded by new high-speed processors.

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These memory boards are not kits, nor skeletons — but top-quality, highperformance memories that are shipped to you completely assembled, burned-in, socketed, tested and insured with one of the industry's best warranties.

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Memory Merchant's boards are created by a designer, well known for his proven ability in advanced, cost-efficient memory design. Innovative circuitry provides you with highly desired features and incredible versatility.

Only first-quality components are used throughout, and each board is rigorously tested to assure perfect and dependable performance.

No Risk Trial.

We are so convinced that you will be absolutely delighted with our boards that we extend a no-risk trial offer. After purchasing one of our boards, you may return it (intact) for any reason within 15 days after shipment and we will refund the purchase price (less shipping).

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64K RAM, MODEL MM65K16S

• 64Kx 8-bit

• Speed in excess of 6 MHz

• Uses 150ns 16K (2K x 8) static RAMS

• Ultra-low power (435 Ma. max. — loaded with 64K)

• Bank Select and Extended Addressing

• A 2K window which can be placed anywhere in the 64K memory map

• Four independently addressable 16K blocks organized as:

— Two independent 32K banks or

— One 64K Extended Address Page or

— One 48K and one 16K bank for use in MP/M1 (option)

• Each 32K bank responds independently to phantom

• 2716 (5V) EPROMS may replace any or all of the RAM

• Field-proven operation in CROMEMCO CROMIX*andCDOS\

• Compatible with latest IEEE 696 systems such as Northstar, CompuPro, Morrow, IMS, IMSAI front panel, Altair and many others.

OEM and DEALER inquiries invited.

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San Leandro, CA 94577

(415) 483-1008

Circle 290 on inquiry card.

:

The reliability of our boards, through quality-controlled production and proven performance, has enabled us to extend our warranty to a full two years. That's standard with us, not an option. This includes a 6-month exchange program for defective units.

Shipped direct from stock.

All Memory Merchant's boards are shipped direct from stock, normally within 48 hours of receipt of your order. Call us at (415) 483-1008 and we may be able to ship the same day.

16K RAM, Model MM16K14

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Bank Select & Extended Addressing Four independently addressable 4K

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windows Uses field-proven 2114 (1K x 4) RAMS Low Power (less than 1.2 Amps) Runs on any S-100 8080, 4 MHz Z-80 or

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Prices, terms, specifications subject to change without notice.

•Cromix and CDOS are trademarks of CROMEMCO. ' MP/M is a trademark of Digital Research

DEALERS^

WE BUY

EXCESS

^INVENTORIES.

he Choice of

Computer Exchange — The Supply Center for the IBM-PC

SOFTWARE S&

IBM is a trademark of IBM Corporation.

BUSINESS

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OATAHOST. Real Estate Investmenl Program NEW!

Write-On EAGLE SOFTWARE. Money Decisions NFW'

HOWAflOSOFT. Real Estate Analyzer II INFORMATION UNLIMITED, Easywriter II (a WPS) Easyspeller (88KWords) Easyliler (a DBMS) ..INNOVATIVE SOFTWARE. TIM III (a DBMS) INSOFT. Data Design (a powerlul easy to use DBMS) NEW! I8M. MatheMagic LOTUS, 1-2-3

MICROCRAFT. Requires CP/M-B6 Legal Billing & Time Keeping — Verdict Professional Billing & Time Keeping — Billkeeper * MICRO LAB. The Tax Manager MICROPRO. WordStar* plus free WordStar Training Manual MailMerge'" Spellstar"

3 Pak. Word & Mail & Spell, above 3 Inlostar NEW!

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MICROSOFT. Multiplan. in MSDOS NORTH AMERICAN BUS. SYSTEM. The Answer

POL CORPORATION. Personal Investor PEACHTREE. Peach Pak 4IGL. AB S AP) PERFECT SOFTWARE. Perfect Writer" Perlect Speller" SELECT INFO. Select (a WPS) SORCIM/ISA. SuperCalc SuperWriter Spellguard STC. The Creator SYNERGISTIC. Data Reporter VISICORP. VisiCalc" /256K

VisiDen or VisiSchedule. each

VisiTrend/Plot

VisiFile or Desktop Plan I. each

NEW!

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LIST PRICE

S 730 S 730 S 389 S 130 S 130 S 150 I 250 t 350 t 175 S 400 J 495 1225 S 90 S495

S750 I 750 S 250 S 495 S 250 S 250 S 845 S495 t 350 t 275 S250 S 145 S 595 S 389 S 189 S595 t 295 S395 S 195 S 300 S 250 S250 (250 S 300 I 300

OUR PRICE

S439 54 3D SZ65 S B0 S 89 1129 1189 259 129 K99 S.'IKI 109 S 89 S329

S395 $395 SIBfl S249 Call Call Call 1335 S235 SI99

lies

(239

1139 S339 SI99 J2B9 SI 29 $195 SIS9 SI7B SI99 S2I9 S239

UTILITY

1983 CE SOFTWARE AWARD:

"Copy II PC by Central Point Software is the best CE software buy ol 1983. It will copy more copy protected software and faster than any other backup system. Unlike other copiers it makes an exact duplicate ol your original and it does 100% verification ot copy. Documentation is excellent." CENTRAL POINT. Copy II PC. Backup and Utility NEW! $ 40 S 35

CENTRAL POINT. Fastrak", RAM/Disk emulator

and spooler programs. Works on any PC DOS

version or RAM Cara. Menu driven. S 100 $ 59

DIGITAL RESEARCH. Concurrent CCP/M-86 I 350 S235

CBASIC 86 S 200 J225

Kayfli, Hayes Terminal Program S 100 J Ki

MtcroCom.Microtermirial S 100 S 65

MleroSluf. Crosstalk S 195 SI 29

HORELL DATA, System Backup t 50 $39

NORTON. Norton Utilities. 14 powerlul programs, 3 disks I 80 165

HOME & EDUCATIONAL

EPYX/Airtemitid Slmulatlorta, Temple ol Apshai Oil Barons

BR00ERBUND Apple Panic

CONTINENTAL. The Home Accountant Plus 0ATAM0ST, Pig Pen or Space Strike, each DAVIDSON. The Speed Reader INFOC0M. Deadline

Zork I or Zork II or Zork III. each INSOFT. WordTriK

OuoTrix MICROSOFT. Flight Simulator (by Sub-Logic) ON-LINE. Goll Challenge

Ulysses & The Golden Fleece PBl. CORP.. Personal Investor 8E»TIENT.Cyberg

SIRIUS. Conquest or Call to Arms, each SIR-TECH. Wizardry SPINNAKER. Snooper Troops. »1 or n. each

Story Machine or Face Maker, each 8THATtelC. The Warp Factor

I 40 S 100 S 30 S 150

NEWI NEWI NEW! NEW!

I 145 S 35 I 30 I 60

l»]U:4=fai.=H

J 29

S 75

I 22 S112

I 22

S 55

» 39

t a

J 29 1 29 135 S IB S 25 S 99 I 25 S 23

: 40 I 35 125 S 30

Control Data Corporation 12 for 10 Special. Limited Time!

CDC. 120 each. 5'/,. with ring. SS. SD (Apple. ISM. etc.) S 450 $195

12 each. 5'/.. with ring. SS. SO {Apple. IBM. etc.) S 40 S 22

12 each. 51/.. with ring. SS. DD [ISM. H/P. etc.) J 45 S 28

IOeach.5',. with ring. DS.DD. (IBM. H/P. etc.) I 55 i 33

12each.8~.SS.SO S 45 S 24

VERBATIM. 10 each. 5%, with ring. SS.SD or SS, DO S 50 S 28

MAXELL. 10 each. 5V..SS. DO orSS.SD S 55 S 35

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AD # 965

64K IBM-PC

System Includes

Two 320K Disk Drives

12" Green Amdek Monitor

90 Day Warranty

Call For Details And Other Configurations

hardware;

for the IBM-PC

LIST OUR

MEMORY CHIP KITS, 64K addon to your memory cards .9

chips. 200NS. tesled and burned-in 90 day warranty. $150 S 59

/ICT Combo PIUS.64K w/asyncpara S clock/cal S 595 1429

4HC3I Fo1 above Combo Plus ol I28K add S85. loi l92KaddS192 lor

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comX

192K RAM Card wilh Faslrak" RAM disk emulator

and spooler software 2 Year Warranty. CURTIS. PC Pedestal" lor Display on PC

9 Fool Cable tor IBM Keyboard (extends3' to 9') Mono. Extension Cables. Power and Signal 0SI-50l.8MBHirdDI>k

G4K HAM Card w.'Parity I28K RAM Card w/Panty 256KRAMCaidw/Parity

MBI

MICROSOFT

I Monle Carlo 64k Five Function (to 10O0K)

S 675 S 80 S 50 S 55 SI995 S 350 S 525 S 675 S 625

Jig Blue. Z80 CPU plus live functions

QCS.

QUADRAM cowobaion

Quadboard 64K. expandable to 256K. 4 function board X 595

Quadboard. IH8K, expandable to 256K. 4 function board S 775

Quadboard. 192K. expandable to 256K. 4 function board S 895

* Quadboard. 256K. (our function board t 995

Quad 512*. &4K plus serial port S 475

Quad 512*. 256K plus serial port S 695

Quad 512*. 512K plus serial port X1295

Microfazer. w/Copy. Par/Par. BK.-iMPS I 159

Microfazer. w/Copy. Par/Par. 64K. BMP64 S 299

Microfazer. w/Copy. Par /Par, 128K. -1MP128 S 445

Microfazer. Snap-on. 8K. Par/Par. Epson. HMEB. w/PSI I 159

Microfazer. Snap-on.64K. Par/Par, Epson. HME64. w/PSI t 299 All Microlazeis are expandable (w/copy to 512K) (Snap-on to 64K)

TC PRODUCTS, Joystick J 65

DRIVES

AMDEK. 3 Dual Floppy Drive. 500K, PC Compatible

S B99

1259 S 65 S35

S 45

SI495 S250 S380

1625

5395

J435 S565 S635 S670 J325

1119 S235 S345 SI45 S235

S775

DAVONG

DSI-501.fi Ml! Hard Disk S1995 SI495 list5li' l? Mil Haul Disk S2495 SI695 IIS! 511). 19 Ml! Hard disk 12995 S2295 MAYMABO. Floppy Drive Conlrol Board, lor up to 4 drives 1195 SI66 Wilh Serial Porl add $70. For Parallel Porladd540

Control Data OR landon

DISK DRIVES. Double Sided 360K/320K. Same as now supplied wilh IBM-PC SPC2. Tesled. burned-in. With leach 1650 S24S installation instructions. 90 day warranty by us. 2ormoreS650 1239

PRINTERS AND ACCESSORIES

EPSON MX or FX PRINTERS NEC, Dot Matrix. 8023 Printer F/T STAR MICR0NICS. 9x9 Dot Matrix. 100cps. 2.3K. Gemini 1(1 9x9 Dot Matrix. 100cps. 2.3K. Gemini 15' ANA0EX. DP8000 Dot Matrix. 120cps. Serial S Cenl. Para.l/F IBM-PC to Epson or Star Micronics Cable Apple Interface and Cable for Epson or Gemini Grappler* by Orange Micro, specify printer Apple Graphics Dump Program MICROTEK. Apple Dumpling GX. Graphics Printer Interface with Cable Apple Dumpling 64. Buffered 64K Spooler wilh Cable LETTER QUALITY - DAISY WHEEL PRINTERS 0LYMPIA. ES-100. Printer/Typewriler. complete with serial

Interfacing to the Apple II or IBM PC C0MREX. Comriter CR-1. RS232 Serial l/F. 200 wpm

Comriter Tractor Feed lor CR-1 SMITH-CORONA. TPI Printer/Typewriter, specify ser/para TPI Tractor Feed

CALL 1695 1499 S 649 S 995 S 60 S 95 S 165 I 15

S 249

S 349

451735 S1199 S 116 t 899 S 149

CALL S495 1365 S475 1405 135 S 59 SI 19 S 9

IIS

1239

SI295 SS45 S 99 1579

SI29

SUPPLIES: Tractor Feed Paper. Ribbons. Heads.QumeDaisy Wheets&Ribbons.

8" CP/M-80

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ASHTONTATE. dBase II with User's Guide by Software Banc INFOCOM. Deadline

Zork I or Zork II or Zork III or Starcross. each MICR0CRAFT Legal Billing & Time Keeping — Verdict

Prof. Billing & Time Keeping — Billkeeper MICROPRO. WordStar* plus free WordStar Training Manual

MailMerge"

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3 Pak. Word & Marl & Spell. 3 above

InfoSlar ReportSlar

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MICROSOFT!

Multiplan Fortran 80

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C0BOL-B0

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muLis/muSlar-80

M-Sort-80

Edit-80

Macro-80 PEACHTREE. Magic Wand

Series 4 GL. AR. AP or Inventory, each

Series 8 GL. AR. AP. Inv or Pay each

Series 9 Peach Text

Series 9 Spelling Proofreader

Series 9 Calc Mail List or Telecomm., each

LIST PRICE S 730 S 60 ] 50 S 750 S 750 S 495 S 250 i 250 S 845 S 495 J 350 S 275 S 500 S 395 S 750 S 350 S 200 J 195 S 120 S 200 J 500 S 600 S 750 S 500 S 300 S 375

MONITORS

PRINCETON. RGB Hi Des

NEC. 12" Green, Model JB1201M

12" Color, Composite, Model JC1212M

TAXAN. RGB Vision I

SANYO. 9" Green. Model DM5109

12"Green. Model DM8112CX

13" Color, Composile. Model DM6013

ZENITH. 12" Green. Model ZVM121

AMDEK. 12" Green «300 12" Amber. OTA 13" Color I. Composite 13" Color II. RGB. Hi Res (Ap. II, III S IBM-PC) 13" Color III. RGB. Commercial. (Ap II, III) DVM. Color II or III to Apple II Interface Note: Color II and III come with cable lor IBM-PC.

MODEMS

HAYES. Micromodem II (for the Apple II)

Apple Terminal Program lor Micromodem II MICR0CDM. Micro Courier lor Apple II

Micro Telegram for Apple II SSM, Transcend 1 tor Apple II Data Comm. NOVATION, Applecat II Modem

212 Apple Cat HAYES, Stock Chronograph (US 232)

Stock Smartmodem (RS-232)

Smartmodem 1200 (RS-232)

Micromodem 100 (S 1(H) bus) SIGNALMAN. Modem MKI (RS-232) IBM-PC to Modem Obit

OUR PRICE S439 1 45 S 39 S395 S395 S249 SI59 Cell Call S335 S235 SI99 S325 S295 S545 1275 SI45 SI45 S 80 1145 SI95 S395 S495 J330 SI95 S245

S 795 S 249 t 450 S 399 I 200 S 260 i 470 S 150 S 200 S 210 S 449 I 899 S 569 S 199

S639 1159 S349 S33S 1139

nn

S349 i 99

nn

S159 S359 S799 S469 SI75

J 379 S 99 S 250 S 250 S 89 S 389 S 725 S 249

> 289 S 699 I 399

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1275

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J2395 S3195 J4195 S 300 S 790 S 300 S 990

SIB95 12695 S3495 1239 S595 S239 S495

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ORDERING INFORMATION AND TERMS. AH items usually in Stock. We immediately honor Cashiers Checks. Money Orders, Fortune 1000 Checks and Government Checks. Personal or Company Checks allow 20 days to clear. No C.O.D. Add 3% lor VISA or Ml' Include telephone number. Add 3% lor shipping, insurance and handling (S.I&H) with $5 minimum. UPS ground is standard so add 3% more for UPS Blue wilh $10 minimum- Add 12% total Sor S.I&H tor US Postal. APO or FPO with $15 minimum. Foi Hawaii, Alaska and Canada. UPS is in some areas only, all others are Postal so call, write, or specify PC1. Foreign orders except Canada tor S.I&H add 18% or $25 minimum except lor moniters add 30% or $50 minimum Prices subject to change and typo errors, so call to verily. All goods are new, include factory warranty and are guaranteed to work. Due to our low prices, all sales are final Call before returning goods for repair or replacement Orders received wilh insufficent S.I&H charges will be refunded. ORDER DESK HOURS 8 to 6 PST. M-F and 10 to 4 Sat. 1 PM here is A PM in NY.

OUR REFERENCES: We have been a computer dealer since 1978 and in mail order since 1980. Banks: 1st Interstate Bank, (503)643-4678. We belong to the Chamber of Commerce (503)644-0123. or call Dunn and Btadstreet if you are a subscriber. Computer Exchange is a division of O'Tcch Group, Inc.

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( 200 ( 150 ( 50 ( 175

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At a Glance

Name

Wordstar

Type

Word-processing program

Manufacturer

Micropro International Corporation 33 San Pablo Ave. San Rafael, CA 94903 (415) 499-1200

Price

S495

Format

51/4-inch floppy disk, PC-DOS (MS-DOS)

Language

Translation from 8080 machine language to 8086/8088 machine language (listing provided of some sections that may be customized by the user)

Computer

IBM Personal Computer (as reviewed)

Documentation

Tutorial workbook Wordstar Training Guide; 230-page user's manual in large loose-leaf binder, printed with letter-quality computer printer

Audience

Users of word-processing software who require advanced features

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ACTS2III.TW8 AUTOEXEC.8AT MSIC.MfT IHW-I.TSH INSTALL.MS PMrrESTl.MS WS-CWn.MSHSMUI.MS BftSICa.COM CHMSI.COM C0L0K.COM COtUfWD.COtl

coup.con Fonwr.cori modb.com moko.com rtfliupcLK.coM us.con

W8MS6S.0VI US0UIY1.0VI

Photo 8: // no file name is specified in the command line when Wordstar is started, the program places this "no-file" menu on the screen. Menu options are selected when you type a single character. In this mode, you can perform various utility operations and even run a system utility program like CHKDSK (to find out how much room is left on a disk) without exiting Wordstar. The optional Mailmerge and Spellstar programs cost extra.

function supported by your printer or to use one of the IBM PC's special display characters. Or you can generate certain printing attributes (such as boldface, underlined, or accented characters) by brute force, by explicitly causing two or more lines of text to be printed on top of each other.

Volkswriter has been around long enough to have already undergone some changes from its original design.

One change applauded by many users has been the discontinuation of the copy protection of the VW distribution disks; other changes are not as obvious: reassignment of the F3 key, inclusion of conditional page breaks, provision for sub- and superscripting, and support for more printers. One change that has not been made is to provide for placement of block markers to allow blockmove operations on pieces of text other than mere groups of lines (such as a sentence partly on one line and partly on another).

Volkswriter is a basic, functional tool for working with words. If your major use of the IBM Personal Computer is for some purpose other than word processing, Volkswriter would be a good, moderately priced software purchase to extend the capabilities of your system.

But if your needs are like mine, you'll want to explore more versatile (and, alas, more expensive) word-processing programs like . . .

Wordstar

This product of Micropro International Corporation is without doubt the best-known and probably the most widely used personal computer word-processing program. Wordstar was developed for use on 8080A- or Z80-based CP/M-80 systems and was first sold in June 1979. It has become a point of reference for wordprocessing capabilities; whenever a new word-processing program comes on the market, people ask, "How does it compare to Wordstar?"

Wordstar really is a very versatile tool, well suited for many types of document composition and editing, but it is not flawless, and the $495 list price may seem high to many potential buyers. Dr. Larry Press reviewed it in onComputing, along with three other programs (see reference 8). He rated it best of the four in certain kinds of work.

The version of Wordstar that I tested was 3.2, which seems to be a translation to the 8086/8088 processor and PC-DOS from the CP/M-80 version. The programmers at Micropro who adapted Wordstar to the IBM PC evidently did a lackluster job. The documentation supplied, contained in a large loose-leaf binder, was that written for the CP/M-80 product, plus a 14-page addendum on features unique to the IBM PC program that contained some confusing typographical misinterpretations. The Wordstar package also contains a self-standing tutorial workbook.

One of Wordstar's hallmark characteristics is its multiple-menu-oriented command structure. When you begin execution of the program, a "no-file" menu appears on the display screen (see photo 8). You select one of the activities listed among the menu items by typing a single alphabetic character. Included in the menu choices are running the optional, extra-cost Spellstar spelling-check program and the Mailmerge form-letter program. If you type a "D" from this menu, you will be asked for a document file name; after you respond, Wordstar will load the file into its working text buffer and go into edit mode (see photos 9 and 10 on page 204).

202 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Full Use of the Epson MX-80

Under Wordstar

Neil G. Wallace

11306 Concho Lane

You can't take advantage of many of

Houston, TX 77072

E076C

compressed mode

(and Enter). After the "00." in the

the printing capabilities of the Epson

computer's response, type "8E" and

04B5-.076C 00.8F

with 'PA

MX-80 (or the similar MX-100) printer

press Enter. The screen will look

when you use Wordstar, as distributed

like this:

E0770

by Micropro International for the IBM

-E 0785

04B5-.0770 00.1

turn off

Personal Computer, unless you change

04B5-.0785 00.8E

E0771

compressed mode

the user-addressable printer-driver

6. Now type

04B5:0771 00.92

with'PN

routine. This can be done easily using

E0789

tke PC-DOS DEBUG utility program.

After the computer prints the "00."

E077S

Following the procedure given here,

type "1". The display will show

04B5-.0775 00.3

you can upgrade Version 3.2 of Word

-E 0789

E0776

Turn

star so it can use more of the capabili

04B5-.0789 00.1

04B5-.0776 00.9B

superscripts

ties built into the Epson MX-80

7. And finish this stage by entering

E0777

on with 'PT

equipped with Graftrax-Plus. These

E078A

04B5-.0777 00.53

modifications will enable printing of

After the "00.", put "94". The dis

E0778

double-width, italic, and compressed

play will show

04B5-.0778 00.0

characters, along with super- and

-E 078A

subscripts.

04B5-.078A 00.94

E077A

Here's how to do it, as derived from

04B5-.077A 00.3

information in Appendix C of the

E077B

Turn subscripts

Wordstar reference manual and Ap

You have just given Wordstar the

04B5:077B00.9B

on with ~PV

pendix B of the Epson user's manual:

ability to tell your MX-80 to print

E077C

1. Copy the Wordstar file WS.COM

double-width characters. After these

04B5-.077C 00.53

onto a disk that you can use for ex

instructions have been put into Word

E077D

perimentation (in case something

star, you can use the embedded com

04B5:077D 00.1

goes wrong). Also copy the PC

mand "PW (Control-P, W) to start

DOS file DEBUG.COM onto the

double-width output and 'PE to turn it

E077F

disk. Don't make these changes to

off. (Double width will also be turned

04B5-.077F 00.2

your master copy of Wordstar.

off automatically at the end of the

E0780

turns off super

2. Put the experimental disk into disk

line.)

04B5-.0780 00.9B

and subscripts

drive A of your IBM Personal Com

But you've just started. The remain

E0781

with *PQ

puter.

der of the changes to Wordstar are

04B5-.0781 00.48

3. From the PC-DOS command

done in much the same way. Perform

prompt A >, enter the command:

the following summarized steps:

DEBUG WS.COM

Now this is important: you must,

This begins the process of modify

after entering all the preceding com

ing the program.

E0793

mands in DEBUG, c

io one more thing.

4. Type the characters

04B5-.0793 00.2

Enter the following

E0784

E0794 turn on italics

W04B5-.0100

and press the Enter (Return) key.

04B5-.0794 00.1B with ~PY

Your computer will

come back with

The computer's display should now

E0795

Writing 5000 Byt

es

show

04B5-.0795 00.34

as it makes your changes to your ex

-E 0784

perimental copy o

f Wordstar. Then

04B5-.0784 00

E0798

exit DEBUG by typing "Q" and press

Now type in a "1" and press Enter.

04B5-.0798 00.2

ing Enter.

The screen will show

E0799 turn off italics

You're now through and can try out

-E 0784

04B5-.0799 00.1B with 'PY

Wordstar's new

capabilities. Use

04B5-.0784 00.1

E079A

superscript commands in text in the

Enter "Q" and start over if the screen

04B5-.079A 00.35

following way: "5"

T2'T'Q" will print

shows something different.

"52". Use subscripts this way:

5. Now type

E076B

E'V3-x'V'Q will print "E3 /'.

E0785

04B5:076B00.1 turn on

Have fun.

May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 203

—Cursor /foveaeat

: PWI 6 UNI 18 COL 31

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-Other ilenus

University of Texas officials say I plan to establish «

aercial winery operation lor the school's west-Texas vineyards is .till ai i« lit they in coif licit Tun Mill he partaking of university vim by 1964, and still kali lorn • special bottling froa this (Hir't crop hi bo palled off to coaaeusrate the university'■ onUnitl,

Lett spring tko (IT Board of kegeats authorized the itert of negotiation with prospective winery developers for the eetehlishnest of e nedlunr-sixed coaaercial Misery is Kest Texas on state-granted Use. UT Lands laioirch director Charles Ifclinny is tlUlual lest week estreated It will he anther tan swaths before as agrenaot is finalized.

UT has hws aahtai win at its experlnntal win facility sisca 1978 and aln is entases' is s cooperative research project with

Photo 9: A typical editing screen display produced by Wordstar. Status information is displayed on the top line of the screen; the menu occupies the next several lines. Below the menu is the tab and margin ruler.

The text being edited and the category headings in the menus appear on the screen in bright intensity, while menu items and status information appear in normal intensity. Because this practice differs from most IBM PC programs, you may need to readjust the contrast and brightness of your video monitor to find a comfortable brightness level. At the right side of the screen, line-ending markers (" < ") show that two of the lines (at the ends of paragraphs) end with "hard" return characters; the other lines end with "soft" returns, which can be removed when paragraphs are reformed (realigned).

B:U-TEXASU.JNE PAGE 6 LINE 23 COL 24 INSERT OM

state-granted land. UT Lands Isnearch director Charles FIcKinney in Midland last week estiaatei it win he another two aonths before an agreement is finalized.

UT has hnn aahinf wine at its experlaeatal aim facility since 1978 and also is engaged in a cooperative research project with Texas Tech in Lehhock. Jt 1981 French Coloahard, produced throegh the UT/Texas-Tech research project, won top prln at the state fair in "alias last year.

The school has spent acre than on aillion dollars on the project since 197S, when It hegan experiaenting with grape-growing near the town of Van Horn in Culberson Counts and lakersf ield In Pecos County.

Kinney said the negotiations are at a stage which precludes hla froa identifying any of the prospective hidders. However, earlier published reports have indicated the university is engaged In intense negotiations with a subsidiary of Joseph Seagran and a group of Texas invntors.

It's a coaplex Issae, particularly la view of the fact that the new winery will he privately owned, bet on university land. But estiaates place the 1984 crop at about on thousand ton, and the univeralty is intent on having a winery operation nt ap to handle the crush of grapea.

Photo 10: Wordstar's editing display with the main menu removed. (The main menu shows operations invoked by typing only a single control character.) You can choose one of four different degrees of user-prompting, ranging from continuous display of all menus through display of only subsidiary menus down to no user-prompting at all.

The text here has been reformed into Wordstar's default mode, full right and left justification. On the screen, text is justified by insertion of full character-size spaces; on the printed output, from printers that can perform microspace incrementation, the text will be justified character by character. <

Once in the edit mode, a new, main menu appears on the screen. Because typing ordinary characters inserts them into the text buffer, you access items on this menu by typing control characters—requiring two keystrokes, one to hold down the Control (Ctrl) key and the other to hit the letter key. Four of the command items in the main menu activate other menus containing less frequently used commands, so some functions (for instance, "move cursor to beginning of buffer") require striking three separate keys (including the Control key). The four submenus are called Quick, Print, Block, and On-Screen. If you have memorized which commands go with which combination of keys, you can type the keys fast enough so that the secondary menus never have time to appear on the screen, or you can give a command to prevent the menus from appearing on the screen at all. The cursormovement control keys are grouped in an efficient arrangement around the left hand's home position; you can take the cursor anywhere without lifting your arm. (If you want to lift your arm, you can use the IBM's special cursor keys on the right.)

This structure makes a lot of sense to me and suits my working style (although my left little finger does get tired from pressing the Control key). But a lot of people complain that all those menus are confusing. If menus and control characters bother you, you'd better stay clear of Wordstar.

Part of the adaptation from CP/M-80 to the IBM PC was the assignment of many of the multikeystroke commands to the special-purpose or assignable-function keys on the IBM PC's keyboard. The cursor-pad keys were sensibly assigned, but I don't understand some of the assignments of Fl through F10. Keys are dedicated to functions like "set help level" and "set left margin" when functions that you need all the time, like "reform paragraph," are left out in the cold (or out in the menu). And there is no way I know of to change these assignments. Micropro doesn't even give you a function-key sticker.

The other famous characteristic of Wordstar is its screen-oriented print formatting. The popular description of this feature is "what you see is what you get," but in most cases this is not strictly true. The IBM PC's display adapters are not capable of replicating many of the variations of printing styles that a lot of today's printers are capable of producing, including 132-column output, microspace justification, expanded character sizes, italic fonts, and sub- and superscripts. So what you see is sometimes only a hint of what you get, and these hints often show up in the displays as embedded extraneous characters. (Wordstar does have a command to make these temporarily disappear.)

Screen-oriented print formatting is nice if you are doing short business letters, reproducible newsletters, and other documents that you will always want to print in exactly the same format you entered the text. However, if you have an article manuscript, as I often do, that you want to print in both single- and double-spaced versions, Wordstar's style of print formatting is a bother; you have to print one version and then go back into edit mode to

204 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Ire

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Word Processing Primer

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Focusing primarily on inexpensive microcomputer-based text-editing products, this book gives you a thorough rundown on a powerful new way to electronically generate, correct, and manage all kinds of typewritten documents. Coverage includes controlling copy appearance, and selecting equipment and programs.

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206 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

reform all the paragraphs, then print the second version. And even if you want only a double-spaced version to be printed, you might want to type in the text in singlespaced mode so that you can see more of it on the screen at once.

Another defect in Wordstar that shows up in similar circumstances is that you cannot use the search function to locate embedded printing-attribute characters. If you want to change all your underscored text to boldface, you have to search for it the hard way—by eye.

Wordstar encourages printing with even right and left margins (producing fully justified output) even on printers that cannot perform proportional spacing according to the width of characters (such printers are properly called "fixed-escapement," although Micropro calls them "Teletype-like"). As a result, a lot of Wordstar users routinely produce printed output that has been justified only by insertion of multiple full spaces between words. Such printouts look impressive at first glance, but they are actually harder to read than text that is printed flush-left, with a ragged right margin. Full justification should be set as a default condition only when the program has been customized to use a printer that can print in microspace increments. (This could form part of Wordstar's installation process.)

For all its versatility, Wordstar does not have some functions that would be useful. As distributed, it does not support the special printing attributes of the popular Epson MX-80 printer. (The MX-80's alter ego, the IBM Parallel Printer, can do the fancy printing only if the Graftrax-Plus option has been installed. There do exist ways to use the Epson attributes; see page 203.) Most of Wordstar's built-in printer options are for expensive formed-character (usually daisywheel) printers.

The default settings of most parameters cannot be changed by users. The program cannot use all the memory space available to the 8088 microprocessor—it must swap portions of the text of a long file to and from the disk. And to do any combining of files and interactive defining of the output text during printing, you must have the Mailmerge program at an additional cost.

The Final Word

This program is a product of Mark of the Unicorn, a software house that established its reputation with a product called MINCE, which gave to microcomputer systems an editor with most of the capabilities of the bigcomputer editor EMACS. (The name is a recursive acronym: MINCE Is Not Complete EMACS.) One of my discoveries in this project has been TFWINM: The Final Word Is Not MINCE. The two programs share a common heritage, many similar features, and even some code (in the C language), but there are differences in the organization of editing commands and in output facilities. (MINCE for CP/M-80 systems was reviewed in BYTE by Christopher Kern; see reference 4.)

The Final Word is an extremely flexible word-processing system. You can use it to effortlessly produce types of output that would possibly require great effort using any

Text continued on page 210 Circle 378 on inquiry card. >

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Photo 11: One 0/ The Finn/ Word's unusual features is the possibility of setting up two separate editing windows on the screen, with each window opening onto a different text buffer. Here the top window shows a portion of this article, while the bottom window shows a special buffer that contains the directory of one of the disks in the system. The white bar separates the two windows; the windows' relative sizes can be varied. You can also have as many as 12 buffers set up at once and switch between them with buffer commands.

PPageheadingf left {Word Tools for the IBM Personal Coaputer, by P.. ShufordM

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yPagefootingicenter < = (fclalue(Page) =))

frBeglnlFlushleftJ

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The Fins I Word

This progran is a product of Hark of the Unicorn, a software house that established its reputation with a product called MINCE, which gave to ■icrocoaiputer systems an editor with Most of the capabilities of the big-coaputer editor DISCS. (The naae is a recursive acronta,: illttCE Is Hot Complete B1ACS.) One of au discoveries In this project has been TFWiftl: The Final Uord Is Not Ml MCE. The two prograas share a coaaan heritage, aany slailar features, and even soae code (in the C language), but there are differences in the organization of editing coaaands and in output facilities. (MHCE for CP/tt-88 systeas was reviewed In BYTE bu 1, see reference K.)

Switch to Buffer <CR>: iba-wp-8

Photo 12: The Final Word's normal editing display. Status information is shown in the next-to-bottom line in inverse video, with transient messages and user-command input on the bottom line. The text is displayed in normal intensity. (You can change the character video attributes by using the system-configuration utility program.)

The five text lines at the top of the screen illustrate some of the embedded formatting commands used by The Final Word. These are interpreted by the formatting program and do not appear in the final output in this form.

Text continued from page 206:

other program. But with this great flexibility comes an extra measure of complexity. This program is more complicated than even Wordstar, but fortunately you don't have to learn every command and feature to productively use The Final Word. (One of the programmers for Mark of the Unicorn, Craig Finseth, described the concerns of the designers of the program in a BYTE article last year; see reference 2.)

At a Glance

Name

The Final Word

Type

Word-processing program

Manufacturer

Mark of the Unicorn Inc. POB 423

Arlington, MA 02174 (617) 489-1387

Price

S300

Format

Two 5 '/a -inch floppy disks. PC-DOS (MS-DOS)

Language

C (source code not available)

Computer

IBM Personal Computer (as reviewed)

Documentation

User's manual: 402 pages printed with letter-quality printer in large loose-leaf binder; tutorial files on distribution disks; reference card; function-key chart

Audience

Users of word processing who need advanced features and extensive formatting capabilities

The Final Word has several unusual features including the following: You can view and edit two separate active documents (see photo 11), each in its own buffer and half-screen window, and you can transfer sections of text between the buffers. You can restore ("undelete") small segments or even large chunks of text that you have inadvertently or purposefully deleted. You can create files containing disk directories. And you can terminate execution of the program, do some other task with the computer, and then reactivate The Final Word to find your text buffers and even editing modes in place just as they were when you quit. This last capability is provided through information stored in the buffer-swap disk file, which also provides automatic protection against system crashes and interruptions. (Mark of the Unicorn calls this feature State Save.)

During editing, one special disk file, called FW.SWP, holds the swapped-out text from the currently used set of buffers. After you have stopped typing for seven seconds (or a duration you set), The Final Word automatically saves the segments of text you have changed and stores them on disk. This storage allows you to return to where you were after a power outage or other interruption with little trouble. You can set the size of this file according to your needs.

Some of the characteristics of The Final Word will seem strange to people who have been accustomed to some other editing system. For instance, block moves of text are accomplished by deleting the block, moving the cursor to where you want it to go, and then "undeleting"

210 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

goes TVI-950 one better.

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BYTE May 1983 211

the block. Anyone who has ever lost several hours' work on a computer system because of a careless erasure command will become quite nervous performing The Final Word's block-move procedure. (And you do have to be careful, because you can't do any further deletions to make room for the block at its intended destination without destroying it.)

In any attempt to rate word-processing programs by counting the number of commands, The Final Word would win hands down, at least in the group of programs reviewed here; there are nearly 160 different commands. It sounds like you could sink into a morass of control possibilities, but the program uses a logical series of menus to organize them. The structure of menu use seems somewhat akin to Wordstar's system, except that The Final Word goes one step further: three levels of menus for most commands, instead of two.

The most frequently used commands are assigned to single control characters (which you type with two keystrokes, of course). The two commands I used the most were the ones that change the direction of operation, either forward or backward. Most of the operations available in The Final Word proceed relentlessly in the selected direction. A set of commands select the operation that is to be performed, such as search for a string, delete an object forward, and delete ("kill") an object backward. Other commands select the text objects on which other commands operate. The objects are characters, words, sentences, lines, paragraphs, edges of lines, viewscreens, and buffers. (Does this remind you of Easywriter II? It's superficially similar, but the syntax is much more usable.) And some single control-character commands activate miscellaneous functions, such as "do the last operation again," "change the capitalization style of the word after the cursor," and "transpose the last two characters typed." This last command I found handy in correcting a common typographical error.

You type Control-X to cause a menu of menus to be displayed on the top section of the screen (see photo 13). You then type a character to select one of the submenus; when the submenu shows up, you type another character to activate the desired function. For instance, you can type Control-X to obtain the list of menus, then type "M" to select the Miscellaneous menu, and then type "Q" to select the Query Replace operation. As in Wordstar, if you type the commands fast enough, the menus don't show up on the screen. (The list of menus includes Buffers, Capitalization, Files, Help, Layout, Miscellaneous, Regions, Set, and Windows.)

If you don't like using the menus, you can use the function keys instead. And The Final Word has these in abundance, too. The directional cursor keys on the right work as you would expect (actually providing a mode of cursor movement not available through the Control-character functions). The Ins (insert) key works according to The Final Word's current mode.

Over on the left side of the keyboard, the assignablefunction keys are used, consistent with the rest of The Final Word, in an exhaustive manner. First, ten functions

are assigned to the unaided keys Fl through F10. Ten more functions can be invoked by holding down a Shift key while pressing Fl through F10. Ten more are available through combinations with the Control key, and ten more by using the Alt key. These 40 functions have been reasonably assigned by Mark of the Unicorn, but if you don't like the assignments you can change them yourself. If you like to use function keys, this surely gives you as many as are practical on the IBM PC.

But this is not for me. I can remember mnemonically assigned control-character functions, even through three levels of menus, much better than I can remember arbitrary associations of numbered keys. ("Hmm. . .let me see; Alt-F2 is 'turn fill mode on or off,' but Shift-Y2 is 'place cursor at marker,' or was it the other way around?") You do get a reference chart describing the uses of all 40 functions, but I think very few people will bother to learn more than the unaugmented set of 10.

The documentation for The Final Word is more than 400 pages in a large loose-leaf binder. Most of these pages are a reference and installation guide, but the first 10 chapters are a comfortably paced set of lessons for inexperienced users. Some of the lessons use tutorial text files, provided on one of the distribution disks, to enable you to practice using a basic subset of the editing and formatting commands. And if you forget a command during an editing session, you can obtain an explanation of the use of most commands from an online help file.

In formatting output, you can use The Final Word the same way you use the other three programs we've discussed: make the text look the way you want on the video-display screen and transfer the document to the printer in that format. But there is another choice.

The Final Word has a powerful advanced-formatting facility that can be invoked through an advanced-print command. You can embed any number of special formatting commands in the text to obtain perfect formal output arranged spatially and typographically into chapter titles, enumerated indented lists, subheads, tables of contents, indexes, and even cross-references. The formatter can rejustify text according to specifications given at print time, automatically number items, produce headers and footers with section and page numbers, and print numbered footnotes. Character attributes may be switched easily, and proportional spacing can be obtained via microspace justification on printers capable of it. (A large number of printers are supported by the output routine.) The formatter can even invoke the inclusion of sections of text not in the active document, but stored in a disk file, and you can type in text from the keyboard during printing for inclusion in the output. Page breaks are not normally shown on the video-display screen, but you can request a "view" output from the formatter.

There are two prices to be paid for all this wonderful capability (besides the cost of the program). The first price is learning the complications arising from inserting format commands into the text. It will probably take you many hours and much experimentation to become proficient in using the embedded commands. Fortunately, the

212 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

THE FORTH SOURCE

TM

MVP-FORTH - A Public Domain Product

MVP Forth is fig-FORTH updated to the FORTH-79 Standard Required Word Set. The source is public domain. Included are an editor, FORTH assembler, tools and utilities, making it compatible with the instructional book, Starting FORTH. Except for hardware dependencies, all high level FORTH is transportable between all systems. Modifications and extensions can be simplified through the use of MVP-FORTH Programming Aids and Meta and Cross Compilers.

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□ MVP-FORTH Cross Compiler for CP/M Programmer's Kit Can also generate headerless code for ROM or target CPU $300

□ MVP-FORTH Meta Compiler for CP/M Programmer's kit. Use for applicatons on CP/M based computer. Includes public domain source $150

□ MVP-FORTH Fast Floating Point for APPLE Programmer's Kit. Includes 9511 math chip on board with disk and documentation. $400

P MVP-FORTH Programming Aids for CP/M, IBM or APPLE Programmer's Kit. Extremely useful tool for decompiling, callfinding, and translating. $150

□ MVP-FORTH by ECS Software for IBM-PC or ATARI® 400/800. Standalone with screen editor. License required. Upgradeable $90

□ MVP-FORTH by ECS Software for IBM-PC or ATARI 400/800. Enhanced with color animation, multitasking, sound, utilities, and unlimited run time license. $175

□ MVP-FORTH Professional Application Development System (PADS) for CP/M, IBM-PC, or APPLE. A three level integrated system with complete documentation. Complete system for IBM, CP/M, or APPLE $400

D MVP-FORTH PADS enhanced virtual system $150

□ MVP-FORTH PADS Programming Aids $150

□ MVP-FORTH PADS Meta Compiler $150

• •• MVP-FORTH operates under a variety of CPU's, computers, and operating systems. CP/M® disks can be supplied 8", SS/SD, 3740 format or 5'At for Osborne® Northstar® Micro Decisions® Kaypro® or H89/Z89® . Specify your computer and operating system. •*•

FORTH DISKS

FORTH with editor, assembler, and manual.

DAPPLE by M.M. $100 □ NOVA by CCI $100

□ APPLE by Kuntze $90 □ TRS-BO/I® by N.S. $90 D ATARI® valFORTH $50 D Z80 by L.M. $50

□ CP/M® by M.M. $100 D 8086/88 by L.M $100 D HP-85 by Lange $90 D VIC FORTH byHES, VIC20

D IBM-PC® by L.M. $100 cartridge $60 Enhanced FORTH with: F-Floating Point, G-Graphics, T-Tutorial, S-Stand Alone, M-Math Chip Support, MT-Multi-Tasking, X-Other Extras, 79-FORTH-79.

□ APPLE by M.M., □ Extensions for L.M. F, G, &79 $140 IBM,Z80, and 8086

D ATARI by PNS, F,G, & X. $90 □ Software Floating

□ CP/M by M.M., F & 79 $140 Point $10°

n > i r. ™™ u D 8087 Support

° Appe, GraFORTH by (IBM-PC or 8086) $100

lnsoft $75 D 9511 Support

□ IBM-PC, PolyFORTH by F.I. (Z80 or 8086) $100 F, G, S, M, MT, & X $300 n Co|or Graphics

D Multi-Tasking FORTH by (IBM-PC) $100

S.L., CP/M, X & 79 $395 □ Data Base

D TRS-80/1 or III by M.M.S. Management $200

F X & 79 $130 Requires LM FORTH disk.

□ TUTORIAL by L & H, sPeci,y IBM' Z80' 0r 8086 includes Starting FORTH $95

CROSS COMPILERS Allow extending, modifying and compiling for speed and memory savings, can also produce ROMable code. •Requires FORTH disk.

D CP/M $300 D IBM' $300

□ TRS-80/I $300 D Z80« $300 D Northstar® $300 D Apple II/II+ $300

□ 8086» $300

□ fig-FORTH Programming Aids for decompiling, callfinding, and translating. Specify CP/M, IBM-PC, 8086. Z80, or Apple $150

Key to vendors'. M.M. MicroMotion

F.I. FORTH Inc. M.M.S. Miller Microcomputer Services

L & H Laxen and Harris N.S. Nauticus Systems

L.M. Laboratory Microsystems S.L. Shaw Labs

Jupiter Ace Computer - Z80 FORTH microcode - $150

FORTH with FORTH-79 references. Flow charted, 2nd Ed. $25

FORTH MANUALS, GUIDES & DOCUMENTS

□ ALL ABOUT FORTH by D 1982 Rochester FORTH

Haydon. See above. $25 Proc. $15

□ FORTH Encyclopedia by DA FORTH Primer $25 Derick & Baker. A complete p Threaded Interpretive programmer's manual to fig- Languages $21

□ AIM FORTH User Man $12 P APPLE User's Manual

, ,. MicroMotion $20

P FORTH Encyclopedia _ ..__., . , „

Pocket Guide $7 D METAFORTH by Cassady.

' . . _ ____... , . Meta compiler in 8080

P And So FORTH by Huang. A code $30

college level text. $25 _ _ „ ,.

r-, -—,-.. ~_ □ Systems Guide to fig

CD FORTH Programming by FORTH $25

rn ST™ ™».u ^7 Q Caltech FORTH Manual $12

P FORTH on the ATARI by E. _ , . . , _,,

Floegel $8 n """talion to FORTH $20

P PDP-11 User Man. $20

P Starting FORTH by Brodie.

Best instructional manual □ CP/M User's Manual,

available, (soft cover) $16 MicroMotion $20

P Starting FORTH (hard □ FORTH-79 Standard $15

cover) $20 P FORTH-79 Standard

P 1980 FORML Proc. $25 Conversion $10

P 1981 FORML Proc 2 Vol $40 □ Tiny Pascal fig-FORTH $10 P 1982 FORML Proc. $25 □ NOVA fig-FORTH CCI $15

P 1981 Rochester FORTH P Installation Manual

Proc- $25 fig.F0RTH $15

Source Listings of fig-FORTH, for specific CPU's and computers. The Installation Manual is required for implementation. Each $15

P 1802 P 6502 P 6800 P AlphaMicro

P 8080 P 8086/88 P 9900 P APPLE II

P PACE P 6809 P NOVA P PDP-11/LSI-11

P 68000 P Eclipse P VAX P Z80

Ordering Information: Check. Money Order (payable to MOUNTAIN VIEW PRESS, INC.), VISA, MasterCard or COD'S accepted. No billing or unpaid PO's. Caiifornia residents add sales tax. Shipping costs in US included in price. Foreign orders, pay in US funds on US bank, include for handling and shipping by Air: $5 lor each item under $25, $10 tor each item between $25 and $99 and $20 for each item over $1 00. Minimum order $1 0. All prices and products subject to change or withdrawal without notice. Single system and/or single user license agreement required on some products. DEALER & AUTHOR INQUIRIES INVITED

MOUNTAIN VIEW PRESS, INC.

PO BOX 4656

MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040

(415)961-4103

Circle 316 on inquiry card.

BYTE May 1983 213

m*

McGraw-Hill Bookstore

Popular Paperbacks

To Increase

Computer Usage

1. So You Think You Need Your Own Business Computer. The Manager's Guide to Selecting, Installing, and Using the Right Small Computer System by William E. Perry 216 pp. $14.95

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All above books are paperbacks published by John Wiley & Sons.

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commands are plainly recognizable in function: some typical commands are:

@Address[te;tt] @Majorheading[fext] @Style[Topmargin 6 lines]

There is even a ©Verse format for those who are inclined to write poetry. Nonetheless, learning to write proper formatting commands is like learning to write programs for a FORTRAN compiler—error messages can suddenly come after the formatter has been running for three minutes, and you have to edit the file and start over.

The second price is the time required for the software to recognize and interpret all those embedded commands and the time needed by the formatter routine to process them. The time taken for The Final Word to do its housekeeping and begin printing a large document after you give the command can increase greatly when the formatter routine is called as part of the process. For instance, a 28,167-character file (last month's Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar) required 1 minute, 35 seconds for printing to begin without formatting; the duration jumped to 4 minutes with advanced formatting. If you want to format a lot of long documents, you'll find yourself taking a lot of enforced coffee breaks. But once the file has been formatted, you can start editing again as it prints. If most of your writing work involves producing documents with complicated structures, I think you'll gladly wait while the computer sorts it all out for you.

In addition to taking up time, the operation of the formatting routine also consumes a great deal of disk space. Unless you severely restrict your use of The Final Word, you'll need at least the disk space provided by two double-sided SVi-inch floppy-disk drives.

Mark of the Unicorn, in contrast to Micropro International, allows you to customize your copy of The Final Word in a simple, menu-driven fashion. You can set up your preferred default conditions for editing and formatting parameters (such as indentation, tabs, preferred justification style, and page margins). You can define your own keyboard usage, binding functions to keys as you please. And if you need help, you can call or write Mark of the Unicorn.

Conclusions

The four programs I've discussed here are a representative sample of the word-processing programs available for the IBM Personal Computer.

Two of them are important because of their wide commercial success: the February 1983 issue of Softalk for the IBM Personal Computer (reference 9) ranked Wordstar as the best-selling IBM PC program during December 1982, with Easywriter II ranked eighth in the same survey. (Wordstar is also important because of its many good features. I can't speak so highly of Easywriter II.)

The other two programs are significant because of the value they offer in functionality: Volkswriter provides simple, easily understood word-processing capability at a

214 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

IME SPECTRUM

AN INNOVATIVE CONCEPT IN MODULAR EXPANSION

Only the new TIME SPECTRUM brings you a galaxy of expansion options for your IBM-PC®...with VERSAPAK®.

VEPSAPAK SERIAL EXPANSION MODULE

Adds a second standalone serial asynchronous pott with COMPAK

VERSAPAK SYNCHRONOUS EXPANSION MODULE - Adds two standalone serial synchronous ports with SYNCPAK.

VERSAPAK MEMORY MODULE - Memory expansion from 256KB to 512KB in 64KB increments, with optional second serial asynchronous port withRAMPAK

Watch for new VERSAPAK modules to be introduced soon

TIME SPECTRUM FOUNDATION MODULEContains a Real Time Clock, 64KB RAM (expandable to 256KB), serial asynchronous port, and optional parallel printer port

For more information on the revolutionary new TIME SPECTRUM and VERSAPAK expansion modules, see your nearest IBM-PC authorized dealer or contact:

15801 Rockfield, Ste. A, Irvine, CA 92714 714-859-8871

IBM-PC is a trademark of International Business Machines Corp. ' Copyright Personnel Systems Technology, Inc. 1982

Circle 359 on inquiry card.

uircie lBb on inquiry card.

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ECT's 64K STATIC RAM is a low power fully static 64K x 8 bit S-100 Bus Memory Board. 2716 EPROM's can be intermixed with the RAM's.

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OLIVETTI'S PRAXIS 30 PERSONAL PRINTER

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* add S10 lor shipping

' PORTABLE DAISY WHEEL PRINTER

' CENTRONICS AND WORDSTAR COMPATIBLE

' SERVICE FROM OLIVETTI DEALERS

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TO ORDER SEE YOUR LOCAL DEALER, OR SEND CHECK OR MONEY ORDER TO:

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Oritiliialim

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a combo nemase, UD3 simiar

hteiawRs^

ill! tiflivrt IB »r*f uiMtuiiiAtiuu vi cquji:; '.onn.uici r.nn m vin.j.i

fj:iliti»s. (H1HCE tn CP/H-88 systens ms miewi i> HIE fe Ctoistifher lew.; see reference I.)

Ite Fiul Hori is aa extKMls flexiUe wnhptcessiH sjsten, Sou cu use it to tfftrtlesslg pmiiae tjpts it output that weld ta swat taller; «sih aij other mm. But

n^ri T I ■

forttuiatelj sou In'i ban to lean RM etmai jm feature it •'—tivels use The Fiul Uori. (One if the mpimiB to Kirk ol the Unicorn, Craig Fitseth. leseriW the concerns if the

Photo 13: When you type Control-X, a top-level menu of menus appears at the top of the screen. You then type a character (control or regular) to select one of the menu choices, such as the menu of Capitalization commands shown here. You then hit one more key to invoke the desired operation.

This display, produced on an Amdek Color-II RGB (redgreen-blue) video monitor, shows that portions of text designated to be highlighted on the screen show up in blue. Such highlighted text is underlined when the Monochrome Display Adapter is used.

relatively low price, while The Final Word, selling at a higher price, offers an amazing amount of flexibility for writing complex documents.

If I had to choose one of the four, I would probably buy The Final Word, because of its great flexibility, and yet there are things I don't like about the Mark of the Unicorn product. So I am still looking for the word-processing program of my dreams. In fact, I wrote most of this article using a fifth program I received too late to include in the project. So perhaps I'll be writing another review soon. In the meantime, consider your needs when you are choosing a word-processing program, and try before you buy.B

References

Cooper, Robert G. Jr., Paul Thain Marston, John Durrett, and Theron Stimmel. "A Human-Factors Case Study Based on the IBM Personal Computer." April 1982 BYTE, page 56. Finseth, Craig A. "Managing Words: What Capabilities Should You Have with a Text Editor?" April 1982 BYTE, page 302. Jong, Steven. "Designing a Text Editor? The User Comes First." April 1982 BYTE, page 284.

Kern, Christopher O. "MINCE, A Text Editor." September 1981 BYTE, page 150.

Kern, Christopher O. "The Scribble Text Processor." February 1983 BYTE, page 302.

Lemmons, Phil. "The IBM Personal Computer: First Impressions." October 1981 BYTE, page 26.

Press, Laurence I. (Larry). "Newest Easywriter Still in the Slow Lane: Version 1.0 a Lemon: 1.1 a Little Bit Sweeter." Business Computer Systems, November 1982, page 103. Press, Larry. "Word Processors: A Look at Four Popular Programs." onComputing, Summer 1980, page 38. "Softalk Presents the Bestsellers." Softalk for the IBM Personal Computer, February 1983, page 115.

216 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 45 on inquiry card.

BASICS JRT FISCAL:

A NO-HOLDS-BARRED COMPARISON.

EASE-OF-USE By dividing programs into modules, JRT Pascal makes even very complex programs— of nearly any size—a breeze to manage. Pascal code is self-documenting; program sections are identified by meaningful names, not line numbers. Error messages are verbal, not number codes. JRT offers 12 data types (to Basic's 2 or 3), and it has both regular and hex numbers.

POWER For power—the ability to write better, clearer programs, faster— Pascal is the run-away winner. Example: JRT simplifies programming by accomplishing complicated operations (for Basic) with one command: Basic JRT Pascal

IFA$= "V'OR IFAINI'V'./Z'JTHEN...

A$ = "W" OR

A$ = "X" OR

A$ = "Y" OR

A$= "Z"THEN...

FLEXIBILITY JRT's wide variety of

data types reduces programming restrictions

And the data types are not all fixed in size.

There are 3 looping statements (Basic has 1). With JRT, very large

programs can be created and run, because program modules

can be spread over many diskettes. Common modules can ^^

be used for several programs. Basic generally limits

strings to 255 bytes; JRT strings go up to 64K.

EFFICIENCY Whereas Basic relies on a static, inefficient memory map to allocate storage, JRT's dynamic storage fills every available main storage area; there's no waste. With Basic, sub-routine modules must be linked together; with JRT, they can be linked— but don't have to be. JRT's more powerful commands run faster; typically, you'll write Pascal programs 3 to 10 times faster than in Basic. Exclusive: JRT lets you directly access the CP/M* operating system for better total system control.

NOW... Consider our copy policy. (If you want to make copies, it's OK with us—so long as they're not for re-sale.) Check our astounding price: $29.95!— and satisfaction is guaranteed—or your money back. Basic versus JRT Pascal: which comes out on top? Right! The coupon below is for your convenience. Or call. Today.

Here's the real shocker!

Features

Basic

JRT Pascal

Structured programs

No

Yes

Separate compiled modules

"Chaining"

Structured procedures with

auto-loading & purging

Arithmetic precision

Usually 6 or 7 digits

14 digits

Indexed files

No

Yes

Maximum string size

255 characters

64,000 characters

Loop statements

1

3

Data types

Usually 2 or 3

12

CASE statement

No

Yes

Introduced

1965

1980

Price

???

$29.95!

Full support for indexed files

CRT screen formatting & full cursor control

Facilities for formatting printed reports

File variables & GET/PUT

Dynamic arrays

SEARCH

procedures for fast table look-up

Extended CASE statements

Random files to 8 megabytes with variable length records

64 K

dynamic strings

Statistic procedures

Activity analyzer prints program use histogram

14 digit BCD FLOATING POINT arithmetic

True

dynamic storage

Advanced assembly interface

Fast one-step

compiler;

no link needed

Efficient compiler needs only 85K diskette space

Maximum program size: more than 200,000 lines

More than 200 verbal error messages

Separate compilation of auto-loading external procedures

No limits on procedure size, nesting or recursion

175-page user manual with 3-ring protective plastic binder & 5V4" or 8" diskettes

Handy JRT Pascal reference card

J7T/W80\L30

THE COMPLETE PASCAL FOR CP/M.

$2999

Send to

JRT SYSTEMS

45 Camino Alto/A21

Mill Valley, CA 94941

or phone

Name.

415/388-0530

Address. City

State.

.Zip.

Here's my $29.95; please send me JRT Pascal. I understand that if I'm not completely satisfied, I can return it within 30 days—with the sealed diskettes unopened—for a full refund. (Allow 4-6 weeks for shipping.) I need the 5-1/4" diskettes for □ Apple CP/M; □ Heath, Hard Sector; □ Heath, Soft Sector; □ Northstar; □ Osborne; □ Superbrain; D Televideo; D Xerox 820. I need □ 8" SSSD diskettes.

□ Check □ C.O.D. D MasterCard □ VISA

(CA residents add sales tax. Add $6 for shipping outside North America.)

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•CP/M is a Digital Research TM.

A 56K CP/M system is required

BYTE May 1983

Victor has delivered more advanced

16-bit microcomputers than any

other manufacturer save one.

Here's why: Unsurpassed price/ performance value.

One look at the prices and capacities of these three popular Victor 9000 configurations and you'll understand why the Victor has quickly become the world's 2nd most popular advanced 16-bit microcomputer.

The Victor 9000 quite simply offers the best price/performance combination available on the market today.

The powerful memory and storage capacities of the Victor 9000 are only part of the Victor performance story.

Designed to be a hardworking, hands-on computer, the Victor 9000 gives new meaning to the term "user-friendly." From the human size, detached keyboard to the tilting, turning, high resolution display screen, the Victor 9000 makes complex business computing easy. And with scores of proven business application software packages available right now, plus networking, complete communications capabilities, and a complete line of high performance peripherals, the Victor 9000 is the class of its class.

To get the complete story on the powerful, friendly and very affordable Victor 9000, just call the Victor office nearest you or call 1-800-VIC-9000.

$3,995.00

The 16-bit Victor 9000 Personal Business Computer with two single-sided floppy disks.

Includes two single-sided floppy disks providing 1.2 megabytes storage; central processing unit, CRT and detached keyboard; communications and networking capabilities.

The 16-bit Victor 9000 Personal Business Computer with two double-sided floppy disks.

Includes two double-sided floppy disks with 2.4 megabyte storage; central processing unit, CRT and detached keyboard; communications and networking capabilities.

$4,745.00

*PT

$5,995.00

The 16-bit Victor 9000 Personal Business Computer with internal hard disk.

Includes fixed/removable storage device featuring 10.6 megabyte fixed/ and 1.2 megabyte removable storage; central processing unit. CRT and detached keyboard; communications and networking capabilities.

VICTOR

Victor Technologies, Inc. P.O. Box 1135 Glenview, I-800-VIC-9000

.60025

218 BYTE May 1983

Victor has delivered more advanced

16-bit microcomputers than any

other manufacturer save one.

Here's how: Unsurpassed local distribution, support and service nationwide.

The Victor 9000 personal business computer system has the hardware and the software you need. But, equally important, Victor has the human ware. Our

new network of 8 districts, 50 branch offices and over 650 highly trained Victor dealers guarantees you superb day-in, day-out service and support. Locally, where you need it, when you need it. Which is what you should expect from a company with 66 years of experience in solving business application problems. Here's how the Victor service/support network breaks down. As you can see, there's a Victor dealer near you.

•DISTRICT V. ATLANTA District Office

330 Research Court Technology Park Norcross. GA 30092 (404) 449-7950

Includes 7 branches and 70 dealers in 5 states.

Branch Offices Alabama

601 S. 37th Street Birmingham 35222 (205) 252-2175

Florida

5228 Beach Boulevard lacksonville 32207 (904)396-7751

3000 W. Hallandale Bch. Blvd.

Hallandale 33009 (Miami)

(305)458-3356

(305) 949-4246 (Miami)

(305) 421-8583 (Deerfield Bch.)

649 W. Vassar Street Orlando 32804 (305) 841-9251

Georgia

5801 Peachtree-Dunwoody Rd. Suite 102 Atlanta 30342 (404) 256-1044

Tennessee

169 Racine Street, P.O. Box 11898 Memphis 38111 (901) 324-5554

702 Melpark Drive. P.O. Box 40644 Nashville 37204-0644 (615) 383-9151

•DISTRICT 2: CHICAGO District Office

3 O'Hare Tower 8420 W. Bryn Mawr Ave. Chicago. IL 60631 (312) 399-1500

Includes 6 branches and 93 dealers in 7 states.

Branch Offices Illinois

59 W. Grand Avenue Chicago 60610 (Central) (312) 527-0800

1331 Brummel Elk Grove Village (312)956-8190

60007 (North)

Indiana

1401 E. Riverside Drive Indianapolis 46202 (317) 635-1336

Minnesota

790 S. Plaza Dr., Mendota Hghts. 55120-1572 (Minneapolis) (612)454-8600

Missouri

200 N. Leffingwell at Pine St. Louis 63103-2295 (314) 535-9900

Wisconsin

8028 W. Capitol Drive Milwaukee 53222 (414)438-0305

•DISTRICT 3: CLEVELAND District Office

6133 Rockside Road, Suite 302

Independence, OH 44134

(216) 447-8890

Includes 7 branches and 95 dealers in 5 states.

Branch Offices Kentucky

2460 Bardstown Road Louisville 40205 (502) 458-5381

Michigan

23200 Telegraph Road P.O. Box 2166 (48037) Southfield 48034 (Detroit) (313)355-5330

New York 3435 Harlem Road Cheektowaga 14225 (Buffalo) (716)838-5100

Ohio

5621 Creek Road Blue Ash Industrial Park Cincinnati 45242 (513) 984-1060

3201 F.. Royalton Road Broadview Hghts. 44147 (Cleve.) (216) 526-0200

3972 Indianola Avenue P.O. Box 14465 Columbus 43214 (614) 263-8806

Pennsylvania (Includes W. Virginia) 108Rosslyn Road Carnegie 15106 (Pittsburgh) (412) 279-5300

•DISTRICT 4: DALLAS District Office

1404 Walnut Hill Lane Irving. TX 75062 (214) 258-5000

Includes 7 branches and 102 dealers in 7 states.

Branch Offices Arkansas

1900 W. 3rd Street Little Rock 72205 (501) 376-0505

Missouri (Includes Nebraska)

1535 Broadway Kansas City 64108 (816)842-7966

Louisiana

1805 Dallas Drive Baton Rouge 70806 (504) 927-4180

3230 Interstate 10 Service Rd. Metairie 70001 (New Orleans) (504) 831-2601

Texas

3019 Diamond Park Drive P.O. Box 47746 Dallas 75247 (214) 631-5430

5918 Southwest Freeway Houston 77057

(713) 782-8964

2201 Cee Gee Street San Antonio 78217 (512) 828-6471

• DISTRICT 5: LOS ANGELES District Office

17744 Skypark Circle

Suite 274

Irvine, CA 92714

(714) 850-9944

Includes 4 branches and 61 dealers in 4 states.

Branch Offices

Arizona (Includes New Mexico)

8126 N. 23rd Avenue

Suite D Phoenix 85021

(602) 249-4897

California (Includes

Nevada)

1202 Olympic Boulevard

Santa Monica 90404 (LA.)

(213) 45(1-1559

17241 Murphy Avenue P.O. Box 18528 Irvine 92713 (Orange County) (714) 660-0363

3661 Camino Del Rio S. San Diego 92108 (714) 283-7001

•DISTRICT 6: NEW YORK District Office

2005 Rt. 22 P.O. Box 1463 Union, NJ 07083 (201) 687-4700

Includes 7 branches and 95 dealers in 8 states.

Branch Offices Connecticut

West Hill Center 21 New Britain Avenue Rocky Hill 06067 (203) 563-538B

581 W. Putnam Avenue Greenwich 06830 (203) 629-9091

Massachusetts (Includes Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire)

335 Bear Hill Road Waltham 02154 (Boston) (617) 890-3800

New Jersey

2005 Route 22. P.O. Box 1463 Union 07083 (201) 687-4700

New York

(Includes Rhode Island)

Three Corporate Plaza Washington Ave. Extension Albany 12203 (518) 869-8446

99 Jericho Turnpike

lericho 11753 (Long Island)

(516)334-7715

355 Lexington Avenue New York City 10017 (212) 697-8900

•DISTRICT 7: WASHINGTON District Office

8260 Greensboro Drive

Suite 510, McLean. VA 22102

(703) 448-1185

Includes 6 branches and

88 dealers in 7 states

and the District of Columbia.

Branch Offices

Maryland (Includes Delaware)

1031 Cromwell Bridge Road Towson 21204 (Baltimore) (301) 821-6710 North Carolina (Includes So. Carolina) 1611 E. Seventh Street P.O. Box 9546 (28299) Charlotte 28204 (704) 375-7708 Pennsylvania

3559 Meadow Lane. P.O. Box 548 Bensalem 19020 (Philadelphia) (215) 639-9510

Virginia (Includes Wash. D.C.) 2116 Dabney Road, P.O. Box 6815 ' Richmond 23230 (804) 359-4091 7635 Sewells Point Road Norfolk 23 513 (804) 583-4511 8112 Gatehouse Road Falls Church 22042 (703) 573-0550

• DISTRICT 8: SAN FRANCISCO District Office

101 California St.

San Francisco, CA 94111

(415) 392-1991

Includes 6 branches and 87 dealers in 9 states.

Branch Offices California

2718 | Street Sacramento 95816 (916) 441-3156 5 IJorman Avenue San Francisco 94124 (415) 826-8876

Colorado (Includes Nebraska. Montana. Wyoming)

Watervleit Business Park

7100 N. Broadway. Bldg. 4A

Denver 80221

(303) 426-4950

Oregon (Includes Idaho)

14215 N.W. Science Park Dr.

Portland 97229

(503) 646-0535

Utah (Includes Idaho)

537 E. Third. South

Salt Lake City 84102

(801) 363-0535

Washington (Includes Montana. Hawaii, and Alaska)

13400 Northrup Way Bellevue 98005 (Seattle) (206) 624-7980

To get the complete story on the powerful, friendly and very affordable Victor 9000, just call the Victor office nearest you or call 1-800-VIC-9000.

VICTOR

Victor Technologies, Inc., P.O. Box 1135, Glenview, 111. 60025 1-B00-VIC-9000

Circle 473 on inquiry card.

BYTE May 1983 219

Software Review

A Comparison of Five Database Management Programs

Actual field use uncovers surprising results.

Jack L. Abbott

8525 North 10th Ave.

Peoria, AZ 85345

Database management systems, or DBMSs, are generalpurpose programs that accept data in a format that you determine, process the data according to your requirements, and then output the data in the report format that you specify. While a review of such a program may tell you about its major features, only by comparing several DBMSs can you determine which program best fits your needs.

A good DBMS should fill the gap between a customdesigned application program and an off-the-shelf general-purpose package. I designed a comparison test of five DBMSs around that specification. I looked at the Selector V by Micro-Ap Inc., dBASE II by Ashton-Tate, FMS-80 by Systems Plus, Condor III by Condor Computer Corporation, and Analyst and~Qsort by Structured Systems Group. By using an actual inventory file maintained by two jewelry stores as test data, I uncovered some significant differences in these programs.

Essentially, DBMSs perform four functions: data input, selection and sorting, processing, and report output. The comparison test included all these functions. In table 1, you see a typical example of the data-input format used to maintain the inventory for the two jewelry stores. The two stores have a total of 1007 different types of jewelry pieces with varying quantities of each type. The datainput format consists of 15 descriptive items or fields about each different piece of jewelry. The complete description of one piece of jewelry requires a total of 128 characters (bytes) and is called a record. The 1007 records make up the inventory file. This file occupies between

About the Author

Jack L. Abbott was previously manager of systems programming at Philco Western Programming Development Laboratories in Palo Alto, California. He is now a consultant and owner of the Software Center, a software store, in Glendale, Arizona.

135K and 155K bytes of disk storage depending on the storage method used by the particular DBMS.

After establishing the input format, I displayed this information on the screen. The display is similar to that of table 1, except that blank spaces are provided after each field name so the inventory data can be typed in for each record. After entering the jewelry stores' inventory data, I translated the jewelry-store file to the individual formats of the five DBMSs. I used the file as a benchmark to compare these programs.

Data-input functions include defining the structure of the records as shown in table 1. Custom input screens may also be generated by some of the DBMS programs. Instead of the columnar input format, a custom screen permits placement of identifying labels and adjacent blank spaces where you can type in the field information. An example is a screen display of a purchase-order form. You enter the order data into the blank spaces of that form for each field in the record. The DBMS then saves the data for subsequent processing.

The second function is selection and sorting. Let's assume that, after all the jewelry store inventory data has been entered, you want to find all individual records that pertain to rings. The most effective way is to first either sort or index records on one or more selected fields. Sorting a file aligns all the records in ascending or descending order based on the alphabetical or numeric values in one field. Indexing a file accomplishes almost the same result but requires much less disk storage space because only a single selected field of a record (with an index pointer to the full record) is sorted.

In my example, the CATEG (category) field of each jewelry-file record tells whether the record pertains to chains, rings, watches, brooches, etc. To find all the ring records, you ask the DBMS to sort or index the file, placing each record in alphabetical ascending order based on

220 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Ire

The Well-Tempered Cross-Assembler

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804 SOUTH STATE STREET DOVER, DELAWARE 19901 302-734-0151 TLX 467210

BYTE May 1983 221

STRUCTURE FOR FILE:

JEWELRY.DBF

NUMBER OF RECORDS

00000

DATE OF LAST UPDATE

: 00/00/00

PRIMARY USE DATABASE

FLD

NAME

TYPE

WIDTH

DEC

Explanatory note:

001

STOCKNBR

C

010

STOCKNUMBER

002

CATEG

C

008

CATEGORY (RINGS, BROOCHES, ETC.)

003

STYLE

C

010

STYLE (LADIES, MENS, GOLD, ETC.)

004

QTY

N

004

QUANTITY

005

COSTGM

N

010

002

COST PER GRAM

006

COSTCT

N

010

002

COST PER CARAT

007

TOGWT

N

010

002

TOTAL GRAM WEIGHT

008

TOTCWT

N

010

002

TOTAL CARAT WEIGHT

009

STNWTEA

N

010

002

STONE WEIGHT EACH

010

STNWTTOT

N

010

002

STONE WEIGHT TOTAL

011

COSTEA

N

009

002

COST EACH

012

TOTCST

N

010

002

TOTAL COST

013

STORE

N

001

STORE

014

VENDOR

C

007

VENDOR

015

ENTDATE

C

008

ENTRY DATE

** TOTAL**

00128

Table 1: Example of data-input format

used for th

2 jewelry-store inven

tory. FLD is the field number, NAME is field description,

TYPE describes whether the entry is alphabetical

or numeric,

WIDTh

' is the number of characters in the field, and DEC is the

number of decimal places used in the f\

eld.

a comparison of the alphabetical values in the CATEG field.

After the data file has been sorted or indexed at your typed-in request, the DBMS will rapidly run through the file or the index and select all the records in the rings category. At your option the selected records are then either displayed, printed, or placed in a separate file for further processing.

For the third function, processing, you tell the DBMS to perform specific operations on the selected records. Using the ring example, let's say you want to record a 20 percent price increase for all rings. First, you ask the DBMS to divide the COSTEA (cost each) field of every ring record by .80 to reflect the 20 percent price increase. You then multiply the QTY (quantity) value by the COSTEA value and store the result in the TOTCST (total cost) field. You can perform similar mathematical operations on any fields in the record.

The fourth function, output, may be a simple listing of the selected data or a more elaborate presentation, including statistical summaries, subtotals, and totals on a formatted page report. The more sophisticated DBMSs include report output generators that make it possible for you to print your data output as mailing lists, checks, purchase orders, invoices, or in any desired format.

DBMS designers use two general methods for function selection. One method displays a list of general functions as soon as the DBMS starts to run on the computer. From this list, or menu, you select a submenu that expands your selected function into a detailed list of tasks. The second method presents you with a blank screen after the DBMS is loaded. You must initiate the DBMS directly, using its commands individually, or through a command file. A command file is simply a series of DBMS commands written in sequence. You use a single initiating

command to execute that entire sequence of commands. The sequence may include commands to accomplish specific tasks or to display Help information and menu selections.

Ideally a DBMS should handle any application. In actuality design trade-offs occur, making some DBMSs more effective than others for a given application. The jewelry-store inventory, for example, has only one relatively short data file, but it must be accessed and updated as quickly as possible. An important characteristic of a DBMS for a jewelry-store inventory would be speed. In another application (for example, when processing personnel records), the DBMS must readily access several different files (such as payroll, hiring, and job performance information). Information may be required about one person from many files, a number of people from one file, or a number of different people from a number of different files. The DBMS must provide data from all these files with reasonable speeds, but definitely not the rapid access required by the inventory application. Additionally, the DBMS that processes personnel records must handle longer record lengths and a larger number of files than a DBMS that handles inventory data. Hierarchical or network DBMSs are better for simultaneous, multiple-file access while relational DBMSs are most efficient when extracting data from one file at a time.

Data Storage Requirements

For each of the five DBMSs discussed here, you should have available two disk drives with (depending on your application) a minimum capacity of at least 300K bytes per drive. (Table 2 presents the system requirements for each of the DBMSs plus the maximum number of records, file size, and record length that each DBMS will handle.) As I mentioned earlier, the example jewelry

222 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

The QX-10. No ad can do it justice.

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COMPUTER PRODUCTS DIVISION

BYTE May 1983 223

DBMS

Program Version

Operating System (8 bit)

Operating System (16 bit)

Memory Requirements (in bytes)

Maximum Records Per File

Maximum

Record

Length (in bytes)

Analyst and Qsort Condor III dBASE II

FMS-80 Selector V

2.0

2.09

2.3B

2.21D 1.04

CP/M and MP/M CP/M and MP/M CP/M and MP/M

CP/M and MP/M CP/M and MP/M

not available MS-DOS and CP/M 86 MS-DOS and CP/M 86

not available MS-DOS and CP/M 86

48K

56K

48K (16-bit

version: 128K)

56K

56K

65,535 32,767 65,535

65,535 65,535

255 1024 1000

20K +

25,245

Table 2: Statistical information about each database

management system: Figures in the table list the maximum

length and number

of possible records,

but the disk

configuration of your system will determine

the maximum

number of files.

store database file of 1007 records occupies from 135K bytes to 155K bytes of storage on a disk depending on the disk storage format. Each time you sort the file on a different field, an additional equal amount of storage is required. Indexing a file is similar to sorting but requires much less disk storage space. In the jewelry-store example, a median disk storage requirement for an index file on the CATEG field is 35K bytes. This figure will vary depending on the number of characters in the indexed field.

While not absolutely necessary, it is desirable to have the DBMS and required CP/M utilities on one drive and the data file on another. Compare my example file with your own intended application. Consider that if I keep all the jewelry file data on one drive, the example file will occupy 135K bytes, and with one additional sort the files will occupy a total of 270K bytes on a typical 320K-byte system drive.

Analyst and Qsort are written in CBASIC2, but a runtime interpreter is furnished and need not be purchased separately. FMS-80, dBASE II, and Condor are written in assembly language. Selector V is written in compiled CBASIC2. Assembly-language coding is the fastest and most efficient, followed by compiled CBASIC, with interpreted CBASIC the slowest. The compiled CBASIC program Selector V performs some functions more rapidly than assembly-language-coded programs. However, assembly-language-coded programs require less memory and disk storage space.

Timing Comparison

Table 3 shows how the five DBMSs fared in timing tests that were run on a Dynabyte 8/1 8/4 Z80 microcomputer running at 4 megahertz with 64K bytes of RAM (random-access read/write memory), two 8-inch drives, and a Televideo 925 terminal. Benchmark tests on this machine place it as average or a little better in comparison to the processing times of most popular microcomputers. Significantly better times will be obtained if you have a hard-disk drive or use a RAM drive. (A RAM drive is a program and additional RAM that look to the computer like a very fast simulated disk drive and speed up processing greatly.)

Now let's consider some of the factors influencing the

test results for each of the five DBMSs:

Analyst and Qsort ($350 from Structured Systems Group, 5204 Claremont, Oakland, CA 94618; (415) 547-1567): The longer times required for this DBMS to load individual menus are a result of its being written in interpreted CBASIC2. Once the menus are reached, processing times are very fast. This program does not have file indexing. A sequenced file is obtained by sorting. The disadvantage is that a sorted file takes up as much disk storage space as the original file. Its file-sort time is the best of the five DBMSs. Times to locate a record after the sort is finished are comparable to indexed files.

Condor III ($995 from Condor Computer Corp., POB 8318, Ann Arbor, MI 48107; (313) 769-3988): Because this DBMS is written in assembly language, the time required to bring up the program or to switch from one function to another is 2 or 3 seconds. There is no menu, but you can easily construct one using a command file and the supplied screen-display generator. Condor will sort a 128K-byte file in 3 minutes and 30 seconds. By chance, the jewelry file is 128K bytes. To sort a file over 128K bytes in length, you must split the file into sections and then sort each section. The individual sections must then be recombined. This is a time-consuming and somewhat complex procedure and is a serious deficiency if you plan to generate large files. (The latest version of. Condor is now able to sort files larger that 128K bytes.) dBASE II ($700 from Ashton-Tate, 10150 West Jefferson Blvd., Culver City, CA 90230; (213) 204-5570): Like Condor, this DBMS does not have menus for the individual processing tasks. The program will load and be ready for operation in 2 or 3 seconds. You must remember the commands to implement the program's functions. As an alternative, it is a simple matter to use the supplied screen display generator to construct a command file help menu. You can request the help menu to be displayed at the outset. Command file menus can also be generated to select groups of sequenced commands.

The most significant deviation from the other four DBMS processing times is listed in comment 5 of table 3. It took 1 hour and 21 minutes to delete 50 records from the database and re-index the file on one field. This is not as serious as it might first appear because records are first marked for deletion but are not permanently erased until

224 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Maximum

Fields Per

Maximum

Digits of Screen

Record

Field Length

Accuracy Editing

50

255

14 line oriented

127

127

10 fully addressable cursor

32

254

10 fully addressable cursor

255

255

10 fully addressable cursor

99

255

14 fully addressable cursor

a pack operation is accomplished. Marking the record for deletion takes little time. It is simply a matter of finding the record in the file and then marking it. Records can generally be located within a few seconds. After the record is marked it will be ignored by the program for most processing or selection tasks. To complete the process and regain the disk storage space used by the deleted records you must then execute a pack command. Next the file must be rewritten to the disk to condense the CP/M disk file. The records can be marked for deletion during normal operations and then at night or during a slack period the pack operation and file rewrite can be performed.

FMS-80 ($990 from Systems Plus, 3975 East Bayshore, Palo Alto, CA 94003; (415) 969-7047): This DBMS has menus for each function. It is written in machine language and the times to bring up the various menus are short. It took 15 minutes to merge and re-index the file after entering 50 new records. This is longer than the time taken by the other DBMS programs to perform this function. In addition, each time you first ask FMS-80 to find a record by searching the index file, it responds, "please be patient, re-establishing index file." This took another 25 seconds with the jewelry file. Subsequent searches take only 2 or 3 seconds to find a record. A very good feature not reflected in the timing charts is the capability to modify (but not delete) records directly from the index file. This can be accomplished in seconds. This may explain why the file must be reestablished each time it is used.

Selector V ($495 from Micro-Ap Inc., 7033 Village Parkway, Suite 206, Dublin, CA 94568; (415) 828-6697): The times for Selector V, a compiled CBASIC2 program, to bring up its menus are much shorter than those required for Analyst and Qsort, an interpreted CBASIC2 program, and are comparable to those of FMS-80, a machine-language program. The times to go to the different functions of Selector V are very good indeed.

Distinguishing Features

Of course, there's more to a database management system than storage requirements and execution times. Now I'll discuss the individual systems in terms of those features that set each DBMS apart from the rest.

Analyst and Qsort: Program functions are selected from menus. Times to load program modules to accomplish different functions are slower than for the other DBMSs. This may not be a handicap if a number of records are processed at a time. After a function menu has been displayed and the program module loaded, processing execution times are excellent. File indexing is not available. The same results are obtained by sorting the file. Logical selection times for individual records or groups of records are as short as for indexed files. Qsort can be used as a stand-alone program to sort data generated by other programs. Report outputs are limited to six lines for each record unless the program structure is modified. This permits mailing-label generation but limits the output formats available to forms less than six lines in length. Analyst always puts in a form-feed prior to starting a report.

Command-file generation procedures are not available. Report output procedures are complex to establish, but the descriptive documentation is excellent. To use any of the CP/M operating-system commands, you must exit the Analyst program. This is the lowest-priced of the DBMSs reviewed and should be considered if it can accomplish your application.

Condor III: This DBMS has an excellent screen and report generator. Although Condor, dBASE II, and FMS-80 all include a programming language for generating command files, the Condor programming language is the easiest of the three to learn. Indexing can be automatically accomplished on one field after new records are entered. Condor is especially well suited for accounting applications because a number of commands are tailored specifically for that use. Every time that you bring up Condor, you must enter a six-digit serial number, otherwise the program will not perform properly. I don't like this feature because it takes time and is nonproductive. A major drawback of this DBMS is the limitation of not being able to sort files over 128K bytes in length without dividing and then recombining them. This is particularly annoying because it is necessary to sort a file to permanently remove deleted records. An outstanding interface is maintained with CP/M, and any required operating-system commands, including calling up disk directories, are available without leaving the DBMS. Command files can be generated that enable the program to perform sequenced commands or display a user-designed menu with only one command entry. In the processing area, Condor DBMS has no mathematical precedence established and does mathematical operations in the same order they are entered. Fractional results will always be rounded off to two decimal places. The Condor documentation is good, but it would be helpful if examples of more applications were included.

dBASE II: One of dBASE II's strongest points is its ability to access a data file rapidly and to find and display or print out single or groups of logically selected records with a minimum of operator direction. Simple application programs can be easily generated by the newcomer to computing. For more complex applications, the

May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 225

Analyst

Program Operation or Function

and Qsort

Condor III

dBASE II

FMS-80

Selector V

1,

Time from when initiating command is typed in until database main menu is displayed or until the database is ready to accept commands if there is no menu.

35 sec.

3 sec.

3 sec.

28 sec.

18 sec.

2.

Time to go from main menu, or time until database program is ready to accept commands to examine, edit, or enter data.

30 sec.

3 sec.

3 sec.

5 sec.

5 sec.

3.

Length of time to return to the main menu from data examine, edit, or enter-data function.

15 sec.

3 sec.

3 sec.

5 sec.

5 sec.

4.

Time required to accept, merge, and sort or (where applicable)

2 min. &

3 min. &

3 min. &

15 min.

1 min.

re-index on one field 50 records into the 1007-record test inventory

50 sec.

45 sec.

25 sec.

file. Does not include time required to type in the record data.

5.

Time required to delete 50 records from the 1007-record test file.

20 min.

7 min. &

1 hour &

11 min. & 1 min. &

This includes cleaning up and compacting the file after the records

30 sec.

21 min.

40 sec.

20 sec.

have been marked for deletion but does not include the time re

quired to mark or select the records for deletion.

6.

Time required to sort the 1007-record inventory example file on one

2 min. &

3 min. &

14 min. &

12 min.

3 min.

field. All the records are aligned in alphabetical order based on the

46 sec.

30 sec.

30 sec.

information contained in one field.

7.

Time required to index the 1007-record file on one field.

not applicable

3 min. & 30 sec.

3 min.

4 min.

4 min.

8.

Time to find a single record by key search with the record located at the other end of the 1007-record file from where the search is started.

3 sec.

3 sec.

3 sec.

3 sec.

3 sec.

9.

Time required to extract 50 selected records spaced equidistantly throughout the 1007-record file.

6 min. & 30 sec.

20 sec.

3 min.

4 min.

2 min. & 30 sec.

10.

Time required to go from the main menu or from when the DBMS is ready to accept a command to the start of printing a selected report.

25 sec.

3 sec.

3 sec.

6 sec.

18 sec.

11.

Time required to return to the main menu after the report is printed.

15 sec.

3 sec.

3 sec.

6 sec.

8 sec.

Table 3: Comparison of times required for the Dynabyte 8/1 8/4 microcomputer

fo perform

the tasks listed in the

left column.

Don't place too much emphasis on speed. It is only one of the criteria

involved in

choosing a

database management system for

your needs.

dBASE II programming language is flexible enough to accomplish almost any application. This may sometimes cause problems for the new user. Because so many options are available, learning the program commands can be difficult. For most applications this is preferable to sacrificing capability in favor of a less complicated program. Command files can be generated using the programming language. The current version of dBASE II includes a screen-display and report generator subprogram called ZIP. ZIP works well but has the annoying attribute of sounding the terminal alarm whenever a command is entered to tell the program to do something.

With the exception of the length of time required to pack the data file after deletion of records, this DBMS accomplishes all applications very well. Like Condor, it interfaces well with CP/M. Command files can be generated as well as custom menus.

All DBMSs should be able to use files generated by other programs; dBASE II transfer procedures for files with different formats are easier to use and more effective than any of the other DBMS programs. This transfer procedure is used so that data to be processed by dBASE II can be transferred to or from other programs running under CP/M such as Wordstar or CBASIC2. Its datahandling capabilities make dBASE II the most nearly satisfactory of the five DBMS programs for a real-time application.

The documentation is reasonably well done. If you are a new user I recommend you obtain Robert A. Byers's Everyman's Data Base Primer Including dBASEII (available for $16.95 from Ashton-Tate, 10150 West Jefferson Blvd., Culver City, CA 90230). It lists several programs, including a mailing-label program. Simple step-bystep instructions on how to design and use the programs are included.

FMS-80: Like Condor and dBASEII, this DBMS is written in assembly code, but unlike the others, it has menu selections for the different functions. Command files can also be generated. The CP/M interface to run CP/M commands is limited when compared with Condor or dBASE II. A formatted report capability is available but it is complex to set up. Initial setup of the applications programs developed with FMS-80 should be done by someone with a programming background. Adding new records to a file is time consuming in comparison with the other DBMSs. The documentation should be expanded to better explain a number of program functions, including report generation.

Selector V: This DBMS and Analyst each come close to the classic definition of a network or hierarchical DBMS, as opposed to the other three, which may be loosely defined as relational. Data can be extracted from multiple files more easily with a hierarchal than with a relational DBMS. Accessing multiple files with a relational data

226 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

INTRODUCING 1-2-5

IT'LL HAVE TOUR IBM/PC

JUMPING THROUGH HOOPS.

Meet 1-2-3 - the remarkable new software package that puts more raw Dower at your ringer tips than anything /et created for the IBM PC. 1-2-3 actually combines information management, spreadsheet, and graphing in one program that can perform all three functions interchangeably and instantly at the :ouch of a key That's power.

To explain: since 1-2-3's information

management, ^ CL— • \ gJSffi, { spreadsheet and r graphing functions reside in memory simultaneously you can go from retrieval to spreadsheet calculation to graphing instantly, just by pressing a few keys. So now you can experiment and recalculate and look at data in an endless variety of ways. As fast as your mind can think up new possibilities. There's no lag between you and the computer. And that's a new kind of power - power that's greater than the sum of its programs. The spreadsheet function.

If 1-2-3 were just a spreadsheet, you'd want it because it has the largest workspace on the market (2048 rows by 256 columns). To give you a quick idea of 1-2-3's spreadsheet capabilities: VisiCalc's spreadsheet for the IBM PC offers 15 arithmetic, logical and relational operators, 28 functions and 32 spreadsheetrelated commands. 1-2-3 has 15 operators,

Circle 266 on inquiry card.

41 functions and 66 commands. And if you include data base and graphing commands, it actually has 110!

In addition, 1-2-3 is up to 50 times as fast as established spreadsheets. With all the features you've ever seen on spreadsheets. 1-2-3 also gives you the capability to develop customized applications (with 26 macro keys) and lets you perform "> ,_•—^ repetitive tasks automat""Ts S~^ ~~\ ically with one keystroke. If 1-2-3 were just a spreadsheet, it would be a very powerful tool. But its much, much more. The information management function.

Add to 1-2-3's spreadsheet a selective information management function, and • the power curve rises at an awesome rate. Particularly since 1-2-3's information management capability reads files from other programs such as WordStar, VisiCalc and dBase II. So you can accumulate information on a limitless variety of topics and extract all or pieces of it for instant spreadsheet analysis. Unheard of before. Specific 1-2-3 information management features include sorting with primary and secondary keys. Retrieval using up to 32 criteria. 1-2-3 performs statistical functions such as mean, count, standard deviation and variance. It can produce histograms on part or all of the data base. 1-2-3 also

spreadsheet, ft mutton HWIUtffeftb

allows for the maintenance of multiple data bases and multiple criteria. The graphing function.

1-2-3 enables you to create graphs of up to six variables using information already on the spreadsheet. And have it on screen in less than two seconds! Once you've made a graph, three keystrokes will display it in a different form. If data on the spreadsheet changes, you can display a revised graph with one keystroke. This instant relationship of one format to another opens up a whole new application area. For the first time graphics can be used as a "what if" thinking tool!

For a full demonstration of 1-2-3's remarkable power, visit your nearby 1-2-3 dealer. For his name ana address, call 1-800-343-5414 (in Mass. call 617-492-7171).

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BYTE May 1983

227

base can be done easily only by using command files. Even so, most of the newer DBMSs are relational due to the added complexity of the hierarchical or network type.

As indicated on the timing charts, Selector V, written in CBASIC2 and then compiled, compares favorably with the machine-language DBMS in running time. Report generation using Selector V is complex, even though the documentation is, for the most part, well written. It is time consuming to find a record not in sequence in a file. You must generate a select definition that defines the characteristics of the wanted record and run a search subprogram.

There is no interface with CP/M commands, and it is necessary to leave Selector V and return to CP/M to list the directory. When using a mailing list generated by Selector V, there is no way to start at any position on the mailing list other than at the beginning, or to pick out and print individual names and addresses other than generating a separate individual report. Command files cannot be generated.

Summary

After doing the tests on these DBMSs, which one do I prefer? This is a tough question to answer because each individual DBMS has some very good features not found in the others.

Analyst and Qsort are inexpensive, work well, and have excellent documentation, but they are slow in bring

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ing up program menus and have limited report-output capability. Qsort can be used as a stand-alone program to sort any type of file.

The dBASE II system can select, edit, manipulate, and display or print any record or groups of records in a file easily and quickly. Simple application programs are very easy to accomplish even for an inexperienced computer user. The dBASE II programming language is somewhat complex and not too easy to learn, but it is very comprehensive and will accomplish almost any programming task.

Condor has excellent capabilities for accounting or personnel processing functions, an outstanding screen and report generator capability, and is easy to learn. However, it cannot carry mathematical operations to beyond two decimal places or sort files longer than 128K bytes without extra programming effort.

FMS-80 works well, but is quite complex to use even for an experienced programmer.

Selector V runs as fast or faster than the assembly-language-coded DBMSs and has definite strengths in multiple file accesses, but the current version cannot easily select and display or print groups of records. Formatted report outputs are complex to generate.

Representatives of Micro-Ap, the producer of Selector V, say that a new version will soon be released that will speed up and simplify selection and display of individual or groups of database records.

If cost were not a limiting factor I would prefer Condor for accounting applications and dBASE II for other programs. For overall effectiveness, my selection is dBASE II. I would accompany it with Quick Code, a screendisplay, report, and automatic-code generator (available for $295 from Fox and Geller, POB 1053, Teaneck, NJ 07666). Designed specifically to supplement dBASE II, Quick Code greatly simplifies the use of the programming language and furnishes an effective screen and report generator.

I have spent many hours working with these DBMS programs. A lot of effort has gone into their development, and it shows. The combined documentation for the five DBMSs totals well over 1000 pages. I have pointed out some weak points in all of these systems, but if you compare the expense of buying a DBMS with the effort and study required to write your own application program in assembly language or a high-level language (BASIC, Pascal, etc.), you'll find that any of these DBMSs can provide good value for the price. ■

For more information on the database management systems (or their predecessors) discussed in this article, see the following reviews by Jack L. Abbott: "Analyst and Qsort by Structured Systems Group" (January 1983 BYTE, page 346), "Condor Series 20 DBMS" (December 1982 BYTE, page 404), "Database Management with Ashton-Tates dBASE 11" (July 1982 BYTE, page 412), "Selector IV by Micro-Ap: An Information-Management Program" (April 1982 BYTE, page 371), and "Systems Plus: FMS-80" (October 1982 BYTE, page 446).

228 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Stalking the East-Asian Microcomputer

Phil Lemmons

West Coast Editor

McGraw-Hill Publications

425 Battery St. San Francisco, CA 94111

Although the products of Asia's modern technologies do not yet rival its ancient treasures, they soon will. The five-nation Far East Electronics Tour in October and November 1982 delivered this message to one group of Americans through a series of six electronics trade shows: the Japan Data Show and the Japan Electronics Show (both covered in the first part of this article, "New Japanese Microcomputers," April BYTE 1983, page 110), the Korea Electronics Show, the Taiwan ElecShow, the Hong Consumer ElecShow, and China

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The first stop on the tour was Japan, where the trade shows exhibited the most significant new microcomputers and where a remarkable Tokyo neighborhood showcases the vigor of the domestic Japanese microcomputer market. The rest of the tour revealed interesting developments in the other countries as well. (For those who are thinking of joining the 1983 Far East Electronics Tour, the organizer is Commerce Tours International, 870 Market St., San Francisco, CA 94102, telephone (415) 433-3072.)

Photo 1: Yamagiwa Tecnica, a six-floor store in Akihabara, Tokyo, sells only microcomputers and associated products.

Akihabara, Tokyo, Japan

If the object is electronics, then every tour of Asia should begin and end in Akihabara. This remarkable neighborhood in Tokyo is as interesting as the Japanese electronics shows. Akihabara (pronounced with the accent on the third syllable) covers an area of several square blocks. More than 400 electronic shops of varying size are packed into buildings about five to eight stories high. Escalators take you from the middle of one shop and drop you into the middle of another. There are probably more shops selling microcomputers and related products in Akihabara than in any other neighborhood in the world, except perhaps in Osaka, the great industrial city that boasts a neighborhood called Nipponbashi said to rival Akihabara.

Many scenes in Akihabara strike the Western eye as improbable: a man riding a bicycle with an NEC PC-9801 16-bit computer strapped on the back fender; a shop with bins full of a remarkable hybrid device, a combination electronic calculator and mechanical abacus; integratedcircuit shops packed with customers of all ages and pocketbooks standing side by side poring over the latest chips; a

232 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Photo 2: A no-frills electronics store in Akihabara.

Photo 4: The Samsung SPC-1000 Z80A-based home computer from Korea.

Photo 3: Typical Akihabara store display.

Photo 5: The thronged exhibit booth of the Multitech Industrial Corporation at the Taiwan Electronics Show.

May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 233

storefront full of oscilloscopes and logic analyzers arranged to grab the eyes of potential customers.

Some of Akihabara's larger stores sell all kinds of Japanese-made electronics—audio, video, music, home appliances. Each devotes an entire department to microcomputers; often a whole floor is packed with machines from most of the major Japanese manufacturers.

Some large stores—notably Yamagiwa Tecnica, shown in photo 1—sell microcomputers only. Yamagiwa Tecnica has six floors: one devoted to software, another to home computers, another to more powerful computers (mostly 16-bit), word processors, and so on. The one-floor NEC Bit-Inn has nothing but NEC machines ranging from the PC-2001 hand-held computer to the N5200 (known in the U.S. as the Advanced Personal Computer) and the PC-9801, both 16-bit computers. Expansion boards and accessories for these computers are in stock. Another store, shown in photo 2, offers no frills but good prices on boxed computer products, mostly from NEC. Customers walk where they can, mostly behind the rows of boxes. Typically, the interiors of the retail computer stores are packed with equipment on display. Photo 3 shows a section of a typical store interior.

Many small stores in Akihabara specialize in various kinds of components. One storefront devoted to semiconductors was selling 64K-bit dynamic RAM chips at 8 for 9000 yen, or about $4.25 per chip. (The lowest price I've seen in this country is $5.50 per chip, from a mail-order firm.) Customers had the choice of NEC, Mitsubishi, or Toshiba RAMs. The man behind the counter complained that 64K-bit RAMs were in short supply, which led me to believe that the prices were probably no lower than usual. Another small shop sold disk drives, power supplies, single-board computers, circuit cabinets, and the like.

Many of us foreign shoppers were concerned about the reliability of these low-priced goods. Were we being offered factory rejects? A Japanese businessman allayed our fears, saying there was no need to worry about getting defective goods in Akihabara. If a

Japanese electronics manufacturer discovered that defective goods bearing its name were being sold by any shop, the company would never again deal with that shop. In effect, the manufacturers police the retail trade.

The neighborhood was so much like a bazaar that I found the impulse to haggle irresistible. But I was worried: Would haggling be possible when I spoke no Japanese and the shopkeeper spoke almost no English? Would the concept of bargaining be clear? Would the shopkeeper find bargaining offensive? Could he recognize the English words for numbers? At last I ventured to ask, "Discount?"

The shopkeeper replied, 'Target price7" and handed me a pad and pencil. The list price was 120,000 yen, then worth about $450. I wrote,

A NEC memory board

costs $700 in the United States but sells for $362 in Akihabara.

"90,000." The shopkeeper laughed pleasantly and wrote, "100,000." We soon reached agreement on a price of 96,000 yen. A NEC memory board for the Advanced Personal Computer with a list price in the United States of $700 then changed hands in Akihabara for only $362.

The flourishing electronics industry that makes Akihabara possible has in part resulted from efforts of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI). Because MITI's Industrial Electronics Division funds research, some Americans have charged that Japan's electronics manufacturers enjoy an unfair advantage in competing with American manufacturers. Toshio Takai, who worked in MITI for 25 years before becoming executive vice-president of the Electronic Industries Association of Japan, denies the charge. He says, "MITI funds only basic research, and MITI's research money cannot be used for development of commercial products." Takai also points out that there is nothing to stop the government of the United States from funding research in electronics as MITI does in Japan.

Seoul, Korea

Our introduction to the Korea Electronics Show was unlike what we encountered elsewhere on our journey. As my group arrived at the trade center, we saw dozens of black sedans that formed a semicircular barricade in front of the exhibition hall. Perhaps a hundred men in dark business suits, some holding handguns, arrayed themselves behind the barricade. All the Koreans who approached the exhibition hall were stopped by these guards, but Westerners could pass through. In addition to the guards, the only Koreans inside the barricade were old women stooping over crude shorthandled brooms, sweeping every speck of dust from a wide path leading to the entrance of the hall. As we watched, several more black sedans arrived and passed through the barricade to park in the protected semicircle. More guards emerged from the newly arrived cars. All the guards now appeared poised for action, their eyes watchful. One guard opened the rear door of a car and out stepped a lone man in a dark business suit. All eyes followed that lone man as he walked down the clean-swept path and disappeared into the hall. 'The President," someone said.

Inside, exhibits of consumer electronics and components and a few Korean microcomputers vied for our attention. Photo 4 shows the Samsung SPC-1000 home computer, a Z80Abased machine with a 32K-byte ROM containing Samsung-HuBASIC, 70K bytes of RAM, a music and sound generator, and an audio cassette built in for mass storage. Samsung also makes the Samsung Personal Computer, the SPC-2000. It is a 64K-byte CP/M-based system with dual 5Vi-inch floppy disks, a detached keyboard with programmmable keys, and a video monitor that tilts and swivels. Gold Star, Taihan, DMS, Trigem Computer, and a few other companies also displayed microcomputers.

The Trigem 20 is a 64K-byte Apple look-alike with a 12K-byte BASIC in ROM (read-only memory). The Trigem 20 has sound and color-graphics capabilities, game input/output, and eight empty expansion slots as standard equipment. Company spokes

234 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Kurt Veggeberg

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Over the past four years Japanese microcomputer manufacturers have seen their share of Japan's domestic market increase from 10 to 75 percent. Clearly, advances in technology and marketing techniques make this the market to watch throughout the decade.

Almost every Japanese electronics company, large and small, is in the personal computer business. Fierce competition is seen in all price ranges as each firm attempts to carve its own market niche. A great boon to consumers, the lively market is producing microcomputers that come fully equipped with features hardly imaginable just a few years ago when Apple and Radio Shack dominated the Japanese market. By following the competition's footsteps, the Japanese are able to offer compatibility with existing hardware and software plus improvements in reliability, service, features, and price. As an added advantage, many companies supply themselves with semiconductor chips and have their own well-established distribution networks.

Today's typical Japanese microcomputer usually has a Z80 microprocessor and offers a variety of standard features such as separate numeric keyboards, programmable function keys, selectable 40- or 80-character displays

About the Author

Kurt Veggeberg worked for four years as the director of the Information Center at Nagoya University of Commerce in Nagoya, Japan. He is presently working on an MBA at the University of Texas.

and Japanese or graphics character sets. Each company tries to include a feature in its machine that sets it apart from the competition. For example, some of the newer VLSI chips like the 64K-bit RAMs are appearing in many computers. Additional features seen recently include bubble memory, plugin ROM packs, built-in terminal functions, and Japanese character sets with 3000-7000 characters. The 16-bit microprocessors are generating a lot of excitement as well. The 8088 appears to be winning the 16-bit popularity contest. One of the earlier 8-bit systems already offers an 8088 plug-in card.

Traditional excellence in miniaturization is evident in the current crop of Japanese pocket and portable computers. Even though the Japanese have little outside competition, the domestic market is characterized by fierce scrambling.

A move toward office automation is keeping the domestic microcomputer market booming. Despite the initial high cost of dedicated word-processing systems (around $12,000), they quickly became essential office equipment. These word processors use one of several methods to enter and manipulate the Japanese language, which consists of two syllabaries, or kana, and thousands of individual characters. One entry method uses a board with several thousand characters printed on it. A stylus helps the user select the characters to enter. A more popular method uses a keyboard with the syllabaries. Using about 50 characters only, this method is easily im

plemented on a qwerty-style keyboard. The user simply types the symbols for the sound of a character and then presses a button. The machine decodes the input and produces a character. Most systems can even determine the character you want from the context in which it's being used. This capability is essential with a language in which many characters have the same sound. These word-processing systems are usually sold complete with dot-matrix printers (24 by 24 dots) that produce good-quality printouts. Hardware and software advances have brought the prices for these systems down to around $3000 and the low cost is a factor in the growing strength of the domestic market.

The Software Scene

While Japanese hardware distinguishes itself with special advanced features, several problems plague the software development effort.

With the two syllabaries and thousands of characters, the Japanese language is much more difficult than English to manipulate electronically. Few of the current microcomputers can easily be used for word processing, although some progress is evident. Another factor in the software industry's slow growth is that use of disk drives is not as widespread as it is in the U.S. This places a severe limitation on the type of software that can be marketed to a wide audience. Additionally, the use of computers in business applications lags far behind that in the United States. Electronic spreadsheets such as Visicalc are having an effect on the use of microcomputers in Japan, but this is a recent development.

Availability of software is another important issue. The number of domestic private software houses remains small and premium prices are charged for imported software—usually a 100 percent markup over the U.S. list price. However, the situation could

men say that the Trigem 20 differs from the Apple II in the video color signals, ROM software, and power supply. According to Trigem, the government of Korea is distributing 5000 microcomputers to the country's high schools, 1000 of which will be Trigem 20s. The export price of the Trigem 20 is $350 in quantities of

3000, with a 9-inch green-phosphor video monitor selling for $68 in the same quantities.

The Korean electronics industry developed rapidly, and by 1981 consisted of almost 800 companies employing 270,000 people. Two-thirds of the $3.8 billion annual production is components, with another one-fifth

devoted to consumer electronics. The Korea Institute of Electronics Technology and the Korea Electro-technology and Telecommunications Research Institute have concentrated on digesting and improving imported technologies. The Electronic Industries Association of Korea expects these research institutes to generate advanced technol

236 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

change soon because most Japanese microcomputer manufacturers are concentrating their efforts on standard operating systems. This should encourage the development of software in japan and also encourage the importation of American software with a corresponding increase in the exportation of Japanese hardware.

Both production and distribution of software are rapidly becoming part of the book publishing domain. Simple cassette programs appear alongside magazines and other printed materials in bookstores across Japan. Most of the stores provide microcomputers so potential software buyers can try programs before purchasing. As you might expect, this attracts a lot of attention and so far I have been unable to push past the children to try any programs myself.

Intense Interest

The Japanese express a great deal of interest in microcomputers and appear to be welcoming them into their lives. A current television series on microcomputer programming is aimed at beginners and more conventional instruction is offered in a variety of places from computer stores to private schools. These courses target every possible group of future computer users. Japanese computer magazines reflect the growing demand for computer information with their multiplying numbers and rapid increases in size.

Although the Japanese have not yet made a strong showing in American markets, they're fully aware of the potential for prof it in the U.S. Japanese domestic products are well designed and competitively priced and their success with low-cost printers and video displays indicates their ability to play a strong role in the American personal computer market. While this competition may bring difficulties for manufacturers, the benefits for end users should be plentiful. ■

ogies for integrated circuits, computers, and telecommunications. One goal mentioned at the electronics show is to produce 64K-bit dynamic RAM chips in 1984 using home-grown technology.

Taipei, Taiwan

The Taiwan Electronics Show, held

at the China External Trade Development Council Exhibition Complex in Taipei, had 511 exhibitors. While most products displayed were consumer electronics or components, I saw a lot of computer products too.

The most common microcomputers made in Taiwan are blatant copies of the Apple II. Also shown were an apparent copy of the Radio Shack TRS-80 Color Computer and two copies of the Osborne 1, An Osborne 1 copy called the Datatree Portable Business Computer had a 9-inch screen, two double-density floppydisk drives, and all the software usually bundled with the Osborne 1; this machine cost $800. The second Osborne-like portable, made by GRE Rong Electronics, includes a 6502 pro

Icessor, as well as a Z80, and claims compatibility with both the Apple II and the Osborne 1.

I didn't get to see, as promised, a third Osborne look-alike. Its designer refused to bring his prototype to the Taiwan Electronics Show and insisted on a private meeting with me miles away at the office of one of his friends. When the designer arrived, more than an hour late, his appearance presented

! quite a contrast to the usual conservatively dressed Taiwan businessman. Half-inch-long white stitches left me no doubt about how his purple suit was put together. His purple and orange floral print shirt and inch-wide white polkadots in his purple tie set up a high-frequency oscillation with the seams of the suit.

Under the circumstances, there was real danger of my overlooking the business of the meeting. But, I asked, "Where's your Osborne look-alike?"

His eyes shifted from place to place as if looking for assassins. "If anyone saw it," he said earnestly, "they might copy my design."

If it happened to Adam Osborne, it could happen to him.

Some businessmen on the island explain the epidemic of Apple II copies as a response to the Nationalist Chinese government's ban of video games. Many companies in Taiwan had bought great quantities of discrete logic circuits and 6502 microprocessors in preparation for an expected boom in the game-machine market.

The government's ban left these companies with huge inventories of chips useful for building Apples. That might explain the Apple copies, but what about the bastard Osbornes?

Because U.S. Customs officials are watching for products from Taiwan that infringe upon American patents and copyrights, Americans would be ill-advised to rush off to Taipei to pick up a $245 Apple or an $800 Osborne clone. Furthermore, some local insiders told me during the show that many electronics firms in Taiwan are pushing the government there to ban the export of these illicit products. Many in Taiwan believe that copyright and patent infringements in electronics damage the reputation of the entire electronics industry in the Republic of China and injure the island nation's trade. Despite great economic advantages, some foreign companies are reluctant to manufacture in Taiwan for fear that designs will be copied by local entrepreneurs and sold on the open market at unbeatable prices.

Some respectable Taiwan firms that make legal Apple-compatible products are tired of having to defend themselves against charges inspired by illicit Apple-clones made by other firms. For instance, Stan Shih's Multitech Industrial Corporation produces the successful and lawful 6502-based MicroProfessor II, and Shih is incensed when people call that compact machine a copy of the Apple. The Micro-Professor II packs 64K bytes of RAM and a 16K-byte ROM BASIC into a unit slightly larger than an average modem. The computer will execute most Apple II software because its own software uses system calls compatible with those in the Apple's operating system. Priced in Taiwan at around $200, the MicroProfessor II is not an imitation of an Apple but an improvement on it. The Micro-Professor II accepts software cartridges as well as audio-cassettebased software (the audio recorder and a disk-drive controller are optional). According to Shih, the Multitech BASIC interpreter has 90 instructions more than Applesoft BASIC.

Micro-Professor II has enjoyed great success in Taiwan (see the thronged

May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 237

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Multitech show booth in photo 5) not only because of its compactness and low price, but also because of its optional Chinese character controller (CCC). The Z80-based CCC adds another 64K bytes of ROM and 2K bytes of RAM to the little MicroProfessor II, and gives the user access to 22,000 Chinese characters, each displayed in a 16 by 16 matrix. With the CCC installed, the MicroProfessor permits the user to enter BASIC programs in either Chinese or English. Multitech recently remedied the only obvious deficiency of MicroProfessor II—its small keyboard—by offering a full-size typewriter keyboard as an inexpensive option. The optional keyboard has cursor keys and two "fire" keys, the latter for games. At least one member of the Far East Electronics Tour left Taiwan with a Micro-Professor II in his luggage.

Multitech now has more than 250 employees and annual revenues of $20 million. The company's future products will include a portable computer.

Tony Jwang of J. E. Computer Company says that the only way for Taiwan's microcomputer companies to survive is to stop copying foreign machines and design their own. However, J. E. Computer now produces computers compatible with the Radio Shack TRS-80 Color Computer and the Apple II.

Taiwan's answer to Japan's MITI is ERSO, the Electronics Research and Service Organization of the Taiwan Industrial Technological Research Institute. Since 1974, ERSO has been transferring electronics technologies to local industry. ERSO develops electronic products more advanced than those of local industry and then assigns the manufacturing rights to a private Taiwan company. Recent ERSO products include the EMB86/01, an 8086-based singleboard computer for the Multibus. ERSO also developed the BC-1000, a multiuser Z80A-based computer running the MP/M multiuser operating system, and turned manufacturing and marketing over to PECOR (President Enterprises Corporation), a private company in Taipei. ERSO's highest priorities now include development by 1984 of VLSI (very large-scale integra

238 May 19S3 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 216 on inquiry card.

tion) technology capable of producing 64K-bit RAMs and development of microcomputers and minicomputers. One of ERSO's goals is to foster the computerization of Taiwan.

Hong Kong

The Hong Kong Consumer Electronics Show revealed several microcomputers made locally. Video Technology makes two home computers. The Creativision uses a 6502A microprocessor running at 2 MHz and has 16K bytes of user RAM and a 12K-byte BASIC in ROM. The system serves as a game machine as well as a computer. The compact VZ100 Personal Computer has a Z80A running at 3.58 MHz, up to 35K bytes of RAM, 8K bytes of ROM containing system software and a BASIC interpreter, and a 45-key rubber keyboard. Eaca International Ltd. has been making microcomputers in Hong Kong since 1979. The product line includes four different Z80-based microcomputers, the Genies I through IV. The Genie III is an all-in-one desktop computer that has a 4-MHz Z80A, 64K bytes of RAM, two SVi-inch floppy-disk drives, and runs CP/M version 2.2. Two exhibitors in the Hong Kong Consumer Electronics Show said that the Crown Colony has set a goal of becoming a net exporter of computers by 1985.

Beijing, China

For the 20 members of the American Electronics Association trade mission to Beijing, the Chinese capital held several surprises. The first was the Chinese-language NEC PC-8001B used behind the desk at the Yanjing Hotel. The second was the amount of attention devoted to the trade mission by officials of the Fourth Ministry of Machine Building of the People's Republic of China, also known as the Ministry of the Electronics Industry. Three representatives, Huang Zhao Ming (seen in the dark gray coat at center in photo 6), president of the China Electronics Import and Export Corporation (CEIEC), and Li De Guang and Sun Shunxing, respectively vice-president of the corporation and director of the corporation's Department of Trade Relations, met with

members of the trade mission for several hours.

While some discussions centered on the particular trading interests of the members of the trade mission, the Chinese emphasized their desire for the relaxation of export restrictions on American technology. At dinner one

Handley briefed the trade mission on the current state of electronics in China: 'The Chinese electronics industry is still working in the late 1960s or early 1970s. They have a few research institutes that can produce a few advanced semiconductors. They make a few microprocessors."

Photo 6: The American Electronics Association trade mission met with representatives of the People's Republic of China Electronics Import and Export Corporation (CEIEC), including its president, Huang Zhao Ming (in dark gray coat at center).

night at Beijing's International Club, the tour members joined the Chinese officials in repeated moutai toasts to the easing of restrictions on LSI and VLSI technology. (Moutai looks like vodka and tastes like death.) To date, the United States government has turned down export licenses for all integrated-circuit technology more complex than that of 2K-bit RAMs.

According to Peter Handley, a commercial officer in the United States Embassy in Beijing, CEIEC has in recent years imported about $160 million in electronic equipment annually, including computers from Hewlett-Packard, DEC, IBM, Apple, Intel, and Cromemco. Photo 7 shows the crowded Osborne Computer booth at China Comm 1982, an exhibition of Western communications and computer equipment. The StalinGothic-architecture Beijing Exhibition Center was packed with Chinese visitors; the only free space was inside the booths, as shown in HewlettPackard's large and popular booth (see photo 8). Other exhibitors included California Computer Products, Burroughs, Cromemco, Honeywell, IBM, Perkin-Elmer, Prime, and Wang.

CEIEC prefers importing entire production lines rather than products. France recently sold China a complete plant for making minicomputers, magnetic disks, and printers. Four Japanese firms have sold China complete production lines for electronic components. West Germany and the United Kingdom have made similar deals. In the past two years, the United States has sold China only one electronics factory, valued at $8 million.

Handley says that China's main goals for electronics imports are fieldeffect transistors, acoustic wave filters, integrated circuits and LSI manufacturing equipment, magnetic recording heads, and satellite earth stations. China wants to buy 15 satellites and the technology required for manufacturing its own.

The CEIEC arranged a tour for our group of the Beijing Wire Communications Factory, which makes telephone exchanges and 32-bit and 48-bit minicomputers. Photo 9 shows the front panel of one of these minicomputers. The 32-bit machine comes with 64K bytes of RAM; the 48-bit machine has 32K bytes of RAM expandable to 128K bytes and runs FOR

May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 239

Photo 7: Osborne Computer Corporation's booth at China Comm 1982 was crowded with computer enthusiasts.

TRAN, ALGOL, and BASIC. The factory has been working in cooperation with Honeywell for about a year and several of its staff members are currently living in Minnesota for training.

Many members of the tour were surprised by the level of poverty in the Chinese capital. Since no one has refrigeration, in late fall the Chinese pile bok choi (Chinese cabbage) high in vacant lots and on roofs and balconies in the hope that nature will preserve it as the only green vegetable for the winter months. Everywhere men and women are engaged in brute, physical labor, and the sight of a woman pulling a cart full of rocks or bricks is all too common.

China is seeking to quadruple its annual industrial and agricultural output by the year 2000. During the trade mission's visit, the English-language Beijing Review quoted Premier Zhao Ziyang as saying that meeting the country's production goals depends on progress in science and technology. To quote that publication:

Photo 9: Front panel of a 32-bit minicomputer made at the Beijing Wire Communications Factory.

Addressing a national science and technology awards conference held in late October, Premier Zhao specified a guiding principle for China's economic construction: develop science and technology in order to boost the national economy. He said that every department engaged in national economy must stress achieving technical progress so as to gradually shift production to a new technological basis.

Zhao went on to say that building new factories would not be enough; old factories must be technically transformed as well. In the same issue of the Beijing Review (November 1, 1982, volume 25, number 44), Hi Qiamou, honorary president of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, was reported to have endorsed the maxim "Let a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend" in scientific and cultural work.

During the trade mission's days in Beijing, the Chinese made no effort to hide the backwardness of their indus

Photo 8: /( was standing room only at China Comm 1982. The only free space was inside the booths, such as HewlettPackard's, shown here.

try; instead, they appealed for help. Most members of the trade mission felt sympathy and expressed hope for wider trade, but a few raised concerns about possible military uses of microprocessor technology if the Chinese leaders once again come to regard the United States as an arch-enemy.

The impression of centralized power is so forceful in Beijing that I believe no action by the Chinese government can be ruled out. The Chinese tour guide denounced the emperors for denying the common people even the right to use colors other than gray and dark blue, reserving brighter colors for the nobility and yellow for the emperor alone. But almost all the people of Beijing still wear gray or dark blue. When the guide pointed out the building from which the premier now governs the People's Republic, Americans noticed that the roof is the same yellow as the tiles on the roof of the Imperial Palace. Americans can hardly predict the ultimate uses of microprocessors in a land that still thinks in such terms. ■

For background information on the Japanese microcomputer industry see "The Japanese Computer Invasion" by Stan Miastkowski, August 1981 BYTE, page 200. The May 1982 issue of BYTE also contains several articles on Japanese microcomputers, the state of the industry, and the manufacturers themselves.

240 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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An Inexpensive Letter-Quality Printer

Stuart Brown

Bell Labs

600 Mountain Ave. 3D-420

Murray Hill, NJ 07974

The desire to have letter-quality printing for the output of programs such as word processors is common among computer hobbyists. Purchasing a letter-quality printer, such as a Diablo terminal, is usually out of the question because of the high cost— $1500 to $3000. One option is to buy a used IBM Selectric typewriter and install a commercially available computer interface. This process does have drawbacks, however. It ends up costing more than $1000 and can require major modifications to the typewriter.

Another option is the solenoidactivated key-pusher, a unit that fits over a standard typewriter keyboard and emulates a human typist. This method has two major drawbacks. First, because the key-pusher is mechanical, it tends to decay with time; second, the quality of the text is limited to the quality of the typewriter itself.

These two forms of typewriter conversion share the same goal: translating a computer's digital-control signals into the mechanical actions necessary for printing. With the recent introduction of the low-cost Olivetti electronic typewriter (see photo 1), the manufacturer has tackled this problem for you. The question now becomes: How can the hobbyist interface a home computer to

About the Author

Stuart Brown received a B.S. degree in electrical engineering technology from Purdue with a minor in computer science. He has worked for five years at Bell Labs in the Interactive Digital Systems Research department. He is currently attending Rutgers for an M.S. in electrical engineering.

Photo 1: The Olivetti Praxis 30 electronic typewriter. The two cables in the rear connect to a parallel port on a microcomputer.

the electronics? This article describes a low-cost interface between a typical hobbyist computer or small business computer and the Olivetti Praxis 30 electronic typewriter.

The Typewriter

The Olivetti Praxis 30 is a portable electronic typewriter with highquality print. Its retail price is about $250. Like the popular Diablo terminal, it uses a carbon ribbon cartridge ($4 each) for crisp type and has interchangeable print wheels ($30 each) for variations in style. The Praxis typewriter is controlled internally by two mask-programmed Fairchild F8 microprocessors. All functions—such as tab stops, margins, carriage movements, printing, and keyboard scanning—are controlled by these two chips, with some help from SSI (small-scale integration) interface chips. This electronic control

makes the Praxis typewriter ideal for interfacing to a computer.

Interfacing the Praxis Typewriter

It is possible to interface the Praxis typewriter to a typical home computer in two obvious ways. The first method requires that the F8 microprocessors be removed and their functions emulated by your computer. These functions include control of the carriage stepper motor, print-wheel motor, type motor, and other motors and sensors. This approach offers the most versatility in determining interletter spacing and print speed. (The interletter resolution determines the output quality of most word processors.) I tried this way first and failed miserably. While controlling the carriage stepper motor is relatively easy, controlling the print wheel is not because the printwheel motor is a standard DC motor, not a stepper.

After many hours of observation using a logic analyzer, I determined that the Praxis typewriter microprocessors position a character for typing by carefully pulsing the print-wheel motor in one direction, causing the character to pass beyond the print hammer, and then reversing the motor with timed pulses until the character is properly aligned under the hammer. This timing varies with the character positions on the print wheel, and I was unable to determine the algorithm. Because Olivetti considers this timing information proprietary, calling its engineering department led to a dead end.

I chose the second and easier interface option: working with the micro

242 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

B33

B32

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B26

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3

4

6

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Tab

01 A9

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Table 1: The columns of this scan matrix are the bits (and corresponding pins) tliat are individually pulled low by Processor B for keyboard scanning. The rows are the bits (and pins) that are sensed by Processor A. Blanks in the matrix are either unassigned or unidentified scan positions.

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processors rather than without them. This involves emulating the keyboard action, that is, making the microprocessors think that someone is typing.

I first observed how the keyboard is scanned. One of the typewriter's two F8 microprocessors, which I call Processor B, is responsible for asserting, by pulling low, one of eight scan lines that form the columns of a key matrix. The other F8 (Processor A) senses which line connected to the key rows goes low when a key is closed. This key is then identified by the F8 software through its position in the matrix. Using an ohmmeter, I traced the keys to identify their positions in the 8 by 8 scan matrix (see table 1). The shift function is not part of the scan matrix; it is a special input to Processor A.

To print a character (or perform a nonprinting function such as a margin set) with the cooperation of the typewriter's microprocessors, you sense the row scan lines until the appropriate one-of-eight code is transmitted by Processor B. You then emulate a key closure by pulling low the Processor A line corresponding to the desired key's matrix row position. For example, to type the letter "s," wait for pin 31 of Processor B (bit 2) to go low. For as long as it is low, bring pin 12 of Processor A (bit 4) low. As mentioned, the shift function has a dedicated input line of its own. To shift to uppercase, pin 17 on Pro

cessor A is held low during the sense/assert operation for the character to be shifted.

The keyboard is software debounced by the Praxis typewriter's microprocessors, which means that a key must remain closed during four scans to be recognized as a valid entry. In the controlling program, the action of sensing and pulling low is repeated four times.

The advantage of this sense/assert interface is that the typewriter keyboard can still be used for normal typing without disconnecting anything. The resolution of your wordprocessing program is limited by the resolution of the typewriter (one-half space). The only required modification to the typewriter is to solder 19 wires to the pins of the two microprocessors.

Hardware Configuration

To interface the Praxis typewriter to your computer, you need nine output, or assert, lines (eight as part of the scan and one for the shift function); eight input, or sense, lines; and a couple of grounds. These usually come from a parallel-port board or chip. A good choice is the Intel 8255 parallel-interface chip, which has 24 I/O (input/output) lines. Ideally, your port's output lines should go through an open collector buffer to allow the keyboard to bring Processor A's inputs low when a key is

244 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE May 1983 245

pressed. However, the 8255's totempole outputs don't seem to mind the brief short circuit to ground. I built a minimum-configuration, 4-MHz Z80 system whose sole purpose is to run the typewriter. It sits in-line between the host computer or modem and my terminal. You will probably want to use your microcomputer to do the job and save money.

The first step in connecting your port to the Praxis typewriter's processors is to disassemble the typewriter and remove the computer control board. The step-by-step procedure is as follows:

l.Turn off and unplug the typewriter. With it facing you, lift the hinged cover that protects the print mechanism. It hinges on a rod that runs horizontally through the platen. Gently pull the right end of the cover until the plastic hinge clears the rod. Then slide the left side of the cover off the rod.

2. Twist off the plastic platen handgrips by rotating each one counter

clockwise. Also, it is a good idea to remove the ribbon cartridge. Turn the typewriter over and remove the four screws that hold the plastic base on —two at the front edge and two at the rear. Right the typewriter and lift off the plastic case. The keyboard remains mounted to the base. Remove the two screws that hold the keyboard assembly to the base and lift the keyboard up slightly. Five cables must be unplugged from sockets on the rear of the keyboard assembly. Remember their orientation. Photo 2 shows the keyboard assembly with the Praxis typewriter cables removed. The two cables at the bottom are from the parallel port. The keyboard can now be removed from the base. Turning it upside down, you discover that the circuit card is held to the keyboard card by three nuts. Remove these nuts and save the two grounding flanges (remembering the orientation of the flanges).

7. The processor card can now be separated from the keyboard card with the flexible ribbon cable acting as a hinge. Orient the boards as shown in photo 3. Note the locations of Processors A and B and the new cable wiring.

I suggest using a ribbon cable to attach your parallel port to the circuit card. Figure 1 is an interconnection diagram between an Intel 8255 port chip and the Praxis typewriter microprocessors. Solder the cable wires to the pins of Processors A and B on the foil side of the printed-circuit card. Use the same caution you would to solder a microprocessor into a board. [Editor's Note: Unless you have had some kit-building or soldering experience, you should not attempt to solder wires to a printed-circuit board. ] Plug the other end of the cables into your parallel port and use an ohmmeter to check for proper wiring. The cables can be brought out of the typewriter by cutting slots in the ventilation holes in the case under the

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May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Photo 2: Bottom view of the component side of the keyboard assembly. Processors A and B are identified.

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keyboard. Reassemble the keyboard and typewriter by reversing the disassembly steps.

Software

The interface program (see listings 1 and 2 on pages 254-261) fits in less than IK bytes, plus however much RAM you wish to allocate for buffer space. I assume a 2K-byte buffer in my code. The software is written in the C language and Z80 assembly code. C can be easily translated into assembly code or BASIC. The assembler I use has nonstandard (but Zilog-like) mnemonics. Assembly language is necessary for the interrupt handling and the critical timing of the keyboard sense/assert loops. I use interrupts because characters arrive from a host computer on a serial line to my special-purpose Z80 system, but other hardware/software combinations might not require interrupts.

Figure 2 is a flowchart of the control program. The typewriter is inherently a very slow device. Some speed is gained by taking advantage of the 12-character buffer that the typewriter's microprocessors use, but there is a danger of overflowing this buffer if the delay constants in the C program are changed. These con

248 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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( START J

WAIT ON CHARACTER IN QUEUE

CHARACTER I I IN "LCASE" K | ARRAY

I CHARACTER | IN "UCASE"

I

, ARRAY |

SENSE=ARRAY COLUMN ASSERT ■ ARRAY ROW

OUTPUT "SHIFT"

-ti*.

KEYBOARD SCAN'SENSE

OUTPUT ASSERT

KEYBOARD ; SCAN /SENSE i

COMPLEMENT ASSERT AND OUTPUT

REPEAT = REPEAT-1

Figure 2: A flowchart of the controlling software as implemented in the C and Z80 assembler programs.

250 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

stants assume a 4-MHz processor clock.

The assembly-language routines and their functions are detailed below. Names preceded by an underscore are symbols external to the C program.

int—Called on an interrupt that occurs when a character is received in the serial port. The character is queued by int, which also transmits a Control-S to the host computer when the character queue is in danger of overflowing.

start—The parallel and serial ports are configured here. All variables are cleared and the queue pointers are set to their initial values. The stack pointer is set and interrupts are enabled. Finally, the C program is

entered at its beginning ( main).

Iputc—A character passed by getc

is output on the serial line to the host.

getc—This routine is called from C

to check and return characters from the queue. If no character is available, a —1 is returned; otherwise, a character from the queue is returned and the queue pointers are updated. If this causes the queue to empty, a Control-Q is sent to the host and the pointers are set to the base of the queue.

put—This routine is called with

two arguments. The first is the value that Processor B will be asserting (and we will be sensing) when the desired key is being scanned. The second argument is the value we assert on Processor A's pins. The shift line is pulled low if the C program has set the variable upper to 1.

The delay loops in the C program assure that the characters are not sent to the typewriter faster than it can type or buffer them. If you have hardware timers available, the size of the program can be reduced. I have designated two Escape sequences to control typing. Until the TYPE_ON code (ESC followed by Control-B) is received, characters are returned from the queue by getc but are ignored in the C loop. To type a character, a delay is first calculated. This delay allows time for the typewriter mechanics to print the character and/or move the carriage. Special

Text continued on page 262

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Listing 1: The C program.

* Global variables

char upper; / ■ upper case flag - used in "put" rout i nc

unsigned inr del.iv'. delay2; /» typing delays • /

Aftei assemb ly code initialization, the program is entered here.

char ccount; char type:

Ivpe = 0 ; upper = 0; delay1 = 0: ccount = 0;

win le ( 1 )

/* holds the current print position *' '■ if "type" = 1. typing is enabled •

default values * /

t* infinite loop •/

"getc" is the assembly language routine

that checks for a character in the queue. If the queue is empty, "getc " returns a EOF. Otherwise, the character is returned.

( (a

getc())

EOF) continue;

II the char beg ins an escape sequence get another char to see which. Otherwise, if type = 0, continue waiting.

i ESC1

whilei(a = getc{)) if(a == TYPEON1 type = 1;

if[a == TYPEOFF) type = 0; cont inue;

/■ need another char /* enable typing • /

/• disable typing */

/• continue looping if typing is disabled •/

l f I It ypt.' I cont inue :

Type a character. First check for special characters that will need long delays.

swi tch(a)

c a s e N I.:

A line feed can only be done

in con junction with a carriaqe return. Go back to the ma in loop.

Calculate carriage return delay.

"ccount " holds the current print pos it ion. The minimum delay is for a line feed alone.

"delayl" is set to CRDEL ■ ccount. If CRDEL • ccount > 65536. delay2 is set to count the overflow.

i f t ccount

0)

delayl = lfdel;

MAXCDF.L >

minimum delay

Set delayl to maximum.

Set delay2 to the overflow

del

lyl

= MAX16;

del

)y2

= CRDEL

(ccount

- MAXCDEL )

else delay

[CRDEL •

ccount)

+ LFDEL;

ccount = 0

/• reset

this to

position 0

break;

hi.-hi- are the various delay constants ' j n decimal) l tied by the C program to make sure that the buffer internal to t he Prax i s will not ove r f1ow.

• BSDLY

600 0

•:FDEL

1 1000

•CRDEL

1000

' MAX1*

6 S 5 3 rj

■ MAXCDEl

54

■CDEL

3 0 0 0

■ TABDEI

nun

delay after back space ■'

delay after line feed •/

carriage return delay per character

max imiim value in a register pair •/ MAXCDEL = (HAX16-LFDED/CRDEL •/ delay after each char •/ delay for tab space »/ nominal tab size in spaces •/

Listing 1 continued on page 256

254 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Listing 1 continued:

• Control tut

■t

• These '•"<)••.-.

.■-.i rpsp

>nd to non-print inq funct ions.

■i> : >und

Ln ' li-i i

rays lease' and "ucase"

tfd'-f i ne EMPTY

OxQfi

• f or empi y ma trix pos i t ions ■ /

tfde 1 ineRELOC

OxD i

• reloc key «t

tfde f i ne HARE

0x04

• margi n bypass •'

tfdef Ine CORP

0x05

• correct mq key - never used •/

tt&et Lne HALF

Ox (If,

• half space •t

rtd"! lne MA!*!.

0x07

• set left marqin ■/

#defineBS

0x08

• back space • /

tfdefineTAB

0x09

■ tab tn next stop * t

ttdet ine NL

QxOa

■ tine teed - only available with carriage return • '

ttdr-i LneMARR

OxQto

• set r iqht marqin •/

Bd--f ine LOCK

0x0c

• shi ft lock •/

od.-f LneCR

DxOd

« carriage return with line feed *'

#defineOH

0x0 e

■ 1 2 'not an ASCII character) •/

#def. ineTABC

0x0 I"

• clear tab stop »/

ttd.-f ine TABS

0x1 0

• set tab stop •f

rtd'-f sr.eEXPi*

0x1 1

• carriaqe return without line feed »/

ttd-t ineREP

0x12

• repeat - '

«d.'l i ne SP

0*2 rj

■ space character •/

ffd.-l incESr

• No typinq will be done until the sequence

ESC TYPEON is received. All characters received after ESC TYPEOFF will be iqnored

ffdef ine TYPEOFF 0x0 1 #det ineTYPEON 0x02 ttdefine EOF -1 / • - Those are arrays.

« hit" converts binary to one-of-eight code

char bit(8] = !0x01, 0x02. 0x04. 0x08. 0x10, 0x20, 0x40. 0x80 I

tt-r Case cha

rrters and codes.

'■ indexes into this array determine that key's position in the keyboard matrix. Le that the first index corresponds to the olumn and the second index to the row.

racier I8l IB]

scaped

nth

' J

' . m

n

w

' e ' , r

LOCK. OH

s 'p'

' o ' , ' i '

'y*

' u'

X

c , V

'g'

'7' EMPTY

TAB. MARB , HALF. HARL. MARR , TABS , EXPR . TABC

• Upper Case

corresponds to chars on keys in lease

If a character cannot be found in "lease", this array is searched, "ucase" = 1 for the "put" subroutine if the character is found in this array.

EMPTY,

RELOC.

COKH ,

HEP, EMPTY,

*?'

* ,'• '

L' .

'K' 'M'

'Q'

' w ,

E ' .

' R '

OH

*P* .

O' ,

' T '

'%'

' X' .

c' .

' v'

EMPTY.

'% '

TAB

' J' .

'H'

MARB

'N' ,

'B'

HALF

"r' ,

'6.'

MARL

' Y' ,

EMPTY

MARR

' u' .

ns

TABS

' . ' ,

en

EXPR

'G* ,

SP

TABC

case TAB:

delayl = TABDEL ■ TABSIZ;

ccount += TABS IZ; /• character count •/

break :

case BS:

del ay 1 break;

delayl = CDEL; /• any other character •/

■ Cal1 the "lookup" subrout ine to check

look for the character in array "lease"

• Tf not there, check array "ucase".

■ Characters not found are ignored.

• /

if(lookup(a, lease) == □)

upper = 1; lookup(a. ucase);

upper = 0;

Listing 1 continued on page 258

256 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Ine

LASTNlGHT, COMPUSERVE TURNED THIS

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Circle 113 on Inquiry card.

An H&R Block Company

BYTE May 1983 257

Circle 229 on inquiry card.

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Listing 1 continued:

This subrout ine checks in "array" for the character in "v". If not found, a 0 is returned. Otherwise, the character's row and column positions are converted to one-of-eiqht codes by array "bit " and passed to the assembly language rout ine "put"

Upon return from "put", delayl and, if set. delay2 are counted down to zero.

lookup(v, array)

char v;

reqistfi char array I 8] [8] ;

char x . y ;

for(v = 0; y < 8 ; y« + )

for(x = 0: x < 8; x♦♦)

• x is the assert re if(v = = array!x] [y])

y the sense column

ret urn(01;

put(bit[y], bit[x)): whileldelayl > 0) -delayl; while(delay2 > 0) --delay2;

return!1 I; f* character is in "array"

character was not in "array "

Listing 2: The Z80 assembler program.

/ These are the assembly language rout ines

/ The mnemonics are similar to Zilog's.

/ Check the Z80 Assembl y Lanquaqe

/ Programming Manual and you wi 1 1 see t he

/ similarities.

/ Some examples:

/ Here

/ lda.nn 0x1234

/ ldddnn hl,0xa12a

/ ldr.ixda,8.

/ pushqq de

/ ld.nnddabc.de

/

/ Numbers in the form 0x1234 are hex

Zi loq LD A,[1234H1 LD HL.A12AH LD A . ( IX + 8] PUSH DE LD [abc],DE

0800 079c 0014 1000

OOff

0000 0000 0001 0002 0003

008a

0004 0005 0004

004e 0037

0002 0001

OOf e 001 1 001 3

RAM

BUFSIZ HIGHW STACK

INIT

0x0800 1948.

RAM+2 048. Oxff

/ start of ram in my system

/ buffer size, in characters

/ high water mark. 20 from top of memory

/ stack pointer set here

/ initial value in output port

CO NT CONF

TBASE TSTAT TDATA

TMODE TCOMM

URBF

UTBE

SHIFT

GO

STOP

/ Intel 8255 parallel port

= 0x00 / port base address

= PBASE / Port A address

PBASE+1 / Port B address

PBASE+2 / Port C address

= PBASE+ 3 / Configuration command register

/ Configuration command

0x8a / PA out; PB in: PC0-3 out: PC4-7 in

/ Intel 8251 Serial Port

= 0x04 / port base address

= TBASE*1 / status register

= TBASE /data register

/ configuration mode and command

= 0x4e / 8 bit length; no parity; i stop bit;

= 0x37 / enable rx and tx

3251

Status masks

0000 c3 82 00 0038

0x02

0x01

= Oxf e 0x1 1 0x1 3

.globl ma in . globl put,

jpnn start *0x35

/ receiver buffer full

/ transmitter buffer empty

/ assert shift line (bit 0)

/ CONTROL 0

/ CONTROL S

/ 0x38: IM1 vector - here on receiv / full interrupt

*r buffer

/ Test the queue pointer fillp for its proximi / to the top of the queue (hiqhw). /

/ If fillp <= highw, store char in buffer and / increment fillp.

/ If highw < fillp < topmem, send STOP. store char, and increment fillp.

/ if fillp = topmem, send STOP. store char. / but do not increment fillp.

Listing 2 continued on page 260

258 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Ine

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CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research. ©Ashton-Tate 1983.

Circle 209 on inquiry card.

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Listing

2 continued

0038

0038

f5

0039

d9

003a

3e 00

00 3c

32 00 08

00 3 1

3 2 0 1 0 8

0 0 4?

21 8c Of

0045

ed 5b 02 08

0049

af

004a

ed 5 2

004 c

30 17

004c

3e 1 3

0050

cd b4 00

0053

3e 01

00 55

32 01 08

0058

21 a2 0[

005b

af

005c

ed 5 2

005e

20 05

0060

3e 01

0062

32 00 0B

0065

0065

2a 02 08

0068

db 0 4

006,1

e6 7f

006c

77

006d

3a 00 08

0070

fe 01

0072

20 05

0074

f 1

0075

d9

0076

fe

0077

ed 4d

0079

0079

23

007a

22 02 08

007d

f 1

007c

d9

007f

fb

0080

ed 4d

0082

0082

3e 8a

0084

d3 03

0086

3e ff

0088

d3 00

008a

d3 02

008c

3 c 0 0

008e

21 00 08

0091

77

0092

11 01 08

0095

01 00 08

0098

ed bO

0 09a

21 06 08

009d

22 02 08

OOaO

22 04 08

00a3

3e 4e

00a5

d3 05

00a7

3e 37

00a9

d3 05

OOab

31 00 10

OOae

ed 56

OObO

fb

OObl

c3 42 01

00b4

0 01)4

47

00b5

db 05

00b7

e6 01

00b9

28 fa

OObb

78

OObc

d3 04

OObe

c9

pushqq

'•XX

save a f req ist er savo de , be , h 1 t

q i s t f

ldrn a.O

Id.nna nomore clear flaqu

i d - rtna stopf

/ first check proximity of fillp to highw

1dddnn hi,highw

lddd.nnde.f i1lp

/ if fillp <= highw, store character normally

xorr a / clear carry

sbchlssde / highw-fillp

]rnce intl / c clear if fillp <= highw

/ fillp is > highw. Send STOP and set stopf = 1

ldrn a.STOP

callnn lputc / send STOP

Xdrn a , 1

Id.nna stopf

/ If fillp = topmem,

/ set 'nomore' so fillp won't be incremented.

ldddnn hi,topmem

xorr a / clear carry

sbchlssde / topmem-filip

jrnze int! / z clear if topmem != fillp

ldrn a.1

1d.nna nomore / set flag

/ put char in buffer at fillp and increment fillp / if nomore = 0

ldhl.nn fillp

ina.n TDATA / get character

andn

0x7f

/

7 bit ascii

! d - h 1 r

a

/

into buffer

Ida.nn

nomore

cpn

1

/

is nomore set?

jrnze

int2

/

z clear if nomore = 0

af

/

restore register af

exx

/

restore be, de, and hi

ei

/

re-enable interrupts

ret i

incss

hi

ld.nnhlfillp

popqq

af

/

restore register af

exx

/

restore be, de, and hi

/ re-enable interrupts

/ system initialization

ldrn a.CONF / configure port

out.na CONT

ldrn a.INIT

out.na PA

out.na PC

/ clear all of ram ldrn a.Q ldddnn hi,RAH ld.hlr a ldddnn de,RAM+l ldddnn be.STACK-RAM ldir

/ set up buffer pointers ldddnn hl.buf ld.nnhlfillp Id.nnhldrainp

/ reset serial port ldrn a.TMODE out . na TSTAT ldrn a.TCOMM out.na TSTAT

ldddnn sp,STACK iml

load stack pointer set interrupt mode 1 enable interrupts enter the C program

Put a character out through the serial port The char in to be output is in A register B register destroyed

Idrr

b,a / save

/ wait

on buffer empty

i na . n

TSTAT

andn

UTBE

) r ze

out 1

ldrr

a.b

out.na

TDATA

ret

/ Called from C .

/ Return char in buffer if available or -1

/ if the buffer is empty. Check the queue pointer

/ fillp against drainp.

/

/ If fillp > drainp, return char pointed to by drainp

/ and increment drainp.

/ If fillp = drainp and drainp != buf, we have returned

/ the buffer is empty. Reset both pointers to "buf"

/ and return -1. Also send a GO to the host.

OObf

getc :

OObf

2a

02

08

ldhl.nn fillp

/

hi = fillp

00c2

ed

5b

04 08

lddd.nnde .drainp

/

de = drainp

00c6

^f

xorr a

/

clear carry

00c7

ed

52

sbchlss de

/

fillp-dra inp

00c9

20

23

jrnze get2

/

z clear if fillp

260 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 397 on inquiry card.

Listing 2 continued:

OOcb

21

06

OS

OOce

af

OOcf

ei

52

0 0<J1

28

17

O0d3

1 1

06

OS

DOd6

ed

53

04

OOda

ed

53

02

OOde

3a

01

08

OOe1

fe

01

O0e3

20

05

OOc5

3e

1 1

00e7

cd

b4

00

OOea

OOea

21

ff

ff

OOed

c9

OOee

OOee

la

OOef

13

OOfO

ed

53

04

00f4

6f

00f5

26

00

O0£7

c9

00f8

00f8

21

00

00

OOfb

cd

2d

01

OOfe

3a

00

00

0101

fe

01

0103

20

04

0105

3e

fe

01 07

d3

02

0109

06

04

01 Ob

dd

7e

06

0 1 Oe

21

0 1 Of

57

0110

dd

7e

08

0113

2f

0114

5f

0115

db

01

0117

ba

0118

20

fb

0 11a

7b

011b

d3

00

Olid

db

01

01 If

ba

01 20

28

fb

0122

3e

ff

0 1 24

d3

00

01 26

10

ed

01 28

d3

02

01 2a

c3

3b

01

01 2d

012d

fd

e3

012£

dd

e5

0131

dd

21

00

01 35

dd

39

0137

39

01 38

f9

0139

fd

e9

01 3b

01 3b

dd

f9

01 3d

dd

e1

0 1 3 f

fd

el

0141

c9

0800

00

0801

00

0802

00

00

0804

00

00

0806

0f8e

0f8e

0fa2

0fa2

00

getl :

pO:

P3:

/ drainp = fillp. Now check drainp against "bi

ldddnn hi,buf / hi = buf

xorr a / clear carry

sbchlssde /buf-drainp

jrze getl / z set if drainp = buf

/ drainp - fillp and drainp != buf, so

/ return -1 and reset both pointers to buf.

ldddnn de,buf / drainp=fillp=buf

ld.nndddrainp.de

Id.nndd fi1Ip,de

/ If stopf = 1 send GO

Ida.nn stopf

cpn 1

jrnze getl / z clear if

Idrn a,GO

callnn lputc

; topf

/ no char avail. Return

ldddnn hl.-1 ret

return char from buffer and increment drainp.

lda.de / de=drainp. Get char from bu f fer incss de / increment drainp

ld.nndddrainp.de

Idrr 1,a / return char

ldrn h,0

ret / put(sense, assert) / Called from C

/ The arguments are on the stack at offsets fi and 8. / respect ively.

/ 'sense" is the one-of-eight code to look for on the / scan 1ines.

/ "assert" is the one-of-eight code to place on the f processor input.

/ Both values must be complemented before use . / If the variable "upper" was set in C. assert the / upper case 1ine.

ldddnn

hi ,0

callnn

CSV

/ test

for upp

er

case

Ida.nn

upper

cpn

1

/

shift?

jrnze

P0

ldrn

a.SHIFI

out.na

PC

ldrn

b, 1 .

/

count

Idr.ixd a , 6 .

/

argl: look for this sea

cpl

/

complement

Idrr

d.a

/

to d

idr.ixda,8.

/

arg2: put this out

cpl

/

complement

Idrr

e , a

/

to e

/ wait for scan = sense value

ina.n PB / input Processor B value

cpr d / has the code come up yet?

jrr.ze p1 / if not, keep looking

/ output assert value

Idrr a , e

out.na PA / val out to Processor A

/ wait for scan complete

ina.n PB / input Processor B value

cpr d / look for sense code to change

jrze p3

/ unassert lines

ldrn a.INIT

out.na PA

djnze pi / do it again until b - 0

out.na PC / negate shift

jpnn cret / back to C

/ register save sequence

ex.spiy

push ix ldixnn 0 addixpp sp addhlss sp ldsphl

jp- iy

ldspix

popix

popiy

ret

. =RAM

/ variables in ram

/ starting at address 800 (hex) nomore:.byte 0 stopf: .byte 0 fillp: .word 0 drainp:.word 0

/ the character queue buf:

.=.+BUFSIZ-HIGHW highw: .=.+HIGHW topnera:.byte 0

/ put iy onto the stack and put ret address in iy

/ push ix onto the stack

/ copy sp into ix

/ add reset stack pointer from stuff in hi

/ return

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Model

Prices

with

FOCI

S395

Monitor EPROM

Z80 CPU

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Memory Mapping, 6mhz

256K2

S695

256KB, Parity

256KZ-128

S595

428KB. Parity

64KS

S425

64KB, CMOS

32KUSM

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3SPC

S259

3 serial, 1 parallel, cassette

CP/M 2.2

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Purchased with FOCI

CP/M Plus

SI 05

Purchased with FDC1

Z80 Monitor

S55

2K in EPROM, source code, lor 35PC

All Boards come assembled and tested.

Delivery is within 3 to 5 working days. MC, Visa or COD orders accepted. (Add SB for COD orders) Illinois residents add 5'/«% sales tax.

*CP/M is a registered tradematx of Digital Research, Inc. OEM. & DEALER PRICE AVAILABLE

S. C. DIGITAL

1240 N. Highland Ave.. Suite #4

P. 0. Box 906, Aurora, Illinois 60507

Phone: (312) 897-7749

May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 261

Text continued from page 250:

delays are needed for carriage returns, backspaces, and tabs. The carriage-return delay is calculated by multiplying the current print position by a constant and adding the linefeed delay. If this number exceeds 65,535, a second delay must count the difference. The tab delay assumes a nominal 8-character tab width.

A character to be typed is first looked up in the lease (lowercase) array. If it is not found there, the ucase (uppercase) array is checked. A character never found is ignored. The row and column indexes corresponding to the character's position in the array are converted by the bit array to oneof-eight codes. If the character is found in ucase, the upper variable is set to 1. The two one-of-eight codes are passed to the put assembly-language subroutine. On return, the C program counts down the previously calculated delay and continues checking the character queue. The program

will stop typing when a TYPE OFF

sequence (ESC followed by ControlA) is found in the buffer. Note that typing will not stop immediately if there are characters in the buffer ahead of TYPE_OFF.

Typewriter Setup

I have selected control characters to perform the typewriter's programmable functions. These are found in table 2. It would be helpful to follow an example of their use. To set the tabs and margins, the host sends a

TYPE ON sequence followed by the

hexadecimal ASCII (American Na

Function Hexadecima

Typewriter

Code

Value

Function

RELOC

03

reloc

MARB

04

margin bypass

CORR

05

correction key

HALF

06

half space

MARL

07

margin left

BS

08

backspace

TAB

09

tab

MARR

0b

margin right

LOCK

0c

shift lock

CR

Od

carriage return

OH

Oe

V?

TABC

01

tab clear

TABS

10

tab set

EXPR

11

expr.

REP

12

repeat

Table 2

: Tin's table shows control char

acter n

tapping.

1 have assigned the

special

functions

of the typewriter to

ASCII

-ontrol codes.

tional Standard Code for Information Interchange) codes 11, OF, and 12 for "EXPR TABC REP." As explained in the Praxis typewriter operating guide, this sequence will clear all tabs and margins and return the carriage to position 0. Because my program does not calculate a delay for these control codes, the host should wait a second or two before sending more characters. The host can now set the tabs and margins by sending space characters (hexadecimal ASCII 20) to move the carriage to the desired column followed by the control functions MARL, TABS, and MARR as appropriate. Subsequent characters sent by the host will be printed by the typewriter until a TYPE OFF sequence is found in the queue.

Conclusions

I have tuned the delay constants in the program for the fastest possible typing speed. However, because I rely on the Praxis typewriter's internal buffer, I run very close to overflowing it. You may have to retune these constants for your particular system speed. Along the lines of improvements, it may be better to sense when the typewriter has finished printing a character by reading the F8 lines that control the mechanics.

One keyboard function I did not implement is the KB-I/KB-II switch. Being a toggle switch, it cannot be pulled like the momentary switches. A relay would do the job nicely.

I am quite pleased with the operation of the typewriter. It may seem that $250 is a lot to spend on a portable typewriter. With letter-quality computer printers costing three to six times as much, however, the Praxis typewriter looks comparatively good. The quality of the type is excellent— crisp characters perfectly aligned.

I have written several driver programs on my host system to manipulate the typewriter. One program sets up tabs and margins and prints a file previously run through a word-processor program. A library of subroutines can be included in other programs to print output on the typewriter. One application is an elaborate checkbook program that uses the typewriter to print out checks. ■

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Avoids serial communication protocols. Needs only one system to transfer data, Converts source code and data files. Allows 2-way transfer. Quick, reliable, and inexpensive.

VERSIONS

Runs On

CP/M

CP/M

CP/M-86*

TRSDOSII

TRSDOSII

DEC RT-11

CROMIX •

-&

A.

Reads/Writes

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262 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 310 on inquiry card.

Software Review

Painter Power

An Electronic Paintbrush for Artists

Chris H. Pappas and William H. Murray

Computer Science Department

Broome Community College

Binghamton, NY 13902

Painter Power is a high-resolution graphics program that lets Apple II users create paintings on a color screen. Completed paintings may be viewed in a slide show on the color monitor or printed if a screen dump routine is available.

Painter Power allows you to use the Apple II keyboard, game paddles, or a joystick to paint color pictures. You use them to create "brushes" and to move objects around on the "canvas." We recommend, as a minimum, the purchase of a pair of high-quality, noncentering joysticks for the creation of brush shapes. (A noncentering joystick remains in position when released, easing figure and brush creation.) The brush moves across the screen at a predetermined rate of speed: snail, turtle, rabbit, and blitz. You control where the brush goes by the joystick and whether or not the brush is

touching the canvas (i.e., painting or not painting).

Painter Power operates in two modes: beginner and advanced. The beginner level is not as powerful as the advanced, which requires time and patience to master. With the beginner level, you can be up and painting in a flash. We estimate that it will take about an hour to master the beginner mode and probably a month of painting to master the advanced mode—it has a lot of features. With either mode, you can really paint creatively.

Beginner Mode

The beginner mode supplies a preformed brush. You can create a different brush by using the brush-create mode and preferably a joystick. You can also control the brush's width and shape in the creation process and, hence, the patterns made with a stroke.

At a Glance

Name

artist to select background color and brush colors and shapes. The

Painter Power

brush shape can be controlled from the keyboard, game paddle,

or joystick.

Use

Permits the use of a color television or monitor to serve as a

Format

painter's canvas for creating pictures from the Apple's high

A locked 5'/i-inch floppy disk.

resolution mode.

Computer

Manufacturer

Designed to run on an Apple computer with a 16-sector disk

Micro Lab

drive. Requires 48K bytes of memory and Applesoft in read-only

2310 Skokie Valley Rd.

memory or a language card.

Highland Park. IL 60035

(312) 433-7550

Documentation

44-page manual

Price

S39.95

Audience

Anyone wishing to create color paintings for personal pleasure or

Features

presentation.

Contains two modes: beginner and advanced. The beginner

mode is easier to use but has fewer options. Both modes allow an

May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 263

Once satisfied with the brush shape, you change to paint mode and select the background color for the canvas. Your choices are green, purple, white, orange, blue, and black. As with oil paints, you can paint over previous work. This lets you experiment with a shape on the canvas before making it a permanent part of the picture.

If unsatisfied with a painting, you can "purchase" a new canvas by hitting the "C" key and clearing the pattern. Masterpieces can be saved on disk for a future showing.

