Byte Magazine Volume 07 Number 10 - Computers in Business (RESCAN)

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Powerful.

memory and controller cards

68000-Powered

Once again you get a big stride forward with Cromemco.

This time it's our new DPU Dual Processor Unit. It gives ejiormous power to Cromemco computer systems such as our System One shown here.

Compares with mainframes

■ With the new DPU you get the almost unbelievably powerful 68000 processor and its 32-bit data-handling capabilities combined with its 16 Megabyte address space.

In other words with the System One/DPU combination you get a small machine that's the equal of superminis and mainframes in some areas.

8-Bit and 68000 software

The dual part of the DPU refers to its on-board Z-80A processor. With this you have access to existing CP/M* software.

for tomorrow

But besides being compatible with this wealth of existing 8-bit software, the System One/DPU has available a whole family of new 68000 system software. This includes a wide range of high-level software such as our 68000 Assembler, FORTRAN 77, Pascal, BASIC, COBOL, and C.

Beyond all this there's a version for the 68000 of our widely admired CROMIXt Operating System. It's like UNIXt but has even more features and gives multi-tasking and multi-user capability. In fact, one or more users can run on the Z-80A processor while others are running on the 68000. Switching between the Z-80A and 68000 is automatically controlled.

The System One itself is a bus-oriented machine that has options for color graphics, for 390K or 780K of floppy storage, a 5 MB hard disk option, communications capability, and multi-processor capability using our I/O processor card.

Powerful new micro. Powerful software.

Highly expandable

With the System One/DPU combination, you get tremendous expandability. Right now you can have up to 2 MB of RAM storage. You get this with our new Memory Storage cards and our Memory Controller. The Controller fully supports the 16 MB storage space of the 68000, allowing you vast future expansion capability.

Further, the memory has built-in error detection and confection, a feature normally found only in much more costly systems.

Present customers can field-upgrade their Cromemco systems to use the DPU and still be able to run their present software using the Z-80A on the DPU. It's one more

instance of Cromemco's policy of providing obsolescence insurance for Cromemco users.

Low priced

With all this performance you might not be ready for the low price we're talking about. With 256K of RAM and 780K of floppy storage, the price of the System One/DPU is only $5495. That's hard to beat.

So contact your rep now. He'll fill you in on the many more features that this outstanding and powerful machine offers.

'CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research tCROMIX is a trademark of Cromemco, Inc. tUNIX is a trademark of Bell Telephone Laboratories

G

TM

Cromemco

incorporated

280 BERNARDO AVE., MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040 • (415)964-7400

Tomorrow's computers today

Circle 114 on inquiry card.

EXPANDABLE I/O BUS

OTT1

I/O INTERFACES

COLOR GRAPHICS

11-MBVTE HARD DISK DRIVE

EXTENSIVE SOFTWARE SUPPORT

What Cromemco computer card capability can do for you

The above diagram shows in a functional way one of the most complete lines of computer cards in the industry.

Look it over carefully. It could be well worth your while.

These are all cards that plug into our S-100 bus microcomputers.

You can also assemble them into a custom system in convenient Cromemco card cages.

MULTI-PROCESSING AND INTELLIGENT I/O

The range of capabilities and versatility you can draw upon is enormous.

In processors, for example, you have a choice of CPU's including our extremely useful new I/O Processor. This can be used as a satellite processor to do off-line processing, multi-processing, and to form intelligent I/O. It opens the door to a whole new group of applications and tasks. Ask us about it.

HIGH RESOLUTION COLOR GRAPHICS

Again, you can have beautiful highresolution color graphics with our color graphics interface. You can select from over 4000 colors and have a picture with a resolution at least equal to quality broadcast-TV pictures.

You have an unprecedented selection of memory including our unusual 48K and 16K two-port RAMs which allow high-speed color graphics.

LOTS OF STORAGE

These days you often want lots of disk storage. So you can select from our disk controller card which will operate our 5" and 8" floppy disk drives (up to 1.2 megabytes). Or select our WDI interface to operate our 11-megabyte hard disk drives.

POWERFUL SOFTWARE AND PERIPHERAL SUPPORT

There's much more yet you can do with our cards. And, of course, there's an easy way to put them to work in our 8-, 12-, and 21-slot card cages. Our PS8 power supply makes it simple to get the system into operation.

Finally, Cromemco offers you the strongest software support in the industry

Cromemco

with languages like FORTRAN, C, COBOL, ASSEMBLER, LISP, BASIC and others. There is also a wide choice from independent vendors.

To top it all off, you can draw from a substantial array of peripherals: terminals, printers, color monitors and disk drives.

There is even more capability than we're able to describe here.

NOW AT HALL-MARK AND KIERULFF

For your convenience Cromemco products are now available at Hail-Mark Electronics and Kierulff Electronics. Contact these national distributors for immediate product delivery.

CROMEMCO COMPUTER CARDS • PROCESSORS — 4 MHz Z-80 A CPU. single card computer, I/O processor • MEMORY — up to 64K including special 48Kand 16K two-port RAMS and our very well known BYTESAVERS® with PROM programming capability • HIGH RESOLUTION COLOR GRAPHICS — our SDI offers up to 754 x 482 pixel resolution. • GENERAL PURPOSE INTERFACES— QUADART four-channel serial communications, TU-ART two-channel parallel and two-channel serial, 8PIO 8-port parallel, 4PIO 4-port isolated parallel, D+ 7A 7-channel D/A and A/D converter, printer interface, floppy disk controller with RS-232 interface and system diagnostics, wire-wrap and extender cards for your development work.

i^^^J 280 BERNARDO AVE., MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040 • (415) 964-7400

Tomorrow's computers today

Circle 115 on inquiry card.

In The Queue

Volume 7, Number 10

Features

29 Beyond the Peaks of Visicalc by Jack

Bishop / Three new software packages help fiscal planners study large, complex financial models.

40 Build the Microvox Text-to-Speech Synthesizer, Part 2: Software by Steve

Ciarcia / Rules for conversion of plain English text to phonemes govern the operation of this SC-OIA-based device.

68 What Makes Business Programming Hard? by James L. Woodward / A banker/ programmer describes some of the pitfalls in writing software that handles "routine" business tasks.

80 Adapting Microcomputers to Wall Street

by Robert Franz / Microcomputers are fast becoming crucial tools for financial managers.

96 Putting Real-World Interfaces to Work, Part 1: Monitoring Physical Quantities with the TRS-80 by William Barden Jr. / A summary of techniques for interfacing the TRS-80 to the "realworld" and a look at some of the transducers that provide practical applications.

128 The State of Industrial Robotics by J.

Michael Callahan / Industrial robots are playing an increasingly important role in manufacturing. Here we look at some of the fundamentals of robot design and describe some robot subsystems.

146 Marketplace by Robert Dickinson / You can

become an entrepreneur and pit your company against the competition in this two-player telecomputing game for the TRS-80 Model III. It's the sixth-place winner in the BYTE Game Contest.

176 Ringquest by Gordon Mills / You'll need to muster up more than the usual amount of game strategy for this adventure that sometimes penalizes the aggressive player. It captured fifth place in the BYTE Game Contest.

210 The Case of the Purloined Object Code: Can It Be Solved? Part 2: Approaches to Software Protection by Richard H. Stern / An

expert on software-protection law tackles the tough issues.

254 User's Column: A BASIC and Pascal Benchmark, Elegance, Apologies, and FORTH by

Jerry Pournelle I A microcomputer user assesses the speed and convenience of some languages currently available.

October 1982

291 An Introduction to the Human Applications Standard Computer Interface, Part 1: Theory and Principles by Chris Rutkowski / Six

years' effort has already gone into developing an interface design that promises to make computing power more accessible to the general consumer.

315 The Personal Computer as an Interface to a Corporate Management Information System by N. R. McBurney II / Designing an intelligent terminal program for the Apple II Plus.

360 Software Arts' TK Solver by Gregg

Williams / Software Arts' new "toolkit" equation solver is like an electronic calculator for algebra.

380 Naming Your Software by Stephen A.

Becker / Registered trademarks provide the best protection for your software creations.

406 Program Your Own Text Editor, Part 2: Install the Video-Display-Oriented Text Editor on Your System by Richard Fobes / A listing of the text editor's source code with numerous comments concludes this two-part article.

Reviews

224 Radio Shack Compiler BASIC by Rowland Archer 392 Wyse Technology's WY-100 Terminal by Mark Haas 400 Edu-Ware's Statistics 3.0 by Brownlee Elliott 447 Systems Plus: FMS-80 by Jack L. Abbot

Nucleus

6 Editorial: Some Answers to Frequently Asked

Questions 18 Letters

26, 386, 454, 468 BYTE's Bits 312 Programming Quickies: Generating Mohr's Circle 385, 390 Book Reviews: Personal Documentation for

Professionals, Means and Methods; Visicalc: Home

and Office Companion 390 BYTE's Bugs

451 Clubs and Newsletters

452 Ask BYTE 455 BYTELINES 459 Event Queue

466 Books Received

467 Software Received 471 What's New?

525 Unclassified Ads

526 BOMB, BOMB Results

527 Reader Service

Page 128

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 3

Page 40

224900 2232CP 221300 21«P0P 2lR16t» 21*400

iwn

Editor in Chief fi'iijj Christopher P. Morgan f^fjfl

Managing Editor

Mark Haas

Technical Editors

Gregg Williams, Senior Editor;

Richard S. Shuford, Curtis P. Feigel.

George Stewart, Arthur Little,

Stanley Wszola, Pamela Clark, Richard Malloy;

Phillip Lemmons, West Coast Editor; Steve

Ciarcia. Mark Dahmke, Consulting Editors;

Jon Swanson, Drafting Editor

Copy Editors

Beverly Cronin, Chief;

Faith Hanson, Warren Williamson, Anthony J. Lockwood, Hilary Selby Polk, Elizabeth Kepner, Nancy Hayes, Cathryn Baskin; Margaret Cook, Junior Copy Editor Assistants

Faith Kluntz. Debe Wheeler. Beverly Jackson. Lisa Jo Steiner

Production

David R. Anderson, Assoc. Director; Patrice Scnbner. Jan Muller, Virginia Reardon; Sherry McCarthy, Chief Typographer; Debi Fredericks. Donna Sweeney. Valerie Horn

Advertising

Thomas Harvey, Director; Marion Carlson, Rob Hannings, Deborah Porter, Vicki Reynolds, Cathy A. R. Drew, Lisa Wozmak; Jacgueline Earnshaw. Reader Service Coordinator; Wai Chiu Li, Advertising/ Production Coordinator; Linda J. Sweeney

Circulation

Gregory Spitzfaden, Manager; Andrew Jackson, Asst. Manager; Agnes E. Perry. Barbara Varnum, Louise Menegus, Jennifer Price, Sheila A. Bamford; James Bingham, Dealer Sales; Deborah J. Cadwell. Asst; Linda Ryan Marketing

Wilbur S. Watson, Marketing Coordinator; Timothy W. Taussig, Marketing Production Coordinator

Controller's Office

Daniel Rodrigues, Controller; Mary E. Fluhr, Acct. & DIP Mgr.; Karen Burgess, Jeanne Cilley, Linda Fluhr, Vicki Bennett, L. Bradley Browne

Traffic

N. Scott Gagnon. Scott Jackson, Kathleen Reckart

Receptionist

Jeanann Waters Publishers

Virginia Londoner. Gordon R. Williamson;

John E. Hayes. Associate Publisher;

Cheryl A. Hurd, Michele P. Verville. Publisher's

Assistants;

Officers of McGraw-Hill Publications Company: Paul F. McPherson, President; Executive Vice President: Gene W. Simpson; Senior Vice President-Editorial: Ralph R. Schulz; Vice Presidents: R. Bernard Alexander; Kemp Anderson. Business Systems Development; Harry L. Brown. Special Markets; Robert B. Doll. Circulation; James E. Hackett, Controller; Eric B. Herr. Planning and Development; H. John Sweger. Jr.. Marketing.

Officers of the Corporation: Harold W. McGraw Jr., Chairman and Chief Executive Officer; Joseph L. Dionne. President and Chief Operating Officer; Robert N. Landes. Senior Vice President and Secretary; Ralph J. Webb, Treasurer.

In This Issue

According to a survey conducted by the Eastern Management Group, of the 1,400,000 personal computers installed by the United States by the end of 1981, 64 percent were operating in businesses. However, even with 900,000 personal computers in U.S. business establishments, only 1 out of every 61 white-collar workers is equipped with his own machine. Obviously, the market for personal computers within the business world is just getting off the ground. But someday, as Robert Tinney's cover playfully illustrates, microcomputers will very likely become permanent fixtures on Wall Street. Robert Franz describes how one brokerage firm has made microcomputers work to its advantage. James L. Woodward, a Boston banker, discusses some pitfalls of business programming in "What Makes Business Programming Hard?" Jack Bishop reviews three popular financial-planning systems in "Beyond the Peaks of Visicalc." N. R. McBurney II describes "The Personal Computer as an Interface to a Corporate Management Information System." Gregg Williams looks at Software Arts' new TK Solver. In "An Introduction to the Human Applications Standard Computer Interface" (the first of a two-part article), Chris Rutkowski discusses new directions in which the personal computer may be heading. Steve Ciarcia concludes his two-part article on the construction of the Microvox text-to-speech synthesizer, William Barden puts real-world interfaces to work, Jerry Pournelle discusses BASIC and Pascal benchmarks, and we continue the countdown on our Game Contest winners.

BYTE is published monthly by BYTE Publications Inc. 70 Mam St. Peterborough NH 03458. phone |603| 924-9281. a wholly-owned subsidiary of McGraw-Hill, Inc. Office hours: Mon-Thur 8:30 AM - 4:30 PM. Friday 8.30 AM - Noon. Eastern Time. Address subscriptions, change of address. USPS Form 3579. and fulfillment questions to BYTE Subscriptions. POB 590. Martinsville NJ 08836. Second class postage paid at Peterborough. N.H. 03458 and additional mailing offices. USPS Publication No. 528890 (ISSN 0360-5280|. Canadian second class registration number 9321. Subscriptions are S19 for one year, S34 for two years, and S49 for three years in the USA and its possessions. In Canada and Mexico, 521 for one year, S38 for two years, S 55 for three years. S43 for one year air delivery to Europe. S35 surface delivery elsewhere. Air delivery to selected areas at additional rates upon request. Single copy price is S2.95 in the USA and its possessions. S3.50 in Canada and Mexico. S4.50 in Europe, and S5.00 elsewhere. Foreign subscriptions and sales should be remitted in United States funds drawn on a US bank. Printed in United States of America.

Address all editorial correspondence to the editor at BYTE. POB 372. Hancock NH 03449. Unacceptable manuscripts will be returned if accompanied by sufficient first class postage. Not responsible for lost manuscripts or photos. Opinions expressed by the authors are not necessarily those of BYTE. Entire contents copyright © 1982 by BYTE Publications Inc All rights reserved. Where necessary, permission is granted by the copyright owner for libraries and others registered with the Copyright Clearance Center |CCC) to photocopy any article herein for the base fee of S1.00 per copy of the article or item plus 25 cents per page. Payment should be sent directly to [he CCC, 21 Congress St. Salem MA 01970. Copying done for other than personal or internal reference use without the permission of McGraw-Hill is prohibited. Requests for special permission or bulk orders should be addressed to the publisher.

BYTE-' is available in microform from University Microfilms International, 300 N Zeeb Rd, Dept PR. Ann Arbor Ml 48106 USA or 18 Bedford Row, Dept PR, London WCli? 4EJ England

Subscription questions or problems should be addressed to: BYTE Subscriber Service

P.O. Box 328 Hancock, NH 03449

4 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

<X 50

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CD 25

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CORN

SALES BY CATEGORY 25 25 15 20 25 1

15 15

Son rranclsco Skyline

ADD QUALITY GRAPHICS

For

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The OEM's best choice for graphics is MicroAngelo,™ the single board graphics display computer from SCION. Install MicroAngelo in your Multibus or S-100 host and let this intelligent display processor bring your screen to life with full graphics and text. MicroAngelo features 51 by 480 pixel graphics and 40 line by 85 character text displays.

Save development time and overhead with SCREENWARE™, SCION's high level display firmware language. SCREENWARE provides point, vector, region, circle, flood, crosshair, light pen interface, tracking cross, screen load and dump, split screen, macro, and full terminal emulation commands. Use MicroAngelo both as your main console and as your application software's display screen.

MicroAngelo's on-board processor frees your host processor and bus to perform other tasks, while on-board memory and firmware reduce the size of your application programs. With our direct, easy interface to any high level language, you are no more than a simple sub

% .'jjiafqr >■

routine call away from MicroAngelo': powerful capabilities. Use one MicroAngelo for monochrome graphics displays. And combine two or more MicroAngelos to create high resolu■*" tion color graphics.

MicroAngelo is the OEM's choice because it is a powerful self-contained graphics display computer that is easy to add to your host. A graphics display computer that is proven reliable in over 1000 field installations. A graphics display computer that is so affordable you don't have to design your own.

Think SCION for your graphics display needs. Think MicroAngelo. Call us at (703) 476-6100.

'OEM quantity 25 price (or Multibus or S-100 board.

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Circle 343 on inquiry card.

Editorial

Circle 134 on Inquiry card.

fOOt-note, n. 1. a note or comment at the end of a page, referring to a specific part of the text on the page. 2. an essential program for the serious WordStar user.

FOOTNOTE"" brings full footnoting capabilities to WordStar™.

FOOTNOTE automatically numbers both footnote calls and footnotes, and formats the text, placing footnotes on the bottom of the correct page. At the user's option, the footnotes can also be removed from the text file to a separate note file.

Footnotes can be entered singly or in groups, in the middle or at the end of paragraphs, or in a completely separate note file. After running FOOTNOTE the user can re-edit the text, add or delete notes, and run FOOTNOTE again to re-number and re-format the WordStar file.

The price is $125., and includes PAIR, a companion program that checks that printer commands to underlineorsetin BOLDFACE are properly terminated. FOOTNOTE and PAIR require 48K RAM and CP/M 2.x, CP/M-86 or IBM PC DOS, and WordStar. Formats: 8" SS/SD, 51A" NorthStar DD, Micropolis Mod ll/Vector/MZ, Superbrain 3.0, Apple II with CP/M, 5Va" and 8" Xerox 820, HP-125, HP-87, Televideo, IBM PC (specify DOS or CP/M86), IBM DisplayWriter with CP/M-86.

SOFTWARE SOFTWARE

DIGIL4L/VMRKETING

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DIGITAL MARKETING CORPORATION

F0H1NOTF and PAIR Irademarks of PRO/TEM Software Inc

WorrJSiar irademark of Mirjropro Inl'l

CP/M and CP/M-86 Irademarks of Digital Research

PROTEM

Some Answers to Frequently Asked Questions

by Chris Morgan, Editor in Chief

One thing an editor gets is questions. It's part of the game. Readers and people I meet always have questions about microcomputers and various aspects of the microcomputer industry. Some of the questions are easy to answer, others are not so easy. This month I've taken some of the more frequently asked questions and tried to answer them—or sidestep them gingerly, as the case may be.

What's the Best Computer to Buy?

Actually, most people who ask this question don't really expect me to name a specific brand, and I don't give one. Usually they're looking for general guidelines or a friendly push in the right direction. Often they want to know what my own favorite computer is. (See below for that answer.)

Buying a microcomputer is a highly personal process, similar to being fitted for clothes. You have to find the right style, the right retailer, and (if necessary) the right tailor to make alterations. Before I could recommend a computer to you, I'd first have to get to know your likes and dislikes, your needs, and your budget. Only then would I risk making a timorous recommendation.

So you see, the selection process is really up to you. To begin, think about what tasks you want the computer to perform. If you have some familiarity with microcomputers, you should consider your likes and dislikes. And, of course, you must be mindful of your budget. After you've gathered all this information, do some reading and make a list of candidate models. Do some more reading. Read reviews and articles that discuss the computers on your list. Talk to people who own these machines. If you don't know any owners, find out if a computer club in your area has users groups devoted to those computers. And if you're not sure whether there is a computer club in your area, check our monthly feature Clubs and Newsletters as well as our most recent Clubs and Newsletters directory, last published in the April 1981 BYTE (page 158). Attend some of the meetings and get to know the members. You'll find it's a wise investment of your time.

Another important step is to visit some computer stores without your checkbook. Don't buy a computer on impulse. It's like marrying someone the day you've met. Anyway, sales personnel in a reputable computer store won't try to foist a computer on you as soon as you come through the door. Instead, they'll probably repeat the litany of items I listed above. They know only too well what happens when a human/computer match is not made in heaven.

Spend time in the showroom with the computers you're thinking about buying. If you're an experienced programmer, you'll quickly discover the little idiosyncrasies that can add up to headaches later. Even if you're relatively new to computers, you'll learn a lot from deciphering the owners manuals. Today's manuals are vastly better than the hastily written and typed photocopies of a few years ago. But beware—documentation still has a long way to go.

6 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

y

You Get More Out of Percom Disk Systems.

Field-proven designs, 100% testing and solid dealer support — these are the reasons you can expect to get more out of Percom disk storage systems.