Advanced Mode

While the beginner mode will get you painting with a minimum of frustration, the real power of Painter Power lies in the advanced mode. It uses the keyboard, as many as four paddles or a joystick, two high-resolution screens (one for brush making and the other for the painting), and four text lines (for controlling the display) at the bottom of the canvas. A wraparound mode extends the canvas from —256 to +255 points in both directions on the beginner canvas to —512 to +511 points on the advanced canvas.

Two vectors on the text screen show the brush's location on the highresolution display. The form is —100, + 70, where -100 is 100 points left of the starting position and +70 is 70 points above the starting position of the brush. While the brush is painting, these numbers are constantly changing, which helps you position it precisely.

Painter Power lets you design and save as many as eight different brush shapes. A ninth shape, called Quickstroke, is available from among the eight original brushes. With Quickstroke, predefined patterns may be selected and painted on the canvas.

With the advanced mode, you can create patterns with mathematical functions. These shapes include circles, flower petals, spirals, ellipses, and sine or cosine waves. You have control over the size, scale, number of repeats, and beginning and ending angles.

Slide Shows

The Slide Show option is a creative feature of this software. As many as 50 paintings can be shown along with optional titles. Each slide can be viewed for as long as one minute. The presentation is automatic. Once created, a slide show can be run by typing "N" when prompted.

Photo 1: Artist Chris Pappas prepares his canvas for a painting session using Painter Power.

You and your loyal admirers can then view the gallery as many times as you like.

Painter Power's Weaknesses

A major disadvantage of Painter Power became obvious when we tried to make a backup copy: the disk is locked. Shortly thereafter, we couldn't get the joystick to function correctly in the beginner mode. It took a letter, a telephone call, and two weeks to get a new disk. Replacements cost $5 after the 30-day warranty period. Can you imagine the frustration an artist would feel if the joystick failed to operate in the middle of a masterpiece? It would be like running out of paint and having to wait for a new shipment.

Another disadvantage was a lack of total control over the brush. We had several frustrating moments when the brush took off on its own across the canvas. This disad

264 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

vantage probably becomes less of a problem with experience in using the system.

Conclusions

Despite its drawbacks, Painter Power is a real bargain for the price. It is a well-documented program with many deluxe features. ■

Photo 4: A typical sequence in painting a scene. In 4a, the

sailboat, water, and clouds were painted and saved on disk. In another work session (4b), the New York skyline was added to the scene. Finally, the sun was added to give contrast to the picture (4c). During the creation of these scenes a "mistake," such as an oblong sun, could be removed and repainted without destroying the whole canvas.

May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 265

BYTE West Coast

Ferment in Silicon Valley

There is as much ferment—of a different kind—in Silicon Valley as in all of California's wine lands. Just as the soil and climate in Napa Valley are ideal for growing varietal grapes, the dynamism of Silicon Valley is ideal for starting high-technology companies.

Engineers and programmers will move from an established company whose top management decides against developing their ideas into products to an environment favorable to their work. Middle managers who believe their companies are neglecting a certain market segment look discreetly for engineers who can design a product that meets that segment's needs. Graduate students and faculty at Stanford and other universities in the area sometimes turn their best ideas into real products instead of dissertations and journal articles. Veteran entrepreneurs follow the evolution of technology and the emergence of new markets, trying to make a match. Venture capitalists patrol the towns along routes 101 and 280 in search of bright, energetic people with original ideas and plausible goals. In recent years, venture-capital firms have gone beyond bankrolling people who come to them with ideas; these firms now study the marketplace in search of unfulfilled needs

Phil Lemmons

West Coast Editor

McGraw-Hill Publications

425 Battery St. San Francisco, CA 94111

and then look for someone to start a company that will make a product that meets those needs. It's no wonder that new companies are constantly bubbling to the surface.

How do companies get started? Profiles of

four newcomers reveal different strategies.

A sampling of a few new companies illustrates the variety of startups in Silicon Valley. Victory Computer Systems introduced two new microcomputer systems at last fall's Comdex in Las Vegas. The Learning Company produces educational software for children aged 3 to 13. Adaptec develops and manufactures VLSI (very large-scale integration) controllers for Winchester disks. Evotek designs and manufactures highcapacity 5Vk-inch Winchester disks. Although the products of these companies represent different technologies aimed at different markets, all four companies show the same imagination and drive and face similar challenges.

Victory Computer Systems

Roger Vass, a co-founder of Altos

Computer Systems of San Jose, California, had been walking the floors of computer shows for some time wondering what kind of system he should build. He knew that the microcomputer market was crowded, and as a former vice-president of marketing for Altos, he knew that he had to identify the right market niches before proceeding to design.

Vass's ideas gelled sometime between the Dataquest conference on the microcomputer industry held at Silverado, California, in January 1982 and the Hanover Fair held in West Germany the following April. Vass had considered building a desktop workstation using color graphics and voice input/output but decided that the time had not yet come for a successful product combining those technologies. In the end, he decided to build a multiuser system rather than an integrated workstation. "It's my conviction," Vass says, "that video-terminal technology and microcomputer technology are different. I'm not sure you can do a good job with both at the same time."

Instead Vass chose to build a "clustered, shared-resource computer with an unburdened 16-bit host." Victory's computers use not only a 16-bit microprocessor, but also a 16-bit hard-disk controller and an 8-bit

266 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Circle 64 on inquiry card.

microprocessor to handle input/output for each serial channel.

Once he made his decision, Vass moved quickly. Vass and Bill Daugherty, now vice-president for finance, used Visicalc to make projections and a business plan. In July 1982, Vass gave consultants the first contracts for the design of the two systems he planned to build. In August, Vass added electronics designer Jim Willott, who formerly worked at Zilog and Altos, to the Victory staff. Willott developed and oversaw further consulting contracts for the design of the Victory computers. Victory Computer Systems, which was not incorporated until September 7, 1982, announced its two systems at Comdex late in November.

The two Victory series of microcomputers differ only in the centralprocessing-unit board. Both systems use the high-speed VME (versa module European) bus, derived from the Motorola Versabus and adopted by Motorola, Mostek, Thompson,

Philips, Signetics, and other companies. (Victory expects to market 60 percent of its computers in Europe, the other 40 percent in the United States.) Both systems include integral fixed Winchester disks holding 20, 40, or 85 megabytes of data, and integral tape backup. Both systems can run CP/M on 4 terminals while running a 16-bit operating system on another 12 terminals. Both systems will be capable of running new friendly software that requires advanced graphics capabilities. The C. Itoh terminals, customized to Victory specifications, have options for color graphics with 640 by 480 resolution.

The Victory Spirit Series of computers is based on Intel's 80186 and runs operating systems from the Digital Research family. Victory made both choices in light of the many independent software development projects currently in progress for that hardware/software combination in the business market.

The Factor Series is based on the Motorola 68000 microprocessor and

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runs the Unisoft Uniplus System 3 Unix operating system, which includes some of the enhancements to Unix developed at the University of California at Berkeley. The Factor Series targets the industrial-applications and process-control market. Because Vass sees that market as "software-development intensive," he chose the Unix operating system and its noted virtues as an environment for developing software.

With a couple of important qualifications, Victory Computer Systems is following the classic model of raising venture capital. In this model, startup companies raise capital in three rounds. The first round is for organizing the company and designing a product. If that goes well, the outside capitalists will agree to finance a second round, which is for building a prototype. After the prototype is completed and working, the venture capitalists examine the existing competition and decide whether to invest in the third round, which involves manufacturing and distribution. In exchange for venture capital, the founders of start-ups surrender a percentage of their companies. Victory Computer Systems differs from this model in that its management team was able to put in a substantial amount of its own money and Vass was able to move into production much faster than the usual start-up. As well, Vass's background at Altos — his successful "track record"—reduced the percentage of the company that the founders had to surrender to the venture capitalists.

The greatest impetus in the founding of Victory Computer Systems was Roger Vass's willingness to use his own assets as capital. Now the company has opened new manufacturing facilities in the Berryessa industrial park in San Jose. The sales and executive offices remain in Gateway Place in the same city.

The Learning Company

Ann Piestrup, founder of The Learning Company, is an educational psychologist who spent 10 years studying children's thought and language and especially the problem of how to maximize learning of basic

268 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Ire

Circle 148 on inquiry card.

skills. She decided to develop educational software "when I first saw that computers could do colorful, musical, playful things." Piestrup's studies had shown that active learning is the key to understanding, but when she looked at existing educational software for microcomputers, she saw little that actively involved the children or that exploited the computer's ability to generate immediate feedback using color graphics. In December 1979, Piestrup expressed her views and goals to Carolyn Stauffer, former director of the Apple Education Foundation. As a result, the foundation gave Piestrup an Apple II Plus with a language card, graphics, and Supertalker and added $1000 so that she could hire a programmer. Piestrup founded Advanced Learning Technology, a sole proprietorship, in order to receive the grant.

Piestrup and another expert on learning, Barbara Jasinski, designed the first program, specifying every screen on graph paper to show exactly what the low-resolution color graphics should do. Alice Chiang, a consulting programmer to International Business Machines, turned the specifications into an executable program. (Jasinski is now active in another new educational software company called Stepping Stones.)

Piestrup used the company's early experience as the basis for a proposal to the National Science Foundation and the National Institute of Education. Those two organizations were jointly awarding nine grants to both profit and nonprofit organizations for the advancement of the use of computers in education. Piestrup's proposal won a grant of $130,000 and she founded The Learning Company to receive it.

At that stage, Piestrup brought in Dr. Teri Perl, a mathematics educator, and Warren Robinett, who has a master's degree in computer science from the University of California, Berkeley, and was a member of the original group of programmers at Atari. The programs resulting from the collaboration of Perl, Piestrup, and Robinett during the year's funding from the NSF/NIE grant are in the public domain, but they convinced

many people that The Learning Company's approach to educational software would make for commercial success.

Among those convinced were Tom Whitney, who formerly worked at Apple Computer Inc., and Jack Melchor of Melchor Venture Management in Los Altos, California. The Learning Company raised $300,000 in January 1982 from the Los Altos venture-capital firm and individual investors. Since then the company has grown to a staff of 14, three of

whom are programmers. The Learning Company employs outside subcontractors as well. By January 1983, TLC had developed seven educational programs for children aged 3 to 13. The programs all use color graphics and are interactive, selfpacing, nonviolent, and easy for children to use on their own. Reception has been quite favorable. Both Apple and Atari market TLC products, and TLC has signed with 14 distributors, including Softsel, Micro D, and Bell & Howell. TLC is now in

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May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 269

the enviable position of deciding whether to accept a second round of venture-capita] financing. TLC may not need more outside money.

Adaptec

Adaptec was started to design and manufacture LSI circuits for producing inexpensive high-performance hard-disk controllers for microcomputers. Adaptec's founders came from large companies. Larry Boucher, Adaptec's president, spent 10 years at IBM working on highperformance input/output systems. Boucher left IBM to join Shugart Associates in 1979 and was soon responsible for developing integrated circuits and designing disk controllers. Boucher and Bernie Nieman, then an engineering manager at Shugart, developed the Shugart Associates System Interface (SASI) for connecting small computers and small hard disks. SASI has since been proposed as the ANSI (American National Standards Institute) Small Computer Standard Interface (SCSI).

Boucher's decision to found Adaptec was not instantaneous. "It grew," he says, "out of an inability to do what I wanted to do within the organization that I was working in." Shugart Associates was emphasizing disk drives and Boucher's primary interest lay in disk controllers and custom LSI chips.

When Boucher founded Adaptec early in 1981, he brought in Nieman and another former employee of Shugart Associates, Wayne Higashi, who had been manager of design assurance. This group of three exShugart employees brought in John Hulme, an expert in LSI technology who had worked as an engineer and manager of semiconductor projects at Fairchild, Hewlett-Packard, and Siliconix.

Boucher, Nieman, Higashi, and Hulme agreed to contribute $15,000 each and to work for one year without salary. They took some space in an old converted apartment building in Campbell, west of San Jose, and set about designing their first hard-disk controller. Ignoring noise from rockband rehearsals and cabinet makers in adjoining apartments, Adaptec's

founders worked hard using their own S-100 personal computers and some surplus breadboards to develop a prototype. In the same period, Boucher refined Adaptec's business plan. "We did the numbers manually," Boucher recalls, "but we used Wordstar running on an S-100 system to write the plan." Within six months of the company's beginning, the prototype controller and the business plan attracted $1,650,000 in venture capital.

In the two years since its founding, Adaptec has grown to a staff of 20 and expects to have 40 employees before the end of 1983. The firm now has its headquarters in Milpitas, California. Adaptec has received another $4,300,000 in equity funding from four venture-capital firms: Lawrence, WPG Partners, of San Francisco; Technology Venture Investors, Menlo Park; New Enterprise Associates, San Francisco; and Merrill, Pickard, Anderson & Eyre, San Francisco.

Forecasting sales of $10 million in 1983, Adaptec produces LSI products for Winchester-disk-drive control: chip sets for use in high-performance, multitasking applications and a single controller chip for use in personal computers. According to Phil Devin, an Adaptec product marketing manager, the company has "had evaluation-unit orders from all the major microcomputer companies and some of the major drive manufacturers." The Winchester Controller Chip will cost $52 in large quantities in 1983 but that price is expected to fall to $36 in 1984.

Evotek

Sometimes venture capital comes through acquaintances. George Brennan, who has held senior management positions at Memorex, Honeywell, and the Marshall Electronics Group, knew some of the people at Ibis Systems in Los Angeles. Ibis makes high-capacity hard disks using thin-film media for use with IBM 3300 series computers. Brennan saw a need for high-capacity, high-performance 5:/4-inch Winchester disks to be used with microcomputers, and he approached Ibis about licensing its

technology for the microcomputer market. Ibis agreed and soon Brennan was developing a business plan for Evotek.

After people at Ibis looked at the plan, they asked Brennan if they could send it on to two venturecapital firms that backed Ibis. These were the Hillman Group, reputed to be the largest of the venture-capital firms, and Rothschild Inc., of New York City. Brennan agreed and soon both venture firms backed Evotek, with the Hillman Group putting up $3 million.

Evotek was incorporated in June 1981 with George Brennan as president. Burton Sisco, another founder and the vice-president of engineering, had worked with Brennan at Memorex. Gordon Steel, vice-president of finance, and Edmund Turek, vicepresident of operations, also had experience at large companies.

Turek sought candidates for employment at Evotek who had experience designing 14-inch Winchester disks. From the beginning, Evotek's goal was to bring the technology for large hard disks down to the 5V4-inch size commonly used with microcomputers.

By June 1982, Evotek had prototypes ready to be exhibited at the National Computer Conference in Houston. Evotek then had 50 employees. In late November 1982, Evotek showed "preproduction" disk drives developed from the prototypes, and in January 1983 Evotek began shipping a family of hard disks that use thin-film media to store from 7.8 to 51 megabytes. The company now occupies a 50,000-square-foot building in the Sutter Hill-Fremont Business Center, a business park in Fremont, 10 miles north of San Jose. The number of employees had grown to 160 by February 1983.

Looking for Venture Capital?

People looking for sources of capital may find the Directory of Venture Capitalists useful. The publication is available for $20 from the Western Association of Venture Capitalists, Building 2, Suite 260, 3000 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, CA 94025.■

270 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

THE PERSONAL COMPUTER AD OUR COMPETITION DOESN'T WANT YOU TO READ.

It's an ad for NEC's APC" Advanced Personal Computer. A solutions-oriented system that solves business problems in the simplest, most cost-effective way. The APC supports both CP/M-86'" and MS-DOS!" It can store more information than any system in its price range. In short, it's got the best price/performance of any personal computer. That's why our

competition would pr never see our syst/ We asked som nen who s jus why f feason' ;Thev bnly p Jfetr 5itr,.; 3k

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Our business software was optimized to take advantage of the APC's unique hardware features. That makes system operation faster and easier.

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f Our high-resolution color -'graphics run circles, arcs and lines around everybody else. The Ar screen imagesline' I characters pi '/are unprecedenteu in their clarity. Kolors against resolution Betitive systems often must.

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See for yourself the personal computer our competition wishes had never been invented. The Advanced Personal Computer from NEC. Return the coupon to NEC Information Systems, Inc., 5 Militia Drive, Lexington, MA 02173.

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Send me more information on the BE0583 Advanced Personal Computer.

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Circle 325 on inquiry card.

NAPLPS: A New Standard for Text and Graphics

Part 4: More Advanced Features and Conclusions

A standard way to encode color mapping and animation,

closing with some predictions on how NAPLPS

will be used by personal computers.

This is the fourth and final part of this series of articles on NAPLPS, the North American Presentation-LevelProtocol Syntax, a new communications standard for encoding both textual and graphics information. With this standard, graphics information can be sent from computer to computer, or from peripheral to peripheral, with little regard to inherent differences in the display capabilities of the various machines available. Such a standard will be particularly important for proposed mass-market datacommunications systems such as videotex.

The first part of the series presented an overview of NAPLPS. The second part gave a detailed analysis of its basic features. And last month, some of the advanced features of NAPLPS were discussed! This month I will continue that discussion and conclude with some predictions about the future of NAPLPS.

About the Author

Jim Fleming is a member of the ANSI X3L2 Committee on Character Sets and Coding. He is an independent consultant specializing in interactive computing systems.

Jim Fleming Unir Corporation

Suite 106

5987 East 71st St.

Indianapolis, IN 46220

These predictions are based on the premise that personal computing has not yet reached the majority of people in the world. For that to happen, personal computers must be very easy to use. Those readers who may be dreaming about the day when everyone will be assembling S-100 kits and toggling in bootstrap pro

INDEX

COLOR

RED

GREEN

BLUE

0

0.2

0.3

0.0

4

0.0

0.0

0.0

5

0.5

0.8

0.8

6

0.0

0.8

0.8

25

1.0

1.0

1.0

26

0.5

0.5

0.5

27

0.6

0.0

1.0

31

0.0

1.0

0.0

Figure 1: A typical color table used with color modes 1 and 2 in NAPLPS. Each index value corresponds to a specific color. Note that the index values are arbitrary and that no index value appears more than once. Each color is represented as a mixture of the primary colors red, green, and blue.

grams should probably reassess their thinking.

Advanced Color Capabilities

As was mentioned in part 1, NAPLPS supports a variety of color modes. The most primitive one (mode 0) is quite portable and will be used in the majority of applications. As was previously described, colors are specified in color mode 0 by indicating the relative amounts of red, green, and blue that should be mixed to form the desired color.

Color modes 1 and 2, however, use a technique called color maps or color tables. As shown in figure 1, a color table is a set of indexes and their corresponding colors. These are tied together using the Set Color and Select Color commands. As can be seen in the figure, a given mixture of primary colors can be used more than once, and all the indexes do not have to be used. Note that the index value does not have any direct relationship with a hardware drawing value at this point.

In order to make an entry in the color table, you must first use the Select Color command to specify a

272 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

certain index (see figure 2). This index value is encoded in the byte or bytes following the command and usually ranges from 0 to 63, although indexes as high as 16,777,215 can be encoded. After an index is chosen, you can then use the Set Color command to specify the mixture of red, green, and blue values that should be associated with the index.

When you want to select a color for drawing in color modes 1 and 2, you must specify the index for that color—not the actual color. The primary difference between modes 1 and 2 is that mode 2 allows you to specify a background color for text characters.

As shown in figure 3, when a picture is drawn into display memory, a drawing value is allocated to each index. This value is written into the display memory. The color information currently associated with each index is put into a hardware register associated with each drawing value, and anything drawn with that displaymemory value will have that color. Note that a display value is allocated to an index only when drawing occurs. Also, each display value is allocated to only one index.

In order to create blinking and animation effects, the color associated with an index can be changed using the Select/Set sequence de

SELECT COLOR 7 6 5 4 3 2 10

OP CODE (3/14)

X

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

X 1

OP CODE (3/12)

SET COLOR 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

J I l_l

X

0

1

1

1

1

0

0

X

1

1

G

R

B G

• • •

R

B

X

1

1 1

1 1

DRAWING COLOR

BACKGROUND COLOR (MODE 2 ONLY)

> COLOR VALUE

G R B G R B

Figure 2: The Select Color and Set Color commands used to specify a color-table index value and a red, green, and blue mixture, respectively. (The codes 3/14 and 3/12 are an alternate way of indicating the hexadecimal numbers 3E and 3C.) In color mode 2, two indexes can be specified in the Select Color command if a background color for text is desired. The normal sequence used to load the color table is to first select an index and then set a color for that index. These actions cause a relationship to be established between an index value and a color. After a table is set up, each set color can be used by using the Select command. Also, the color associated with each index value can be changed by using another Set Color command.

INDEX

COLOR

DRAWING VALUE

RED

GREEN

BLUE

0

0.2

0 3

0 0

5

4

0.0

0.0

0.0

5

0.5

0.8

0.8

12

6

0.0

0.8

0.8

11

25

1.0

1.0

1.0

0

26

0 5

0 5

0.5

27

0 0

0.0

1.0

2-—^"^

31

1.0

0.0

0 0

3 — '"

00000000000 0 0000000000 00000000000 0 0000000030 0 0000000300 00000003000 0 0000030000 00000300000 00003002220 00030002220 00000002220

DRAWING/COLOR

/m

o

o o

EXPANDED COLOR MAP

DISPLAY MEMORY

HARDWARE COLOR TABLE

DISPLAY SCREEN

Figure 3: A typical color-table implementation. Note that special color-map hardware is required. The drawing value is the one used when drawing occurs in the display memory. It is an index into the hardware-based color map.

May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 273

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BLINK

OP CODE (3/15) X 0 1 1 1 1 1 1

L_

SINGLE-VALUE OPERAND

FIXED-FORMAT OPERANDS (BYTE 1)

X

1

Mc L„ SB| 1 I I I SB

■TO" COLOR INDEX

X

1

1 1 1 1 1

(BYTE 2) X 1

J L

ON INTERVAL

OFF INTERVAL

(BYTE 3)

X ]

v ► PHASE DELAY

Figure 4: The Blink command is used to establish one or more asynchronous blink processes. These processes automatically modify the contents of the color map. In short, the Blink command causes the color of the current color index to be temporarily changed to that of the "to" color index. The on, off, and phase-delay times are specified in 1/10-second resolution, which allows this system to be compatible with both North American (60 frames per second) and European (50 frames per second) television systems. These times are used to control how often the color map is modified.

scribed above. This change will cause everything on the display screen that has been drawn with that value to change color.

Color-Table Animation

The Blink command is used to set up automatic color-table animation sequences. As shown in figure 4, the Blink command is followed by several bytes that indicate a colortable index, an on interval, an off interval, and a phase delay.

When the Blink command is specified, a process is established that coordinates the timing and interaction that occur between two colortable entries. The "from" color-table index is set to the current color index (i.e., the last selected index). The "to" color-table index is the index specified in the byte immediately following the Blink command.

As shown in figure 5, the blink processes are independent asynchronous activities that copy values from one entry in the color table to another.

During the on interval, the color corresponding to the index specified by the "from" color is saved in an area of memory called the process-control block. Then the color corresponding to the index specified by the "to" index is copied to the "from" index. If the new color is different than the old color, a visual result will be seen.

Similarly, during the off time, the color information saved in the process-control block is restored to the color index specified by the "from" color.

For simple blinks or flashing, the "to" color index can specify a constant color that is used for copying purposes but not drawing. At this point it should be clear why hardware drawing values are not allocated to an index until actual drawing occurs. This technique allows each screenbased color to have a unique "from/to" color pair without requiring that colors be shared.

If you are following carefully, you will note that, at the beginning of the

274 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Ire

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BYTE May 1983 275

BLINK PROCESSES

FROM

TO ON 0

5 4 .1 SEC

~"^^^SAVE / RESTORE

^\COF COPY

OFF 0 3 SEC

INDEX

COLOR

DRAWING VALUE

RED

GREEN

BLUE

0

0.2

0.3

0.0

5

FROM: 6 TO: 5

ON 0.2 SEC OFF 0.2 SEC

Y

( 4

0.0

0.0

0.0

w

0.5

COPY

0.8

0.8

12

SAVeTrI^TtORE

^^^'SAVE / RESTORE

0.0

0.8

0.8

11

w 26 '

1.0

1.0

1.0

0

26

0.5

0.5

0 5

27

0.6

0.0

1.0

2

FROM 2S

31

0.0

1.0

0.0

3

TO: ON OFF

5 .0 SEC i.O SEC

Figure 5: An example of three blink processes used together. The first process saves the contents of the color map at index 5 and then copies the contents of index 4 into index 5. After 0.1 second, the original contents of index 5 are restored for 0.3 second. The second process saves the contents of the map at index 6 and copies the contents of index 5 into index 6. Note that the second process can copy the contents of index 5 during the time it has been changed by process 1, causing a variety of effects. The third process, which runs very slowly, saves the contents of index 25 and also copies the contents of index 5 into index 25. When changes are made to the colors in indexes 5, 6, and 25, the corresponding hardware color-map registers 12, 11, and 0 are changed, causing visual changes to the

on time, the color in the "to" color index is copied to the "from" color index. This copy is made independently of any blink activity that may be set for the "to" color. Thus, this copying could occur during a time when the "to" color has been changed by another blink process. The result is that multiple blink processes can be set up to allow colors to ripple around the color table in regular and irregular patterns. These patterns can be used to produce dramatic animation effects under full control of the terminal and without the need for host interaction.

These animation effects, plus the other features described in the previous articles, should establish NAPLPS as the most extensive information-exchange protocol available. As time goes on, it is expected that NAPLPS will replace ASCII (American National Standard Code for Information Interchange) as the standard for information inter

change. As this occurs, almost every area of computing will be affected. In order to prepare for this impact, we need to look into the future to see how NAPLPS will help shape the world.

Predictions and Conclusions

If one sits back and attempts to predict the future of personal computing and information exchange, some obvious predictions come to mind:

1. Integrated text and graphics will be essential in all visual information exchange.

2. Personal computers must be designed to be so easy to operate that a casual user can begin doing useful things immediately.

3. A personal computer will be used as a link to the rest of the world rather than a diversion from it.

4. People's efficiency will be increased by allowing concurrent activities.

5. The average personal computer user will be more of a consumer than a producer.

It should be noted that I have said nothing about the size of memory chips or the density of disk drives. These predictions involve only functionality and the user's view of computing capability. I am a firm believer that the consumer will be the ultimate decision maker when the fate of the personal computing field is decided. These users will make these decisions based on what they see, hear, and touch. They will not make their decisions based on how many chips are in a box or whether interrupts are enabled during DMA disk transfers.

Using these predictions and a little imagination, we can hypothesize what the ultimate personal computer will be like. Figure 6 illustrates my view of such a machine. Four functional servers are clustered around a central switching, control, and com

276 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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USER-INTERFACE SERVER

BALANCE

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12. 35 12. 82

TOTAL

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FILE SERVER

CENTRAL COMPUTATIONAL

COMPONENT (MULTITASKING)

HARD-COPY SERVER

PLOTTER

KEYBOARD TABLET

Figure 6: The ultimate distributed personal computer system for the serious user. Each of the components is an independent entity, each with the power of a typical personal computer available today. The diagram illustrates functionality and does not necessarily imply physical partitioning. NAPLPS is the language used between all components, especially between the User Interface and the Central Computational Component. The User Interface may be able to run a variety of local screen-based text and graphics editors without informing the Central Computational Component.

putational unit. These four functional servers are not meant to indicate peripherals hanging on a microcomputer. In fact, they may instead be integrated into one unit. To put things into perspective, I imagine that each of the functional servers would have the complexity equal to or greater than that of an IBM Personal Computer.

The Hard-Copy, Communications, and File Servers are straightforward. Ideally, the Hard-Copy Server would support integrated text and graphics in high-resolution black and white. Color hard copy would be desirable, but I could probably live without it. The Communications Server would provide all links to off-site services through modems and local networks. The File Server would provide the typical storage and retrieval functions. Features such as automatic redundancy and backup might be transparent to the user. Databasemanagement capabilities could be built into the File Server, which would be responsible for organizing

the database in the optimum way based on the user's answers to certain queries.

The User-Interface Server would be an extremely high resolution colorgraphics display with a variety of user-input devices. All input editing would be handled by this server. The user should be able to enter text and graphics with equal ease. The ability to point to objects on the screen should be available from any of the input devices. And the User-Interface Server should be able to support multiple windows, representing various concurrent activities currently in progress.

The Central Computational Component would be a multitasking system with the computational capability similar to most multiuser timesharing systems. A process (or task) would be active for each window in use in the User-Interface Server. Additional processes could be created to perform tasks for the user.

The Central Computational Component would also be responsible for

coordinating all server-to-server interactions. It would also act on the user's behalf if some attention is needed and the user is busy. For example, electronic mail received via the Communications Server would be stored in the File Server without the user becoming involved. The user would be able to retrieve the mail at a later time.

Given this model of an ultimate personal computer, it becomes useful to begin charting an evolutionary path from our current position to this ultimate system. It is obvious in figure 6 that the User Interface must be present in the system before any other component. It is not obvious that the user needs any other component as long as the User Interface has access to a Central Computational Component.

The first step along the evolutionary path is to give the user a UserInterface Server. From that day forward, the user's view of the system begins to form. (The old adage "love at first sight" can be applied to com

278 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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functionality, reliability, and flexibility, were

our primary goals, which will enshrine the Monte Carlo

Card as the premier expansion board for any PC user.

GRAPHICS

• Full Color or B/W Tones

• HIRES and Medium Res.

• 4-Dot Sizes for Blow-ups

Reproduce Graphics

from Screen to Dot Matrix

Printer, Full Screen or

Sub-Section

• Rotation, Color Hue Selection

• Shift PrtSc Graphic Dumps

• Color on Prism 132/80

• Operates on EPSON/NEC/C-ITOH PRISM/OKIDATA

See Your Local Dealer or Call

l-C Magic

SPOOLING

• Selectable buffer 1K to 64K

• Serial or Parallel

• True Background spooling at your fingertips

• Save processor time SAVE

MONEY

• Buffers all text and graphics

TERMINAL

• RS-232 Direct or Modem connection

• Full terminal capability on a chip! Printer Hardcopy/ Echo

• Full input/output buffering

• Background terminal features

• Easy for user customization

FOR YOUR IBM PC

IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines. Corp. MBI and l-C-Magic are trademarks of Microcomputer Business Industries, Corp.

MICROCOMPUTER

BUSINESS

mUUSIKIESI

ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICES: 1019 8TH STREET, GOLDEN, COLORADO 80401 (U.S.A.)

TELEPHONE: (303) 279-8438 circle 538 on inquiry card.

TWX: 910-934-0191

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CONNECTION TECHNIQUES

INTEGRAL USER INTERFACE

HARDWIRED (RS-232C)

NAPLPS

CENTRAL

COMPUTATIONAL

COMPONENT

(a)

MODEMS

(b)

MISCELLANEOUS NETWORK CABLE TV, SATELLITE, ETC.

USER-INTERFACE SERVER

NAPLPS

CENTRAL

COMPUTATIONAL

COMPONENT

NAPLPS/

CENTRAL

COMPUTATIONAL

COMPONENT

Figure 7: The User-Interface Server can be connected to the Central Computational Component in a variety of ways. A modem or a network arrangement allows a person to start using a User-Interface Server long before the Central Computational Component is needed.

puters as well as people.)

Because of this user view that is established, one is driven to give the user as much capability from day one as is economically feasible, even at the expense of not providing other components in the system. This strategy is compatible with the fact that a user will judge a system primarily from interaction with the User-Interface Server.

Once a user is given a User-Interface Server, another serious situation develops: the user will not want to give it up. This implies that when the user eventually obtains a Central Computational Component, he or she will expect the User-Interface Server to work with the new component.

What this all comes down to is that the user should be given the ultimate text/graphics terminal before any other component. The capabilities of

this terminal should be standardized, and everything but the kitchen sink had better be available, because the capabilities of that terminal will help shape all future services. And the interface to that terminal must be clearly defined before any terminals are given out.

This is where NAPLPS becomes involved—as the text/graphics terminal-interface protocol for the UserInterface Server. As shown in figure 7, a NAPLPS terminal can be connected via a variety of mechanisms to a Central Computational Component. From the first day of use, the user sees a certain set of capabilities and begins to get used to the local editing features available in the terminal. If a user is connected to a host via a modem, all computation and information are obtained from the remote host. The spectacular text/ graphics displays are there from the

beginning and are not something the user must dream of having.

From the host computer's point of view, the user is now a constant, a known entity with a standard interface. Services can be developed with the assumption that the user will not be a moving target. This stability gives the developers of the host system more incentive to develop more services. More services attract more users, and more users of course mean more money, etc., etc.

The user begins to consume the prepackaged information and services. Most users may not want to become programmers or system administrators; they merely want to accomplish a task and get on with the rest of their lives.

At some point in life, however, a user may become more sophisticated and require a dedicated processor. A Central Computational Component

282 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

DBPlus

SORT, COMPRESS, and TRANSFORM dBASE If DATA FILES

500 1000

RECORDS SORTED

2000

If you are serious about dBASE II™ you need DBPlus. This program runs outside of dBASE IFand performs the following important functions on dBASE II™ data files:

•Sort

• Compress/Decompress

• Transform

DBPlus™ is designed to free you from the chore of typing or memorizing a new language. In most cases all you have to do is move the cursor to the next menu item and press return!

SORT

DBPlus™ can sort a data file up to 15 times faster than dBASE II™ on a single field; 32 fields may be sorted in a single pass and each additional field requires 1% more sorting time.

COMPRESS/DECOMPRESS

A copy of any dBASE II™ data file can be produced which is only 30% to 40% of the original size.

The compressed file will save you transmission time and phone costs when you send a data file over a modem.

Making backup copies of large data files can use up many floppy disks. Compressed files will save you space in archival storage. TRANSFORM

You can now modify the structure of any data file by adding, deleting, and modifying fields without any programming knowledge.

DBPlus™ can also create a new file which is compatible with WordStar/MailMerge.™

Now retailing for $125.

Manual and demo disk may be purchased separately.

Dealer and distributor inquiries invited!

HumanSoft

661 Massachusetts Avenue Arlington, Mass. 02174 (617) 641-1880

dBASE II is a registered trademark of AshtonTate, Inc.

WordStar/MailMerge is a registered trademark of MicroPro, Inc.

DBPlus is a registered trademark of HumanSoft

Circle 218 on inquiry card.

can be purchased by the user and added to the original User-Interface Server. Many of the services that had been available on the remote host will probably be available on the dedicated processor.

Additional servers could be added to the Central Computational Component as the user desires. One interesting thing to note is that the display capabilities of NAPLPS are such that the Hard-Copy Server can use the same protocol. Also, because the File Server will certainly be able to store NAPLPS, we see that a complete, integrated personal computing system begins to emerge. NAPLPS becomes the common language in the system for information interchange.

The addition of the Communications Server is the mechanism by which a user and personal computer become an entity on a local-area network. Keep in mind that the addition of the Communications Server allows a far more sophisticated system than when the user was remoted to a host via an unspecified network. The remoting was done to create the link be

tween the User-Interface Server and the Central Computational Component. The Communications Server was not involved. Figure 7 illustrates this difference.

If I have not lost you completely and you are good at reading between the lines, it should be clear that NAPLPS is a small part of a large, integrated personal computing system. Many of the parts of that system still need to be specified and implemented. Luckily, the part of most concern to users is quite mature and currently available in the marketplace. I predict that in three to four years systems similar to the one I have described will be commonplace in personal computing.

Those of you who are familiar with the various videotex systems that have been proposed may realize that my ultimate personal computer would be fairly compatible with such systems. In most videotex systems, a network of inexpensive home terminals with enhanced graphics capabilities are connected to a host computer. Ideally, the manufacturers of

these terminals will design them so that at some later date the user can add the above-mentioned servers.

As I said at the outset of this article, personal computing has not yet reached the majority of people in the world—but someday it will. If you are currently a personal computer user, you should feel honored to be among the pioneers. As the personal computing field begins to evolve into a mass-market, consumer-oriented, network-based information system, do not be surprised if you begin to feel like the odd man out. Also, do not be surprised if one day your neighbors invite you over to see their new computer that costs one fourth to one tenth the price of yours and has access to thousands of services via networking. And do not get upset when you find out that your neighbors cannot tell you which processor their computer uses or what transmission rates their modem supports. Instead, just feel good about the fact that you know a little bit about the language their computer uses to talk to the rest of the world. ■

INTERSTELLAR DRIVE

1+i ^r A SOLID STATE DISK EMULATOR

SAVE MONEY! Increase your computer's productivity

The INTERSTELLAR DRIVE is a high performance data storage subsystem with independent power supply, battery backup, and error detection. It has 256KB to 1 Megabyte of solid state memory integrated to perform with your operating system.

Save valuable time!

5 to 50 times faster performance than floppy disks and Winchester drives

PION'S INTERSTELLAR DRIVE is designed for use with a family of interfaces and software packages. Currently available are interfaces for IBM, S100, TRS80, Apple, SS50, and mostZ80 uP, and software for mostpqpularoperating systems. Additional interfaces are continually being developed for the most popular computers.

BaSIC Price for 256KB Unit [Includes Interface and software]

$ 1 095 !''"s '"'A (whew applicable) and shipping

Visa and Master Card accepted.

"lOlM iINC. Tel.[617)923-8009

101R Walnut St., Watertown, MA 02172

TRS80 trademark of Tandy Corp. Apple trademark of Apple Computers Interstellar Drive trademark of PION, Inc.

284 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 362 on inquiry card.

SuperSoft

Ada

The Real Thing

In a world where Ada is becoming a widely accepted standard, it is important that programmers learn this language quickly. SuperSoft Ada provides an excellent means for doing just that. And in contrast to other Ada-like languages, SuperSoft Ada supports standard Ada syntax and only standard Ada syntax. This means you'll learn to write programs in valid Ada code only.

SuperSoft Ada

SuperSoft Ada is a native code, fully recursive, multipass compiler which generates ".COM" files. While currently a subset, SuperSoft Ada supports many features of the standard Ada languages such as:

loop

floating point

procedure

printer I/O

strings

case

console I/O

while

arrays

integers

for

disk I/O

characters

integers with exponents

types

• user defined types • derived types

• enumeration types (no I/O) • records and selected

components attributes relational operators for arrays and strings

control structures

• labels • goto • exit

in out/out mode parameters for subprograms pragmas

• list • print • optimize

• include • system

Circle 432 on inquiry card.

The second release of SuperSoft Ada (2.0) includes the most useful features of standard Ada. Anyone purchasing an early release will be promptly notified of all updates and charged only for the small price increase of later releases.

Ada is a state-of-the-art language designed for the demanding, contemporary user/programmer. Because it is required by the Department of Defense, Ada is certain to become a dominant language soon. Begin learning and using Ada now with SuperSoft Ada.

This compiler is presently an incomplete implementation of the Ada programming language. It is intended that this compiler will be further developed to enable implementation of the complete Ada programming language, and then to be submitted to the Ada Joint Program Office for validation."

(Requires: 48K CP/M®)

Ada Compiler: $300.00 Manual Only: $ 40.00

Japanese Distributor: ASR Corporation International, 3-23-8, Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-Ku, Tokyo 105, Japan, Tel. (03)-4375371 Telex: 0242-2723,

European Agent: Micro Technology Ltd., 51 The Pantiles, Tunbridge Wells, Kent, England TN2 5TH. TEL 0892-45433. Telex: 95441 Micro-G.

"Ada is a trademark of the Department of Defense (Ada Joint Program Office) CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc.

FIRSTIN SOFTWARETECHNOLOGY P.O.Box 1628 Champaign, IL61820 (217)359-2112 Telex 270365

Better Software Manuals

Your company's survival may depend on them.

Dana Sohr

POB 953

Beltsville, MD 20705

Incomplete, disorganized, and unreadable—that's the way to describe many of today's software manuals. And indeed, what other reaction could there be to the following:

• a 79-page software manual that on page 69 describes "the first thing you will have to do before performing anything ..."

• a manual that claims the user doesn't need to read other manuals, then, three pages later, refers the user to another manual for necessary information.

About the Author

Dana Sohr is a freelance technical writer and editor. He writes a column on computers for a national trade magazine and is a consultant on office computers for the newspaper industry. His recent work includes a manual for LITMAS' (a cross-indexing program for the Apple 11) and one for Calc Result (a spreadsheet program for the Commodore 64).

Acknowledgment

This article was prepared as part of a research project done in conjunction with Ben Shneiderman of the University of Maryland Computer Science department. Sincere thanks go to Dr. Shneiderman for his advice and ingenuity.

• a manual containing sentences such as: "The insert/delete key deletes characters to the left of the cursor position if operated in lowercase and if the Shift key is held down at the

Purchasing decisions

will be made not so

much on program

features but on how

easy programs are to

learn and use.

same time as pressing INST/DEL all characters to the right of the screen cursor are moved one position to the right with every keystroke and spaces created." (This manual, believe it or not, supports a $500 program.)

You don't have to look very far to find such examples, and you don't have to listen very long to hear complaints. Software manuals today are like the bicycle-assembly instructions of yesterday—those notorious documents responsible for unassembled bicycles left rusting away in basements everywhere.

Let's face it: many software manu

als are patchwork affairs thrown together at the last minute either by programmers or by technical writers who write too technically. Both assume that the user, given a few scraps of information, can figure out the rest.

This approach certainly saves time and money, but in the long run it is economic suicide. With more computer novices entering the software market, and with similar programs competing for everyone's attention, purchasing decisions will be made not so much on program features but on how easy programs are to learn and use. Thus, purchasing decisions will increasingly be made on the strengths and weaknesses of manuals.

Imagine this scenario: a hardwarestore owner is shopping for a computer. He's attracted to the Apple II because he's learned that the Apple can run software to write invoices. But lo and behold, the local computer store stocks five invoicing programs for the Apple—programs that just aren't all that different.

Which program does he buy? He looks at the documentation, and he buys the program that has the most attractive, readable, and understand

286 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 202 on inquiry card.

FRANKLIN'S BAKER'S

DOZEN!

M

tmmmmmam

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m

13 Good Reasons to Buy the

$ §

Apple® 11-compatible CPM -compatible 128K of RAM Built-in floppy disk drive Disk controller 80 column card Serial interface Parallel interface Upper and lower case VisiCalc® keys Cursor control pad Numeric pad Auto repeat keys

1.

2.

3.

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5.

6.

7.

8.

9. 10. 11. 12. .13.

Extras can more than double the price of your personal computer. Not so with the Franklin ACE 1200. It's the professional computer system that includes the extras—and a long list of exclusive Franklin features that make it the most extraordinary value on the market today.

The ACE 1200 has everything you'll need to add a color or black and white monitor, modem, printer, back-up disk drive and other accessories. You can choose from the enormous selection of Apple programs and peripherals because the ACE 1200 is hardware- and software-compatible with

the Apple II. And, with the built-in CP/M card, you can run both Apple II and CP/M programs. Franklin's CP/M operates three times as fast as many competing systems, drastically reducing processing time for most business applications.

The Franklin ACE 1200—the most extraordinary value * on the market today. Cal I or write today for

J the name of your local authorized Franklin

dealer.

Franklin ACE is a trademark of Franklin Computer Corporation. Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer Inc. CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research Inc. VisiCalc is a registered trademark of Visi Corp.

COMPUTER CORPORATION

2738 Route 38, Cherry Hill, NJ 08002 609-482-5900 Telex: 837-385

Circle 423 on inquiry card.

RS-232

%&■

^!>^Control & Measurement

Starbuck Model 8232

A general purpose real-world interface: connects to ANY computer or terminal via RS-232

TYPICAL APPLICATIONS:

• Use with printing terminal: create low-cost data logger

• Use with modem and phone for remote acquisition & control

• Capture data bursts for subsequent analysis/plotting

• Monitor experiments; transfer data daily to main computer

FEATURES:

• 8 analog inputs, 0-5 VDC

• 8 digital input channels

• 8 opto-isolated outputs

• All inputs and outputs fully protected to withstandabuse

• 8 bit (0.4%) analog accuracy

• On-board 2000 point buffer

• Up to 5000 analog readings/s

• Triggered acquisition

• Units may be chained for extra channels

• Controlled by ASCII strings

•Application manual details interfaces for common sensors

• Applications engineer on call

• THRIFTY PRICE: $540. complete! Applications manual only: $5. TRS-80 version also available

^STARBUCK^

g DATA COMPANY g

PO Box 24, Newton, MA 02162 (617)237-7695

Dealer and OEM inquiries welcome

able manual.

Buyers are discriminating. In the future, when there will be more competing products from which to choose, buyers can afford to be even more discriminating. They will buy from anyone who can give them readable, usable manuals.

The same thinking also applies to computer-store owners. Why should store owners bother to sell a program with a shoddy manual when they can sell a competing program with a good manual? If they sell the first program, they know they will receive follow-up phone calls from frustrated customers and may even have to conduct instore training sessions. But if they sell the competing program with the good manual, the store owners will spend much less time supporting the program; they'll receive fewer phone calls and answer fewer questions. For computer-store owners, it's more profitable to sell those programs backed by good manuals.

Good software manuals require an investment of time and money. Once that hurdle is crossed, producing a solid manual is a matter of knowing who the user is, how the user learns, what he needs to learn, and how to evaluate the finished product. This article offers advice to vendors and writers. It is designed to prevent the question, "How does this software work, anyway? I couldn't understand the manual."

A manual transmits information. Unfortunately, the transmission has to overcome some big obstacles before reaching its audience, the user. The biggest obstacle is the user himself.

Create the Right Tone

Many will agree that first impressions are lasting ones, and the user's first impressions of your manual are crucial. If your manual is sloppily packaged and typographically ugly, or if it appears to be a well-packaged piece of technical drudgery, you are working at a serious disadvantage. You aren't trusted, you aren't liked, and any information you attempt to transmit will be distorted. Create the right tone, and what you transmit will be received.

Define Your Audience

To create the right tone, think of the user, then tell that user what he wants to hear. If the program handles accounts receivable, tell the user how quickly and accurately he can send out his bills. Then tell him how easy the program is to learn and use. If the program does payroll, tell the user how quickly and accurately he can print checks. Then tell him how easy the program is to learn and use.

Entice and assuage the user by giving him what he wants, then go on with the business of listing necessary equipment, describing specific features, and detailing how to go about using the program.

Your target audience will determine whether you transmit information at a breakneck speed or parcel it in doses. Study your intended users, and ask yourself some questions. What does the program do? Does it compile BASIC code, or does it teach BASIC? Different programs mean different users. The user of the first program, who is already writing his own code, understands something about programming. The user of the second program, who would like to write his own code, understands far less.

A manual for the experienced user should transmit information at a faster pace than does the manual for the novice. (For example, the first manual should not stop along the way to explain variable arrays; the second manual should.) By making educated guesses about the intended users of a program, you can determine what information the manual should transmit, and at what pace it should be transmitted.

In tutorials for novices, tone and pacing are crucial. Novices are bound to be shy about using a computer, and in some cases they will be terrified. Remember, many computer users today do not voluntarily decide to work with a computer; the decision is made for them by their managers. A manual for these novices must do several things. It must soothe fears ("You can't hurt the computer, and the computer can't hurt you"); it must motivate ("The computer does the mindless tasks you always hated to do"). Only after you've created the

288 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

•V'.'i

-C-#i

-S5 '**K£e

POINT ... The

Houston Instrument DMP-41 plotter meets the needs of the serious or professional user, yet it's easy to operate.

POINT . . . C/D size format, comprehensive frontpanel controls and sophisticated firmware are all taK lored to the needs of the surveyor, drafter, oceanographer, geophysicist and land developer... to name but a few. You can generate superior architectural elevations, contour maps, circuit-board layouts and assembly drawings quickly and accurately on bond, vellum or synthetic media.

POINT ... The DMPis configured to work with micros and minis, and has the capacity to take advantage of a mainframe's increased capability. RS-232-C interfacing is standard, with alternate protocols available. The DMP-41 is easy to live with, adhering to FCC Class B requirements. CIL listing pending.

POINT . . . Minutely defined step size and highresolution logic—combined with robust drives and optimized pen ballistics enable you to create plots of high precision and surpassing quality.

POINT ... The

Houston Instrument DMP-41 is one of your most cost effective considerations.*

For the name, address and phone number of your nearest distributor, write Houston Instrument, 8500 Cameron Road, Austin, Texas 78753. Phone 512-835-0900, or 800-531-5205 if outside Texas. In Europe contact Bausch & Lomb Belgium NV, Rochesterlaan 6, 8240 Gistel, Belgium. Tel 059-27-74-45, tlx 846-81339.

Circle 59 on Inquiry card.

BAUSCH&LOMB

houston instrument division

* suggested (JS retail $2,995 See us at NCC Show, Booth 3810

right tone should your manual go on to provide well-paced, step-by-step knowledge.

Often you can't classify the typical user of a program. For example, both novices and seasoned computer users buy word-processing programs. In this case your word-processor manual should cater to the novice. The manual will not neglect the experienced user because all the information is provided, just at a slow pace. The experienced user knows how to use the keyboard, how to control the cursor, and how to protect disks; he can bypass such instructions and get to information he hasn't encountered before. Rather than resent the manual for slowing him down slightly, he'll probably wish that when he was a computer novice such a manual was the rule, not the exception.

Now that you know who the user is, how to create the right tone, and how to pace the manual, think about how to transmit information in a way that makes learning easy. After all, the user might be receptive to new information, but the information serves no purpose unless he can understand and recall it. Learning hinges on the way information is organized and the way it's presented.

Organize by Tasks

No matter who the intended user is, a manual should be task-oriented— organized according to the tasks the program performs.

Although software manuals are, as a group, moving toward this orientation, a large number retain a more primitive organization. Many manuals are option-oriented; they begin with a section on the program's first menu option, then proceed to a section on menu option 2, and so on. That's fine—unless the user cannot perform the options in numerical order.

Consider chapter 1 of a certain bookkeeping-program manual. This chapter describes how to prepare invoices because "Invoices" is listed as menu option 1. In chapter 13, the user is instructed on recording customers' names and addresses because "Customers" is listed as menu option 13. Unfortunately, until the user records

his customer information (chapter 13), the program won't let him prepare invoices (chapter 1). So the user must read all the way to chapter 13 before actually doing work with the program. And after getting to chapter 13 and recording customers, the user must then try to figure out what to do next. Can he now go back to chapter 1 and prepare some invoices, or does he have to do something else first? The manual doesn't help him at all.

Learning hinges on

two basic factors:

the organization

and presentation

of information.

An option-oriented manual doesn't synthesize information; it dumps it in the quickest (and cheapest) way possible. The user must read every chapter at one sitting, then try to arrange the information into some sort of logical order.

This scheme of manual organization makes great sense to the programmer, who organizes a task by breaking it into discrete sections of code, but it makes no sense to the user, who needs to be told what tasks to do and when to do them. For example, a word-processor manual should not begin with instructions on creating disk files because the program can't be used that way. Instead, the manual should first tell the user about editing and formatting, then tell him how to save material.

Task-orientation is no great mystery. Before you begin writing your manual, analyze the various tasks the program performs, then describe those tasks in the order in which the user should perform them. Make sure that all information needed to do the tasks is provided and that extraneous information isn't included. Most users don't care how a program works; they just want to know how to use it.

Organizers

The manual shouldn't joggle the user with unexpected material because the user won't understand it ful

ly. And if he doesn't understand it, he certainly won't be able to recall it.

To prepare the user for new information, include organizers in your text. The organizer, a very simple tool, can be a short introduction to a new section or chapter. An organizer for chapter 2 of a word-processor manual might look like this:

In chapter 1 you learned how to format and edit what you type. In this chapter you will learn how to save what you type. Saving text on the disk will create a "disk file." Think of a disk file just as you would think of a file in a file cabinet. You can look at a disk file at any time, just as you can look at a file in the file cabinet. You can also add things to the disk file, change the file, or throw the file away . . .

With this organizer in mind, the user can easily understand the purposes of the SAVE, REPLACE, and ERASE commands.

As the example shows, the organizers should look backward and forward at the same time. They should tell the user where he's been, where he is, and where he's going. A new computer program is a strange land in which the user can easily get lost. If the manual provides organizers, the user is always on solid, familiar ground. If organizers aren't provided, the user wanders aimlessly. He's never certain where he is, and the little that he learns is gained by trial and error.

Move from the Whole to the Parts

Organizers alone don't ensure that the user will understand and recall new information. The manual should also move from the whole to the parts. At the same time, new information should be linked to knowledge the user already has.

Consider a wholesaler who buys an accounts receivable program. Like most software, this program was purchased because it makes a particular task easier to do; the wholesaler already knows a lot about that task before he lays his hands on the manual. He already knows, for instance, how to prepare an invoice. He

290 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

APPLE • ALTOS • ATARI • MAXELL • DYSAN • EPSON • CCS • SHARP • CASIO • HP • VERBATIM • MEMOREX • SOROC • CORVUS • ADDS

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Practical Peripherals Microbutler II32K Prometheus Versa Card SVA Disk 2+2 Controller DSSD SVA Disk 2 + 2 Controller DSDD 595.00 489.00 SVA App-L-Cache 256 K Memory 1.200.00 1,049.00

90.00 30.00 50.00

68.00 22.00 37.00

175.00 135.00

259.00 225.00

299.00 239.00

199.00 149.00

395.00 335.00

TG Joystick TG Select A Port Wesper Micro Wizard 80 Wesper Micro BPO 16K Wesper Micro BPO 32K Wesper Micro SOB 16K Wesper Micro SOB 32K BMC 1401 w/RGB Interface LALSZ-Catdw/CPM lor Apple II

59.95 59.95

42.00 42.00

249.00 179.00

179.00 139.00

219.00 159.00

249.00 189.00

279.00 229.00

595.00 319.00

349.00 209.00J

I >

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Canyon Climber by Datasoft 29.95

Wizardry by Sir Tech 49.95

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49.95 29.95 39.95 24.95 34.95

74.95

PFS: File by Software Publishing 175.00 VisiCalc by VisiCorp 250.00

PFS: Report by Software Publishing 95.00 Screenwriter tt by Siena On Line 129.95 97.50

Our Prict 26.20 26.20 22.50 37.50 29.95 33.75 37.50 22.50 29.95 18.75 29.95

56.50 131.25 189.00

71.25

IBM

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PERIPHERALS & SOFTWARE

HARDWARE MSL

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With 640x240 Resolution 575.00 439.00

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Printer Card w/cable (parallel) 159.00 Printer Card w/cable (serial) 179 00

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ifTHgl:

669.00 109.00 139.00

CALL

SOFTWARE

Zork I by Infocom

Zork II by Infocom

Zork III by Infocom

Snooper Troops 41 by Spinnaker

Snooper Troops 42 by Spinnaker

Deadline by Infocom

Flight Simulator by Microsoft

Starcross by Infocom

Story Machine by Spinnaker

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by Continental VisiCalc by VisiCorp Wordstar by Micropro The Tax Manager by Microlab Visitile by VisiCorp Supercalcby Sorcim dBase II by AshtonTate Personal Investor by PBL

39.95 39.95 39.95 44.95 44.95 49.95 49.95 39.95 34.95

150.00 250.00 415.00 250.00 300,00 295,00 700.00 145.00

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IMC

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595.00

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249.00

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APPLE HE

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OUR PRICE . .

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80.00 100.00 150.00

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Circle 295 on Inquiry card.

BYTE May 1983 291

knows that the invoice should include the customer's name and address, inventory codes, prices, and so forth. He also knows that, according to his usual method, after preparing an invoice he must manually adjust customer accounts, tax accounts, salesman accounts, and so on.

However, while he knows how to prepare an invoice by hand, his new program does it differently. And the manual can use these differences to its own advantage.

People learn partly by contrast; new information isn't understood until a person compares it to a pattern created by older knowledge. For example, the statement "red is a bright color" can be understood only by mentally comparing red to other colors. Likewise, the wholesaler won't understand his accounts receivable program until he compares it to what he already knows. The manual should make that connection for him. It should briefly summarize how invoices are prepared by hand, then summarize how the program prepares invoices. This links new in

formation to old knowledge, creating a clear contrast from which the wholesaler learns. "In the old days," he thinks, "I had to do all this stuff by hand. Now, after I prepare an invoice, the program automatically adjusts my customer, tax, and salesman accounts."

By starting at a simple whole and by linking new information to old knowledge, the manual gives the user his bearings. Now it can safely move on to the separate parts of the task and present step-by-step detail on preparing invoices.

Repeat, Repeat

Sure, the user is intelligent; he bought your software, didn't he? But don't assume that he will instantly grasp important points. You have to repeat those points several times, then mention them once more in summary passages.

I'm not advocating that manuals be written for the addled. What I am arguing is that learning a new program is not unlike being in third grade and learning multiplication.

Finally,

investment software from Dow Jones.

Dow Jones & Company, publisher of The Wall Street Journal and Barron's, is proud to introduce DOW JONES SOFTWARE."

These products turn your personal computer into a powerful investment and business tool. With them, you can analyze and manage timely information available by telephone connection from Dow Jones News/Retrieval," the leading provider of online business and financial news and information.

DOW JONES SOFTWARE is reliable, easy-to-use, fully supported — from a company you can trust. Available at selected computer stores. For more information call 1-800-345-8500 x 48.

(Alaska, Hawaii and foreign call 1-215-789-7008 exi. 48)

DowJones Software

...Bank on it.

292 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Remember third grade? How many hot afternoons did you spend at the flash cards until you could remember that 9 times 9 equals 81?

Because manuals should move from simple to complex information, it's critical that you make sure the user is with you every step of the way. This means that every important piece of information should be highlighted and dwelled upon, then drilled into the user's head. You can do this subtly, by providing several examples of a feature new to the user. Or you can do it directly, by repeating a definition. In a word-processor manual, for example, the user could be told several times the purpose of a command: "Remember, when you use the REPLACE command, the file you were working on replaces the old version of the file." Using this direct repetition, you run the risk of irritating those users who understood the REPLACE command immediately. But if you skim over important points, you run the risk of frustrating many users.

By orienting the manual around the tasks that must be performed, by providing organizers, by linking new information to old knowledge, and by repeating important information, you take a long step toward ensuring that the user can understand and recall new information. But that's only half the story. You also must present information in a way that helps users learn.

Write Actively and Logically

When you prepare a software manual, you serve as a teacher. Unfortunately, you can't communicate verbally with the user. You can't shout and wave your arms and prod the user awake. You don't even know when the user's attention is lagging. However, if you write to engage the user at all times, presenting your material in a warm and lively style, you stand a good chance of communicating effectively. Dry, passive, turgid writing is not only boring, it hinders communication.

Use active verbs. A passive sentence such as, "The program was bought by Mary," takes about 25 percent longer to comprehend than the

sentence, "Mary bought the program." Moreover, the second sentence, because it is more vigorous than the first, is easier to remember.

Arrange instructions in correct sequence because that's how the user should perform the instructions. If you give the instruction, "press the Y key while holding down the Shift key," the user will probably press the 'x' key, then the Shift key, and discover that nothing happens. Change the instruction to, "hold down the Shift key, then press the Y key."

Illogical instructions disrupt and sometimes destroy your message. You should also avoid pointless redundancy (e.g., "a total of four disks"), inconsistency (a command is first "SAVE" then "Save"), pretentiousness (using "determine" where "check" would do), and vagueness ("enter the file name").

Write Relevantly and Simply

Make your writing more personal, more relevant to the user. Use the pronoun "you," not "we," as the former is more relevant to the user. Use the present tense; again, it is more relevant to the user.

Make the manual human. Use humor. Use familiar, everyday examples and analogies. Use hypothetical characters. Talk to your reader, don't just write at him.

Such techniques are, unfortunately, considered to be the tools of novelists alone. What the manual writer often forgets is that he, too, must serve his audience. He must instruct the user, but that's impossible when the user is bored and frustrated. Literary techniques applied with discretion keep the user interested and receptive.

Write as simply as you can. Avoid abstract nouns and verbs (e.g., concept, conceptualize). Abstractions do nothing but disrupt your efforts to teach the user. Above all, don't use jargon unless it's necessary and unless you're willing to define it the first few times you use it.

Use artwork wherever possible. Photographs and illustrations break up large bodies of type, attract the user's attention, and make informa

tion more relevant. Instead of simply describing how to load disks, include an illustration. Rather than just describing an important screen image, include a photograph.

Evaluate with the Eyes of a User

The evaluation is the last line of defense against errors, but too often vendors and writers ignore it (judging by their final products).

The evaluation doesn't have to cost a lot of money, and what money is spent comes back in the form of customer loyalty, goodwill, and sales. During the evaluation, you should identify and correct the manual's shortcomings; errors should be removed and omissions filled in. A critical evaluation produces a wellwritten, truly instructive manual that will make friends of users and computer-store owners alike.

You can evaluate the final draft of a software manual in various ways. Some methods cost more than others, and some are more effective than others, but no single method is sufficient. A thorough evaluation will in

corporate two or more of the following methods:

Editing: Hire a professional editor on a temporary basis, preferably an editor experienced with instructional materials. An experienced editor can read the manual as the user would, and he can correct writing deficiencies.

Checklist: The checklist, a very simple method of evaluation, sets standards for what the manual should provide. Here's an example of a much simplified checklist:

• Does the manual include (1) a table of contents, (2) an index, (3) introductory and summary material for each section and chapter, (4) a tutorial section in which the user gains hands-on experience with the program's functions, and (5) a quickreference section in which the user can find information quickly and easily?

• Is the manual task-oriented?

• Does the manual move from the whole (a nontechnical overview) to

Finally,

technical analysis software from Dow Jones.

The DOW JONES MARKET ANALYZER" is a

powerful analysis program that can greatly increase the accuracy and effectiveness of the serious investor. It can construct wedge breakouts, moving averages, support and resistance lines-a total of seventeen complex analyses. Now you can chart 100 securities in the time it would normally have taken you to chart one.

Relative Strength Charts compare a security to an index such as the Dow Jones Industrial Average.

Dow Tones Software

1-800-345-8500 Ext. 48

Compatible with Apple systems and the IBM J*C

Bank on it.

May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 293

the parts (step-by-step knowledge)?

• Does the manual tell the user how to recover from errors, and are all error messages listed and explained in a section where the user can find them easily?

• Do section headings give a good idea of what the sections contain?

To devise a thorough checklist, examine existing manuals. What mistakes did you make in the past? What did you omit? Why did users complain?

Devising a checklist takes time, care, and effort. Fortunately, it can be used to evaluate future manuals, too. But the checklist alone is not a thorough method of evaluation. It uncovers mechanical errors but cannot uncover missing or ambiguously worded instructions.

Self-Review: Self-review, like the checklist, is a simple method of evaluation. The manual writer tests to see if he can use the program based only on the manual's instructions. In the process he typically uncovers missing or ambiguous instructions, incomplete descriptions, misspellings, and grammatical errors.

Self-review should be used for every manual but not as the sole method of evaluation. The writer, if he has any ego at all, isn't objective about his writing; he likes what he has written. Further, he already knows how to use the program, and during the self-review he may unconsciously supply information that is missing from the manual.

Programmer Review: Have the programmer review the manual. The programmer checks to see that the manual has covered all the program's functions and that it has covered them correctly. Unfortunately, while the programmer is the person best qualified to evaluate the technical accuracy of the manual, he will probably be of less help in evaluating the manual's organization and presentation.

User Walk-through: Select potential users of the program, hand them the manual, and see how quickly they learn the program. (Select worst-case users—people who have no computer experience.) Are they confused and

frustrated by certain sections of the manual? Do they have trouble finding information they need? Revise the sections where users run into trouble. Include more introductory and summary material, provide mpre examples; provide whatever the users believe is lacking. Then repeat the process with another group.

Users, after reading the manual, can be formally tested on their proficiency with the program. Can they perform all of the program's functions? How long does it take them? If a large percentage can't perform a certain function, revise the sections where that function is covered.

Users will often respond in mysterious ways to instructions that seemed perfectly clear to the writer. Those instructions can easily be revised. Users also uncover missing instructions and incomplete descriptions better than the writer or programmer can.

Field Test: If you're willing to spend some time and money, conduct a formal field test of both the program and the manual. Install the program at several sites, provide drafts of the manual, and then wait for the phone to ring. Are the test users calling you day and night? Can they understand the manual? Can they use the program? It costs less to answer these questions now, when only a few people are trying to use the program, than when 1000 buyers are calling in for help.

After two weeks, ask the users for comments and suggestions. Accept criticism, then use it to improve the manual. As in the user-walk-through method described above, test the users for specific knowledge, then revise the sections that don't seem to be communicating effectively.

Conclusions

Buyers want and expect good manuals, and they will buy from anyone who can provide them. Thus, the poor quality of many of today's manuals offers a tremendous opportunity to enterprising vendors. Those who make a serious effort to produce well-written, instructive manuals will have a big advantage over their competitors; those who do not make the

effort will eventually fall by the wayside.

In all things—preparation, organization, presentation, and evaluation—all decisions hinge on the user—who he is, what he knows, and how he learns. If you constantly keep the user in mind, you're on your way to producing a readable, usable software manual. ■

Bibliography

1. Al-Awar, J., A. Chapanis, and W. R. Ford, "Tutorials for the First-Time Computer User," IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, vol. PC-24,1981, pp. 30-37.

2. Brett, C. E., "Six Keys to Better Technical Writing," Journal of Technical Writing and Communication, vol. 1, 1971, pp. 45-59.

3. Coney, M. B., "The Use of the Reader in Technical Writing," Journal of Technical Writing and Communication, vol. 8, 1978, pp. 97-105.

4. Douglas, G. H., "The Common Diseases of Technical Writing," Journal of Technical Writing and Communication, vol. 4, 1974, pp. 37-46.

5. Goldfarb, S. M., "Writing Policies and Procedures Manuals," Journal of Systems Management, vol. 32, 1981, pp. 10-12.

6. Haupt, M., P. Perryman, and C. R. Schanstra, "Documentation Is the Key to Productive Computer Use," Information and Records Management, May 1982, pp. 22-28.

7. Maynard, J., "A User-Driven Approach to Better User Manuals," Computer, January 1979, pp. 72-75.

8. McCaskey, D. S., "Technical Writing: The Importance of Reader Interest," Journal of Technical Writing and Communication, vol. 3, 1973, pp. 217-221.

9. Meredith, G. P., "The Flow of Information," Occupational Psychology, vol. 31, 1957, pp. 99-103.

10. Vandenburg, J. D., "Improved Operating Procedures Manuals," Ergonomics, vol. 10, 1967, pp. 214-220.

11. Vaughn, J., "A Prescription for Programming^ Least Popular Phase," Datamation, vol. 25, January 1979, pp. 185-186.

12. Wagner, C. B., "Quality Control Methods for IBM Computer Manuals," Journal of Technical Writing and Communication, vol. 10, 1980, pp. 93-102.

13. Wiedman, T. G. and F. H. Ireland, "A New Look at Procedures Manuals," Human Factors, vol. 7, 1980, pp. 371-378.

14. Whittaker, D.A., "Write for Your Reader," IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, vol. PC-23, 1980, pp. 170-173.

294 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 410 on inquiry card.

THE PRICE OF FAST WAS JUST SHATTERED!

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256Kbyte SemiDisk $995

For more than a year, we've been making the most advanced disk emulator available for microcomputers. The one that's taken the "waiting" out of computing. Now, we have some more news that'll set the world on fire: A price cut! The NEW 256Kbyte board is only $995. And the 512Kbyte SemiDisks for the S-100 and TRS-80 Model II are $1495. (1Mbyte unit is $2350.) So, what are you waiting for?

The SemiDisk is the ORIGINAL single-board microcomputer disk emulator. It has a greater storage density than any other: 1 Mbyte per board! And we've been shipping them for over a year! We didn't do this with 'me too' engineering. Our products are true innovations, based on reliable technology and proven designs, without the need for custom components.

Floppies are ok for data transfer or long-term storage. But they fall far short as online storage. If you are using high level languages, spelling checkers, word processors, databases and other disk-intensive software, you know the price you are paying: time. Your productivity is going down the drain. The SemiDisk disk emulator will save time and increase your productivity.

Even better, Release 5.0 of the SemiDisk CP/M-80 installation software contains SemiSpool, an automatic printer buffer. No extra hardware is required; it's all in the software. Up to 8 Mbytes of buffer space! It's a better solution than a $350 64Kbyte printer buffer that wastes space on your desk. Send documents of almost any length to the printer at a very high speed, then continue using the computer immediately. No Waiting!

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Call 503-646-5510 lor CBBS" /NW, a SemlDlsk-equipped computer bulletin board. SemiDisk trademark of SemiDisk Systems, Inc. Copyright 1983 SemiDisk Systems, Inc.

m

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Today's business executive is faced with a world of questions. Questions about productivity. Cost control. And the bottom line.

To help you come up with the answers and alternatives, we introduce the newTexas Instruments Professional Computer The one with the power, the expandability, the easiest-to-use keyboard, extremely high resolution graphics, and a broad array of software.

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300 BPS or 300/1200 BPS internal modem

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Printers (Available Spring 1983)

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FOOTNOTES: MS-DOS is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation. CP/M-86 and Concurrent CP/M-86 are trademarks of Digital Research. Inc. UCSD p-System is a trademark of the Regents of the University of California.

And for a clear "hard copy" printout of information, you can rely on the new 850 Series printers, made by Texas Instruments especially for the new TI Professional Computer.

In short, the TI Professional Computer helps you make better business decisions based on better information. With the performance and reliability you expect from TI.

If you're on your way up, the new Texas Instruments Professional Computer can help. Because it makes you the one with the answers.

For full information and a demonstration, visit your local computer dealer, or write: Texas Instruments, Dept. 1A, PO. Box402430, Dallas, Texas 75240. Or call toll-free: 1-800-527-3500.

Creating useful products ^. and services for you. ^■■V

Texas Instruments

Copyright © 1983 Texas Instruments

291427E

User's Column

Ulterior Motives, Lobo, Buying

Your First Computer,

JRT Update

A first look at Modula-2 excites our resident critic.

Jerry Pournelle

c/o BYTE Publications

POB 372

Hancock, NH 03449

Let me begin with a confession: while I have a lot of fun with this column, I have an ulterior motive. True, this is the User's Column, and it will always be primarily for the benefit of computer users rather than hackers.

(As did many computer terms, "hacker" seems to have originated at MIT. The original German/Yiddish expression referred to someone so inept as to make furniture with an axe, but somehow the meaning has been twisted so that it now generally connotes someone obsessed with programming and computers but possessing a fair degree of skill and competence.)

My ulterior motive is to seduce my readers into becoming interested in what's happening in their machines, and in the computing world generally. For example, you may never learn a programming language, but the availability of good programming languages vitally affects you as a computer user; if hackers can't get powerful, well-documented, and highly portable languages, programs are going to cost far too much. In the worst case, we might drift back

toward the "high priest" syndrome that dominated computers back in the days of clean rooms and white coats.

So: for those who've written to ask, that's why I am and remain interested in languages for microcomputers. On which subject . . .

The big news is that Modula-2 runs on the Sage II computer. Modula-2 is the new language by Niklaus Wirth, the inventor of Pascal. If I'd known about it, I might not have started the Pascal Prime Project; Modula-2 is supposed to have most of the fixes we've all wanted for Pascal, plus a lot of other features.

(The Pascal Prime Project is a meeting of publishers of Pascal implementations for microcomputers; the meeting will, we hope, establish some standards for Pascal extensions.)

Pascal was intended as a teaching language, to be "compiled" on paper by instructors. A lot of people liked it, and transformed it into a "real" programming language. It was limited, particularly in text-handling and I/O (input/output) features, but it attracted a lot of adherents.

Modula-2 (short for modular language) was intended from the beginning as a full-fledged language. It was produced by Wirth after nine years' study of the problems of Pascal, including a year's sabbatical working with Mesa, the "Pascal-like" Xerox internal-development language. Modula-2 is supposed to have all of Pascal's desirable features, plus corrections for all its drawbacks.

We'll see. I only just have it running, so I can hardly claim to be an expert. On the other hand, I've liked everything I've seen so far. Modula-2, as the name implies, is compiled in chunks; once a chunk is working, it can be put into a library, accessible to any program that wants it. No more endless compile operations!

In particular, all Modula-2 I/O is "magic"; each implementation comes with a standard library of I/O routines that look a lot like an operating system. Programmers simply import them from their black box, and once they're available, invoke them as standard procedures. For example, you could have a module of CP/M I/O routines. It

298 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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= 1983 Altos Computer Systems

Circle 26 on inquiry card.

BYTE May 1983 299

would contain error-handling routines—including the infamous BDOS errors, but supplemented with real information as to what has happened and what you should do now.

Note that the I/O routines are not part of the compiler. On the other hand, once they've been perfected and tested, they need never be compiled again; in fact, the compiler will complain if you try to compile (or link in) more than one version of the routines. The bottom line is that a good Modula-2 package should make I/O at least as convenient as CP/M or the better grades of BASIC—with plenty of capability for improvement if wanted.

I don't really know what that means in terms of compiler writing problems, but I don't have to care. From the user's point of view, many of Pascal's I/O problems vanish, and that's what's important.

The only microcomputer implementation of Modula-2 that I know of comes from Volition Systems, a group of computer hackers from the San Diego area. Its

Modula-2 comes with a thick stack of documents, including Wirth's book Programming in Modula-2. Volition Systems claims that a good Pascal programmer can become proficient in Modula-2 within a week. I can't vouch for that, not having had a week at it yet. I can testify that the documents seem to be written in English, and I've had no problems with the (rather small) parts I've waded through.

Late addition: Logitec of Los Gatos, California, promises a Modula-2 native-code compiler for the 8086 computer before June 1983. At present, it runs on Niklaus Wirth's machine in Switzerland.

My initial reaction to both the language and Volition Systems' implementation is positive. A few of the language constructions seem a little odd, and I know I would not have done certain things quite the way Wirth did—but they do make sense; at least those I've encountered do. Unlike my first experiences with Pascal, I don't find myself continually wondering, "Why the daylight did he

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do that!"

As I said, we'll see. Just at the moment, the only thing we have here that can run Modula-2 is the Sage; that's not a problem, because the Sage works beautifully. By next month we'll have thrashed it about, and I'll be able to report benchmark times and things like that. Meanwhile, our love affair with the little Sage II continues; if you like UCSD Pascal and the "Scud" (UCSD p-System) operating system, you'll love that machine.

Volition Systems' Modula-2 runs on virtually any machine that can run p-System Pascal; in particular, that includes the Apple II and III as well as the Sage.

More Good News

One of the best things that happened to microcomputers in 1982 was the pseudo disk: a system for fooling your computer into thinking that a bunch of memory is a disk drive. This really speeds up compilations, assemblies, and other tedious work.

I'm told it started in England under the name "Silicon Disk." My first experience was with the "Warp Drive" developed by G&G Engineering (San Leandro, California); this used the 8088 in a Compupro 816 dual-processor computer to turn superfluous ordinary memory into a pseudo disk. Later, that got modified into what is now called M-Drive, and I use it all the time.

Then came Semidisk—a board especially intended to be a pseudo drive; unlike the Compupro M-Drive that required a dual processor and a direct-memory-access disk controller, the Semidisk board would work with any S-100 system. (There are also versions for the IBM Personal Computer.) We installed it in our Compupro as the N-Drive, and I've happily used it ever since.

Comes now the Compupro M-Drive/H. This, too, is a halfmegabyte pseudo-disk board that can be connected to any S-100 system. It's a little faster than the Semidisk, although you won't notice that unless you're using a superfast processor. M-Drive/H lists for about $100 less

300 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 91 on inquiry card.

Now your computer can say anything and say it well. Introducing the Votrax Personal Speech System.

Quite articulate.

Friendly to humans.

The unlimited vocabulary Votrax Personal Speech System is the most sophisticated, low cost voice synthesizer available today. Its highly articulate text-to-speech translator lets your computer properly pronounce conversational words at least 95% of the time.

For all those unusual words and proper names, you can define an exception word table and store your own translations. And remember, the entirely self-contained Votrax PS System gets your computer talking without using any valuable computer memory

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Designed to look like a printer to your computer, the Votrax PS System is extremely easy to use. It can be used in tandem with your printer without an additional interface card. Both serial and parallel ports come standard, allowing you to connect the Votrax PS System to virtually any computer. Speech, music and sound effects are

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Much more than just a voice output device, the Votrax PS System lets you mix either speech and sound effects or speech and music. A programmable master clock and 350 programmable frequencies give you unmatched control of speech and sound effects.

The Votrax PS System offers user expandable ROM for custom applications, user downloadable software and sound effects subroutines for easy user programming. Its programmable speech rate provides more natural rhythm, while 64 programmable amplitude levels give you greater control of word emphasis.

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VOTRAX 1982

Circle 479 on Inquiry card

than Semidisk; both are sold at discounts by various mail-order houses. Neither is at all difficult to install given familiarity with CP/M and the innards of your system. (If you don't know or care what a number in base 16 is, find someone who does before trying it.)

You can put in more than one M-Drive/H if you need a pseudo disk larger than 500K bytes; or you can get a full-megabyte Semidisk board for $2995. I've never needed more than half a megabyte, so I've tried neither method, but I've no doubt both would work.

There seem to be as many new sources of pseudo-disk boards as there are manufacturers of memory boards, so I expect competition will drive the price down a lot during 1983.

Lobo Howls Again

Barry Workman of Workman and Associates has his new Lobo. Lobo calls it a Max-80. Barry calls his Ralph. As far as I can see, it was love

at first sight.

The Lobo comes with a completely reprogrammable keyboard and extensive documents; there's even a disk source for both the keyboard and the screen codes. Thus, if you want the key that most people believe is the "E" to be the Return key, you can set things up that way. If I ever get one, I probably will change the key tops; I can't say I care for the Teletype keyboard layout Lobo has chosen (although my late mad friend would have liked it, and my colleague Robert Silverberg is used to a key layout that has quote marks above a number) . . .

It has a lot of neat features, such as a built-in, battery backup clock; also, a controller able to handle 8-inch, 5V4-inch, and hard disks, all at the same time and in any combination. For those unable to afford an S-100 system with Semidisk or Compupro's M-Drive, for $95 extra the Lobo comes with an additional 64K bytes of memory plus software to turn that memory into an I-Drive—that is, to fool the system into thinking that the

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extra memory is a small, but very fast, disk.

The Lobo processor is a 5-MHz Z80A, making it faster than Alex's 4-MHz CCS S-100 machine, and nearly as fast as Zeke II, my Compupro 6-MHz Z80B. Indeed, the Lobo runs as fast as the 8085 in my Compupro 816 dual-processor machine, since we had to slow that down to 5 MHz to accommodate Jim Hudson's 8087 math chip.

All in all, at $820 ($915 with the extra 64K-byte memory) including CP/M 2.2, the Lobo is a strong candidate to be one's first machine. If you get one, consider getting the Zenith 12-inch Green Screen, which I've seen at Priority One for as low as $89.50. I think it's slightly better than the Amdek that Lobo sells, and costs less. You'll also need disk drives; but I note that dual-drive 8-inch systems (single-sided) complete with case and power supply can be had for as low as $600, and are regularly for sale at considerably less than $1000.

There is this problem: Lobo does not furnish the source to the CBIOS (customized basic input/output system; the "hooks" by which your system talks to CP/M); and this means that you can't be sure that all disk systems will work properly with the Lobo. You can assume that all those Lobo sells will work, of course; but if you want to replace them, or you already have disks, you take your chances.

I don't understand why Lobo doesn't give you the CBIOS source. It's not as if it were a valuable secret, and I must have a score of letters detailing awful problems that would never have arisen if my correspondents only had the source to the CBIOS. With all-in-one package systems like the Osborne, there's not such a strong need for the CBIOS source. After all, Osborne has a big network of dealers to provide support for purchasers who get in trouble, and you're not supposed to be adding non-Osborne stuff to the machine anyway. However, systems like the Lobo are useful in large part because of their flexibility—but not having the CBIOS reduces that flexibility by a lot.

302 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 509 on Inquiry card.

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Circle 213 on Inquiry card.

Anyway, Barry Workman and my son Alex like their new Lobo. Me, I'll continue to reserve opinion until I've watched for a few months; but I'll admit that I'm impressed by what I've seen so far.

Things My Postman Brings Me

A lot of people seem to think I'm a last resort for advice. Sometimes I can help, but fair warning: I try to answer all my mail, but work here ebbs and flows, and when it's at flood tide it can take weeks to months for me to get at something. I apologize. I was brought up to believe one should promptly answer one's mail, and John Carr and I try; but some days the press is just too much, and letters get into places they shouldn't, from which moldering piles they surface only by accident.

I've recently received a stack of horror stories. One, from Professor R. W. Marks at Villanova, concludes:

The sum total of my experiences have led me to several rules for microcomputer buyers. (1) Will an abacus do? That is, will the grief you have to put up with be compensated by the advantages of a big machine rather than a toy? (2) Don't be misled by the size of a company. As Lily Tomlin says, "We're the phone company. We don't care. We don't have to." XXX and YYY (two large mail-order dealers) don't care. They don't have to.

[Note: I don't name the two firms, because I've had no bad experiences with the one, and no experience at all with the other. As a matter of policy, I insist on several instances before naming names. . . .J. E. P.]

(3) Unless you want to learn one hell of a lot about the S-100 bus and the BIOS and the other pieces of alphabet soup, buy a system already integrated, or pay someone to do the integration. I'm not very impressed with what Apple offers for the money, but the thing runs as soon as you plug it in. (4) Under no circumstances trust salesmen or manufacturers to tell you anything remotely close to the truth about a product before you buy it. You will get all the rude surprises only after you have paid for the thing . . .

(5) Don't assume that expensive pieces will come with manuals.

Dr. Marks describes one experience: he bought a T.E.I, mainframe from Jade. It arrived, and . . .

/ discovered it had come without any documentation, missing the main fuse and fuse cap, and seriously dented in one corner. I immediately called fade and was told (no joke) that it was supposed to come without documentation, fuse, or fuse cap, and they were sorry about the dent, but it wasn't a fade item and they were not responsible . . .

Eventually, through persistence, he got someone at Jade to admit that the box was supposed to have documents; and finally they arrived. (Dr. Marks found them "surprisingly good.")

The story goes on, but the point is made: in dealing with mail-order houses, bigger is not necessarily better; and you'd better be prepared to be patient. Perhaps then, one should go to a computer store? It's time to hear from another reader.

Larry Hansford, a systems consultant in New Carlisle, Ohio, says:

A typical scenario is a businessman who goes to the nearest computer store and tells the salesperson that he needs a computer for accounting and word processing. He walks out of the store with boxes in hand containing a computer, printer, software, supplies, and very little idea what to do with it.

Some time later, I get a call from an irate businessman who feels he has been taken advantage of. Unfortunately, he probably has been! I have been less than impressed with the knowledge of the salespeople in most of the computer stores. Their goal is to get a commission, not to make a satisfied customer. Most are, however, near experts on computer games of any and all types.

I appreciate the resulting business I get, but I resent having to clean up the mess. If they'd gotten competent advice in the first place, they'd have paid less and gotten more.

Unfortunately, both my correspondents are right. Buying parts by mail order can, if you're not careful, bring you unrelieved grief; but going to the local computer store can be an even less satisfying (and more expensive!) experience. What, then, is one to do?

One solution is proposed by Erwin Strauss, sometimes known to scienceMay 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 305

fiction conventions as the folksinger Filthy Pierre (indeed, his letter is signed Filthy). Strauss complains that my advice, namely that one should deal with systems-integration specialists who know what they're doing, is impractical. "Pournelle," he says, "gets special service because of his BYTE connections, and as for that nighttime visit by Tony Pietsch, that's like the New York Times' restaurant critic asking a top chef to whip up something and deliver it. For us mere mortals, it's more like getting a neurosurgeon to come over at midnight to put on a Band-Aid: if we succeed, we'll need scientific notation to figure the bill." He continues:

/ have some advice that's more practical. First, choose a computer that's been widely promoted (preferably on TV) for at least a year. Jerry may dream about the day when makers "no longer use their customers as a quality-control department," but for now the best thing is to let those who always have to be first on the block be the guinea pigs. If there hasn't been a big stink about a heavily hyped machine after a year, it's probably not too bad. This rule also means there'll probably be a service shop near you that's seen a good number of broken computers come in over the counter, so they should be able to diagnose accurately, and fix quickly, the problems that are characteristic of your machine.

Of course, this cuts the field down to names on the order of IBM or Apple or Radio Shack and such. I can already hear Jerry mooning over the features of his Godbout and Televideo and suchlike gear; but a novice has no business with that level of equipment.

Strauss goes on at some length, ending by saying that if you have unlimited money ("as long as it stays within, say, four figures") you should pop for an IBM PC; otherwise, get a TRS-80 Model III. He's not so certain about the Apple II (despite its widespread publicity), and he hates the Apple III. He concludes, "Whatever the off-the-shelf system you get, you can be sure that it won't do everything you like, and it won't do much of what it does quite as handily as you'd like. But it will be serviceable, and at an affordable price, and with a minimum of start-up hassle."

That's one opinion. I have another.

How to Buy a Computer

First, regarding Strauss's comment that "a novice has no business with that level of equipment," I couldn't disagree more. True: I certainly wouldn't aim a novice user at one of Bill Godbout's newest state-of-the-art systems; but then neither would Dr. Godbout. Tony won't let me have some of the new stuff I own until he's thoroughly bashed it about and found its limits.

Buying by mail order

can, if you're not

careful, bring you

unrelieved grief.

However: because a company is out at the frontiers of computer technology doesn't mean it can't and doesn't make good stuff for the ordinary user. Indeed, Compupro is an excellent example: here in this room I have three of its systems. One is Zeke II, the Z80 I'm writing this on now. The Z80 has been around so long that it's practically old hat; and Zeke II is utterly reliable, quiet, and operates nearly invisibly.

(True: we have customized the screen output and keyboard on Zeke II; but the system itself is very much standard from Compupro, and it works quite nicely with either the Televideo 950 or the Zenith Z-19 terminals.)

The second is an 8085/8088 dualprocessor computer, as staid and stolid as you can get nowadays. When we first brought it up, Compupro was the only outfit that had a dual-processor machine, and I certainly wouldn't have recommended the system to a beginner; now it has become a standard, and consultants like Bill Grieb and Colin Mick recommend dual processors for vanilla systems.

Moreover, you can get a good S-100 system for at least no more than you'd pay for an IBM with comparable capabilities, and I for one prefer the more flexible system. My motto remains, "Iron is expensive, but silicon is cheap." With an S-100

system you can upgrade for less than with anything else I know of; and upgrades can be very significant.

I see many exciting new systems in development: 16-bit systems, even 32-bit systems, all upward-compatible with what I have at present. Right now all I have to do to make my 8085/8088 dual processor into a 68000 system is replace one board; all the memory, disk drives and controller, modem, I/O boards, and such like will work fine.

My third Compupro machine is utterly experimental, with a 12-MHz 8086 board. Now I certainly wouldn't recommend that for a novice; not this year, anyway. Next year, though, might be a different story.

Moreover, my experience with TRS-80 and Apple systems hasn't been as pleasant as Strauss implies yours will be. We hadn't had our Apple a month before it required major repairs; its switching power supply blew and took with it the motherboard and every card in the system. Then we had the experience of updating our DOS (disk operating system): more than $60 for a single ROM (read-only memory) chip and a disk. This wasn't to get a new DOS, you understand; it was merely to update what we had. Now, they tell me, Apple won't even let you off that easily. In the future it will cost a great deal more to upgrade an old Apple II.

In fairness, I have to say that Carl Helmers has had five Apples for years. All run UCSD Pascal. His total repair bills for all five machines sum to less than $500. Carl admits the machines are limited, but he has no complaint about their reliability.

What he calls reliable, though, is not my definition. I agree with Bill Godbout: "If the error rate is high enough to measure, it's too high." I've watched a lot of computer users shake cables, reboot disks, flick switches on and off, and in general put up with glitches that would have me on the phone to Tony Pietsch in seconds. I trust my living to these machines. I cannot and will not put up with "rather more ot less . . ."

The Apple is great for Epyx's (marvelously fun) Crush, Crumble, and Chomp, but when I develop pro

306 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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grams in UCSD Pascal or Modula-2, I'll use the Sage, and I won't regret the extra $1500 it costs.

As to our TRS-80 Model I, we trashed that sucker long ago. It was always unreliable, and repeated trips to the local Radio Shack outlet didn't help. The problem was that Tandy cut corners; I have a letter from a Tandy official referring to "the realities of the mass market." If you're selling 100,000 machines, saving five dollars a unit can be significant—both in profits to the maker and misery to the user. Our system internally generated so much radio noise that anything additional—even an airplane using Doppler radar! — could cause it to spontaneously reset.

We got the TRS-80 for the boys, but they were never happy with it. When they tried to use it, they might or might not be able to boot the system disk on the first try. There was always doubt as to whether they'd be able to save programs—or even save text they'd written. It was clearly an undesirable situation for young people learning to use and like

computers, and eventually I got rid of it.

Again, in fairness, I understand that a lot of people are happy with the new computers Tandy puts out. My point is that advertising budgets don't have that strong a correlation with system utility and reliability. Just because a system is advertised on national TV doesn't make it a good buy any more than "as advertised on NBC" is a guarantee that your new car won't be a lemon.

Unfortunately, computer stores aren't the answer either. Example. I acquired a well-cared-for, secondhand Apple II from Bjo Trimble, the Star Trek lady. It was an older machine.

I knew nothing about Apple computers. The boys pointed out that we had a bale of software, mostly Epyx games, that wouldn't run with the disk operating system that came with our Apple. They'd looked over the games and very much liked them, and birthdays were coming up . . .

I could, I suppose, have studied up on Apples; but there's a lot to do

here, and it wasn't convenient just then, so instead I packed the whole mess up and went out to Compuplus. After all, it specializes in Apples now, and I've been doing business with this outfit for more than five years, going back to the time when it was Computer Components and sold surplus equipment.

I arrived. Waited patiently. Got a salesman. Explained that I had an old Apple II, didn't know what boards were in it, and was interested in how to upgrade it.

The result could have been drawn up as a Doonesbury cartoon. The salesman cut loose with a string of jargon that certainly made no sense to me—and which I suspect couldn't have made sense to anyone else. He touted some games programs. I explained that I had plenty of games programs. He mentioned printers. I told him I had a printer.

I began to get the brush-off. Clearly, the commissions on bells and whistles for the Apple aren't worth a salesman's time; not that it mattered, because it also became clear that the

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salesman didn't even know what was available. He never mentioned any of the stuff I'd come prepared to talk about, like Pascal, or a Microsoft Softcard. Fortunately the cashier was well informed and took the trouble to give me some advice; without her, the trip would have been an utter waste of time.

Even so, I left thinking about a letter I got a year or so ago. It said, "Some day the salespeople in computer stores will be able to recognize a customer when they see one. Then maybe they can learn what to do when they find one ..."

Some computer stores are excellent. Many more are not. Unfortunately, those who can tell the difference aren't the customers with problems; it's precisely those who need help the most who can't tell whether the help they're getting is of any use.

So What Do You Do?

First, as I've said before: systemsintegration consultants will earn their fees. True, Tony Pietsch isn't out looking for that kind of work now— but he was when I first met him. Filthy Pierre seems to have forgotten that when I met Tony he was a graduate student, and I was a sciencefiction writer. This column grew out of my experiences, and, yes, I know I'm likely to get better than average treatment from people who know who I am now; but it wasn't always that way.

How do you find good systems consultants? How do you find any other professional help? The same principles apply. People who know what they're doing leave a trail of satisfied customers behind them. The really good ones don't hesitate to give references: their previous customers are their best salespeople.

Second, I do agree with Strauss on one point: unless you know what you're doing, don't go buy something brand new, particularly not from an outfit you never heard of. Wait for evaluations. Plenty of honest reviewers are in this field. Read what they have to say; and if all the reviewers ignore a system, ask yourself why. It may be we know

310 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

something. Most of us would rather write an enthusiastic rave than a negative review. I know I would.

Third, ask yourself what you really want. Most of the horror stories I hear come from readers who tried buying their systems a piece at a time at sale prices. You certainly can save some money that way; but even if you're pretty sharp, you'll pay with your time. Take Barry Workman's Lobo system as an example: he

Unless you know what

you're doing, deal

with people who do;

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the system.

bought his disk drives on sale from Priority One. The Lobo worked fine first thing out of the box when connected to my Compupro drives; but it took a couple of days fooling with configuration jumpers to get it working with Barry's new Siemens drives. If he hadn't been here, with access to Priority One's helpful salespeople like Keith Burgess and able to call Nor Singh, it might have taken a lot longer.

And that, I think, is the real bottom line: unless you know what you're doing, deal with people who do; which is to say, don't try to outsmart the system. If people who seem to know about these small machines try to tell you that we haven't yet got to where a naive user can put together a business-quality computer complete with software for less than a couple of thousand dollars, perhaps you ought to listen.

I don't know any magic way to get a system dependable enough to bet your livelihood on—serviceable, convenient, complete with software—for so-called home computer prices. I do see a lot of computers, and I know what I'd buy as of this afternoon; but that's a different thing.

When Roland Green, the Chicago author who worked with me on my new book, Janissaries 11: Clan and Crown, wanted advice on a first system, I told him to look at the Osborne. It's not an optimum system,

but I don't know a better beginner's package complete with software for a price Roland could afford.

When I went looking for a replacement for Ezekial, my dormant friend who happened to be a Cromemco Z-2, I did have an advantage the casual buyer doesn't have: I knew most of the major software developers, as well as a number of successful systems consultants. It seemed to me that people whose businesses depended on reliable equipment might have strong opinions on what was best; so I asked them what they used. When many more than half told me they had Compupro systems, it was enough for me, especially when I found that Tony had come to the same conclusion by studying the system specs; so that's what I bought. We sent in an order for the whole package direct to Compupro; and I haven't been disappointed.

When I go shopping again, I'll do the same thing; somehow I have more faith in the judgment of people like Richard Frank of Sorcim and Mike Lehman of Digital Research than in TV advertisements. But that, I hasten to say, is my view.

JRT Pascal, Revisited

A few issues ago I mentioned that when my son Alex finished his Pascal Tutorial Package for the Pascal/M and Pascal/MT+ compilers, he intended to work one up using the $29.95 JRT Pascal compiler.

I was premature in that statement.

Alex, it seems, has a wild talent: he carries a Murphy field about with him. Whatever Alex works with, it is very literally true that if something can go wrong, it will. He also likes to work things to their limits.

Example: we were overhauling my Minimum Data Base for Barry Workman, and Alex found bugs and failure modes that must have been in there for years without my noticing them. When I fixed those, he found others.

Another example: when trying deliberately to create a run-time error to use as an example for the Pascal Introduction, he found that Pascal/M will cheerfully allow you to divide by 0. Not only does it not report an error, but it thinks that 3/0 =

Text continued on page 314

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Listing 1: Pascal/M compilation of the Silly program.

Listing 2: Pascal/MT+ compilation of the Silly program.

prun pascal n: silly .pas

Source file name, options: N:SILLY.PAS,

2. S#l P#l SILLY levl (10234 bytes)

writeln(foo\ ); (* note undeclared variable *) Line 5, Error #104 <sp> =continue, <cr> =quit?

writeln(foo) \ ; (* note undeclared variable *) Line 5, Error #116 <sp> = continue, <cr> =quit?

104: Undeclared identifier

116: Error in type of standard procedure parameter

1 Errors, 7 Lines, 10100 bytes not used. (ver 4.02)

mtplus n:silly.pas

Pascal/MT + Release 5.5

© 1981 MT MicroSYSTEMS, Inc.

0.0E —65, rather the opposite of what you'd expect infinity to look like. (Pascal/MT+ allows the division, but reports an error; it sets 3/0 equal to a very large number, which is more reasonable.)

Something like that happened in analyzing JRT Pascal. It seems there are bugs in the compiler. Not terribly serious bugs; indeed, we found nearly as bad in Digital Research's Pascal/MT+ and Sorcim's Pascal/M. There's a difference, though. Whereas Pascal/M and Pascal/MT+ try to be standard Pascal, with nonstandard extensions, the JRT Pascal compiler doesn't. JRT is intentionally a nonportable dialect, and programs written in JRT Pascal haven't a chance of running under any other Pascal compiler; worse, programs that will compile in standard Pascal blow JRT Pascal sky-high.

Worse yet, though, is the error handling. Pascal was designed as a teaching language, and it has a standard set of error messages. They are numbered and have a standard format, and experienced Pascal programmers know most of them by heart. For example:

Program Badhello (Output); BEGIN

writeln('Hello, world.');

writeln('Foo') (* note missing ; *)

writeln('Hello again.'); END {badhello}.

obviously isn't going to compile. Pascal/M and MT+ give you a standard message:

Error 6, Illegal symbol (possibly missing ; on line above)

which is probably the most common error encountered in Pascal. That error is rendered somewhat differently by JRT Pascal:

— Semicolon expected

This is reasonable, although it doesn't do much for teaching you what standard Pascal messages look like. However:

Program silly (output); BEGIN

writeln('Hello, world.'); writeln('Foo'); writeln(foo); (* note undeclared

variable*) writeln('Hello again.'); END {silly}.

has far different results. The error messages generated by Pascal/M and and Pascal/MT+ are shown in listings 1 and 2. These are about what you should expect. JRT Pascal generates the stuff shown in listing 3. Note that the only reference to an undeclared variable will have scrolled off the screen (it happens fast, too), and that there is no reference to the actual problem in the symbol table. The whole thing is pretty intimidating to someone just learning Pascal.

Pascal/M and Pascal/MT-r- will show you where the error took place and offer you an opportunity to continue. JRT Pascal doesn't print the line, doesn't continue, and doesn't

CP/M-80 version

Source lines:

7

Symbol Table Initialization

Available Memory:

19933

User Table Space:

15937

V5.5 Phase 1

Remaining Memory:

15975

V5.5 Phase 2

SILLY

Error # 104 at line 5

Last ID: FOO

Type < space > or C

Lines : 7

Errors: 1

Code : 137

Data : 0

Pascal/MT+ 5.5 Compilation Complete

really identify the problem.

There has been a great debate in Dr. Dobb's Journal about JRT Pascal, with one reviewer contending that the language has its uses. He says it's a good production language for writing business programs and is certainly worth $29.95. Another reviewer says it isn't acceptable at any price. I'm not going to get involved in that argument. I do say that it is not a language for beginners. It has funny bugs and gives confusing error messages.

Beginners don't have enough experience to know whether their problems are caused by flaws in the compiler or in their program. Add error messages not related in any obvious way to the error—there are lots more that I haven't room to show—and you have a situation tailor-made for undermining the student's self-confidence. Thus, Alex has decided against writing a version of his introductory package for the JRT compiler.

Those who know Pascal might find JRT Pascal useful; I'm told by experienced programmers that you can, if you're clever, program around its bugs. However, beginners should stay away from it, and anyone dis

314 May 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc

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Listing 3: ]RT Pascal error message for the Silly program.

B>jrtpas2 silly

JRT Pascal ver 2.0

Copyright 1982 JRT Systems

0000 0001: Program silly (output);

0006 0002: BEGIN

001B 0003: writelnOHello, world.');

0026 0004: writeln('Foo');

%Warning: Invalid dynamic storage address—possibly due to invalid variable or data type declaration.

exproc name

addr

use cnt

time

stat

PASCAL 1

C8B6

0000

0004

30

LEX

41EB

0000

008F

74

PASCAL4

9FB2

0000

008B

30

ADDMAIN

431E

0000

0000

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couraged from Pascal by experiences with the JRT compiler might want to try something more standard before giving up.

They're Getting There

There's good news and bad news from Digital Research.

There's a new manager in the documentation section of the languages division. His name is Michael Franusich, and he recently sent me a copy of the new CBASIC manual.

You may recall that I regarded the old CBASIC manual written by Gordon Eubanks at Compiler Systems as a really good example of what language documentation ought to be like; indeed, although I thought it could be improved, I hadn't seen any

thing better. Then Digital bought out Gordon and revised the CBASIC manual to "technical writer" specifications, practically ruining it in the process. It removed most of the examples and all the text explaining the "philosophy" of the language.

Well, the good news is that the new manual is at least as good as the old Compiler Systems manual was, and in some ways is better. It contains plenty of examples, and most of the explanations are back in clear English.

Not only that, but I have drafts of the new manuals for CB-80 and CB-86 (CBASIC compilers that run on the 8080/Z80 and 8086/8088 respectively), and they're excellent tool In fact, I have letters from

Digital Research people claiming that it has been my constant hammering that caused the reforms there. I'm not sure I fully believe that, but it's nice to think I had a positive influence.

In any event, I think we can look forward to really significant improvements in Digital Research's documentation.

That's the good news.

Alas, Poor SPP

The bad news is that Digital Research put out the new Pascal/MT + 86 Reference Manual, and the manual for the MT + 86 Speed Programming Package, before Franusich joined the staff; and lordy does it show.

I'm a great fan of the Pascal/MT + Speed Programming Package (SPP). That, you may recall, is a combination Pascal text editor, source-code formatter ("pretty printer"), and syntax checker that adds many of the best features of UCSD Pascal to the CP/M Pascal/MT+ compiler. It became even more important for Pascal/MT + 86, because I don't have an editor that works under CP/M-86, and thus without the SPP, I couldn't write Pascal programs to run with my 8088.

Actually, that's not strictly true: thanks to the chaps at RR Software, I have Vedit for CP/M-86; alas, due mostly to sloth, I have not yet installed it, which isn't really fair to the Vedit people. I'll have to get it up if I'm going to use the 8088 side of my dual processor, since it is, at the moment, the only general-purpose editor I have that can work with the 16-bit processor.

Anyway, when Jim Hudson was over to show me how to use the 8087 math chip in combination with Pascal/MT + 86, he helped me get the SPP editor installed, and it works fine, as does the MT+ compiler. Unfortunately, the old Digital Research "technical writing" staff got hold of the SPP documents and did for them about what it did for Eubanks' CBASIC manual. We did get lucky, though: the Pascal/MT + 86 manual seems to be essentially unchanged from the last MT+ version, except for a global replacement of MT +

316 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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• All this on a board the width of a 5'//''drive and only 11Vz inches long!

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BYTE May 1983 317

Circle 540 on Inquiry card.

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Apple is a registered trademark ot Apple Computer, Inc. IBM and IBM PC are registered trademarks ot IBM Corporation. TRS-80 is a registered trademark ot Tandy Corporation. ThinLine is a registered trademark of Tandon Corporation. JEL is a product ot Tall Tree Systems.

Prices subject to change without notice.

Prices do not include shipping charges which will be

added to billing.

318 May 1983 <B BYTE Publications Inc

with MT + 86. In fact, it's somewhat improved, with a few additional examples.

Of course, it does have that irritating "All Information Presented Here is Proprietary to Digital Research" inanity at the bottom of each page. Even so, although the manual is not what I'd call exemplary, it hasn't been ruined either; and with the new team in Digital Research's document foundry, we can hope for an update that will be a real improvement.

Unmaligning the Osborne

In my December column I complained that the Osborne 1 lacks certain ASCII character keys. A dozen or more readers have written to tell me I was mistaken.

Although this is not documented anywhere that I (or any of those who wrote) know of, you can get the "missing" ASCII characters on the Osborne with the following key combinations:

Control-< produces { (Control"less than" produces left curly brace)

Control-> produces } (Control"greater than" produces right curly brace)

Control-/ produces ~ (Controlslash produces tilde)

Control-= produces \ (Controlequals produces accent grave)

I thank all those who took the trouble to inform me. Also, I appreciated the kind remarks many of you enclosed.

Fastest Benchmark Yet

I continue to get new data using my matrix-multiplication "benchmark of sorts" from the October column. This "test" fills two matrices with real numbers, multiplies them, then sums their elements to give a checksum. Although the algorithm used to fill the matrices produces integers, the elements should be declared as real numbers.

For a time, the record was held by the Sage II running UCSD Pascal. Then Jim Hudson came over and installed his piggyback 8087 board that rides on the Compupro 816 dual-pro

cessor machine, and that, running under Pascal/MT + 86, took over the leadership.

Aaron Fox of the Department of Physiology at UCLA reports an even faster time. Fox writes:

Recently our lab acquired several Lomas Data Products computers. This computer has a 10-MHz Intel 8086 processor operating with fast static memory. The October BYTE, with your matrix-multiplication benchmark, was of particular interest to me since it gave more times to test our Lomas against. For a 20 by 20 matrix the times for the Lomas were as follows:

2.9 seconds using Microsoft BASCOM-86 34 seconds using Microsoft BASIC-86

Thus, the 10-MHz 8086 is about 7.5 times faster than your 8085 for BASCOM, but only about twice for MBASIC. It seems that the interpreted BASIC is not a fast implementation. (This may explain why all the benchmarks I have seen with the IBM PC running interpreted BASIC are quite similar in speed to the same programs running on a 4-MHz Z80.)

The point of this letter is that the 16-bit machines are fast and they are available with software today. As Sol Libes points out in the November BYTE, a 5-MHz 8086 is equivalent to 0.4 VAX, a fast and powerful machine . . .

The Word, Revisited

I've received several letters asking about spelling programs. This is a subject of considerable interest to me, and I think I have tried every spelling program available for my machines.

I continue to use Wayne Holder's The Word Plus program, version 1.2, from Oasis Systems. This version allows me to transfer the programs, plus the dictionaries, over to a pseudo disk for really fast operation. The Word Plus has a number of nice features, including the ability to look up the word in its dictionary; if it sees anything it thinks might be what you intended, it offers it as a candidate spelling and gives you the opportunity to correct the word.

The Word Plus is fast and easy to use, and it offers me a lot of information, such as a table of the words I've used sorted by frequency of use, thus allowing me to see how many times I've used "alas" and such like. (Do

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people really prefer "unfortunately"? Alas, some have written to say they do.) The only improvements I'd make in The Word Plus have to do with defaults; I wish it would let me enter the name of the "specials" dictionary once and for all, instead of making me type in its name each time I invoke the program. That's hardly a major criticism. I can't imagine anyone not liking The Word Plus.

For All You Atari Users

Vincent Cate of USS Enterprises continues to improve his Critical Connection. This device lets you connect an Atari 800 to an RS-232C serial I/O port on a CP/M computer, and thereby use the CP/M system as the Atari's disk drive.

The device now lets your CP/M system simulate up to four Atari disk drives. We don't yet have an Atari 800 (I plan on getting one next month), so I've lent my test copy of the Critical Connection to an associate who does have both CP/M and an Atari. It works. Given the expense of Atari drives, and their slowness, anyone with an Atari and a CP/M system should seriously consider getting one.

When Shall We LISP?

One thing I'm greatly looking forward to is a good LISP running under CP/M-86. All the versions for the smaller microcomputers are very limited because 8-bit machines have such severe memory problems. (Hah. A sign of the times. I can recall when I thought 48K bytes of memory would be plenty, and 64K bytes more than enough for any purpose.)

Meanwhile, various friends keep urging me to try LISP. "Anything you can do in Pascal or BASIC you can do much quicker and more elegantly in LISP," they tell me. "How are you going to learn about artificial intelligence without it?" When I protest that I just don't know enough about LISP, they send me books.

So far I've successfully resisted learning LISP, but once there's a good version for my 8088 I fear I'll be doomed. Meanwhile, I can look over the books.

One, Programmer's Guide to LISP

by Ken Tracton, is the darndest thing I ever saw. Some of it is absolutely clear, the easiest to understand discussion of parts of LISP that I've yet seen. Some of it is absolutely opaque. The really odd part, though, involves strange omissions.

The index, for example, is horrible. Many of the most important terms and concepts in LISP simply aren't there. No CONS, no CAR, no CDR, no LAMBDA. In another place there's a glossary of sorts, but some of the definitions are frivolous (LAMBDA—something like DEFINE), while others (CONS, for example) are not there at all.

This sloppiness seems typical of Tab Books, which must employ the laziest and most incompetent copy editors in the publishing business; comic books have fewer typos. Also, cheap paper and an unaesthetic typeface are used.

For all that, I found Tracton's book rather valuable, since it does give a lot of examples, and much of the beginning discussion is clearer than I've seen anywhere else. It's a pity his publisher didn't think enough of his book to assign it a decent editor.

Let It GOTO Blazes . . .

Jeffrey Savit of the Savvy Computing Company writes at length about my (mild, I thought) defense of the GOTO statement in the December column. He says:

One way to think about this is to consider that the problem with the GOTO is not always the GOTO itself, but rather the label it arrives at. First, there is no enforced textual relationship between the GOTO and the target label. If the GOTO is being used as an escape from a loop, the label will appear immediately after the loop body, but there is no way for the compiler to know it was intended as an escape if the label is accidentally placed elsewhere in the program . . .

The other problem with the label is that its presence means that there is less knowledge about the state of the program at the program text that follows it. The code after a label could have been reached by falling through the preceding text, or from any of the statements that GOTO the label. To understand this piece of the program the reader has to examine the entire program for GOTOs that might land there.

320 May 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc

Now you can b without

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BYTE May 1983 321

Items Reviewed

JRT Pascal $29.95

Sage II Computer

$3600

JRT Systems

Sage Computer Technology

1891 23rd Ave.

Suite 4

San Francisco, CA 94122

35 North Edison Way

(415) 566-5100

Reno, NV 89502 (702) 322-6868

M-Drive/H $1895

Compupro Systems

Semidisk

512K $1995

Oakland Airport, CA 94614-0355

Semidisk Systems

1 megabyte $2995

(415) 562-0636

POBGG Beaverton, OR 97075

Max-80 Computer $820

(503) 642-3100

Lobo Drives International with extra 64K-byte memory $915

358 South Fairview Ave.

Speed Programming Package

8-bit $200

Goleta, CA 93117

Digital Research

16-bit $250

(800) 322-6103 (California)

POB 579

(800) 235-1245 (outside California)

Pacific Grove, CA 93950 (408) 649-3896

Minimum Data Base 8-inch $84.50

Pascal Introductory Package 8-inch $79.50

The Critical Connection

Not available

Workman and Associates

USS Enterprises

112 Marion Ave.

6708 Landerwood Lane

Pasadena, CA 91106

San Jose, CA 95120

(213) 796-4401

(408) 997-0264

Modula-2 Compiler $495

The Word Plus

$150

Volition Systems Inc. for Sage II (including text editor) $595

Oasis Systems Inc.

POB 1236

2765 Reynard Way

Del Mar, CA 92014

San Diego, CA 92103

(619) 481-2286

(619) 291-9489

Osborne 1 $1795

Osborne Computer Corporation

26500 Corporate Ave. Hayward, CA 94545

Book Reviewed

(415) 887-8080

Printmate 150 Impact Dot-Matrix Printer Al $1125

Programmer's Guide to LISP

$10.95

Micro Peripherals Inc. Bl $995

Ken Tracton. Blue Ridge Summit, PA: Tab,

1979. paper $6.95

4426 South Century Dr.

Salt Lake City, UT 84107

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.

Certainly it is possible to comment both the GOTO and the label to the effect that one and only one GOTO refers to that label, and that it is being used to escape from a loop, but that is precisely what a "leave" or "break" does without depending on the programmer not making a mistake . . .

On reflection, I agree with what Mr. Savit has said here. In my defense I'll point out (1) that Pascal has no "break," and my column speculated that a GOTO used as a substitute for "break" would do no harm, and (2) that "break" is one of the proposed extensions for the Pascal Prime Project.

In any event, Modula-2 has "break," and has no GOTO whatever; so if Modula-2 takes over from Pascal, this is one debate that will swiftly become history.

Coming Attractions

I much enjoyed COMDEX, not only for the software and equipment I saw, but for the people I met. For example, at the Zenith party I met John and Sue Matlock of Micro Peripherals Inc. of Salt Lake City. John had connected an MPI impact dot-matrix printer to a Zenith Z-100, and the printer was merrily making hard

copy of everything that appeared on the Z-100 screen: words, symbols, graphics, swirls, and squiggles.

I've never had a dot-matrix printer, but that looked interesting. I got to talking with John Matlock about it.

The upshot was that in the next room sits an MPI Printmate 150 impact dot-matrix printer. Although it can be configured for driving by an RS-232C (serial) port, this one happens to expect a Centronics-style parallel input. There's a Centronics port on the Interfacer-4 board in my dual-processor system, but I don't recall precisely how Tony wrote that

322 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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into the BIOS. Since he's in Arizona just at the moment, I can't hook up the Printmate 150 for a test run, although I expect to have it running next week.

Meanwhile, there's one hitch. Although it will work with a great many machines, a specific design goal of the Printmate 150 was that it would work with the Zenith Z-100 computer. The Zenith Z-100 was designed to be able to run IBM PC software, and as a result has the same hardware for connecting peripheral devices as does the PC. When IBM designed the PC, for some totally inexplicable reason it chose to put the same physical cable connectors on its Centronics-style parallel output port that other people use as RS-232C plugs and jacks.

This means that I have a printer expecting parallel input through a connector into which I can plug a serial input. Because the RS-232C cable carries 16 volts in pins that the Centronics port expects to have only signals, a mistake can blow up a fair number of chips. Worse, both the PC and the Z-100 have both serial and parallel outputs coming out of identical plugs, practically guaranteeing confusion. This is a disaster waiting to happen.

I hope to avoid the problem so that next month I can report on my new printer.

We've also just received a disk containing the source code to the Otrona's BIOS. Tony has been looking forward to playing with that; he has some improvements in mind. He's already got WRITE, my favorite text editor, transferred to the Otrona, so that I was able to take the Otrona to COMDEX and write up a good part of my trip report in my hotel room.

More on the Otrona, the new printer, and Modula-2 next month.■

Jerry Pournelle welcomes readers' comments and opinions. Send a selfaddressed stamped envelope to Jerry Pournelle, c/o BYTE Publications, POB 372, Hancock, NH 03449. Please put your address on the letter as well as on the envelope. Due to the high volume of letters, Jerry cannot guarantee a personal reply.

324 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Book Reviews

Microprocessor Systems, Interfacing and Applications

Robert J. Bibbero and David M. Stern John Wiley & Sons 1982; 192 pages hardcover, S26.95

Reviewed by Dr. William H. Murray Computer Science Dept. Broome Community College Binghamton, NY 13902

Microprocessor Systems, Interfacing and Applications is an excellent introduction to microprocessors and data links in terms of signal paths and communication functions. Technically up to date and very readable, the book is aimed at "engineers, students, technicians, and managers who use microprocessors and design them into new devices and systems."

Wisely, Robert J. Bibbero and David M. Stern based their discussion not on a particular chip or family of processors but on a wellbalanced cross section of current chips. In doing so, the authors successfully integrate the main concepts of their

book throughout its seven chapters. To illustrate how they do this, I'll look at several chapters.

In the first two chapters, the authors quickly review digital logic and microprocessor fundamentals. As you might expect, they cover such topics as number systems, base changes (including fractional numbers), digital logic gates, and the architecture and instruction sets of popular microprocessors. Unfortunately the authors "squeezed" the three topics that form the cornerstone of their book into the first chapter. Address decoding, signal driving over transmission lines, and timing deserve closer examination; more examples would have helped. A detailed discussion of benchmarks in chapter two merits attention.

Chapter three addresses the problems of transmitting data. Logically presented with many helpful details, the discussion goes from signal buses to drivers and systems that include parallel and serial transmission of data. Particularly noteworthy is a section on microprocessor buses.

In chapters four and five,

Bibbero and Stern contrast programming languages for microprocessors. Chapter four, devoted exclusively to BASIC, includes a good discussion of top-down structuring, flowcharting, algorithm development, and high-order languages. Unfortunately, the chapter is unspecific as far as actually writing BASIC programs goes. Chapter five looks at high-level languages such as FORTRAN, PL/I, FORTH, C-Code, and Pascal in terms of common points and strengths and weaknesses. More programming examples would have enhanced the discussion.

The chapter on device displays is typical of what you might find in most books on microprocessors. It describes the most popular displays, including seven-segment devices and CRTs.

Chapter seven deals exceptionally well with multiple microprocessor communication. Topics range from hierarchical processing layers, architecture and protocols of networks to topology, routing, and protocol. Ethernet and Proway are used to illustrate communications networks that operate between computers and micropro

cessor terminals.

I have just a few minor squabbles with the book as a whole. Because Microprocessor Systems, Interfacing and Applications covers so many topics in so few pages (192), many details are left out. For example, in the section that deals with addressing and decoding the authors give no examples of how an address decoder actually decodes. The authors attempt to illustrate several programming languages with examples, but again leave you begging for a few more details. And just a minor annoyance, but noteworthy, is that illustrations of digital logic gates do not conform to industry drafting standards.

Readers who have worked with digital electronics or microprocessors should have no difficulty with the concepts presented or vocabulary used. In fact, the text may be too elementary for experienced engineers, technicians, and managers. It is an excellent primer on the microprocessor and data link in terms of signal paths and communication functions and would be particularly useful in classroom instruction. ■

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The Enhanced VIC-20

Part 4: Connecting Serial RS-232C Peripherals

to the VIC's TTL port

Joel Swank 12550 SW Colony #3 Beaverton, OR 97005

Owners of Commodore's VIC-20 personal computer know the fascination that can overcome the new computer user. Simplicity, of course, is both the VIC-20's main attraction and the reason for its low cost. And its uncomplicated nature makes the VIC-20 a good place for the beginner to start to explore the power of a microprocessor. But the real thrill comes with the machine's inevitable expansion to peripherals.

Commodore's Kernal operating system allows access to the VIC-20's serial user port. As a result, you can connect the VIC to modems, printers, and other serial devices. A modem opens the door to the world for the VIC-20. An ever-increasing number of information services are accessible via telephone lines: stock-market quotations, bulletin boards, and program exchanges are just a few examples, and many of these are free. With the proper software and hardware, two VIC-20 users can communicate directly to exchange programs and data.

The User Port

Table la summarizes the standard RS-232C pin assignments used with most microcomputer systems, and table lb shows the pin assignments of the VIC-20's user port. Notice that the VIC-20 uses a subset of the standard instead of all the circuits defined in the standard (13 possi

Editor's Note

This is the fourth and final article in Joel Swank's series on "enhancing" the Commodore VIC-20.

ble subsets are listed in the standard's application notes, but the VIC-20 subset does not match any of them). Commodore's Programmer's Reference Manual defines two possible subsets of the VIC-20's user-port interface: the X-line interface and the three-line interface.

Software access to the VIC-20's user port is via logical device 2. Routines in the Kernal provide proper timing and logic to send and receive data by this device. Users can also access the port by way of the BASIC statements OPEN, CLOSE, and I/O.

Overcoming Incompatibilities

The circuitry in the VIC-20 does not provide the voltages specified by the RS-232C standard; rather, it transmits data using TTL (transistor-transistor logic) level signals. In the VIC-20, signals between 0 V and 0.8 V (volts) represent a logical 0, while those greater than 2.4 V represent a logical 1. The RS-232C standard specifies that a logical 1 is any voltage more negative than —3 V, while a logical 0 is any voltage greater than + 3 V. Thus the VIC-20 needs additional circuitry to properly interface with RS-232C devices.

Two ICs (integrated circuits) have been developed to solve this rather common problem. The 1488 contains four TTL-to-RS-232C line drivers, and the 1489 contains four RS-232C-to-TTL line receivers. These ICs are used in virtually every digital device that handles RS-232C voltage levels, and they're both inexpensive and easy to come by. You'll need one of each to build the VIC-20/RS232C interface.

May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 331

Circle 25 on inquiry card.

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(la)

RS-232C Interface Connector Pin Assignments

Pin Number

Circuit Name

Description

1 2 3 4 5

AA BA BB CA CB

Protective Ground Transmitted Data Received Data Request to Send Clear to Send

6 7 8 9 10

CC AB

CF

Data Set Ready

Signal Ground (Common Return) Received Line Signal Detector (Reserved for Data Set Testing) (Reserved for Data Set Testing)

11 12 13 14 15

SCF SCB SBA DB

Unassigned

Secondary Received Line Signal Detector Secondary Clear to Send Secondary Transmitted Data Transmission Signal Element Timing (DCE Source)

16 17

18 19 20

SBB DD

SCA CD

Secondary Received Data

Receiver Signal Element Timing (DCE

Source) Unassigned

Secondary Request to Send Data Terminal Ready

21 22 23

24

25

CG CE

CH/CI

DA

Signal Quality Detector

Ring Indicator

Data Signal Rate Selector (DTE/DCE

Source) Transmit Signal Element Timing (DTE

Source) Unassigned

(lb)

User-Port Lines

(6522 Device 1)

<5 n

■/

*/ ///*

C PBO

Received Data (BB) Sin IN 1 2

D PB1

Request to Send (CA) RTS OUT 1 2

E PB2

Data Te

rminal Ready (CD) DTR OUT 1 2

F PB3

Ring Indicator (CE) Rl IN 3

H PB4

Received Line Signal (CF) DCD IN 2

J PB5

Unassigned ( ) XXX IN 3

K PB6

Clear to Send (CB) CTS IN 2

L PB7

Data Set Ready (CC) DSR IN 2

B CB1

Received Data (BB) Sin IN 1,2

M CB2

Transmitted Data (BA) Sout OUT 1,2

A GND

Protect

ve Ground (AA) GND 1,2

N GND

Signal Ground (AB) GND 1,2,3

Table 1: Pin assigr

ments and signal names. The information

in table 1 from the

a, a summary of RS-232C signals, conies directly RS-232C standard; the VIC's serial port signals.

shown in

table lb

can also be found in Commodores Pro

grammen

Reference Manual for the VIC.

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BYTE May 1983 333

(la)

VIC

USER PORT

CONNECTOR

[M>

<Zr<E1

(lb)

VIC

USER PORT

CONNECTOR

(¥>

<c>

o

DB-25 CONNECTOR

sOUT

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<3

GND

DB-25 CONNECTOR

1T14

MC1488

^

T

li

MC1489

J

1 bIN

<n

GND

H> Os+j

+ 5V PPLY

£

H'h—O su

9V PPLY

Figure 1: Schematic diagrams of connections between the VIC and other equipment. In figure la, the VIC is connected directly to a TTL-level compatible modem. Figure lb shows the arrangement for connecting RS-232C-compatible DCE (data-communications equipment, such as a modem) to the VIC's serial port; figure lc shows connections to DTE (data-terminal equipment, such as a printer or video terminal).

(lc)

VIC

USER PORT

CONNECTOR

DB-25 CONNECTOR

+ 5V

f~L h

-9V

fff>

= OUT

-H>

O

T

+ 5V t»4

o

T

1 SIN

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5V PPLY

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-9V

SUPPLY

Connectors are another possible area of incompatibility: most RS-232C devices use a female subminiature D-type connector with 25 contacts termed DB-25 ; the VIC-20's connector is a card edge with 12 pins per side on 0.156-inch centers. If you intend to connect these two types of devices, you'll need a male DB-25 and a 24-pin edge-card connector.

Connecting to Serial Peripherals

Several modems will accept the VIC-20's TTL-level signals. Commodore sells one, of course, as do Bizcomp and Micromint. If you use the VIC modem, you need no additional hardware, but if you use another TTL-level device, you'll need to make a cable with the proper connectors on each end. Figure la shows how signals should be routed.

Figure lb is a diagram of the signal adapter you'll need to connect the VIC-20 to full-duplex RS-232C peripherals. The Commodore manual refers to this adapter as the three-line interface. The biggest problem with this circuit

334 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

is that it requires a negative power supply to match the voltage requirements of the RS-232C standard. I used a 9-V transistor-radio battery connected to provide negative voltage. (The circuit can be constructed on a small piece of perforated circuit board; the VIC connector is glued to one edge, and the DB-25 connector is attached by a three-wire cable.)

The user port can also communicate with a printer, a plotter, a video terminal, and several other RS-232C devices, but most of these, like the VIC-20, will be designed to fit the DTE (data-terminal equipment) category of the RS-232C standard. Because a DTE device is intended to be connected to DCE (data-communications equipment) instead of another DTE device, you have to fool both devices into thinking that the other is a DCE device. Figure lc is a schematic diagram of how to accomplish that. It's simply a matter of using the same three signals used in figure lb, but you also cross the wires and add a handshake line. This is the X-line interface Commodore refers to in its manual. The handshake

Text continued on page 338

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BYTE May 1983 335

Listing 1: The assembly listing of VICTTY, a program to send data to an RS-232C printer that requires handshaking signals.

00(11

0000

0002

0000

0003

0000

0004

0000

0005

0000

0006

0000

0007

0000

OOOS

0000

0009

0000

0010

0000

0011

0000

0012

0000

0013

oooo

0014

0000

0015

0000

0016

0000

0017

0000

001S

0000

0019

0000

0020

0000

0021 0000

UICTTY : ROUTINE TO SEND TO THE MIC RS232 PORT. FOR USE WITH RH OUTPUT ONLY DEVICE (PRINTER), THAT REQUIRES HANDSHAKING.

THIS ROUTINE MRS RDRPTED FROM THE KIM/AIM MONITOR TTY OUTPUT ROUTINES.

UICTTY ECHOS RLL CHARACTERS DISPLAYED OH THE SCREEN TO THE PS232 PORT. IT WRITS OH THE DSP LINE HANDSHAKE FROM THE OUTPUT DEUICE.

SET THE BAUD RATE EY POKING- LOCATION 731 UITH ONE OF THE FOLLLOUIHG: UHLUE EHUD RRTE

0 110

1 150

2 3 00

3 600

4 1200

5 2400

6 4800

7 9600

flCTUJRTE WITH SYS 45056 OE-RCTIURTE UITH SYS 45121 VIC USER VIR ADDRESSES

0023

0000

DflTRBl

=*9U0

;B PORT DRTfi REGISTER

0024

0000

DDRB1

=*9112

,B PORT DIRECTION REGISTER

0025

0000

TIM

=*9U8

;TIMER 2 REGISTERS

0026

0000

TIMH

=*9119

0027

0000

PCR1

=*911C

;PERIPHERRL CONTROL REGISTER

0028

0000

IFR1

=*911D

; INTERRUPT FLAG REGISTER

0029

0000

VIC TV CHIP

0030

oooo

TVCTL5

=*9O05

;TEST FOE LONER CRSE HERE

0031

0000

; VIC RRM

0032

oooo

SYSX

=«0D

;X REGISTER FOR SYS COMMAND

003.3

oooo

DISUEC

=*326

;OUTPUT VECTOR

0034

oooo

; EQUATES

0035

oooo

LF

= 10

;LINE FEED CHARACTER

O036

oooo

CR

= 13

;CRRRIRGE RETURN CHRRRCTER

0037

oooo

*=*B00O

0036

EOOO

RO 27 03

RCT

LDR DISUEC+1

;GET HI BYTE OF VECTOR

0039

B003

C9 BO

CUP #>UICTTY

;MY ROUTINE?

0040

B005

FO 13

BEQ SKPUEC

;YES, SKIP VECTOR UPDATE

0041

8007

SO 02 Bl

STR UECSfl+1

;SAVE THE CONTENTS

0042

BOOR

HO 26 03

LDR DISUEC

;OF THE OUTPUT VECTOR

0043

BOOD

8D 01 Bl

STR VECSR

0044

B010

R9 55

LDR KVICTTY

;PUT ADDRESS OF MY ROUTINE

0045

B012

8D 26 03

STR DISUEC LDR dXJICTTY

;INTO VECTOR

0046

B015

R9 BO

0047

B017

8D 27 03

STR DISVEC+1

0048

B01R

RD 1C 91

SKPUEC

LDR PCR1

;USE CBJ IN DIRECT MODE

0049

B01D

29 IF

RND «1F

:FOR OUTPUT EIT

0050

B01F

09 EO

ORR KJEO

,PUT A 'HARK' ON THE LINE

0051

B021

8D 1C 91

STR PCR1

0052

B024

R9 7F

LDR »*7F

;SET 8 PORT HI BIT TO INPUT

0053

B026

8D 12 91

STR DDPB1

;TO READ DSR LINE

0054

B029

RD OD 03

LDR SYSX

;GET BAUD RRTE INDICATOR

0055

B02C

C9 08

CMP #BNPiX

;UITHIN LIMIT?

0056

B02E

90 02

BCC HOCLIP

;YES, SKIP

0057

B030

R9 00

LDR #0

;NO, DEFAULT TO 0

0058

E032

OR

NOCLIF

RSL R

.•MULTIPLY BY 2 FOR INDEX

0059

B033

RR

TRX

0060

B03.4

BD 03 81

LDR BRUDTB.X

;GET CORRESPONDING ENTRY

0061

B037

8D FF BO

STR BITTIM

;FRON BflUD RRTE TRBLE

0062

B03R

BD 04 Bl

LDR BRUDTB+l.X

;RHD SRUE IN BITTIM

0063

B03D

8D 00 Bl

STR B1TTIM+1

0064

B040

60

RTS

0065

B041

; ENTRY TO DE-BCTIURTE VICTTY

0066

B041

RD 27 03

DERCT

LDR DISUEC+1

;GET HI BYTE OF VECTOR

0067

8044

C9 BO

CMP OVICTTY

;IS IT MINE"

m

1851

RD 01 Bl

BNE NOPE LDR VECSR

;NO. FORGET IT ;YES, RESTORE OLD

0070

B04B

8D 26 03

STA DISUEC

;VECTOR CONTENTS

0071

B04E

RD 02 Bl

LDR VECSfl+1

0072

B051

8D 27 0.3

STR DISUEC+1

0073

B054

60

NOPE

RTS

0074

B055

; VICTTY l ROUTINE TO OUTPUT TO THE VIC RS232 POR

0075

B055

8D FE BO

UICTTY

STR CHAR

;SHUE A COPY OF CHRRRCTER

0076

B058

48

PHR

;SRUE RLL REGISTERS

0077

B059

8fl

TXR

;OH THE STACK

0078

B05H

48

PHR

0079

B05B

98

TYR

ol?

m

*8 R9 02

LDR **02

:LOWER CRSE MODE?

0082

B05F

2D 05 90

RND TVCTL5

0083

B062

FO 21

BEQ CHKCR

;HO. SKIP TRANSLATION

0084

B064

RD FE BO

LDR CHAR

;RETRIEUE CHRRRCTER

0085

B067

30 OF

BMI CHKUPP

;CHECK FOR UPPER CASE

0086

B069

C9 41

CMP #'R'

;LESS THRU 'R' ?

0087

B06B

90 18

BCC CHKCR

jYES SKIPPIT

0088

B06D

C9 5B

CMP #*5B

;GRERTER THRU 'Z' ?

0089

B06F

BO 14

ECS CHKCR

;YES SKIPPIT

0090

B071

09 20

ORR i*20

;TRRHSLRTE TO LOWER CASE

0091

B073

8D FE BO

STR CHRR

;SRUE IT

0092

8076

DO OD

BNE CHKCR

0093

B078

C9 CI

CHKUPP

CMP <t*Cl

;LESS THRU 'A' ?

0094

B07R

90 09

BCC CHKCR

J YES SKIP

0095

B07C

C9 DB

CMP ttJDB

;GREATER THAN 'Z' ?

0096

B07E

BO 05

BCS CHKCR

;YES SKIP

0097

B080

29 7F

RND »»7F

;CLEAR HI BIT

0098

B082

8D FE BO

STR CHRR

;SRUE IT

0099

B085

RD FE BO

CHKCR

LDR CHRR

0100

B088

C9 OD

CMP #CR

;RETURN?

0101

E08R

DO 08

BNE SEND

;NO, JUST SEND IT

0102

B08C

20 B3 BO

JSR SENDTY

;YES SEND IT

0103

B08F

R9 OR

LDR »LF

;RND FOLLOW UITH R LINE FEED

0104

B091

8D FE BO

STR CHRR

01O5

B094

20 B3 BO

SEND

JSR SENDTY

;SEND R CHARACTER

ft»

6098

£

M

jRESTORE ALL REGISTERS

0108

B099

S3

PLR

0109

B09fl

RR

TRX

0110

B098

68

PLR

0111

B09C

6C 01 Bl

JMP (VECSR)

;GO DO NORMAL OUTPUT ROUTINE

0112

B09F

; DELRY I DELAY FOR

THE TIME IN BITTIM

0113

B09F

RD FF BO

DELRY

LDR BITTIM

;MOUE DELRY TIME TO

0114

B0R2

80 18 91

STR TIML

;TIMER REGISTERS

0115

B0A5

RD 00 Bl

LDR BITTIM+1

0116

BOAS

8D 19 91

STR TIMH

0117

BORE

RD ID 91

DEL2

LDR IFR1

;TIME UP?

0118

BORE

29

20

RND

«20

(TEST TIMER 2 BIT'

0119

EOBO

FO

F9

BEQ

DEL2

HO, WAIT

0120

B0B2

60

RTS

YES. RETURN

0121

B0B3

SENDTY

i SEND ONE CHRRRCTER TO THE RS232 P

0122

B0B3

THE CHRRRCTER MUST BE IN CHRP AND

0123

B0B3

IS HOT PRE

SERVED

0124

B0B3

SENDTY

0125

B0E3

78

IJRITDS

SEI

D1SRELE INTERRUPTS

0126

B0B4

2C

10 91

BIT

DRTRBl

TEST DSP <PB7>

0127

B0E:7

10

03

BPL

SENDIT

IF ON. CONTINUE

0128

B0B9

58

CLI

RLLOM RN INTERRUPT

0129

BOBfl

30

F7

8MI

WRITDS

RND WRIT FOR DSR

0130

BOBC

20

9F BO

SENDIT

JSR

DELRY

DELRY A BIT TINE

0131

B06F

R9

IF

LDR

**1F

PUT SPACE ON LINE

0132

B0C1

2D

1C 91

AND

PCR1

TURN OFF CB2

0133

B0C4

09

CO

ORR

KJCO

0134

B0C6

8D

1C 91

STR

PCR1

0135

B0C9

20

9F BO

JSR

DELRY

WRIT R BIT

0136

BOCC

R2

08

LDX

#8

8 BITS TO SEND

0137

BOCE

4E

FE 80

OUTLUP

LSR

CHRR

GET R BIT

0138

B0D1

90

OC

BCC

BITO

BRANCH IF ITS ZERO

0139

B0D3

R9

IF

LDA

*JIF

ITS ONE

0140

B0D5

2D

1C 91

AND

PCP1

PUT R MARK ON THE LINE

0141

B0D8

09

EO

ORA

«*E0

0142

BODR

80

1C 91

STR

PCR1

0143

BODD

BO

OR

BCS

DELBIT

GO URIT SOME

0144

EODF

A9

IF

BITO

LDR

«*1F

PUT SPRCE ON LINE

0145

B0E1

2D

1C 91

RND

PCR1

0146

BOE4

09

CO

ORR

#*C0

0147

B0E6

8D

1C 91

STR

PCR1

0148

B0E9 BOEC

20

9F BO

DELBIT

JSR

DELAY

WRIT fl BIT

0149

CR

DEX

COUNT THE BIT

0150

BOED

DO

DF

BNE

OUTLUP

LOOP TILL ZERO

0151

BOEF

R9

IF

LDR

**1F

SEND STOP BIT

PUT NARK ON THE LINE

0152

B0F1

2D

1C 91

RND

PCR1

0153

B0F4

09

EO

ORR

**E0

0154

B0F6

8D

1C 91

STR

PCR1

0155

B0F9

20

9F BO

JSR

DELAY

URIT fl BIT

0156

BOFC

58

CLI

RLLOU INTERRUPTS

0157

BOFD

60

RTS

0158

BOFE

; RRM

LOCATIONS

0159

BOFE

00

CHRR

.BY1

0

OUTPUT CHRRRCTER

016 0

BOFF

00

00

BITTIM

.wot

0

BIT DELRY TIME

0161

B101

00

00

VECSR

. WOR

0

SRUE FOR OUTPUT VECTOR

0162

B103

; TRBLE OF

BAUD RATE BIT TIMES

0163

B103

BRUDTB

=*

0164

B103

3F

23

.UOR

*233F

110 BAUD (0)

0165

B105

B7

19

,WOR

*19B7

150 BRUD (1)

0166

B107

C2

OC

,WOR

»CC2

300 BRUD (2)

0167

B109

3F

06

.WOR

*63F

600 BAUD (3)

0168

B10B

FD

02

.UOR

«2FD

1200 BflUD <4>

0169

B10D

5D

01

.UOR

*15D

2400 BflUD (5)

0170

B10F

eD

00

.UOR

*8D

4800 BflUD (6>

0171

Bill

2C

00

.WOR

*2C

9600 BRUD (7)

0172

B113

BMRX

=8

MAXIMUM ENTRYS IN TflBL

0173

B113

.ENl

0174

Bl 13

ERRORS= OOOO

SYMBOL DEFINED

REFERENCES

R

OOOO

0058

RCT

0 038

BAUDTB 0163

0062

006O

BITO

0144

0138

BITTIM 016

]

0115

0113 006

3 0061

BMRX

017

2

0055

CHRR

0159

0137

0104 0099 0098 0091 0084

J075

CHKCR

0099

00%

0094 009

2 0069 Oris? il B9

CHKUPP 0093

0085

CR

0 036

0100

DflTRBl 002

S

0126

DDRB1

002

1

0053

DERCT

0066

DEL2

0117

0119

DELAY

0113

0155

014S 013

5 013

0

DELBIT 0148

0143

DISUEC 0033

0072

0070 0066 0

7 0045 0042

038

IFR1

002

3

0117

LF

0035

0103

NOCLIP 0 058

0056

NOPE

007

5

0068

OUTLUP 0137

0150

PCP1

0 027

0154

0152 014

' 0145 09 9: 999) 9j99 001".! (SI4S

SEND

0105

0101

SENDIT 013

0

0127

SENDTY 0124

0105

102

SKPVEC 0043

0040

SYSX

0032

0054

TIMH

0026

0116

TIML

002

5

0114

TUCTL5 003

0

0 082

UECSfl

016

0111

0071 0069 0043 0041

wsk m

ns

0046 0044 0039

X

OOOO

0062

0060

336 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Before you bet your software business on an OS, look who's betting on MS-DOS and XENIX.

A waiting market. If you write and sell 16-bit software, MStm-DOS and XENIX™ give you the largest installed base. In fact, over fifty 16-bit manufacturers offer their microcomputers with MS-DOS or XENIX. IBM, Victor, Altos, Wang, Radio Shack, Zenith and Intel, to name just a few. And the list is growing. That means there's a ready and expanding market for your 16-bit applications software.

The UNIX™ connection. XENIX is the multi-user, multi-tasking, UNIX-derived operating system for 16-bit microcomputers. MS-DOS 2.0 is Microsoft's single-user OS. MS-DOS and XENIX share hierarchical file structure and I/O redirection, including simple piping. MS-DOS 2.0 also provides XENIX-compatible system calls. That means there's a migration path for programs written to run under MS-DOS and XENIX. What's more, both MS-DOS and XENIX are supported by Microsoft* languages. That's your single-supplier advantage from Microsoft.

Comprehensive support. Microsoft offers you a full product support program. Excellent documentation. Plus continual enhancements to both languages and operating systems. Your applications programs can even be listed in Microsoft's growing Source Directory of 16-bit applications packages. Contact us for current software offerings and vendors.

Leadership. Microsoft led the world into the 8-bit microcomputer marketplace

with the first BASIC for microcomputers. Now, we're leading it into the 16-bit market with single and multi-user operating systems.

Bet the winner. If you're writing and marketing software in the 16-bit marketplace, MS-DOS and XENIX are setting the standard. In fact, they're the standard operating systems for the world's largest selling 16-bit microcomputer systems. Which means your market is already there... and growing. Contact us for complete information. Before you bet your software on an operating system, look where your market is betting.

BETTER TOOLS FOR MICROCOMPUTERS

MICROSOFT

MICROSOFT CORPORATION

10700 NORTHUP WAY

BELLEVUE, WASHINGTON 98004

Microsoft is a registered trademark,

and MS, XENIX and the Microsoft

logo are trademarks of Microsoft

Corporation.

UNIX is a trademark of Bell

Laboratories

'""',,

'^V}*»

Xtt^*

*<&

ts^

.0°S

^^

►'U'*

RADIO

SHACK

-^v

^?o

%

l/c

^O/t

IBM

%

m>j

ZENITH

H

J

1

^^^

■

Vk

■ mh^h

H VM

^^H

■

Data Rate

ilue

bits per second

0

110

1

150

2

300

3

600

4

1200

5

2400

6

4800

7

9600

Table 2: Data-transmission rate control values. One of these numbers should be stored in location 781 before VICTTY is activated in order to set the data rate.

Text continued from page 334:

line is the DSR (data set ready) signal from the DCE device, whether it's a printer, a synthesizer, or some other peripheral. This signal must be sent to the VIC-20's DTR (data-terminal ready) input.

Handshaking is necessary because the VIC-20 can send data much faster than most serial devices can handle. At times, for example, a printer must ask the computer to stop sending data so that it can catch up. When the printer can handle more data, it informs the VIC-20 by asserting DTR.

Software

Unfortunately, an error in the VIC's serial data-transmission routines causes the computer to ignore signals on the DSR line. In other words, if the printer sends the "wait" signal, the VIC-20 ignores it and continues sending data, which is thus lost. To circumvent this problem, I use a program called VICTTY (adapted from the terminal-communications routines in the monitors of the KIM and AIM computers). See listing 1 on page 336.

VICTTY can be used to send data directly to the user port. While it bypasses all the fancy buffering done by the VIC's routines, it does pay attention to the DSR signal, waiting for the printer so that no data is lost. The program echoes to the printer any characters that are sent to the screen and is activated by entering SYS 45056 at the keyboard.

The transmission rate can be selected by using a BASIC POKE instruction to store a number in location 781 prior to activation. Unlike the VIC-20 routines that are limited to 1200 bps (bits per second), VICTTY will work at up to 9600 bps (see table 2 for data rates and the corresponding values to store).

To list a BASIC program currently in memory and send it to a 2400-bps printer connected to the serial port, for example, you would enter

POKE 781,5 : SYS 45056 : LIST

When the listing is done, deactivate VICTTY by typing SYS 45121 or all the screen output will be sent to the printer. You can also deactivate VICTTY by pressing the Run/Stop and Restore keys. VICTTY can also be used from within BASIC programs—just include the same POKE and SYS commands in the program before you send the output to the screen.

A Word about ASCII

It takes a bit of doing to make serial data from the VIC-20's port compatible with most standard printers. VICTTY alters the data as follows. First, it inserts a linefeed character after every carriage-return character (most terminals and many printers need both between lines). Second, it translates the VIC-20's uppercase/lowercase character set into standard ASCII (American National Standard Code for Information Interchange) characters. The VIC-20 has two characters sets: in one, the ASCII lowercase codes are replaced by special graphics characters; in the other, the ASCII uppercase codes produce lowercase characters, while the ASCII uppercase codes with the highorder bit on are used to produce uppercase characters.

Other Uses

In its present form, VICTTY can only handle transfers of data out of the computer, although the hardware is capable of both transmitting and receiving. Still, VICTTY could be used to echo VIC-20 screen output to an 80-column video terminal that would enable you to see more information at a time. If the terminal does not handshake, connecting pin 4 of the 1489-type line receiver to +5 V will enable the interface in figure lc to work.

Other RS-232C devices can be used with this software/hardware combination; some might require you to modify the interface arrangement. The VIC routines supplied by Commodore can be made to work with the interfaces shown as long as handshaking is not required. With any luck, this series will start you on your way to exploring such advanced peripherals as plotters, digitizers, and speech synthesizers, all of which are now available for the home market. ■

The program in this article has been incorporated into a full-featured printer program for the Epson and other printers. It includes VIC graphics and access to all Epson functions via standard BASIC OPEN, CLOSE, and PR1NT# statements (no SYS calls). It also has a special mode for BASIC listings that formats BASIC statements for readability. It will communicate to the printer via either a Centronics parallel interface cable or an RS-232C interface at up to 9600 bits per second with handshaking. For more information contact United Microware Industries Inc., 3503C Temple Ave., Pomona, CA 91768.

338 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

7ft*

dB.

tell""**"

Now dBASE II is made easy with Quickcode by Fox & Geller. QUICKCODE is a prosram generator, a computer program which writes computer programs.

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QUICKCODE writes concise programs to set up and maintain any type of database. And the wide range of programs cover everything from printing mailing labels and form letters, to programs that let you select records based on your own requirements. There are even four new data types that are not available with dBASE II alone.

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FOX&GELLER

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QUPCKCODC trwemart: ol Fo* 4 Gelid. Inc dBASE li is a trademark of AshtonTate

Circle 201 on Inquiry card.

IF YOU KNOW WHAT YOU WANT ...

IBM PC (DOS]

Advanced Operating Systems

The Programmer 200 150

American Training International. Inc.

ATI-Power lor PC DOS 75 56

Applied Software Technology

Versalorm 389 288

AshtonTate

dBase II [4] 700 425

Aspen Software

Grammatik 75 56

Proofreader 50 38

Byrom Software

BSTAM (Micro to micro comm.) 200 149

BSTMS (Micro to mainframe comm.) 200 149

Comshare

Master Planner 325 253

Condor Computer Corp.

Condor 1 195 147

Condor 3 650 488

Conlinental Soltware

Home Accountant Plus 150 112

1st Class Mail 125 98

CP Aids

Master Tax 16951371

Standard Tax 595 446

DataMosI

Write On 130 94

Real Estate Investment Program 130 95

Denver Soltware

EASy (Executive Acctg. System) 750 562

Dictronics

Random House Electronic Thesaurus .... 150 113

Digilal Besearch

CBASIC 86 200 150

CIS COBOL 86 800 600

Concurrent CP/M-86 ... 350 294

Level 2 COBOL 86 16001200

Pascal MT*86/w SSP .. 600 468

SID86 150 94

SPP86 200 168

Eagle Software

Money Decisions 199 149

Emerging Technology

Edix 195 149

Wordix 195 149

EZTax

EZTax 69 55

Howard

Real Estate Analyzer II 250 187

Tax Preparer 1983 250 187

Innovative Soltware

T.I.M. Ill 495 357

Fast Graphs 295 221

Intellect Assoc.

PC Text 100 73

Window 150 113

ISA [see Sorcim]

ISM

MatheMagic 100 75

Graphmagic 90 65

Combo Pack 160 120

Easy Speller 11 125 94

Easy Filer 400 281

Easywriter II 350 259

Easy Planner 250 188

AR/AP/GL(ea) 600 450

Financial Management

Series (all 3) 14951121

Lexisolt

Spellbinder 495 281

Lileboat

Lattice C Compiler 500 415

Lilelree

Volkswriter 195 147

Lightning

Master type 50 38

Lotus

1-2-3 495 371

Mark dI the Unicorn

Mince 175 153

Final Word 300 223

Melasoll Benchmark Word

Processor* 500 367

Benchmark Mail list ... 175 154

Microfocus

CIS COBOL 8086 850 637

Micro Lab

The Tax Manager 250 188

MicroPro

Infostar [5] 495 327

Report Star 350 231

Wordstar [4] 495 327

Spellstar 250 165

Mailmerge 250 165

Wordstar/

Mailmerge [4]

Microsoft

Flight Simulator 50

Multiplan

MicroStuI

CrossTalk 195

North American Business

Systems

The Answer 250 188

Northwest Analytical

Statpak 495 369

OASIS

The Word Plus 150 112

Organic Software

Datebook 395 331

Milestone (128K) 395 331

Textwriter III (Text

formatter) 125 97

PBL Corporation Personal Investor

(128K) 145 105

Peacritree

Series 4 Peachpak

(GL/AR/AP) [5] 595 359

Ryan-McFarland RM/COBOL

• Full Dev Syslem 950 713

•Runtime only 250 188

Scripps Data

Job Cost Systems 495 371

Select Information Systems Select with SuperSpell

(Word Proc.) 595 369

Software Publishing

PFS File 109

PFS Report 99

426

38 212

119

dBASE Corner

• dBASE II (relational DBMS) ... $425

• Quickcode (program

generator) $195

• dUTIL (programmer's

utilities) $59

• ABSTAT (statistics package) . . . $359

• D B Plus $95

Technical questions, M-F/9-5 (415) 324-0311

Sorcim |see also ISA)

Spellguard 195 146

Supercalc 295 185

Superwriter 395 296

Southeastern

Data Capture 120 90

Star

Legal Timekeeping,

Billing. & Accts 950 771

Structured Systems GL. AR. AP Payroll,

Inventory. OE (ea.) ...1250 790

Analyst 250 188

Letteright 200 150

NAD 100 75

QSORT 100 75

Supersoll

Optimizer 200 149

Personal Data Base ,... 125 93 Synergistic

Data Reporter 250 188

Versa Computing Graphics Hardcopy

Syslem 25 19

VisiCorp

VisiCalc (256K) 250 169

Desktop Plan I 300 229

VisiTrend/Plot 300 215

Visidex 250 189

VisiFile 300 229

Visischedule 30O 234

Business Forecasting

Models 100 78

Wool! Software Systems

Move It 150 99

IBM PC HARDWARE

Kraft

Joystick 70 52

Microsoll

RAM Card 64K 350 253

RAM Card 128K 525 381

RAM Card 192K 700 508

RAM Card 256K 875 634

QUADRAM

Ouadboard 64K 595 428

• 256K 995 670

Tech Designs

Adam & Eve Paddles ... 40 15

TG Products

Joystick 59 43

Versa Computing VersaWriler Graphics

Tablet 299 249

CPM

Adventure Inlernational

Adventures (111-12) 129 97

American Training International. Inc.

ATI-Power for CP/M .... 75 54

Anderson-Bell

ABSTAT 359

Artilicial Intelligence

(Requires CBASiC 21

Medical 995 749

Dental 995 749

Ashton Tate

dBase II [4] 700 425

Aspen Soltware

Grammatik 75 56

Proofreader 50 38

Balcones

The Boss: Financial Accounting Syslem . ...24951496

Byrom Software

BSTAM (Micro to micro comm.) 200 144

BSTMS (Micro to mainframe comm ) ... 200 144

Caxton

Cardbox 245 177

Computer Development. Inc.

Image 495 356

Comshare Target Soltware

Plannercalc 50 38

Masterplanner 325 263

Condor Computer Corp.

Condor 1 195 147

Condor 3 650 488

Data Base Solutions

dNAMES 129

Digital Besearch

Access Manager 300 225

MAC (macro assembler) 90 75

SID (symbolic debugger

lor 8080) 75 63

ZSID 100 88

CBASIC (language) .... 150 94

CB80 500 395

CIS COBOL 800 595

Display Manager 400 295

Pascal MU w/SPP 500 395

DJR Associates

FMS 80 995 625

FMS80-1 495 312

FMS 80-2 495 312

Ecosolt MicroStat (slat

package) 295 248

Epic Computer Corp.

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WHY PAY MORE?

Circle 377 on inquiry card.

BYTE May 1983 341

Design Philosophy Behind Motorola's MC68000

Part 2: Data-movement, arithmetic, and logic instructions

Last month, in part 1, I discussed the design philosophy behind the Motorola MC68000, a powerful 16-bit processor with multiple 32-bit registers. This month I'll describe the data-movement, arithmetic, and logic instructions of the MC68000. A thorough reading of the MC68000's user's guide (available from many computer bookstores and Motorola distributors) will give you all the details of each instruction's operation, but a look at the general categories of instructions, a discussion of why certain design decisions were made, and mention of some special capabilities of the instructions will give you insight into the power of this instruction set.

Instruction Format and Addressing Modes

Before I get into the instruction groups, let's first look at how assembly-language instructions are written. Table 1 illustrates a common instruction format and the choices that can be made within it. First, of course, you can pick one of several microprocessor

About the Author

Thomas Starnes is an electrical engineer who has spent the last five years helping to plan the direction of the MC68000 family of processor products for Motorola.

Thomas W. Starnes

Motorola Inc., Microprocessor Division

3501 Ed Bluestein Blvd.

Austin, TX 78721

instructions—for example, an addition (ADD), comparison (CMP), arithmetic shift left (ASL), or data move (MOV). If the instruction is one that handles data, you can, with the MC68000, select one of three data sizes: 8, 16, or 32 bits. This selection is made by following the mnemonic with a period and either a "B", "W", or "L", for byte, word, or long word; if no size is specified, the assembler will assume a 16-bit operation.

On a data operation, you need to make one or two more decisions, i.e., which addressing mode to use for the one or two operands the instruction requires. (See the text box on data organization on page 354 for more details.) Typically, you can select one of 14 modes; within most of these modes, one of eight address registers is selected. On many operations, you need to select a second addressing mode; this usually involves selection of one of eight data registers, but for the data-movement instruction, any addressing mode can be selected.

All MC68000 instructions are fully defined with 16 bits of op code. (Op code is short for operation code; it is the pattern of bits that a microprocessor interprets as a specific machinelanguage instruction executable by it.) Depending on the instruction or the addressing mode(s) selected, addi

tional 16-bit extension words may follow the op code. These extension words provide additional addressing information and may make the total instruction length as long as 10 bytes. Because the instruction is always lengthened by multiples of 16 bits, you can ensure that instructions always begin on even-byte boundaries; because of the way the MC68000 fetches 16-bit quantities from memory, this placement of instructions increases the speed of program execution.