Expect In

FLOPPY MINI-DISK STORAGE SYSTEMS

Percom floppy disk drives are compatI ible with selected I models of Atari, Commodore, IBM, Radio Shack and Tl personal computers. Percom drives are double-density rated. Formatted on-line storage capacity is typically 160,000 to over 180,000 bytes for single-headed drives, twice that amount for dual-headed drives.

Primary disk storage systems (available for Atari, IBM and TRS-80* Model III personal computers) include Percom double-density disk controllers, software, power supplies and cabling.

Add-on units include a drive (or drives) and power supply, and are available in 1-, 2- or 3-drive enclosures.

Prices start at $299 for economy add-on drives, $599 for primary drive systems.

To see why you can expect more out of quality Percom disk storage systems, mail the coupon today. Or, call Percom toll-free for the name of your nearest Percom Retailer.

WINCHESTER DISK STORAGE SYSTEMS

Featuring enormous storage capacities and fast access times, Percom 51/i" Winchester disk storage systems are available in 5-, 10-, 15- and 30-megabyte units.

Since the Percom smart, hard-disk controller handles from one to four drives, you can have from 5 million to 120 million bytes of formatted, on-line storage capacity.

/ v And of course add-on units cost

less because they neither need nor include a controller.

Percom Winchester disk storage systems are now available for Apple, IBM PC and Radio Shack computers. Watch for announcements of versions for other computers, including selected minicomputers. Prices start at under $2500.

PEFCOM

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Send to: PERCOM DATA COMPANY, INC. Dept BD2 11220 Pagemill Road, Dallas TX 75243

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; . . " . iuv . ■ compiler for Z-80M based machines running the Digital Research CP/M-MP/M II' operating systems, enhances the use of Pascal as a business programming language. It gives you greater precision, efficiency and flexibility.

InterEdit*" screen editor is designed so that novice computer-users can create, edit and save files with a minimum of keystrokes. InterEdit features an automatic paragraph indent, making it extremely useful for intensive typing programs.

InterProof™ spelling checker and corrector is an all-in-one utility. InterProof checks the words in any text file against its 14,000 literal word dictionary, and automatically corrects the word spelling.

InterComp1" source compare utility eliminates time wasted reading and re-reading revisions. It's ideal for word processing and programming applications. ^

All Ithaca InterSystems software runs on any Ithaca computer system and on any Z-80 based machine running CP/M-MP/M. You'll find that Ithaca's service after the sale is just as advanced as hardware and software products. We believe in what we sell and support our products... after the sale.

For more information on these new software products, just call 800-847-2088, or in New York State 607-257-0190.

Get the facts about Pascal before you buy. Don't buy a Pascal compiler until you've read "The Facts About Pascal". Call us for a free copy.

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Ithaca InterSystems, Inc. 1650 Hanshaw Rd., P.O. Box 91, Ithaca, N.Y. 14850 TWX 510-255-4346

' Pascal/BZ, Pascal/Z, InterComp, InterProol and InterEdit are trademarks of Ithaca InterSystems, Inc.

' Z-80 is a registered trademark of Zilog, Inc.

' CP/M-MP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc.

Circle 207 on inquiry card.

Editorial

Established companies such as Apple, IBM, and Radio Shack have good documentation for the most part. We make a lot of noise about bad documentation here at BYTE, and you'd be wise to consult our product reviews.

Should I Buy a Computer Now or Wait for the Next Generation?

I'll risk a generalization and say, "Buy now." Yes, there's always the chance that your brand-new machine will be supplanted by a newer model the day after you buy it, but that's a fact of life in this industry. (Anyway, by the time the new model is actually available—which is often six to twelve months or longer in this industry—an even newer model is announced, ad infinitum.) Better to learn as much as possible on a present model than sit around waiting for the elusive new one. If the same attitude prevailed among car shoppers, no one would own any cars. Much of what you learn on any existing machine will probably be useful in working with any new machine you might buy—the technology isn't changing that fast. And manufacturers are more careful these days about making their machines as upward-compatible as possible. So your old software can in many cases run on the new models. Switching from one brand of computer to another complicates matters, however. You may be out of luck in some cases and have to buy new software.

Which Operating System Will Be the Standard?

Probably no one operating system will overpower the rest, just as no one high-level language has eclipsed the rest of the field. I predict that in a few years the typical microcomputer will have any operating system you want on-board in firmware, whether it be UCSD Pascal, MSDOS, CP/M-86, Onyx, Unix, or what you will. It will simply become an economic necessity because the ultimate driving force in this market is software, not hardware. Hardware is the means to the software end. Good software ultimately creates a hardware base to take advantage of it, but the reverse is not always the case.

If I had to make a prediction, I'd say that MS-DOS and CP/M will be the dominant operating systems in a few years, even though CP/M is an 8-bit operating system. Eight-bit machines are not going to go away for a long time. The economic arguments for their longevity are irrefutable. One such argument points to the installed user base of CP/M machines. MS-DOS will probably dominate by virtue of the sheer number of licenses being granted lately to U.S. and Japanese manufacturers.

Which Processor Will Be the Leader in Five Years?

The Intel 8086 is the likely choice based on current sales (the 8086 dominates the 16-bit market at present) although the Motorola 68000 will have a significant share of the market. The 68000 has appeared in several new designs and will continue to grow in popularity based on its architecture and instruction set, both of which have

Circle 403 on inquiry card. >

897 N.W. Grant Ave. • Corvallis, Oregon 97330 • 503/758-0521

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^ # Never having to type the word

™ "CATALOG," or trying to remember

how to get from one part of a program to another! If you could do these functions, and many more like them, at the STROKE of a SINGLE KEY, would you? We thought you would! So, we invented the Enhancer ][ and the Function Strip. More than just another lower case adapter, the Enhancer ][ is an intelligent keyboard processor. Now characters, strings of data, commands and statements can all be stored in your Enhancer ][ for immediate recall by pressing JUST ONE KEY! Features that you would expect only on larger systems now can be yours. EASILY! For instance, wouldn't you like auto-repeat, and hispeed repeat? How about a type-ahead buffer? Even user-definable function keys are available for greater input flexibility. The Videx Enhancer ][ and Function Strip; it really is the Dawn of a New Era for Apple ][™.

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Editorial

been praised by programmers. It's still too early to call the 32-bit market.

What's Your Favorite Computer?

I honestly have a hard time with this question. I've probably worked with the Apple II longer than with any other machine, and it's a favorite of mine. But you can play Star Raiders only on the Atari 400 and 800 computers, and I dearly love Star Raiders and Atari graphics in general. I could continue in this vein for several more paragraphs, but my real sentimental favorite is the old IBM 11301 used while a student at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. I had it largely to myself one summer, and in many ways it was an early personal computer. It had a fast FORTRAN compiler and some nifty mathematical subroutines to come to the aid of a poor graduate student reeling under a semester's worth of partial differential equations. I'm still recovering from that course.

What Computer Do You Have at Home?

I don't. I have to rest sometime.

* * *

This Thing Called Videotex

Videotex has been getting a lot of press lately and that has prompted a number of questions. The main question is "What is it?" Currently its definition and even its spell

ing are in a state of flux, but a basic meaning has evolved. Videotex is a system of encoding graphic or textual information on a host computer, transmitting this information over telephone lines, displaying this information on a home television equipped with a special decoder, and relaying information back to the host computer. In effect, videotex transforms home TV sets into color-graphics terminals. It is differentiated from teletext in that teletext provides information transfer in one direction only, usually via the television broadcast signal in the vertical blanking interval. (An example of teletext in use is the closed-caption system for the hearing-impaired used by PBS, CBS, and NBC.) It's easy to see why videotex has received so much coverage and generated so much interest. Its potential market is huge. After all, it's limited only by the number of phones and TVs in use.

A controversy has developed over which method should be used to encode videotex information. AT&T is supporting a system called North American Presentation Level Protocol (NAPLP), which is a refinement of the Telidon system used in Canada. IBM is supporting the Prestel system, which is used in the United Kingdom. Currently the NAPLP system seems to be winning out: it has just been adopted as a standard by both the American National Standards Institute (ANSI X3L2.1) and the Canadian Standards Authority (CSA-T500).

The Context MBA is available now at:

Cilllornli

Computer Cily/Brea 714/9964)800 Computer Cily/Santa Ana 714 / 549-7 749 CompoterLand/Almaden 408/267-2182 CompulerLand/Belmont 415/595-4232 ComputerLand/Burlingame 415/348-7731 ComputerLand/Fremont 415/794-9311 ComputerLand/Hayward 415/538-8080 ComputerLand/Newport Beach 714/975-0953 ComputerLand/Pasadena 213/449-3205 ComputerLand /Sacramento 916/920-8981 ComputerLand/San Diego 714/560-9912 ComputerLand/San Diego North 714/434-7001 ComputerLand/San Fernando Valley 213/716-7714 ComputerLand/San Francisco-Financial 415/546-1592 ComputerLand/San Francisco-Markel Street 415/864-85B0

ComputerLand/San Francisco-Van Ness 4 1 5/67 3-6640 ComputerLand/Sonoma 707/528-1775 ComputerLand/South Bay 213/371-7144 ComputerLand/Stockton 209/473-1241 ComputerLand/Thousand Oaks 805/495-3554 ComputerLand/Ventura 805/656-7711 ComputerLand/WesI Covina 213/960-6351 ComputerLand/West Los Angeles 2 1 3/559-3353 Computer Plaza/Santa Barbara 805/687-9391 Gateway Computer Center/Cerritos 213/865-4444 Gateway Computer Center/Hunlmglon Beach 714/895-3931

Connecticut

CompulerLand/Danbury 203/748-2300 ComputerLand/Fairlield 203/255-9252 CompulerLand/Hartford 203/561-1446 ComputerLand/New Haven 203/288-5162 ComputerLand/Stamlord 203/964-1224 Delaware

ComputerLand/New Castle County 302/738-9656

Georgia

ComputerLand/AllanIa ComputerLand/Smyrna 404/577-2449

Illinois

ComputerLand/Arlington Heights 312/870-7500 ComputerLand/Champaign 217/359-0859 ComputerLand/Downers Grove 312/964-7762 ComputerLand/Joliet 815/741-3303 ComputerLand/Lake County 312/949-1300 ComputerLand/Naperville 312/369-3511 ComputerLand/Niles 312/967-1714 ComputerLand /Northbrook 312/272-4703 ComputerLand/Oak Lawn 312/422-8080 ComputerLand/Peoria 309/688-6252

ComputerLand/Schaumburg 312/843-7740 Main Street Computer Co /Decaler 217/429-5505 Indiana

ComputerLand/Mernllville 219/769-8020

The Computer Room/South Bend 219/277-1600

General Microcomputer/South Bend 219/277-4972

Kansas

CompulerLand/Leawood 913/341-5335 ComputerLand/Lawrence 413/841-8611 ComputerLand/Overland Park 913/492-8882 ComputerLand/Topeka 913/267-6530

Maine

ComputerLand/Portland 207/774-1309

Massachusetts

Business Data Systems/Hanover 617/878-7888 ComputerLand/Boston 617/482-6033

Michigan

ComputerLand/Ann Arbor 313/973-7075 ComputerLand/Grosse Pointe 313/772-6540 ComputerLand/Soulhlield 313/356-8111 Computer Mart/Ann Arbor 313/665-4453 Computer Mart/Flint 3 1 3/234-0161 Computer Marl/Kalamazoo 616/329-1000 Computer Marl/Lansing 517/351-1777 Computer Mart/Livonia 313/540-3928 Computer Marl/Tn-Cities 517/790-1360 Computer Mart/Troy 313/649-0910 The Computer Room/Grand Rapids 616/949-2802 The Computer Room/Kalamazoo 616/343-4634

Minnesota

ComputerLand/Bloomington 612 / 884-1474 ComputerLand/Hopkins 612/933-8822 ComputerLand/Minneapolis 612/333-3151 Missouri

ComputerLand/Gladstone 816/436-3737 ComputerLand/Independence 816/461-6502 ComputerLand/St Joseph 816/364-4498

Hew Hampshire

ComputerLand/Nashua 603/889-5238

New Jersey

ComputerLand/Morristown 201/539-4077

ComputerLand/Princeton 609/882-1400

New York

ASD Office Syslems/Poughkeepsie 914/473-9400 ComputerLand/Nassau County 516/742-2262 ComputerLand/New York City 212/840-3223 ComputerLand/Sullolk County 516/499-4484 ComputerLand/White Plains 914/328-0144

Datel Syslems/New York City 212/921-0110 Future Oata 212/964-6666 Morris Decision Systems/New York 212/742-9590 North Carolina

ComputerLand/Durham 919/493-5402

Ohio

Micro Electronics/Columbus 614 / 481-8041

Oregon

ComputerLand/Multnomah County 503/295-1928 ComputerLand/Salem 503/371-7070 ComputerLand/Portland 503/620-6170 Pennsylvania

ComputerLand/Dresher 215/542-8835

ComputerLand/Hamsburg 717/763-1116

ComputerLand/Lehigh Valley-Allentown 215/7760202

ComputerLand/Paoh 215/296-0210

Computer Land/Philadelphia

Texas

ComputerLand/Dallas 214/363-2223 ComputerLand/Fort Worth 817/292-7114 ComputerLand/Houston Bay Area 713/488-8153 ComputerLand/North Dallas 214/235-1285 ComputerLand/Southwest Houston 713/977-0909 ComputerLand/Tyler 214/581-7000 ComputerLand/Houston Weslwood 713/270-1200

Utah

Personal Business Computers/Cedar City 5011596-2648 Personal Business Computers/Salt Lake City 801/486-4839

Virginia

ComputerLand/Charlottesville 804/973-5701 ComputerLand/Richmond 804/741-3502 ComputerLand/Tyson's Corner 703/893-0424 ComputerLand/Woodbridge 703/491-4151 Washington

ComputerLand/Bellevue 206/746-2070 ComputerLand/Federal Way 206/838 9363 ComputerLand/Lynnwood 206/774-6993 CompulerLand/Renton 206/271-8585 ComputerLand/Seattle 206/223-1075 ComputerLand/Tacoma 206/383-4951 ComputerLand/Vancouver 206/695-1540

Washloolon. DC

ComputerLand/Washington, DC 202/835-2200

Wisconsin

ComputerLand/Madison 608/273-2020

Canada

Computer Mart/Windsor 519/966-5757

10 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 105 on inquiry card.

The Context MBA turns the

^•■^Ss^ IBM Personal Computer into a powerful

The Context MBA is a remarkable new software package that transforms the IBM Personal Computer into a powerful management tool. C-MBA combines spreadsheet, graphics, word processing, database and communications functions in one totally integrated program.

C-MBA was developed specifically for managers, not computer experts. Because it's easy to learn and use, you can produce results in hours that used to take days or even weeks.

Helps Managers Review, Analyze and Report Review Information: Tie into your company's computer, a financial information service, electronic mail network or virtually any other computer system. C-MBA saves information and lets you retrieve, examine, edit or print it with a few keystrokes.

Analyze Alternatives: Use the electronic spreadsheet to create realistic business models simply and easily. With the drudgery removed you can work the problem to the best solution instead of to the point of exhaustion.

Report Results: Compose, edit and print reports, letters and business graphs. Make revisions yourself, faster than you can explain them to your secretary. Because C-MBA is an integrated system, it's easy to incorporate data from your spreadsheets into your text.

C-MBA Integrates Five Powerful Functions

Modeling: Create a giant spreadsheet of figures and text. Change one number and every effected figure is recalculated. Search or sort models to quickly find the information you want.

Business Graphs: Build pie, high/low, bar, line, area and scatter graphs of data in your spreadsheet lising simple graphing commands. Thanks to C-MBA's unique design, graphs change automatically as you update the spreadsheet.

Word Processing: C-MBA's executive word processor makes concisely edited reports easy to prepare. A few keystrokes let you automatically insert tables of numbers or graphs from your spreadsheet anywhere in your report.

Database: A vast electronic library makes storing and finding information easy and natural.

Communications: C-MBA includes a data communications and conversion function which allows information from mainframe computers to be used in your models or databases. You can even use C-MBA for electronic mail.*

The C-MBA is sold only by selected computer retailers who have completed special training courses to help managers get the most from the program. And C-MBA features exceptionally clear, highly detailed documentation.

IBM is a trade mark of IBM? Version 1 of the C-MBA will not include communications. Version 1 owners will receive a free upgrade to version 2 which will include communications. The MBA is currently available for the IBM Personal Computer and requires two disk drives and 256k of memory. Versions for other second generation personal computers are under development.

©COPYRIGHT 1982 CMS. INC.

Context Management Systems

Management Software for Personal Computers

23864 Hawthorne Boulevard

Torrance, CA 90505

(213) 378-8277

Telex: 181149 WEST LSA

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Circle 106 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982 11

THE MICROHOUSE ORDER CENTER IS OPEN 9:00 AM8 00 PM EASTERN TIME MONDAY THROUGH FRIDAY.

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Editorial

Another major question is "What does this controversy mean for personal computer users?" Fortunately, no matter which videotex standard is adopted, personal computer users should be able to decode either one with only minor modifications to their machines. In fact, personal computers will be able to generate videotex pages as well as receive them: Apple Computer Inc. is about to release its teletext board.

Look for articles on videotex in future issues of BYTE. We plan to review a newly released book on videotex, present a series of articles describing the NAPLP system in detail, and devote a section of an issue to videotex.

In the meantime, it should be mentioned that for the price of a videotex decoder, a person could probably buy a home computer that could do all the decoder does plus much more.

Correction

In my August BYTE editorial, "Keeping Our Technological Edge," I incorrectly stated that Professor Raj Reddy had left Carnegie-Mellon University's Robotics Institute to work at the World Computer Center in Paris. David Lewin, Carnegie-Mellon's Director of Science and Technical Information, sent me a polite letter stating that "for the past year Professor Reddy has been on sabbatical, but he remains most definitely at CarnegieMellon as director of our Robotics Institute. As a director of the World Center, he has been shuttling to Paris frequently, but Pittsburgh remains his home base. Professor Reddy would appreciate it if you would inform your readers that, paraphrasing Mark Twain, the reports of his departure are greatly exaggerated." We regret the error and hope it has not caused any confusion. ■

WHICH OF THESE DEVICES CONNECTS TO YOUR APPLE II® DUAL-COMMPLUS?

(a) Any Serial Interface Printer

(b) Any Modem

(c) A Speech Synthesizer

(d) A Spooling Printer Adapter

(e) Another APPLE II

(f) A Display Terminal

(g) Any of the Above

(h) Any Two of the Above

•uoijewjoju! ajoai joj £ XI9 ir^ubo jo jaqwnu aojAaas japeaj aqj apjjQ 'h S| jbmsue joajjoa ai|i -H3MSNV

The DUAL-COMM PLUS adds two fully independent serial I/O interfaces to your APPLE II. Each serial interface can be set to respond to its own APPLE slot number or both interfaces can be operated from the same slot location. Slot locations are selected by two thumbwheel switches on the card, one for each serial port. Because each serial port has its own crystal-controlled baud rate generator, each port can be individually selected from 50 to 19200 baud. Either serial port can be used as an input port, an output port, or both. The on-board firmware provides special support for printers and modems but the card can also be used with general purpose serial devices such as a voice synthesis unit, video disks, or any number of other RS232 peripherals.

ADDITIONAL FEATURES: ■ On-board firmware provides extensive printer and U/L case terminal/modem support. Great with an 80 x 24 card (especially the Full-View 80) and a Novation CAT or Hayes Smartmodem. >Can be programmed for async, sync, or even SDLC operation. Supports interrupts. Uses Z80 SIO chip. "Works with the APPLE II PLUS, APPLE PASCAL, Z80 SOFTCARD, and 80 column cards (especially the BIT 3 FULL-VIEW 80) ■ Each port has a 4 character FIFO receive data buffer. ■Jumper plug permits user to "customize" the RS232 connections. "Two 10 inch cables with RS232 connectors are included.

Other quality products by

FULL-VIEW 80: 80 x 24 display card for APPLE II or ATARI 800

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3 registered trademark o< Apple Computer. Inc.; ZSOSoftcard is a registered trademark o< Microsoft Consumer Products. Smarimodem is a trademark ol D.C. Haves. Associates. I

Novation CAT is a registered trademark ol Novation. Ir

14 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

PRINTMATE.

136 COLUMNS OF WONDERFUL.

"It's wonderful!" You'll hear those words a lot when your PrintMate 1 50 first arrives. Seems everyone has a favorite reason for loving it. The way it streamlines billing. Prepares easy-to-read financial reports. Effortlessly produces correspondence—when you need it. In fact, PrintMate is ideally suited to just about any business application—even the ones you dream up yourself. Personal. Change type styles for emphasis. Add bold headlines. Stretch out words for I M P A C T. PrintMate makes it easy to personalize your printing. And MPI's Inexpensive application packages (called AP-PAKs) let you choose at least 15 different type styles. Mix them on the same line, or tailor a new type style to suit your business image. All with a print quality that's great for correspondence. Flexible. PrintMate lets you select virtually any type size, so you can print up to 226 crisp characters on a single line. PrintMate accepts any width paper—

from 3 to 15 inches. So it's wide enough for PJLL statements. Narrow enough for mailing labels. And perfect for everything in between.