By far, the most common operation in any processor application is the movement of data. Other microprocessors move data with LOAD, STORE, PUSH, PULL, POP, and input/output (I/O) instructions. When you boil it all down, each instruction simply moves data from one location to another. So why not call them all MOVE? Simplicity of expression is a fundamental theme throughout the MC68000's instruction set: all similar operations should perform similarly in a number of respects. For example, if you can use an ADD operation with two 32-bit quantities, you should be able to use an add-with-carry operation with two 32-bit quantities. If you can select from 14 addressing modes to use an ADD operation, you should be able to select from 14 addressing

342 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Photo 1: The MC68000 microprocessor chip, which contains more than 68,000 transistors, is 246 by 281 mils (6.24 by 7.14 mm) in size. This photo shows the location of the major functions of the chip. "Int. Log." stands for "Interrupt Logic"; "AO Mux Control", for "Microcode AO Multiplexer Control"; and "FC Log. ", for "Function Code Logic. " The labels "fiROM" and "NROM" indicate two areas of microcode. "Trap and III. Inst. PLA" stands for "Trap and Illegal Instruction Programmable Logic Array"; "IRD Reg.", for "Instruction Register Decode Register"; and "ALU Control", for "Arithmetic and Logic Unit Control." The Data Execution Unit houses the main functions of the arithmetic and logic unit, while the two Address Execution Units perform the arithmetic associated with the calculation of an address.

May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 343

Instruction format is:

mnemonic.size source,destination

Examples:

ADD.L

D1.D2

MOVE.B

#15,-1(A0)

ADD

D1.D2 (size assumed to be '

\W")

BGE

LOOP1 (only one argument)

RTS

(no arguments)

Explanations:

mnemonic = instruction abbreviation (ADD, CMP, MULS, etc.)

size (optional) = operand size:

.B means byte data (8 bits)

.W means word data (16 bits; default size)

.L means long word data (32 bits)

source (optional) = source operand addressing mode

destination (optional) = destination operand addressing mode

Table 1: General format for MC68000 instructions.

modes to use SUB (subtract). If certain status register codes are modified to reflect the results of an ADD, the same codes should also be modified when a SUB or NEG (negate) instruction is performed.

Varieties of MOVEs

With this philosophy in mind, all of the old LOAD, STORE, PUSH, PULL, POP, and I/O instructions from other

microprocessors were rolled into one very powerful and flexible MOVE instruction in the MC68000. Let's look at just what this one instruction can do. The MOVE instruction can move 8-, 16-, or 32-bit data from practically any location to practically any other. And a wide selection of addressing modes and registers for both the source and the destination should cover about any way you want to find

the operands. Table 2 lists the different combinations of addressing modes available on both the MC68000 and the Intel 8086 families. Let's look at what some of the MC68000 addressing-mode combinations allow you to do.

Certainly, you can copy data between registers, but you can also copy data to or from a register to memory using any of the memory-addressing modes. Most microprocessors allow the programmer to transfer data on the top of a stack to or from a register only. What if the data is really needed elsewhere in memory? You must run a second instruction to make the second move and use a register for a temporary holding space. The MC68000 allows you to move top-ofstack data to or from any register, another stack, a queue, any memory location, or any I/O location, all in one smooth motion. And why shouldn't you be able to? An added advantage of the MC68000 comes from its ability to use any one of the eight address registers as a stack pointer; this allows you to build as many as eight different stacks without having to swap out registers.

You can also do direct memory-tomemory moves. There are 10 different

destination

Dn An

(An)

(An) +

(An) d16(An) d8(An,Xn)

Abs.W

Abs.L

#options

8

128

N/A

N/A

source

#options

Dn

8

An

8

(An)

8

(An) +

8

-(An)

8

d16(An)

8

d8(An,Xn

128

Abs.W

N/A

Abs.L

N/A

d16(PC)

1

d8(PC,Xn)

16

Immediate

1

Ml

Ml

Ml

M

M

Ml

Ml

Ml

M

Ml

Ml

Ml

M

M

Ml

Ml

Ml

M

Ml

Ml

Ml

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

Ml

Ml

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

Ml

Ml

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

Ml

Ml

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

Notes: 1.

3.

"M" means this combination available on the Motorola MC68000.

"I" means a comparable combination available on the Intel 8086 family.

"foptions" refers to the number of different ways an addressing mode can be used in the MC68000 due to the availability of multiple

registers that can be used; for example, the "d8(An,Xn)" option can use 8 An registers and 16 Xn registers for a total of 128

combinations. "N/A" means "not applicable." Most of the source and destination addressing modes are explained in the text box "Data Organization and Addressing Modes,"

page 354. "An" and "Dn" are register addressing modes. "Abs.W" and "Abs.L" are word-address and long-word-address

forms of absolute addressing.

Table 2: Addressing modes available to the Motorola MC68000 and the Intel 8086. The information at the intersection of a row and a column indicates the availability of that source/destination addressing-mode combination for each microprocessor.

344 May 19B3 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Circle 215 on Inquiry card.

31

LONG TRANSFER TO/FROM AN EVEN ADDRESS. 24 23 16 15 8 7

REGISTER:

HIGH-ORDER

MID-UPPER

MID-LOWER

LOW-ORDER

BYTE BYTE

ADDRESS 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ADDRESS

MEMORY

2N 2N + 2 2N + 4 2N+6

HIGH-ORDER

MID-UPPER

MID-LOWER

LOW-ORDER

2N + 1 2N+3 2N+5 2N + 7

Figure 1: Moving data from a 32-bit register to memory using the MOVEP instruction. Bytes from the register are stored in every other memory byte. The instruction takes 24 clock cycles to execute.

memory-addressing modes to select from for the source operand and seven for the destination. Also, keep in mind that each addressing mode can use any of the eight address registers, further increasing the versatility of these move instructions. (Actually, in one mode, you have 16 registers to choose from—eight address and eight data registers.)

Just how many different ways are there to move general data in the MC68000? When you couple all of the combinations allowed with the selection of registers available, there are 34,888 different ways, and each one can be used for 8-, 16-, or 32-bit data. That ought to solve most programmers' data-shuffling problems!

The remaining data-movement instructions include SWAP, for instance, which exchanges the contents of any two data and /or address registers. You can read or modify the status register codes with a MOVE SR (Status Register) instruction.

The MC68000 was designed to interface directly to the MC6800 line of 8-bit peripherals so that all the existing peripheral circuits could easily be used on the MC68000. (Many of the 8-bit peripherals provide very useful functions that would need to be included in a 16-bit system.) To bring the best of the 8-bit peripheral world into the universe of 16-bit software, designers included a special MOVEP (Move Peripheral) instruction in the MC68000. Here's how and why it works.

Frequently, you must set up registers to ready a peripheral for operation. You need to connect an 8-bit peripheral to either the upper or lower half of the 16-bit-wide data bus. This means that the registers connected to a peripheral appear within the MC68000 memory address space as successive-even or successive-odd addresses. The MOVEP instruction will move either 16 or 32 bits of a given data register out to memory in 8-bit chunks, starting at a given location (see figure 1); addresses for each successive byte are incremented by two, not by the one that the normal MOVE uses. This allows the 2 or 4 bytes being transferred to be loaded into the proper peripheral port addresses. Thus, you can load as many as four 8-bit registers in one simple instruction. The MOVEP instruction is bidirectional, so that the registers can be either loaded or read.

Two special types of the MOVE instruction are the MOVEQ (Move Quick) and the MOVEM (Move Multiple Register). Often a register is used as a counter or a constant, with values that are typically rather small. The MOVEQ instruction makes it fast and easy to initialize a register to such values. MOVEQ will take any signed 8-bit immediate value between — 128 and 127, extend its sign bit so that it will be correctly interpreted as a 32-bit number, and load it into one of the data registers. The op code for MOVEQ includes the 8-bit immediate

value; this means the microprocessor can perform the operation very quickly. Because the small immediate value is part of the MOVEQ op code itself, the instruction is classified as a separate addressing mode of the MC68000 called the "quick immediate" addressing mode.

It is common in machine-language programming to have to save the contents of various on-chip registers, use the registers for some other purpose, and then restore their former contents. This happens when you are beginning or ending a subroutine, executing an interrupt handler, changing tasks, or calling the operating system. The MC68000 has a very handy instruction that makes this a fast, efficient operation. The MOVEM instruction will take any combination (or all) of the 16 data and address registers and move them either to or from memory in an organized manner. These registers can be transferred to or from any stack or to a specific location in memory. They are put in memory and taken from memory in reverse order to ensure that each register receives its proper contents. An option of the MOVEM instruction is that either the lower 16 bits of the registers or the entire 32-bit registers can be transferred. An example of this instruction is:

MOVEM.L D0/D4-D7/A4/A5,40(A6)

which would save the registers as shown in figure 2. (The instruction will save registers DO, D4 through D7, A4, and A5 into memory starting at the location pointed to by the value in register A6 plus the value 28 hexadecimal.) The list of registers to be transferred is compactly encoded in a 16-bit value that follows the MOVEM op-code word—an "on" bit indicates the associated register is to be transferred. Not only is the MOVEM instruction both compact and useful, it is also as fast as possible for the number of bytes of information that must be transferred.

Orthogonality

Arithmetic operations are key instructions in a microprocessor because they tend to be the ones that

346 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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ADDRESS (HEXADECIMAL)

MEMORY (ORGANIZED AS WORDS)

-. »-91C028

( 2A 2C

2E

30 32 34 36

DO-HIGH DO-LOW

D4-HIGH D4-L0W

REGISTER A6

0 0 9 1

C 0 0 0

9 1 CO 0 0 + 2 8

/

D5-HIGH D5-L0W

CONTENTS OF A6 + DISPLACEMENT

D6-HIGH D6-L0W

^/

38 3A

D7-HIGH D7-L0W

3C

3E

40

91C042

A4-HIGH A4-L0W

A5-HIGH A5-L0W

Figure 2: Pushing multiple registers to memory with the MOVEM instruction. This instruction offers a very fast way to store selected registers in memory and, later, restore them properly. This figure shows the storage of registers DO, D4 through D7, A4, and A5 to location 91C028 hexadecimal. The instruction itself is MOVEM.L D0/D4D7/A4/A5,40(A6). (Remember that 40 decimal equals 28 hexadecimal.) The instruction takes 58 clock cycles to execute.

do the bulk of the work. The arithmetic and logic instructions allow programmers to write code exactly as they desire without having to rearrange data, gather more data, or do things in an unnatural order. As with so many other characteristics of the MC68000, the design of the arithmetic and logic instructions is very orthogonal—more so than for any previous microprocessor. Orthogonality can be defined as the ability of any allowed operation to use any resource in any way that any other operation may.

The arithmetic and logic instructions are very similar in the way they function, the way the condition codes are affected as a result, and the selection of addressing modes, registers, and operands available to them. The advantage of this is that, when coding, the programmer has only one uniform set of rules to remember. Older microprocessor designs forced programmers to have different sets of rules for even similar instructions, which decreased programmers' productivity by forcing them to recall and use correctly large amounts of essentially arbitrary information.

All of the dual-operand arithmetic instructions are true "one-and-a-half"

348 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

address operations (i.e., one operand can be specified as a memory address, but the other must be an internal register— the result overwrites one operand). Thus, you can add any register to any register, a constant to any register, the top of a stack to any register, a value buried in a stack to any register, a table entry to any register, an input from an I/O device to any register, or any memory location to any register. Or, because the order may be reversed, you can add any register to any of the same (except that you can't add to a constant, and you can't use the program-counter relative addressing mode to specify a destination). Also, remember that any of these instructions can occur with 8-, 16-, or 32-bit data.

Arithmetic Instructions

Let's look at the types of arithmetic instructions that are available. Add (ADD), subtract (SUB), and compare (CMP) instructions are general twooperand instructions. ADDX and SUBX are used to work on numbers longer than 32 bits (the X condition bit in the MC68000 performs a function similar to the one the carry bit performs in most microprocessors). Two multiply and divide instructions

are available: signed (MULS and DIVS) for single-precision instructions and unsigned (MULU and DIVU) for multiple-precision instructions.

The negate (NEG) and clear (CLR) instructions require only a single operand, and you can use a NEGX to negate multiple-precision values. To blend mixed sizes of data, the MC68000 provides a sign-extend instruction (EXT), while a TST (test) instruction is used to check for positive, negative, or zero conditions. A special instruction, the indivisible test-and-set (TAS), provides software synchronization in multimicroprocessor operations.

One variation on the ADD instruction enables the MC68000 to overcome a common limitation of other microprocessors. The normal "oneand-a-half" address design of most processors makes it difficult to use constant (immediate) values with anything but registers. The MC68000 overcomes this with the ADDI instruction, which allows a byte, word, or long-word immediate value to also be added to an operand in memory using any legal destination-memory addressing mode.

The MC68000 has no increment or decrement instructions. Why? Remember, the idea is to treat all similar instructions the same. An increment instruction adds 1 to a quantity and is often used to step to the next element in a table of byte-wide values. But the MC68000 programmer will often be manipulating 16- and 32-bit data, which require increments of 2 and 4, respectively, to the table address. The design team wanted to generalize the increment and decrement instructions to make them useful with all data sizes yet still retain the speed associated with an instruction that does not have to fetch an immediate argument. To solve these problems, and then some, the designers gave the MC68000 "add quick" (ADDQ) and "subtract quick" (SUBQ) instructions, which allow any number from 1 to 8 to be added to or subtracted from any register or any memory location. The instructions accomplish this in the shortest possible time by using 3 bits within the 16-bit op code to hold the increment or decrement

Text continued on page 352

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COMPUTERS

Apple HE Slarter System S1725

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Franklin ACE 1000 S935

Franklin ACE 1200-1 drive. 80 column.

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IBM PC Complete systems start at S2B50

Kaypro II w/Sollware S1695

Kaypro 11+ 400K drives S1875

Kaypro 10 lOMByle hard disk $2775

NECAPCH02 green/2 drives S3290

NEC APC H03 color/2 drives S4I90

Osborne Double Density S1825

Slimline S 100: Z-80. CP/M. 64K.

2M8yle drives Under S2000

Syscom II—Apple II Plus Emulator not a

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PRINTERS

Epson MX-80FT Type III STILL AVAILABLE $505

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AmdekSOOG S149

Amdek 300A S165

Amdek 3I0G lor IBM monochrome adaptor S175

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SSM Modemcard w/SOURCE S285

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Send a stamped/addressed envelope lor a complele data sheet.

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Davong 10MByte Hard Disk $1835

Keylronics keyboard $soon

Monle Carlo 64K/S/P/Clock/Game S375

MTI 512K RAM Board Iwilh 64K| $259

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CABLES

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Also see Apple. IBM. Atari. Commodore

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FOR OSBORNE

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OSMOS 1 —double density mod $175

OSMOS 2—370K drives ... compatible with software .. $855

OSMOS 3-750K drives $999

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Verily prices by phone. Add2Vi% lor Visa or Mastercard. Add 6Vi% on California orders. Orders prepaid with check, cashiers check, money order or wire transfer are shipped prepaid within the Continental U.S. COD's require 10% non-relundable deposit (restocking fee).

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Continental:

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MicroPro

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Mailmerge $159.00

Sorcim Software:

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Superwriter $299.00

Spellguard $149.00

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Visidex $185.00

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PRINTERS

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Prowriter I Parallel $3790{

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F10 Prlntmaster 55 CPS $CALL

Okidata

Microline 92: 160 CPS bidirectional with 40 CPS

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Smith Corona

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Call for prices on Epson's New FX Series

w

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DISKETTES

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The disks with the jump' on the competition. Outstanding value with library case and a ten year warranty.

5'/." SS/DD (Box of 10)

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Monitors

Amdek Color I

Color II

300G Green

300A Amber

310G Green

310A Amber

15MHZ Green

20MHZ Green

1201 Green

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ZVM-121 15MHZ

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BMC NEC

Zenith Taxan

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..$15 $29 $67 $10 $14

D.C. Hayes:

MODEMS

Micromodem II (Apple) w/ Terminal Program

Micromodem II (Apple) w/o Terminal Program

Smartmodem 300 Baud

Smartmodem 1200 Baud

Novation:

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Cat

Smart Cat 1200 Baud Applecat II (Apple)

$28

$25 $20 $52

$11' $14 $45 $28

ALL BRANDS ARE REGISTERED TRADEMARKS I

350 BYTE May 1983

Apple lie®

Provides these standard features:

• Typewriter-style, full ASCII keyboard, upper and lower case, and auto-repeat feature

• 6502A microprocessor (8-bit CPU)

• 64K bytes RAM memory

• 16K bytes ROM, which includes built-in Applesoft BASIC language

Special *

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* GRAPHICS *

* SYSTEMS *

• 690 Dots Hor.

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| RAM % SPECIAL

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BYTE May 1983 351

MC68000 STATUS REGISTER SYSTEM BYTE USER BYTE

15

13

10

8

7

4

0

T

i

S

h

"i

'o

w

w,

X

N

Z

V

c

TRACE MODE SUPERVISORY

INTERRUPT MASK

EXTEND

NEGATIVE

ZERO

OVERFLOW

CARRY

Figure 3: The bits of the MC68000 status register (SR).

amount (in this scheme, the bits 000 indicate an operand value of 8, not 0). Then, not only can you quickly and easily change an address pointer by 1, 2, or 4 for 8-, 16-, or 32-bit data, but you can also change counters by 3, 5, 6, 7, or 8. And the effect is identical to that using the standard ADDI instruction—even the status register codes are all the same. Some odds and ends of arithmetic instructions include sign-extend (EXT), clear (CLR), and test (TST) instructions. Since three different sizes of data can be used in the MC68000, there should be a convenient way of changing size. If you want to move only part of a datum (for example, the bottom 16 bits of a 32-bit register), you need only use a MOVE instruction of the proper data size. If, however, you want to convert a datum to a larger-sized two's-complement value (for example, making a 16-bit value into a 32-bit expression), you need a special instruction. The EXT instruction will take an 8-bit or a 16-bit datum and duplicate its uppermost bit position through the higher portions of any data register in order to convert the datum to 16 or 32 bits wide, respectively. CLR simply loads a set of 0s into the destination. TST sets the negative and zero condition bits (discussed in the next section) according to the nature of the given operand.

Status Register Codes and Multiple-Precision Arithmetic

What if you are dealing with binary integers that require more than 32 bits for expression? Say you want to add two 128-bit (16-byte) numbers. If both of these numbers were in the MC68000 registers, all eight data registers would be in use. More likely, the two values would be in 16 consecutive bytes of memory, starting with the most significant byte of data. The normal procedure to add two such numbers is to add the two least significant bytes, remember the carry, go to the previous bytes and add them, remember the carry, and so on. This sequence of operations is handled neatly in the MC68000 by the predecrement address-register deferred mode, which uses the notation " — (An)". Use two address registers to point to the byte just past each operand. Each execution of an ADDX -(Am), -(An) instruction will decrement the values in the Am and An registers (m and n stand for numbers between 0 and 7), then add the two numbers pointed to by those registers. By putting this single instruction in a loop, you can quickly create the code needed to operate on multiple-precision numbers.

Let's detour for a second to discuss the status register of the M68000 (see figure 3). It contains the standard carry (C), overflow (V), zero (Z), and

negative (N) bits found in other microprocessors. It also has a statusregister bit not found on other microprocessors, the X (or extend) bit. This bit was created to eliminate confusion caused by traditional overuse of the carry bit.

To explain the extend bit, I should describe the carry bit. In most microprocessors, the carry bit is overused. It is changed by (among other things) an addition instruction, but it is used in two different ways. Sometimes it is used in a later addition, such as in multiple-precision additions; sometimes a program tests the bit and branches according to the carry bit's state. So programmers use the carry bit for two different purposes: for extended-precision arithmetic and for program control.

The MC68000 has a bit for each purpose. Both the carry and the extend bits are changed according to the results of an addition instruction. However, the carry bit is used by the microprocessor during testing for program control purposes, while the extend bit is used as an input for multiple-precision arithmetic operations. For ADD, SUB, NEG, and specified shift and rotate instructions, both the carry and extend bits are updated. Other instructions—MOVE, AND, OR, TST, CLR, MUL, and DIV—change only the carry bit. This design helps prevent inadvertent changes to either bit.

Because of the extend bit, the familiar "add with carry" operation in the MC68000 becomes ADDX or "add with extend bit." Look at why this is important. Once you start a multiple-precision arithmetic operation and get a partial result, the integrity of the extend bit will be maintained even if you have to suspend the addition to do some data movement with the MOVE instruction. Programming becomes easier because you don't have to save the status register codes when interrupting a multiple-precision operation.

I should mention one other thing about multiple-precision arithmetic. When you have finished the multipleprecision operation, what does the negative bit mean? It correctly indicates that the result was positive or

352 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Data Organization and Addressing Modes

Motorola designed the MC68000 to offer a versatile set of data sizes and addressing modes for the assemblylanguage programmer. To understand fully the power of this machine, you must first understand how the MC68000 organizes and moves data.

Although the MC68000 "sees" its memory space as a collection of 8-bit bytes, it works on several different data sizes. It can address memory in the following sizes: byte (8 bits), word (16 bits), and long word (32 bits). In addition, it can manipulate individual bits—a bit is specified by the byte it is

in and its bit number (between 0 and 7) within the byte.

The MC68000 has a definite preference for addressing 16- and 32-bit quantities that start at even addresses. In particular, it was designed to access quickly 16-bit quantities that start on an even address. Even though this speed comes at the expense of words and long words that begin at odd addresses (which would take two, not one, fetch operations to be accessed), this is not a serious disadvantage. MC68000 op codes are always 16 bits wide, and any arguments the MC68000

31

16 15

8 7

-J—

■ 31

16 15 1

DO Dl D2

D3 EIGHT DATA D4 REGISTERS D5 D6 D7

AO Al

*2 SEVEN

A3 ADDRESS

REGISTERS A4

A5

A6

E

USER STACK POINTER

l_. 31

SUPERVISOR STACK POINTER

1»

8 7

r

SYSTEM BYTE USER BYTE

TWO

STACK POINTERS

PROGRAM COUNTER

STATUS REGISTER

requires are always stored as one or more 16-bit words (even if the argument is only a byte quantity). Because of this, code that starts on an evenbyte boundary will stay on an evenbyte boundary and thus will be accessed at the fastest rate possible.

The MC68000 register set (see the figure) indicates the microprocessor's commitment to long-word data: even though this is a 16-bit machine, all the internal registers are 32 bits wide. The dotted lines in the data registers denote those registers' ability to handle 8-, 16-, or 32-bit-wide data. The address registers can handle either 16- or 32-bit-wide data.

The MC68000 supports six major addressing modes; although I will not go into the variations available in each mode, a short description of each will show you the basic ways the microprocessor can get its operands.

• Inherent addressing: the instruction itself tells the microprocessor where to get its operand. An example of this is RTS, return from subroutine, which gets the return address from the stack.

• Register addressing: the operand is a data or address register. An example is MOVE D1.D2, which moves the contents of data register Dl to data register D2.

• Immediate addressing: the operand is specified as part of the instruction. An example is MOVE §3,D2, which moves the value 3 into data register D2.

• Absolute addressing: the operand is specified by a 16- or 32-bit address that is appended to the instruction. An example is MOVE $3F01,D2, which

negative. In most microprocessors, though, the zero bit indicates only that the most significant portion of the result is 0, not that the entire result is 0. The multiple-precision arithmetic instructions in the MC68000 are designed so that the zero bit will accurately depict the status of the entire result. This is done by allowing multiple-precision instructions to reset the zero bit (denoting a nonzero result) but not to set it

(denoting a zero result). With this scheme, the programmer's only responsibility is to set the zero bit before beginning the multiple-precision operation.

One final issue can come up in the middle of arithmetic operations, and the MC68000's handling of the problem illustrates another fundamental difference between it and so many other microprocessors. How many times have you interrupted a series of

arithmetic operations to modify some memory pointers and later discovered that your completed arithmetic operation gave a wrong result because you inadvertently modified certain status register code bits? When you get right down to it, when you add 12 to a memory address, who cares if a carry was generated or if the result was negative? In fact, the negative bit has no meaning in relation to addresses. We as programmers are hurt

354 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

moves the contents of the word at address 3F01 hexadecimal into data register D2. This is also called direct addressing because the operand address is being directly supplied. • Register-deferred addressing: this mode has a lot of variations. Since these modes get rather complicated, I'll speak of them in terms of what the effective address is—that is, what memory location will be used to supply the source or destination operand. The simple address-register deferred mode makes not the register but the contents of the register the effective address. Because the register contents is itself the address of the given operand, this addressing mode is often called indirect addressing—the register indirectly supplies the effective address. Suppose that register Al contains the value 100 and that the word at address 100 contains 12D hexadecimal. Then the instruction MOVE (A1),D2 will put the value 12D hexadecimal into data register D2. The notation "(An)" denotes address-register-deferred (or indirect) addressing using data register An.

Two related variations on address register deferred are called address-register deferred with predecrement and address-register deferred with postincrement; they have notations of " — (An)" and "(An) + ", respectively. In the predecrement variation, the address register An is decremented before its contents is used as the effective address; in the postincrement variation, the contents of the address register is used as the effective address, then the register is incremented. These modes are often used in loops for repetitive

operations on sequential areas of memory; they usually replace an explicit increment or decrement instruction, thus providing more compact, faster code. The incremental or decremental amount will be 1, 2, or 4 depending on whether the operand is a byte, word, or long word.

Another variation is called addressregister deferred with displacement; in this mode (denoted "dl6(An)"), the effective address is the contents of address register An plus the signed 16-bit value dl6. Suppose address register Al contains the value C100 hexadecimal and the word at address C25E hexadecimal contains 0. Then the instruction MOVE $15E(A1),D2 moves the value 0 into data register D2. (The effective address, C25E hexadecimal, is the sum of the displacement 15E hexadecimal and the contents of register Al, C100 hexadecimal.)

The variation called address-register deferred with index and displacement (denoted "d8(An,Xn)") limits the displacement to an 8-bit signed number but makes the effective address the sum of three numbers: the displacement, the contents of the address register An, and the contents of an index register Xn, where the index register can be any of the address or data registers. The extra register is added into the effective address calculation to allow the same instruction to point to the base of a table (using d8 and An) and, during execution, to refer to different nearby memory locations by putting different values into the index register Xn. The word "index" in the addressing mode name refers to the commonplace use of the index register

to index into an array of numbers stored sequentially; in such a case, the value in the index register equals the subscript of the array element desired. Given the example directly above (register Al contains C100 hexadecimal, word C25E hexadecimal contains 0) and the information that data register D6 contains is the value 100 hexadecimal, the instruction MOVE $5E(A1,D6),D2 moves the same value (0) to data register D2 just as the instruction MOVE $15E(A1),D2 would. In both cases, the effective address is C25E hexadecimal.

• Program-counter relative addressing: this mode has two variations, "d!6 (PC)" and "d8 (PC, Xn)"; these are similar to the two forms of addressregister deferred addressing described above. It is different in two ways: first, it uses the program counter (PC) instead of an address register; second, you cannot use this mode to specify a destination operand. The main advantage of this mode is that it allows you to write position-independent code. Because the program counter contains the address of the next instruction after the one currently executing, its use allows the current instruction to refer to data (or program locations for branches) relative to the instruction itself. The MC68000 designers included the restriction against using this mode for a destination operand to protect a program with errors from inadvertently destroying itself. In addition, this restriction prevents programmers from writing self-modifying code, a dangerous practice that programmers occasionally try to increase program performance.

by the senseless changing of status register code bits when addressrelated operations are run. Why don't we leave these bits alone when changing memory addresses?

As you can imagine, the designers of the MC68000 have addressed this problem. One of the primary distinctions between the data and address registers in the MC68000 is that instructions with an address register as the destination do not modify the

status register code bits. They are not changed by moving a new pointer value into an address register, incrementing or decrementing an address register, or by adding any value to an address register. This means that you should never run into a problem with memory-pointer modifications affecting your ongoing data arithmetic operations.

Another interesting note is that all operations to any address register af

fect the entire address register. Because all MC68000 addresses are 32 bits wide, any operations with an address register as destination must perform in a way that keeps the result valid as a 32-bit address. One solution, to require all inputs to addressregister operations to be full 32-bit quantities, would be wasteful of memory space. So either word (16-bit) or long-word (32-bit) operations may take place in any of the ad

May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 355

Instruction

ADD.B D6.D2

ADD.L52(A1,D7.W),D6

ADD.W D3,(A7)

ADDI.L#$400,D1 ADDI.B #$A9,$30B(A6)

ADDA.W -(A5),A2

ADDA.W #100,A5 ADDQ.W#1,(A4) +

ADDQ.B #3,D7 ADDX.L -(A2),-(A5)

Operation

adds the lower 8 bits of D6 to D2 (takes 4 clock cycles)

the effective address is the sum of the constant 52, the contents of register A1, and the

lower 16 bits of register D7; the long word at the effective address is added to the contents

of register D6 (20 clock cycles)

adds the lower 16 bits of D3 to the element on top of stack pointed to by A7 (12 clock

cycles)

adds 400 hexadecimal to the 32-bit contents of D1 (16 clock cycles)

the effective destination address is the sum of the 30B hexadecimal and the contents of

register A6; A9 hexadecimal is added to the byte at the effective address (20 clock cycles)

decrement register A5 by 2, then add the word pointed toby register A5 to register A2 (14

clock cycles)

add the value 100 to the contents of register A5 (12 clock cycles)

add 1 to the word pointed to by register A4, then increment register A4 by 2 (12 clock

cycles)

add 3 to the contents of register D7 (4 clock cycles)

after decrementing both registers A2 and A5 by 4, add together the X bit and the two long

words pointed to by A2 and A5 (30 clock cycles)

Table 3: Examples of MC68000 addition instructions. The clock times given are worst-case times for the instruction.

dress registers A0 through A7. If a word operation is performed, the 16-bit quantity is first sign-extended to 32 bits before it is used.

Processor Speed

How fast does the MC68000 execute instructions? Because of the consistency of the microprocessor, the answer for addition instructions will serve as a guide for all arithmetic and logic instructions. A prefetching mechanism in the MC68000 keeps decoded instructions waiting to be executed. So while the timing information given refers only to the time it takes to pass through the adder, recall that the prefetcher will have fetched the next op code while the current op code is being executed.

The minimum time it takes the MC68000 microprocessor to access memory (to read or write) is 4 clock cycles. With a clock frequency of 8 MHz (the frequency used in the standard MC68000 microprocessor), this bus cycle will take 500 ns (nanoseconds). (All subsequent timings will be given in clock cycles, which is a meaningful measurement for all the MC68000-family microprocessors, regardless of the speed of their system clocks—8, 10, or 12.5 MHz.) Every instruction will take at least 4 clock cycles to complete because this is the time it takes to fetch the next op code.

The MC68000 has only one 16-bit

arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) for data operations. Therefore, 8- or 16-bit operations can be performed in a single pass through this unit; this takes 4 clock cycles. A 32-bit operation will require a second pass. Memory-addressing modes increase the time needed for an operation because the microprocessor requires more time to calculate the addresses, and a bus cycle is required for each 16 bits of addressing information or actual data that needs to be transferred. An indexed addressing mode, or anything with a displacement, for instance, will require 1 additional bus cycle for the address extension word and another to get the data (2 if the data is a long word); add about 8 more clock cycles (12 if the data is a long word) to the execution time of a given instruction that uses this mode. Some sample worst-case clock timings for various addition instructions are given in table 3.

Like the ADD instruction, other MC68000 arithmetic instructions come in several forms. The subtract instructions have forms analogous to the add instructions—SUB, SUBA, SUBI, SUBQ, and SUBX. Instructions for compare operations that are all similar (CMP, CMPA, CMPI) perform the subtractions without storing a result (the net effect is to set the appropriate status register bits). A memory-compare instruction

(CMPM) allows two strings of binary integers in memory to be compared by sequencing through them to higher memory. Two versions of the singleoperand negate instruction, NEG and NEGX, ignore and include, respectively, the state of the X bit.

Multiplication and Division

Two versions of multiply and divide instructions make fast work of more complex arithmetic. The two versions are unsigned (MULU and DIVU) and signed (MULS and DIVS) instructions; these versions interpret their operands as one's-complement and two's-complement numbers, respectively. All of these instructions can include immediate values as the multiplier or divisor so that variables can be operated on by constants.

The multiply instructions take two 16-bit operands (one from any memory location by any addressing mode or any data register, and the other from the lower 16 bits of any data register), multiply them, and place the resulting product into the full 32 bits of the same data register. The divide instructions take the dividend from any 32-bit data register and divide it by a 16-bit divisor, which may come from memory using any addressing mode or any data register. The quotient is placed in the lower 16 bits of the same 32-bit data register, while the 16-bit remainder is placed in

356 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Listing 1: A short MC68000 assembly-language routine to multiply two 32-bit numbers.

Input: register U(J contains 32-bit multiplicand register Dl contains 32-bit multiplier

Output: registers DO and Dl contain the 64-bit result, with the most significant byte in DO

SUBU CLR. L MOVE.L

MULU

MOVE L

MOVE W MULU ADD . L

SWAP MOVE W MULU ADD . L HCC ADDC1 W

MOVE.L SWAP MULU ADD. L ADDU MOVE.L

(tl , A7 - ( A7 ) DO,-(A7)

Ul , DO

DO , 8 <A7 )

( A 7 ) , U 0

Dl , DO

DO , 6 (A 7 )

Dl

2 ( A7) ,DO Ul , DO DO, 6 (A 7) MUL3 2A

ttl , 1 ( A7 )

( A7 ) + DO

Dl , DO (A7)+. SI , A7 ( A7 ) +

DO

DO

the upper 16 bits of the same register.

The divide instruction has two characteristics that may be undesirable and so are specially handled. All of us remember from high school and college that there just isn't any good way to divide by zero. The result is infinite if it's defined at all. Well, Motorola's designers didn't think they knew any better than the mathematicians, so if a zero divisor is detected, the divide instructions do not execute, and a special "trap" procedure is entered. Since the trap operation will be covered in part 3 of this article, let's just say that a "zerodivide trap" specially calls the operating system to decide what to do.

The other thing that could happen is that the divisor could be just too small for the dividend and the quotient could require more than 16 bits in which to be expressed. When this overflow condition is detected, the division is halted, the overflow (V) status register code bit is set, and the instruction is concluded without overwriting either of the original operands. Thus, following any divide instruction, you should check the overflow bit and act accordingly.

initialize product aiea save copy of multiplicand multiply low-order parts

high-order multiplicand times low-order multiplier

now use high—order multiplier low-order multiplicand times h.igh — order multiplier

cairy into high—order wo rd of product

high — order muliplicand

t i me s hiq h—or d e r mu1 t i p1 i e r

load low-order product

For a number of reasons, there are no instructions to multiply two 32-bit numbers or to divide a 64-bit number by a 32-bit number. First, the need for such instructions is very infrequent in most applications. Second, there are no other facilities in the machine to handle 64-bit quantities. Finally, because such instructions would take a lot of time to execute, the MC68000 would occasionally take much longer to respond to an interrupt—a situation the designers did not want to create.

The multiply instructions take fewer than 70 clock cycles to execute using register operands, and the divide instructions require fewer than 140 clock cycles for an unsigned operation (158 cycles for a signed operation); however, different combinations of Is and Os in the operands can make these operations take less than these times to execute. A short MC68000 routine that performs a 32-bit by 32-bit multiplication is shown in listing 1. It executes in about 60 microseconds, which is less time than that taken by the dedicated instruction that does the same thing

in the Z8000.

Text continued on page 363

358 May 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc

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BYTE May 1983 359

256K Memory Expansion

Expandable in 64K increments, Quadboard™ is socketed for 256K bytes of memory. Full parity and checking standard.

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The CYBERDRIVE slashes the seek time dramatically—e.g. the usual 5 Megabyte stepper-motor Winchester disk offers average seek time typically in the range of 100 to 200 milliseconds (incl. head settling).

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This basic speed, coupled with disk cache buffering and a peak transfer rate of 1 million bytes per second, make the CYBERDRIVE a performance champ!

The integrated mini-cartridge tapes used for backup of data allow dumping of (for example) 10 million bytes of data in about 10 minutes... much faster than other tape or floppy disk backup techniques. Hardware read-after-write error checking is incorporated in the tape device.

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Prices and specifications subject to change without notice.

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*BCD ' ><5 *4 ><3 x2 xl x0

ADDRESS (HEXADECIMAL)

MEMORY (ORGANIZED AS WORDS)

F E

x5 x4

100

x3

X2 Xj x0

102

T '

1FE

Y5 *4

200

*3

*2 *1 Y0

202

CODE TO ADD Xf

lBCD MOVE. L #$102, Al MOVE.L #$202, A2 SUB Dl, Dl

ABCD -(Al)

ABCD -(Al),

ABCD -(Al), -(A2)

TO YBCD

LOAD ADDRESS JUST PAST X IN Al LOAD ADDRESS JUST PAST Y IN A2 CLEAR X STATUS BIT AND SET Z STATUS BIT (A2) BCD ADDITION OF BOTTOM TWO DIGITS IA2) BCD ADDITION OF MIDDLE TWO DIGITS BCD ADDITION OF TOP TWO DIGITS

Figure 4: An example of multiple-precision binany-coded decimal (BCD) arithmetic. Because the predecrement addressing mode used ("ABCD — (A1),—(A2)") decrements the register pointers before performing the BCD addition, registers Al and A2 must be loaded with a value that points to the byte immediately after the least significant byte of the number to be worked on.

Binary-Coded Decimal Arithmetic

The final type of arithmetic instructions handles decimal digits. The most common form of human-interface data comes as binary-coded decimal or BCD data. This method of encoding numeric information as a string of bits stores each decimal digit of the number as a 4-bit binary number. Numbers are easily encoded into BCD form; once inside the computer, they are easily printable in humanreadable form (much more so than numbers encoded in signed floatingpoint binary form). Because the BCD format is so useful, most microprocessors include instructions that operate on BCD numbers. To allow these BCD types of data to be manipulated, the MC68000 has three instructions that add (ABCD), subtract (SBCD), and negate (NBCD) packed digits. Each of these instructions works on two BCD digits packed into a byte.

Because BCD numbers may be many digits wide, the BCD instructions work as multiple-precision operations, which means they have the characteristics of the other multiple-precision instructions. The operands can be in data registers or in memory (in which case, they are

operated on using the predecrement addressing mode). The value of the X status register code bit is included in the BCD operations, and the Z status register bit is handled so that it properly reflects the state of the entire result, not just the final portion.

Once again, the best thing about these instructions is the simplicity with which they operate, especially when compared with the often mysterious code a programmer had to write to do BCD arithmetic on most older microprocessors. A glance at MC68000 code performing BCD functions (see figure 4) shows how simple such code is. Here, two 6-digit numbers need to be added. While a short loop might make the routine more generally useful, inline code is fastest and illustrates the point best. First, we must load the two address registers to be used as memory pointers with the correct values. The next instruction (SUB Dl,Dl) is a quick way of both setting the Z bit and clearing the X bit, though a MOVE #$04,CCR would do virtually the same thing.

The three ABCD (add binarycoded-decimal) instructions begin at the least significant two digits and move toward the most significant;

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Status Register Instruction

Register

Status

Register

Codes

C

X

V

ASR.B #3,D3

(D3 before) 10111010 (D3 after) 10111010

01011111 01011111

01100101 01100101

10101100 11110101

(12 clock cycles)

X

1

X

1

X

0

ASLL#5,D1

(D1 before) 11101100 (D1 after) 10010100

10100010 01011011

11011101 10100101

00101111 11100000

(18 clock cycles)

X

1

X

1

X

1

LSL.W D5.D7

(D5 before) 00101000 (D7 before) 10111010 (D7 after) 10111010

10001100 01011111 01011111

11101001 01100101 00101010

00101001 00010101 00000000

(24 clock cycles)

X X

0

X X

0

X X

0

ROL.L D2.D1

(D2 before) 01100101 (D1 before) 10010101 (D1 after) 01011001

00101010 00101000 01001001

10111110 01000101 01010010

01110100 10010100 10000100

(48 clock cycles)

X X

0

X X X

X X

0

ROXR.W #4,D6

(D6 before) 10111010 (D6 after) 10111010

01011111 01011111

01100101 101P0110

00010101 01010001

(14 clock cycles)

X

0

p

0

X

0

ROR $A0000 (word A0000 before) 10011100 10101001

(word A0000 after) 11001110 01010100 1x0

Notes:

1. An "x" status-register bit may represent either a 0 or 1 value.

2. Notice that in the LSL.W and ROL.L examples the bottom six bits of the source operand (D5 and D2, respectively) are used as the number of bits to be shifted or rotated.

3. The "P" status-register bit in the "ROXR.W #4,D6" example is specially marked to show that it is shifted into the body of the D6 register as a result of the ROXR.W instruction. Note that .W causes only the bottom 16 bits of the register to be rotated.

Table 4: Examples of shift and rotate instructions and their effect on registers and memory.

this must be done to get accurate results from use of the extend bit. The result replaces the BCD number pointed to by A2; when the routine has finished, A2 points to the first byte of the BCD result (which is stored in order of most to least significant digit). Similar subtraction and negation operations can be built in the same way.

Logic Instructions

The MC68000 logic instructions are simple but powerful. The AND, OR, exclusive-or (EOR), and NOT instructions, like the arithmetic instructions, allow 8-, 16-, and 32-bit quantities in data registers or in memory to be operated on with any data register or an immediate constant, or to be inverted. These instructions are just as fast as the arithmetic instructions. Additionally, ANDI, ORI, and EORI instructions are used to clear, set, and toggle individual status register code bits.

A serial shifter in the MC68000 can be moved any number of bits to allow for shifting of 8-, 16-, and 32-bit data. The arithmetic-shift-right instruction (ASR) shifts the least significant bit to

the X and C status bits while duplicating the most significant bit before moving it to the right. In the arithmetic shift left (ASL), the logical shift right (LSR), and the logical shift left (LSL), the bit shifted out of the data area goes into the X and C bits, while the bit into which no bit is being shifted is filled with a 0.

The rotate instructions shift bits around in a circular manner so that bits shifted out of one end of an operand are shifted in the other end, with the bit being shifted out of the data area also being copied into the C status register code bit and, optionally, the X bit. The rotate instructions are rotate right and rotate left (ROR and ROL); the ROXR and ROXL instructions are used when you want to update both the X and C bits.

One single shift or rotate instruction can move register data as many as 31 bit positions in the selected direction. You can specify this count value either statically (as a value between 1 and 8 encoded into the instruction op code) when the instruction is written or dynamically (as a value between 0 and 63 stored in a specified data register) when the in

struction is executed. For simplicity, memory operands to be shifted or rotated are limited to displacements of 1 bit and operations on word-sized data only. Table 4 illustrates some shift and rotate instructions, their timing, and their effects.

An important aspect of programming that until the MC68000 was quite limited is that of individual bit manipulation, the ability to single out bits of memory, test them, set them, and clear them. Such operations are useful; in I/O, for instance, you frequently need to sense the state of a single input line, drive a particular output line high, or turn a servomechanism off. These operations involve only a single bit associated with a latch, peripheral, or memory location.

In the past, most of us have done the best we could by executing AND, OR, and EOR instructions to the desired location. But the difficulty with these operations is their crudeness. Sure, they allow us to change more than 1 bit at a time, but it turns out that much more secure code can be written when single events or conditions affect single outputs. Also,

364 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

THE MICRO COMPUTER BUSINESS

WILL GROW FROM $10 TO $100 BILLION

IN THE NEXT EIGHT YEARS!

ARE YOU READY TO CASH IN?

The micro computer business is predicted to grow from its present $10 billion to $100 billion before 1990! Imagine the possibilities this opens for you! No matter where you live, if you're starting up or presently in business, no other industry offers you more opportunities!

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We present the inside story of more than 100 lucrative computer businesses you can enter, where you II find the real opportunities for the eighties: from one man operations like Programming Author, Word Processing Center or Consulting, to Systems House, Service Bureau, Computer Store etc! Many at little or no investment! All the invaluable facts and figures: How to start, Capital needs, Profit estimates and Margins, How to Sell and Market, How missing technical or business experience need not stand in your way, Source of Suppliers, etc! Details that could take years to find out on your own!

We'll show you inside tricks, like how to never again pay retail for computer products and consumer electronics, even for one item - right now, while you're starting your business! How to get free merchandise and trade show invitations, etc. This alone will more than pay for the manual! You'll read actual case histories of other computer entrepreneurs, so you can learn from their mistakes, and profit from their success stories! Where you'll be one year from now depends on your actions today! Let us show you how to take the first crucial steps!

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366 BYTE May 1983

198 on inquiry card.

because it is impossible to sense the state of more than one input at a time, nothing is gained by the ability of such instructions to work on multiple bits.

Four powerful MC68000 instructions make all bit-manipulation functions far simpler. They are the bit test (BTST), bit test and set (BSET), bit test and clear (BCLR), and bit test and change (BCHG) instructions. How will you specify the target bit? The MC68000 uses two methods, similar to those used for shift and rotate instructions. Either a data register or a series of bits in the bit-instruction op code names the bit to be affected; in this case, however, the bit number can be from 0 to 31 if a register is affected, or from 0 to 7 if the area affected is a memory location. (In the MC68000, bits in memory are identified by the bit number of the byte in which they reside.)

With true bit-manipulation instructions, not crude logic instructions, bit-manipulation operations—sensing the state of inputs, driving outputs, setting register bits, setting attribute

bits, transposing bit matrices, or just building special data types—are straightforward tasks, not the chores they usually are with other microprocessors. The MC68000 makes it very easy to specify precisely the bit to be changed.

Conclusions

The computation and data-movement instructions that perform the major work in any MC68000 program are numerous, comprehensive, and, perhaps most important, straightforward and easy to use. The versatile MOVE instruction on the MC68000 replaces a confusing variety of datamovement instructions on other microprocessors. Flexible add, subtract, compare, negate, multiply, and divide instructions operate on any register, with constants, on stacks, and in memory using any addressing mode. For digital data rather than binary data, pairs of BCD numbers can be added, subtracted, and negated. The common logic operations of AND, OR, exclusive-or, and NOT can similarly operate on data

registers and constants, and in memory.

When data needs to be shifted about, it can be arithmetic-shifted,, logic-shifted, or rotated left or right. It can also be shifted or rotated multiple bit positions, with the count of the movement either predetermined and constant, or variable and dependent upon other data.

Individual bits in data or I/O can be separately tested to determine their state; they can also be set, reset, or toggled. The bit to be worked on can be chosen either when the instruction is written or, based on other data, when it is run.

All the above instructions can operate on 8-, 16-, or 32-bit data, with a uniform yet flexible set of addressing modes. This combination of good instruction set design, computational power, and ease of use make the MC68000 microprocessor an excellent one for assembly-language programming. Next month, I'll discuss program-control instructions and several advanced instruction groups. ■

GRAPHICS-PLUS is a field installable enhancement board for the popular Zenith Z19 video terminal adding many powerful features found only on terminals costing much more. GRAPHICS-PLUS provides Tektronix2 4010 compatible vector drawing graphics, VT1003 compatible 80 and 132 column display formats, off-screen scrolling memory, programmable function keys, "Plain English" menu-driven Set-up mode, and a host of other enhancements. Installation can be accomplished within 15 minutes using only a screwdriver.

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May 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc 367

Building a Hard-Disk Interface for an S-100 System

Part 3: Software

How to alter the CP/M operating system so that it will accommodate a Winchester disk drive and controller.

In part 1 of this series we described Winchester disk technology in general and the benefits it would provide for microcomputer systems. We then gave an overview of the work that would be required to add such a disk to an existing computer system. In part 2 we discussed the rationale you should use in choosing a particular Winchester disk drive and disk controller (we decided on a Miniscribe disk drive and a Xebec controller). We then described in detail the construction of the hardware interface— the host computer adapter—required to integrate the disk drive into the S-100 system. In this last article of the series we will describe the final ingredient needed for our Winchester diskdrive subsystem: the software.

First we'll review the operation of the CP/M basic disk operating system (BDOS) and basic input/output system (BIOS) software. Specifically

About the Authors

Andrew Cruce has a Ph.D. in Aeronautical Engineering and has recently received an S.M. degree in management as a Sloan Fellow at MIT. Scott Alexander has an M.S. in Electrical Engineering. Both have extensive design and implementation experience with small computers and are full partners in the firm of ASC Associates, which markets the hardware described in this series of articles.

Andrew C. Cruce and Scott A. Alexander

ASC Associates Inc.

POB 615

Lexington Park, MD 20653

we will describe the process through which application programs use the BDOS to access disk file information and how the BDOS uses the BIOS to obtain specific information from a particular peripheral. This will highlight what has to be done to write a BIOS to handle the Winchester disk system.

Next we will describe the operation of the disk drive and controller as accessed through the host computer adapter (HCA). We'll show how disk commands are initiated from software and what commands are available from the disk controller. With this background out of the way, we will identify requirements for a Winchester disk-subsystem BIOS and how these requirements can be satisfied. We will then describe how a BIOS is structured and how the BIOS routines for the Winchester disk system can be included with the original system BIOS routines to support the other peripherals. Finally, we will briefly review the CP/M procedures required to include the combined BIOS in a new CP/M system.

This will essentially complete the integration process. However, we can improve system performance even further by putting the system's bootstrap routine on the Winchester disk. We'll describe how a bootstrap pro

gram operates and how you can develop a new bootstrap and install it on the Winchester disk drive. We'll also spend some time discussing various debugging techniques that will probably be very helpful when you integrate the hardware and software.

BDOS and BIOS

The CP/M operating system basically consists of two separate elements called the BDOS and the BIOS. The BDOS is supplied by Digital Research Inc. and is the essence of the CP/M operating system. In addition to the BDOS, however, the system requires a set of routines known as the BIOS to handle the hardware-peculiar functions of each peripheral in the system. These routines are usually supplied by the disk-drive manufacturer and must be modified by the user to include other system peripherals.

Accesses to disks and other peripherals by application programs are usually handled by calls to the BDOS. These calls are made by loading specified registers with information required by the BDOS and then performing a call to location 05. In the case of disk accesses you must load a function code into the C register and a pointer to the file control

368 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 112 on inquiry card.

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BYTE

DESCRIPTION

00

POINTER TO SELECTED DISK

0] 08

FILE NAME

0.9 l'l

FILE TYPE

12

CURRENT EXTENT NUMBER OF FILE

13 14

RESERVED FOR SYSTEM USE

15

READ COUNT FOR EXTENT

16 32

DISK ALLOCATION INFORMATION

33 35

OPTIONAL RANDOM RECORD NUMBER FOR DIRECT-ACCESS INPUT/OUTPUT

Figure 1: A diagram of the file control block (FCB) format used by CP/M.

block (FCB) of the desired file into the DE register pair. With this information, the BDOS determines what functions are to be performed and calls appropriate entry points in the BIOS with the information required

to execute requested functions.

The BDOS disk functions are described in the standard CP/M documentation and include such functions as Open a File, Close a File, Read Next Record, and Write Next Record. The data structure that drives all these operations is the FCB, which is initially created by the application program and is updated by various BDOS functions. Figure 1 shows the structure of the FCB, which includes, among other things, the file name and file type along with 16 bytes of data that are used by CP/M in the calculation of a physical device address for access to the requested data. Additional data in the FCB is used to keep track of the drive the FCB is currently active on, a pointer to the current record, and a pointer to the current extent. If you are not familiar with the FCB construct, you can find additional information on it and the normal BDOS disk I/O functions in Digital Research's CP/M Interface Guide.

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ments for the Winchester disk BIOS, it is necessary to understand how this BIOS is used during the normal access of data from files contained on the Winchester disk. Figure 2 illustrates the steps that are performed in opening an existing disk file and reading the first 128 bytes of data from this file. This process is representative of the majority of the communications that occur between the BDOS and the BIOS during normal disk operations.

The process starts with the application program establishing which disk is to be active in the subsequent operations by loading the appropriate information in the C and E registers, as shown in the figure, and then calling the BDOS. The BDOS takes this information and passes it on to the BIOS, which then returns to the BDOS the address of a table that defines the physical characteristics of the disk that was selected. At this point, control is returned to the application program.

Next, the application program defines a DMA (direct memory access) buffer for subsequent disk operations by loading the DE register pair with the DMA buffer address, loading register C with 1A hexadecimal, and calling the BDOS. The BDOS in turn passes the DMA address to the BIOS for use in subsequent disk read/write operations.

After setting up the DMA buffer, the application program next opens the file that is to be read. First, the application program constructs an FCB for that file by reserving the required amount of space for the FCB, filling in the file-name and file-type portions of the FCB, and setting the Current Extent and Next Record fields to zero. The application program then calls the BDOS with the DE register pair pointing to the FCB and register C containing OF hexadecimal. The BDOS must now search the file directory on the selected disk to determine if the file mentioned in the FCB is actually contained on the disk. In doing this the BDOS uses the BIOS to read each sector of the selected disk directory into memory and then searches for a match with the requested file name. When a match is found, the BDOS uses the information contained

370 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 128 on inquiry card.

FUNCTION

SELECT DISK

SET DMA ADDRESS

OPEN A FILE

READ A SECTOR

BIOS ACTION

BDOS ACTION

APPLICATION

PROGRAM

ACTION

GET SELECTED DISK PARAMETER TABLE (SELDSK ENTRY)

SAVE DMA ADDRESS (SETDMA ENTRY)

LOAD

REG C: OFH

REG E. SELECTED DRIVE CALL 05H

LOAD

REG C: 1AH REG DE: DMA

ADDRESS

CALL 05H

READ DISK DIRECTORY DATA.

FIND DIRECTORY ENTRY FOR REQUESTED FILE. LOAD DISKALLOCATION PORTION OF FCB.

CONSTRUCT FCB

LOAD

REG Ci OFH REG DE. FCB

ADDRESS

CALL 05H

SAVE SECTOR SAVE TRACK

ADDRESS ADDRESS

(SETSEC ENTRY). (SETTRK ENTRY).

CALCULATE SECTOR ADDRESS OF DATA TO BE READ.

LOAD

REG C: 14H REG DEi FCB

ADDRESS

CALL 05H

FROM FCB CALCULATE TRACK ADDRESS.

CONSTRUCT A DCB. USE DCB TO READ 128 BYTES FROM DISK. STORE IN DMA BUFFER.

TRANSFER TO "READ" ENTRY POINT IN BIOS.

Figure 2: A diagram of the input/output process for the Winchester disk subsystem.

NEXT RECORD

ALLOCATION VECTORS

2K-BYTE STORAGE REGIONS ON DISK

LOGICAL

RECORDS

o{V

1 | 2 | 3 |

4

S|...|15|

V-—-3 | 0

1.3

4

5 | • ■ • | 15 |

t

7 IT

1 | 2 | 3 |

4

5 | ■ ■ ■ |l5 |

Figure 3: A diagram showing how the Winchester disk address is calculated. First, the value of the Next Record field is divided by 16. The resulting quotient points to one of eight allocation vectors, which in turn points to one of several 2K-byte regions on the disk. The remainder of the division points to one of the 16 logical records in each 2K-byte region.

in the directory entry to load the diskallocation portion of the FCB. After filling in the required information in the FCB, the BDOS returns control to the application program.

The function of the disk-allocation portion of the FCB is to determine the physical disk address of particular records within a disk file. In the case of our Winchester disk system, the 16 bytes of disk-allocation information correspond to eight pointers, each containing 16 bits. These pointers refer to 2K-byte storage areas on the disk. Each of these 2K-byte storage areas is in turn made up of sixteen 128-byte logical sectors of disk information as required by CP/M. When a particular record is accessed, the

value in the Next Record field of the FCB is divided by 16 to determine which disk-allocation vector to use in the disk-address calculation, and the remainder from this division is used to determine which logical sector in the storage region is required. This process is shown in more detail in Figure 3. It should be noted that a single file entry only provides access to 16K bytes on the disk. To access a larger file you must use extents, which are duplicate file entries containing unique pointers for different portions of the file.

The information derived from these calculations is used by the BDOS when the application program next issues the Read command to the

BDOS. In this case the DE register pair is loaded with the address of the FCB, and register C is loaded with 14 hexadecimal when the BDOS is called. The BDOS then uses the data in the FCB to calculate a sector and track address for the requested data. First it passes the sector-address information to the BIOS (through the SETSEC entry point) followed by the track address information (through the SETTRK entry point). We'll discuss the design of the BIOS and the required entry points later. After the sector and track information have been passed, the BDOS then asks the BIOS to perform a Read operation of the identified sector.

At this point the BIOS takes the sector- and track-address information and constructs a device control block (DCB) that commands the Xebec controller to read the data from the requested sector of the disk. As we explained earlier in this series, the commands go from the computer, through the host computer adapter (HCA), to the disk controller. The disk controller then performs the requested Read operation from the disk, placing the data in a local memory area on the controller card. The BIOS can then begin to access the data being read from the disk and move it to the DMA memory buffer specified by the original SETDMA command. Once

May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 371

Disk Primitive Operation

SELDSK Selects a particular disk in the system as the "active" disk. The

routine must keep track of which disk is selected and pass the address of a disk-characteristics table describing the selected disk to the BDOS.

SETTRK Sets the track number for the next Read or Write operation.

SETSEC Sets the sector number for the next Read or Write operation.

SETDMA Defines the 128-byte buffer that is to be used to get data during disk

write operations or receive data during disk-read operations.

READ Reads 128 bytes of data from the selected track and sector in the

DMA buffer area.

WRITE Writes 128 bytes of data from the DMA buffer area into the selected

track and sector.

SECTRAN Performs logical-to-physical sector translation to improve overall CP/M

disk response. HOME Moves the head on the selected disk to sector 0, track 0.

Table 1: A list of disk-related primitive functions that have to be performed by the Winchester disk BIOS in order to be compatible with CP/M.

all 128 bytes of the requested logical sector are moved into the DMA area, the Read operation is complete and control is returned to the application program.

In this overview of the combined operation of an application program, the BDOS, and the BIOS in accessing and reading information contained on the disk, some of the intricacies of the process, such as extents of disk files and detailed operation of the BDOS, have been glossed over. However, the illustration should provide enough information for you to understand the design and construction of a BIOS for a Winchester disk subsystem, and we refer you to CP/M documentation to gain a more in-depth understanding of the CP/M file control services (FCS) and the operation of the BDOS.

As you can see from the above example, only a few primitive functions have to be performed by a Winchester disk BIOS for it to be compatible with a CP/M system. Table 1 presents a complete list of these primitive functions along with a brief description of each function. In a complete BIOS, each of these functions is a separate entry point into the BIOS, and all you have to do to establish a BIOS is write code for each entry point to perform the necessary function. But first you must

understand the hardware operation and software interface to the Winchester disk, which is our next topic.

Hardware Operation and Software Interface

As we discussed last month, the communications interface between the BIOS routines for the Winchester disk drive and the drive itself consists of four I/O ports on the S-100 bus. The addresses of these ports are selected in a contiguous block of four ports by switch settings on the HCA card. We will refer to ports 0 through 3 to indicate particular ports in this . block.

Commands and data are sent to the controller by writing to these ports. The HCA retrieves data from the controller by reading from these ports. Each command to the controller consists of a block of 6 bytes of command information. This 6-byte block is the device control block mentioned earlier. Figure 4 shows the general format of the DCB and how this format is used for three different disk commands. The DCB always contains the op code and command types as shown in the general description of the data structure. In addition, the DCB may contain up to 21 bits of physical address information when an actual Read or Write operation is being performed. It also may contain

additional control information specifying such things as the number of retry operations to perform in the event that an error condition is detected. For more information on the details of the DCB, see the Xebec controller manual. For a Write command, the 6 bytes of the DCB are sent to the controller followed by the 256 bytes of data to be written into the physical disk sector specified in the command. After receiving the 256 bytes of data, the controller returns 2 bytes of error status information to the HCA. A Read operation works similarly in that the 6 bytes of the DCB are sent to the disk, which then returns 256 bytes of data from the sector specified in the command block. The controller also tags on an extra 2 bytes of error status information at the end of the transfer. In addition, the Xebec controller offers a Request Sense Status function that returns 4 bytes of more detailed error status information at the end of the command.

In typical operation, the disk and controller would be reset on a cold boot by performing an output to port 3. Once this is completed, the disk controller would be put in a command mode by outputting a 1 to the data port (port 0) followed by a Write to the status port (port 1), which activates the SEL signal. (This and many of the signals referred to in this section were described last month.) The disk-access routine then examines the REQ line by performing an input from port 1 and testing the proper status line. When the REQ line becomes active the routine outputs the first of the 6 command bytes to port 0. This output automatically generates the ACK signal to complete the handshake between the HCA and the controller. The software then monitors the REQ line until it again becomes active and then sends the second command byte. This process is repeated until all 6 command bytes have been sent to the disk controller. The routine then uses the same process to read or write the appropriate number of data bytes at port 0 depending on the particular command that was sent. In the case of a BIOS routine, the disk address that is to be accessed is derived by the BDOS from

372 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

(4a)

GENERAL DCB FORMAT

(4b)

DCS FOR A READ OPERATION

7 6 5

BIT

4 3 2 10

0

COMMAND CLASS

OP CODE

1

LUN

HIGH ADDRESS

2

MIDDLE ADDRESS

3

LOW ADDRESS

4

SECTOR COUNT

5

CONTROL FIELD

BYTE

BIT 4 3

0 0 0

0 10 0 0

0 0 0

HIGH ADDRESS

MIDDLE ADDRESS

LOW ADDRESS

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

00000000

-CLASS •D

OP CODE ■ 8

0 OR 1 FOR SELECTED DRIVE

READ A SINGLE SECTOR

(4c)

(4d)

DCB FOR A WRITE OPERATION BIT 7 6 5 4 3 2

0 1 2 3 4 5

0 0 0

0 1 0 10

0 0 D

HIGH ADDRESS

MIDDLE ADDRESS

LOW ADDRESS

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

000 00 000

- CLASS ■ 0, OP CODE ■ AH

WRITE A SINGLE SECTOR

DCB FOR A REQUEST SENSE STATUS COMMAND

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

BYTE 2

3

4

5

CLASS ■ 0, OP CODE ■ 3

)NOT USED

Figure 4: The device control block (DCB) used by the Xebec hard-disk controller. Figure 4a shows the general format for the DCB. Figures 4b through 4d show how the DCB is used for a Read operation, a Write operation, and a Request Sense Status command, respectively. Byte 0 contains information on the Command Class and the Op Code. LUN (logical unit number) indicates which drive you have selected of the two possible drives that can be connected to the controller. The high, middle, and low addresses form a 21-bit physical sector address. Byte 4 indicates the number of sectors to be read or written (for CP/M this is always 1). Byte 5 contains the following control fields: bit 7, when set, disables the four re-tries by the controller on all disk-access commands (during normal use, this is always 0); bits 3 through 6 are not yet used and are set to 0; and bits 0 through 2 select half-step options for other disk drives (for the Miniscribe drive, this is set to 0).

the information contained in the FCB. This information is then passed to the BIOS routines at the SETTRK and SETSEC entry points and the BIOS uses this information to construct the DCB for the actual disk access.

Generating a Combined BIOS

The BIOS structure is very simple. A table of jump vectors is placed at the beginning of the BIOS code. This includes jumps to each of the primitive functions that the BIOS performs. Table 2 shows that these functions include the disk-oriented primitives presented in more detail in table 1 as well as the necessary functions to handle the other peripherals in the system, such as terminals and printers. The BIOS routines for peripherals other than disks are used without modification in the construction of a new combined BIOS. The existing disk and boot functions are augmented as shown in figure 5. The cold boot functions for both the existing disk system and the new Win

chester disk are combined to ensure that all peripherals on the system are properly initialized when the system is booted. A new SELDSK function is written that keeps track of which disk system is selected and passes the proper disk-definition-table address back to the BDOS. Finally, a series of disk-handling routines are written for the Winchester disk. These routines are used as the initial vector addresses for the initial jump table. Depending on the particular entry point, these routines either perform the indicated function for the Winchester drive and then transfer to the appropriate function for the existing floppy drive or test to see which drive is selected and simply transfer control to the appropriate routine for the selected drive. An example of the first case is the SETDMA function, which causes the DMA buffer address to be set for both the Winchester and any other disk drives in the system. In the case of an actual READ function, however, a test is made for the selected

disk and then control is passed to the proper disk-read routine. Listing 1 on page 386 presents a skeleton of a combined BIOS that includes all the BIOS routines for the Winchester disk drive and comments indicating where routines from an existing BIOS should be placed.

The code presented in listing 1 has been tested and will operate with a Xebec controller connected to a Miniscribe disk using the HCA described in last month's article. The SELDSK entry point keeps track of which disk is selected and uses register pair HL to pass the address pointer of the selected disk characteristics table to the BDOS. This table is located at DPBASE in the BIOS code and has been created using two macros, DISKS and DISKDEF, supplied by Digital Research. These macros and the structure of this table are described in Digital Research's CP/M System Alteration Guide. The code for the cold boot entry point, BOOT, assumes that a new copy of the sys

May 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc 373

Entry Point

Function

BOOT

WBOOT

CONST

System initialization on hardware boot.

Reads a new copy of BDOS into memory and initializes the system.

Samples and returns the status of the current console device.

CONIN

CONOUT

LIST

Reads the next character from the current console device. Writes a character to the current console device. Sends a character to the list device.

PUNCH

READER

HOME

Sends a.character to the punch device.

Reads next character from the read device.

Returns the read/write head of the currently selected disk to track 0.

SELDSK SETTRK SETSEC

Selects the current disk.

Sets the track for the next Read/Write operation.

Sets the sector for the next Read/Write operation.

SETDMA

READ WRITE

Sets the DMA buffer area for the next READ/WRITE operation. Reads data from the selected disk. Writes data to the selected disk.

LISTST SECTRAN

Gets the status of the list device. Translates logical sector to physical sector.

Table 2: A complete list of primitive functions for the BIOS in CP/M. Note that this includes the disk-related primitives in table 1.

SINGLE - DRIVE

BIOS

BIOS

JUMP TABLE

COLD

BOOT

WARM

BOOT

DISK

FUNCTIONS

OTHER FUNCTIONS

MULTIPLE-DRIVE BIOS

BIOS JUMP TABLE

COMBINED COLD- BOOT FUNCTIONS

COMBINED WARM-BOOT FUNCTIONS

DISK FUNCTIONS DETERMINE SELECTED DRIVE

USE HARD-DISK USE ORIGINAL

ROUTINES DISK ROUTINES

Figure 5: The combined BIOS structure.

tern has already been booted into memory and simply performs any required initialization before transferring control to CP/M. The warm boot, WBOOT, reloads a new copy of the BDOS and the console control program (CCP) before transferring control back to CP/M. The HOME, SETTRK, SETSEC, and SETDMA entry points perform the commanded function for both the Winchester disk system and for the existing disk sys

OTHER FUNCTIONS

tern. Finally, the READ and WRITE entry points determine which disk is currently selected and transfer control to the appropriate routines to read or write data from or to the selected disk.

Another complication concerning Read and Write operations on the Winchester disk drive arises from the fact that the Winchester disk is set up to read and write 256-byte physical sectors, whereas CP/M operates in

logical sectors of 128 bytes. This means that each disk-read operation places two logical CP/M sectors into the local memory on the controller card and that each disk-write operation must write two logical CP/M sectors to the disk. The READ and WRITE routines keep track of which of these two logical sectors is currently being pointed to in the controller memory and determine what action to take to properly read or write the data on the disk. For example, in the case of a Write, because CP/M requests transfer of only 128 bytes of data to the disk, the BIOS must read the appropriate 256-byte record from the disk, place the 128-byte CP/M buffer over the proper half of this longer record, and then write the combined 256-byte record back out to the disk.

Additional Utilities

Two other software utilities must also be written prior to completing the installation of the hard-disk system. The first of these is a formatting utility that will format the disk and check for any bad tracks on the disk. The second is a system-generation utility that will write the new operating system beginning at track 0, sector 0 on the Winchester disk after the combined BIOS has been integrated into a CP/M system. This last process places a hardware-bootable system on the hard disk.

A new Winchester disk drive is delivered in an unformatted condition. This means that the disk has no information identifying the beginning and end of each sector. Once the HCA and other disk hardware is integrated into the system, you must create a routine to write this formatting information on the disk. A formatting routine is then used to issue a DCB to the controller, commanding it to format the disk. The controller takes care of the rest by writing the required formatting information onto the disk.

When the disk formatting is complete, the formatting routine should then read each sector on the disk to determine if the drive hardware was delivered with any bad sectors on the disk. For Winchester disk drives, it is

374 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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not uncommon for a disk to have several bad sectors. The test program reads all sectors on the disk and saves the location of any bad sectors identified during the Read process. The routine then identifies these bad sectors to the controller, which constructs an alternate track assignment for each of the bad sectors on the disk. After this alternate assignment is complete, the existence of bad sectors on the disk is transparent to the system. The controller keeps the alternate-track data on the disk and, when a disk access is made to a bad sector, the controller automatically switches to the alternate track to read or write the data.

The second utility, the system-generation program, is used to write the new operating system to the Winchester drive or to read an existing operating system from the Winchester drive into memory. Installation procedures for a combined Winchester drive BIOS are the same as for any typical CP/M BIOS and will be covered in the next section. At the

end of the configuration process, a system image will reside in memory starting at location 900 hexadecimal. The locations 900 to 980 hexadecimal contain the system loader, and the locations from 980 hexadecimal on contain the newly configured operating system. A WRITE routine must be designed to take the data from these

IMo matter how careful

you are In building the

system, something Is

bound to be wrong.

locations in memory and write them to the Winchester disk drive starting at track 0, sector 0. Similarly, a READ routine must be designed to take information from track 0 of the disk and place it into memory starting at location 900 hexadecimal.

Building a New BIOS

One other program must be written before a new BIOS can be built and

installed in a CP/M system. This is the system loader that is used to initially read in the system from the disk. This program is written to run at location 80 hexadecimal and is restricted to 128 bytes in length. It is used to load the system during the bootstrap process that we will describe later. The program is designed to read the system starting at track 0, sector 1 of the Winchester disk and, when the load is complete, to transfer control to the proper entry point of CP/M to start the operating system running.

Once the system loader and the BIOS code are complete, the next step is to assemble both of these programs and remove any assembly or syntax errors. In the case of the BIOS, the symbolic variable MSIZE must also be defined before assembly to correspond to the size of the system being generated. Assuming that you have achieved an error-free assembly, the next step is to build a new CP/M system that contains the new system loader and BIOS and to write this

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376 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Lnc

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BYTE May 1983 377

COMMAND MOVCPM

SAVE CPMNN. COM DDT CPMNN. COM

I NEWBIOS- HEX R NNNN

I NEWLDR. HEX R NNNN

RUN THE WRITE UTILITY

READS CP/M FROM DISK AND RELOCATES IT TO NEW POSITION.

SAVE RELOCATED CP/M ON DISK.

LOADS RELOCATED CP/M INTO MEMORY.

LOADS NEW BIOS AND OVERLAYS EXISTING BIOS.

READS NEW LOADER AND OVERLAYS EXISTING LOADER

WRITES NEW SYSTEM TO FIRST TRACK OF HARD DISK

DISK

900H f 980H i 1F80H/J

NEW LOADER _BD_OS _ NEW BIOS

900H 980H

]F80h

SYSTEM DISK

Figure 6: Installing the new operating system. First, the MOVCPM instruction reads the current version of CP/M from the disk into memory at location 900 hexadecimal and relocates it to run at a location specified in the command. The SAVE instruction then places the relocated version of CP/M onto the disk under the filename CPMNN. COM. The DDT command reloads the relocated version of CP/M into memory at location 900 hexadecimal and transfers control to the DDT program. Next, the command I NEWBIOS.HEX reads the new BIOS from the disk and overlays the existing BIOS. The command I NEWLDR.HEX then reads the new system loader from the disk and overlays the existing loader. Finally, the WRITE utility program writes the properly configured operating system to the first track of the Winchester disk.

new system to the Winchester disk drive starting at track 0, sector 0. In this process you should first use the MOVCPM utility (provided by

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system must be saved on the disk for later retrieval by using CP/M's standard SAVE utility. Once the new copy of the system is saved, the next

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378 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE May 1983 379

step is to read the system back into memory using the DDT utility. If the system was saved under the name CPMNN.COM you can use the following CP/M command to initiate DDT and read the new copy of the system into memory:

DDT CPMNN.COM

After this command is executed, the new system will be located in memory starting at location 900 hexadeci

mal, and DDT will be running. The next step is to overlay the new system loader and new BIOS on top of the copy of CP/M in memory by using two DDT commands: I (insert) and R (read). These commands place the new system loader into memory at location 900 hexadecimal and place the BIOS at location 1F80 hexadecimal. Once these overlays are complete, the system is properly configured for the Winchester disk drive. Next we must get out of DDT and

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return to CP/M while leaving the newly created copy of the system in memory. First, issue a GO command to DDT that transfers control to CP/M. Once you are back in CP/M, the final remaining task is to run the system-generation utility to load the newly constructed system, which now resides in memory starting at location 900 hexadecimal, onto the Winchester disk starting at track 0, sector 0. Figure 6 graphically summarizes these steps.

Building a New Bootstrap

At the completion of the process we just described, a copy of a properly configured CP/M system and system loader is on the first track of the Winchester disk. The one remaining task is to develop the software to bootstrap this system into memory and to configure the hardware so that this bootstrap is executed when a hardware boot command occurs. The actual bootstrap code is very simple. All it has to do is read the first 128 bytes from track 0, sector 0 on the Winchester disk drive into memory starting at location 80 hexadecimal and, when the read is complete, transfer control to the beginning of this code. This bootstrap code should be written to run at whatever location is going to be assigned to the PROM (programmable read-only memory) chip on the HCA, which we mentioned last month. When properly assembled and linked, the bootstrap code is burned into the HCA PROM and the software installation is essentially complete. The processor board is then "restrapped" so that the bootstrap address corresponds to the beginning of the PROM on the HCA.

Once this modification has been completed, a hardware boot command (i.e., pressing the RESET button) results in the sequence of events presented in Figure 7. At the boot command, the processor begins executing code at the beginning of the HCA PROM. This code reads the first 128 bytes of data from the first physical sector of the first track on the disk into memory starting at location 80 hexadecimal. When the read is complete, the code in the PROM

380 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 521 on Inquiry card.

Circle 162 on Inquiry card.

PRESS BOOTSTRAP BUTTON.

PROM CHIP LOADS FIRST 128 BYTES ON DISK INTO MEMORY.

THESE 128

BYTES

LOAD CP/M

FROM

DISK INTO

MEMORY.

Figure 7: The Bootstrap process. Pressing the hardware bootstrap (Reset) button causes the microprocessor to transfer control to the PROM chip on the host computer adapter. The code in the PROM reads the first 128 bytes of data from track 0 of the hard disk into memory starting at location 80 hexadecimal and then transfers control to that location. This code in turn loads the CP/M system off the first track of the Winchester disk. Then, when the load is complete, the code transfers control to location 0 hexadecimal to start CP/M running.

transfers control to location 80 hexadecimal, which now contains the system loader. This code now reads the remainder of the CP/M system from the first track on the disk into memory and then transfers control to the CP/M system. The result is that a properly configured system, which includes the Winchester disk drive, is left running in memory, waiting to respond to any user commands.

System Debugging

No matter how careful you are in building the hardware and software we have just finished describing, it is a fact of life that when plugged into the system there will be something wrong. This is when the really interesting portion of the system integration process begins, namely, finding and correcting the inevitable bugs in the hardware and software. This debugging process can be broken into three separate areas. The first is debugging the HCA. The second is debugging and examining the HCA, disk controller, and disk system. The last is debugging the CP/M interface software. We will now describe some of the techniques that can be used in each of these areas.

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May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 381

The first thing to debug is the HCA card. Debugging this device involves making sure that the various combinations of possible input conditions result in the expected outputs to the disk controller. You can do this most efficiently by writing a set of driver routines in assembly language to write messages to the various output ports on the HCA. If you write these routines to loop continuously, you can use an oscilloscope to check the output registers on the HCA to ensure that the card is acting properly.

When you've verified proper operation of the HCA to the maximum extent possible, next connect the disk controller and the Winchester disk drive to the HCA. This simple connection begins the debugging process for the Miniscribe disk drive, which has extensive self-test features and continuously monitors its own operation to check for faults. If a fault is detected, the drive communicates with the user by flashing a Morse code letter (using the drive select light) to identify the particular fault that was detected. Once the disk is

operating properly, the way to debug and test the rest of this total system is to pass various DCBs to the disk controller and see if the disk responds to these DCB inputs as expected. For example, you can test the disk by performing a controller self-test, formatting the disk, writing information to a particular sector, reading the information back, and testing for error conditions. This type of testing not only verifies proper disk operation but also provides you with valuable insight into the disk operation, which you can use during the remainder of the integration process.

Once the disk subsystem hardware is operating properly, the next step is to integrate the software. We described this integration process earlier. However, during the initial testing it is convenient to modify this procedure to allow use of some of the CP/M debugging tools to debug the interface software. To do this, you should create a "false" CP/M system that runs inside (i.e., at a lower memory address than) the current CP/M system running on the computer.

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This keeps the initial user system intact and allows you to run the new CP/M system under control of an existing debugged CP/M system, so you have access to the standard debugging tools from CP/M, such as DDT, to aid in debugging the new version of the BIOS.

Conclusion

We have now described the entire process of adding a Winchester disk subsystem to an S-100 computer system running CP/M. As we have tried to show, this is a rather substantial undertaking and should not be started lightly. The main advantage in performing such an integration project is the learning that takes place during the project. If your main goal is to obtain additional storage capability for a microcomputer, you could obtain this storage less expensively and certainly with less effort by buying a commercially available unit such as the one we manufacture. Because of quantity pricing and volume discounts, complete Winchester disk-drive subsystems are commercially available at a cost comparable to what a hobbyist would spend for the hardware portion of the system alone.

However, if you are interested in doing the work yourself and you have the necessary time and expertise, we encourage you to attempt this project and use this series of articles as a guide.■

The Winchester disk drive subsystem described in this series of articles is available as a completely assembled unit from ASC Associates of Lexington Park, Maryland. In addition to the S-100 version discussed, versions are also available for TRS-80 and Apple computers. The disk-drive systems for these computers use the same drive and controller hardware as the S-100 version but use a different host computer adapter and interface software. Until a nationwide dealer distribution network is established, these systems will be available by mail order for $1995. To order or obtain further information, write to ASC Associates Inc., POB 615, Lexington Park, MD 20653, or phone (301) 863-6784.

382 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 343 on Inquiry card.

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The Encyclopedia gives you information on:

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The Library of Computer and Information Sciences

De'pl. 7-BS2, Riverside, N.J. 08075

to obtain membership information and an

application.

BYTE May 1983 385

Bring thousands of dollars worth of information home for only $14.95!

"The best reason to buy a computer. Packed with useful information—it's an absolute must for computer owners everywhere." — Gary G. Reibsamen, Vice-President of NewsNet Inc.

Your passport to the electronic universe—how to turn any personal computer or word processor into a communication/information machine ot incredible versatility and power, even without a knowledge ot programming. Here's just a sampling of what you get—* How to select a modem and communications software * How to send electronic letters, telexes and MailGrams™

* Money-saving techniques for using The Source, Dow Jones News/Retrieval, DIALOG BRS and more * Get free software! Download thousands of programs * Get privileged information from $30,000 worth of newsletters * Get discounts of 10% to 40% by shopping on-line * Trouble-shooter's guide to problem-free communications

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Plus much more! In just two days you'll see what this unique handbook can do for you—but we'll give you two weeks to decide. Send for your copy now; if you're not satisfied return it in two weeks for a full refund. Main Selection of The Small Computer Book Club Alternate Book-of-the-Month Club/Science Selection

(Please return this coupon (o your bookseller or direct to: St. Martin's Press — — — —

. 175 Fifth Avenue, New York. NY 10010 Attn: ML BY

| Please send me copy(ies) ol The Complete Hand

. book ot Personal Computer Communications (u $14.95

■ paperback each. Please add $1.50 per book for postage

| and handling. My check or money order is enclosed in the

■ amount of $ I may examine the book for two weeks

. and, if not 100% satisfied, I can return it for a complete

I refund. I

j City

I State_

.Zip_

386 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Listing 1: A complete listing of the BIOS needed to integrate a Winchester disk drive into a CP/M-based microcomputer.

CP/M MACRO ASSEM 2.0 TITLE

E233 E236 E239 E23C E23P E242 E245 E248 E24B E24E E251 E254 E257 E2 5A E25D E260 E263

0000C9 0000C9 0000C9 0000C9 0000C9 0000C9 0000C9 0000C9 0000C9 0000C9 0000C9 0000C9 OO0OC9 0000C9 0OO0C9 00O0C9 OO00C9

#001 BIOS FOR A.S.C. ASSOC. HARD DISK SUBSYSTEM. 7/18/82

'BIOS FOR A.S.C. ASSOC. HARD DISK SUBSYSTEM. 7/18/82'

COMBINED BIOS INDICATES WHERE THE USER IS TO UPDATE SPECIFIC SUBROUTINES IN ORDER TO MERGE HIS EXISTING CP/M BIOS WITH THE A.S.C. ASSOCIATES CUSTOM BIOS.

COPYRIGHT (C) A.S.C. ASSOCIATES 1982

THIS BIOS USES THE DIGITAL RESEARCH CBIOS, DISKDEF LIB, AND SECTOR BLOCKING AND DEBLOCKING ROUTINES SUPPLIED WITH THE STANDARD CP/M 2.2 SOFTWARE PACKAGE AND IS THEN COMBINED WITH THE A.S.C. ASSOCIATES HARD DISK SOFTWARE DRIVERS.

THROUGHOUT THIS CODE COMMENTS DELIMITED USING THE FOLLOWING FORMAT ARE TO BE CHANGED WHEN ADDING USER DISK ROUTINES.

>>>>> COMMENT <<<<<

EQU

;CP/M VERSION MEMORY SIZE IN KILOBYTES

9800

a

BIAS

EQU

(MSIZE-20) *1024

CCOO

=

CCP

EQU

3400H+BIAS

;BASE OC CCP

D406

=

BDOS

EQU

CCP+806H

BASE OF BDOS

E200

=

BIOS

EQU

CCP+1600H

BASE OF BIOS

0004

=

CDISK

EQU

0004H

CURRENT DISK NUMBER 0=A,..

0003

=

IOBYTE

EQU

0003H

INTEL I/O BYTE

0001

=

NUDISKS

EQU

1

NUMBER OF DISKS IN SYSTEM

E200

'

ORG

BIOS

ORG IN OF THIS PROGRAM

002C

=

NSECTS

EQU

(BIOS-CCP1/128

WARM START SECTOR COUNT

'

JUMP

VECTOR FOR INDIVIDUAL SUBROUTINES

E200

C385E2

JMP

BOOT

COLD START

E203

C394E2

WBOOTE:

JMP

WBOOT

WARM START

E206

C3F3E2

JMP

CONST

CONSOLE STATUS

E209

C3F6E2

JMP

CONIN

CONSOLE CHARACTER IN

E20C

C3F9E2

JMP

CONOUT

CONSOLE CHARACTER OUT

E20F

C3FCE2

JMP

LIST

LIST CHARACTER OUT

E212

C302E3

JMP

PUNCH

PUNCH CHARACTER OUT

E215

C305E3

JMP

READER

READER CHARACTER OUT

E218

C308E3

JMP

HOME

MOVE HEAD TO HOME POSITION

E21B

C30EE3

JMP

SELDSK

SELECT DISK

E21E

C32AE3

JMP

SETTRK

SET TRACK NUMBER

E221

C332E3

JMP

SETSEC

SET SECTOR NUMBER

E224

C339E3

JMP

SETDMA

SET DMA ADDRESS

E227

C34BE3

JMP

READ

READ DISK

E22A

C366E3

JMP

WRITE

WRITE DISK

E22D

C3FFE2

JMP

LISTST

RETURN LIST STATUS

E230

C341E3

JMP

SECTRAN

SECTOR TRANSLATE

,15 = P

DUMMY LIST OF JUMP VECTORS, USED TO TRANSFER CALLS TO USERS FLOPPY DISK SYSTEM. THIS TABLE IS OVERLAYED WITH THE USERS JUMP TABLE

>>>>> REMOVE THIS SECTION OF DUMMY JUMP VECTORS. <<<<<

XBOOT: XWBOOT XCONST XCONIN XCNOUT XLIST: XPUNCH XREADR XHOME: XSLDSK XSETRK X-STSEC XSTDMA XREAD: XWRITE XLSTST XSCTRN

NOP!NOP!RET NOP!NOP!RET NOP!NOP!RET NOP!NOP!RET NOP!NOP!RET NOP!NOP!RET NOP!NOP!RET NOP!NOP!RET NOP!NOP!RET NOP!NOP!RET NOP!NOP!RET NOP!NOP!RET NOP!NOP!RET NOP!NOP!RET NOP!NOP!RET NOP!NOP!RET NOP!NOP!RET

COLD START

WARM START

CONSOLE STATUS

CONSOLE CHARACTER IN

CONSOLE CHARACTER OUT

LIST CHARACTER OUT

PUNCH CHARACTER OUT

READER CHARACTER OUT

MOVE HEAD TO HOME POSITION

SELECT DISK

SET TRACK NUMBER

SET SECTOR NUMBER

SET DMA ADDRESS

READ DISK

WRITE DISK

RETURN LIST STATUS

SECTOR TRANSLATE

E266+= DPBASE

E266+00000000 DPE0: E26A+00000000 E26E+B5E676E2 E272+99E935E7

E276+=

E276+4000

E278+04

E279+0F

E27A+00

E27B+1F13

E27D+6302

E27F+FF

E280+C0

DPB0

MACLIB DISKDEF

DISKS 1

EQU S ;BASE OF DISK PARAMETER BLOCKS

DW XLT0,0000H ;TRANSLATE TABLE

DW 0000H,0000H /SCRATCH AREA

DW DIRBUF,DPB0 ;DIR BUFF,PARM BLOCK

DW CSV0,ALV0 ;CHECK, ALLOC VECTORS

DISKDEF 0,0,63,,2048,4896,612,0,1

EQU $ ;DISK PARM BLOCK

DW 64 ;SEC PER TRACK

DB 4 ;BLOCK SHIFT

DB 15 lBLOCK MASK

DB 0 ;EXTNT MASK

DW 4895 jDISK SIZE-1

DW 611 /DIRECTORY MAX

DB 255 ;ALLOC0

DB 192 rALLOCl

Listing 1 continued on page 388

^ &M±<

THE BEST WAY TO GIVE THEM THE PICTURE.

An exact copy. Fax is the only system that sends it most anywhere in the world. Speed. Economy. Confidentiality. Fax puts it together like no other system can.

All you need to send hard copy overseas is a telephone and a facsimile machine. The same machine you may already be using domestically. The price of a Fax transmission is the price of a call. And our 1-minute overseas minimum makes it more economical than ever. See the chart for sample rates.

Send signed documents. Graphs. Pictures. Fax transmits an exact duplicate from your original. Sending them requires no special training or personnel. Send them any time.

Bell System

Many terminals can receive without an operator. Send them with Fax. It's the only way fOr hard copy to travel.

Forafree brochure, calltollfree1800874-8000orwrite: FaxFacts, RO.^x^^a£Jrms^cl^NJ_0881_6-0397_

| Times and costs to transmit a 400-word page to Europe*

(transmission I

TIMES**

Std. Tel Rate (7am-1pm)

COST

Dis. Tel Rate (1pm-6pm)

Econ. Tel Rate

(6pm-7am) I

| 1 MINUTE 13 MINUTES ,6 MINUTES

$2.37 $5.03 $9.02

$1.78 $3.78 $6.78

$1.42 $3.02 $5.42

♦Similar attractive rates to other areas.

♦Transmission times vary depending on type of equipment used.

J

Circle 136 on inquiry card.

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Order Entry with Inventory

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HIGH PERFORMANCE MICRO COMPUTERS FOR SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY

Listing 1 continued:

E281+0000 E283+0100 0000+=

00A0 =

00A1 =

00A2 =

00A3

000A

0008 =

0003 •

0001 ■

0002 =

0004 = 0010 =

E285 AP E286 320400 E289 32A4E5 E28C 32A6E5 E28P D3A2

E291 C3D2E2

E294 AF E295 32A4E5 E298 32A6E5 E29B 318000 E29E 0E00 E2A0 CD0EE3 E2A3 CD08E3

E2A6 062C E2A8 0E00 E2AA 1601

E2AC 2100CC

E2AF C5 E2B0 D5

DW

DW EQU

CHECK SIZE

OFFSET

NO XLATE TABLE

>>>>> ADD YOUR HAND CODED OR MACRO GENERATED <<<<< >>>>> DISK PARAMETER TABLES HERE. <<<<<

UTILITY MACRO TO COMPUTE SECTOR MASK SMASK MACRO IIBLK

COMPUTE LOG2(HBLK), RETURN PX AS RESULT (2 ** PX = HBI.K ON RETURN)

PY

SET

IIBLK

Px

SET

0

; ;

COUNT

RIGHT SHIFTS OF PY UNTIL ■ 1

REPT

8

IF

PY ■ 1

EXITM

ENDIF

; ;

PY IS

NOT 1, SHIFT RIGHT ONE POSITION

PY

SET

PY SHR 1

ex

SET

EN DM EN DM

PX + 1

*************

*******

0800 =

BLKSIZ

EQU

2048

0100 •

HSTSIZ

EQU

256

0020 »

HSTSPT

EQU

32

0002

HSTBLK

EQU

HSTSIZ/128

0040 »

CPMSPT

EQU

HSTBLK * HSTSPT

0001

SECMSK

EQU

HSTBLK-1

SMASK

HSTBLK

0001 =

SECSHF

EQU

PX

CP/M TO HOST DISK CONSTANTS **************************************

CP/M ALLOCATION SIZE HOST DISK SECTOR SIZE HOST DISK SECTORS/TRK CP/M SECTS/HOST BUFF CP/M SECTORS/TRACK SECTOR MASK COMPUTE SECTOR MASK LOG2(HSTBLK)

************

BDOS CONSTANTS ON ENTRY TO WRITE

********************

0000 =

WRALL

EQU

0

;WRITE TO ALLOCATED

0001 =

WRDIR

EQU

1

;WRITE TO DIRECTORY

0002 =

WRUAL

EQU

2

;WRITE TO UNALLOCATED

A.S.C. HOST INTERFACE TO XEBEC HARD DISK CONTROLLER CONSTANTS.

***********

CNTRL EQU

DATA EQU

ASCPROM EQU

RSTPT EQU

WRTCMD EQU

READCMD EQU

ERRCMD EQU SELECT CMDAT BUSY REQ

EQU EQU EQU EQU

*********

0A0H

0A1H

0A2H

0A3H

0AH

08H

03H

01H

02H

0411

0101!

BIT POR1

COMMAND CONTROL PORT DATA I/O PORT. BIT 5=1 PROM ON, CONTROLLER RESET WRITE COMMAND READ COMMAND RETRE1VE ERROR COMMAND SELECT DISK COMMAND COMMAND/DATA BIT CONTROLLER BUSY BIT REQUEST COMMAND I1JT

5 = 0 PROM Ul-T

INDIVIDUAL SUBROUTINES TO PERFORM EACH FUNCTION

|SIMPLEST CASE IS TO JUST PERFORM PARAMETER INITIALIZATION

XRA STA STA STA OUT

A

CDISK HSTACT UNACNT ASCPROM

ZERO IN THE ACCUM SELECT DISK ZERO HOST BUFFER INACTIVE. CLEAR UNALLOC COUNT. TURN OFF BOOT PROM

>>>>> ADD ANY SPECIFIC SYSTEM HARDWARE INITALIZATION <<<<< >>>>> CODE HERE (EG. USART INITIALIZATION CODE) <<<<<

JMP GOCPM ;INITIALIZE AND GO TO CP/M

.•SIMPLEST CASE IS TO READ THE DISK UNTIL ALL SECTORS LOADED

XRA

STA

STA

LXI

MV1

CALL

CALL

IISTACT

UNACNT

SP.80H

C.O

SELDSK

HOME

HOST BUFFER INACTIVE.

CLEAR UNALLOC COUNT.

USE SPACE BELOW BUFFER FOR STACK

SELECT DISK 0

,-GO TO TRACK 00

MVI B.NSECTS ;B COUNTS # OF SECTORS TO LOAD

MVI C,0 ;C HAS THE CURRENT TRACK NUMBER

MVI D,l ;D HAS THE NEXT SECTOR TO READ

NOTE THAT WE BEGIN BY READING TRACK 0, SECTOR 1 SINCE SECTOR 0 CONTAINS THE COLD START LOADER, WHICH IS SKIPPED IN A WARM START

LXI ll.CCP ;BASE OF CP/M (INITIAL LOAD POINT)

0AD1:

;LOAD ONE MORE SECTOR

PUSH B ;SAVE SECTOR COUNT, CURRENT TRACK

PUSH D ;SAVE NEXT SECTOR TO READ

Listing 1 continued on page 390

388 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

"SUPER SIX

„TM

ITS POWER IS AWESOME!

• 6MHz Z-80B CPU

• S-100IEEE-696 Compatible

• 6MHz Z-80 SIO, PIO

• 128KBytes Bank Selectable RAM

• Floppy Disk Controller, Simultaneous Operation of 5-1/4 and 8-inch Drives

• DMA Controller

• CTC Interrupt Clock

• CP/M* 3.0 (Plus), TurboDos* and MP/M II* Compatible

*CP/M and MP/M are trademarks of Digital Research Corp

TurboDos is a trademark of Software 2000 Inc.

SUPER SIX, SUPER QUAD, and SUPER SLAVE are trademarks of Advanced Digital Corp.

We ASTONISHED the industry when we introduced SUPER QUAD*, the first single board S-100 computer. Now you're going to be AMAZED when you discover "SUPER SEX"™. It's power, it's speed, it's AWESOME.

The SUPER SIX runs 1-1/2 times faster than any other S-100 computer available today. 128KBytes of RAM with DMA is standard. So is simultaneous operation of 5-1/4 and 8-inch

floppies. No more worries about nonstandard 5-1/4 inch formats.

Combine the power and speed of the SUPER SIX as the Master and the proven performance of SUPER SLAVE™ processor boards, and you've got a multi-processor, multi-user system that is nothing short of AWESOME.

SPEED UP WITH SUPER SLX. . .seethe SUPER SLX at your quality local dealer or contact:

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TEL: 714-891-4004 TELEX: 678401 TABIRIN

"VISIT OUR OPEN HOUSE DURING NCC 8:30-5:00 PM DAILY MAY 16-19, 1983"

Circle 17 on Inquiry card.

BYTE May 1983 389

Circle 161 on inquiry card.

!!!!FANTASTfC PRICES!!!! FROM DIGITAL DIMENSIONS

OKIDATA

ML-80..80 COL, 80 CPS $317

ML-82A..80 COL, 120 CPS $395

"ML-83A..136 COL, 120 CPS $639

•ML-84..PARALLEL, 136 COL, 200 CPS ..$969

'ML-84..SERIAL, 136 COL, 200 CPS $1,083

"ML-92..80COL,160CPS $509

"ML-92..SERIAL, 80 COL, 160 CPS CALL

VML-93..136 COL, 160 CPS $832

VML-93..SERIAL, 136 COL, 160 CPS CALL

PACEMARK 2410..350 CPS CALL

PACEMARK 2350..SERIAL, 350 CPS CALL

'Includes TRACTOR FEED "Inc.OKIGRAPH'" DOTADDRESSABLEGRAPHICS

IDS

PRISM 80..3.4K & 200 Sprint $1,036

Inc. sheet feed, color & graphics $1,429

PRISM 132..3.4K & 200 Sprint $1,195

Inc. sheet feed, color & graphics $1,591

MICROPRISM 480 $569

STAR MICRONICS GEMINI-10..100 CPS, 2.3K BUFFER GEMINI-15

$409 $519

C. ITOH

Prawriter.80 Col.. 120 CPS, Parallel $395

Prowriler 2.80 Col.. 120 CPS. Parallel $570

SlarwrilerF-10..40CPS $1,425

Prinlmasler F-10..55 CPS $1,595

SMITH CORONA TP-I..12CPS

$649

MODEMS Hayes 300 Baud Smart Modem.. Hayes 1200 Baud Smart Modem..

BUFFERS Quadram Microfazer

16K Parallel to Parallel

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$169 $199

MONITORS

AMDEK Color I

AMDEK Color II

NEC JB1201 Green

$319 $719 $169

INTERFACES Practical Peripherals

Grappler Plus

Buffer Board 64K

$149 $135

FOR THE IBM P.C. NEC Spinwriter 3550..33CPS.. Quadram Quadboard w 64k Quadram Quadboard W/128K. Quadram Quadboard w 192k Quadram Quadboard w 256k Monte Carlo Card 64K

$2,045 $469 S519 £609 $699 JI429

E-Z COLOR BOARD For the Apple II or Apple II Plus. Includes demo software and E-Z COLOR Editor $199

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INTEX TALKER text-to-speech synlhesizer.

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DIGITAL DIMENSIONS

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Info & Orders Call 203-649-3611 Orders Only 1-800-243-5222

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All Pnces Include UPS Ground Freight In U.S.

CT Residents Add 7^/2% Sales Tax.

Prices Subject To Change Without Notice

390 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Listing 1 continued; E2C0 C294E2

E2C3 El E2C4 118000 E2C7 19 E2C8 Dl E2C9 CI E2CA 05 E2CB CAD2E2

E2CE 14 E2CF C3AFE2

E2D2 3EC3 E2D4 320000 E2D7 2103E2 E2DA 220100

E2DD 320500 E2E0 2106D4 E2E3 220600

E2E6 018000 E2E9 CD39E3

E2EC 3A0400 E2EF 4F E2F0 C300CC

[RETRY THE ENTIRE HOOT IF AN KKKOK OCCURS

E2F3 C339E2

E2F6 C33CE2

E2F9 C33FE2

E2FC C342E2 E2FF C360E2 E302 C345E2

E305 C348E2

E308 010000 E30B C32AE3

E30E 79 E30F 329BE5 E312 0D E313 B7 E314 C24EE2 E317 OC E318 210000 E31B FE01 E31D DO E31E 6F E31F 2600

E321+29 E322+29 E323+29 E324+29 E325 1166E2 E328 19 E329 C9

E32A 60 E32B 69 E32C 229CE5

E2B1 E5 E2B2 4A E2B3 CD32E3

NO ERROR, HOVE TO NEXT SECTOR

POP

[1

LX1

D,I2I1

DAD

D

POP

D

POP

B

DCR

B

JZ

GOCPN

INR

D

JMP

LOAD1

RECALL DMA ADDRESS

DMA=DMA+12H

NEW DMA ADDRESS IS IN 11,1.

RECALL SECTOR ADDRESS

NUMBER OF SECTORS REMAINING, CURRENT TKK

sECTOu:;=si:CTOits-i

TRANSFER TO Cl'/M II-' ALL HAVE BEEN LOADED

;LOAD MORE BDOS CODE

END OF LOAD OPERATION, SET PARAMETERS AND GO TO CP/M

MVI A,0C3H ;C3 IS A JMP INSTRUCTION

STA 0 ;FOR JMP TO WBOOT

LXI H,WBOOTE ;WBOOT ENTRY POINT

SHLD 1 ;SET ADDRESS FIELD FOR JMP AT 0

STA 5 ;FOR JMP TO BDOS

LXI H,BDOS [BDOS ENTRY POINT

SHLD 6 .-ADDRESS FIELD OF JUMP AT 5 TO BDOS

LXI B,80H [DEFAULT DMA ADDRESS IS 8011

CALL SETDMA

LDA

CDISK

MOV

C,A

JMP

CCP

GET CURRENT DISK NUMBER

SEND TO THE CCP

GO TO CP/M FOR FURTHER PROCESSING

>>>>> THE FOLLOWING SIMPLE I/O ROUTINES MUST BE <<<<< >>>>> FILLED WITH THE USERS OWN SYSTEM ROUTINES <<<<<

CONST: [CONSOLE STATUS, RETURN 0FFH IF CHARACTER READY, 0011 IF NOT JMP XCONST [SENT TO USER JMP VECTOR

[CONSOLE CHARACTER INTO REGISTER A

JMP XCONIN [SEND TO USER JMP VECTOR

CONOUT: [CONSOLE CHARACTER OUTPUT FROM REGISTER C JMP XCNOUT [SEND TO USER JMP VECTOR

[LIST CHARACTER FROM REGISTER C

JMP XLIST [SEND TO USER JMP VECTOR

LISTST: [RETURN LIST STATUS (0 IF NOT READY, 1 IF READY) JMP XLSTST [SEND TO USER JMP VECTOR

[PUNCH CHARACTER FROM REGISTER C

JMP XPUNCH [SEND TO USER JMP VECTOR

[READ CHARACTER INTO REGISTER A FROM READER DEVICE JMP XREADR [SEND TO USER JMP VECTOR

I/O DRIVERS FOR THE DISK FOLLOW

FOR NOW, WE WILL SIMPLY STORE THE PARAMETERS AWAY FOR USE

IN THE READ AND WRITE SUBROUTINES

[MOVE TO THE TRACK 00 POSITION OF CURRENT DRIVE TRANSLATE THIS CALL INTO A SETTRK CALL WITH PARAMETER 00 LXI B,0 [SELECT TRACK 0 JMP SETTRK [WE WILL MOVE TO 00 ON FIRST READ/WRITE

[SELECT DISK

MOV

STA

DCR

ORA

JNZ

INR

LXI

CPI

RNC

MOV

MVI

REPT

DAD

EN DM

DAD

DAD

DAD

DAD

LXI

DAD

RET

A,C

SEKDSK

C

A

XSLDSK

C

H,0000

NUDISKS

L,A H,0 4 H

H

H

H

H

D,DPBASE

D

[SELECTED DISK NUMBER

[SEEK DISK NUMBER

;LOAD ALTERNATE DRIVE

[CHECK FOR HARD DISK

[GO SELECT ALTERNATE DRIVE

[RESTORE HARD DISK NUMBER

[LOAD ERROR CODE

[CHECK AGAINST MAX # DISKS

[NO CARRY IF GREATER

[DISK NUMBER TO HL

[MULTIPLY BY 16

[BASE OF PARM BLOCK [HL=.DPB(CURDSK)

[SET TRACK GIVEN BY REGISTERS BC

MOV H , B

MOV L,C

SHLD SEKTRK [TRACK TO SEEK

>>>>> ENTER YOUR SYSTEM SET TRACK ROUTINE HERE <<<<< PUSH H [SAVE DMA ADDRESS

MOV C,D [GET SECTOR ADDRESS TO REGISTER C CALL SETSEC [SET SECTOR ADDRESS FROM REGISTER C

Listing 1 continued on page 392

It's Ttue - We Did It!

We have met or have beaten most advertised prices.

Don't be foolish. Buy Direct!

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• 200 CPS Bi Directional • Color Optional

• Sheet Feed • Graphics

Prism 80 W/Sprint S 899.00

Prism 80 Loaded W/Color $1,239.00

Prism 132 W/Sprint $1,039.00

Prism 132 Loaded W/Color SI,395.00

PRINTEK

• Dot Graphics 144x144

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LIBERTY

COMPUTER SALES

OKI DATA GTC

OSBORNE ADDS

COMREX DEC

DAISYWRITER MANY OTHERS

Everything in computer related products:

• Computers

• Modems

• Printers

• Software

• Monitors

• Terminals

• Accessories

• Paper

• Ribbons

• Diskettes

• Office Furniture

Pnres listed reflect a cash discount and ate subject to change without notice. we welcome Certified and Cashiers Checks, Bank Wires and Money Orders. Allow 2 to 3 weeks for personal checks to clear No COD s Product is subject to availability Equipment is in factory sealed boxes with manufacturer's warranty There will be a restocking charge for returned merchandise Cafl first for an RMA number Software not waranteed for suitability No return of Software which has been opened Add 2% for shipping charges Imimmum S2.50|. Z80A is a registered trademark of Zilog, Inc

Circle 346 on inquiry card.

MONITORS

COMPUTERS

K-Pro w/software $1649

Superbrain Jr, S/S, D/D $1875

Superbrain QD. D/S, D/D... .$2250

Franklin Ace 1000 $1049

NEC ARC Call

Tandon 100-2 (IBM) $269

Apple Compatable w/cabinet. . $239

Corona 10MB/IBM HID $1799

Corona 5MB HD.. ..$1719

NEC JB1201 Hi Res Green $169

BMC Green 12" $85

Princeton Graphics R6B $629

Taxan I R6B $315

Amdek Amber $159

Gemini 10 100cps $359

Gemini 15 100cps $519

Okidata 92. 160cps $529

NEC 7710, 7730 $2190

IDS Prism 132 $1179

Daisywriter $.1099

Brother HR-1 $829

Other Brands.. Call

AST Boards 64k. Ser, Par, clock .$389

Mountain Computer Call

Practical Peripherals Call

Micro Soft. . Call

Hayes Smartmodem $219

Hayes 1200 baud modem $529

EXPANSION PRODUCTS

ORDERS ONLY 1-800-531-3133

INFORMATION: (206) 641-7233

Mail & Phone Orders Only.

Prices reflect 3% cash discount.

Sorry, no COD's.

PACIFIC COMPUTERS

13256 Northup Way #7 Bellevue. WA 98005

Listing 1 continued:

E2B6 CI E2B7 C5 E2BB CD39E3

E2BB CD4BE3 E2BE FEOO

E32F C351E2

E332 79 E333 329EE5

E33E C357E2

E341 3A9BE5 E344 B7

E345 C263E2 E348 60 E349 69 E34A C9

POP

PUSH

CALL

B SETDMA

DRIVE SET TO 0, CALL READ CPI 0011

;RECALL DMA ADDRESS TO B,C

;REPLACE ON STACK POR LATER RECALL

;SET DMA ADDRESS FROM B,C

TRACK SET, SECTOR SET, DMA ADDRESS SET

;ANY ERRORS?

MAYBE THIS CALL IS FOR ANOTHER DRIVE BETTER GO SET THE TRACK NUMBER JMP XSETRK

SETSEC:

;SET SECTOR GIVEN BY REGISTER C

MOV A,C

STA SEKSEC ;SECTOR TO SEEK

>>>>> PLACE YOUR SYSTEM SET SECTOR ROUTINE HERE.

MAYBE THIS CALL IS FOR ANOTHER DRIVE BETTER GO SET THE SECTOR NUMBER

E336 C354E2

JMP

XSTSEC

E3 39 6 0

SETDMA:

;SET MOV

DMA ADDRESS GIVEN BY BC H,B

E33A 69 E33B 22B3E5

MOV

SHLD

L,C

DMAADR ; LOAI

;LOAD DMA ADDRESS PLACE YOUR SYSTEM SET DMA ROUTINE HERE.

MAYBE THIS CALL IS FOR ANOTHER DRIVE BETTER GO SET THE DMA ADDRESS JMP XSTDMA

;TRANSLATE SECTOR NUMBER BC

LDA SEKDSK ;GET DISK NUMBER

ORA A ;CHECK FOR HARD DISK

>>>>> CHANGE THE FOLLOWING JNZ XSCTRN CODE TO JUMP TO <<<<< >>>>> YOUR SYSTEM SECTOR TRANSLATION ROUTINE. <<<<<

(TRANSLATE OTHER SECTOR NUMBER

****************

JNZ

XSCTRN

MOV

H,B

MOV

L,C

RET

***************************

THE READ ENTRY POINT TAKES THE PLACE OF THE PREVIOUS BIOS DEFINTION FOR READ.

*************

****************************************

]

(EAD:

;READ

THE SELECTED

CP/M

SECTOR

E34B

3A9BE5

LDA

SEKDSK

;GET DISK NUMBER

E34E

B7

ORA

A

;CHECK FOR HARD DISK A

>>>>>

CHANGE THE

'OLLOWING JNZ XREAD TO JUMP

>>>>>

SYSTEM READ

ROUTINE.

E34F

C25AE2

JNZ

XREAD

;READ ALTERNATE DISK

E352

AF

XRA

A

E353

32A6E5

STA

UNACNT

E356

3E01

MVI

A,l

E358

32B1E5

STA

READOP

;READ OPERATION

E35B

32B0E5

STA

RSFLAG

;MUST READ DATA

E35E

3E02

MVI

A,WRUAL

E360

32B2E5

STA

WRTYPE

;TREAT AS UNALLOC

E363

C3D8E3

JMP

RWOPER

;TO PERFORM THE READ

<<<<< <<<<<

**********

THE WRITE ENTRY POINT TAKES THE PLACE OF THE PREVIOUS BIOS DEFINTION FOR WRITE.

WRITE:

fWRITE

THE SELECTED CP/M

SECTOR

E366

3A9BE5

LDA

SEKDSK

,-GET DISK NUMBER

E369

B7

ORA

A

;CHECK FOR HARD DISK A

>>>>>

CHANGE THE FOLLOWING JNZ XWRITE CODE TO

>>>>>

YOUR SYSTEM WRITE

ROUTINE.

E36A

C25DE2

JNZ

XWRITE

•WRITE ALTERNATE DISK

E36D

AF

XRA

A

•0 TO ACCUMULATOR

E36E

32B1E5

STA

READOP

;NOT A READ OPERATION

E371

79

MOV

A,C

;WRITE TYPE IN C

E372

32B2E5

STA

WRTYPE

E375

FE02

CPI

WRUAL

•WRITE UNALLOCATED?

E377

C291E3

JNZ

CHKUNA

[CHECK FOR UNALLOC

WRITE

TO UNALLOCATED

SET PARAMETERS

E37A

3E10

MVI

A,BLKSIZ/128

;NEXT UNALLOC RECS

E37C

32A6E5

STA

UNACNT

E37F

3A9BE5

LDA

SEKDSK

;DISK TO SEEK

E382

32A7E5

STA

UNADSK

;UNADSK = SEKDSK

E385

2A9CE5

LHLD

SEKTRK

E388

22ABE5

SHLD

UNATRK

;UNATRK = SECTRK

E38B

3A9EE5

LDA

SEKSEC

E38E

32AAE5

<

STA :HKUNA:

UNASEC

;UNASEC = SEKSEC

Listing 1 continued on page 394

392 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Take

a load off your mind with afree financial

PLANNING GUIDEtfROM IDS.

Financial worries can spoil your appetite in a lot of ways. Interest rates fluctuate, tax laws change and inflation hasn't disappeared. Banks, brokers and insurance companies all seem to give conflicting advice. It's confusing. What you need is a carefully thought-out, ^^x. completely objective plan that's flexible enough to work in the years \\^^J ahead. And that's where IDS comes in. We're offering you a free guide to financial planning that explains what a financial plan is and how it can diminish your money worries.

An IDS representative can help you ^fiBfck develop a personal financial plan to achieve your financial goals. Youll be Xj^^j talking to a career professional who understands the importance of financial planning. Someone who will regularly review your progress.

And because idB&klDS offers over SO different financial products and services you'll get timely L^^f ideas to help you reach your goals.

Begin taking a load off your mind Send for your free 24-page guide to personal financial planning Or call toll-free 1-800-437-4332.

i

□ Yes, see that I receive my free 24-page guide to personal financial planning.

wpV

Address.

(IDS)

IDEAS

TO HELP YOU MANAGE MONEY

Mail CO: IDS, Dept. 583, IDS lower, Minneapolis,

MM 55402. Or call toll-tree 1-800-EDS-IDEA, that's 1-800-437-4332.

60-52-382-191-001-C

Circle 231 on inquiry card.

Main/Frames

• 30 Models of Enclosures

• Assembled and tested

• Quasi-Coax Motherboards

• Power Supply

• Card cage and guides

• Fan, line, cord, fuse, power & reset switches

8" Floppy Main/Frame

S482

8" Disc Enclosure

Phase/80 8" Floppy Mainframe

Phase/80 Desk + Mainframe |jj

Write or call for our

brochure which includes our

application note:

"Building Computers —

A Recipe"

INiTEGR4ND

8620 Roosevelt Ave.'VisaliaCA 93291 209*651-1203

We accept BankAmericard/Visa and MasterCharge

394 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Listing 1 continued:

E391 3AA6E5 E394 B7 E395 CAD0E3

E398 3D E399 32A6E5 E39C 3A9BE5 E39P 21A7E5 E3A2 BE E3A3 C2D0E3

E3A6 21A8E5 E3A9 CD73E4 E3AC C2D0E3

E3AF 3A9EE5 E3B2 21AAE5 E3B5 BE E3B6 C2D0E3

E3B9 34 E3BA 7E E3BB FE40 E3BD DAC9E3

E3C0 3600

E3C2 2AA8E5

E3C5 23

E3C6 22A8E5

E3C9 AF E3CA 32B0E5 E3CD C3D8E3

E3D0 AF

E3D1 32A6E5

E3D4 3C

E3D5 32B0E5

E3D8 AF E3D9 32AFE5 E3DC 3A9EE5

E3DF+B7 E3E0+1F E3E1 32A3E5

E3E4 21A4E5 E3E7 7E E3E8 3601 E3EA B7 E3EB CA12E4

E3EE 3A9BE5 E3F1 219FE5 E3F4 BE E3F5 C20BE4

E3F8 21A0E5 K3FB CD7 3E4 E3FE C20BE4

E401 3AA3E5

E404 21A2E5

E407 BE

E408 CA2FE4

E40B 3AA5E5 E40E B7 E40F C47FE4

E412 3A9BE5 E415 329FE5 E4I8 2A9CE5 E41B 22A0E5 E41E 3AA3E5 E421 32A2E5

;CHECK FOR WRITE TO UNALLOCATED SECTOR

LDA UNACNT ;ANY UNALLOC REMAIN?

ORA A

JZ ALLOC ;SKIP IF NOT

MORE UNALLOCATED RECORDS REMAIN

DCR A ;UNACNT = UNACNT-1

STA UNACNT

LDA SEKDSK ;SAME DISK?

LXI H,UNADSK

CMP M ;SEKDSK = UNADSK?

JNZ ALLOC ;SKIP IF NOT

DISKS ARE THE SAME LXI H,UNATRK CALL SEKTRKCMP JNZ ALLOC

TRACKS ARE THE SAME LDA SEKSEC LXI H,UNASEC CMP M JNZ ALLOC

;SEKTRK = UNATRK? ;SKIP IF NOT

;SAME SECTOR?

;SEKSEC = UNASEC? ;SKIP IF NOT

MATCH, MOVE TO NEXT SECTOR FOR FUTURE REF

INR M ;UNASEC = UNASEC+1

MOV A,M ;END OF TRACK?

CPI CPMSPT ;COUNT CP/M SECTORS

JC NOOVF ;SKIP IF NO OVERFLOW

OVERFLOW TO NEXT TRACK

MVI M,0 ;UNASEC - 0

LHLD UNATRK

INX H

SHLD UNATRK

;UNATRK = UNATRK+1

;MATCH FOUND, MARK AS UNNECESSARY READ

XRA A ;0 TO ACCUMULATOR

STA RSFLAG ;RSFLAG = 0

JMP RWOPER ;TO PERFORM THE WRITE

;NOT AN UNALLOCATED RECORD, REQUIRES PRE-READ

0 TO ACCUM UNACNT = 0

1 TO ACCUM RSFLAG = 1

**********************************************

COMMON CODE FOR READ AND WRITE FOLLOWS * *********************************

XRA

A

STA

UNACNT

INR

A

STA

RSFLAG

**************** RWOPER:

;ENTER HERE TO PERFORM THE READ/WRITE

XRA

STA

LDA

REPT

ORA

RAR

ENDM

ORA

RAR

STA

A

ERFLAG

SEKSEC

SECSHF

A

A SEKIIST

ACTIVE HOST SECTOR?

LXI H,HSTACT

MOV A,M

MVI M,I

ORA A

JZ F1LIIST

ZERO TO ACCUM NO ERRORS (YET) COMPUTE HOST SECTOR

;CARRY = 0 ;SHIFT RIGHT

;CARRY = 0

,-SHIFT RIGHT

;l!OST SECTOR TO SEEK

;HOST ACTIVE FLAG

;ALWAYS BECOMES 1 ;WAS IT ALREADY? ;FILL HOST IF NOT

HOST BUFFER ACTIVE, SAME AS SEEK BUFFER?

LDA SEKDSK

LXI II, IISTD.SK ;SAME DISK?

CMP M ;SEKDSK » HSTDSK?

JNZ NOMATCH

SAME DISK, SAME TRACK? LXI H,HSTTRK

CALL SEKTRKCMP

JNZ NOMATCH

;SEKTRK = IISTTHK?

SAME DISK, SAME TRACK, SAME BUFFER?

LDA SEKIIST

LXI H.HSTSEC ; SEKIIST « IISTSEC?

CMP M

JZ MATCH ;SKIP IF MATCH

;PROPER DISK, BUT NOT CORRECT SECTOR LDA HSTWRT ;HOST WRITTEN?

ORA A CNZ WRITEHST ,-CLEAR HOST BUFF

;MAY HAVE TO FILL THE HOST BUFFER

LDA SEKDSK

STA HSTDSK

LHLD SEKTRK

SHLD HSTTRK

LDA SEKHST

STA HSTSEC

Listing 1 continued on page 396

Our Prices Will Get Your Attention.' Our Service Will Keep It.

ORDER NO. DESCRIPTION

FRANKLIN

LIST AEI PRICE ORDER NO. DESCRIPTION

LIST AEI PRICE ORDER NO. DESCRIPTION

LIST AEI PRICE

ZVM-121 Green Screen Monitor..

Z-19-CN 2-19 Terminal

ZT-1-A Auto-Dial Terminal

Z-25-AA Z-25 Dot Matrix Printer ..

Z-89-81 Z-89 Computer System .

Z-90-82 Z-90 Computer System .

Z-89-X Z-89 w/o Integral Drive .

Z-90-80 Z-90 w/o Integral Drive .

Z-37 Z-37 Dual 5" Disk Drives.

Z-87-89 Z87 Dual 5" Disk Drives .

Z-87-90 Same Disk add 400K

to Z-90

ZS-67 Z-67 Winchester

Floppy Drive

Z-^7-DA Z47 Dual 8" Disk Drives .

5995 3695

| NEC PRINTERS

Franklin ACE 1000 1330

| TELEVIDEO SYSTEMS

TS-802 Integrated Single User

Computer 3295

TS-802H Integrated Hard Disk

Computer 5995

TS-803 Computer

TS-1602G 16 Bit 802 Type Computer 4495 TS-1602GH 16 Bit 802H Type

Computer 6995

TS-806-20 Mutli-User Computer .... 7195

TS-816 Multi-User Computer .... 8995

TV-910-P Televideo 910 Plus 699

TV-910 Televideo 910 699

Tv-912 Televideo 912C 925

TV-920 Televideo 920C 995

TV-925 Televideo 925 995

TV-950 Televideo 950 1195

TV-970 Televideo 970

TV-9010 Second Page Option

912/920 80

TV-9051 One Additional Page for

925/950 95

TV-MM Three Additional Pages

TS-24-001 tor 950 120

For Any Televideo Terminal 60 TS-806H/20 TeleSolutions WordStar

TS-TW « CalcStar 790

20MBExpansionforTS-806 3600

Telewriter - NEC 3500.... 2195

jNORTHSTAR

NS-94404 Adv-2Q-64K Computer .. 3599 NS-97404 Adv-1Q-64K-HD-5

Computer 4999

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PLUS OTHER NORTHSTAR PRODUCTS

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Call Call Call 573 573 685 737 745 921 Call

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Call 2948

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NE-3510-1 NEC3510SpinwriterR/O

Serial 35 CPS 1895

NE-3515-1 NEC3515SpinwriterR/0

Serial DiabloCompatible 1925

NE-3530-1 NEC 3530 Spinwriter 1995

NE-3550-1 NEC3550SpinwriterR/O

Parallel IBM Compatible. 2350 NE-35-TRAC Bi-directional Tractor .... 265 NE-7710-1 NEC7710SpinwriterR/O

Serial 55 CPS 2795

NE-7715-1 NEC7715SpinwriterR/0

Serial Diablo Comp 2825

NE-7720-1 NEC 7720 Spinwriter KSR

Serial 55 CPS 3610

NE-7725-1 NEC 7725 Spinwriter KSR

Serial Diablo Comp 3710

NE-7730-1 NEC 7730 Spinwriter 2795

NE-PC-8023 Parallel 695

PLUS OTHER ACCESSORIES

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160

895

699

1499

1995

2799

2495

2895

1995

999

999 898

DP-8480-TP 80 Column Dot Matrix

Printer - Parallel 449

DP-8480-TS 80 Column Dot Matrix

Printer - Serial 464

Gemini-10 10" Carriage - Parallel... 399

Gemini-15 15" Carriage - Parallel... 649

Serial Interface Card 85

DP-8240 40 Column Dot Matrix

Parallel or Serial 250

I OKIDATA

OK-82A Okidata Microline 82A

with Tractor Feed 719 486

Cal1 OK-83A Okidata Microline 83A .. 1195 713

OK-84A-P Okidata Microline 84A

Cal1 -Parallel 1395 Call

Ca" OK-84A-S Okidata Microline 84A

Ca" -Serial 1495 Call

OK-G-82 Okigraph I for 82A 99 45

OK-G-83 Okigraph I for 83A 99 45

OK-2K 2K Buffer/Serial BD

all Models 140 119

IMANNESMANN TALLY

99 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^_

672 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

526 MT1605 Serial 200 CPS 1695 1441

1198 MT1602 Parallel 200 CPS 1695 1441

Cail MT1805 Serial - 200 CPS or 50 CPS 1995 Call

2176 MT1802 Parallel - 200 CPS

1749 or50CPS 1995 Call

1950 MT160L S or P- 160 CPS 990 809

1593

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I

SYSTEM

SOFTWARE AVAILABLE

Altos CP/M 514"

Apple CP/M SW

Apple DOS — Cassette

Apple DOS - Diskette

Atari 400/800 Diskette

Atari Cartridge

Atari Cassette

Basic 4 CP/M 5%"

CP/M-86 Display Writer

Cromemco CP/M 514"

DEC VT-180 CP/M bV."

Eagle CP/M 5'A"

Heath Z-90 CP/M 5'//

Heath Zenith CP/M 514" CALL

Hewlett Packard 125 CP/M 5W ... ,-'-™-i" Hewlett Packard 87 CP/M 554" .... ___

IBM P.C. CP/M 86 FOR

IBM P.C. DOS

NEC CP/M 514" f'TTPD'FMT

Northstar Advantage CP/M 5 V ... ^UKX*.!* 1

Norfhstar Horizon CP/M 514"

Ohio Scientific C-3 CP/M 514" PRICING

Osborne CP/M 514"

Otrona CP/M 514"

QD-Micropolis Mod ll/Vector Graphic

Sanyo 1000 CP/M 5<A"

Sirius Victor 514"

Software for 8086 Computers

Standard CP/M 8"

Superbrain 514"

Timex/Sinclair ZX81

TRS-80 Cassette Models I &. Ill

TRS-80 Diskette Models I 8< III

TRS-80 Model II CP/M

Televideo CP/M 514"

Vic 20

Wang CP/M 514"; 8"

Xerox 820 CP/M 5!4"

NEW ITEMS

Palantir Word Processor w/Mailout ... 450 Call For use with Apple II (64K) CPM.... 350 Call

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• 4 Switchable Emulations

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• Up to 19.2 baud

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GUARANTEE

• PROVEN PRODUCTS

• SYSTEM DESIGN HELP

■ BENCH TESTING AND CONFIGURING

• TECHNICAL SUPPORT STAFF

• SERVICE AFTER SALE:

(800) 854-7635 TECHNICAL SERVICE SUPPORT We will pay the freight — both ways — for repair on verified returns within 30 days of sale.

TERMS AND CONDITIONS

Prices change daily Call for current pricing and availability. Prices based on prepaid cash orders. We accept; cashiers checks, money orders, bank wires, or personal checks (10 days to order). C.O.D. — standard charges plus 2% handling for orders outside California. Mastercharge & Visa — 5% handling. California residents add state and local sales tax

V/SA

These prices prepared 3/83 Prices change daily — call for current pricing and shipping charges.

CALL TOLL FREE:

800-854-7635

IN CALIFORNIA CALL:

(619) 562-7571

AUTOMATED EQUIPMENT, INC.

8775 Olive Lane, Suites I & J • Sanfee, CA 92071

/ Epson x *° Giveaway y

Epson MX70/80 Cartridges

CCOO EACH

^■^^ ^^P Min 3 of same color

Reloads $2.50 each Min. 12 $30.00 a Doz. of Same Color

Cartridges and Reloads Available In Black, Red, Green, Blue, Brown

m |f m

B.T. Enterprises Dept. 15C 108 Carlough Rd. Bohemia. N.Y. 11716

= -. as, - -~ ^^

OirJct Toll Fi«e «—

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Prices

N YS Residents Adti lc B f Enterprises is a d

km i /. NVS OrrJers Call Wmm 516 567 8155

ufijeci lu Ciiange

» Add S2 00 Shipping i Handling vision ol Bi-Iech Enteipuses Inc

Circle 74 on Inquiry card.

ELIZA IS HERE!

AT LAST! A FULL IMPLEMENTATION ot the original ELIZA program is now available to run on your microcomputer!

Created at MIT in 1966. ELIZA has become the world's mosl celebrated artificial intelligence demonstration program. ELIZA is a non-direciive psychotherapist who analyzes each statemenl as you type it in and then responds with herown comment or question — and her remarks are often slarttingly eppropriate!

Designed lo run on a large mainframe, ELIZA has hitherto been unavailable to personal computer users except in greatly stripped down versions lacking the sophistication which made the original program so fascinating.

Now. our new microcomputer version possessing the FULL power and range of expression of the original is being offered at the introductory price of only $25. And if you want to find out how she does it (or teach her to do more) we will Include the complete Source Program for only $20 additional.

Order your copy of ELIZA loday and you'll never again wonder how to respond when you hear someone say "Okay, let's see what this computer of yours can actually do!"

ELIZA IS AVAILABLE IN THE FOLLOWING DISK FORMATS:

3. 5'/. inch lor 4BK Apple II with AppJesoll ROM and DOS 3.3 $25 for Protected File - add $20 lor Applesoft Source

A. S''i inch lor 64K IBM Personal Computer

$25 for Protected File - add $20 lor IBM Disk BASIC Source

5 5'.'. inch for Osuorne I Microcomputer

$25 tor Protected File • add $20 for Microsoft BASIC-BO Source

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE RESEARCH GROUP

921 NORTH LA JOLLA AVENUE ■MB LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 90046 i ™' | (213) 656-7368 (213) 654-2214 MC, VISA and CHECKS ACCEPTED

Circle 46 on Inquiry card.

5V4" Floppy Disk Drives

(Direct IBM® Plug-in)

TANDON Model TM 100-1 $189* ea. TANDON Model TM 100-2 $249* ea. 12" Green Phospher Zenith Monitor $109* ea.

IBM EXPANSION BOARDS

64K Memory $275* ea.

128K Memory $375* ea.

192K Memory $450* ea.

256K Memory $510* ea.

Floppy Controller $180* ea.

16K System BD Memory . $ 25* ea. MC / VISA or C.O.D. with certified check or money order. Arkansas residents add sales tax.

For information or orders, call

501-777-9859

G-H Computer Systems, Inc.

P.O. Box 871 • Hope, AR 71801

' Plus Shipping.

Circle 203 on Inquiry card.

Listing 1 continued:

E424

3AB0E5

LDA

RSFLAG

;NEED TO READ?

E4 27

B7

ORA

A

E428

C487E4

CNZ

READHST

;YES, IF 1

E42B

AF

XRA

A

;0 TO ACCUM

E4 2C

32A5E5

STA

HSTWRT

;NO PENDING WRITE

MATCH:

| COPY

DATA TO OR

FROM

BUFFER

E42F

3A9EE5

LDA

SEKSEC

;MASK BUFFER NUMBER

E432

E601

AN I

SECMSK

;LEAST SIGNIF BITS

E434

6F

MOV

L,A

;READY TO SHIFT

E435

2600

MVI

H,0

;DOUBLE COUNT

REPT

7

;SHIFT LEFT 7

DAD

H

EN DM

E437+29

DAD

H

E438+29

DAD

H

E439+29

DAD

H

E43A+29

DAD

H

E43B+29

DAD

H

E43C+29

DAD

H

E43D+29

DAD

H

;

HL HAS RELATIVE HOST

BUFFER ADDRESS

E43E

11B5E5

LXI

D,HSTBUF

E441

19

DAD

D

;HL = HOST ADDRESS

E442

EB

XCHG

;NOW IN DE

E443

2AB3E5

LHLD

DMAADR

!GET/PUT CP/M DATA

E446

0E80

MVI

C,128

;LENGTH OF MOVE

E448

3AB1E5

LDA

READOP

;WHICH WAY?

E44B

B7

ORA

A

E44C

C255E4

JNZ

RWMOVE

;SKIP IF READ

;

WRITE

OPERATION,

MARK

AND SWITCH DIRECTION

E44F

3E01

MVI

A,l

E451

32A5E5

STA

HSTWRT

;HSTWRT = 1

E454

EB

XCHG

;SOURCE/DEST SWAP

RWHOVE:

;C INITIALLY 128

DE

IS SOURCE, HL IS DEST

E455

1A

LDAX

D

[SOURCE CHARACTER

E456

13

INX

D

E457

77

MOV

M,A

;TO UKST

E458

23

INX

II

E459

OD

DCR

C

[LOOP 1211 TIME.';

E45A

C255E4

JNZ

RWMOVE

DATA HAS BEEN MOVED TO/FROM HOST BUFFER

E4 5D

3AB2E5

LDA

WRTYPK

;WRITE TYPE

E460

FE01

CPI

WRDIR

;TO DIRECTORY?

E462

3AAFE5

LDA

ERFLAG

;IN CASE OF ERRORS

E465

CO

RNZ

;NO FURTHER PROCESSING

!

CLEAR

HOST BUFFET

FOR

DIRECTORY WHITE

E466

B7

ORA

A

;ERRORS?

E467

CO

RNZ

;SKIP IF SO

E468

AF

XRA

A

;0 TO ACCUM

E469

32A5E5

STA

HSTWRT

[BUFFER WRITTEN

E46C

CD7FE4

CALL

WRITEIIST

E46F

3AAFE5

LDA

ERFLAG

E472

C9

RET

E47F 3E0A E481 CD8FE4

E484 C3ECE4

UTILITY SUBROUTINE FOR 16-BIT COMPARE

***********

SEKTRKCMP:

;HL =

.UNATRK OR .HSTTRK, COMPARE WITH SE

E473 EB

XCHG

E474 219CE5

LXI

H,SEKTRK

E477 1A

LDAX

D

;LOW BYTE COMPARE

E478 BE

CMP

M

;SAME?

E479 CO

RNZ

;RETURN IF NOT

LOW BYTES EQUAL, TEST

HIGH IS

E47A 13

INX

D

E47B 23

INX

H

E47C 1A

LDAX

D

E47D BE

CMP

M ;SETS

FLAGS

E47E C9

RET

** * 1 WRITER!

WRITEHST PERFORMS THE PHYSICAL WRITE TO THE HOST DISK, READHST READS THE PHYSICAL DISK.

************ A** *********** Hl.llll* ***********

T:

;HSTDSK = HOST DISK #, HSTTRK = HOST TRACK «,

;IISTSEC = HOST SECT I. WRITE "IISTK1Z" BYTES ; FROM HSTBUF AND RETURN ERROR FLAG IN ERFLAG.

,-RETURN ERFLAG NON-ZERO IF ERROR

MVI A.WRTCMD ;I,OAD WR I Tl

CALL COMCODE [SEND COMMAND TO CONT

OMMANI)

OLLEH

;THIS LOOP SENDS BUFFER TO CONTROLLER

JMP OUTLOOP ;SEND OUT THE BUFFER

[HSTDSK = HOST DISK #, HSTTRK = HOST TRACK », ;HSTSEC = HOST SECT #. READ "HSTSIZ" BYTES ;INTO HSTBUF AND RETURN ERROR FLAG IN ERFLAG.

Listing 1 continued on page 398

for a complete selection of microcomputer hardware, software and accessories.

Apple/Franklin

Hayes Smartmodem, Serial Card. Dow Jones Analyzer — or — Micromodem & Dow Jones Analyzer Reg. 779 NOW $619

ASHTONTATE DBase II $450

ASPEN SOFTWARE

Grammatik $ 60

Proofreader 42

CONDOR III DataBase . $455

CONTINENTAL SOFTWARE Home Accountant . . .$ 65

CHARLES MANN

Basic Teacher J 30

Teacher Plus 32

Medical II 879

CDEX

*Visicalc Training . . . .$ 45

DENVER SOFTWARE

• Easy (Exec. Atl'g) ... .$535 Financial Partner .... 188

Pascal Tutor 97

Pascal Programmer . . 220

DOW JONES

Market Analyzer ... .$279 Market Manager .... 240 Microscope 569

HOWARD SOFTWARE

Real Estate Analyzer. .$145 Tax Preparer'83 .... 175

KRELLCO. Logo $ 75

LINK SYSTEMS

Datafax SCall

Datalink 79

MICROPRO

Wordstar (Reg. CP/M) .SCall

Mailmerge 149

CalcStar 99

SpellStar 149

SuperSort 149

Word Pak (Special) ... 299

MICROSOFT

Basic Compiler $295

Cobol-80 550

Fortran-80 155

Time Manager 125

TASC Compiler 135

A.L.D.S 99

Multiplan(DOS) 215

OMEGA

Locksmith $ 79

Inspector 47

Watson 44

PEACHTREE

Peachpak40G/L + A/R + A/P (Special) . . .$359

Series 40

G/L.A/R. A/Pea. ... 225

Inventory 225

Series 9

Peachcalc 279

Telecommunications . 279

PENGUIN SOFTWARE

Complete Graphics ..$57 Graphics Magician ... 48

TERRAPIN Logo $135

VISICORP

Visicalc $185

Visischedule 219

MISC.

ISM Mathemagic . . . .$ 80

ISASpellguard 199

LJK Edit 6502 82

On Line Screen Writer II 95 PFS: Filing. Report

or Graph 112

ASHTONTATE

•D-Basell $450

SOFTWAREBANC

D-Base User's Guide

w/D-Base Purchase .$ 15 w/o D-Base Purchase . 20

COMPUVIEW

V-Edit 8080 Z80. IBM PC$ 130 V-Edit CP/M86. MS DOS 165

DIGITAL RESEARCH Pascal Mt + W/SP . . .$389

MAC 85

SID (8080 Debugger) . . 65

ZSID(Z80 Debugger) . . 90

CP/M 2.2-DD 170

C Basic 2 125

PL/1-80 439

FOX ANDGELLER

Quick Screen $ 125

Quick Code 222

D-Util 89

MARK OF UNICORN

•Final Word $245

MICROPRO

•WordStar SCall

•MailMerge 149

•CalcStar 99

•SpellStar 149

•SuperSort I 99

•InloStar 250

3-Pack 399

Wordstar/Mailmerge . . 340

MICROSOFT

Basic 80 $275

Basic Compiler 289

Fortran 80 345

Cobol 80 550

Macro 80 150

MuMath/MuSimp .... 199

Multiplan 215

OASIS

•The Word Plus $120

•Punctuation and Style . 99

PEACHTREE

•Peackpak 4 (G/L. A/R.

AP) (Special) $359

General Ledger Series 4 399 Accounts Receivable

Series 4 399

Accounts Payable

Series 4 399

Inventory Series 4 . . . 399

CPA Client Write-up . . 799

Series 8 Modules each 425

Peachtext 350

Pickles &Troul 170

PRO/TEM SOFTWARE

■Footnote $105

REVASCO Z80 Disassembler . . .$ 85

SORCIM

Supercalc $225

Trans 86 115

Act 155

STAR COMPUTER SYSTEM G/L. A/R. A/P or Pay . . $ 350

Legal Time, Billing . . . 845 Property Management . 845

SUPERSOFT

Diagnostic II $ 99

Disk Doctor 84

Fortran 4 (DOS/8086) . . 299

Basic-8086 225

Lisp 120

Z8000 Assembler .... 400 C Cross Assembler . . 400

•Scratchpad 219

'Please see CP/M listing lor products with a All programs with a will run on

PCDOS.

Peackpak 4 (GL-ARAP) $359 Graphic Software

"Chartman II" .... 345 Multiplan (Microsoft) . 199 lUSEasiWriterll .... 199

lUSEasiSpeller 129

IUS Accounting Module 399 Alpha DataBase

Manager 170

Alpha Mailing List ... 85

Woolf Move It 125

Sorcim Spellguard . . . 247

Lifetree Volkswriter . . 145

Ecosoft Microstat . . . 257

Northwest Statpak ... 397 Organic Software

Milestone 269

Datebook II 269

•Microstuf Crosstalk .. 139

Copy II Plus 34

SYSTEMS PLUS

Landlord (prop, mgmt.) $375

GAMES

Sir-Tech, InfoCom. Broderbund. Hayden. etc.

Accessories/ Hardware

BOARDS

APPLE/FRANKLIN

Coprocessors 88 card .$795

Softcard(Z80CP/M) . . 245 Applescope (your Apple

as an Oscilloscope) . 595

Videx 80 Col. Board . . 247

Microsoft Premium Pak 599

Videx Enhancer I .... 149

K&D Enhancer 115

ALSSmarterm 379

ALSZ-card 269

Versacard 160

Bit3DualComm-plus . 209

16K RAM WIZARD ... 79

Microsolt 16K RAM . . 89 Echo tl Speech

Synthesizer 159

East Side Software

Wildcard 110

IBM PC BYAD DS-1

(64K. Z80. CP/M) ... $ 599

Datamac64K 399

Zedex Baby Blue .... 495

Quadram Quad Board . 445

Quadram 128K Ram . . 495 AST Combo + 64K w/serial

& parallel port .... 350 Hercules Graphics

Board 555

Orchid Monochrome

Grahic Adptr 432

QuCeS Big Blue .... 499

Vista Maxicard64K . . 325

MISCELLANEOUS

Percom Doublerll . . .$167 Symtec Light Pen

(IBM PC) 140

Symtec Light Pen

(APII/III) 200

Microfazer BK Printer

Buffer 135

Maynard Floppy Drive Controller w/Par. Port

(IBMPC) 229

Prometheus (64K upgrade) Apple Surance .... 120 64K Upgrade 75

COMPUTERS Franklin/Televideo Nee/Xerox — Call for Price Information

MONITORS & TERMINALS

PGS RGB Color SCall

Amdek Video 300 .... 160 Amdek RGB Color ... 699 NEC 12" Hires Green . 159 Sanyo 12" Hires Green 199 USI Hi-RLS 12" Amber . 199 Zenith ZVM 12" Green . 115

MODEMS

Novation Apple-Cat II .$269 Novation 212 Auto Cat 585 Hayes Smartmodem . . 225 Hayes Smart Modem

1200 520

Micromodem II 319

Hayes Chronograph . . 189 US Robotics: Auto-Dial (Full

Auto300/1200) .... 439 Auto-Line (Auto

Answer300/1000) . . 399

PRINTERS

Epson FX-80 SCall

C ItohStarwriter .... 1450 C. ItohProwriter .... 485 Generic Prowriter . . . 425

NEC 3530 1850

NEC 3550 SCall

NEC8123A 489

OkidataMicroline82A . 460 OkidataMicroline83A . 685 Prism 80 (w/4 options)

color 1399

Prism 132 (w/4 options) 1547 Smith-Corona TP-1 ... 625

DISK DRIVES

Rana Elite I (AP II)

(Special) $299

Rana Elite II 420

Rana Elite III 550

Rana Controller (AP II) . 90

Micro Sci A35(AP II) . . 399

Tandon 100-2 260

CDC 1800 299

. . . and many more!

ORDER TOLL FREE - Outside Wl - 1-800-826-1589

• Wisconsin residents — add 5% for sales tax.

• Add $3.50 for shipping per software and small items. Call regarding others.

• Foreign — add 15% handling & shipping for small items & software.

• Prices subject to change without notice.

• All items subject to availability.

Oryx systems inc.

We welcome: • Visa, Mastercharge — (Add 4%)

• Checks (Allow 1*2 weeks for clearing)

• COD (Add $1.50 per shipment)

Working Hours: Mon-Th. 8:30 - 5:30 • Fri. 8:30-6:30 • Sat. 10:00-2:00 For technical information & in Wisconsin: 715-848-2322 Store prices differ from mail order. Intl. Telex — 260181 ORYX SYS WAU

•205 Scott St. • P.O. Box 1961 • Wausau, Wl 54401

$

Circle 344 on inquiry card.

BYTE May 1983 397

HH,TH Heath Users

Double Your hy" disk storage capacity without adding a drive.

Get twice as much from your H88 or H89 microcomputer. Our FDC-880H floppy disk controller, in conjunction with your 5'/," drives, for example, expands memory capacity from 256 bytes to 512 bytes per sector.

And it handles single and doublesided, single and double-density. 8" and 5V," drives — simultaneously.

Ol

CD.R. Systems Inc.

Controlled Data Recording Systems Inc.

7210 Clairraont Mesa Blvd., San Diego, CA 92111

(714) 560-1272

Circle 89 on Inquiry card.

Micro Frame

has new life

New Sources of S-100 Bus

Mainframes & Disk Enclosures

Power Regulation meeting previous standards

Ann Arbor Terminals

60 Lines Display

48 Programmable Keys

1,499 prepaid

CALL FOR PRICES MICRO MIDWEST

10205 W. 69 TERR.

MERRIAM, KS. 66203

913-362-3462

Circle 299 on inquiry card.

ft IfekMdeo USERS!

COGITATE Fast Dump/Restore System for TS 802H, 806.

• Backup files twice as fast as PIP.

• Double the storage, up to 700K/diskette, with multiple diskette capability $90.00

COGITATE Type Ahead With Print Screen

• Print key prints screen.

•64 character type ahead buffer $90.00

TurboDOS

•MULTIUSER $750.00

• SEMINARS $250.00

CP/M®is registered trademark ot Digital Research, Inc.

TurboDOS is a registered trademark ot Software 2000. Inc. PLUS OTHER GOOD TELEVIDEO STUFF!

COGITATE, Inc.

SPECIALISTS IN UNIQUE TELEVIDEO SOFTWARE

24000 Telegraph Road, South-field, Ml 48034 (313)352-2345

VISA/MASTER CARD Accepted

Circle 97 on Inquiry card.

Listing 1 continued:

E487 3E08 E489 CD8FE4

E48C C3FDE4

E48F 3295E5 E492 3A9FE5

E495+17 E496+17 E497+17 E498+17 E499+17 E49A E6E0 E49C 3296E5 E49F 2AA0E5

E4A2 +

E4A3 +

E4A4 +

E4A5 +

E4A6 +

E4A7

E4AA

E4AB

E4AC

E4AD

E4AE

E4AF

E4B2

E4B3

E4B6

E4B8

E4BB

E4BC

E4BF

E4C2

E4C5

E4C8

E4CB

29

29

29

29

29

3AA2E5

5F

AF

57

19

7D

3298E5

7C

3297E5

3E01

3299E5

AF

329AE5

2195E5

CDCCE4

CDDFE4

21B5E5

C9

E4CC CD11E5 E4CF CD26E5 E4D2 0606

E4D4 7E E4D5 D3A1 E4D7 23 E4D8 05 E4D9 C2D4E4 E4DC C326E5

E4DF AF

E4E0 0606

E4E2 2195E5

E4E5 77

E4E6 23

E4E7 0 5

E4E8 C2E5E4

E4EB C9

E4EC DBA0 E4EE E602 E4F0 CA2EE5 E4F3 7E E4F4 D3A1 E4F6 CD26E5 E4F9 23 E4FA C3ECE4

E4FD DBA0 E4FF E602 E501 CA2EE5 E504 DBA1 E506 77 E507 CD26E5 E50A 23 E50B C3FDE4

E50E D3A3 E510 C9

MVI

CALL

A,READCMD COMCODE

;GET READ COMMAND ;SEND COMMAND TO CONTROLLER

; ROUTINE READS DATA INTO BUFFER

JMP INLOOP ;READ THE DATA

;COMMON

STA

LDA

REPT

RAL

ENDM

RAL

RAL

RAL

RAL

RAL

AN I

STA

LHLD

REPT

DAD

ENDM

DAD

DAD

DAD

DAD

DAD

LDA

MOV

XRA

MOV

DAD

MOV

STA

MOV

STA

MVI

STA

XRA

STA

LXI

CALL

CALL

LXI

RET

CODE FOR READ AND WRITE TO CONTROLLER

CMDBYT0

HSTDSK

5

0E0H

CMDBYT1

HSTTRK

5

H

H

H

H

H

H

HSTSEC

E,A

A

D,A

D

A,L

CMDBYT3

A,H

CMDBYT2

A,01

CMDBYT4

A

CMDBYT5

H,CMDBYT0

SENDCMD

CLRCMD

H,HSTBUF

STORE COMMAND BYTE GET DISK NUMBER MOVE TO BIT POSITION

;

MASK OFF HI ADDRESS DATA SAVE IN COMMAND BLOCK GET TRACK NUMBER * 32 SECTOR/TRACK =# SECTORS

;SEND THE COMMAND BLOCK

CALL CALL MVI

MOV OUT INX DCR JNZ JMP

SELCT WAIT

B,6

A,M DATA H B

SENDCD WAIT

GET SECTOR # SET UP FOR ADD

ADD IN SECTOR NUMBER

SAVE IN COMMAND BLOCK

MSB OF ADDRESS

SAVE IN COMMAND BLOCK

LOAD SECTOR COUNT

DESELECT HALF STEP OPTION

SELECT HALF STEP OPTION

START OF COMMAND BLOCK

SEND COMMAND BLOCK TO CONTROLLER

CLEAR THE COMMAND BUFFER

POINT TO TRANSFER BUFFER

POINTED TO BY HL SELECT THE CONTROLLER WAIT FOR REQUEST COMMAND BYTE COUNT

GET COMMAND BYTE SEND IT TO CONTROLLER NEXT BYTE KEEP TRACK

;CLEAR COMMAND BLOCK

XRA MVI

LXI

MOV INX DCR JNZ

RET

A

B,6

H,CMDBYT0

M,A

H

B

CLRCMD1

WAIT FOR REQUEST

;LOAD ZERO

;BYTE COUNT

;POINT TO FIRST BYTE

CLEAR BYTE

SUB COUNT

;

(SEND OUT DATA UNTIL C/D BIT SIGNALS FINISH

IN

ANI

JZ

MOV

OUT

CALL

INX

JMP

CNTRL

CMDAT

CKERR

A,M

DATA

WAIT

U

OUTLOOP

READ STATUS CHECK C/D BIT DONE, CHECK FOR GET OUTPUT BYTE TO CONTROLLER REQUEST NEXT BYTE KEEP LOOPING

;READ DATA UNTIL C/D BIT SIGNALS FINISH

IN

ANI

JZ

IN

MOV

CALL

INX

JMP

CNTRL

CMDAT

CKERR

DATA

M,A

WAIT

H

INLOOP

READ STATUS CHECK C/D BIT CHECK FOR ERRORS READ BYTE TO MEMORY REQUEST NEXT LOCATION KEEP LOOPING

;RESET THE XEBEC DISK CONTROLLER

OUT RSTPT ;SEND ANYTHING TO THE RESET PORT

RET

; SELECT DISK 0 OF THE XEHF.C CONTROLLER

WILD HARE

MORE GREAT NEWS FOR DATA GENERAL USERS?

Speedy Hardware puts you out front. Our Enhancer Hardware series is designed to dramatically improve the overall response and throughput of your Data General systems. Designed to look like an incredibly fast disk drive to your operating system, it accesses its I MB of data in 2.5 microseconds and transfers it at 2 megabytes/second. Make ICOS (CS/COBOL). RDOS and INFOS streak with a 30-day trial run. AOS/Enhancer available soon!

Productive Software wins the race! In the race for productivity. Wild Hare gives you that extra edge by multiplying the capabilities of your Data General system. Wild Hare's TSS operating system enhancements give Data General NOVA and ECLIPSE users is the most from their system. TSS allows you to transform RDOS. ICOS (CS/COBOL) and INFOS into true multilingual, multi-user Time Sharing Systems.

This state-of-the-art system accommodates up to 26 users. Each user can independently edit, compile and execute programs using the language of his choice, like FORTRAN, ALGOL, BASIC, COBOL, Pascal, Assembler and more.

TSS combines RDOS, INFOS and ICOS compatibilities with AOS capabilities at a mere fraction of the cost. Try a 30day trial run and get an even greater run for your money.

Wild Hare wins the marathon. Wild Hare has a new hardware/software scheme. It allows you to take advantage of the latest hardware and software technology, yet lets you preserve your valuable Data General user software investment. Our new "Hare Brain Scheme" is on the starting line, so watch for the latest solutions from Wild Hare. Our good ideas keep multiplying.

wildlhare

COMPUTER SYSTEMS INC.

P.O. Box 3581 Boulder. CO 80307 303-494-0221 TWX:910-940-25 18 Circle 484 on Inquiry card.

NOVA®. ECLIPSE®and INFOS®.ire registered trademarks of Data General Corporation.

BYTE May 1983 399

Deluxe

COMSTAR F/T

PRINTER — $299.00

The Comstar is an excellent addition to any micro-computer system. (Interfaces are available (or Apple, VIC-20, Commodore-64, Pet, Atari 400 and 800, and Hewlett Packard) At only $299. the Comstar gives you print quality and features found only on printers costing twice as much. Compare these features.

• BIDIRECTIONAL PRINTING with a LOGIC SEEKING CARRIAGE CONTROL for higher through-put In actual text printing. 80 characters per second.

• PRINTING VERSATILITY: standard 96 ASCII character set plus block graphics and international scripts. An EPROM character generator Includes up to 224 characters.

• INTERFACE FLEXIBILITY: Centronics is standard. Options include EIA RS232C, 20mA Current Loop. (Add $20.00 for RS232)

• LONG LIFE PRINT HEAD:

character life expectancy.

100 million

• THREE SELECTABLE CHARACTER PITCHES: • 10, 12 or 16.5 characters per Inch. 132 columns maximum. Double-width font also Is standard for each character pitch.

• THREE SELECTABLE LINE SPACINQS: 6, 8 or 12 lines per inch.

• PROGRAMMABLE LINE FEED: programmable length from 1/144 to 255/144 inches.

• VERTICAL FORMAT CONTROL: programmable form length up to 127 lines, useful for short or over-sized preprinted forms.

• FRICTION AND TRACTOR FEED: will accept single sheet paper.

• 224 TOTAL CHARACTERS

• USES STANDARD SIZE PAPER

if you want more try —

Premium Quality

COMSTAR F/T SUPER-10"

PRINTER - $389.00

More Features Than MX-80 For $250 Less

For $389.00 you get all of the features of the Comstar plus 10" carriage, 100 cps, 9x9 dot matrix with double strike capability for 18 x 18 dotmatrlx. High resolution bit Image (120 x 144 dot matrix), underlining, backspacing, 2.3K buffer, left and right margin settings, true lower descenders, with super and subscripts, and prints standard, Italic, Block Graphics, special characters, plus 2K of user definable characters. For the ultimate In price performance the Comstar F/T Super 10" leads the packl

WE HAVE THE LOWEST PRICES

We sell to customers and you save the profit margin normally made by computer stores, department stores and distributors, we are willing to take a smaller margin to develop volume. WE LOVE OUR CUSTOMERS - OUR PRICES PROVE ITI

Double

Immediate Replacement

Warranty

We have doubled the normal 90 day warranty to 180 days. Therefore if your printer fails within "180 days" from the date of purchase you simply send your printer to us via United Parcel Service, prepaid. We will IMMEDIATELY send you a replacement printer at no charge via United Parcel Service, prepaid. This warranty, once again, proves that WE LOVE OUR CUSTOMERS!

15 DAY FREE TRIAL

OTHER OPTIONS

Extra Ribbons » 5.95

Roll Paper Holder 32.95

Roll Paper 4.95

5000 Labels 1995

1100 Sheets Fan Fold Paper 13.95

Add $20.00 shipping, handling and insurance. Illinois residents please add 6% tax. Add $40.00 for CANADA, PUERTO RICO, HAWAII, ALASKA orders. WE DO NOT EXPORT TO OTHER COUNTRIES. Enclose cashiers check, money order or personal check. Allow 14 days for delivery, 2 to 7 days for phone orders, 1 day express mail available!! Canada orders must be in U.S. dollars.

ENTERPRIZES <™<™ryd,rEct)

BOX 550, HARRINGTON. ILLINOIS S0010 Prion* 312/382-5244 to order

COMSTAR F/T

(ftBCDEF^BM I JKLMNDFDR'BTUVWXYZ £».fcif=cJ«s--F'=»|-i±

1 mn opctr&tuvMKyz: 1 2 3-^l-5 £> "7" B ^ O

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWKYZabcde+ghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz1234567890

SUPER-10" ABCDEFGH I JKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

ABCDEF6HIJKLMN0PQR8TUVWXYZ 1234S67B90

l<

400 BYTE May 1983

Circle 379 on Inquiry card.

VIC-20

COMPUTER AND SOFTWARE

(a real computer at the price of a toy) |

s134.