Versatile. With PrintMate's extensive graphics capabilities, you'll enhance sales reports with charts and graphs. Create characters for bulletin board announcements, or clarify technical information with illustrations. Mix graphics with words in any combination. No other printer can match PrintMate's graphic capabilities. The applications are as unlimited as your imagination. Fast. If you're concerned about printing speed, PrintMate 150 won't keep you waiting. With thruput of up to 366 lines per minute, it's one of the fastest small business printers anywhere. Inexpensive. Compared to other printers, MPI's suggested retail price of $1245 for the PrintMate 150 is unbeatable. And it offers more features at this low price, too.

■I I 1 I

No matter which small business system

you use, PrintMate is the ideal companion. You might say it's ingenious. You could say it's innovative. But after experiencing the 136-column PrintMate 150, you'll probably say, "It's wonderful!" And you'll say it for years to come.

To learn more about MPI's line of American-made PrintMates, contact your local microcomputer dealer or return the coupon below. Or call (801) 263-3081.

THj

Micro Peripherals, Inc.

Circle 264 on inquiry card.

□ Please send literature on MPI's PrintMates.

□ Call me regarding a dealership.

Name

Company

Mailing address

City, state, zip

Area code, phone no.

Return to: Micro Peripherals, Inc.

4426 South Century Dr.

Salt Lake City, UT 84107

ARE YOU STILL

THOUT USING A MKROBUFFER?

WHY?

USING YOUR COMPUTER TO DRIVE YOUR PRINTER IS A WASTE Of TIME.

While your printer is running, your computer is tied up . All you can do is twiddle your thumbs until the program is finished.

MICROBUFFER ALLOWS YOU TO PRINT AND PROCESS SIMULTANEOUSLY.

You just dump your printing data directly to Microbuffer, whoosh!, and continue processing.

Microbuffer accepts data as fast as your computer can send it. It first stores the data in its own memory buffer, then takes control of your printer.

It's that easy.

THERE IS A MICROBUFFER FOR ANY COMPUTER/PRINTER COMBINATION.

Microbuffers are available in Centronics-compatible parallel or RS-232C serial versions.

FOR APPLE II COMPUTERS, Microbuffer II features on-board firmware for text formatting and advanced graphics dump routines. Both serial and parallel versions have very low power consumption. Special functions include Basic listing formatter, self-test, buffer zap, and transparent and maintain modes. The 16K model is priced at $259 and the 32K, at $299.

FOR EPSON PRINTERS, Microbuffer is $159 in either an 8K serial or a 16K parallel version. The serial buffer supports both hardware handshaking and XON-XOFF software handshaking at baud rates up to 19,200. Both interfaces are compatible with Epson commands including Graftrax-80 and Graft rax-80+. Both are userexpandable to 32K.

ALL OTHER COMPUTER/PRINTER

COMBINATIONS are served by the in-line, stand-alone Microbuffers. (Pictured here, twice actual size.)

Both serial and parallel versions are expandable up to 256K.

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Microbuffer II is slot-independent. It will fit directly inside the Apple II in any slot except zero.

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■

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Las Vecias....Nettada.

Letters

On the Way to a Standard

I was very pleased to see and read Thomas Kurtz's "On the Way to Standard BASIC" (June 1982 BYTE, page 182). Many BASIC users are not even aware of the current standard for BASIC, much less the proposed standard. I found it especially interesting to read about the thinking behind some of standard's features.

I hope BYTE will serve as an open forum on the proposed standard during its ratification period, and I hope this period is fairly short because this sound proposal will benefit all BASIC users. Still, I would like to see several parts of the standard changed or improved.

I think that, for the beginning programmer, one of the nicest features of most BASICs is that BASIC is an interactive interpreter as well as a good interactive language. By an interactive language I mean one in which it is easy to program a dialogue between a program and a user at a terminal. An interactive interpreter is one that interacts with the programmer while he is writing and debugging his program. With an interactive BASIC interpreter a programmer can insert a STOP statement anywhere in his program; examine and change variables; list, edit, delete, or add statement lines; and then resume execution anywhere in the program with the CONTINUE or RUN line number command.

Let's look at a sample program that conforms to the proposed standard to see how the standard precludes an interactive interpreter.

10 REM SAMPLE PROGRAM

20 GOTO 40

30 DIM A(25,25)

40 LET A(21,15) = 13.5

50 PRINT A(21,15)

60 END

The array will be dimensioned to 25 by 25, even though the logical program flow does not pass through line 30, because according to the standard an array will be dimensioned in a lower-numbered line than any line referencing the array. How does the interpreter know about line 307 The interpreter must do a pre-scan of your program after you type RUN but before it actually starts executing your program. This pre-scan prevents a BASIC inter

preter's being truly interactive. (To comply with this phrase of the standard and be interactive, the interpreter will have to be large or slow or both.) This problem could be easily fixed by changing the standard to read that an array will be dimensioned in a lower-numbered line than any line referencing the array, and the logical program flow will pass through the line that dimensions the array.

The TI-99/4 BASIC does a pre-scan, and I find it inconvenient to debug programs on the TI after having used a Microsoft BASIC and one of Data General's BASICs, which do not use a prescan. The TI-99/4 interpreter does not allow you to edit a program statement and then use the CONTINUE command.

It's very important that developers and users of BASIC interpreters for microcomputers and small minicomputers read and comment on the standard.

Howard G. Drake, Product Specialist BASIC Languages Data General Corp. 239 West Main St. Westboro, MA 01581

The public-comment period is now in progress for the BASIC standard being developed by the X3]2 technical committee of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).

Copies of the Draft Standard can be obtained from Dr. Kurtz at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755. Interested readers may send comments on the Draft Standard directly to Ronald E. Anderson, BASIC Standards Liaison, University of Minnesota, 2122 Riverside Ave., Minneapolis, MN 55454. . . R. S. S.

Praise for RSCOBOL

Two letters to the editor appeared in the July 1982 BYTE ("Turn the Tables," page 22) commenting on my review "COBOL for the TRS-80 Models I and III" (March 1982 BYTE, page 384). Both readers seemed to feel that I was less than enthusiastic about the product, so I would like to clear the air immediately. As I stated in the review, I believe that RSCOBOL is "professionally done and well suited to the TRS-80." Mr. Erickson notes that I failed to mention what he considers the most outstanding quality of the

system—the fact that it works as advertised. However, he bases his statement on the use of Ryan-McFarland COBOL on CP/M, not the TRS-80 version I reviewed. Although the TRS-80 version is of very high quality, I found several bugs; some of these have since been fixed, some have not.

Mr. Pokorny claims I did a grave injustice to RSCOBOL. (He immediately weakens his argument by making a couple of needless and groundless ad hominem remarks.) Almost every feature Mr. Pokorny mentions in his letter received significant attention in my review. The editor's FIND and CHANGE commands are completely explained. The compiler's output options are thoroughly described. Mr. Pokorny asks rhetorically, "What are the true trade-offs to ISAM (indexedsequential access method) files?" A full discussion appears on pages 408 through 411 of my review. On the topic of program segmentation, I stated that RSCOBOL provides "the most dynamic memory-management system that I have seen in any TRS-80 language" (page 404); on run-time speed, "my overall impression of run-time performance is favorable" (page 406).

Mr. Pokorny seems particularly upset with my statement that RSCOBOL's ISAM file method, although powerful, is limited by disk space to very small applications. He uses a TRS-80 Model III; if his machine is standard, it has doubledensity, 40-track drives. The Model I, on which I reviewed the system, uses singledensity, 35-track drives—less than half the space of the Model III. "Very small" is clearly a subjective concept; that is why I intentionally provided the formula given by Radio Shack to calculate file size based on record size, number of keys, etc. Programmers should be able to determine, based on the information given in my review, whether RSCOBOL's ISAM files can meet their requirements.

If my review left doubts in anyone's mind, let me stress again that RSCOBOL is a fine product. I wish I could afford a TRS-80 Model 16 with 512K bytes of memory and a hard disk to test my suspicions that it is a superior product in that environment.

Rowland Archer Jr. Flint Ridge Apartment 59 Hillsborough, NC 27278

18 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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UNIX Operating System (Max Users)

Disk Speed I/O [MB/Sec.;

Seek (Milll Sec.)

Main Memory (Max)

Disk Storage (Max)'

68000

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UNIX Is a trademark ol Bell Laboratories, ONYX Is a trademark of ONYX Systems Inc.; OASIS Is a trademark of Phase One Systems; ALTOS Is a trademark of ALTOS Computer Systems.

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Letters

Moral Issues: Everybody's Business

I was interested and slightly disappointed by Martin J, Weitzman's letter (see the June 1982 BYTE, page 36), which berated your magazine for publishing a letter from Steven Pacenka (February 1982 BYTE, page 30) concerning nuclear issues. Weitzman further suggested that BYTE should not publish any letters dealing with moral or social issues. I must beg to differ.

We should remember that while our common tie is a technical one, we are nevertheless a subsection of society. Discussion of the moral and social concerns of our field cannot be left to anyone else. The computer revolution will most likely have a profound effect on our society. Therefore, because we are the ones who can most clearly see the future, we are the ones who must provide leadership and foresight.

For that reason I support open discussion of how computers affect our world. We should encourage BYTE and other computer magazines to become forums for consideration of these moral and social issues, and we should each take time to help make ours a computerliterate society.

Brett Wuth Box 971

Pincher Creek, Alberta TOK 1W0 Canada

More on IBM

I am writing in reply to Louis Kovacs' letter in the June 1982 BYTE (page 28). I will not attempt to defend customer "gouging" by IBM because I believe no such thing has taken place.

Mr. Kovacs seems to have the misconception that personal computer manufacturers are solely out to do hobbyists a favor and not to make a reasonable profit. I am sure that if Mr. Kovacs decided to go into business he wouldn't stay there long.

IBM, by all accounts that I have read, spent many intensive man-years developing the Personal Computer, not to mention the overhead of tooling up for production, management costs, labor to build the machines, and so forth. I can't conceive of anyone expecting a manufacturer to sell its product at the cost of the com

ponents alone. IBM's reselling of Epson printers or Tandon drives as part of a complete package should allow the firm to recover its overhead plus a profit; otherwise, why be in business?

If Mr. Kovacs feels that IBM is charging too much for its product, the best way to inform IBM is by not purchasing the Personal Computer. If enough people boycott the computer, they will probably force IBM to either drop the price or drop the product completely. I doubt either of these will happen, though, because a lot of paying customers feel that the Personal Computer is worth the price.

As for employee discounts on the Personal Computer, of course IBM is not being "altruistic." This practice encourages employees to use the Personal Computer on their own time to develop new IBM software in return for royalties. No doubt hundreds of professionals at IBM will devote countless hours to this task, hoping to create at least one excellent program, and IBM is wise to tap this resource.

Finally, it's unreasonable to expect any company to service products that users have modified (e.g., by installing their own Tandon drives) because the company cannot know if the modifications were installed correctly, if the added parts meet the specifications of the design, and so forth. Also, while many different drives have the same interface requirements, power-supply requirements, and mounting holes and can be substituted safely, the company does not carry documentation on the other drives and could not easily service such modified products.

I believe Mr. Kovacs should reassess his position; it is unrealistic to think that any company is in business just for the fun of it.

Raymond A. James

1373 Taft St.

Lemon Grove, CA 92045

I would like to add this letter to the many you have received concerning IBM's Personal Computer. I bought a Personal Computer a few months ago, and while I have been generally pleased with it, I think you have neglected to mention some of its more important weaknesses. I also think that you haven't looked very carefully into the kind of service-after-the-sale offered by this rather large and impersonal multinational corporation. (See

Gregg Williams's "A Closer Look at the IBM Personal Computer," January 1982 BYTE, page 36.)

In BYTE's first-ever article on the Personal Computer ("The IBM Personal Computer: First Impressions," October 1981 BYTE, page 26), Phil Lemmons lavished praise on the IBM design staff for putting so many interesting graphics features on one machine. Unfortunately, many of these features are of little use to me in serious applications. Instead of commands that will allow me to set windows, viewports, scaling factors, and rotation factors and do three-dimensional graphics, I get simple line-drawing commands, circle generators, a PAINT command whose usefulness I cannot fathom, and a graphics definition language that is also of little use to someone who wants to make plots and graphs instead of Space Invaders games.

Microsoft and IBM have been curiously inconsistent with the way in which they have modified BASIC to get IBM Personal Computer BASIC. The PRINT USING command in this version is less flexible than the same command in other versions, such as HP-85 and Tektronix. For example, with IBM's BASIC I cannot conveniently imbed spaces within a line, I cannot define a format once and then use it again, and it is extremely inconvenient to print a group of numbers with different formats on the same line.

Personal Computer BASIC does not allow multiple-line define function (DEF FN) statements, nor does it have the ability to pass arguments to a subroutine called with GOSUB. This makes writing even moderately efficient code very difficult. Try writing a factorial function in IBM's BASIC; it will make you cry for North Star's multiple-line DEF FN syntax.

Another problem with the Personal Computer graphics is the inability to put characters at a given x,y coordinate. This means that when I am drawing a graph I can't put axis labels anywhere I choose; I am forced to put them in the 25-line by 80-column matrix. Furthermore, there is no axis-drawing ability in Personal Computer BASIC; this must be done by the user, which takes considerable machine and programmer time.

I had hoped that these were weaknesses that IBM would want to know about and fix expediently. I conveyed my suggestions directly to IBM and had to wait between two and five months for answers to

20 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

THE FIRST

AND LAST WORD

IN LETTER-QUALITY

OUTPUT:

SPIN WRITER.

There's only one word for a comprehensive printing system in the letter-quality office printer/terminal market: Spinwriter. NEC's Spinwriter 3500 Series includes ten modelsall of which bring new dimensions to letter-quality printing.

With each Spinwriter 3500, you get the benefits of a superior, medium speed 35 CPS print mechanism plus more.

Ten Totally NEC-built Forms Handlers. Of all printer companies, only NEC designs and manufactures its own comprehensive family of forms handlers. All of them are userchangeable, to handle all your forms quickly and easily. There's a singlesheet feeder that's user-upgradeable to add a second bin or envelope feed. There's also a cut-sheet guide, a bi-directional tractor, demand document tractor with tear bar and copy separator, manual inserter and bottom feed.

Remarkable Uptime Standards.

Standards which have made the Spinwriter a legend. A 3,000-hour MTBF—more than two years between failures! And no preventive maintenance or routine lubrication. Ever. And, with only 3 easy access major spares, MTTR is reduced to only 15 minutes!

Word Processing Assist.

To simplify use, the terminal can perform WP tasks like automatic bi-directional printing, automatic proportional space printing, autojustification, line centering, automatic bold and automatic shadow printing. In all of Spinwriter's many type styles, in thimble print elements of up to 128 characters.

Immediate Interfacing With Your System. Choose from ten printer or terminal models with Qume, Diablo, Centronics, IBM PC, RS-232C interfaces. Spinwriter 3500s are also functionally compatible with Spinwriter 7700 and 5500 Series.

The Spinwriter 3500 Series. Reliable, quiet, compact, flexible, and easy to use. From NEC. The first—and last—word for better letter-quality output.

SEC

NEC Information Systems, Inc.

'"nEC Information Systems. Inc. BE1082~' 5 Militia Drive, Lexington. MA 02173

□ Have a representative call me.

□ Send me more information on the Spinwriter 3500.

Name

Title

Telephone

Company

Letters

my letters. IBM's responses were noncommittal, general, rehashed from its manuals, and hence thoroughly useless. It looks like IBM is going to wait for the market to decide what will sell and let someone else write the software.

L. Ravi Narasimhan 1700 Argonne Dr. Concord, CA 94518

Maintenance Alternatives

It's about time you informed your readers of the alternatives to maintenance and service problems that a personal computer buyer faces (see "Maintenance Alternatives for Personal Computers" by Lewis A. Whitaker, June 1982 BYTE, page 452). I own a Radio Shack TRS-80 Model I and am very disappointed with Radio Shack's repair service. I was once charged in excess of $300 for service although the unit was never fixed. (I have since read that my problems were caused by bad interface connectors).

Because of these problems, I purchased a Hewlett-Packard HP-85 computer. Unfortunately, one month after the 90-day warranty expired, the system quit. I sent the unit to an HP service center, and after spending another $300 I had my system back.

I blame the computer dealer for not informing me that a service contract (which I now have on my system) was available for $15 per month. I recently purchased a disk drive, and its service contract costs $9 per month. (These contracts are for "bench," or off-site service.)

The HP service has been excellent, and after over a year of use I've had no other problems.

I would advise owners incapable of repairing their personal computers to buy some kind of service contract. (I find the HP service contracts to be more reasonable than others.)

William R. Spencer Jr. 5421 Grandin Rd. Extension Salem, VA 24153

P-LISP for the Apple

In the June 1982 BYTE, Jeff Bonar and Steve Levitan reviewed App-L-ISP from

Datasoft Inc. (page 220). Our company also markets a version of LISP for the Apple II that we feel is far superior to the Datasoft product.

Our version, P-LISP, not only supports all the standard LISP functions, but also includes high-resolution graphics, floating-point math, random-access files, support for assembly-language programming with PEEK, POKE, and CALL statements, and a memory-management scheme that lets you allocate or protect any page in memory. You can even use the extra 16K bytes of memory on a language card, if you have one. All Apple DOS functions are supported, as is ONERR for very powerful error processing capabilities. We also support use of the TRACE command for functions and string atoms.

For documentation, instead of supplying Winston and Horn's LISP book and then trying to make the software follow the book, we have available The P-LISP Tutorial. This book was written for us specifically to work with P-LISP.

We welcome inquiries from BYTE readers about our products.

Stewart M. Schiffman, President Gnosis

4005 Chestnut St. Philadelphia, PA 19104

Flying ANT

In Richard Campbell's fine article on air navigation, "Omni Aviation Navigation System" (June 1982 BYTE, page 468), he introduced a program that, utilizing trigonometric techniques, could simulate the VOR (very-high-frequency omnirange) readings of an airplane in flight. He then observed (in the "Modifications" section) that this program would lend itself well to high-resolution graphics displays of simulation space, the To/From flag, the CDI (course deviation indicator), and so on.

Such a program does indeed exist and has many additional features. Air Navigation Trainer (ANT) is available for the Apple II computer from Space-Time Associates (20-39 Country Club Dr., Manchester, NH 03102, (603) 625-1094) for $40. ANT is a real-time simulation involving a world of six VORs, two NDBs (nondirectional beacons), and other landmarks. In this program you must actually navigate by making heading, airspeed,

and OBS changes, adjusting for the effects of the wind (selectable), viewing the ground track (selectable and scaleadjustable), etc. All maps and cockpit instrumentation are in graphics. Sound effects, including Morse station IDs, add to the realism. Four different simulations and a VOR demonstration for beginners are included.

Ken Winograd Space-Time Associates 20-39 Country Club Dr. Manchester, NH 03102 (603) 625-1094

Double Density for the Osborne 1

As a long-time user of the Osborne 1, I was greatly interested by Mark Dahmke's well-written analysis of this superior computer ("The Osborne 1," June 1982 BYTE, page 348). Permit me, however, to make a few remarks and additions to his findings.

First, the command FMT is now FORMAT with the new ROM.

Second, concerning the numeric keypad (and the numeral keys on the regular keyboard), you needn't choose either numerals or preprogrammed functions. Without the control key the numerals work as usual; with the control key the alternate function is used.

In answer to the justified complaint that the disks hold only 92K bytes of data (formatted), help is on the way. The doubledensity option mentioned in the article has been announced and should be available by the time this letter is published. According to Adam Osborne, who wrote me two weeks ago, both single- and double-density options will be supported by the installed hardware and the accompanying software.

Again, thank you for a lucid review of a great machine.

Felix Schnur

18 Murray Hill Rd.

Scarsdale, NY 10583

The double-density option for the Osborne 1 has been delayed due to design problems related to the data-separator chip being used. Osborne designers have gone back to the drawing board and now expect the option to become available this fall. . . M. H.

22 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 401 on inquiry card.

Verbatim Datalife™ flexible disks now come in a bold, new storage box. But more important, they now come to you with a five year warranty* We can give you a war

ranty this long because we're confident the way we make Datalife disks will make them perform better, last even longer.

All of our Datalife disks feature seven data-shielding advances for greater disk durability, longer data life. To protect your data from head-to-disk abrasion. To shield your data against loss due to environmental conditions. To insure a longer lifetime of trouble-free data

recording, storage and retrieval.

Every Datalife disk is extensively tested under the most extreme conditions. Critically-certified to be 100% error-free. Assuring you an added margin of performance, no matter what the operating conditions.

And we back it up with a five year warranty. Five times longer than the industry standard. Because Verbatim is the standard of excellence.

For flexible disks you can depend on-a lot longer -call (800) 538-1793. In California, or outside the U.S. call (408) 737-7771

collect for the name of your Verbatim dealer.

If you want longer data life, keep all your data on Verbatim Datalife. Our name is the promise. Our warranty is the proof.

\ferbatim

Here's the most exciting part of Verbatim's new packaging.

\V*S,—

i. 1982 Vflrtiaiim Com. Datalife is a irwtamarfc of Verbatim Ohj *S<*: Vert*;)lint's warranty jkiIIcv for«l«wiU

When you say your disk drive has more juice than Apple's, be prepared to cut one open.

The problem with Apple's disk drive stems from the core.

There are a lot of good reasons why dealers all over America aren't recommending Apple's disk drive. And one of the main reasons is Rana Systems' new Elite Series of Apple II compatible disk drives.

It's easy to see why Apple8has been having some major slipped disk problems. Just look at their antiquated head positioner.

Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer Inc.

It's plastic. Just like a toy. That's why it can take multiple passes to get the information needed. And why the information on your disk can appear obscured and unreadable. If Apple's positioner doesn't accurately center the head over your data tracks, it's no bargain at any price.

Apple's primitive plastic positioner A workable, but sloppy, way to cap ture data.

24 BYTE October 1982

Rana's slate of '.he art technology lead screw and metal band positioners give vastly improved speed and accuracy.

Rana knows the head positioner is the heart of the machine, so we didn't cut any

corners. To most accurately place the head over the data area we use finely machined lead screws and metal band positioners.They provide you with the fastest and clearest data recognition on the market. With three to four times faster access, track to track. With far greater precision than Apple's, to give you virtually 100% data integrity.

More juice on Apple's inferiority.

There's another big problem Apple has chosen to ignore. The irritating scratching noise that occurs when it is searching for information. Rana, on the other hand, has built the Elite Series to be virtually noiseless.

And more importantly, Rana has an advanced write protect feature which makes it impossible to lose your information. A simple touch on the front panel's membrane switch gives you failsafe control. Apple of course only has a notch or tab, which gives you only minimal protection.

With the superior Elite controller card, you can control up to four floppy disks using only one slot. With Apple's you can only use two. Of course, you can still plug into Apple's controller card, but down the line you'll want to switch to Rana's and save yourself a slot.

Elite also gives you more byte per buck.

Even our most economical model, the Elite One, gives you 14% more storage than Apple's. 163K versus Apple's 143K. With our Elite Two offering 326K and our top-ofthe-line Elite Three offering a 356% storage increase at 652K. That's almost comparable to hard disk performance, all because of our high density single and double sided disks and heads.

Elite Three 652K • 356%

Elile Two 326K ■ 128°.

Elite One 163K ■ 14°

Disk II 143K

And the cost? Just look at the chart. 272 Bytes per dollar for Apple, versus between 363 to 767 Bytes per dollar for ours. They're not even close.

Apple Disk II Elite One Elite Two Elite Three

The real beauty of it isn't the beauty of it.

There is no comparison to the lean, clean design of the Elite Series to Apple's 5 year old model (which by the way has never been updated). It's our superior technology, operating economy, increased storage and faster step that makes us the best performing and hottest selling disk drive in America.

So give us a call or write for more information. It doesn't take a lot of courage to cut into an Apple when you outshine them as brilliantly as we do.

RanaSystems

20620 Soulh Leapwood Avenue. Carson. CA 90746 213-538-2353 For dealer information call toll tree: 1-800-421-2207 In California only call: 1-800-262-1221 Source Number: TCT-654

Available at all participating Computerland stores and other tine computer dealers.

Circle 332 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1962 25

Call SYNCOM. We've got a friendly way of solving things.

We figure you don't need any more stress. You've got enough just getting your word or data processing work done.

So, whenever a floppy diskette-anybody's floppy diskette-fails to initialize or read/write properly, call Syncom.

Talk with a person who will help you analyze the problem. Environment. Equipment. Handling. Or the diskette itself.

Your Syncom distributors or local dealers are already using our

trouble-shooting staff as part of their service.

We'll talk you through step-by-step and help pinpoint what the problem is.

But, for the times when you'd prefer to get quietly to the bottom of the matter yourself, why not jot these numbers in the margin of the Error Codes page of your operator's manual. 800-843-9862; 605-996-8200 Or write: Syncom, Box 130 Mitchell, SD 57301

SYNCOM

Manufacturer of a full line of flexible media

Lettersi

Short but Sweet

I have one comment regarding R. S. Peterson's letter in the June 1982 BYTE ("Cruel but Fair," page 34): typical military thinking.

R. D. Peterson

16 Manorshire Dr., Apt. 6

Fairport, NY 14450

It's a Small World, After All

I find it disturbing to read, in such a fine publication as BYTE, technically incompetent (if not deliberately misleading) advertising. I refer to the advertisement by Microstuf Inc. on page 121 of the June 1982 BYTE. I have seen this advertisement in earlier issues but assumed it would not appear again.

In the first place, the headline reads ".001 Second From Wall Street," and the first sentence seems to equate that to a microsecond. If that weren't glaring enough, the people at Microstuf have also moved western Kansas to within 186 (or .1867) miles of New York City, unless they know of some other Wall Street or have found a data-transmission medium faster than light.

Steve Hendrix

Route 8 Box 81E

New Braunfels, TX 78130

BYTE's Bits

IBM to Exchange Easywriters

Current owners of IBM Easywriter 1.0 can exchange that version at authorized IBM Personal Computer dealers for the recently introduced Easywriter 1.1. According to IBM, the new version is faster, easier to use, and features enhanced capabilities such as the ability to store documents as individual DOS files and to convert and merge Visicalc print files into Easywriter documents.

To exchange versions, provide your dealer with the inside cover page of the Easywriter 1.0 manual as proof of purchase before December 31, 1982.■

Circle 377 on inquiry card.

The Bi

When we unveiled our CompuStar™ multi-user terminal system just over a year ago, we thought we had created the most powerful, lowest-priced multi-user computer we would ever manufacture. We were wrong. Today, we've made our best even better!

Our newly redesigned CompuStar"1 boasts the same performance statistics that made its predecessor such an overnight success, plus a host of exciting new features. CompuStar users now get the added benefits of dual character set capability, an expanded library of visual attributes including reverse video, underlining and below-the-line descenders, an enhanced disk operating system and Microsoft BASIC — all at no extra cost! And single-user systems now start at as little as $2995.

There are four types of CompuStar'" workstations (called Video Processing Units or VPU's) that can be connected into a variety of central disk systems with 10 to 96 megabytes of multi-user storage.

'Mtoosotl is .i trademark "t Mkniwft Corporation -fenuml trademark oi 1%

*st Made Better

Up to 255 VPU's can be tied together to form a massive multi-user network. Or, you can start with only a single VPU and easily expand your system as your processing needs become more sophisticated. But whether you start with one or one-hundred VPU's, you'll probably never outgrow your CompuStar. Unlike other systems, you configure the CompuStar the way you want it . . . connecting any combination of VPU's in a "daisy chain" fashion into the central disk system. And since each VPU has its own twin Z80 processors, its own CP/M* operating system and a full 64K of internal memory, (not to mention disk capacities of up to VA million bytes), overall system response time remains unbelievably fast! And that's a claim most of the other multi-user vendors just can't make.

Inside our new CompuStar you'll find a level of design sophistication that's destined to establish a new standard for the industry. A series of easy-toservice modular components has ■ been

engineered to yield the most impressive reliability figures we've ever seen. But CompuStar users are not only thrilled with our system's performance (and the miserly few dollars they spent to get it), they also have the peace of mind of knowing that Intertec's comprehensive customer protection and field service programs will insure their total after-thesale satisfaction.

For more information on what just may be the last multi-user microcomputer you'll ever ( have to) buy, ask your dealer today about our all new CompuStar™ system. Or, contact us at the number and address below. We'll gladly explain how we've made our best . . . even better!

NTE7TEC DATA SYSTEMS

imil Id

®

2300 Broad River Rd. Columbia. SC 29210 (803) 798-9100 TWX: 810-666-2115

Circle 203 on inquiry card.

Z-80A™ CPU, Floppy Disk Controller, 64K of Memory, Serial & Parallel I/O Ports ... all on a SINGLE S-100 BOARD!

Don't Buy Another One of Those 3 Board Sets Till You See What One Can Do!

Advanced Micro Digital has been producing the SUPER QUAD for some time now and it's truly one of a kind. Just plug this board into any S-100 mother board and hook-up your disk drives to it. It files. Runs with CP/M, MP/M, and turbo-DOS. You can also plug In additional boards, I/O, hard disk controllers, etc. SUPER QUAD Is a BUS master. The cost of this board is one third to one half of what you have been paying for the three board set. Just take a look at these features:

NOTE: off-board DMA supports

. IEEE S-100 Standard • . Z-80A CPU

• 64K of Bank Select Memory as well as extended addressing

• Double density floppy disk controller. Both 8 or 5%" Disk Drives

• 2 serial & 2 parallel I/O ports (RS-232 and intelligent hard disk interface).

• 2K or 4K of monitor EPROM

• Runs with CP/M®, MP/M® and turbo-DOS'"

• One year warranty,

• Free copy of superbios disk

Now it's time to replace or throw away the old S-100 boards and plug the SUPER QUAD In. Save space, money and power.

Retail price is S875.

For more information write or call: Sales Dept.

Also Introducing SUPER/SLAVE to run multi-processing operating systems such as turbo-DOS™. With 128/64K of memory, serial &. parallel I/O, you can plug multiple of the slaves with the master and each user will have its own CPU and memory local.

12700 B Knott St. • Garden Grove CA 92641 • (714) 891-4004

©Registered Trademark of Digital Research Corp. Circle 8 on inquiry card

™ Registered Trademark of Software 2000 Inc.

TELEX: 678401 tab irin

• Copyright 1981 Advanced Micro Digital Corp

Beyond the Peaks of Visicalc

Desktop Plan II, Micro finesse, and Plan80 let financial planners handle large and complex models.

Jack Bishop 916 Maple Ave. Evanston, IL 60202

Planning, particularly financial planning, has always been associated with some level of mystique. In ancient times, planners studied the stars, consulted with oracles, or examined the entrails of animals. Even today, our modern statistical techniques are considered by some to be as mystical as the reading of tea leaves. But mystical or not, the goal of financial planning has always been

About the Author

Jack Bishop is a strategic planner and economist who has degrees in both chemical engineering (BS) and business (PhD). His first association with computers dates back to the days of vacuum tubes (IBM 709).

Visicalc is a trademark of Visicorp.

Editor's note: Until very recently, Microfinesse was distributed by Osborne/McGraw-Hill of Berkeley, California, and it was there that all of the author's dealings took place. At press time, the developers of the software, P-E Consulting Group of Egham, England, were handling the distribution, but they are actively seeking another firm to take over distribution in the U.S. . . R.M.

the same: to manage available resources in the most profitable way. The goal of the three software packages reviewed here is to do just that.

One of the main advantages of financial planning is that it provides a rationale for making financial decisions. Long-range plans can be used to evaluate such issues as the merits of borrowing how much, when, and at what terms. Effective planning also lets a manager anticipate cash needs in time to avoid the expense of lastminute borrowing.

These three software packages are intended to help us reduce financial and other types of plans to numbers. The claims for the packages include budgeting, planning, control, finance, and cash management. The marketers also suggest that their software can analyze sales, capital, inflation, interest rates, real estate, productivity, cost and variance, research-and-development projects, and so on.

That's quite a list, but all three packages achieve the goal of pro

viding powerful yet simple financial modeling tools for a modest cost. With a fair degree of training and experience in the accounting field, you will find any of these packages a costeffective tool. For those without such training, I hope this article may provide a bit of background.

Financial Modeling

Long-range planning, often called a "modeling exercise," can extend beyond mere numbers to mirror the organization of a business. Variables such as labor, material, and capital requirements can be charted by day, week, month, or year. Such a model ties concepts together and suggests relationships between people, products, and money.

It is important to realize that, without an understanding of the "real" world, the best model is useless. Hence the key to constructing workable models is a strong sense of how the world works and what is important. With these factors in mind, the software can help you develop financial insight.

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 29

At a Glance

Name

Name

Name

Desktop Plan II

Microfinesse

Plan80

Type

Type

Type

Financial Planning-Plus

Financial Planning-Plus

Financial Planning-Plus

Manufacturer

Manufacturer

Manufacturer

Visicorp (Personal Software)

P-E Consulting Group Ltd.

Business Planning Systems Inc.

2895 Zanker Rd.

Park House

Two North State St.

San Jose. CA 95134

Egham, Surrey

Dover, DE 19901

[408) 946-9000

England TW20 OHW

|302) 674-5500

[formerly distributed by Osborne/McGraw

Language

Hill]

Language

BASIC

CP/M

Language

Price

Pascal

Price

$250

S295

1 system disk

Price

1 system disk

1 backup disk

S495

4 system disks

Documentation

Documentation

Software protection chip

139-page manual

199-page manual

Documentation

Equipment required

Equipment required

139-page manual

Apple and standard CP/M system

Apple II or II Plus

56K bytes [or more)

32K bytes |or more)

Equipment required

2 disks (or more)

1 disk [or more)

Apple II Plus

Editor to create and modify text files

Printer recommended

48K bytes |or more)

Terminal with:

2 disks (or more)

cursor addressing

Audience

80-132 column printer

clear screen

Financial professionals

Pascal language system

Independent business professionals with

Audience

MBA or equivalent

Audience

Financial professionals

Financial professionals

Independent business professionals with

Independent business professionals with

A/D A r~ir art i in / zx Ifnt

MBA or equivalent

The Limits of Visicalc

Visicalc was the pioneer of financial planning programs for microcomputers, and my first love. Its greatest strength is its extreme flexibility. With it I can quickly lay out the basic structure of a model (the number of years, the main elements of income and expense, and so on). But the development of a model is a "cut and paste" process; it is never right the first time. Lines have to be changed. And lines have to be added.

As time went on and I added more line items, more years, more businesses, and so on, this "more is better" syndrome led me out of memory so many times that I decided to look for additional software. I needed something that would handle more information but provide the flexibility and ease of use Visicalc gave me. This review is the story of that search.

Getting Started

Desktop Plan II, from the wonderful folks who brought us Visicalc, is the simplest package to use. And it even lets you transfer Visicalc files to the format required for Desktop Plan II. But the documentation in the package I bought left something to be desired: after I read page 4 in section 1, I expected to find page 5; instead, I found page 5 of the table of contents. I still wonder if I missed something important. Such mistakes are usually the exception, but even minor exclusions can throw you off.

In addition, a few helpful features were missing. Color highlights in the manual would let some of us flip through quickly and others savor each word. Tabs for each section would be helpful in each of these packages. A pocket card summarizing the key points on the operation of the system would also be a welcome

addition. I use many computer systems and languages, each with its own syntax and mechanisms, and such pocket cards are invaluable references.

On a positive note, I appreciate the heavy paper stock of the Desktop Plan II manual. Manuals tend to receive quite a bit of abuse. Desktop Plan II sets a decent standard for others in its use of heavy paper.

Developing a model on Desktop Plan II is fairly simple. As with any system, modeling begins by writing out the line items on a sheet of paper (sales, cost of goods, and so on). The next step is defining the mathematical relationships between line items. This can be as simple as "gross margin equals sales minus cost of goods sold." Having written the model down (after 15 years of developing models of one sort or another, I confess to doing much of this in my

30 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Maximum Number of Lines

Desktop MicroPeriods Plan II Plan80 finesse

10 270 304 250

18 140 200 250

20 N.A. 183 250

30 N.A. 130 166

Table 1: A summary of maximum model sizes (lines) versus the number of periods (columns). Plan80 and Microfinesse offer an advantage in that you can run larger problems. Note: N.A.= not available.

head), I simply type the data into the machine. With Desktop Plan II, the data entry moves easily, followed by calculation rules selected from the menu or programmed in BASIC on the side. (More about these calculation rules later.)

As far as time is concerned, with Visicalc I could develop a simple income statement and balance sheet, with some ratios, in a couple of hours. That includes some simple projections for the future values and some time for "prettying up" the reports, but no forecasting routines. The same sort of model took a little longer with Desktop Plan II, but no longer than half a day. Although it gave me some extra power and I saved the time I usually spend cleaning up the Visicalc reports, the added structure of Desktop Plan II involved a little more time.

Plan80 doesn't really start the same way. Copying the single disk is simple, and running through the routines to customize the system to my Anadex CM13L was reasonably straightforward, even though this terminal was not among those listed in the manual. Forty-five minutes later, after only a few problems, I was able to boot the copy disk, type "Plan80," and enter the name of one of the seven examples. Working through the examples on the Plan80 disk is painless, but watch out for a long, slow-breaking pitch on page C-7 of the manual:

To create a new Plan80 application you use a program, called an editor. ... If you have a favorite program for composing letters and reports, then use it to create text files containing Plan80 statements.

Sounds great, but moving back and forth between my editor and the Plan80 code wears my patience thin very quickly. And if you don't have a favorite editor, or any editor, you're in trouble.

Unlike the Desktop Plan II manual, Plan80's 8Vz by 11 format is difficult to balance on your lap along with the data, notes of the model structure, and whatever. And while the manual

for Desktop Plan II includes pictures of the screen, Plan80's instructions are vague because the authors don't know what editor I am using. The first time I could really see Plan80 itself was when I ran the program after I set up the model using the prescribed structure and conventions. I read the first 60 pages of the manual without really tumbling onto this fact.

My two-hour Visicalc model and four-hour Desktop Plan II model took more than eight hours with Plan80. I gained some more power along the way but sacrificed some ease; I was still left with a report that had formatting problems.

Microfinesse—with four disks to copy and Pascal routines to patch into the copies, not to mention the "software protection chip" to replace my game paddles in the paddle port—intimidated me at first. Finally, I was able to figure out which disks should be inserted into which drives, and when. But the manual could be more explicit. Again, the rows and columns are the first things to set up, but they are very hard to change. After having to rewrite a model from scratch, you'll be sure to plan the next one very carefully. The manual provides a convenient overview of the process, but the instructions on the screen don't quite seem to match the manual. A rewrite of the manual with screen displays (a la Destop Plan II) and walk-through answers would be a vast improvement. So would distinguishing a "one" from an "el."

Microfinesse, the most powerful of

the three packages, can be a bit overwhelming at the start. The first model I did took all day, and that's just an estimate.

Model Size Limits

One of the major advantages these packages have over Visicalc is their ability to handle fairly large and complex models. Early Visicalc models had about 150 rows and 20 columns (for months, quarters, or years), but for many applications that was not enough. An industrial or retail plan for a given period of time in the future should also include an equal number of months or years of history. This means that you would need 30 to 50 columns for a monthly plan and 15 to 30 columns for an annual plan. With fewer than about 20 columns, you must force the analysis to fit the model, an undesirable state of affairs. By this standard, both Plan80 and Microfinesse improve on Desktop Plan II (see table 1). Not that Desktop Plan II won't work well for most models, especially those that require fewer data points—it will. But take the number of columns into account before buying.

Another drawback to Desktop Plan II is its inflexibility in terms of size. A key phrase in the Desktop Plan II manual explains:

The entries defining the size of the model cannot be changed for this model any time after the "Y" response.

This means you should spend some

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 31

Dpcikton Plan 11

Plan80

1 1 CI 1 1 uv

Microfinesse

Define rows and

InsGrt titles of

Insert titles of

columns

rows and columns

rows and columns

Fntpr vpIiiP9

L_-l 1 I 1 V O 1 U t/O

Enter values

Fntpr vaIiip^

Choose calcula

Define calculation

Define calculation

tion rules

rules

rules and structure

Choose items for

report

Table 2: The basic structure of the modeling packages. Tlie different structures of

each package don't seem to

offer any clear advantages.

GOVT

INST ACTS38 CONSUMER 21

1

Photo 1: Microfinesse s graphics options include pie charts and bar charts.

time carefully planning the model before you start to lay it out, or face the risk of having to go back and redo everything. All packages require some commitment to size at the start, but Plan80 offers the greatest degree of flexibility of the three. Desktop Plan II's size constraint and inflexibility make it the most limited in this regard.

Structure

The structure of a program largely determines its capabilities and flexibility. A program that creates a separate file of calculated values or reports, for example, is easier to leave to someone else for printing or further analysis.

Microfinesse is designed to accommodate as many as 15 different reports. The other two packages let you format reports after developing the model, and of these Desktop Plan II offers the simplest but least powerful report structure. The report structure provided by Microfinesse is its most powerful selling feature.

All three programs provide a separate model-definition structure, which is an easy form to use. Desktop Plan II walks you through the construction of the model, one step (row or column) at a time, not necessarily in sequential order. Plan80 and Microfinesse ask you to develop calculation rules but do provide powerful functions for quick and accurate model development (more about these later). Microfinesse, however, seems to have manufacturing problems, bad luck, or both, because the model development option on my copy had unexplained error codes.

While some structural differences in the programs exist (see table 2), no one method is clearly superior to the others. For my purposes, I prefer to put in the data that is readily available, develop some rules (relationships), test them out, get some more data, and so on. None of these packages is as suited to that kind of eclectic development as Visicalc. However, Microfinesse, which sets up a names structure right away, lets me work with abbreviations, a helpful addition. And Plan80 offers

32 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

the option of names or row numbers, a handier method in practice than you'd think.

Making Changes

Somewhere, other than in textbooks, is a model that is actually built right the first time and does not require changing. Until I find it, I look for software that lets me learn and expand so that I can improve my models and then contract, simplify, and improve them even more. Only one package of the three, Plan80, seems to address this need directly.

Microfinesse lets you make changes by saving single rows — a nuisance—but you can save the rows of a small model, grouping them into a larger structure to develop a new, improved version later. That's a lot of trouble, and I have a feeling that reentering the data would be easier.