00

(when you buy 6 programs)

You get the Commodore VIC-20 computer for only $134.00 when you buy 6 tape programs on sale lor only $59.00. These 6 programs list for $100.00 to $132.00. You can choose one of three packs: 6 games pack, 6 home finance pack, or 6 small business pack. The VIC-20 computer includes a full size 66 key typewriter professional keyboard, color command keys, upper/lower case, full screen editor, 16K level II microsoft basic, color, sound and music, real time, floating point decimal, easy to read self teaching instruction book, connects to any TV, includes console case.

33K COMMODORE VIC $199.00 with 2% tim«t mora power

You get the VIC-20 computer plus we expand the total memory to 33,000 bytes to give you 2'A times more programming power.

41K COMMODORE VIC $249.00 with 4 tint** mora power

49K COMMODORE VIC $299.00 with 6 timet more power

49K COMMODORE VIC PROFESSIONAL WORDPROCESSOR $299.

You get the powerful VIC-20 computer with expanded memory - plus we add The Quick Brown Fox professional wordprocessor This combination gives you a 49K professional wordprocessor. (80 column formatting and mailmerge $100 extra).

TRACTION FRICTION PRINTER $299.00

Comstar F/T deluxe line printer, prints 8'Ax11 full size, single sheet, roll or fan fold paper, labels etc. 40, 66, 80. 132 columns. Impact dot matrix, bi- directional, 80 CPS.

60K MEMORY EXPANDER $79.00

Sixslot — Switch selectable — Reset.button — Ribbon cable. A must to get the most out of your VIC-20 computer.

VOICE SYNTHESIZER $79.00

Makes your VIC-20 talk, VOTRAX based plus features found only in $295 versions.

SALE

IC

OMMODORE

64

(more power than Apple II at half the price)

s300

00

FREE

PROFESSIONAL

SOFTWARE

I ^VIC20 So£!°uNTtLR^

TOP 10 ARCADE GAMES

VIC-20 TAPE PROGRAM SALEM

Rank Nemo

Sale

1 Super Paratrooper (Fantastic)

J1995

2 Exterminator-Plus

119.95

{Belter than Cenhpede)

3. Cricket (Betler than Frogger)

J19 95

4 Snackman (Beller than Packman)

115.95

5 Galactic Crossfire (you in the middle)

J16.95

6 Ann Matter Splatter (Nuclear Disaster)

J1995

7 Bug Blast (Creepy)

S1695

8 Bombs Away (Great)

11595

9 3D Maze Escape

S14.95

10 Kra.-y Kong

114.95

BUY ANY FOUR - 0E0UCT 10% MORE

VIC-20 PROGRAMMING AIDS

Sala

• Introduction to Lasic programming

$22 95

(manual and (apes)

• Advanced basic programming

2295

(manual and tapes)

• Programmers reference manual

1595

(288 pages — you must have this!)

• Programmers easy reference card

395

daDies liSIS drawings)

• VIC 20 Revealed

11.95

1267 pages ol VIC secrets)

• 6502 Machine Language Assembler

2495

• 16K Programming cartridge

79.00

(gives J00% more programming power —

gel $24 95 16K adveniure game tree1)

Commodore 64 Computer

PROFESSIONAL SOFTWARE

Nama

word processing pack complete Data Base pack

(includes Mailmerge) Electronic spreadsheet pack

(like visicaic) Accounting pack

(personal & business) Programmers Helper Programming Reference guide Basic Tulor Typing Tutor

80 column BOARD

I 80 characters per line on the screen at one lime. I eludes word processing pack (list $89.00). complete I I data base pack (list $89.00). Electronic spreadsheet! I pack (list $89 001 ALL FOR ONLY $275.

We have over 300 Programs lor the Commodore 64 Computer

WE LOVE OUR CUSTOMERS

(when you buy the Commodore-64 Computer for $595.00)

You get the extra powerful Commodore-64 computer (64,000 bytes RAM plus 20,000 bytes ROM). Full size 66 key typewriter keyboard, 320 x 200 high resolution graphics, text is 40 columns by 25 lines, 1000 displayable characlers, 8 moveable sprites, programmable synthesizer (4 wave forms, full ASDR). In addition fo these features we give you FREE PROFESSIONAL SOFTWARE VALUED OVER $300.00.

PROFESSIONAL WOROPROCESSINQ PACKAGE

This wordprocessor is specially designed tor the Commodore-64 utilizing the latest techniques. Allows powerful text editing capabilities without long hours of orientation or training. Complete cursor and insert/delete key controls are used. Block movement and/or duplication, line insertion and/or deletion, automatic centering, margin settings, tab settings, copy, disk or tape handling, and all printer types. Up to 99 continuous pages of text can be output to the printer. List $89.00.

COMPLETE DATABASE PACKAGE

A user friendly data base system that makes information easy to find and store. You can add, change, delete, and search for data. Print the information on a printer in any format desired. When combined with the word processor pack you have a powerful merge program that allows custom documents and personalized mailing lists. List $89.00.

COMPLETE ACCOUNTING PACKAGE (Horn* or Small Buiinets)

This general ledger program is perfect for small business as well as home. It utilizes a double entry bookkeeping system. You only need enter one transaction and the computer will handle the other. All accounts are user defineable and will build for 1 year, resulting in a file of all transactions by account number, month and year to date. Each month a current month's transactions can be viewed at any time (99 accounts 187 entries per month). With this accounting program you will be able to monitor your financial growth as well as your expenses. List $59.00.

COMMODORE-64 PROGRAMMERS REFERENCE GUIDE

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BYTE May 1983 401

Using IBM's Marvelous Keyboard

It's simple to change IBM's keyboard to the Dvorak layout or use the keyboard with other computers and software.

David B. Glasco

Murray Sargent III

Optical Sciences Center

University of Arizona

Tucson, AZ 85721

Perhaps the most stunning feature of IBM's Personal Computer is its beautiful streamlined keyboard. Slim, solid, artistic, and versatile, it defines a new standard in keyboard design. Where did its unique layout come from, and is it superior to others? Can you obtain just the keyboard itself, and how can it be used with other computers? In this article, we'll study the IBM keyboard from the inside out to answer those questions. You'll see how to take full advantage of its power, and we'll show IBM Personal Computer owners a simple way to redefine the keyboard using the operating system. This will allow you to switch to the more efficient Dvorak keyboard layout, or to create your own layout that better suits special needs, such as entry of foreign-language and mathematical text.

Solidly built and with excellent tac

Acknowledgments

We thank Mike Aronson, Curtis Feigel, Rick Shoemaker, and Mark Tiddens for helpful suggestions.

About the Authors

Murray Sargent III is a professor of optical sciences at the University of Arizona and an author of textbooks on laser physics and microcomputer interfacing. David B. Glasco, a microcomputer owner, is a senior at Canyon Del Oro High School.

tile feel, the futuristic IBM Personal Computer keyboard can rest on a flat surface or be inclined and is detached from the main case of the Personal Computer so you can move it around to suit your mood. The choice of characters includes the English letters, Arabic digits, complete ASCII (American National Standard Code for Information Interchange) punctuation characters, 10 specialfunction keys (labeled Fl to F10), three shift keys (Ctrl, shift, and Alt), two shiftlock keys (Caps Lock and Num Lock), and 15 "cursor/ numeric keypad" keys. One badly needed key that isn't provided is a key labeled "Help." What might be accomplished by typing a Help key depends on software, but user-friendly systems should support such a key. Because the IBM Personal Computer lacks this key, the use of Fl as the Help key is becoming standard procedure in a lot of software.

The Layout

A fair amount of controversy exists concerning IBM's placement of some keys—specifically the shift, backslash, carriage-return, and delete keys. The latter two are often thought to be a bit farther from standard positions than desired, considering the high use they are likely to get. The location of the backslash (between the left shift key and the Z key) is

heavily lamented in the U.S.A. because touch-typists are used to finding one large shift key that starts in the backslash position. A point partially justifying IBM's choice is that it's symmetric. On standard keyboards, e.g., the IBM Selectric typewriter, the forward slash occupies the position between the right shift key and the period, so why not have the backslash intervene between the Z and the left shift key? Furthermore, the right little finger has to move the same distance to reach its shift key as the left little finger does to reach its on the IBM Personal Computer keyboard.

The design follows the German DIN (Deutsche Industrie Norm) standards, for which extensive ergonomic studies were made to determine the most comfortable way for people to type. The backslash (or some other) character is often found between the left shift key and the Z on European keyboards, so Europeans feel this is quite natural. At any rate, after a few hours of experience, the backslash no longer presents a problem for a touch-typist (and it never did for anyone else; if this placement really bothers you, the programs provided here show how to change the keys to any order you desire). In addition, the standards specify labeling the backspace, tab, shift, and carriagereturn keys with various arrows,

402 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

which is a bit confusing at first and presents typographical problems when one writes about these keys. Curiously enough, the IBM Personal Computer is only just now being marketed in Europe, despite the support of special foreign-language characters on the display screen.

Of Keyboards and Codes

IBM sells just the keyboard itself for $279. But, as with other components of the Persona] Computer, the keyboard has been "cloned" by other manufacturers; it is available from Key Tronic, of Spokane, Washington, for $212, so you have more than one source for this kind of keyboard.

The Key Tronic version of the IBM Personal Computer keyboard has the same layout and comes with a variety of encoding options. One, called "IBM Personal Computer plugcompatible," works fine with the IBM Personal Computer. This particular model has small red indicators that light up when the Caps Lock or Num Lock functions have been activated. The keys have a very different feel from the IBM keys. As you press one of the Key Tronic keys, it offers almost no initial resistance, then when contact is made, it offers substantial resistance, thus giving a nice tactile feedback. If desired, you can continue to push down against this increased resistance until the bottom of travel is reached. With some practice, this keyboard requires less effort to type on than the IBM keyboard. In addition, it is less expensive and substantially quieter (you can type away while on the telephone without offending the other party). On the other hand, the keyboard doesn't feel or look as solidly built as the IBM version and lacks the IBM's convenient ledge that is useful for storing pencils and for supporting dust covers. Having used both fairly extensively, we prefer the IBM version somewhat but feel the Key Tronic is better than virtually any other keyboard we've used (and the people at Key Tronic would probably be willing to add a Help key).

One super feature of the IBM keyboard (and the Key Tronic clone) is

that you can cause any key combination to create any code you want. To understand how this is done, let's examine the key-encoding scheme. The keyboard contains an Intel 8048 single-chip microcomputer that constantly scans all the keys. It sends out a serial pattern of bits (called the make code) when a key makes contact, and a similar pattern (the same pattern but with the high-order bit set, called the break code) when the

Like other components

of the PC the

keyboard has been

"cloned" by other

manufacturers.

contact is broken. If the contact is present for more than Vi second, the keyboard sends out the make code repetitively 10 times a second.

Each key is treated identically by the keyboard; any key could represent a shift key, a number, or a special function. And, because the duration of the depression of a key is reported precisely, you can use the keyboard for playing music and simulating simple joysticks, in addition to the usual typewriter applications. Meanwhile, the main computer doesn't have to waste time monitoring and "debouncing" the keyboard—that's all done by the dedicated 8048 microcomputer. The penalty one pays for this completely general flexibility is that the main computer does have to translate the make and break codes into standard ASCII, but that seems a minor price to pay.

The Joy of Software

Because of the great flexibility of the keyboard, you're really limited only by software—specifically, by the operating system. In this connection, perhaps the most significant improvement of PC-DOS over the 8-bit versions of CP/M is run-time extensibility. You can run a program that defines or redefines some capability in the system and leave it resident until the system is reloaded. Furthermore, when PC-DOS is reloaded, it

automatically executes programs named in the AUTOEXEC.BAT file, so that you can bring up a substantially modified operating system with very little effort.

One example of run-time extension is the program in listing 1; it can redefine the keyboard to your specifications. The incoming make code or break code may be translated into any other make code or break code, so that any key can be made to play the role of any other. Then, if neither the Ctrl nor the Alt key is pressed, control is transferred to an appropriate point in the ROM BIOS (read-only memory basic input/output system) to finish the processing, translate the key's code into ASCII, or perform the function specified by the key.

If the Ctrl key is pressed, a couple of special values are checked to give meaning to Ctrl-uparrow and Ctrldownarrow combinations. For these cases, the jump into the ROM BIOS occurs after all ROM translation and just before the final bit pattern is stored in the keyboard buffer. If the Alt key is pressed, a second table lookup translates the code into any desired 8-bit value and jumps to the ROM BIOS to store the new code in the keyboard buffer. (It is easy to convert our Z80 translator in listing 2 to run on the IBM and bypass the ROM BIOS routine altogether; however, it requires somewhat more memory, so we prefer this hybrid version.)

For the sake of demonstration, the program is initialized to set up the infamous backslash key as a shift key and the cursor pad's minus key as the backslash key. In practice, we've decided we really prefer to leave these keys alone so that they do what they are labeled to do. When running the program, you can switch to a Dvorak key layout by typing a Ctrl-enter combination. (This layout was proposed by Dr. A. Dvorak and his associates after carrying out extensive research on the relative use and sequences of letters. In particular, they placed the keys A, O, E, U, I, and D, H, T, N, S under the left-hand and right-hand standard positions, respectively. Because these characters Text continued on page 408

May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 403

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May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 407

Text continued from page 403: occur more than 75 percent of the time in English text, this arrangement contributes to very efficient typing.) Entering a Ctrl-Esc combination returns you to the initial mode, so you can switch back and forth at any time. See figures la and lb for a comparison of these two keyboard layouts.

You can also assign alternate values for a number of keys. For example, the alternates for A, O, and U

(la)

are A, 0, and 0. Similar translations are made for Spanish and French characters. The choices are dependent on values stored in the program, and so require a little work to change, but the program does show how to modify the keyboard output. In our technical word-processing system, we assign alternates that correspond to the characters on the IBM Selectric symbol type ball. Along with a screen character-generator change, this

allows you to edit mathematical text on screen. The program takes over the keyboard interrupt (number 17) accessed by PC DOS. Hence all standard software receives character codes set up by the routine (this method is very powerful). See the references for detailed information on these techniques.

Encoding

With this overview in mind, let's

0000000

00Q0QQQQ00DD 000E000

\

z

X c

M

•

00

00

(lb)

DD

0

OOO0QE00000OOnOOOD DD D DDD0D0HD0QDDuDDD DD

'.

0

J

K

X

B

M

W

V

z

Figure 1: Comparison of the standard layout (la) and the Dvorak layout (lb) on the IBM Personal Computer.

59 60

2 3 4 5 6

DD

61 62

0 000000000" "

27

n 0 ,!

73

H

63 64

D

30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

41

U0D

77

BH

42

43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53

54

55 79 80

81

78

6" 68

56

57

58

82 83

Figure 2: Make codes, expressed in decimal. When a key contact is made, the keyboard transmits the corresponding code serially as an 8-bit binary number. The same code, but with the high bit set to 1, is sent when a contact is broken.

408 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

now consider the encoding scheme in detail. Figure 2 shows the decimal values of each key's make code. The corresponding code when the key closure is broken (break code) is the same code plus 128. In binary, this corresponds to setting the high-order bit of a byte to 1.

Internally the keyboard generates this bit stream using the Intel 8048 as diagrammed in figure 3a. Five output bits from the 8048 cause a data

distributor circuit to pull one of 23 normally high lines to a low level. A particular key connects one of these lines to one of four interrogation lines that run to a data-selector circuit read by the 8048. The 8048 scans the keyboard-switch array by continually checking the four lines one at a time to see if any are low. When it finds a closure, it waits a few milliseconds (ms) to let the contacts stop bouncing. The 8048 then stores the make

code in a buffer for transmission to the remote computer.

Similarly, if the 8048 notices that a key closure is broken, it stores the break code. The codes are sent out serially as described above. The 8048 also automatically repeats any key that remains down for longer than Vi second. The circuit in figure 3a includes a clock output line used by the IBM Personal Computer interface, reproduced in figure 3b, and an input

(3a)

/

,r

<A /^

V

c/'

y

i

23 LINES

/

y\ W

y

j'

4- LINE

DATA SELECTOR

I MULTIPLEXER )

+ 5V _J

5-LINE-IN, 23-LINE-OUT DATA

DISTRIBUTOR (DECODER)

DB6 P21

DB5

DB4 P22

DB3

DB2 RTS

8048 DB1 DB0

n

N>0 r~P-^ KBD

\s^l_L^ CLOCK OUT

_T\0__[~p\ KBD

l/^ I SERIAL OUT

-°<3—<n^

FROM 'COMPUTER

I-5V

■—•—<^~4~] KBD GND 1—<fj~1 KBD +SV

(3b)

+ 5V A

IRQ1

74LS125

H>

J7

Figure 3: Interface circuitry used by IBM. Figure 3a is a partial diagram of the

transmission circuitry used by IBM in its -„-.,

•* a FROM

keyboard, as shown on page D-12 of the keyboard IBM Personal Computer Technical Reference Manual. The Personal Computer's keyboard input-port interface, from page D-10 of the manual, is shown in figure 3b.

74LS322

DO 0E

si _pj

DS CLR

S/P CLK<

G QH'

OH-OA

CLR Q 7474 D

Q CLK< PR

+ 5V

KBD CLK [T^>KBD DATA |~2~^>

PORT 60H

PA0-PA7

)

r^h1

PB7

7404

8255 PI0

c

PB6

H5V

• 4.7K

74LS125

rh

i>

•4.7K

KBD RESET <T] 1

KBD GND <3 • -t

T +?

KBD +5V <^5~| i 1

Q CLK<

CLR

74LS175 Q D

CLK< CLR

RESET DRV

<3

May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 409

VOLTAGE OUTPUT

START BITS

"0

t>l &2 b3

"4

"5

>>6 »>7

1 1

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

TIME (ms)

Figure 4: Diagram of the serial bit stream generated by the IBM PC keyboard when a key is pressed. The graph shows the voltage output (pin 2) versus time, starting when the C key (code 46 decimal, or 00101110 binary) is pressed. The voltage levels are TTLcompatible. In the absence of transmission, the keyboard sends a 0-V level. Two +5-V (high) "start bits" define the start of a character. Eight bits follow, each lasting 0.1 ms, except for the last, which is slightly shorter.

DATA FROM KEYBOARD [^>

1489

16 X 10100 Hz £>SYSTEM RESET O

UART

C/5 RXC RD

RES CS

RXRDY

D0-D7

}IU MICROPROCESSOR DATA BUS

-a

^Z3

-O IR(3'

Figure 5: Interface circuit for using the IBM keyboard with another computer. The 1489-type inverting buffer changes the signal levels from the keyboard for use with the UART, which then changes the serial data to parallel format.

reset line. (The reset line is toggled by the restart routines of the IBM Personal Computer, but it's not necessary. The Key Tronic keyboard does require toggling of this line to function. The effect is that you can disconnect your IBM keyboard and reconnect it with no problem, but you have to perform a power-on restart before expecting the Key Tronic keyboard to continue after unplugging it.)

You can unscrew the covers of either keyboard to examine the circuits inside. This is necessary to exercise the many options available inside the Key Tronic but, as far as the IBM goes, will only satisfy your curiosity about how the IBM looks—there's nothing to change. The Key Tronic options allow interchanging the codes of certain keys and other features. We prefer to implement most of these options in software rather than by modifying jumpers inside the enclosure.

Figure 4 represents how the IBM keyboard transmits a code serially. When no code is being sent, the output remains low (0 volts). To indicate the start of a code, the keyboard output line goes high for 0.2 ms. The 8-bit pattern then follows at 0.1 ms per bit, low-order bit first.

This serial encoding is similar to that used on standard serial terminals. For these, an LSI (large-scale integration) circuit called a UART (universal asynchronous receiver/ transmitter) is typically used to translate between the parallel and serial formats. One difference, however, is that the UART output stays high in the absence of character transmission—the opposite of the IBM Personal Computer keyboard. Also, UARTs start a character with a low signal for one bit period, whereas the IBM keyboard uses two high bit periods. But the IBM keyboard does send low-order bits first, followed by a parity bit.

Interfacing to Other Hardware

Fortunately, you can easily take care of these differences. Although IBM did not choose to do so, the serial output of the keyboard can be read using a UART, provided you invert the signal. The keyboard's output is, in fact, very close to the EIA's (Electronic Industries Association) RS-232C voltage convention; effectively, the voltage polarity of the bit stream is inverted by this convention: a 1 is represented by a signal in the range of —3 V to —15 V, while a 0 falls between +3 V and +15 V. This convention is so common that standard integrated circuits (ICs) are manufactured to convert UART levels to the RS-232C standard.

The 1489-type quad line receiver yields a high for any signal less than about 0.8 V, and a low for any signal greater than about 1.7 V. To use the IBM keyboard with an RS-232C serial port, simply use the connection shown in figure 5. The data-transfer rate is usually 10,100 bps (bits per second, slightly less than 0.1 ms per bit period) because the break bit is a little shorter than 0.1 ms in duration. Except for the breaks, 9600 bps would work fine.

The next problem is that the "start bit" from the IBM keyboard is 2 bit periods long (hence you must disregard what the UART perceives as the low-order bit). Meanwhile, 8 significant bits follow, but the UART accepts only as many as 8 bits plus a parity bit, so we've developed the program in listing 3. It ignores the low-order bit, shifts all the more significant bits down one place, and replaces the high-order bit with the parity bit. (You can run this program and use a standard IBM serial port with the data rate set to 10,100 bps, but be very careful not to plug the output of the keyboard directly into an RS-232C line, or you'll destroy the output driver.) This method can also be used for the Key Tronic keyboard, which uses a data rate of 30,000 bps.

Other methods of reading the serial stream come to mind. You can copy the circuit used in the IBM Personal Computer itself, since it's published in the IBM Personal Computer Technical Reference Manual on page

410 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

D-10. This manual is a must for working with the keyboard because it gives the internal schematic of the keyboard. Figure 3b shows this circuitry but includes only those lines and integrated circuits that pertain to keyboard functions. (One advantage to using a UART is that it can communicate directly on a computer system's bus and requires no intervening parallel-port hardware.)

Very quickly, the operation of the circuit is as follows: The KBD CLK clock line from the keyboard is delayed two system clock periods and inverted by the pair of 74LS175 latches. This new signal is used to shift the KBD DATA bits into the

The bit stream is quite simple and can be decoded directly.

Listing 3: UART decode program.

title

rs232

decoder

. z80

.radix

16

STATUS

equ

1

;Status port of UART

DATA

equ

0

;Data port of UART

CI:

in

a,(STATUS) ;Get status of UART

Id

b,a

;Put status byte into b

and

2

;Is a character waiting

jr

z,CI

;Wait if no character

Id

a,37

out

( STATUS )

,a ;clear status port

in

a, (DATA)

';Get character

or

a

DP

e,EVEN

;Go if even parity in a

bit

3,b

/Check for a parity error

jr

nz,CONT

;Go if no error

jr

STC

;Go if error

EVEN:

bit

3,b

;Check for parity error

jr

Z,CONT

;Go if no error

STC:

scf

;Set carry

CONT:

rra cpl

;Rotate carry into high bit of .■Complement a

character

push

af

,-Save character

Id

e, 37

out

(STATUS)

,a ;Clear status

pop

af

;Get character back

ret

end

74LS322 serial-parallel shift register. When 8 bits have been shifted in, the 74LS322 carry is latched to provide an interrupt on the IRQl line. This calls IBM's INT 9 interrupt handler to read the character through the 8255 parallel input/output (I/O) circuit and to clear the interrupt. No data rate needs to be specified because the data is shifted in synchronously with the KBD CLK generated by the keyboard 8048 microprocessor.

Because the bit stream is quite simple, it can also be decoded directly using a single input line of a parallel port. To do this successfully, the computer must begin reading immediately after the start bit is sent. To avoid wasting time waiting for start bits, the rising edge of the start bit should be used to interrupt the computer. This interrupt should have the highest priority of all interrupts and require that the other interrupts be disabled for the 1 ms required for decoding the bit stream. (Such an interrupt-driven scheme is not undesirable; keyboards are substantially more powerful when interrupt driven, as described in references 1 and 2. In particular, you don't lose

Listing 4: Parallel-bit decode subroutine.

equ

,-Port being used

WAIT:

in

a,(DATA)

;Input from port

bit

2,a

;Is input bit high

jr

Z,WAIT

;Wait if not high

di

;Disable interrupts. If interrupt

Id

b,38

; driven, this is already done

STALL:

djnz

STALL

;Stall through two start bits

Id

C,6

Id

b,8

/Number of bits

GETIT:

in

a,(DATA)

;Input bit

rra

;Rotate into carry

rra

;Use one rra for input bit zero

rra

;Two for input bit one, etc.

rr

c

call

DELAY

;Stall until next bit is ready

djnz

GETIT

;Continue until all 8 bits received

Id

a,c

;Put character into a

ret

DELAY:

Id

a,8

/Delay, Id a with 8 for 4 MHZ clock

DELAYO:

dec

a

jr

nz,DELAYO

ei

ret

end

May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 411

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(6a)

( KYBRD J

GET NEXT CODE

TRANSLATE CODE TO LOWERCASE ASCII AND SPECIAL

MS THE CODeI

| ALT OR CTRL |

I OR SHIFT

RESET ■•—•■BIT

( RETURN J

YES

SHIFT \ YES

YES

c

CONVERT TO UPPERCASE

fURN J

Figure 6: Flowchart of complete keyboard-encoder program shown in listing 2.

characters when you type faster than a program can process, and you can stop a program gone haywire to examine things with a machine-language monitor.) The IBM Personal Computer itself has several hardware interrupts, including the one for the keyboard, and is all the more powerful because of them. A program to

decode the serial stream is shown in listing 4.

Interfacing to Other Software

To perform truly useful functions, you must translate the complete set of make codes and break codes into the standard ASCII codes and useful extensions. Our translation scheme

(6b)

f OTHER J

(6c)

( SPEC J

/ SHIFT

V NO

[YES

t-ES

,'

[no

A ■ " ~ "

/ >5AH

rES

r

>v p ,

Tno

SET A5

TRANSLATE UPPERCASE

TO

J

1

',

©

NO/

CTRL ^ . p ^

[YES

SET A6

,'

C=0FE

works the same way as the IBM Personal Computer's for the ASCII subset but differs with respect to the special-function keys and the Alt key. The incompatibilities can be removed easily. Our algorithm is more powerful, simpler to understand and implement than IBM's, and one third as long. In any event, it illustrates how one can go about translations in general. IBM's program is published for the Intel 8086 microprocessor in the technical reference manual star

ting on page A-24.

Figure 6 shows the flowchart for a keyboard translator written for the Z80 microprocessor using the Microsoft M80 assembler. (The program itself is given in listing 2.) The 128 standard ASCII codes are returned in the accumulator (the A register) with values given in table 1. If the Alt key is pressed when one of these codes is deciphered, bit 7 of the accumulator is set to 1. This immediately produces an alternate set of codes that round

out the 256 possibilities available with 8 bits. We often make the alternate set correspond to a second daisy wheel for printing mathematical documents. The alternate set plays the role of the IBM Selectric symbol ball, but other uses abound.

These 256 standard-key codes are returned in register A with a value of 0 in register C. The codes returned by the special-function and cursor-pad keys are also returned in A but with register C equal to hexadecimal OFF.

May 19B3 © BYTE Publications Inc 413

hexadecimal decimal

hexadecimal decimal

hexadecimal decimal

hexadecimal decimal

"@ 0 0

space 20 32

@ 40 64

v 60 96

"A 1 1

! 21 33

A 41 65

a 61 97

"B 2 2

22 34

B 42 66

b 62 98

"C 3 3

# 23 35

C 43 67

c 63 99

"D 4 4

$ 24 36

D 44 68

d 64 100

"E 5 5

% 25 37

E 45 69

e 65 101

*F 6 6

& 26 38

F 46 70

f 66 102

"G 7 7

27 39

G 47 71

g 67 103

"H 8 8

( 28 40

H 48 72

h 68 104

"I 9 9

) 29 41

I 49 73

i 69 105

"J OA 10

2A 42

J 4A 74

j 6A 106

"K OB 11

+ 2B 43

K 4B 75

k 6B 107

"L OC 12

2C 44

L 4C 76

I 6C 108

"M OD 13

2D 45

M 4D 77

m 6D 109

"N OE 14

2E 46

N 4E 78

n 6E 110

"0 OF 15

/ 2F 47

0 4F 79

o 6F 111

"P 10 16

0 30 48 ■

P 50 80

p 70 112

'Q 11 17

1 31 49

Q 51 81

q 71 113

"R 12 18

2 32 50

R 52 82

r 72 114

"S 13 19

3 33 51

S 53 83

s 73 115

"T 14 20

4 34 52

T 54 84

t 74 116

"U 15 21

5 35 53

U 55 85

u 75 117

"V 16 22

6 36 54

V 56 86

v 76 118

"W 17 23

7 37 55

W 57 87

w 77 119

"X 18 24

8 38 56

X 58 88

x 78 120

"Y 19 25

9 39 57

Y 59 89

y 79 121

"Z 1A 26

: 3A 58

Z 5A 90

2 7A 122

"[ 1B 27

; 3B 59

[ 5B 91

{ 7B 123

"\ 1C 28

< 3C 60

\ 5C 92

| 7C 124

"] 1D 29

3D 61

] 5D 93

} 7D 125

1E 30

> 3E 62

5E 94

7E 126

*_ 1F 31

? 3F 63

_ 5F 95

Del 7F 127

Table 1: The ASCII table of character codes. The program in listing 2 returns these codes in the Z80 accumulator (A) and returns a

value of 0 in the C register, indicating a code from the regular keyboard. The symbol " " indicates the Ctrl key has been pressed

while another key was pressed. Capital letters are returned when a shift key is pressed. The same codes with bit 7 set to 1 are

returned if the Alt key is pressed as well. See table 2 for codes returned from the special-function keys and the cursor/numeric

keypad.

Their values are given in table 2. As for the codes in table 1, if the Alt key is depressed, bit 7 of the code is set to 1. The shift and Ctrl keys set bit 5 and bit 6, respectively. This somewhat strange (relative to ASCII) choice was made so that the codes correspond to their names. For example, the numeric keypad's numeral keys should return their ASCII codes when the shift key is depressed, in contrast to their counterparts on the typewriter portion of the keyboard, which return the ASCII codes while unshifted.

The special-function keys Fl through F10 correspond to codes 1 through hexadecimal 0A (decimal 10), and the numerals 0 through 9 correspond to codes hexadecimal 10 through 19, allowing you to

remember them easily. The backspace, tab, and carriage-return (enter) keys give the values 8, 9, and D, respectively; but, unlike their counterparts Ctrl-H, Ctrl-I, and CtrlM, the value hexadecimal 0FE is returned in the C register. This allows you to distinguish between the control characters, the function keys, and these special keys—a very useful feature for word-processing systems. Because any combination of Ctrl, shift, and Alt keys are returned along with the special keys, many combinations are available for word processing and other applications. In particular, the software used by the IBM Personal Computer doesn't return anything for Ctrl-uparrow. This is too bad because text editors typically use Ctrl-leftarrow to mean move

back a word and Ctrl-rightarrow to mean move forward a word, and similarly, you'd like Ctrl-uparrow to mean move up a few lines, and Ctrldownarrow to mean move down a few lines. In this connection, it's interesting to note that touch-typists typically find the regular control characters easier to use for cursor motion than cursor-pad or specialfunction keys because the regular keys can be touch-typed without departing from the usual typing position. For example, this article was written using the super Pmate context/screen editor, which fully supports both the regular control characters and all IBM's special keys. However, we seldom use the special keys because they require looking at the keyboard.

414 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Shift

Ctrl

Alt

Key

Value

value

value

value

00

20

40

80

F1

01

21

41

81

F2

02

22

42

82

F3

03

23

43

83

F4

04

24

44

84

F5

05

25

45

85

F6

06

26

46

86

F7

07

27

47

87

F8

08

28

48

88

F9

09

29

49

89

F10

0A

2A

4A

8A

+

OB

2B

4B

8B

Scroll Lock

OC

2C

4C

8C

OD

2D

4D

8D

OE

2E

4E

8E

*

OF

2F

4F

8F

0

10

30

50

90

1

11

31

51

91

2

12

32

52

92

3

13

33

53

93

4

14

34

54

94

5

15

35

55

95

6

16

36

56

96

7

17

37

57

97

8

18

38

58

98

9

19

39

59

99

1A

3A

5A

9A

1B

3B

5B

9B

1C

3C

5C

9C

1D

3D

5D

9D

1E

3E

5E

9E

BS

08

28

48

88

TAB

09

29

49

89

CR

OD

2D

4D

8D

Table 2: Hexadecimal key values returned in register A for special-f

unction and cur

sor/numeric keys with no shift keys pressed, or one alone. Additional combinations

can be made by pressing two or three

shift keys

simultaneously, e

g., shift-Ctrl-Fl

yields 61. Shift sets bit 5, Ctrl sets bit 6, and Alt

sets bit 7. Register C returns with

hexadecimal OFF for all combinations

except BS,

TAB, and CR, for

which C equals

hexadecimal OFE (so as not to be identical to F8,

F9, and -). BS .

itands for back

arrow, and CR stands for carriage return. Note that codes returned in A for keys like

the regular keyboc

rd keys (e.g., the s

hifted digit

; 0 through 9) are

the same as the

ASCII values. The

value in register C

allows the user to differentiate between these

codes.

Finishing Up

We've described the aesthetic and practical features of the IBM Personal Computer keyboard, showing how the keyboard both looks and acts like the leader in the field. We've shown how you can tailor the keyboard input driver to suit your needs, including an implementation of the Dvorak keyboard layout. The keyboard plays a significant role in making the IBM Personal Computer such a pleasure to use. With the simple interfacing described in this article, you can increase the pleasure of using other computers. ■

References

Sargent, M., Ill, and R. L. Shoemaker. The IBM Personal Computer from the Inside Out. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1983. This book contains a program that turns the IBM PC keyboard into a piano keyboard, with the shift keys shifting up an octave and the Alt and Caps Lock Keys shifting down an octave.

For further discussion, see M. Sargent III and R. L. Shoemaker, Interfacing Microcomputers to the Real World. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1981.

The IBM Personal Computer Technical Reference Manual, available wherever IBM Personal Computers are sold.

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Strongly Typed Languages

Ada, Pascal, and other new languages let you define your own data types

In recent years, new programming languages have introduced the concept of strongly typed data—a novel idea for persons experienced in the earlier, weakly typed languages such as FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC, and PL/I. This article explains the reasons behind the strongly typed concept and how it can be used to the programmer's advantage.

Background

All high-level programming languages define a set of basic data types, such as INTEGER or REAL, and operations appropriate for those types. A data type and the set of legal operations for that type have come to be known as a data abstraction. Abstraction is not used here in the sense of complex or difficult; it merely means the essential feature of a datum, such as the fact that it is an integer quantity. This is an .extremely useful concept because it lets programmers concentrate on the problem at hand, rather than on the details of its solution.

First-generation languages such as FORTRAN, COBOL, and PL/I support useful and powerful data ab

About the Author

Earl E. McCoy is a professor at Central Connecticut State College in New Britain. He teaches courses in computer science and management-information systems.

Earl E. McCoy

71 Cedar Hill Rd.

Newtown, CT 06470

stractions. In FORTRAN-77, for example, a character-string operation, say concatenation, cannot be legally applied to data of type REAL. If this were attempted, the compiler would indicate an error.

Many problems, however, can snare the unwary programmer. For example, the FORTRAN data abstractions for REAL and INTEGER types are ambiguous: they use the same symbols for most operations. Both types, for example, use the slash symbol (/) for division, but its meaning differs in each case. This results in the common error of 1 divided by 2 returning 0 when 0.5 was expected. An experienced programmer is aware of the problems resulting from poorly defined data abstractions and avoids them.

The problem with data abstraction in first-generation languages, however, goes even deeper. First-generation data types are too abstract. It is possible, for example, to add INTEGER variables, even though they represent different classes of objects, such as apples and oranges. Because the language does not recognize such concrete data types, it cannot warn the programmer when they are incor

rectly combined. In listing 1, for example, a FORTRAN compiler cannot prevent the addition and assignment operations because it is not "apples" and "oranges" being summed, but rather integer values for which addition and assignment are legally defined. Note that in this values problem, FORTRAN would allow the identifiers to assume negative values, even though such values might be meaningless. Programmers are expected to recognize and avoid such illogical operations. The result is usually a longer and more tedious debugging phase than would otherwise be necessary.

A Solution

Problems such as these have led to the extension of the data-abstraction concept into a more powerful form in a new generation of strongly typed languages of which Pascal and Ada are representative examples. Developed as a teaching tool, Pascal is widely available and is used at most universities as the language of choice among computer science faculty and students. Ada, an extension and generalization of Pascal, was sponsored by the Department of Defense and is expected to attain wide use in both civilian and military applications. Ada is more strongly typed than Pascal; some examples discussed in this article apply only to Ada.

418 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Listing 1: Defining an integer identifier in FORTRAN.

INTEGER apples, oranges, pears

pears = apples + oranges

Listing 2: Ada allows a programmer to define new data types derived from builtin types.

TYPE apples IS NEW INTEGER RANGE

0..1000; TYPE oranges IS NEW INTEGER RANGE

0..1000;

redapples, greenapples, totalapples :

apples; florida, California : oranges;

totalapples := redapples + greenapples;

--legal florida : = redapples + California; --illegal

Listing 3: This Ada subprogram defines a data type for digital images and specifies valid operations for the new type.

TYPE size IS NEW INTEGER RANGE

0..255; TYPE pixel IS NEW INTEGER RANGE

0..63; TYPE picture IS ARRAY (size, size) OF

pixel;

framel, frame2, frame3 : picture;

PROCEDURE contrast (a : IN picture, b : OUT picture);

END contrast;

PROCEDURE edgedetect (a : IN picture, b OUT picture);

END edgedetect;

PROCEDURE brighten (a : IN picture, b OUT picture);

END brighten;

A strongly typed language like Ada helps programmers avoid contextual logic errors by allowing them to define their own data types. The Ada program shown in listing 2, for example, uses the TYPE statement to define two new data types, "apples" and "oranges," which may have integer values ranging from 0 to 1000. Because both types are instances of the predefined type INTEGER, they inherit all the operations allowable for integers. Thus, all identifiers of the type "apples" may be added among themselves; so too may all identifiers of type "oranges." However, identifiers of type "apples" and type "oranges" may not be added together because they are of a different type. Identifiers of differing types may not be operated upon, even though they may be of the same underlying primitive type, as in this case. Thus, the data-abstraction concept provides a mechanism for enforcing logical correctness upon a program.

For this enforcement policy, a penalty must be paid in processing overhead. For instance, subrange values must be checked during program execution, which slows down the program somewhat. However, if the subrange check guarantees correct operation of the program, it's probably worth the price. Moreover, most type checking can be done at compile time, which exacts a small penalty for the benefit returned.

Programmers may avoid the overhead penalty. For example, in listing 2, a programmer could have avoided the subrange checking by not specifying a range in the TYPE statement. To eliminate the compile-time type check, the programmer could omit the TYPE statements entirely and simply declare the identifiers as integers, as is done in FORTRAN.

More Data Abstractions

In addition to inheriting operations from primitive data types, userdefined types can also specify new operations. This allows a programmer to define a data abstraction in the full sense of the term.

In an image-processing program, a programmer might want to opera

Listing 4: Ada's enumerated types make for more readable programs.

TYPE automobile IS (ford, chevy, buick,

datsun); TYPE emissions IS (clean, dirty); cars : ARRAY (automobile, emissions) OF

INTEGER air : emissions;

cars(ford, clean) := cars(ford, clean) + 1;

tionally limit contrast enhance, edge detect, and brighten digitally encoded "pictures." In Ada, this may be accomplished by first defining a type "picture" in terms of more primitive types as shown in listing 3. Specifically, a picture datum is defined as a 256 by 256 array of picture elements (pixels), each having 64 possible gray levels.

The type "picture" does not inherit any of the operations valid for an array because it is defined (implicitly) as a private type (a special feature of Ada). Instead, the programmer defines the operations valid for picture data via the subprogram units shown in listing 3.

The advantage of user-defined data types is that they enable the computer to ensure that procedures process only data of the correct type. For example, defining a data structure as in listing 3 enables the computer to ensure that only pictures with the proper size, picture elements, and valid shades of gray are passed to the picture-processing procedures. Weakly typed languages can offer such protection only for predefined primitive data types.

New Primitive Data Types

Complementing the usual predefined primitive data types, such as INTEGER, CHARACTER, and REAL, Pascal and Ada have a new data type, called scalar in Pascal and enumerated in Ada.

Enumerated types make for more readable programs. Identifiers of this type may assume only those values listed by the programmer (see listing 4). The enumerated values may be

420 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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strings of alphabetic characters but are not to be confused with character strings. In listing 4, the identifier "air" could be assigned a value by executing the following statement:

air

clean;

If that identifier were of type character string, the assignment statement would have to read:

air := "clean";

Enumerated types can also be used as array subscripts, which can lead to very readable programs because arrays can be indexed by names of objects rather than as integers, as in FORTRAN or COBOL. In addition, enumerated data can be used in CASE statements to make very readable multibranch tests.

In sum, the full-blown data-abstraction mechanisms of modern languages enable a computer to check the logical consistency of a program, which is all to the programmer's benefit. A programmer may choose to ignore this feature out of laziness or to avoid extra overhead. But once learned, this concept is easy and can help to produce error-free programs and ease maintenance of existing programs. ■

References

Cherry, George W. Pascal Programming Structures, Reston, VA: Reston Publishing Co., 1980.

Findlay, W., and D. A. Watt. Pascal: An Introduction to Methodical Programming. Rockville, MD: Computer Science Press, 1978.

Grogono, Peter, Programming in Pascal, revised edition. Reading, MA: AddisonWesley Publishing Co., 1980. Holt, R. C, and J. N. P. Hume. Programming Standard Pascal. Reston, VA: Reston Publishing Co., 1980. Jensen, K., and N. Wirth, Pascal User Manual and Report, 2nd edition. New York: Springer Verlag, 1974. Preliminary Ada Reference Manual, and Rational for the Design of the Ada Programming Language. ACM SIGPLAN Notices. Parts A and B, volume 14, number 6, June 1979. Wegner, Peter. Programming with Ada: An Introduction by Means of Graduated Examples. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: PrenticeHall, 1980.

Welsh, J., and J. Elder. Introduction to Pascal. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: PrenticeHall, 1979.

422 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Software Review

Solarsoft

A Design Package for Solar Buildings

Winslow H. Fuller

Equinox Inc.

The Granite Block

Peterborough, NH 03458

Designing efficient passive solar residences and small office buildings is a complicated process. Although the basic principles of passive solar design are simple, their successful execution requires a thorough understanding of their physics and practical application. The four programs in the Solarsoft package enable the experienced architect/engineer or owner/builder to fine-tune the design of any passive solar building. The following is a review of the four programs.

Sunpas

Sunpas is an interactive program that can quickly estimate the auxiliary (or backup) heating requirement and solar contribution ("percent solar") of a passive solar building. The program uses monthly correlations developed at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL) in Albuquerque, New Mexico. This Solar Load Ratio method has become the standard estimation technique in the solar industry and is described in detail in the Passive Solar Design Handbook, vol. 2. (DOE/CS-0127/2), available from NTIS (National Technical Information Service), 5285 Port Royal Rd., Springfield, Virginia 22161.

The method uses the Solar Load Ratio (SLR) as the main parameter for estimating building performance. The SLR is the ratio of solar gains absorbed by a building in a given period of time (usually a month) to the heat lost during the same period. From this, the program cal

About the Author

Winslow H. Fuller is a licensed professional engineer and a principal in the architectural and engineering firm of Equinox Inc. in Peterborough, New Hampshire. He has analyzed hundreds of passive solar buildings for Equinox and for several state and national design competitions.

culates the Solar Savings Fraction (SSF), which yields the auxiliary heating requirement. The SSF is the building's "solar savings" divided by its "net reference thermal load." For most buildings, the net reference thermal load is the load on an equivalent building without the passive system, and thus the SSF is in fact the percent that the solar system contributes toward the heating of the building.

Sunpas is menu driven. A setup menu specifies the required input data, including building heat loss, internal heat gains, shading, and location information.

The "climate responsive takeoff" menu asks the user to define each building surface as to type (solar or nonsolar), area (width and height), and overall u-factor (heat-loss coefficient). If a surface is solar, the user must specify its azimuth and tilt, solar absorption, night insulation R-value (resistance, or measurement of the tendency of a material to retard the flow of heat), two key fixed shading overhang parameters, and one of five user-defined monthly shading patterns.

The "ground responsive" heat-loss menu allows the designer to specify heat loss with reference to a constant temperature source such as the earth—a nice feature. Although the heat-loss value may not be entirely accurate, it gives a good approximation of basement heat loss when the ground temperature is accurately estimated.

The "infiltration and perimeter" menu asks only for the total building volume and the average air infiltration rate in air changes per hour (AC/hr). The AC/hr value is important because it is generally a large part of the total heat loss. Average uninsulated houses have values approaching 1.0 AC/hr, while superinsulated houses are near 0.2 AC/hr. If there is a slab instead of a basement or crawl space, the perimeter heat loss can be defined in this menu section by the length of the exposed perimeter and a single heat-loss coefficient.

426 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE May 1983 427

At a Glance

Name

Sunpas, Sunop, Tswing, and Solgain

Type

Monthly SLR correlation method and economic analysis of passive solar buildings

Manufacturer

Solarsoft Inc. POB 124

Snowmass, CO 81654 |303J 927-44 I 1

Price

S700 for all four programs together, S395 for Sunpas and Sunop only; S395 for Tswing and Solgain only

Format

5'/i-inch floppy disk

Language

Applesoft BASIC

Computer Needed

Apple II Plus with 48K bytes and two disk drives with an optional 80-column printer

Documentation

160 pages, in 3-nng binder (includes 1 I complete examples)

Audience

Architectfengineers and owner/builders involved in design of passive solar buildings

M I

L L I 12

28 18 16 14

0

N

B

T U

18

O

o

6 4 2

60NDJFMAMJ M 0 N T H

Figure 1: Sunpas can produce a bar chart of the monthly auxiliary heating load and solar saving fraction.

The "internal gains" menu allows the user to specify the average daily level of internal heat gains from people, lights, and appliances. These gains partially reduce the heating Joad. The menu also asks for the average thermostat setpoint. This is the setting, weighted hourly, of the thermostat. For instance, a 68°F day and 60°F night set

ting would yield an average of about 65 °F. This value has a pronounced effect on the total heating load of a building and should therefore be selected with care.

Before running the analysis, the user must ensure that the disk contains monthly average climatic data for the building site. The data includes the latitude and altitude of the site, the monthly average ambient temperatures and daily swing (needed to calculate monthly average degree-days for any base temperature), and the average daily solar radiation. (This information is available for some 200 cities in the U.S. and Canada in the DOE handbook previously mentioned. The data disk of examples supplied with the software has approximately 15 cities on it.)

You run the program from the analysis set of menus. During the calculation phase, the program periodically delivers messages of its status so that the user is not left in the dark. The calculations usually take less than a minute, although the execution time may be longer if a large number of passive systems are present. The results can be printed directly and saved on disk as well.

The analysis menu lists three printing options for the computed results: the "complete print," which gives detailed information for each passive system specified; a "partial print," which repeats all important input data and all total building results (table 1); and "final results," which gives only the monthly SSF and auxiliary heating values.

I find that the "partial print" option is the best, because it repeats the input values and gives a nice breakdown of heat-loss sources and a summary of the monthly solar radiation absorbed. The final monthly results lists the net backup fuel requirement, the yearly total auxiliary use, and solar saving fraction. The complete printout gives the same information, but with the solar radiation data listed for each system.

A Sunpas graphics routine, available from the general graphics menu, produces a bar chart of the monthly auxiliary heating load, with the solar contribution highlighted. Title labeling requires user-supplied graphics text-editing software. Figure 1 shows what is possible.

Sunop

Sunop accepts input from the Sunpas program and either calculates life-cycle costs of the passive solar system or determines the optimal mix of energy conservation and passive solar features for particular design and system cost regimes. Additionally, Sunop can graph a variety of parameters for presentation. Economic variables and analysis menus are used to set up and run the program.

The economic-variables menu allows the user to enter or edit default economic values, including financial period, down payment fraction, mortgage term, annual loan interest rate, discount rate, inflation rate, fuel inflation rate, taxes, maintenance and insurance costs, and fixed and variable system costs. The analysis follows the method found in the Passive Solar Design Handbook (see chapter H and appendix E of that publication for defini

428 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

NEW! 3y4" MICRO CP/M® SYSTEM

'^'

fVrh.il Filer *•— 4-—

The Mkir©=One is a professional computer that takes advantage of the CP/M® 2.2 Operating System to give the user access to thousands of business programs. Its excellent hardware capabilities are matched only by its outstanding software package valued alone at more then $1600.

All these features, coupled with its remarkable size of 2.75"x8"xl2" and light weight of only 5 lbs., makes it an offer hard to beat.

Optional Features

• Additional disk drives

• 6MHZZ80B® CPU operation

• Additional serial port

• Additional modem port

• Additional software

• CRT Terminal (available soon)

• Hard disk drive (available soon)

"One Hardware Features

• 4MHZZ80A® CPU

• 64K bytes RAM memory

• 500K bytes 3W' disk drive

• Two RS-232 serial ports

• Centronics parallel printer port

• Hard disk interface port

DgtfOOne Software Features

• CP/M® 2.2 DOS

• Perfect Writer™ word processor program

• Perfect Speller™ spelling chekcer program

• Perfect Calc™ spread sheet program

• Perfect Filer™ information filing program

EMS

Educational Microcomputer Systems P.O. Box 16115 • Irvine, CA 92713 • (714) 553-0133

Circle 184 on inquiry card.

CP/M Registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc. Z80 is a trademark of Zilog, Inc.

Perfect Writer, Perfect Speller, Perfect Calc, Perfect Filer are trademarks of Perfect Software, Inc.

HEAT LOSS

BREAKDOWN

CLIMATE RESPONSIVE

HEAT LOSS

(INCL. GLASS) ■■ 712

BTU/HR-F

HEAT LOSS

(NO GLASS)

= 549 BTU/HR-F

SURFACE

BTU/HR-F

■/. WITH GLASS

/. WITHOUT GLASS

S WALL

17.2

2.4

3. 1

TROMBE

57. 6

8. 1

0. 0

WINDOW

134. 4

18. 9

0.0

WINDOW

56. 0

7.9

0. 0

W WALL

19. 1

2. 7

o- - 5

DOOR

2.9

0. 4

0.5

E WALL

17.9

2.5

3. 3

WINDOW

20.2

2.S

0. 0

WINDOW

8. 4

1.2

0. 0

N WALL

21 .3

3.0

3.9

DOOR

2.9

0. 4

0.5

WINDOW

6. 7

0. 9

1 . 2

WINDOW

13.4

1 .9

2.4

GABLES

17.6

2.5

3. 2

S ROOF

54. 7

7. 7

1 0. 0

N ROOF

86.0

12. 1

15.7

Table 1: A

typ

ical partial prin

report from S

unpas.

Net Present Value vs. the Area of Glazing

*8ee

188 368 548 728 980 GLAZING AREA (SQ. FT.)

Figure 2: Graphic output of one of Sunop's life-cycle cost runs.

tion of terms and method of economic analysis). To perform the optimization routine, a builder's cost file must be created. In it, a user specifies different levels of insulation and their costs for each building component (wall, ceiling, etc.). From this information, Sunop can determine whether it is more cost-effective to add insulation or passive solar area.

Sunop will output results either in table or graph form. Figure 2 shows probably the most useful presentation for

life-cycle results. It is a plot of the net present value (discounted savings at current dollars) of a particular passive solar system versus the area of the passive system. For the building in this example, Sunop shows the optimal size of a passive solar system, given the economic assumptions in this program run. Another useful option is a printed table of annual cash flows for a particular system.

Tswing

Tswing is a thermal network analysis program that calculates the temperature at different locations throughout a passive solar building on an hourly basis. These locations are known as nodal points, A heating and cooling thermostat can be associated with any node (a maximum of two). Engineers will recognize this technique of network or nodal analysis as a generalized method for solving transient heat flow problems by the implicit finite difference technique. (In fact, this program is general enough to solve many nonsolar heat transfer problems.)

A thermal network consists of a system of interconnected nodes (figure 3). The user must specify the capacitance (ability to store heat) of each node and the conductance (rate of heat transfer between nodes) of each interconnection. In addition, the user must define heat gains from external sources such as sunlight, lights, and appliances. Tswing is able to calculate the hourly temperatures of each node for up to 14 days and plot any node over a 24-hour period. Graphic overlays are also possible.

Tswing is an ideal program for fine-tuning the thermal storage mass in passive buildings. In particular, it allows the designer to check for living space overheating and potential freezing problems in unheated areas such as sunspaces.

Tswing Submenus

Tswing contains five submenus that help the user to input data and run the program. From the main menu, the user can describe the building either node by node or zone by zone. Most novices choose the zone menu because it prompts the user for specific values and then automatically creates the matrix for the analysis. The experienced user usually selects the node-by-node menu because it is quicker. The user must define, in addition to building-related data, the weather data through the weather menu. Finally, the run menu is used to set up and perform the actual hour-by-hour analysis.

The zone menu is divided into three sections. The zone section prompts for such data as number of zones, floor area, thermal capacitance, exposed-wall area, volume, and heat-transfer coefficients. The mass section prompts for the number of nonwater thermal mass units and the number of their layers and amount of surface area, as well as the heat-transfer coefficient between them and the house air. The water section asks for the number of water mass units and their diameter and height, as well as various heat-transfer details.

The node menu requires that the user enter data via the submenus of capacitances, conductances, and constant

430 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

The Rixon PC212A... The Perfect Modem For Your IBM8 PC ...Only s495

The Rixon® PC212A offers you the only 300/1200 BPS full duplex card""' modem with auto dial and auto answer that plugs directly into any of I the IBM PC® * card slots. Because the Rixon PC212A was designed ™ specifically for the IBM PC, it is loaded with user benefits.

The PC212A eliminates the need for an asynchronous communications adapter card and external modem cable, this alone saves you approximately $190. The PC212A provides an extra 25 pin EI A RS232 interface connector, a telephone jack for alternate voice operation, and a telephone jack for connection to the dial network. Without question, the PC212A is the most user friendly, most reliable, and best performing modem for your ,

IBM PC. An internal microprocessor allows total control, operation, and optioning of the PC212A from the keyboard. A user friendly HELP list of all interactive commands is stored in modem memory for instant screen display. Just a few of the internal features are auto/manual dialing from the keyboard, auto dial the next number if the first number is busy and instant redial once or until answered. In the event of power disruption a battery back-up protects all memory in the PC212A. In addition, the PC212A is compatible with all of the communication programs written for the Hayes Smartmodem™**such as CROSSTALK.™+Also available for use with the PC212A is the

Rixon PC COM I,™ * a communications software program (Diskette) and instruction manual to enhance the capabilities of the PC212A and the IBM PC. PC COM I operates with or replaces the need for the IBM Asynchronous Communications Support Program. The program is very user friendly and provides single key stroke control of auto log on to multiple database services (such as The SourceSM&), as well as log to printer, log to file transfer and flow control (automatic inband or manual control). PC COM I is only $59.00 if purchased at the same time as the PC212A. The PC212A comes with a 2 year warranty. For more information contact your nearest computer store or Rixon direct at 800-368-2773 and ask for Jon Wilson at Ext. 472. ■■« | %/ ^*% H. ■

HlXUIv inc.

2120 Industrial Pky., Silver Spring, Md. 20904 301-622-2121 TWX 710-825-0071 TLX 89-8347

The Rixon PC212A Card Modem

Another Modem Good Enough To Be Called RIXON

Circle 395 on Inquiry card.

* IBM is a registered trademark of the International Business Machine Corp.

** Hayes Smartmodem is a product of the Hayes Stack ™ series, a registered trademark of Hayes Microcomputer Products Inc.

+ CROSSTALK is a trademark of Microstuf Inc.

# PC COM I is a trademark of Rixon Inc.

& The Source is a servicemark of Source Telecomputing Corp.

RIXON INC. 1983 3043

ROCKBED WITH FON EXAMPLE

Figure 3: Tswing describes a building as a thermal network of heat conductances and capacitances.

0 6 12 18

TIME OF DfW (HOUR)

Figure 4: Tswing enables a user to test the effect of various parameters such as airflow rate on a solar design.

loss. Next, the user defines other important parameters that describe the operation of the building through the following submenus: movable night insulation, internal heat gains, thermostat setpoint, and solar distribution patterns.

A nice feature of Tswing is that as many as five different solar distribution patterns can be defined and then varied in the run sequences. Thus one pattern may consist of radiation for a south-facing window with an overhang, another for a south-facing window without an overhang, another for a 30-degree skylight, another for an east-facing window, etc.

The weather menu requires the user to define the ambient temperatures and solar radiation for as many as fourteen days. In the solar radiation section, the user is able to enter hourly radiation values from sunrise to sunset for each of five different surfaces. These surfaces

a message to our subscribers

From time to time we make the BYTE subscriber list available to other companies who wish to send our subscribers material about their products. We take great care to screen these companies, choosing only those who are reputable, and whose products, services, or information we feel would be of interest to you. Direct mail is an efficient medium for presenting the latest personal computer goods and services to our subscribers.

Many BYTE subscribers appreciate this controlled use of our mailing list, and look forward to finding information of interest to them in the mail. Used are our subscribers' names and addresses only (no other information we may have is ever given).

While we believe the distribution of this information is of benefit to our subscribers, we firmly respect the wishes of any subscriber who does not want to receive such promotional literature. Should you wish to restrict the use of your name, simply send your request to the following address.

BYTE Publications Inc

Attn: Circulation Department

70 Main St

Peterborough NH

03458

432 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

17—Tl 7Jf«»*>

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Valid for new members only. (Orders outside U.S. or Canada must be prepaid in International Money Orders in U.S. dollars. Canada must remit in U.S. dollars.) This order subject to acceptance by The Computer Book Club*. BY-583

Circle 435 on inquiry card.

BYTE May 1983 433

6 8 10 12 14 16 IS 20 CLEAR DAY SOLAR HOURLY GRAPH

Figure 5: Solgain computes the heat gained by a building as a result of the sun's rays passing through its windows.

must correspond to the five different solar distribution patterns mentioned above. Actually, a user needs to enter only the total daily radiation and the number of sunlight hours. Tswing will compute the values automatically in a sine-wave pattern with the peak at noon. The hourly ambient temperatures are entered in a similar fashion. The same sine-wave auto-entry feature can be used here as well. The user needs to enter only the average temperature and the daily temperature swing.

Before the actual simulation can start, the user must first define the initial temperatures of each node (default values are 65 °F), the number of days in the simulation, and the specific display format on either the screen or the printer. The selection of the number and type of days is very crucial. For instance, the user can define a clear, cold day and a cloudy, cold day, etc. Then by simply changing the order or number of days, the user can quickly "see" the building's performance in all possible weather scenarios.

At this point, the user is ready to begin the simulation. The best way to do this is to print the results first (selected nodal hourly temperatures and net backup heat

ing and/or cooling load) and then rerun selected parts of the simulation for graphic presentation. An unfortunate limitation of the software is that only one day can be graphed. It is possible, however, to overlay different simulations (as in a parametric study) on one graph (figure 4). This is an excellent feature to have when you are presenting different options of a design to a client for review.

Solgain

Solgain calculates the clear-day solar gains on the twenty-first of each month. It calculates, from the horizontal and overhang size, incident and transmitted radiation through single- or double-glazed windows, with varying shading coefficients, orientation, and tilt. Solgain menus prompt for some 16 input parameters. These include the window's latitude, angle from the horizontal, azimuth, shading coefficient, heat-transfer factor, dimensions, and fixed and adjustable overhang details and dimensions.

Solgain displays results either graphically or in table form. A nice feature is its ability to plot hourly solar gains (figure 5). The user has the choice of selecting any two of the following solar radiation components: incident, incident (shaded), transmitted, or transmitted (shaded).

Conclusion

The Solarsoft package is a tour de force for quantifying passive solar building performance. The Sunpas, Sunop, Tswing, and Solgain programs are the state of the art in microcomputer estimation techniques. Our architectural and engineering firm regularly uses the Sunpas and Tswing programs to analyze and fine-tune the passive solar buildings we design and are consulted about. They are a quick and inexpensive alternative to mainframe simulation methods. ■

WHY YOU SHOULD MAKE A CORPORATE CONTRIBUTION TO THE AD COUNCIL

The Advertising Council is the biggest advertiser in the world. Last year, with the cooperation of all media, the Council placed almost six hundred million dollars of public service advertising. Yet its total operating expense budget was only $1,147,000 which makes its advertising programs one of America's greatest bargains... for every $1 cash outlay the Council is generating over $600 of advertising.

U.S. business and associated groups contributed the dollars the Ad Council needs to create and manage this remarkable program. Advertisers, advertising agencies, and the media contributed the space and time.

Your company can play a role. If you believe in supporting public service efforts to help meet the challenges which face our nation today, then your company can do as many hundreds of

others—large and small—have done. You can make a tax-deductible contribution to the Advertising Council.

At the very least you can, quite easily, find out more about how the Council works and what it does. Simply write to: Robert P. Keim, President, the Advertising Council, Inc., 825 Third Avenue, New York, New York 10022.

Cornell

fjpVil A Public Service of This Magazine GxnCII & The Advertising Council.

The cost of preparation of this advertisement was paid for by the American Business Press, the association of specialized business publications. This space was donated by this magazine.

434 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Heart

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Datamasler

Small Systems from IBM.

In business, it's often the little things that count. And you can count on IBM for a lot of them.

That is, we make a wide range of low-cost, easy-to-use small computers to help businesses of all types and sizes solve big problems.

Like inventory control, for instance. IBM small systems can tell you what's what with your widgets: How many you have on hand. How many you need to fill existing orders. Where to ship and when.

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service, we're at your service. With small systems that help your sales force match orders to inventory, figure a price and guarantee a delivery date. (All of which helps guarantee a sale.)

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Personal Computer

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System/38

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We have the right small system for the righ job. And an IBM professional to recommend the one best for you

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As your business grows, so can your IBM system with more storage capacity, work stations, printers and communication lines.

IBM Small Systems come with a special feature. IBM.

IBM small systems come with a lot of excellent features. But the best feature of all is that they come from IBM. Which means you can get IBM education, service and support.

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Circle 222 on Inquiry card.

The Ins and Outs of the TRS-80

Color Computer

Find out how the Color Computer interfaces with the outside world.

Colin J. Stearman

143 Ash St.

Hopkinton, MA 01748

My TRS-80 Color Computer was not home long before I was searching through back issues of BYTE to find out what was known about the internal workings of the unit. My interest aroused by a few excellent articles (see references 1 and 2), I was soon "peeking" and "poking" around inside my new purchase to find out more.

This article should further whet your appetite for exploration by giving you details on how the Color Computer interfaces with the outside world. I have also included some other tidbits of information to help you on your way to a better understanding of the internal workings.

The Peripheral Interface Adapter

The MC6809E microprocessor interfaces with the outside world (and some other internal devices) through a PIA (peripheral interface adapter) integrated circuit (IC), numbered MC6821 by Motorola. The MC6821 pin configuration is shown in figure 1.

The purpose of the PIA is to enable the microprocessor to receive and transmit signals and interrupts from the outside world. Because these needs vary so much with each application, the MC6821 has been designed with maximum flexibility in mind. The IC contains two independent interface circuits, which are nearly identical in operation. Each circuit can receive or transmit as many as eight digital signals in any combination (three in, five out; one in, seven out; etc.). In addition, each has two

About the Author

Colin Stearman is a field engineering manager for Boston Digital Corporation.

control lines, one dedicated to input and the other selectable as either input or output.

There are actually two PIAs in the Color Computer, one mainly for accepting keyboard entry (PIAl) and the other for external communication (PIA2). Each PIA is assigned four memory locations; PIAl has hexadecimal addresses FF00 through FF03 and PIA2 has hexadecimal addresses at FF20 through FF23. In fact, only the least significant 2 bits of the address are used, along with the "chip-select" signal, making hexadecimal addresses FF04 and FF08 through FF1C for PIAl equivalent to hexadecimal FF00. Also, only the least significant 2 bits are used with the other PIAl and PIA2 addresses.

A block diagram of the input/output (I/O) components in the Color Computer is shown in figure 2. The PIAs receive and transmit signals to the digital-to-analog (D/A) converter, keyboard, joysticks, joystick fire buttons, cassette port, RS-232C port, video-display generator IC, analog comparator, audio-output selector, singlebit sound output (produces sound by switching one bit on and off rapidly), memory size jumpers, and interrupts used for timing purposes.

Figure 3 shows the allocation of the I/O and control lines of the two PIAs. The function of each of the identified lines is given in the following sections.

The Cassette Interface

Both the incoming and outgoing audio signals are passed through signal-conditioning circuits. Data is recorded on tape by a frequency-shift-keying (FSK) technique. This circuit can be used for many purposes not related to cassette storage. The output of the D/A converter is connected to lines PAl through PA7 of PIAl via

438 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

The inventor of VisiCalc, the world's leading software product, introduces TKISolver —the revolutionary way to crunch problems on a personal computer.

With VisiCalc, Software Arts'" created an entirely new application for personal computers —the electronic spreadsheet.

Now Software Arts has developed TKISolver, another entirely new and different application for personal computers—the problem solver. Business and financial problems. Scientific and engineering problems. Architectural and building design problems. Any kind of problem you can dream up, in any area.

What's so revolutionary about that? Simply this: the power of the TKISolver program comes from the ease with which you can set up problems, vary assumptions, find solutions, and display results. All the facilities needed to solve the problems —simple or complexare built-in, and need not be developed. Once you

have stated your problem, simply enter the known values, then solve the problem with a single keystroke.

For even easier problem solving use a TKISolverPack'" in which models for solving common problems in such areas as finance, engineering and education have already been formulated by professionals in these fields.

There is no software product in existence that solves problems as quickly, flexibly, and easily as TKISolver-The Problem Cruncher'". In fact, no other software product even works the way TKISolver does. It s a necessity for personal computer owners. See for yourself. Visit your nearest computer store for a demonstration and find out how much you can do with a personal computer when it thinks as flexibly as you do.

Software Arts"

27 Mica Lane, Wellesley, MA 02181

TKISolver, TKISolverPack and TKISolver-The Problem Cruncher are trademarks of Software Arts, Inc. Software Arts is a trademark of

Software Arts, Inc. and Software Arts Products Corp. VisiCalc is a trademark of VisiCorp. Copyright© 1983. Software Arts, Inc. All rights reserved.

Circle 418 on Inquiry card.

BYTE May 1983 439

GND [

1

40

] CA1

PAO [

2

39

] CA2

PA1 [

3

38

] IROA

PA2 [

4

37

] 1HQB

PA3 [

5

36

] RSO

PA4 [

6

35

3 RSI

PA5 [

34

3 RESET

PA6 [

8

33

D oo

PA7 [

9

32

]01

PBO [

10

31

HD2

PB1 C

11

30

]03

PB2 [

12

29

] D4

PB3 [

13

28

]05

PB4 [

14

27

] 06

PB5 [

15

26

]D7

PB6 [

16

25

]E

PB7C

17

24

] CS1

CB1 [

18

23

] CS2

CB2[

19

22

] cso

vccC

20

21

] R/W

Figure 1: The peripheral interface adapter (MC6821) provides a flexible general-purpose interface between any of the 6800 series microprocessors and the outside world.

a scaling circuit. This results in an analog voltage at pin 5 of the cassette socket. This voltage varies from 55 millivolts (mV) to 1.126 volts (V) in 17-mV steps. Outputting numbers from 0 to 63 onto the upper 6 lines of PIA2 will set the voltage. To demonstrate this, connect a voltmeter or oscilloscope (set to direct-current coupling) to the cassette output, pin 5. Then enter and run this BASIC program:

10 FOR 1 = 0 TO 63

20 POKE 65312, (PEEK(65312) AND 3) OR (1*4)

40 NEXT I

50 GOTO 10

Your meter or oscilloscope will show a slowly rising direct current (DC) voltage, which will suddenly fall to 0 and then start rising again. The result will be a positivegoing sawtooth waveform. The slowness is due to the relative slowness of the BASIC interpreter. A machinecode routine would be much faster.

In line 20, multiplying I by 4 shifts the value of I to bits 2 through 7. Using the AND function with 3 and the current contents of the address returns the value of bits 0 and 1. Use the OR function with the result and the desired number, and put the final result back into the PI A. This is an important technique that you will see used elsewhere in this article. It allows modification of selected I/O lines without interfering with others.

Remember that this output is a voltage signal and that no power can be drawn from it. However, it can be interfaced with operational amplifiers and other analog devices to perform an unlimited number of control functions, enabling your Color Computer to control a variety of analog hardware with the right interface circuit. Possibilities include temperature control, model train

-O PERIPHERAL

hj

COMPARATOR

c

TELEVISION

JOYSTICK SELECT

-O JOYSTICKS

Figure 2: The TRS-80 Color Computer input/output system. The two PlAs are efficiently used to perform all of the I/O tasks needed by the Color Computer. The PlAs pass signals that are used for functions ranging from keyboard entry to cassetterecorder control to graphic-display control.

PIA2

PA 7 PA6 PA5 PA 4

ADDRESS BUS | \

FF21

PA 2

PA1

PA0

CA2

PORT A

CA1

P67

PB6

PB5

PB4

CONTROL ^ y

FF22 FF23

PB3 PB2 PB1 PBO C82

PORT B

CB1

PIA1

PA 7 PA 6 PA 5 PA4

ADDRESS BUS | >

FF0O FF01

PA3 PA2 PA1 PA0 CA2

DATA BUS <^ y

PORT A

CA1

PB7

P86

PB5

PB4

CONTROL <^~ y

FF02 FF03

PB3 PB2 PB1 P80 CB2

PO^T B

CB1

D/A CONVERTER OUTPUT

• BIT 5

• BIT 4

• BIT 3

• BIT 2

• BIT 1 ■ BIT 0

- RS-232COUTPUT

• CASSETTE INPUT •CASSETTE MOTOR CONTROL

- RS-232C CARRIER DETECT

- A/G

- 6M2

-GM1 _ )VDG

- GM0/INT/EXT

- CSS J

- RAM SIZE

- SINGLE-BIT SOUND

- RS-232C INPUT

' SOUND ENABLE

- CARTRIDGE INTERRUPT

- JOYSTICK COMPARATOR INPUT

- ROW 7 ^

- ROW 6

- ROW 5

- ROW 4

- ROW 3

- ROW 2

- ROW 1 .

iKEYBOARD

LEFT FIRE BUTTON RIGHT FIRE BUTTON

- JOYSTICK AND SOUND SELECT (LSB)

- HORIZONTAL SYNC

■ COLUMN 6'

- COLUMN 7

■ COLUMN 6

• COLUMN 5

• COLUMN 4

- COLUMN 3

■ COLUMN 2

• COLUMN 1 d •JOYSTICK AND SOUND SELECT (MSB)

■ VERTICAL SYNC

HEY 0/A- DIGITAL TO ANALOG VDG-VIDEO-DISPLAY GENERATOR MSB-MOST SIGNIFICANT BIT LSB-LEAST SIGNIFICANT BIT RAM-RANDOM-ACCESS MEMORY

Figure 3: The PIA pin assigjiments. All available connections to the tzoo PI As are used, in some cases for more than one purpose. The great flexibility of the MC6821 makes this efficiency possible.

440 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

THE PRICE SLASHER!

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SUP R TERMINAL 80

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2-80 Softcard for Apple 249.

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Edit 80 96.

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Multi Plan ... "Also

Available For Apple 205.

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Accounting Plus CALL

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Write On DATAMOST... $99.

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Supercalc 205.

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Select Word Processor

w/Superspell 369.

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Desktop Plan I 249.

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Typing Tutor II 18.

Adventure 25.

•Fortran 80 165.

A.L.D.S 100.

'Basic Compiler 315.

mu/MATH/mu/SIMP80 200.

Olympic Decathalon 25.

•Cobol 80 595.

M/Sort 156.

Softcard Premium System 599.

Time Manager 119.

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Visicalc 209.

Visiterm 85.

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Visitrend/Visiplot 249.

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Visischedule 249.

Desktop Plan II 209.

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Data Capture 4.0 58.

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Step by Step. PROG DESIGN 59.

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CALL FOR MORE APPLE SOFTWARE!!

Note: Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. C/PM is a registered trade,nark of Digital Research

MODEMS

HAYES MICROCOMPUTER PRODUCTS

Smartmodem $229.

Smartmodem 1200 599.

Micromodem II w/Term. Pgm... 310.

Micromodem 100 325.

Chronograph 199.

NOVATION

Cat 169.

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Apple Cat II 309.

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J-Cat 135.

103/212 Smart Cat 499.

WE ACCEPT • MONEY ORDEH • C.O.D. • CASHIERS or CERTIFIED CHECK

• PERSONAL CHECK (allow 10 days to clear) • BANK WIRE TRANSFERS

• VISA MASTERCARD (add 2%)

Add 3% for shipping, handling & insurance ($5 min.) Calif, residents add 6% tax. All equipment is new, comes with manufacturers guarantees. PLUS we guarantee it for 30 days and pay shipping charges on any returns. All equipment subject to price change & availability without notice. Check quantity discounts.

mail comp

9434 Chesapeake Drive ■ San Diego, CA 92123

ORDERS ONLY: 800-752-1341 CALIFORNIA ORDERS: 619-277-8002 INFORMATION: 619-277-8006

Circle 272 on Inquiry card.

BYTE May 1983 441

Circle 81 on inquiry card.

BYTEK's SECOND GENERATION

UNIVERSAL (E)PROM

PROGRAMMER—SYSTEM 15

Features: •Bipolar PROMS.

• Micros - (8748 & 8749)

• I/O - 6 baud rates, 13 formats including Intellec, Textronix and Motorola.

• EPROMs, (2708 - 27128)

• Gang option - programs eight at once.

• Remote control option.

PROGRAMS

OVER 250

DEVICE TYPES

W'Wml

IW"*J%J]..

*-

^1

W D J

■ / u < Co i< 1

FUNCTIONS: CRC.RAM

DISPLAY DEVICE DATA LOAD DATA

EDIT RAM DATA DEVICE PROGRAM TYPE SELECTION

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COMPARE FIELDS FILL MEMORY FIELD BLOCK MOVE DIAGNOSTICS and more.

COMPUTER SYSTEMS CORP

Delray Beach, FL33444

(305) 272-2052

DECADES OF SERVICE

Washington Computer Services

97 Spring St., NewYork, NY10012 «■»" SffiSSSSffl «■»«

TOORDER: Call our toll-free number: (800)221-5416. In NY State and for technical information: (212)226-2121. Hours: 9AM-5:30PM (EST) Monday-Friday TELEX: 12-5606 CABLE: WASHCOMP NYK

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PI P A QPI ^° n0' con'use us wi"1 mail order dealers. We are a lull service distributor 1 LLMoL! serving the data processing & installation needs ol business & industry Irom micros lo mainframes. System houses, educational institutions & governmental agencies given special consideration. Leasing available. N.Y. State agencies, municipalities, and schools—call us lor inlormation on our O.G.S. term contracts on hardware & software. Please call lo make an appoinlmenl lor demonstration of this extraordinary computer al our showroom Prices subject lo change without notice; call lor latest prices. Prices include 3% cash discount N.Y. residents add sales tax CP/M" is a trademark of Digital Research. All sales subjecl lo our standard sale conditions (available on request). Above prices do not include customization or installation.

speed regulation, and servomechanical-positioning systems. Applications are limited only by your imagination. The cassette port also contains a relay contact for starting and stopping the recorder. The contact is rated at 0.5 amperes (A) at 6 V. It is completely isolated from all other computer circuits and can therefore perform any on/off function you wish, within the current and voltage limitations just noted. Figure 3 shows the PIA connection for this relay. To close the relay use:

POKE 65313,PEEK(65313) OR 8

And to open it use:

POKE 65313,PEEK(65313) AND 247

All kinds of possibilities should spring to mind for this simple digital output, including "reaction-timing" games and on /off control of lights, motors, and other electrical devices through interfacing relays.

The RS-232C Interface

This port interfaces with the outside world in a serial fashion, as does the cassette port. However, the voltage levels are consistent with the EIA (Electronic Industries Association) Standard, which says that a 1 is any voltage from —3 to —25 V and a 0 is any voltage from +3 to + 25 V. (However, RS-232C inputs to the Color Computer should not exceed plus or minus 12 V.) Figure 3 shows you where the RS-232C lines connect. Notice that Carrier Detect is on an interrupt line. The associated control register could be configured to enable this signal to cause an interrupt, if it were necessary for your program.

The Color Computer has a subset of the available signals in the RS-232C standard. They are Data Transmit, Data Receive, Carrier Detect, and Signal Ground. The Color Computer owner's manual will give you the pin locations. Transmitted signals from the Color Computer are at approximately plus or minus 10-V levels.

The functions of all signals, with the exception of Carrier Detect, are implied by their names. Carrier Detect is a signal sent to the Color Computer by the other device (modem, etc.) to say that the device is there and ready.

You can output data through the port by connecting a 9-V battery between Signal Ground and Data Receive. Put the negative side of the battery to Signal Ground. Then, type LLIST to output your program through the port output line (put your oscilloscope on the line if you have one), and the OK prompt will reappear. If the program is long, it might take a while because transmit speed is only 600 bps (bits per second, or about 60 characters per second) using LLIST.

RS-232C data is transmitted serially as one 0 start bit, seven data bits (least significant bits first), a 0 for bit 8, and two 1 stop bits. A total of 11 bits are sent for each character. The "at-rest" condition of the line is a 1.

On power up,' the serial-transmission rate is set at 600

442 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Ire

Circle 481 on inquiry card.

486

STATE OF THE ART MEMORY SYSTEMS

512KB SINGLE BOARD IBM MEMORY W/RS232-C PORT

• Addressable as a contiguous block in 64KB increments thru 1 megabyte.

• On board parity with interrupt on parity error.

SINGLE QTY. PRICE: $795.00

MEMDISK 1 Allows memory to emulate disks. Increases system performance!! FREE with purchase of memory.

neW

64KB SINGLE BOARD EXORCISER

I, II, AND ROCKWELL

SYSTEMS 65 MEMORY

» Parity checker on board.

» Addressable as a contiguous block in 4K increments with

respect to VXA or VUA. » Pin to Pin compatibility.

SINGLE QTY. PRICE: $250.00

512MB TO 2MB SINGLE BOARD MULTIBUS MEMORY

• Pin to Pin MULTIBUS t systems.

• On board parity with se

• Addressable up to 16 m SINGLE QTY. PRIC

■ sips

.om|

ectc egat E:

jatibility for 1

ble interrupt

ytes.

512 IMl 2M1

30th on

KB

I

1

8 bit and 16 bit parity ERROR.

$ 895.00 $4495.00 $8700.00

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SINGLE QTY. PRICE: $250.00

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e

Chrislin Industries, Inc.

31352 Via Colinas • Westlake Village, CA 91362 • 213-991-2254 TWX 910-494-1253 (CHRISLIN WKVG)

Circle 94 on inquiry card.

BYTE May 1983 443

bps to be compatible with Radio Shack printers. You can change this rate by putting parameters into hexadecimal addresses 0095 and 0096. The first holds the most significant byte. Initially the value is 87 (0 in 0095, and 87 in 0096), generating 600 bps. Experiment with different numbers, and you'll find that the speed can be varied from 110 to at least 4800 bps. An 18 will give 2400 bps, and 180 results in 300 bps, for example.

Many RS-232C interfaces are commonly implemented using a universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART) IC. This takes care of all timing and synchronizing. A UART has the capability of receiving and transmitting data simultaneously. But the Color Computer doesn't have a UART, so these functions must be performed by software, requiring some pretty fancy programming. However, I can demonstrate here that the Color Computer is capable of transmitting at various rates through the RS-232C port.

The program in listing 1 is in machine code and will continuously send a character you type, at the rate you

select. It uses a machine-code loading techniMue described in the Color Computer BASIC manual. No heed is paid to the Carrier Detect or Data Receive lines for this demonstration. Repeating the character triggers your oscilloscope, allowing you to study the waveform of the data. Remember, it transmits the character in ASCII (American National Standard Code for Information Interchange).

Study the flow diagram in figures 4a and b to see how the program works. Delays are developed using loops in machine code similar to FOR. . .NEXT in BASIC. Small delays can also be created using the NOP (no operation) machine-code instruction, which causes the microprocessor to do nothing for two machine cycles, or the BRN 00 (branch never) instruction, which uses up three machine cycles.

The Color Computer runs at 0.895 MHz, making each cycle last 1.117 microseconds (/is). The machine-code routine must delay the program for 93 machine-code cycles times the bps code, between outputs of each bit. A

Listing 1: Variable-bps-rate RS-232C transmitter. This demonstration program polls the keyboard for a depression and continually transmits the ASCII code for that character via the RS-232C port. An oscilloscope lets you study the resulting waveform.

5 CLEAR 25,3950

6 DIM PATE(7)

7 FOR I=1T07:READRATE(I):NEXT

8 DATA 64.32,16,8,«.2,1 10 A=3957

12 AA=A

17 DATA AP,9F,A0,00

19 DATA 27,OR 21 DATA 81,03 23 DATA 26,01 25 DATA 4F 27 DATA 7E.B4.F4

29 DATA A7,8C,6A

30 DATA A6.8C.67

31 DATA A7.8C66

32 DATA 69,8C,63

33 DATA 4F

35 DATA B7,FF,20

37 DATA 26,00

39 DATA 26,00

41 DATA 26,00

113 DATA 26,0C

15 DATA AD,8C,32

47 DATA 10,8E,00,08

49 DATA A6.8C4D

51 DATA 84,02

53 DATA B7.FF.20

55 DATA AD.8C23

57 DATA 66,8C,42

59 DATA 31,A2

61 DATA 26,EF

63 DATA 26,00

65 DATA 12

67 DATA 86,02

69 DATA B7,FF,20

71 DATA 26,00

73 DATA 8F.,00,04

75 DATA 26,00

77 DATA 30,82

79 DATA 26,FA

81 DATA AD,8C,06

83 DATA AD,8C,03

89 DATA 6E,8C,A5

91 DATA 8E,00,03,12,12,30 ,82

93 DATA 26,FA,E6,8C,15,C0,01

95 DATA 27,OE,26,00,8E,00,06

96 DATA

97 DATA

98 DATA

99 PRINT

100 READ 102 IF H 105 GCSU 110 I KIN 120 POKE 125 A=A+ 130 IF A 135 GOTO

150 155

E=IN POKE

160 POKE

165 FRIN

166 INPU

170 CLS:

171 FRIN

172 PRIN

173 PRIN

174 PRIN

175 FRIN

176 PRIN

177 FRIN

178 INPU

179 IF B

180 IF B 190 CLS

192 PRIN

193 PRIN

194 PPIN 200 POKE 210 A = US 220 GOTO 1000 IF 100 5 UP= 1010 LO= 1015 BYT 1C20 IF 1025 IF 1030 PRI 1040 END 1050 IF 1060 IF 1070 GOT

12,12,30, 8C,EE,39 LAST "L0AL1NG R

HEXS EXS="LAST" B 1000 T-ADDRESS:

A,BYTE 1 >4095 THEN

100 TCAA/256)

275,P

276.AA-B* T-CODE ENT T"<RFTURN> PRINT-BAUD TS36, -0 Ti<10C,"2 TS132.-3 Ti'16 4 ,"4 Ti>196,"5 T1228 ,"6 T£320,"SFE T BD D<0 OR BD> D=0 THEN C

T£230,"PRE T2262.-TRA T£292,"<tR

408 1 .RATE R(0)

170 LEN(HEXS)> ASC(HEXS) ASC(RIGHTS E = 0

UP>64 AND UP>47 AND NT-DATA ER

LO>64 ANt LC>47 AND C 1030

82,26,FA,6E

ACHINE CODE "

THFN 150 ";A,"DATA: ";HFX$;" /";BYTE

PRINT-CUT OF ME«0RY~:END

256

RY TO RA

STO 30 60 12 24 48

ED"

C0KP1ETE"

CONTINUF"; AS TE SELECTION" P":PRINT£68,"1 C"

- 150

00" 00" C0":PRINT£260,"7

9600"

7 THEN 177 LS:END

SS ANY KEY TC" NSHIT ITS CODE" EAK> TO SET SPEED" (ED)

2 THEN PRINT-DATA ERP0K":END

(HEXS,1 ))

UP<71 THEN BYTE=(UP-55)*16:GOT01050 UP<58 THEN EYTE=(UF-46)*16:GOT01050 ROR: ";HEXS

L0<71 THEN EYTE=EYTF+(L0-55):RETURN L0<58 THFN PYTE=BYTE+(LC-48):RETURN

444 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Presenting the

ONE PRINTER

for letter-quality work, high-speed drafts, and graphics, too.

■q -| OtZC~\Toshiba's unique 24-pin L loOvJ matrix printer works with most micros on the market to deliver capabilities you won't outgrow. At 100 CPS, it's twice as fast as a daisy wheel printer and turns out perfectly formed characters with

The PI350 with Toshiba's quick, quiet, accurate sheet feeder.

our fine 8-mil pins and overlapping dots. Draft quality output climbs to 192 CPS. And our all-purpose printer also creates highresolution graphics that are dotaddressable at 180 x 180 per inch.

You get crisp originals and up to 4 copies on letter sheet paper or continuous forms from 5" to 15" wide. Of course, the P1350 with Qume Sprint 5 emulation has all the industry-standard features including multiple fonts, pitches and line spaces. And any feeding system, including our optional integrated sheet feeder.

See this high-performance, ultrareliable, reasonably-priced printer in action at your Toshiba dealer. Or contact us for details.

1-800-648-5000

Ask for Operator #198 In Nevada, call 1-702-329-9411

In Touch with Tomorrow

TOSHIBA

Circle 519 on Inquiry card.

BYTE May 1983 445

(4a)

(4b)

( START J

1

LOAD '0' START BIT TO OUTPUT

1

ADDITIONAL DELAY

1

JUMP TO DELAY

SUBROUTINE

1

LOAD BIT 0 OF BYTE TO OUTPUT

1

JUMP TO DELAY SUBROUTINE

1

LOAD BIT 1 OF BYTE TO OUTPUT

1

JUMP TO DELAY SUBROUTINE

1

LOAD '1' STOP BIT TO OUTPUT

ADDITIONAL DELAY

1

JUMP TO DELAY SUBROUTINE

1

ADDITIONAL DELAY

1

JUMP TO DELAY SUBROUTINE

1

f RETURN J

C START)

ONE I START

NO OPERATION

REPEAT

FOR BITS

2 THROUGH 7

DATA RATE CODE -1

DATA \ YES RATE CODE OJ^

( RETURN J

NO OPERATION FOR 93 MACHINE CYCLES

TWO

) STOP

BITS

Figure 4a and b: Variable-bps-rate flow diagram showing a variable delay subroutine (4b) used to minimize storage space consumption. The main routine (4a) could be modified to transmit one stop bit if desired.

SINGLE-BIT r

MC14529B

UNUSED D—^

IN3

CASSETTE D-i

IH2

«DD

CARTRIDGE —J, (PIN 351^^

INI

OUT

D/A OUTPUT O—

INO

A B S

IS

7

1

SELECT r-, |

[LSB>D SFI ECT ^

(MSB) "

~l

subroutine is used to create this time delay, resulting in the equation:

bps code X 93 X 1.117 = delay in microseconds

The bps code for each desired rate is computed by:

bps code = maximum bps/required bps

In this program, the maximum bps is 9600. The variable bit rates and codes are shown in the following table. After each bit is loaded into the output port, this delay is called and the associated data-rate output results.

Data

Bps

Required

Actual

Rate

Code

Delay

Delay

150

64

6.67 ms

6.65 ms

300

32

3.33 ms

3.32 ms

600

16

1.67 ms

1.66 ms

1200

8

0.833 ms

0.831 ms

2400

4

0.417 ms

0.416 ms

4800

2

0.208 ms

0.208 ms

9600

1

0.104 ms

0.104 ms

The Audio Interface

When you use Color BASIC'S sound-producing instructions, audible signals are routed through the television modulator to your television speaker. Complex sounds generated by the game cartridges may also be directed to the speaker. The switching is performed by one half of a dual four-channel analog multiplexer (Motorola MC14529B). The other half is used for the joystick inputs described later. The MC14529B selects one of four analog sources to switch to the output, based upon a 2-bit binary code. The IC can also be totally disabled by making PIA2, line CB2, equal to 0. Figure 3 shows the PI A outputs that feed to this IC. Figure 5 shows the logic circuit that accomplishes this switching.

There are only three sources of audio signals (AUDIO ON, SOUND, and a game cartridge), so the fourth line is unused. To select the audio multiplexer, PIA2, line CB2, must be a 1, and the right code must be output from PIA1, lines CA2 and CB2. The following table shows the audio-selection-code combinations and their effects.

PIA2 CB2

PIA1 CA2

PIA1 CB2

0 1 0 1

Resulting Output To Television

D/A converter cartridge cassette not used

Figure 5: Audio-signal-select multiplexer. A solid-state analog switching IC is used to route audio signals from one of three sources to the television modulator. The second half of the IC is used for selection of the joystick signals.

To set and clear PIA2, line CB2, use:

POKE 65315,(PEEK(65315) OR 8) POKE 65315, (PEEK(65315) AND 247)

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Listing 2: BASIC sound-generator program. The D/A converter may be used to produce audible sounds if you switch the digital number fed to it. This program demonstrates the technique.

10 POKE 65195,0

12 POKE 65315,PEEK(65315)CR8

1U POKE 65281,PEEK(65281)AND 2U7

16 POKE 65283,PEEK(65283)AND 2H7

20 POKE 65312,0

30 POKE 65312,252

10 GOTO20

To set and clear PIAl, line CA2, use:

POKE 65281,(PEEK(65281) OR 8) POKE 65281,(PEEK(65281) AND 247)

To set and clear PIAl, line CB2, use:

POKE 65283, (PEEK(65283) OR 8) POKE 65283,(PEEK(65283) AND 247)

Listing 2 shows a demonstration of the use of the D/A converter to generate a sound. This program switches the D/A converter lines from 0 to 255 and sends the resulting square wave to the television speaker. To increase the frequency of the sound (BASIC is rather slow), the microprocessor is run at the dual speed, as described in the articles in the references. (This technique may not work on your Color Computer and should never be used on disk-based systems.) Even so, the resulting sound is a low-frequency buzz and not the clean sound made by the machine-coded SOUND instruction.

Finally, it's worth mentioning the existence of a singlebit sound output. PIA2, line PB1, is normally configured as an input. However, it is connected to the same point as the audio multiplexer output, as shown in figure 5. Therefore it is possible to reconfigure the port to make PBl an output and send bit-stream sound to the television. Imaginative programming in machine code should create some interesting sounds from this output. Care should be taken when using this feature to prevent conflicts between this output and the one from the multiplexer.

The Joystick Interface

In the section on the cassette interface, I discussed how an analog signal can be obtained from the Color Computer under program control. It may have occurred to you that it would be nice to also have the unit read in an analog signal from outside. Not only can your Color Computer do this, but it can do it for four different analog signals! This is because the joysticks develop two analog signals each, depending upon the up-down, leftright position of the stick. But the range of the analog input signal is 0 to +5 V, so care should be taken not to exceed either of these limits.

If analog signals are to be read in by the Color Computer, they can be connected to the joystick pins and read by the JOYSTK instruction. Don't forget, though, that you must execute a JOYSTK(O) before reading any other joystick input (see the Color Computer BASIC manual).

The joystick selection is made by PIAl, lines CA2 and CB2, as shown in the following table of joystick input selection codes.

Resulting Input From

]

PIA2

CA2

CB2

0

0

0

1

1

0

1

1

right joystick (side-to-side motion) right joystick (up-and-down motion) left joystick (side-to-side motion) left joystick (up-and-down motion)

With the information in the preceding table, you should be able to write a BASIC routine to perform the successive-approximation A/D conversion and read the analog value at any one of the analog ports. The possibilities for this capability are endless. Some that quickly come to mind include using your Color Computer to monitor indoor/outdoor temperature, monitor and analyze weather variables, and digitize and display analog waveforms like an oscilloscope wave.

Just as the cassette output provided a digital output signal via the motor control relay, the two joystick inputs can be used to enter digital inputs to the Color Computer. The "fire" push buttons on each joystick change the contents of address FF00 from 255 (or 127) to 254 (or 126), as described in the Color BASIC manual. The alternates to each number are due to the comparator being input into PA7 (the most significant bit) of this address; this bit could be a 1 or a 0.

The push buttons ground the input lines when pressed and are therefore digital inputs. Any digital input that goes from short to open (such as a relay contact) can be connected to these inputs and read by a program in the same way as described for the push buttons. Because there are two inputs of this type, the Color Computer could be made to read any 2-bit digital input, thus giving you four possible combinations.

Conclusion

From this article you should have some insight into how the Color Computer connects to the outside world. The microprocessor in the Color Computer is a powerful device, capable of performing many interesting and useful tasks. A better understanding of the I/O structure is essential if you want to take full advantage of these capabilities. ■

References

Ahrens, Tim, Jack Browne, and Hunter Scales. "What's Inside Radio Shack's Color Computer?" March 1981 BYTE, page 90-130. Baker, Woody. "A Closer Look at the TRS-80 Color Computer." October 1981 BYTE, page 334-340.

448 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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A Conceptual Approach to Real-Time Programming

You can use various real-time programming techniques to turn a lazy computer into a real worker

If you have worked with a word processor or played a game of Asteroids, then you have used a realtime program. And if you have ever wanted to collect data in your home or laboratory or control something using a computer, then you've needed a real-time program.

Indeed, any situation in which events happening in the logical world of the computer must interact in a timely fashion with events happening in the outside world requires realtime programming. Furthermore, using efficient real-time programming techniques even when a particular job does not absolutely require them is always good practice. A program that spends equal time on computation and output can run almost twice as fast if it's based on a real-time approach. A well-crafted real-time program can be written in a high-level language, do its job, and still be loafing while a poorly designed assemblylanguage program doing the same job barely keeps up. Finally, skills developed in writing real-time applications

About the Author

Craig Wyss is a cardiovascular physiologist. He began writing real-time programs in 1969 using a Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-8.

Craig R. Wyss Department of Physiology, SJ-40 University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195

programs can be transferred directly to systems programming—all multiuser operating systems are real-time programs.

This article presents a conceptual approach for defining real-time problems and specific programming techniques for solving them. All real-time programming jobs involve three or more of the following subjob types:

• Data collection—This subjob class includes reading the keyboard, reading analog and digital inputs, etc. All real-time programs collect at least some data, and usually this task is their first priority.

• Data analysis—Analysis may be as simple as monitoring the input data for special values or as complex as performing Fourier transforms on blocks of data. As a general rule, the time required for data analysis depends on the input data: for example, in a word processor the time required to deal with an input character calling for a block move is much greater than the time necessary for data analysis on most characters.

• Data display—Display includes not only output to a video display or printer but also any outputs—digital

or analog—used to control events in the real world. Outputting results may be a high-priority job (if, for example, the computer is in a control loop) or a low-priority job (as in word processing, where keeping up with the keyboard is much more important than displaying characters). • Data storage—Writing results to a mass-storage device is logically equivalent to displaying data, but it is practically different in that data typically has to be transferred in blocks. Thus, data storage is an ultrahigh-priority task during the actual transfer but is at the bottom of the pecking order most of the time.

Batch-Programming Approach

The normal or batch-programming approach to these four subjobs is to do them serially, i.e., wait for input, analyze it, and provide an output. The problem with this approach is twofold. First, peripherals are much slower than microprocessors so that a vast amount of time is wasted waiting for input or output devices to set their READY flags. Second, a batch program that may have plenty of time to analyze data, output results, and get back to the top of its loop when deal

452 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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The basic ingredients necessary for writing efficient real-time programs are two powerful programming tools: buffering and coprocessing. To il

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• Processor #1 collects data as it becomes available from an input device and stores it in a first-in/first-out

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(FIFO) buffer. A FIFO buffer can be thought of as a pipeline: one device puts data into one end of the pipe, while another takes data out of the other end.

• Processor #2 gets data, as the data is needed or as it becomes available, from the FIFO, which is fed by processor #1. Processor #2 then analyzes the data and passes results to FIFO buffers for display and storage.

• Processor #3 displays the data placed in its buffer by processor #2.

• Processor #4 transfers into a local buffer data from the buffer that is fed by processor #2. When its local buffer is full, processor #4 writes the buffer contents to the storage device and then returns to collect any data that processor #2 provided while processor #4 was busy. An alternate and more efficient approach involves having two or more local buffers for processor #4, which can tell processor #2 which buffer is available for receiving data.

This scheme is worth studying in some detail because it is more subtle than it appears. Note that everything works asynchronously. Processors are doing their job, waiting for a peripheral or waiting for data to appear in their input buffers. Processors may be temporarily ahead of or behind each other (as, for example, when processor #4 needs to write to the storage device or when processor #2 is performing an especially long analysis), but the FIFO buffers take up any slack. The only constraints are that the FIFO buffers must be big enough to absorb all the data generated by a source processor while the receiving processor is doing whatever jobs keep it from servicing its input buffer and that on the average each receiving processor must be fast enough to process its input data; time lost on long jobs must be made up later. Thus, if we all had multiprocessor computers, real-time problems could be solved simply by parceling out jobs and providing interprocessor-communication buffers. Unfortunately, most computer systems have only one processor; the rest of this article describes techniques for making one processor act like many.

454 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Ire

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To map the general real-time algorithm onto only one processor, you can set up a number of logically independent subprograms that pass control of the processor back and forth under either software or hardware control. These subprograms may be either subroutines or coroutines in actual structure, but it is best to think of them as coroutines in order to keep close to the multiprocessor model. Many programmers are unfamiliar with the concept of a co

routine, but it is basically simple. Coroutines differ from subroutines both conceptually and structurally: Conceptually, coroutines can be thought of as equal partners in performing a job rather than as master and slave. Structurally, coroutines differ from subroutines in that control of the microprocessor may be relinquished at any point in the coroutine and then resumed at that point when other coroutines return control; in contrast, subroutines are initiated at their be

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Over 5,000 DS120 units are now being used by customers ranging from the Fortune 500 to personal computing enthusiasts. In numerous installations, entire networks of terminals have been upgraded to take advantage of today's higher speed data communications services. LSI microprocessor electronics and strict quality control ensure dependable performance for years to come. When service is required, we will respond promptly and effectively. Best of all, we can deliver immediately through our nationwide network of distributors. Just give us a call for all the details.

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ginning every time they are called. To logically model multiple processors, you set up multiple coroutines that relinquish control of the microprocessor when they are waiting for a peripheral, waiting for data to appear in their input buffer, or performing a low-priority task. The exact programming techniques to use depend on whether input/output (I/O) is programmed, interrupt driven, or under direct-memory-access (DMA) control.

Programmed I/O

When I/O is programmed, the microprocessor directly monitors the state of peripherals by reading status registers and doing conditional branches as appropriate. The big advantage of this approach is that programs can be written in a virtually hardware independent manner; for example, all commercially available programs designed to run under CP/M use programmed I/O. Some very sophisticated real-time programs have been written this way; Wordstar, a word processor, can concurrently print a file, monitor the keyboard, and update the screen display in real time. Unfortunately, the disadvantages of using programmed I/O for real-time programs are enormous. The major problem is that implementation of any useful real-time algorithm requires tricky and hardto-modify programming because the program must always check flags fast enough to catch desired inputs; these checks must be done at frequent intervals, no matter what path the program takes.

As an example of a solution to a real-time problem in a programmed I/O environment, listing 1 (see page 464) outlines a program that periodically reads analog data, analyzes it, and outputs results to a printer. Written in Pascal, the program uses three coroutines (the main routine, CHECK_A_TO_D, and ANALYZE_DATA) and two subroutines (OUTPUT_RESULTS and CHECK_KEYBOARD), all operating asynchronously and passing data to each other via FIFO buffers. In looking at the listing, note how awkwardly the coroutines are imple

456 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 157 on inquiry card.

Collector edition

"E COVERS

The Byte covers shown below are available as beautiful Collector Edition Prints. Each full color print is 11 in. x 14 in., including a 11/2 in. border, and is part of an edition strictly limited to 500 prints. Each print is faithfully reproduced from the original painting on museum quality acid-free paper, and is personally inspected, signed and numbered by the artist, Robert Tinney. A Certificate of Authenticity accompanies each print attesting to its quality and limited number.

Collector Edition Prints are carefully packaged flat to avoid bending, and are shipped first class. The price of each print is $25, plus $3 per shipment for postage and handling ($8 overseas). The prints are also available as 4-print sets: Set 9-12, Set 13-16, and Set 17-20. Each set costs $80, plus postage and handling.

To order your own favorite Byte cover as a beautiful Collector Edition Print, use the convenient coupon below. Visa or MasterCard orders may call 1-504-272-7266.

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merited necessarily (using CASE statements) and how the programmer must anticipate the execution time required for each program segment. Hardware interrupts can eliminate these problems.

Interrupt-Driven I/O

Almost all micro- and minicomputers support hardware interrupts. An interrupt is a subroutine CALL initiated at the request of a peripheral device; modern computers have

vector-interrupt schemes that allow each interrupting peripheral device to initiate a CALL to its own service routine. Most bus standards specify a priority-interrupt arrangement whereby a high-priority device may interrupt the service routine of a lower-priority device. The main program usually does the lowest-priority tasks (i.e., any device may interrupt it), but the interrupts may be disabled (locked out) when it has a highpriority job to do or when intertask

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communication buffers are being updated.

The advantages of using interruptdriven I/O for real-time jobs are substantial: first, the technique greatly reduces time lags in servicing input devices; this feature is especially important when you are sampling analog data at supposedly regular intervals. Second, programs run faster because they require little overhead for switching between coroutines or reading status registers. Third, devices requiring frequent servicing may be accommodated while the microprocessor is still doing useful data analysis. And last, clean realtime programs practically fall out of an interrupt-driven I/O environment; the main routine (usually doing the job of processor #2, data analysis) and the interrupt service routines can be thought of as coroutines doing one of the four types of subjobs in the general algorithm. The disadvantage of interrupt-driven programs is that they are hardware dependent, an insuperable problem for commercial CP/M programs unless a hardware package is provided with the software. Listing 2 (page 467) shows the same real-time problem treated in listing 1, but in listing 2, it is solved using interrupt-driven I/O. I have tried to illustrate most of the tricks you will need and pitfalls you will encounter in setting up an interruptdriven program; in particular, remember that you rarely know when any peripheral is going to request service.

In my discussion so far I have avoided one of the biggest real-time programming headaches—writing to mass-storage devices. I mentioned earlier the schizophrenic nature of the data-storage function: a low-priority job most of the time, it's absolutely uninterruptible during the actual data transfer (an 8-inch double-density floppy disk must get a new byte every 16 microseconds when writing a sector). And most storage-device-handling routines do not even allow interrupts during noncritical operations (e.g., when a disk is seeking a new track), thus further compounding the problem. There are, however, several solutions.

458 May 1963 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 482 on inquiry card.

Micromint will put both a computer

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The Z8 Basic Computer/Controller represents a milestone in microcomputer price-performance. The entire computer is 4" by AVz" and includes a tiny BASIC interpreter, 4K bytes of program memory, one RS-232 serial port and two parallel ports plus a variety of other features. The Z8 microcomputer board is completely self-contained and optimized for use as a dedicated controller. Can be battery operated. Comes with over 200 pages of documentation.

Z8 BASIC COMPUTER/CONTROLLER

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• Data and address buses available for 124K memory and I/O expansion

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Z8 MEMORY. I/O EXPANSION & CASSETTE INTERFACE

The Z8 Memory, I/O Expansion & Cassette Interface Board (Z8 Expansion Board for short) allows you to add up to 8K of additional memory plus three 8-bit parallel ports to your Z8 Basic Computer/Controller. The memory expansion will support any combination of byte wide RAM memory chips or 2716 or 2732 EPROM. The cassette interface is 300 baud Kansas City Standard (2400Hz/1200Hz). BCC03 Z8 Expansion Board

w/4K memory S140.00

BCC04 Z8 Expansion Board

w/8K memory.. S170.00

Z8 EPROM PROGRAMMER

The EPROM Programmer board allows you to transfer application programs in BASIC or Assembly language directly from RAM to either 2716 or 2732 EPROMS. Requires Z8 Basic Expansion Board for operation. NOTE: We recommend the higher current UPS03 or UPS04 power supply when using the EPROM Programmer.

BCC07 Z8 EPROM Programmer

Assembled & Tested

,..$145.00

Z8 SERIAL EXPANSION BOARD

The Serial Expansion Board adds an additional RS-232C serial port to the Z8 system. It runs at 75 to 19,200 baud in all standard protocols. The 20 ma. current loop.is opto-isolated for reliability and protection.

BCC08 Z8 Serial Board Assembled & Tested ... S180.00

MOTHER-BOARD MB02 Z8 Mother Board

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UNIVERSAL POWER SUPPLY

+5 @300 ma. +12 & -12V @50 ma, UPS01 Assembled and

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Z8 CROSS ASSEMBLERS

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MR02 APPLE II CP/M5W$ 75.00

s featured in Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Byte Magazine, July, August, 1981

'8 is a trademark of Zilog Inc. CP/M is a trademark ol Digital Research

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Circle 300 on Inquiry card.

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The only solution available in a programmed I/O environment is just to work around the problem: output a Control-G to beep the console and write "stop typing" to the console before beginning any disk I/O; save the time when you start the write (if you have a clock), read the time when you get back, and then somehow deal with the gap in your input data. In an interrupt-driven I/O environment, two other solutions are available when floppy disks are the storage

media: the first involves getting into your disk driver and moving the disable-interrupt instruction (DI) so that it executes just before the actual write command (after completion of all that time-consuming seeking); in this case, only 167 milliseconds (ms), at most, will be unavailable for interrupts (one revolution of the disk). If your peripherals interrupt infrequently, you can employ an alternate solution: remove all DI instructions from the disk driver. Occasionally a pe

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ripheral will interrupt when an actual data transfer is in progress, but such an interrupt generates only a soft error (a lost-data error condition set in the disk-controller status register) for most disk drivers. Data transfer should succeed on one of the error retries. I am somewhat ashamed to even suggest these stopgap measures, since the only proper solution is to buy, borrow, steal, or manufacture direct-memory-access hardware for your mass-storage devices (hereafter assumed to be floppy disks).

Direct-Memory-Access I/O

A peripheral with DMA capability can be set up to act exactly like an independent coprocessor for the allimportant fast-data-transfer task. It works like this: before sending a write command to the disk controller, the microprocessor tells the DMA controller where its buffer is located and how many bytes it needs to transfer. Then the write command is initiated, and the microprocessor goes on about its business. When the disk controller has found the proper sector it sets a flag indicating that it's ready for data. The DMA controller responds to the flag by requesting control of the bus from the microprocessor. At the end of its current memory cycle, the microprocessor relinquishes control of the bus and acknowledges the bus request. Upon receiving bus acknowledgment, the DMA controller reads a data byte from its buffer and transfers the data byte to the disk controller. The DMA controller then returns the bus to the microprocessor and increments its buffer address and byte count. If the byte count is exhausted, the DMA controller sets status flags and generates an interrupt if it has been so programmed (usually the disk controller is allowed to do the interrupt for end of transfer because the write command might abort on an error before transfer is complete). The whole process takes only a few microseconds for each byte; the microprocessor is hardly slowed down at all, and an interrupt can safely occur any time during the transfer.

A number of disk controllers with DMA capability are now available

460 May 1963 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 220 on inquiry card.

Circle 270 on inquiry card.

Circle 195 on inquiry card.

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Send check, money order, VISA, Master Charge or American Express # and exp. date. Publisher pays 4th class shipping. Add $1.00 per book for UPS shipping (USA only). NJ residents add 6% sales tax. For faster shipment on credit card orders call (201) 783-6940.

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The new EpsonFX-80 in stock now. 160 CPS top speed plus all the features of the MX-80 and more SCall

Epson MX100 III- New /oprice.Call

C. Itoh ProWritar8510AP, 120 CPS, 80 col., Graphics, Parallel . . .$389 C. Itoh ProWrtiar-l! 1550, 1 20 CPS, 136 col., 2K buffer, parallel . .$699

Okidata ML80P, 80 CPS, 80 Col., block graphics, pin & friction feed.

Parallel interface S329

Okidata ML82A, 120 CPS, 80 col., graphics, parallel Bi serial. . . .$399 Okidata ML83A, 120 CPS, 136 col., bi-directional, friction/tractor feed, dual parallel/serial interface . ,$699 Okidata ML84, 200 CPS, 136 col., bi-directional, friction/tractor feed,

parallel interface S999

Okidata ML84S, same as ML84 but

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Okidata M L92, The newest I 80 col. 160 CPS, friction/tractor feed, graphics, parallel interface $559

Okidata ML93, The newest! 160 CPS, 136 col, tractor/friction feed, bi-directional, parallel $899

'■.■■.ww»>sy---«;w-..

NECSPINWRITER 3550

NEC's new letter-quality printer especially designed for the IBM PC. 203 columns, auto proportional space, justification, bi-directional, 350 words per min. Serial . $1,995

mm?

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Letter quality daisywheel printer 15 CPS, bi-directional, friction feed, parallel interface. Super value $769

Serial interface $829

Tractor $119

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CR-1-S Above but serial . . . .$799

Tractor $119

DAISYWRITER 2000 The intelligent letter-quality printer w/16K built-in buffer memory, 17 CPS, bi-directional, auto margin justification, proportional spacing, auto baud rate selection from 5019,200 baud. Daisyplot graphics includes absolute and relative vector plotting for charts & graphs, four

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ComboPlus Cards offer a maximum of 6 features. User expandable parity checked memory from 64K to 256K. The new cards now come with a battery-backed-up clock/calendar, a serial port and a parallel port as standard features. Printer buffer, electronic disk emulator and clock utility programs are included on diskette along with an extensive User's manual.

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— MegaPlus Cards

MegaPlus Cards offer a maximum of 8 features. User expandable parity memory from 64K to 512K. Serial port No. 1 and clock/calendar included with each card. Disk emulator & Print spooler programs are also included.

Amount of memory installed on card 64K 128K 192K 256K

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I/O Plus Cards - Standard features include a serial port (SI ), and a clock. Printer buffer, clock utility and disk emulator programs are also included. Options can be added: Game port (G), Parallel port (P), Serial Port (S2).

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with all THREE addidionat options (GPS2) $265

HARD DISKS

DATAMAC "Add-in" Winchester Disk System includes hard disk, disk controller card, cable, software, auxiliary power supply which mounts neatly behind IBM PC system unit, and all necessary documentation to insure ease of installation. System is fully buffered with automatic error correction code, AM hard disks will fit neatly into the righthand slot of the IBM PC. 6 MB (5 MB formatted) . . $1,599 12 MB (10 MB formatted) $1,999 19 MB (15 MB formatted). S2.999

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color, w/ cabinet style to match IBM (as shown above) . . .$649

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Cable: Taxan to IBM or Apple III $19

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The new XT Model available now Call for prices & configurations

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1-2-3 (Req. DS drive). .$495 S359

dBASE II $700 $469

TKISolver $249

T.I.M. Ill $495 S349

WordStar $495 $339

MailMerge $250 $189

SpellStar $$250 $179

VisiCalc/256K S250 $179

VisiFile $300 $219

VisiDex $250 $199

VisiSchedule S300 $225

Business Forecast Model .$100 S89

DeskTop Plan $300 $229

VisiWord $375 S295

VisiSpell $225 S195

VisiTrend/Plot $300 S229

SuperCalc $295 $199

SuperWriter $395 S279

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Versaform $389 $259

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otr0dlelrsfornelev, (800)392-7081

Call (213)725-3080

Circle 181 on Inquiry card.

BYTE May 1983 461

for the S-100 bus and are definitely worth the extra $100 if you ever plan to write a real-time program. Most manufacturers supply software, but to get to know a machine inside out, you should try writing an interrupt and DMA-driven disk I/O routine. Furthermore, standard software routines wait while the write takes place to prevent the calling program from corrupting the buffer area before the transfer is done. If the manufacturer supplies a listing of its software, a

little creative tinkering can defeat the wait and enable one of the coroutines in the calling program to monitor the transfer to see when the buffer is free for more data; alternatively, you could alter the end-of-transfer interrupt service routine to perform whatever services your data storage subjob needs then. Poor or enthusiastic hardware hobbyists might want to experiment with the powerful DMA controller chips available for most microprocessors.

DPI

I am a □ first-time user D hobbyist □ engineer D businessperson □ programmer/analyst D DP professional □ computer designer □ educator D other.

Final Words and Warnings

There are some tricky spots where you should watch your step. Because the key to good real-time programming is buffering and asynchronous processing, some strange time relationships can develop between events in the real world and events in the logical worlds of the coroutines. In fact, the term real-time is misleading because all programs work on data that was collected at some prior realworld time. Consider, for example, a 500-byte input buffer filled at a onebyte-per-second rate by an analog/ digital-converter service routine; if the data analysis routine got temporarily behind for some reason (e.g., it needed to do a lengthy calculation), real-time for the data-analysis routine might be several minutes behind realtime from the point of view of a keyboard service routine. Normally, these time shifts are advantageous because they allow more useful work to be wrung out of the computer while still catching all input data. But they can cause problems in some situations. For example, if the computer is used as a smart controller in a feedback loop, then both data input and control output must have high priority; time-consuming tasks in the data-analysis routine should not interfere with delivery of timely control data to the output routine (two dataanalysis coroutines might be appropriate in this case: one to compute and pass along control data and a second to do other lower-priority analysis).

While data buffering occasionally can have some confusing side effects, it also comes with a bonus. After a program has been running awhile, the input buffer contains a log of the input data. Thus, any data-analysis routine can detect an event and then look back to see what led up to it. (This ability is the primary selling point for digital oscilloscopes and logic analyzers, devices that are just real-time-programmed digital processors.)

If you follow the general rules outlined here, you will find real-time programming to be a creative and rewarding activity. ■

462 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE May 1983 463

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Regression Fitting to Economic Indexes

An Apple II program can help determine base rates of inflation through analysis of the Consumer Price Index.

Dr. John R. Merrill

Hendrix College Conway, AR 72032

An interesting application of regression analysis fits an exponential curve to indexes such as the Consumer Price Index (CPI). Such fits provide historical information on prices and can also be used to extrapolate from recent behavior to future performance. Working with such regression analyses demonstrates determining the base rate of inflation despite variations on top of the base rate. The method and the program also suit analysis of many other interesting national indexes.

The Program

Although written for an Apple II computer with 48K bytes of RAM (random-access read/write memory), the program (see listing 1) can run with less RAM if you limit the amount of historical data stored or if you choose not to plot the results. This latter option releases the highresolution memory space.

In the program, the matrix designated CPI(26,12) stores 26 years'

About the Author

John Merrill has used computers in his teaching at Dartmouth, Florida State, and Hendrix. He has published a book, Using Computers in Physics, and several monographs and journal articles. His present interests are uses of DEC VAX-11 systems and microcomputer systems.

worth (1955 through 1980) of monthly CPI data (lines 570 through 820), here taken from the Business Conditions Digest, published by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce. The vector Y(26) stores the years of the data.

Lines 40 through 60 read in the values of the CPI and the corresponding years. Line 70 allows you to choose just to fit the data or to fit and plot it. Lines 90 and 100 allow selection of the starting and ending months and years, thereby permitting a subset of data values to be used in calculations.

Lines 170 through 320 form the subroutine that fits the best compound-interest curve to the chosen data. The routine's analysis is based on a linear-regression fit to the natural logarithms of the CPI data. In a sense, the analysis fits the best exponential curve to the raw CPI data for the years and months chosen, using logarithmic weighting factors.

Program variable XS sums the time, measured in years; YS sums the natural logarithms of the corresponding CPI values. Variable XY sums the products of times and logarithms; X2 sums the squares of the times. Lines 280 and 290 use these variables to calculate the best values of the slope M and the intercept B of the straight line representing the logarithm of the

CPI as a function of time. The variable R is the best value, according to the least-squares criterion, of the compound rate of increase.

Lines 330 through 520 form a subroutine that plots the chosen data in high-resolution graphics. Note that line 340 finds the best-fit curve using the subroutine beginning at line 170. CO and C9 are the bottom and top values for the graph. In lines 450 and 460, the variables X9 and Y9 are the points to be plotted. Again notice that the graph is a plot of the natural logarithms of the CPI against time. Lines 490 through 510 plot the best-fit line calculated by the line 170 subroutine.

The Regression Fit

Using a least-squares criterion, the program fits the logarithms of the CPI to a straight line. This fit is equivalent to fitting, by a regression analysis, the raw CPI data to an exponential curve, y = Ce*", where C and M are the best-fit constants and t is the time.

This fit is equivalent to fitting the data to a compound-interest curve, y = C(l + R)', where C is the same constant (notice the values at t = 0) and R is the compound-interest rate. If CeM' = C(l + R)', then log(C) + Mt = log(C) + tlog (1 + R), where log stands for the natural

474 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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logarithm, matching the BASIC notation. Thus, M = log (1 + R), so that R = e** —1, which is the equation used in program line 300. In program line 290, the variable B is the best value of log(C).

The details of linear-regression analysis, including information on how to calculate the best values of M and B, are discussed in many statistical-analysis books. One such source is Hugh D. Young's Statistical Treatment of Experimental Data (McGraw-Hill, 1962), pages 145 and 146.

Program Results

Figures 1 and 2 illustrate program results. Figure 1 shows the fit of (the natural logarithm of) the CPI from January 1955 through December 1980. Because the CPI has several very different base rates of increase over that period of time, the best-fit line (a compound rate of increase of 4.2 percent per year) does not represent the data very well.

Figure 2, on the other hand, shows a fit for January 1955 through June 1956 (a period with little change in the CPI), and were the corresponding graph displayed, this fit would represent the CPI variation quite well with a compound rate of increase of 0.7 percent per year. The second half of the run in figure 2 and the plot shown there are the fit of the CPI from June 1978 through December 1980. Here, the compound rate of increase is 12.7 percent per year, and the straight line is a good representation of the actual base rate of inflation throughout this period. You can also see the relatively small variations around the base-rate line. A number of the points, which represent the raw CPI values, are covered by the best-fit line. This covering is quite clear on the video screen because the program plots the monthly points and then draws the line right over them. To estimate where the covered points lie, remember that the CPI values come in equal steps in time (every month).

Conclusion

The program reported in this note represents one illustration of an instructive application of regression

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Listing 1: This Apple II BASIC program fits the natural logarithms of Consumer Price Index data to a straight line and displays the results. Plotting is user-selectable.

10 REM CONSUMER PRICE INDEX

20 DIN CPI(26,12),Y(26)

30 REN READ IN CPI DATA; NYR=i OF YRS OF DATA) YR0=1ST YEAR

40 NYR = 26

50 FOR I = 1 TO NYR: READ Yd): FOR J = 1 TO 12: READ CPHI.J)

60 NEXT i: NEXT I:YRO = Yd)

70 PRINT : INPUT "STOP(O), FIT EXPONENTd), PL0T(2)?";CC

80 IF CC = 0 THEN END

90 PRINT : INPUT "1ST NO, YR (I.E. 6,1965)?";rll,Yl

100 INPUT "2ND MO, YR (YR2>YR1>?";M2,Y2

110 PRINT "FROM ";M1;"/";Y1;" TO ■;M2;"/";Y2;':"

120 Yl = YI - YRO ♦ 1:Y2 = Y2 - YRO + 1

130 IF Y2 < = Yl THEN PRINT "MCAN'T DO,": GOTO 90

140 IF CC = 1 THEN GOSUB 170: GOTO 70

150 IF CC = 2 THEN GOSUB 330: GOTO 70

160 GOTO 70

170 REM SUBROUTINE TO CALC BEST LINE

180 T = 0:XS = 0:YS = 0:XY = 0:X2 = 0

190 FOR I = Yl TO Y2: FOR J = 1 TO 12

200 IF (I = Yl) AND (J < Ml) THEN 260

210 IF (I = Y2> AND (J > M2) THEN 260

220 T * T + iiX « T / 12:Y = LOG (CPHI.JJJ

230 XS • XS * X:YS = YS + Y:XY = XY + X * Y:X2 = X2 t X » X

240 IF (1 = Yl) AND (J = Ml) THEN X6 = X

250 IF II = Y2) AND (J = H2) THEN X7 = X

260 NEXT J: NEXT 1

270 REM M='BEST' SLOPE; B='BEST' INTERCEPT

280 M = IT t XY - XS » YS) / IT » X2 - XS t XS)

290 B = (YS » X2 - XY t XS) / IT * X2 - XS * XS)

300 R = INT (1000 t I EXP (M) - 1) * .5) / 10

310 PRINT " EFF. COMPOUND ANNUAL RATE - ';R;» I"

320 RETURN

330 REM SUBROUTINE TO PLOT LNICPI) VS TIME

340 GOSUB 180

350 REM C0=B0TT0M OF GRAPH; C9=T0P OF GRAPH

360 CO = LOG I INT (CPI(Y1,M1>)): IF CO ( (M » X6 * B) THEN 380

370 CO = LOG I INT I EXP IM » X6 + B)>)

380 C9 = LOG I INT (CPI(Y2,M2) + 1>): IF C9 > (M » X7 ♦ B) THEN 400

390 C9 = LOG I INT I EXP (M t X7 + B) + 11)

400 HGR : HC0L0R= 3: HPLOT 0,0 TO 279,0 TO 279,159 TO 0,159 TO 0,0

410 PRINT "Y SCALE: L0GC; EXP (CO);") TO L0G("; EXP (C9);")."

420 T = 0: FOR I = Yl TO Y2: FOR i = 1 TO 12

430 IF (1 = Yl) AND (J < Ml) THEN 480

440 IF (I = Y2) AND (J > M2) THEN 480

450 T = T ♦ 1:X9 = (<T / 12) - X6) / (X7 - X6)

460 Y9 = ( LOG (CPI(I,J>) - CO) / (C9 - CO)

470 HPLOT 279 * X9,159 - 159 t Y9

430 NEXT J: NEXT I

490 Y6 = KM t X6 * B) - CO) / (C9 - CO)

500 Y7 = KM » X7 *■ B) - CO) / (C9 - CO)

510 HPLOT 0,159 - 159 * Y6 TO 279,159 - 159 » Y7

520 INPUT " PRESS RETURN FOR NEN COMMAND.";Y«: TEXT : RETURN

530 REM CPI DATA; EACH RON: YEAR,12 MONTHLY VALUES

540 REM VALUES FROM 1/1955 THROUGH 12/1980

550 REM VALUES FROM 'BUSINESS CONDITIONS DIGEST'

560 REM US DEPT OF COMMERCE, BUREAU OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

570 DATA 1955,BO.1,80.1,80.1,80.1,80.1,80.1,80.4,80.2,80.5,80.5,80.6,B0.4

580 DATA 1956,80.3,80.3, B0.4,80.5,80.9,81.4,82,81.9,82,82.5,82.5,82.7

590 DATA 1957.82,8,83.1,83.3,83.6,83,8,84.3,84.7,84.8,84.9,84.9,B5.2,85.2

600 DATA 1958,85.7,85.8,86.4,86.6,86.6,86.7,86.8,86.7,86.7,86.7,86.8,86.7

610 DATA 1959,86.8,86.7,86.7,86,8,86.9,87.3,87.5,87.4,87.7,88,88,88

Listing 1 continued:

620 DATA 1960,87.9,

630

DATA

640

DATA

650

DATA

660

DATA

670

DATA

680

DATA

690

DATA

700

DATA

710

DATA

720

DATA

730

DATA

740

DATA

750

DATA

760

DATA

770

DATA

780

DATA

790

DATA

800

DATA

810

DATA

820

DATA

830

REM

840

REM

850

END

(la)

RUN

1,88.5,88.5,88.7,88.7,88.7,88.8,89.2,89.3,89.3 1961,89.3,89.3,89.3,89.3,89.3,89.4,89.8,89.7,89.9,89.9,89.9,89.9 1962,89.9,90.1,90.3,90.5,90.5,90.5,90.7,90.7,91.2,91.1,91.1,91 1963,91.1,91.2,91.3,91.3,91.3,91.7,92.1,92.1,92.1,92.2,92.3,92.5 1964,92.6,92.5,92.6,92.7,92.7,92.9,93.1,93,93.2,93.3,93.5,93.6 1965,93.6,93.6,93.7,94,94.2,94.7,94.8,94.6,94.8,94.9,95.1,95.4 1966,95.4,96,96.3,96.7,96.8,97.1,97.4,97.9,98.1,98.5,98.5,98.6 1967,98.6,98.7,98.9,99.1,99.4,99.7,100.2,100.5,100.7,101,101.3,101.6 1968,102,102.3,102.8,103.1,103.4,104,104.5,104.8,105.1,105.7,106.1,106.4 1969,106.7,107.1,108,108.7,109,109.7,110.2,110.7,111.2,111.6,112.2,112.9 1970,113.3,113.9,114.5,115.2,115.7,116.3,116,7,116.9,117.5,118.1,118.5,119.1 1971,119.2,119.4,119.8,120.2,120.8,121.5,121.8,122.1,122.2,122,4,122.6,123.1 1972,123.2,123.8,124,124.3,124.7,125,125.5,125.7,126.2,126.6,126.9,127.3 1973,127.7,128.6,129.8,130.7,131.5,132.4,132.7,135.1,135.5,136.6,137.6,138.5 1974,139.7,141.5,143.1,143.9,145.5,146.9,148,149.9,151.7,153,154.3,155.4 1975,156.1,157.2,157.8,158.6,159.3,160.6,162.3,162.8,163.6,164.4,165.6,166.3 1976,166.7,167.1,167.5,168.2,169.2,170.1,171.1,171.9,172.6,173.3,173.8,174.3 1977,175.3,177.1,178.2,179,6,180,6,181.8,182.6,183.3,184,184.5,185.4,186.1 1978,187,2,188.4,189.8,191.5,193.3,195.3,196.7,197.8,199.3,200.9,202,202.9 1979,204.7,207,1,209.1,211.5,214.1,216.6,218.9,221.1,223.4,225.4,227.5,229.9 1980,233.2,236.4,239.8,242.5,244.9,247.6,247.8,249.4,251,7,253.9,256.2,258.4

COPYRIGHT (0 HENDRIX COLLEGE 1980

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. PLEASE GIVE APPROPRIATE CREDITS.

STOP(O), FIT EXPONENTtl), PL0T(2)?2

1ST HO, YR (I.E. 6,1965)?!,1955 2ND NO, YR (YR2>YR1)?12,1980 FROH 1/1955 TO 12/1980:

EFF. COMPOUND ANNUAL RATE = 4.2 I Y SCALE: L0B(68) TO L0B(259).

PRESS RETURN FOR NEK COMMAND,

STOP(O), FIT EXPQNENT(l), PL0T(2)?0

Figure 1: The computer prompting messages and operator responses shown in (la) produce the plot shown in (lb). This plot results from running the listing 1 program using Consumer Price Index data from January 1955 through December 1980. The best-fit line represents a 4.2 percent-per-year compound rate of increase.

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(2a) ]RUN

STOPCOi, FIT eXPONENT(l), PL0T(2)?1

1ST MO, YR (I.E. 6,1965)71,1955 2ND HO, YR (YR2>YR1)?6,1956 FROM 1/1955 TO 6/1956: EFF. COMPOUND ANNUAL RATE = J 1.

STOP(O), FIT EXPONENT(l), PLOT(2)?2

(2b)

1ST MO, YR (I.E. 6,1965)?6,1978

2ND MO, YR (YR2>YR1)?12,1980

FROM 6/1978 TO 12/1980:

EFF. COMPOUND ANNUAL RATE = 12.7 I Y SCALE: L06(192) TO L06(260).

PRESS RETURN FOR NEW COMMAND.

STOP(O), FIT EXPONENT!!), PL0T(2)?0

Figure 2: Demonstrating use of the listing 1 program, the prompting and response messages in (2a) and (2b), respectively, show program operation for Consumer Price Index data from January 1955 through June 1956 (at a 0.7 percent-per-year compound rate of increase) and June 1978 through December 1980 (12.7 percent-per-year compound rate of increase). The graph in (2c) results from the (2b) inputs; the discrete points are individual Consumer Price Index values.

analysis to curves of general interest. This regression analysis is actually a nonlinear, least-squares fit to an exponential curve representing a compound-interest function. However, the nonlinear regression is accomplished using well-known results from linear-regression analysis by fitting the best straight line to the natural logarithms of the particular index used, the CPI.

Using the program demonstrates the complexity of the CPI as a function of time. Such use also demonstrates that the CPI behavior in specific segments of time can be reasonably well represented by compound-interest curves with differing base annual inflation rates. Furthermore, using the program shows the relatively small variations on top of the base inflation rates in the different epochs.

Such an instructive analysis then leads to the questions that simple data manipulations are unlikely to answer—fundamental questions such as, "What occurred during the various, distinct epochs to cause the quite different base inflation rates?" "Can you see the effects of the Vietnam War or the price increase from OPEC in the appropriate epochs?" or "Are the effects of such major influences as war or energy prices delayed in time and why?" The point of the instructive illustration furnished by this program is to get people to consider questions of progressively deeper levels and to be able to test reasonable hypotheses against the data itself. ■

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BYTE May 1983 481

Sorting Algorithms for Microcomputers

Programmer ingenuity and search of the existing literature can significantly improve sort performance.

Many applications require organizing data into ascending or descending order—sorting. This can be an extremely time-consuming job, especially if a too simple algorithm is used. On a large machine the inefficiency may not be noticed—one second versus ten may not be worth worrying about. On a microcomputer, however, one minute versus ten may be quite important, especially if you're sitting at a terminal waiting for the results.

In this article we examine two fairly simple and closely related sorting algorithms: Shuttlesort and Shellsort. Shellsort is a generalization of Shuttlesort, requiring only a small added expenditure of programming

About the Authors

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effort but yielding astounding improvements in performance.

In addition, we examine the sorts' performance on a variety of machinelanguage combinations to give some idea of their relative power on a common practical task.

When faced with a common problem such as sorting, someone has probably developed efficient methods—what you need to know is where to look. References 1, 2, 4, and 5 are convenient sources of sorting algorithms.

Types of Sorts

If the sort program and all the data to be sorted fit into central memory, we can use an internal sort. If not, some kind of external sort must be used. Such sorts involve sorting parts of the data in central memory, writing these sorted parts to a disk, and then merging the parts together to create a file of sorted data. This article deals with internal sorts, which

can be used during the internal phase of an external sort.

Many internal sorting algorithms are available, each with advantages and disadvantages. Broadly speaking, we can classify the sorts by two characteristics: efficiency and complexity (see table 1).

Shellsort occupies an interesting position in this classification: it is in the same efficiency class as sorts such as Quicksort yet is easier to program. In addition, it is more efficient than the Shuttle/Bubble varieties yet no more difficult to program. This is only a small exaggeration. Shellsort is slightly more complicated than those in the Shuttle category. Also, it is slightly less efficient, at least theoretically, than Quicksort and Treesort. Nevertheless, in most situations Shellsort represents the best choice in trading machine time for complexity. Furthermore, Shellsort requires no more space than Shuttlesort while Quicksort does require additional space.

482 May 1963 © BYTE Publications Inc

Complexity of Algorithm

Efficiency

Low

Medium

High

Low

Shuttle Bubble Pair Exchange

Medium

Shellsort

Quicksort Treesort

High

Linear-Time Sort

Table 1: Common sorting methods can be classified by two characteristics: efficien :y and complexity.

Listing 1: This Applesoft version of Shuttlesort includes a GOSUB at line 20 to branch to code that generates data used to perform the tests described in the text. The sort proper is the code from line 50 through line 200.

10 DIM X<1024>

19 REM BRANCH TO GENERATE N RANDOM VALUES

20 GOSUB 1000

50 FOR I = 1 TO N - 1

60 FOR J = I TO 1 STEP - 1

70 IF X(J) < = X(J + 1) THEN 200

80 tx = x(j>:x(j> = X(j + i>:x<j + i> = tx:

100 NEXT J 200 NEXT I

Because Shuttlesort serves as the starting point for Shellsort, we consider it first. It is useful for sorting small lists of items (e.g., up to 30 or so on a microcomputer). Shuttlesort is also used as part of more complex algorithms such as modified Quicksort. (Reference 5 is an excellent source for more information on all the sorts noted in the table except the linear-time sort, which is covered in reference 6.)

Shuttlesort

For a concrete demonstration of the Shuttlesort algorithm, we will assume that we want to sort the following list of single characters into normal alphabetical order:

Location 12 3 4 5 6 Element X C D M A B

The Shuttlesort algorithm starts by comparing the first two items, X and C, and exchanges them if they are out of order. Because X should come after

C, they are exchanged. The algorithm next compares locations 2 and 3. Because X should come after D, they are exchanged.

The sort now determines how far up in the list the value D should be moved (to the left in our display). Therefore, C and D are compared. Because they are in the right order, no exchange is made. The comparisons resume at locations 3 and 4; X should come after M and they are swapped. The list is now

Location 12 3 4 5 6 Element C D M X A B

Values at locations 4 and 5 are compared next. Because X should come after A, they are exchanged; next, M and A are compared and another exchange occurs. Two more exchanges—D and A, then C and A— place A in location 1. The sort resumes by comparing X and B. B travels up the list until it stops at location 2, finishing the sort:

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Although our example sorts single characters, the algorithm applies equally to real values, integers, or arbitrarily long strings. The performance tests presented here use randomly ordered real values.

Listing 1 shows an Applesoft version of Shuttlesort for real-valued data. The FOR loop from lines 50 to 200 controls the traversal down array X so that the first comparison for a given value of I is X(I) and X(I + 1). The inner FOR loop, lines 60 through 100, moves the value at X(l) up the list until it encounters a smaller (or equal) value or until it reaches the top of the list. The exchange of X(J) and X(T + 1) in line 80 moves data elements up the list.

As noted in table 1, Shuttlesort is in the same class as the Bubble and Pair Exchange sorts. A sort shown in the Apple BASIC Programming Reference Manual (page 15) is a Pair Exchange sort. The efficiency of these sorts can be described by the increase in sorting time as the number of items to be sorted increases. If it takes T seconds to sort N items, these sorts will require about 4T seconds to sort 2N items: the sort time increases with the square of the number of items. Algorithms with this efficiency are said to be order N-square in performance. Sorting time can get out of hand very quickly with an order N-square sort. For example, if 100 items require 100 seconds to sort, 200 items will require 400 seconds. Sorting 1000 items becomes impractical—it would take about 3 hours.

A clue to this algorithm's inefficiency can be seen in our letter-sorting example. The value A starts in location 5 but belongs in location 1; Shuttlesort needs four exchanges to move it to the top. Similarly, the movement of value B to location 2 also requires four exchanges. As the number of items to be sorted increases, the number of exchanges for each item increases. The total number of exchanges is proportional to the number of items times the number of exchanges for each—hence the order N-square performance.

484 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 313 on inquiry card.

Whole List

L

W D U P T H N E A K

Before Sublist

W

W

After Sublist

Whole List

K

H D

E A L W N U P T

Figure 1: Shellsort creates five sublists when distance D = 5; each sublist is sorted with a Shuttlesort. Before refers to the data order before the Shellsort pass; After refers to the order resulting from the Shellsort pass.

Before

After

Sublist

Sublist

Whole

Whole

List

1

2

3

1

2

3

List

K

K

E

E

H

H

A

A

D

D

D

D

E

E

K

K

A

A

H

H

L

L

L

L

W

W

P

P

N

N

N

N

U

U

U

U

P

P

W

W

T

T

T

T

Figure 2: These three Shellsort sublists result when distance D=3. The Before list is identical to figure l's After list; it results from the D—5 Shellsort.

If Shuttlesort could move items more than one position at a time, it might be more efficient. One way to make larger moves is to compare items farther apart than just one location. This is the idea behind Shellsort; reference 7 discusses Shell's original work.

Shellsort

Shellsort works by dividing the list of data into sublists. Shuttlesort is used to order each sublist and finally merge them into the final, completely sorted list. The final pass of Shellsort is identical to a Shuttlesort. Earlier passes try to move small values near the top of the list in large steps. On the final (Shuttlesort) pass values don't have far to move.

To demonstrate Shellsort, we use the larger list of data shown in figure

1. Instead of comparing immediate neighbors, the algorithm starts by comparing items some fixed distance apart, 5 for the first figure 1 pass. The Before section shows the original list of data and the five sublists that result when items five locations apart are compared. The algorithm effectively applies a Shuttlesort to each of these sublists. The After section shows the now-ordered sublists and the resulting whole list at the end of the pass. Note that only six comparisons have managed to move letters in the first half of the alphabet to the top half of the list and letters in the last half of the alphabet to the bottom half of the list.

The next pass uses a distance of 3, resulting in the three sublists shown in figure 2. Each sublist is sorted (using Shuttlesort) with the result in

the After section. The first quarter of the list now contains letters from the first quarter of the alphabet and so on. The list becomes partially ordered very quickly.

The final pass uses a distance of 1, resulting in only one sublist, the entire list of values. Clearly, applying Shuttlesort to that list assures that the final result is completely ordered. Note the small distance items need to move in this final pass to find their final position; no item need move more than two locations.

The changes required to convert Shuttlesort to Shellsort are minimal. First, lines 50 through 200 in listing 1 are modified to use distance D rather than the fixed distance 1. After each pass, the value of D reduces to INT(D/2) at line 230 of listing 2. When D is reduced to 0, we know that the pass just completed was the Shuttlesort on the whole list. Thus, the sort is complete.

Determining Distances

How do we choose the distances? Although the algorithm's performance is known to be rather sensitive to the distances, there is no known way to select the ones that guarantee minimum sort time. However, the initial distance and all subsequent distances should be odd. One of the most commonly used set of distances with this property was developed by Hibbard (see reference 3). He uses an initial distance of

May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 485

Shuttlesor

I

Shellsort

Number

Number of

Number of

Number of

Number of

of Items

Comparisons

Exchanges

Comparisons

Exchanges

32

280

251

159

70

64

1050

992

411

180

128

4186

4063

1142

555

256

16,802

16,552

2515

1108

512

64,761

64,255

6395

3089

1024

264,233

263,223

15,740

8131

2048

1,032,218

1,030,176

34,994

17,698

4096

4,141,646

4,137,563

84,969

46,277

Table 2:

Comparing

Shellsort with Sr

uttlesort

'llustrates the former

algc

rithm's superiority.

Listing 2: Comparing this Applesoft version of Shellsort with the listing 1 program demonstrates that only two lines—45 and 230—need be added to a Shuttlesort program to form Shellsort. The variable D generalizes the distance between comparisons; this distance is fixed at 1 in Shuttlesort.

10

19

20

45

50

60

70

80

100

200

230

DIM X(1024)

REM BRANCH TO GENERATE N RANDOM VALUES G0SUB 1000 D = 2 " INT ( LOG <N> / LOG (2)) - 1 FOR I = 1 TO N - D FOR J = I TO 1 STEP - D IF X(J) < ■ X(J + D) THEN 200

tx = x(j>:x(j) ■ xcj + d>:x<j + d> = tx

NEXT J NEXT I D = INT (D / 2): IF D > 0 THEN 50

Each subsequent distance is D = INT(D/2)

(Note that LOG(N)/LOG(2) is the base 2 logarithm of N.) The values of D are always of the form 2P —1 for some positive integer P. For example, if we have 100 items to sort, the initial P is 6 and the initial D is 63. In subsequent passes, D equals 31, 15, 7, 3, and 1. (For our little example, we should have used an initial distance of 7, but we chose 5 to make it a bit more interesting.)

We now have all the parts necessary for the algorithm. The Apple BASIC program is in listing 2.

Performance Evaluation

We claimed in the beginning that Shellsort was well worth the minor programming changes. The acid test of this is the time required to sort. It

often turns out that an algorithm that has superior theoretical performance realizes its advantage over another algorithm only for very large values of N. For example, suppose we code an algorithm that is order N—that is, doubling the number of items to sort only doubles the time. But suppose it takes 1000 seconds to sort 100 items, while our order N-square algorithm takes 100 seconds. Sorting 200 items requires 2000 and 400 seconds respectively; sorting 500 items requires 5000 and 2500 seconds respectively. Only when we sort more than 1000 items will the order N algorithm, be superior. In such situations, the choice of algorithm depends heavily on the number of items to sort.

Therefore, we compared timings for Shuttlesort and Shellsort for several machines and languages. In addition to time measurements, we also counted the number of exchanges and comparisons required by each

method. While the time will certainly differ for different hardware, the counts will not, so they provide insight into algorithm efficiency independent of hardware/software considerations.

Another measure for a sort algorithm is the amount of memory required. Each method requires only minimal extra memory beyond the list to be sorted. Furthermore, this extra space does not increase as the number of items increases. Thus, space use is order N. In contrast, algorithms that are slightly more efficient than Shellsort typically require significant extra space. For example, some require space for pointers— possibly two pointers per item.

For the performance comparisons, random real values were generated. This probably represents the most challenging type of data for both algorithms—with integers or strings, duplicate values are more likely to occur and sort time would be reduced for both.

Table 2 shows the number of comparisons and exchanges for the two algorithms for lists of size 32, 64, . . . 4096. The superiority of Shellsort is obvious throughout. Scanning the Comparisons and Exchanges columns under Shuttlesort reveals its order N-square nature—when N doubles, the number of operations increases fourfold. Also note how the number of exchanges is close to the number of comparisons. Exchanges are expensive—they require three LET statements.

The rate of growth of the number of comparisons and exchanges for

486 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Sort time in

seconds for:

Number

of Items

Shuttlesort

Shellsort

32

7

3.5

64

26

7.5

128

103

20

256

413

51

512

(1652)

121

1024

(6608)

295

2048

(26,433)

(706)

4096

(105,730)

(1692)

Table 3: Comparison of

sort times for Shuttlesort

and Shellsort

algorithms written

in Applesoft BASIC support

table 2's indication

of Shellsort

s superiority. The

numbers in parentheses

ire estimated times.

Shellsort is far slower. Instead of an order N-square increase, it is approximately proportional to N1-26. Thus, doubling N results in an increase of roughly 2.4 times in the number of operations. Furthermore, the number of exchanges is much less than the number of comparisons, usually about half. (Note that different data produce different counts, but the relationships remain approximately equal to those we measured.) These counts show the effectiveness of early passes in moving items a long way up and down the list with few comparisons and exchanges.

From the counts of comparisons and exchanges, Shellsort should be much faster. It is: table 3 shows sort times in seconds for the two algorithms using Applesoft interpreted BASIC. (Some of the times have been estimated because they are so long. The estimation method is described in the next section.) As you can see, as N grows Shuttlesort becomes impractical very quickly:

sorting just 256 values requires almost 7 minutes. By comparison, Shellsort can order four times as many values, 1024, in less time. Even though the Apple has enough memory to sort 4096 values, do you have the patience to wait out a Shuttlesort? The estimated time is about 29 hours.

Using Shellsort, it is practical to sit at the machine while it sorts 1024 values. Sorting 2048 values calls for a coffee break (12 minutes), while you might schedule a sort of 4096 values for a quick lunch (about 28 minutes).

Predicting Sort Times

It is quite easy to develop simple and accurate estimates for sort times for both algorithms. Based on the order of the methods, estimates of the following forms are used:

Time(Shuttlesort) =CN! Time(Shellsort) = K N1"

The constants C and K are estimated

from actual times from table 3. The estimates are usually better if larger values of N are used. For example, using N = 256 to estimate C gives

C = 413/2562 = 0.006302

Using this value for C gives an estimate for N = 128 of

Time(Shuttlesort) = 0.006302*1282 = 103.25

agreeing with our observed time. The estimate for 1024 items is

Time(Shuttlesort) = 0.006302*10242 = 6608 seconds

or almost 2 hours.

For Shellsort, the estimated K using N = 1024 is

K = 295/128126 = 0.0475

The estimate for sorting 128 values is

Time(Shellsort) = 0.0475*1281 ■" = 21.5

agreeing fairly well with the observed 20 seconds.

Pushing Shellsort Further

Many algorithms can be "tuned" to give additional performance improvement, although often no improvement in order of performance. This is the case with Shellsort. We can reduce times by about 25 percent with the following change: when we find a value that is out of place, say X(I + D), it is stored in TX. TX is then

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May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 487

Listing 3: In an Applesoft version of Super-Shellsort, exchanges are delayed so that fewer LET statement executions are required than in the usual Shellsort algorithms. This program reduces sort times by about 25 percent compared with the listing 2 program.

10 DIM X<10

24)

19 REM BRANCH TO GENERATE N RANDOM VALUES

20 60SUB 1000

45 D = 2 "

INT ( LOG (N) / LOG (2)) - 1

50 FOR I =

1 TO N - It

55 IF X(I)

< = X(I + D) THEN 200

57 TX = X(I

+ D):X <I + ID = X(I)

58 IF I <

= D THEN X(I) = TXJ GOTO 200

60 FOR J =

I - D TO 1 STEP - D

70 IF TX >

= X(J) THEN 120

80 X(J + D)

= X(J)

100 NEXT J

120 X(J + D)

= TX

200 NEXT I

230 D = INT

CD / 2)J IF D > 0 THEN 50

compared up the list, moving displaced values down by distance D until the proper place for TX is found. Thus, moving a value up in M steps requires only M —1 moves and one exchange instead of M exchanges. (This improvement is discussed in reference 3.) This version of the program appears in listing 3.

This tuning reduces the time to sort 1024 values from 295 seconds to 223 seconds. The time to sort 4096 values is now about 20 minutes compared to about 28 minutes.

In theory, there are quicker algorithms than Shell's. For example, based on statistics reported in reference 5 (page A41), Quickersort

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seems to be about three times faster. However, Quickersort involves significant manipulation of pointers and transfers of control, operations that are especially expensive with an interpreter. We once tried Quickersort on an 8080-based microcomputer using Microsoft BASIC. The results were miserable—the seconds required by Shellsort became minutes with Quickersort. We have not repeated the experiment with the Apple.

The Apple versus IBM and Two of the Dwarfs

How powerful is the Apple? What is the performance gain from compiling? How do BASIC and FORTRAN compare in performance? We did not embark on an exhaustive performance comparison, but having several computer systems available and for some time having harbored suspicions about Grosch's law (explained later) we coded Shuttlesort and Shellsort on several machines using several languages:

• Apple with Applesoft BASIC

• Apple with Microsoft BASIC compiler

• IBM Personal Computer with Microsoft BASIC interpreter

• Digital Equipment Corporation VAX-11/780 with BASIC compiler

• DEC VAX with FORTRAN (compiled)

• Control Data Corporation Cyber 170-750 with BASIC compiler

• CDC Cyber with FORTRAN (optimizing FTN5 compiler)

Table 4 summarizes the results and shows the ratios of sort times for 1024 values using Shellsort. The underlined values represent comparisons that are probably the most accurate reflections of machine power as opposed to comparison of languages or compilers/interpreters. For example, row 2 indicates that the VAX is about 47 times faster than the Apple (both using compiled BASIC). The CDC is somewhere between 2.6 and 4.3 times faster than the VAX depending on whether we compare BASICs or FORTRANs.

If you have a BASIC compiler for your Apple, you probably know

488 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 144 on inquiry card.

about the significant speed improvements it affords. Using the Microsoft BASIC compiler with integer variables for everything except the actual array of values to be sorted, 1024 values can be sorted in 33 seconds, and 4096 values require 166 seconds (there went your coffee break). The average improvement is a factor of about 7.5.

Now, what about Grosch's law? Herbert Grosch hypothesized a relationship between computer cost and performance that claimed a quadrupling of performance for a doubling of cost (a quadratic relationship). This seemed to hold true for many years, especially if performance was based on measures of raw computing power such as add times. Because internal sorting requires primarily brute computational power, as opposed to input/output operations, our performance measures should be a fair test of the law.

In order to make some sense of cost/performance trade-offs, we calculated for each machine the following quantity:

Apple

BASIC

IBM

VAX

CDC

Com

PC

VAX

FOR

CDC

FOR

piled

BASIC

BASIC

TRAN

BASIC

TRAN

7.6

1.46

360

1100

952

4758

.19

47

145

125

626

247

753

652

3259

3.0

2.6

.87

13.2

4.3

5.0

Applesoft

Apple BASIC Compiled

IBM PC BASIC

VAX BASIC

VAX FORTRAN

CDC BASIC

Table 4: These relative performance comparisons of various hardware/software combinations are based on sorting 1024 values with Shellsort. Table entries are the ratio of the row-system sort time to the column-system sort time; for example, the VAX BASIC system runs Shellsort 47 times faster than the Apple BASIC Compiled system does. Underlined values are those most appropriate for comparisons of the relative power of different hardware.

System

Apple, BASIC VAX, BASIC VAX, FORTRAN CDC, BASIC CDC, FORTRAN

Table 5: A comparison of the cost index of various computer systems.

Cost

Cost Index

$1500

1.00

$100,000

1.42

$100,000

0.47

$1,000,000

5.33

$1,000,000

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cost index = cost of machine X/cost of Apple

performance of X/performance of Apple

Performance is 1/time to sort 1024 items. The results are shown in table 5. The cost index tells how many Apples you could buy for each unit of Apple performance obtained when using specific machine-language combinations. Even more to the point, if you could divide a job into pieces that

could be run simultaneously, this indicates that in all cases except the VAX/FORTRAN combination it would be cheaper to buy a bushel of Apples in place of the larger machine. For example, with the CDC/BASIC combination you could buy 5.33 Apples for each unit of Apple performance that the CDC provides. Because the CDC/BASIC combination sorted 1024 values 125 times faster than the Apple, you would spend 125*$1500 = $187,000 in Apples versus about $1,000,000 for

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the CDC.

Although this is certainly a crude comparison, it is quite interesting. If Grosch's law held, we should see the cost index dropping rapidly with increasing machine cost. Because the CDC costs about 667 times as much as the Apple, Grosch's law implies that its performance should be about 444,444 times better, that is, (1,000,000/1500)2 = 444,444. In fact, the CDC performance is at best about 626 times better.

Conclusions

Small changes in a program can yield dramatic performance gains. About the only good reason for ever using one of the order N-square sorting algorithms is for illustrative or educational purposes. Minor tuning can also give significant improvements.

If you do a significant amount of numerical computing and are using an interpreted BASIC, you should probably look into a compiler. The performance improvement is much greater than the gain possible by moving to a faster chip (e.g., a Z80 or 8088 in place of the 6502).

Finally, if you have a spare quarter of a million dollars, you can purchase a machine that will give you a proportional performance improvement over the Apple, but don't expect to reap much in the way of economies of scale.!

References

1. Association for Computing Machinery. Communications.

2. Association for Computing Machinery. Collected Algorithms of the ACM.

3. Hibbard, T. N. "An Empirical Study of Minimal Storage Sorting." Communications of the ACM, Vol. 6, No. 5, pp. 206-213.

4. Knuth, D. E. The Art of Computer Programming. Reading, MA: AddisonWesley, 1968, 1969, 1973.

5. Lorin, Harold. Sorting and Sort Systems. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1975.

6. Magalhaes, G. C. and A. L. Furtado. "A Linear Time Sort Algorithm Applicable to Data Base Management." Monographs in Computer Science and Computer Applications, No. 13/76, Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio de Janeiro.

7. Shell, D. L. "A High Speed Sorting Procedure." Communications of the ACM, Vol. 2, No. 7, pp. 30-33.

490 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTELINES

News and Speculation about Personal Computing

Conducted by Sol Libes

llandom Rumors:

American Bell is reportedly readying a desktop workstation computer running the Unix System 5 operating system; it may be introduced this summer. The firm is also expected to introduce a minicomputer in the same class as Digital Equipment Corporation's (DEC'S) VAX, as well as several personal computer products. There are rumors that American Bell has had discussions with Fortune Systems to purchase manufacturing rights to the Fortune 32:16 system (see page 82 of this issue for Steven H. Barry's review of the 32:16). . . . Word has it that DEC is working on a desktop version of the VAX; already DEC has produced a "PDP-11-on-achip."

Apple Computer Inc. is believed to be working on a DOS (disk operating system) with a file format that will allow files to be moved between the Apple II, Apple Me, Apple III, and Lisa.

Pick Systems may be close to releasing a version of its popular Pick Operating System for the IBM Personal Computer. . . . Several local telephone companies are reportedly seeking to sell personal computers in their telephone stores. . . . There are rumors that several low-cost portable computers are due here from Hong Kong and Taiwan. The portable market appears to be the hottest, considering the number of new units being introduced this year.

Commodore News:

Commodore appears to have scrapped its 16-bit microprocessor, in development for over four years, and has entered into an agreement to manufacture the Zilog Z8000 and related peripheral chips.

Apparently, Commodore will use the Z8000 in a new 16-bit personal computer because the agreement allows the company to use the Z8000 chip in its own products only and precludes Commodore from selling it on the open market. The fact that both CP/M and an excellent version of Unix developed by Zilog are already available for the Z8000 may have prompted Commodore's decision; however, little applications software is available for that device.