Desktop Plan II suggests that I leave blank lines for subsequent changes. This point is well taken and would be enhanced if the program let me renumber lines and move blocks of code around in the structure of the model.

Plan80 models, built by your own editor outside of Plan80, have a great deal of flexibility. Why the marketers haven't pushed this is beyond me. The ability to move the whole structure of the model around is probably Plan80's best feature.

Graphics

As a fan of the ability of graphics to present the results of modeling, I looked forward to the graphics all three packages promised. I expected to be able to do the following:

• select line, bar, scatter, or pie charts

• mix line and bar charts

• set the scale for both horizontal and vertical axes

• set titles anywhere on the page

• select up to five curves per graph

• plot changes in earnings versus changes in sales or assets—a marginal income analysis

Alas and alack, three promises, one delivery—and even that is not without severe limitations.

The first Microfinesse graphics disk

I received had a bad sector, so I had to wait for a replacement. Fortunately, it was worth the wait. The literature promised line or bar charts, pie charts, and a color slide show. Microfinesse's performance proved to be spectacular (see photo 1). Its options include title slides, choice of colors, and center- or left-margin positioning. In addition, the user controls the order in which the slides are presented (in forward or reverse order). The user sets the timing. All of these features are built into Microfinesse. Still, the x axis is limited to 24 values, too few for many of my needs, but possibly plenty for yours. Of course, being limited to one line on a chart at a time precludes many analyses and much power. But keyboard entry of graphic data provides such additional capabilities as adding an economic context to a sales projection.

Desktop Plan II offers the secondbest graphics of the three (see photo 2). I can get line or bar charts but not the mixture of the two that I find very useful. I can also save the picture to print with my Epson later—a vast improvement over a pile of computer pages (you can print the graph directly if you have a Silentype). A feature that would let the user set an initial configuration to print with his particular equipment would be a wel

come addition. Autoscaling the axes is a real nuisance, and I hope that subsequent versions remove this restriction. My attempt to plot small values messed up the screen and hung up the system.

Plan80's graphics capabilities leave a lot to be desired (see photo 3). The scaling on the x (horizontal) and y (vertical) axes is crude and only nominally under my control. I found the commands difficult to use because the options are paged "underneath" the class of the option (the type of graph—bar, two bars, scatter, cumulative—is visible for only an instant and then disappears behind the word "TYPE" again). The simplistic structure of the graph renders it useless to me. However, highlighting the data points on the screen is a nice touch. The literature asserts that the ability to get a hard copy of the graph is in the works, and such a feature would be welcome—if I thought the basic graphics routines were worth printing. The graphics routines need improvement; revamped parameter handling and more observations and curves would make the package useful. If I were the author of these routines, I'd scrap them.

While the graphics capabilities of the Microfinesse package approached my expectations, the others were a source of great disappointment to me.

October 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc 33

Photo 3: An example of Plan80 graphics.

Certainly microcomputers have greater graphics potential than these packages indicate.

Built-in Functions

The functions that are built into the software enable someone who doesn't know what a net present value is, for example, to calculate one to more decimal places than common sense dictates. I have mixed emotions about features such as this. If I don't understand the power (and assumptions) of a function, I hope that I have the good sense to read about the assumptions and limitations associated with it. It's always a good idea to avoid using tools you don't understand.

Desktop Plan II, to my mind, has the most limited and inconvenient functions of the three packages (table 3), but its authors do let you write a number of custom rules. It didn't take me long to discover that the customrule feature was by far the best for most of my models, while I ignored most of the built-in rules. The standard row-and-column manipulations seemed very clumsy to use.

The data-generation functions Desktop Plan II provides for forecasting are adequate for simple purposes, but not very powerful. Plan80 and Microfinesse solve the problem by making the user write the whole

model off-line, but provide a number of special functions keyed to financial modeling.

The depreciation options, most fully laid out in Plan80 and more modestly in Microfinesse, are a worthwhile addition. I am, however, disappointed not to find routines for funding debt or to enable a multivariate regression analysis of historical data for use in establishing a basis for the projection of the future of an ongoing business.

Because all three packages tout their ability to deal with monthly and quarterly data, I expected to see some statistical routines for dealing with such data. No such luck. Moving averages, more advanced seasonal adjustment, exponential smoothing, and so on are possible but may be difficult for the authors to include. The absence of such routines is a real loss. I wasn't really surprised to find multivariate regression routines missing, but I do believe statistical routines have a place in any modeling package.

The ability to move smoothly from historical data through data generation is somewhat cumbersome in all three packages. Examples that combine historical and projected sections, such as those that show calculated historical growth rates and sales projections derived from assumed

growth rates, would display a better understanding of the user's needs. The presentation of an example along these lines might result in the development of more powerful second-generation offerings.

The allocation rules Microfinesse provides are more powerful than they seem and offer the potential to take a top-down approach, allocating the shortfall in a profit plan to individual products and salespeople, for instance. Wow!

In general, however, a model's basic structure is the simplest part; count on doing that yourself. The functions provided by Plan80 and Microfinesse will help you around a few of the curves, but you must do anything fancy off-line, with the results plugged back into these structures.

Examples and Reports

Examples of how a software package works let us see the capabilities of the program and learn some tricks as well. These examples are particularly helpful because they may give us insight into the structure of a model that the authors intended and for which they developed their programs. A sample of each of the reports hints at the reporting flexibility more than any "tricks" the authors might share with us.

Sophisticated reports are distinguished by a number of little touches, including centered titles and headings, footnotes, the time and date stamped on each page, good pagination, true-column underlines (rather than a bunch of dashes that use up a line), commas to indicate thousands, a leading "$" at the head of a column, and a variety of ways to express "zero" (0, blank, — ) and negatives ( —, brackets ) and so on. In the modeling business, two features are absolutely required: the stamp of the date and time on each page, and the ability to dump the equations (similarly date- and time-stamped) easily. Modeling involves many different alternatives ("What if . . . "), and without the time and date stamped, you might forget which set of reports came from which set of assumptions or calculation rules.

34 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Desktop

Micro

Plan II

Plan80

finesse

Arithmetic and

add, sum

add, sum

add, sum

trigonometric

subtract

subtract

subtract

multiply

multiply

multiply

divide

divide

divide

percent

percent

percent

maximum

minimum

lookup

absolute

absolute

absolute

natural and

natural and

natural and

common logs

common logs

common logs

exponential

exponential

exponential

sin, cos,

sin, cos,

sin, cos,

tan, etc.

tan, etc.

tan, etc.

square root

square root

square root

integer

integer

integer

fraction

Depreciation

straight-line

straight-line

decl. balance

decl. balance

sum of year's

digits

decl. bal.

ctr lino oil. Mile

Time phasing

time shift

lag

lag

Investment analysis

net present

net present

value

value

IRR

IRR

Forecast generation

interpolation:

arithmetic

geometric

growth:

growth:

simple

simple

compound

aiiocauon.

equal

pro-rata

Table 3: A summary of built-in functions.

Desktop Plan II provides a single, but straightforward, example of a program (listing 1). The reports are date-stamped but not time-stamped. The overall look of the report is stateof-the-art for a mainframe about 10 years ago. The equation list (listing 2) will take some getting used to. As for custom rules, you're on your own; the list gives the calculation rules only, which I find very cumbersome.

The single example provided with Microfinesse offers little clue to the power of the program(s). I could have used about five more examples showing how to take advantage of the effort expended in the development of this product. The quality of the reports, too, leaves a great deal to be desired (listing 3). The report is datestamped, but the rest of it looks as if it were designed by engineers for

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 35

engineers (as an engineer as well as a manager, I admit to being oversensitive to the cosmetics of a good presentation). Looks like scissors and rubber cement are the solution to pagination. Equation lists are similarly straightforward (listing 4), without the cosmetic care that went into the graphics. I hope the authors will consider adding to the reporting section the little things that can mean so much to help communicate the results of the analysis, such as commas to indicate thousands.

Plan80, which offers seven program examples, has moved in this direction, but the examples are on one side of a page while the rules are on the back side (thank goodness for photocopiers). Plan80 reports are simple and utilitarian (listing 5). For equation lists, I am left to the quality

of the editor I was forced to bring to the party. Some tricks in putting data and row headings into the report obviously exist. But several hours with the manual have yet to reveal some important ones.

Sensitivity Analyses

After you develop the first few simple models, you may wonder, "What will happen to profits (and borrowing) if the sales growth is reduced?" Or "How much can sales fall and the business still break even?" The way you develop the model is one major key to the ability to do such analyses. An original model design that includes many ties between variables provides this capability. Only Microfinesse, however, offers a specific function to aid in this kind of work. If you are skilled in modeling, you

Listing 1: A report produced by Desktop Plan II. The look is reminiscent of that available on mainframes about 10 years ago. time stamp (7:41 p.m.) had to be done by hand.

TOPNOTCH MANUFACTURING COMPANY FINANCIAL PROJECTIONS FISCAL 19—

TOPNOTCH JUNE 8 1982 - 7:41PM

ASSUMPTIONS

PRIOR YEARS MONTHLY SALES (5)

MONTHLY GROWTH RATE <7.) <6>

RETURNS & ALLOWANCES (7. SALES) (7)

VARIABLE SALES COST (7. SALES) (8)

MATERIAL COST (7. SALES) <?)

HOURLY LABOR RATE (10)

NUMBER OF DIRECT LAB. PERSONS (11)

FACTORY BURDEN RATE (7.) (12)

JAN

213000

2.0 7.0 47.5 7. 25 20 30. 5

FEB

MAR

APR

218000

! 15000

217000

INCOME FORECASTED GROSS SALES RETURNS S< ALLOWANCES

NET SALES

(22) (23)

(26)

215000

COST OF GOODS SOLD MATERIAL COST LABOR COST

FACTORY OVERHEAD-FIXED FACTORY OVERHEAD-VARIABLE

(32) (33) (34) (35)

3100

TOTAL. COST OF GOODS SOLD GROSS MARGIN

(3?) (41)

OPERATING EXPENSES SELLING MARKETING

GENERAL & ADMINISTRATIVE ENGINEERING & DEVELOPMENT RENT

TELEPHONE S< UTILITIES

(52) (53) (54) (55) (56) (57)

4300 7900 12500 8900 3100 1700

TOTAL OPERATING EXPENSES NET PROFIT BEFORE TAXES

(59)

(65)

Listing 2: A Desktop Plan II equation list.

CALCULATION RULES NAMED BASIC.R NUMBER DESCRIPTION

ROW 1 ROW 2 ROW 3 COL 1 COL 2 COL 3

COMMENTS COGS=GM-SALES

1 10-SUBTRACT A ROW FROM ANOTHER

COMMENT: EBCIT=GM-OP.EXP.

2 10-SUBTRACT A ROW FROM ANOTHER

10

11

17

17

COMMENT: COC +CONSOLIDAT IONS 9—ADD TWO ROWS

14

15 51

17

36 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Ire

Listing 3: A report produced by Nlicrofinesse. (Top) A profit and loss statement. (Bottom) Net present value and part of the sensitivity report. Note that in this part of the report it is difficult to tell which columns the data refer to.

REPORT 2 s

30.1.1985 SCENARIO ft

QTR 1

PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNTS

QTR 2 QTR 3

QTR 4

1982

QTR 1

QTR 2 QTR 3

QTR 4

1983

91

92 SALES

n

94 GROSS CONTRIBUTION

95 LESS OVERHEADS:96D STAFF

97D TRANSPORT

98D OTHER

99 DEPRECIATION

100 -.

101 102 103 104 105 10a 107

108 ======

109 110 111 112 113 114

115 RATIOS

116

117 118 119 120 121 122

73641 77156 73371 96635 320802 78174 84343 81980 104588 349085 289B7 30403 28943 37967 126299 30730 33165 32244 41085 137224

9000

9000

9000

9000

36000

9900

9900

9900

9900

39600

6000

6000

6000

6000

24000

6600

6600

6600

6600

26400

4300

4300

4300

4300

17200

4730

4730

4730

4730

18920

5750

5606

6041

5890

23287

5743

7174

6995

6820

26732

25050

24906

25341

25190

100487

26973

28404

28225

28050

111652

3937

5497

3602

12776

25812

3757

4761

4019

13035

25572

3201

2852

3021

3106

12179

26B1

3608

4593

4222

15103

736

2645

580

9671

13633

1076

1153

(573)

8813

10469

===3=====

========= a

========

=====B«SS

========■ t

!=== ===== :

=========

TOTfiL OVERHEADS OPERATING INCOME INTEREST

PROFIT BEFORE TAX

: CONTRIBUTION/SALES

39.36

39,40

39.45

39.29

39.38

39,31

39.32

39.33

39.28

39.3!

* PRE-TAX PROF/SALES

5.35

7.12

4.91

13.22

7.65

4.81

5.64

4.90

12.46

6,95

! PTPRF/TOTAL ASSETS

1.46

2.07

1.2B

4.42

2.31

1.38

1.44

1.24

3.95

2.00

DEBT/EQUITY

0.58

0.52

0.62

0.51

0.56

0.45

0.79

0.75

0.64

0.66

BREAKEVEN SALES

63638

63207

64240

64116

68617

72235

71761

71406

AT 18.00 DISCOUNT RATE CUMULATIVE PRESENT VALUE OF PROFIT BEFORE TAX 736.34 2977.99 3394.78 9280.80 9835.94 10339.75 10127.39 12894.04

RESULTS OF SENSITIVITY RUNS

20.00 PERCENT CHANGE IN SALES 73640.60 77156.20 73370.55 96635.00 RESULTS IN PROFIT BEFORE TAX 736.34 2645.14 580.33 9670.93

78174.25 84342.50 81980.25 1045B8.0 1076.10 1152.81 (573.28) 8813.10

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 37

Listing 4: A Microfinesse equation list: straightforward, but without the cosmetic care that went into the graphics.

(********* START OF MODEL *********> <* -DIGIT LTD.- *)

<* THIS MODEL PRODUCES

THE FOLLOWING REPORTS:

CONTRIBUTION SUMMARIES -PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNTS -BALANCE SHEETS -CASH FLOW STATEMENTS

DIGIT LTD. PRODUCES TWO PRODUCTS. CALCULATORS AND DIGITAL WATCHES. THE TIME HORIZON IS TWO YEARS AND THE PERIODS ARE QUARTERS. *)

PROCEDURE CALCULATE; BEGIN

WITH FINESSE-- DO BEGIN

<* CALCULATERS *)

CSALVAL:=CSALVOL*CUPRICEj CDCOST:=CSALVOL*CUCOST; CCONT:=CSALVAL-CDCOST; CCPRQPS:=CCONT/CSALVAL*100;

<* DIGITAL WATCHES *)

DSALVAL:=DSALVOL *DUPRICE 5 DDCOST:=DSALVOL*DUCOST; DCONT:=DSALVAL-DDCOST; DCPROPS:=DCONT/DSALVAL*100;

<* CONTRIBUTION SUMMARY *>

SALES:=CSALVAL+DSALVALs DCOSTSa =CDCOST+DDCOST; CONT: -SALES--DCOSTS 5 CPROPS:=CONT/SALES*100;

Desktop

M i c ro

Plan II

Plan80

finesse

Getting started

***

*

* *■

Model size

*

* * *

* * *

Structure

* *

* * *

* * *

Making changes

*

* * *

* * *

Graphics

* *

* * *

Built-in functions

*

* * *

***

Examples and reports

***

* * *

* *

Sensitivity Analyses

*

*

* * *

Consolidation

* *

**

* *

Errors

***

* * *

*

* fair

** good

*** excellent

Table 4: A summary of the re

lative strengths of the three

software

packages in terms

of several key characteristics.

could do such analyses with the other two packages, but Microfinesse makes this degree of sophistication a bit more automated and easy to use—a valuable plus for even the most skilled analyst.

Consolidation

The ability to consolidate the results of a number of small businesses is one of the main reasons for using one of these packages. With this consolidation capability, you are to a large extent freed of the limitations of handling everything within, for example, 48K bytes of memory. You can bring in one business at a time without overloading the memory, consolidating as you go. You can also build models for one product at a time, consolidating several to develop the structure of a product line. At this point you could add the common costs of the product line, avoiding the distortions of the allocation of common costs. Similarly, you can consolidate the product lines into small businesses, divisions, and large corporations. A mainframe can handle this easily, but the microcomputer is constrained by its core size and the size of the disk it uses for storage (fortunately, these limitations are rapidly vanishing). Caution: consolidations with each of these packages can take some time, substantially more than you may be used to with a large computer.

Errors

If you make an error in the midst of model development or execution, the clarity of the error messages is very important. Having suffered through IBM manuals ("probable programmer error") at 2 in the morning, I look for error sections that are easy to find, complete, and useful in fixing the error. I instinctively bristle at unhelpful error-code lists.

Microfinesse lists three types of errors (including "nondetected," probably the worst) and refers me to the Apple Pascal Language Reference Manual. May the f\eas ot a thousand camels infest those who take that copout. Obviously the authors did it because going into Pascal language errors is beyond their concerns in

38 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Listing 5: Plan80 reports are simple and utilitarian.

PLAN80 EXAMPLE #4 Reinvestment of Earnings Model

Openi ng

Balance 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985

Income Statement Investment Income Interest Expense Admin Expense Depreci ati on

270 -81 -175 -14

271 -81 -20 -26

295 -90 -22 -21

•107 -23 -17

429

-129

-25 -12'

Profit Before Tax Taxes

144

43

162

49

206 82

263 105

Net Income/Loss

101

11;

= -—.z:z ^- 5K=== =

123

158

:™ — =

Balance Sheet Assets

Cash

1000

104

179

293

353

414

Investments

900

904

983

1176

1429

Physical Assets

50

100

100

100

100

Accum Depreciation

-14

-40

-62

- 79

-90

Total Assets

1000

1040

1 143

1314

1551

1852

= = = 3=Z=

= = = = =3

X= = = = :3J

= = = = =

= = = = =

Balance Sheet - Liabilities

Debt 500 540 542 600 714 857

Equity 500 500 600 714 837 995

Total Liabilities 1000 1040 1143 1314 1551 1852

Assumpt i oris

New Physical Assets Yeild on Investment Cost for Debt. Tax Bracket #1 Tax Bracket #2 Tax Bracket #3 Tax Rate #1 Tax Rate #2 Tax Rate #3

50 0. 300 0. 150

99 199 0.200 0. 300 0.400

50 0. 300 0. 150

99 199 0.200 0. 300 0.400

0. 300 0. 150

99

199 0. 200 0. 300 0.400

<_>. 300 0. 150

99 199 0. 200 0. 300 0.400

0. 3U<-> 0. 150

99 199 0. 200 0. 300 0.400

model building. Consequently, you must be aware that when you run Microfinesse you have to carry that extra baggage. And in the case of my favorite, "System I/O Error," I must say I no longer care what a "S#0 P#57 I#158" is.

Plan80 has 36 error codes along with some common-sense advice that includes instructions on how to read and react to the error-handling routines—not bad!

Desktop Plan II includes a section on errors, but no index. Errors in the custom rules (for calculations) refer you to the Apple manuals, which are preferable to the old IBM manuals I use as a standard. This is no big problem, but be prepared to balance your worksheets, the program manual,

and the Apple manuals on your lap at once.

Conclusion

If you don't have any financial training, these packages are a waste of money because they don't provide you with enough crutches to help. If you can find a corner computer store that stocks and can explain these, you'll be lucky. Generally, you have to buy this sort of package on faith.

However, if you have a fair amount of financial training, you can't go far wrong with any of these packages. For a professional, the payback on your investment can be measured in a few weeks based on my experience. It will take you a day to build the first model, and in a week or

so you should be fairly comfortable with any of the packages. Although no one package is clearly superior to the others, each has something for someone (see table 4). All are costeffective tools.

The power of the microcomputer, with packages such as these, is challenging those who supply timesharing modeling for business use. But don't expect such niceties as leading dollar signs, commas between the thousands, true underlining, and so on. Do expect a decent, professional product, more akin to a Model A than either a Model T (build-yourown Visicalc) or a Rolls-Royce (a la IFPS, SIMPLAN, XSIM, et al.). And remember: a model is only as good as the skill of the modeler. ■

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 39

Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar

Build the Microvox Text-to~Speech Synthesizer

Part 2: Software

Rules for conversion of English plain text to phonemes govern the operation of this SC-OlA-based device.

This is the second of two articles on the design and construction of an advanced text-to-speech voice synthesizer that can be used as a peripheral device in most small computer systems. Its features (listed in table 1) include phoneme-based speech synthesis, 64 inflection levels, software handshaking, and the ability to produce music and sound effects. In addition, the synthesizer recognizes and echoes the entire printable ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) character set, plus the control characters Return, Linefeed, Escape, and Backspace.

The voice synthesizer is sold under two trade names: Microvox (from The Micromint Inc.) and Intex-Talker (from Intex Micro Systems Corporation). I'll call it the Microvox in this article.

Special thanks to Dianna Visek for her work on

the text-to-speech algorithm.

Votrax is a trademark of Federal Screw Works.

Copyright © 1982 by Steven A. Garcia. All rights reserved.

Steve Ciarcia POB 582 Glastonbury, CT 06033

The hardware of the Microvox, described in detail last month and shown in photo 1, consists of a general-purpose 6502-based microcomputer with a voice-synthesizer output section. This month, I will concentrate on how text-to-speech algorithms work in general and on how the Microvox's program operates.