^»pple Doings: At

Apple Computer's January stockholders' meetings, Apple formally introduced the Lisa and Apple lie (see Gregg Williams's review "The Lisa Computer System" and Robin Moore's "Apple's Enhanced Computer: the Apple lie," pages 33 and 68, respectively, in the February 1983 BYTE). The company disclosed that the last month of Apple II Plus sales (December 1982) was the best they ever had (45,000 units were sold) and that a total of 750,000 Apple lis had been sold by the end of that month.

Steve Jobs, Apple chairman, announced that Apple would institute a plan to donate 10,000 Apple lie systems to accredited schools in California. A similar effort to receive federal tax credits for a national program of gifts to schools failed to get through Congress last year.

Apple has also made a request to the U.S. International Trade Commission to investigate "unfair" competition by manufacturers in Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, and Switzerland. Apple alleges patent and copyright infringement and is asking the ITC to bar imports of these Apple II look-alikes.

Despite the fact that the Customs Service has already seized a large number of these imports, more and more U.S. companies are importing them.

R

Ladlo Shack News:

Tandy has announced that it will replace the present operating system used on the Model 16 with Xenix, the Unix-like operating system from Microsoft. It will be furnished to all owners of previously sold Model 16s. This will more than double the number of Xenix users. To run Xenix, a user will need 256K bytes of memory and a hard disk. The standard Unix utilities and software tools are extra. Thus a base-priced system will be over $9000; still a low price for a Unix system. The two companies are also developing a singleuser, floppy-disk-based Xenix for mid-1983.

Finally, Tandy, the last hold-out among major suppliers, has agreed to furnish Digital Research's CP/M operating system for the new TRS-80 Model 12 system.

I

s Integrated Software the Key to Success? The

next generation of personal computers will be here shortly, and it will be characterized by highly integrated software/hardware systems. The first two such systems have already been demonstrated and should be in users' hands in the next two to three months. I am talking about the Apple Lisa, Visicorp's Visi On system, and a new unnamed operating system I am expecting Microsoft to announce shortly.

The new-generation systems offer a high degree of integration between applications software, operating-system software, and hardware. As a

result, these systems will create an applications environment. Their common distinctive features are the new user interface, integration of applications programs, and greater reliance on graphics. Up until now, user interfaces have been geared to the programmer, a highly trained user willing to spend many hours studying cryptic manuals; but these new systems are designed with a degree of simplicity rarely seen before; networking and integration of multiple applications such as word processing, data handling, and spreadsheet use are also considered important. Many of these concepts were promoted by Xerox in its Alto system (built for internal use by researchers at Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center) but it now appears that personal computer designers will really bring them into wide use.

These systems encourage the user to view the graphics display as a desktop. Graphic representations of familiar objects (called icons) are visible on the desk, including sheets of paper on top of one another, in and out baskets, a mailbox, file folders, a printer, etc. These are actually windows allowing the user to view simultaneously the execution of multiple applications programs. Users can rearrange the overlapping papers to their hearts' delight and can point to a graphics representation of a desired function using a mouse. There is one icon that is always present, the Help icon. (The Visi On system as implemented on the IBM Personal Computer, with limited graphics capability, uses labeled, highlighted boxes instead of icons.)

Visicorp will no doubt be a leader in this area, if its product lives up to the recent

494 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

demonstations made at shows around the country. With its applications packages of Visicalc, Visidex, Visifile, Visiplan, Visiword (the new word processor), and a relational database manager (in development) integrated under Visi On (acting as the window manager), Visicorp appears to have the first lowcost system that will work on many different machines. Visihost, similar to the BIOS section of CP/M, acts as the interface software module to accommodate different hardware configurations. Visicorp is promising versions for the IBM Personal Computer and DEC professional computer initially, with versions expected to follow for other machines, including Unixbased machines.

Visi On will probably not be available until mid-summer. Experts who have seen the limited demonstration are impressed but question whether the actual product can run as fast. Visicorp has released few details about the system, but I believe that on the IBM Personal Computer it will require 512K bytes of memory and a hard disk. Add the cost of the software and mouse from Visicorp, and it is likely that the complete system will cost more than the Apple Lisa. Visicorp is not too concerned about this because it expects that most Visi On systems will be sold to people who already have IBM Personal Computers or DEC machines and are looking to upgrade their systems.

The Lisa, with its higherresolution graphics and ability to run concurrent applications programs (Visi On supports only single tasks) and its integrated local-area networking facilities (still a question mark with Visi On), will most likely to appeal to businesses looking to purchase a complete system. However, there are still a lot of unknowns at this point, and it will be most interesting to watch how the competition develops.

The Apple Lisa will be sold with six integrated software

packages for just under $10,000. Apple furnished prototype machines to Unisoft, Microsoft, and Digital Research, and the companies have already demonstrated Uniplus, Xenix, and CP/M68K operating systems on the Lisa (with limited graphics). Apple has demonstrated Smalltalk on the Lisa and plans to release it. The company appears to be following the same policy that made the Apple II a huge success. Apple has made detailed information available to independent software houses and will soon offer a toolkit for the Lisa the way it did for the Apple II.

Lotus Development Corporation, with its 1-2-3 package, which integrates a sophisticated spreadsheet with many advanced features, a database manager, and a word processor, will also be a contender in this arena. And Microsoft, with its new version of MS-DOS, Multiplan (one of the most powerful spreadsheets currently available), the Multi-Tools family, and Xenix compatibility, is also expected to be a strong competitor in this area.

Digital Research, which recently added a SICGRAPHstandard compatible graphics interface to CP/M and improvements such as concurrency and memory- and diskmanagement features, still relies on independent vendors for applications software; this has resulted in a distinct lack of integrated software under CP/M. (SICCRAPH is the Association for Computing Machinery's Special Interest Group on Graphics.) Use of the standard will make it easier for outside software vendors to integrate their software; still, Digital Research seems to be missing the integrated-software boat.

It's still questionable whether the $10,000-and-up prices for these integrated systems will limit their acceptance in the marketplace; after all, Xerox tried to pioneer this area two years ago with the Star (at a $16,000 base price) and was

not successful. Will users be willing to pay $10,000 to $12,000 for these features? It may be that Apple is really counting on its Mackintosh system, due for introduction later this year, that will have some of the Lisa features and a lower price.

LAN Standard Endorsed: Thirteen firms have endorsed the LAN (local-area network) standard currently being worked on by an IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) committee. Called the IEEE P802.3 draft standard for CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense, Multiple Access with Collision Detection), it integrates the Ethernet and ECMA (European Computer Manufacturers Association) specifications. The companies endorsing the proposed standard include Bridge Communications, Data General, DEC, Fujitsu America, Hewlett-Packard, Intel, Interlan, National Semiconductor, Siemens, Tektronix, 3Com, Ungermann-Bass, and Xerox.

I rices Continue Dropping: Toys 'R' Us, a large chain of toy stores, is opening computer sections that in some cases will occupy a quarter of a store's floor space. This is just a sign of the major changes occurring in the home computer marketplace.

The competition in the mass-merchandised personal computer market is getting fierce. I have already seen the Timex Sinclair 1000 advertised for $66 minus a $15 rebate (list price is $79) and the Commodore VIC-20 for under $135. Texas Instruments (Tl), via its rebate program, has brought the model 99/4A down to under $150, and now Atari has introduced a rebate for the model 400 that brings its price down to under $200. The more powerful Atari 800 is now retailing for under $500.

Mattel, Magnavox, Emerson, and Video Technology

are also entering the fray in the under-$200 market. Emerson expects to do this by offering a keyboard attachment for the Atari 2600 video-game unit; however, Atari has announced its own keyboard for that unit. Mattel and Coleco are doing likewise for their game systems. Atari expects to double the number of stores carrying its units to 15,000 by the end of this year and to spend 50 percent more on advertising, with most going into television spots. Commodore has also dropped the price on its Model 64 and offered it for sale via mass merchandisers. The under-$100 market, now currently dominated by Timex Computer Corporation, will soon see entries from Commodore, Sharp, and Casio.

I ersonal Robotics:

Numbers of home experimenters have built personal robots during the last few years. Tod Loufbourrow, for example, wrote a book five years ago describing the construction details for his robot, which had a primitive sensory system and could respond to a limited set of commands in its master's voice. Over the last three years, several companies have introduced robotic arms controlled by personal computers; however, these are essentially expensive teaching tools, some costing as much as $5000.

The introduction of the HERO-1 from Heath will have a profound impact on personal robotics (see "Heath's HERO-1 Robot" by Steven Leininger, January 1983 BYTE, page 86). Although still intended as an educational product, its $1500 price (in kit form) puts it well within the range of many schools and home experimenters. Thus we can expect to see homebrewed improvements, added features, and peripherals for this and similar robotic kits; perhaps newer kits will be available at even lower cost. For example, Nolan Bushnell (founder

May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 495

Circle 416 on inquiry card.

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BYTELINES

of Atari) has formed a new company called Androbot, in Sunnyvale, California, that has announced two home robots. One is expected to sell for under $1000 and use a radio link to a home computer; the second will be a $2500 robot with onboard brains using three 8088 microprocessors and 3 megabytes of memory. The Robot Shack, of El Toro, California, is offering its 7-inch-high Droid for $99 and a 38-inchhigh PR-1 for $499; both offer remote-controlled motion, speech recognition, and speech output.

We are at a point in personal robotics comparable to the situation in the early 1970s when home experimenters were building primitive computers with the Intel 8008 microprocessor. It took only another three to four years for these systems to move from basements to computer stores; by the end of the decade, computers were being mass merchandised. I therefore predict that by the end of this decade we will see personal robots mass merchandised just as personal computers are today.

■Japan Launches New Software Development Effort: Japan is attempting to enter the software business by making a long-term commitment to supporting software houses. Following the same technique used in other fields, the Japanese government and industry are cooperating to provide the stimulus. Japan's Ministry of International Trade and Industry has launched a five-year project to create new operatingsystem software, softwaredevelopment technology, and languages. Now in its third year, the project has $192 million in funding, half coming from government and half from industry (participants include Nippon Electric Company [NEC], Hitachi, Fujitsu, Matsushita, Toshiba, Mitsubishi Electric, Oki, and Sharp). Of this sum, $10.6 million was funneled to 2000 independent software houses.

Further, the Japanese government gave industry a 40 percent tax deferral on software revenues for the first four years of any developed program's life. Some of the larger companies, such as Hitachi, spun off their software operations into independent subsidiaries to make them less bureaucratic. Although most experts feel that Japan is still about 10 years behind the U.S. in software development, in some areas the Japanese have made significant strides. Japan has already developed banking and airline-reservation software considered equal to that used in the U.S. Further, its video games and robotics software are considered first rate.

U.S. Firms Establish Foreign Software Operations: More and more U.S. computer makers are setting up software development operations outside the U.S., most notably in England and Europe. For example, DEC, Hewlett-Packard, Honeywell, Prime, Perkin-Elmer, and Modcomp all have established software operations near London. This has led to the creation of a large number of independent software shops. Packages for software development, games, database management, videotex, electronic mail, transaction processing, and packet-switched communications have already appeared from these operations. Increasing numbers of these software packages are being sold in this country. Most notable are packages for microcomputers, such as The Last One, Pearl, and CIS COBOL, all developed in England by independent software shops.

I ubllc-Domaln Software: It never ceases to amaze me how few personal computer users are aware of the existence of large libraries of public-domain software. That is, software that has not been copyrighted and thus can be legitimately copied. There are dozens of

496 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE May 1983 497

BYTELINES

these libraries in existence, run mainly by computer clubs. Typically, these clubs gather software donations from their members or from exchanges with other clubs.

For example, the club that I belong to (the Amateur Computer Group of New Jersey— ACG-NJ) has a library of CP/M-compatible programs that fills over 100 disks. Each disk is packed with about 240K bytes of programs; in other words, there are over 24 megabytes of free software in the library. The club asks members to contribute $1 each time they copy a "volume" (disk); if members wish, they may telephone a computer system maintained by the club that contains much of this software and is capable of downloading files. The club will furnish a printed catalog of its software offerings for just $2 (request it from SIG/M, POB 97, Iselin, NJ 09930).

The ACG-NJ SIG/M and the CPMUG (CP/M User's Group, 1651 Third Ave, New York,

NY 10028) libraries are without doubt the largest such organizations in existence. For example, in their libraries, one will find 13 different language interpreters and compilers, many in source-code form so that those who wish to add enhancements or just want to study how a language is created can do so. Also available are BASIC (six versions), ALGOL, FOCAL, RATFOR (Relational FORTRAN), Pascal, STOIC (a FORTH-like language), PISTOL (Portably Implemented Stack Oriented Language), ACTOR, SAM (both string-processing languages) PILOT (Programmed Inquiry and Learning), PIDGIN, and TINCMP.

Cast Bloc Personal Computing: I have recently received some amateurcomputer club newsletters from Hungary and Yugoslavia, two European socialist countries. From reading these newsletters it would appear that personal com

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puting is starting to take hold in these countries in much the same way as it started here in the U.S. These hobbyists appear to be about four to six years behind those in the U.S. Surprisingly, much of their equipment is either U.S.-made or copied from U.S. equipment. For example, the TRS-80 Model I and copies of it are popular.

3-100 Update: In the

March 1983 BYTELINES (page 492), I estimated that there were 150 manufacturers of S-100 products making over 500 plug-in boards. A recent survey conducted by Microsystems magazine has turned up the fact that there are over 200 manufacturers making over 1000 different S-100 products. Thus, although the S-100 marketplace is very diverse, when taken as a single group, it represents the largest segment of the the current microcomputer-peripherals market.

£800 Update: In my

February 1983 column (page 430) I reported that Zilog expected to start offering samples of its new Z800 in the spring, with production expected in the fall. I regret to report that I was wrong; the firm expects to start supplying samples in the fall with

production expected early next year.

R

random News Bits:

The deregulation of the Bell System has allowed Western Electric, the manufacturing arm of AT & T, to go into the business of manufacturing components. Western Electric has hired salesmen to go out on the road to sell components that were previously available only within the Bell System. This will include a new 256K-bit semiconductor memory, bubble memory, and microprocessor parts. . . . Xerox has disclosed that its Office Products division, which sells the 820 desktop computer and the Star workstation, had a significant loss last year. . . . IBM has finally begun distributing the Personal Computer outside the U.S. The firm has also introduced an upgraded model of the Personal Computer, the XT (see page 520 for more on the new machine).

MAIL: I receive a large number of letters each month as a result of this column. If you write to me and wish a response, please include a selfaddressed, stamped envelope.

Sol Llbes

c/o BYTE Publications

POB 372

Hancock, NH 03449 ■

BYTE's Bits

Call for Papers on Industrial Electronics

Papers are being solicited for the International Conference on Industrial Electronics (IECON '83) to be held from November 7-11 at the Hyatt Regency Hotel in San Francisco. Send papers to R. C. Born, Eaton Corp.: Cutler Hammer, 4201 North 27th St., Milwaukee, WI 53216, (414) 449-7474.

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498 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 76 on inquiry card.

Event Queue

May 1983

May

Information Processing Seminars, various sites throughout the U.S. Datapro Research Corporation offers more than 35 seminars about information processing. Among the titles are "User Friendly Information Delivery: Approaches to Online Systems Development," 'The Personal Computer: Strategies for Managing," and "Productivity in MIS: Defining Measurements and Establishing Programs." These courses can be presented on an in-house basis. For a seminar catalog, contact Datapro Research Corp., 1805 Underwood Blvd., Delran, NJ 08075, (800) 257-9406; in New Jersey, (609) 764-0100.

May-June

Computer Literacy for Lawyers, various sites throughout the U.S. This seminar is intended to introduce attorneys to basic computer concepts and their application to the practice of law. Subjects covered include the specific uses, costs, and benefits of using computers in legal practice. The fee for each participant is $550, which includes reference materials. Group discounts are available. For further information, contact Kathryn Mann, Center for Legal Studies, 1926 Arch St., Philadelphia, PA 19103, (215) 732-6999.

May-June

Computer Showcase Expos,

various sites throughout the U.S. This popular show will bring together sellers and individual users of small computer systems. For details, contact The Interface Group, 160 Speen St., POB 927, Framingham, MA 01701,

(800) 225-4620; in Massachusetts, (617) 879-4502.

May-June

Courses from Q.E.D. Information Sciences, various sites throughout the U.S. Some of the courses listed are "Systems Analysis Workshop," "Project Management and Control," and "Data Analysis." Address inquiries to Priscilla Goudreault, Q.E.D. Information Sciences Inc., Q.E.D. Plaza, POB 181, Wellesley, MA 02181, (800) 343-4848; in Massachusetts, (617) 237-5656.

May-June

Data Processing Courses, the Hartford Graduate Center, Hartford, CT. Among the courses being offered are "ANS COBOL Programming Workshop 1" and "CICS/VS Command Level Coding Workshop." These data-processing courses are available for on-site presentation. For details, contact Don Horek, The Hartford Graduate Center, 275 Windsor St., Hartford, CT 06120, (203) 549-3600, ext. 252, 253, or 254.

May-June

Intel Microcomputer Workshops, various sites throughout the U.S. Among the workshops to be held are 'Introduction to Microprocessors" and "iAPX 86, 88, 186 Microprocessors." Intel Customer Training courses are available for on-site presentation. For details, contact Intel Corp., Mail Stop SV3-1, 3065 Bowers Ave., Santa Clara, CA 95051.

May-June

Intensive Seminars of Interest to Data Processing Professionals, Boston metropolitan area. Among the two- to five

day seminars offered are 'Project Management" and "Systems Design." Registration fees range from $495 to $975. For a seminar bulletin, contact Ms. Ginny Bazarian, Office of Continuing Education, Higgins House, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, (617) 793-5517.

May-June

Management Development Programs, Providence, RI, Boston, MA, and Hartford, CT. The Center for Management Development offers seminars on a variety of topics, including communications, industrial relations, and electronic data processing. Many of the Center's programs can be conducted on location for your organization. For complete information, contact The Center for Management Development, Bryant College, Smithfield, RI 02917, (401) 231-1200, ext. 314.

May-June

Microprocessor Seminars,

Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY. Five one-week seminars are offered: "Basic 8085," "Advanced 8085," "Basic 6800," "Advanced 6800," and "Advanced Digital Electronics." Hands-on experience is provided. The fee is $480. Contact Jeanne Berry or Stacy Jordan, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14627, (716) 475-2915.

May-June

Office Automation: Tee to Green, various sites throughout the U.S. This three-day seminar for administrative and information-systems professionals addresses the complex production issues and opportunities presented by automation of the office

workplace. Seminar objectives include developing a productivity program, establishing long-range office systems plans, and developing integrated communications systems. The fee is $385 for members of the Data Processing Management Association Education Foundation (DPMA/EF) or $410 for nonmembers. For registration information, contact DPMA/ EF Conferences, D. L. Hiller & Associates, 14536 Island Dr., Sterling Heights, MI 48078, (313) 247-8444.

May-June

Professional Development Seminars, various sites throughout the U.S. Data communications, database management, software and systems, and computer-aided design/manufacturing are some of the areas investigated in seminars offered by the Institute for Advanced Technology. For a detailed catalog, contact the Registrar, Institute for Advanced Technology, Control Data Corp,, 6003 Executive Blvd., Rockville, MD 20852, (800) 638-6590; in Maryland, (301) 468-8576.

May-June

Seminars in Simulation, Management, Statistics, and Computer Science, various sites throughout the U.S. "Simulation Modeling for Decision Making," "Database Design," and "Satellite Communications Technology" are some of the topics to be presented. For information, contact the Institute for Professional Education, POB 756, Arlington, VA 22216, (703) 527-8700.

May-July

Courses from Integrated Computer Systems, various sites throughout the U.S. Course titles include "Corn

May 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc 499

Event Queue

puter-Aided Design and Manufacturing," "Computer Graphics," "Hands-On Pascal Workshop," 'Defining Software Requirements, Specifications, and Tests," and "Computerized Robots." Fees range from $695 to $845. For information, contact Ruth Dordick, Integrated Computer Systems, 3304 Pico Blvd., POB 5339, Santa Monica, CA 90405, or call (213) 450-2060.

May-luly

Productivity '83, various sites throughout the U.S. and Canada. This is HewlettPackard's hands-on showcase of more than 32 computer products and 17 seminars. It's designed to provide dataprocessing professionals and novices with answers to problems confronting the industry. For details, call (800) 453-9500.

May-luly

Technical Courses from Zilog, Campbell, CA. A wide variety of such courses as "Z80 Assembly Language" and "ZEUS/System 8000 User Course" are offered. Fees range from $175 to $875. For a complete schedule, con

tact Zilog Inc., Training and Education Department, 1315 Dell Ave., Campbell, CA 95008, (408) 370-8092.

May-August

Courses in C Language and

Unix, various sites throughout the U.S. Three 5-day courses are offered by Plum Hall Inc. The "C Programming Workshop," a hands-on course, covers all aspects of the C language for individuals able to program in another language. The "Advanced C Topics Seminar" covers efficiency, portability, readability, debugging, packaging, and interfacing. The "Unix Workshop" is an introductory course that focuses on software development. For further details, contact Joan Hall, Plum Hall Inc., 1 Spruce Ave., Cardiff, NJ 08232, (609) 927-3770.

May-December

Courses from the AMA,

various sites throughout the U.S. The American Management Associations (AMA) offers an on-going series of seminars in such areas as human resources, information systems, and manufacturing and technology man

agement. In-house development and training seminars can be arranged. For information on AMA membership or seminar particulars, contact the American Management Associations, 135 West 50th St., New York, NY 10020, (212) 586-8100.

May-December

IEEE Conferences and Meetings, various sites around the world. The Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) sponsors conferences, meetings, and workshops covering high-technology issues. For details, contact the IEEE Computer Society, Suite 300, 1109 Spring St., Silver Spring, MD 20910, (301) 589-8142.

May 10-11

Selecting a Microcomputer for Scientific and Engineering Applications, Golden, CO. This short course reviews hardware and software technology for potential buyers of microcomputers in relation to specific scientific and engineering applications. The fee is $195. Contact the Space Office, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, (303) 273-3321.

May 10-12

Mini/Micro-Northwest, Portland, OR. Running concurrently with Northcon/83, this show addresses such topics as aerospace electronics, laser applications, and semiconductor technology. Contact Electronic Conventions Inc., Suite 410, 999 North Sepulveda Blvd., El Segundo, CA 90245, (800) 421-6816; in California, (800) 262-4208 or (213) 772-2965.

May 11-15

Computa '83: The Third International Exhibition on Computer and Information Processing Technology, World Trade Centre, Singapore, Republic of Singapore. Information is available from Kallman Associates, 5 Maple Court, Ridgewood, NJ 07450, (201) 652-7070.

May 12-13

The Fourth Annual Computer Law Institute, University of Southern California Law Center, Los Angeles. This year's Institute will present a program on structuring agreements for the distribution of computer products domestically as well as inter

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Byte Shop of Hayward 1122 B St. Hayward, CA 94541 (415)886-4732

American Computers & Engineers

2001 S. Barrington Ave. #204 Los Angeles, CA 90025 (213)477-6751

Gifford Computers

2323 Corinth Ave. Los Angeles, CA 90064 (213)477-3921

ACC

833 Steirlin Rd.#B110

Mountain View, CA 94043

(415)969-4969

Computer Center, Inc.

2100 Broadway St. Oakland, CA 94612 (415)839-3230

System Interface Consultants

17440 Revello Dr.

Pacific Palisades, CA 90272

(213)454-2100

Advanced Information Mgmt.

145 Kentucky St. Petal uma, CA 94952 (707) 763-7283

Best Computer Stores

5516 Springdale Ave. Pleasanton, CA 94566 (415)463-2233

500 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

nationally. Other topics include proprietary rights, antitrust issues, and major system procurements. An optional session on the basics of computer products and technology will be offered. Contact Ami Silverman, USC Law Center, University Park, Los Angeles, CA 90007, (213) 743-2582.

May 13-15

Applefest, Bayside Exposition Center, Boston, MA. This is the third annual Boston Applefest. More than 400 displays of Apple-compatible products will be featured. Complementing the exposition will be seminars, conferences, workshops, and panel discussions. Call or write Northeast Expositions, 826 Boylston St., Chestnut Hill, MA 02167, (800) 841-7000; in Massachusetts, (617) 7392000.

May 14-15

Toronto PET User's Group Conference, George Brown College, Casa Loma campus, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Speakers, workshops, a trader's corner for used equipment, and exhibits of hardware, software, and ac

cessories highlight this event. Contact Chris Bennett, TPUG Corresponding Secretary, 381 Lawrence Ave. W, Toronto, Ontario M5M 1B9, Canada, (416) 782-9252.

May 15-20

Problem-Solving Leadership,

San Francisco, CA. This workshop, designed to help managers and technical leaders enhance their problem-solving effectiveness, is sponsored by the Data Processing Management Association Education Foundation (DPMA/EF). Further information is available from Judy Cook, Weinberg & Weinberg, R R #2, Lincoln, NE 68505, (402) 781-2542.

May 16-18

Computer Graphics for Engineering/Drafting Practice,

University of Texas, Austin. This course will stress developing the ability to prescribe and implement computer graphics equipment for specific engineering applications. A two-day hands-on workshop follows the course. Contact the College of Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, (512) 471-3396.

May 16-18

Mini-Conferences and Professional Growth Seminars,

Loews Anatole, Dallas, TX. A special feature of this event will be the introduction of the data-entry certification program. Among the topics to be addressed are motivation, training, and interviewing. Contact Marilyn S. Bodek, Data Entry Management Association, POB 3231, Stamford, CT 06905, (203) 3221166.

May 26-29

National Computer Conference, Anaheim and Disneyland Hotel Convention Centers, Anaheim, CA. This show features exhibits of computer products and services, technical sessions, seminars, and formal addresses. For complete information, contact the American Federation of Information Processing Societies Inc., 1815 North Lynn St., Arlington, VA 22209, (703) 5583624.

May 26-29

Patent Your Software for

Profit, Anaheim, CA. This

seminar, which runs concurrently with the National Computer Conference, will explore software patent examples and offer advice on patenting and licensing software. Patent reference materials will be provided. Full details are available from Delbert L. Keenon, Automation Inc., 3410 Mona Lee, Houston, TX 77080, (713) 462-4151.

May 16-20

Auditing in the Contemporary Computer Environment, New York, NY. This course is designed for internal auditors and financial and data-processing professionals. Participants will learn a comprehensive audit approach for computer-based systems, including how to evaluate controls and how to design a program of tests using questionnaires, checklists, software tools, and flowcharts. Contact Marge Umlor, EDP Auditors Foundation, 373 South Schmale Rd., Carol Stream, IL 60187, (312) 682-1200.

May 16-20

Auditing Integrity Controls in the Contemporary Com

Spoken Here...

Glfford Computers

230 California St. #207 San Francisco, CA 94104 (415)391-4570

Gilford Computers 1922 Republic Ave. San Leandro, CA 94577 (415)895-0798

Computer House

501 B St.

San Rafael, CA 94901

(415)453-0865

Data Bank

629 State St.

Santa Barbara, CA 93101

(805) 962-8489

Data Bank

600 S. Broadway Santa Maria, CA 93456 (805)922-1333

Matrix Computers

720 Mendocino Ave. Santa Rosa, CA 95401 (707) 542-0571

Pragmatic Designs, Inc.

950 Benicia Ave. Sunnyvale, CA 94086 (408) 736-8670

FLORIDA

Micro Computer Technology

1549 W. Brandon Blvd. Brandon, FL 33511 (813)685-7659

HAWAII

Capacity Plus Computers

250 Alamaha St. N14 Kahului Maui, HI 96732 (808) 877-3496

ILLINOIS

Computers Plus

201 N. Main St. Athens, IL 62613 (217)636-8491

Lillipute Computer Mart, Inc.

4446 Oakton St. Skokie, IL 60076 (312)674-1383

INDIANA

General Software, Inc.

1454 S. 25th St. Terre Haute, IN 47803 (812)234-9421

MARYLAND

JR Systems

8227 Woodmont Ave. #200 Bethesda, MD 20814 (301)657-3598

May 19S3 © BYTE Publications Inc 501

Event Queue.

puter Environment, Washington, DC. This program is designed to provide an overview of the computer environment, its controls, and its interrelationships. It combines theoretical and practical approaches for electronic data-processing auditing, with an emphasis on integrity controls and related operational concerns. Further details are available from Marge Umlor, EDP Auditors Foundation, 373 South Schmale Rd., Carol Stream, IL 60187, (312) 682-1200.

May 16-20

Session '83, Skyline Hotel, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The theme of this annual conference of the Canadian Information Processing Society (CIPS) is "Converging Technologies." Des Cunningham, president of Gandalf Technologies, will be the keynote speaker. For further details, write Session '83, POF3 2577, Station D, Ottawa, Ontario KIP 5W7, Canada, or call Ron Elliott, (613) 234-4333.

May 17-20

Technology/Invention New Product Expo, Expo Mart,

Monroeville, PA. This show will feature everything from diesel fuel-injection systems to spring-loaded fly swatters. Further details can be obtained from Gary F. Brown, Technology/Inpex, Suite 400, 701 Smithfield St., Pittsburgh, PA 15222, (412) 288-1344.

May 18-19

Third Annual Computer Conference, Iona College, New Rochelle, NY. This conference is devoted to the newest developments in the use of microcomputers, with an emphasis on education and business. Seminars, workshops, formal papers, and product exhibits will be featured. The fee is $35 per day. Contact Mr. McCallion, Iona College, New Rochelle, NY 10801, (914) 636-2100.

May 18-20

The Fifth National Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY. This conference will consist of lectures, panels, commentaries, and papers. Contact the Cognitive Science Conference, Dewey Hall, University of

Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, (716) 275-5402.

May 18-20

Man Machine Interface, Palo Alto, CA. For full details, contact the Continuing Education Institute, Oliver's Carriage House, 5410 Leaf Treader Way, Columbia, MD 21044, (301) 596-0111; on the West Coast, call (213) 824-9545.

May 18-20

Mipro-83: The Sixth Microprocessors/Microcomputers Course/Conference, Congress Center, Hotel Adriatic, Opatija, Yugoslavia. The theme for this conference is "Advanced Microcomputer Application Techniques and New Trends." It is geared toward hardware and software specialists and managers involved with the development, production, and management of microcomputer-based systems. For details, contact Mr. P. Dragojlovic, Mipro Secretariat, Trg P. Togliatti 4, 51000 Rijeka, Yugoslavia.

May 19-20

Computers in Construction,

Denver, CO. This seminar

is designed to assist construction contractors and construction management firms in acquiring computer systems. The registration fee is $395. For further information, contact CIP Information Services Inc., 1105-F Spring St., Silver Spring, MD 20910, (301) 589-7933.

May 19-22

Maryland Computer Show and Office Equipment Exposition, Convention Center, Baltimore, MD. Address inquiries to Dee Harris, Computer Expositions Inc., POB 3315, Annapolis, MD 21403, (800) 368-2066; in Maryland, (301) 263-8044.

May 20-22

Computers and Personal Values: Sharing from Experience, Sign of the Dove, Temple, NH. This workshop offers individuals in the computer community the opportunity to examine personal, ethical, or moral questions associated with their work and with the impact of computers on society. The format includes small and large discussion groups and invited speakers. The cost is $150.

...And Here.

MASSACHUSETTS

New England Electronic Exch. 138 Arlington St. Boston, MA 02116 (617)491-3000

Key Micro Systems

822 Boylston St. Chestnut Hill, MA 02167 (617)738-7306

NEW YORK

John D. Owens Associates, Inc.

12 Schubert St. Staten Island, NY 10305 (212)448-6283

NORTH CAROLINA

General Semantics, Inc.

127 S. Elm St., Dixie Bldg. Greensboro, NC 27402 (919)288-1117

OKLAHOMA

Gilford Computers

6161 N.May #177 Oklahoma City, OK 73112 (405)840-1175

OREGON

Microwest Computer Products

811 E. Burnside#117 Portland, OR 97214 (503) 238-6274

RHODE ISLAND

Key Micro Systems

1606 Nooseneck Coventry, Rl 02816 (401)828-7270

WISCONSIN

Byte Shop of Milwaukee

4840 S. 76th St. Greenfield, Wl 53220 (414)281-7004

CANADA

Dynacomp Business Computers Ltd.

3258 Beta Ave.

Burnaby, British Columbia V5G 4K4

(604) 299-3747

MDI Micro Distributing, Inc.

2403 Canoe Ave.

Coquitlam, British Columbia V3K 6A9

(604)941-0622

UNITED KINGDOM

Comcen Technology Ltd.

45/46 Wychtree St., Morriston Swansea SA6 8EX (0792) 796000

CompuPro, a wholly owned subsidiary of Godbout Electronics Box 2355, Oakland Airport, CA 94614

502 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

For more information, contact Arthur Fink, Prince St., Box 614, Wilton, NH 03086, (603) 654-6518.

May 21

The Sixth Annual Spring Microcomputer Show & Tell Conference, University of Oklahoma, Norman. This conference is designed to let computer enthusiasts share ideas and information. Speakers will demonstrate their devices and field questions from the audience in six show and tell periods. Also featured is an on-the-spot programming contest. For additional information, contact Dr. Richard V. Andree, Mathematics Department, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, (405) 325-3410.

May 22-25

The Eighteenth Annual Meeting and Exhibit Program of the AAMI, Loews Anatole, Dallas, TX. Topics on the docket include anesthesia instrumentation and technology, computer applications, personnel management, and technology transfer. Roundtable discussions, tutorials, and an exhibit program will be featured. For details, contact the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, Suite 602, 1901 North Fort Meyer Dr., Arlington, VA 22209, (703) 525-4890.

May 22-26

Annual Industrial Engineering Conference and Exposition, Gait House Hotel and Commonwealth Conference Center, Louisville, KY. "Racing for Productivity" is the theme of this event sponsored by the Institute of Industrial Engineers (HE). More than 130 educational sessions will address a broad range of issues; computer hardware and software, material handling equipment and systems, and process-control equip

ment will be shown. Preconference seminars will be held from May 19 to 22. Registration fees are $240 for HE members and $290 for nonmembers. Contact the Registrar, Conference Department, HE, 25 Technology Park/Atlanta, Norcross, GA 30092, (404) 449-0460.

May 23-25

The Technology of Personnel Conference, Grand Hyatt Hotel, New York, NY. Sponsored by the Association of Human Resource Systems Professionals (HRSP), this conference will offer a range of presentations and workshops covering human resource technology and the social and psychological implications of this technology on workers and organizations. Contact HRSP Inc., Mills Square Tower, 100 South Ellsworth Ave., San Mateo, CA 94401, (415) 593-4461.

May 23-27

Auditing Integrity Controls in the Contemporary Computer Environment, New York, NY. For details, see May 16-20.

May 24-26

Microprocessor Background for Management Personnel, Palo Alto, CA. The fee for this course is $565, which includes text and program materials. Contact Continuing Education in Engineering, Department 532N, University of California Extension, 2223 Fulton St., Berkeley, CA 94720, (415) 642-4151.

May 24-27

Interact, Hilton Hotel, Denver, CO. This convention is for members of the international users group of Management Science America's (MSA's) Human Resource System. More than 1200 payroll, personnel, and dataprocessing professionals are expected to attend. Contact

MSA Inc., Suite 1300, 3445 Peachtree Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30326.

May 31-June 2

The Second Canadian Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Aided Manufacturing and Robotics Exposition and Conference, International Centre of Commerce, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Leading international companies will demonstrate industrial robots, automatic assembly equipment, optical scanners, and numerically controlled machine tools. Technical papers will focus on such topics as robot-vision systems and design analysis. For information, contact Hugh F. Macgregor & Associates, 662 Queen St. W, Toronto, Ontario M6J 1E5, Canada, (416) 363-2201.

May 31-June 4

The Twelfth Annual MUMPS Users' Group Meeting, Hilton Hotel, San Francisco, CA. Introductory and advanced tutorials, workshops, roundtable discussions, site visits, and hardware, software, and systems demonstrations and exhibits all relating to the MUMPS computer language will be offered. Registration information is available from Charles White, Professional Assocciates, 2012 Big Bend Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63117.

June 1983

June

Continuing Engineering Education Courses, George Washington University, Washington, DC. Among the courses available are "Database and File Management for Microcomputers," "Computer Communications Systems and Networks," and "A Phased Approach to Software Conversion." Course fees range from $625 to $855. For information, contact

Douglas Green, Continuing Engineering Education, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, (800) 424-9773; in the District of Columbia, (202) 676-8512.

June 1-4

The First Annual Sunbelt Educational Computing Conference, Texas Tech University, Lubbock. The theme for this conference is "Practical Applications and Current Issues in Educational Computing." For details, write to Dr. Cleborne D. Maddux, College of Education, Texas Tech University, POB 4560, Lubbock, TX 79409.

June 2-4

Personal Computer Interfacing and Scientific Instrument Automation, Charlotte, NC. This workshop provides each participant with handson experience in wiring and testing interfaces. The fee is $395. Call or write Dr. Linda Leffel, C.E.C., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, (703) 961-4848.

June 5-8

Consumer Electronics Show

(CES), McCormick Place, Chicago, IL. This show is sponsored by the Electronic Industries Association (EIA). For information on this popular event, contact the CES Shows Office, Suite 1607, Two Illinois Center, 233 North Michigan Ave., Chicago, IL 60601, (312) 861-1040.

June 5-8

Mini-Conferences and Professional Growth Seminars,

Registry Resort Hotel, Scottsdale, AZ. For details, see May 16-18.

June 5-9

The Twelfth Annual International Software AG Users' Conference, Fairmont and Royal Sonesta Hotels, New Orleans, LA. This conference will feature speakers, presen

May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 503

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Event Queue

tations, workshops, and tutorials. For details, contact Paula J. Brooks, Software AG of North America Inc., 11800 Sunrise Valley Dr., Reston, VA 22091, (703) 860-5050, ext. 578.

June 6

New Trends in Rapid IC Processing Techniques: Lasers, Electron Beams, and Incoherent Sources, Hyatt Palo Alto Hotel, Palo Alto, CA. The fee for this engineering course is $195. Registration details are available from Continuing Education in Engineering, Department 564N, University of California Extension, 2223 Fulton St., Berkeley, CA 94720, (415) 642-4151.

June 6-8

The Fifth Annual National Educational Computing Conference-NECC 83, Towson State University, Baltimore, MD. This conference provides a broad forum for discussion among individuals at all levels who share an interest in educational computing. Papers will be presented; tutorials will be held; and demonstrations and exhibits will emphasize computer uses in instruction. For registration forms, contact Doris K. Lidtke, NECC 83, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Towson State University, Baltimore, MD 21204.

June 6-8

The Sixth International Conference on Computers and the Humanities-ICCH/83,

North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC. This conference serves as a forum for the exchange of ideas on the use of computers in all areas of the humanities. Features include formal sessions, discussion groups, tutorials, workshops, and exhibits. For details, write to Dr. Sarah K. Burton, Department of

English, POB 5308, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27650.

June 7

Materials Characterization for Ion Implantation, Hyatt Palo Alto Hotel, Palo Alto, CA. The fee for this engineering course is $195. Registration details are available from Continuing Education in Engineering, Department 564N, University of California Extension, 2223 Fulton St., Berkeley, CA 94720, (415) 642-4151.

June 7-8

International Conference on the Use of Micros in Fluid Engineering, Tara Hotel, London, England. All aspects of the use of microcomputers and microprocessors in fluid engineering will be covered. Subjects of interest include developing software for fluidengineering design, rapid response controllers, and dataacquisition and analysis onsite. Full details are available from the Organizing Secretary, Micros in Fluid Engineering, BHRA Fluid Engineering, Cranfield, Bedford MK43 0AJ, England; tel: (0234) 750422; Telex: 825059.

June 7-9

International Computer Show, Velodrome, Olympic site, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. This trade show is designed for businesses wishing to identify or compare computers and equipment for automating the office or for industrial activities. For details, contact Industrial Trade Shows of Canada, 20 Butterick Rd., Toronto, Ontario M8W 3Z8, Canada, (416) 252-7791.

June 7-9

Maptek Europe 1983: Annual Strategy Conference, Hotel Excelsior, Venice, Italy. This meeting will provide detailed market forecasts and strategic

504 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 129 on inquiry card.

recommendations for computer systems, network information services, communications and teleconferencing, office systems, and departmental integration. Contact Robert B. King, Quantum Science Corp., 1114 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10036, (212) 997-0070. In Europe, contact Constantine E. Adraktas, Quantum Science Corp., 16 Charles II St., London SWlY 4QU, England; tel: (01) 839-5347.

June 7-11

The Third Rochester FORTH Applications Conference,

Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, NY. This conference is sponsored by the Institute for Applied FORTH Research Inc. Speakers will cover robotics and FORTH in a special oneday session. For complete details, contact Diane Ranocchia, Institute for Applied FORTH Research Inc., 70 Elmwood Ave., Rochester, NY 14611, (716) 235-0168.

June 8-10

The International Conference on Consumer ElectronicsICCE, Ramada the O'Hare Inn, Des Plaines, IL. Technical papers and panel discussions will address such issues as personal computing, lowcost printers, and computeraided design /manufacturing techniques. Products will be displayed. This conference is sponsored by the Consumer Electronics Society of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Contact ICCE, POB 149, Bloomingdale, IL 60108.

June 9-11

Microcomputers in Education, Watertown, CT. This hands-on workshop is designed for teachers and administrators at all levels. Topics include microcomputers in science and mathematics instruction, Logo,

Pascal, machine language, and microcomputers and the education of students with special needs. Contact Ms. Sharon Woodruff, Technical Education Research Centers, 8 Eliot St., Cambridge, MA 02138, (617) 547-3890.

June 11-12

NJ-NY-CT Microcomputer Show and Flea Market,

Meadowlands Hilton Hotel, New Jersey Sports Complex, East Rutherford, NJ. More than 75 commercial exhibitors and 200 flea-market booths will feature hardware, software, magazines, and accessories for all popular computing systems ranging from Apple to Zenith. Registration is $5 for adults and $2 for children under 12. Contact Kengore Corp., POB 13, Franklin Park, NJ 08823, (201) 297-2526.

June 13-15

Analysis and DesignOriented Techniques, Los Angeles, CA. For details on this power-electronics course, contact Teslaco, Suite 6, 490 South Rosemead Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91107, (213) 795-1699.

June 13-15

Systematic Software Maintenance, Chicago, IL. Topics to be addressed include structured methodologies, solutions for effective- testing, resource allocation, and status determination. Full details are available from Eduteach Inc., Suite 907, 162 North State St., Chicago, IL 60601, (312) 641-1370.

June 14-16

Introduction to Microprocessors, University of Texas, Austin. This course will stress basic concepts with hands-on experience. Participants will write and run simple programs on a Z80-based MicroProfessor training system. Contact the College of Engi

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May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 505

Event Queue •

neering, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, (512) 471-3396.

June 14-16

Ohmcon/83, High-Technology Electronics Exhibition and Convention, Cobo Hall, Detroit, MI. For details, contact Electronic Conventions Inc., 999 North Sepulveda Blvd., El Segundo, CA 90245, (800) 421-6816; in California, (213) 772-2965.

June 14-16

Technology Opportunity Conference, Washington, DC. This conference will focus on the convergence of optical-storage, videodisc, and computer technologies. For full details, contact Technology Opportunity Conference, POB 14817, San Francisco, CA 94114, (415) 626-1133.

June 14-18

Tectronica, Earls Court Exhibition Centre, London, England. This exhibition on laboratory technology aims to show the latest in instrumentation, equipment, and services for life and physical sciences. For details, contact Good Relations Ltd., 15 Adeline Place, London WClB 3AJ, England; tel: (01) 636-6561; Telex: 265903.

June 15-17

Basics of Power Electronics,

Los Angeles, CA. For information on this course, contact Teslaco, Suite 6, 490 South Rosemead Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91107, (213) 795-1699.

June 15-17

The Twenty-first Annual Meeting of the Association

for Computational Linguistics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA. Papers to be presented will address syntax, the representation of knowledge, machine and machine-aided translation, and other linguistically and computationally significant topics. Information is available from Don Walker, Artificial Intelligence Center, SRI International EJ278, Menlo Park, CA 94025, (415) 859-3071.

June 16-17

Clinical Laboratory Computers: Symposium 1983,

Towsley Center for Continuing Medical Education, Ann Arbor, MI. Course credit will be offered. Contact the Office of Continuing Medical Education, Towsley Center Box 057, University of

Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, (313) 763-1400.

June 16-18

Personal Computer Interfacing and Scientific Instrument Automation, Reston, VA. For details, see June 2-4.

June 17-19

PC '83/West, Brooks Hall/ Civic Center Complex, San Francisco, CA. This show will bring together users, developers, distributors, and retailers of products that are compatible with the IBM Personal Computer. Seminars, workshops, demonstrations, and a conference program will aim to educate users on product features and capabilities. Further conference information is available from Northeast Expositions, 826 Boylston St., Chestnut Hill,

BITI

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1983

July

$2.00

$2.00

$2.75

S2.75

$3.25

$3.25

S3.70

Aug.

S2.00

S2.00

$2.75

$2.75

$3.25

$3.25

S3.70

Sept.

S2.75

$2.75

$2.75

$3.25

$3.25

S3.70

Oct.

$2.75

$2.75

$3.25

$3.25

Nov.

$2.00

$2.75

$3.25

$3.25

$3.25

$3.70

Dec.

$2.00

$2.75

$2.75

$3.25

$3.25

S3.25

$3.70

The above prices include postage in the US. Please add $.50 per copy for Canada and Mexico; and $2.00 per copy to foreign countries.

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Payments from foreign countries must be made in US funds payable at a US bank.

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506 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

MA 02167, (800) 841-7000; in Massachusetts, (617) 7392000.

June 19-23

Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition^ VPR '83, Crystal City Hyatt, Arlington, VA. This program, formerly known as the Pattern Recognition and Image Processing Conference, provides a forum for the presentation of papers on vision, pattern recognition, and image processing. For full details, write to CVPR '83, POB 639, Silver Spring, MD 20901.

June 19-24

Problem Solving Leadership,

Washington, DC. For details, see May 15-20.

June 20-]uly 15

Computers in Education '83—CE '83, Rutgers State University, New Brunswick, NJ. The theme of this conference is "Necessary Direction for Computer Education: Navigational Aids for the 80s." The focus will be on the impact of microcomputers on elementary, secondary, and college-level education. Conference highlights include presentations, special-interest sessions, a software exchange, and a film festival.

Running concurrently with CE '83, the Summer Institute for educators offers 40 short courses, ranging in length from one to twelve days. Topics include "The Turtle is the Teacher: An Introduction to Logo," 'Using Computers in the Elementary School," and "Algorithm Design." Courses are $95 per day. Conference registration is $145. For more information, contact Dr. Mitchell E. Batoff, Director CE '83, Institute for Professional Development, Suite D, 245 Nassau St., Princeton, NJ 08540, (609) 924-8333.

June 23

The Twenty-second Annual Technical Symposium of the Washington DC Chapter of the Association for Computing Machinery, National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD. The theme for this event is "Microcomputer Systems: Tools or Toys?" Topics of interest include systems software, human factors, and office systems. For further details, contact Howard Weeks Associates, 15201 Shady Grove Rd., Rockville, MD 20850.

June 27-30

The World of CAD/CAM,

Marriott Resort, Newport Beach, CA. This seminar provides an overview of how manufacturing will change as the automated factory becomes a reality. It will consist of four one-day presentations in computer-aided engineering, design, manufacturing, and computer-integrated manufacturing. For a brochure, write or call the Center for Manufacturing Technology, 4170 Crossgate Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45236, (513) 791-8801.

June 27-July 1

Auditing Integrity Controls in the Contemporary Computer Environment, San

Diego, CA. For details, see May 16-20.

June 28-30

National Educational Computer Conference, New York Statler Hotel, New York, NY. The theme of this conference is "Higher Instructional Techniques in Education." Seminars, exhibits, hands-on demonstrations, and workshops will highlight this event. Additional information is available from the National Educational Computer Library, POB 293, New Milford, CT 06776, (203) 354-7760.

June 29-July 1

Microcomputers, Electronic Toys, and Genius Machines in Early Childhood Education, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY. This conference will examine the effect of the growing use of the new technology on the entertainment and education of children. Events will include panel discussions, workshops, a computer fair, and a film festival. Participants can attend on a noncredit basis for $125 or for graduate credit at $240 per point. For further information, contact the Program in Early Childhood Education, Box 9, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, (212) 678-3971.

June 29-July 1

Tertiary Education for the

Age of Communications,

Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Australia. Formal presentations will focus on the educational implications of new technologies as they reflect both on the needs of industry and the requirements of curriculum development. Areas of interest include telecommunications, engineering, and computer and information sciences. For details, contact the International Conference on Communications, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, G.P.O. Box 2476V, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia; tel: 3452822; Telex: AA36406.

July 1983

July

Continuing Engineering Education Courses, George

Washington University,

Washington, DC. Among the courses offered are "An Applications-Oriented Approach to to Artificial Intelligence," "Reliability of Computer Software and Computing Networks," and "Computer Memory Systems." Fees range from $625 to $855. Contact Douglas Green, Continuing Engineering Education, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, (800) 424-9773; in the District of Columbia, (202) 676-8512.

July-October

Repair of Microcomputerbased Equipment, various sites throughout the U.S. and Canada. This seminar describes general servicing practices that are applied to the subsystems of any microprocessor family. This lecture/ laboratory sequence is intended for field-service personnel, engineers, and technical writers. For details, contact the Registrar, Testek Consultants Inc., 1000 North Patton St., Arlington Heights, IL 60004, (312) 577-2134.

July 5-7

Technology Opportunity Conference, London, England. For details, see June 14-16.

July 8-10

Computerfest '83: The Eighth Annual Midwest Affiliation of Computer Clubs Computerfest, Harbourf ront, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Talks, exhibits, and sessions on computers and children will be held. Carl Helmers, editor of Robotics Age magazine, is the featured speaker. Further information is available from the Toronto Region Association of Computer Enthusiasts, POB 6922, Toronto, Ontario M5W 1X6, Canada.

May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 507

Event Queue.

July 10-11

The Role of Microcomputers in Music Education, Triton College, River Grove, IL. Seminars, workshops, demonstrations, and manufacturer displays will highlight this event. Topics of interest include ear training, improvisation, computer basics for the teacher, choosing the right computer, and using computers in music for the handicapped. The fee is $25 a day; $40 for both days. Contact Michael Ferrelli, Triton College, 2000 Fifth Ave., River Grove, IL 60171.

My 11-13

The 1983 Summer Computer Simulation Conference,

Hyatt Regency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Full details are available from

the Society for Computer Simulation, POB 2228, La Jolla, CA 92038, (714) 459-3888.

My n-15

Technology Opportunity

Conference, Los Angeles,

CA. For details, see June

14-16.

My 12-14

Audio-Visual America,

Hyatt Regency Hotel, Chicago, IL. The second annual Audio-Visual America will feature hardware and software exhibits, screenings of shows, and approximately 60 workshops on planning, production, and management. For more information, contact A-V America, IF Associates, 3150 Spring St., Fairfax, VA 22031, (703) 273-8272.

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My 11-16

Personal Computer Interfacing and Scientific Instrument Automation, Charleston, SC. For details, see June 2-4.

My 18-28

Microcomputer-based Instrumentation for Schools, Middletown, OH. This workshop is designed for secondary school and college science and mathematics teachers. Participants will learn how to construct and use simple, low-cost analog-to-digital (A/D) and digital-to-analog (D/A) converters for monitoring and controlling physical phenomena in the classroom and laboratory. Contact Bill Rouse, 301E McGuffey Hall, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, (513) 529-2141.

My 20-21

Token-based Local Networks, Washington, DC. This program is the second of four parts in the Architecture Technology Corporation's 1983 Forum Series. The series will bring together manufacturers and users of local network schemes to exchange information in an informal setting. The format includes presentations, panel discussions, and a technological summary. The fee is $395 per person. For details, contact the Architecture Technology Corp., POB 24344, Minneapolis, MN 55424, (612) 935-2035.

My 25-28

The World of CAD/CAM,

Dunfey's Resort, Hyannis, MA. For details, see June 27-30.

My 25-29

Robot Manipulators, Computer Vision, and Automated Assembly, Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA. The emphasis of this short course will be on developing strategies for the solution of problems that will arise in advanced automation: sensing, spatial reasoning, and manipulation. The use of current industrial robots and binary vision systems will be covered. For details, contact the Director of the Summer Session, Room E19-356, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139.

My 25-29

SIGGRAPH '83, Detroit, MI. This is the tenth annual conference on computer graphics and interactive techniques sponsored by the SpecialInterest Group on Computer Graphics of the Association for Computing Machinery (SIGGRAPH ACM). This show features tutorials, films and video tapes, exhibits of computing equipment, and a formal technical program. For full details, contact the SIGGRAPH '83 Conference Office, 111 East Wacker Dr., Chicago, IL 60601, (312) 644-6610. ■

In order to gain optimal coverage of your organization's computer conferences, seminars, workshops, courses, etc, notice should reach our office at least three months in advance of the date of the event. Entries should be sent to: Event Queue, BYTE Publications, POB 372, Hancock NH 03449. Each month we publish the current contents of the queue for the month of the cover date and the two following calendar months. Thus a given event may appear as many as three times in this section if it is sent to us far enough in advance.

508 May 1983 © BYTE Publications lite

Circle 182 on inquiry card.

Software Received

Apple

Bolo, an arcade-type game. You must maneuver your tank through the maze to avoid or destroy enemy tank bases. This game features nine levels of play and five maze densities. For the Apple II; floppy disk, $34.95. Synergistic Software, Suite 201, 830 North Riverside Dr., Renton, WA 98055.

Graphical Analysis. With this graphics-utility program, you can plot graphs based on numerical data in high-resolution graphics. This program is designed to be especially useful for science classes. For the Apple II; floppy disk, $24.95. Vernier Software, 2920 Southwest 89th St., Portland, OR 97225.

Killer T-Cell, an educational-maze game based on biomedical discoveries in cancer research. You control the movements of a T-lymphocyte, a type of white blood cell that destroys cancer cells. All proceeds will fund cancer research at the University of Texas System Cancer Center. For the Apple II; floppy disk, $20. Killer T-Cell, M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute, Texas Medical Center, Box 6, 6723 Bertner Ave., Houston, TX 77030.

LIMITS Programs for Calculus Students, an introductory calculus course that covers the fundamentals of the derivative and integral with graphics, drills, and explanations. For the Apple II Plus; floppy disk, $65. Dale T. Hoffman, Division of Science and Mathematics, College of the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands 00801.

Math I, a tutorial program

that covers basic mathematical skills up to simple algebra for grades 1 through 8. For the Apple II Plus; floppy disk, $38. Personal Computer Art, 1007 Far Hills Dr., East Peoria, IL 61611.

Nutritionist. Using interactive graphics, this diet-analysis program helps you develop nutritionally balanced meals and diets for both personal and professional uses. For the Apple II; floppy disk, $145. N-Squared Computing, 5318 Forest Ridge Rd., Silverton, OR 97381.

Precision Timer. Using auxiliary equipment, this utility program turns the computer into a flexible laboratory timer. Save timing data on disk and analyze it later. For the Apple II; floppy disk, $39.95. Vernier Software (see address above).

Ray Tracer, a program on the laws of geometrical optics. See how light behaves when you place various interfaces and optical devices on the screen and produce ray diagrams. For the Apple II; floppy disk, $24.95. Vernier Software (see address above).

Secur-A-Text, a data-encryption/decryption program that prevents files from being loaded into your computer unless you know the master- and local-code key numbers for access. For the Apple II; floppy disk, $49.95. T & F Software Co., 10902 Riverside Dr., North Hollywood, CA 91602.

Stan, a statistical-analysis system. You can enter data to analyze for variance or regression coefficients and produce a graph. For the Apple II; floppy disk, $300. Statistical Consultants, Park Plaza Office Bldg., 462 East High St., Lexington, KY 40508.

Taxmode, a tax-planning program. You can compute the components of individual federal income tax liability for the years from 1980 to 1985 according to current tax laws. For the Apple II Plus; floppy disk, $250. J. P. Sawhney & Co. Inc., 888 Seventh Ave., New York, NY 10106.

Trickster Coyote, an educational word game that will help increase a child's vocabulary. With animations in high-resolution graphics and sound, this program is for four players age 8 and older and includes a built-in dictionary. For the Apple II; floppy disk, $48.96. Reader's Digest Services Inc., Microcomputer Software Div., Pleasantville, NY 10570.

Word Attack, a four-part educational word-game program helps build vocabulary skills by displaying up to 675 words in illustrative sentences for students age 8 through adult. For the Apple II Plus; floppy disk, $49.95. Davidson & Associates, 6069 Groveoak Place #12, Rancho Palos Verdes, CA 90274.

Atari

P.M.P. 2000, a propertymanagement program. This program is a template for Visicalc to help you maintain status reports, invoicing, and income/expense schedules on rental properties. For the Atari 800; floppy disk, $219.95. T & F Software Co., 10902 Riverside Dr., North Hollywood, CA 91602.

Reactor, an arcade-type game. Your ship is trapped in a nuclear reactor. You must bounce dangerous nuclear particles into the control rods to prevent a meltdown of the reactor. For the Atari Video

Game System; cartridge, $30. Parker Brothers, POB 1012, Beverly, MA 01915.

Slot Trivia, a questionand-answer game. If you can answer a trivia question in one of eleven categories, the slot machine will pay off. For two players. For the Atari 400/800; floppy disk, $29.95. T & F Software Co. (see address above).

Survival of the Fittest, a

strategy game. You and another player design colonies of organisms and fight for resources and space in a struggle for survival. For the Atari 400/800; cartridge, $39.95. Innovative Design Software Inc., POB 1658, Las Cruces, NM 88004.

CP/M

Buysel, several mathematical-analysis programs. This package is designed to help investors decide what to buy and sell in the stock, commodities, and options markets. For CP/M-based systems; floppy disk, $125 (Canadian funds). Software City, 35 Downsview Cres., Nepean, Ontario K2G 0A4, Canada.

Calendar/1, a calendargeneration program that lets you print out a personalized calendar displaying your events planned for each day. Formatting commands allow for customized calendar designs. For CP/M-based systems; floppy disk, $60. Clear Systems, Suite 404, 309 Santa Monica Blvd., Santa Monica, CA 90401.

E/T, a text-oriented screen editor. This program offers all essential editing features. It can be reconfigured for different terminals and automatically backs up your files. For

May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 509

Software Received.

CP/M-based systems; 8-inch floppy disk, $95. Softwest Products, 11379 Kelowna Rd., San Diego, CA 92126.

M/PC, a custom disassembler. This program will disassemble an unmodified version of CP/M 2.2. It also provides a source code complete with labels and comments keyed to each address. For CP/M-based systems; 8-inch floppy disk, $35. C. C. Software, 2564 Walnut Blvd. #106, Walnut Creek, CA 94598.

Mailmate, a databasemanagement program. Any of 15 fields of data entry in this program can be used for a sort or search. It also maintains mailing-label and customer lists, and can merge with some word-processing programs. For CP/M-based systems; floppy disk, $99. Computerworks Inc., 4010-A Carlisle NE, Albuquerque, NM 87107.

Micro Pascal, a Pascal subset compiler that is specifically designed for control and interface applications. It requires 24K bytes of memory and includes a runtime program. For CP/M-based systems; floppy disk, $175. Muson Engineering, 417 Montana Circle, Ojai, CA 93023.

Pathfinder, a projectplanning and scheduling system. This set of four programs uses the critical path method to assist in the scheduling of up to 500 activities. For CP/M-based systems; 8-inch floppy disk, $500. Garland Publishing Inc., 136 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10016.

RXWRITER, a prescription-writing program for physicians that maintains a list of drugs, prints two copies of each prescription, and creates a patient/pre

scription file. For CP/Mbased systems; 8-inch floppy disk, $50. Hall Design, 250 Maple St., Wilmette, IL 60091.

Rhesus is an erased-file recovery program that recovers accidentally erased files not yet overwritten by other disk operations. It features both automatic- or user-controlled functions and help screens. For CP/Mbased systems; floppy disk, $65. Olsen Software, POB 91, Van Nuys, CA 91408.

Commodore

Cosmic Bandit, an arcadetype game in which your task is to prevent the alien hordes from freeing their compatriots locked in the space jail. For the Commodore PET/CBM; floppy disk, £6. Supersoft, Winchester House, Canning Rd., Wealdstone, Harrow, Middlesex HA3 7SJ, England.

Cosmic Lemmings, an arcade-type game. Your mission is to destroy the aliens as they drop toward you from their mother ship. For the Commodore PET/CBM; floppy disk, £8. Supersoft (see address above).

The Cracks of Doom, an

adventure-type game loosely based on Lord of the Rings. Features include a help command that may tell you something useful. For the Commodore PET/CBM; floppy disk, £16. Supersoft (see address above).

Goblin Towers. Designed as a starter game, this adventure will teach you many of the skills necessary to try more difficult games. For the Commodore PET/CBM; floppy disk, £14. Supersoft (see address above).

Lemuria, an adventuretype game. Lemuria and Atlantis, two superpowers of the ancient world, have ended diplomatic relations. You are able to plan their destinies. For the Commodore 64; cassette, $8.95. RSVP Inc., 1332 Old Bridge Rd., Fort Myers, FL 33903.

Sidebar. This utility program lets you construct, edit, and save horizontal bar graphs with up to 17 variables. Graphs may then be reviewed, edited, and stored on tape. For the Commodore VIC-20; cassette, $9.60. MFJ Electro Enterprises, POB 13076, Kanata, Ontario K2K 1X3, Canada.

Super Glooper, an arcadetype game. Four glooper eaters chase you around the maze as you gather dots to increase your score. If you eat a large dot, you can eat all of the gloopers. For the Commodore PET/CBM; floppy disk, £8. Supersoft (see address above).

Tank Zone, an arcade-type game. It's kill or be killed in this simulation of desert warfare. You must avoid the tanks and missiles that are trying to destroy you. For the Commodore PET/CBM; floppy disk, £8. Supersoft (see address above).

Typing Package. This touch-typing instructional program can be used alone or in a classroom. It includes a warm-up, type drill, and typing test. For the Commodore VIC-20; cassette, $12.75. MFJ Electro Enterprises (see address above).

VIC-20 Games Pack, a set

of five arcade-type games that includes Alien Blitz, Invaders, Ground Attack, Storm, and Space Rocks. For the Commodore VIC-20; cassette, $14.95. Melbourne House Software Inc., 333

East 46th St., New York, NY 10017.

Word Search, an educational word game. You have 10 minutes to find 20 different words in any of three puzzles: Animals, Jumbled, or States and Capitals. For the Commodore VIC-20; cassette, $19.95. T & F Software Co., 10902 Riverside Dr., North Hollywood, CA 91602.

IBM

Personal Computer

Buysel, several mathematical-analysis programs (see description under CP/M). For the IBM Personal Computer; floppy disk, $125 (Canadian funds). Software City, 35 Downsview Cres., Nepean, Ontario K2G 0A4, Canada.

Cosmic Crusader, an arcade-type game in which your mission is to prevent a fleet of alien ships from reaching Earth. You must track them down, dodge their torpedoes, and destroy each ship. For the IBM Personal Computer; floppy disk, $38.95. Funtastic Inc., 5-12 Wilde Ave., Drexel Hill, PA 19026.

Curvfit-3D, a polynomial surface-fitting program. High-resolution graphics permit 2-dimensionaI or 3-dimensional isometric plotting for visual analysis of statistical data. For the IBM Personal Computer; floppy disk, $90. Petrospec, POB 3122, Richardson, TX 75080.

Easywriter II. Different from the IBM-distributed -Easywriter 1.1, this wordprocessing program allows you to type in and edit text in a page- and mode-oriented environment. A utility pro

510 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

gram is provided to transfer files to and from single-sided PC-DOS disks. For the IBM Personal Computer; floppy disk, $350. Information Unlimited Software Inc., 2401 Marinship Way, Sausalito, CA 94965.

Edix, a text-editing program to be used in conjunction with the Wordix formatting program. Edix offers four on-screen editing windows and online tutorial lessons that teach you how to use editing commands such as flexible pattern search. For the IBM Personal Comuter with PC-DOS; floppy disk, $195. Emerging Technology Consultants Inc., 2031 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80302.

The Final Word, version 1.1, a word-processing program. A recent addition to a series of programs inspired by Richard Stallman's EMACS, this program offers multiple text buffers, two editing windows, and versatile formatting capabilities. A swap file on disk preserves text in the event of a system crash. For the IBM Personal Computer with PC-DOS; floppy disk, $300. Mark of the Unicorn Inc., POB 423, Arlington, MA 02174.

General Ledger, this accounting package is part of a series of accounting packages that helps you establish and maintain a general ledger. For the IBM Personal Computer; floppy disk, $199. Micro Architect Inc., 96 Dothan St., Arlington, MA 02174.

Pmate. Suitable for program source-code-file and general text editing, this textediting program offers a full selection of primitive functions that can be combined into macrocommands to perform high-level tasks. For the IBM Personal Computer with PC-DOS; floppy disk, $225.

Lifeboat Associates, 1651 Third Ave., New York, NY 10028.

Powertext, version 1.8, a word-processing program. Based on the editing structure of the UCSD p-System, Powertext provides extensive capabilities for putting text into different formats. Form letter, document, and memo are a few of the possible files. For the IBM Personal Computer; floppy disk, $399. Beaman Porter Inc., Pleasant Ridge Rd., Harrison, NY 10528.

Newkeys, a utility program that lets you reconfigure the functions of your IBM PC keyboard by transforming it into a standard IBM Selectric or the Dvorak layout. For the IBM Personal Computer; floppy disk, $19.95. Magi Software, 564 Chinquapin Dr., Eglin, FL 32542.

Nutritionist, a diet-analysis program (see description under Apple). For the IBM Personal Computer; floppy disk, $145. N-Squared Computing, 5318 Forest Ridge Rd., Silverton, OR 97381.

Versatext, a word-processing and database system that includes the modules PCWriter, PCProcessor, PCBase, and PCGiant. For the IBM Personal Computer with PC-DOS; floppy disk, $199.95. Texasoft, 1028 North Madison Ave., Dallas, TX 75208.

Volkswriter, version 1.2, a word-processing program. This program provides a variety of fast editing functions for beginners using word processing. Function keys are used for editing commands; other commands are invoked from on-screen menus. For the IBM Personal Computer with PC-DOS; floppy disk, $195. Lifetree Software Inc.,

Suite 342, 177 Webster St., Monterey, CA 93940.

Word Attack, an educational word game (see description under Apple). For the IBM Personal Computer; floppy disk, $49.95. Davidson & Associates, 6069 Groveoak Place #12, Rancho Palos Verdes, CA 90274.

Word Wand, a word-processing program. This pageoriented program supports the French-language character set. For the IBM Personal Computer with Monochrome Display Adapter and PCDOS; floppy disk, $340 ($400 Canadian funds). Tanda Software Inc., POB 244, Orleans, Ontario KlC 1S7, Canada.

Wordstar, version 3.2, a word-processing program. This well-known product has been adapted from its CP/M-80 version with few changes. It features a multiple-menu command structure and on-screen text formatting. For the IBM Personal Computer with PC-DOS; floppy disk, $495. Micropro International Corp., 33 San Pablo Ave., San Rafael, CA 94903.

Texas Instruments

Digger Duck, an interactive maze game that requires strategy and patience. For the TI-99/4A; cassette, $13.99. Vaughn Software, 5460 Harlan #84, Arvada, CO 80002.

Mariner, a maze-type puzzle game. As a seafaring adventurer, you must navigate through waters of changing depths using sight and sonar. For the TI-99/4A; cassette, $16.99. Vaughn Software (see address above).

Submarine Warrior, an

arcade-type game. You pilot a submarine through enemy waters diving and surfacing to avoid mines, whales, and depth changes. You can fire your missiles at targets for a high score. For the TI 99/4A; cassette, $11.95. JW Software, 814 West Main St., Urbana, IL 61801.

Timex/Sinclair

Catacombs, an adventuretype game. You are lost in one of several levels of the catacombs. In your struggle to survive you must locate food and gold while avoiding phantoms and monsters. For the Timex/Sinclair 1000 and ZX81; cassette, $14.95. Melbourne House Software Inc., 333 East 46th St., New York, NY 10017.

Gamestape I, a set of 11 game programs that includes Klingons, Crash Landing, Simon, UFO, Code, Asteroids, Bomber, Guillotine, Breakout, and others. For the Timex/Sinclair 1000 and ZX81; cassette, $14.95. Melourne House Software Inc. (see address above).

Gamestape 2, a set of three programs. Included are Starfighter, a space battle game; Pyramid, a strategy game; and Artist, a graphics-design program. For the Timex/ Sinclair 1000 and ZX81; cassette, $14.95. Melbourne House Software Inc. (see address above).

3D Monster Maze, an arcade-type game. See if you can find your way out of the maze with a Tyrannosaurus Rex chasing you. For the Timex/Sinclair 1000 and ZX81; cassette, $14.95. Melbourne House Software Inc. (see address above).

May 1983 © BVTE Publications Ire 511

Software Received.

3D Orbiter, an arcade-type game. You command the last surviving craft of your army. To defend your civilization you must battle against marauding invaders as you climb, bank, and dive in outer space. For the Timex/ Sinclair 1000 and ZX81; cassette, $14.95. Melbourne House Software Inc. (see address above).

Videocalc, an electronicspreadsheet program that lets you input data and mathematical formulas and immediately see the answers. The program uses Sinclair BASIC functions. For the Timex/ Sinclair 1000 and ZX81; cassette, $9.95. P & B Software, 1155 East Malibu Dr., Tempe, AZ 85282.

ZXAD, an assembler/debugger. Assembler uses the entire Z80 instruction set and standard mnemonics. Source statements are entered as BASIC remark statements. Debugger displays or alters memory. For the Timex/ Sinclair 1000 and ZX81; cassette, $14.95. Scientific Software, 6 West 61 Terrace, Kansas City, MO 64113.

TRS-80

Arachnid Plus, a set of three arcade-type games. In Arachnid you fight against a spider-like creature. In Warzone you must trap your opponent in a maze of squares. In Baja you race your dune buggy across a treacherous desert course. For the TRS-80 Models I and III; floppy disk, $24.95. Computer Shack, 1691 Eason, Pontiac, MI 48054.

Assault, an arcade-type game. You must struggle to prevent various creatures from stealing your bags of

gold. For the TRS-80 Models I and III; floppy disk, $24.95. Computer Shack (see address above).

Cyborg, an arcade-type game. Try to collect all 12 signal modules in your complex while avoiding or killing threatening robots. If you succeed, you can move on to more difficult complexes. For the TRS-80 Models I and III; floppy disk, $24.95. Computer Shack (see address above).

Deadline, an interactive game. You are a detective who must solve a murder within 12 game hours. The program gives you all the clues you need. For the TRS-80 Model III; 5Vi- and 8-inch floppy-disk formats, $49.95 and $59.95, respectively. For information, contact Infocom, 55 Wheeler St., Cambridge, MA 02138.

Financial Planning for Visicalc, a set of 17 templates for use with the Visicalc electronic-spreadsheet system. For the TRS-80 Model II; floppy disk, $59.95. Howard W. Sams & Co. Inc., 4300 West 62nd St., POB 7092, Indianapolis, IN 46206.

Hexman, a disk-management system. The Hexman program runs under LDOS and can monitor file activity for easier storage and retrieval. It also makes daily backups of modified files. For the TRS-80 Models I and III; floppy disk, $169. Hexagon Systems, POB 397, Station A, Vancouver, British Columbia V6C 2N2, Canada.

Jovian, an arcade-type game. The Jovians are archenemies of Earth and must be stopped. If you can hit their space stations with your rapid-fire plasma bullets you will destroy them. For the TRS-80 Models I and III; floppy disk, $24.95. Com

puter Shack (see address above).

Liberator, an arcade-type game. Your robot has gone berserk and hidden your four assistants in a hazardous industrial park. Rescue your assistants while avoiding the robot. For the TRS-80 Models I and III; floppy disk, $24.95. Computer Shack (see address above).

Listmaker, a databasemanagement program that can handle lists for business, home, or school; personalize and print form letters; and sort and search on one or multiple fields. For the TRS-80 Models I and III; •floppy disk, $97.50. Reader's Digest Services Inc., Microcomputer Software Division, Pleasantville, NY 10570.

Starcross, an adventuretype game. Your ship has found a gigantic alien starship. In order to discover its treasures, you must dock and explore its mysterious interior. For the TRS-80 Model III; 5Vi- and 8-inch floppydisk formats, $39.95 and $49.95 respectively. For information, contact Infocom, 55 Wheeler St., Cambridge, MA 02138.

T.B.B.S., an electronic bulletin-board system. You can custom design your own system format without writing a program code. Set up your own computerized message board from 25 types. For the TRS-80 Models I and III; floppy disk, $149.95. Ebert Personal Computers Inc., 4122 South Parker Rd., Aurora, CO 80014.

Other Computers

Buysel, several mathematical-analysis programs (see description under CP/M). For CDOS/Cromix; floppy disk, $125 (Canadian funds). Software City, 35 Downsview Cres., Nepean, Ontario K2G 0A4, Canada.

Portfolio Manager, a

stock-management program. Enter current stock prices and you receive a one-page report showing 19 classes of information about your stock. For the Heath/Zenith H-/Z-89; floppy disk, $25. RCK Associates, 640 Trephanny Lane, Wayne, PA 19087. ■

This is a list of software packages that have been received by BYTE Publications during the past month. The list is correct to the best of our knowledge, but it is not meant to be a full description of the product or the forms in which the product is available. In particular, some packages may be sold for several machines or in both cassette and floppy-disk format; the product listed here is the version received by BYTE Publications.

This is an all-inclusive list that makes no comment on the quality or usefulness of the software listed. We regret that we cannot review every software package we receive. Instead, this list is meant to be a monthly acknowledgment of these packages and the companies that sent them. All software received is considered to be on loan to BYTE and is returned to the manufacturer after a set period of time. Companies sending software packages should be sure to include the list price of the packages and (where appropriate) the alternate forms in which they are available.

512 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Books Received

Apple Files, David Miller. Reston, VA: Reston Publishing Co., 1982; 414 pages, 38 by 56 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-8359-0192-0, $19.95.

Atari PILOT for Beginners, Jim Conlan and Tracy Deliman. Reston, VA: Reston Publishing Co., 1983; 229 pages, 36 by 54 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-8359-0301-X, $14.95.

Atari Sound and Graphics, A Self-Teaching Guide, Herb Moore, Judy Lower, and Bob Albrecht. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1982; 234 pages, 40.6 by 60 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-471-09593-1, $9.95.

BASIC Exercises for the IBM Personal Computer, J. P. Lamoitier. Berkeley, CA: Sybex, 1982; 251 pages, 42 by 54 cm, softcover, ISBN 089588-088-1, $13.95.

A BASIC Programmer's Guide to Pascal, Mark J. Borgerson. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1982; 118 pages, 40.6 by 60 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-471-09293-2, $9.95.

CICS/VS Command Level with ANS COBOL Examples, Pacifico A. Lim. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1982; 576 pages, 38 by 56 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-442-226071, $29.95.

Communications and the Future, Prospects, Promises, and Problems, Howard F. Didsbury Jr., ed. Bethesda, MD: World Future Society (4916 St. Elmo Ave.), 1982; 357 pages, 36 by 54 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-930242-16-5, $14.50.

Computer Simulation in Business, Hugh J. Watson. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1981; 358 pages, 46 by 56 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-471-03638-2, $28.95.

The Creative Apple, Mark Pelczarski and Joe Tate, eds. Morristown, NJ: Creative Computing Press (POB 789M), 1982; 448 pages, 50 by

65.6 cm, softcover, ISBN 0916688-25-9, $15.95.

The DP Professional's Guide to Writing Effective Technical Communications, J. Van Duyn. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1982; 218 pages, 40 by 57 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-471-05843-2, $22.95.

Fast BASIC, Beyond TRS-80 BASIC, George A. Gratzer with Thomas G. Gratzer. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1982; 278 pages, 40.6 by 60 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-471-09849-3, $14.95.

Handbook of Advanced Robotics, Edward L. Safford Jr., Blue Ridge Summit, PA: Tab Books, 1982; 468 pages, 31 by 49.6 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-8306-1421-4, $15.95.

How to Buy a Personal Computer, Carlton Shrum. Sherman Oaks, CA: Alfred Publishing Co. (POB 5964), 1982; 64 pages, 25.6 by 66 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-88284-1882, $2.95.

How to Select a Business Computer, Billie Cayot, David Campbell, and Norm Stone. Oakland, CA: Oasis Press (POB 6836), 1982; 215 pages, 63 by 70 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-916378-17-9, $29.95.

The Illustrated Word Processing Dictionary, Russell A. Stultz. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1983; 170 pages, 37 by 56 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-13-450726-6, $17.95.

Information Resource Management, Opportunities and Strategies for the 1980s, William R. Synnott and William H. Gruber. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1981; 356 pages, 40 by 57 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-471-09451X, $27.95.

Inside CP/M, David E. Cortesi. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1982: 571 pages, 44.6 by 55.6 cm,

softcover, ISBN 0-03059558-4, $23.95.

Introduction to BASIC Programming, Gary B. Shelly and Thomas J. Cashman. Brea, CA: Anaheim Publishing Co. (2632 Saturn St.), 1982; 406 pages, 44 by 55 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-88236-118X, $14.95. Includes transparency masters.

An Introduction to Computers and Information Processing, Robert A. Stern and Nancy Stern. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1982; 637 pages, 45.6 by 56.6 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-471-08723-8, $20.95.

Introduction to Computer Architecture and Organization, Harold Lorin. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1982; 311 pages, 40 by 57 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-47186679-2, $25.

Learning BASIC Step by Step, Vern McDermott and Diana Fisher. Rockville, MD-. Computer Science Press, 1982; 139 pages, 52 by 32 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-91489449-8, $15.95.

The Microcomputer Builders's Bible, Chris Johnston. Blue Ridge Summit, PA: Tab Books, 1982; 314 pages, 30.6 by 49.6 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-8306-1473-7, $12.95.

1983 Classroom Computer News Directory of Educational Computing Resources. Watertown, MA: Intentional Educations (341 Mt. Auburn St.), 1982; 201 pages, 50 by 66 cm, softcover, ISBN 09607970-0-9, $14.95.

The Power of Multiplan, Robert E. Williams. Portland, OR: Management Information Source (3543 Northeast Broadway), 1982; 168 pages,

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May 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc 513

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AST Research Exp. Board 64K—S279, 128K—S369, 192K—J489, 256K—.1569. Combo/Mega Plus available. Quadram 256K par. port, ser I/O clock & calendar—$589. Persyst Time Spectrum 1 Spectrum with Insta Drive. Call. We carry many other brands of memory boards. Compupro—Seatt le^-STB—M I crosof t Wizard. Xedex Baby Blue —$499. Software: Best Buy Spellblnder_$249. dBASE I I—$459 Superca lc_$1 89 Vlslcalc_$189 Peachtree Peach Pack—$395 Micro Con Term I na I—$79 For more Information circle reader service card #282

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Televldeo TS 802 64K, 4MHz, Z80A, 5 1/4" Dual F lopples—$2639 Cromeaco C-IOSP—$1698 Teletek Systemaster I—$674 Scion Mlcroangelo with Screen Pak II MA 520—$995. SOFTWARE: Microsoft: Basic 80—$249 Basic Comp I I er—$299, Fortran—$359 Digital Research: Pascal MTtSPP...$395, CB 80—$395 P/LI80_$429 WordStar_$295 Supersoft C Comp I ler—$ 1 89. For more Information circle reader service card /2B3.

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Microsoft Prem Pak...$469 MlcroScI Drive...$289 Control ler—$65 J-Cat Modem—$ 119 Advance Logic CP/M Plus— $299 For more Information circle reader service card #264.

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Books Received.

51 by 64.6 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-13-687343-X, $14.95.

Practical BASIC Programs: IBM Personal Computer Edition, Lon Poole, ed. Berkeley, CA: Osborne/McGraw-Hill, 1982; 170 pages, 50 by 65 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-931988-802, $15.99.

Programming the IBM Personal Computer: BASIC, Neill Graham. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1982; 287 pages, 42 by 55 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-03-061911

4, $16.95. Programming the 11-59 &

the HP-41 Calculators, Paul Garrison. Blue Ridge Summit, PA: Tab Books, 1982; 294 pages, 31 by 50 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-8306-1442-7, $12.95.

Science and Engineering Sourcebook, Cass R. Lewart. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982; 96 pages, 36 by 54 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-942412-02-8, $9.95.

Software Blueprint and Examples, Yaohan Chu. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1982; 519 pages, 40 by 56 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-669-05329

5, $39.95.

Structured Programming Using PL/1, 2nd ed., J. N. P. Hume and R. C. Holt. Reston, VA: Reston Publishing Co., 1982; 400 pages, 43.6 by 57 cm, hardcover, ISBN 08359-7133-3, $19.95.

TRS-80 Color Basic, Bob Albrecht. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1982; 378 pages, 40.6 by 60 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-471-09644-X, $9.95.

Understanding BASIC, Richard G. Peddicord. Sherman Oaks, CA: Alfred Publishing Co. (POB 5964), 1981; 48 pages, 25.6 by 66 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-88284-146-7, $2.95.

Understanding COBOL, Richard G. Peddicord. Sherman Oaks, CA: Alfred Publishing Co. (POB 5964), 1981; 47 pages, 25.6 by 66 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-88284-147-5, $2.95.

Understanding Computers,

Donald D. Spencer. Ormond Beach, FL: Camelot Publishing Co. (POB 1357), 1982; 400 pages, 36 by 54 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-89218-057-9, $13.95.

Understanding Computers, What Managers and Users Need to Know, Myles E. Walsh. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1982; 266 pages, 35 by 54 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-471-87417-5, $14.95.

Understanding Data Base Management, Michael J. Freiling. Sherman Oaks, CA: Alfred Publishing Co. (POB 5964), 1982; 63 pages, 25.6 by 66 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-88284-221-8, $2.95.

Understanding FORTRAN, Herbert R. Ludwig. Sherman Oaks, CA: Alfred Publishing Co. (POB 5964), 1981; 63 pages, 25.6 by 66 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-88284-148-3, $2.95.

Up the EDP Pyramid, The Complete Job Hunting Manual for Computer Professionals, Jack French. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1982; 185 pages, 35 by 54 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-471-871176, $12.50.

Visicalc by the User for the User, Jim Englander, ed. Scarsdale, NY: Intercalc (POB 254), 1982; 80 pages, 51 by 66 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-911095, $10.

Word Processing Handbook, Ivan Flores. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1983; 552 pages, 38 by 56 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-442-225261, $34.50.■

This is a list of books received at BYTE Publications during this past month. Although the list is not meant to be exhaustive, its purpose is to acquaint BYTE readers with recently published titles in computer science and related fields. We regret that we cannot review or comment on all the books we receive; instead, this list is meant to be a monthly acknowledgment of these books and the publishers who sent them.

514 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 354 on inquiry card.

Ask BYTE

Conducted by Steve Clarcia

Traveling Computers

Dear Steve,

We are considering buying a personal computer and have been looking for information in BYTE. We currently live in the Philippines, which makes comparison shopping difficult: information is limited and somewhat dated. We will be home on leave in the fall and hope to bring a computer back with us. We would appreciate any information, advice, or suggestions you might give us on computers, peripherals, and so on. We would like a computer for the following:

• Word processing, especially letter-quality printing. Is there a dot-matrix impact printer that would be satisfactory, or are formed characters necessary?

• We play complex strategy/ tactics games, such as recreating World War II battles. Which computer has the best, most complex games of this type? Do you know any company besides Avalon Hill that makes this type of game?

• Educational programs for a ninth grader.

• Color graphics and color video monitor are a must. Is a color monitor suitable for word processing? designing needlepoint?

• We'd like to catalog a stamp collection, keep track of constantly changing titles in a small library, and have a typing tutor.

• What about future expansion?

We would like to stay under $4000. Size and weight are important. How necessary are two disk drives7 Would a double-sided double-density disk drive be worth the extra cost? Shape is also a factor.

Three of us have to bring it back on a plane. Reliability is most important; service here is nonexistent or of dubious quality. We will probably not be back in the States for at least two years.

In the Philippines, there are power fluctuations and outages. We have air conditioning, but with the power out, it's hot and humid. There are lots of insects and dust. If these conditions don't prohibit a computer, how do we protect it?

Finally, can an 8-bit computer have more than 64K bytes of user memory? Thank you for your help. Ronald A. Alasin Philippines

Choosing a computer for your applications is not half as difficult as determining the reliability of such a unit in the environment you describe. Let's address that aspect first.

Any computer that you purchase in the States will be designed to run off of 120 V (volts) at 60 Hz (hertz) AC. If your power in the Philippines is different than this, you will need a power converter and possibly a means to change the line frequency. One way around this would be to obtain a power inverter that would convert 12 V DC to 120 V AC at 60 Hz. This unit could then be powered by either battery or a 12-V DC supply designed for the local power requirements.

If power outages and fluctuations are frequent, you must assess the impact on your computing tasks. If you are greatly inconvenienced by fluctuations and outages (which cause the computer to crash), then an uninterruptible power supply may be required. This is a unit that instantly (for all practical pur

poses) switches from line to battery power in the event of an outage.

Insects and dust will be detrimental to your disks unless you take proper precautions. The heat may or may not be a problem, depending on the length of time that the computer is in use and whether or not it has a built-in fan.

As far as reliability is concerned, one must examine the record of the computers now on the market. Certainly, those that have been in production for awhile have had time to establish a reputation.

Because high-resolution graphics and color are requirements, and a large variety of software is suggested, I would lean toward either the Apple II or Apple He computer. You may need several accessory boards to drive a printer and an 80-column screen, but for your price range, it is a good choice. The Apple II has been around long enough to establish its reliability. One disk drive should suffice for most applications, but an extra drive adds convenience. Double-sided, double-density disks are not worth the extra price, in my opinion. Many disk manufacturers frown on using both sides of a disk beause it adds extra abrasion to the data on the first side. In your dusty environment, it is not worth the chance.

For letter-quality printing, a high-quality dot-matrix printer should suffice, but this is a personal choice. Some pretty good letter-quality daisy-wheel printers costing less than $1000 are on the market. They are not terribly fast, but their reliability seems to be acceptable.

An 8-bit computer can have more than 64K bytes of memory, but it addresses only 64K bytes at any one time. A tech

nique known as bank selecting is used to enable one of several 64K-byte blocks of memory.

Finally, Strategic Simulations (Suite 108, 465 Fairchild Dr., Mountain View, CA 94043) has a variety of complex strategy/tactic games for the Apple II. I hope that this gives you some guidelines on your purchases. Buy before you leave and run all units for as long as possible then so that any premature failures can be corrected. . . . Steve

Inside Level II ROMs

Dear Steve,

I have a TRS-80 Model I Level II. I presently write 99% of my programs in machinelanguage. As you know, there are a lot of programs in the Model I's ROM (read-only memory) that handle, for example, the keyboard. I called Radio Shack to get a sourcecode listing of those programs, but they are not available. Can you tell me where I can get those listings? Francois Paquin Sarnia, Ontario, Canada

Mumford Micro Systems has a book that explains the inner workings of the Radio Shack TRS-80 Models I and III Level II ROMs. It contains information on set-ups, calling sequences, and variable passage for number conversion, arithmetic operations, etc. In addition, it is a very useful reference manual with information on RAM usage, relocation of BASIC programs, USR call expansion, and creating system tapes of your programs. The book, Inside Level II—The Programmer's Guide to the TRS-80 ROMs, costs $15.95 (plus $2 postage) and can be ordered from Mumford Micro Systems, FOB 400-D, Summer

May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 515

Circle 187 on Inquiry card.

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Colorful Computer Questions

Dear Steve,

I'm wondering if you, or some of your readers, could answer a couple of questions regarding the Radio Shack Color Computer.

1. Is there any way to get more than 32 characters per line? I bet someone is working on it, but I haven't seen any solutions except that achieved by Cognitec in its Telewriter word-processing program.

2. Have you any information on a BASIC compiler for the Motorola 6809 in the Color Computer (or does the type of processor make very much difference anyway)? It sure would be handy.

Thanks. Duff Kennedy Santa Barbara, CA

The video-display format for the Radio Shack Color Computer is controlled by the Motorola 6847 Video Display Generator chip, and the number of characters per line that are displayed on the screen is a function of the mode that the chip is in. For alphanumerics, the format is 16 lines of 32 characters each. Using the high-resolution graphics mode of 256 by 192 pixels, an alternate character set can be graphically defined and more characters obtained. For example, if a 5 by 7 font is used with one blank dot between characters, then 256/6 = 42 characters per line. See "What's Inside Radio Shack's Color Computer," by Ahrens, Browne, and Scales (March 1981 BYTE, page 90).

I'm sorry but I don't have any information on a BASIC

compiler for the 6809. . . . Steve

More Colorful Questions

Dear Steve,

In the May 1982 BYTE, you answered a question about video-display problems on the TRS-80 Color Computer (see "TV Jitter Bugs," page 398). You did not comment on one proposed solution to the problem of interference: is it possible to remove the RF (radiofrequency) modulator and go directly to a video monitor? What about the sound? Because most monitors have a sound input, is it possible to tie that output directly to a monitor?

Thanks for the help. Mark Ososki Mount Clemens, MI

// the interference problem referred to in that Ask BYTE letter was caused by the vertical synchronization signal being slightly off frequency, removing the RF modulator will not solve the problem. The modulator only takes the composite-video signal (video, horizontal synchronization, and vertical synchronization) and superimposes a carrier signal upon it so that the video may be received on a television set.

The RF modulator can be removed from the Color Computer. The compositevideo signal is then available at pin 1 of the modulator unit and the sound is at pin 3. These outputs can then be fed into the sound and video inputs of a monitor. Of course, the standard caution of voiding the warranty by tampering with the computer applies. . . . Steve

ZX81 Power Backup

Dear Steve,

One rainy day, when just finishing a perfect program on

516 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 21 on inquiry card.

Circle 235 on Inquiry card.

my ZX81, the power went out and I lost my program. I want to prevent this from happening again. Do you know of any way to add battery backup to the ZX81 without spending a lot of time and money?

The ZX81 requires 9.75 V (volts) at 650 milliamperes (mA); however, my multitester indicates that the AC line adapter puts out 15 V without the computer connected. Also, what is the amperage available from a common 9-V battery7 Z. Smith West Grove, PA

One way to prevent power loss to your Sinclair ZX81 is to use a 12-V DC supply with an automotive storage battery in parallel across it. The ZX81 has a 5-V regulator inside to drop the input voltage to the necessary 5 V, and with a 12-V input, only a little extra heat will be generated. If this is undesirable, a seriesdropping resistor between the power supply and the ZX81 will restore original conditions. In the event of a power failure, the computer will continue to run from the storage battery. When power is restored, the DC supply will take over and also recharge the battery.

A common 9-V battery has a current output of 20 to 40 mA; many would need to be paralleled to drive the computer. The AC line adapter output measures 15-V because there is no load in the circuit. If you put a load (such as the computer) across the supply, the voltage will drop to the specified range. . . . Steve

Hot and Cold Computers

Dear Steve,

Have briefcase computers been tested in variable temperature situations? Going from a 75 ° F house to the car

in the winter at — 25° F might cause some type of electronic damage or damage to the floppy disks that are stored in the units (as in the Osborne). I live in Wisconsin. Considering the wide temperature range, should I buy a portable computer? Paschal A. Frigo Green Bay, Wl

You raise an interesting question. Shugart, for example, specifies an ambient operating temperature range for its Model SA 400 floppydisk drive of 40° to 115° F. As the temperature drops, the potential for mechanical sluggishness increases and this may result in erratic data transfers.

Floppy disks have a storage requirement of 50° to 125° F. One can only guess as to the flexibility of a disk at extremely low temperatures. If there is valuable data on the disk, I would not leave it exposed to low temperatures.

The electrical functioning should be less sensitive, but a general rule would be to allow the unit to warm to approximately room temperature before powering up. The thermal change in going from a warm building to a cold car should cause no problem, assuming that the car has a heater which will be in use. The short time at the temperature extremes will not markedly affect the unit's internal temperature. . . . Steve

Follow-up and Music to His Ears

Dear Steve,

This letter is a follow-up to my letter about adding lowercase display characters to a Lear Siegler ADM 3A terminal. (See "ADM 3 Lowercase Conversion," October 1982 BYTE, page 453.) You kindly referred me to an article published in the March

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• GENERAL LEDGER. Everything you need to keep the books. Features easy-to-use data entry and error correction, trial balance, fast post, and a variety of comprehensive reports. Automatic error detection keeps the books in balance. Writes checks and makes journal entries in one operation.

• PAYROLL. A very flexible system that adapts to a wide variety of needs. Features Federal, state, and local tax calculations, El credit, and special pay and deduction amounts. Prints all necessary reports, paychecks, and W-2 forms.

• DATA MANAGER. A powerful generalized data management system that lets you define, enter, update, sort, select, and print reports from a database of your own design. Applicable to almost any job where records must be kept, this system can replace literally hundreds of programs.

Put your computer to work with these sophisticated systems now. Programs are available for 48K or larger two-disk systems in your choice of code for Microsoft BASIC-80' under CP/M", IBM" Personal Computer BASIC, or Micropolis" BASIC.

DflTflSMJTH

Box 8036, Shawnee Mission, KS 66208, (913) 381-9118

Circle 156 on inquiry card.

May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 517

Ask BYTE.

1979 BYTE and suggested that I get the 2513 ROM (read-only memory) from Active Electronics. I tried to do this, but they were back ordered.

I then noticed a ROM sold by Advanced Computer Products in Santa Ana, California, called the 2513-ADM. When I called the company, the only information I could get was that it was made by General Instrument. Upon calling that company, I received a firm denial that General Instrument ever made a ROM with inverted outputs as needed by the ADM 3A. I decided to take a chance and ordered the chip for $14.95, along with the specification sheet.

The specification sheet sent with the chip was for a 2513-RO-3, not for the 2513-102 as labeled on the chip. Thoroughly confused, I boldly put the chip in the socket in the ADM 3A and— lo and behold—lowercase characters appeared without any soldering or tinkering!

I have gone into such detail on this issue because I thought your readers might be interested in knowing about this orphan chip that no one claims (although it is marked as being made by General Instrument) and that no one knows anything about.

I'd like to ask you another completely unrelated question. I would imagine that many people engrossed in computers are like me in that they started out with electronics as a result of an interest in high-fidelity and music. A few years back, all my spare cash went for buying high-fidelity equipment; now all of it goes for buying computer equipment. I would love to have my high-fi controlled by my computer (e.g., changing music sources from tape to tuner, adjusting the volume, switching speakers). The first and last are relatively easy, but I have not seen any

thing on the control of an analog circuit by a computer—especially one sensitive to noise. Could you suggest a circuit, or point me in the direction of one? I am a neophyte when it comes to electronics.

Thank you for your time and help. It's greatly appreciated. Rich Bucholz Hamden, CT

Thanks for the follow-up.

Controlling audio devices by means of a microcomputer is a relatively easy process, requiring the use of D/A (digital-to-analog) converters. A unit made by Analog Devices, the AD 7110 is a CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) digitally controlled audio attenuator with an attenuation range of 88.5 dB (decibels), plus full muting capability. Its 6-bit digital input covers the attenuation range in 1.5 dB increments. Such a unit could control the audio amplitude in your stereo system.

The ADG201 is a CMOSprotected quad SPST (singlepole, single-throw) analog switch that can be toggled by a TTL- (transistor-transistor logic-) or CMOS-level logic input. It features a make-before-break switching action and has overvoltage protection to 25 volts above the supply voltage. In its "ON" state, it looks like a 100-ohm resistor. This can switch lowlevel signals in your system.

The data sheets for both these devices give an indication of their use. Handle them with extreme care because they are static sensitive. I have no circuits immediately available as the application of these devices to audio control is usually unique to each user. Write Analog Devices for further information and data sheets. The address is Analog Devices, Route One Industrial Park, POB 280, Norwood,

MA 02062, (617) 329-4700. . . . Steve

Home Security 6502 Style

Dear Steve,

I am trying to implement that neat home-security system you outlined. (See "Build a Computer-Controlled Security System for Your Home," Part 1, January 1979 BYTE, page 56; Part 2, February 1979 BYTE, page 162; Part 3, March 1979 BYTE, page 150). Not being familiar with the 8080 series of processors, I am using a SYM-1 single-board computer, which is based on the 6502 microprocessor.

Because the flowcharts in the article are so clear and easy to program from, it occurred to me that there must be some literature describing in more detail the development of such "event processor" programs. If you could steer me toward some books or articles about this type of programming, I would be most grateful. Eric A. Lowhar Venice, CA

An excellent book on programming the 6502 microprocessor, with emphasis on interfacing and controlling applications, is Programming & Interfacing the 6502, With Experiments, by Marvin L. De Jong (Howard W. Sams & Co. Inc., 4300 West 62nd St., POB 7092, Indianapolis, IN 46206). It costs $16.95. This book specifically addresses the SYM-1, AIM-65, and KIM-1 single-board computers. It should be in your reference library.

An article in the October 1977 issue of Kilobaud (page 84), "Dedicated Controllers" by Michael ]. Myers, describes a specific application of a KIM-1 computer as a process controller. The software is described and should be of

some help to you.

Steve

Upgrading Homebrew to CP/M

Dear Steve,

I have an 808OA-based microcomputer that I designed and built. I am redesigning it with a Z80 and several refinements. It occurred to me that machine language was perhaps going to be a bit of a drag once I was past the development stage (are we ever7). What sort of hardware/bootstrap configuration would I need so that I could eventually add floppy-disk drives and run CP/M7 I know that the boot-loader program must be limited to 256 bytes, and I'm familiar with the term BIOS, but that is about it.

I'm in Korea, and there is an acute lack of serious material on microcomputers. Can you give me any clues as to where to look7 I would like to find out about necessary design changes before I wire-wrap the whole thing. Any help would be appreciated. Sergeant Dale L. Botkin South Korea

/ would suggest that you configure your computer around the S-100 bus so as to take advantage of this simple means of adding a disk controller and CP/M to your system. Many of the S-100 disk-controller boards on the market are designed for CP/M and include a bootstrap PROM (programmable read-only memory) as part of the package or as an option.

Some of the disk-controller cards with this feature are the CCS Model 2422 (California Computer Systems), the Versafloppy (SD Systems), the Double-D (fade), and the Disk 1 (Compupro).

These units can be obtained from fade Computer Products, 4901 West Rosecrans Ave., Hawthorne, CA 90250,

518 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

and Priority 1 Electronics, 9161 Deering Ave., Chatsworth, CA 91311. Write for their catalogs. They also carry an extensive selection of books on microcomputers. . . . Steve

Rounding Off Square Roots = Gray Hairs

Dear Steve,

A friend called me and asked me to do a short program on my Apple II Plus. He wanted a program that printed out the Pythagorean triplets between 1 and 20. After some work, I found that my Apple has some trouble calculating square roots.

The program shown in listing 1 should work, but it doesn't. The problem is in line 40. I found that the Apple has trouble with IF, THEN, and SQR functions when they are used together.

I went through a test program and I found something very unusual. First, I typed in LET X= SQR(IOO). We all know that X should equal 10, but just in case, I entered PRINT X. The computer responded with 10, but then came the problem. I entered

print X = 10. If that statement is true, the computer should respond with 1, but it doesn't, it prints 0 (i.e., the statement is false). Now computers are likely to make some errors, but even my little brother knows that one!

I was wondering if you could tell me what was the cause of this. This error has kept me from doing quite a few programs for algebra and other classes of mine. Is it a flaw in the Apple, or is it just that my particular computer is messed up? Joel Kozikowski Indianapolis, IN

The problem that you have with the SQR function is not an error in Applesoft BASIC. In fact, it is not an error at all. You are correct in assuming that the problem is in line 40 of your program, but for the wrong reason. After taking the square root, you test for those values that are integers. The problem is that none of the square roots are integers due to the way that square roots are calculated.

Remember the pocket calculators that would give you 1.9999999 for the square root

Listing 1

10 FOR A = 1 TO 20

20 FOR B = A TO 20

30 LET C = SQR ( A.A + B.B)

40 IF C < > INT (C) THEN 60

50 PRINT A,B,C

60 NEXT B

70 NEXT A

Listing 2

40 IF C = ABS(C - INT (Q) > .00000001 THEN 60

of 4? This is exactly what is happening in the Apple II. The algorithm that calculates square roots rounds off to a fixed number of significant digits. Because line 40 branches to line 60 if not an integer, your program just runs the nested loops and then ends.

Change line 40 to what's shown in listing 2, and your program will run correctly. This line tests to see how close C is to an integer value. If the

difference between C and the integer C is very, very small, then it is an integer and will be printed. Otherwise, your computer will look for the next set of values.

Also, when you apply the test PRINT X = 10, the answer is false because X does not equal 10. It may equal 9.999999999 or 10.0000001 etc. and not 10.0000000000. This is a subtle mistake that creates lots of gray hairs for programmers. . . . Steve

FCC Requires Testing Lab's Approval

Dear Steve,

I am an avid reader of yours. Your projects really seem to hit home with my interests. I enjoyed listening to you speak at the Trenton Computer Festival last year and your comments concerning answering letters has prompted me to write.

I have experimented with adding devices to the telephone line. My interface, for the most part, consists of a

1-megohm resistor in series with the phone line and a lOOk-ohm and 0.1 microfarad {fiF) capacitor tied in parallel. How can I get FCC approval for a device that connects to the phone7 I would really like to sell these designs to a company that would be interested in building and marketing my prototypes. Mark Kantrowitz Rockaway, NJ

FCC approval requires the passage of tests that are best conducted by an independent

testing laboratory. These laboratories are also familiar with the paperwork that must accompany such testing. One testing lab that I have used

and can recommend is Art Schulze, 8807 Mobud Dr., Houston, TX 77036. . . . Steve ■

In "Ask BYTE," Steve Ciarcia answers questions on any area of microcomputing. The most representative questions received each month will be answered and published. Do you have a nagging problem? Send your inquiry to:

Ask BYTE

c/o Steve Ciarcia

POB 582

Glastonbury CT 06033 If you are a subscriber to The Source, chat with Steve (TEC3I7) directly. Due to the high volume of inquiries, personal replies cannot be given. Be sure to include "Ask BYTE" in the address.

May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 519

BYTE's Bits

IBM Unveils Top-of-the-Line Personal Computer

IBM recently unveiled its top-of-theline microcomputer: the IBM Personal Computer XT. The XT, an extended version of the popular IBM PC, comes with a 10-megabyte hard-disk drive, 128K bytes of RAM (random-access read/write memory) that's expandable to 640K bytes, one 360K-byte floppy-disk drive, an asynchronous communications adapter, and eight expansion slots. It lists for $4995. Externally, it looks the same as its predecessor, and it still uses the 8088 microprocessor, but the XT is not the radical new computer that rumors had predicted. Nonetheless, it's a fine, conservative machine.

At the same time that the IBM Personal Computer XT was announced, company spokesmen also took the wraps off several optional accessories and enhancements for the Personal Computer line. IBM now offers expansion units for both the PC and the XT (with a hard disk and eight input/output slots), a high-resolution color display, and an enhanced version of Microsoft's disk operating system, DOS 2.0.

The basic XT provides a roomy storage area with its 10-megabyte hard-disk drive, allowing you to work with large data files and eliminating the need to swap around disks and programs. The availability of the IBM hard disk sets the stage for software developers who want to create new applications that require the greater storage capacity and faster access time of a hard disk.

The 360K-byte floppy-disk drive provides an easy way to transfer programs and data to or from the hard-disk system. Why IBM chose this new floppy-disk format with 180K bytes (single-sided) or 360K bytes (double-sided) per disk is somewhat perplexing because it doesn't offer much more space than the 160K- to 320K-byte-per-disk format on the PC. IBM DOS 2.0 supports this new disk format with nine sectors instead of eight. It is upward-compatible with PC-DOS 1.0 and 1.1 and can read and write all previous disk formats.

Backing up the hard disk to floppy disks is supported by a couple of new commands. A menu of several options lets

you choose between copying the entire disk, selected files (via a wildcard format), all files created after a certain date, or only the files changed since the last backup.

Eight system expansion slots are an improvement over the IBM PC's five slots, but three slots are already taken up by adapters for the hard disk, the floppy disk, and asynchronous communications. If you get the expansion unit, a fourth slot will be used for an attachment card to link the two units together.

Only six of the eight slots in the IBM PC XT are for full-sized accessory cards. Because of space limitations, two slots are behind the disk drives. These slots accept smaller cards, such as the asynchronous communications, game controller, and printer adapters, or the attachment cards.

The IBM PC XT includes an asynchronous communications adapter that can be used to connect a serial printer or to communicate with IBM PCs, larger IBM mainframe systems, or other information sources via a modem.

The optional expansion unit with a 10-megabyte hard disk and eight more I/O slots comes in two configurations: one for the IBM PC and the other for the IBM PC XT. The expansion unit for the regular IBM PC differs only in that it contains a hard-disk adapter and is therefore more expensive. A single hard-disk adapter can handle two hard-disk drives, but each drive has to be in the same unit because of cabling requirements.

One of the full-sized slots will be used by the hard-disk adapter when it is moved from the IBM PC XT system unit to the expansion unit to handle the two hard disks. The expansion unit has an automatic, power-on self-test of the components, like the system unit does, and is not available without the hard disk.

For the first time, IBM is offering a color display monitor for its personal computers. This 16-color 12'/2-inch display is aggressively priced at $680 and provides resolution of up to 640 by 200 dots. Text can be shown in 25 lines of either 40 or 80 characters. A separate color/graphics monitor adapter controls the monitor.

A version of MS-DOS 2.0 for IBM's

personal computers was also released. The IBM DOS 2.0 disk includes BASIC 2.0, which supports some of the new functions available under DOS 2.0, such as the hierarchical file directories and new graphics, music, and function-key enhancements.

Immediate price reductions on the IBM Personal Computer averaging 15 percent were also disclosed. The only items actually lowered in price are the system unit, disk drives, memory card, color/ graphics monitor adapter, and asynchronous communications adapter. The IBM PC with 16K bytes of memory has been discontinued, and now 64K bytes of memory is the minimum configuration.

To make communications with corporate IBM mainframe computers easier, synchronous data-link control (SDLC) and binary synchronous communications (BSC) adapters are available. These adapters allow the IBM Personal Computers to emulate common IBM terminals.

For those companies that already have IBM 3270-type terminals and would like to add personal-computer capabilities, IBM has come out with the 3270 Personal Computer attachment. This allows you to use the 3270 keyboard and display as a terminal to a central computer, then switch to using the 3270 terminal as an IBM Personal Computer compatible with other IBM microcomputers.

By typing the alternate key with another key, you can jump back and forth between the two modes. You can even get data from the host computer and analyze it locally in the personal-computer mode.

The 3270 Personal Computer attachment consists of the 3278 Personal Computer adapter (an IBM PC system unit with disk drives), which is installed by an IBM service representative, and the Personal Computer 3278 attachment option, a card that you can plug into one of the unit's slots. If you have both a 3278 terminal and an IBM Personal Computer, you only need to purchase the attachment option to hook the two together.

IBM is making swift strides to integrate all of its lines of computers and bring the IBM Personal Computers into the corporate fold.—Bruce Roberts

520 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 501 on inquiry card.

Clubs and Newsletters

News from Budapest, Hungary

Members of a Hungarian home computer club meet to develop low-cost systems, lecture on computer techniques, and assist beginners with construction projects. Club members exhibit homebrew computers, programs, and peripherals at microcomputer symposiums held each year in Budapest, Hungary. For details, write to Dr. Endre Simonyi, 19 Trencsenyi, Budapest H-1125, Hungary.

Take the Buss

Buss, the Independent Newsletter of Heath Company Computers, contains tips, new programs, and news updates for Heath/ Zenith owners. Each issue is numbered and has a table of contents for quick reference. A single issue is $2, a year's subscription (12 issues) costs $20, and an overseas subscription is $25. For more information, write to Buss, 716 E St. SE, Washington, DC 20003, or call (202) 544-0900.

Electronic Opportunity

Each monthly issue of the Micro Moonlighter Newsletter contains features on how to profit from home-based businesses using personal computers. An annual subscription is $25 in the U.S. and $29 in Canada. For details, write to the Micro Moonlighter Newsletter, 2115 Bernard Ave., Nashville, TN 37212.

Telecommunications In Engineering

The monthly newsletter produced by M/A-COM con

tains news and updates of recent developments in telecommunications engineering. For more information, write to M/A-COM DCC Inc., 11717 Exploration Lane, Germantown, MD 20874.

Design and Manufacturing

CAD/CAM Alert is a monthly newsletter containing news, checklists, reviews, and recommendations in the computer-aided design and manufacturing field. A one-year subscription is $95. Sample issues are available on request. For further information, write to CAD/CAM Alert, POB 404, Newton, MA 02161.

Help Yourself

Hi-Tek Connection is a monthly newsletter covering microcomputer systems and their applications. It is specifically written in easy-tounderstand language. The HTC costs $40 a year with a 90-day money-back guarantee. For more information, write to Russell E. Marano, Hi-Tek Publications, POB 99, North Salem, NH 03073.

Memorable Optics

Optical Memory Newsletter including Interactive Videodisks is a bimonthly publication that features book and software reviews, articles, and a conference calendar. A oneyear subscription (six issues) is $295. Discounts are available with multiple subscriptions. For details, write to Optical Memory Newsletter, POB 14817, San Francisco, CA 94114, or call (415) 621-6620.

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May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 521

Clubs and Newsletters.

Pruning the Family Tree

Genealogical Computing, a bimonthly periodical produced by Data Transfer Associates Inc., specializes in hardware and software applications to lineage research. It also contains news, reviews, programs, and services. Subscriptions are $14 a year in the U.S.; Canadian and foreign subscribers pay $19. For further information, write to Data Transfer Associates Inc., 5102 Pommeroy Dr., Fairfax, VA 22032.

Notes from North Star

North Star Notes is a newsletter designed to keep users of North Star Computers informed about the latest developments in hardware, software, and corporate activities. North Star Notes is free to anyone who wants to be on the mailing list. Send your requests to North Star Computers Inc., 14440 Catalina St., San Leandro, CA 94577, or call (415) 357-8500.

Spread the Word

The Spreadcalc News contains listings, applications, reviews, and news releases about getting the most from your Visicalc investments. The annual subscription rate is $25 (six issues). For details, write tc Spreadsoft, POB 192, Clinton, MD 20735, or call (301) 856-1180.

In Terre Haute

The Wabash Valley Computer Society meets every fourth Wednesday of the month at 7 p.m. at the Vigo County Public Library in Terre Haute, Indiana. Family

dues are $10 a year and include a subscription to the Journal of the Wabash Valley Computer Society. Contact the Wabash Valley Computer Society, 203 Briarwood Dr., Terre Haute, IN 47803, or call (812) 877-3269.

TRS-80 Color Computer Club

A TRS-80 Color Computer club in Durham, North Carolina, is welcoming new members. The club produces a monthly newsletter that contains features on the Color Computer. Membership is $10 and the newsletter is 85 cents. For more details, write to Donald DeHart, 3632 Cheek Rd., Durham, NC 27704.

LNW Information from Nebraska

The LNW User, a bimonthly newsletter for LNW-80 enthusiasts, is produced by the LNW User Group and contains programming news, hardware and software reviews, and a question-andanswer section. Subscriptions are $12 a year and back issues are available. For further information, write to The LNW User, 4345 Manchester Rd., Grand Island, NE 68801.

Central Ohio Amateurs Meet

The Amateur Computer Society of Central Ohio (ACSCO) meets on the first Wednesday of each month at 7:30 p.m. at the Barnett Rec. Center in Columbus, Ohio. Membership dues are $10 a year and include a subscription to the newsletter, the I/O. To swap newsletters, send yours to TRS-80— ACSCO, c/o Cramer, POB

28355, Columbus, OH 43228. For additional information about the club's activities, write to Joel Sampson, 3009 Calvmet, Columbus, OH 43202, or call (614) 262-2995.

Winnipeg PET Users Group

The Winnipeg PET Users Group (WPUG) meets on the first Wednesday of every month to exchange news about Commodore computers. Meetings include hardware and software demonstrations, speakers, and question-and-answer sessions. The $15 membership fee entitles you to receive the WPUG newsletter and provides access to more than 3000

programs in the WPUG disk library. For more information, write to Larry Neufeld, WPUG, 9-300 Enniskillen Ave., Winnipeg, Manitoba R2V 0H9, Canada.

File From Canada

File, a newsletter that examines ideas, processes, and technology in the publishing and direct-mail marketing industries, is produced six times a year by Creative Data Processing of Brauch & Neville Associates Ltd. For further information, contact Brauch & Neville Associates Ltd., 3390 Midland Ave., POB 351, Agincourt Post Office, Scarborough, Ontario MIS 3B9, Canada.!

If you would like BYTE readers to know about your club or newsletter send the details accompanied by no more than one newsletter to Clubs and Newsletters, BYTE Publications, POB 372, Hancock, NH 03449. Overseas groups are encouraged to participate. Please allow at least three months for your announcement to appear.

BYTE's Bits

Porsche Will Go to Contest Winner

Seeq Technology of San Jose, California, will award a 1983 Porsche 944 to the person who comes up with the best application for one of its electrically erasable read-only memory (EEROM) chips. This chip, the 16K-bit 5-volt 5213, can be purchased for $9.95 at Schweber Electronics stores with a limit of two to a customer until May 31. Possible applications include a remotely programmable private branch exchange (PBX) for telephone systems or even jukeboxes that tell you when to replace worn records.

To be eligible, you must come up with a good idea, build it, test it, and send the

schematic to Seeq by May 31, 1983. Complete rules and entry forms are available from local Schweber Electronics stores or from Seeq Technology, 1849 Fortune Dr., San Jose, CA 95131, (408) 9421990.

North American Book Distributor

In Dr. Michael Carter's review of Personal Documentation for Professionals, the North American distributor of the book was not mentioned. (See the October 1982 BYTE, page 385.) It can be ordered from Elsevier Science Publishing Co., 52 Vanderbilt Ave., New York, NY 10017.■

522 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 118 on Inquiry card.

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12AI15MHZ) Composite 84

12EUNI20MHZ) Composite 129

9191 Color Composite 279

Taxan

12"Green(l8MHz)Composite $ 129

12" Amber(18MHz) Composite 129

RGB 1 Color 319

zenith

ZVM12112"Green(15MHz) S 94

USI

9 "Green (20MHz) S 139

12"Green(20MHz) 139

12"Amber(20MHz) 149

IBM to Printer $ 32

Osborne to Printer 32

Kayproto Printer 32

Call for all cable configurations

Mini Files—Holds70Disks S16.50

Maxi Files—Holds 70 Disks 24.00

5Va" LibraryCases 3.00

8"LibraryCases 4.00

MONITORS

No Surcharge for credit Cards

VISA

All merchandise new. we accept MC, Visa, Wire Transfer. COD Call. Certified Check. P.O.'s from

qualified firms, APO accepted. Shipping: Minimum S3.50 first 5 pounds. Tax: California Res. Only add 6Vz% sales tax.

Mon.-Fri. 8 a.m. to 7 p.m. Sat. & Sun. 11 a.m. to 4 p.m.

What's New?

ELECTRONIC OFFICE

Portable Computer with Networking Potential

Up to 15 batterypowered Athena 1 portable computers can be connected in a local-area network. This 15-pound machine carries 512K bytes of solid-state storage, dual low-power NSC-800 processors running CP/M, 64K bytes of main memory for computation, 4K bytes of communications memory, and a full-sized keyboard. Its 4-line by 80-character display performs as a window because it's backed by 24 lines of 80 characters held in memory. A 5/4-inch floppy-disk drive, two RS-232C ports, and a printer port are standard. Expansion capabilities include up to 1 megabyte of internal memory and space for two additional circuit boards.

Athena 1 costs S3950. Address inquiries to Athena Computer & Electronic Systems, 31952

Camino Capistrano, San Juan Capistrano, CA 92675, [714) 661-2276. Circle 600 on inquiry card.

DMS-15 Can Serve as Master Station

The DMS-15 can serve as a master in a Hinet local-area network. Hinet can support up to 32 users and address as many as 255. Manufactured by Digital Microsystems, and said to be an enhanced version of the portable Fox, DMS-15 comes with CP/M 2.0 and 15 megabytes of built-in Winchester-disk storage (formatted). It features DSC-3 (Z80A) architecture, 64K bytes of RAM (random-access read/write memory), a 9-inch display, one double-sided doubledensity 5 XA -inch floppydisk drive (614K bytes), a

Hinet interface, and four RS-232C serial Rorts.

A list price of S7495 has been set for the DMS-15. The software to run the system as the Hinet master station costs S500. Quantity discounts are offered. Contact Digital Microsystems, 1755 Embarcadero, Oakland, CA 94606, (415) 532-3686. Circle 601 on inquiry card.

Three Systems Support 5-11 Users

The C5002A, C8002A, and the Sundance 16 are 16-bit microcomputers that can support 5 to 11 users. Onyx Systems reports that each machine runs Unix System III. They will be marketed through OEMs (original equipment manufacturers), ISOs (independent sales organizations), and systems integrators.

An integrated computer/workstation, the Sundance 16 is available with VTlOO-type 132- or 80-column displays. Its 5/4-inch Winchester harddisk storage capacities range from 7 to 21 megabytes, and 256K or 512K bytes of user memory with 12 megabytes of tape backup storage are offered. Retail prices begin at SI 2,990.

The C5002A supports five users or devices with its five serial and one parallel port. Options include 512K bytes of additional RAM (random-access read/write memory), six more ports for users or devices, and the Omninet

network. Prices start at $10,990.

Using its internal upgradable option for local networking, the C8002A can support 11 users or devices. Mass storage is provided by 8-inch Winchester drives with 20-, 40-, or 60-megabyte capacities. Other features include 12 megabytes of tape backup and 256K or 512K bytes of RAM. The Omninet network is available as an option. The base price is $13,990.

For full details, contact Onyx Systems Inc., 25 East Trimble Rd., San Jose, CA 95131, (408) 946-6330. Circle 602 on inquiry card.

Network to Connect Dissimilar Hosts

Tri-Data's Netway Family is designed to create a cohesive network using a variety of hosts and workstations, regardless of the local or remote protocols employed. The family comprises distributed-communicationsoriented hardware and a multitasking/multiprogramming network DOS, called NCOS.

NNET networking software provides automatic alternative routing, online configuration from any workstation, and the ability to manage up to 254 processors. The NCOS operating system gives network and host transparency and has a userfriendly interface with help messages. It allows CP/M Plus to run as a task for applications development.

524 May 1983 © BYTE Publicaeions Inc

Retail Showroom

1780 West 2300 South Salt Lake City, Utah 84119

The Great Salt Lake

Computer Company, Inc.

Mail Orders |;

P.O. Box 26816 ' Salt Lake City, Utah 84126

QT 5%" MAINFRAME

QT 8" THINLINE MAINFRAME

• Provisions for any 2 • 5V«" drives • i5eaDB25cutout

• 2 ea 50 pin • 2 ea 34 pin • 1 ea Centronic • EMI filter (fused)

• 2 AC outlets • Avbl with 6 - 8 or 12 slot motherbd • Power supply ( + 8V16A/±16V3A/ + 12V5A)

QTC-MF * MD8 (8 slot MB) $720.00

QTC-MF+MDl2(12slotMB) $765.00

QT 8" MAINFRAME

WIS

• Provision for any 2-8" drives (hard or floppy) • 15 ea DB 25 cutout • 2 ea 50 pin • 2 ea 34 pin • 1 ea Centronic • EMI filter ((used) • 2 AC outlets • Avbl with 6 - 8 or 12 slot motherbd

• Power supply ( + 8V16A/+16V3A/ + 5V6A/-5V1A/

+24V6A)

Desk Top Version

QTC-MF.DD8 S800.00

QTC-MF * DD12 $850.00

Rack Mount Version

QTC-RMF-DD8 $900.00

QTC-RMF-DD12 $950.00

QT STANDARD MAINFRAME

• Provisions (or any 2 - 5'/4" drives

• 15 ea DB 25 cutout »2ea50pin

• 2 ea 34 pin • 1 ea Centronic

• EMI litter ((used) • 2 AC outlets

• Avbl with 6-8-12-18 or 22 slot MB

• Power supply ( + 8V16A+16V3A) Desk Top Version

QTC-MF* 12 $875.00

QTC-MF* 18 $720.00

QTC-MF + 22 $800.00

Rack Mount Version

QTC-RMF+12 $775.00

QTC-RMF- 18 $820.00

QTC-RMF+22 $900.00

QT S-100 CARD CAGES

• Made of anodized steel • Card guides forea. MB • 1 ■ Indicates w/MB

• 2 - Indicates w/MB + 1 ea fan

• 3 - Indicates w/MB + 2 ea fans

QTC-CC4 .... $20.00

CC4-1 .... $75.00

CC6 $25.00

CC6-1 $90.00

CC6-2 ... $115.00

CC8 $35.00

CC8-1 $100.00

CC8-1 $135.00

CC12 $60.00

CC12-1 $165.00

CC12-2 $200.00

CC12-3 $225.00

CC18 $75.00

CC18-1 $220.00

CC18-2 $250.00

CC18-3 $280.00

QT S-100 MOTHERBOARDS

• Silence Plus • Built in Termination • (EE696 • Terminal strip for easy power connection

4 Slot Motherboards QTC-MB4BB $20.00

QTC-MB4K . $35.00

QTC-MB4A . $45.00

B Slot Motherboards

OTC-MB8BB . . $35.00 QTC-MB8K $65.00

QTC-MB8A . $95.00

18 Slot Motherboards QTC-MBI8BB $65.00

QTC-MB18K $135.00

QTC-MBI8A $185.00

6 Slot Motherboards

QTC-MB6BB $30.00

OTC-MB6K $50.00

QTC-MB6A $65.00

12 Slot Motherboards QTC-MB12BB . . $40.00

QTC-MB12K $95.00

QTC-MB12A $135.00

22 Slot Motherboards QTC-MB22BB ... $75.00 QTC-MB22K $150.00

QTC-MB22A ,... $200.00

• Provisions for 2 ea 8" thinline drives ■ 15ea DB 25 cutout

• 2 ea 50 pin • 2 ea 34 pin • i ea Centronic

• EMI filter (fused) • 2 AC outlets

• Power supply (-8V16A/-5V1A/+24V6A)

Cadillac Version

QTC-IMF + DD6C(6slotMB) S500.00

Ford Version

QTC-IMF + DD6F $389.00

QT DISK DRIVE CABINETS

"AH in One" Vertical Disk Drive Cabinet For 1) 2 ea or 4 ea 8" thinline drive

2) 2 ea standard 8" drives

3) 1 ea hard disk + 1 ea standard 8"

• Power supply (-5V6A/-5V1 A/+24V6A)

• Positive pressure fan w/lilter • EMI filter

• Power interface cable for any 8" drive QTC-DDC88V For 2 standard size 8'drives ... $325.00

QTC-DDC88TFor2rn/n//ne8,'oV,Ves $325.00

QTC-DDC8V For 1 ea 8" drive $275.00

Horizontal Disk Drive Cabinet For 2 ea 8" standard size drives

• Power supply ( + 5V6A/-5V1 A/-24V6A)

• Interface cable for any 8" drive

QTC-DDC88H $300.00

DISK DRIVES

8" Disk Drives

801R Shugarl SS/DD $355.00

851RShugartDS/DD $455.00

DT8 (842) Oume DS/DD $465.00

BEST M-2894-63 MIT DS/DD $409.00

BUY (call for qty price)

M-2896-63 MIT 8" thinline DS/DD $475.00

5V4" Disk Drives

TM100-1 orB-51 (or IBM $200.00

TM100-2 or B-52 for IBM $270.00

QT DISK DRIVE SUB ASSEMBLY

• Vertical or horizontal disk cabinet - 1 1"h x 11 "w x 20"d S"h x 17"w x 20"d

QTC-DDS + 0 w/2 ea SS/DD Siemens drives $595.00

QTC-DDS + 1 Wit ea DS/DD MIT 2894-63 $695.00

QTC-DDS + 2 w/2 ea DS/DD MIT 2894-63 ... $1150.00

QTC-DDS + 3 w/2 ea SS/DD 801R Shugart $975.00

QTC-DDS + 4 w/2 ea DS/DD 8" thinline drives . . $1150.00

TERMINALS

Televideo 925C $725.00

Televideo 970 $1095.00

BMC12A(15MHZ) $75.00

BMC12EV (20 MHZ) $129.00

BMC Color #9191 $279.00

Sanyo 12" Green (15 MHZ) $80.00

PRINTERS

Star-Gemini $355.00

OK1-82A (120 cps) Serial + pad $389.00

OK 1-83A(120 cps) Serial + pad $649.00

OK 1-84A (200 cps) Serial $1079.00

OK1-92A(160cps) $519.00

OK1-93A (160 cps) $899.00

NEC-8023A $475.00

BEST BUY

Toshiba P-1350 (LTR quality) $1575.00

Tractor $295.00

Sheet (eeder $1095.00

BOARD SETS

Best Bare Board Set Available

QTC-SBC2/4CPU

QTC-EXP+ III 256K Memory bd.

QTC-FDC 5/8 Floppy disk controller

Bare Board Set $150.00

t) Includes manuals & assembly instructions

2) Parts available

3) Monitor & B10S available

QT CLOCK/CALENDAR

S-100 or Apple • Time in hrs. mm, sec. • AM/PM or Military Format • Date in Mo., Day, Yr. Day of Week & Leap Year recognition • 4 hard interrupts (1024 Hz. 1Hz, 1 mm. 1 hr) • On board battery (will last 14 mos, w/no power on)

QTC-CCS-BB (S-100) $60.00

QTC-CCS-K (kit) (or S-100 $100.00

QTC-CCS-A(A+T)lorS-100 $125.00

QTC-CCA-BB (for Apple) $40.00

QTC-CCA-A (for Apple) $125.00

CPU BOARDS

QTC-SBC 2/4 BB $50.00

QTC-SBC2/4A A + T $265.00

QTC-Z+80 BB $28.00

Teletek FDC-I A+T $595.00

Teletek Systemaster A+T $695.00

MEMORY BOARDS

DYNAMIC (64K/256Kor 1 MEG)

QTC-EXP + III Bare Bd $65.00

QTC-EXP + III 64K A+T $450.00

STATIC

S-RAM64KBB $60.00

S-RAM64 A+T $349.00

S-RAM 128K A + T (Fu»y IEEE696) $895.00

QTC-I/O+BB2SER3PAR $60.00

QTC-I/O + A+T $340.00

QTC-ADA ADA Convener A + T $375.00

QTC-Dual GPIB-488 IEEE 488 Interlace bd A + T $475.00

DISKETTES

5W' soft sector (for Apple) $17.00 for 10

1 yr warranty - with hub ring

5V4" soft sector DS/DD $24.00 tor 10

5%" plastic library case $2.50 ea, $20.00 for 10

Flip file storage case (stores 70 diskettes) $19.00 ea

APPLE CORNER

Micro-SCI Drive $269.00

w/controller add $79.00

Rana Elite I $299.00

Rana Elite II $439.00

Rana Elite III $569.00

Rana Controller $99.00

QT Apple Compatible Drive $235.00

In Continental U.S. (800) 545-2633

Inside Utah (801)972-4848

iJWWiWWWB

prepaid order $15.00 Export aisoun -■..-, m,,,.-.,^- ,,,..- w «, w and availability subject to change without notice. Shipf 60c'In UPS AirSl 00/lb minimum charge $3.00

■ —»

Circle 210 on Thquiry card.

What's New?

NCOS is standard; NNET costs S500.

Netway hardware is built around the Netway 200 communications processor. It supports up to 32 workstations and host ports and renders remote and local networking facilities. System architecture includes multiple-DMA, an 800K-byte floppy-disk drive, a Centronics parallel printer port, and six serial I/O ports that support asynchronous, bisynchronous, and bit-oriented protocols. The single-unit price is S6880. Integrated 10- or 15-megabyte Winchester drives are available.

Additional hardware elements include a Z80-based device-interface processor with 64K bytes of memory and a local network interface, composed of a shielded cable and an RJ-11 connector. Prices range from $200 to S420.

A host of other hardware and interface modules are available as options. For details on possible configurations, contact Tri-Data, 505 East Middlefield Rd., Mountain View, CA . 94043, (415) 9693700. Circle 603 on inquiry card.

CDI Creates Office

Systems

Environments

Computer Development Inc. (CDI) will design and support an office communications system to your specific needs. Major components of CDI's modular approach to elec

tronic communications include the Electronic Telecommunications (ET) System 3000 family of portable microcomputers and the Voice Com software package.

The System 3000 has a built-in microprocessorcontrolled modem that comes with full communications software, software-controlled answer/ originate modes, TouchTone and rotary-pulse auto-dialers, variable 300to 1200-bps (bit-per-second) data rates, half-and full-duplex operation, interactive vocal and data communications abilities, and an error detection/correction protocol that automatically detects and corrects mistakes occurring during transmission.

Unlimited voice and data communications over ordinary telephone lines are achieved by Voice Com, which features single-keystroke operation and permits a document to be created, discussed, and edited simultaneously on all terminals online. It's part of the Commail electronic mail system. Commail also includes a communications system management program and a call handler/telephone link controller.

Basic ET System 3000 hardware is made up of dual Z80 processors, 64K bytes of RAM (random-access read/write memory), a 12-inch nonglare greenphosphor display, and a 72-key keyboard with a separate numeric/cursor control pad and 8 userprogrammable function keys. Built-in diagnostics,

CP/M, and a Help key are supplied. Software includes BASIC, COBOL, Supercalc, and applications packages.

Many options can be connected to the System 3000, including intelligent modems, mathematics and high-speed processors, and floppy- and hard-disk drives. For complete details on available systems and services, contact, CDI, Suite 200, 6700 Southwest 105th, Beaverton, OR 97005, (800) 547-1831; in Oregon, (503) 646-1599. Circle 604 on inquiry card.

Integrated Office System

IOAS (integrated office automation system) is an integrated set of software modules for computers running MS-DOS, such as the IBM Personal Computer. Produced by Micro Architect, the IOAS line comprises a database manager, an applications system, and a word processor with a full-screen editor. Among the modules is the Exec-I executive information system. It's made up of seven applications: appointment, stock security, mailing list, check writer, personal finance, personal inventory, and memo. A graphics module and a spreadsheet interface are planned.

The IOAS system requires a dual-disk or a hard-disk system, monochrome display, 64K bytes of memory (94K bytes for

the word processor), and a 132-column printer. Each module is sold separately, and prices range from $98 to $398. A 25% discount is allowed after the first module is purchased. For ordering information, contact Micro Architect Inc., 96 Dothan St., Arlington, MA 02174, (617) 643-4713. Circle 605 on inquiry card.

Database System

Has Unique Zoom Function

Powerbase is an easyto-use relational database management system from GMS Systems Inc. Powerbase has a unique Zoom feature that lets you zero in on any information within the database and show the detailed components of that information up to 16 levels deep. Designed for IBM Personal Computers running PCDOS, Powerbase offers a fast search, sort, and select feature, user-defined screens for data entry, user-specified reports, special keys for "sounds like" retrieval, a front-end editor, and the ability to handle arithmetic expressions written in algebraic form. As many as 65,000 records of 1760 bytes each can be accommodated, and each record can hold up to 32 fields of 80 characters. All files are random access by means of B-tree structure.

This system comes with daily planner, financial/insurance record inventory,

526 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

What's New?

expense reporting, and telephone/mailing list directory applications programs. It requires 128K bytes of memory, PCDOS, two l60K-byte floppy-disk drives or a hard disk, a cursor-addressable terminal, and an 80-column printer. It costs S475, including user and reference manuals. Contact GMS Systems Inc., 12 West 37th St., New York, NY 10018, (212) 9473590. Circle 606 on inquiry card.

Low-Cost Network

EXO Corporation reports that a fully functional network system can be achieved at a low cost with its Avalanche computer and EXO/Net, an enhanced version of CP/Net. The EXO system is a distributed network with sharing of disks, programs, databases, and printers, as well as full communications abilities. It supports up to 31 stations and one file server per channel. Individual computers in the network operate under CP/M when equipped with local disk storage. Stations are connected to a single twisted-pair cable up to 4000 feet long. The data rate is 800,000 bps (bits per second). Interfaces for other protocols to allow users access to mainframes and external databases are under development.

The file server runs the multitasking MP/M II oper

ating system, which offers real-time capabilities and file protection with password access. Accounting, word processing, text editing, utilities, and electronic mail programs come standard.

The Avalanche is a single-board Z80A computer with 64K bytes of RAM (random-access read/write memory), RS232C and RS-422A ports, and two parallel Centronics ports. It costs S595. A version with a floppydisk controller for up to four 5!/4- or 8-inch disk drives sells for S795. For $ 1795, the Avalanche can be purchased with a separate hard-disk controller board. These products are supplied with integral voltage regulators for OEM (original equipment manufacturer) applications. Contact EXO Corp., 1265 Montecito Ave., Mountain View, CA 94043, (415) 969-8624. Circle 607 on inquiry card.

Apple Nets Local Network Scheme

Apple Computer plans to market the Applenet, which will electronically link Lisa and Apple ll/lll computers so that they can exchange information and share central files. Network connections will be a drop cable and a cluster box supporting up to four computers. For large networks, cluster boxes can be connected to a twin axial network cable capable of 1 millionbit-per-second transmis

sion. Two thousand feet of cable can support up to 32 cluster boxes for a total of 128 systems.

Applenet will employ baseband bus architecture with carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA C/D) to avoid data loss during communication. All network components are located on an interface card that plugs

into the computer. The Applenet, which will use the Xerox Network Systems (XNS) protocol, will be sold through Apple dealers and Apple's National Accounts program. For full details, contact Apple Computer Inc., 20525 Mariani Ave., Cupertino, CA 95014, (408) 973-3019. Circle 608 on inquiry card.

SYSTEMS

The HP Model 16 is Hewlett-Packard's first 16-bit personal computer. The Model 16 will be sold through direct sales and retail computer stores. Based on the Motorola MC68000 microprocessor, the Model 16 offers an 8-MHz- system clock and a choice of 3 !/2 -inch micro-floppy-disk drives. It has a 9-inch display, a detached ASCII keyboard, 128K bytes of main memory, graphics capabilities, and built-in parallel and serial inter

HP's First 16-Bit Personal Computer

Series 200

faces. The video screen features an 80-character by 25-line display format with a resolution of 300 by 400 pixels. Its keyboard is outfitted with five user

May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 527

What's New?

definable softkeys (ten with shift) and a rotary control knob for rapid program editing, cursor positioning, and analog control of instruments. The Model 16 can be linked in a network that shares disk drives and printers.

Three languages are available for the Model 16: BASIC, HPL, and Pascal. HP BASIC includes such enhancements as subprograms, multidimensional arrays, unified I/O and mass storage, labeled common blocks, and external program control. Application packages cover computer-aided engineering tools, mathe

matics modules, and business aids. The company is investigating the possibility of offering Digital Research's CP/M operating system on the Model 16 and plans to provide its own version of the Unix operating system in the future.

Among the Model 16 options are a tilt-andswivel display accessory and a dual micro-floppy drive. Including the processor, display, keyboard, and 128K bytes of memory, this system costs S3650. Contact your local Hewlett-Packard sales office for complete details. Circle 609 on inquiry card.

68000 Unix-based System Uses Multibus Architecture

The Codata 3300 is an MC68000 Unix-based microcomputer from Codata Systems Corporation. This system comes with 320K bytes of parityprotected RAM (randomaccess read/write memory), expandable to 1.5 megabytes with memory management. Its Multibus architecture supports a variety of mass-storage configurations. Backup

data storage is available through quad-density floppy disks, cartridge tape, or 9-track tape drives.

All the software and programming languages developed for the Codata CTW-300 computer are fully compatible with the 3300. These include APL.68000, a BASIC-Pluscompatible interpreter, and Unisis, Codata's Unix superset. Standard imple

mentations of FORTRAN 77, RM/COBOL, Pascal, and SMC BASIC are supported. Business applications software to run with the 3300 includes a database-management system, an electronic spreadsheet, and word-processing packages.

The standard eight-user 3300 comes with an integral 5'/i-inch 33-megabyte Winchester hard-disk drive and lists for $9600. A two-user version with 12 megabytes of Winchester storage costs $7800. For multitasking, multiuser applications, the Codata 3300 can be purchased with an 8-inch 84-megabyte Winchester drive for $13,500. Contact Codata Systems Corp., 285 North Wolfe Rd„ Sunnyvale, CA 94086, (800) 521-6543; in California, (800) 221-2265. Circle 610 on inquiry card.

16-Bit Computer

Costs Less Than

$100

The TI-99/2 Basic Computer from Texas Instruments may be the first 16-bit computer for less than $ 100. Targeted at the technical enthusiast, engineer, and student, the TI-99/2 has a standard typewriter-like keyboard,

4.2K bytes of RAM (random-access read/write memory) that can be expanded to 36.2K bytes, a built-in RF (radio frequency) modulator, and monochrome display capabilities. For expansion, this system is equipped with a rear-panel peripheral interface connector for a variety of units especially designed for it, including an RS-232C interface, a digital tape drive, and a four-color printer/plotter. Later this year, Texas Instruments plans to release other peripherals, such as modems, printers, a wand input device, and a blackand-white monitor.

The TI-99/2 uses software on solid-state cartridges and cassettes. Initially, two cartridges are available: "Learn to Program" and "Learn to Program BASIC." In addition, 20 cassette-based programs covering education, personal management, and entertainment are scheduled for introduction this quarter. The suggested retail price of each cartridge is $19.95, and most cassette-based programs cost $9.95.

The TI-99/2 comes with a video cable and antenna switch for connection to any television, an interface cable that hooks directly to a cassette-tape player, an AC adapter, a user's manual, and a demonstration cassette. It costs $99.95. For details, contact Texas Instruments Inc., Consumer Relations Department, POB 10508, M/S 5828, Lubbock, TX 79408, (800) 858-4565. Circle 611 on inquiry card.

528 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

What's New?

PERIPHERALS

Color Monitor with

A color monitor for personal and business computers featuring a nonglare screen, the Color-I Plus is manufactured by Amdek Corporation. The 13-inch Color-I Plus has a line resolution of 260 (horizontal) and 300 (vertical]. It accepts a composite-video signal and comes with front compartment controls, a built-in audio amplifier, and a carrying handle. The Color-I

Headset for Privacy

Plus is supplied with a headset for private operation. The unit's speaker automatically shuts off when the headset is connected.

The Color-I Plus costs $449. For more information, contact Amdek Corp., Marketing Department, 2201 Lively Blvd., Elk Grove Village, IL 60007, (312) 364-1 180. Circle 612 on inquiry card.

Video Board Displays Uppercase/Lowercase in 80 by 25 Format

The 82-018 stand-alone video-terminal board from John Bell Engineering displays 80 columns by 25 lines of uppercase and lowercase characters. This video board uses a 6502 microprocessor and has RS-232C I/O lines for direct connection to a computer or modem. The 82-018 transfers data at rates

ranging from 1 10 to 9600 bps (bits per second) through switch-selectable RS-232C lines. An onboard UART (universal asynchronous receiver/ transmitter) is controlled by a five-position DIP (dual-inline pin) switch. Hardware features include 4K bytes of 6116-type RAM (random-access

read/write memory), 2716 EPROMs (erasable programmable read-only memories) for character generation and video program control, a 6545-1 display controller, an interrupt-driven serial input port, and a 1500-character buffer. Power reguirements are + 5 V (volts) at 700 mA (milliamperes), + 12 V at 50 mA, and - 12 Vat 50mA.

The 82-018 reguires a parallel ASCII keyboard, a standard NTSC (National Television Standard Code) monitor, and power supply. It can be purchased fully assembled and tested for SI99.95 or as a bare board with EPROMs and crystal for S89.95. Shipping and handling fees are additional. Complete source listings are included in the documentation. Both versions are available directly from John Bell Engineering Inc., 1014 Center St., San Carlos, CA 94070, (415) 592-8411. Circle 613 on inquiry card.

Hard Disk for APC

NEC Information Systems is marketing a 12-megabyte hard-disk subsystem for its Advanced Personal Computer. This high-performance 5'A-inch drive stores 9.27 megabytes of formatted data and transfers data at a rate of 500K bytes per second. Track-to-track head movement time is 120 ms (milliseconds) and the access time averages 130 ms. The rotation rate is 3000 revolutions per

minute. This system's hardware features a directdrive DC spindle motor, microprocessor controls, and LSI (large-scale integration) circuits. Mean time between failures is 12,000 power-on hours. It measures 6'/4 inches high by 97/8 inches wide by 15 inches deep.

The APC hard-disk subsystem costs S2798. The 16-bit APC computer is 8086-compatible and supports CP/M-86, MS-DOS, and the UCSD p-System. Address inquiries to NEC Information Systems Inc., 5 Militia Dr., Lexington, MA 02173, (617) 8623120. Circle 614 on inquiry card.

Combination Cards for IBM PC

The XPR Series of Multifunction Combination Cards for the IBM Personal Computer can be equipped with a parallel port, a serial RS-232C port, a clock/calendar with battery backup, or all three functions. The parallel port comes with required hardware and connectors for use as either a printer or as a SASI (Shugart Associates Standard Interface) hard-disk interface. The serial port, with a DB25 connector, can be used as COM1 or COM2. Both ports can be individually disabled. The clock/calendar option, coupled with its companion software, automatically provides current time and date information to the PC. The XPR comes on a single printed-circuit

May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 529

What's New?

board and with up to 256K bytes of memory.

The XPR is supplied with installation and reference manuals, internal cabling, connectors, mounting hardware, and a diagnostic disk. Prices range from S350 to S650 for one option and 64K to 256K

bytes of memory. Your second option costs S45; the third is $30. Quantity and dealer discounts are available. Contact IDE Associates, 44 Mall Rd., Burlington, MA 01803, (617) 272-7360. Circle 615 on inquiry card.

Supertalking IBM

Mountain Computer's Supertalker II gives your IBM Personal Computer a vocal outlet. Sound enters the Supertalker through a microphone and is then digitized and stored on a floppy disk for playback through a loudspeaker or the PC's speaker. This plug-in board is said to reproduce a human voice in a manner similar to an audio tape recorder, providing inflection not possible with voice synthesizers. A single floppy disk

Personal Computers

can record up to 2 minutes of phrases or sentences, and voice output can be accessed with Supertalker's software or by user-developed BASIC programs.

A data-compression technique minimizes diskstorage requirements. Three digitizing rates, ranging from 2K to 4K bytes per second, control the quality of reproduction, and the volume is controlled by software or with a built-in control

knob. Frequency response is 300 to 3000 Hz.

Supertalker requires a 64K-byte IBM PC and a single disk drive. It comes with menu-driven software for creating and editing phrases, 32K bytes of RAM (random-access read/write memory), a loudspeaker, and a microphone. Supertalker II costs S565 and is available at Mountain Computer retail stores. Mountain Computer Inc. is located at 300 El Pueblo Rd., Scotts Valley, CA 95066, (408) 438-6650. Circle 617 on inquiry card.

Winchester Storage for Apple and PC

Xiten Systems is offering an 11.3-megabyte Winchester-disk subsystem for Apple ll/lle and IBM Personal Computers through a select network of IBM and Apple dealers. The Gallium 10 stores 14.4 megabytes of unformatted data and can be partitioned for DOS 3.3, CP/M, and Pascal when used with Apple computers. For the PC, it can operate under PC-DOS or CP/M-86. Its cabinet and power supply can support two Winchester-disk drives (28.8 megabytes total storage), and its controller can handle four drives in two cabinets

(57.6 megabytes total). For the location of the dealer nearest you, or for more information, contact Xiten Systems, 16815 Hawthorne Blvd., Lawndale, CA 90260, (213) 370-3966. Circle 618 on inquiry card.

Voice-Response Unit with Modem

A low-speed modem now complements the single-board interactive voice-response unit for Apple II from Vynet Corporation. The basic element of the response unit, the V101-A Interactive Telephone Interface board, is designed to plug into an Apple peripheral slot and connect directly to the telephone network. It can answer on ring and dial and detect TouchTone signals. With this unit, users can call or be called by a computer and respond with Touch-Tone signals to computer inquiries for modifying program flow or updating the database, without terminals or dedicated lines. A set of 20 routines, resident in ROM (read-only memory), preprograms all functions to control interface hardware. Voice-response capabilities are provided by the V200-VSM (voice-synthesizer module). The V200-VSM, an LPC (linear-predictive coding) based unit, comes with a 300-word vocabulary on disk; a 1300-word option is available.

The modem option consists of the V103-A

530 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Lie

What's New?

motherboard and the V200-LSM (low-speed modem). The V103-A fastens into a slot on the Apple and is cable-connected to the V101-A. The V200LSM provides 300-bps (bitper-second). Bell 103-compatible half- or full-duplex data-communications abilities. In systems equipped with both the V200-VSM and the V200-LSM. the VIOI-A permits voice and data communications to share a single telephone line.

System software comes in Applesoft, Pascal, or CP/M formats. The VI01-A costs S295. and the V103-A is SI 9.95. Both the V200-VSM and the V200-LSM are SI49. Contact Vynet Corp., 160B Albright Way, Los Gatos, CA 95030, (408) 370-0555. For an online demonstration, call (800) 538-7002 or (408) 3709764. Circle 619 on inquiry card.

PUBLICATIONS

Timex/Sinclair Sourcebook

The Timex/Sinclair Sourcebook is a directory of more than 600 programs, hardware accessories, add-on memories, and books for Timex and Sinclair computers. Produced by Micro Design Concepts, the Sourcebook lists and describes mail-order products from almost 160 sources. Each listing provides such facts as program highlights, type of media, minimum

system configuration, price, and ordering information. The entries are organized by category: games, education, business, home/personal use, hardware, and books/catalog.

The 96-page Timex/Sinclair Sourcebook costs S6.95, plus SI.25 postage and handling; S2.50 postage and handling outside the U. S. It's available from Micro Design Concepts, Department F, POB 280, Carrollton, TX 75006. Circle 620 on inquiry card.

Report Studies

Electronic

Typewriters

Seybold Publications has released a comparative study entitled Electronic Typewriters: Getting Started for Less Than S2000. This analysis of the major products on the electronic typewriter market covers such manufacturers as IBM, Xerox, Exxon, Olivetti, Olympia, and Royal. A discussion of the role of the electronic typewriter in the automated office, a summary of functions available, a glossary of terms, and a comparison chart of model features are included.

For subscribers of the Seybold Report on Office Systems, this report costs S75; nonsubscribers pay SI 00. Order it directly from Seybold Publications Inc., POB 644, Media, PA 19063, (215) 565-2480. Circle 621 on inquiry card.

Directory Covers Products for IBM

The Directory of Independent IBM Personal Computer Hardware and Software from Infopro is a comprehensive buyer's guide of software and hardware developed for the IBM Personal Computer. It contains descriptions and evaluations of more than 400 products and provides the addresses and telephone numbers of all the vendors profiled. All the software in the directory runs under the PC-DOS operating system.

This directory costs $29.95. It's available at participating dealers or directly from Infopro Inc., POB 22. Bensalem, PA 19020, (215) 750-1023. Circle 622 on inquiry card.

Win at Home Video Games

How to Win at Home Video Games analyzes 70 home-video games step by step so that you can develop game-winning strategies. It covers such games as Adventure, Donkey Kong, and Utopia designed for Atari, Intellivision, Odyssey 2, and Colecovision game systems. Descriptions and buying guide information are included.

This 4-color, 64-page book by the editors of Consumer Guide magazine costs S3.98. It's published by Beekman House and distributed by Crown Publishers, One Park Ave., New York, NY 10016. Circle 644 on inquiry card.

Guide Spans Databases

The current edition of the Directory of Online Information Resources covers more than 720 databases up and running in North America. This guide has subject, vendor, and producer indices, address and telephone information for all database producers and vendors, and database price information. It's completely revised semiannually.

Single copies of the directory costs $22.50, plus $1.50 postage and handling. A subscription price of S60 (four issues) is available. To order, contact the CSG Press, 1 1301 Rockville Pike, Kensington, MD 20895, (301) 8819400. Circle 623 on inquiry card.

SOFTWARE

Suspended Joins Interlogic Line

Infocom has announced Suspended, the sixth game in the Interlogic product line. Suspended joins such adventure games as Deadline, Starcross, and the Zork trilogy. Interlogic games are highly interactive and feature a programming language that permits complete sentence communication between player and computer. The games run on virtually any computer, including DEC Rainbow, Tl Professional Computers, Osborne 1, NEC APC, and 8-inch CP/M-based systems.

May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 531

What's New?

In Suspended, you and your six robot assistants must rescue the population of a planet deep in outer space. While in a limited state of cryogenic suspension, you must repair damage on the planet with your robots. The robots, which can act for you independently of one another, can be sent to different locations and make subsequent moves. Suspended is the first Interlogic game to have a functional game board with movable pieces. Estimated playing time is 30 hours.

Suspended, which was released early last month, is the brainchild of Michael BerJyn. It costs S49.95 and is marketed through software distributors, major retail stores, and personalcomputer manufacturers. Infocom Inc. has its headquarters at 55 Wheeler St., Cambridge, MA 02138, (617) 492-1031. Circle 624 on inquiry card.

Commodore 64 Accounting System

Info-Designs has reprogrammed its Management Accounting System for the Commodore 64 computer. Currently, five modules are available: Accounts Receivable/Billing, Accounts Payable/Checkwriting, General Ledger, Inventory Control, and Payroll. These programs work with one or two Commodore 1541 singledisk drives and a matrix printer. They cost S199 each and are marketed

through more than 600 Commodore dealers nationwide. An electronic staff-scheduling and appointment handler program, called the Electronic Calendar, will be available in June. For full dealer and end-user information, contact your local Commodore regional office or Info-Designs Inc., 6905 Telegraph Rd„ Birmingham, Ml 48010, (313) 540-4010. Circle 625 on inquiry card.

Access

8086 Development

Software

Genesis Microsystems' Access lets you run Intel Series-Ill 8086 development software on your Compaq or IBM Personal Computer at a substantial cost savings. A version for systems running CP/M-86 is also available. With Access, your computer can run such software as PL/M-86, FORTRAN-86, and Pascal-86. Access provides you with an operating system adapter program and a data link program for transferring files between your computer and Intel Series-ll/lll systems. A program that connects your computer to Intel's 957A debugger for downloading programs to your system is also available. It costs S450.

For a complete 8086 development system, the manufacturer recommends a 1 28K-byte computer with MS-DOS, two 320K-byte floppy-disk drives {or a hard disk), a

monochrome display, and a text editor. Access costs S950 and can be ordeied directly from the manufacturer. For benchmark and price comparisons, contact Genesis Microsystems, POB 70280, Sunnyvale. CA 94086, (408) 2413727. Circle 626 on inquiry card.

High-Quality Text Processor

The print quality of the Incredible Text Printer (ITP) from Datamed Research is said to be equivalent to the best stand-alone word processors and to exceed that of any other text processor. ITP has extensive, built-in automatic text-formatting capabilities and a series of menus to help you set up printing formats. Among its textformatting options are underlining, boldface, subscript, superscript, variable character widths, tab and line drawing, and table and figure relocation. ITP automatically hyphenates words at the end of the line, creates indexes and tables of contents, and numbers sections, tables, and figures. It gives you extensive control over headings, subheadings, and footers, including centered and left and right justified fields. With this system, you can insert files from within other files, add pages, and generate personalized form letters or customized text from name and address files or entered from the console. Other features include

run-time entry of text or instructions from the console.

ITP runs on UCSD Pascal-compatible systems. It requires 56K bytes of memory, two floppy-disk drives or a hard disk, an external text editor, and a 24-line by 80-character display monitor. It costs S249, which includes six months of free updates. A demonstration disk can be purchased for S60, and the manual alone is S30. Dealer terms are available. Datamed Research Inc. is located at 1433 Roscomare Rd., Los Angeles, CA 90077, (213) 472-8825. Circle 627 on inquiry card.

User-Friendly Spreadsheet

The Timberline Spreadsheet is said to be a userfriendly system designed for small businesses with no prior computer experience. Timberline features an array of statistical calculation capabilities and six conditional statements for developing reports based on changing financial parameters. Conditional statements allow almost any set of conditions to be entered into the spreadsheet in an If. . . Then format. While it offers traditional financial calculations, Timberline is also flexible enough to calculate such equations as net present value and internal rate of return. Statistical calculations include linear regression, correlation coefficients, dependent vari

532 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

What's New?

able, analysis independent variable, and standard deviation.

The Timberline Spreadsheet's double-window display lets you view separate areas on the worksheet. Its editing function, based oit user-definable commands, permits rows and columns to be inserted, deleted, or moved. Rows can also be sorted by alphabetic or numeric information, and blocks of data can be moved.

This package will run on computers using the UCSD p-System with a minimum of 64K bytes of memory and two floppydisk drives. The Timberline Spreadsheet costs $395 and can be purchased factory-direct from Timberline Systems Inc., 10550 Southwest Allen Blvd., Beaverton, OR 97005, (503) 6439461. Circle 628 on inquiry card.

CP/M Graphics

Conforms to GKS,

VDI Standards

Digital Research designed CP/M Graphics architecture with standard interfaces at the programmer and device levels. The programmer interface conforms to the emerging ANSI and ISO Graphical Kernel System standard, which provides sourcecode portability. The device-level interface addresses ANSI VDI (Virtual Device Interface) to provide object code portability. The CP/M Graphics line is comprised of six prod

ucts: GSX, GSS-4010, GSSKernel. GSS-Plot, GSSGraph, and GSS-Draw.

GSX is required by all the packages in the line. It's the graphic system extension to the CP/M operating system. It provides graphic output through standard operating-system calls. Three components make up GSX: GDOS (Graphics Device Operating System), GIOS (Graphics Input/Output System), and the Gengraf utility, which configures a graphics application to run in the GSX environment.

Other programs let you use graphic software that currently exists only on mainframe computers, create portable graphics applications programs, produce programs for typical business, engineering, and scientific representations, and create and edit presentation-quality charts and diagrams. For complete details on the CP/M Graphics product line, contact Digital Research, POB 579, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, (408) 649-5500. Circle 629 on inquiry card.

Speachware:

Software with the

Gift of Gab

Centigram Corporation and Peachtree Software have teamed up to produce a line of talking software, known as Speachware. This speech-synthesis system works with hardware devised by Centigram and with

speech files created and edited by Peachtree Software, maker of the Peachpak 8 Accounting Series and other software packages. It's reported that this combination produces user-friendly software that's suitable for teaching people with limited computer knowledge how to process information. Speachware will provide voice capabilities to existing or forthcoming Peachtree software.

Centigram's Voiceware Development System is the hardware heart of Speachware. It offers bit rates averaging 3000 bps (bits per second), which reduces the amount of host computer overhead as well as the amount of mass storage needed to hold messages. Voiceware digitizes and compresses analog waves using a proprietary coding technique known as PWC (parametric waveform coding). Analyses of waveforms are done at variable-length intervals, with frame rates determined by the voiced or unvoiced events in the original speech. This results in a synthesized waveform that's nearly identical to the original. Voice output is achieved by means of Centigram's Sybil synthesizer board, which uses the General Instrument SPO250 chip. Sybil is compatible with the IBM Personal Computer.

For further details, contact Centigram Corp., 1 1 53 Bordeaux Dr., Sunnyvale, CA 94086, (408) 734-3222. Circle 630 on inquiry card.

OEM Applications Sought for ImageRecognition System

Sirius Software is seeking OEM (original equipment manufacturer) applications and will consider a variety of licensing agreements for its stand-alone, Multibusbased image-recognition system, called Floyd. This system uses a custom-designed video processor and an NSC 16032 central processor. The video processor demodulates and digitizes an incoming NTSC (National Television Standard Code) color signal, then it fills two 64K-byte memory planes 60 times a second. The central processor can access this memory continuously for real-time image analysis. Floyd's color resolution is 5 10 by 213 pixels through a 4-bit gray scale. Color is demodulated to red/yellow, blue/yellow format.

Floyd offers softswitchselectable code conversions for linear, log, or inverse storage, and it has 8-bit color storage (256 colors) as red/yellow, blue/yellow vectors with softswitch-selected code conversion for hue correction. Video memory is 128K bytes, expandable to 256K bytes using 150-nanosecond RAMs (random-access read/write memories).

For complete technical specifications, contact Sirius Software, Research and Development Department, 10364 Rockingham Dr., Sacramento, CA 95827, (916) 366-1 195. Circle 631 on inquiry card.

May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 533

What's New?

MISCELLANEOUS

Hard-Disk Subsystem Has Error-Correcting Controller

Advanced Digital Corporation has unveiled a 5 'A-inch Winchester harddisk subsystem for S-IOO microcomputers. This system is built around the company's HDC-1001 error-correcting hard-disk controller board, which features an onboard microprocessor, multiple burst detection, up to 9-bit single burst correction, and data rates approaching 5 megabytes per second. A built-in 32-bit computer-generated polynomial is said to be able to detect and correct errors before the user is even aware of them. The HDC-1001 can control up to four drives and as many as eight read/write heads and is IEEE 696 (S-100) compatible.

The Winchester subsystem comes with the HDC-1001 controller board, connector cable, CP/M BIOS disk, and drive mechanisms. It's available in 5-, 10-, 20-, and 40-megabyte versions. The 5-megabyte model uses Seagate Technology's ST506 drive, and the 10and 20-megabyte units feature the miniscribe

drive. Prices begin at SI800; guantity discounts are offered. Contact Advanced Digital Corp., 12700 B Knott Ave., Garden Grove, CA 92641, (714) 891-4004. Circle 632 on inquiry card.

Tomorrowhouse Today

Tomorrowhouse is a turnkey home monitoring and control system from Compu-Home Systems. It's based on the Apple II computer and is made up of a plug-in circuit board, a junction box, hardware for hookups, all the programs needed to set up and control your house, and installation and user manuals.

Tomorrowhouse lets you schedule heating and cooling systems up to nine weeks in advance with as many as 48 changes per day. You can automate your lights, appliances, and hot tub for maximum energy conservation. Complex heating and

cooling and light/appliance schedules for different circumstances can be stored and recalled for execution whenever necessary. Verbal warnings and an easy-to-read graphics display of your home's floorplan with status information presented both graphically and verbally are provided by Tomorrowhouse. Convenience features include an appointment calendar, a voice wake-up call, and a record-keeping system that tracks each time Tomorrowhouse is booted or an alarm detected.

Tomorrowhouse is available in kit form or dealers can provide turnkey installation. For individuals with Apple computers, kit prices start at less than S1000. For full details, contact CompuHome Systems Inc., 3333 East Florida Ave., Denver, CO 80210, {303) 7776600. Circle 633 on inquiry card.

Computer Camps

The following is a list of computer camps and where to send for complete information.

Camp Compuquest, POB 8161, Lexington, KY 40533, (606) 278-9933.

Champlain College Computer Camp, Shelley Richardson, Room #4A, Box 670, 163 South Willard St., Burlington, VT 05402. (802) 658-0800.

Compu Camp, 7101 York Ave. S, Edina, MN

55435. (612)835-0064.

Computer Camp, Registrar, J. Hamilton Welch Academy, 3049 McGregor Blvd., Fort Meyers, FL 33901, (813) 334-6044.

Computer Camp Inc., Suite G, 1235 Coast Village Rd., Santa Barbara, CA 93108, (800) 235-6965; in California, (805) 969-7871.

Computer Camps International, Suite D, 310 Hartford Turnpike, Vernon, CT 06066, (203)871-9227.

Computer Experience, Performance Designs Inc., 141 I North Main St., POB 124, Bluffton, IN 46714, (219) 824-5120.

Family Computer Camp, Conference and Information Center, Clarkson College, Potsdam, NY 13676, (315) 268-6647.

Hockaday Computer Camp, 11600 Welch Rd., Dallas. TX 75229, (214) 363-6311.

Lake Forest Computer Camp, Lake Forest College, Sheridan and College Roads, Lake Forest, IL 60045, (312) 234-3100.

Long Acres Computer Camp, Route I, Box 320, Spotsylvania, VA 22553, (703) 582-5382.

National Computer Camp, POB 585, Orange, CT 06477, (203) 795-9667.

Tar Heel Career Camps Inc., POB 2328, Chapel Hill, NC 27514. (919) 967-6996.

Timbertech Computer Camp, 1287 Lawrence Station Rd„ Sunnyvale, CA 94086, (408) 745-1 110.

Virginia Tech Computer Camp, Carisa Blaylock, College of Education, 400 War Memorial Gym, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, (703) 382-2123.

534 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

What's New?

Bulk Eraser Works Without Batteries, External Power

Nortronics' Model CMP-230 Computer Tape Bulk Eraser is a handheld unit with two strontiumferrite magnets for quick erasures of standard-size cassette tapes. The magnets are divided into four quadrants of north and south poles and are positioned so that a cassette encounters 16 different flux fields as it passes

through. This unit operates without batteries or external power supplies.

The Model CMP-230 Bulk Eraser has a S49.50 suggested retail price. It's manufactured by Nortronics Co. Inc., 8101 Tenth Ave. N, Minneapolis, MN 55427, (612) 545-0401. Circle 634 on inquiry card.

Tecmar Markets

Tecmar manufactures more than 60 peripherals and software packages for the IBM Personal Computer. Its hardware includes a high-speed, 5megabyte removable-cartridge Winchester disk drive, a 15-megabyte Winchester system, high-resolution graphics, an Ethernet network interface, and a voice-recognition unit with a 100-word vocabulary. Tecmar's software includes such offerings as

IBM PC Packages

the Coherent DOS (a Unix look-alike with real-time extensions and multiuser, multitasking capabilities) and support packages for laboratory hardware, an IEEE-488 interface, and an EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory) gang programmer. For information, contact Tecmar Inc., 23600 Mercantile Rd., Cleveland, OH 44122, (216) 464-7410. Circle 635 on inquiry card.

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Apple-Compatible Keyboard

The Model KB-200 detached keyboard is plugcompatible with the Apple II computer. Available directly from Key Tronic Corporation, the low-profile KB-200 has 83 keys, a combination cursor and standard numeric keypad, and an extra Return key for use as an Enter key. Cursor controls include diagonal movements. Eleven functions keys are provided for easy multiplekey functions, and a movable jumper causes the keyboard to output lowercase characters if the Apple is equipped to accept them. Standard fea

tures include sculptured, nonglare keytops with double-shot molded keys, full key travel with positive tactile feedback, N-key rollover, microprocessor electronics, solid-state capacitances, and a flexible cable.

With postage, the Model KB-200 costs S298. Contact Key Tronic Corp., POB 14687, Spokane, WA 99214. For ordering information, call (800) 2626006; in Washington state, or for technical information, call (509) 9288000. Circle 636 on inquiry card.

Cursor-Positioning System Has Cordless Mouse

The Datawafer cursorpositioning system from Display Interface Corporation consists of an ultra

thin position detector and a cordless mouse. The mouse is powered by a self-contained recharge

May 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc 535

What's New?

able battery and is available with 1, 3, 4, 12, or 16 keys for inserting instructions and data. The Datawafer, only 0.2 inch thick, detects and transmits position information any time the mouse is within 3 inches of its surface. It comes with passive position-detecting elements, or it's available with electronic circuitry for signal conversion and for interfacing with data-processing systems. The optional electronics package can be

supplied as a separate plug-in card, or it can be mounted on the bottom of the Datawafer, increasing its thickness to 0.75 inches. Cursor and stylus versions of the positioning device are being developed, each of which will be completely interchangeable with the mouse. Complete information can be obtained from Display Interface Corp., 525 Post Rd., Milford, CT 06460, (203) 877-7661. Circle 637 on inquiry card.

From the New

New England Wood Designs has introduced a line of handcrafted computer furniture, all in a variety of hardwoods and native pine. This line includes computer desks, printer stands, file drawers, and accessories.

The computer desk is available in two heights (26 or 29 inches) and can accommodate a disk drive and a number of accessories. It has adjustable shelves and a multiple-out

England Woods

let AC-power bar. It measures 42 inches long and 30 inches wide. The printer stand features a paper-feed slot and paper storage shelf. Its dimensions are 20 by 16 inches and 26 or 29 inches high. Desk prices begin at $350. The printer stand starts at SI60. For further information, contact New England Wood Designs, RFD 1, Box 53, Greenfield, NH 03047, (603)924-7367.

Portable Gold

A compact, portable gold-plating system suitable for quick and safe replating of edge connectors or gold-plated surfaces has been introduced by Pace Inc. The PEP-220 Gold-Plating System is a self-contained package that includes noncontaminating electrode assemblies, conductive and platers tape, power cord, case, tray, and gold

Plating System

plating, electro-cleaning, and nickel-plating solutions. The unit comes with the PPS-76 power source, which provides precise DC outputs for each solution. The PEP-220 is being marketed through Pace representatives. For further details, contact Pace Inc., 9893 Brewers Court, Laurel, MD 20707, (301) 490-9860. Circle 638 on inquiry card.

FOREIGN

Bimonthly Lists Published Programs

The Small Computer Program Index is a bimonthly index of printed program listings from a wide range of United Kingdom and American magazines and books. Subjects covered include science, social science, business and management, education, games, home applications, text and word processing, mathematics, statistics, and utilities. Most of the programs are in BASIC but are said to be equally ap

plicable to mainframe computers that support BASIC, FORTRAN, and ALGOL.

The 1983 subscription price is S45 (six issues and an index). For $72, you can enter a subscription for 1983 and receive all the 1982 back issues. Small Computer Program Index is produced by Allm Books, 21 Beechcroft Rd., Bushey, Hertfordshire WD2 2JU, England; tel: Watford (0923). Circle 639 on inquiry card.

536 May 1583 © BYTE Publications Inc

What's New?

First 32-Bit Business

Mitsubishi Electric Corporation has announced the availability of the Model 500, Japan's first small-business computer using 32-bit architecture. System hardware includes 16 megabytes of logical space using a virtual storage-control system, a main-memory capacity of up to 8 megabytes, a magnetic disk drive capable of accommodating a largecapacity file of up to 4.8 gigbytes, and a 12-megabyte-per-second transfer time. Up to 128 terminals (64 inline workstations and 64 online circuits) can be connected to the Model 500. For office automation, the Model 500 has Japanese word processing and business graphics capabilities. When running the DPS 10 processing system and relational database, the Model 500 is said to have the performance of a medium-sized generalpurpose computer. DPS 10 enables five-dimensional multiprocessing: worksta

Computer Unveiled

tion, timesharing, transaction, remote-batch processing, and local-batch processing. High-level language support includes Mitsubishi's Duet conversational user language, COBOL, and FORTRAN.

Options include an 8K-byte cache memory. For details, contact Mitsubishi Electric Corp., 2-3, Marunouchi 2-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100 Japan; tel: Tokyo (218) 2171; Telex: J24532. Circle 640 on inquiry card.

Survey Probes Users of Word Processors

The results of a recently conducted survey of 367 Canadian users of wordprocessing systems are available from Wordcom Centres Ltd. This survey examines the attitudes of operators, supervisors, and managers and their perceptions of the wordprocessing environment. The study begins by identi

fying the decision-makers and highlighting the reasons contributing to the final selection of equipment. It then evaluates training, cost savings, service response time, and efficiency gained from the installation. In addition, this survey offers comparisons of the most frequently mentioned manufacturers and strives to show common denominators and the indicated results of certain approaches to the selection of people and systems.

Copies of this survey cost S50 (Canadian). It's available from Wordcom Centres Ltd., Suite 100, 64 Shuter St., Toronto, Ontario M5B 2G7, Canada. Circle 641 on inquiry card.

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128K-Byte Computer Packed on Eurocard

The Quark/100 from Megatel is an 8-bit, 128K-byte CP/M-compatible computer packed onto a single Eurocard. Megatel based the Quark/100 on the 6-MHz Zilog Z80B processor and used three PAL (programmable array logic) circuits and gate-array technology to squeeze all memory, disk, display, and I/O functions onto a standard 100

mm by 160 mm Eurocard.

The Quark/100 has a dual-mode alphanumeric/ graphic video-display interface with a softwareprogrammable character set. The display operates in an 80-column by 28-line format that's backed by a bit-mapped graphics mode using 24K bytes of dedicated RAM (random-access read/write memory). You can connect the Quark/100 to any standard display with its directdrive and composite video outputs, and it has inputs for encoded or wire-only keyboards. Standard features include single- and double-density 5 V* - or 8-inch floppy-disk interfaces, full-duplex and simplex RS-232C serial ports, a parallel port for a printer, and 22 generalpurpose I/O lines for applications flexibility. For special-purpose peripherals, access to the central processor's address, data, and control buses is provided.

The Quark/100 is $595 (U.S.). A complete package with a transistion board, connector, installation software, CP/M 2.2, and BIOS source listings costs $995. A version with a color video-display interface with red/green/blue video outputs can be ordered. A 1 -megabit-persecond network interface can be added to the Quark/100. Contact Megatel Computer Corp. Inc., 150 Turbine Dr., Toronto, Ontario M9L 2S2, Canada, (416) 745-7214. Circle 642 on inquiry card.

May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 537

What's New?

Energy-Management Module

An IEEE 696 (S-100) compatible energy-management module, the Model 100-EMM, is available from Fulcrum Computer Products Ltd. The module provides temperature-sensing facilities at four remote locations, relay or optoisolator on/off control for six external devices, and an eightsource fire or intruder alarm. Battery backup of the 100-EMM enables the alarm to operate independently of the host computer. The alarm has a 50-millisecond dwell period and three operating

conditions. Temperaturesensing functions are provided by means of four pairs of contacts connected to thermistorsensing transducers. Six relays, rated at 28 amperes, operate independently under software control and can handle air conditioners, water heaters, and so on.

The 100-EMM will verify the condition of up to eight sensors for fire alarm or intruder systems. Sensor inputs are eguipped with protection circuits that will withstand transient switching voltages. It's suitable for use in industrial-control applica

tions. RFI (radio frequency interference) suppression circuits are included to eliminate false triggering from nearby radio sources. For further details on the 100-EMM module, con

tact Fulcrum Computer Products Ltd., Fulcrum (Europe), Valley House, Purleigh, Essex CM3 6QH, England; tel: (062 1) 828763; Telex: 99541 l.B Circle 643 on inquiry card.

Where Do New Products Items Come From?

The information printed in the new products pages of BYTE is obtained from "new product" or "press release" copy sent by the promoters of new products. If in our judgment the information might be of interest to the personal computing experimenters and homebrewers who read BYTE, we print it in some form. We openly solicit releases and photos from manufacturers and suppliers to this marketplace. The information is printed more or less as a first-in first-out queue, subject to occasional priority modifications. While we would not knowingly print untrue or inaccurate data, or data from unreliable companies, our capacity to evaluate the products and companies appearing in the "What's New?" feature is necessarily limited. We therefore cannot be responsible for product quality or company performance.

SUNNY

LOW LOW COST

POWER SUPPLIES

(LINEAR & SWITCHING) FOR S-100, DISK DRIVES

NO. 806 & No. 516 Mainframes Kit 1, 2 & 3 for S-100 R2, R3 for 2 Drives (Floppy* Hard)

S-100 & DISK POWER SUPPLIES: open frame, assy. & tested, 6 outputs, adju. & fuses protect.

ITEM +5V OVP -5V +24V(OR +12V) +8V ±16V SIZE W x D x H PRICE

12 SLOT & 2 FLOPPY

(1 Floppy & 1 Hard Disk)

6 SLOT & 2 FLOPPY

5A

1A

5-7A PEAK

13A

3A

10" X 6" X 5"

102.95

°3

S4 6 SLOT & 2 FLOPPY 4A 1A 4-5A PEAK 8A 3A 83/b" x 5" x 4%" 92.95

DISK POWER SUPPLIES: open frame, assy. & tested, regulated, adjustable & fuses protect.

+24V(or+12V) +8V Unreg.

ITEM

IDEAL FOR

+ 5VOVP

-5V

R0 2 x 8" SLIMLINE 2.5A

R1 2 x 8" or 2 x 5V4" DISK 4A 1A 3A - 5A Peak 2A

R2 [3 x 8" (or 5V4") FLOPPY] 6A 1A 6A - 8A Peak

R3 [or 1x Floppy & 1x HardJ 6A 1A 6A - 8A Peak 1A

AC & DC POWER CABLES WITH CONNECTOR FOR 2 DRIVES 8.00

S-100 POWER SUPPLY KITS (open frame with base plate, 3 hrs. assy, time)

ITEM (IDEAL FOR) +8V -8V +16V -16V +28V SIZE: WxDxH PRICE

KIT 1 15 CARDS

KIT 2 20 CARDS

KIT 3 DISK SYSTEM

6 SLOT MAINFRAME

EACH MAINFRAME (ITEM NO. 806 OH 516) CONTAINS: EMI FILTER • FUSE HOLDER • AC POWER CORD • POWER SWITCH & INDICATOR • RESET SWITCH • 4Vj" COOLING FAN • S-100 BUS 6 SLOT CARD CAGE • (110/220 VAC. 50/60 HZ.) POWER SUPPLY FOR DISK DRIVES & S-100 SLOTS • 2 EA. DC POWER CABLES WITH CONNECTOR AND MOUNTING HARDWARE FOR DISK DRIVES • 9 EA. CUT-OUTS: 7 FOR DB25 CONNECTOR, 1 FOR 50 PIN CONNECTOR & 1 FOR CENTRONICS • CUSTOM FINISH * LOGO-LESS • COMPACT SIZE • LIGHTWEIGHT, 28 LBS. ITEM #806 FOR 2 EA. 8" THINLINE FLOPPY (TANDON TM848-1 & 848-2 OR EQUIV), OR ONE HARD DISK. POWER SUPPLY:+8V/8A. ± 16V/3A, i 5V/5A OVP. -5V/1A & 24V/5A. SIZE: 12"(W) x 19.5"(D) x 9.8"(H).

YTEM #516 FOR 2 EA. 5W FLOPPY (TANDON TM-100 - 1, 2, 3. 4 OR EQUIV). OR ONE 5'/4" FLOPPY & ONE 5V„" WINCHESTER HARD DISK (TANDON TM 600-2, 3 OR EQUIV), POWER SUPPLY: +8V/8A, + 16V/3A OVP. +5V/6A OVP, + 12V/6A. 8A PEAK. SIZE: 13.75"(W) x 19.5"(D) x 7"(H).

±12V SIZEWxDxH PRICE S3tS4forS-100&2Drives

5" X 4" x 4"

8" x 4" X 3%"

10" X 4%" x 3%"

9" x 61/4" X 4%"

49.95 54.95 69.95 81.95

15A — 2.5A 2.5A

12"x5"x4%"

54.95

25A — 3A 3A

12"x5"x4%"

61.95

DEALER

15A 1A 3A 3A 5A

13V2"x5"x47/a"

69.95

INQUIRIES INVITED

: ASSY. & TESTED ONLY $399.95

+ SHIPPING $18.00

SHIPPING FOR EA. PWR SUPPLY: $5.50 IN CALIF.; $8.00 IN OTHER STATES;$18.00 IN CANADA. FOR EA. TRANSFORMER: $5.00 IN ALL STATES; $12.00 IN CANADA. CALIF. RESIDENTS ADD 6.5% SALES TAX.

No. 806 &

No. 516 Mainframes

<^

MAILING ADDRESS: P.O. BOX 4296 TORRANCE, CA 90510

TELEX: 182558

SUNNY INTERNATIONAL

(TRANSFORMERS MANUFACTURER)

(213) 328-2425 MON-SAT 9-6

SHIPPING ADDRESS: 22129V2 S. VERMONT AVE f TORRANCE, CA 90502

538 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 427 on inquiry card.

MONITORS

AMDEK

Color I $340

Color II $650

Color 111 $390

PRINCETON GRAPHICS SYTEMS

I li Res Color $590

NEC, DYNAX

ELECTROHOME CALL

PRINTERS

C-ITOH

■ ;/. 100 (3) CPS; Matrix $240

8510 $460

1550(15") $690

F-10 (40 Cre) Letter Qual. ... $1390 F-10 (55 CPS) Letter Qual. . . . $1690 EPSON (W/GRAFTRAX PLUS)

MX 80 IT $490

F'X 80 FI' $575

MX 100 IT $690

F'X 100 FT $790

OKIDATA

82A $440

83A $690

84 A $975

92A $575

BROTHER HR-1 SMITH CORONA

STAR MICRONICS

Gemini 10

Gemini 15

NEC SPINWRITTER

7710-1 7715-1 7720-1 7725-1 7730-1

3550... PC8023A.

CALL

3510.

3515. 3520 . 3525. 3530 .

$760

$560

$370 $540

CALL

ibm pc s s-s^ r~s

IBM — —— SS T 25 ® PC System includes64K IBM-PC with 320KB Floppy Disk Drive, Controller, Color Graphics Card, Monochrome Monitor. All for only $2490

LOTUS 1-2-3 Software CALL

HARD DISKS FOR APPLE

AND IBM

DAVONG

5 MB $1790

10 MB $1990

15 MB $2790

MEMORY BOARDS

AST

Combo Plus. 4 function card, Fully

I >op. 256K $590

Mega Plus. Fully pop512K .. $1080 QUADRAM

Quad Card. Fully pop. 256K ... $580 Big Blue $470

Hercules graphics card . . $490

TAVA CORP. TRUMPCARD1

256K Ram $460

TRUMPCARD 2

512KRAM $650

FDC FORIBM PC

W/Par. Port $220

W/Ser. Port $240

DEC RAINBOW 100

Complete system 64 K PC, Keyboard,

Two Floppy Drives DS/DD, Man

ochrome Monitor $2990

APPLE lie

64 K System, W/Conlroller, Disk Drive, Monitor, 80 Column card Slai id $1790 DISK DRIVE FOR APPLE

Slimline $250

KAPROII COMPUTER

Complete System $1690

EPSON OX-10

.64K Ram, Z-80 CPU, Monitor, Etc $2200

FLX-20 $720

■VII

631 E. First St, Tustin, CA 92680

Prices subject to change without notice.

(714) 838-9100

APPLE, is a Trade Mark of Apple Computers. Inc. IBM. is a Trade Mark of IBM Corp.

Circle 374 on inquiry card.

BYTE May 1983 539

Circle 117 on Inquiry card.

Best Price • Good Quality • Swift Delivery • Export

COMPUTER

"The Best Graphic Parsons) Computer'

$ LNW 80 I Z80A. 65K, 480 * 192 1.050

'Multiuser Businnss/Enginaer* CROMEMCO Best Price

Anywhere

CS1 5% "(loppy, Z80 3.196

CS1H W/5 MB hard disk 5.596

CS1D2E 256K RAM. 68000 & Z80

two 5%" floppy 4.396

CS1D2 no error correction 3,996

CS3D5E 51 2K HAM. 6800 & Z80

two 8" (loppy 7,996

C10 64K, 12" monitor

Z80A. keyboard . ... 1.090

"Professional/Word Process*

ZENITH Z90-80. 64K 2,050

NORTH HORIZON. 1

STAR quad drive. HD5 3.999

ADVANTAGE. 2

quad drives, 64K 2.999

CROMEMCO 64K, 12" monitor, 390K

CIO floppy CP/M type O.S. + word Super pak processing i spreadsheet 1,650

Zenith 16-Bit Z 1 10 dual drives, 128K RAM color board,

225 X 640 graphic, IBM PC

compatible 3,099

ZVM-134 RGB 640x480 550

"16-bit CPU" 68000 EXPERT WICAT 1 to 12 users. 256KB to 45MB,

10MB to 474MB hard disk.

graphic option 9,000 up

DUAL fast, durable, industrial grade system,

68000. 51 2K RAM. 20MB hard disk.

fBM (loppy, UNIX. S100 14.500

SOFTWARE

$

dBASE II Ashmn-Tate database 499

MICROSOFT BASIC 80 285

Micro Pro WORDSTAR 350

Digital Research CPM 2.2 ... . . 139

Accounting Plus System Plus 399

Many other software . CALL

PRINTER

Intorgrul Data System S

M1CR0PRISM 7 5 cps excellent print/1 10 cps

84 x 84 graphic, RS232/parallel

pin & friction feed 520

PRISM 80 200 cps. 80 col 945

w/graphics 84 x 84 1,025

PRISM 132 200 cps. 132 col. 1.100

w/graphics B4 ■ 84 1,180

graphic, color, friction 1,590

Tl 810 Superb . 1,325

OKIOATA MICROLINE 84 parallel 1,025

92 . . . 560

EPSON FX 80 160cps CALL

"Letter Quality*

C.ITOH Starwriter F-10 40 cps 1.345

NEC 7710. 7730 ... 2.250

7720 KSR 2,695

3510 . . 1,500

3530 . 1.650

QUME 11 * 1.400

DIABLO 630 1.875

TERMINAL

ZENITH Z29 smart terminal 670

ZT-1 w/modem telecom 530

HAZELTINE ESPRIT II 5BB

III 760

BEEHIVf DM5 A , 995

IBM 3101 10 1.295

TELEVIDEO 970 1,119

VISUAL 50 625

300 948

550 graphic 2,285

WYSE 100 795

MONITOR

ZENITH 12" green. .114

AMDEK COLOR IV 720 > 400 1.070

COLOR II RGB 13" 699

COLOR I 13" 340

300 G 12" green 169

NEC 12" green 170

1203 RGB 725

Electrohome RGB 580 * 235. . 599

MODEM

DC. Hayes Smartmodem 300 baud 230

300M200 baud 570

Novation CAT 300 baud 160

Smart Cat 103/212 CALL

IBM PC

$

AST full line of memory card CALL

AMDEK 310 monitor 189

IDS Microprism 480. .520

EPSON FX 80 160 cps . . . . CALL

NEC 3550 letter quality 1,948

C.ITOH F-1040cps 1.345

ZENITH RGB 640 x 480 w/cable 570

EASY WRITER II IUS 255

CP AIDS Master Tax 1,195

LEGAL TIMEKEEPING STAR 725

Digital Research Pascal MT + 86 310

Concurrent CP/M 86 299

Peachtree GL. AR. AP 425

Structured Systems Accounting 700

DIGITIZER/PLOTTER

HOUSTON INSTRUMENT DMP29. 40. 41, 42 CALL

HI PAD DIGITIZER DT 1 1 1 1" x 1 1" . 7 25

AMDEK AMPLOT IT'* 14". 780

DISK DRIVE

QUME QT142DS. 5V 500KB . .230

MITSUBISHI 8"

DS, DD, Qtime & Shugart compatible

M2894-63 bare drive 410

8" subsystem 2 Mitsubishi bare drives.

cabinet w/power supply fan 1,099

assembled subsystem . .1,130

manual ............ 25

signal cable .... 50

CALL (212) 937-6363 free catalogue

Prices subject to change. American Express. Visa' Mastercard add 3%. F.O B. point of shipment 20% re stocking fee (or returned merchandise Personal checks take 3 weeks to clear, COD on certified check only. NY

residents add sales tax Manufacturers' warranty only International customers, please confirm price before order. Accept P.O. from Fortune 500 & schools,

Computer Channel TELEX:

21-55 44th Road 429418

Long Island City, NY 11101 CSTNY

What's the Creator of the Walkman®

Doing Now?

Getting ready for another smash hit, of course.

Toshiaki Kamijo, creator of the Walkman®, has teamed up with the SORD Corporation, Japan's 2nd largest manufacturer of desktop computers, to develop an exciting new personal computer. So small it could rest on this magazine, light enough to tuck in your briefcase, and designed with an attention to quality that is unique, the M5 computer is a joy to own. Connect to a color TV or color monitor and enjoy instant BASIC,spreadsheet calculations (with optional FALC cartridge), or video games.

M5 Computer with BASIC-I Baseball and Zac Banic games, built-in RF modulator, all cables. 90 day warranty. Uses ordinary cassette recorder (not included). $159 postpaid.

FALC Cartridge. Electronic spreadsheet for the whole family. Do business calculations, count calories, keep a data base of sports statistics, all with no programming. $40

postpaid.

BASIC-G Cartridge. Advanced BASIC for the serious hobbyist. Extensive color graphics and music generation

capabilities.

$ 30 postpaid.

PLEASE SEND ME:

O M5 computer systems.

□ FALC cartridges.

□ BASIC-G cartridges.

My check is enclosed.

□ Please send more information.

Name

Address

Make checks payable to Colorado Chips Colo Dealer Inquiries invited.

ado residents add sales tax

Extra-Low IC Prices

2716 $3.40

5V 2K X B EPROM 450ns

2732 $4.10

2764 .. .

8K x 8 EPROM 450ns

27128 ..

16K x 8 EPROM 450ns

$10.40 $38.25

City_ State

Zip

4K x 8 EPROM 450ns

Colorado residents add tax Add Si shipping per parts order. Send for catalog

Quantity prices available Dealer inquiries invited.

Colorado Chips

P.O. Box 111, Frisco, CO 80443

540 BYTE May 1983

Circle 99 on Inquiry card.

OEM

THE ORIGINAL BIG BOARD"

■ INDUSTRIAL - BUSINESS - SCIENTIFIC

SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER KIT!

Z-80 CPU! 64K RAM!

(DO NOT CONFUSE WITH ANY OF OUR FLATTERING IMITATORS!)

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THE BIG BOARD PROJECT: With thousands sold worldwide and over two years of field experience, the Big Board may just be one of the most reliable single board computers available today. This is the same design that was licensed by Xerox Corp. as the basis for their 820 computer.

The Big Board gives you the right mix of most needed computing features all on one board. The Big Board was designed from scratch to run the latest version of CP/M". Just imagine all the off-the-shelf software that can be run on the Big Board without any modifications needed.

$319

00 (64KKIT *J5f BASIC I/O)

FULLY SOCKETED!

FEATURES: (Remember, all this on one board!)

SIZE: 8Vi x 13"/. IN.

SAME AS AN 8 IN. DRIVE.

REQUIRES: +5V @ 3 AMPS

+ - 12V @.S AMPS.

64K RAM

Uses Industry standard 4116 RAM's. All 64K is available to the user, our VIDEO and EPROM sections do not make holes in system RAM. Also, very special care was taken in the RAM array PC layout to eliminate potential noise and glitches.

Z-80 CPU

Running at 2.5 MHZ. Handles all 4116 RAM refresh and supports Mode 2 INTERUPTS. Fully buttered and runs 8080 software.

24 x 80 CHARACTER VIDEO

With a crisp, flicker-free display that looks extremely sharp even on small monitors. Hardware scroll and full cursor control. Composite video or split video and sync. Character set is supplied on a 2716 style ROM, making customized fonts easy. Sync pulses can be any desired length or polarity. Video may be inverted or true. 5x7 Matrix - Upper & Lower Case.

SERIAL I/O (OPTIONAL)

Full 2 channels using the Z80SIO and the SMC 8116 Baud Rate Generator. FULL R8232I For synchronous or asynchronous communication. In synchronous mode, the clocks can be transmitted or received by a modem. Both channels can be set up for either data-communication or data-terminals. Supports mode 2 Int. Price for all parts and connectors: $39.95

FLOPPY DISC CONTROLLER

Uses WD 1771 controller chip with a TTL Data Separator tor enhanced reliability. IBM 3740 compatible. Supports up to four 8 inch disc drives. Directly compatible with standard Shugart drives such as the SA800 or SA801. Drives can be configured for remote AC off-on. Runs CP/M' 2.2.

BASIC I/O

Consists of separate parallel port (Z80 PIO) for use with an ASCII keyboard for input. Output would be on the 80 x 24 Video Display.

TWO PORT PARALLEL I/O (OPTIONAL)

Uses Z-80 PIO. Full 16 bits, fully buffered, bi-directional. Uses selectable hand shake polarity. Set of all parts and connectors for parallel I/O: $19.95

REAL TIME CLOCK (OPTIONAL)

Uses Z-80 CTC. Can be configured as a Counter on Real Time Clock. Set of all parts: $9.95

BLANK PC BOARD — $119 The blank Big Board PC Board comes complete with full documentation (including schematics), the character ROM, the PFM 3.3 MONITOR ROM, and a diskette with the source of our BIOS, BOOT, and PFM 3.3 MONITOR.

CP/M* 2.2 FOR BIG BOARD

The popular CP/M' D.O.S. to run on Big Board is available for S139.00.

BIG BOARD SOFTWARE SPECIAL — $149

Through special arrangement with CDL we offer a powerful package ol TDL Z-80 software that has a suggested retail of almost SG00. Includes: Extended Disk Business Basic, ZEDIT texl editor, MACRO II Macro Assembler. LINKER, DEBUG I and DEBUG II. Supplied on 8 in. diskette with extensive manual.

PFM 3.3 2K SYSTEM MONITOR

The real power of the Big Board lies in its PFM 3.3 on board monitor. PFM commands include: Dump Memory, Boot CP/M*. Copy, Examine, Fill Memory, Test Memory, Go To, Read and Write I/O Ports, Disc Read (Drive, Track, Sector), and Search PFM occupies one of the tour 2716 EPROM locations provided. Z-80 is a Trademark of Zilog.

[

Digital Research Computers

P.O. BOX 401565 •

(OF TEXAS) GARLAND, TEXAS 75040

• (214)271-3538

TERMS: Shipments will be made approximately 3 to 6 weeks after we

receive your order. VISA. MC, cash accepted. We will accept COD'S (for the

Big Board only) with a $75 deposit. Balance UPS COD. Add$4.00shipping.

USA AND CANADA ONLY

•TRADEMARK OF DIGITAL RESEARCH. NOT ASSOCIATED WITH DIGITAL RESEARCH OF CALIFORNIA, THE ORIGINATORS OF CPM SOFTWARE

"1 TO 4 PIECE DOMESTIC USA PRICE.

COMMODORE VIC-20

35K MEMORY MODULE 169.oo

•DYNAMIC RAM-TRANSPARENT REFRESH

•SELECTABLE 8K BLOCKS FOR COMPATABILITY WITH ROM CARTRIDGES

Trade-ins accepted: 3K-$5 8K-$10 16K-S20

ATARI 400/800

52K MEMORY EXPANSION 159.»» Trade-ins accepted: 16K-S15

ADVANCED-PROCESSOR-SYSTEMS

512-441-3202

PO BOX 43006 AUSTIN, TX. 78745-0001

INCLUDE: S2 50 FOR SHIPPING ON PREPAID ORDERS S3 GO FOR C O D

IperS |

Peripherals a Generation Ahead

Voice Coil Actuated Dual 8" Floppy Disk Drive

• FAST

• Apparent performance of a Hard Disc

• Equivalent of two standard drives

Model 299B (DS DD/SD) Model 270/277 (SS DD/SD)

ii. Inc.

12624 Daphne Avenue Hawthorne. CA 90250 (213) 777-4070 TELEX 667444

Transmit Jfk^data between almost ^S^ two computers

Self instructing—Easy to modify

• Error correction • Progress indication

• Error count- Link quality measurement

• Non-locking • Auto receive

Microcomputers $150.00

5% discount for money order

or bank check.

10% discount if ordered by June 1, 1983

Documentation $10.00

Check or money order only.

Specify exact make and model of

computer and the diskette configuration

Mini and large machine users write or call for prices.

M,K,S P.O. Box 09558 Columbus, Ohio 43209-0558 614-460-5251

Circle 15 on Inquiry card.

Circle 355 on inquiry card.

Circle 273 on inquiry card.

Business Systems Research & Development, inc. P.O. Box 1253 / Tucker, G*. 30085-1253 / 404-491-08M

"dBase-Doc Is now available"

What is dBase-Doc? dBase-Doc is a completely mechanized "ayttem documentation facility" tor user-developed dBase-N application systems. Here is a partial list of dBase-Doc capabilities:

1. Logical Design Specifications — interactive data entry and reporting Process Descriptions, and Data Dictionary object types.

2. Data Dictionary — interactive reporting of object-type cross reference, summary, and directory reports.

3 Block Diagram Generator — interactive entry of diagram specifications, and either interactive or "batch" block diagram reporting. May be used to draw Hierarchical Analysis Diagrams, data base Hierarchical Diagrams, and Data Base Linkage Dlagrama.

4. Physics! Design — interactive entry of program description and "statistics", and either batch or interactive reporting of program folder documentation, and prog ram-to-program cross ret., program-to-data-base cross ref., and other valuable cross-reference and "summary" reports.

5. Super-list— use this print utility to list dBase-l I, assembler. PL/1, etc. program source files. Super-list allows you to "batch print one hundred {or fewer) programs per execution.

dBASE-lt is a registered trademark of Ashton-Tate.

Inc.

dBASE-DOC is a registered trademark of Business

Systems Research and Development.

Bargain Boards"

Best prices around on

Include 55,00 par board lor shipping and handling.

6331 Fairmount Ave. #701 El Cerrito, Ca. 94530 (415)524-8352

SAVE$SAVE$SAVE$

LIMITED INTRODUCTORY OFFER NOT SOLD IN STORES

An Accounts Payable System for the small business with an Apple II* Computer, at the unbelievable low price of j± jTS)

Special Features Incl: JPt?\*

•One lime input of repetitive pymts

• Multiple General Ledger disliibutions per invoice, both debits & credils

•Checking balance maintenance, allows manual and/or void checks

• High speed machine language progs & random access liles •Payroll & expense check pymls.

•Cash requirernenls projection

•Optional remote work station input & processing al no extra cosl

This program will be in stores in a lew months at a much higher

price.

ACT NOW &SAVEH We ofler a 15 day money back lual period lor you lo review our documentation & decide lo keep or relurn ihe sealed disk & the documenls. Send check lo ACCOUNTS PAYABLE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT CO

8306 Wilshire Blvd . Suite 50 Beverly Hills. Ca. 90211

Include $2 00 lor Shipping & Handling Ca res., add sales tax lor your county

The system reouires an Apple II' 48K computer with Applesoft* in

ROM. 1 disk drive (DOS 3.3*) & a printer

'Trademarks or copyrighted programs of Apple Computer Co . Inc

Circle 78 on inquiry card.

Circle 9 on inquiry card.

$$ Printers $$

EPSON

MX B0

S399 489 5B9 549

329 509

419 559 699 749

dd 6%.

MX 80 FT III

MX 100 FT III

STAR MICRONICS

C. IOTH

8510 Prowriter Parallel

8510 Prowriter Serial

Shipping and handling add 3%. CA residents s "Other Printers Available"

THE COMPUTER STORE

869 Sandcastle CDM, CA 92625 714-662-1425

WIREMASTER

Whip your wire wrap and PC layout problems with WIREMASTER

WIREMASTER is a software tool for design, layout, and assembly of hardware. Your schematic is fed to WIREMASTER, which produces network maps, cross-references, wire and parts lists, and debug checklists. CHANGEMASTER keeps track of fixes and updates. PLOTBOARD and PRINTBOARD give pictures of the layout. Post-processors for wirewrap machines available. Runs on CP/M.MSDOS, UNIX, and VMS. $195.

AFTERTHOUGHT ENGINEERING 7266 Courtney Dr., San Diego, CA 92111, (619) 279-2868.

DEC RAINBOW

MANAGER'S TOOLBOX™

Software for the "Electronic Desk"!

* REMIND -Appoinlment calendar

.mcl "tickle" file.

* PHONE Telephone list manager.

* CALC Desk calculator. *I*lEMO Simplified word processor

for writing memoranda.

Package Price: $ 169 Call or Write for Free Brochure

SSCClitCS

P.O. Box 19130 Minneapolis, MN 55419 (612) 825 5444

Circle 124 on inquiry card.

Circle 22 on inquiry card.

Circle 409 on Inquiry card.

NETRONICS NEW 16 BIT EXPLORER 88-PC ... $399.95

IBM COMPATIBLE

LEARN 16 BIT TECHNOLOGY IN EASY LOW-COST STEPS. This 2-board system features (1) an 8088 mother board with a 5-slot expansion bus that will occept any hardware designed tor the IBM personal computer and (2} a 64K {expandable to 256K) memory board lhat also features an IBM compatible RS 232 communications port. All circuits are functionally equivalent to the IBM except for the cassette ROMS. This means that all programs written in basic designed to run in an IBM can be compiled to run in this system and that any disk-operating system that will run on an IBM will work directly in the EXPLORER 88-PC. The system monitor ROM included in the Starter's system features a user-friendly operating system that allows easy program generation and debugging. The commands include display modify memory... display modify registers...input/output data to 1/0 ports...block moves...single-step trace mode...go/run with optional breakpoint and register reports...cassette load save with file labels...plus a complete system test program that tests and reports condition of ROM. RAM, cassette interface, timer, DMA controller, interrupt controller, and the communications port. These test programs not only allow easy debugging of software but they serve as hardware and software learning tools.

The EXPLORER 88-PC STARTER'S KIT includes a mother board, memory I O board, all components needed, sockets for IC's used, one 62-pin bus connector and complete assembly test instructions. All you need is a soldering iron, solder, a +5 volt @ 3 amps & -5 & + - 12 volt (§|.5 amp power supply, and a standard RS 232 terminal (Netronics has 2 low-cost ones to choose from).

DExplorer 88-PC Starter's Kit ...$399.95 + 10.00 pfii (wired & tested add 100.00).

□ Extra 62-pin connectors @ 4.25 ea. + 1.00 p&i.

If you do not own o terminal you moy want to consider using our IBM compatible kevboord (see photo) in conjunction with an IBM compatible color graphics board. This combination although not necessary at the introductory level, may be desirable if you plan to expand the EXPLORER 88-PC to be fully IBM compatible. These items require additional power and are only available wired and tested as follows:

□ IBM compatible keyboard...$299.95 + lO.OOp&i D IBM compatible color board...$299.95 + 10.00 p&i

□ Additional ROM required...$35.00

The EXPLORER 88-PC can be expanded at any pace you decide. Invest and learn at a pace that is comfortable for you. Netronics is dedicated to supplying the finest hardware and softwore to make this a meaningful learning experience. Hard disks, built-in modem board, eprom burner, print buffer system plus more will be available shortly. The following items are available now:

Deluxe heavy-duty steel cabinet that houses either two 5V floppies or a 5V hard disk with one floppy. This cabinet features a brush-finish front panel and a wood-grained sleeve that gives the unit a real professional look.

D EXPLORER 88-PC Cabinet...$199.95 + IS.OOp&i.

A heavy-duty open frame power supply with fan that can be used in your own cabinet or installed into the Netronic cabinet is available as follows:

□ 10amp power supply for system + 2 floppies...$149.95 + 8.00 p&i.

□ As above + extra power for 1 hard disk...$169.95 + 8.00 p&i.

QlBM compatible disk controller board. Controls four 5'V floppy drives (w 2 drive cable) D Available wired and lested only...$250.00 + 8.00 p&i.

□ The monitors and BIOS source listings are available on either disk or hard copy at $35.00. Please specify format and system required.

D INTEL 8086 8088 user manual...$15.00 -f 1.50 p&i.

D THE 8086 BOOK by RECTORS ALEX...$16.00 + 1.50 p&i.

DSpecial IBM compatible system: with keyboard, color graphics board, floppy disk controller, 64K RAM, cabinet, standard power supply and a single 5V floppy drive...$1899.95 + 25.00 p&i.

'IBM PC is a registered trademark of IBM Corporation

EXPLORER 85

Learn computing from the ground up. Start with the Explorer/65 Level 'A' kit which includes an expandable mother board. The Kit includes the 8085 CPU, 2K Monitor program used to enter, test, run and save programs plus the parts to allow you to start programming. Just add a power supply and terminal or hex keyboard. □ LEVEL A Terminal version or D Hex Keypad version 129.95 + 3.00 p&i. Add D Level 'B' 49.95 + 2.00 + two 100 pin connectors @4.B5 ea. and have a powerful S 100 computer. Add D Level 'C 39.95 + 2.00 p&i + five 100 pin connectors to increase S 100 slots to 5. Add memory using the JAWS 16-64K S-1D01 board or add D Level 'D' 4K to main board 49.95 + 2.00 p&i. a Level 'E' 5.95 + 1.50 p&i adds decoding for 8K of 2716 eproms. Need a power supply? Use the D 5 amp API at 39.95 + 2.00 p&i. Select one of our low-cost terminals or use the O Hex keypad w/display at 69.95 + 2.00 p&i. D Deluxe system cabinet 49.95 3.00 p&i. D Optional fan 16.50. Now add D Microsoft 8K basic & a powerful D Text editor/assembler in ROMS, just 99.95 ea. Add □ B" floppy 499.95 + 12.00 p&i. G Floppy controller board 199.95 + 2.00 p&i. Q Floppy cabinets & power supply 69.95 + 3.00 p&i. D Two drive cable 29.95 + 1.50 p&i. Hard disk also available

(see insert.)

ORDER A SPECIAL-PRICE EXPLORER/85 PAK

U Beginner Pak (Save $26.00) - You get Level A (Terminal Version) with Monitor Source Listing ($25 value) API 5-amp power supply. Intel 8085 Users Manual. .(Reg. $199.95) SPECIAL $169.95 plus S4 p&i.

D Experimenter Pak (Save $53.40) - You get Level A (Hex Keypad/Display Version) with Hex Keypad/Display. Intel 8085 User Manual. Level A Hex Monitor Source Listing and AP-1 5-amp. power suppW-.-(Reg. $279.95) SPECIAL $219.95 plus $6 p&i. D Special Microsoft BASIC Pak (Save $103.) - You get Levels A (Terminal Version). B.D. (4k RAM) E. 8k Microsoft in ROM. Intel 8085 User Manual.Level A Monitor Source Listing and AP-1 5-amp. power supply...(Heq. $439.70) SPECIAL $329.95 plus S7 p&i. H Add a Rom-Version Text Editor/Assembler (Requires Levels B and D or Si00 Memory).... S99..95 plus S2 p&i.

Starter 8" Disk Syitem - Includes Level A, B floppy disk controller, one CDC 0" disk-drive, twodrive cable, two S100 connectors; jusl add your own power supplies, cabinets and hardware.. .0 (Reg. $1065.00) SPECIAL $999.95 plus $13 p&L.D 32k Starter System. $1045.95 plus $13 p&i. O 48k Starter System. $1095.95 plus $13 p&i. D 64k Starter System. $1145.95 plus $13 p&i. D Add to any of above Explorer steel cabinet. AP-1 five amp. power supply. Level C with two S100 connectors, disk drive cabinet and power supply, two sub-D connectors for connecting your printer and terminal...(Reg. $225..95) SPECIAL $199.95 plus $13 p&i.

□ Complete 64K System. Wired & Tested... $1650.00 plus $26 p&i.

S-100 BOARDS

JAWS MEMORY BOARD. Features the INTEL 8202 for invisible refresh. Designed to be used with 8080, 8085 and Z80 CPU's. Works in all well de signed S-100 computers, 10 day refund (or exchange wired unit for a Kit) on wired units.

□ 16K Kit 149.95* □ 16K wired 179.95' n 32K Kit 199.95* □ 32K wired 239.95* G 48K Kit 249.95* D 48K wired 299.95* D 64K Kit 299.95* D 64K wired 359.95*

'Add $2.00 p&i to all above.

4 DRIVE 8" FLOPPY CONTROLLER BOARD

D Single density (single or double sided) controller

using the WD 1771. Includes two serial ports. Plugs

into any S-100 computer.

8K 2716 EPROM BOARD. Q addressable on

BK page boundaries complete with sockets 69.95

+ 2.00 p&i.

S-100 ELECTRIC MOUTH. Give your computer the

power of speech. Uses National's DIGITALKER

[ with 143 words 99.95 + 2.00 p&i. □ second

word set 39.95 + 1.00 p&i. Board accepts up to

4 word sets or your own custom word rom chips.

UNIVERSAL SPEECH SYNTHESIZER

Use 90 preprogrammed words or generate your own words using phonems. Perfect for any project that needs speech or for speech development system. Connects to any RS 232 serial or 8 bit parrallel nnrt or can be used in a stand alone mode. Q Speakeasy (board only) 159.95 i 3.00 p&i. □ Cabinet and power transformer 25.00 * 2.00 p&i. TRS 80 ELECTRIC MOUTH. Plugs into the expansion slot on the TRS B0 models 1 or 3 (specify type) D with 143 word set 119.95 ■ 3.00 p&i. Includes separate power supply, D second word set 39.95 + 1.00 p&i, same specs as S-100 model. APPLE ELECTRIC MOUTH. Same as above except this board plugs into any of the Apple expansion slots D with 143 word set 99.95 t 3.00 p&i. D second word sei 39.95 + 1.00 p&i. Accepts 3 word sets or custom word ROMs.

TERMINALS & VIDEO

rASTERM 64 Lj 199.95

+ 3.00 p&i. Display formal: 64 or 32 char/16 lines...96 ASCII characters (u/l ease|...9 baud rates, 150 to 19.200...line output: RS 232-C or 20 ma loop...video output: 1V P/P ...cursor modes: home & clear screen, erase to end of line, erase curso' line, cursor up and down, auto carriage return/line feed at ends of line and auto scrolling...reverse video ...blinking cursor...parity: off, even, or odd...stop bits: 1,1.5, 2...data bits per character: 5, 6, 7 or 8... printer output: prints all incoming data...1k on-board RAM...2k on-board ROM...complete with power supply, cabinet & 56-key ASCII encoded keyboard. D Optional graphics mode: includes 34 Greek & math plus 30 special graphic characters: 19.95 prepaid.

Q FASTERM VIDEO BOARD: 99.95 t 3.00 p&i. SMARTERM 80 D 299.95 + 3.00 p&i. Display formal: specify either 80 by 24 or 40 by 16...128 ASCII characters (u&l case)...B baud rates: 110 to 19,200...line output: RS232/C or 20 ma current loop...video output: 1V P/P...editing features: insert/delete line, insert/delete character, torward/back lab...line or page transmit...page print function...cursor positioning: up, down, right, left, plus absolute cursor positioning with read back... visual attributes: underline, blink, reverse video, halt intensity & blank...graphics: 12,000 pixel resolution block plus line graphics...on-screen parity indicator... parity: off, even or add...stop bits: 110 baud 2, all others 1...printer output...60 or 50 Hz vertical re

fresh ..blinking block cursor...2k onboard RAM... ASCh encoded keyboard: 56 keys, 126 characters... 4k on-bnard ROM...complete with power supply & cabinet.

D SMARTERM VIDEO BOARD: 199.95 + 3.00 p&i Q ZENITH VIDEO MONITOR (green phosphor): 149.95 + 6.00 p&i L~] RF MODULATOR (kit only): 8.95 + 1.00 p&i D 3 ft cable with DB 25 connectors: 14.95 + 2.00 p&i

HARD DISK

Add up to tour 6 or 12 megabyte hard disks to your S-100 system. Automatically installs Itself to any standard CPM 2.2 BIOS. D 6 megabytes 2495.00 + 15.00 p&i. a 12 megabytes 2995.00 + 15.00 p&i. D Disk to test your system compatibility 5.00.

SOFTWARE

We are distributors for all Systems Plus & Micro pro software. Call for prices. D CP/M 2.2 150.00 D Microsoft disk basic 325.00. D Special Business Pac includes CP/M. BASIC. GL. AR, AP & Payroll 699.95 (save 625.00).

CLIP AND MAIL ENTIRE AD

'p&i stands far "posfage & insurance " For Canadian orders, double this amount CP M is a reg trademark of Digital Research

TO ORDER Call Toll Free

800-243-7428

To order from Connecticut or for technical

assistance call (203) 354-9375. Conn.

residents add sales tax.

a VISA D MASTERCARD (Bank No. )

Acct. No.

Exp. Date

SEND ME THE ITEMS CHECKED IN AD

Signature

Address City

State _ Zip —

ISN

NETRONICS R&D LTD. 333 Litchfield Road.

New Milford, CT 06776

BYTE May 1983 543

GEMINI 10 Printer

$299

Gemini- 15 Printer $459

Brother HR-15 Daisy Wheel.... CALL

Transtar 130 Daisy Wheel CALL

Transtar 350 Color Printer CALL

Epson FX 80 Printer CALL

Super 5-A40 Half-height

Apple Compatible Drive 285

Tandon 100-2 Add-on Drive 275

Corona PCs CALL

CALL FOR BEST PRICES

MICRO MARKETING

4688 Convoy Street, Suite 109 San Diego, CA 92111 Tel. (619) 565-0158

RGB COLOR BOARD NEW for APPLE lie

A new video board that provides the Apple lie with RGB (red/green/blue) video signals for crisp, vivid display of color graphics and text, with exceptional resolution and color quality, is now available.

• Can be used with 80 column text so color graphics and text are displayed on one RGB monitor.

• Each text line can be set any one of 8 colors on any of 8 colors of background.

• Sync signals are ± TTL composite or + TTL separate H & V, for universal RGB monitor compatibility.

• Plugs into slot 7 and comes with 5' of ribbon cable for signal output. Optional cable connector and longer length cable available.

MODEL VCB-2e $169.00

Also available:

Model VCB-A2, RGB board for Apple II

$139.00 VTM-80. 80Col.Bd. Apple II $179.00 VSS-80 RGB soft switch for Apple II

$ 30.00 For IBM PC: 8 foot, 16 color RGB interface cable assembly for SONY Profeel Monitors. $ 99.00

TELEMAX, INC.

P.O. Box 339 Warrington, PA 18976 (215) 343-3000

TRS-80 MODEL 16 and

68000 SYSTEMS

RELATIONAL

DATABASE

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

(DBMS)

INFORMATION MANAGEMENT FOR BUSINESS SYSTEMS

• Unique Features

• Kasy to use Powerful

• Menu Driven

• English Subset Query Language

• 68000 Code Efficiency

INTRODUCTORY PRICE S595

Send For Catalog.

DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

211 N. EL CAMINO REAL. 101C

ENCINITAS. CA 92024

or Phone: (619)942-0744

ntS-80 !■ R trademark of randy Corp.

Circle 115 on Inquiry card.

Circle 444 on Inquiry card.

Circle 150 on Inquiry card.

I WILL BEAT ANY COMPETITOR'S PRICE

PROVIDED IT IS NOT BELOW MY COST

TRY TO BEAT THESE IC PRICES:

DYNAMIC RAM

64K

200 ns

$4.79

64K

150 ns

4.99

64K

120 ns

5.90

16K

200 ns EPROM

1.25

2764

250 ns

$7.50

2732

450 ns

4.15

2716

450 ns

3.25

2532

450 ns STATIC RAM

4.70

6116P-3

150 ns

$4.24

2016

100 ns

4.00

2114

200 ns Z80A FAMILY

1.60

CPU, CTC. or PIO

$3.39

DART

8.25

DMA or

SIO/0

12.50

MasterCard VISA ot UPS CASH COD Factory New. Prime Parts

MICROPROCESSORS UNLIMITED

24.000 South Peoria Ave

BEGGS. OK 74421

(918) 267-4961

i|ect 1o chanqo Calllor volume onces Sunier.1 lo available. £ Insurancn eilr.i Caslt discouni pricos shown

Save $ on Computer Books!

We offer a 10% discount on computer books from several publishers.

Fast, reliable service and low shipping charges for mail orders. Write for FREE catalog.

DOWNTOWN BOOK BAZAAR, Dept. B

P.O. Box 2490 Brooklyn, N.Y. 11202

ScreenGen

FULL SCREEN CONTROL

An assembler subprogram you call from your programs to handle screen input/output as IBM mainframes do. Define full screen format specifications outside your program, and call ScreenGen to retrieve the formats, and do all the I/O for you.

• One command input/displays a full screen

• Use all of your CRT video attributes

• Define up to 24 function keys

• Define templates for display and input

• Validate input while keying. Insert and delete characters to correct fields

• Tab fields forward and backward

• Draw figures using vertical field displays

• Save memory as only one format needs to be in memory at one time. Make the constants to display virtual, and they don't use any memory at all

• Build help screens. Call them with one function key then return to where you were

Available now for most popular —

BASIC \ IBMPCandCP/M $99

COBOL I Apple IICP/M $75

FORTRAN [ Shipping $ 4

PASCAL ) Source code included Dealer Inquiries welcome

miERDMQ

1051 Clinton Street. Buffalo, N.Y. 14206 (416) 493-8675 {call collect to order)

SYSTEMS INC.

Visa. M/C Am. Express

Circle 309 on Inquiry card.

Circle 176 on Inquiry card.

Circle 238 on Inquiry card.

4B01BQSD

PC-LINK

DEC VT1OO® TERMINAL EMULATOR

• A full featured DEC VT100' terminal emulator on IBM PC.

e Transfer text files between host and PC. e Very easy to learn! All DEC softwares can be accessed from IBM PC. You can use the standard DEC editor edt on PC without learning the intricacies of escape sequence.

• To use PC-Link program, the PC needs to have at least one disk drive, IBM DOS, IBM monochrome display, a RS232 port and telephone modem.

• S40.00

Add $5.00 for shipping

SCREENWARE CORPORATION

P.O. BOX 3662 NASHUA, NH 03061-3662 _, Tel. 603-888-4074 r»

Let your

Apple do the

designing.

INTRODUCING THE ONLY ADVANCED

DESIGN SOFTWARE FOR SMALL

BUSINESSES & ENGINEERING STUDENTS

Q3-Point Path/Motion Generation

Designs,rotates, plots and traces linkages. Allows operator to do complex designing without doing complex equations.

n3-Point Motion Generation

Same as above program without the path generation.

D Linkage Rotation

Given the pivot location, this program can verily that the linkage will go thro 3.4 or 5 path points. DISK and INSTRUCTIONS $25

Send check or money ordei to:

RESEARCH & ENGINEERING

' • PO BOX 11407

■'• <* MILW. Wl 53211 (414)964-3662

Maxell Floppy Disks

The Mini-Disks with maximum quality.

Dealer inquiries invited. C.O.D's accepted Call FREE (800) 235-4137.

PACIFIC EXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd.. San Luis San Luis Ohispo. CA 93401 In Cal. call (800) 592-5935 or (805)543-1037.

Circle 406 on Inquiry card.

Circle 328 on Inquiry card.

Circle 347 on Inquiry card.

True MAIL ORDER Prices

With so many so-called Mail Order establishments using "toll free" lines, and gradiose advertising, how can you, the customer, expect to receive true mail order savings? We have done away with large ads, and free phone lines to offer comparable service passing on the savings to you. Our reputation for low prices and satisfaction is outstanding.

DISKETTES

'Kangaroo: (w/library case)

SS/DD $19.35

DS/DD $28.00

— 10 yr. Warranty —

Elephant:

SS/DD $21.95

DS/DD $28.95

Verbatim:

5'A" SS/DD $22.95

5W DS/DD $38.95

8" SS/DD $38.95

8" DS/DD $43.95

— Available soft/hard sector —

Library Case 5'A" $1.75

MODEMS

Hayes:

MicroModem II

with Terminal Program $285.00

without Terminal Program .. $255.00

Hayes Smartmodem:

300 Baud $199.00

1200 Baud $505.00

Novation:

J-Cat $104.00

Applecat II $285.00

Smartcat 1200 Baud $440.00

Hayes Chronograph $179 00

COMPUTER PRODUCTS FOR IBM

The Ultimate Peripheral MONTE CARLO'" CARD

64K $390.00

128K $450.00

192K $510.00

256K $570.00

T & G Products:

Joysticks $49.00

Trakball $49.00

BUSINESS Visicorp:

Visidex $180.00

Visifiles $180.00

256K Visicalc $180.00

Visitrend/Plot $225.00

ENTERTAINMENT: Infocom:

Zork I $27.00

Zork II $27.00

Zork III $27.00

PRINTERS

Okidata:

Microline 92 $565.00

Microline 93 $985.00

Pacemark 2350

Parallel $2100.00

Serial $2200.00

Pacemark 2410

Parallel $2400.00

Serial $2500.00

Call for prices on the entire line of Okidata Printers.

Call for the New Epson FX Printers.

TEC/C.ITOH

Prowriter 1 Parallel $369.00

Prowriter 1 Parallel/Serial $489.00

Prowriter 2 Parallel $639.00

Prowriter 2 Parallel/Serial $689.00

F-10 Starwriter Parallel

or Serial $1185.00

F-10 Printmaster Parallel

or Serial $CALL

Brother HRI: $795.00

Smith Corona TPI: $559.00

Star: "Gemini 10 & 15 .. Call for low prices!

TANDON DISK DRIVE SPECIAL

TM-100-Z DS/DD 320K Bytes $245.00

TM-55 320K Bytes Half Height $239.00

QuadRam Quadboard

64K $390.00

128K $450.00

192K $510.00

256K $570.00

Kraft Products:

Joysticks $55.00

Game Paddle $29.00

Davong Hard Disks

5 Megabyte $1450.00

10 Megabyte $1850.00

15 Megabyte $2250.00

Maynard Electronics

Floppy Controllers w/Parallel .$209.00 Floppy Controllers w/Serial . . .$239.00

Send orders and inquiries to:

TM

Computer Apparatus

P. O. Box 32063 • Aurora, Colorado 80041 Telephone Inquiries: (303) 759-9251

Monday thru Friday — 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. (Mountain Standard Time)

We built our reputation on low prices for the informed computer user.

MONITORS

Amdek:

Color I $295.00

Color II $695.00

300G Green $155.00

300A Amber $155.00

310G Green $175.00

310A Amber $175.00

Zenith: 12" Green $ 99.00

USI: Amber $159.00

*Taxan: Amber $139.00

PGS: RGB Monitor $CALL

BMC: Green 12" $ 80.00

DISK DRIVES

Apple: Fourth Dimension:

w/o controller $250.00

w/ controller $319.00

Rana Elite I:

w/o controller $270.00

w/ controller $339.00

IBM:

'Tandon TM-55

The New Thin-Line $235.00

COMPUTER PRODUCTS FOR APPLE

MBI:

VIP Graphics Card $119.00

Appletime ClockCard $ 85.00

Silicon Valley Systems:

Final Analysis $149.00

Word Handler $115.00

Continental: Home Acct $ 49.00

On-Line: Screenwriter II Pro $139.00

Visicorp:

Visidex $180.00

Visifiles $180.00

Visicalc $180.00

Visitrend/Plot $225.00

Denver Software:

Financial Partner $139.00

Pascal Tutor $ 82.00

Pascal Programmer $189.00

Stoneware:

DB Master $149.00

DB Utility Pak $ 65.00

T & G Products:

Joysticks $42.00

Select-a-Port $42.00

Game Paddles $28.00

Davong Hard Disks

5 Megabytes $1450.00

10 Megabytes $1850.00

15 Megabytes $2250.00

Ram Cards

Microsoft 16K $75.00

Generic 16K $60.00

CP/M Microsoft Z80 Card $259.00

80 Column Cards Videx w/soft . .$269.00

DELIVERIES: 2 - 4 weeks average. PERSONAL CHECKS: Cashier's check and

money order will receive shipping preference. VISA & MASTERCARD: Add 4% to total. CATALOG: Send for full pricing details.

Prices subject to change without notice. SHIPPING: UPS add $2.00 plus

2% of order total.

Circle 116 on inquiry card.

BYTE May 1983 545

Floppy Disks

<<*;*

U.S.

^EXCHANGE

5015 Kanan Road

Agoura Hills, CA

91301

C LANGUAGE PROGRAMMERS

c-systems C COMPILER c-window™

The first c language source level

program testing and debugging tool.

• Single step by c source line.

• Set breakpoints at line numbers.

• Display and alter variables by symbol name, using c expression syntax.

• No more printf or assembler level debugging!

c-window is a support package for the c-systems C COMPILER for

8O86/8O88 based systems.

Contact: c-systems

P.O. Box 3253

TM c-systems

Fuller-ton, CA 92634 714-637-5362

Circle 469 on inquiry card.

Circle 83 on inquiry card.

SAVE UP TO 50% ON

Floppy Disks

& computer

Supplies

We Discount the Top Brands

3M-Scotch" • verbatim

Memorex • BASF • Maxell

We also stock

Ribbons • Paper • Labels

Cleaning Kits • Printwheels

Storage Products

Call, write, or utilize Reader

Service for our FREE new

discount catalog

LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS

27204 Harper

St. Clair Shores, Ml 48081

(313) 777-7780

Offering Reliability and Same Day Service.

Circle 267 on inquiry card.

S-100

COLOR GRAPHICS $199

256H-1 92V • 1MAGER-I • 1 6 COLORS

A • USES TMS 9918A FROM TEXAS INSTRUMENTS

P a 32 PRIORITIZED PLANES FOR 3D SIMULATION

B P • 3 GRAPHIC MODES

U L • TEXI MODE

Si • 32 Simultaneous fast moving SPRITES

I C ■ SPRITE COINCIDENCE DETECTION

N A • ON BOAHD JOYSTICK & PUSHBUTTON LOGIC

E T • COMPOSITE VIDEO OUTPUT (NTSC)

S I • On board rf mod conversion instructions

S 0 ■ MEETS 1EEE-696 SPECIFICATIONS

N • HIGH QUALITY PC CONSTRUCTION

S ■ Sample programs included in manual

USER MiNUM ONIV - SID DEAlfR INQUIRIES INVITED - CHECK or MONEY ODDER or COD MASTERCARD VISA - ADD 4S - ADD S2 SHIPPING & HANDLING AUSSACHJSETTS RESIDENTS PLEASE ADD S'i SALES TAX. ^^

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MASS (800) 322-0453 i^^

TechniGraphic Designs

P.O. BOX 233-GRAFTON,MASSACHUSETTS Ol 5 I 9

SMITH-CORONA TP-I

Letter Quality

• SERIAL OR PARALLEL INTERFACE

• MICROPROCESSOR ELECTRONICS

ORDER

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$549

(800) 531-5475 (if outside of Texas] (512)250-1523 |inTexas|

CompuAdd Corp.

13010 RESEARCH BLVD #101 AUSTIN. TEXAS 78750

Hoffman

DISKETTES

5'A" 8"

Box ol 10

Sgl Side/Sgl Density $17.50

Sgl Side/Dbl Density 20.00

Dbl Side/Dbl Density 24.00

Sgl Side/Sgl Density 2000

Sgl Side/Dbl Density 25.50

Dbl Side/Dbl Density 30 00

Certified 100% error Iree

Hub rings on 5V diskettes

Specify soft. 10 or 16 sector on 5V«" diskettes

Shipping/Handling $1.50 per box

California residents add appropriate tax

ORDER NOW!!

Check/Money Order/VISA/MasterCard/C.O D

W Hoffman computgr products

»V 1720 FLOWER AVE. DEPT BB14 ■ DUARTE. CA 91010 KS». (2131 303 1571

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Computer Sale

Franklin ACE 1000

w/Color S 365

1000 System w/Monitor 1375

ACE 1200 w/Color 1890

Drives for Apple and Franklin

Quentin 5V„ 249

Thin Line 279

Franklin Color Kit 39.95

(No Soldering)

Slipping and handling add 3 ' CA icsidents add fr

THE COMPUTER STORE

869 Sandcastle CDM, CA 92625 714-662-1425

imm DISKETTES

5V»" Diskette 1D

Sinqle Side Double Density

»2990 Soft* Box of 10

5V4" Diskette 2D

Double Side

Double Density

s39»o

Soff Box of 10

Add s1.75 for Plastic Library Case i" and other brands also available.

._ COD ACCEPTED DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

CALLTOLL FREE 800-848-1101

In N.Y.S. (716) 631-3925 BETSY BYTES Division

BB International, Inc. P.O. Box 564 Buffalo, N.Y. 14221

TERMS: Prepaid orders receive free shipping within continental U.S.A. Add 3% ($2.00 minimum) shipping and handling charge on all COD and credit card orders. N.Y. res. add 7% tax.

5'A" Tandon Drives

TM 100-1 SI 89

|single sided, 40 TRK, single Free

or double density) Shipping

TM 100-2 5259

(double sided, 40 TRK/side Free

single or double densityl Shipping

• TM 100-4 S 349

(double sided, 80 TRK/side Free

96 TPI, double density) Shipping

ORDER — TOLL FREE

1 -800-5 31-5475 (ir outside of Texas)

(512) 250-1523 |lf inside of Texas)

"If we can't ship the next working day, we won't take the order."

Master Card/Visa or check Texas Residents add 5% sales tax.

CompuAdd Corp.

13010 Research Blvd - "Mot Austin, Texas 78750

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PRICE BREAKTHROUGH! A HIGH QUALITY PRINTER FOR ONLY

-..quaiuattu

npim

-Miamrnm"

THE NEW D-92 DUAL MODE MODULAR PRINTER

WE DARE YOU TO COMPARE!

But don't just look at the price, consider the features, reliability and flexibility of the D-92 dual mode modular printer.

FEATURES

. 7x9 Font For Data Processing

printing . 11x9 Font For Crisp Clear

Business Letters . 100 CPS Bidirectional Printing . Short Line Seeking Logic . 800 Character Buffer • Six Different Character Sizes . 100% Duty Cycle . Parallel Interface

FLEXIBILITY

The D-92 was built with your

future in mind. The highly

modular design provides

several upgradeable options

such as:

. Adjustable Tractor Feed

. Dot Addressable Graphics

. 2K Buffer

. X-ON/X-OFF

. RS232 Serial Interface

. 9600 Baud

. Single Sheet Feeder

. Sound Cover

Naturally, Data Impact Products

printers will interface with all

popular computers whether it is

IBM, Osborne, TRS, Apple,

Atari, etc.

Act now to take advantage of our special promotional discount for options

For more information call

1-800-327-1525

RELIABILITY

All Data Impact Products printers are built with superior materials right here in the United States. Each unit is inspected, tested and burned in at the factory to insure superior quality.

Other measures of reliability

. 100 Million Character UserReplaceable Printhead

. 5 Million Character Ribbon Cartridge

• Easy Access and Serviceable Single Circuit Board

. Full Factory Warranty

DATA IMPACT PRODUCTS, INC.

745 ATLANTIC AVE., BOSTON, MA 02110 TEL: 617-482-4214

TELEX: 951047 DIP INC BSN Circle 164 on inquiry card..

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MEMOREX

FLEXIBLE DISCS

WE WILL NOT BE UNDERSOLDfl Call Free (800)235-4137

for prices and information. Dealer inquiries invited and C.O.D.'s accepted

PACIFIC EXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd. San Luis Obispo. CA 93401 In Cal. call (800)592-5935 or (805)543-1037

MDRROW DESIGNS

DECISION 1

HARD DISK COMPUTERS

-t>

it you also buy either an upgrade or a (erminal A punter Else $3095

$2995

D2A W/5 MEG HD ASV SSDD S CPIM ONLY

Airport-to-Airpon Board Swap (Extra Charge) INCLUDING MORROW S0OOC D3A W<5 MEG HD & 5V.T TERMINAL ELSE $3545 "0993 DSDD. OR ADD FOR 16 MEG We Pass Along the Latest Price Breaks.

D3A. 14 Slot S-100. Z-BO. 65K Sialic, 1 lo6 user (Need more memory, Software & I/O lor 6 users) Desk top. w.lh 3 Serial & IP. CP/M' Wordstar: Basic 80: Correci-lt: Logicale: Bate.' Pilot.' & Pearl DBM Sysiem-Shipment from factory wilfi laciory warranty V* expect Puyer lo have at least some computer experience EIsu additional charge See previous ads

Ask about bonus oMer. Payroll, GL. AR, AP. Fined Assets, Raw & Finished Inventory. Mail List, Transendenial Pak. Loan Amonizalion. 6 Function Compound interest, CPM Utilities. Lesser C and StarTrek

C^^^ AH CompuPro- shipment from distributor s Stock ompuPro

PRINTERS: Star, OKI. Clloh. NEC, Diablo, etc.

TERMS: Casn with You pay a" trcgftl 10-t I cancellation I5ci restock- I .Tgcna'qo enccpt Hardship

annum COMPUTERS

one O7n,i7oc P-O.Bok 6114.Birmingham. AL 352594114

<cUt) Bf9"4730 Our bark 15 1st National ol Birmingham. (205) 326-5120

CostPlus

Circle 426 on Inquiry card.

Circle 347 on Inquiry card.

Circle 138 on inquiry card.

SuperBrain Users:

SIPERLETTER is for you!

It's the exciting bi monthly packed with technical tips, feature articles, display and classified ads plus hardware and software reviews written just for the SuperBrain and CompuStar user.

Now in our second year, we offer:

■ Substantial DISCOUNTS on popular nationally-advertised CP/M software.

■ A full line of hard-to-find enhanced PROMS, BIOS's and GRAPHICS packages.

■ A direct link to thousands of Intertec computer users around the world.

Subscriptions: $25 in USA $35 foreign

(Back-issues available at $3.50}

To order, call or write:

SIPERLETTER

P. O. Box 3121

Beverly Hills, CA 90212

(213) 277-2410

PERIPHERALS

FOR APPLE/IBM

Quality Inexpensive Peripherals

with a Full One Year Warranty

BARE

EACH

BOARD KIT

IBMVSftugart Drive 160K

$179

320K

CALL

Apple/Shugart Drive |5'A"|

229

Thinline

182

Dual Thinline

339

Disk Controller (DOS 3.2-3.3)

69

21 61

80 Column Card

149

29 137

(Videx Equivalent)

Z80 Softcard

119

29 109

(Microsoft Equivalent)

Printer Interface with 16K

139

28 129

Buffer and Graphics

(Apple Dumpling Equivalent)

COLORADO COMPUTER PERIPHERALS

RR. 6 Box 7D

Golden, Colorado 80401

(303)278-7172

NEW LOWER PRICES

PRINTER BUFFERS

32K $219.00 tit

STAND ALONE PARALLEL PRINTER BUFFER FEATURES:

■ COPY AND SELF TEST FUNCTIONS

• SWITCH SELECTABLE "PAUSE ON FORM FEELr MODE FOR SINGLE SHEET PRINTING

• AUTOMATIC SPACE CHARACTER COMPRESSION

• 32K CHARACTERS CAPACITY STANDARD E4K AND 12SK MODEIS AVAILABLE

• USER EXPANDABLE

• NO HARDWARE OR SOFTWARE MODIFICATIONS REOUIHFD

• AND MUCH MORE YVRFTE OH CALL FOR FULL DETAILS

CABLE FOR ABOVE - $27.00

JVB ELECTRONICS

T60T Fulton Avenue. Suite T

Sacramento. California 9S82S

PhonB: 1916)483 0709

Circle 8 on inquiry card.

Circle 496 on Inquiry card.

Circle 250 on Inquiry card.

ELELELELE) P J

*'JLu!Cl mi

EZ

Z8 PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

16K Static Memory (6116)/(2716) 9 Parallel Ports (3-8255A)

Bare Board $50.00

Kit $224.00

A. & T $274.00

To Order (313) 525-1840

MICRO ADE

29554 Rosslyn Garden City, Ml 48135

IBM'™'-PC USERS

Bel Add-on Memory/Serial Port Cards

STRAIGHT Irom the manufacturer with

STRAIGHT PRICES!

COMPARE OUR PRICES

64K populated Ram Card, expandable id 512K S239

G-IK poputBled Ram Cart), expandable lo M2K w,ih RS232-C Potl .. $279 25GK populated Ram Caul expandable lo 512K wilh RS232-C Pod . $399

5I2K lully populated Ram Card, wilh RS232-C Pod $569

Tandan 100-2 DS/DD Dnve $249

Fxpansion Kit 64KB[200ns) $55

Ram Disk (Use Ram as Disk) & Ram Spoolm $T9

LOOK AT THESE FEATURES!

• Multilayer Board for Low Noise

• Socketed lor Easy Upgrade to 512K memory.

• One Year Warranty • Fully Tesled • Otders Shipped Next Day

■ Parity Generate/Check ■ Error Delecting Capability

• Fully compatible wilh IBM-PC Software & Hardware Specs

• Easy to Follow Instructions Included • No Wait Stales

• Serial Pod may be Conligured as C0M1 oi COM2

• Money Back Guarantee if nol satisfied

■ Address Flexibility - Each 64K Block is Address Selectable for any Base Address

Dealers inquiries welcome • Add $5 tor Shipping ■ California Resi denl. Add 6% Sales let

Call or Send Check/Money Order to:

MK Research

14682 Orange Acres • Irvine, California 92714 Telephone: (714)559-1598

ephon^7U)55^

Hayes Smartmodem

1200BDRS232 $495.

Rana Systems

Elite One $275.

Elite Two $415.

Elite Three $545.

Rana Controller $ 75.

COMMUNICATIONS PAK SALE

Micromodem II

S259.00

Source Subscription

$ 69.95

ASCII Express

$ 49.95

ALL THREE PIECES

S375.00

Verbatim 514" SSDD (10)

$

23.95

tgpppla computer

WE CARRY A FULL LINE OF APPLE//E HARDWARE & SOFTWARE

GARDEN OF EDEN

COMPUTERS

13147 Cedar Street. Westminster CA 92683

,71 4-894-9528 M

24 Hours — 7 Days , VISA

Ask tor our Price List1

Circle 293 on Inquiry card.

Circle 312 on Inquiry card.

Circle 204 on Inquiry card.

wabash

for

as

low

as

diskettes

$1.39 each!

Now...Get High Quality at a Low Price

Wabash means quality products that you can depend on. For over 16 years, Wabash has been making high quality computer products. Wabash diskettes are made to provide error-free performance on your computer system. Every Wabash diskette is individually tested and is 100% certified to insure premium performance.

Why Wabash is Special

The quality of Wabash diskettes is stressed throughout the entire manufacturing process. After coating, all Wabash diskettes go through a unique burnishing process that gives each diskette a mirror-smooth appearance. Wabash then carefully applies a lubricant that is specially formulated to increase diskette life. This saves you money, since your discs may last longer. It also assists your disk drives in maintaining constant speed which can reduce read and write errors.

Special Seal...Helps Prevent Contamination

To keep out foreign particles, a unique heat seal bonds the jacket and liner together. A special thermal seal which avoids contamination from adhesives, is then used to fold and seal the jacket. This results in outstanding performance and true reliability. Wabash then packages each diskette, (except bulk pack) in a super strong and tear resistant Tyvek® evelope. The final Wabash product is then shrink-wrapped to insure cleanliness and reduce contamination during shipment.

Each Diskette is 100% Critically Tested

Since each step in the Wabash diskette manufacturing process is subject to strict quality control procedures, you can be sure Wabash diskettes will perform for you. And every Wabash diskette meets the ultra-high standards of ANSI, ECMA, IBM and ISO in addition to the many critical quality control tests performed by Wabash. Wabash does all of this testing to provide you with consistently high quality diskettes. Reliability and data integrity - that's what Wabash quality is all about.

Flexible Disc Quantity Discounts Available

Wabash diskettes are packed 10 discs to a carton and 10 cartons to a case. The economy bulk pack is packaged 100 discs to a case without envelopes or labels. Please order only in increments of 100 units for quantity 100 pricing. With the exception of bulk pack, we are also willing to accommodate your smaller orders. Quantities less than 100 units are available in increments of 10 units at a 10% surcharge. Quantity discounts are also available. Order 500 or more discs at the same time and deduct 1 %; 1,000 or more saves you 2%; 2,000 or more saves you 3%; 5,000 or more saves you 4%; 10,000 or more saves you 5%; 25,000 or more saves you 6%; 50,000 or more saves you 7% and 100,000 or more discs earns you an 8% discount off our super low quantity 100 price. Almost all Wabash diskettes are immediately available from CE. Our warehouse facilities are equipped to help us get you the quality product you need, when you need it. If you need further assistance to find the flexible disc that's right for you, call the Wabash diskette compatibility hotline. Dial toll-free 800-323-9868 and ask for your compatibility representative. In Illinois or outside the United States dial 312-593-6363 between 9 AM to 4 PM Central Time.

Circle 104 on inquiry card.

SAVE ON WABASH DISKETTES

Product Description

8" SSSD IBM Compatible (1 28 B/S, 26 Sectors)

8" Same as above, but bulk pack w/o envelope

8" SSSD Shugart Compatible, 32 Hard Sector

8" SSDD IBM Compatible (128 B/S, 26 Sectors)

8" DSDD Soft Sector (Unformatted)

8" DSDD Soft Sector (256 B/S, 26 Sectors)

8" DSDD Soft Sector (51 2 B/S, 15 Sectors)

8" DSDD Soft Sector (1024 B/S, 8 Sectors)

5'A" SSSD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring

5W' Same as above, but bulk pack w/o envelope

5%" SSSD 10 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring

5 V' SSSD 16 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring

5V SSDD Lanier No-problem compatible

5'A" SSDD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring

5V Same as above, but bulk pack w/o envelope

5'A" SSDD Soft Sector Flippy Disk (use both sides)

5'A" SSDD 10 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring

5'/«" SSDD 16 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring

5'A

5'A

5<A

5'A

5'A

Part #

CE quant. 100 price per disc ($]

F111

1.99

F111B

1.79

F31A

1.99

F131

2.49

F14A

3.79

F144

3.19

F145

3.19

F147

3.19

M11A

1.59

M11AB

1.39

M41A

1.59

M51A

1.59

M51F

2.99

M13A

1.89

M13AB

1.69

M18A

2.79

M43A

1.89

M53A

1.89

M14A

2.79

M44A

2.79

M54A

2.79

M15A

2.69

M16A

3.79

DSDD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring DSDD 10 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring DSDD 16 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring SSQD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring (96 TPI) DSQD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring (96 TPI)

SSSD = Single Sided Single Density; SSDD = Single Sided Double Density: DSDD = Double Sided Double Density; SSQD = Single Sided Quad Density; DSQD = Double Sided Quad Density: TPI = Tracks per inch.

Buy with Confidence

To get the fastest delivery from CE of your Wabash computer products, send or phone your order directly to our Computer Products Division. Be sure to calculate your price using the CE prices in this ad. Michigan residents please add 4% sales tax or supply your tax I.D. number. Written purchase orders are accepted from approved government agencies and most well rated firms at a 30% surcharge for net 30 billing. All sales are subject to availability, acceptance and verification. All sales are final. Prices, terms and specifications are subject to change without notice. All prices are in U.S. dollars. Out of stock items will be placed on backorder automatically unless CE is instructed differently. Minimum prepaid order $50.00. Minimum purchase order $200.00. International orders are invited with a $20.00 surcharge for special handling in addition to shipping charges. All shipments are F.O.B. Ann Arbor, Michigan. No COD's please. Non-certified and foreign checks require bank clearance.

For shipping charges add $8.00 per case or partial-case of 100 8-inch discs or $6.00 per case or partial-case of 100 5'A-inch mini-discs for U.P.S. ground shipping and handling in the continental United States.

Mail orders to: Communications Electronics, Box 1002, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 U.S.A. If you have a MasterCard or Visa card, you may call and place a credit card order. Order toll-free in the U.S. Dial 800-521-4414. If you are outside the U.S. or in Michigan, dial 313-994-4444. Order your Wabash diskettes from Communications Electronics today.

Copyright 1 982 Communications Electronics" Ad #110582

MtMHfcH ffj

DIRECT MAIL ^^ m • m

MARKETING ASSOCIATION ^M^*7

OrderToll-Free! wabash

800-521-4414 error-free

In Michigan 313-994-4444

diskettes

COMMUNICATIONS ELECTRONICS"

Computer Products Division

854 Phoenix □ Box 1002 □ Ann Arbor, Michigan 481 06 U.S.A. Call TOLL-FREE (80O) 521 -441 4 or outside U.S.A. (313) 994-4444

BYTE May 1983 549

EPROM PROGRAMMER, EMULATOR AND Z80 COMPUTER ALL IN ONE $495 SYSTEM, $299 KIT

•2758.2716/2516 plus 2732/2532. 2764/2564, 27128 personality modules*, emulator adaptors.

• S-100 memory board exteneion (see Byte 1983 Feb. issue p. 492)

•KIT does not include chassis nor power supplies (+5v,-t 25v,±12v)

Yang Electronic Systems.Inc.

307 Compton Ave., Laurel Md. 20707

(301)776-0076

TeleVideoT Users!

92 WordStar0 JJTJ

COMMANDS

with the TV 2000

FEATURES

> 46 single key commands

> 41 shifted commands

i 5 MailMarge8 commands 1 Soft switch activated ■ No loss ol TeleVideo8

attributes • Excellent user acceptance

INCLUDES

1 Replacement ROM

> 46 keycaps with legends

> User oriented manual

Designed tor 925 and 950 terminals and 800 series

WordTfechSyslems «""*"'«»

153 Mom [jfjyctl

Suggested retail price $220

CP/M Z80-A SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER

• On board video • Wide line and thin line graphics

• 128K of RAM • Sasi interface • Floppy disk controller for up to four 5-1/4 and four 8 inch drives, single/double density simultaneously • 4 serial ports • Full Centronics printer port • Expansion bus • Extended track buffer • 16K printer buffer

• DMA • Compact size (8-1/4 x 12-1/4)

$750.00 3-6 weeks delivery

INSIGHT ENTERPRISES. CORPORATION

373 N western Ave.. Suite 12.

Los Angeles, CA 90004 (213)461-3262

Dealer. OEM. International Inquiries welcorr

s/sr

Circle 493 on Inquiry card.

Circle 488 on Inquiry card.

Circle 227 on inquiry card.

IBM PC DISK DRIVES

TANDON TM100-2 OR

CDC 9409 (D/S, 320 KB) S249

8480 SERIES 8" THINLINE FLEX DISK SUBSYSTEM (UP TO 2.4 MB, 3740 FORMAT, ATTRACTIVE DESIGN. 3V2"H x 19"Wx 18"D) ..From $1,130 MAYNARD DISK CONTROLLER $165

JEW RAM & MULTIFUNCTION CARDS

QUADRAM Call

AST Call

TALL TREE SYSTEMS Call

BIG BLUE $475

APPLE® DISK DRIVES

DATADRIVE $275

APPLETTE I & II

(UTILIZES V2 HT. DRIVES) Call

ISAICROXPFIEBB

305 S. State College, Suite 135

Anaheim, California 92806

(714)632-8512

MSA'

_x_

Circle 147 on inquiry card.

AAA CONSTRUCTION

OPEN THE HARDHAT'S DOOR FOR BIG SYSTEM SALES WITH CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATION SOFTWARE (CES-M)

Verstile -Runs on almost any 64K system.

Easy to Learn-Well documented with complete sample job Easy to Use -On screen menu at all times. ■ Large data base historical costs files. Assembly costs intermixed with single line item costs. Unlimited quantity entries with units calculations. Sell to all types Contractors, Subcontractors, Architects, Developers, Project Managers, Reps, Material Suppliers. CONTRACT MICROS. INC. • (404) 875-3533 441 -C Armour Plica NE ■ Atlanta, Georgia 30324

Dl

rnaxell

100% ERROR FREE 5'A SS/DD

28.95

(BOX 10)

CAPTAINS SPECIAL

VERBATIM

5% SS/DD |

I ORDEH OF DISKS

MX -80

CARTRIDGE

ADD 2.00 SHIP 5% TAX IN FLA.

800-327-1013

MEGA-BYTE

4699 5.W. 45ttt STREET

FORT LAUD., FLA 33314

305-5U7-ri3O

Circle 289 on Inquiry card.

TYCOMP

PRINTERS

Prowriler - 390 "" Par Prownter - 600."" Ser Prownter II - 700 '" Par Prowriter II - 775.'■' Ser Epson FX-80 - Call!! OKIDATA- ML92 - 570.1" OKIDATA - ML93 - 999." Star-Gemini 10 and 15 - Call

CALL FOR APPLE II E

1 IBM-PC LOW - LOW PRICESI1I

MBI - MONTE CARLO CARD - CALL

U.S. ROBOTICS 1200 BAUD MODEMS CALLI CALLI CALLI

tier

Plus a full line ol quality and Dob Matrix Printers

MONITORS

Princeton Graphics - Call AMDEK SOO.-Wg*1 AMDEK Color I - 289.™ AMDEK Color II - 675.""

A LARGE MAGAZINE AD

DOES NOT ALWAYS INSURE

YOU THE CUSTOMER WITH

FAST SERVICE AND

COMPETITIVE PRICING.

WE OFFER LOW PRICESI

SUPPORT! AND EFFICIENT

FRIENDLY SERVICE!!!

CALL (803) 877-2468

ORDERS — CALL COLLECT

TYCOMP 700 W. Poinsett St. Greer, S.C. 29651

WRITE FOR FREE CATALOG

MASTERCARD AND VISA ACCEPTED

CROSS ASSEMBLERS

AND MICRO SIMULATORS

written in FORTRAN IV

Wnle. assemble, run and debug microprocessor sotlwarc on most any mainframe — no other hardware needed Programs lor any ol Ihe following targe! microprocessors

MC68000 MCS6502 8080/85 MC6809 MC6B05 MC68D1

CDP1802 MC6800

Now you can assemble and mn micropiocessoi piograms on most any syslem thai supports FORTRAN, then download to a terminal or target micro Assembler 3nd simulator can be run separately or

together

Assemblers are two-pass Willi exact manufacturers' instruction set, plus macros, conditional assembly, long error messages, etc Simulators can load object code. lun. liace. modify, disassemble, save, and more All programs can be run in eiiher hatch mode 0' interactively

Target Assembler

Simulator

Processor Package

MC68000 $750

Package

$1000

MCS6502 500

600

8080/85 400

500

CDP1802 400

500

MC6809 500

600

MC6805 500

600

MC6801 500

600

MC6800 400

500

Visa/MaslerCard accepted Package puces include FORTRAN

source on tape, printed listing, manual, and

shipping Free

IMMEDIATE OVERNIGHT DELIVERY is availaplc In

prepaid orders

Call for details and piogiam availability Quantity

puces available

INTELLIGENT DEVICES, INC.

PO Box 163 Dillon. CO 804 35 1303) 468-01 12

Circle 232 on inquiry card.

A complete self contained control computer.

Features: Zilog Z8671 microprocessor with 2K basic interpreter. Sockets for 48K of on board user memory. 48 parallel I/O lines, RS 232 & 20MA current loop serial communications, and more . . . now only

Custom & Oem versions also available

4v

$285°?

*Z8 s a Trademark of Zllog Corp.

Lehmann & Associates

P.O. Box 566. Maumee, Ohio (419)891-0687

Circle 137 on inquiry card.

Circle 466 on Inquiry card.

Circle 259 on Inquiry card.

SPEECH SYNTHESIZERS

JBEs Speech Synthesizers use the Votrax SC-01 Phoneme Synthesizer chip. The SC-01 phonetically synthesizes continuous speech of unlimited vocabulary. The SC-01 contains 64 different phonemes and 4 levels of inflection accessed by an 8 bit code. It requires 10 Bytes per second for continuous speech. Both boards have an audio amp for direct connection to an 8 ohm speaker.

Documentation includes basic user programs, a phoneme chart and listing of coded words to help you get started. Documentation for the Apple IP Speech Synthesizer includes a disk with text to speech program.

B1-0B8 Apple II Speech

Synthesizer $129.95

81-120 Parallel Input Speech

Synthesizer $149.95

Prices include the SC-01 Chip SC-01 sold separately for $ 39.95

AD & DA CONVERTER

J BE A-D & D-A Converter can be used with any system having parallel ports

• Interfaces with JBE Parallel I/O Card

• D-A Conversion time — 5pta • A-Dconversion time — 20ys • Uses JBE 5V power supply • Parallel Inputs & outputs include 8 data bits, strobe lines & latches • Analog inputs & outputs are medium impedance 0 to 5 volt range.

79-287 Bare Board

ASSM. $79.95 $39.95

SOLID STATE SWITCH

^M Frl'- "PT" ,. fT^T

«e«y

Your computer can control power to your printer, lights, stereo & any 120VAC appliances up to 720 watts (6 amps at 120VAC). Input 3 to 15VDC • 2-14MA TTL compatible • Isolation — 1500V • Nonzero crossing -Comes in 1 or 4 channel version

79-282-1 Bare Board 79-282-4 Bare Board

ASSM. $13.95

$6.95

ASSM. $49.95

$24.95

6502 MICROCOMPUTER

MINI VIDEO 40X24

6502 MPU, 6522 VIA, 2716 EPROM, 2114 RAM single board computer. Single 5 volt power supply at 400 Ma. Two independent 8 bit I/O ports with handshakelines. RCcontrolled 1 MHzclock.

Complete documentation. I/O lines use 50 pin edge connector. Data and address lines are not accessible. Mod. for 2532 is included. EPROM is not included. 1K RAM, 2K EPROM, 2 I/O ports.

80-153 Assm. $110.95

Z-80 MICROCOMPUTER

Z-80 MPU, Z-80 PIO, 2716 EPROM, 2114 RAM single board computer. Single 5 volt power supply at 300 Ma. Two Independent 8 bit I/O ports with handshake lines. RC controlled 2MHz clock.

Complete documentation. I/O lines use 50 pin edge connector. Data and address lines are not accessible. Mod. for 2532 is included. EPROM is not included. 1K RAM, 2K EPROM, 2 I/O ports.

80-280 Assm. $129.95

VIDEO TERMINAL BOARD

This is a complete stand alone Video Terminal board. All that is needed besides this board is a parallel ASCII keyboard, standard NTSC monitor, and a power supply.

• 6502 Microprocessor

• 6545-1 CRT controller

• 2716 EPROM char. gen.

• 2716 EPROM program

• 4K RAM (6116)

• RS232 I/O for direct connection to computer or modem

• 80 columns X 25 line display

• Size 6.2" X 7.2"

• Output for speaker (bell)

• Power + 5 700 Ma.

+ 12 50 Ma. -12 50 Ma.

This board is available assembled and

tested. 82-018A $199.95

Bare board with EPROMS

and crystal. 82-018B $ 89.95

Both versions come with complete

documentation.

This board can be used to add a video display to your AIM or other computer. It can also, with the addition of a parallel keyboard, 5V power supply and video monitor, be used as a home computer. It will run Tom Pittman's Tiny Basic. The 2716 character gen. will produce 256 8x8 characters, ASCII upper and lower case and graphic characters. The 44 pin expansion connector can be used to add up to 6K of memory or extra I/O ports. Power requirements: 5 volts 600 MA 3 watts.

Documentation includes schematic, parts list, connector pin outs, and source listing for video display and Monitor. Control character response:

H back space

I up one line

J linefeed

L clear screen and home

M carriage return

U forward space non destructive

The curser is flashing underline type.

82-140A assm. W/O EPROMS $149.95 Character Gen. A7 $ 19.95

Tiny Basic + Monitor $39.95

GPiO Parallel Input $ 19.95

Bare Board with doc. j$ 79.95

JBE I MICROCOMPUTER

JBE's 7.75 x 11.758502 base Microcomputer has the capacity for 16K of EPROM, 4K of RAM, 8 Parallel Ports and 1 Serial Port. Monitor and Tiny Basic are also available.

Both versions Include sockets for 2716s or 2532s, 8 16 pin sockets for I/O Interfacing and a DB25 connector for RS232.

All address and data lines are brought off the board to the 50 pin edge connector. (Similar to the Apple II bus.)

This board also features power on reset and cassette interface.

81-030C Fully

Populated 81-030M Partially

Populated 2716 EPROM

(with Tiny Basic)

$399.95 $299.95 $ 19.95

81-260

"SLIM"

Single board large scale integration Microcomputer. This 4.5 x 6.5 board uses the 6502 Microcomputer, two 6522 VIA's four 2114 RAM's, 2516, 2716 or 2532 EPROM. The fully buffered 22/44 pin bus is similar to the KIM", SYM®, and AIM" expansion connector. The four 8 bit I/O ports connect through 16 pin dip sockets. This board was designed for control and is ideal for Personal and OEM use.

• 6502 MPU

• Two 6522 VIA'S

• Four 2114 RAM's (2K bytes)

• One EPROM 2516 or 2532

• Crystal clock 1 MHz

• Requires 5V 1AMP power

• 4.5 x 6.5 card

• Power on reset

• Fully buffered-expandable

• Solder mask-both sides

Use your Apple II Computer, JBE 6522 Parallel Interface card and EPROM Programmer as a development system for SLIM.

Assm. $199.95

PHERIPHERALS FOR SLIM

RAM EPROM Memory (32K)

81 -330 A Assm. W/O Memory $99.95

81-330B Bare Board $49.95

B Slot Mother Board

81-320A Assembled 81-320B Bare Board

$99.95 $49.95

24 Hour Real Time Clock 81-350AAssembled $149.95

81-350B Bare Board $ 49.95

Analog I/O Interface

81-036A Assembled 81-036B Bare Board

$199.95 $ 49.95

12 Port Parallel I/O (6-6522'S) 82-036A Assembled $169.96

82-036B Bare Board $ 49.95

Tiny Basic + Monitor EPROM

$39.95

John Bell Engineering, Inc.

#245

ALL PRODUCTS ARE AVAILABLE FROM JOHN BELL ENGINEERING, INC. • 1014 CENTER ST., SAN CARLOS, CA 94070 ADD SALES TAX IN CALIFORNIA • ADD 5% SHIPPING & HANDLING 3% FOR ORDERS OVER $100

10% OUTSIDE U.S.A. ADD $1.50 FOR C.O.D.

(415)592-8411

WILL CALL HOURS: 9am

4pm

Circle 62 on inquiry card.

BYTE May 1983 55 I

RS-232 DATA TAP...

Made in America

RS-232 DATA TAP...

Can be used lo monitor the data which is being transmitted and received on a RS-232 line. Drives a printer. CRT. or any other RS-232 receive type device. Requires no AC power or batteries to operate. ORDER NOW! Only $34.95. plus S1.75 shipping and handling, (IL res. add 5% sales tax): we accept MC or VISA. FREE: illustrated catalog of problem solving equipment. Phone: 815/539-5827. Make checks payable to:

electronics

Box 475B, MENDOTA, IL 61342

Circle 56 on inquiry card.

SUN KO-81 ::;i,!;i Easy To Install

No Soldering — No Modifications

41 Keys with Full Size Space Bar • Allows Touch Typing

Same Key Layouts as Sinclair • Two Color Keytops

Keyboard Case Holds Both Keyboard and Computer

Commands and Graphics Spelled Out on Keytops

16K Piggyback RAM Module p/n mx-ib $49.95

_ SUNTRONICS CO., m

-3-.- In CalH Call 213-644-1149

_j|^_^_; Outside Calif Call 1 -800-421 -5775

m^hmmm Oi send Check or MO. to:

^Bar^ii? P-O. Box 19S7 Hawthorne CA 90250 "^■s*^ California residents add 615% sales lax

Add S4 00 ship/handling. VISA/Mastercard ioclode expiration date.

Circle 429 on Inquiry card.

Dysan

^CORPORATION

Solve your <*sc problem*, buy 100% surface toted Dyun dhfatmM AD orders shipped from stock. uMun 24 hours. Call toll FREE (800) 235-4137 for prices and Worm»lkxi. Vfea and Master Card accepted

PACIFIC EXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd. San Luis Obispo. CA 93401. (InCal. call (805) 543-1037

OUR PC100""sOFTWARE PACKAGE TURNS

®

YOUR IBM PC INTO A

□ EC® VT1DD or VT53

Computable terminal

Requires: 64k,1 drive, monochrome or color adptwitlr

25x80 display, asyncadpt, and IBM DOS or QUNIX™

PRICED: S89. (Std. VT100 functions)

Optional: Local Printer & Copy to/from Disk.

GMS '525 MITCHELL RD.

SUITE 101 CALL OR WRITE

EDEN PRAIRIE, MN 55344 (6121 937-9194

IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Macnines. DEC.VT are registered trademarks of Digirial Equipment Corp. QUNIX is a trademark of Quantum Sofrware Systems. PC100, GMS are trademarks e>l General Micro Systems.

Circle 205 on Inquiry card.

9ii

<^——^=^2j

Powerful — Economical — Professional

Peripherals for your Apple 113? A/D 12-3,t, 1 6 Channel S450.0D

• Simple CPU Selection of Dianndfs AD "^leny

• Range : 10, i 5.1 2.5. • 5. i 10

• High-Speed 25 ft sec. Conversion

• Full Software Support — Disk or PROM

• Adjustable Bipolar Reference

Ultra ROM Board/Editor $190.00

• 32K of Banfe-SwitchablB apb 103 ROM Space

• Powerful G.P.LE. (Global Program

Line Editor) in Firmware • Totally Transparent — Remove or reload with a few keystrokes —

without Disk! • Applesoft-"- Extensions including "IF, THEN, ELSE."

684,2 Val|ean Awe.

I , Van Nuvs. CA 9140G ._

^fifift, isiai9BS-iaw 1

5BB 1 «rm h m oi ftutfe Ciwput

Circle 30 on inquiry card.

FAST

Factory Floppy Disc Drive Repair

Specialists in the repair of:

Shugart Tandon PerSci PerSci. Iimc.

12624 Daphne Avenue Hawthorne, CA 90250 (213) 777-4070 TELEX 687444

350 Char/Sec Low Cost Loader

Solid state photoelectronic components read all standard 5, 6, 7 or 8-level tapes. Smooth, quiet AC drive. Reliable high-speed paper tape data entry. Data amplifiers and "character ready" output available for CMOS or TTL interfaces. Standard interface or to your interface specifications. Fanfold boxes available.

Addmaster Corporation, 416 Junipero Serra Drive, San Gabriel, CA 91776, Telephone(213) 285-1121, Telex: 674770 Addmaster SGAB

Circle 14 on inquiry card.

IEEE-488 TO TRS-80* INTERFACE Everything needed to add powerful BASIC GPIB-488 controller capability to TRS-80 Model 1 or 3, Level 2 or DOS with a minimum of 16K.

rat, mJtotiJsst,

I

488-80C For Model 3 Operation

486-80B For Model 1 Operation

JEL

Model 488-80B or 488-80C Price: $375.

+ shipping, insurance & tax WHEN ORDERING SPECIFY DISK OR TAPE

SCIENTIFIC ENGINEERING LABORATORIES

11 Neil Drive • Old Bethpage, NY 11804 Telephone: (516) 694-3370 'Trademark ot Tandy Corp.

There is no atliliation between Scientific Engineering Laboratories and Tandy Corp. or Radio Shack.

Circle 404 on inquiry card.

51/4" Disc Drive 100% Apple* Compatible

- §

$228.00 ea. w/o controller $288.00 ea. w/controller

Replacement parts for Apple* II:

Computer Case $145.00 ea.

Keyboard $ 95.00 ea.

Switch Power Supply $125.00 ea.

Call or send check/money order to:

VSC Technologies Inc.

1212 E. Main Street Alhambra, CA 91801 Phone: 213-281-4914 Telex: 69-1300

'Apple is a registered trademark of APPLE COMPUTERS. INC

(Add 7% for shipping & handling,)

Circle 347 on inquiry card.

Circle 356 on inquiry card.

Circle 480 on inquiry card.

WE WILL NOT BE UNDERSOLD'

TERMINALS

APPLE ACCESSORIES

IBM PC SOFTWARE

Zenith ZT-1

$595.00

16K Card by Microsoft

$79.00

INFORMATION UNLIMITED

Zenith Z-19

$679.00

32K Card by Saturn

$199.00

Easy Writer

$289.00

Televideo910+

$599.00

64K Card by Saturn

$419.00

Easy Speller

$149.00

Tetevideo 925

$779.00

128K Card by Saturn

$585.00

Easy Filer

$319.00

Televideo 950

$979.00

SottCard Plus by Microsoft

CALL

VISICORP

Sanyo CRX-1100

CALL

Keyboard Enhancer by Videx

$125.00

VisiCalc 256K

$199.00

Videoterm by Videx

$259.00

VisiDex

$209.00

Game Paddle by TG Joystick by TG PkasolD-12Card

$49.00

$49.00

$159.00

VisiFile

VisiTrend/Plot

VisiSchedule

$259.00

COMPUTERS

$259.00 $259.00

Sanyo MBC 1000 64K

CALL

PkasoEP-12Card

$159.00

VisiWord

$329.00

Sanyo MBC 1200

CALL

PkasoAP-12Card

$159.00

MICROPRO

Sanyo MBC 2000 dual SW

CALL

PkasoNE-12Card

$159.00

WordStar

$379.00

Sanyo MBC 3000 dual 8"

CALL

System Saver by Kensington

$75.00

MailMerge

$195.00

Sanyo MBC 4000 16 BIT

CALL

Microbuffer II 16K (Apple)

$229.00

MISCELLANEOUS

ALL SANYO COMPUTERS INCLUDE

Microbufferll32K(lnLine)

$259.00

SuperCalc

$279.00

WordStar. MailMerge, CalcStar. SpellStar, InfoStar

Microbuffer II 64K (InLine)

$319.00

SuperWriter

$289.00

Franklin Ace 1000 64K

CALL

Add-Ram16KbyALS

$79.00

Home Accountant +

$129.00

Franklin Ace 1200 128K

CALL

Z-Cardw/CPMbyALS

$225.00

dBase II

$495.00

Call lor our Special System Packages!

Z-Card64KbyALS

$299.00

Smarterm by ALS Smarterm II by ALS Dirt Cheap Video by ALS Color II Card by ALS

$249.00

$149.00

$75.00

$149.00

C

TELECOMMUNICATIONS

DISK DRIVES

C1121 add-on for Sanyo MBC 1000

$359.00

Novation Cat

$139.00

CC1100 for the TRS 80 Model 1

Novation J Cat

$119.00 $155.00 $299.00

5V4" 50 track Corvus 5M with Mirror Corvus 10M with Mirror

$299.00

Novation D Cat Novation Apple Cat

APPLE SOFTWARE

$2895.00 $3679.00

Novation Apple Cat 1200 baud

$629.00

MICROPRO

Corvus 20M with Mirror

$4579.00

Novation Smart Cat

$199.00

WordStar

$379.00

Rana Systems for the Apple II

Novation Smart Cat 1200 baud

$495.00

MailMerge

$190.00

Elite One 40 track

CALL

Hayes Micromodem II

$299.00

SpellStar

$190.00

Elite Two 80 track

CALL

Hayes Smaitmodem

$239.00

DataStar

$259.00

Elite Three 80 track, double side

CALL

Hayes Smarlmodem 1200 baud

$569.00

CalcStar

$115.00

Elite Controller

CALL

Hayes Chronograph

$229.00

VISICORP

Sanyo EFD 160

$699.00

Signalman Mark I

$89.00

VisiCalc

$199.00

Signalman—IBM

$189.00

VisiTerm

$89.00

VisiDex VisiPlot VisiFile

$199.00 $169.00 $199.00

RAM

16K Ram Kit for Apple II

DISKETTES

VisiSchedule

$259.00

and TRS 80.4116 chips

Verex 5'A"

$23.95

VisiTrend/Plot

$259.00

200 nano seconds

S17.5C

Verbatim 5V2"

$26.9E

VisiLink

$199.00

Verbatim 8"

S36.9E

Visicalc Business Model MISCELLANEOUS

$89.00

Verbatim Head Cleaning Diskette

Maxell MD1 SW

$29.9E

MicroTerminal

$69.00

PRINTERS

Maxell MD2 6%"

$44.9E

Screenwriter II

$99.00

NEC 3510 Serial

$1595.00

Maxell FD1 8"

$37.9E

Dictionary

$79.00

NEC 3530 Parallel

$1629.00

Maxell FD2 8"

$44.95

DB Master

$169.00

NEC 3550 lor the IBM PC

$1995.00

5V«" File Box

$19.9E

PFS Filing System

$99.00

NEC 7710 Serial

$2250.00

8" File Box

$21.95

PFS Report

$75.00

NEC 7720 KSR

$2675.00

PFS Graph Easy Writer Pro

$99.00 $199.00

NEC 7730 Parallel Epson MX 80

$2250.00

CALL

MONITORS

Easy Mailer Pro

$79.00

Epson MX 80 FT

CALL

Sanyo 9" B&W Sanyo 9" Green Sanyo 12" B&W Sanyo 12" Green Sanyo 13" Color

$159.0C $165.0C $179.0C $199.0C $399.0C

Z-Term Pro

Word Handler

MultiPlan by Microsoft

dBase II

HowardSoft Tax Preparer

$129.00 $149.00 $229.00 $489.00 $149.00

Epson MX 100 FT Epson FX Series Epson RX Series IDS Microprism

IDS Prism 80

CALL CALL CALL CALL CALL

SMD 13" Color

$339.0C $329.0C

IDS Prism 132 Okidata82A

CALL

Comrex 13" Color

$479.0C

Amdek 13" Color

$329.0C

IBM PC HARDWARE

Okidata 83A

$729.00

Zenith 13" Color RGB

$589.0C

Quadram 128K Ram Card

$599.00

Okidata 84

$1149.00

Zenith 12" Green Electrohome 13" Color RGB

$99.0C $599.0C

Quadram 192K Ram Card Quadram 256K Ram Card

$719.00 $795.00

Sanyo PR 5500 Letter Quality Brother HR 1 Letter Quality

$859.00 $899.00

Taxan 12" Amber

$139.0C

Microsoft 64K Ram Card

$399.00

Toshiba P 1350 160 CPS

CALL

Taxan 12" Green

$129.0C

Microsoft 192K Ram Card

$699.00

Letter Quality

Taxan 12" Medium Res Color

S319.0C

Microsoft 256K Ram Card

$799.00

Call For More IBM Software And Accessories

Taxan 12" Hi Res Color

$529.0C

Joystick by TG

Tandon TM 100-2 Raw Drive

$49.00 $279.00

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research.

The CPU Computer Corporation

Announces:

SPECIAL OF THE MONTH

CPU net

The Local Area Network that uses

real CP/M" for Apples. CPUnet"

allows you to run hundreds of

popular CP/M" programs, on your

Apple terminals, without disk drives!

Call for more information.

$2995.00

TO ORDER CALL TOLL FREE 1-800-343-6522

For fast delivery, send certified checks, money orders, or call to arrange direct bank wire transfers. Personal or company checks require one to three weeks to clear. All prices are mail order only and are subject to change without notice. Call for shipping charges.

SANYO PR 5500

LETTER QUALITY

PRINTER

18 CPS-DAISY WHEEL

BI-DIRECTIONAL

$ CALL$

The CPU Sh<

• I

VISA*

DEALER INQUIRIES PLEASE CALL 1-800-343-7036

420-438 Rutherford Ave., Dept. BY-5, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129 Hours 9 AM -9 PM (EST) Mon.-Fri. (Sat. till 6) TWX- 710-348-1796 Massachusetts Residents call 617/242-3361

Technical information call 617/242-3361 Massachusetts Residents add 5% Sales Tax

Circle 140 on inquiry card. BYTE May 1983 553

Cables

EIA RS 232-C

Quality cables with immediate

delivery and low prices.

Conductor

Price

1-4

$12.00 +. 1 a/ft.

5-7

12.50 + .27/ft.

8-12

13.50 + 33/ft.

13-16

14.75 + 44/ft.

17-25

1 7.00 + .55/ft.

Specify: Male or female connectors, length of cable and pins to be connected. OEM & quantity discounts available to qualified customers. On prepaid orders add $5.00 for shipping/handling. We also supply connector parts, bulk cable, IBM, DEC Compatable &Centronlc cables.

Communication Cable Company

319 Lauella Ave. Wayne, PA 1 9087 \^ 215-964-9404 A

Circle 103 on Inquiry card.

ONE BOARD CP/M SYSTEM FOR NETWORKS

8l. i

: 12

10 MHZ 8085 CPU 64K RAM 88(1 KII IT/SEC Network Port

CRT Controller 8272 FD Controller Winchester Interface 2 RS-232 Channels

Documentation $20

CP/M Floppy Disk Op. System $180

Check or Money Order

autocontroll

11400 Dorsett Rd.

Maryland Heights, MO 83043

(3 Ml 7S9-Q055

INTERFACE

lor the Apple II

The FLY BOARD is an interfacing system designed for Apple Owners who want to learn computer interfacing The FLY BOARD is programable through BASIC or Assembly

Fly Board'! Hardware:

• 16 bidirectional t/O lines /.COO W1A * -1 control lines ODZZ VIA • 2 - 16-bi! timers

• interrupt ability

■ accepts RP« commands

9K bvtPS RAM ' Replaceable with on EPROM

' ■ not used by monitor. BASIC or DOS

2 - 36" DIP Jumper Cables

• connect 1o your projects

Support Materials Included:

Uier'i Manual expertly written to guide the novice

and intrigue the expert Summary Card details at a glance Engineer'* Notebook 128 page electronic cookbook 6522 Data Sheet explains advanced feolures

1299

Ready to use 5NAVE SYSTEMS Visa. MC

add S2 PO Box °57 or check

tor shipping hies. IL 6064B (312) 966-4505

Circle 54 on Inquiry card.

Circle 417 on Inquiry card.

S^S&SBsaS

60 %

fl*»**#*

^oS^"6055'

' ''^^^fSissi

vyga

$73.80*

Single Board Computer

M0O,pJ&ce pffcst rhtxtei MCU1

6800 MPU, serial I/O, parallel I/O, RAM, EROM, 44-pln 4V5" x 6W PCB

EXPANSION MODULES

RAM, ROM, CMOS RAM/battery, analog I/O, serial I/O, parallel I/O, counter/ timer, 488 GPIB, EROM programmer, power tail detect/power on reset

Lalayetfe, IN 47904 I 317-742-8420

DEBUG FAST

NEW QUICK LOW-COST MP DEBUG AID. If you

program, engineer, test, or repair micros, try this new invention and save endless time and effort. Shows you program flow, address, data, I/O, timing, and stability info on 256 LEDs. Telescopic and microscopic views. Easy, quick, rugged, portable. A smart alternative or addition to multi-thousand dollar instruments. MICRO VIEW" is just $749 complete. Order today on 14-day trial or circle our number for color brochure. Micro Logic Corp. POB 174, MSI, 100 2nd St, Hackensack, NJ 07602. (201) 342-6518.

Circle 143 on Inquiry card.

Circle 486 on Inquiry card.

Circle 297 on Inquiry card.

BREAKTHROUGH

Originate/Answer UDS 212 LP Modem |$3SC TrnMairiii $395

IMMEDIATE DELIVERY

• Compatible with Bell 212 modems (1 200 bps only)

• Telco powered—no AC connection required

• Simplified controls-talk/data and originate/answer only ' Direct-connect to dial-up network

wamjwu mm.

1111 W. Oundse Road Wheeling, II 60090 Sales —1312) 4590880 Semico-13121 4598874

T L

Relocatable

Threaded

Language

$150

RTL is a new language which retains the speed and extensibility of Forth but adds many additional advantages as a result of its more structured dictionary. Names, code, and variables are all stored in separate areas for easy generation of headerless, romable code. All code is relocatable. RTL supports local variables, multitasking, redirected I/O, and even allows definitions to be changed retroactively. All source code is included. Versions are currently available or under development for 68000, 6809, 8080, 280, 8086, 8088, and 6502.

RTL Programming Aids

10844 Deerwood SE Lowe//, Mi 49331 (616) 897-5672

IIMI-SH\BK.SKK\I( IV

• » » LOGICSIM * ♦ «

CP/M based

professional

logic

simulator

# 1'ijr cn^ineerinc work siulions

* l-hi gatf-wny, custom and nil other !C designers + For didial system engineers

Nine logic slates, ahilit) to simulate TTt... NMOS/CMOS, PMOS logic ROM's and RAM's, three-slate und transfer gates, wiml-or'ed nodes, propagation

Lie!a\:i, spike ,md rate uiijKkis. cspjndabk pin-mimbcr haseil 1TI. macro librarj plus numerous other features make LOGICSIM comparable to Industry standard simulators

Trj ii now. Send usaS.W check for LOGICSIM democop> and 1 ser*S Manual.

Please specify K" IBM 3740/ 5" APPLE II [13/16 sector). CP/M based 5<iK lo 64K systems (APPLE'S with CP/M cardl. Introductory price $276.

For more information, call [408] 578-80%. Or write:

K/Z ASSOCIATES, 5589 Slarcrest Dr., San Jose. (A 9512.1

assdciate:

Circle 236 on inquiry card.

Circle 396 on Inquiry card.

Circle 179 on Inquiry card.

THE MOST VERSATILE MICROCOMPUTER YOU CAN BUY ISN'T SOLD IN ANY STORE.

Before you start hunting from store to store for the ideal microcomputer, consider this: you won't find it.

That's because the world's most versatile micro is available only from the manufacturer. It's Lobo's MAX-80™ And, dollar for dollar ... feature for feature, there isn't another system that even comes close. Here's why.

LOOK WHAT $945 BUYS!

• 128k RAM standard.

• CP/M Plus included (CP/M 2.2 compatible). As a low-cost option you can get LDOS, and run most TRS-80 Model III software. The MAX-80 with CP/M and LDOS gives you access to more software than any other system!

• 5MHz Z-80B processor increases the speed of program execution by 250% over Model III or SoftCard/Apple.

• All disk interlaces built in. Plug in any combination of S'/T floppies, 8" floppier, and Winchester disks.

• Software-selectable 24 x 80 (under CP/M), 16 x 64, and 16x32 (under LDOS) screen formats. For full compatibility with CP/M and TRS-80 applications.

• Two RS-232C serial ports for modems, printers, or what-have-you.

• Centronics-type parallel port. For any printer using this standard interface.

• Extra-rugged construction with heavy-duty case and sculptured full-stroke keyboard.

• Built-in numeric keypad with 4 programmable function keys.

• 1-year limited warranty on hardware. •Plus: all characters (both text and

graphics) are software definable; built-in clock/calendar with battery backup; and buffered I/O expansion port.

HOW TO GET ONE... FAST!

At just $945, the MAX-80 could be everything you've been looking for in a computer. Order yours today by calling Lobo's toll-free number. And, while you're at it, check the great prices on Lobo's superb peripherals.

Then, feel free to go window shopping again. You'll be amazed at how good you feel at having bought a MAX-80 in the first place.

CPU and Accessories

MAX-80 computer with CP/M Plus

$

945

300102 12" (diag.) highresolution anti-glare green phosphor monitor

$

175

300104 12" (diag.) highresolution anti-glare amber screen monitor

$

195

LDOS operating system (version 5)

$

69

Dual 5Vt" Floppy Disk Systems

003120 single-sided, 40 track;

180kB per diskette $ 690

003420 double-sided, 80 track;

720kB per diskette $1,175

Dual 8" Floppy Disk Systems

NOTE: Lobo CP/M permits reading and writing standard single-sided, single density CP/M disks with either of these systems.

Prices subject lo change wilhout notice. Circle 262 on inquiry card.

004120 single-sided, double

density; 577kB per diskette $1,185

004220 double-sided, double

density; 1155kB per diskette $1,485

Winchester Disk Systems

005020 5Vi" system: 4.8MB hard

disk plus 720kB floppy (double

density only) $2,405

005520 8" system: 8MB hard

disk plus 1155kB floppy (double

density only) $3,085

©1983 Lobo Systems

MAX-80 is a registered trademark of Lobo Systems

Incorporated

CP/M Plus and CP/M 2.2 trademarks of Digital Research

Corp.

TRS-80 Model III trademark of Tandy Corp.

SoftCard trademark ol Microsoft Corp.

Apple trademark of Apple Computer

LDOS trademark of Logical Systems Inc.

ALL PRICES INCLUDE SHIPPING WITHIN THE U.S.A. California residents add 6% sales tax. Payable by credit card, check, money order, or certified C.O.D.

The Lobo Warranty

All Lobo hardware products carry a limited 1-year parts and labor warranty. Call or write for complete warranty statement.

ORDER NUMBERS:

(805)683-1576 (800)235-1245

(800) 322-6103 (In Calif)

Telex 658482

Hours: 7AM-5PM Pacific Time

LOBOt

SYSTEMS INC. J^

Dept. B583

358 S. FairviewAve., Goleta, CA 93117

128k MAX-80

BYTE May 1983 555

\ferbatim

flexible disks

Call Free (800) 235-4137 for

prices and information. Dealer inquiries invited. C.O.D. and charge cards accepted.

PACIFIC EXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd. San Luis Obispo, CA 93401. InCal. call (800) 592-5935 or (805) 543-1037.

SPECIAL OFFER!

TURBO-MICRO COMPUTER

Complete System With Networking capability " 1 to 16 independent users

* 20 to 80 M.Byte hard disk

" CP/M or TurboDos Operating System

* 100% CP/M Compatible

* S-100 BUS Structure, master/slave concept

3.2 M.Byte Desk Top

Turbo-Micro Computer,

1 to 5 users $2995.00

20 M.Byte Hard Disk Desk Top

Turbo-Micro Computer,

1 to 5 users $4995.00

20 M.Byte Hard Disk Stand-Alone

Turbo-Micro Computer,

1 to 16 users $6895.00

Write or call for complete information and price package. CJ|A

SAN DIEGO, CA 92111 (619)571-5916

inm -Quality

Printing for

Your Computer

Complete system with top-quality IBM Electronic typewriteris ready to plug into youi computer Or, you can convert yout own IBM Electronic or seiectric.

• IBM approved since 1978. ngpt • For all popular computers.

a

! ZlJ • No special software required. • Money back guarantee.

* * * MORE SUPER SPECIALS! * - *

Smrm-corona TP-1 $629 Televiaeo925 $788

Teletek Systemaster $792 AndOex DP9buOA $1388

Software, other products Call! Star Printers Calll

Call our professionals for best service ana price.

we export to all countries. •

1^— »^ IPEX INTERNATIONAL, INC ■|C^r 5115 Douglas Fir Road

caiabasas. CA 9U02 U.S.A.

Telex'TWX 910-494-2100

(213)710-1444

Circle 347 on inquiry card.

Circle 20 on inquiry card.

Circle 240 on inquiry card.

1

:«■» DIGITAL

ANALOG** DIGITAL DIGITAL** ANALOG

CONVERSION MODULES

SOFTWARE CAIN CONTROL

e - mixoble high and low inputs - gain

li-yiM -,--: iu*4 -- IPhii •.nmplra onrj hold amplifier R-fhonnc( rJiffnrenhal 16-channel - analog la digital *ngh.accuracy - programmable gain Instrumentation amplifier custom boord test - S 100 - S to 15 khz conversion time - mixobta high and loiu inputs — gam Prom I in 1024 - 12-bit sample and hold amplifier 8-channel differential - 16-rho.nnsl - analog to digital high accuracy - programmable gain instrumentation omolifirr - custom hoard test - S-100 - 2 to 15 Uh?

For additional details about the AD-100-4 and other fine California Data Corporation 100% individually tested, high reliability products, circle the reader service card number below or for faster response write or call us.

CALIFORNIA DATA CORPORATION

3475 Old Conejo Road, Suite C-10 Newbury Park, CA 91320

(805) 498-3651

3M

diskettes

SAVE 507.

on

Scotch

k Diskettes

Dealer Inquiries Invited

prices/10

5-\/ " Specify soft /«• 10 or 16 sector 744D 1 side/dDI dens $23.so

745 2 sides/dbl dens $31.00

746 1 side/quad 96 tpi sss.ao

747 2 sides/quad 96 tpi $45.50

8 Specify Soft or 32 Sector

740 1 side sgl/dens $23.60

741 1 side/dbl dens $29.00

743 2 sides/ddl aens $37.80

cnecks-viSA-MC-C.O.D./Aad $2 snipping

Call or write for our complete list.

LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS

27204 Harper Ave., St. Clair Shores, Ml 48081 Phone' (313) 777-7780

Authorized Distributor ^Information Processing Products

BOOKKEEPING AND PAYROLL FOR SMALL BUSINESS

For CP/M and MS-DOS Systems. Source coae provided.

LIST PLANA PLANE PLANC

Bookkeeping S300 $2?9 $252 S225

Payroll S400 $372 $336 $300

Other CP/M, MS-DOS, Apple and MDOS software available with same terms. Write or call for full spec sheets or further information.

PLANS:

A - Phone support, exchange privileges. 90 clays B - Phone support, exchange privileges. 30 days C ■ Support limited to supplied documentation, no exchange except for bad disk replacement

(Additional support availaple at $20/riour.)

TERMS:

Prices include cash discount. Add 4% for charge or COD orders. Visa and Master Card accepted. Add $4.00 for shipping and handling.

Suite 14 3322 Mem. Pkwy , S.W.

daman

(205)883-a113

Circle 86 on Inquiry card.

Circle 268 on Inquiry card.

Circle 146 on inquiry card.

NEW REPLACEMENT

RIBBON CARTRIDGES

CDCflM m 7°-80 $4.75 ea. CroUIMMXIOO 10.75 ea.

Please adds 75 ea shipping/handling

WE HANDLE MOST POPULAR CARTRIDGES.

SEND FOR PRICE LIST

LABELS

$12.00/5000

STOCK#10350-1 15/16"x3'/2"x1 wide.

White—pressure sensitive—pin feed —

4V carrier, packed 5000 per box Add $2-50 per box handling/shipping COMPLETE LINE OF OTHER LABELS AVAILABLE. SEND FOR PRICE LIST

TERMS: MIN. ORDER $12.00.

VISA & MC (add 4%), check o. money order C.O.D.'s add $200 CA residents add Sales Tax.

COMPUTER SUPPLY CO.

25422 TRABUCORD. SUITE #200 A EL TORO, CA. 92630 ■ (714) 768-0370

•sv

FORECASTING

EASI/ARIMA — The first and only microcomputer program to develop and run ARIMA (Box-Jenkins) models...all automatically. Designed tor the stock or commodity trader. Create a database or read Compu Trac files directly. Requires no knowledge of statistics. $300.

TWG/ARIMA — The statistician's version of EASI/ARIMA. Complete contiol and more options, such as seasional models and Box-Cox transformations. 5 300.

ELF is our general purpose statistical package. $200.

All are for the Apple II* with 4BK of memory, Applesoft* and DOS 3.3.

Visa and MasterCard accepted.

Call or write:

*7Ke "TViHckftdo*, (fnoJifi. 3907 Lakota Road P.O. Box 10114 Alexandria, VA 22310 (703) 960-2587

* Trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc.

■Mjs'J

Programmable Communications Translator

'HL PCT-llitf lb AN in-line RS-232 COMMUNICATIONS TRANSLA1

\ND IS COMPLETELY USER CONFIGURABLE. YOUR SYSTEM HEUUIK

10 HARDWARE OR SOMWARl MUD I I I C AT IONS 10 INSTALL A iUICKLY PROGRAM fHE PCT-100, PROVIDING;

* ltRMINAL OR PRIMER LMULATION

" Compatibility and macro-function keys for word processing, accounting and oiheh soilhare packagl'..

* inielligeni bl-□irilcti0nal character sequence translation

* dec-family or ium-familt compaiibili it

* "type-ahead" and uaia buffering

* handshake f'roiocol conversion (eg. cis/ms, x0n/xut

* Baud rail adaption

* Printer format controls

10 Muul

INS 11

JESMtNAL OR PRINTER, OR AS A STAND ALONE 0LV

HALL PLUG-IN SUPF-LY. EITHER WAY, YOU'VE AQ0EU A POWERFUL

UPGRADE TO YOUR SYSTEM AT AN UNBEllEVAbLY LOW PRICE!

PC1-1HH-PCIJ {PRINTED CIRCUI1 BUAKD UNLY) J 289

PCT-100-ASM (PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARU HUH CASE>....S 339 PWR-512-MOD (HALL PLUG-IN IRIPLE OUIPUT SUPPLY) J !>9

DEALER INQUIRIES I

method sysiems i

19751 South lakeshore Boullv; Eucl iu, Ohio W119 (?16) 53T-*W»

Circle 398 on inquiry card.

Circle 485 on inquiry card.

Circle 292 on inquiry card.

1 ^J^ Alspa Computer, Inc.

The price-performance leader. Includes Z80A, 1 or 2 full 8" drives (double density, double sided), 3 serial and 1 parallel port, and Winchester port. Prices start at less than $2000. DEALER and OEM inquiries invited.

SPECIALS on INTREGATED CIRCUITS

6502

6502A/65I2A

6520 PIA

6522 VIA

6532

2114-L200

2716EPR0M

2532 EPROM

6116 2KX8 CMOS RAM

4116 RAM

7.45 8.40 5.15 6.45 7.90

10/6.95 50/6.55

10/7.95 50/7.35

10/4.90 50/4.45

10/6.10 50/5.75

10/7.40 50/7.00

2.45 25/ 2.30

4.90 7.90 7.90

5/ 4.50 5/ 7.45 5/ 7.45 for 14

100/6.15

100/6.90

100/4.15

100/5.45

100/6.60

100/2.15

10/4.00

10/6.90

10/6.90

Zeio Insertion Force 24 pin Socket JScanbe[ 2.00

Hewlett Packard

Write or call for prices.

Anchor Automation Signalman Modems

FREE SOURCE MEMBERSHIP WITH SIGNALMAN

All Signalman Modems are 0 irect Connect, and include cables

to connect to your computer and to the telephone. Signalman

Modems provide the best price-performance values, and start

at less than $100. Dialer ind OEM Inquiries invited

Mark I RS232

Mark II tor Atari 850

Mark IV for CBM/PET with software

Mark V for Osborne (software available)

Mark VI for IBM Personal Computer

Mark VII Auto Dial/Auto Answer

Mark VIII Bell 212 Auto Dial/Answer

DC HAYES Smartmodem

DC Hayes Smartmodem 1200

(99)

79

(99)

79

(169)

119

(129)

93

(279)

195

(179)

119

(399)

319

219

545

Apple Emulator for Commodore 64 Screenmalcer 80 COLUMN CARD for C64 Solid Oik 2 Level Stand for C64 or VIC

C64/VIC Switch (networking)

BACKUP VI.0 tape copier for C64 or VIC

CARDBOARD/6 Motherboard - VIC CARDAPTER/1 Atari VCS Adapter - VIC CARDPRINT Printer Interlace - C64/VIC CARDBOARD/3S Motherboard - VIC CARDETTE/1 Cassette Interface • C64/VIC CARDRITER Lightpen - C64/VIC CARDRAM/16 RAM Expansion - VIC

We carry Apple 11+

from

Bell & Howell

Apple Emulator

for Commodore 64

16K RAM Card for Apple

Solid Oak 2 Level Stand for Apple

Super Serial Card

Thunderclock Plus

Z80 Sottcard and CP/M (Microsoft)

Parallel Printer Interface/Cable

Apple Dumpling (Microtek! Printer Interface

Apple Dumpling with I6K Buffer

Grappler + Interface

TG Products for Apple in stock

DC Hayes Micromodem I

Videx 80 Column Card

Hiyden Software lor Apple 20% OFF

PIE Writer Word Processor

89

155

29

135 20

79 69 64 32 32 32 64

Q commodore

See us tor Personal, Business, and Educational requirements. Educational Discounts available.

PETSCAN $245 base price

Allows you to connect up to 30 CBM/PET Computers to shared disk drives and printers. Completely transparent to the user. Perfect for schools or multiple woid piocessing configurations. Base configuration supports 2 computers. Additional computer hookups $100 each.

Commodore COMMUNICATES!

COMPACK

$115

Intelligent Terminal Package includes: acia hardware based interface; DB25 Cable and STCP Software with remote telemetry, transfer to/from disk, printer output, XON-XOFF control, user program control, status line.

VE-Z IEEE to Parallel Interface 110

Includes case, power supply, full 8-bit transmission, and switch selectable character conversion to ASCII.

VIC 20 Products BACKUP V1.0 20

VIC RAM Cards in stock VIC SuperExpinder 53 VIC I6KRAM Thorn EMI Software HES Software VIC Omega Race Spiders of Mars (UMI) Programmers Aid

69

VICTORY Software

Street Sweepers Night Rider Treasures of Bat Cave Games Pack I Victory Casino Adventure Pack II

12 11 12 12 8 12

VIC Sargon II Chess VIC GORF Meteor Run (UMI) VIC Radar Ratrace Amok (UMI) Snakman Rubik's Cube Programmers Reference Renaissance (UMI) VIC Adventure Series for VIC and C64 Maze in 3-D Cosmic Debris Grave Robbers Advent. Games Pack II Adventure Pack I Trek

Commodore 64 Programmers Reference Guide 17

Computef's First Book of PET/CBM 11

POWER ROM Utilities for PET/CBM 78

WordPro 3+ - 32K CBM. disk, printer 195

WordPro 3+/64 69

WordPro 4+ - 8032, disk, printer 300

SPELLMASTER spelling checker for WordPro 170

VISICALC for PET. ATARI, or Apple 190

PETRAX PET to Epson Graphics Software 40

SM-KIT enhanced PET/CBM ROM Utilities 35

Programmers Toolkit - PET ROM Utilities 35

Branding Iron EPROM Programmer for CBM 75

PET Spacemaker II ROM Switch 36

2 Meter PET to IEEE or IEEE to IEEE Cable 40

Dust Cover for PET, CBM, 4040, or 8050 8

VIC or C64 Parallel Printer Interface 64

CmC IEEE-RS232 Printer Interface — PET 120

SADI Intelligent IEEE-RS232 or parallel 235

ZRAM - CBM 64K RAM, 280, CP/M 550

Programming the PET/CBM (Compute!) — R. West 20

Compute! First Book of VIC 11

Whole PET Catalog (Midnight Gazette) 8

Color Chart Video Board for PET 125

PET Fun and Games (Cursor) 11

Disk ICU—Disk Recovery System for PET/CBM 40

Copy-Writer Word Processor for C64, PET/CBM 70

FlexFile for PET CBM, C64 $110

Database, Report Writer with Calculations, Mailing Lists

"FORTH for PET full FIG model — Cargill/Riley $50

MetacompilerforFORTH for independent object code 30

KMMM PAMAL ktmmmm 85

EABL for PET/CBM Disk-based ASSEMBLER 65

Super Graphics — BASIC Language Exercises 45

Fast machine language graphics routines for PET/CBM

RAM/ROM for PET/CBM 4K $75 8K $90

DISK SPECIALS

10/2.25 50/2.10 100/2.05 10/3.15 50/2.90 100/2.85 10/2.40 50/2.20 100/2.15 10/2.95 50/2.70 100/2.65

Scotch (3M) 5" ss/dd Scotch (3M) 5" ds/dd Scotch (3M) 8" ss/sd Scotch (3M) 8" ss/dd

We stock VERBATIM DISKS

Write lor Dealer and OEM prices.

BASF 5" or 8" 10/2.00 20/1.95 100/1.85

NEW BASF Qualimetric Disks also in stock.

Wabash 5"ss/sd 10/1.80 50/1.75 100/170

Wabash 5" ss/dd 10/ 2.00 50/1.95 100/1.90

Wabash 8" ss/sd 10/2.00 50/1.95 100/1.90

We stock MAXELL DISKS

Write for dealer and OEM prices.

Disk Storage Pages 10 for $5 Hub Rings 50 for $6 Disk Library Cases B"—3.00 5"—2.25 Head Cleaning Kits 11

CASSETTES—AGFA PE-B11 PREMIUM

High output, low noise, 5 screw housings.

C-10 10/.61 50/.58 100/.50

C-30 10/.85 50/.82 100/.70

SPECIALS

100

80

280

160

389

520 1050

Zenith ZVM-121 Green Phosphor Monitor

BMC 12A 12" Green Monitor

VOTRAX Personal Speech System

VOTRAX Type-N-Talk

VOICE BOX Speech Synthesizer (Apple or Atari)

Prowriter 8510 parallel

Okidata 92

Oaisywriter 2000

Many printers available (Star-Gemini, Brother, OKI, etc.)

We Stock AMDEK Monitors

AmdekDXY-100 Plotter 600

A P Products 15% OFF

Watanabe Intelligent Plotter 990 6-pen 1290

ISOBAR 4 Outlet Surge Suppressor/Noise Filter 49

We stock Electrohome Monitors

dBASE II (8" format) 300

Panasonic TR-120M1P 12" Monitor (20 MHz) Panasonic CT-160 Dual Mode Color Monitor

149 285

USI Video Monitors—Green or AMBER 20 MHz hhrcs. Dealer and OEM inquiries invited

ALL BOOK and SOFTWARE PRICES DISCOUNTED Synertek SYM-1 Microcomputer SALE 189

KTM-2/80 Synertek Video and Keyboard 349

Vfcsgtrgt I data

I systems

Z29 Terminal (new detached keyboard) 680

ZT-1 Intelligent Communications Terminal

with Monitor 479

Z100 16-bit/a-bit System CALL

We stock entire Zenith line.

ATARI

SPECIALS WE STOCK ENTIRE LINE—write for prices.

Atari 120U

Voice Box Inside Atari DOS Thom EMI Software EduFun Software

749

100 18

gix

Anchor Modem—Atari Atari Graphics (Compute!) First Book ol Atari APX Software

252 Bethlehem Pike Colmar. PA 18915

Circle 5 on Inquiry card.

215-822-7727

A B Computers

WRITE FOR CATALOG

Add $1.25 per orderfor shipping. We pay balance of UPS surface charges on all prepaid orders. Prices listed are on cash discount basis. Regular prices slightly higher. Prices subject to change.

BYTE May 1983 557

$99 SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER/CONTROLLER

-.

MODEL MCG-85 FEATURES:

-Automatic Baud Rate

-5 Interrupts

-14 Bit Counter/Timer

-Onboard Prototyping

-6.144 MHz Crystal

-Onboard Expansion

* 4K ROM ck/or

» 4K RAM or CMOS RAM

-8085A CPU -2K System Monitor ROM

-256 Bytes of RAM

-RS232C Port

-Parallel Si Serial I/O

-Two 8 Bit Prog Ports

-One 6 Bit Prog Port

-4'/i x 6Vi PCB

STOCK $99 Kit $135 A&.T.

Expansion Boards available. Visa, M.C., Amcx &. COD accepted.

ATLANTIS COMPUTERS

31-24 Broadway

Astoria, N.Y. 11106

212/728-6700

ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

DISK DRIVES

(For PC, Mod I & III)

TANDON TM100-1 $1 89

TANDON TM100-2 $249

TANDON TM1 00-4 $339

Case and PS $ 45

PC EXPANSIONS

MAYNARD

DISK CONTROLLER $1 55

PP add $50 SP add $70

All cables, hardware and instructions

included - no soldering.

QUADRAM

Four Function 256K capacity

with 64K installed $399

AST

Combo Plus: 64K+SPC+SuperDrive

+SuperSpool $395

MegaPlus: 64K+SC+SuperDrive

-FSuperSpool $395

User installed.

2nd Sor P $ 35

VLM Computer Electronics

10 Park Place • Morristown, NJ 07960 (201)267-3268 Visa, MC, Check or COD.

Circle 53 on inquiry card.

Circle 318 on inquiry card.

Circle 478 on inquiry card.

Scotch*

DISKETTES

Call Toll-Free 1-800-328-DISC for prices and information. Dealer inquiries invited. C.O.D. and charge cards accepted. All orders shipped from stock, within 24 hours. Call toll FREE

w

North Hills Corporation

3564 Rolling View Dr.

While Bear Lake, MN 55110

1-800-328-DISC

MNCall Collect 1-612-770-0485

ULTRA-RES (1) GRAPHICS

• IEEE-696 S/100 Monochrome $496.00 12)

-512 x 512 Pixel —Single Board

• IEEE-696 S/100 Monochrome $995.00 (21

-1024 x 1024 Pixel -Expandable to 8 x 1024 x 1024 Pixel ' IEEE-696 S/100 Eight Color D1 260.00 (2) -3 x 512 x 512 Pixel -8 Color RGBTTL

— 2 Board System

* Multibus I3I Eight Color $ 1996.00 12)

-3 x 1024 x 1024 Pixel -8 Color RBGTTL

— Single Board

* IBM PC Monochrome $995.00 (2)

-1024 x 1024 Pixel —Expandable to 8 x 1024 x 1024

FEATURES INCLUDE-Software Drivers. Hardware Zoom, Programmable Display Resolution, Windowing, Multi-Controller Capability, NEC UPD7220 Graphic Controller.

11 ULTRA-RES Trademark CSD Incorporated

21 Starting Prices

3) Multibus Trademark Intel Corporated

C.S.D. Incorporated

P.O. Bo 253 Sudwry, 16171 4432750

01776

DISKETTES

3M Scotch BRAND

AT SUPER LOW PRICES

WE WILL SHIP YOUR

ORDER WITHIN 24 HOURS

AND WE PAY THE

SHIPPING CHARGES

59

COD ACCEPTED

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

CALL TOLL FREE 800 922-8193

IN CALIFORNIA 800 468-1068

T.yco Buiinest Forms Computer Supplias I Ppst Oilico Box 605 I Newbury Park. CA 91320

Circle 329 on inquiry card.

Circle 84 on inquiry card.

Circle 440 on inquiry card.

DIET MONITOR

-for the IBM PC (and soon to be released for APPLE 2} IS THE MOST SOPHISTICATED NUTRITIONAL ANALYSIS SYSTEM AVAILABLE.

'comes with over 750 foods and 28

important nutrients. 'Menu driven. Gives you 6 easy to read

analysis reports, including graphs and

recommendations on how to improve your

diet. "versions for professional use and home

use. Home version available for $69.00

CALL: CAMRASS CORPORATION (201) 328 8917 WRITE: P.O. BOX 118, B00MT0M. N.J. master/visa, check or C.O.D.

Serial 4 ■ lllini ■ "► Parallel

PRINTERS! PLOTTERS! PUNCHES! ROBOTS!

Convert What You Have To What You Want!

* RS232 Serial • Centronics Parallel ' 8 Baud Rates ' Handshake Signals

• Latched Outputs ' Compact 3y, x 4% x ^%

No longer will your peripheral choices be limited by the type of port you have avallablel Our new High Performance 700 Series Converters provide the missing link. Based on the latest In CMOS technology these units feature full baud rate selection to 19.2K, with handshake signals to maximize transfer efficiency. Detailed documentation allows simplified Installation. Ordor Ihe Model 770 (Ser/Par) or Model 775 (Par/Sor) Today!

ooi,'89.»5

Oxinocttw Op! Ion J10 00 CA RmUwiIb 0% Ui ISOIBPirw Street UPS Shipping S3 0(]

Pott OfTm Box 2233

Ouru ril. CiMoj ni» 33030

CALL (805) 487-1665 or 487-1666 yg] For FAST Delivery

FREE! FREE! FREE! FREE! FREE

HI

£ THOUSA^S NIC S

1 pabTSJe£^S&s

n ?V*.*>006 i

Circle 87 on inquiry card.

Circle 192 on inquiry card.

Circle 23 on inquiry card.

CHECK OUR NEW * LOW PRICES *

Apple Compatible Products [ 64K 6MHz Static RAM/EPROM

FDC-1 Floppy Disk Controller Ov«7.«sO

Runs DOS 3.3 with any standard Shugart compatible 5V4" Disk Drive. (2 Drives Each Card)

ASCII KEYBOARD A&T $99.00

Plug in compatible with Apple II, has shiftlock, under score, [ ] and back slash characters.

SUN-722 Apple Prototype Board $13.75

Double Sided with gold contacts, holes drilled on .1 5" x .1" centers.

ALSZ80 CPU Card W/CP/M& manuals $149.00

Z80 CP/M card kit w/o manual or software . . . 84.00

ALS 80 Column Video Card w/manuals 159.00

80 Column Video Card w/o manual, compatible

w/ Videx $98.00

16K RAM Card Kit $42.00

AP-II Mother Board (Apple Compatible) $84.00

AP-II Computer Case (Apple look-alike). . . $119.00 5A Switching Power Supply (voltage & size

Apple Compatible) $133.00

Parallel Interface Card (Centronics comp.). . . . $44.99

New for IBM PC

PCM1 64K Memory Card, Expand, to 256K

w/Parity Check $259.00

PCM2 256K Memory Card, Expand, to 51 2K

w/Parity Check $569.00

PCM1+SIO PCM1 64K Card w/(1) Async

Serial Port $319.00

PCM1 PIO PCM1 64K Card w/(1) Centronics

Parallel Port $309.00

PC-DUAL I/O (2) Serial RS232 Ports, (2) IBM

PC Compatible Ports and Real Time

Clock w/Batt. Backup $189.00

• SPECIAL*

PCM1-DUALI/0 Includes both PCM1 64K and PCM-I/O cards $399.00

Diskettes and Storage Cases

5'/4" SS/DD Wabash 40 track w/hub rings. . . $24.00

8" SS/DD Soft with Library Case $26.00

8" DS/DD Soft Memorex, Box of 10 $44.99

5V4" Case for 40 Disks $24.99

8" Case for 40 Disks $36.99

5%" Case for 90 Disks $41.99

8" Case for 90 Disks $54.99

64KSM A&T without RAM 3155.00

64KSM A&T with 64K RAM (32 - 6116's) . . . 339.00 S-100 Board Uses6MHz61 1 6's, '/2A max, power. Bank Select plus Extended Addressing allow for multi-memory board set up, 4 Independent 16K Blocks make easy use with multi-user systems. Any 2K RAM may be replaced by 271 6 EPROM.

256K/1M Byte Dynamic RAM

256KDM A&T without RAM . . . p29Q.OO 256KDM A&T with 64K RAM (8-41 64s) . . . 340.00

256KDMA&Tw/256KRAM(32-4164s) 489.00

S-100 Board,4 Banks uses either 64Kx1 or256Kx1 RAMS. Allows for 64K to 1 M Byte RAM on just one S-100 Card. 24 Bit Addressing, Phantom Mode, Error Trap Opt., Parity Check, 4MHz Transparent Refresh, Front Panel Operation. Optional Ml Wait for 6MHz Operation.

NEC Computers & Monitors

We are an Authorized NEC Service Center

Call for Official Service Agreement

PC8001A Keyboard Computer $769.00

PC8012 I/O Expansion Unit $499.00

PC8031 Disk Drive Subsystem $769.00

JC1203RGB 13 Color Monitor $720.00

This Monitor is excellent for use with IBM PC JC1203 13" Composite Color Monitor. . . . $349.00

NEC CP/M V2.2 with manuals $150.00

Select Word Processing Sys with Teach. . . $350.00 NEC Report Mgr for Database Mgmt $150.00

Video Monitors

SAMWOO GREEN 9" 18MHz $121.00

SAMWOO AMBER 9" 18MHz $125.00

SAMWOO GREEN 12" 12MHz $130.00

SAMWOO AMBER 12" 12MHz $134.00

Composite video I/O, 750 lines resolution, 75/1 OK

ohm impedance.

Terminals

TELEVIDEO 912 $660.00

TELEVIDEO 925 $789.00

TELEVIDEO 950 $995.00

ADDS VIEWPOINT 3A/PLUS $545.00

^=, SUNTRONICS CO., inc.

12621 Crenshaw Blvd., Hawthorne, CA 90250

CALIFORNIA

213-644-1149

(tor Tech Info and Calif, orders)

S-100 Products

SBC-880 Z80A CPU, A&T $195.00

SBC-880 Z80A CPU, Kit $175.00

4MHz Z80A CPU Board with Serial/Parallel Ports

UFDC-1 Floppy Controller, A&T $245.00

UFDC-1 Floppy Controller, Kit $225.00

The UFDC-1 Floppy Controller uses the WD1 795

chip which runs either and/or 8"/5'/4" Disk Drives.

CLOCK CALENDAR A&T $115.00

CLOCK CALENDAR Kit $95 00

This S-1 00 Clock Calendar Board has 4 Interrupts,

Time, Day of Week and Battery Backup. SUN-721 S-100 Prototype Board $17.85

Double Sided with gold contacts and holes drilled

on .1 5" x .1" spacing.

S-100 Computer Systems

SYSTEM I $2459.00

Z80A CPU with Serial/Parallel Ports, Floppy Disk Controller with Dual 8" SSDD Drives, 64K RAM, CPM, Clock and 1 M Byte Storage.

SYSTEM II $2659.00

Z80A CPU with Serial/Parallel Ports, Floppy Disk Controller with Dual 8" DSDD Drives, 64K RAM, CPM, Clock and 2M Byte Storage.

S-100 Mainframes 6 -12 Slots

Drives. . . $699.00 Drives . . . $699.00 Drives . . $679.00

DMF8800T 6 Slot, Dual Thin 8"

DMF8800 6 Slot, Dual Std. 8"

DMF5550 6 Slot, Up to 3-5H"

DMF2200 6, 8, 12, 18, 22 Slot MB Call

All Mainframe Power Supplies rated at 8V @ 1 8A, ±1 6V @ 23A, 24V @ 5A. 1 2V @ 5A & 5V @ 5A. All cabinets made of strong steel with aluminum covers & incl EMI A/C power filter w/detachable power cord, quiet fan for pos. air pressure (blows dust out, not in), back panel has individual covers with (12) DB25 cutouts, (2) Centronics 36 pin cutouts, (1) 34 pin &(1) 50 pin flat ribbon cutout, (2) A/C convenience outlets (1 switched & 1 unswitched), keyed power, lighted reset switches, & tan cover with blackface match most decours.

Mother Boards & Card Cages

SLOTS

Bare Bd

KIT

A&T

w/CAGE

6

$12.00

$34.00

$49.00

$74.00

8

16.00

45.00

70.00

105.00

12

22.00

65.00

100.00

140.00

10MHz, No termination Required!

Printers

Prowriter 1 C. Itoh, 120cps, Parallel $455.00

Prowriter 2 C. Itoh, 1 20cps, Parallel $689.00

Starwriter C. Itoh, 40cps, Ser/Par $1369.00

Printmaster C. Itoh, Serial/Parallel $1529.00

NEC Spinwriters 3500, 5500, 7700 Call

Disk Drives

TM100-1 Tandon 5Y*" SSDD, 40 track $215.00

TM100-2 Tandon 5H" DSDD, 40 track $289.00

TM100-4 Tandon 5V4" DSDD, 80 track $400.00

TM848-1 Tandon 8" Thin Line $397.00

Mitsubishi 5'A" Thin DSDD, 40 track $310,00

Mitsubishi 8" Thin DSDD, 77 track $450.00

EPROMs, RAMs, CPUs, & Misc

P/N

2716

2732

2532

2764

1-7 8 up

$3.95 $3.95

4.75 4.40

7.65 5.95

9.95 9.95

P/N

6116P-3(150nS)

2114L-2(200nS|

4164

Z80A CPU

1-7 8 up

$6.10 $5.75

1.62 1.62

6.25 625

5.29 529

OUTSIDE CALIFORNIA TOLL FREE

1-800-421-5775

tOida Desk Onlyl

STORE HOURS: MON.-FRI. SATURDAY

9:00am to 6:00pm 10:00am to 5:00pm

Mail Order-Minimum Order: $10. Send Check or Money Order to: P.O. BOX 1957DeptB. HAWTHORNE. CA 90250.

Visa or MasterCard (please include expiration dale). Add $2.00 postage and handling for first 3 pounds plus .50 for each additional pound to your order. California residents add 6% sales tax.