The Votrax SC-01A chip allows the construction of English words and phrases from phonemes.

Text-to-Speech Conversion

By the end of the first or second grade, most people have the ability to convert written text in their native language into speech. This conversion has three basic steps:

1. the visual recognition of the characters in the printed text

2. the mental conversion of these characters into the appropriate

commands to the mouth, tongue, larynx, and lungs 3. movement of the body parts to make the sounds

We shall now look at how a computer can simulate the second and third of these tasks.

The specific commands necessary to produce synthetic speech vary according to which speech synthesizer is being used. The Votrax SC-01A chip used in the Microvox is designed to allow the construction of English words and phrases from the phonemes (basic speech sounds) of the English language. (The phonemes used in the Votrax system are listed in table 2 on page 42.) Simulation of step 2 consists of converting a sequence of known characters into commands to voice-synthesis circuitry, which simulates the vocai cords and mouth.

The basic task of the control program in the Microvox is to convert a string of characters making up an English-language phrase into the corresponding string of phonemes. In addition, as will be discussed, the com

40 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Photo 1: An assembled Microvox speech synthesizer, which can pronounce texts consisting of English words from their representation as ASCII characters according to fixed pronunciation rules. The Microvox contains a general-purpose 6502-based microcomputer programmed to control the Votrax-SC-OlA-based speech-synthesis circuitry.

puter should try to produce the appropriate intonation for each phoneme.

Phrases can be converted to phonemes in three ways:

1. translating whole words to phonemes by looking the words up in a table, with one table entry for each word

2. breaking words into syntactically significant groups of letters (called morphs) and looking up the phonemes corresponding to each group of letters

3. applying a set of rules to letter patterns and individual letters in words

Let's examine these in order.

Whole-Word Lookup

Possessing the appropriate copyright license, you could store a standard pronouncing dictionary, such as A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English by Kenyon and Knott (reference 6), in computer memory. The input text could then be broken into its constituent words. After this,

each word could be looked up in the dictionary and replaced with its corresponding pronunciation. This simple lookup program would contain no more than 1000 bytes.

There are, however, two disadvantages with this method. First, because a lot of high-speed, randomly accessible storage would be needed to store a sufficiently large vocabulary, searching the list for each word might take too much run time. Second, wholeword lookup fails completely when given a word not in the dictionary; an unusual word, a newly coined term, or a proper name could cause failure. For the next few years anyway, whole-word lookup seems unpromising for most applications.

Morph Analysis and Lookup

Professor Jonathan Allen of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology has developed a pronouncing system, MITALK-79, that is based upon analysis of morphs, the letter representations of constituent parts of words. In a recent article (see reference 1), he points out that a dictionary of 8000 morphs is sufficient to

deal with more than 95 percent of the words in typical texts. Also, because new morphs are seldom formed, the morph dictionary rarely needs updating. In the few cases where the

1. Phoneme-based speech synthesis

2. 6502 control microprocessor

3. 64 crystal-controlled inflection levels

4. 700-character buffer (optionally expandable to 2.7k characters)

5. 6K-byte plain-text-to-phoneme algorithm

6. Full ASCII printable-character-set recognition and echo, plus four control codes

7. Adjustable data rates (150 to 9600 bits per second)

8. RS-232C and parallel input interfaces

9. Phoneme access modes

10. Serial X-on/X-off software handshaking

11. User-expandable memory

12. 1-watt audio amplifier with volume control

13. On-board power supply

14. Music and sound effects

Table 1: Major characteristics of the Microvox text-to-speech synthesizer (and of its alter ego, the Intex-Talker).

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 41

ecimal

Phoneme

Duration

Example Word

leme

Symbol

(ms)

Code

00

EH3

59

jacket

01

EH2

71

enlist

02

EH1

121

heavy

03

PAO

47

no sound

04

DT

47

buffer

05

A2

71

make

06

A1

103

pa/I

07

ZH

90

pleasure

08

AH2

71

honest

09

13

55

inhib/t

OA

12

80

/nhibit

OB

11

121

inh/bit

OC

M

103

mat

OD

N

80

sun

OE

B

71

bag

OF

V

71

van

10

CH

71

ch\p

11

SH

121

shop

12

Z

71

zoo

13

AW1

146

lawful

14

NG

121

thing

15

AH1

146

father

16

001

103

looking

17

00

185

book

18

L

103

/and

19

K

80

trick

1A

J

47

judge

1B

H

71

hello

10

G

71

get

1D

F

103

fast

1E

D

55

paid

1F

S

90

pass

20

A

185

tame

21

AY

65

jade

22

Y1

80

yard

23

UH3

47

miss/on

24

AH

250

mop

25

P

103

past

26

0

185

cold

27

I

185

p/n

28

U

185

move

29

Y

103

any

2A

T

71

fao

2B

R

90

red

2C

E

185

meet

2D

W

80

win

2E

AE

185

dad

2F

AE1

103

after

30

AW2

90

salty

31

UH2

71

about

32

UH1

103

uncle

33

UH

185

cup

34

02

80

bold

35

01

121

aboard

36

IU

59

you

37

U1

90

June

38

THV

80

the

39

TH

71

th\n

3A

ER

146

bird

3B

EH

185

ready

3C

E1

121

be

3D

AW

250

call

3E

PA1

185

no sound

3F

STOP

47

no sound

Note: T must precede CH to produce "CH" sound. D must precede J to produce "J" sound.

Table 2: The 64 Votrax SC-01A phonemes defined for the English language. Most of these correspond to speech sounds, but two produce silence and one causes speech synthesis to stop.

morph approach fails, MITALK-79 uses the letter-to-phoneme approach described later.

Dr. Allen's system offers the bestquality output of any currently available text-to-speech system. Its processing and memory demands, however, stretch the limits of the present generation of microcomputers. If you allow 5 bytes for each morph and 5 bytes for its pronunciation, the morph dictionary will occupy 80,000 bytes. The algorithm for finding morphs considers all possible ways in which each word can be decomposed. Thus, it requires too much processing power to achieve real-time performance with a typical 8-bit microprocessor. Using a 16-bit computer would, of course, increase throughput, but the total cost of the system would be significantly higher.

Letter-to-Phoneme Rules

Letter-to-phoneme rules are a necessary supplement to word or morph lookup because there will inevitably be words or morphs not found in the system's dictionary. By eliminating or at least greatly reducing the size of word and morph dictionaries, and relying mainly on letter-to-phoneme rules, it is possible to construct a text-to-speech program that will easily run in real time on an 8-bit microprocessor and will provide satisfactory performance with 4K to 8K bytes of memory.

Probably the best of the published rule-based text-to-speech algorithms is that developed by a team at the Naval Research Laboratory (referred to as NRL; see reference 5). The textto-speech algorithm embodied in the software of the Microvox is derived from the NRL algorithm, which combines word, morph, and letter rules in a single table of about 400 rules. This table contains subtables for each letter of the alphabet.

A minimum set of rules for English text-to-speech conversion is shown in table 3 on page 48. With these rules, it should be possible to achieve intelligible, albeit less than perfect, speech.

Each rule in table 3 supplies a pronunciation for the character string enclosed in parentheses; each parenthetic string may also have a right

42 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE October 1982 45

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"SED" - LETTERS TO BE MATCHED IN INPUT STRING

"(" - LEFT CONTEXT SEPARATOR

LEFT CONTEXT "#"- RESULTS IN CALL TO SUBROUTINE TO MATCH ONE OR MORE VOWELS

")" -RIGHT CONTEXT SEPARATOR

- RIGHT CONTEXT TERMINATOR

• PHONEME CODE SEPARATOR

" ;" - RULE TERMINATOR

Z", "D" - PHONEME CODES

RIGHT CONTEXT "!" - RESULTS IN CALL TO SUBROUTINE TO MATCH A NONALPHABETIC CHARACTER

Figure 1: Interpretation of the format of the text-to-phoneme rules of table 3, on the next page.

Q startJ

DO ALL CHARACTERS WITHIN PARENTHESES MATCH CORRESPONDING CHARACTERS IN ENGLISH

| STRING?

DOES RULE FOR LEFT I CONTEXT MATCH CORRESPONDING CHARACTERS IN ENGLISH STRING?

DOES RULE FOR RIGHT | CONTEXT MATCH CORRESPONDING CHARACTERS IN ENGLISH STRING?

APPEND PHONEME COOES

FROM RULE TO PHONEME BUFFER

LOOK FOR NEXT UNMATCHED CHARACTER IN ENGLISH STRING

HAVE WE FINISHED 1 THE STRING?

^ DONE ^

Figure 2: Flowchart of the text-to-speech algorithm used by the Microvox, which employs the rules of table 3.

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((A)! = UH2; (AR) = AH1.R; #:(AL)I =UH,L; (AL)$ = AW1,UH3,L; (A) = AE1;

B (B) = B;

(CH) = T,CH; (C)+ =S; (C)=K;

J

K L

D

(D)=D;

M

' #:(E)! =;

N

!:(E)! = E1;

#:(E)D! =;

E

(ER)=ER;

#:(E)S!=;

0

I

(EE)=E;

(EA) = E;

(E)=EH1

P

F

(F)=F;

Q

G

(G)=G;

R

H

f(H)#=H;

((H)=;

!(IN)=I1,N; (!)$ + :#= I; (l)$+ = AH2,I2;

(0=11;

(J)=D,J;

(K)=K;

(L)L=; (L)=L;

(M) = M;

(NG)= NG; (N)=N;

(OF)! = UH2.V; (OR) = AW,R; l(ON)=UH2,N;

(P) = P;

(QU)=K,W; (Q) = K;

(R)=R;

V W

X Y

( (SH) = SH;

#(SED)!=Z,D;

(S)S = ;

•(S) = Z; I (S) = S;

!(THE)! =THV,UH2; (TO)! =T,IU,Ut; (THAT)! =THV,AE,T; (TH) = TH; (TI)0 = SH; t (T) = T;

(U)$$! = UH1; (U) = Y1,IU,U1;

(V) = V;

!(WAS)! =W,AH1,Z; (W) = W;

(X)=K,S;

#:$(Y)! =2E1; (Y) = 311;

Z (Z) = Z; ( )=PA0;

Table 3: A minimum set of text-to-phoneme rules for the English language, as used by the Microvox text-to-speech synthesizer. These rules are derived from an algorithm developed at the Naval Research Laboratory. The rule format is interpreted in figure 1 on page 46, and special symbols used in the rules are listed in table 4.

Symbol Function in Rule String

! Causes call to subroutine that attempts to match any nonalphabetic

character in English input string. 11 match fails, reports failure. If match succeeds, moves rule-string pointer forward by one character in rule and moves input-string pointer forward by one character in English string.

§ Causes call to subroutine that attempts to match one or more vowels

(A, E, I, O, U, or Y). If match fails, reports failure. If match succeeds, moves rule pointer forward by one character in rules and moves string pointer forward by number of vowels matched in English input string.

: Causes call to subroutine that attempts to match zero or more consonants.

Match always succeeds. Moves rule pointer by one character in rules and moves string pointer by number of consonants matched in English input string.

+ Causes call to subroutine that attempts to match a front vowel (E, I, or Y).

If match fails, reports failure. If match succeeds, moves rule pointer by one character in rules and moves string pointer by one character in English input string.

$ Causes call to subroutine that attempts to match one consonant. If match

fails, reports failure. If match succeeds, moves rule pointer one character in rules and moves string pointer one character in English input string.

Causes call to subroutine that attempts to match a voiced consonant (B, D, G, J, L, M, N, R, V, W, or Z). If match fails, reports failure. If match succeeds, moves rule pointer one character in rules and moves string pointer one character in English input string.

Table 4: Special symbols used by the text-to-phoneme rules. When the program encounters one of these symbols in a rule, a special subroutine is called to match patterns of characters in context.

context and a left context, as shown in figure 1 on page 46. The algorithm for interpreting the rule expressions is as follows.

The processor recognizes the first character of the input plain-English text string; it skips down the list to the first applicable rule (one that contains the character in question as the first character in the parenthetic string) and attempts to match the rule's parenthetic string to the input text. If there is no match, the process is repeated with the next rule applicable for the letter. If there is a match on the parenthetic string, an attempt is made to match first the left and then the right context. If either context match fails, the processor proceeds to the next rule. The final rule for each letter contains a parenthetic string of just the letter with no left or right context, thus guaranteeing an eventual match for any letter in the input text. Once a match has been achieved, the phoneme codes invoked by the rule (shown to the right of the equal sign in the rule expression) are transferred to a phoneme buffer. Note that some rules invoke no phonemes.

During the attempt to match a character string, the processor may encounter a special symbol (such as or "I") in the rule expression. In such a case, the symbol is looked up in a table in memory, and the corresponding subroutine, one of several listed in table 4, is called. For instance, the symbol "$" calls a subroutine that tries to match any single consonant. After a successful match of one consonant, the rule pointer moves to the next character in the rule, and the input-string pointer moves to the next character in the input string. If the rule pointer encounters a a similar matching subroutine for vowels is invoked. When a matching attempt of this type fails, the subroutine reports failure, and the processor skips to the next rule.

How to Use the Algorithm

The operation of the text-to-speech algorithm can best be illustrated by following the translation of a specific phrase into the Votrax phonemes

48 October 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

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listed in table 2. Our example will be the phrase " the national debt ".

Following the algorithm and its rules, matching uppercase and lowercase letters identically, we begin to find the pronunciation of this phrase by translating the initial blank to the short silent phoneme represented by the mnemonic PAO. Then the "t" of "the" leads us to the rules for the letter T. The first T rule's parenthetic string exactly matches "the", and the exclamation point ("I") symbols for right and left context match the spaces on each side of "the" in the English input text; therefore, we add the phoneme codes THV and UH2 to the list of phonemes to be spoken, which are stored in the phoneme buffer. The space after "the" in the English text becomes PAO.

We then come to the "n" of "national", which sends us to the rules for the letter N. Although matching fails for the "NG" rule, it succeeds for "N". We then add the phoneme N to the output buffer. Next, we proceed to the letter-A rules. The first A rule

is not matched because the "a" in "national" is not followed by a nonalphabetic character, as demanded by the exclamation point. The next three rules also fail to match because "a" is not followed by "r" or "1". The final rule does match, and we add AE1 to the phoneme buffer.

We now return to the T rules, matching "ti" with "o" as the right context and adding the phoneme SH to the buffer. We consult the O rules, matching "on" with "i" as the left context; we place the phonemes UH2 and N in the phoneme buffer.

Now we are up to the second "a" in "national". We return to the rules for the letter A. The first rule fails because the letter we are trying to match is not followed by a nonalphabetic character. The second rule fails because the second "a" in "national" is not followed by an "r".

However, the third rule succeeds. The "al" in "national" matches the 'AL" in the rule. Checking the left context, moving from right to left, we first encounter a colon (":"), which

means we must match zero or more consonants to the left of the "al". We match "n" and then proceed leftward to a number sign ("#"), which means we must match one or more vowels. This we do with "io". When we check the right context, we find that "al" is indeed followed by a nonalphabetic character, satisfying the rule's exclamation point. The rule thus succeeds and we transfer UH and L to the phoneme buffer. Last, we translate " debt ", each character matching on its last rule.

We end up with the following phonemes in the buffer: PAO, THV, UH2, PAO, N, AE1, SH, UH2, N, UH, L, PAO, D, EHl, B, T, and PAO. Except for the inclusion of the B phoneme for the normally silent "b" in "debt", this is a good translation. Only a much larger set of rules would contain a rule to handle the silent "b". If you have control over the input English text, you could change the spelling of "debt" to "det" and avoid the offending phoneme.

Intonation

Providing realistic intonation is much more difficult than choosing the correct phonemes. Most intonation patterns are not represented in English spelling. Achieving the proper intonation may require grammatical parsing of a sentence or even knowing the writer's state of mind. Probably the best that can be done short of very detailed analysis is to use the algorithm developed by Bruce Sherwood (see reference 9), which involves raising the pitch on stressed syllables, raising it at the start of sentences and before commas, and lowering the pitch before the period at the end of a sentence. Before a question mark, the pitch is raised, unless the sentence begins with a question word (who, what, when, where, etc.), in which case it is lowered.

Punctuation and Abbreviations

Punctuation and abbreviations can also be converted into words and pronounced by the text-to-speech algorithm. A simple rule that works for many abbreviations is to pronounce the individual letters in an abbrevia

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50 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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ATTACK, DECAY, SUSTAIN, RELEASE.

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wish. It has sound quality you'll find only on separate, music-only synthesizers. And graphics and storage ability you won't find on any separate synthesizer.

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(old signal character)X(new signal character)

Code

Function

!A

pronounce all punctuation

ie

pronounce by direct phoneme input

!Dx

set phrase-terminating delay, from x = 1 (0.1 second) to x = 8 (0.8 second)

!D9

set mode for phrase termination only by return character

!E

each-letter pronunciation

!F

set flat (monotone) intonation

!Hbr

set handshaking busy b and ready r characters

!l

set automatically inflected intonation

!K/

synchronize speech using character / as signal

!L

line-by-line pronunciation

!M

pronounce most punctuation

IN

play musical notes (see table 5b)

!0

turns Microvox on-line

!Px

set intonation base pitch

!Q

turns Microvox off-line

!Rx

set intonation clock rate; x = 1 is lowest rate, x= 16 highest

IS

pronounce some (unusual) punctuation

IT

pronounce by text-to-speech algorithm

!W

whole text pronunciation

IX/

changes command-code signal character to /

Table 5a: A list of most of the control codes and sequences used by the Microvox, with their functions.

Code Function

opv play a note of time value v at pitch p in octave o

op + v play a sharped note, otherwise same

op-v play a flatted note, otherwise same as first code

Rv observe musical rest of duration equal to time value v

(o is a digit from 1 to 7; p is a letter from A to G; v is a number from 1 to 256) Table 5b: Control codes used by the Microvox in music mode.

tion consisting entirely of consonants and to pronounce abbreviations containing vowels as words. This rule works well for the names of some computer companies, such as CDC and DEC. Unfortunately, it fails miserably for IBM.

Operator Interaction

The Microvox is a stand-alone intelligent peripheral device that converts ASCII-character text into spoken English. The Microvox is attached to the source of ASCII text (a computer, terminal, or modem) through either a serial or parallel communication link. Operation of the Microvox is similar to that of a printer except that the output consists of sounds instead of black marks on paper.

The Microvox has many selectable function options that make possible a

high level of intelligibility in many different applications. These options are activated by device-control codes transmitted to the Microvox along with the text.

In general, Microvox control codes are in the following form:

\(letter)(option)(option)

For example: ID3

Most of the control codes are listed in table 5.

The exclamation point is a signal to the Microvox that a control code follows. If you wish, you can set it up to use any other character as the control-code signal. This is done by giving the following instruction:

For example: !X$

which changes the control signal from an exclamation point to a dollar sign. From this state of affairs, the command

$X!

will change the control signal from the dollar sign back to the exclamation point. Device-control codes can be embedded anywhere in the text transmission; they are not spoken.

Device-Control: Handshaking

If a standard parallel or an RS232C serial connection is used, the sending computer hardware can detect and examine the ACK (Acknowledge) or RTS (Ready to Send) signal to determine whether the Microvox is ready to receive a character. However, many popular microcomputers lack the hardware to detect the RTS handshaking signal. Furthermore, the RTS signal cannot be used for this purpose if the communication path includes a modem/ telephone link. In the Microvox, special software-handshaking signals, described below, are provided to control the flow of input text. (In general, hardware handshaking through RTS or ACK is preferable whenever possible, because it relieves the host computer's processor of the handshaking chore and allows use of higher data rates.)

Software handshaking is activated by setting switch section 3 of DIP (dual-inline pin) switch SWl on the Microvox's circuit board to the closed position. (The open position allows hardware handshaking.) The particular characters that the host computer should recognize may be selected by the command

IHfbusy character)(ready character)

For example: !H@#

52 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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After receiving this command, the Microvox will send the at-sign character to the computer when it is unable to receive more data; it will send the number sign to the computer when it is again ready to receive data. It is the responsibility of the hostcomputer programmer to write the software necessary to use software handshaking.

Finally, it is possible to use the Microvox with no handshaking by simply invoking the software-handshaking mode and ignoring the handshaking transmissions. In this case, you must insert timing delays in the text-transmitting program so that data will not be sent to the Microvox faster than it can handle.

Text Synchronization

For many applications, it is important to synchronize the output speech with other outputs from the computer, such as text or graphics appearing on the display screen. For instance, an instructional program may require placing a picture on the screen when certain speech output begins and placing a question mark on the screen when the speech ends. For synchronization, the following command may be used:

^(synchronization character)

For example:

!K#John!K%Marsha!K$

After receiving this text string, the Microvox will send a "§" back to the computer just before starting to say "John"; it will send a "%" to the computer just after saying "John" and just before starting to say "Marsha"; and it will send a "$" character to the screen just after saying "Marsha". None of these special synchronization characters will be spoken. It is the programmer's responsibility to use the incoming synchronization characters to coordinate the screen display with the speech.

Phrase Termination

Many aspects of English pronunciation are controlled by the context in which a given letter or word is

54 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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spoken. For this reason, the Microvox can wait to receive a complete phrase before translating from text to speech. If you don't specify otherwise, the Microvox will wait to translate a phrase until it has received one of the following phrase-terminating characters:

1. a period followed by two spaces or a return character

2. a comma, semicolon, colon, exclamation point, or question mark followed by a space or return

3. a return character

For some types of output, such as computer programs or poems, you would want each line read as a separate phrase. For others, such as ordinary English narrative text, you may not want a return character to terminate a phrase. You have two options to deal with this situation.

The command "!W" means "wholetext pronunciation." If this option is selected, a return character will not

terminate a phrase unless one of the conditions of rule 1 or 2 above is fulfilled.

The command "!L" means "line-byline pronunciation." If this option is selected, a return character will always be treated by the Microvox as terminating a phrase. When the Microvox is first turned on, it is in the line-by-line mode.

Rather than always send a special signal to terminate a phrase, you may wish to have the Microvox treat a phrase as terminated if a certain delay occurs without any phrase terminator being received. Possible applications of this option include situations where the user does not fully control the output. For instance, suppose the Microvox is passively connected to a transmitting device that doesn't send any of the terminating characters listed above (maybe it sends "STOP" instead). In such a case, there is no way to insert phrase-termination characters in the output stream. However, if the Microvox is set to

treat a half-second delay without receipt of information as the end of a phrase, computer output will not be lost or ignored.

The following option provides timed-delay phrase termination:

!D(de/ay time)

The delay parameter, which ranges from 1 to 8, varies the delay from 0.1 second to 0.8 second. (If too short a delay is used, a phrase may be translated in pieces, resulting in odd intonation or pronunciation, because the Microvox uses the context of letters and words to determine their pronunciation.)

The command !D9 is a different case; it makes the Microvox wait for a phrase-terminating character even if it has to wait forever. (This is the default mode.) Generally speaking, !D9 should be used with slow data sources such as a keyboard.

This selectable-delay feature is particularly useful for the visually disabled. It can allow a blind programmer to use a standard unintelligent terminal by connecting the Microvox to receive the output from both the user and the computer. If the delay is set to 0.1 second, keys pressed by the user will be echoed as spelled letters (because the slight delay between them will be treated as an end of phrase), but output generated by the computer will be spoken as complete lines because there generally will be no significant delay between characters. The delay can be varied to fit the particular application.

Intonation

The pitch at which individual phonemes are pronounced can be controlled automatically by the textto-speech algorithm, be kept fixed, or be altered by user command. Some of you will prefer automatic inflection, because of the variety it gives to the speech, even though the inflection is often not accurate. Others think a computer should sound like a computer and will prefer flat speech. Still others may wish to experiment with controlling the pitch to optimize intelligibility. This control can extend to even make the Microvox sing.

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56 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 324 on inquiry card.

One picture is worth a thousand numbers.

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The hardware in the Microvox allows control of pitch in two different ways. The Votrax SC-OlA speech-synthesis integrated circuit has four selectable pitch levels. In addition, the output pitch can be varied by selecting 1 of 16 different rates for the clock signal fed into the SC-OlA. When the Microvox is first turned on, the synthesizer chip is set to pitch level 1 (low) and base speech rate 5 (defined below). The intonation is generated by an algorithm that selects an appropriate clock rate for each phoneme. To turn on or off the automatic clock-rate setting, you can send the command

IF

(which stands for flat intonation), and the output rate will stay at the base rate. To restore automatic clockrate variation, you can send the command

II

which stands for inflected intonation (by algorithm).

The intonation algorithm adds to or subtracts from the base rate to derive the final voice pitch. Using the !I mode, however, limits output to only four base-rate pitch-level shifts.

You may decide to operate without automatic inflection on all text-tospeech translation and yet desire to add certain pitch changes on specific words or phonemes. This can be easily done on the Microvox, because the base pitch and clock rate can be controlled independently and changed at any time. The control code is of the form

IPx

where x is a digit from 1 through 4; x = l selects the lowest pitch with pitch increasing according to the value of x.

You may also decide to control the clock base rate with a command of the form

\Rx

where x = l yields the slowest rate

58 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 319 on inquiry card

Circle 179 on inquiry card.

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Circle 81 on inquiry card.

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October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

and lowest level for the given base pitch, and x = 16 yields the fastest base rate. The text examples to follow will demonstrate this function.

Punctuation Modes

The Microvox has three modes for pronouncing punctuation. The user options are:

!A (all mode—all punctuation pronounced)

!M (most mode—all punctuation pronounced except return, linefeed, and space)

!S (some mode—only unusual punctuation pronounced)

When the Microvox is turned on, it is in "some" mode.

Major-Mode Options

The Microvox can operate in four different major modes: text-tospeech, text-to-spelled-speech (pronouncing each letter), phoneme-code, and music. When the Microvox is turned on, it begins in text-to-speech mode.

Text-to-Speech Mode

In the text-to-speech mode, selected by the !T command, the Microvox uses the algorithm previously described to attempt correct pronunciation of all phrases sent to it. However, no program of reasonable size can possibly contain all the rules and exceptions for the pronunciation of English. Moreover, since the Microvox lacks understanding of the text, it cannot tell which of two homographs is intended. For instance, when the text contains the word "read", the Microvox cannot know if the present or the past tense is meant.

When you must have the expected pronunciation, you can modify the spelling. By typing "red" or "reed" instead of "read", you can be sure to get the pronunciation you want. If "hiccough" is pronounced strangely, try "hiccup". Often, it helps to break a word into syllables. Compare the pronunciation of "typewriter" and "type write er". Getting recognizable renditions of foreign words will require considerable ingenuity, because

the Microvox works on the principles of English pronunciation. Compare "parlez vous" and "parlay voo".

Spelled Speech

The spelled-speech mode, activated by the !S command, is useful for abbreviations and words that a user might have difficulty in understanding. When this option is selected, every letter is pronounced separately. It is often useful to use the !A punctuation mode in conjunction with the spelled-speech mode, so that all punctuation is also pronounced.

Phoneme-Code Mode

The Microvox can also accept input in the form of Votrax phoneme codes (see table 2). A space must be left between the phoneme mnemonics. For example, the input string

ICAEND PA0 THV UH2 PA0 S E PA0 I Z PA0 B Ol AY 13 L I NG PA0 H AH T PAl

will cause the Microvox to say "and the sea is boiling hot."

Either the flat- or automaticintonation mode can be used with phoneme-code input. If the automatic intonation is off, the output pitch will correspond to the base rate. If it is on, intonation will be like that for the equivalent text. If there are erroneous phoneme codes, the erroneous mnemonics will be spoken as if they were text. Pitch and rate codes can be mixed with phoneme codes to produce singing.

Music Mode

Since last month's article was written, a few changes for increased overall capability have been made to the Microvox's controlling software. As a result, the music mode now works in the following manner.

The music mode is turned on by the command !N. The notation shown in table 5b is used. The seven playable octaves centered about middle C are indicated by numbers from 1 to 7. Each octave contains notes identified as A, B, C, D, E, F, or G. Sharps are indicated by the suffix character " + ", flats by " — ". Time values are selected by numeric arguments used as multi

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Circle 309 on inquiry card.

pliers to an internal time constant; the arguments' values may range from 1 to 256. Rests are indicated by "R". When in the music mode, sending Microvox the character string "3F + 4" causes it to play a four-period-long note at a pitch of F sharp in the third octave. "R16" causes a 16-period-long rest. The separate tempo command had to be omitted.

Default Options

When the Microvox is turned on, certain default conditions are in force. They are equivalent to entering the following commands:

IP1

lowest pitch

!R5

clock base rate 5

!F

flat intonation

IT

text-to-speech mode

IS •

some punctuation

!L

line-by-line pronunciation

1D9

wait for return

IO

Microvox on-line

!H@#

handshake with @ and #

Any

of these options can be

changed simply by sending the proper

control code to the Microvox, either transmitted separately or embedded in text. For example, if the Microvox is connected to a terminal, typing "This is a test." and hitting Return will result in that phrase being spoken with no intonation. To add automatic intonation, you can type

II This is a test.Return

From this point on, all spoken text will have automatic inflection unless you resume flat intonation by typing "IF".

As previously mentioned, intonation can be added selectively or by the automatic algorithm. Let's look at four ways of commanding the Microvox to pronounce the same sentence:

1. (text-to-speech mode, no added inflection)

ITIF

Please enter your access number.

2. (automatic inflection in text-tospeech mode)

!T!I

Please enter your access number.

3. (selected inflection in text-tospeech mode)

ITIFIP1IR5

Please lR8enlR5ter !R7yor !R5access number.

4. (phoneme-input mode with selected intonation)

IFICIP1IR5

P L El Y Z PA1 PA1 PA1 PA1 1R9 EH1 EH3 N !R5 T ER PA1 Y !R8 02 02 02 IR5 R PAl IR7 AE1 IR5 K S EHl EH3 S PAl N UH1 M B ER

These examples demonstrate various ways in which you can increase the intelligibility of the synthesized speech by programming the Microvox. You can use the text-to-speech mode with either selective or automatic intonation, or you can optimize pronunciation by choosing exactly the pitches and phonemes you wish.

An exaggerated example of combined pitch and phoneme control can

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• Spelling output mode

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62 October 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

FULL SCREEN EDITOR

Sophisticated program development editing with useful word processing features and powerful TECO commands and macros.

Performance

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Text Buffers, Macros

Ten buffers can hold text, macro commands or complete files. These may be edited, loaded and saved on disk. Macros perform repeated or complex editing operations. (Perform 40 search/replace on 20 files automatically, for example.) Buffers allow extensive 'cut and paste', including portions from multiple files.

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Circle 101 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982 63

actually allow Microvox to sing, as demonstrated by a bar of "Happy Birthday":

!C !P3 !R3

H H H AEl AEl AEl AEl AEl AE1

P P 1P2IR5 Y Y Y !P3!R5 B ER ER ER ER R

TH TH TH TH !Rl

D Al Al Al Al 13 !R9 T IU IU IU IU

Ul Ul Ul Ul Ul

!R7 Yl IU IU IU Ul Ul Ul Ul Ul Ul

and a scale of D through E:

!C

!P1 !R1 D D El El Y Y Y

!P1 !R5 El El El Y Y Y

!P1 !R11 EH1 EH1 EH1 EH2 F F F

!P2 !R5 D J J El El Y Y Y

!P2 !R11 Al Al Al Al Al Y

!P2 !R14 B B El El Y Y Y

!P3 !R11 S S El El Y Y Y

!P3 !R15 D D El E Y Y Y

!P4 !R11 El El El Y Y Y

Since there are only 64 pitch levels, which were set up for speaking rather than singing, the range of octaves is somewhat limited. Singing is probably the most dramatic example of programmable pitch control, but Pavarotti doesn't have to worry about his job.

In Conclusion

Speech synthesizers raise the level of communication between man and machine. Today, they are regularly used in telephone-answering systems, elevators, fire-alarm systems, annunciators, and nonvisual-communication aids. The price/performance ratio of voice synthesizers no longer limits their uses.

The Microvox is a second-generation voice synthesizer with many professional features. Nothing is sealed from inspection, and the schematic diagram isn't kept in a vault someplace. Circuit Cellar projects are meant to be built and enjoyed.

If you had asked me four years ago why anyone would spend money on a speech synthesizer, I wouldn't have had an easy answer. Today, however, after designing four speech syn

thesizers and reading hundreds of readers' letters each month, I've come to regard speech synthesis as a new technology that's only begun to be used to its full potential.

Next Month:

Build the Circuit Cellar MPX-16 computer system, which is based on the Intel 8088 and is bus-compatible with the IBM Personal Computer. ■

References

1. Allen, Jonathan. "Linguistic-based Algorithms Offer Practical Text-toSpeech Systems." Speech Technology, Volume 1, Number 1 (Fall 1981), page 12.

2. Ciarcia, Steve. "Build a Low-Cost Speech-Synthesizer Interface." BYTE, June 1981, page 46. (Reprinted in C/'arcia's Circuit Cellar, Volume III, Peterborough, NH: BYTE Books, 1982, page 133.)

3. Ciarcia, Steve. "Build an UnlimitedVocabulary Speech Synthesizer." BYTE, September 1981, page 38. (Reprinted in Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Volume III, Peterborough, NH: BYTE Books, 1982, page 168.)

4. Ciarcia, Steve. "Build the Microvox Textto-Speech Synthesizer, Part 1: Hardware." BYTE, September 1982, page 64.

5. Elovitz, Honey Sue, Rodney W. Johnson, Astrid McHugh, and John E. Shore. "Automatic Translation of English Text to Phonetics by Means of Letter to Sound Rules." United States Naval Research Laboratory Report 7948, 1976. (Condensed version published in IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Volume 24 (1976), page 446.)

6. Kenyon, John S. and Thomas A. Knott. A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English. Springfield, MA: G. & C. Merriam Company, 1953.

7. Kucera, H. and W. N. Francis. Computational Analysis of Present-Day American English. Providence: Brown University Press, 1967.

8. Miastkowski, Stan. "Add a Voice to Your Computer: The Votrax Type 'N Talk." Popular Computing, June 1982, page 81.

9. Sherwood, Bruce. "Fast Text-to-Speech Algorithms for Esperanto, Spanish, Italian, Russian and English." International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, Volume 10 (1978), page 669.

10. Sherwood, Bruce. "New Technology Provides Computer Voices for Education." Speech Technology, Volume 1, Number 1 (Fall 1981), page 24.

Editor's Note: Steve often refers to previous Circuit Cellar articles as reference material for each month's current article. Most of these past articles are available in reprint books from BYTE Books, McGraw-Hill Book Company, POB 400, Hightstown, N] 08520. Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Volume 1, covers articles that appeared in BYTE from September 1977 through November 1978. Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Volume II, contains articles from December 1978 through June 1980. Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Volume III, contains the articles that were published from ]uly 1980 through December 1981.

To receive a complete list of Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar project kits available from the Micromint, circle 100 on the reader service inquiry card at the back of the magazine.

The following are available from:

Intex Micro Systems Corporation Suite 1717

755 West Big Beaver Rd. Troy, MI 48084 (313) 362-4280

1. Intex-Talker, the assembled, tested, and FCC-approved version of the Microvox text-to-speech synthesizer. With power supply and documentation...$295.

OEM availability and pricing will be discussed on request. Please add $4 for shipping on all Intex-Talker orders within the United States; please add $20 for shipping on overseas orders. Residents of Michigan please include 4 percent sales tax.

★ ★ *

The Micromint Inc. 917 Midway Woodmere, NY 11598 (516) 374-6793

(for technical information) (800) 645-3479

(for orders only)

1. Complete kit for building the Microvox text-to-speech voice synthesizer, including the SC-01A and all other components, enclosure, power supply, and documentation.. .$215.

2. Votrax SC-01A voice-synthesizer integrated circuit. ..$50 each. OEM quantities are available.

Please add $4 for shipping on all Microvox orders in the United States; please add $20 shipping on overseas orders. Residents of New York please include 7 percent sales tax.

64 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Howto tell an Epson HX-20 from an ordinary computer.

EPSON

The size, of course, is a dead giveaway. But don't let the size fool you. The HX-20 is not a toy. Or a glorified calculator.

It's a computer.

A real computer, with 16K RAM (optionally expandable to 32K), and 32K ROM (optionally expandable to 64K), RS-232C and serial interfaces, a full-size ASCII keyboard, a built-in printer, a scrollable LCD screen, and sound generation. A microcassette and ROM cartridge are available as options. Viva la difference! In fact, the only differences between the Epson HX-20 and an ordinary computer are:

1) The HX-20 is small enough to fit inside your briefcase;

2) It'll run on its own internal power supply for 50-plus hours, and fully recharge in less than eight;

3) It gives you up to 10 program functions at the punch of a button;

4) It lets you interface with peripherals like the MX Series printers for correspondence quality output, the CX-20 Acoustic Coupler for remote communications, a barcode reader for inventory control, and an audio cassette for loading and saving programs;

5) It lets you shut the whole unit off while preserving all programs in RAM; and, last, but far from least,

6) It costs less than $800. That's right—less.

The perfect traveling companic With the Epson HX-20 and the optional RAM expansion, you'll be able to compute just about anywhere. Because its nickelcadmium batteries and a lowpower, all-CMOS memory keep the HX-20 running for over 50 hours. And even if you shut the HX-20 off, a low-voltage system maintains all programs you have in RAM.

Little screen, big picture. The HX-20's unique scrollable LCD screen is the ultimate answer to the question, "How do you get a big screen in a small

A±U<

EPSON

*** me HI J

CTRL•I Initialize

1 MONITOR

2 BASIC

PRINTER

PAPER

O^B

PAUSE

MENU

BREAK

PF1

PF2

PF3

PF4

rauoc ivicinu

rrI rr^ rro rrt

size.

Optional Microcassette

HX-ED

Initial] OR

MICRO CASSETTE DRIVE • REC

PF5

So with the HX-20, you can do programming, word processing and data entry just like you've got a big screen, up to 255 characters wide, with easy-to-read upper and lower case letters, numbers and punctuation and any 20 column by four line part of it visible by user command. Built in hardcopies. The HX-20's built-in 24 column dot matrix impact microprinter hands hardcopies to you at 42 LPM, in a crisp, precise 5x7 matrix. It even has bit addressable graphics to give you a pint-sized sales chart, and enough international symbols to print most Western languages.

Epson makes more and better printers than anyone else in the world. Need we say more? The best is yet to come. When you hold an HX-20 in your hand, you're not only holding a lot of capacity, you're holding a lot of expansion.

There's a standard cassette interface, a cartridge interface, the RS-232C and serial interfaces, and a system bus that lets you expand RAM and ROM capabilities. There's even a floppy disc drive for maxi capacity in a mini package. The Epson edge. Surprised that a computer like the HX-20 should come from Epson? You shouldn't be. Because we've been building computers in Japan since 1978. And we've been practicing ultra-high-quality precision manufacturing for a lot longer than that.

We didn't jump right into the American microcomputer market. We could afford to bide our time; to wait for the product that was going to stand America on its ear.

This is it.

The Epson HX-20.

EPSON AMERICA, INC.

COMPUTER PRODUCTS DIVISION

3415 Kashiwa Street Torrance. California 90505

What Makes Business Programming Hard?

A banker/programmer describes the pitfalls in writing software to handle routine business tasks.

Where lies the difficulty in business programming? Why is it that you can pay $100, $1000, or $100,000 for a general business package—receivables, payables, payroll, and general ledger—and perhaps end up being dissatisfied or even suing the vendor? Of the many reasons, three stand out.

First, business programming seems easy but isn't. Everyone knows how to do a payroll: you multiply hours by pay rate to determine gross pay, figure the withholding taxes, deduct them and other withholding items to find net pay, add them all up to get the total payroll, and print paychecks. I know a major company with a skilled programming staff that paid $1 million to an outside vendor for a completely general payroll package and considered it a bargain.

Once written, business programs are hard to test. Ten years ago we heard stories about paychecks written for $0.00 or even for negative amounts. While most payroll systems written recently check for deductions

James L. Woodward, Vice-President State Street Bank and Trust Company 225 Franklin St. Boston, MA 02101

larger than gross pay, this problem illustrates the obscure special cases that complicate attempts to thoroughly test a business system.

Second, good business programmers must be equally at home in the sterile, precise, and rigid world of the computer and the comparatively

It is only recently and

gradually that the customer has become aware of the value of "bulletproof" software.

sloppy, error-ridden, and free-form world inhabited by most business people. People who function well in both worlds are rare. As a result, while modern interactive software packages almost always do everything they are supposed to, the usual questions are whether the average user can make them do anything,

whether the menus and prompts can be understood by the clerk-operator, and whether the documentation, if it exists, can be understood by anyone at all.

Third, business programs must run in a difficult environment. By definition they operate on large stores of information that has been entered into the system from a variety of sources. The programs must struggle desperately to keep those files free from error, must protect the files constantly from human error (and possible sabotage) and from the tribulations of power failure and head crashes, and must all the while be alert for the errors that almost certainly are already in the information base.

Lack of user sophistication is a constant problem. The million-dollar payroll package will almost certainly be run by skilled people in a wellstructured and well-managed operation; the people running it will have read the manuals and had extensive training courses as part of the pur

68 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 215 on Inquiry card.

NOW: A COMPLETE CP/M PASCAL FOR ONLY

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So how can we make this offer?—why the unbelievable deal? Very simply, we think all software is overpriced. We want to build volume with the booming CP/M market, and our overhead is low, so we're passing the savings on to you.

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When you receive JRT Pascal, look it over, check it out. We invite you to compare it with other systems costing ten times as much. If you're not completely satisfied, return the system—with the sealed diskette unopened—within 30 days and your money will be refunded in full! THAT'S RIGHTCOMPLETE SATISFACTION GUARANTEED OR YOUR MONEY BACK!

In addition, if you want to copy the diskette or manual—so long as it's not for resale—it's o.k. with us. Pass it on to your friends! BUT ACT TODAY—DON'T DELAY ENJOYING PASCAL'S ADVANTAGES—AT $29.95, THERE'S NO REASON TO WAIT!

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chase. The hundred-dollar package must run (or at least fail safely) when handled by raw beginners who may never have seen a computer before.