Circle 428 on inquiry card.

BYTE May 1983 559

>**

SHIELDED DATA CABLES

Cades Circle 188 on inquiry card

Help Protect Your Signals With Snieided Daia Cable EIA RS 232 Shielded Cable Specify end gender, length & pin interconnects, up io 9 conductors $11.00 + .40/fl.

TERMINALS

Terminals Suggested Sale

Hazellrne — Esprit Systems lost Price

ESPRIT I full featured terminal w/green screen S595 $499 ESPRIT II terminal w/delachaPle keyboard $645 $565

ESPRIT III Televideo 950 emulatdr $895 S775

LOW SPEED MODEMS Ad Modems

Novation "Includes FREE Subscription To The SOURCE J-CAT 0-300 baud Direct conned modem ACOUSTIC 0-300 baud Acoustic conned modem AUT0CAT 0-300 baud Direct connect modem 103 SMARTCAT 0-300 baud auto ans modem

HIGH SPEED MODEMS 103/212 SMARTCAT 0-300/1200 baud modem 212AUTOCAT 0-300 baud/1200 baud modem UNIVERSAL DATA SYSTEMS 212LPTelco powered 1200 baud modem PRINTERS

OKI-DATA uL82A 9 V carriage 120 cps printer uL83A 15" carriage 120 cps printer uL92P (parallel) 9V?" carriage near letter quality uL92S (serial) 9 V carnage near letter quality uL93P (parallel) 15" carnage near letter quality uL93S (serial) 15" carnage near letter quality Tractor lor uL 82/92

Certified check money order COO or VISA ana Maslercaia Ado Sb 00 posiage and dandling - Add $10 00 per terminal All prices m U S doll; residents add 4V, sales Ui FOB Ml Clemens Micmgan J8044

ELECTRQSOWICS

PO Box 1141 • Mt Clemens. Ml 48044 • [313) 286-6969 Monday-Friday 9 a.m.-5 p.m. EST • Saturday 'til Noon

$149

$120

$189

$135

$249

$189

$249

$189

$595

$449

$695

$565

$495

$395

$649

$399

$995

$650

$699

$525

$799

$599

$1249

$889

$1349

$969

$50

PConnection

Three functions In one card slot— Modem, Calendar clock. Serial portl

The PConnection is a premium telecommunications card for the IBM PC with a direct connect Bell I03/II3 modem, a real time clock, and a serial I/O port for expanded communications capabilities. The PConnection gives you all three functions in a single card slotl

The PConnection has autodial |Touch Tone or pulse) and autoanswer, plus a built-in speaker for line status monitoring. Software selectable protocol and modes The real time clock can be used to autodial predetermined phone numbers at preset times Excellent for polling and remote monitoring applications, PConnection (plug-in modem] - s 2 7 5 Enhanced PConnection with real time clock and additional RS-232 - S375 Another quality modem from

the micropenpheraf corporation

2565 I52nd Avenue N.E Redmond, WA 98052

(206) 881-7544

S si rt'Ljillfft'!) tf.llJH

wabash

When it comes to

Flexible Disks, nobody

does it better than

Wabash.

MasterCard. Visa Accepted. Call Free: (800)235-4137

PACIFIC EXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd San Luis Obispo. CA 93401 (In Cal cal (805) 543-1037

Circle 188, 189 on Inquiry card.

Circle 308 on Inquiry card.

Circle 347 on Inquiry card.

|U|F\A#|f The Apple users group

• . "•• software library bonanza at truly affordable prices. For the first lime enjoy your Apple to Its fullest capacity using specially packed disks with over 60 outstanding programs each. Not available from any other source!

• Applesoft • 3,3 DOS

►nnC|«M* r PLEUUflRE J[^C pi-EACH

l\

Business Games

Utilities

offers 'An extensive variety o( interesting, useful and entertaining programs ndispensable to the serious computers! ncluding:

Educational • Graphics

Music * Science

Data Base • Finance . . .

Library disks 1, 2 & 3 are mixed categories and new disks 4 (Games). 5 (Utilities), 6 (Graphics) & 7 (Integer) al $59.95 each. Why pay more?

Order direct from this ad and Save up to $136. Buy disk library package 1,2 &3 and get a special bonus disk FREE — over 260 programs for$179.95+ shipping. For best value, get all 8 disks for $349, postage prepaid, for over 530 of our best programs at 65q: each! Call now toll free: 1-800-327-8664 Florida: 1-305-987-8665 6400 Hayes St. Hollywood. FL 33024

HOW TO REPAIR THE APPLE*

A comprehensive guide to repair your Apple II* or Apple II plus' computer.

With repair rates soaring and outrageous repair bills being charged for even simple repairs, THIS GUIDE CAN SAVE YOU MONEY!

ONLY 539.95

DATA-LINE (602) 820-0082 2961 S. LAS PALMAS MESA, ARIZONA 85202

'Trademark ot APPLE COMPUTER INC.

Forthe

IBMPCand CP/M-86.

8087 CHIP CALL

APPLICATIONS

FFTs $75

MATRIXPAK $75

87/88 GUIDE VOLUME I . . .$19.95

LANGUAGE SUPPORT

87MACRCT $150

87BASIC™ $150

87PASCAL~ $150

87F0RTRAN'" $150

IBM Personil Compulrjr ■■* a -«gnl»r»d tr«d«mar»

of IBM Core CP/M-86 s a triflamark of D'QitH Research. Inc 80B7 ii a CBdemtrk o1 Intel Corp B7'8BGUiOE B7MACRO 87BASIC B7PA5CAL 87FORTRAN. and McoWifB are irieemirtu c1 MicoWare Inc

Micro Ware

PO Box 79 Ktnyslon, MA 02364 (617) 746-7341

Circle 42 on Inquiry card.

Circle 153 on inquiry card.

Circle 311 on Inquiry card.

Electronic

Circuit

Analysis

• DC and AC analysis

• Very fast, machine language

• Infinite circuits on multiple passes

• Worst case, sensitivity analysis

• Dynamic modification

• M Nodes, 127 branches

• Compare circuits

• Log or linear sweep

• Full file handling

• Frequency response, magnitude and phase

• Complete manual with examples

• TRS-80 (TRSDOS) $90.00

• CP/M $150.00

Tatum Labs P.O. Box 722 Hawleyville, CT

06440

(203) 426-2184

1 IBM® PC SOFTWARE

ONLY $68 FOR ALL THREE!!

PERS0NALPAC™: 3 menu-driven "user friendly" time savers.

BILLTIME: Program expense categories w/o programming experience. Easily add, delete, update bills. Sort several ways. BANKBAL: Reconcile checkbook fast! Flexible and handles all types of income and expenses.

APPTCAL: Keep track of all engagements. Easily add, delete, update, and list appointments.

USE AT HOME OR AT THE OFFICE Sold on PC DOS-formatted diskette. Send check, money order or C.O.D. to:

SEARS ELECTRONICS INC.

"time saving software designers"

Tirrell Hill, Goffstown, NH 03045 (603) 497-3074

BASF

FlexyDkks

5 V

Specify soft, 10 or 16 sector

PriceHO Pricenoo

1 side/double density

2 sided/double density

S20.00 34.50

S1B5.00 325.00

8

ft

Specify soft or 32 sector

Price/10 Prtce/100

1 side/single density $21.00 $195.00

1 side/double density 29.50 275.00

2 sided/double density 34.50 325.00 Certified Check - Money Order - Personal Check

Allow up to 2 weeks for personal checks to clear. Add $3.00 to each order for U.P.S. shipping charges. NJ Residents add 6K NJ Sales Tax

^Xt3-i^/NCSe, INC.

280 Dukes Parkway, P.O. Box 85 Somerville, N.J. 08876 • (201)725-6680

Dealer Inquiries Invited

Circle 439 on inquiry card.

Circle 408 on inquiry card.

Circle 149 on inquiry card.

SIEMENS 1 MEGABYTE

8" Double Sided/Double Density

l-$299.00 ea.* 2-$289.00S 10-$269.00

ea.

FDD200-8 Floppy

Disk Drive Shugart

Compatible

OUME 55CPS—HIGH SPEED

DAISEY WHEEL LETTER QUALITY PRINTERS

$950.00 ea.*

Quantity Pricing Available

Includes Power Supply

TffHfmiiimimiimiummi

Shipping Wgt.

15 lbs. Factory New and Packaged

Fully Guaranteed

90 Day Warranty

Service

Contracts

Available

Full

Documentation

DUAL DOUBLE SIDED

8" SUBSYSTEM ASSEMBLED & TESTED

$850.00 complete

Includes:

2-Siemens, FDD200-8 Disk Drives Strong, Thick, Aluminum Cabinet, Rugged Heavy Duty Power Supply, Whisper Quiet 4" Fan, Etc.

MONTHLY SPECIAL - $279.00

Communications Text

Storage System

ASC II 8 Level (RS-232/EIA)

5 Level Baudot — CL or TTL also available

• Auto Disk Data Handler

• File Based Text Storage w/Full Directory

• Std. Connection between Comm. Cir. & Data Terminal

• Built in File Text Editor

• Local or Remote Control for Read/Write

INCLUDES:

5'a" Mini-Disk Drive (SA400)

Self Contained Power Supply 115 VAC

Micro Processor & Disk Controller w/Perm. Program

Std. Communications Interface w/Selectable Data Rate

Operating Manual With Commands

4

KEYBOARD by KEYTRONIC $14.95 each

66 Keys Unencoded, Low Profile, Gold Plated Card Edge Connectors.

REGULATORS

All 7800 (LM340T) Series 3 for $2.00

All 7900 (LM320T) Series 3 for $2.25

LM323k, 5 Volt, 3 Amp $2.95 each

LM350k, Adjustable 3 Amp $4.95 each

CONNECTORS

50 Pin Edge, ST, for S-100 Bus $3.49

34 Pin, Edge, Ribbon for SA400 Drive $2.95

50 Pin, Edge, Ribbon for FDD200-8 Drive $3.95

50 Pin, RA, PC, MT Amp #206973-1 $3.49

'Orders accepted by Visa/MasterCharge (add 3%) Money Order or certified check. Price does not include shipping charges. Specify method of shipment desired and include approximate shipping charge N.J. residents add 6% sales tax.

H Shipping Wgt. 46 lbs.

Proportional Spacing, 2K Buffer, RS-232 and Centronics Parallel

The Qume Sprint 3-55 with Interface is Compatible with most Computers having RS-232 or Centronics Parallel A or B, such as Radio Shack, Apple, IBM, etc. Also works with most popular word processing programs like Micropro1" Wordstar.

These Qume Printers were used by a major typesetting company under maintenance until replaced by laser printers on an exchange basis. We had their technicians refurbish and completely exercise them to give you many years of reliable service at a price you can live with.

COMPUTER POWER ADAPTOR $12.95 ea.

In Line Type Output: No Load — 14.0 VDC

Input-115V 60 Hz 2.0 Amps - 11.5 VDC

Capacitor Filtered, F.W. Bridge, UL Listed

SWITCHING POWER SUPPLY $55.00 ea.

15 Amps @ + 5 VDC Regulated 3 Amps @ + 12 VDC and - 12 VDC Current Protected Fan Cooled, Fused

CAPACITORS/BRIDGES

.1 uf Monolithic 100 for $12.95

.1 uf Disk 100 for $6.95

25 Amp 400 Volt 3 for $4.95

10 Amp 200 Volt 3 for $2.95

ELECTRONIC TAPE READER

Decitek Model 26167-002

$24.95

Includes Stepper Motor & Electronics

OPTO DEVICES

4N26 (Trans. Out.) - $.89 T1L31 (Infra. Red. Em.)- $.59

MCA2-55 (Darlington) - $.99 ILD-74

H11AX (Trans. Out.) - $.89 (Dual Trans. Out.) - $1.99 ea.

HllCX(SCROut.)-$.99

LED'S DISPLAYS:

Red - all sizes - 10 for $.89 HP5082-7340 - $5.95 ea.

Green or Yellow - 5 for $.89 Hexidecimal

Micro Red — 100 for $5.95 FND560 & 567 - $1.49 ea. Panel Mounts-10 for $.59

HOBB-Y-TRONIX, INC.

Division of Tope Industries, Inc.

957 Ball Ave., Union, N.J. 07083

(201) 687-1330

Circle 458 on inquiry card.

S 100 COLOR GRAPHICS!

THE STATE-OF-THE-ART COLOR GRAPHICS BOARD FOR THE S-100 BUS.

• Display consists o\ backdrop and pattern planes plus 32 sprite planes.

■ Each pixel in a plane can be colored or can be transparent to reveal trie underlying planets}.

■ Prioritized planes eliminate the need tor hidden object routines in applications requiring 3D simulation.

• Sprites are moved on screen by changing two-byte pointers thus simplifying animation applications.

• Up to 15 colors or 8 gray levels with a resolution ol 256 pixels horizontally and 192 pixels vertically.

• Standard NTSC video output connects directly to color monitor or to RF modulator for use with regular color receiver.

• One text and three graphics display modes.

■ Onboard 16K byte display RAM separate from system RAM.

- High quality PC board with solder masks, silkscreen and goldplated contact fingers.

■ Meets of exceeds all aspects of IEEE-696 [S-100] standard.

■ Documentation includes comprehensive user's manual with demonstration programs and Texas Instrument's manual lor the new TMS9918A Video Display Processor used on the boa.rJ.

• Typical applications include business graphics, industrial process monitoring, drafting/design aid. educational systems and video game development.

$249.95

[assembled 8 tested) We pay UPS ground shipping in the continental US UPS ait add S2.00 COD add SI 50 Foreign add $18.00. TN residents add 6% sales tax. VISA i MASTERCARD welcome.

MicroDynamics Corporation

P.O. Box 17577

Memphis. TN 38117

(9011-755-0619

Circle 305 on Inquiry card.

DATA SWITCH IN KIT FORM

MODEL 1200 RS 232

Bidirectional Data Switch with 3-2' Extension

Cablet now available in Kit Form

Model 1200 gives the terminal or microprocessor user a second interface for a Printer, Plotter, Modem, Cassette or Tape Drive. It operates at any speed, requires no external power and isolates the two output devices from each other, while providing 2 RS-232 interfaces from the terminal or microprocessor. Built in data cables save money. The Kit consists of 3-RS-232 Male connectors with all pins, switch, cable, pre-drilled Enclosure, all necessary hardware, and assembly instructions.

To order: Specify #1 200 Kit 999.50

Assembled & Tested: Specify #1 200 . SI 29.00

CALL Terminal Data Corp.

11878 Coakley Circle, Rockville, MD 13011 881-7655

APPLE II COMPATIBLE DISK DRIVES

ONLY $339.00

CONTROLLER CARD $ 73.00

JUST PLUG IN AND RUN

VERBATIM

5'/." DISKETTES SS DD SOFT

PERBOXOFW 323.99

EPSON PRINTERS

MX80FT $483.00

OTHERMODELS CALL

TELEVIDEO

910 $339.00

925 $719.00

950 $929.00

MONITORS

12" 20 MHZ

GREEN $129.00

AMBER $129.00

IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER

COMPATIBLE SYSTEM SUPPORT

CARD + MEMORY

64K $429.00

MAIL ORDER: P.O. BOX D

SANTA CLARA. CA 95055 (408) 988-7508

PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANCE. CALL MK 1OU MH MICES SUBJECT TO AVAILABLE 01 WTfTIES

Circle 29 on Inquiry card.

compubot)™

—the executive carryall

The Compubag, the ideal carrying case for your computer accessories. The forward compartment holds box of 10 5W" diskettes. Main compartment—an 8Vi Xll looseleaf with up to 3 inches of materials. Made of high quality calfskin, heavy duty zippers and brass findings. Available in: Brown, Black or Burgundy—just $79.95.

Send your check or money order to:

EMC Distributors

366 Fifth Avenue

New York, N.Y. 10001

Telephone 212-594^673

dealer inquiries invited

rnaxell

Floppy Discs

CALL NOW-TOLL FREE

1-800-328-DISC

Dealer inquiries invited. C.O.D.'s and charge cards accepted. All orders shipped from stock, within 24 hours. Call toll FREE.

w

AA4

North Hills Corporation

3564 Rolling View Dr.

While Bear Lake, MN 55110

1-8O0-328-DISC

MNCa.ll Collect 1-612-770-048S

Circle 330 on inquiry card.

wabash

Scotch

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

MotorO

FOR

ORDERS

CALL COLLECT (614) 866-3462

Circle 449 on Inquiry card.

Circle 190 on Inquiry card.

Circle 155 on Inquiry card.

mAadC'SOOIA SPEECH SYNTHESIZER

$50 Each

Order in Ones or Thousands

The SC-01A Speech Synthesizer is a completely sellcontained solid state device. This single chip phonetically synthesizes continuous speech of unlimited vocabulary.

The SC-01A contains 64 different phonemes which are accessed by a 6-bit code. Computer interfaces and text-to-speech algorithms also available for product development. Votrax is a trademark o! Federal Screw Works

Call 1-800-645-3479, in N.Y. 1-516-374-6793

MICROMINTINC, 917 Midway Woodmere, N. Y. 11598

Call lor quantity pricing.

COMPUTER SUPPLIES

FOR ALL MAKES & MODELS

DISKETTES

CALL TOLL FREE 1 800 248 2418

IN N.Y. STATE (2121 967-3433

TERMS-VISA OR MC DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

WORLDWIDE

COMPUTER SUPPLIES

159 MAIN ST., S.I., N.Y. 10307

wiih ihe new ASClFourPon inielligeni switch nil your RS-232C networking problems can be solved. Whatever you* switching applications the asci Switch allows you to switch with ease. Because ihe switch is Intelligent it allows you to change between peripherals frnm your keyboard. The code can even be Imbedded in your iexi When you consider tin- time you saved due to ihe simplicity of Installation, the elimination Of extra cabling and the exclusion oi knob turning the ASCI Four Port intelligent switch is ihe perfect way to expand your networking capabilities.

mitt.

fit

Advanced Systems Concepts, Inc.

PO BOX O ■ ALTADENA CALIFORNIA 9 10D1 (2131793-B971

Circle 433 on inquiry card.

Circle 489 on inquiry card.

Circle 19 on inquiry card.

B BASIS 108 ■ OKIDATA

APPLE COMPATIBLE

COMPUTER

CALL FOR LOWEST PRICE

82A

83

84

92

93

CALL FOR LOWEST PRICES

^Cegenb ^nbuetries

128K RAM CARD

WITH VIDEX MEM EXP 80

$35900

APPLE COMPATIBLE

COMPUTER

CALL FOR LOWEST PRICE

W/SURGE PROTECTION

$2500

SMITH-CORONA

TP-I

LETTER QUALITY

DAISY WHEEL

$57500

SOFTWARE

WE HAVE IT ALL!

OVER 500 TITLES

IBM • APPLE • CP/M

PARTIAL LISTING

ARCADE MACHINE

35.00

AZTEC

29.00

BEAGLE BROS:

APPLE MECHANIC

22.00

DOS BOSS

17.50

FLEX TEXT

22.00

PRONTO DOS

15.00

TIP DISK #1

15.00

UTILITY CITY

22.00

BPI: GL. AR, INV

299.00

EDUWARE

$CALL

HOME ACCOUNTANT

55.00

HOME ACC'T (IBM)

109.00

INFOSTAR B"

289.00

LEARNING COMPANY

$CALL

PEACHTREE

$CALL

PIG PEN (Apple & IBM)

21.00

SNACK ATTACK

21.00

SPINNAKER (For children)

$CALL

THIEF

21.00

TUBEWAY

25.00

WORD HANDLER

129.00

WORD STAR (Any formal)

289.00

ZORK I, II, III (Apple & IBM) 27.00

ZORK I, II, III (6" CPM)

35.00

WE CARRY MOST PRODUCTS. PLEASE CALL IF NOT LISTED

PARTIAL LISTING

APPLE PADDLES FLIP'N' FILE LIBRARY CASE GRAFTRAX PLUS

15.00

20.00

2.50

55.00

MICROSOFT 16K RAMCARD 59.00

WILDCARD 119.00

MX-PLUS (Fingerprint) 45.00

SMARTMODEM (300) 229.00

SMARTMODEM (1200) $CALL

MICROMODEM II 269.00

QUENTIN DRIVES $CALL

MICRO SCI DRIVES $CALL

C-ITOH 8510 PRINTER 459.00

GEMINI 10 PRINTER 399.00

GEMINI 15 PRINTER 599.00

MICROBUFFER 16K 139.00 MICROBUFFER IN LINE:

32K PARALLEL 245.00

64K PARALLEL 299.00

WIZARD SOB 16K 209.00

WIZARD BPO 16K 149.00

PKASO 149.00

CORVUS $CALL

SYSTEM SAVER

• Surge Suppression

• Dual Outlet

• U.L. Listed

• Fits Apple Stand

$65

PADDLES (Apple II & lie) JOYSTICK (Apple II & lie) JOYSTICK (Apple III & IBM) SELECT-A-PORT (Apple II & He) TRAKBALL (Apple II & lie)

O KSafT SYSTEMS

PADDLES (Apple II & Me) JOYSTICK (Apple II. He. IBM TRS-80)

JOYSTICK (Atari. Commodore) QUICK VIS (Apple II & lie)

539°

RESE3

23

IBM-APPLE II- APPLE III

Visilink (Apple)

179.00

Visicalc (IBM or Apple)

179.00

Desktop Plan II (Apple)

179.00

Desktop Plan (IBM)

249.00

Visidex (IBM or Apple)

179.00

Visifile (Apple)

179.00

Visifile (IBM)

249.00

Visiplot (Apple)

145.00

Visischedule (Apple)

229.00

Visiterm (Apple)

75.00

Visitrend/Plot (Apple)

229.00

vz

22 Mountain Computer

CPS Card

159.00

Mtn Cables

$CALL

Ramplus+32K

145.00

Rom Writer

145.00

Clock

195.00

Music System

299.00

Super Talker

149.00

Expansion Chassis

559.00

Card Reader

$CALL

A/D-D/A

269.00

Visicalc Expander

65.00

MONITORS

AMDE'K

$CALL

BMC 12" Green Au

88°°

BMC 12" Green Eu

12900

BMC 9191 Color

289™

TAXAN Amber

149™

TAXAN RGB III

54900

USI PI 1

99""

USI PI 3

169°°

16KRAM CARD

Compatible with: DOS 3.3, CP/M, Visicalc, PASCAL 2 YR. WARRANTY

$3900

64K

$319

128K

459

V-C Expand 80

99

QUADRAM

MICROFAZER

QUADBOARD

QUAD 512+

\ferbatim

5 1/4" (10) SS/DD 5 1/4" (100) SS/DD 8" (10) SS/DD 8" (10) DS/DD

$25.95

239.00

39.00

45.00

(j^^^y

■

80 Column

$239"

Enhancer II

11900

Softswitch

25°°

Function Strip

59°°

Inverse Video

19"

Applewriter Pre-Boot

19"

Visicalc 80 Software

49°°

Visicalc 80 w/mem. exp.

74°°

EPSON RIBBONS

MX 80 MX 100

* 700eaOr3 for2000 1100eaOr3for3200

DEALER

INQUIRIES

INVITED

COMPUTER

DISCOUNT

PRODUCTS

MAIL ORDERS & RETAIL STORE

860 S. Winchester Blvd. San Jose, CA 95128

(408) 985-0400

HOURS: MON-FRI 8AM -5PM - SAT & SUN 10AM- 4Pf

PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE - ALL ORDERS FOB SAN JOSE

Circle 119 on inquiry card.

■ ■ ■ ■ . -■;■•;■.

:■:■,"".;:,."■; :-:;;y-' :-;.-;■;.

m

age 65

years worked 40

retirement benefits 0

The U.S. Department of Labor has a free booklet that will help you answer these questions and a lot more. Send for it today. Write: Pensions, Consumer Information Center, Pueblo, Colorado 81009

U.S. Department of Labor

NEW! M-68OOO SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER

TiifiMl

;. |j IB I , II

•«iilIP«l

aiir

FEATURES!

Ihlm MdKiroli MUXXH l>( l>(w„iintft lOMHi.lOK hjtaoronboirdfur lUlk RAM. I6K bylrt of un brjird i I'IMIM ipict, 7 Ictrli <if piloiillcd ■ulovtclured inlcrrurilii, 1 mtmorj n pi mi on butt* (up la 15*K), 2 wriil cnmmunlc«tion pom (RS-132C), I'iIiii hldlfrcliunil pinllrl purl, 6800 pfrlphrrilircnmuditlun bus, <i Ifcliii counlcr/ limtn vllh THloicd inltrrupli, un baird rttl time drxk. loftnirr cumpillblr -iitt Maturate MEXtSKDM tMird. PIUCEt

Birt bo»rn wilh documt nmlun IM.9S

MEXMKDM comp.tlblf mnnftnr In 7.764 F.PHOM'$ J110,00

M6S0D0 CPU 4 memorj mip PROM SI 15.00

Shlppinf ind hindlini (liumtiik) IJ.OO

(Fottftn) IIS.00

Printer Cables

Parallel —

$59

.00*

$39.00;

ALTOS

ATTACHE

ATARI

CENTRONICS

COLUMBIA

EAGLE

IBM-PC

KAYPRO

OSBORNE

SANYO

TI-99

$39

Of)*

$39

00*

— SERIAL

ATTACHE COM.

RS232 (DB25P)

(9 conductor 1-8. 20)

CABLES UNLIMITED

PO Box 93065

Pasadena, Calif.

91109

Circle 185 on Inquiry card.

Circle 532 on Inquiry card.

Scotch Diskettes

Rely on Scotch1 diskettes to keep your valuable data safe. Dependable Scotch diskettes are tested and guaranteed error-free. The low abrasivity saves your read/write heads. The/re compatible with most diskette drives.

(800)235-4137

Dealer Inquiries invited

PACIFIC

EXCHANGES

LflCJ Fonmill FSIi.il

San LuilObMpo (A *M4(ll InCal .all |K00)V)2 VMS 111

L5iS4t-ltlt7

SIGNALMAN

MODEMS

300 BAUD $89

DRECT CONNECT

300 BAUD $149

AUTO ANSWER/ORIGINATE HAYES COMPATIBLE

300/1200 BAUD $319

AUTO ANSWER/ORIGINATE

HAYES COMPATIBLE

GEMINI 10 PRINTER

GRAPHICS $329 1°0 CPS

CALL (619) 436-8317

IMAGE COMPUTER

VISA/MC

ADD 3%

The Mega Super Computer

Fraa Computer with a Purchase of a RAM Oltk

* ZBOB Running at Smhz. * Versatile CPM, * Math chip 9511 or 9512 AMD. * 48 Plus Pons on Mega Expander BUS. * CTC. DMA. * 2 Parallel Ports—with hand shaking. * Serial Ports—with or without hand shaking runs 150 to 19K2 Baud. Runs most terminals, printers, and modems,

* NOWI CPM 3.0,

* Hard Disk Interface hooks directly 10 Priam Drives

* Floppy Disk Controller—Handles Single Density IBM compatible disks and Dual Density I or 2 sided supports 8" or S7<" in various combinations—3 Drives equal over 4 Mega Bytes of Storage WD2797.

* 5I2K Bytes of 64K D-rams with parity configurable as a HIGH SPEED ELECTRONIC DISK or B banks of 64K for multi-user or countless other applications

* All thli on a state-of-the-art 4 layer card—with accurate documentation—10" x 15".

* Prices: Bare Board with Documentation 1399

64K Base System A & T IB95

512K Base System A 4 T 11595

CPM 2.2 System A&T J ] 25

512K Base Kit SI 299

Manual i25

MPM S325

■ MEGA CO. «

2318 S Patk Street. Madison. Wl S3713 <60B)255-7400

Circle 347 on inquiry card.

Circle 533 on Inquiry card.

Circle 534 on inquiry card.

A NO-COMPROMISE S-100 SYSTEM THA T YOU CAN AFFORD, STARTING AT $2850 Features: Fully integrated S-100 system, with CP/M 2.2. 2 Thinline Mitsubishi 8" DS-DD drives. Integrand enclosure with 3 expansion slots. Teletek Systemaster single board computer. Freedom 100 terminal with 7x9 dot char, P-31 phosphor, detachable keyboard, 10 Func. keys. Mainframe has full 1 year warranty.

• 'All this for only S2850" Options: 7 or 10 slot full height enclosures. Hard disks 5 to 25 Mb. LQ Printer. $ call

TOTAL ACCESS

Suite 202, 2054 University Ave.

Berkeley, CA 94704

(415) 540-8066

MICRO SOLUTIONS

8 to 16 BIT UPGRADE

TRUE 16 BIT PROCESSING

• 28001 Microprocessor (upgradable to Z8003)

• 2 Kx16 Eprom with Monitor Program

(E'Rom optional) ■ 16 Veclored Interrupts

• Full IEEE-696 (S100) Compliance

• All Z8001 Features available

• Battery backup time of day clock

• Requires ram capable of word transfers

'Model M8000 CPU Board M25 '

•Model M8000 EE optional E'Rom '- 75°°

SPECIAL

il May 31 tdflll, MB000 EE F

mass oi mbooo cpu Boam

To order

Call 1-800-821-8858. in New Mexico 1-505-523-0975

or write Micro Sokitions Inc Suite 191 B 1608 El Paseo Rd Las Cruces. NM 88001

Visa and Master Card welcome Include check or money order New Mexico residents add 4.5% sales lax

' DAISY WHEEL PRINTERS " SMITH-CORONA TP-1

• BROTHER HR-15(2 colors) SAVE

• BROTHER HR-1 (16cps) $749

• KAY-PRO-10 SCALL

• KAY-PRO 11 SCALL

• C-ITOH F-10(40cps) S1295

• IBM PC SCALL

• OSBORNE COMPUTER SCALL

• SANYO MBC-1000 (incl sltwre) S1595

• GEMINI-10 $289

• GEMINI-15 $445

• FRANKLIN-ACE . $899

MICRO MART

5375 Kearny Villa Rd nl 15. San Diego CA 92123 (619) 268-0169

Circle 459 on Inquiry card.

Circle 523 on inquiry card.

Circle 531 on Inquiry card.

*"VS

ptVJS

^■,^P^«oSE^

Computer Products

01 *

HP£E

B0^°!

<*

'/A;

On

<%»*

l;M,M»lkM

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The RAM DISC from SD Systems is a "solid-state disk drive" for IEEE696/S-100 systems. It allows programs to execute from high speed RAM, circumventing the mechanical problems and speed limitations of floppy disk drives. RAM DISC increases system performance substantially in disk intensive applications; compiling and sorting times are reduced to a fraction of the time required for a disk based compile or sort- CP/M plus support provided. 256K storage per board. "Install" programs available for CP/M and MP/M

MEM-66256A RAM DISK

S799.95

SD Systems new ExpandoRAM III is a hiqh density S-100 memory board utilizing the new 64K x 1 dynamic RAM chips. It allows memory sizes of 64K. 128K, 192K. or 256K all on a sinqle S-100 board. Memory addressdecodinq is done bva proqrammed bipolar ROM so the memory map mav be diD-switch confiqured to work with either MP/M. CP/M, or OASIS - Woe systems. The ExpandoRAM III marks a new aenerationof hiahly reliable and versatile dynamic RAM boards suitable for expandinq current S-100 systems, or for use in new multi-user systems.

[3333033

MEM-65064A 64K .

MEM-65128A 128K

MEM-65192A 192K

MEM-65256A 256K

S495.00 $595.00 $675.00 $755.00

SD Systems ROM DISC is a 128K EPROM/ROM board which is similar in concept to the RAM DISC. Like the RAM DISK it allows execution of software at high speed directly from memory, without the use of disk drives. The ROM DISC however is non volatile memory ideally suited for use with the new CP/M Plus, which is now available in EPROM. With the new RAM DISC/ROM DISC combination you can now create a system which avoids some of the problems and pitfalls associated with magnetic media.

VERSAFLOPPY II

MEM-12850A ROM DISC Board

CP/M Plus On EPROM: SFC-55009059E Unbanked, RS232 _ SFC-55009058E Unbanked, VDB8024

SFC-55009057E Banked. RS232

SFC-55009056E Banked. VDB8024 _

$295.00

. S400.00

. $400.00

S400.00

S400.00

SD Systems' SBC-200 is an S-100 bus compatible sinqle board computer based on the 4MHz Z80A CPU. It contains a sychronous/asynchronous serial port with software programmable baud rates, a parallel I/O port, a four - channel counter - timer, and 1K on-board RAM. Up to 8K of firmware mav be added to the board's 4 EPROM sockets.

The SBC 200 is the ideal heart of a svstem comDosed of the other boards in the SD product line, or can standalone in process control applications.

SD Systems' Versafloppy II is a reliable field-proven S-100 doubledensity floppy disk controller. For full software compatibility it can also read and write standard IBM 3740 sinqle density format. The versafloppy II controls single or double sided drives, in single or double density format, 57/' or 8" in any combination and up to 4 drives simultaneously.

The Versafloppy II is faster, more stable and more tolerant of bit shift and "jitter" than most other controllers. All control and diagnostic firmware is included.

CPC-30200A SBC-200

S399.95

CP/M 3.0 PLUS

SD Systems' implementation of Digital Research's CP/M 3.0 Plus is

a unique combination of hardware and software that optimizes the

powerful new features of CP/M Plus. CP/M Plus requires 192K of

memory for optimum performance, making it an ideal match for the

256K ExpandoRAM III.

In addition to the many powerful new features of CP/M Plus, you

will realize performance increases of 5 to 7 times that of a CP/M 2.2

system.

SFC-55009059F Unbanked. RS232 _

SFC-55009058F Unbanked, VDB8024

SFC-55009057F Banked. RS232

IOD-1160A Versafloppy II

$359.95

SFC-55009056F Banked. VDBB024 SFC-55009057D Manual

$250.00 $250.00 $250.00 $250.00 $50.00

FREE!* CP/M 3.0

SAVE! $800.00 on THREE BOARD SET

S-100 board set with MHz Z-80A, 64K of RAM expandable to 256K. serial and parallel I/O ports, double-density disk controller for 5%" and 8" disk drives, new and improved CP/M 3.0 manual set, system monitor, control and diagnostic software. Includes SD Systems SBC-200. 64K ExpandoRAM III. Versafloppy II and FREE CP/M 3.0 - all boards are assembled and tested.

•64K Board Set with FREE CP/M 3.0 S1195.00

*256K Board Set with FREE CP/M 3.0 $1395.00

Circle 242 on Inquiry card.

Place Orders Toll Free

Continental U.S. Inside California

800-421-5500 800-262-1710

For Technical Inquires or Customer Service call: 213-973-7707

Computer Products

4901 W. Rosecrans, Hawthorne, CA 90250

64K STATIC RAM - Jade

Uses new 2K x 8 static RAMs, fully supports IEEE696 24 bit extended addressing, 200ns RAMs, lower 32K or entire board phantomable, 2716 EPROMs may be subbed for RAMs, any 2K segment of upper 8K may be disabled, low power typically less than 500ma.

MEM-99152B Bare board $49.95

MEM-99152K Kit less RAM $99.95

MEM-321S2K 32 kit $199.95

MEM-56152K 56K kit MEM-64152K 64K kit Assembled & Tested _

$289.95

$299.95

. add $50.00

Letter Quality Printer - COMREX

Uses standard daisy wheels and ribbon cortridges, 16CPS bi-direclional printing, semi-automatic paper loader (single sheet or fan fold), 10/12/15 pitch, up to 16" paper, built-in noise suppression cover.

PRD-11001 Centronics parallel $899.95

PRD-11002 RS-232C serial model $969.95

PRA-11000 Tractor Option $119.95

380ZbyD.T.C.

Based on the same quality mechanism as the Comrex printer, the 380Z contains electronic enhancements that allow it to print at speeds up to 32 CPS. Other features include a 48K buffer, proportional spacing, and Diablo 1640/1650/630 compatible protocol. Comes with printwheel. ribbon'and users manual. Serial, parallel, and IEEE 488 interfaces standard.

PRD-11300 380Z printer $1295.00

PRA-11000 7>ac!or option $169.95

PRA-1200 Cut sheet feeder $699.95

Cable Please specify $49.95

Printers From Jade

OKIDATA 82

OKIDATA 92

OKIDATA 93

OKIDATA 83

OKIDATA 84

OKIDATA 2350 75

OKIDATA 2410 15" 350 CPS, Two color .

DAISYWRITER 2000 48K Daisywheet

GEMINI 10 100 CPS 70" with Graphics . GEMINI 15 700 CPS 75" with Graphics

70" 720 CPS

70" 760 CPS with Graphics 75" 760 CPS with Graphics 15" 120 CPS with Tractor _ 75" 200 CPS with Graphics 350 CPS

_ CALL _ CALL _ CALL _ CALL

CALL

_ CALL _ CALL $1395.00 _ $349.95 _ $499.95

PRINTER PALS — FMJ

Desk top printer stand and paper rack. Fits all printers.

PRA-99080 70" Printer pal $29.95

PRA-99100 75" Printer pal $39.95

PRA-99700 tor Letter Quality $49.95

S-100

j/O BOARDS

The BUS PROBE — Jade

Inexpensive S-100 Diagnostic Analyzer

TSX-200B Bare board

TSX-200K Kit

TSX-200A AS. T

- $59.95 . $129.95 . $159.95

1/0-4 — SSM Microcomputer

2 serial I/O ports plus 2 parallel I/O ports

IOI-1010B Sare board w/manual

IOI-1010K Kit with Manual

IOI-1010A A 8, T

_ $35.95 $179.95 $249.95

l/OS — SSM Microcomputer

Two serial & 3 parallel ports, 110-19.2K Baud IOI-1015A A 4 T $289.95

INTER FACER 4 — CompuPro

3 serial, 1 parallel, IOI-1840A A & T . IOI-1830C CSC _

1 Centronics parallel

. $314.95 . $414.95

PB-1 — SSM Microcomputer

2708, 2716 EPROM board with on-board programmer

MEM-99510K Kit with manual $154.95

MEM-99510A A S. T with manual $219.95

PROM-100 — SD Systems

2708,2716, 2732 EPROM programmer with software

MEM-99520K Kit with software $189.95

MEM-99520A A 8. T with software $249.95

VIDEO MONITOR — Jade

1000 lines ultra-high resolution, 20 MHz ultra-high band width, 9" or 12", Amber or Green phosphor, the finest monitors we sell.

VDM-750920 9" Green _

VDM-750910 9" Amber .

VDM-751220 12" Green _

VDM-751210 72" Amber

_ $99.95 . $129.95 . $129.95 . $139.95

12" GREEN SCREEN — Zenith

15MHz. 40 or 80 column

VDM-201201 12" Green

$114.95

DUAL DISK SUB-SYSTEMS

DISK Sub-Systems — Jade

Handsome metal cabinet with proportionally balanced air flow system, rugged dual drive power supply power cable kit, power switch, line cord, fuse holder, cooling fan, nevermar rubber feet, all necessary hardware to mount 28" disk drives, power supply, and fan, does not include signal cable. Dual 8" Sub-Assembly Cabinet

END-000420 Bare cabinet $49.95

END-000421 Cabinet kit $199.95

END-000431 A 8, T $249.95

8" Sub-Systems — Single Sided, Double Density

END-000423 Kit w/2 Siemens FD100-8Ds $650.00

END-000424 A 8, T w/2 Siemens FD100-8DS _ $695.00

END-000433 Kit w/2 Shugert SA-801 Rs $999.95

END-000434 A & T w/2 Shugart SA-801RS $1195.00

8" Sub-Systems — Double Sided, Double Density

END-000426 Kit w/2 Qume DT-Bs : $1224.95

END-000427 A & T w/2 Qume D-8s $1424.95

END-000436 Kit w/2 Shugart SA-851RS $1274.95

END-000434 A & T w/2<ShugartlSA-801Rs $1195.00

ISO-BUS - Jade

Silent, simple and on sale — a better motherboard

6 siot fsy," x «%■')

MBS-061B Bare board

MBS-061K Kit

MBS-061A A S.T

$22.95

. $39.95

$69.95

12 Slot f9y," jr 8V,"J

MBS-121B Bare board

MBS-121K Kit

MBS-121A A & T

18 Slot (Uyt" x 8%'V

MBS-181B Bare board

MBS-181K Kit

MBS-181A AS, T

_ $34.95 _ $69.95 . $109.95

_ $54.95 _ $99.95 . $149.95

S-100_

CPU BOARDS

The BIG Z — Jade

2 or 4 MHz switachable 2-80 CPU board with serial I/O accommodates 2708, 2716, or 2732 EPROM, baud rates from 75 to 9600.

CPU-30201B Sare board w/manual $35.00

CPU-30201K Kit with Manual $149.95

CPU-30201A A 8. T with Manual.

. $199.95

2810 Z-80 CPU — CCS.

2 or 4 MHz Z-80 CPU with serial I/O port & on board

monitor PROM, front panel compatible

CPU-30400A AS, T with PROM $289.95

CPU-Z CompuPro

2 or 4 MHz Z80A CPU, 24 bit addressing

CPU-30500A 2/4 MHz A&T

CPU-30500C 3/6 MHz CSC

. $279.95 . $374.95

8085/8088 — CompuPro

Both 8 & 16 bit CPUs, standard 8 bit S-100 bus. up to 8 MHz, accesses 16 Megabytes of memory

CPU-20510A 6 MHz A T $398.95

CPU-20510C 6/8 MHz CSC $497.95

PLACE ORDERS TOLL FREE

Continental U.S. 800-421-5500

Inside California 800-262-1710

For Technical Inquires or Customer Service call:

213-973-7707

We accept cash, checks, credit cards, or Purchase Orders from qualified firms and institutions. Minimum prepaid order $15.00 California residents add 6%% tax. Export customers outside the US or Canada please add 10% to all prices. Prices and avalllblllty subject to change without notice. Shipping and handling charges via UPS Ground 50C/lb. UPS Air $1,00/lb. minimum charge $3.00

566 BYTE May 1983

Circle 243 on Inquiry card.

f-glYTjfTfTTgiraElS SF^PTCE

Tandon TM100-1 single-sided double-density 48 TPI

MSM-551001 $219.95 ea 2 for $199.95 ea

Shugart SA400L single-sided double-density 40 track

MSM-104000 $234.95 ea 2 for $224.95 ea

Tandon TM100-2 double-sided double-density 48 TPI

MSM-551002 $294.95 ea 2 for $269.95

TEAC FD55A single-sided double-density 40 track MSM-660551 $299.95 ea 2 for $239.95

5%" Cabinets With Power Supply

END-000216 Single cab w/power supply $69.95

END-000226 Dual cab w/power supply $94.95

SUB-SYSTEMS

Dual Slimline Sub-Systems — Jade

Handsome vertical cabinet with scratch resistant baked enamel finish, proportionally balanced air flow system, quiet cooling fan, rugged dual drive power supply, power cables, power switch, fine cord, fuse holder, cooling fan, all necessary hardware to mount 2-8" slimline disk drives. Does not include signal cable. Dual 8" Slimline Cabinet

END-000820 Bare cabinet $59.95

END-000822 A & T wlo drives $179.95

Dual 8" Slimline Sub-Systems END-000823 Kit w/2 SS DD Drives

END-000824 A & T w/2 SS DD Drives

END-000633 Kit w/2 DS DD Drives

END-000834 A & T w/2 DS DD Drives

_ $919.95

_ $949.95

$1149.95

.$1179.95

Siemens FDD 100-8 single-sided double-density

MSF-201120 $274.95 ea 2 for $249.95 ea

Shugart SA801R single-sided double-density

MSF-10801R $394.95 ea 2 for $389.95 ea

Shugart SA851R double-sided double density

MSF-10851R $554.95 ea 2 for $529.95 ea

Oume DT-8 double-sided double-density

MSF-750080 $524.95 ea 2 for $498.95 ea

Tandon TM8481 single-sided double-den thin-line

MSF-558481 $379.96 ea 2 for $369.95 ea

Tandon TM848-2 double-sided double-den thin-line

MSF-558482 $494.95 ea 2 for $484.95

NEC FD1165 double-sided double-den thin-line MSF-851165 $484.95 ea 2 for $449.95

Smart Buy in MODEMS — Signalman SUPERQUAD — Adv. Micro Digital

1200 and/or"300 baud, direct connect, automatic answer or originate selection, auto-answer/auto-dial on deluxe models. 9v battery allows total portability, full one year warranty.

IOM-5600A 300 baud direct connect $B9.95

IOM-5610A 300 baud Deluxe $149.95

IOM-5620A 1200/300 baud Deluxe $369.95

IOM-5650A 300 baud lor Osborne

IOM-5630A 300 baud card for IBM

IOM-5690A J200 baud option lor IBM _

SMARTMODEM — Hayes

Sophisticated direct-connect auto-answer/a modem, touch-tone or pulse dialing. RS-232C i programmable

IOM-5500A Smartmodem 1200

IOM-5400A Smartmodem 300

IOK-1500A Hayes Chronograph

IOM-1100A Micromodem 100

$119.95

. $269.95

$129.95

IOM-2010A Micromodem II w/Term prgm . IOM-2012A Terminal program lor MMII

uto-dial nterface

$574.95 $224.95 $218.95 $368.95 $329.95 . $89.95

1200 BAUD SMART CAT — Novation

103/212 Smart Cat & 103 Smart Cat, 1200 & 300 baud, builtin dialer, auto re-dial if busy, auto answer/disconnect, direct connect, LCD readout displays mode analog/digital loopback self tests, usable with multi-line phones.

IOM-5241A 300 baud 103 Smart Cat $229.95

IOM-5251A J200 baud 212/103 Smart Cat $549.95

J-CAV MODEM — Novation

1/5 the size of ordinary modems, Bell 103, manual orautoanswer. automatic answer/orginate, direct connect, builtin self-test, two LEDs and audio beeps provide status information, IOM-5261A Novation $149.95

S-100 DISK

DISK 1 — CompuPro

8" or 5y4" DMA disk controller, single or double density, single or double sided, 10MHz

IOD-1810A A & T $449.95

IOD-1810C CSC $554.95

2422 DISK CONTROLLER — CCS.

5%" or 8" double density disk controller with on-board boot loader ROM, free CP/M 2.2 & manual set IOD-1300A A & T with CP/M 2.2 $399.95

DOUBLE D — Jade

High reliability double density disk controller with onboard Z-80A, auxiliary printer port, IEEE S-100 can function in multi-user interrupt driven bus.

IOD-1200B Bare board Si hdwr man $59.95

IOD-1200K Kit w/hdwr & sltwr man $299.95

IOD-1200A A & T w/hdwr & sltwr man _

SFC-59002001F CP/M 2.2 with Double D

. $325.00 _ $99.95

DISK TUBS

DISKETTE STORAGE BOXES

Clear Plexiglass storage boxes for up to 75 Diskettes

MMA-505 Holds 75 S%" $19.95

MMA-508 Holds 50 8" $24.95

Single board, standard size S-100 computer system 4MHz 2-80A, single or double density disk controller for 51/," or 8" drives, 64K RAM, extended addressing up to 4K of EPROM, 2 serial & 2 parallel I/O ports, real time interrupf clock, CP/M compatible

CPC-30B00A A & T $724.95

IOX-4232A Serial I/O adapter $29.95

ULTRA-VIOLET EPROM ERASERS

Inexpensive erasers for industry or home.

XME-3100A Spectronics wlo timer $69.50

XME-3101A Spectronics with timer $94.95

XME-3200A Logical Devices $49.95

DISK DRIVE — Apple Compatible

Totally Apple compatible, 143.360 bytes per drive on DOS 3,3 full one year factory warranty, half-track capability reads all Apple software, plugs right into Apple controller as second drive, DOS 3.3. 3.2.1 Pascal, & CP/M compatible.

MSM-123200 Add on Apple Drive ! $249.95

MSM-123100 Controller $99.95

CP/M 3.0 CARD for Apple — A.L.S.

The most powerful card available for your Apple!

6MHz Z-80B, additional 64K of RAM, CP/M plus 3.0 100% CP/M 2.2 compatibility, C basic, CP/M Graphics, 300% faster than any other CP/M for Apple. One year warranty.

CPX-62810A A.L.S. CP/M Card $349.95

Z-CARD for Apple II — A.L.S.

Two computers in one,Z-80 &6502, more than doubles the power and potential of your Apple, includes Z-80 CPU card CP/M 2.2 and complete manual set. Pascal compatible utilities are menu-driven, one year warranty, CPX-62800A A & T with CP/M 2.2 $159.95

SMARTERM II — A.L.S.

80 column x 24 line video card for Apple II, addressable 25th status line, normal/inverse or high/low video, 128 ASCII characters, upper and lower case, 7x9 dot matrix with true descenders, standard Data Media terminal control codes. CP/M Pascal & Fortran compatible. 50/60 Hz, 40/80 column selection from keyboard. Best 80 Column Card! IOV-2500A ALS Smarterm II $169.95

16K RAM Card — for Apple II

Expand your Apple II 64K, use as language card, full 1 year

warranty. Why spend $175.00?

MEX-16700A Save over $115.00 $49.95

SERIAL I/O CARD — A.L.S.

Full feature serial card for modems & printers, baud rates from 110 to 19,200, CTS/RTS& X-on/X-off protocols auto line feed, RS-232C cable interface included. IOI-1000A A & T Dispatcher Card _ $129.95

Computer Products

4901 West Rosecrans, Hawthorne, California 90250

Circle 243 on Inquiry card.

BYTE May 1983 567

California DiqiTAl

Post Office Box 3097 B • Torrance, California 90503

FREE*

Plastic library case supplied with all | diskettes purchased from California Digital

$

New Low Price

19?s

Private labeled lor California Digital by ono of IIig most rospcctsd producers ol magnetic media. Each diskette la canilied double density at 40 tracks To insure e*tanded media Me all diskelle are manufactured wilh a rqmlorced hub. Eticfi oox of diskettes is supplied with a tree plashc

Spft sector CAL-501. Ten sector CAL-510

SV*" DISKETTES

WITH LIBRARY CASE

$

26.50

Your Choice

SCOTCH

MEMOREX

VERBATIM

Single Side Double Density Soft Sector 10 Sector 16 Sector

SCOTCH

744D-0

744D-10

7440-16

26.50

MEMOREX

3481

3483

3485

26.50

VERBATIM

52501

525-10

NA

26.50

MAXELL

MD1

MM-10

MM-16

29.85

DYSAN

104/1D

107/1D

NA

45.00

Double Side Double Density

SCOTCH

745-0

745-10

745-16

42.50

VERBATIM

550-01

550-10

NA

42.50

MAXELL

MD2-D

MH2-10D

MH2-16D

45.00

DYSAN

104/2D

107/2D

NA

49.50

DYSAN 96

204/2D

NA

NA

59.50

EIGHT INCH DISKETTES

Single Side Single Density

SCOTCH

MEMOREX

DYSAN

740-0

3060

3740/1 39.50

29.50

29.50

Thirty Two Sector

SCOTCH 740-32 29.50

5colch Hud Cfclnkig Ktti 5'/. ( I'ljin: LferaiyCms W * 6" ftiitnr fip TuOi BfydSHItts

BllMltFtpTubl liMy affiles

Single Side Double Density

SCOTCH 741-0

MEMOREX

3090

DYSAN 3740/D 57.50

39.00

35.00

Double side Double Density

SCOTCH

MEMOREX

DYSAN

7430

3114

3740/2D

47.50

39.50

65.00

Microswitch

ASCII

KEYBOARD

$

79

Each keyboard contains 81 high reliability Hall Effect keys. Outputs seven bit parallel ASCII MIC-81SD5 3 Lbs.

HITEK

KEYBOARD

*24.95

This Hitek keyboard is the same unit used by Lear Siegler in their middle line CRT terminals. The keyboard features 58 unencoded metal on metal con(acls (HlK-58). Matching numeric cluster with 15 keys is available for S9.95 . (HIK-15). Buy bolh of these units for only $29.90 and save $5.00 (HIK-5815)

VISA

MEMORY

16k DYNAMIC

1.95

4116 150ns.

64K DYNAMIC

6.95

4164 150ns.

2732 EPROM

4.95

450ns.

16K STATIC

4.95

6116 200ns.

r? *i*s.

2764 EPROM

SALE "9.95

DYNAMIC MEMORY

4027 AK dynamic 350ns.

4116 150ns. 16K

4116200ns.16K

4164 150ri5.G4K128relre

4125G 150ns. 356K

2IL02 200ns. IK static 21L02 450ns IK Static 2112450ns. 2K static 2114 300ns. 1Kk 4 4044TMS 450ns. 4K x 5257 300ns 4K x 1 6116P4 200ns 2K * 8 6116 P3 150ns. 2K x8

ICM-4027250 ICM-4116150 ICM-4116200 i ICM-4164150

ICM-41256150

STATIC MEMORY

ICW-21L02200 ICM-21L02450 ICM-2112450 ICM-2114300 ICW-4044450 ICM-5257300 ICM-6116200 ICM-6116150

6167/2167 100ns 16K x 1 (20pin) ICM-6167100

EPROMS

ICE-270B

ICE-2716

ICE-2716TMS

ICE-2732

ICE-273235D

ICE-2532

ICE-276J

ICE-27128

2708450ns. 1Kx8 2716 450ns. 2K x 8 2716TMS450ns Tn-vollage 2732 450ns 4KxB 2732 350ns 4K x 8 2532 450ns. 4Kx 8 2764 350ns 8K x 8 27128 350ns 16Kx8

CONNECTORS

S-100Gold

$2.95

DB25P

"""'

$2.50

gold tucir. i_:o\.\i-:<:iuhs

Bnaal wire wrap <ti) 3.8:5

Sullins Ili-Hi-I. .250" -!.f,0

Sullins Hi-Hel. WAV 5.35

Sullins /Altair . 140" -t.efi ,156" Centers (standard)

22/44 Kim Eyelet 2.50

3G/72 Digital LI roup S/T 5.05

36/72 Digital Group W/W B.60

13/ue Motorola otsoosfr g.go

43/UG Mold. (iliOt) W/W 7.00

KTEORATEB cmcuiT SOCKETS

DB23S female

:.!7S female G.oo

3.05 1.05 J.70

male 9.40 8.GO ti.00

CKN CRONICS

RIBBON CABLE CONNECTORS

23"

C0MP0SITF MONITOR

*159

Ideal monitor

for classroom

demonstrations.

Ever try gathering a classroom ol purchase a 23" lugti resolution monitor at a reasonable price These units accept standard composiI video signals generaled by the Apple and IBM Attach it your computer find in second you a

youi opportunity lr

upported eat n & Bradstr

SHUGART SA801R

s395

385

375

SIEMENS FDD100-8

259

259

225

TAND0N 848-1 SLIMLINE

379

369

359

Eight Inch Double Sided

SHUGART SA851R

525

495

475

QUME DATA TRACK 8

525

495

475

MITSUBISHI M2894-63

485

475

469

OLIVETTI 802/851

369

359

349

TANDON 848-2 SLIMLINE

495

485

475

SHUGART 860 THINLINE

569

549

539

Five Inch Single Sided

SHUGART SA400

215

209

199

TANDON TM 100-1

209

199

195

Five Inch Double Sided

SHUGART SA450

349

329

315

TANDON TM 100-2

295

269

259

TANDON 96TPI TM100-4

369

355

350

OLIVETTI 502 '/, height

239

225

215

Three Inch Rigid Floppy

HITACHI-AMDEK

call for pricing

Five Inch Winchesters

SEAGATE 506 6 Megabyte

759

725

695

SEAGATE 512 12 Megabyte

995

960

960

TANDON 603SE 14 Megabyte

995

960

895

WESTERN DYNAX removable

995

960

950

Upon request, all drives are supplied with power connectors and manual

Eight Inch Subsystem

Two Siemens FDD100-8 disk drives with power supply, 4" exhaust fan complete with al necessary power cables.

Same as above but with:

ShugaftaOIR MSD2801 '1195 Shugart851R MSD2S51 1450

Olivetti802 CAL2B01 '1250 QumeuTO MSD8DT 1450

ECLIPSi 100

INDUSTRIAL S-lOO MAINFRAMl

Suitable lor hospital and industrial applications. Constructed from 3CM brushed stainless steel. Modualar 500 wall toroid power supply provides ■>■ 8 volts al 30 Amps and j_16 volts at A Amps.Supplied with standard 18 slot Faraday mother board. Auxilary switched AC receptacles. The Eclipse 100 can be either table or rack mounted. Provisions for internally mounting a ten megabyte Winchester disk drive.

The Eclipse 100 is the perfect mainframe to fill the void left by the now defunct TEI Corporation. EPS-100 50 lbs.

TOLL FREE ORDER LINE

800)421-5041

TECHNICAL & CALIFORNIA

213)679-9001

itornia mqiTA

Post Office Box 3097 B • Torrance, California 90503

uper Buy $219

SIEMENS

FDD 100-8 8" DISK DRIVE

10 Drives s209

100 Drives s175

California Digital has recently pariicipated in the purchase ol several thousand Siemens FDD 100-8 floppy disk drives These unils are electronically and physically similar to thai ol the Shugart 801 Ft. Any application that will accept the Shugart will work with the Siemens FDD 100-8.

All unils are new and shipped in factory sealed boxes. Because of the extremely low price we expect a quick sell out. SEA-F1008 17 lbs. Manual and power connectors supplied free upon request. Also available: Two drive subsystem supplied in metal enclosure with power supply and exhaust Ian. S750.00 CAL-2F1008.

FREEDOM SO

SPECIAL SALE $475

California Digital gives you s greal price on th" Freedom 50 termin?.'. Includes detachable keyboard with 93 keys including 10 function keys, 15 graphic -".ymbols, .ind DIP-switch selectable character set lor 7 foreigr languages- The 12 inch etched 'ion-glare green phosphor screen displays 24 rows by 80 characters in 7x9 matrix with true des. Ttders Self test and 25tn data display row also included. Switch-selectable baud rates from 110-19 J00 baud. Bi-directional auxiliary serial port with baud ratebfrom 110-19.200 baud. Other stand ird features include both block and conversion modes Screen attributes do not use display memory, allowing operatot to display a full 1920 charactei i. Emulates 5 popular CRT terminals for easy software configuration Switch selectable between 115 and 230 volt.We have i ever seen a terminal with all these features for the incredibly low price of S475,

PRINTERS

UCUPSE8M

MATRIX PRINTERS

: parallel

Ocli.-ir.'M.-;

SlQrGemini-10 friction 8 Iractor 100 cha Star Eclipse SOFT friction & tractor Okul.il.i u;?A serial A [);ir,-|Uc'l !)' : paper Okidnt;) G3A serial & p.]r;iUc?l 15 paper Okirtiit.i 8-1A serial A parallel 15 paper Okid.iM 2350 Cnewj 350char/sec EpsonMXBOFTwithorapfilrji. IncimnA iractor leed EpnonMXiOOwmgf'apnuax 15 paper NECBQ23A p.iral el 9' .■ paper, graphics Anadcn 95O0A high speed 15' paper An:irii-'»r)!ilJ1 A liinli'.-.pi.'i.xJwiln graphics Dal.r.oulh iSOhi.ih :.pf?i-<) lU<)cps15" QL/ann:i 7030 cnii»,poiuli>iir:i> quality H Prownlor 0510 parallel 9W paper Prownlur B510 Serial 911 paper Prowniar II 15 paper Pfinironn P300 high speed prinler 3001 Printronix P600 ultra high speed 600 lirv Mannesmann Ta-ly I BOS 200 char/sec i

WORD PROCESSING PRINTERS

NEC77TO 55criar/second. serial interlace NEC-7710

NEC7730 same zs above only parellel interface NEC-7730

NEC35I0 15 senal NEC-3510

Di.iUio 630 40 char/sec serial D8L-630

Broltier HR11 daiSGy wheol BTH-HR1S

BromerHHIt senal interlace BTH-HRiS

Smith Corona TP-1 daisy wheel punter, serial SCM-TPi S

Slarwriier F10serial PRO-FiOS

STR-G10

STR-E80FT

OKI-82A

OKI-83A

OKI-B4A

OKI-2350

EPS-MX80FT

EPS-UXIOO

NEC-8023A

ADX-9500A

ADX-9501A

DSI-180

OTX-7030

PRO-8510P

PPO-8510S

PRO-2P

PTX-P3Q0

PTX-P600

MAN-IB05

Starw

•iFiOpa-aliei

PHO-F10P

359 00 297 00 459 00 695.00 1079 00 1995 00 51900 695 00 48500 1279.00 1279.00 1295 00 1535.00 49500 639.00 750 00 4500 00 6150 00 1650 00

237900 2379 00 1775 00 2250 00 855 00 895 00 659 00 1475.00

175 00

EPSON MX80

RIBBONS 6.95

MONITORS

Zenith Z12I green phosphor 12" 48/80 column switch ZTH-7121 115.00

BMC ISA ijreen phosnnor 15 Mti/. composil video BMC-tJW 88 00

BttC I2EN oree* [Hwpttti ?0 Mil! high resolution BMC-12EIJ 13900

NEC JR1201 green phosphOl IB MftZ composil video NEC-JB1201 169 00

NE'l JBI260 green phosphor commercial grade composil NEC-1260 129 00

Motorola 23' open Irsfflt till-/whit* cornposit video M0T-BW23 159 00

Motorola 12" open trameblk/whilerequeshorz sync SpowMOT-i1W12 69 00

Conrac 9' open frame requires tiorj sync & power supply C0N-BW9 59 00 [COLOfl]

NEC JC120) composil color NEC-JC1201 325 00

NEC RGB monitor NEC-12020M 87500

BMC 13' Composil video BMC-1400CL 273 00

BMC 13'' RGB color monitor BMCM01RG8 329 00

BMC intcilace card loi Apple II lor above RGB BMC-81RGB 149 00

Comre«/Hiiachi 13 RGfi high res monitor COM 6600 539 00

Comre«/Hitachi 13" Composil color monitor COM-6500 395 00

Amdek color #1 lomposit video AMD-100 349 00

Amdek color «2 iigh ics RGB color moniloi AMD-200 739 00

Amdek color "3 :ommercial grade color RGB AWn TJO 475 00

DIRECT CONNECT

I MODEMS

Universal Data 103LP. lino power, answer & originate UDS-103LP 169 00

Universal Data 103LPJ, aulo answer UDS-103LPJ 209 00

Universal Dala 202. 1200 baud, half duplex only UOS-202LP 209.00

Universal Data 212LP. full 1200 baud duple*, lino power UDS-212LP 450.00

Universal Daia2l2A, 300/1200 baud, auto answer UDS-212A 595.0C

HayU Smart Modem I200. aulo answer, autodial HYS-212AD 575.OC

Hayes Smartrrodom, 300 baud only, aulo answer, auto dial HYS-103AD 229 00

Hayes Micromodem II. 103 Apple direct conned HYS-MM2 279.00

Hayes MiCromodom tOQ. S-100, autoanswor.atilodial HYS-100 319.00

Hayos Chronograph, time* dale HYS-CHR232 199 00

Novation "J Cat. direct connect. auto answer NOV-JCAT 119.00

Novation Cat. acoustic connect NOV-CAT 15900

Novation D'Cal. direct connect via handset not phone line NOV-DCAT 169.00

Novation SmartCal 103. autoanswer, autodial. NOV-SC103 219.00

Novation SmanCat 103/212.1200 baud aulo dial NOV-SC212 529.00

Penre! 300/1200 baud, auto tog-on.auto dial PEN-212A $795.00

" inalman Mark I direct conned with terminal cable. SGL-MK1 88.00

j Roooncs212A.300/1200baud USR-212A 485.00

VISA

TERMINALS

Fieodom50. spin scti'i*n Lk-ir;ic.-iDie keyboard

Visual 50. detachable keyboard selectable sellings

Visual 50 Green screen

Visual 330. emulaies DEC. DG. LSI green

Ampei Dialogue 80 green screen, two page, lunc keys

Ampex Dialouge 80 amber screen, two page, tunc Keys

Wyse 100.norz& vert spin screen metal enclosure

Televideo9l0 Plus block mode

Televideo 925. aei,i!di;iLne ke-.-oaard. 22 lunction keys

FetevJdeo 9S0. graphic chat .spu screen. 22 tunc

Tirli!vitleoU70. 14 qmori screen. 132 column, European Zenilh 19 terminal, VT52 compatible

ADDS Vit.'wpoin! AI (fi'l.ilch.iDIo keyboard ADDS Viewpoint A2. xy cursor

LIBF50

VSL-SO

VSL-50G

VSL-330G

APX-D80G

APX-D80A

WYS-100

TVI-910P

TVI-925

TVI-950

TVI-970

ZTH-Z19

ADD-VPI

ADDVP2

475 00 635.00 65000 99500 685 00 685 00 825 00 595 00 795 00 985 00 March 765.00 505.00 555 00

APPLE

48K Plus

'1089

APPLE BRAND PRODUCTS

APL-48P APL-DSKl

API.DSK2

..,5 43K RAM

ISK witn controller card

isk withoul coniroiiei card

XITEN

Xilen 10 Megabyte Galln ISK ham card lei ftople

RANA SYSTEMS

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS

CCS-T710 Asynchronous Serial Inlerlare

CCS-772B Centronics Parallel interface

CCS 7720 Apple Parallel interface

CCS-711-t 12K Rom Piom Module

CCS-7424 Caieadat I Clock Module

CCSrMJfl Progiammable Timer

CCS-78I1B Arithmetic Processor for Apple II plus

MTN-CPS

MTN-TCLK

MTN-STLK

MTN-ROMF

MTN-flOMRTR

MTW-AOOA

MIN-BSR

MOUNTAIN COMPUTERS, INC.

CPS Multifunction Card

VSA-VISBO MCl-CNrRL

SVA-2?1 SVA-222 SVA-223

Clock/Cat

Supenalker S020Q Rom Plus with Keyboard liliet Rnm Wnler wilh Eprom sockel A-D'D-AConvcrlcr .X-10 Cnnliol Card tor BSR syslem MICRO SOFT Microsoft Z-80CPU card Microsoft 1GK RAM card

VISTA Vista fl controller card Vista Vision SO Micro Sci disk drive controller

FOURTH DIMENSION Super Drive-35 Irack Apple add on

SORRENTO VALLEY ASSOC

Single sided single density controller Double sided, single density controller Single or double sided, double density ADVANCED BUSINESS TECH 13-Key pad lor new Apple

125.00 95 00 95 00

149.00

169 00 1.15.00

89 00 329 00

475 00 95 00

S-100 BOARDS

16 BIT MICROPROCESSORS

GBT-8687 Golboul 8GB6'BuS7M>nooioces;o' iKI-nU GBI66B7 Go:

Seltlle Computer 16 tn

£6900

SINGLE BOARD COMPUTERS

WAV-BIT1 Wavemalc Bullet 1 wild Nopcy ?b6K

fnot S-lOOi 7!

AMD780 Advantrd Mine [)i!|il.ii il(ip|>y ! (Ui ?!

tEL-FDCI Telitek FDCI Single rjoard NEC7fiS

B BIT MICROPROCESSORS

GBt-780 Godboul m B tin CPU ?4 im ttitatti

address ?

CCS2B10 Cahlornia Coni|niti:i Z-BO micionruw,!!! ?

SDS-SHC20Q SOSyslerns SF1CZ00 Z-BO

nicroprocessor 2

MSU-2B0 Ueawameiil System 2-ao 28io

FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLERS

GontWUl Disk One double density NEC 7(8

"" irowDesignsOiskJockeyIIwilhCPM

'low Designs Disk Jockey ' Sir»fjl*r

CPM OPERATING SYSTEM

G8T-CPM22 GoiJboul CPM 7 2 lor Disk One H till

GB1CPMB60 norJboul CPM 86 Tot Disk Ol

HilhSOSfl BBT-CPMSB Goddnui CPM e6 tor opetati

EDB6 bnarrt

HARD DISK CONTROLLER

GH1-0SK2 GnclKini Duk H li.ml disk coiilrtillei GBI-DSK3 Gnr-hrml l)i:.k HI hjiiiI disk canlmllei MMS.W506 Mnriiiw r)i-.uins Wmclifislei toi

Seagals 506

WW 1000 WesiFvn Dnjil.li WD-1000 mm S-lOOi

EPROM BOARDS

A0S-PB100 Acke-nan Ojflllaj PtpBl Bla51fi 100

SDS-P100 SO avbieinj i'khi- iml oiuflrammei

ssm-pbi SSW Prom prgrammei upio 2716

0Gft.P3? Digital Hesc.irr;h .T2K tprom ie»rl only

26f.00 26b 00

STATIC MEMORY BOARDS

t Calilorn.a Digital Static f* 8'16 bit

6BI FITO fiodhpul Rsm 20 32k sialic in

filil R?l Gnrlbtwl Rani 21 12HX fl/16 0

DYNAMIC MEMORY BOARDS

SPStlQ Kt1!;vsli-m-.E ■ prin,lrM .un III .''fjfiK clvn^irii:i

CCS-208!) UiiHimi.i HoriLnut.-.-. ,'fm', f-lk hvii.hiik I.KU 0MI1M M.'.imiihiii'hI Sv.h-i"'. DMUMl.i .■All.li.i

INTERFACE BOARDS

Mil i ttmma Besmm UuHiUnrSaseiial i» GndbtHii -I'.uri i ,• iaai pottl

l«M Gnilhimt iMii-i II 1 •..nail p.ir.illrl

IJSA Gndtiniii IrHBlatW ill with Pi mill pori' i «a Gariboiil bjieilaui in mill fl serial porn

(Sr'A GodrMd IfllerUtt' IV i s rl 7 p.n.iii-1

'.'id r.aiiiiiintaCnmpi,i<.r jfmiwalmfntea ■ aMariua Convulei .'*n« ?piuMh-i ;

I aMOrnU Cnmanlrr I |mil fi.ri.<'!■ i

SPECIAL FUNCTION BOARDS

49500

/9600 39b 00

rnm yiffen ttoaii

96500

SHOO

■IHMKl

ivitnazii'

53000

..illi IMI IHOft*

irr.iKfl.ri.i.ii„.|

rsoo

t.*9 m

iii.iiiiivpi- hoard ip |uHintvi>r

mm

256K DYNAMIC

MEMORY BOARD

*495

• 21)6 iilobytaiotmamoryuiinoMKdynamicRAM|

• Over line megabyte ot mom on/ mlng the new 256K dynamic RAM chips.

• Prior dulection-ijap capability.

• indlviduiMBK block can he relocatid to any boundry within i magabyti ol HAM.

• !4 bll addraulng and phantom mode capability. I

Tho California Digital 256K RAM board ropresonir. an ouisiandmg vaiuo ir

above earlier generation 6-1K dynamic ram boards il gives you Ihoso addili

Parity error feature can be jumpered 10 any of tho interrupt lines, a status

signal. 24 or 16 bit addressing with memory management.

Proper operation with front panel equipped systems. DMA dis* controllers, and IEEE-696 Temporary Buss Masters

assured with an on Ihe board MI generator lor memory refresh timing. CAS and RAS liming is controlled wilh lapped

digital delay lines lor proper operation over the entoo operating temperature range.

The board is very recent m design using tho Nanonal Semiconductor DP-fld09 RAM Cornrollor chip Spin term

networks are used on all address lines. CAS lino, and RAS lines etiminaling me lasl traces ol ringing. The board

separate voltage regulators. One lor the ORAMs and one lor Ihe interlace logic increasing the noise tfnmunity

ol tho ram array Typical power dissipation is 8 watts.

Documentation includes Itioory of operation, configuration guide, a schematic, and application notes

use ol Ihe memory management options. CAL-256K 2 Lbs

TOLL FREE ORDER LINE

800)421-5041

TECHNICAL & CALIFORNIA

213679-9001

S-100 memory lechnology Priced sliglily Mial features 256K ol memory Willi parity port. ERROR LED. or IEEE-696 'ERROR

DoKCXU Computer

Products,

VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE

3250 KELLER STREET, #9 • SANTA CLARA, CA 95050

16K APPLE*II RAM CARD

BARE BOARD

KIT

ASSEMBLED

14.00 42.50

• Applb IS .1 IradL'rl

1 Apple Computer, Inc.

74LS00

74LS01

74LS02

74LS03

74LS04

74LS05

74LS08

74LS10

74LS11

74LS12

74LS13

74LS14

74LS15

74LS20

74LS21

74LS22

74LS26

74LS27

74LS28

74LS30

74LS32

74LS33

74LS37

74LS38

74LS40

74LS42

74LS47

74LS48

74LS49

74LS51

74LS54

74LS55

74LS63

74LS73

74LS74

74LS75

74LS76

74LS78

74LS83

74LS85

74LS86

74LS90

74LS91

74LS92

74LS93

74LS95

74LS96

74LS107

74LS109

74LS112

74LS113

74LS114

74LS122

.23 .23 .23 .23 .23 .23 .23 .23 .25 .25 .39 .39 .29 .23 .23 .23 .29 .23 .29 .23 .25 .49 .29 .29 .23 .43 .49 .74 .74 .23 .23 .28 1.19 .34 .34 .34 .34 .45 .59 .65 .35 .35 .79 .54 .54 .74 .69 .35 .35 .35 .35 .35 .39

74LS123 74LS124 74LS125 74LS126 74LS132 74LS136 74LS137 74LS138 74LS139 74LS145 74LS147 74LS148 74LS151 74LS153 74LS154 74LS155 74LS156 74LS157 74LS158 74LS160 74LS161 74LS162 74LS163 74LS164 74LS165 74LS166 74LS168 74LS169 74LS170 74LS173 74LS174 74LS175 74LS181 74LS189 74LS190 74LS191 74LS192 74LS193 74LS194 74LS195 74LS196 74LS197 74LS221 74LS240 74LS251 74LS242 74LS243 74LS244 74LS245 74LS247 74LS248 74LS249 74LS251

.49

1.24

.44

.44

.54

.54

.89

.49

.49

1.19

2.39

1.29

.39

.39

1.89

.59

.69

.44

.49

.68

.64

.68

.64

.68

.79

1.69

1.69

1.74

1.45

.68

.44

.39

1.89

8.79

.79

.79

.64

.64

.68

.68

.78

.78

.74

.89

.89

.98

.98

.79

1.48

.74

74LS253 74LS257 74LS258 74LS259 74LS260 74LS266 74LS273 74LS275 74LS279 74LS280 74LS283 74LS290 74LS293 74LS295 74LS298 74LS324 74LS352 74LS353 74LS363 74LS364 74LS365 74LS366 74LS367 74LS368 74LS373 74LS374 74LS377 74LS378 74LS379 74LS385 74LS386 74LS390 74LS393 74LS395 74LS399 74LS424 74LS447 74LS490 74LS668 74LS669 74LS670 74LS674 74LS682 74LS683 74LS684 74LS685 74LS688 74LS689

81LS95 81LS96 81LS97 81LS98

DoKou

L<\J l\\A\i Computer Products, Inc.

3250 Keller Street, #9

Santa Clara, CA 95050

(800) 538-8800

Calif. Residents Local Phone

(800) 848 8008 408) 9880697

INTERFACE

8T26 1.65

8T28

8T95

8T96

8T97

8T98

DM8131

DP8304

DS8835

DS8836

1.95

.95

.95

.95

.95

2.90

2.25

1.89

99

EPROMS

STATIC RAMS

1702

1ns

2.95

2101

450ns

O.BO

2708

450ns

2.98

5101

450ns

3.89

2758

450ns

5.89

2102-1

450ns

.78

2716

450ns

3.25

2102L-2

250nsLP

1.44

2716-1

350ns

4.69

2111

450ns

2.48

TMS2516

450ns

5.49

2112

450ns

2.58

TMS2716

450ns

7.89

2114 2114L4

450ns 450nsLP

2532

450ns

4.69

1.84

2732

450ns

4.15

2114L-3

300nsLP

1.84

2764

450ns

CALL

2114L-2

200nsLP

1.94

MC68764

450ns

34.95

2147

4.89

DYNAMIC RAMS

TMS4044-4

450ns

3.15

TMS 4027

250ns

.79

TMS4044-3

300ns

3.45

UPD411

300ns

2.89

TMS4044-2

200ns

3.89

MM 5280

300ns

2.89

MK4118

250ns

9.69

MK4108

200ns

1.74

TMM2016

200ns

4.15

MM 5298

250ns

1.74

TMM2016

150ns

4.89

4027

250ns

2.00

HM6116-4

200ns

CALL

4116

200ns

CALL

HM6116-3 HM6116-2

150ns 120ns

CALL CALL

4116

150ns

CALL

4164

200ns

CALL

Z6132

300ns

32.95

4164

150ns

CALL

LP

= LOW POWER

RESISTORS

<A WATT 5% CARBON FILM

ALL STANDARD VALUES

FROM 1 OHM TO 10 MGE OHM

50 PCS. SAME VALUE .0200

100 PCS. SAME VALUE .0150

1000 PCS. SAME VALUE .0125

6500 1 MHz

We Will Beat

Any Competitors'

Prices!

6502 6504 6505 6507 6520 6522 6532 6545 6551

5.25 6.85 7.60 9.85 3.95 4.95 5.95 16.95 10.95

6502A 6522A 6532A 6545A 6551A

2 MHz

8.95 9.95 11.90 27.90 11.90

3 MHz

6502B 11.90

.58 .58 .58

1.19 .58 .58

1.48

3.20 .48

1.79 .68 .74 .78

1.74

1.28

1.28

1.34

1.89

.48

.48

.44

.44

.98

.98

1.24

1.15

1.34

1.89

.44

1.15

1.15

1.15

1.48

.37

.37

1.94

1.69

1.89

1.48

9.45

2.99

2.99

2.99

2.99

2.39

2.99

1.48 1.48 1.48 1.48

UARTS

AY3-1014

AY5-1013

AY5-1015

TR1602

IM6402

IM6403

INS8250

5.85 3.90 6.90 3.90 7.85 8.85 10.49

LEDS

Jumbo Red 10/1.00 Jumbo Green 6/1.00 JumboYellow 6/1.00

DIP SWITCHES

4 Position .85

5 Position .90

6 Position .90

7 Position .90

8 Position .95

XR2206 XR2207 XR2208 XR2211 XR2240

EXAR

3.75 3.75 3.90 5.25 3.25

CA3010 CA3013 CA3023 CA3035 C A 3039 CA3046 CA3053 CA3059 CA3060 CA3065 CA3080 CA3081 CA3082 CA3083 CA3086 CA30B9 CA3130 CA3140 CA3146 CA3160 C A 3401 CA3600

RCA

.95 1.99 2.75 2.49 1.25 1.25 1.45 2.90 2.90 1.75 1.10 1.65 1.65 1.65

.80 2.10 1.25 1.15 1.75 1.15

.59 3.45

APPLE* II

COMPATIBLE DISK DRIVE

225.95

CONTROLLER CARD 79.95

APPLE

SUPER COOLING FANS 49.95

WITH SURG PROTECH

69.95

51/4" FLOPPY DISI

FLIP FILE

CAPACITY 75 EA

19.95

APPLE

PADDLES

9.95

UPGRADE

4116 -200 8/10.00

\

ns

*e

STORE HOURS:

MON-FRI 8:30 A.M.-5:30 P.M.

SAT 10:00 A.M.-3:00 P.M.

VISA

TERMS: For shipping include S2.00 for UPS Ground. $3.00 for UPS Blue Label Air S10.00 minimum order. Bay Area residents add 6'/?% Sales Tax. California residents add 6% Sales Tax We reserve the right to limit quantities and substitute manufacturer. Prices subject to change without notice. Send SASE for complete list.

570 BYTE May 1983

Circle 175 on Inquiry card.

APPLE'II USERS DISK DRIVE!

225.95

CONTROLLER CARD 79.95

DO KQU Computer

Includes metal cabinet Color matches Apple 35 tracks/single side Includes cable Use with Apple II controller

Products,

VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE

EPROM ERASERS

HOLDS 15 EPROMS ERASES IN 20 MINUTES

59.95

h

25 MHz

Z80-CPU

Z80-PIO

Z80-CTC

Z80-DMA

ZBO-DART

ZBO-SIO/O

Z80-SIO/1

Z80-SIO/2

Z80-SIO/9

3.35 3.35 3.35 12.49 14,98 16.95 16.95 16.95 16.95

Z80

SERIES

Z80A-DMA Z80A-DART Z80A-SIO/0 Z80A-SIO/1 Z80A-SIO/2 Z80A-S10/9

21.95 15.95 20.95 20.95 20.95 18.95

4.0 MHz

Z80A-CPU 4.90

Z80A-PIO 4.90

Z80A-CTC 4.90

6.0 MHz

Z80B-CPU 14.95

Z80B-PIO 12.95

Z80B-CTC 12.95

ZILOG

Z6132 32.95

Z8671 38.95

3250 KELLER STREET. #9

51A" DISKETTES

ATHANA OR NASHUA

SSSD 18.95

SSDD 22.95

DSDD 27.95

BULK

SSDD SOFT

$1.65 EA

SANTA CLARA. CA 95050

CLOCK CIRCUITS

MM5314 MM 5369 MM 5375 MM 58167 MM58174

MSM5832

4.90 3.90 4.90 8.90 10.95

6.90

ORDER TOLL FREE

(800) 538-8800 (800) 848-8008

(CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS) ALL MERCHANDISE IS 100'X, GUARANTEED

LM301

LM308

LM309K

LM311

M317T

LM317K

LM318

LM323K

LM324

LM337K

LM339

LM377

LM380

LM386

LM555

LM556

LM565

LM566

LM567

LM723

LM733

LINEAR

.32 LM741

.75

1.25

.64

1.65

1.70

1,49

3.75

.59

3.90

.79

2.25

1.25

1.00

.38

.65

.95

1.45

.99

.49

.95

LM747

LM748

LM1310

MC1330

MC1350

MC1358

LM1414

LM1458

LM1488

LM1489

LM1800

LM1889

LM3900

LM3909

LM3914

LM3915

LM3916

75451

75452

75453

.29

.75

.49

2.45

1.69

1.25

1.69

1.49

.55

.65

.65

2.45

2.45

.59

.95

3.70

3.70

3.70

.35

.35

.35

Disc Controllers

1771

1791

1793

1795

1797

6843

8272

UPD765

1691

15.95 27.95 29.95 49.95 49.95 32.95 39.00 34.95 17.95

9000 SERIES

3316 .95

3334 2.39

3368 3.69

3401 8.95

3601 .69

3602 1.39 36502 1.79

MISC.

11 C 90 3242 MC 3470 MC 3480 ULN 2003 CA 3146 2513-001 up 2513-002 low

12.95 6.95 7.95 8.95 5.95 1.75 9.69 9.69

7805T 7808T 7812T 7815T 7824T

7805K 7812K 7815K 7824K 7905T

VOLTAGE REGULATORS

.75 7908T

.75 .75 .75 .85

1.29

1.29 1.29 1.29 .85

7912T 7915T 7924T

7905K 7912K 7915K 7924K

.85 .85 .85 .95

1.39 1.39 1.39

T=TO-220

CONNECTORS

RS232 Male 3.00

RS232 Female 3.50

RS232 Female Right Angle 4.95

RS232 Hood 1.20

30 pin Edge 2.49

44 pin Edge 2.49

50 pin Edge 2.69

86 pin Edge 3.90

100 pin ST 3.90

100 pin WW 4.90

DoKau

32.768 KHz

1.00 Hz

1.8432

20

2.097152

2.4576

3.2768

3.579545

4.0

5.0

5.0688

5.185

5.7143

6.0

CRYSTALS

1.90 6.144

4.50 4.50 3.90 3.90 2.69 2.69 2.69 2.69 2.69 2.69 2.69 2.69 2.69

6.5536

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.31B1B

15.0

16.0

17.430

18.0

18.432

20.0

22.1184

2.69 2.69 2.69 2.69 2.69 2.69 2.69 2.69 2.69 2.69 2.69 2.69 2.69

8035

8080A 8085A

8155 8156 8185 8202 8205 8212 8214 8216 8224 8226 8228 8237 8238 8243 8250

8000

4.95 8251

5.95

3.89

5.89

24.95

34.95

7.75

8.75

29.00

27.95

3.45

1.79

3.75

1.69

2.19

1.79

3.34

19.00

4.39

4.39

10.49

8253

8253-5

8255

8255-5

8257

8259

8272

8275

8279

8279-5

8282

8283

8284

8286

8287

8288

8289

8741

8748

8755

4.39

6.89

7.89

4.39

5.19

7.89

6.85

39.00

29.00

8.89

9.89

6.49

6.49

5.49

6.49

6.49

24.95

39.00

34.95

14.95

29.95

IC Sockets

8 PIN 14 PIN 16 PIN 18 PIN 20 PIN 22 PIN 24 PIN 28 PIN 40 PIN

IC SOCKETS ST

.10 .12 .15 .20 .25 .25 .25 .35 .40

ST = Solderlail W/W = Wirewrap

W/W

.49

.50

57

.85

.99

1.30

1.40

1.50

1.80

6800

6802

6808

6809

6809E

6810

6820

6821

6828

6840

6843

6844

6845

6847

6850

6852

6860

6862

6875

6880

6883

68B00

68B02

68B09

68B09E

6810

6810

68B45

68B50

68000

6800 1 MHz

2 MHz

3 MHz

4.75 7.89 8.45 11.95 17.95 2.89 3.50 2.95 13.95 7.95 32.95 24.95 13.95 11.95 3.20 3.50 9.89 11.90 6.89 1.80 22.95

9.95 21.95 28.95 28.95

7.89 11.95 33.95 11.95

57.95

Power Supplies

MOUNTED ON PC BOARD

MANUFACTURED BY CONVER

+5 VOLT 4 AMP

±12 VOLT 1 AMP

34.95

Computer Products, Inc.

3250 Keller Street, #9

Santa Clara, CA 95050

(800) 538 8800

Cihf Ri.'iidcnti Lo(

8001848 8008 (408

STORE HOURS:

MON-FRI 8:30 A.M.-5:30 P.M.

SAT 10:00 A.M.-3:00 P.M.

BANKAMfcRlCARD

master charge

TERMS: For shipping include S2.00 for UPS Ground. $3.00 for UPS Blue Label Air. $10.00 minimum order. Bay Area residents add 6%% Sales Tax. California residents add 6% Sales Tax. We reserve the right to limit quantities and substitute manufacturer. Prices subject to change without notice. Send SASE for complete list.

408) 988 0697

Circle 175 on Inquiry card.

BYTE May 1983 571

« » ££ MICRO . SALES

* MADE IN USA. BY AMERICANS *

" UNIVERSAL POWER SUPPLY^

For Big Board, Apple or Aim 65 +5VDC @ 3 Amps

+ 12VDC @ .750 Amps -12VDC @ .750Amps -5VDC @ .500 Amps

Dimensions: 4"x4"x11"

•s

California Computer Systems

SPECIAL!

CCS SYSTEM 2410 . . $1995.00

• Includes CP/M® 2.2 • 2-Serial/1-Parallel Port

• DMA Disk Controller • Hardware Vectored Interrupts

• 2-Real Time Clocks • Supports CP/Ms,MP/M9,OASIS

CCS 2300 System, A & T.. 1695.00

• 2810 CPU On/y-255.00

• 2422 Disk Controller On/y-330.00

• 2066 64K On/y-360.00

• 2300A Mainframe NEW!... On/y-399.00

• CCS Apple Boards... Call Toll Free For Prices

$69

S**t A

DISK DRIVE POWER SUPPLY

For 2 - 8" or 5" Drives

+ 5VDC @ 4 Amps

+24VDC @ 3 Amps

- 5VDC @ 1 Amp

AC Cables for 2 Drives $7.50 '

Dimensions: 4" x 4" x 11"

$59.95

S-100 POWER SUPPLY

+8VDC @ 30 Amps + 16VDC @ 6 Amps -16VDC @ 6 Amps

PC Board Design Dimensions: 5" x 6" x 11"

$89.50

■u

©©

by XOR

KM

For test or systems applications. Complete S-100 12 Slot Main- . frame with Disk Drive Power Supply for 4 Drives.

SPECIFICATIONS

Regulated +5V <s> 5A +24V 03A -5V @ 1A $225.00 Kit with 12 S-100 Bus Connectors $255.00 Assem. and Tested with 12 Bus Connectors

$15.00 AC/DC Drive Cable Set lor 2 Drives Dimensions 6" x 10" x 18" — Shipping Weight 25 lbs.

Unregulated +8V @ 30A ±16V @6A

Low Velocity Whisper' Fans On/y$18.00ea Finger Guards $2.50 each.

XOR

S-100 MOD^

CUSTOMER SERVICE HOTLINE 1 - (714) 898-5525

DUAL DRIVE SUBSYSTEMS

HORIZONTAL OR VERTICAL

Fully Assembled and Tested Units

ONE YEAR P + L WARRANTY

On Shugart and Mitsubishi Subsystems

w/two Mitsubishi DS/DD $1170.00

w/two Shugart 801R SS/DD 975.00

w/two Shugart 851R DS/DD 1225.00

w/two Siemans 120-8 SS/DD 675.00

w/two Qume DT-8 DS/DD 1250.00

Cabinet A & T w/Power Supply and Aces 235.00

Cabinet Top and Bottom Only - 69.50

All cabinets A & T and subsystems include all AC/DC wiring and 50 pin data cable except the horizontal model which includes the internal 50 pin cable and requires an external 50 pin cable part f C-6000-01 $ 25.00

5V<" Subsystems

W/two 48TPI SS/DD 495.00

w/two 48TPI DS/DD 595.00

w/two 96TPI DS/DD 695.00

* SPECIAL *

OF THE MONTH ON MITSUBISHI DS/DD SUBSYSTEM*

2.4 MEGABYTES . . . ONLY $1095.00

Fully assembled and tested horizontal drive cabinet including fused power supply, fused AC input, fan, all AC and DC cables, 50 pin data cable and ONE FULL YEAR PARTS AND LABOR WARRANTY on the complete subsystem including the Mitsubishi 2894 double sided double density drives.

Add $15.00 for shipping material. 'OFFER EXPIRES JULY 31st 1983

FLOPPY DRIVES

Buy a set at these reduced prices

Shugart 801R SS/DD $369.00

8" Shugart 851R DS/DD 495.00

8" Qume DT-8 DS/DD 519.00

8" Mitsubishi 2894 DS/DD 465.00

8" Mitsubishi Slimline DS/DD 465.00

8" Tandon 848-1 Thinline SS/DD 370.00

8" Tandon 848-2 Thinline DS/DD 470.00

8" Siemans 120-8 SS/DD 235.00

5V4" Mitsubishi 96 DS/DD Full 315.00

5'/4" Mitsubishi 96 DS/DD 'k Height 315.00

All Shugart and Mitsubishi drives will have a 1 year parts and labor warranty. Qume drives — Full 6 months — All others 90 days.

■ ■ ■ ^ ^ ^

And now a complete system package is available from U.S. Micro Sales featuring the famous S-100-4 Computer System. 64K based Z-80A @ 4MHZ with two Tandon 8" floppies to provide over 1.2 Megabytes of formatted storage. The new ADDS Viewpoint 3A+ with green screen and detachable keyboard makes the perfect terminal with features like reverse video, % intensity, visual highlighting, and full auxiliary port use. For a printer you'll get the new Gemini 10 dot matrix 80 column by Star Micronics with features like 100 CPS print speed, serial and parallel interfacing, 4K ram buffer, self test, bi-directional print, and single or multi-sheet feed. What more could be asked for?? A full six month parts and labor warranty on the COMPLETE system — warranty includes the disk drives, terminal and printer. We service what we sell. Call your order in today TOLL FREE.

4

* * * SYSTEM SPECTACULAR

OFFER EXPIRES JULY 31st, 1983

The total system includes the XOR S-100-4 Computer System, the ADDS Viewpoint 3A+ terminal, the Star Micronics Gemini 10 printer, and all AC/DC, serial, and RS232 cables with CP/M 2.2 software, manuals and our full SIX MONTH parts and labor warranty.

Order Part #S-1500-01 $2595.00

V

Circle 467 on Inquiry card.

©Oft ©Qflff ^©GsidD ^©D3®© ORDER TOLL FREE <& EAST ft # WEST it

1 (800) 435-9357 1 (800) 854-8174

In III. (815) 485-4002

In Calif. 1 (714) 898-1492

Vk sf sS? MICRO

■ E ■

S>U£S

• MADE IN U.S.A. BY AMERICANS •

rERMS: We accept V1SA/MC, prepay, check or money order. Please allow persona! check two weeks lo clear before shipment. S.00 handling charge on all orders under $50.00.15% Restocking Fee. All orders shipped via U.P.S. unless otherwise specified. AH IPS C.O.D. orders over $100.00 require a Cashiers Check. *Our products carry a full 6 months parts and labor warranty excluding was, printers and terminals which carry the full O.E.M. factory wananly. PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE.

• EAST • 11 Edison Drive, New Lenox, Illinois 60451 •k WEST • 15392 Assembly Lane, Huntington Beach, CA 92649

TERMINALS

Adds Viewpoint 3A + : A low cost high performance terminal w/green screen and detachable keyboard. Features include • Reverse video • Vi intensity • Visual highlighting • Full auxiliary port use • 150 — 19.2K baud rate. #T-1000-04 $519.00

Televideo 910+ : Save your eyes on a great green screen w/features like • Built-in self test • Full editing • Tab options • cursor control • 16 visual attributes like, reverse video, monitor mode and V2 intensity. #T-1000-05 $569.00

Televideo 925: From the hobbyist to the basic professional

this popular terminal will fit your needs. • Detachable

keyboard • Numeric keypad • Green screen • Self test

• Time of day display • Programmable function keys •

912/920 emulation hardware/software programmable

configurations.

#T-1000-08 $739.00

Televideo 950 #T-1000-09 $939.00

PRINTERS

C-ltoh Starwriter F-10: The best you can get in a daisy-wheel letter quality

J printer with removeable print head and speed to 45 C.P.S. Order serial or parallel

models — same price. No extra charge for the quiet-low profile design.

F-10 Starwriter Parallel #M-2000-47 $1475.00

F-10 Starwriter Serial #M-2000-31 $1475.00

Okidata Microline: New versatility, correspondence quality printing and speed make the ML92 and ML93 the best printer values in their categories. Both printers provide multi-speed print modes; bi-directional high speed mode with short line seeking logic at 160cps, emphasized and enhanced mode printing at 80cps, and high resolution correspondence quality printing at 40cps. Dotaddressable graphics is standard. Both serial and parallel interfaces are standard and BOTH prices include full tractor assembly at no extra charge.

ML92 #M-2000-10 S 629.00

ML93 #M-2000-11 $ 965.00

Epson FX-80: This is the latest entry from the manufacturer that has taken

the printer market by storm by offering the highest quality at very reasonable

prices.

One Quick glance at the features below should convince you that Epson has

created a real winner with the new FX80:

• Burst print speed of 160 cps; continuous speed of 110cps • 11x9 character matrix; 18x18 in emphasized and doublesize modes • User definable characters

• Internal RAM can function as either 2K print buffer or user-definable character set storage area • Standard Centronics parallel interface • Programmable left margin; 32 horizontal tab stops and 8 sets of 16 vertical labs.

Introductory offer #M-2OOO-70 $599.00

Above w/Serial/Int #M-2000-71 $699.00

The 4 slot S-100 systems below are equipped with the XOR Z-80 4MHZ three board set. Each can run 8" or 5" disk simultaneously. In addition to the high speed XOR mini format, they can read KPRO, IBM and Morrow 5" disk formats. Each has a modular dual power supply sub chassis. They are fan cooled. Standard 10 is 2 serial ports and one Centronics parallel. Expansion 10 is available.

*

TWIN 51/4" MINI

• System less boards and drives $ 425.00

• Mini 48TPI SS/DD $1395.00

• Mini 48TPI DS/DD $1495.00

• Mini 96TPI DS/DD $1650.00

5V/t" HARD DISK • NEW PRODUCT SPECIAL

I_JHs*

SALE

w/1 48TPI + 5 Meg $2306.00

w/1 96TPI + 5 Meg $2495.00

w/2 96TPI + 5 Meg $2750.00

w/2 96TPI + 10 Meg $2995.00

w/2 96TPI + 20 Meg $3445.00

8" MITSUBISHl/TANDON

□

System less boards + drives $ 395.00

w/2 Mitsubishi DS/DD $1895.00

w/2 Tandon SS/DD $1725.00

The 12 slot commercial grade S-100 systems below have all of the features listed above plus a massive 30 amp power supply capable of the expansion we expect you will do. All units are cooled by four inch fans. Each system must pass 2 days of constant read and write disk testing without a single error before shipment. One year complete system warranty is included.

BASIC PROFESSIONAL

• w/no drives (full board set) $1350.00

* w/2 Mitsubishi $2295.00

* w/2 Shugart 801R $2125.00

* w/2 Shugart 851R $2425.00

• w/2 Qume $2450.00

• w/2 Mitsubish/wide $2295.00

IOMEGA S-100-12 +

• w/1 Iomega

+ 1 Floppy $3395.00

• w/1 Iomega

+ 2 Floppies $3715.00

• w/2 Iomega

+ 1 Floppy $3995.00

PROFESSIONAL 8" HARD DISK TO MP/M

• w/20 Meg + 1 Floppy $4395.00

• w/40 Meg + 1 Floppy $4950.00

• w/85 Meg + 1 Floppy $5395.00

• Add Tape Backup $1495.00

• Add MP/M $ 695.00

• Add per User $ 250.00

Circle 467 on inquiry card.

f ^w^f

MICROPROCESSOR COMPONENTS ^1 Digitaiker

hdjfg. "Pin* Prici PirtNo. •■Pim Prlci

SN7400N SM740I^

SN7402N SN7403N SN74D4N SN7405N SN7406fi SN7407N SN7408N SN7409N SN7410N SN7411N SN7412N SN7413N SN7414N SN7416N SN7417N SN7420N SN7421N SN7422N SN7423N SN7425N SN7426N SN7427N SN742BN SN7430N SN7432N SN7437N SN7438N SN7439N SN7440N SN7441N SN7442N SN7443N SN7444N SN7445N SN7446N SN7447N SN7448N SN7450N SN7451N 5N7453N SN7454N SN74S9A SN7460N SN7470N

74LS00 74LS01 74LS02 74LS03 74LS04 74LS05 74LS0B 74LS09 74LS10 74LS11 74LS12 74LS13 74LSI4 74LS15 74LS20 74LS21 74LS22 74LS26 74LS27 74LS28 74LS30 74LS32 74LS33 74LS37 74LS3B 74LS40 74LS42 74LS4? 74LS48 74LS49 74LS51 74LS54 74LS55 74LS73 74LS/4 74LS75 74LS76 74LS78 74LS83 74LS85 74LS86 74LS90

74S00 74S02 74S03 74S04 74S05 74S08 74S09 74S10 74S11 74SI5 74S20 74S22 74S30 74S32 74S38 74S40 74S51 74S64 74S6S 74S74 74S86 74S112 74S113 74S114

CA3010H CA3013H CA3023H CA3035H CA3039H CA3046N CA3Q59N

2.15

3.25 5.95

CD4000 14

CD4001 14

CD40D2 14

CO40O6 14

CD4007 14

CO40O9 IB

CD4010 16

CD4011 14

CD4012 14

CD4013 14

CD4014 16

CO4015 16

CD401B 14

C04017 16

CD4018 16

CD4019 16

CD4020 16

CD4021 16

C04022 16

C04Q23 14

CD4024 14

CD4025 14

CD4026 16

CD4027 16

C0402B 16

C04Q29 16

C04030 14

CD4034 24

CO4035 16

SN7472N 1

SN7473N 1

SN7474N 1

SN7475N 1

SN7476N 1

SN7479N 1

SN7480N 1

SN7482N 1

SN7483N 1

SN74B5N 1

SN74B6N 1

. SN7489N 1

SN7490N 1

SN7491N 1

SN7492N 1

SN7493N 1

SN7494N 1

SN7495N 1

SN7496N 1

SN7497N 1

SN74100N 2

SN741Q4N 1

SN74105N 1

SN74107N 1

SN74109N 1

SN74116N i

SN74121N 1

SN74122N 1

SN74123N 1

SN74125N 1

SN74I26N 1

SN74132N 1

5N74136N 1

SN7414IN 1

SN74142N 1

SN74143N 2

SN74144N 2

SN74145N 1

SN74147N 1

SN74148N 1

SN74150N 2

SN741S1N 1

SN74152N 1

SN74153N 1

SN74154N 2

SN74155N 1

74L592 74LS93 74LS95 74LS96 74LS107 71LS109 74LS1I2 74LS113 74LS114 74LS122 74LS123 74LS125 74LS126 74LSI32 74LS133 74LS136 74LSI38 74LS139 74LS1S1 74LS153 74LS154 74LS155 74LS156 74LS157 74LS158 74LS160 74LS161 74LS1G2 74LS163 74LS164 74LS165 74LS16B 74LS169 74LSI70 74LSI73 74LS174 74LS175 74LS1B1 74LS190 74LS191

74S124 74S133 74S134 74S135 74S135 74S138 74S139 74S140 74S151 74S153 74S157 74515B 74S160 74S174 74S175 745188" 74S194 745195 74S196 74S24D 74S241 74S242

CA3060N CA308DE CA30S1N

CA3082N CA30B3N CA3D86N

CD4040 CD4041 CD4042 CD4043 CD4044 CD4046 C04047 CD404B CD4049 CD4050 CD4051 CD4052 CD4053 C04056 CD4059 CD4060 CD4066 CO4066 CD4D69 CD4070 CD4D71 CD4072 CD4073 C04075 CD4D76 CD4078 C 04081 CD40B2 CD4093

PirlWfl. "Pint Price

SN74156N 16 59

SN74157N 16 .59

SN7416QN 1G .69

SN74161N 16 .69

SN74162N 16 .69

SN74163N 16 .69

SN74164N 14 .69

SN74165N IB .69

SN74166N 16 .69

SN74167N 16 2.79

SN74170N 16 1.28

S^74172U 24 4.95

SN74173N 16 .69

SN74174N 16 .69

SN74175N 16 .69

SN74176N 14 .69

SN74177N 14 .69

SN74179N IB 1.49

SN74180N 14 .69

SN74181N 24 1.95

5N74I82N 16 .89

SN74184N 16 1.95

SN74185N IB 1.95

SN74190N 16 .69

SN74191N 16 .69

SN74192N 16 .69

SN74193N 16 .69

SN74T94N 16 .69

SN74195N 16 .69

SN74196N 14 .89

SN74197N 14 .89 SN74198N 5N74199N SN74221N SN74251N SN74276N SN74279N SN742B3N SN74284N SN74285N SN74365N SN74366N SN74367N SN74368N SN74390N SN74393N

24 1.19 24 1.19

16 1.19

74LS192 74LS193 74LS194 74LS195 74LS597 74LS221 74LS240 74LS241 74LS242 74LS243 74LS244 74LS245 74LS247 74LS248 74LS249 74LS251 74LS253 74LS257 74LS258 74LS260 74LS266 74LS273 74LS279 74LS283 74LS290 74LS293 74LS298 74LS352 74LS353 74LS365 74LS366 74LS367 74LS368 74LS373 74LS374 74LS375 74LS3B6 74LS393 74LS399 74LS670 81LS95 B1LS97

74S243 74S244 74S251 74S253 74S257 74S258 74S260 74S2BO 74S28774S28B' 74S373 74S374 74S3B7* 74S471' 74S472* 74S473* 74S474" 74S475* 74S570* 74S571* 74S572" 74S573* 74S940 74S941

20 2.49

CA30B9N 16 1.69

CA3096N 16 1.19

CA3130E 8 1.49

CA3140E B .99

CA3160H 1.95

CA3401N 14 .59

CA360DN 14 3.95

CD4098 CD4506 CD4507 CD4508 CD4510 CD4511 CD4512 CD4S14 C04 515 C04516 C0451B CD4519 CD4520 CD4526 C0452B CD4529 CD4543 CD4562 CD4566 CD4583 CD45B4 CD4723 CD4724 MC14409 16

1 95

110 16 13.95 24 11.95

MC14412 16

MC14419 16

MC14433 24

MC14538 16

MC14541 14

-MICROPROCESSOR CHIPS

Part No. "Pim Funclion

COP 1802

4(1

CPU

59.95

2650

411

MPU

14.95

1DM2901 ADC

411

CPU—4-bit Slicfl (Com. lamp. Gr.)

19.95

MCS6502

411

MPU w/ClocV (65K oyles mem )

9.95

MCS802CP

41)

MPUw/ClockanflRAM

7,95

INSB035N-6

411

MPU-8-bit(6MHzl

5.95

INSB039N-6

411

CPU-So'. chipa-bif(12Bbls Ram)

5,95

INSS040N-6

4(1

CPU (256 Oyles RAM] .

5.95

INS8070N

411

CPU (64 bytes RAM)

11.95

INS8073N

411

CPU w/Basic Micro loterpratar

14,95

P8085A

40

CPU

.5.95

Z8I

, Z80A. Z80B. Z8000SERIES

Z80

40

CPU(MK3880N)(780C)2MH*

.54,95

ZBO-CTC

7H

Counter Timer Circuil .

.5.95

Z80-DART

40

Dual Asynchronous Rec./Trans. Direct Memory Access Circuit

11.95

Z80-DMA

411

15.95

280P10

411

Parallel I/O Interlace Controller

5 95

Z80-S10/0

40

Serial I/O (TxCB and RxCB Bonded)

15.95

Z80-S10/1

411

Serial I/O (Lacks DTRB)

15.95

Z80-S10/2

41)

Serial I/O (Lacks SVNCB)

15.95

Z80S10/9

41)

Sarlalt/O

15 95

Z80A

4(1

CPU(MK3880N-4)(780C-1)4MHz

,5.95

Z80A-CTC

n

Counlor Timor Circuil . .

.5.95

2B0A-DART

4(1

Dual Asynchronous Rec./Trans □ireci Memory Access Circuit

11.95

ZBOA-QMA

411

17.95

Z80A-P10

411

Parallel I/O interface Coniroller

5.95

Z80A-S1O/O

411

Serial 1/0 (TxCB and RxCB Bonded)

16.95

Z80A-S10/1

411

Serial I/O (Lacks DTRS)

16.95

ZB0A-S10/2

4(1

Serial I/O (Lacks SVNCBI.

.16.95

Z80A-S10/9

411

Serial I/O

.16.95

ZBOB

40

CPU(MK388QN-6)6Mh*

.11.95

Z80B-CTC

VH

Counier Timer Circuil ...

13.95

ZB0B-P10

4(1

Parallel I/O Interlace Controller

.13.95

ZB001

48

CPU Segmented . . .

.51.95

ZB002

40

CPU Non-Segmenled

55.95

Z8030

40

Serial Comm Conlioller

44 95

Z8036

4U

Counler/Timer & Parallel I/O Unil

29.95

MC6B00

40

MPU

4.95

MC6802CP

41)

MPU with clock and RAM

..7,95

MCGB10API

n

128x8 Static RAM

.3,95

MC682!

411

Poiipliural Inter. Adapl (MCG820)

,4.95

MCGB28

74

Pnorily Interrupt Controller

15.95

MCGB30L8

24

1024xa-tiitR0M(MC68A30-8)

10.95

MC6850

74

Asynchronous Comm. Adapter

4.95

MCG852

24

Synchronous Serial Data Adapter

5.75

MC6860

24

G-fiOObps Digital MODEM

9.95

MC6B62

74

2400bps Modulator

12.95

MC68B0A

in

Quad 3-siate bus. trans IMCHi:'(ii

2.25

MCGBU0OL8

h4

MPU 16-Bit (BMHz)

69.95

MC08488P

40

[jeneral Purpose lot Adapter

.8.95

MCG8652P2

40

Mult) ProlocolComm. Controller

24.95

MC68661PB

2B

Enhanced Prog. Comm. Int.

8.95

INS80B0A

4(1

CPU

3.95

TMS5501

411

Synchronous Dala Interlace (SIRC)

12B Byte RAM 16-Bill/O

Ocial D Flip Flop Tri-Slalc (74C374)

14.95

INSB154

411

13.95

INSB2C06

70

2.49

DP8212

74

B-bit tnpul/Oulpul (74S412)

.2,25

DP8214

74

Priorlly Interrupl Control

..3.95

DPB2IB

1h

fli-Uirectional Bus Driver ,,..».,

.2.25

DP8224

1h

Clock Generator/Orii/er

2.25

DPB22G

IK

Bus Driver

2.25

DPB228

7H

System Com. /Bus Driver |74S428)

. 3.49

DP8238

28

System Controller (74S43B)

4.49

INS8243

74

I/O Expander (or 48 Series

5,95

INSH245

Id

16-Key Keyboard Encoder (74C922

4.49

1NSB246

70

20-Key Keyboard Encoder [74C923

. 4.95

INS8247

7H

Display Controller (74C9U) ..

..8.95

INS824B

7H

Display Controller (74C912) ....

..8.95

INSB25DfJ

40

Asyn Comm. Element (INSB250)

10 95'

DP8251

28

Prof). Comm. I/O (USART)

.4,49

DP8253

74

Prog Interval Timer

. 6.95

DPB255

40

Prog Peripheral I/O (PPI)

4 49

DP8257

4(1

Prog DMA Control .

..7.95

DP8259

7H

Prog Inlerrupl Control

G.95

DP8275

411

Prog. CRT Controller

29 95

DP8279

411

Prog Keyboard/Display Interlace

6 9a

DP8303

711

8-Bil Tn-Slale Bi Directional Trans

3,95

DP8304

HI

8-rjil Bi-Directional Receiver . .

2.49

DP8307

20

0-lnl fli-Directional Receiver

2.49

DP8308 20 B-b.il Bi-Directional Receiver . 2.49

DP8310 20 Octal Lalched Peripheral Driver . 4 95

DP8311 20 Octal Lalched Peripheral Driver 4.95 MICROPROCESSOR MANUALS & DATA BOOKS

M-Z80 User Manual . . 7.50

M-COPI802 User Manual .. .. 7.50

M-2650 User Manual .. . 5,00

10400 1982 Intel Dala Book (1405pg.) 14.95

300D1 1981 Nat. CMOS Book (628 pg.) 6.95

30002 1980 Nat Interlace Book (640 pg ) 6 95

30003 1982 Nat. Linear Book H952 pg ) 11 95 30005 1981 Nat TTL Book (624 pg.) 9.95 30008 1980 Nat Memory Data Book (4G4 pg.) .6 95 300t1 1980 Nat Linear Applicalions (735 pg ) 15 95 30O13 1983Zilog Oala Book (641 pg.). . 7 95 205610 1981 Intel Peripheral Design (828 pg.) ..9,95

-DYNAMIC RAMS

1103

IB

1024x1

1300ns) ....

.99

4027

1ft

4096x1

(250ns)

.. .2.49

4I16N-2

1fi

16,384)

(150ns) .

1 tl'l

0/14.95

4116N-3

in

16.384.

(200ns) . ..

1 tit

8/12.95

4116N-4

ih

16.3B4X

(250ns)

1 44

6710.95

4164N-150

1h

65.536k

(150ns) ...

/MS

8/59 95

4164N-200

IB

G5.536<

(200ns)

7 49

8/54 95

MM5261

1024x1

(300ns] .

4L

-8/1 95

MM5262

77

2046x1

(365ns)

4H

-8/1.95

MM5270

IB

4096x1

(250ns) MK409

4.95

MM 5280

27

4096x1

(200ns)7107 .

3.95

MM5290-2

18

1G,3B4xl (150ns)

1 m

8/14.95

MM5290-3

18

1G.3B4.

(200ns)

1 M

B/12.95

MM5290"!

if.

16.3B4x

(250ns) ...

.1,49

8/10.95

MM529B-3

IB

8197x1

(200ns) ..

.1.69

1101

1fi

256x1

(650ns)

1.49

2101

77

256x4

(450ns)8101

2.49

2102

IB

1024x1

(350ns)

.89

21L02

18

1024x1

(450ns) L.P.

1.49

2111

1B

256x4

(450ns)8111

,2.95

16

256x4

(450ns) MOS

..2.95

7114

18

1024x4

(450ns)

1 95

8/13.95

71 ML

IB

1024x4

(450ns) L.P.

7 75

8/15.95

2114-2

IH

1024x4

(200ns) .....

■/ i"i

8/15,95

2114L-2

18

1024x4

(200ns) LP...

2 44

8/17.95

2141-3

IN

4036x1

(150ns)

3.95

2147

IK

4096x1

(70ns)

4.95

18

1024x4

(70ns)

8.95

TMS4044

tl

4096x1

(450ns) . .

3.95

TMS4045

18

1024x4

(450ns) . ..

,.3.95

5101

n

25Gx4

(450n5)CM0S

...4.95

MM5257

1H

409Gx1

(450ns) -1044

,4.95

HMG11f,i!-;i

74

2048x8

(150ti5)CMOS

7.95

HM6116-4

74

2048x8

(200ns) CMOS

6.95

HMG116LP

24

2048x8

(200ns) LP. CMOS

7 95

7489

IB

16x4

(50ns|3101

2.25

74C920

7?

256x4

(250ns) CMOS (6551)

3.95

74C921

18

256x4

(250ns) CMOS

3.95

74C92G

IB

1024x1

1250ns) CMOS (6501)

3.95

74C930

IH

1024x1

(250ns) CMOS (8518).

,, 3.95

74S189

16

16x4

(35ns)93405

. 1.95

74S200

IB

256x1

(B0ns)93410

, 3.95

74S206

IN

256x1

(GOns)93411

. 3.95

74S289

IK

16x4

(35ns) 3101 .

2,25

B2S10

18

1024x1

(50ns) O.C.(93415)

3.95

B2S25

18

16x4

|50ns)0.C (74

289)

2 25

1702A 24 256xB (lus) 4.95

2708 24 1024x8 (450ns) 3.95

2708-5 24 1024x8 (550ns) SM00246 . . 2.95

TMS2516 24 2048x8 (450ns) 2716 ., . . 6.95

TMS2532 24 4096x8 (450ns) NMC2532 .9.95

TMS25G4 2B 8197x8 (450ns) 19 95

TMS27IG 24 2048x8 (450ns) 3 voltage 7 95

7716 24 2048x8 (450ns) 4.95

2716-1 24 2048x8 (350ns) 6 95

7732 24 4096xa (450ns) 9.95

27580 24 1024x8 (450ns) single +5V 2 95

MM27G4 28 8197x8 (450ns) 16.95

MM2764-3 28 8192x8 (300ns) 19.95

PROMS

16 32x8 PROM O.C. (6330-1) 149

16 256x4 PROMT S. (6301-1) 1 95

16 32x8 PROMT S. (6331-1) 195

16 256x4 PROMOC.(6300-1) 195

2D 256x8 PROM T.S (6309-1) 5 95

20 512xB PROM T.S. (6349-1) 4.95

20 512x8 PROM O.C. (634B) 4.95

24 512x8 PROM T S. (DM87S296N) 4.95

24 512x8 PROM O.C. (6340) 4.95

24 1024x8 PROM T.S (TBP28S86) .8.95

16 512x4 PROMOC. (6305)

74SIBB

74S287

74S288

74S3B7

74S471

74S472

74S473

74S474

74S475

74S47B

74S570

74S571

74S572

74S573

B2S23

B2S115

82SI23

B2S12G

B2S173

82S130

82S1B5

DM87S1BON

DM87S181N

DM87S184N

DM87S165N

CMB7S190N

DMB7S191N

IB 32xB 24 512xB 16 32x8 16 256x4 256x4 512x4

MC3470P

MCH08L7

MC1408LB

ADC0804

DAC0B06

ADC0BO9

AY-5-I013A

1173AN

16 512x4 PROMTS. 56306)

IB 1024x4 PROMO.C (6352) . ' ■■■'■ PflOMT.S.(82Sl37) PROM O.C. (27S18) PROM T.S. (27S15) PROM T.S. (27S19) . PROM O.C. (27S20) PROMT S. {27521) PROM O.C. (27S12) . 18 2048x4 PROMT. S.[TBP24S81| 24 1024x8 PROM O.C. (82SieO) 24 1024x8 PROM T.S (82S181) IB 2048x4 PROM O.C (82S184) IB 2048x4 PROMTS (82S185) 24 2Q4Bx4 PflOMO-C. (82S190) 24 204BxB PROMT.S. (82SI91)

— DATA ACQUISITION

IB Floppy Disk Read AMP System . 16 7-pil D/A Converter (DAC0B07LCN) IB 8-bil D/A Convener (DAC0808LCN) 20 B-oilA/D Converter 1 LSB) 16 8-bil D/A Converter (0.78% Lin.) 2B 8-bil A/D Converter (8-Ch. Multi ) 40 30KBaudUart(TR16Q2)

RF Coaxial Connectors

UHFStnlgtil Adapter UHF Reducing Adiptu

IC SOCKETS

For Socket Required, See Column After The IC Part No. Iml I LOW PROFILE (TIN) SOCKETS WIRE WRAP (GOLD) SOCKETS

LEVEL #3 1-9 10-99 100-B99

8 pin LP ,16 .14

14 pin LP .17 .15

16 pin LP .19 .17

18 pin LP .26 .74

20 pin LP .30 .27

22 pin LP .31 .28

24 pin LP .33 .30

26 pin LP .40 .37

36 pin LP .46 .42

40 pin LP .49 .46 — Soldorioit Standard Tin & Gold Also Available

8 pin WW 10 pin WW

14 pin WW 16 pin WW

15 pin WW 20 pin WW 22 pin WW 24 pin WW 26 pin WW 36 pin WW 40 pin WW

$10.00 Minimum Order — U.S. Funds Only California Residents Add 6Vi% Sales Tax Shipping — Add 5% plus $1.50 Insurance Send S.A.S.E. for Monthly Sales Flyer!

Spec Sheets — 30$ each Send $1.00 Postage for your FREE 1983 JAMECO CATALOG Prices Subject to Change

' Call»« Quantity Discounts

1355SHOREWAY ROAD

7^ BELMONT, CA 94002 5/83 PHONE ORDERS WELCOME — (415) 592-8097 Telex: 176043

DT1050 — Applications: Teaching aids, appliances, clocks, automotive, telecommunications, language translations, etc.

The DT1050 Is a standard DIGITALKER kit encoded with 137 separaiB and useful words, 2 tones, and 5 different silence durations. The words and tones have been assigned discrete addresses, making It possible to output single words or worde concatenated into phrases or even sentences. The "voice" output'of the OT1050 Is a highly Intelligible male voice. Female and children's voices can be synthesized. The vocabulary is chosen so that it is applicable lo many products and markets.

The DT1OS0 consists of a Speech Professor Chip, MM54104 (40<pin) and two (2) Spaech ROMs MM521B4SSFM nnc' MMS2164SSR2 (24-ptn) along with a Master Word list and a recommended schematic diagram on tha application sheet.

DT1050 Digitaiker™ $34.95 ea.

DT1057 — Expands the DT105O vocabulary from 137 to over260 words. Incl. 2 ROMs and specs. DT1057 $24.95 ea.

RADIO CONTROL CIRCUITS

Ideal to use ton

• Toys, hobby crafts, robots, trai

• Burglar alarms ■ IR data link

• Remote slide projector control

• Consumer remote data links ^4Q

• Energy'Savlng, remotely switched lighting syst A complete 6-channel digital encoder and RF transmitter; low power, at frequency of 27MHz c 49MHz, a field strength ol IO.CXHuV meter at 3 meters. 9V operation on chip RF oscillator'transmltter, on chip 4.6 regulator. Up lo 80MHz carrier frequency operation.

LM1871N RC Encoder/Transmitter Chip ...$1.95

A complete RF receiver/decoder, used at either 27MHz. 49WHz or 72MHz. It provides 4 independent channels when used with LM1871 (2 analog. 2 dig,) operates from four 1.5V cells. Crystal controlled. LM1872N RC Receiver/Decoder Chip $2.49

SRX1504 SRX1505

49.435MHz Crystal (LM1872N) . 49.890MHz Crystal (LM1871N) .

Pari Ho. "Plm Funclion

.$3.95 .$3.95

Piieo

7045IPI 7045EV/Kif 7106CPL 7106EV/KI1*

7107CPL

7107EV/Kif

7116CPL

7117CPL

720II US

7205IPG

7205EWKif

7206CJPE

2B CMOS Precision Timer 28 Slopwalcll Chip. XTL 40 3Vi Digit A/D (LCD Drive) ... 4D IC. Circuil Board. Display 40 3V; Oip.il A/0 (LEO Drive) 40 IC, Circuit Board. Display 40 2'h Digil A/D LCD Di5 HLD 40 3ft Digit A/D LEODts. HLD.

Low Batlery Voli Indicator 24 CMOS LED Stopwatch /Timer 24 Slopwalcll Chip. XTL

Tone Generalor

14 95 —19 95

9.95 .. .34.95 11 9b 29 95 1695 1595

2 25

720BCEWKIP 16 Tone Genoralor Chip, XTL

7207AIPD

7207AEV/Kil

7208IPI

7 209! PA

7215IPG

7215EWKif

7216AIJI

7Z16CIJI

7216QIPI

7217IJI

7217AIPI

7224IPL

7226AIJL

Oscillator Controller .

14 Freq. Counter Chip. XTL

28 Seven Decade Counier .

8 Clock Generalor

24 4Func. CMOSSlcpwalchCKT

24 4 Func. Stopwatch Chip. XTL .

28 8 Digil Univ. Counier C.A

28 8 Digil Freq. Counier C.A.

2B 8 Digil Freq. Counier C.C.

28 4 Digil LED Up/Oown Counier C A

2B 4 Digil LED Up/Down Counier C C.

40 LCD4V; Digil Up Counier OFtl

"" 1 Digil Univ. Counier

7226AEv7Kif 40 5 Function Counier Chip. XTL - AND MORE—

130009 1983 INTERSIL Data Book (i356p.)

15.95 3 95 1395 14 95 29.95 24 95 19.95

10 95

11 95 10 95 29 95 74 95

.$9,951

•Programmable Array Logfc (PALS)

Part Ho. "Pint Fu net Jo n

DB25 — D Sub-miniature (meets RS232) j Solder Eyelet/Wire Wrap Edge Card

r Eyetel i.wt I ".-.-., u ....-.-■ .156 PC type (no mtg, c

DB25P 25 Pin Plug (Meets RS232) 2.49 S°"°°SE M""° '" s.id.rs,.i.i DB25S 25 Pin Socket |MeelsflS232) 3.25 ""4WW """ *• »■««>■'»

PAL10H8 PAL12H6 PAL14H4 PAL10L8 PAL12L6 PAL14L4 PAL16L8 PAL16R8 PAL16R6 PALI6H4

74C20 74C30 74C32 74C42 74C4B 74C73 74C74 74C85 74C86 74C89 74C90 74C93

Oclal 10'Input AN0OR Gate Array (High Output) Hen 12-lnput AND-OH Gale Array (Higfi Output) Quad M-lnput AND-DR Gate Array (High Output) Octal 10-lnput ANO-0R Invert Gale Array (Low Dulpul) Hex 12-lnput AND-OR-lnven Gate Array (Low Output] Quad 14-lnput ANDORlnverl Gale Array (Low Output) Dotal 16-lnpul AND-OR-lnvert Gale Array (Low Output) Oclal 16-lnpul Register AND-OR Gale Array Hen 16'lnnul Register AND-OR Gale Array " 16-lrtput Regisler AND-OR Gate Atray

74C221 74C240 74C244 74C373 74C374 74C901 74C903 74C906 74C911 74C912 74C9I5 74C917 74C922 74C923 74C925 74C926 B0C95 80C97

74C95 74C107 74C151 74C154 74C157 74C160 74C161 74C162 74C163 74C164 74C173 74C174 74C175 74C192 74CI93 74C195

|30001

1983 Nat. CMOS Book (628 pg.)

$6,951

TL071CP

8 79

MWTTT7

vm

NE570N

m

1 95

TL072CP

I 1 39

liM

LM703CN

n

I 19

TL074CN '

1 1.95

LM340K-15

1 35

LM709N

14

49

TL0BTCP

1 .59

LH340T-5

79

LM710N

14

69

TL0B2CP

1 1 19

LM340T-12

.79

LM711N

14

79

TL084CN '

I 1.95

LM340T-15

.79

LM723N

14

55

LM301CN

I .35

LM348N 14

.99

LM733N

14

t.00

LU302H

1.95

LM350K

4.95

LM739N

14

1.95

LM304H

1.95

LF355N 8

1 10

LM741CN

A

.35

LM305H

.99

LF356N 8

1.10

LM747N

14

69

LM307CN

i .45

LM370N 14

4.49

LM74BN

1

.59

LM308CN

3 69

LM373N 14

3.95

LM1310N

14

1.49

LM309K

1 25

LM377N 14

1.95

LM1458CN

H

59

LM310CN

J 1.75

LM380N 14

.89

LM14B8N

14

69

LM311CN

i .69

LM381N 14

1.79

LM1489N

14

.69

LM312H

2.49

LM3B2N 14

1.39

LM1496N

14

1.95

LM317T

1.19

LM384N 14

1.79

LM1800N

If)

1.49

LM317K

3.95

LM3B6N-3 8

89

LM1889N

1ft

1.95

LM31BCN

1 1.95

TL494CN IE

2 95

LM1896N

14

2 95

LM319N

4 1.95

TL496CP 8

1.19

LM2002T

1.49

LM320K-5

1.35

NE510A 14

4.95

LM3189N

IB

1 59

LM320K-12

1.35

NE529A 14

2.95

LM3900N

14

.59

LM320K-15

1.35

NE53W 8

2.95

LM3905CN

II

1 19

LM320T-5

B9

NE536H

8.95

LM3909N

ft

99

LU320T-12

.89

NE540H

4.95

LM39I4N

1ft

3.49

LM320T-15

.89

NE544N 14

2.9e

LM3915N

IR

349

LM323K

595

NE55DA 14

1 95

LM3916N

1R

3 49

LM324N '

1 .59

NE555V 6

35

RC4136N

14

1.25

LM337T

1 95

LM556N 14

.69

RC4151PJB

R

1 95

LM338K

6 95

NE564N 1G

295

ICL80388

14

3 95

LM339N '

1 69

LM565N 14

1 19

LM1308ON

ft

1 19

LM340K-5

1.35

LM566CN 6

1 49

LM13600N

IR

1.19

LM340K-12

1.35

LM567V B

.89

HUI1E AVAILABLE

1982 Nat. Linear Data Book(igs2i>gs i .$11.95>

574 BYTE May 1983

Circle 244 on Inquiry card.

Portable Speakers For 'Walkman" Style Stereos

KEYBOARDS — POWER SUPPLIES

Portable Stereo Speakers with Carrying Case

Alter skating, skiing, jogging or any olher outside activity, just plug tnese portable stereo speakers into your stereo and you and your Iriends can onjoy your tavorilo lapes reproduced by tnese lull range speakers. Great lor motel rooms, tne beach, or in your car They weigh just 3 lbs. and measure 5)i"H x i'L'VJ x 2V'D. This unit uses 3" x 5" 8ohm speakers with a 3 oz. magnet. Speaker system Includes two speakers, a carrying case, auxiliary speaker connector cable, and signal connoclor cable Uses 8 "AA" batteries. Can be used with both portable stereos shown below, and is compatible with most mini-portafcle slereo cassettes and FM stereo units.

PartNo.TSU-012 $29.95

AM3-8 8 AA Alkaline Batteries 8for$7.90

Stereo Cassette Player

with FM Stereo Tuner Pack

• Lightweight Headphones

• Cr02/Metal/Normal Tape Selector

• Anti-Rolling Mechanism

FEATURES • Blue carrying case, shoulder strap, bell strap, lifjhlwelghl headphones, FM stereo tuner pack & instruction manual • Talkline • Tone selector • Cr02/MelalrfNormal tape selector • LED operation indicator • Built-in microphone • Stop/eject, olay. rewind/review, last torward'eue. taperfradio selector functions • Vol control • Eil power input |ack • Headphone jack mechanism (shuts oil player when tape ends] • mechanism [prevents sound from quivering when walking, jogging, ;.) • Weight: 1.3 oz. • Requires 4 AA balleries {not included) ■ Size:

o-stop

BTx

*Wx

Model TWF-802 $69.95

AM3-4 AA Alkaline Batteries 4/S3.95

tf

CREDIT CARD AM/FM RADIO

World's Thinnest Stereo Hi-Fi

This Is a pockelable AM/FM stereo radio with a folding slereo headphone. It wolghs |usl 5 oz. and measures 4%"L x 2H"W x "i'Thk. Comes complete with radio, headphones and headphone case. Uses two AAA batteries (not included).

Part No. TCR-809 $29.95 each

JOYSTICKS

5K Linear

Taper Pots S5.25

,c innv uluK Linear

""'Utm Taper Pots S4.95

ic 11 nu 150K Linear

13UK Taper Pols S4.75

JVC 40 40K (2) Vldeo Con" JS-5K (Pictured) troller in Case S4.95

JS KNOB Knob for JS5K.100K.150K $.99 ea.

JVC KNOB Knob for JVC-40 $.!

23"Lx5'/."vVx1-3/8"l

ATARI PADDLES

JSP (2) $4.95 pair

TV GAME SWITCH

Used on Atari. Cosmetically blemished. 100% functional.

TGS-1 .. . $2.95 ea.

BOOKS

NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR - INTERSIL - INTEL

National CMOS Data Book (1983) S6.9S

(640 pages) 74C. CD4000. and AID Converters

1 National Interlace Data Book [1980) S6.95

(704 pages] OP. OSBOOO. OS3600, DS5700. etc.

I National Linear Data Book (1982) S11.9S

(1370 pages) LM, LF, ADC. OAC. LH Series

I National TTL Logic Data Book (1981) S9.9S

(624 pages) 74O0.LS.L.H.S. and DM8000 Series

30006 Above (3) 30001,3,5 as set .. $24.95

3QO08 National Memory Data Book (19B0) S6.9S

(464 pages) RAMs. ROMs, PROMs, EPROMs Series

30009 Intersil Data Book(1983) . S9.95

11356 pages) Complete line.

30010 National Audio/Radio Handbook (1980) S5.9S

(240 pages) Pie-Amps. AM, FM S FM Stereo. Power Amps

30011 National Linear Application Handbook (1980) S15.95

(736 pages) Application Notes, Linear Briefs, etc.

30012 National PAL Data Book (t982) SS.95

(176 pages) Data Sheet. PAL Design

30013 ZilogData Book (1983) . S7.9S

(641 pages) Microprocessors and Support Chips

010400 Inlal Component Data Book (1982) SI4.95

(1405 pfl.l Full data shoots tor Intel's producls incl. mem.

devices, rmcroproc , penph &. md./mil products 205610 Inlal Peripheral Design Handbook (1931) S9.95

(828 pages) Full data sheets, application notes for Intel

peripheral device components

Universal Computer Keyboard Enclosures

■DTE" Blank Desk-Top Enclosures

are designed lor easy modilica

tion High strength epoiy moldeQ

end pieces in rnocfia brown linisn

Jjjf Sliding rear/Mttom panel lor service/

r component access' Top/hctl panels 080"

thick alum alodine lype 1200 finish (gold lini

y color) lor best paint adhesion alter modification

Vented top & Dotlom panels lor cooling etlicicncy

Rigid construction provides unlimited applications

Assembly instru:lions included

DTE-8 Panel Width 7.5" $24.95

DTE-11 Panel Width 10.13" $27.95

DTE-14 Panel Width 13.5" $29.95

w DTE-20 Panel Width 19.25" $34.95

j«

#4

DATANETICS 73-KEY KEYBOARD (ASCII) Apple Compatible

Data Entry Keyboard uses MM5740 BEE/N encoder chip (Included). 73-Key Keyboard features ] 1-key numeric keypad. SPST switching, 24-pin edge card connection. Includes pin-out.

Part No. KB261 ints dte-20 Endow*) $49.95 each

MICRO SWITCH 85-KEY KEYBOARD

Word Processing Keyboard, 2G Pin Edge Card Connection Supply Voltage +5VDC Main Keyboard

is QWERTY. Additional Key Pads lor Cursor and word processing lunciions.

Part No. 85SD18-1 $29.95 each

STACKPOLE 62-KEY KEYBOARD

SPST switching, mechanical, monolithic housing, charcoal grey keycaps. Keyboard Is on circuit board {each key is individually accessible).

Part No. K-62 (Flit DTE-14 Enclosure) $3

HI-TEK 14-KEY NUMERIC KEYPAD

SPST switching. Charcoal grey keycaps, mile hot HI-TEK K-5H Keyboard (above). Mounted on

printed circuit board.

Part No. K-14 $9.95 Bach

ALPS 29-KEY CALCULATOR KEYBOARD

Features one B-posillon decimal select switch, one 3-posiiion switch, and two 2-posilian switches, mechanical SPST switching. 22-pin edge card connection. Pin-out Included.

Part No. KB297040|FitsDTE-it Enclosure) $4.95 each

POWER SUPPLY +5VDC @ 1 AMP REGULATED

case 6 It , 3 cond. black power cord 6VW Part No. PS51194

Transaction Tech :k/belg» sell-ei Wt 3 lbs. Oala sheet incl. S19.95each

POWER SUPPLY +5VDC(S 3 AMP REGULATED Deitron

Input: 11SVAC. -17-440H; Output: 5VDC Adjustable (u 3 amp. GV0C fj 2.S amp. Adjustable current limit. Ripple & Holse: 1MV tms. SMV p-p - 2 mounting suilacas. ULrecognlied. Size: »"W> *Vi"L i 2-7/1G"H ■ wt 2 lbs Data sheet Included. ParlNo.QPS-1 S29.95each

POWER SUPPLY +5VDC r$ 7.5 AMP, 12VDC ffl 1.8 AMP SWITCHING

Input 115VAC. 50-60KZ ,/i 3 amp/23l)VAC. 50K; fl 1.6 amp Fan volt/power supply select switches |1I5/23DVAC). Outpul. SI/DC 0 7 6 imp, 1ZVDC r/V 1 6 amp. B II. blk. pow. cord. 11 W'Wx 13'/>,,0i3V«',H. Wl 6 lbs. Part No. PS94V0 $49.95 aach

POWER SUPPLY 4-Ctiannel Switching - Apple Compatible

Microprocessor, mini-computer, terminal, medical equipment and process control applications. Input 90-130VAC J7-1J0II; Output tSVDCw SA, -5V0C 6, 1A: + 12VDCr/< IA. -12V0C ■■-■ 1A. Line ten.: z0.2K. Ripple: 30mV p.p. Load reg.: x1%. Overcutrent protection. Adj. 5V main outpuli1D%. 6-3/B-L < t-7/8"Wi 4-1S/t6"H. Wl. I'/i lbs.

Part No. FCS-604A $69.95 each

POWER SUPPLY Adjustable Switching 4-24VDC to 5 Amps

Ad| 4-24VDC;5VQC5: 5A. 6V0C .,« 4 BA, 9VDC Si 4.IA. 1ZVDC r<; 3.3A. 1BV0C (<• 1.9A. 24VDC Q 5A. Dvervollage Protection. Input: 115YAC 50/6OHZ Output variations within 2DmV. fl.2S"L I 4 25"W i 2.25"H. Wl. 3.25 lbs.

JE224 Kit $79.95 each

JE224A Assembled t, Tesled $99.95 each

JUMPER AND CABLE ASSEMBLIES

Custom Jumpers!

STANDARD DIP JUMPERS

pill] tor re

MiHldisconn

ectap

pi.c»l.onj

DJH 1

924102 12

.."»«■ tna

1ST

St.79

24"

EM 14.1

97410216

36"

924106 12

12"

2.9S

DJ14-3 1*

374106 24

24"

3.19

0JU114

924IOC 36

14

UmAi* m

Ifi"

3.49

92411717

1G

vnqittno

12"

1.89

DJ16I

1341II 24

,««jli- .nil

24"

2.19

9!4IIJ36

Ifl

36"

2.59

DJ161 1G

M4116 1?

11"

2.95

DJ16M6

'.174116 2*

16

3.29

DJIfiJ 16

924116 36

10

■lw.1lit .nU

38

3.59

"74127 12

24

2.69

ojhi

923122 24

24

24'

3.19

OJI4 1

024122 36

24

36"

3.59

ojm iz*

924176 17

24

4.49

ojhii*

024126 24

74

4.95

DJZ41Z4

924126 36

2*

36"

5.39

OJJ0 1

924112 17

40

linijl, -„-,

12"

5.39

934132 74

24

G.19

OJ)0 140

924132 36

«

vnqlc t»>.l

36" 12"

6.89 9.49

OJ40 2 40

9341JB24

24"

10.29

DJ10 140

924136 36

..-■

'"■'"■■ ■■'■'

36"

10.95

STANDARD DB25 SERIES CABLES

STANDARD CABLES

Pari No. Cable Length

Conne

D026P-4

D87SS4

D025P4P

DB25P-4-S

OB25S-4-S

1-DB25P 1 DB25S 2-DB25P 1 DB25P/1 DB25S 2-D82SS

$7.95 S.49 13.49 13.75 13.95

BUG BOX™ — 30 individual compartments

• Stores 60 8-pin or 30 14- or 16-pin DIPs • Bug rugs not included • Clear plastic cover slides & locks

• Cover marked wmumbers 1-30 • Compartment size: t'x3.75"x .5" deep* Box size: 4.9" n 3.3' x .6"

• Weight: 1.75 oz.

BUG BOXTM Please specity color code. [Bl Blue. (H) Red. |W) White. (Y) Yellow Pari No.JColor Code QTY PRICE

BUG BOX™

STORAGE

SYSTEMS

BUG CAGE"11 (BGC 001- ) with Bug Boxes

BGXOOH

i

S 2.29

BGX-010I

)

ANTISTATIC

10

19.99

BGX-OOM

[AS ... .

1

S 3.29

BGX-0101

AS

10

28.B9

BUG CAGE™ — 12 locations store Bug Bo«es, Big Bug Bones or Bug Trays ■ Modular and interlocking • Heavy duty injection molded plastic • Each cage has 6 slip-on localions • 2 cages per pkg. • Cage size; 5-l'S" it 5" x 3'7/8" »4 colors available — please specify color code: IB) Blue, (R| Red. (W| White, lYI Yellow Part No.'Color Code Price

BGC-OOM )2Cages(6loc.ea.) 511.95/pkg.

BUG TRAY™ — Stores in Bug Cage ■ Mottled plastic • Three styles: Open (I compartment 3.05" x 4.6" x 6"): Vertical |5 compartments .5' x 4.6" x .6"). and Honzonlal (8 compartments .4" x 3.95" x .6") • Ideal lot tools, hardware, components, etc. • Tray size: 3.55" x 5.05" x 6" • Black color only PART NO. DESCRIPTION PRICE

BTH-001 Horizontal Bug Tray

8TV001 Vertical Bug Tray

BTO-001 Open Bug Tray

BTX-003 1 ol each Bug Tray (3)

S1.95 1.95

BUG RUG™ — Static discharge protection lor CMOS and MOSFET devices • Precut to dimensions ol BUG BOX(1" * -35-> Pari No. Description Price

30 loam rectangles lor Bug Box Si

eioamrec. (or LSI Big Bug Box 1

CAGE KEEPER™

Boxes In Bug Cage

LSI BIG BUG BOX™ - Designed to store large IC"s, Resistors. Capacitors and Diodes • Divided into three compartrnonts measuring 1" x 4.15" x .5" doep • Three vortical and three horizontal dividers Included • Bug Rugs not Included ■ Box size: 4.9" x 3.3' x ,6" •Weight: 1.75 oz.

LSI BIG BUG BOXTM

Plnase specify color code: (B) Blue. (R| Rerj, (W)

While (Y) Yellow

PARTNO.ICOLOR CODE QTY PRICE

IAS

)AS

BACK PACK™ — SoM-adheslve labels for the back ol ICs • Shows exact internal logic in relation to IC pins • 532 labels in each package {including several blank labels) • Each package lor 8. 1*, 16, 24. 28 and 40-pin ICs • Combo package incljdes 1.068 labels lor TTL and CMOS ICs • Microprocessor package contains 744 labels Part No. Description Price

BPT-012 TTL .

BPC-012 CMOS

BPM-012 Combo

BPU-012 Mlcroproccsi

. S7.95 8.95

..9.95

BUG TAGS™ — Self-adhesive, easy-loread labels lor marking Bug Box and LSI Big Bug Box • Most popular components

PART NO. DESCRIPTION QTY. PRICE

BTT-200

TTL

200

S4.98

BTC-200

CMOS

200

4.98

BTK-200

LS Schottky

200

4.98

BTS-200

Special

200

4.9B

BTM-HOO

Mixer

800

13.95

MORE BUG TAGS AVAILABLE!

* * • BUG BOX SYSTEMS INTRODUCTORY SPECIAL • + •

Your cholcr. rngulir or intl-itillc. Includes 2-Bug Clget H2 locjlmnsi G-Bug Itnias 3-LSI Big Bug Hums. 1-tiarliontal Bug Tray; 1 -open Bug Triy: 1-vertical Bug Jttf, 1 packago Bug Rug lot regular Bug Boms: I package Bug Rug lor LSI Big Bug Boioi: 1 pickiga Mirer Libeli |800 Bich) Color: Bug Bums and Cages - Blue. Bug Tnyi ■ Black

SP-BUG Regular (Retail value $59.45) Sale Price $49.95

SP-BUG-AS Anti-Static (Reiati valueS67.45) Sale Price $59.95

$10.00 Minimum Order — U.S. Funds Only California Residents Add 6</i% Sales Tax Shipping — Add 5% plus $1.50 Insurance Send S.A.S.E. for Monthly Sates Flyer!

Spec Sheets — 30es each Send $1.00 Postage for your FREE 1983 JAMECO CATALOG Prices Subject to Change

■T "»^1 ■'■"I

ameco

ELECTRONICS

1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002 5/83 PHONE ORDERS WELCOME — (415) 592-8097 Telex: 176043

8K, 16K, 32K, 64K EPROM Programmer

2708,2716,2732 & 2764 EPROM Programmer

JE664 EPROM PROGRAMMER

8K TO 64K EPROMS - 24 AND 28 PIN PACKAGES Self-Contained — Requires No Additional Systems lor Operation

• Programs, validates, and chocks lor properly erased EPROMs • Emulates PROMs or ephoms • RS232C Computer Interlace lor editing/program loading • Loads data Into RAM by keyboard • Changes data In HAM by keyboard • Loads RAM Irom an EPROM * Compares EPROMs far cortenl dlllerences • Copies EPROMs • Power Input: I15VAC, 60Hi. ■* 10W power consumption * Enclosure: Color-coordinated, light tan panels w/molded mocha brown end pieces • Siie: l5-5/B"L x 8M>"0 > 3V»"H • Wl.: 5V. lbs.

JE664-A EPROM Programmer $995.00

Assembled & Tested I Includes JM16A Module)

JE665 - RS232C INTERFACE OPTION - The JE665RS232C Interlace Ontmn implements computer access, la the JE664 s RAM Sample software written in BASIC provided tor TRS-80' Model I, Level II Computer Baud rate 9600 Word Lgtn 8 bits - odd parity Stop bits 2 Option may be adapted to other computers

JE664-ARS EPflOM Prog. w/.'E665 Option $1195.00 Assembled and Tesled (Includes JM16A Module}

EPROM JUMPER MODULES - Hie JEBG-Vs JUMPER MODULE (Personair

ty Module] is a |jlug-m Module iliai ps.■ -.k-i-. .Jtiili-t lor proper programming pulses In Im EPROM & conlnjurer, EPROM socket connections lor lli.il particular EPROM

Part

No. EPROM EPROM MANUFACTURER PRICE

JMOSA JMIfiA JMIGE1 JM32A JM328 JM32C JM64A

2708

2716JMS25I6

TMS27IG

TMS2532

2732

2732A(21V)

MCMD87G4.

MCM68L76'!

276J

IMS2S64

AMD.Motorola, National. Intel. Tl Into!, Motorola, fJailonal.NEC.il Molorola. Tl (+5,-12.+ 12) Motorola. Tl

AMD. Fujitsu, NEC. Hilacrii. Intel Fujitsu, Intel

Motorola

swn-2? 8'' Floppy Disk Drive

H" ^k&** * Shu9art 801R tiMA'' » compatible

■jfflji • Single-Sided

•■ SyWhJfc ' 77 Tracks

^LfcSl1 V»* * 400/800K BYtes .W* wm\ - J Capacity

:ff. ■- • Industry Standard

The FOD100-B 8~ Floppy Disk Drive (Industry Standard) features Blnglfl or coobie density Rccorcmg >nods: FM single, MFM double density. Transter rpto 25CK b-ts'sec single density; 50OK bits/soc. double density The FOD',003 is designed to work with the singlesided sol! sectored IBM Diskette I. or eq. disk cartridge. Power: 116VAC® 50 60Hz, +24VDC ft 1.7 amps max., + 5VDC 0 1.2 amps max. Unit as pictured above (does not include case, power supply, or cables). Size: B.55"W x 14"L x <).5'H. Weighs 12 lbs. Incl. 96-pg. manual, Part No. Price»

FDD100-8 Buy 1 for $269.95 each

FDD100-8 Buy 2 for $259,95 each

FDD100-8 Buy 10 for $249.95 each

5Va" Mini-Floppy Disk Drive J^££\

FOR TRS-80 MODEL I (Industry Standard) ^/Computer <

Features single or double densily. Recording ^, Corp. »^

mode: FM single, MFM double densily. Power: is\A/\rS^

+ 12VDC(±0.6V) 1.6Amax.. +EVDCI ±0.25V) l/uv

0.8A max. Unit as pic. at right idoes not incl. ■■xmHI^*.

c^se, power supply, cables) 30 pf). data book jjmB^ME

incl. Wl. 3Vi lbs. Size: B« IVxB'Oi 3% 'H. ^^^B Jg. Part No. Limited Quantity! Price H

FD200 $179.95 ■

Single-sided. 40 tracks, 250K bytes capacity <t8H ItUi ■'

FD250 $199.95 ^^^

Double-sided, 35 tracks, 438K bytes capacity ^^

EXPAND YOUR MEMORY

TRS-80 to 16K, 32K, or 48K

"Modal 1 = From 4K to 16K Requires (1) One Kit Model 3 - From 4K lo 4BK Requires |3) Three Kits Color = From 4K to 16K Requires (!) One Kit

"Model 1 equipped with Eapenilon Boeiri up Id 4SK Two Kill Required — One Kit Required lor eich 1GK ol Etpimlon —

TRS-I6K3-200ns lor Color & Model III $12.95

TRS-16K4-250ns for Model I S10.95

TRS-80 Co or 32K or 64K Conversion Kit

Kit comes complete with 8 each 4164-2 (200ns) 64K dynamic RAMs and conversion documentation. Converts TRS-80 color computers with D and E circuit boards, and all new color computers to 32K. Minor modifications of 32K memory will allow the use of all 64K ol the dynamic RAM providing you have a FLEX DOS operating system.

TRS-64K2 $54.95

D

Sprite-style Fan

• 36cfm tree air delivery

• 3.125" sq. x 1.665" depth >-MDIa,^

• 10 yrs. com. duty at 20°C £f<am '

• 115V50/60HZ

PWS2107U SlSiliMI •PWS2107FN..

Muffin-style Fan

■ • 105clm free air delivery J-wV

• 4.68' sq. x 1.50" depth. ZF™\

: • 10 yrs. cont. duty at 20'C ^wv

j^ • Impedance protected, ambients to 70 °C Tf • 115V 50160Hz 14W Wt. 17 oz.

•MU2A-1N

. S14.95ea.

Mostek DC/DC Converter + 5 VOLTS TO-9 VOLTS

Input: +5V. Outpul: -9V (rcgulnted) «i 30mA. Printed circuit mounting. Specifications Incl.

DC10 S2.95ea. or2/$4.95 V

Circle 244 on inquiry card.

BYTE May 1983 575

LADlrANCED

COMPUTER [PRODUCTS

MICROPROCESSORS

16KApple™ Ramcard

LIST 195 ACP

95

$59

• Full 1 year warranty • Top quality—gold fingers • Expand Apple II 48K to 64K Compatible with Z-80 Softcard™

NEW FROM COEX

Apple lie Compatible Extended 80 Column TEXT Card List $199.00 ACP $149.00

32K STATIC RAM

2 or 4 MHz Expandable

Uses 2114LS

16K<1MHzKit $159.95

16K4MHZA&T .„... 217.95 32K 4 MHz Kit * ' ^3-MOT89ra5. » 32K 4 MHz A&T • 339.00

BARE BOARD 39.95

BareBdw/allpartslessmem. 99.95

REPEAT OF SELL-OUT 58 Key UnencoderJ Keyboard

This is a new 58 key terminal Keyboard manufactured by a major manufacturer. It is uncoded with SPST keys unattached to any PC board. Solid molded plastic 11" x4" base.

Unencoded Key Pad

15 key Keypad with 1-10 keys and tab, return, (-).(,') and (.).

m

UV'EPROM"

ERASER

Model

DE-4

$89.95

Holds 4 EPROM'S at a time. Model S-52T S325.00

16K Memory Expansion Kits

for Apple/TRS-80

8 PCS4116 16K

200/250nS fr-i r\ Qf

Specify computer ^P I £-.\3\J CALL FOR VOLUME PRICING

CORCOM FILTER

#

Popular CORCOM Filter S495

Compalible Line Cord Add ... $3.50

gj*» Fill

- 6 amps

Astec RF Modulator

-*-tr-^ for

'-":«•* --y COLOR

n &

B/W

P/N 1082 Channel 3 or 4 S6 95

AMD MODEM IC

fS^

Special ACP Price

P/N AM7910

1200Baud

5 Volts

sggoo

64K CMOS

RAMCARD

J299°°

Low Power 6116 IC's

5Volt Single Supply Assm and Tested

INTEL 4KST*TIC

RAMS

Super Fast!

Super Low Power!

Part No. 2147 S1.95 ea.

n&

STEPPER MOTOR

Operates by applying

12VDC in one direc

f:/.-£f~5i^ tion and then revers

'-.-==s? 1 ing polarity (or square

_>-./ wave). Uses 12VDC,

Clock. Wise Rotation,

Rated 3 RPM at 4

P.P.S. with a 5 degree

stepping angle.

10 for $34.95

RS232 SIGNAL TESTER

COEX RS232

Line Tester

1 (7) LED Indicators

on,y$2495

Other Styles Also Available

INTEL CODEC IC

P/N 291OA For Digital

Voice $Q95

9 ea.

For Filter P/N 2912A ... $4.95 ea.

lUUCb lb

SURGE SUPPRESSOR

"Surgeonics" Power Sentry

15 Amps 250 Volts transient suppression ACP SOQ95

Low Price |J9

CONNECTORS

DB25P (RS232)

DF325S Female

Hood

Set with Hood, Sale

22/44 S/T. KIM

43/86 S/T. MOT

50/100 S-100 Connector W/W

50/100 S-100 Connector S/T

S3.25 3.75 1.25 7.50 2.95 6.50 4.95 3.95

PARALLEL ALPHA NUMERIC PRINTER

^■J L9P 19 Column Printer prints 16 numerical columns plus 3

^^^i^B^^^ columns which have math, alpha and other dotations. ^^^ Each wheel has 12 positions with position 12 blank.

Position 11 on numerical columns have decimal point or #., Utilizes 2.75" wide adding machine tape and a dual color ink ribbon. Input data parallel with four bit BCDcomparatorcircuit (schematic provided). Print rate, 3 lines per second. Operating voltage 22-28VDC with typical cycle ti 340mS. Size6'/2"Wx3,/a"Hx5%"Dp. New. $9.95 ea. 3,

576 BYTE May 1983

Z80A 1

F-8 13850) 1 2650 1

9900JL

6502

6502,

■19.95 9.95 l (5 95

6802P 14 95

8035 14.95

8039 12.95

8073N 34.95

IM6100 29.95

8755 8748 6809

49.95 4995 30 00 49.95 68000 129 95

*£&**

6116/2016S7.95 8264-64K 5.95 4116-2 1.99

4116-2 8/12.95 2101 3.99

2102 21L02-2 21L02-4

MOS PROMS

2764 (8KxB) TS 2732 (4Kx8) TS 2716/2516; 5V (2Kx8)TS TMS2716.5V, 12V 2758, 5V, (450nS)

7.95

17.95 3.50

2708(450nS) S5.75 2708(650nS) 5.25 1702A 5 75

MM5203AQ 14.50 WM5204Q 9.95

BB3J

2513-001 (5V| Upper $9 50 2513-00815V) Lower 1095 25!3-A[)M3(5vHower 1*95 MCMBG710 ASCII Shitled 12 95

MCM66740 Math Symbol 13.95 MCMG6750AlphnConlrol 13.45 1771-01 B" S Minifloppy 24.95 1781 Dual Floppy 29.95

1791-01 Dual Floppy 3695 1791-02 Dual Floppy tA 95 1793 DO. DS Floppy 4455 1797 DO, OS Floppy 54.95 1691 Data Separatof IB95 2143 Clr>r;k ficneralor 18.95

8700 8 iw Binary 13 50

8701 10 bit Gmary 22 00 8703 8 bit TS 13 50 9400 Volt to Freq Conv 7 25 8750 3W0iflJ1 BCD 1395 1408LG 6 bit 3 95 1408LQ a bit 5.95 DACOIDloA 5.95

DACQB ]

DA0100

8038 Function Generator

MC4024 VCO

LM5G6VCO

XH220G Funclion Generator

THI602B(5W, 12V]

AV5I013 (5V. !2VJ

AY5lu14A.'1612(5-!4V)

Ay51G15W1853(5V,

IMB402

IMM03

2350 USRT

1071 Fi AsUos !

MCM411 t

4 702 1

WD1941

COM5016 1

1NS82S0 1

AY5-2376 1

AY5-3600 1

MM5740AAC

Eaasa

LOW PROFILE SOCKETS (TIN)

a pin LP 14 pin LP 16 pin LP 18 pin LP 20 pin LP 22 pin LP 24 pin LP 28 pin LP 40 pin LP

3L WIREWRAP SOCKETS (GOLD)

8 pin 10 pin 14 pin 16 pin 18 pin 20 pin 22 pin 24 pin 28 pin 40 pin

WW

WW (Tin)

WW

WW

WW

WW

WW

WW

WW

WW

115 1.45 1.35 1.60 2.20

1.08 1.35 1.26 1.53

78H05K

78M06

78M.G.

LM108AH

LM300H

LM301CN

LM304H

LM305H

LM306H

LM307CN

LM308CN

LM309K

LM310CN

LM311D/CN

LM312H

LM317T

LM318CN

LM319N/H

LM320K-XX

LM320T-XX*

LM320H-XX*

LM323K

LM324N

LM337K

LM338K

LM339N

LM340K-XX'

LM340T-XX*

LM340H-XX*

LM344H

LM348N

LM350K

LM358CN

LM360N

LM372N

LM376N

LM377N

LM380CN/N

LM381N

LM383T

LM386N

LM387N

LM390N

NE531V/T

NE555V

NE556N

NE561T

NE565N/H

NE566H/V

NE567V/H

NE592N

LM702H

LM709N/H

LM710N/H

LM711N/H

LM715N

LM723N/H

LM733N/H

LM739N

LM741CN/H

LM741CN-14

LM747N/H

LM748N/H

LM760CN

LM1310N

MC1330

MC1350

MC1358

74S00S .39

74502 .43

74503 .45

74504 .52

74505 .52

74508 .49

74509 .49

74510 .42 74S1 1 .42 74S15 .42 74S20 .42 74S22 .42 74S30 .42 74S32 ,49 74S38 1.19 74S40 ,49 74S51 .42

74564 46

74565 .46 74S74 .69 74S86 ,72

745112 .72

745113 .72

745114 .72

1.75 1.70 1.49

1.75 1.25 1.25 1.95 1.20 5.60 .98 1.49 1.95 3.75 2.75 1.25 1.79 1.95 1.25 1.40 1.95 3.75 .39 .98 19.95

1.50 2.75

2.95 1.90 1.95

LM1414N

LM1458CN/N

MC1488N

MC1489N

LM1496N

LM1556N

LM1820N

LM1850N

LM1889N

LM2111N

LM2900N

LM2901 N

LM2917N

CA3013T

CA3018T

CA3021T

CA3023T

CA3035T

CA3039T

CA3046N

LM3053N

CA3059N

CA3060N

CA3062N

LM3065N

CA3080T

CA3081N

CA3082N

CA3083N

CA3086N

CA3089N

CA3096N

CA3097N

CA3130T

CA3140T

CA3146N

CA3160T

CA3190N

CA3410N

MC3423N

MC3460N

3G3524N

CA3600N

LM3900N

LM3905N

LM3909N

LM3914N

LM3915N

LM3916N

RC4131N

RC4136N

RC4151N

RC4194TK

RC4195TK

ULN2001

ULN2003

SN75450N

SN75451 N

SN75452N

SN75453N

SN75454N

SN75491N

SN75492N

SN75493N

SN75494N

TL494CN

TL496CP

2.50 2.95 2.19 1.99 3.49 2.99 2.75

3.19 3.19 4.95

1.30 1.19 2.49 1.19

1.49 3.95 3.95 3.39

1.10 3.70 4.95 5.40

74S124 74S133 74S134 74S135 74S136 74S138 74S139 74S140 74S151 74S153 74S157 74S158 74S160 74S174 74S175 74S188 7^S194 74S195 74S196 74S240 74S24I 74S242 74S243

74S244 $2.99

74S251 1.35

74S253 1.35

745257 1.29

745258 1.29 74S260 .75 74S280 2.79

745287 2.99

745288 2.55

745373 3.10

745374 3.10 74S387 2.75

745471 7.95

745472 7.95

745473 7,95

745474 9,95

745475 9.95 74S570 5.75 74S57! 5.75

745572 8.95

745573 8.95

745940 2.90

745941 2.90

DIP SWITCHES

2 Positi

4P0Sitl

5 Positi

6 Positi

7 Position SI.39

8 Position 1.49

9 Position 1.65 10Position 1.69

MUFFIN® FAN

The dependable, low cost, largest selling (an tor commercial cooling applications.

• 105cfm free air delivery

• 4.68" sq.x 1.50" deep. Weight - 17 oz.

SPECIAL PURCHASE *€»S $9.50ea

SUPER IC CLOSEOUT SPECIALS

14411

74LS668

74LS377

74LS241

8259

6561 RAM

LM733CN

LM323K

S7.95 6571A

3/1.99 2/1.99 2/1.99 6.95 2.95 3/1.99

SIG 2652

8253

2758 EPROM

1802

280A CPU

6522

6502 CPU

3.95 6.95 2.95 8.95 4.95 6.95 5.95

8080A CPU 2102 RAM 4060 RAM 2732 UPD410 UPD41 1

1.40 6.95 2.98 2.98

5027 CRT $9.95

2901 3.95

8039 3.95

MM5320 5.99

9131 RAM 1.99

EMM4402 1.99

10415 4.95

8700 A/D 2/16.95

TOLL FREE

800-854-8230

TWX

910-595-1565

7400 S

7401

7402

7403

7404

7405

7406

7407

7408

7409

7410

7411

7412

7413

7414

7416

7417

7420

7421

7422

7423

7425

7426

7427

7429

7430

7432

7437

7438

7439

7440

7441

7442

7443

7444

7445

7446

7447

7448

7450

7451

7453

7454

7459

7460

7470

7472

7473

7474

74LSO0$ .26

74LS01 28

74LS02 .28

74LS03 .28

74LS04 .35

74LS05 .28

74LS08 .28

74LS09 .35

74LS10 .28

74LS11 .39

74LS12 .33

74LS13 .47

74LS14 .95

74LS15 .33

74LS20 .26

74LS21 .33

74LS22 .33

74LS26 .33

74LS27 .33

74LS28 .33

74LS30 .26

74LS32 .33

74LS33 .55

74LS37 .45

74LS38 .39

74LS40 .26

74LS42 .79

74LS47 .79

74LS48 .95

74LS51 .26

74LS54 .29

74L.S55 .29

74LS73 .45 74LS74 74LS75 74LS76

74LS78 .45

74LS83A .79 74LS85 1.19

74LS86 .45

74LS90 .57

74LS92 75

74LS93 .75

74LS95 88

74LS96 .98

74LS107 45

74LS109 .45

74LS112 .43

4007 .25

4008 1.39

4009 .45

4010 .45

4011 35

4012 .25

4013 .45

4014 1.39

4015 1.15

4016 .59

4017 1.19

4018 .89

4019 .45

4020 1.10

4021 1.19

4022 1.15

4023 .29

4024 75

4025 .25

4027 65

4028 .85

4029 1.29

4030 ,45

4031 3.25

4032 2.15

.59

7475

7476

7479

7480

7482

7483

7485

7436

7489

7490

7491

7492

7493

7494

7495

7496

7497

74100

74107

74109

.37

74116 1.95

74121 .29

74122 .39

74123 .59

74125 .39

74126 44 74128 .59 74132 .69 74136 ,75 74139 ,95

74141 79

74142 2.95

74143 2,95

74144 2.95

74145 .62

74147 1,95

74148 1.20

74150 1.09

74151 .67 74152 74153 74154 74155 74156 74157 74158

74159 2.49

74160 .88

1.19

1.65

74LS113S 74LS114 74LS122 74LS123 1 74LS124 1 74LS125 74LS126 74LS132 74LS136 74LS138 74LS139 74LS145 1 74LS148 1 74LS151 74LS153 74LS154 1 74LS155 1 74LS156 74LS157 74LS158 74LS160 1 74LS161 1 74LS162 1 74LS163 1 74LS164 1 74LS165 74LS166 2 74LS168 1 74LS169 1 74LS170 1 74LS173 74LS174 74LS175 74LS181 2 74LS190 1 74LS191 1 74LS192 74LS193 74LS194 1 74LS195 74LS196 74LS197 74LS221 1 74LS240 1. 74LS242 1 74LS243 1 74LS244 1

1.95

74161 S

74162

74163

74164

74165

74166

74167

74170

74172 4 75

74173 79

74174 89

74175 85

74176 75

74177 75

74179 1 34

74180 75

74181 1 75

74182 .75

74184 2.25

74185 2.25

74186 9.95 74188 3.90

74190 1.15

74191 1.15

74192 85

74193 .85

74194 .85

74195 .68

74196 .85

74197 .85

74198 139

74199 1.39 74221 1 19 74251 .95 74273 105 74276 1 89 74279 .75

74283 1 40

74284 390

74285 3.90 74290 1.25 74298 .95

74365 .68

74366 .68

74367 .68

74368 68 74390 1.45 74393 I 90 74490 1.90

.43 74LS245$2.20

43 74LS247 1 10

55 74LS248 1.10

19 74LS249 1.19

.35 74LS251 1.40

89 74LS253 1.40

52 74LS257 85

79 74LS258 .98

49 74LS259 2.95

85 74LS260 .65

.85 74LS261 2.49

.25 74LS266 .59

49 74LS273 1.75

79 74LS275 4.40

79 74LS279 .59

70 74LS283 .99

19 74LS290 .99

99 74L.S293 .99

85 74LS295 1.10

75 74LS298 1.19

05 74LS324 1.75

15 74LS347 1.95

05 74LS348 1.95

05 74LS352 1.19

19 74LS353 1.19 89 74LS363 1.49

48 74LS365 .69 15 74LS366 .69 15 74LS367 .69 99 74LS368 .69 89 74LS373 1.89 89 74LS374 1.89 89 74LS375 .69

20 74LS377 1.95 15 74LS385 1.95 15 74LS386 ,65 98 74LS390 1.95 98 74LS393 1.95 15 74LS395 1.70 95 74LS399 2 35 89 74LS424 2,95 89 74LS668 1.75 15 74LS670 2.29 69 B1LS95 1.69 69 81LS96 1.69 69 81LS97 1.69

49 81LS98 1.69

VOLUME PRICING CALL TOLL FREE

4089 $2.95

4041 1.25

4042 ,95

4043 .85

4044 85

4046 1.75

4047 1 25

4048 99

4049 45

4050 .69

4051 1.10

4052 110

4053 1 10 4055 395

4069 35

4070 49

4071 35

4072 35

4073 35

4075 .35

4076 1.29

4093 4094 4098 4099

14408 12.95

14409 12 95

14410 12.95 14412 1295

4077 4078 4081 4082 4085

1441:

4502 4503 4505 4506 4507 4508 4510 4511 4512 4515 4516 4518 4520 4555 4556 4566

9.95

80C95 1.50 80C97 1.25

Mall Order P.O. Box 17329 Irvine, CA 92713

Retail: 131 OB E. Edlnger, Santa Ana CA 92705 (714) 558-8813 542 W. Trimble, San Jose, CA 95131 1408) 940-7010

TERMS: MO Cashier's Check BankWim Pe checks allow 2 weeks lor processing Include I. License and credil card " s Visa AMF.X CB ai service charge Add 3'Vi shipping & handling or whichever is greater Add tO'<i. I»r foreign md US Parcel Post Inr.lulleTivlephone number NOi Prices subject 1o change without notice Some SuO|<JCttOpuor sale Wi-ri:seiue Ihe right to sub! manufacturer Retail prices may uarv

Circle 16 on inquiry card.

Y^IAEMVNCED > Z==-COMPUTER ^A/PRODUCTS

"SIEMEN'S SALE

You can now purchase Shugart compatible

8" Disk Drives below your existing

factory direct pricing!

These Prices are

the lowest ever published

•Siemens SSDD FDD100-8... $199.00

Also, with purchase of Disk Drives you can buy the Vista V-10OO Dual Case with Power Supply and Cable

far only $375.00..... Regular Price S495.00

OFFER LIMITED' SHIPPED IMMEDIATELY

FACTORY FROM STOCK'

WARRANTY 9C DAYS' 'OEM quantities

S-100 64K CM.s RAMCARD

Unbelieveable Price!

$29900

Assembled and Tested

□ ACP has sold over 1000 of these IEEE compatible, low-priced, high-reliability 64K Static RAM Cards.

□ Single 5-Volt operation.

■II ™ Til * 1 i 1 1 i Light Pen System forjE

i Apple II Computers

liiiHiiiiiiiii:^v^u^

S5£W

IBM LOW COST MEMORY

MEMORY PLUS AT LOW PRICES! Now1 "Multlcard" expandable

from 64 - 256K with

(1) PARALLEL ID SERIAL

111 CLOCK/CALENDAR

COEX256SPC $1QQ00

WIIH64K 133

$335°°

COEX 80-FT

Best of all, the price . . .

$

only

299

00

COEX 64 SPC with 256K

Surge Suppressor Fan. Double Outlet Receplacle .

w

V~: FLOPPY DISK DRIVES

SINGLE-SIDED 8"

DOUBLE-SIDED 8 '

SINGLE-SIDED 5'A"

DOUBLE-SIDED 5'A" 345 325 313 Tandon TM100-2 159 159 149

DOUBLE-SIDED 5'A" Thlnllne

375 365 359 Oume 5'/." Thii " DOUBLE-SIDED 3"

WINCHESTERS 5'A"

"1 Seagate ST512(12Mbl , UbU H19 IMI 5012112Mb)

11299 1225

SPECIAL LIQUIDATION - SMALL QTY SHUGART4004 14" WINCHESTER

Only 10 Available —So Hurry!

14.5 MEGABYTES

List 2495.00

h Special Sale Price... $995.00

ABM

BSR-X10 imertace

Color to Mono I/O Module

Telephone Receptionist adapi

PS3276/Bisyn Emulator AMDEK Dual 3" Amdisk

12) Hitachi DS(250K| ASTMegaplus" Card

P/N MG-064. 64K. Ser, Clk

P/N MG-064SP. add'l Ser. Par

P/N MG-256. 256K, Ser Clk

P/N MG-256SP add'l Ser. Par AST I/O Plus- Card

P/N l/O-SP. Clk. 12) Ser. Par AST Combo Plus" Card

P/N MC256SPC 256K. clk, P/S 995 AST PC Disk++' Card

P/N MD-064. 64K. Host. Par CACTUS TECHNOLOGY

300 Baud Direct Modum COEX

Extender Card

Prototype Card

37 Pm "D" Connector

Snap-in Card Guides 15) CORONA Hard Disk System CORVUS Hard Disk System DAVONG

5Mb Hard Disk 1

12Mb Hard Disk 2

MAYNARD Disk Drive Card

Floppy Card w/Parallel

Floppy Card w/Senal MOUSE SYSTEMS

Mouse w/Mousepad

Mouse RS232 I/O ORCHID

Hi-Res Graphics Adapter PERSYST Spectrum (64-256K)

P/N SP64-CCP. 64K, S. S, P

P/N SP64, 64K

64K Upgrade Kit )9 chipsl OUADRAM Quadboard (64-256K)

P/N 064. 64K w/4 functions TANDON TM 100-1 I160K>

TM 100-2 i320Ki

TEAC FD55Bi320Kj Disk

TG PRODUCTS Joystick

Track Ball

VISTA

MULTICARD w/64K SPC

MULTICARDW/256KSPC

64K Upgrade Kit (9 chips!

"MAXICARD"" W/64K MAXICARD'" W/256K

'MAXICARD'" W/576K 1

■PC MASTER"' 7 Functions

DISKMASTERiS'. .8")

ECONOCARD-SPC only

299 549 899 459 299 159

PRINTERS

COEX 80F/T BOcps

STAR MICRONICS- NEW!

Gemini 10 1 OOcps Gemini 15 15" EPSON MX80 w/Graltrax MX 100 w/Grafrrax FX80 w/Graftrax INTEGRAL DATA Micropnsm 480 Prism 80 Color (all) Prism 132 Color {all) BROTHER HR-1

Datsywriler IBM PC to EPSON Cable OKIDATA Microhne82A MicrohOG83A Microline84AP Okidala 92

399 349

649 479

494 419

749 669

699 629

799 6B9

1795 1495

1995 1685

1195 895

1495 1295

60

45

599 489

899 729

1399 1099

G99 549

MONITORS

AMDEK CORP 300 Green 12 310Amber 12 Color I Composite Color II RGB H.-Res Color ill RGBComm'l Color IV RGB Analog

NEC 12" Green-NEW

12' RGB (690 x 230)

PRINCETON GRAPHICS RGB IBM Lookahke

S199 $155

210 175

399 299

899 790

Call

1299 1059 199 155 R95 799

Optional COEX Interface Card I to Apple $49.95 I

Apple System Saver Fan

DISKETTES

DYSAN 5KT SSSD DYSAN 5'V DSSD IBM5VSSSO IBM 5V SSDD VERBATIM 525-01 SS VERBATIM 550-01 DS MAXELL MD1 SS MAXELL MD2 DS

10/S55 10/65 10/60 10/65 10/45 10/55 10/50 10/60

AMDEK Hitachi 3' DS Micro 5/99 BULK SPECIAL SS 10/25

ve and Box 100/195

MORE IBM GOODIES

CURTIS PC Pedestal

Extension Cable INTEL 8087 IC RAM EXPANSION

16K Molhetboardne iC's) 64K Memory Exp (9 IC'S) KRAFT IBM Joystick IBM Paddles

MODEMS

SIGNALMAN Mark I lRS?32i HAYES

Smartmoaem|RS:>:j2i

Smartmoflpm 1200 IBM PC 10 Modem Cable

AMC 300 300 Baud AMC 1200 1200 Baud TRANSPAKI IRANSPAK II TRANSPAK III NOVATION

only

249(

MORE HARDWARE

Controller $99.00

Just plug in and run.

Vista Quartet

799

I

J*

Add 8" Disk ' Drives To Your Apple ll/lle Up To 2.4 Megabyte!

Now'TRIMLINE V1100" with Tandon Thinline DS DD Drives.

Tandon Dual DS DD S1 895.00

Oume Dual DS DD 1699.00

Shugart Dual 801R 1295.00

SPECIAL OFFER

(2) Siemen's 8" Disk Drives (1) Vista V-1000 Enclosure (1) Power Supply w/Fan, w/Cable

ACP Low Price

s699

00

Apple Compatible Software

SAVE UP TO 40%

TOLL FREE

800-854-8230

TWX

910-595-1565

BUSINESS Screen Wn'ler Word Handler BO Master

Visicalc"" 3.3

Master Type

DeskTop Plan II

Desk Top Plan Ml

Vlsiplot

PFS, File II

FPS, File III

Visitrend/Visiplol

PFS, Graph II

PFS. Graph III

Multiplan

Versaform

Wordstar

Format II

dBASE II

Supc-rcnlc

PFS, Report II

PFS, Report III

Accl PlusG/L :

G/L A/P. A/R !

Above+lnventory

Magic Window

HOME

Home Accountenl

Transend 1

Transend II

Data Capture 4 0

Visilerm

Per Finance Mgr

ASCII Exprs, Prol,

S32

HOBBY Bag of Tricks

Graphics Magic'n DOS Boss Zoom Graphics Utility City Locksmith 4.0 Compl Graph Sys Apple Mechanic Nibbles Away II GAMES The Missinc Choplifter Frogger 24

Wizardy 39

Snack Attack 24

Castle Wolfenslien 24 Arcade Machine 44 Canyon Climber 24

1 Ring

Aztei

Mask of the Sun

Cannonball Blitz

Knight Diamonds

Zorkl

Zork III

Starcross

Serpentine

Star Blazer

Deadline

Tube way

F ighl Simulator

Space Vikings

Sargon II

Soitfire Simulator

Apple Panic

Olympic Decath

MICROSOFT ZSOSoltcard

16K Ramcard

The Premium Package SSM

AlO-ll 4 Function Serial/ Parallel

AlO Serial/Parallel EASTSIDE

Wildcard Apple II KENSINGTON

System Saver KEYBOARD COMPANY

Numeric Keypad

Apple It Joystick

Apple II HandconI rollers KRAFT (IBM BlSO)

Joystick

Hand Controller MPC

128K Bubble Memory PROMETHEUS

VERSAbox Spool/Bufr

VERSAcardFour-irr-1

AUTO-DOC diagnostics VISTA COMPUTER CO,

Vision 80 80x24 Card

Vision 80 Visicalc 80

LIST

S395.00 195.00 685 00

149.95 49.95 29.95

249.00 199 00 99.00

ACP S249.00 89.00 654.00

124.95 44.50 25.95

49.00 40.00

199.00 166.00 82.00

39500 219.00

ColF

ich

A800 8 DiskContr Quartet Disk Drive 5V Solo Disk Drive w/Contr Solo Drive w/0 Contr Vista514" DiskContr Typeahead Buffer

VIDEX Videoterrn 80x24 Card Keyboard Enhancer II Solt Switch Function Strip Keys

PRACTICAL PERIPHERALS

69 00 379 95 849.00 299.00 379,00 92.00 49.95

345 00 14900 35 00 79.00

I6K Microbuffer

32K Microbuffer

Snapshot Option VOTRAX

Type rV Talk Speech

Personal System VYNET

Apple II Voice Syn

Apple II Telephone I/O SCOTT INSTRUMENTS

Voice Recogml'n VET80 COEX

16K RAM Card

Parallel Card w/cable

Apple Prclocard

Apple Extendercard

Apple He Ext RAM Card CORVUS

5 Mb Hard Disk

10 Mb Hard Disk

20 Mb Hard Disk ORANGE MICRO

The Grappler I/O (Plus)

The Bulierboard SATURN SYSTEMS

32K RAM Card

128K RAM Card SCOTT

ECHO II STREET

ECHO II LEGEND

64KC ll/lle

128KC ll/lle

18SRC 18K Static MOUNTAIN COMPUTER

CPS Multilunction

Music System

A/D plus D/A

ROM Plus M&R ENTERPRISES

Sup'rterm 80x24 Card

Sup'rMod II

Sup'rModV(IBM)

Sup'rAccess (New1) ALS

The CP/M Plus Z80 card

Smarterm80x24 Card

The Synergizer Package

259 00 299 00 4900

29.00 29,00 199.00

3750.00 5350.00 6450.00

49.00 349.00 799.00 249.00 319.00 79.00 35.00

279.00

129,00 30.00 59.00

220.00 253.00 109.00

675.00

59.95 49.95 19.95 19,95 149.00

327.00 599.00 149.00

239 00 395 00 350 00 155.00

395.00 69.00 69.00

399 00 349.00 699.00

Call

129.00

129.00

269.00 499.00 135.00

335.00 299.00 129.00

269.00 49.00

49.00 Call

319.00 279.00 549.00

16K RAM CARD

Apple IN6K

Compatible with Z80 Softcard" ... PASCAL CP/M

year Warranty Top Quality by COEX

NEW LOW

$i

|95

PRICE *J W Also from COEX NEW EPSON Parallel Interface for Apple. With cable $49.95

Mailorder P.O. Boi 17329 Irelie, CA12713

Retail: 1310BE. ErJInger. Santa Ana CA 32705 (714) 558-3813 542 W. Trimble, Sin Joje, CA 35131 (403) 948-7010

TERMS: MO Cashief 5 Check Bank Wirt checks allow 2 weeks lor processing Inciu License airj credit card «s Visa, AMEX. CB add 3"i> service charge Add 3% shipping & handling oi $2 !i0. whichevei is gieatcr Add '0% tor loreign oideis n US Parcel Posl I tWtajde Telephone mifllbei HOCODl Prices suli|(!Ct 1o change without nolice Some Rem

subject lopnor sale We reserve the right tosubstllul

mjinulacturor Retail prices may vary

Circle 16 on inquiry card.

BYTE May 1983 577

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

THERE ARE NO DETTER BOARDS - THERE ARE NO BETTER PRICES!

L ompuPro FROM PRIORITY one electronics

5VSTEMS

CPU BOARDS CO-PROCESSOR 6066/6067

76 bit 8 or 10 MHz 8086 CPU with sockets tor 8087 and 80130

Pert No.

PtjCljjjjjj

Uil Price Our Price

BQGBT188A A&T8MHz 8086 only $750.00 $689.00 BQGBT166C CSC 10MHz 8086 only$850.00 $764.89 B06BT186AB7 A&T with 8087 option $1050.00 $939.00 B0BBT1B6C87 CSC with 8087 option'$ 1150.00 $1065.00 •8087 Limits clock speed to 5 MHz

© DUAL PROCESSOR 8065-6066

6 or 8 MHz provides true 16 Bit Power with a standard

8 bit S-100 bus BQGBT161ZA A&T 6MHz $495.00 $439.00

B0BBT1B1ZC CSC 6/8 MHz $595.00 $529.00

68 K -68000 16 DIT CPU

16 bit 8 or 10 MHz on-board sockets tor 2716, 2732,

or 2764 EPROMs lor up to 8K x 16 ot memory BQ6BT1MA A&T 8MHz $695.00 $625.00

BQBBT184C CSC 10MHz $850.00 $765.00

FORTH OPERATING SYSTEM FOR 68K CPU

Requires a DISK 1, 64K of CompuPro memory

and an INTERFACER 3 or 4.

BQ6BT86K0S FORTH operating system $200.00

CPUZ - Z60D CPU NOW 6MHzl

3/6 MHz Z80B CPU with 24 Bit Addressing.

FASTEST Z80 CPU AVAILABLE!

BQGBTI60A 3/6 MHz A&T $325.00 $289.00

BOBBT180C 3/6 MHz CSC $425.00 $379.00

DMA DISC CONTROLLER CP/M 2.2 FOR FREE!!*

CMOS RAM SALE!

RAM 17 - 64K CMOS STATIC RAM

12 MHz, RAM 17,2 Watt, DMA Compatible 24 Bit Addressing

Part No.

Description

list Price Our Price

BQBBT175AS4 64K A&T 12MHz BQGBT175CM 64K CSC 12MHz

$499.00 $460.00 $599.00 $550.00

RAM 16 - 32K x 16 DIT CMOS STATIC RAM

.—. 8 and/or 16 Bit

(gig) 12MHz,RAM16,32Kx16or64Kx8

IEEE/696 16 Bit 2 Waft 24 Bit Addressing BQGBT180A 64K A&T 12MHz $550.00 $510.00

BQGBT180C 64K CSC 12MHz $650.00 $610.00

NEW! RAM 21 - 128K STATIC RAM

876 RAM 21 12MHz, 128K x 8 or 64K x 16

IEEE/696 8 or 16 Bit, 1.2 Amps, 24 Bit Addressing

BQGBT190A 128KA&T $1095.00 $ 995.00

BQGBTI90C 128KCSC $1245.00 $1125.00

'When 2 or more 8" disk drives are purchased with Disk 1 Controller.

DISK CONTROLLERS

DISK 1 FLOPPY CONTROLLER - OUR BEST!

Fast DMA Soil Sector, Controls Up to Four 8" or 5<A" Single or Double Density Drives.

M-DPJVE SOLID STATE DISK DRIVE, 3500% FASTER!)

Not really, but the next best thing lor CompuPro 8085/88

Users. Call tor Details on M-Drive. M-Drive requires aBMHzCPU 8085/88 dual processor, Disk 1 DMA disk controller and System Support 1 Multifunction Board. BQtBTMDinU 128K of AST memory & M-Drive Software $1199.00 B06BTN0128KC 128K of CSC memory & M-Drive Software $1399.00 B06BTMD25BKA 256K of AS I memory & M-Drive Software $2395.00 BQSBTMD256KC 256K of CSC memory & M-Drive Software $2795.00

M-DRIVE/H HARDWARE LOGICAL DISK SYSTEM

Interfaces through two I/O ports, and runs at 10MHz. IEEE 696 compatible. Requires any CompuPro CPU and a Disk 1. Each board contains 512K of fast, tow

power (900mA) RAM, with parity checking. BQGBTI07A M-DRIVE/H w/software. A8.TSIB95.00 $1295.00 BQGBTI97C M-DRIVE/H w/software, CSC $2095.00 $1495.00

BQPBB17IACPM

BOPDBmCCPM B08BT171A 888871710 B08BTCP9MO

B08BTCPM8B

A&T w/CPM 2.2 & BIOS $670.00 $495.00

•When purchased with two 8" $450.00

disk drives only.

CSC w/CP/M2.2& BIOS $770.00 $595.00

Disk 1 Controller A&T $495.00 $449.99

Disk 1 Controller CSC $595.00 $550.00

CP/M 2.2 torZ80/8085 w/manual $174.89

& BIOS S" S/D disk

CP/M 2.2 tor 8086 w/manuals $299.89

& BIOS 8" S/D disk.

DISK 2/SELECTOR CHANNEL HARD DISK CONTROLLER

Fast DMA 2 board set. controls 4 Shugart 4000 series

or Fujitsu 2300 type drives. Includes CP/M 2.2' BQ6BT177A Assembled & Tested $795.00 $750.00 BQGBTI77C CSC $895.00 $850.00

S-100 MAINFRAME

110V 60Hz CVT Mainframe uses famous 20 slot

CompuPro Motherboard (55 lbs.)

BQGBTENC20RM 20 Slot Rackmount $895.00 $825.00

BQGBTENC20DK 20 Slot Desk Top $825.00 $760.00

I/O BOARDS

SYSTEM SUPPORT 1 MULTIFUNCTION BOARD

Serial port (software prog, baud), 4K RAM included, 15 levels of interrupt, real time clock,

optional math processor

Part No.

OoicriotJto

Utt Price Or Price

BQ6BT162A Assembled & Tested B08BT162C CSC BBGBT823I Math Chip B0GBT8232 Math Chip BQGBT16ZAM1 A&TW/8231 Math Chip B0BBT162CM1 CSCw/8237 Math Chip B6GBT162AM2 A&T w/8232 Math Chip BQGBT162CM2 CSC w/8232 Math Chip

$450.00 $550.00

$395.00

$415.00

$185.00

$185.66

$570.00

$676.60

$570.00

$676.66

MPX CHANNEL BOARDS

I/O Multiplexer, using 8085A-2 CPU on board w/16K RAM BQ6BTI6BA16 Assembled & Tested $649.00 $584.89 BQBBT1BBC18 CSC $749.00 $674.89

INTERFACER 1

Two Serial I/O BQ6BT133A Assembled & Tested $295.00 $259.00 BQGBTI33C CSC $370.00 $329.60

INTERFACER 2

Three parallel, one serial I/O board BQGBTI50A Assembled & Tested $325.00 $289.00 86GBT150C CSC $399.00 $350.00

INTERFACER 3

Eight-channel multi-user serial I/O board B0GBTI748A Assembled & Tested $699.00 $628.89 B66BT1748C CSC 200 hr. 8 port $849.00 $748.80 BQGBT1745A Assembled & Tested $599.00 $558.89 BQGBT1745C CSC 200 hr. 5 port $699.00 $628.88

INTERFACER 4

Three Serial, 1 Parallel, 1 Centronics Parallel BQGBTI87A Assembled & Tested $450.00 $399.00 BQGBT187C CSC $540.00 $478.66

S-100 MOTHERBOARDS

Active termination, 6-12-20 Slot

B0GBN53A BQGBT153C BQGBT154A BQ6BT154C BQGBTI55A BQ6BT155C

A&T 6 slot, 2 lbs. CSC 6 slot, 2 lbs. A&T 12 slot, 3 lbs. CSC 12 slot, 3 lbs A&T 20 slot, 4 lbs. CSC 20 slot, 4 lbs

$140.00 $190.00 $175.00 $240.00 $265.00 $340.00

$125.00

$155.60

$155.00

$220.00

$235.00

$310.00

RETAIL STORE PHONE NUMBERS: (Chotsworth:) (210) 709-5464 - (Irvine:) (714) 660-1411

Circle 368 on inquiry card.

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

Q TekMdeb

WORLD'S BEST SELLING TERMINAL Extra Memory Pages FREE!

■QroBTiniszr $749.00

VeleVideo 925 w/free 2nd page

memory kit. a $95.00 Value! IJP0BHW5WP- S949.00

"TeleVideo 950 w/lree 2nd. 3rd 8 4th page memory kit,$285.00 value!

■gnwo ss49.no

With emulations & loreign languages (Shipping Weight 37 Ids.)

BEST BUYS!

1200 BAUD AUTO-DIAL

HAYES SMARTMODEM COMPATIBLE

U.S. ROBOTICS .

MODEMS

$495.00

^=^

The MITO DIAl 212A Modem is a direct connect 0-300 or 1200 baud modem capable of dialing and calling for you. Ths AUTO DIAL 212A Is compatible li function to Ike DC Hiyei SWAIITWODEW.

Pin No.

Peicripllon

Ust SALE Price

BQUSRADIAL212A 0-3001200 baud dialing modem $599.00 $495.00

h

:.:■.!'■■

[™"tl « "I If

\

'""""111

'( i'XJ

• 9 cursor control keys

• 7 editing function keys o Programmable protection

• Multi-emulations

• Green screen 12"

• Tilt Base o 5 function keys BQLI8F50 (Sh. Wl. 34 lbs.;

List Price: $599.00

SALE PRICE:

UDERTY ELECTRONICS

FREEDOM 100

Contains all of the above features of the FREEDOM 50 plus 5 additional function keys, 7 character sets, 15 special graphics symbols, and block mode transmission. <^ ^ 34 lbs) BQUBF100 SALE A mm 1. ^^ ^^

PRICE: $525.00

$649.00

•I

California Computer Systems

64K

IEEE/S-100

DYNAMIC RAM

2 or 4MHz BANK SELECTABLE

• 2 or 4MHz operation • Designed to IEEE proposed S-100 bus standard • Operates with either an 8080 or Z-80 based S-100 system providing processor transparent refreshes with both • Bank-select system allows system memoiy expansion • Any 16K block can be made bank-independent • All 64 K can be made bank-enabled on and reset • Supports DMA • Jumper-selectable Phantom input • Assembled & Tested • Uses Popular 4116 RAMs

REGULAR LIST PRICE IS $375.00

$175.00 ea. 4/$640.00

BQCCS20653 (Sh. Wt. 2 lbs.)

DUAL QUME 8 FLOPPY DRIVE,

v-UN I KULLttV mm a

AND CP/M® —. FROM l

omDuPro

ABSOLUTELY THE MOST COST EFFECTIVE DISK SUBSYSTEM EVER OFFERED BY PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS!!

YOU SAVE $1419.77!!

I 6BTZ06SP S23?5.00

I GBT171A $49500

I GBTCPMSO $175.00

I PGC50S60S S 19.77

CABINET AND 2 QUME DT6 DOUBLE SIDED DRIVES $1295 OO PROVIDE 2.4 MBYTES OF MASS STORAGE!! ""««, ««.tomm

GmwPro UN-SYSTEM 816

FOR THOSE WHO DEMAND EXCELLENCE!

Each CompuPro system contains the same nucleus of common hardware and software. This insures compatibility between systems as well as allowing you to expand as your needs grow. The following is a list of the basic hardware components as well as software.

HARDWARE:

• Desk top Enclosure 20 slots

• Floppy disk enclosure with 2 Qume DT8 drives

• DMA Floppy Controller

• 8085/8088 CPU operates 8 or 16 software

• Memory in the form ot RAM 17s

• System support 1 (Clock calendar, RAM/ROM/math processor options, RS-232 Serial port, dual interrupt controllers, triple interval timers, and more!)

• All internal cables SOFTWARE:

• CP/M 2.2'" and CP/M 86'"

• M Drive Software - allows the use of memory as another disk drive

• Sorcim's SUPERCALC 86'"

• Ashton Tate's DBase II

DIG DEEP!! Now is the time to buy the CompuPro UN-SYSTEM 816!!

SAVE MONEY, and have an UN-SYSTEM 816 for your very own! All UN-SYSTEMS contain the very same components as the SYSTEM 816s listed in our Winter 1983 Engineering Selection Guide, but are not installed or configured. All it takes is your professional computer experience and knowledge to have the highest performing S-100 computer system on the market today. BEWARE! This is not for the novice and inexperienced user, as it requires a well-matured knowledge in system integration procedures.

So, WHY WAIT!? Don't Pass Up This Incredible Deal!!

Each component of the UN-SYSTEM 816 has been assembled and individually tested. Final installation and configuration are the sole responsibility of the purchaser.

UN-SYSTEM 816/A

ENTRY LEVEL-SINGLE USER

Disk storage: 2.4 Megabytes. Expandable to 4.8 Megabytes.

Main memory: 128K - expandable to 1 Megabyte

Serial Ports: 4 / Parallel Ports: 1

Centronics/Epson ports: 1

Software: CP/M 2.2", CP/M-86", M-Driye, SuperCalc-86, dBase.

Component List Price: $6705.00 BQ68TUNSYSH16

OUR SALE PRICE: sAvE

$4795.00 si**00"

UN-SYSTEM 816/B

ENHANCED HIGH PERFORMANCE SINGLE USER SYSTEM

Disk Storage: 2.4 Megabytes. Expandable to 4.8 Megabytes.

Main memory: 256K - expandable to 1 Megabyte

Serial ports: 6

Software: CP/M 2.2'". CP/M-86", M-Drive, SuperCalc-86™. dBas<

B06BTUNSYSBI6

save

$2702

oov.

Component List Price: $8497.00

OUR SALE PRICE:

$5795.00

UN-SYSTEM 816/C

HIGH PERFORMANCE MULTI-USER SYSTEM

Disk storage: 2.4 Megabytes. Expandable to 4.8 Megabytes. Main memory: 384K - expandable to 1 Megabyte Serial ports: 9

Software: CP/M 2.2~, CP/M-86", MP/M 8-16", M-Drive, SuperCalc86'", dBase II" Component List Price: $10,636.00 BQ6BTUNSYSCI6

OUR SALE PRICE: sAyE

$7595.00 $3041

.00!'

S PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS 3D j|

ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 423-5922 - CA, AK, HI CALL (210) 709-5111

Terms. U.S. VISA, MC. BAG. Check. Money Order. U.S. Funds Only. CA residents add 6Vz% Sales Tax. MINIMUM PREPAID ORDERS15.00. Include MINIMUM SHIPPING & HANDLING of S3.00 for the first 3 lbs. plus 40t lor each additional pound. Orders over 50 lbs. sent freight collect. Just in case, please include your phone number. Prices subject to change without notice. We will do our best to maintain prices through May, 1983. Credit Card orders will be charged appropriate freight. If you haven't received your Winter '83 Engineering Selection auide, send $1.00 for vour copy today! Sale prices for prepaid orders onlv.

RETAIL STORE PHONE NUMBERS: (Chotsworth:) (210) 709-5464 - (Irvine:) (714) 660-1411

Circle 368 on inquiry card.

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

SIEMENS

FL

SHUGA

90 DA*: WARRANTY!

ONCE AGAIN YOU f RECEIVE THE g

BENEFIT OF OUR«J UNEQUALLED PUR- l^* CHASING POWER! ^

ORDER NOW AND

IDIOO^B

nipio

HftlVE

$199.

&EM IHQUIRtCS IHVI1

*s (Include S/.00 per'&ive ^shipping)

W LQSIEFDD1008

51/4 DISK DRIVES

B0MPI51* Single-Sided Double-Density 48 TPI $200.00

B0WPI52* Double-Sided Double-Density 48 TPI $270.00

BQMM91* Single-Sided Double-Density 96 TPI $275.00

BQMPIBZ* Double-Sided Double-Density 96 TPI $400.00

'Replace'"" when ordering, with "m" for MPI style bezel, or "S" lor Shugart style bezel. (Shipping Weight S lbs.)

2" HIGH 8 DISK DRIVES

S-100 DUAL 6 SUBSYSTEM

BQCCS2422A

BQSIEF0D1008

BOIIIFDE002

S-100 Disk Controller with CP/M 2.2 Siemens Double Density 8" drive Dual Horizontal Cabinet with Power Supply and Data Cable

$399.00 $398.00 $295.00

SAVE $132.00!!

$995.00

■ llnrlnrle $30 nn fnr shinninn\

(Include $30.00 lor shipping)

1 $ 35.00 $1127.00

DON'T MISS OUT!

Order No. BQPDBSIESUB1

The first 2" high 8" disk drive allows tor mounting under the keyboard on CRT, etc.

NO AC Required +5V +24VDC only FAST 3 msec track to track! B0MPI4IM 'h High 1 side double-density $380.00

BQMPM2M 'A High 2 side double-density $480.00

BO MPMIS Full height 1 side single drive, dbte-density $3>0.00 BO MPI42S Full height 2 sided single drive, dble -density (4)0.00 BQ MPI4ID Full height 1 side dual drive, dble -density $780.00 BD MPI42D Full height 2 side dual drive, dble.-density $920.00

(Shipping Weight: 11 lbs, per drive)

BUY DRIVE AND CABINET TOGETHER AND SAVE!

H INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTATION,

DUAL 8" SIEMENS FDD1008,

DUAL 8 CABINET POWER SUPPLY

AND INTERNAL POWER CABLES

IF BOUGHT SEPARATELY: $890.00

PRICED AT:

$675.00

BPPDBIIISIE

1 Positive Pressure Filter Cooling Power Supply;4A<s>+5V,3A@+24V

1A@-5V Each output is individually fused

• Hinged top for easy access

• Heavy non-flex .090 aluminum oase

• Modular power connectors

ENVIRONMENT MONITOR PANEL

Temperature and voltage monitor with visual and audible alarm for overtemp condition. Direct Digital Readout ol Internal temperature In

C on standard OHM BIMIIFDE002 CABINET ONLY (Sh Wt. 38 lbs.) $295.00

BO PDBIIISIEEM 2-DnvBS, Cabinet & disk environmenl monitor $775.00 BQIIIFDE002EM Cabinnl only with disk environment monitoi $375.00 BOPDB50MI8E18E Dual Dala Cable $31.15

BQP6C50SG0S External Dala Cable $19.77

landon

i

W> 8-INCH THIN LINE

Exactly one-half the height of any other model

Proprietary, high-resolution, read-write heads patented

by Tandon

D.C. only operation ■ no AC. required

Industry standard interface

Three millisecond track-to-track access time (9 lbs.)

TANDON 8" DRIVES

BQTNDTM8481 Single Sided: $380.00 2 or more: $370.00 aa. B0TNDTM8482 Double Sided: $499.00 2 or more: $465.00 ea.

TANDON 5V4" DRIVES

BOTNDTMIOOt

BOTNBTMI002

OUR FINEST 8" DUAL DISK DRIVE CABINET I

Single Sided, 250KB (5 lbs.)

2 or More: $200.00 each

Double Sided, 500KB

2 or More: $270.00 each

BOTNDTM1003 Single Sided, 500 KB

2 or More: $270.00 each

BQTHDTM1004 Double Sided. 1000KB

. 2 or More: $375.00 each

$220.00 ea.

$205.00 ea.

$205.00 ea.

$305.00 ea.

International

Instrumentation

Incorporated

Compare these features listed and you'll see why this cabinet

is our FINEST DISK CABINET

FEATURES

• Positive pressure forced air cooling for reliable disk drive operation

• AC input via 3 wire 7 foot international cord/socket set

• AC input EMI filtered to six amps to help prevent disk crashes due to power spikes and line noise

• 14 gauge main chassis

• Integral power supply with 5V (?> 6A/-5V @ 1A/24V @ 6A

• Double-sided custom PC power board and supply

• Each DC supply and AC separately fused

STANDARD UNIVERSAL DISK ENCLOSURE

List Price OUR Price BQIIIU0EQ04 $495 00 $425.00

With augmented power suply to handle Tandon Slimline, or Winchester disk drives. Includes the disk environment monitor. BQIIIUDE004AUG $733 00 $625.00

With Disk Environment Monitor lor cool, reliable operation. BQIIIUDEQ04EM $584.95 $495.00

<

DUAL 8 HALF HEIGHT FLOPPY CABINET

INSTRUMENTATION.

24V @ 4A 5V @ 3A

-5V@ 800ma n i ^uj^uc^

Fan cooled

Socketed power connections

All supplies regulated

I

Uit Price SALE

B0IIIOTLO02 Dual Thin Line Cabinet (12 lbs.) $225.00 $165.00

DUY THE CADINET & DRIVES AND SAVE!

With 2 Tandoo Thlnllnet

BQPDBIIITND1 Cabinet w/2 TNDTM8481 -1 sided (30 lbS)$M5.00 BOPBBIIITN02 Cabinet w/2 TNDTM8482 -2 sided (30 lbs.) $1115.00

With 2 MPI Slimline*

BQFOBIIIMFII Cabinet w/2 MPI41M • 1 sided (30 lbs.) $020.00 B0PBBIIIMPI2 Cabinet w/2 MPI42M ■ 2 sided I30 lbs.) $1080.00

Options

BOIIIDTLBPIKIT MPI drive adaptor mounting kit (2 lbs.) $24.05

BQIIIDCCSHU Shugart / AC/DC power connector kit (2 lbs.) $14.95

(For full size single SA801 or compatible drives)

RETAIL STORE PHONE NUMBERS: (Chatsworth:) (213) 709-5464 - (Irvine:) (714) 660-1411

Circle 369 on inquiry card.

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

s*&*

•SANYO

12"

DATA

DISPLAY

MONITOR

24 Lines x 64 Characters

B0SY0DM2112 List Price: $160.00

SALE PRICE: gAv£

$75.00 II $85°°

V '•^•^^^^ •• (S/l. Wr. 16/bs.)

LOWEST COST PRINTERS AVAILABLE

$299.00 a

CMULTICARD

MEMORY & I/O CARD

64 K RAM Expandable lo 256K

One RS232 Serial Port One Parallel Printer Port

Real Time Clock Calendar with Battery Backup (Sh. Wt. 1 lb.)

BQVIS025665

List Price: $595.00 SALE PRICE:

EIA/RS232 WALL PLATES

(Does not include connectors/ BQIIIWPDBZSI Single punched

4/$10.00

BQIIIWPDB25Z Dual Punched

4/$12.00 RS-202 "D'

SUB-MINIATURE 1 CONNEaORS

I 1-9 10-24 25-99 100-UP

B0CNDDB25P 25 Pin Male

B0CN0DB25S 25 Pin Female

BQCNDDB51ZI2 1 Pc. Grey Hood

BQCNDP25H 2 Pc. Grey Hood

BQCNB0B91226 2 Pc. Black Hood

B0CNBB20418 Hardware set 2/Pr. $1.00. $ .BO $ .70 $ .00

$2.75 $2.50 $2.25 $1.05

$4.00 $3.50 $3.25 $3.00

$1.65 $1.40 $1.25 $1.15

$1.50 $1.25 $1.10 $1.00

$1.75 $1.50 $1.35 $1.20

$399.00

3 cps • 10,12 or 16.5 cpi • 3 selectable line spacing • Vertical format control • Centronics parallel or RS232 serial interface • Uses a standard Underwood spooled ribbon • Friction and tractor feed (Snipping Weight 21 lbs.) Ust Price 0BB Price

BQCOX80FT Parallel int. $399.00 $299.00

BQC0X80FTSER Serial int. $399.00 $329.00

BQCOXAPLINTP Apple parallel interface w/cable $49.95

MAX. CARD

iVTT? PERSONAL COMPUTER RAM CARD ^^ POPULATED IN 64K, 256K, or 576K

$229.00

4

AXIOM CORPORATION

. Wt. 11 lbs.)

• 5 x 7 Dot Matrix • Parallel Interface (Centronics) • Tractor Feed

• Dot Addressable Graphics • Up to 3-Part Paper • Self Test • One Year Warranty • 30 CPS 80 Column Unidirectional • Uses Regular Paper

BQAXMGPIOOA Dot Matrix Printer $389.00 $229.00

mk $199.00

BOV1S057B84 List Price: $379.00

SAVE $180.00 256K $449.00

B0VISO576256 List Price: $789.00

SAVE$340.00 576K $950.00

BQVIS0S7B576 List Price: $1299.00

SAVE $349.00

> Runs at full speed with no wait states

> Parity can be disabled at User's option

» On board parity bit on

each Byte » Fully expanded, a full

576KB on one card

> One board fills entire primary RAM address space available

» Full Vista 120 Day

Warranty •Available with 256K & 576K boards only (Sh. Wt 6 lbs.)

(IBM is a trademark of International Business Machines)

j^n, Texas s^r Instruments

16 PIN GOLD AND TIN DIP SOLDERTAIL SOCKETS TIN GOLD

OTY BQTIS16LP BQTIG16LP

so$ 8.00 $ 10.00 Sh iooo $ 60.00 $ 80.00 "woo $225.00 $315.00

(Sh. Wt. 15 lbs.)

DIRECT CONNECT MODEM MURA

$79.00

0 - 300 BAUD MURA MM-100

• 0-300 baud

• RS232C interface

• Full duplex

• Carrier detect indicator

• Bell 103 compatible

• Low voltage

• Originate/Answer switch selectable

^ Si .

%

Uit Mm SALE

BQMUAMMI00 0 - 300 baud modem $99.95 $79.00

(Shipping Weight: 2 lbs.) BQCNDBS2328F RS232 cable SI 9.9b

100CPS

DOT MATRIX PRINTER

• Centronics parallel interface • 9x9character matrix • 6x6 block graphic matrix • Bit image (7 or8) x480 dot matrix (single density) (7

or 8) x 960 dot matrix • Bi-directional printing with logic seeking • 4 0.48.66.80.96, or 132 characters per line • 96 ASCII characters • 5,6,8.5,10,12, or 17 characters per inch • 1/6,1 /8, n/72, n/144 Line pitch • Sprocket or friction feed • Uses a standard underwood ribbon

BQGEM10 80 Column* Printer List Price: $399.00

SALE PRICE'

(Shipping Weight: 20 lbs.)

BQGEM15 132 Column* Printer List Price: $649.00

$359.00

SALE PRICE:

$489.00

(Shipping Weight: 26 lbs.)

(Shipping Weight: •Based on 10 characters per inch

SERIAL INTERFACE CARD FOR GEMINI 10 & 15

BQGEMSEBINT Serial Interface Module (Sh. Wl 1 lb) $B5.00

TJLTRA^

MAGNETICS^

5'A" FLOPPY DISKETTES <>~

?$£■

it*

i''S^

FEATURES:

• Includes reinforcement ring

• Write protect with tabs

• 100% Surface tested

• Lifetime warranty

Description

BQULT5240I Solt sector, 40 track. 2 side

BQULT52410 10 sector, 40 track. 2 side

BQULT52416 16 sector, 40 track, 2 side

BQULT5TB01 Solt sector, 80 track, 1 side BQULT51B10 10 sector. 80 track, 1 side BIJULT5I8I6 16 sector, 80 track, 1 side

BBULTS2SB1 Soft sector. 80 track, 2 sided BQULT5ZB10 10 sector, 80 track. 2 sided B0UIT52816 16 Sector, 80 track, 2 sided

SALE-1

SINGLE SIDED

40 TRACKS — BOX OF DOUBLE DENSITY ORDER INFORMATION:

BQULT51401 Soft Sector BQULT51410 10 Sector BQULT51416 16 Sector

«<

10

2 BOXES:

10 BOXES:

$25.00 $40.00 $180.00

Box of 10

2 Boxos

10 Boxos

$35.00 $60.00 $280.00

$30.00 $50.00 $220.00

$40.00 $70.00 $320.00

(Sh. Wt. 2 lbs) (Sh. Wt. 4 lbs.) (Sh. Wt. 20 lbs.)

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS mm

9161 DEERING AVE. CHATSWORTH, CA 91 31 1 <^^* ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 420-5922 - CA, AK, HI CALL (210) 709-5111

Terms. U.S. VISA, MC, BAC, Check. Money Order, U.!f Funds Only. CA residents add 6%% Sales Tax. MINIMUM rriEPAID ORDERS15.00. Include MINIMUM SHIPPING & HANDLING of $3.00 for (he first 3 lbs. plus 40G for each additional pound Orders over 50 lbs. sent freight collect Just in case, please include your phone number. Prices subject to change without notice. We will do our besl to maintain prices through May, 1983. Credit Card orders will be charged appropriate freight. If you haven't received your Winter '83 Engineering Selection guide, send $1.00 for your copy today! Sale prices for prepaid orders only.

RETAIL STORE PHONE NUMBERS: (Chatsworth:) (213) 709-5464 - (Irvine:) (714) 660-1411

Circle 369 on inquiry card.

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

16.000,000 BYTES OF STORAGE

PURE SPEED

That's what you get when you operate this subsystem. Imagine data access virtually without wait! By using DMA technology, the actual time required to send and retrieve data is greatly reduced. With the additional speed and high density of the 51A" Winchester disk drive from COMPUTER MEMORIES, you will have enormous files at your own fingertips without the frustration of searching for the right floppy disk! The throughput of this subsystem is further increased by having all low level disk drive routines resident on the DMA controller, thus relieving the computer for other tasks.

COMPATIBILITY

MORROW DESIGNS engineers have invested thousands of man-hours to assure that this M16 hard disk subsystem will be compatible with almost all S-100 IEEE/696 computer systems. Each M16 hard disk subsystem is supplied with CP/M 2.2™, and MICROSOFT BASIC V5.2™. MORROW DESIGNS has even included an INSTALL program on 8" disk so you can easily custom configure your M16 subsystem to operate flawlessly with any system that is fully IEEE/696 compatible and has no other DMA devices on line. North Star compatible INSTALL package available by special order.

EXPANDABLE

The M16 subsystem can grow with your needs. The DMA controller can operate up to four drives at one time. Just imagine — 64 MBytes on line! Also, as technologies progress, you will be prepared with a controller designed with the future in mind!

WITH CP/M 2.2" AND MICROSOFT BASIC V5.2

NO KIDDING!

16,000,000 BYTES FOR

ONLY

§10

LIST PRICE: $2995.00 (Shipping Weight 20 lbs.)

SAVE $1400.00!!

BQMDSDMANN6 16 MB Subsystem BQMDSDMAM16NS With NorthStar INSTALL package

KEY FEATURES:

DISK DRIVE:

• DISCUS M16: Computer Memories CMI5616,16Mb formatted capacity

• Same physical size and mounting as the minifloppy

• Same DC voltages as the minifloppy

• Band actuator and stepper motor head positioning

• 5.0 megabit/second transfer rate

• Same track capacity as a double density 8 inch floppy

• 170 millisecond random average access time, reduceable to 95 ms via a simple software algorithm

CONTROLLER:

• Fully compatible with high speed 6M Hz and 8 MHz CPUs of today and tomorrow

• DMA bus arbitration as outlined by the IEEE 696 standard

• Controls 1 to 4 soft sectored Winchester drives

• Variable sector length (256,512,1024, or 2048 byte sectors)

• Automatic CRC generation and checking

• Addresses 1 to 16 heads

• Addresses an infinite number of tracks

• 24-bit address burst DMA transfers

• Due to this high transfer rate, a minimum CPU speed of 2.5MHz is required

»!•

ON'T WAIT!!!

WE HAVE PURCHASED ANOTHER

PRODUCTION RUN — AS WE

SOLD OUT THE LAST ONE IN

LESS THAN A MONTH!!

RETAIL STORE PHONE NUMBERS: (Chatsworth:) (210) 709-5464 - (Irvine:) (714) 660-1411

Circle 370 on Inquiry card.

LAST CHANCE FOR SCOPE REBA TEH

Rfimmwi

DYNASCAN

CORPORATION

BKP1535 SPECIFICATIONS

• 35MHz response; useable beyond 50MHz • 2 mV/cm vertical sensitivity • Signal delay line tor accurate view of high frequency pulse leading edge • Alternate trigger capability • Automatic or manual selection of CHOP AND ALTERNATE dual-trace display • Variable hold-off for accurate pulse train display • Video sync separators standard • Built-in triggering filters • PDA CRT with P31 phosphor • 10:1/ref/direct probes included • Differential input capability

35 MHz DUAL TRACE • TRIGGERED

BQBKP1535 List Price: $950.00

$695.00

(Shipping Weight 20 lbs.)

SAVE $330.00!! INCLUDING REBATE

•TOXAIM

12" RGB COLOR MONITOR

080 HORIZONTAL LINE RESOLUTION BQTAXRGB1

List Price: $399.00 (Sh. Wt 29 lbs.)

BQTAXIBMHGB

Interface cable to IBM $10.00

BQTAXRGBAPL

Apple lie & III cable $10.00

WITH APPLE II RGD INTERFACE

BQPDBTAXRGBAPL

List Price: $528.00

$359.00

12" RGB SUPER HIGH RESOLUTION MONITOR

600 HORIZONTAL UNE RESOLUTION

• 18MHz bandwidth BQTAXRGB3

• Linear RGB input provides LIST PRICE: unlimited color combintations $699.00

• Compatible with APPLE III ig^ yyt 29 lbs)

and IBM P/C

$595.00

SALE PRICE:

SUPER HIGH RESOLUTION RGD MONITOR WITH AN APPLE INTERFACE CARD BQPBBRGB3APL $095.00

HIGH RESOLUTION

12" GREEN OR AMBER

VIDEO MONITOR

• >18 MHz bandwidth

• 800 line horizontal resolution

• Composite video input

BQTAXKG12N Green

BQTAXKG12NUY Amber

LIST PRICE: $179.00

(Shipping Weight 19 lbs.)

SALE PRICE:

$129.00

„0*B •»"■<"•"

(Valid through 6/30/83I

DIRECT FACTORY

CONSUMER REBATE

CERTIFICATE INCLUDED!

ra^^DYNABCAN

BKP1530 SPECIFICATIONS:

• Delayed sweep operation for sweep expansion up to 1000V • 5 mV division sensitivity selectable 2 mV to 20MHz • Variable hold-off pulse train display • Singlesweep for nonrepetitive waveforms • Built-in triggering filters • Video sync separator standard • CHOP or ALTERNATE display • Differential input capability • 11.7 nS rise time for short duration pulses • Alternate trigger capability • Front panel x-y operation • 10:1/reference/ direct probes included

00 MHz DUAL TRACE - DELAYED SWEEP

BQBKP1530 List Price: $875.00

625.00

(Shipping Weight 20 lbs.)

SAVE $300.00!! INCLUDING REBATE

ra

HEWLETT PACKARD

H-P QUALITY & PERFORMANCE AT OUR LOW PRICES!

SERIES 10

Programmable

Calculators

Part No. Deicriptlon

BQ HP-10C Scientific (Shipping Weight 3 lbs.)

BQ HP-11C Advanced Scientific (Shipping Weight 3 lbs.)

BQ HP-12C Advanced Financial (Shipping Weight 3 lbs.)

SO HP-15C Advanced Scientific w/matrices (Sh. Wt 3 lbs.)

00 HP-16C For Digital Electronics & Computer Science (3 lbs.)

• RPN Logic

• Continuous Memory

• Convenient Design

• Automatic Turn-off Function

• LCD

• Self Diagnosis

• Rugged Construction

imp*.SALE PRICE

$ 70.00 $59.00 $ 90.00 $79.00 $120.00 $99.00 $120.00 $99.00 $120.00 $99.00

HP-41C/CV - Handheld Computer System

SALE $159.00

Part No.

BQ HP-41 C

DetcrtpUoi

Handheld computer W/HP821061 memory module included BQ HP-41 CV Handheld Computer w/5X Memory (5 lbs.; 00 HP82104A Plug-in Card Reader (Sh. Wt 5 lbs.) BQ HP82153A Optical Wand (Sh. Wt 5 lbs.) BQ HP82161A Digital Cassette Drive (Sh.Wt 5 lbs.) BO HP82162AThermal Printer/Plotter (Sh. Wt 5 lbs.) BQ HP82163Avi6eo Interface (Sh. Wt 5 lbs.)

ENHANCEMENT MODULES:

BQ HP82160A HP-IL Module

BQ HP82170A Quad RAM

BQ HP82180A Extended Functions/Memory Module

BQ HP821B1A Extended Memory Module

BQ HP82182A Time Module

Uit Price $195.00 (5 lbs.)

$275.00 $195.00 $125.00 $450.00 $450.00 $225.00

$125.00 $ 75.00 $ 75.00 $ 75.00 $ 75.00

$219.00 $159.00 $ 99.00 $349.00 $349.00 $179.00

$95.00 $59.00 $59.00 $59.00 $59.00

a •» wa$ it9 i>

■3HBO

tma

HP-75C PORTABLE COMPUTER

fttft

• Accepts 48K of applications ROM

• Touch-type typewriter-like keyboard

• Powerful BASIC Language

• Uses same peripherals as Series 40

BP HP-75C (Sh. Wt 9 lbs.) tist: $995.00

00

«^ffl ,-^g

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

9161 DEERING AVE. CHATSWORTH, CA 91 311 ORDER TOLL FREE (600) 420-5922 - CA, AK, HI CALL ("210) 709-5111

Terms. U.S. VISA. MC. BAG. Check. Money Order, U.S. Funds Only. CA residents add6'A% Sales Tax. MINIMUM PREPAID 0RDER315.00. Include MINIMUM SHIPPING & HANDLING of S3.00 for the first 3 lbs. plus 40C tor each additional pound. Orders over 50 lbs. sent freight collect Just in case, please include your phone number. Prices subject to change without nolice. We will do our best to maintain prices through May, 1983. Credit Card orders will be charged appropriate freight. K you haven't received your Winter '83 Engineering Selection guide, send $1.00 for your copy today! Sale prices for prepaid orders only.

J

Circle 370 on inquiry card.

BYTE May 1983 583

64K DYNAMIC 200 NS

HE

2KX8 STATIC 200 NS

STATIC RAMS

r Z-80

flj

8000

6800

74LS00

2101

256 x 4 (450ns)

1.95 1

2.5 Mh

z

8035

5.95 fl

68000

59.95 1

74LS00

.24

74LS173

5101

256 x 4 (450ns) (cmos)

3.95 ■

Z80-CPU

3.95 H

8039

6.95 ■ ,

6800

3.95 ■

74LS01

.25

74LS174

2102-1

1024 x1 (450ns)

.89 ■

280-CTC

4.49 fl

INS-8060

17.95 BJ

6802

7.95 1

74LS02

.25

74LS175

2102L-4

1024 x 1 (450ns) (LP)

.99 ■

Z80-DART

10.95 fl

INS-8073

24.95 ■ '

6808

13.90 ■

74LS03

.25

74LS181

2102L-2

1024 x 1 (250ns) (LP)

1.49 ■

ZBO-DMA

14.95 fl

8080

3.95 ■ !

6809E

19.95 ■

74LS04

.24

74LS189

2111

256 x 4 (450ns)

2.49 ■

Z80-PIO

4.49 fl

8085

5.95 B

6809

11.95 ■

74LS05

.25

74LS190

2112

256 x 4 (450ns)

2.99 ■

Z80-SIO/0

16.95 fl

8085A-2

11.95 ■

6810

2.95 ■

74LS08

.28

74LS191

2114

1024x4 (450ns)

8/9.95 ■

Z80-SIO/1

16.95 fl

8086

29.95 ■

6820

4.35 ■

74LS09

.29

74LS192

2114L-4

1024x4 (450ns) (LP)

8/12.95 B

Z80-SIO/2

16.95 fl

8087

CALL ■

6821

3.25 ■

74LS10

.25

74LS193

2114L-3

1024 x4 (300ns) (LP)

8/13.45 ■

Z80-SIO/9

16.95 fl

8088

39.95 B

6828

14.95 ■

74LS11

.35

74LS194

2114L-2

1024 x4 (200ns) (LP)

8/13.95 ■

4.0 Mh*

8069

89.95 ■

6840

12.95 ■

74LS12

.35

74LS195

2147

4096 x1 (55ns)

4.95 ■

8155

6.95 BJ

6843

34.95 ■

74LS13

.45

74LS196

TMS4 044-4

4096 x1 (450ns)

3.49 ■

Z80A-CPU

4.95 I

8155-2

7.95 fl I

6844

25.95 ■

74LS14

.59

74LS197

TMS4044-3

4096 x1 (300ns)

3.99 ■

Z80A-CTC

4.95 1

8156

6.95 fl

6845

14.95 ■

74LS15

.35

74LS221

TMS4044-2

4096 x1 (200ns)

4.49 1

Z80A-DART

11.95 fl

8185

29.95 ■

6847

11.95 ■

74LS20

.25

74LS240

MK4118

1024x8 (250ns)

9.95 fl

Z80A-DMA

16.95 fl

8185-2

39.95 ■

6850

3.25 ■

74LS21

.29

74LS241

TMM2016-200

2048 x 8 (200ns)

4.15 ■

Z80A-PIO

4.95 fl

8741

39.9S fl

6852

5.75 ■

74LS22

.25

74LS242

TMM2016-150

2048 x 8 (150ns)

4.95 ■

Z80A-SIO/0

16.95 1

8748

24.95 ■ j

6860

9.95 ■

74LS26

.29

74LS243

TMM2016-100

2048 x 8 (100ns)

6.15 ■

Z80A-SIO/1

16.95 HJ

8755

24.95 ■

6862

11.95 ■

74LS27

.29

74LS244

HM6116-4

2048 x 8 (200ns) (cmos) 2048 x 8 (150ns) (cmos)

4.75 ■ 4.95 BJ

Z80A-SIO/2

16.95 fl

6875 6880

6.95 ■ 2.25 ■

74LS28 74LS30

.35 .25

74LS245 74LS247

Z80A-SIO/9

16.95 fl

HM6116-3

HM6116-2

2048x8 (120ns) (cmos)

8.95 1

6.0 Mh

■

8200

6883

22.95 ■

74LS32

.29

74LS248

HM6116LP-4

2048 x 8 (200ns) (cmos)(LP)

5.95 ■

Z80B-CPU

11.95 H

68047

24.95 ■

74LS33

.55

74LS249

HM6116LP-3

2048 x 8 (150ns) (cmos)(LP)

6.95 ■

Z80B-CTC

13.95 fl

8202

24.95 1

68488

19.95 ■

74LS37

.35

74LS251

HM6116LP-2

2048x8 (120ns) (cmos)(LP)

10.95 ■

Z80B-PIO

13.95 fl

8203

39.95 1

6800 = 1 MHZ j

74LS38

.35

74LS253

2-6132

4096 x 8 (300ns) (Qstat)

34.95 I

Z80B-DART

19.95 B

8205

3.50 1

68B00

10.95 fl

74LS40

.25

74LS257

. LP Low Power Qstat ^ Quasi-Static ^H

ZILOG

Z6132 34.95 1

8212 8214 8216 8224

1.80 ■ 3.85 I i 1.75 I 2.25 1

68B02

68B09E

68B09

22.25 fl 29.95 ■ 29.95 ■

74LS42 74LS47 74LS48 74LS49

.49 .75 .75 .75

74LS258 74LS259

74LS260 74LS266

LZ8671

ja.aas

68B10

6.95 fl

■^ V

'NAMIC RAMS

4096x1 (250ns) 1.99 1

8226 8228 8231

1.80 1 3.49 1; call I .

68B21 68B45 68B50

6.95 1

19.95 Bl

5.95 fl

74LS51 74LS54 74LS55

.25 .29 .29

74LS273 74LS275 74LS279

Di

TMS4027

rCRYSTALSl

UPD411

4096 x1 (300ns)

3.00 ■

32.768 khz

1.95 fl

8237

19.95 1 j

68B00 = 2 MHZ SI

74LS63

1.25

74LS280

MM5280 MK4108

4096 x1 (300ns)

8192x1 (200ns)

8192 x1 (250ns)

16384x1 (300ns)

3.00 ■ 1.95 fl| 1.85 1 8/11.75 ■

1.0 mhz 1.8432 2.0 2.097152

8237-5

21.95 1

74LS73

.39

74LS283

4.95 H 4.95 fl 3.95 B 3.95 fl

8238 8243 8250

4.49 ■ 4.45 I 10.95 ■

74LS74 74LS75 74LS76

.35 .39 .39

74LS290

MM5298 4116-300

r 6500

74LS293 74LS295

4116-250

16384x1 (250ns)

8/11.95 ■

2.4576

3.95 1

8251

4.49 1

1 MHZ

74LS78

.49

74LS298

4116-200

16384 x 1 (200ns)

8/12.95 1

3.2768

3.95 1

8253

6.95 1

6502

4.95 1

74LS83

.60

74LS299

4116-150

16384x1 (150ns)

8/14.95 1

3.579535

3.95 1

8253-5

7.95 1

6504

6.95 ■

74LS85

.69

74LS323

4116-120

16384x1 (120ns)

8/29.95 ■

4.0

3.95 fl

8255

4.49 H

6505

8.95 1

74LS86

.39

74LS324

2118

16384 x1 (150ns)(5v)

4.95 fl|

5.0

3.95 fl

8255-5

5.25 1

6507

9.95 I

74LS90

.55

74LS352

4164-200

65536 x1 (200ns)(5v)

5.95 ■

5.0688

3.95 fl

8257

7.95 1

6520

4.35 I

74LS91

.89

74LS353

4164-150

65536 x1 (150ns)(5v)

6.95 1

5.185

3.95 1

8257-5

8.95 I

6522

7.95 1

74LS92

.55

74LS363

5V = single 5 volt supply

5.7143

6.0

6.144

3.95 fl 3.95 1 3.95 B

8259

8259-5

8271

6.90 1 7.50 ■ 39.95 I

6532 6545 6551

9.95 I 22.50 1 11.85 I

74LS93 74LS95 74LS96

.55 .75 .89

74LS364 74LS365

74LS366

6.5536 8.0 10.738635

3.95 fl 3.95 fl 3.95 fl

8272

39.95 1

2 MHZ

74LS107

.39

74LS367

EPROMS

8275 8279

29.95 1 8.95 1

6502A 6522A

6.95 1 9.95 1

74LS109 74LS112

.39 .39

74LS368 74LS373

1702

256x8 (1us)

4.50 1

14.31818

3.95 H

8279-5

10.00 1

6532A

11.95 I

74LS113

.39

74LS374

2708

1024 x 8 (450ns)

3.95 1

15.0

3.95 fl

8282 8283 8284 8286 8287 8268

6.50 1 6.50 1 5.50 I 6.50 I 6.50 ■ 25.00 1

6545A

27.95 1

74LS114

.39

74LS377

2758 2716

1024x8 (450ns) (5v) 2048 x 8 (450ns) (5v) 2048 x 8 (350ns) (5v) 2048 X 8 (450ns) (5v) 2048 X 8 (450ns) 4096 x 8 (450ns) (5v) 4096 x 8 (450ns) (5v) 4096 x 8 (250ns)(5v) 4096 x 8 (200ns)(5v) 8192x8 (450ns) (5v)

5.95 1 3.95 1

16.0 17.430

3.95 fl 3.95 fl

6551A

3 MHZ

11.95 1

74LS122 74LS123

.45 .79

74LS378 74LS379

2716-1 TMS2516 TMS2716 TMS2532

5.95 1 5.50 ■

18.0

18.432 20.0 22.1184 32.0

3.95 fl 3.95 fl 3.95 BJ 3.95 fl 3.95^B

l6502B

14.95^B

74LS124 74LS125 74LS126

2.90 .49 .49

74LS385 74LS386

74LS390

7.95 I 5.95 I 4.95 fl| 8.95 fl 11.95 fl 9.95 IJ

,8289

49.95 ■

r UARTS^

AY3-1014 6.95 H AY5-1013 3.95 I AY3-1015 6.95 1 PT1472 9.95 1

74LS132 74LS133 74LS136 74LS137 74LS138

.59 .59 .39 .99 .55

74LS393

2732

74LS395 74LS399 74LS424

2732-250 2732-200

DISC fl| CONTROLLERS |

2764

CRT

74LS447

2764-250

8192 x 8 (250ns)(5v) 8192x8 (200ns) (5v)

14.95 1

1771

16.95 ■

TR1602

3.95 I

74LS139

.55

74LS490

2764-200

24.95 1

CONTROLLERS |

1791

24.95 I

2350

9.95 1

74LS145

1.20

74LS624

TMS2564

8192 x 8 (450ns) (5v)

17.95 1

6845

14.95 ■

1793

26.95 I

2651

8.95 1

74LS147

2.49

74LS640

MC68764

8192 x 8 (450ns) (5v)(24 pin)

39.95 1

68B45

35.95 fl

1795

49.95 I

TMS6011

5.95 I

74LS148

1.35

74LS645

HD46505SP

15.95 fl

1797

49.95 BJ

IM6402 IM6403 INS8250

7.95 1

74LS151

.55

74LS668

5v = Single 5 Volt Supply

6847 MC1372

12.25 fl 6.95 fl

2791 2793

54.95 1 54.95 BJ

8.95 1 10.95 1

74LS153 74LS154

.55 1.90

74LS669

74LS670

68047

8275

7220

24.95 fl 29.95 fl 99.95 ■

2795 2797 6843

59.95 ■ 59.95 I 34.95 I

GENERATORS 1 BIT-RATE

74LS155 74LS156 74LS157

.69 .69 .65

74LS674

EPRowi i:nASEHc

74LS682 74LS683

CRT5027

39.95 ■

8272

39.95 1

MC14411

11.95 H

74LS158

.59

74LS684

Capacity Intensity Timer Chip (uW/Cm=)

CRT5037

49.95 ■

UPD765

39.95 1

BR1941

11.95 I

74LS160

.69

74LS685

TMS9918A

39.95 ■

1691

17.95 1

4702

12.95 I

74LS161

.65

74LS688

PE-14

6 5,200

83.00 1

, DP8350

49.95 B|

l 2143

18.95^1

COM5016

16.95 I

74LS162

.69

74LS689

PE-14T PE-24T

X 6 5,200 X 9 6,700

119.00 ■ 175.00 ■

COM8116 10.95 ■ MM5307 10.95 I

FUNCTION |

74LS163 74LS164 74LS165

.65 .69 .95

74LS783 81LS95

^^^^^^^^^^^^

'CONNECTORS*

81LS96

PL-265T

X 20 6,700

255.00 ■

KEYBOAFtu H

RS232MALE

2.50 fl

MC4024

3.95 I

74LS166

1.95

81LS97

PR-125T

X 16 15,000 X 32 15,000

349.00 1

CHIPS

RS232 FEMALE 3.25 |

LM566

1.49 I

74LS168

1.75

81LS98

PR-320

595.00 m

AY5-2376 .AY5-3600

11.95 1 11.95^BJ

RS232HOOD Ls-100ST

1.25 ■ 3.95 Bi

XR2206 L.803B

3.75 I

3.95 M

74LS169 74LS170

1.75 1.49

25LS2521 25LS2569

JDR Microdevices

1224 S. Bascom Avenue

San Jose, CA 95128

800-538-5000 • 800-662-6279 (CA)

(408) 995-5430* Telex 171-110

., 1963 JDR MICRODEVICES, INC.

VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE

HOURS: M-W-F, 9-5 T-Th., 9-9 Sat. 11

PLEASE USE YOUR CUSTOMER NUMBER WHEN ORDERIN TERMS: For shipping include $2 for UPS Ground or $3 tor UPS B Label Air. Items over 5 pounds require additional shipping charg Foreign orders, include sufficient amount for shipping. There is a 1 minimum order. Bay Area and Los Angeles Counties add 6'h% Sa Tax. Other California residents add 6% Sales Tax. We reserve 1 right to substitute manufacturer. Not responsible for typographl errors. Prices are subject to change without notice. We will match beat any competitor's price provided it is not below our cost.

584 BYTE May 1983

Circle 245 on inquiry card.

2114 45„NS 8/$9«5 2114 ^s 8/$1Q95

7400

.19 .19 .19 .19 .19 .25 .29 .29 .24 .19 .19 .25 .30 .35 .49 .25 .25 .19 .35 .35 .29 .29 .29 .29 .45 .19 .29 .45 .29 .29 .19 .49 .65 .69 .69 .69 .69 .69 .19 .23 .23 .23 .23 .35 .29 .34 .33 .45 .35 .59 1.10 .95 .50 .59 .35 2.15 .35 .40 .50 .35 .65 .55 .70 2.75 1.75 .30 .45 .45 .55 1.55 1.20 .29 .45 .49 .45 .45 .55

74132 74136 74141 74142 74143 74145 74147 74148 74150 74151 74152 74153 74154 74155 74156 74157 74159 74160 74161 74162 74163 74164 74165 74166 74167 74170 74172 74173 74174 74175 74176 74177 74178 74179 74180 74181 74182 74184 74185 74190 74191 74192 74193 74194 74195 74196 74197 74198 74199 74221 74246 74247 74248 74249 74251 74259 74265 74273 74276 74279 74283 74284 74285 74290 74293 74298 74351 74365 74366 74367 74368 74376 74390 74393 74425 74426 74490

CLOCK CIRCUITS

.45

.50

.65

2.95

2.95

.60

1.75

1.20

1.35

.55

.65

.55

1.25

.75

.65

.55

1.65

.85

.69

.85

.69

.85

.85

1.00

2.95

1.65

5.95

.75

.89

.89

.89

.75

1.15

1.75

.75

2.25

.75

2.00

2.00

1.15

1.15

.79

.79

.85

.85

.79

.75

1.35

1.35

1.35

1.35

1.25

1.85

1.95

.75

2.25

1.35

1.95

1.25

.75

2.00

3.75

3.75

.95

.75

.85

2.25

.65

.65

.65

.65

2.20

1.75

1.35

3.15

.85

2.55

LINEAR

RCA

LM301

.34

LM340 (see 7800)

LM566

1.49

LM1800

2.37

CA 3023

2.75

CA 3082

1.65

LM301H

.79

LM348

.99

LM567

.89

LM1812

8.25

CA3039

1.29

CA 3063

1.55

LM307

.45

LM350K

4.95

NE570

3.95

LM1830

3.50

CA 3046

1.25

CA 3086

.80

LM308

.69

LM350T

4.60

NE571

2.95

LM1871

5.49

CA 3059

2.90

CA 3089

2.99

LM308H

1.15

LM358

.69

NE592

2.75

LM1872

5.49

CA 3060

2.90

CA 3096

3.49

LM309H

1.95

LM359

1.79

LM709

.59

LM1877

3.25

CA 3065

1.75

CA3130

1.30

LM309K

1.25

LM376

3.75

LM710

.75

LM1889

1.95

CA 3080

1.10

CA3140

1.15

LM310

1.75

LM377

1.95

LM711

.79

LM1896

1.75

CA 3081

1.65

CA3146

1.85

LM311

.64

LM378

2.50

LM723

.49

ULN2O03

2.49

CA3160

1.19

LM311H

.89

LM379

4.50

LM723H

.55

LM2877

2.05

LM312H

1.75

LM380

.89

LM733

.98

LM2878

2.25

T

LM317K

3.95

LM380N-8 1.10

LM741

.35

LM2900

.85

1 1

LM317T

1.19

LM381

1.60

LM741N-K

.35

LM2901

1.00

TL494

4.20

75365

1.95

LM318

1.49

LM382

1.60

LM741H

.40

LM3900

.59

TL496

1.65

75450

.59

LM318H

1.59

LM383

1.95

LM747

.69

LM3905

1.25

TL497

3.25

75451

.39

LM319H

1.90

LU384

1.95

LM748

.59

LM3909

.98

75107

1.49

75452

.39

LM319

1.25

LM386

.89

LM1014

1.19

LM3911

2.25

75110

1.95

75453

.39

LM320 (see 7900)

LM387

1.40

LM1303

1.95

LM3914

3.95

75150

1.95

75454

.39

LM322

1.65

LM389

1.35

LM1310

1.49

LM3915

3.95

75154

1.95

75491

.79

LM323K

4.95

LM390

1.95

MC1330

1.69

LM3916

3.95

75188

1.25

75492

.79

LM324

.59

LM392

.69

MC1349

1.89

MC4024

3.95

75189

1.25

75493

.89

LM329

.65

LM394H

4.60

|«-1350

1.19

MC4044

4.50

75494

.89

LM331

3.95

LM399H

5.00

MC1358

1.69

RC4136

1.25

LM334

1.19

NE531

2.95

MC1372

6.95

RC4151

3.95

Rl pt'i

LM335

1.40

NE555

.34

LM1414

1.59

LM4250

1.75

Dl i

LM336

1.75

NE556

.65

LM1458

.59

LM4500

3.25

TL071

.79

TL084

2.19

LM337K

3.95

NE558

1.50

LM1488

.69

RC4558

.69

TL072

1.19

LF347

2.19

LM337T

1.95

NE561

24.95

LM1489

.69

LM13080

1.29

TL074

2.19

LF351

.60

LM338K

6.95

NE564

2.95

LM1496

.85

LM13600

1.49

TL081

.79

LF353

1.00

LM339

.99

LM565

.99

LM1558H

3.10

LM13700

1.49

TL082 TL083

1.19 1.19

LF355 LF356

1.10 1.10

H = TO-S CAN

T =

TO-220

K

= TO-3

LF357

1.40

CMOS

74S00

74S00

74S02

74S03

74S04

74S05

74S08

74S09

74S10

74S11

74S15

74S20

74S22

74S30

74S32

74S37

74S38

74S40

74S51

74S64

74S65

74S74

74S85

74S86

74S112

74S113

74S114

74S124

74S132

74S133

74S134

74S135

74S138

74S139

74S140

74S151

74S153

74S157

74S158

74S161

74S162

.32 .35 .35 .35 .35 .35 .40 .35 .35 .35 .35 .35 .35 .40 .38 .85 .35 .35 .40 .40 .50 1.99 .50 .50 .50 .55 2.75 1.24 .45 .50 .89 .85 .85 .55 .95 .95 .95 .95 1.95 1.95

74S163 74S168 74S169 74S174 74S175 74S181 74S182 74S188 74S189 74S194 74S195 74S196 74S197 74S201 74 S 225 74S240 74S241 74S244 74S251 74S253 74S257 74S258 74S260 74S274 74S275 74S280 74S287 74S288 74S289. 74S301 74S373 74S374 74S381 74S387 74S412 74S471 74S472 74S474 74S482 74S570 74S571

1.95

3.95

3.95

.95

.95

3.95

2.95

1.95

6.95

1.49

1.49

1.49

1.49

6.95

7.95

2.20

2.20

2.20

.95

.95

.95

.95

.79

19.95

19.95

1.95

1.90

1.90

6.89

6.95

2.45

2.45

7.95

1.95

2.98

4.95

4.95

4.95

15.25

2.95

2.95

INTERSIL

9000

INTERFACE

8T26

8T28

8T95

8T96

8T97

8T98

DM8131

DP8304

DS8835

DS8836

MISC.

ULN2003

3242

3341

MC3470

MC3480

11C90

95H90

2513-001 UP

2513-002 LOW

1.59

1.89

.89

.89

.89

.89

2.95

2.29

1.99

.99

2.49 7.95 4.95 4.95 9.00 13.95 7.95 9.95 9.95 i

VOLTAGE REGULATORS

7805T 7808T 7812T 7815T 7824T

7805K 7812K 7815K 7824K

78L05 78L12 78L15

78H05K 78H12K

.75 .75 .75 .75 .75

1.39 1.39 1.39 1.39

.69 .69 .69

9.95 9.95

' TO-220 L =

7905T 7908T 7912T 7915T 7924T

7905K 7912K 7915K 7924K

79L05 79L12 79L15

LM323K UA78S40

.85 .85 .85 .85 .85

1.49 1.49 1.49

1.49

.79 .79 .79

4.95 1.95

if vou can find a price lower elsewhere.

LET US KNOW AND WE WILL N1EET OR BEAT THEIR PRICE! (SEE TERMS BELOW)

* Computer managed inuentory — virtually no Dach orders!

* very competitive prices! Friendly staff!

* Fast service - most orders shipped within 24 hours!

MasterCard

4000

4001

4002

4006

4007

4008

4009

4010

4011

4012

4013

4014

4015

4016

4017

4018

4019

4020

4021

4022

4023

4024

4025

4026

4027

4028

4029

4030

4034

4035

4040

4041

4042

4043

4044

4046

4047

4049

4050

4051

4053

4060

4066

4068

4069

4070

4071

4072

4073

4075

4076

4078

4081

4082

4085

4086

4093

4098

4099

14409

14410

14411

14412

14419

14433

4502

4503

4508

4510

4511

4512

4514

4515

4516

4518

4519

4520

4522

4526

.29

.25

.25

.89

.29

.95

.39

.45

.25

.25

.38

.79

.39

.39

.69

.79

.39

.75

.79

.79

.29

.65

.29

1.65

.45

.69

.79

.39

1.95

.85

.75

.75

.69

.85

.79

.85

.95

.35

.35

.79

.79

.89

.39

.39

.29

.35

.29

.29

.29

.29

.79

.29

.29

.29

.95

.95

.49

2.49

1.95

12.95

12.95

11.95

12.95

7.95

4.18

.95

.65

1.95

.85

.85

.95

1.25

1.79

1.55

.89

.39

.79

1.25

1.25

4527

4528

4531

4532

4536

4539

4541

4543

4553

4555

4556

4581

4582

4584

4585

4702

74C00

74C02

74C04

74C08

74C10

74C14

74C20

74C30

74C32

74C42

74C48

74C73

74C74

74C76

74C83

74C85

74C86

74C89

74C90

74C93

74C95

74C107

74C150

74C151

74C154

74C157

74C160

74C161

74C162

74C163

74C164

74C165

74C173

74C174

74C175

74C192

74C193

74C195

74C200

74C221

74C373

74C374

74C901

74C902

74C903

74C905

74C906

74C907

74C908

74C909

74C910

74C911

74C912

74C914

74C915

74C918

74C920

74C921

74C922

74C923

74C925

74C926

74C928

74C929

1.95

1.19

.95

1.95

1.95

1.95

2.64

1.19

5.79

.95

.95

1.95

1.95

.75

.75

12.95

.35

.35

.35

.35

.35

.59

.35

.35

.39

1.29

1.99

.65

.65

.80

1.95

1.95

.39

4.50

1.19

1.75

.99

.89

■5.75

2.25

3.25

1.75

1.19

1.19

1.19

1.19

1.39

2.00

.79

1.19

1.19

1.49

1.49

1.39

5.75

1.75

2.45

2.45

.39

.85

.85 |

10.95

.95

1.00

2.00

2.75

9.95 I

8.95

8.95

1.95

1.19

2.75

17.95

15.95

4.49

4.95

5.95

7.95

7.95

19.95 J

4.95 3.95 4.95 8.95 11.95 6.95 .

ICL7103

ICL7106

ICL7107

ICL7660

ICL8038

ICM7207A

ICM7208

9.50 9.95

12.95 2.95 3.95 5.59

15.95 ,

9316 9334 9368 9401 9601 9602 L96S02

1.00 2.50 3.95 9.95 .75 1.50 1.95.

EXAR

XR 2206 XR 2207 XR 2208 XR 2211 XR 2240

3.75 3.75 3.75 5.25 3.25 J

' DATA ACQUISITION

ADC0800

15.55

DAC0808

2.95

ADC0604

3.49

OAC1020

8.25

AOC0809

4.49

DAC1022

5.95

ADC0817

9.95

MC1408L6

1.95

. DAC0800

4.95

MC1408L8

2.95 .

SOUND CHIPS

76477 3.95

76489 8.95

AY3-8910 12.95

AY3-8912 12.95 MC3340 1.49,

ORDER TOLL FREE 800-538-5000 888-662-6278

(CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS)

ALL MERCHANDISE 100% GUARANTEED

CALL US FOR VOLUME QUOTES

1983 JDR MICROOEVICES, INC.

Circle 245 on inquiry card.

BYTE May 1983 585

2732

32K EPROM

2764

64K EPROM

CAPACITORS

TANTALUM

DISC

6V

10V

15V

20V

25V

35V

50V

.22ul

.40

.27

.40

.33

.40

.45

.47

.35

.50

.68

.45

.50

1.0

.40

.40

.45

.45

1.5

.45

.50

.60

1.8

.75

2.2

.35

.40

.45

.65

.85

2.7

.40

.45

.90

3.3

.45

.50

.55

.60

.65

.90

3.9

.45

4.7

.45

.55

.60

.65

.85

.90

6.0

.60

6.8

.70

75

8.2

1.00

10

.55

.65

.80

.85

.90

1.00

12

.65

.85

.90

15

.75

.85

.90

18

1.25

22

1.00

1.35

27

2.25

39

1.50

47

1.35

56

1.75

100

3.25

270

3.75

OPTOISOLATORS

4N26

1.00

MCA-7

1.50

4N27

1.10

MCA-255

1.75

4N28

.69

IL-1

1.25

4N33

1.75

ILA-30

1.25

4N35

1.25

ILQ-74

2.75

4N37

1.25

H11C5

1.25

MCT-2

1.00

TIL-111

1.00

MCT-6

1.50

TIL-113

1.75

DIODES

1N751 5.1 vollzener .25

1N759 12.0 volt renct .25

1N4148 (IN914) switching 25/1.00

1N4004 400PIV rectilier 10/1.00

KBP02 200PIV 1.5amp bridge .45

LKBP04 400PIV 1.5amp bridge .55

MUFFIN FANS NEW UN-USED

14.95 14.95 .

4.68" Square 3.125" Square

SWITCHES

SPDT mini-toggle DPDT mini-toggle SPDT push-button

10pl

22

25

27

33

47

56

68

82

100

220

330

50V 50V 50V 50V 50V 50V 50V 50V 50V 50V 50V 50V

.05 .05 .05 .05 .05 .05 .05 .05 .05 .05 .05 .05

470 560 680 820

OOlul .0015 .0022 .005 .01 .02 .05 .1 .1

50V 50V 50V 50V 50V 50V 50V 50V 50V 50V 50V 12V 50V

.05 .05 .05 .05 .05 .05 .05 .05 .07 .07 .07 .10 .12

MONOLITHIC

.1ul-mono 50V

.18 ,47uf-mono 50V

ELECTROLYTIC

RADIAL .47uf 50V

1

2.2

4.7

10

47

100

220

470

2200

25V 35V 50V 50V 35V 16V 35V 25V 16V

.14 .14 .15 .15 .15 .18 .18 .20 .30 .60

COMPUTER GRADE

26,000ut 30V 3.95

Ui I

4.7

10

10

22

47

100

100

150

220

330

500

1000

1500

6000

AXIAL 50V 16V 16V 50V 16V 50V 15V 35V 25V 25V 16V 16V 16V 16V 16V

.14 .14 .14 .16 .14 .20 .20 .25 .25 .30 .40 .42 .60 .70 .85 .

WIREWRAP CARDS

FR-4 Epoxy Glass Laminate With Gold-Plated Contact Fingers

S-100 BUSS

P100-1 Bare — No Foil Pads 15.95

P100-2 Horizontal BUSS 22.95

P100-3 Vertical BUSS 22.95

P100-4 Single Foil Pads Per Hole..... 23.95

APPLE

P500-1 Bare — No Foil Pads 15.95

P500-3 Horizontal BUSS 22.95

P500-4 Single Foil Pads Per Hole 23.95

IBM

IBM-PR BUSS Lines + Pads 55.00

GENERAL PURPOSE

22/44 PIN ( .156" SPACING)

P441-3 Vertical BUSS, 4.5" x 6" 13.95

P442-3 Vertical BUSS, 4.5" x 9" 14.95

36/72 PIN (.1" SPACING)

P721-3 Vertical BUSS, 4.5" x 6" 13.95

LP722-3 Vertical BUSS, 4.5" x 9" 14.95,

IF VOU CAN FIND A PRICE LOWER ELSEWHERE. LET US KNOW AND WE WILL NIEET OR BEAT THEIR PRICE! (SEE TERMS BELOW)

TRANSISTORS W|C sockets

2N918

MPS918

2N2102

2N2218

2N2218A

2N2219

2N2219A

2N2222

PN2222

MPS2369

2N2484

2N2905

2N2907

PN2907

2N3055

3055T

2N3393

2N3414

2N3563

2N3565

PN3565

MPS3638

MPS3640

PN3643

PN3644

MPS3704

.50 .25 .50 .50 .50 .50 .50 .25 .10 .25 .25 .50 .25 .125 .79 .69 .30 .25 .40 .40 .25 .25 .25 .25 .25 .15

MPS3706

2N3772

2N3903

2N3904

2N3906

2N4122

2N4123

2N4249

2N4304

2N4401

2N4402

2N4403

2N4857

PN4916

2NS086

PN5129

PN5139

2N5209

2N6028

2N6043

2N6045

MPS-A05

MPS-A06

MPS-A55

TIP29

TIP31

TIP32

.15 1.85 .25 .10 .10 .25 .25 .25 .75 .25 .25 .25 1.00 .25 .25 .25 .25 .25 .35 1.75 1.75 .25 .25 .25 .65 .75 .79

8 pin ST 14 pin ST 16 pin ST I 18 pin ST | 20 pin ST 22 pin ST 24 pin ST 28 pin ST 40 pin ST 64 pin ST

1-99 .13 .15 .17 .20 .29 .30 .30 .40 .49

4.25

100 .11 .12 .08 .18 .27 .27 .27 .32 .39 call

MasterCard

VISA

LED LAMPS

1-99 100-up Jumbo

Red .10 .09

Jumbo

Green .18 .15 Jumbo

Yellow .18 .15

ST = SOLDERTAIL 8 pin WW .59 .49

LED DISPLAYS

14 pin WW 16 pin WW 18 pin WW 20 pin WW 22 pin WW 24 pin WW 28 pin WW 40 pin WW

.69 .49 .99 1.09 1.39 1.49 1.69 1.99

.52

.49

.90

.98

1.2S

1.35

1.49

1.80

HP 5082-7760 MAN 72 MAN 74 FND-357 (359) FND-500 (503) FND-507 (510)

.3" .3" .375"

.5" .5"

CC CA CC CC CC CA

1.29 .99 .99 1.25 1.49 1.49

HEAT-SINKS

TO-3 style TO-220 style

.95 .35

WW = WIREWRAP 16 pin ZIF 6.75 call 24 pin ZIF 9.95 call 28 pin ZIF 10.95 call

ZIF= TEXTOOL (Zero Insertion Force)

DIP SWITCHES

4 POSITION .85 I

5 POSITION .90

6 POSITION .90

7 POSITION .95

8 POSITION .95 I

BYPASS CAPS

.01 UF DISC 100/6.00 I

.1 UF DISC 100/8.00

.1 UF MONOLITHIC 100/15.00J

RESISTORS

V« WATT 5% CARBON FILM ALL

STANDARD VALUES

FROM 1 OHM TO 10 MEG OHM

50 PCS. SAME VALUE .025

100 PCS. SAME VALUE .02

1000 PCS. SAME VALUE .015

JDR Microdevices

1224 S. Bascom Avenue

San Jose, CA 95128

800-538-5000 • 800-662-6279 (CA)

(408) 995-5430 • Telex 171-110

VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE

HOURS: M-W-F, 9-5 T-Th., 9-9 Sat.

Sal. 11-3

PLEASE USE YOUR CUSTOMER NUMBER WHEN ORDERING TERMS: For shipping Include $2 for UPS Ground or $3 for UPS Blue Label Air. Items over 5 pounds require additional shipping charges. Foreign orders, Include sufficient amount for shipping. There Is a $10 minimum order. Bay Area and Los Angeles Counties add 6Vi°/o Sales Tax. Other California residents add 6% Sates Tax. We reserve the right to substitute manufacturer. Not responsible for typographical errors. Prices are subject to change without notice. We will match or beat any competitor's price provided it is not below our cost.

1983 JDR MICRODEVICES. INC.

586 BYTE May 1983

Circle 246 on inquiry card.

2716

16K EPROM

TIYIS2532

32K EPROM

MICROCOMPUTER HARDWARE HANDBOOK

FROM ELCOMP —$14.95 ver 800 pages of manufacturers data ieets on most commonly used IC's. eludes:

TTL —74/74LSand 74F CMOS

Voltage Regulators Memory — RAM, ROM, EPROM CPU'S — 6800, 6500. Z80, 8080, 8085,8086/8

MPU support & interface — 6800, 6500, Z80, 8200, etc.

BEST SELLING BOOKS

OSBORNE/MC GRAW-HILL

Apple II User's Guide 16.95

CRT Controller's Handbook 9.95

68000 Assembly Language

Programming 16.99

CBASIC User Guide 15.00

SYBEX

Your First Computer 6.95

The CP/M Handbook 14.95

The PASCAL Handbook 18.95

Microprocessor Interfacing

Techniques 17.95

TRANSFORMERS

FRAME STYLE

6VAC

2a mp

4.95

.6VAC CT

2amp

5.95

.6VAC CT

4amp

7.95

.6VAC CT

8a mp

10.95

.2VAC CT

2amp

7.95

PLUG CASE STYLE

>VAC >VAC iVAC 2VAC

250ma 500ma lamp 2amp

DC ADAPATER

3.95 4.95 5.95 6.95

9,12 VDC selectable with universal adapter

8.95

OTE: Please Include sulflclent amount lor lipping on above Items.

DISK DRIVES

TANDON

TM100-1 5'/. (FOR IBM) SS/DD 229.00 TM100-2 5% (FOR IBM) DS/DD 295.00

SHUGART

SA 400L 5% (40 TRACK) SS/DD 199.95 SA 400 5% (35 TRACK) SS/DD 189.95

SIEMENS

FD100-8 8 SS/DD

(801 REPLACEMENT) 259.00 |

PERTEC

FD-200 5. ss/dd 179.95

FD-250 s. ds/dd 199.95

MPI

MP-52 5'/." (FOR IBM) DS/DD 295.00

NOTE: Please Include sufficient amount for shipping on above Items.

CABINETS FOR 5Va"

DISK DRIVES CABINET #1 $29.95

• DIMENSIONS 8% x 51?i6 x 3W

• COLOR MATCHES APPLE

• FITS STANDARD m" DRIVES, | INCL. SHUGART

• INCLUDES MOUNTING HARDWARE AND FEET

CABINET #2 $79.00

• COMPLETE WITH POWER SUPPLY, SWITCH, LINE CORD, FUSE & STANDARD POWER CONNECTOR

• DIMENSIONS: 11V* x 53/4 x 3W *+5V@1 AMP,+12V@1.5AMP|

• FITS STANDARD 5V4" DRIVES

• PLEASE SPECIFY GRAY OR TAN

NOTE: Please Include sufficient amount for .shipping on above items.

JDR SPRING SPECIALS

SA400 M 89.95

• 35 TRACKS

• REPEAT OF A SELLOUT

• LIMITED SUPPLY (AGAIN)

k MODIFY FOR USE IN APPLE (EXPERIENCED

TECHNICIANS) lr USE WITH CABINET #1 TO MAKE A BEAUTIFUL

APPLE COMPATIBLE DRIVE

MODIFICATION INSTRUCTIONS $1.00 34 PIN EDGE CARD CONNECTOR MATES TO RIBBON CABLE $3.25

MEMORY SALE

2114 450NS (TMS4045)

8/9.95

100 FOR

.99 ea.

2114 250NS (TMS4045)

8/10.95

ioo for 1.99 ea.

2102L-4 LOW POWER 450NS .55

ea.

100 FOR

.49 ea.

4164 200NS

5.95

Z80A-CPU

4MHZ

4.95

HM6116-4 200NS

4.75

8080 2MHZ

3.95

TMM2016 200NS

4.15

8085 3MMZ

5.95

2732 450ns

4.95

8086 5MHZ

29.95

TMS2532 45ons

5.95

68001mhz

3.95

2764 450ns

9.95

68000 8MHZ

59.95

COMPONENTS

LM1488 or LM1489 .69 ea. 7805Tor7812T .75 ea. 16 PIN LOW PROFILE ST IC SOCKETS 100/8.00

16 PIN TOOLED WIRE WRAP IC SOCKETS .49 EA

SPRING SPECIALS ARE GOOD ONLY UNTIL MAY 31, 1983

POWER SUPPLY MODEL 2 *3995

MOUNTED ON PC BOARD MANUFACTURED BY CONVER

+5 VOLT 4 AMP ±12 VOLT 1 AMP

NOTE: Please Include sufficient amount for .shipping on above items.

CONNECTORS

RS232 MALE

2.50

RS232 FEMALE

3.25

RS232 FEMALE

RIGHT ANGLE 5.25

RS232 HOOD

1.25

S-100 ST

3.95

S-100 WW

4.95

44 pin ST

2.95

44 pin WW

4.95

72 pin ST

6.95

72 pin WW

7.95

RIBBON CABLE

CONTACTS

10 20 26 34 40 50

SINGLE COLOR

V

.50 .65 .75 .98 1.32 1.38

10'

4.40 5.70 6.60 8.60 11.60 12.10

COLOR CODED

V

.83

1.25 1.32 1.65 1.92 2.50

10'

7.30 11.00 11.60 14.50 16.80 22.00

D-SUBMINIATURE

DESCRIPTION

SOLDER

RIGHT ANGLE SOLDER

RIBBON CABLE

HOODS

MALE

FEMALE

MALE

FEMALE

MALE

FEMALE

BLACK

GREY

ORDER BY

DBxxP

DBxxS

DBxxPR

DBxxSR

IDBxxP

IDBxxS

HOOD-B

HOOD

CONTACTS 9 15 25 37 50

2.08 2.69 2.50 4.80 6.06

2.66 3.63 3.25 7.11 9.24

1.65 2.20 3.00 4.83

2.18 3.03 4.42 6.19

3.37 4.70 6.23 9.22

3.69

5.13

6.84

10.08

1.25

1.60 1.60 1.25 2.95 3.50

For order instructions see "IDC Connectors" below.

IDC CONNECTORS

DESCRIPTION

SOLDER HEADER

RIGHT ANGLE SOLDER HEADER

WW HEADER

RIGHT ANGLE WW HEADER

RIBBON HEADER SOCKET

RIBBON HEADER

RIBBON EDGE CARD

ORDER BY

IDHxxS

IDHxxSR

IDHxxW

IDHxxWR

IDSxx

IDMxx

IDExx

CONTACTS 10 20 26 34 40 50

.82 1.29 1.68 2.20 2.58 3.24

.85 1.35 1.76 2.31 2.72 3.39

1.86 2.98 3.84 4.50 5.28 6.63

2.05 3.28 4.22 4.45 4.80 7.30

1,15

1.86 2.43 3.15 3.73 4.65

5.50 6.25 7.00 7.50 8.50

2.25 2.36 2.65 3.25 3.80 4.74

ORDERING INSTRUCTIONS: Insert the number of contacts in the position marked "xx" of the "order by" part number listed. Example: A10 pin right angle solder style header would be IDH10SR.

1983 JDR MICROOEVICES, INC.

Circle 246 on Inquiry card.

BYTE May 1983 587

SPRING APPLE SALE!

FD-35 DISK DRIVE

By MA Systems

• Direct Replacement for Apple Disk II

• Compatible with Apple Controller or other Apple compatible controllers

* Specially designed electronics with low power consumption

* DOS 3.3 and 3.2 compatible

* Owner's Manual and Warranty Card included

• 90-day Warranty

Jfa* $229»sj

CONTROLLER CARD »89.95, APPLE II KEYBOARD $99.9i

From the Keyboard Co.

• Brand New Rev. 7 keyboard — NOT an imitation

| * Special Purchase — Supply

very limited | * Includes Encoder Board and

Cable

APPLE COMPATIBLE POWER SUPPLY $99.95

I* Compact Switching Design

* All Outputs regulated | * Short Circuit and Overload

Protection | • Complete with Apple-type

plug-in power cord | * Apple Compatible — Yet higher

output allows more disk drives

and cards without overheating |* +5V@5A, +12V@3A,

-5V@ .5A, -12V @ .5A |* Shielded enclosure: 10%" x3W

x 23/ie"

VIEWMAX 80

A Full Function 80 column card for Apple II*

2 YEAR WARRANTY

$19995

NEW IMPROVED

JDR COOLING FAN

FOR YOUR APPLE II

* Easy modification — no modification of Apple required

* Eliminates overheating problems

| • Switch on front controls fan, Apple, and extra outlet

* Rotron whisper fan is the quietest, most reliable on the market

NOW WITH SURGE

SUPPRESSION

$69.95

[WITHOUT SURGE SUPPRESSION '59.95 J

INTERFACE CARDS

By Perisoft PRINTERLINK $79.00

* Centronics Standard Parallel Interface for Apple II

* Simple to use — Yet supports custom driver applications from ROM or Disk

|* Includes card, cable and user's I manual

* 1 Year Warranty MESSENGER M19.00

I* Serial I/O for Apple II |* Connects virtually any RS-232 serial device

* 6 switch selectable drivers: 4 printer drivers Terminal Driver — 40 or 80 driver

* Includes card, cable and user's | manual

.• 1 Year Warranty

OKIDATA PRINTERS

• 120 cps, 9x9 Dot Matrix

• 50% faster than EPSON

• Parallel and Serial interfaces are standard

ML-82A $47950

ML-83A *69995

ML-84 PARALLEL... *1059°° CALL FOR PRICES ON 82A TRACTOR OPTION AND 82A, 83A GRAPHICS OPTION. CABLES kAND INTERFACE CARDS AVAILABLE

\JDR16KRAMCARI

For Apple II*

• Expand your 48K Apple to 64

• Fully compatible with Apple Language System — Use in place of Apple Language can

• Provides extra memory for Visicalc™

• Run PASCAL, FORTRAN, Integer Basic with appropriat software

• Highest quality card features gold edge connector, sockets for all IC's

NOW WITH 2 YEAR WARRANT

ASSEMBLED & TESTED cm mc

WITH WARRANTY «Pfi|t|*

KIT —INCLUDES ALL £/||V

PARTS & INSTRUCTIONS. . . "4U"

BARE PC CARD c -I A c

.WITH INSTRUCTIONS I 1*

MONITORS

GREEN PHOSPHOR NECJB1201M $169'

IZENITH zvM-121 $119'

COLOR

LAMDEK color 1 $335'

ORDER TOLL FRE

i*A

(CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS)

51/4" DISKETTE*

ATHANA sssdsoft ...24. MEMOREX sssdsoft 26. VERBATIM ss dd soft 29.

VERBATIM 10 SECT. HARD 29.

NASHUA

TOP QUALITY — LOW PRIC

Single Sided, Single Densit; Soft Sectored with Hub Rini

$19.95 box of 10

JDR Microdevices

1224 S. Bascom Avenue

San Jose, CA 95128

800-538-5000 • 800-662-6279 (CA)

(408) 995-5430 • Telex 171-110

i 1963 JDR MICRODEVICES, INC.

VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE

HOURS: M-W-F, 9-5 T-Th., 9-9 Sat. 11-1

PLEASE USE YOUR CUSTOMER NUMBER WHEN OROERINt TER MS: For ahlpplng Include $2 lor UPS Ground or S3 for UPS Bl Label Air. Items over 5 pounds require additional shipping charge Foreign orders, Include sufficient amount for shipping. There Is a S minimum order. Bay Area and Lot Angeles Counties add 6M4 Sali Tax. Other California residents add 6% Sales Tai. We reserve II right to substitute manufacturer. Not responsible for typographic errors. Prices are subject to change without notice. We will match beat any competitor's price provided it Is not below our cost.

• APPLE IS A TRADEMARK OF APPLE COMPUTER CO.

588 BYTE May 1983

Circle 247 on inquiry card.

Unclassified Ads

FOR SALE: Three Teletype Model 43 teleprinters {all with upper/lowercase) and three Texas Instruments Model 745 portable teleprinters. Two Model 43s have RS-232C and 20-mA current loop interfaces; one has modem. The Tl Model 745s are Silent 700 with built-in modems, RS-232C serial parts, and 20-mA current loop. All systems are approximately 1-2 years old, in very good condition. Teletype Model 43: S450. Tl Model 745: S500 Tom Radi. (714) 947-3440. FOR SALE: BYTE September) 975 to February 1979 (January 1976 issue missing): SI25. Also, first 14 issues of Kilobaud Microcomputing: S35. All in mint condition, shipping included. William Bates. 2246 Conned Terrace, Baldwinsville. NY 13027. FOR SALE: Sinclair ZX80 with IK RAM. 4K BASIC ROM. Comes complete with cassette and TV cables, power supply. TV connector, and manual. Includes software cassette with various programs: S85. Michael Kuchta. 166 Meriden Ave.. Southmgton. CT 06489

FREE: Electronic components and subassemblies, approximately 300 lbs. of recent vintage parts for donation to a qualified nonprofit organization. Also, BYTE Vol. I. numbers 1. 4. 13. and 14; Vol. 2, number I through current, best offer. 55 issues of Interface Age Vol. 2 through 7: best offer Ray Robertson. 7 Mechanic St, Dover. NJ 07801, (201) 361-1221. FOR SALE: One RCA VIP 4K RAM (1802 Cosmac] singleboard computer with all documentation and the following boards color, sound, expansion, tiny BASIC, and RCA keyboard; best realistic offer. Also. BYTE magazine issues between 1/78 and I 1/82. best offer. Would also like to trade Atari 400/800 public-domain programs. Henry Will. 248 Perry St.. Dover. NJ 07801. (201) 366-8366.

WANTED: I am looking for a serial interface for the Olivetti Praxis 35 electronic typewriter. It must be compatible with an RS-232C connection. Send your price for the interface. I will also pay a reasonable price for a tested schematic. Kenton M. Chun. 6580 Santona St. #38. Coral Gables. FL 33146. FOR SALE: Hewlett-Packard HP-85 microcomputer with 32K main memory. HP 8-inch double-sided double-density disk drive. 2.36 million bytes permanent-storage drive unit includes HP-IB interface cable with all ROMS. Has full graphics, fast thermal printer. HP-85 carrying case, financial and standard paks: S6500. Carter Mebane, POB 1762, Wilmington. NC 28401. WANTED: Used HP-7225 plotter. 85-13038 Graphics Presentation Pac. and 17601A Opt 085 Personality Module. C.B. Campbell. 222 Glenview Dr.. Des Moines. IA 50312. FOR SALE: Zenith Z-89 processor logic board (85-2208-1) with 64K RAM and latest ROMs, excellent working condition: $500. Three single-density disk I/O boards (85-22I9-I) for Heath/Zenith H-/Z-89: S50. N. McLann. West 507 Euclid. Spokane. WA 99205. (509) 328-4185. FOR SALE: Zenith 19-inch monitor (CV1950) with RGB. video, and audio inputs. Used once: S400. Also, a Commodore KIM-I. Godbout II 8K memory, and documentation: S200. Marvin Green. 22262 Southwest Stafford. Tualatin. OR 97062. FOR SALE: Tektronix 4014-1 19-inch high-resolution graphics terminal. As is: S400 or best offer. Steve Ligett. Dairy Hill. South Royalton. VT 05068. (802) 763-8894. FOR SALE: Intertec Compustar Model 10. 64K intelligent terminal, still in factory box; list S1300. sale price S500. Bill O'Neil. 806 Parma, Coral Gables, FL 33146. (305) 532-1761. FOR SALE: Vector Graphic System-B complete with extensive software. Z80. 64K. two Micropolis 320K drives, and a Hayes Micromodem. CP/M 2.2. ASM. Scope, MBASIC-5, FORTRAN. Peachtree Accounting. Memonte III word processing, Execuplan II and Scratchpad spreadsheets, dBASE II. Microstat statistics. Statgraph graphs. Crosstalk comm, and others; also. 100-plus Memorex disks. First-quality system for serious computing: S3250. Leons Kovisars. Suite 112, 445 Union Blvd., Lakewood, CO 80228. (303) 989-7906. FOR SALE: TRS-80 Color Computer. Extended Color BASIC. 32K. All original equipment plusjoysticks. recorder, dust cover and software available in cartridges and cassettes. Extras, like new. hardware alone: S725. Total value over S1000. asking S500. Will negotiate. Mike Smith. 2457 Pioneer Rd.. Evanston, IL 60201. [312) 869-9829 after 6 p.m. CT. FOR SALE: Netronics ELF II microcomputer trainer, two 4K memory boards, giant board, and kluge board. Software on cassette: ELF-BUG monitor, tiny BASIC, assembler, disassembler, and text editor. Documentation includes RCA 1802 users manual, short course on tiny BASIC, all schematics, and additional software. All in excellent condition. Worth over $500. best offer. Robert Widlicka. 1420 Plain #1. Las Cruces. NM 88001, (505) 522-3075 or 646-4401. FOR SALE: Liquid-pipeline program forHP-4IC calculator. Computes pressures and horsepower required at each pump station for a multi-pump station pipeline. Allows for peaks and control points on pipeline profile. 50 pairs of profile points and 10 pump-station locations can be input. Output can be formatted to print suction and discharge heads for plotting hydraulic gradient. Magnetic cards with documentation: $30. Shashi Menon. P.E.. Box 2533. Corona. CA 91720 WANTED: SS-50 disk controller (preferably GIMIX #58 or #48] and DOS (Flex 2.0) for 6800. Send details and price. Charlie Hoffpauir. 2603 Perry Lane. Alvm, TX 775 M.

FOR SALE: ASR 33 Teletype with acoustic coupler: $400. Commodore 8096 96K (with UCSD Pascal compiler): SI600 Commodore 9000 Super PET with BASIC. FORTRAN. APL. Pascal, assembler SI600. Commodore 8050 dual disk drive and controller: $ 1400. Epson MX-100 printer with Graftrax and IEEE interface: $800. Software free with above computers: business programs, games, and more. Andrew Ring, 267 Middle Rd., Yarmouth, ME 04096.

WANTED: All kinds of programs in French for the Apple II or CP/M 8-inch. Exchanges are also possible. Bob Grattan, 107 Howard St., Ashland. VA 23005.

FOR SALE: Graduate student who owns a Sinclair ZX81 with 64K module has over 500 programs available to sell, trade, etc. Would also like to exchange tips and information. Programs are predominantly oriented for business, household, and games. Craig Passman. POB 4131. Hammond. LA 70402. FOR SALE: Digital Group System 5: Z80, 32K. two 8-inch disk drives, full keyboard. 9-inch monitor, printer/audio-visual interface. CP/M-compatib!e. MCOZ MaxiBASIC. Opus. CBASIC. utilities, and software: S2750. Sandor Vainer, Cafetos 51. DF I 1700. Mexico. (905) 596-2782.

WANTED: Documentation and software for Wang 220O-WS-F4A S/N EF-2064. Will pay reasonable charge for original or duplicate copy or I will provide deposit while 1 copy. Jim Elrod. 3315 Birch Creek Dr.. Kingwood. TX 77339, (713) 358-0024.

FOR SALE: Intel 8051 single-chip microcomputer System Design Kit (SDK-51) with complete hardware reference manual, monitor listing, and 8051 assembly-language programming manual. Originally S1200 from Intel. Make an offer: check or money order. Tom Lee. Apt. 8. 633 South 8th St.. San Jose. CA 95112. (408) 946-3000 ext. 501 days and 294-0507 evenings. FOR TRADE: SwTPC system boards; MPA2 motherboard. 6800 with Percom 6809 adapter, 6845 video-graphic board. 64K dynamic memory board. MPLA. All populated except memory board. Will trade for 5 % -inch disk drive or printer. R. Naud, 637 Cameron Ave.. Windsor, Ontario N9B IZ7. Canada.

FOR SALE: SwTPC 6800 with two 16K and three 4K RAM. serial/parallel, control and clock/calendar boards. MF-68 diskinterface board. Microtek MT80P printer, Microterm ACT-1 terminal, and disk software: $900 or best offer. Will sell individual items, send for complete list. Jim Hall. 2063 108th Ave.. Otsego. Ml 49078. (616) 694-9760.

FOR SALE: Ohio Scientific C4P with minifloppy. Color graphics, sound, modem and printer ports, PIA ports, all necessary cables, and assorted disks complete with operating system. Also, various game and utility programs. Best offer takes all Andrew Hunt. 34 Sans Souci Dr.. Pawling, NY 12564. (914) 855-1073.

FOR SALE: Commodore 2022 tractor-feed printer. Uppercase and lowercase. PET graphics, expanded characters, and formatted lines. Includes PET to IEEE cable, manual, and several programs: $495. John E Barnes. 13 Alcott Dr.. Wilmington. DE 19808. (302) 772-4085 days, 994-7831 evenings. WANTED: Self-study courses on computers by Sybex, Heathkit. or NRI. Should be complete and in good condition. Send description of course and price. Dan Williams. POB 1321, Collegedale. TN 37315.

FOR SALE: BYTE 24 issues from 1978 to 1980. \nivifacc Age 4 issues from 1977 to 1978. Kilobaud Microcomputing 22 issues from 1978 to 1980. Computer Notes 3 issues from 1977. Creative Computing 1 issue from 1977. ROM I issue from 1977. Personal Computing 1 issue from 1979. Best offer. Norman Rabek. Rt. 2. Box 56. Burnsvrfle NC 28714 FOR SALE: Osborne 1 including all software: $1500. Also, Epson MX-80 III FT printer and cable: S550. Prices include shipping and insurance. Used only a few months. Thomas Bailey. 1626 Adams Ave.. San Diego. CA 921 16. (619) 296-6801. FOR SALE: OSI C24P+ + with 6502 at 2MHz. 24K RAM. expandable to 48K. 8-inch disk drive. OS-65D V3.3 DOS. 32 by 32 or 32 by 64 video display. 256 by 512 effective screen resolution. RS-232C. and two OSI I/O buses for additional external I/O. Also. EPROM programmer, high-speed analog I/O, home security or AC remote-control systems and lots of software. System works fine; in very good condition, Paid over $2200. will sell for S1200 or best offer. Tom Grant. 4343 Old Fort Rd.. Klamath Falls. OR 97601. (503) 383-2826.

FOR SALE: SSM VB3A video board for S-100 bus with 80 by 24 display, many screen attributes, and graphics. Includes disk of software drivers for intelligent terminal emulation for VB3A from SSM. A little over I year old. perfect working order. Cost S490 new, S375 or best offer. Howard Spmdel. 20877 Southwest Winema Dr.. Tualatin, OR 97062, (503) 692-5778. FOR SALE: Two Tandon TM-100-1 drives mounted in an external cabinet including power supply: S400 or best offer. IBM 64K memory board: $200 or best offer. Terry Sellick. POB 649. Belvidere. IL 61008.

WANTED: Public-domain CP/M 2.2 utilities, etc.. and 8080 ASM source code, if possible. Will pay reasonable copying and handling charges. Will also swap what I have. Need North Star 5'/4-mch format. DS/DD preferred. Send description and usage with any known bugs. Philip Bond. 27 Sharon Dr.. Spring Valley. NY 10977, (914) 425-2550 evenings. WILL SHARE: Apple II software found useful by a school guidance/counseling department. Includes information on selecting a career, commercial programs helpful to counselors, and has storing, retrieving, and sorting capabilities. Send large SASE for information, Keith L. Dneberg. Guidance Dept., Auburn Adventist Academy. 5000 Auburn Way South. Auburn. WA 98002.

FOR SALE: Two years of BYTE magazine, numbers 1 through 24. Good to excellent condition. Best offer. John Stemer, 508 4th Ave. NW. Riverside. ND 58078. (701) 282-0293.

WANTED: 6809 Flex user would like to correspond with other users to exchange programs and ideas, Need business applications, games, scientific programs, and control applications I have several disk utilities running under TSC Flex. C. S. Sevenn POB 2023. Beaverton. OR 97075. (503) 646-1 545. FOR SALE: IMSAI 22-slot, S-100 system with 28-amp supply, front panel. Cromemco ZPU processor board (Z80 has 2 or 4 MHz). SDS Expandoram with 48K installed. Wameco EPM-2 EPROM board for 2708s or 2716s. Godbout #106 active terminator board. Also, original IMSAI 8080 processor and 4K RAM boards. All in working order with original boxes and manuals: $700 plus postage. Tom Lowery. Rt. 2 Box 706 Georgetown. KY 40324. (502) 863-6165. FOR SALE: Compucolor It. 16K RAM (expandable), screen refresh RAM, 27K system ROM including BASIC, built-in 5 Va -inch floppy-disk drive, built-in high-resolution color monitor, 128 by I 28 eight-colcr graphics. 32 by 64 ASCII, uppercase and lowercase, sound board. RS-232C port, and a 101-key keyboard. Software includes Star Trek, database, chess, income tax, sound effects, music, etc. Complete manuals and schematics. Operating system listing. Originally over $2000 will sell for S599. Vick Bennison. 2 Georgetown Dr.. Amherst. NH 03031. (603J 673-9073.

FOR SALE: TRS-80 Model I, I6K. Level II. tape system with 42 tapes of $300 worth of software: assembler, debugger, people's Pascal. Basex compiler, Dunjunquest. Asteroids. Microchess. FSI Flight Simulator. Typing Tutor, The Game of Life, and more. S650 or trade for Apple. Fred Stahl. 14872 Sycamore Manor Dr.. Chesterfield. MO 63017. (314) 532-7799. FOR SALE: SwTPC 6800. 8K RAM. MPS. MPLA: $200. Thomas Video RAM; $75. Jameco keyboard with case: S110. DC3 Disk Controller: $ 150. 64K dynamic RAM with 64K: $360 AC30: S40. CT-64: $75 as is. Ray Utter. Box 5207. Virginia Beach. VA 23455.

WANTED: A deal on a good quality printer with suitable interface, allowing it to run with Commodore PET 4032 and Paper Mate word processor. Correspondence or letter quality OK. M. Billik, 412 Hollybrook Dr.. Midland. Ml 48640. (517) 631-7607, weekends or after 5 p.m. on weekdays. FOR SALE: Onyx 20 MB hard-disk computer, almost new, in perfect condition. Two Televideo 950 terminals with s detachable keyboard. One Diablo 630 Printer. R. W. Peterson. (504) 387-1463.

FOR SALE: SOROC IQ-170. mint condition, just burned m $550 or best offer, David Fion Jr., 13 Bellvue Ave., Penndel. PA 19047. (215) 752-4101.

WANTED: I am trying to find chess programs which run or CP/M 2.2 with no graphics (Televideo 950 terminal). Please send specs, documentation, and cost of your software (for 8-inch floppy). A. B. Muller, 793 K Tramway Lane, Albuquerque. NM87122.

UNCLASSIFIED POLICY: Readers who have computer equipment to buy, sell, or trade or who are requesting or giving advice may send a notice to BYTE for inclusion in the Unclassified Ads section. To be considered for publication, an advertisement must be noncommercial (individuals or bona fide computer clubs-only), typed double-spaced on plain white paper, contain 75 words or fewer, and include complete name and address. This service is free of charge; notices are printed once only as space permits. Your confirmation of placement is appearance in an issue of BYTE as we engage in no correspondence. Please allow at least three months for your ad to appear. Send your notices to Unclassified Ads, BYTE/McGraw-Hill, POB 372, Hancock, NH 03449.

May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 589

Unclassified Ads

FOR SALE: Anderson-Jacobson Model 841 I/O communicating Selectric teletypewriter. RS-232C cable included. Excellent condition; prints ASCII text at 14.5 cps. Asking S800. Will consider trade for Epson dot-matrix printer, preferably MX 100 John Kennedy. 3300 Carriageway Dr. #402. Arlington Heights, IL 60004. |3I2) 322-6039 or 577-2282. WANTED: Atari 400/800 owners who would like to swap programs and conversation about computers, science fact/fiction, electronics, etc., by cassette tape. Will also tape for conversations with other computer buffs Bill Wheat. Apt. I 103. Arrowbend Dr.. Williamson, NY 14589. FOR SALE: SSM CBIA and SSM 1/04. Both boards have sockets and other components installed, but have few integrated circuits. S60. Greg Sober, 20126 Doyle Court. Grosse Pointe Woods. Ml 48236, (313) 884-2133. FOR SALE: HP-85A computer with the following options: I6K RAM module. HP-IB interface. 5'A-inch floppy disk and controller. 12 software pacs including Visicalc Plus and Graphics Pac. Also includes ROM drawer and following ROMs: I/O, Advanced Pgm. Mass Storage. Matrix, Assembler, and Plotter/Printer. Less than one year old. Asking S4500 Garry Derbyshire. 220 East Mermaid Lane #115. Philadelphia. PA 191 18. |215| 242-3138.

FOR SALE: I92K bytes of DEC core memory |MF-I I Lp), with all control, boards, three backplanes, cables, and documentation. Each backplane holds 64 K bytes. Memory in perfect working order and still under DEC maintenance. Over 40 boards in all. including spare 8K memory core Came out of PDP-1 l/50|fits40. 45 also). Lists for S250 per 8K words. Used price. S1000. Charles Viau, 424 Commercial St., Bramtree, MA 02174. (617) 848-3669 evenings.

WANTED: People interested in sharing ideas about the Commodore VIC-20. The possibility exists of forming a user group to span the continent. D. Piette, 2351 Workman, Montreal, Quebec H3J 2N3. Canada.

WANTED: Video Brain Computer (Umtech) with APL/S cartridge. Also. Video Brain peripherals [Expander I cassette interface. Expander 2 modem, printer, joysticks, cartridges, etc.], schematics, manuals, or any information on where I may obtain these items. Correspondence from Video Brain owners or user groups welcome. Please send list of hardware and software with reasonable price information. Patrick King. Box 14165. San Antonio, TX 78214.

NEEDED: Statistical programs: general statistics, analyses of variance and regression, nonparametnc statistics, pharmacokinetic programs, etc. to be run on a Sinus computer under either CP/M. MS-DOS or CP/M-86. Nils G. Svedmyr, Viktor Rydbergsg. 48/357, S-412 81 Goteborg, Sweden, Tel. + 46 31 204576.

FOR SALE: Two Anderson Jacobson 1245 coupler/modems. Bell 103 and Bell 202 modes. (300-bps full duplex and 1200-bps half duplex] These were S 700 each new. will sell for S350 each. Alan Selfndge. 2592 Middlefield Rd.. Palo Alto. CA 94301, (415) 327-1140.

WANTED: I own a Sinclair ZX81, and would like to trade information with other ZX81 owners. Greg E. Sedbrook, 1004 East 2nd, Del Rio. TX 78840

FOR REPAIR: Printed circuit boards for Qume Sprint 3 (45.55 cps], Sprint 5: Diablo Hytype II. and Diablo Model 630. Also. Sprint 9 (45,55 cps) carriage, assembly, and motor encoder. Please quote a price for repair. Don Kim, 55 I 5 Livingston Rd„ Oxon Hill, MD 20745. (301) 567-0365.

BOMB

BYTE's Onaoina Monitor Box

Article #

Page

Article

Author(s|

1

14

Little Big Computer

Malloy

2

49

Build an RS-232C Code-Activated Switch

Garcia

3

60

Local Area Networks

Saal

4

82

The Fortune 32:16 Business Computer

Barry

5

104

The Movable Conference

Lerch

6

124

Electronic Publishing: The New Newsletter

Bechhoefer

7

134

What a Conceptl

Feigel

8

154

Achieving Greater White-Collar Productivity

in the New Office

Goldfield

9

176

Word Tools for the IBM Personal Computer

Shuford

10

220

A Comparison of Five Database Management

Programs v

Abbott

II

232

Stalking the East-Asian Microcomputer

Lemmons

12

242

An Inexpensive Letter-Quality Printer

Brown

13

263

Painter Power, An Electronic Paintbrush for

Pappas,

Artists

Murray

14

266

BYTE West Coast; Ferment in Silicon Valley

Lemmons

15

272

NAPLPS: A New Standard for Text and Graphics, Part 4: More Advanced Features

and Conclusions

Fleming

16

286

Better Software Manuals

Sohr

17

298

User's Column: Ulterior Motives, Lobo,

Buying Your First Computer, JRT Update

Pournelle

IS

342

Design Philosophy Behind Motorola's

MC68000, Part 2

Starnes

19

368

Building a Hard-Disk Interface for an S-100

Cruce,

System, Part 3

Alexander

20

402

Using IBM's Marvelous Keyboard

Glasco, Sargent McCoy

21

418

Strongly Typed Languages

22

438

The Ins and Outs of the TRS-80 Color

Computer

Stearman

23

452

A Conceptual Approach to Real-Time

Programming

Wyss

24

474

Regression Fitting to Economic Indexes

Merrill

25

482

Sorting Algorithms for Microcomputers

Barron, Diehr

FOR SALE: Two Helium-Neon Lasers. 2-milliwatt visible red output. SI00 each or will trade. Electronics and laser knowledge required for safe operation. Jim Bonner. 1005 Norttl Dickson St.. Tuscumbia. AL 35674. (205) 383-1844. FOR SALE: IBM Selectric printer purchased as a Datel 1035 terminal. It includes a printer |which also doubles as a Selectric typewriter!, complete Datel and IBM documentation, and an EPROM set and documentation to convert from correspondence code to parallel ASCII S425. Gene Nelson. 74 Brant St. #4. Amhe'St. NY 14226. (716.) 835-8997 or 831-2328 NEEDED: Physics teacher needs Persci 277 disk drive in working condition. W.C. Johnson-Chamberlain, Craven Community College. Box 659, Beaufort. NC 28516 SURPLUS: Sinclair ZX8I owners. 32K memory boards with four I/O pons. SI2. Board, 46-pin connector, and schematic: S16. D.L. Beduhn. 411 Clancey Lane. Stoughton. Wl 53589 FOR SALE: Synetix 2022 294K double-drive RAM disk emulator for Apple II, new with warranty, software for DOS 3.3, Pascal, and CP/M: S795. Apple grayscale low-resolution luminance board (see ! 1/82 Curnp & Elec/PE) assembled and tested with software, s 100. Michael Gilbert. 73 Spaulding St.. Amherst. MA 01002, (41 3) 253-2786. FOR SALE: Rockwell AIM-65. 28K of static RAM, plus assembler and PL65 PROMs, all documents, one year old: S425. Ron Dail, 63 Maplewood Ave.. Cranston. Rl 02920. (401) 943-7408.

FOR SALE: Doublevision 80-column card for Apple II. with Doublevision version of Apple PIE 2.0 word-processing software: S200. Also. Integer BASIC firmware card: S50 Dr. Steven Souza, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Williams College. Williamstown, MA 01267.

FOR SALE: Intelligent Systems Corporation color-graphic computer systems: Compucolor II with 16K user memory. 5H-inch disk drive, and 72-key keyboard, tntecolor 3651 with 32K user memory. 8-inch disk drive, and 1 17-key keyboard. Common components for above systems: 8-color/l3-inch RGB display. Disk BASIC/FCS (DOS) in ROM. RS-232C interface, extensive software, and complete documentation. Will pay insured shipping inside U.S. Darryl Nadvornick. 14818 Elaine Ave., Norwalk, CA 90650.

WANTED: Zilog ZDS 1/40 Development system number 05-6013-06. Please send price and full details. Willy Adams. 52 Boerderjstraat. 8730 Harelbeke, Belgium: Tel. 056/ 223117. FOR SALE: OSI 8K Superboard computer. 4.5A power supply, RF modulator and programs: S300. Studio II video game and cartridge: S30. Tom Rezachek. 6337-82nd St. S. Cottage Grove, MN 55016.

Apple Shines

Apple created quite a stir in the microcomputing world long before it officially announced the Lisa and Apple He. Evidently these new products generated just as much interest among BYTE readers. Gregg Williams won first place in the February BOMB contest for his Product Description of "The Lisa Computer System." As a staff member he is ineligible for the S100 prize. Second place goes to Robin Moore for his review of "Apple's Enhanced Computer: The Apple lie." He will receive the $50 award. Chris Morgan, Gregg Williams, and Phil Lemmons earned third place for their interview with three key members of Apple's engineering team: "An Interview with Wayne Rosing, Bruce Daniels, and Larry Tesler."

590 May 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Reader Service

Inquiry No.

Page No.

2 1st NATIONAL COMP. 165 1 1 SUPER WAREHOUSE 243

524 3M DATA RECORDING 113

3 800 SOFTWARE 155

4 A.S.T.RESEARCH 312, 313

5 AB COMPUTERS 557

12 ABC DATA PRODUCTS 30

7 ABC DATA PRODUCTS 497

8 ABRAMS CREATIVE SERV. 548

9 ACCOUNTS PAYABLE RESRCH 542

10 ACTION COMPUTER 246

11 ACTION COMPUTER 246

6 ACTIVE ELECTRONICS 463

14 ADDMASTER CORP. 552

15 ADV.PROCESSOR SYS. 542

16 ADV.COMP.PROD. 576, 577

17 ADV.DIGITAL CORP. 389

18 ADV.LOGIC SYSTEMS 151

19 ADV.SYS.CONCEPTS 562 522 ADISA CORP 363

21 ADVENTURE INT'L. 516

22 AFTERTHOUGHT ENG. 542

• ALF PRODUCTS, INC. 170

23 ALL ELECTRONICS CORP. 558

24 ALPHA BYTE COMP.PROD. 46, 47

25 ALPHA BYTE COMP.PROD. 332

26 ALTOS COMP.SYS. 299

27 AMANUENSIS 484

28 AMER.SQUARE COMP. 149

29 AMERICAN MITAC CORP. 562

31 APPARAT INC. 121

32 APPLE COMPUTER INC. CM, 1

42 APPLEWARE, INC. 560

43 APPLIED SOFTWARE TECH 377 518 ARBUTUS TOTALSOFT INC. 476

45 ARK MICROSYSTEMS 216

46 ARTIFICIAL INT'L.RESRCH. 396

47 ASHTON-TATE 29

48 ASHTON-TATE 152, 153

49 ASHTON-TATE 259

50 ASPEN SFTW.CO. 118

• AT&T LONG LINES 387

51 ATARI 174, 175

53 ATLANTIS COMP.SERV. 558

54 AUTOCONTROL INC. 554

• AUTOMATED EQUPMNT. 395

55 AVOCET221

56 B&B ELECTR. 552

• BARGAIN BOARDS 542

57 BASF SYSTEMS 255

58 BASIS, INC. 119

59 BAUSCH & LOMB INSTR.SYS. 289

61 BAY TECHNICAL ASSOC. 198

62 BELL, JOHN ENGR. 551

63 BETSY BYTES 546

64 BHRT 267

65 BI-COMM SYSTEM 142

66 BIBLIOGRAPHIC RETRIEVAL 303

72 BLAT RESRCH & DEVELP. 172

73 BOTTOM LINE, THE 197

74 BT ENTERPRISES 396

76 BUNKERRAMO 498

77 BUSINESS MANAGER 325

78 BUSINESS SYS.RSCH.DEV. 542

• BYTE BACK ISSUES 506

• BYTE PUBLINC. 432

81 BYTEK COMP. SYS. 442

82 BYTEWRrTER 116

83 CSYSTEMS546

84 C.S.D. INC. 558

532 CABLES UNLTD. 564

85 CAB-TEK, INC 513

86 CAUF. DATA CORP. 556

■ CAUF. DGfTAL 568, 589

■ CAUF.MICRO.COMP. 303

87 CAMRASS CORP. 55B

• CDEX CORP. 335

89 CDR SYSTEMS 398

20 CDS556

90 CENTENNIAL SOFTWARE 475

91 CHECK-MATE 300

93 CHIPS & DALE 483

94 CHRISUN INDUSTRIES 443

95 CMC INTL 447

96 CMC INTL 497

97 COGITATE 398

98 COLONIAL DATA SERV. 376 98 COLORADO CHIPS 540

498 COLORADO COMP.PERIPH. 548

101 COLUMBIA DATA PROD. 102,103

102 COLUMBIA NATIONAL 172

103 COMMUNICATION CABLE 554

104 COMMUNICATIONS ELECTR. 549

105 COMPAQ COMPUTER CORP. 127

Inquiry No.

°age No.

107 COMPONENTS EXPRESS 491

108 COMPUADD 546

109 COMPUADD 546

110 COMPUCART25

111 COMPUGIFT INC. 358 498 COMPUPRO/GODBOUT 99

112 COMPUPRO/GODBOUT 369

• COMPUPRO/GODBOUT 500, 501

• COMPUPRO/GODBOUT 502

113 COMPUSERVE 257

373 COMPUSHACK 252, 253

114 COMPUSOFT PUBL-B 422

116 COMPUTER APPARATUS 545

117 COMPUTER CHANNEL 540

118 COMPUTER COMPNTS,UNLTD. 523

119 COMPUTER DISCOUNT PROD. 563

120 COMPUTER ENTREPRENEUR 365 505 COMPUTER EXCHANGE 200, 201 508 COMPUTER EXCHANGE 200, 201 507 COMPUTER EXCHANGE 200, 201

122 COMPUTER INNOVATIONS 64

123 COMPUTER MAIL ORDER 424, 425

126 COMPUTER PERIPH.INC. 423

127 COMPUTER PLUS 378

128 COMPUTER SCIENCE PRESS 370

130 COMPUTER SOLUTIONS 26

131 COMPUTER SPCLTIES. 173

124 COMPUTER STORE, THE 542

125 COMPUTER STORE, THE 546

• COMPUTER WAREHOUSE 195 513 COMPUTERS & MORE 415

132 COMPUTERUNE INTL-A 350, 351

133 COMPUTERLINE INT'L-B 357

134 COMPUTING 453

135 COMPUVIEW PROD.INC. 65

136 CONCURRENT CORP. 388

137 CONTRACT MICROS 550

138 COST PLUS COMP. 548

139 COUGAR MOUNTAIN SOFT. 363

140 CPU SHOP, THE 553

141 CREATIVITY UNLTD. 412

142 CROMEMCO 2

143 CUESTA SYSTEMS 554

144 CUSTOM COMP.TECH. 488

• CYBERNETICS INC. 362

145 CYBORG CORP. 76

146 DAMAN 556

497 DATA ACQUISITIONS 101

148 DATA ELECTRONICS INC. 268

149 DATA EXCHANGE 560 233 DATA MAIL 180

150 DATA MANAGEMENT SYS. 544

• DATA-ED 381 153 DATA-LINE 560

155 DATAMASTERS 562

156 DATASMITH 517

512 DATASOURCE SYS.CORP. 323

157 DATASOUTH COMP.CORP. 456

158 DATASOUTH COMP.CORP. 319

159 DECISION RESOURCES 27

160 DIGISOFT497

161 DIGITAL DIMENSIONS 390

162 DIGITAL LABORATORIES 381

• DIGITAL MARKETING 6 18 DIGITAL RESEARCH 151

163 DIGITAL RESEARCH 327

• DIGITAL RESEARCH COMP. 541

164 DIP INC. 547

• DISCOUNT SOFTWARE 188, 189

165 DISCWASHER COMP.PERF. 353

• DMA 455

527 DOCUTEL OLIVETTI 275

175 DOKAY COMP.PROD.INC. 570, 571

• DOW JONES SOFTWARE 292

• DOW JONES SOFTWARE 293

176 DOWNTOWN BOOK BAZAAR 544 530 D/PUNCH521

177 DUAL SYS.CONTROL CORP. 156 529 DY-4 SYSTEMS 90

178 DYSAN CORP. 359

• E. ARTHUR BROWN CO. 412

179 BZ ASSOC. 554

180 EAST SIDE SOFTWARE 179

181 EASTERN ENTERPRISES 461

182 ECOSOFT508

183 EDGE MICROSYSTEMS 412

184 EDUCATIONAL MICROCOMP. 429

185 EDUCATIONAL MICROCOMP. 564

186 ELECTRONIC CONTROL 216

187 ELECTRONIC SPCLISTS 516

• ELEC. & CTRLENG.BOOK CLUB 480,481

188 ELECTROSONICS 560

189 ELECTROSONICS 560

Inquiry No.

Page No.

• ELLIS COMPUTING 48 501 EMC DISTRIBUTORS 521

190 EMC DISTRIBUTORS 562

191 EMERY AIR FREIGHT 330

' EMPIRICAL RESRCH.GRP. 256

192 ENGINEERING SPECIALTIES 558

193 EPSON AMERICA 223

194 ESPRIT SYS. INC. 211

195 ESSEX PUBLISHING 461

196 EXECUTIVE PERIPH. SYS. 251

197 EXPOTEK 158

151 FACIT DATAROYAL 419

198 FENWAL PROTECTION SYS. 366

199 FIGURE-LOGIC BUS. EQUIP. 463

200 FORMULA INT'L. 309

201 FOX & GELLER INC. 339

202 FRANKLIN COMP.CORP. 287 504 FROBCO 324

203 G-H COMPUTER SYS. 396

204 GARDEN OF EDEN COMP. 548

205 GENERAL MICRO SYSTEMS 552

207 GENIE COMP.CORP. 45

208 GIFFORD COMP. SYS. 187

209 GILTRONIX INC. 260

210 GREAT SALT LAKE COMP. 525

211 GTEKINC. 24

528 HAYDEN SOFTWARE 277

212 HAYES MICROCOMP.PROD. 78

213 HAYES MCFOCOMP.PROD 304, 306

215 HEATH COMPANY 345 458 HOBB-Y-TRONIX INC. 561

216 HOFFMAN COMP.PROD. 238

217 HOFFMAN COMP.PROD. 546 30 HOLLYWOOD HARDWARE 552

218 HUMAN SOFT 283

219 I.B.C. 19

• I.D.S. 393

220 I.T.M. 460

221 IBM CORP. 122, 123

222 IBM/SMALL SYS. DIV. 436, 437

223 IDE CORP. 171

224 IMS INTERNATIONAL 129 533 IMAGE COMP. PROD. 564

235 INCOMM 517

225 INFO. REDUCTION RESEARCH 308

226 INMAC 161

236 INNOVATIVE COMM. 554

227 INSIGHT ENTERPRISES 550

• INSTITUTE-SCTF.ANALYSIS 157

• INT'LINST.OF APPLD.TECH. 193

228 INT'L.MICRO SYS. 67

230 INTEGRAL QUALITY 126

231 INTEGRAND 394

232 INTELLIGENT DEVICES INC. 550 234 INTERACTIVE STRUCT. 159

237 INTERCONTN.MICROSYS. 72

238 INTERDATA SYSTEMS INC. 544

239 INTERTEC DATA SYS. 11

240 IPEX INT'L. 556

241 IRONSIDES COMP. CORP. 349 510 J.C.SYSTEMS66

516 J&L SOFTWARE 476

242 JADE COMP.PROD. 565

243 JADE COMP.PROD. 566, 567

244 JAMECO ELECTR. 574, 575

245 JDR MICRODEVICES 584, 585

246 JDR MICRODEVICES 586, 587

247 JDR MICRODEVICES 588

• JRT SYSTEMS 217

249 JUKI INDUSTRY OF AM 311

250 JVB ELECTRONICS 548

251 KADAK PRODUCTS, LTD. 324

253 KENSINGTON MICROWARE 163

254 KERN PUBLISHING 131

255 KEYTRONICS CORP. 137

514 LABORATORY MICROSYS. 415

256 LANIER BUSN.PROD. 492, 493

257 LASER MICRO 489

258 LEADING EDGE PROD. CHI

259 LEHMANN & ASSOC. 550

• LIBERTY COMP. SALES 391

261 LIGO RESEARCH INC. 115

262 LOBO DRIVES INT'L 555

263 LOGICAL DEVICES 504

265 LOMAS DATA PRODUCTS 421

266 LOTUS DEVELOPMENT 227

267 LYBEN COMP.SYS. 546

268 LYBEN COMP.SYS. 556

269 LYCO COMPUTER 449

• MACMILLAN BOOK CLUBS 384, 385

270 MACROTECH COMP.PROD. 461

271 MACROTECH INT'L. 17

272 MAILCOMP INC. 441

274 MANNESMANN TALLY 71

To get further information on the products advertised in BYTE, fill out the reader service card with your name and address. Then circle the appropriate numbers for the advertisers you select from the list. Add a 20-cent stamp to the card, then drop it in the mail. Not only do you gain information, but our advertisers are encouraged to use the marketplace provided by BYTE. This helps us bring you a bigger BYTE. The index is provided as an additional service by the publisher, who assumes no liability for errors or omissions. "Correspond directly with company.

Inquiry No.

Page No.

275 MANX SOFTWARE 42

• MARTIN MARIETTA CORP. 490 525 MARYMAC INDUSTRIES 491

280 MASON COMPUTERS 22

281 MAYNARD ELECTRONICS 160

282 MCNEILL 514

283 MCNEILL 514

284 MCNEILL 514 502 MC/N INC. 483

• MCGRAW-HILL/BYTE BOOK CO. 208

' MCGRAW-HILL BOOK CO. 462

• MCGRAW-HILL BOOK STORE 214 515 MEDISOFT415

534 MEGA CO. 363, 564

289 MEGABYTE INDUSTRIES 550

290 MEMORY MERCHANT 199

• MEMOTECH 145

521 METASOFT CORP. 380

292 METHOD SYSTEMS 556

293 MICRO ADE 548

294 MICRO AGE COMP.STORE 269

295 MICRO BUSN.WORLD 291

296 MICRO CONTROL SYS. 315

• MICRO INK, INC. 463

297 MICRO LOGIC 554

298 MICRO MANAGEMENT SYS. 427 115 MICRO MARKETING 544

531 MICRO MART 564

299 MICRO MIDWEST 398

300 MICRO MINT 459 433 MICRO MINT 562

301 MICRO PRO. INT'L. 472, 473

302 MICRO-SCI 106

523 MICRO SOLUTIONS 564

304 MICRO WORKS, THE 120 147 MICRO XPRESS 550

537 MICROCOMP.BUSN.IND. 191

538 MICROCOMP.BUSN.IND. 280, 281

305 MICRODYNAMICS 562

306 MICROHOUSE 12, 13 509 MICROLOG 302

374 MICROMAIL 539

307 MICROPERIPH.CORP.THE 483

308 MICROPERIPH.CORP, THE 560

309 MICROPROCESSORS UNLTD. 544

• MICROSOFT 117

• MICROSOFT 337

310 MICROTECH EXPORTS 262 517 MICROTYPE476

311 MICROWARE 560

229 MILLER MICROCOMP. SERV. 258

312 MK RESEARCH 548 273 MKS 542

313 MOORE BUSN.FORMS 484

314 MORROW DESIGNS 230, 231

316 MOUNTAIN VIEW PRESS 213

317 MOUSE SYSTEMS 15

318 MOUSER ELECTRONICS 558

319 MTI SYSTEMS CORP. 254

320 MULLEN COMP.PROD. 279

321 MUSYS 96

322 NEC HOME ELECTR.USA 77

323 NEC HOME ELECTR.USA 79

324 NEC HOME ELECTR.USA 167

325 NEC INFORMATION SYS. 271

• NETRONICS 543

326 NETWORK CONSLTNG CORP. 162

327 NEW GENERATION SYS. 479

328 NK INC. 544

329 NORTH HILLS CORP. 558

330 NORTH HILLS CORP. 562

331 NORTH STAR COMPUTERS 111

332 NORTHWEST DIGITAL SYS. 367

333 NORTHWEST INSTR.SYS. 89

334 NOVATION 208. 209

335 NUMERICAL CONTROLS 317

337 OASIS SYSTEMS 328, 329

338 OCTAGON COMP SYS 95

339 OMEGA MICROWARE, INC. 139

340 OPEN SYSTEMS INC. 135

341 OPTIMAL TECHNOLOGY 496

342 OPTRONICS TECH 168

343 ORTHOCODE GROUP 382

344 ORYX SOFTWARE 397

• OSBORNBMCGRAW-HILL169

345 OSM COMPUTER 23 ■ OWENS ASSOC. 454

346 PACIFIC COMPUTERS 392

347 PACIFIC EXCHANGES 544, 548, 552, 556, 560, 564

353 PALOMAR COMP.EQUIP. 416, 417

354 PAN AMERICAN ELEC.INC. 514

355 PERSCI 542

356 PERSCI 552

357 PERCOM DATA 7

358 PERIPH. MARKETING INC. 44

359 PERSONAL SYS.TECHN. 215

360 PHASER 97

361 PICKLES & TROUT 164

362 PION INC. 284 511 PLUM HALL 471

363 POPCOM 378

365 PRACTICAL PERIPH. 36, 37

• PRINCETON GRAPHIC SYS. 249 367 PRINTEK 183

453 PRINTER STORE, THE 128

May 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc 591

Reader Service

Inquiry No.

Page No.

368 PRIORITY ONE 578, 579

369 PRIORITY ONE 580, 581

370 PRIORITY ONE 582, 583

375 PROFIT SYSTEMS 113

376 PROGRAMMERS SFTW. EX. 92

377 PROGRAMMING INT'L. 340, 341

378 PROMETHEUS PRODUCTS 207

379 PROTECTO ENTERPR. 400, 401

380 PROXIMITY DEVICES CORP 150

381 PRYORCOMP. SUPPLIES 142

382 QANTEX DIV. 41

383 QUADRAM CORP. 57

384 QUADRAM CORP. 68, 69 508 QUADRAM CORP. 91

385 QUADRAM CORP. 360, 361

386 QUARK ENGINEERING 185 490 QUBIE DISTRIBUTING 321

387 QUCES 307

388 QUICKN-EASI PROD. INC. 479

389 RACET COMPUTES LTD. 184

390 RADIO SHACK CIV 252 RCA AMER.COMM. 238

392 RED BARON COMP.PROD. 132, 133

394 REMOTE MEASUREMENT SYS 244

395 RIXON 431

495 ROCKY MT.MICRO INC. 181

396 RTL PROGRAMMING AIDS 554

397 S C DIGITAL 261

398 S&W COMPUTER SUPPLY 556

399 S-100 DIV. 696 CORP. 274 401 SAGE COMP.TECH. 247

403 SATURN SYSTEMS 85

404 SCIENTIFIC ENG. 552

Inquiry No.

Page No.

402 SCION CORP. 5

405 SCION CORP. 5

* SCOTTSDALE SYSTEMS 347

406 SCREENWARE 544

407 SD SYSTEMS 109

408 SEARS ELECTRONICS INC. 560

409 SELENE ASSOC. 542

410 SEMI DISK SYSTEM 295

411 SENTINEL COMP.PROD. 56

412 SHERATON HOTELS WORLDWIDE 375

413 SIERRA DATA SCIENCES 62, 63

415 SIGEN CORP. 479

416 SLUDER 496

417 SNAVE SYSTEMS 554

418 SOFTWARE ARTS 439

419 SOFTWARE BANC 107

129 SOFTWARE STORE, THE 505

420 SOFTWARE SUPPORT INC. 505

421 SONICS MICRO SYS. 93

' ST. MARTIN'S PRESS 386

540 STAR LOGIC 318

422 STAR MICRONICS31 526 STAR SOFTWARE 235

423 STARBUCK DATA CO. 288

424 STEMMOS LTD. 475

425 STM CORP 143

426 SUNBELT COMP. PROD. 548

427 SUNNY INT'L. 538

428 SUNTRONICS559

429 SUNTRONICS 552

430 SUPERSOFT105

431 SUPERSOFT147

Inquiry No.

Page No.

432 SUPERSOFT 285

434 SYSTEMS STRATEGIES 20

435 TAB BOOKS 433

437 TALLGRASS TECH. 73

438 TARBELL ELECTR. 471

439 TATUM LABS 560

371 TAVA CORP 229

372 TAVA CORP 245

440 TAYCO BUSINESS FORMS 558

441 TECMAR INC. 83

442 TECHNIGRAPHIC DESIGNS 546

• TEKTRONIX INC. 75

443 TELECON SYSTEMS 326

444 TELEMAX INC. 544

445 TELETEK 43

446 TELETEX COMMUNICATIONS 9

447 TELETEX COMMUNICATIONS 333

448 TELEVIDEO SYSTEMS INC. 80, 81

449 TERMINAL DATA SYS. 562

450 TERMINALS TERRIFIC 34

451 TEXAS COMP.SYS. 435

452 TEXAS INSTRUMENTS 177

• TEXAS INSTRUMENTS 296, 297

454 THOUGHTWARE INC. 141

455 THUNDERHAWK CORP. 178

456 TIMESHARING DEV. INC. 396

457 TINNEY, RBT. GRAPHICS 457 520 TINNEY, RBT. GRAPHICS 478 519 TOSHIBA AMERICA 445

459 TOTAL ACCESS 564

460 TRANSTAR379

461 TRANSWAVE CORP 125

462 TRILOG 450

Inquiry No.

Page No.

463 TRILOG 451

464 TRISTAR DATA SYS. 422

465 TSK ELECTR.CORP. 241

466 TYCOMP COMPANY 550

467 U.S. MICRO SALES 572, 573

468 U.S. ROBOTICS 130

469 U.S. EXCHANGE 546

470 UNIVERSAL DATA SYS 39

471 VANDATA114

472 VICTOR TECHNOLOGIES 383

473 VICTOR TECHNOLOGIES 218, 219

474 VIDEX 21

476 VISTA COMPUTER CO 108

477 VISUAL TECH,INC. 87

478 VLM COMPUTER ELECTR. 558

479 VOTRAX301

480 VSC TECHNOLOGY 552

• WAREHOUSE SOFTWARE 194

481 WASHINGTON COMP.SERV. 442

482 WASHINGTON COMP.SERV. 458

• WESTICO INC. 205

483 WESTWARE32

484 WILD HARE COMP.SYS. 399

485 WINCHENDON GRP..THE 556

486 WINTEK CORP. 554

487 WINTERHALTER & ASSOC. 228

488 WORDTECH SYSTEMS 550

489 WORLDWIDE COMP.SUPP. 562

491 WYNDHAM GROUP 471

492 X COMP 35

493 YANG ELECTRONIC 550

494 ZOBEX33

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