Murphy's Law is an ever-present phenomenon: if anything can go wrong, it will. Memory and disk space are always full to their limits, and if you buy more of either, the usage will rapidly expand to fill the new capacity. (Those of us with a few years of experience behind us know that Murphy dreamed up his aphorism when, after a long session on a Univac I, a vacuum tube blew just

before the machine would have started delivering results. We also know that he was an optimist.)

The Factors Involved

The heart of the problem is that there are so many different ways to handle the same business functions. For example, a firm can pay employees daily, weekly on a fixed day of the week (except in holiday weeks when the day will change), every other week on a fixed day of the week, once or twice a month on a fixed day of the week or weeks, and once or twice a

month on a fixed day of the month. In addition, bonuses can be paid at odd times, payment for people on commission is handled differently, and so on. People can be paid by the piece, hour, day, week, month, or year. If the rules for federal contractors apply and the employees are nonexempt personnel, they will be paid at a time-and-a-half rate for work exceeding 8 hours in a day or 40 hours in a week, or for work done on the sixth day of the week, unless they are part-time or it is a holiday week. If they're exempt, they can be paid nothing, straight rate, or time and a half after 40 hours. If the federal rules don't apply, others will.

One federal tax rule applies to everyone, except people who get a payment from the government because their incomes are low, people who pay no taxes because they have many deductions, and so forth. Because the IRS is firm, forceful, and feared, it's important to compute the federal tax accurately and to handle the no-tax status correctly.

But federal taxes aren't the only ones to consider. Several states have no state income taxes to worry about, but tax regulations in various cities in other states bring the total to more than 50 different rules for calculating state and local withholding taxes. Add to these the various state rules for calculating unemployment and workers' compensation, along with the various forms that must be printed, and you begin to understand why Automatic Data Processing, which makes a successful business out of paychecks, writes 1 out of 10 paychecks in the United States.

Business programmers must also overcome the peculiarities of the calendar. "That's simple enough," you say. But is it? Start with the hour. It's made up of 60 minutes, right? Wrong, if you figure time cards in hours and hundredths of an hour, as many companies do. Many of these companies have time clocks that print decimal hours. When you start figuring in months, quarters, and years, your program really gets interesting. You can always follow the standard Gregorian calendar. This is

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Also, new Z-80 personal computer w/integrated screen. Model C-10 $1,695.

VICTOR 9000: 8088 business system, 128K RAM. 132 x 50 line screen. Dual 5Vt" drives w/2.4 MB capacity. Higher res graphics than IBM PC. .. .$4,995. Price includes both CP/M® 86 and MS-DOS. Letter quality and/or dot matrix printer additional. Elegant, completely interactive business software and word processing offered.

MASTER MAX: Z80 single card computer, 4 slot, S-100, w/dual 8" drives $2,540.

See details in this issue of BYTE, page 196.

LOMAS DATA 8086 SYSTEM: Complete Lomas card set in TEI12 slot mainframe,

86-DOS, dual Shugart 801s, Televideo 912, assembled & tested $4,599.

Options: Double sided drives, 8087 & 8089. CP/M® 86, Winchester interface.

SEATTLE 8086 SYSTEMS Featuring 86-DOS, the IBM PC Operating System.

SYSTEM 1:8 MHZ CPU, 64K Static RAM, in TEI mainframe $2,695.

SYSTEM II: with 128K Static RAM $3,550.

S-100 BOARDS OR BOARD SETS: Godbout, Systems Group, SD Systems, SSM, Tarbell, Morrow and others. Discount prices.

MAX BOX DISK DRIVE SUBSYTEM mfg by John D. Owens Assoc. Dual drive cabinet w/regulated power supply, fan, complete internal cabling. Ready to plug in. W/2 Shugart 801 $1,275 W/2QUME DT-8dble sided drives $1,605.

JOHN D. OWENS Associates, Inc.

12 Schubert Street, Staten Island, New York 10305 212 448-6283 212 448-2913 212 448-6298

70 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

fine, except that having periods end on different days of the week is a nuisance, so that there are several schemes for improving on Pope Gregory's system. The most popular alternative uses 13-week quarters consisting of two 4-week "months" and one 5-week "month" (the order is usually 4-4-5 but sometimes 5-4-4). The "months" and quarters end on a Friday or Saturday; the year-end is always on the same day of the week. Because this year has only 364 days, once every few years you must add an extra week in the last quarter to keep it more or less in synchronization with the Gregorian calendar. The other popular artificial scheme uses thirteen 4-week "months." This yields 13 equal periods for comparison purposes, but names for the periods are confusing. Most people number them; some use the 12 names we all grew up with and throw in an extra (Midsummer's month?).

Any of these methods can use fiscal year-ends that are not the end of December. Most businesses end their fiscal year on or near the end of a calendar month; for the vast majority, that month ends one of the four calendar quarters. In addition to these choices, all must close out their payroll books on the calendar quarters for Uncle Sam.

There are more complications; for example, not every business follows the same accounting procedures. But enough of this. Let's just say that the world of business is a mess; and for many programmers, adapting to this is both their bread and butter and their nightmare.

Program Testing Tests People

The complications that hamper the designing of business programs also make testing difficult. Oddball cases are a plague: no-tax-status, people with negative net pay because of excess deductions, the employee who works a 105-hour week when your system allows only 99.9, or the null character (ASCII zero) that gets into a name and fouls up its matching within the program but can't be detected on a printout or the video screen. Because there are so many

odd combinations of low-probability events, completely comprehensive testing may be impossible. The programmer must rely on an intimate knowledge of the program, its strengths and its weaknesses, and devise tests to attack the weak points. This task is difficult for most programmers. Testing and fixing bugs is a painful process, and the programmer may be reluctant to really attack his own code and try to make it fail. Indeed, many programmers tend to deliberately avoid testing areas they know to be weak. Some software

houses have had success with hiring bright and aggressive high school or college students to test the company's programs. The drawback to this approach is that students may not have the necessary background. The proper testing of accounting packages, for example, requires a tester with some knowledge of accounting.

Testing has another inherent difficulty: it certainly doesn't pay in the short run. The hours spent testing will not initially help sales as much as the same hours spent adding features to the application. It is only recently

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Micro to terminal to micro to mainframe to modem. HAWKEYE GRAFIX $500.

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October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 71

North star has the Advantage over IBM and Apple.

Before you buy a desktop computer, compare these imoortant North Star features with both the IBM PC

auvain lAut gives you more man twice me oisk storage per dollar of either the IBM PC or the Apple III.

Only North Star offers both 8 bit and 16 bit power.

With our new North Star ADVANTAGE 8/16, you can run industry standard 8 bit CP/Ms software plus new 16 bit software (including software available for the IBM PC).

Better business graphics.

The North Star ADVANTAGE comes complete with graph preparation software, and its screen precision beats both IBM and Apple.

Low-cost expandability and service.

The North Star ADVANTAGE provides cost-effective expandability to meet your growing needs: from 8 bit to 16 bit power, from single user to multi-user networks and from floppy disk to higher capacity Winchester storage. And onlv North Star offers vou a choice of

e. For the name of the North II toll-free

and gradually that the customer has become aware of the value of "bulletproof" (bug-free) software.

One of the great advantages of program generators (aids to program design and coding that we hear talked about a great deal and that are actually beginning to appear) is that it should be possible to design program testers that take advantage of a program generator's structure and test boundary and other difficult conditions.

Structured, modular programming is also much discussed as a way to ease testing. This view has merit, but it's a moot point—a programmer would have to be crazy to try to write a comprehensive business package in a nonmodular fashion. The package I know best runs more than 50,000 lines of a high-level language in more than 500 separate modules. To say that these modules have made the package easier to test is certainly true, but it would have been impossible to write, much less test, without breaking it into pieces.

Error and Change

People are born, they die, they move, their pay goes up and sometimes down. Their names are misspelled, more than one John Smith works for the company, people punch the wrong time cards, an operator punches the wrong hours, the power stops, and the computer stops. All these factors cause errors in a company's information base that should be easily reparable by the operator at the terminal without exposing the system to further errors, careless or intentional.

It is almost never possible to throw away your data base and start again; whatever the damage, it must be repaired or replaced by a backup, which must then be brought up to date. The vendor, customer, and employee information for a milliondollar company may add up to several megabytes, all of which has been tediously entered at some sort of keyboard, one byte at a time. The fastest keyboard operators in the land can enter 25,000 bytes per hour, 1 megabyte per week. If you can find

72 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 279 on inquiry card.

THE MULTI-USER FRIENDLY 256K MEMORY BOARD WITH

COMPRO

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No Compromise in Features

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No Compromise in Quality

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No Compromise in Versatility

□ Manual provides source listing and complete installation guide for MP/M-II'"* BANK SWITCHED multi-user applications

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Manual includes implementations of Virtual Disk' for solid state disk/file applications

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Circle 228 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982 73

one of these paragons of flying fingers, you could have him or her reenter a megabyte or two, but your employees would miss a week's paycheck and you wouldn't be able to send out any invoices for a while. On the other side of your ledger, you would have to tell your vendors that the computer is down; if they haven't heard that one from you before, they've heard it from someone else. But as a practical matter, no milliondollar company can afford to reenter its entire database under the pressure of the everyday work load.

All these possibilities dictate the use of a backup. The system must allow you to make foolproof backups easily. If backups aren't easy, they won't be done regularly, and when the backup must be used, a lot of catch-up entries will be needed to update it. I believe in making backups daily so that you can always update the backup with only a day's work.

Operators will make other mistakes. They may give alphabetic

responses to prompts that expect numbers, or they will stop a program at some point if the machine takes longer than expected to perform an operation. The program must check every entry as much as possible. Is the entry legal? Is it within an appropriate range? The program should make it difficult to enter a weekly, monthly, or annual salary in response to a prompt that expects an hourly rate. If an operator enters an employee number, the employee name should be displayed for verification.

None of this will eliminate all errors. If Joe worked 5 hours, an operator should not be able to enter 50 without the program's producing a query: "Are you sure?" But only Joe will notice the error if the operator mistakenly enters 4 hours. Most mainframe computer systems allow for critical data to be keyed twice; any differences are resolved by a supervisor. This procedure radically reduces random errors because in order to survive keying by two dif

ferent operators, the same error would have to be made in the same place by both operators. It does not, however, eliminate errors caused by illegible documents; both operators may interpret the difficulty the same way. Repeat keying is less frequently done on mini- and microcomputers; they tend to have systems relying on the ability to verify some data based on information in the files, the ability to fix problems after the fact, and luck. Perhaps this approach is a mistake.

Friendly Software

It's no accident that the author of several highly successful business software packages is a student of psychology who gave up studying for his PhD when his software looked as if it would be more interesting and profitable. His software background, while sound, is much more limited than his knowledge of the quirks of humanity. Many microcomputer programmers fall into the trap of writing good code that produces results incomprehensible to the user. Avoiding the trap is hard because most programmers learn their trade writing projects for their own use and inspection. Cryptic prompts and legends are not only easy for the programmer, but they also save valuable time and space. Furthermore, developing truly effective user interaction requires repeated polishing. Classes in programming all too often emphasize good code, not good interaction. (This focus is appropriate, to a point—the program must run correctly before anyone will care if it is easy to use.)

This is not to say that one should write prompts and commands in what Digital Equipment Corporation's TECO word-processor manual calls "War and Peace mode." The intent is clarity first and then, if possible, brevity. The ideal is to provide clear and concise prompts and a Help function that can be activated at any time by pressing a special key or by simply typing "help" or a question mark after any prompt. In any case, the result should be a two-to-five-line explanation of the prompt, the possi

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74 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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ble responses, and their implications. (Because the required volume of text cannot usually be stored in memory, the Help function requires the ability to access the disk to get the text, a restriction that has its own problems.) At the very least, a Help response should refer to a particular page in the documentation.

Speaking of documentation, my local bookstore has four books that describe the use of the CP/M operating system but only one on the more complex intricacies of Visicalc. While it would be a mistake to read too

much into this limited example, the Visicalc documentation is a model of clarity that requires little elaboration, it should be required reading for every company selling software. I cannot speak so well of the CP/M documentation, at least of the version I received.

Why is it so hard to write prompts and documentation and to design output formats? Paradoxically, good programmers are so familiar with their programs that they find it very difficult to step into the shoes of the novice user; furthermore, they are so

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familiar with the general concepts of computers that it is hard for them to explain disks and files and all the other things that programmers take for granted.

Some time ago, C. P. Snow, novelist and physicist, wrote about 'The Two Cultures" (New Statesman, 6 October 1956), referring to the division between the arts and the sciences. We now appear to be developing two different cultures as the computer becomes part of our daily lives; the division is between computer programmers and naive users. It is possible to bridge the gap between programmers and users; the software published by Visicorp has done it repeatedly. Bridging the gap requires people more expert in applications than in software; people who prefer dealing with people to working with computers. As I look around at chief executive officers of successful software houses, I see articulate, people-oriented executives who are perfectly comfortable with computers. This is no accident. Certainly several successful programs have been written by the "wild-eyed guru," the computer genius who works 36 hours at a stretch and wears blue jeans and has unkempt hair, but that breed is at a disadvantage. As hardware becomes more capable and less expensive, it will require a much less intimate knowledge of the computer to write software that runs fast and well. The wild-eyed guru will lose the competitive advantage he has to the applications- and peopleoriented businessperson who happens to be a programmer.

Where does all this leave us? For the programmer who thoroughly understands the intricacies of the application, who is able to write bulletproof code, who is then willing to shoot cannons at the spots he knows are weakest, and who also truly understands the strengths and frailties of not just the average user, but of the weakest one—for such a paragon, business programming is not a problem. The rest of us must examine our own weaknesses and shape them up through study, practice, and help from fellow programmers. ■

76 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 48 on inquiry card.

of apple add-ons from lit ■ _ computei

Vista

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MODEL GB75© Typewriter Interface

Apple to IBM Electronic 50, 60, 75 Typewriters Interface ■ Reads IBM keyboard in parallel with Apple keyboard ■ Supports the IBM code functions using an escape sequence ■ Types at about 13 characters per second ■ Prints from Integer or Applesoft programs ■ Supports the "Control I Number N" parallel line length mode sequence ■ Has switch selectable upper/lower case I/O 60, 66, 78 continuous from feed page lengths, 40+video, 80, 95, 132 character line lengths

Suggested price $225.00

TIMECARD III©

Multi-function time utility for the APPLE III computer system. Contains the year of the century, the month, the date, the day of week, the hour, the minute, the second. ■ A countdown timer with a range of one millisecond to 999 hours, 59 minutes, 59 seconds, 999 milliseconds ■ Selectable 12 or 24 hour time formats ■ Diagnostic error reporting ■ Fully compatible with the APPLE SOS operating system

Suggested price $195.00

Circle 418 lor Dealers only Circle 419 for OEM

MODEL 150 TYPE AHEAD BUFFER

■ Up to 40 character type ahead capability ■ Enter commands or data while your Apple is processing previous instructions

■ Compatible with all Apple computers, keyboards and software ■ No cuts — no jumpers — no software patches required ■ Includes complete instructions for quick and easy installation

Suggested price $49.95

A800© FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER

■ High speed DMA transfer of data (1 micro-second/byte) ■ Documentation provided — includes theory of operation, schematics and diskettes ■ Uses all standard Apple DOS commands (OPEN. CATALOG, LOCK, DELETE, LOAD, etc.) except for I NIT which has been improved and enhanced in a Vista format routine ■ Compatible with Apple DOS 3.3. Pascal 1.1 and CP/M 2.2 (with the Z80 soft card by Microsoft) ■ 2K x 8 PROM contains Autoboot functions and all eight-inch

s only Circle 420 for all other inquiries

driver code allowing complete compatibility with Apple DOS 3.3

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PROM DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM©

■ Menu driven program development monitor ■ Programs 2708, 2716, 2532, 2732and 48016 EPROMS ■ Simulates PROM from RAM 4K ■ Data and address interface for operator location and control ■ Complete user documentation

Suggested price $495.00 VISION 80

■ Full upper and lower case character with 3 dot descenders

■ 9x10 dot matrix per line U.S. (9x11 Europe) ■ 128 ASCII character set ■ BASIC, FORTRAN and Pascal languages supported ■ Z80™ and CP/M" comtible ■ Compatible with all standard Apple'" peripherals

COMPUTER COMPANY, INC.

Vista

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.Shift and lock for upper and ■wer case ■ Source switches between 40x24 and 80x24 software and hardware ■ Rated #1 video card by Softalk and Call Apple

Suggested price $325.00 VISION 40

Softscreen programmable character/generator card for the Apple II computer ■ Allows use of DOS tool kit upper/lower case character sets in Apple 40 column mode ■ Permits creation of new alpha/numeric and graphic characters under Aminatrix ■ Ideal for non-English language applications ■ Compatible with most popular word processing software packages

Suggested price $175.00 VISION 20

■ Cost effective ■ Compatible with the latest Apple II ■ Complete easy to follow installation guide ■ 120 day warranty ■ Immediate delivery Suggested price $29.95

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Altos has exactly what you need for a smooth migration into the office of the future. Communications and local networking support, including Ethernet" and ALTOS-NET" for inter-Altos networking. Large data storage capacity—integrated Winchester, floppy and tape back-up in a wide range of configurations and capacities, from 20 to 80 megabytes, starting with the ACS8600-12 with 20 MBytes and the ACS8600-14 with 40 MBytes. Plus support of popular multi-user operating systems like XENIX/UNIX, MP/M-86" and OASIS-16.

Produced in the heart of California's technologically fertile Silicon Valley, Altos microcomputers are the professional choice of Fortune 500 companies, computer service organizations, major software developers, and even mainframe computer manufacturers.

Founded in 1977, Altos has already delivered more than 25,000 multi-user systems to major OEM customers. Plus Altos maintains a worldwide sales and service network.

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Circle 14 on inquiry card.

ALTOS is a registered trademark and ALTOS-NET is a trademark of Altos Computer Systems. Ethernet Is a trademark of Xerox Corp. MP/M-86 is a trademark of Digital Research, Inc. OASIS-16 is a product of Phase One Systems. Inc. XENIX is a trademark of Microsoft and is a microcomputer implementation of the UNIX operating system. UNIX is a trademark of Bell Laboratories. Z80 is a trademark of Zilog. Inc. UNET is a trademark of 3Com Corp. 8086. 8087 and 8089 are products of Intei Corp. c 1982 Altos Computer Systems

Adapting Microcomputers to Wall Street

Microcomputers are fast becoming crucial tools for financial investors.

Microcomputers are streaming into Wall Street's canyons. In its short existence, the microcomputer has become a versatile tool and an important supplement to mainframe computers already at work in financial institutions. The microcomputer's use is spreading and diversifying so quickly that the task of encapsulating all of its applications is both fascinating and frustrating.

Yet using the microcomputer to the fullest is one of the challenges facing Wall Street. The financial community depends on speed. Timely knowledge and new ideas produce a trading advantage. Traders, brokers, underwriters, analysts, and investment managers need complex financial analyses fast. They need communications that can tell them everything

About the Author

Robert Franz is managing director of corporate systems at Warburg Paribas Becker—A. C. Becker, an international financial firm. He has spent most of his career in the financial community, previously serving as partner in charge of New York systems consulting for financial industries for the accounting firm Arthur Anderson & Company. Mr. Franz has an Apple of his own at home.

Robert Franz Director of Corporate Systems Warburg Paribus Becker—A. G. Becker 55 Water St. New York, NY 10041

from the latest earnings of a California company to the current state of the Brazilian coffee harvest. Investment firms need access to massive computers that account daily for the flow of money and securities. A firm's systems department combines communications, word processing, and database and analytical support. The volume of securities and money also generates an enormous need for management information—tracking profitability, products, and areas subject to failure.

Serving Two Masters

Complicating the implementation of microcomputers is the need to serve two distinct types of managers on Wall Street. The first type are the entrepreneurs whose livelihoods are commissions and volume. They have little time for training and low tolerance for anything that is not reliable and ready-to-go when it reaches the desk. Back offices supporting these entrepreneurs usually employ the second type of manager, those who are more systems-oriented. They process the flow of information and provide the framework that keeps firms functioning. Managers of this type may or may not have

greater patience than entrepreneurs with getting software and machines to work properly.

On Wall Street, we are concerned with not one or two microcomputers but dozens. They should be linked to the in-house mainframes and to any number out of house. Moreover, firms are faced with providing both prompt assistance when training employees on microcomputers and successful hands-on experience for skeptical executives. When everything works correctly, applications are limited only by managerial imagination. When things go wrong, financial professionals may distrust the merits of the machine and subsequently not take advantage of this key tool in the quest for the all important competitive advantage.

Microcomputers at Becker

Warburg Paribas Becker—A. G. Becker is a full-line international financial institution with offices in eight countries. In fiscal 1981, the firm's total purchases and sales of debt securities alone exceeded $860 billion. Becker serves as the back office for more than 300 brokerage firms throughout the world and for more than 600 "market makers" (ex

80 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE October 1982 81

pert stock traders) who trade on U.S. security exchanges and prefer to have their bookkeeping done outside.

For accounting, Becker relies on both in-house processing and a service bureau but is constructing a computer center in Chicago that will handle its worldwide network and will integrate microcomputers into the accounting system.

As managing director of corporate systems for Becker, I became interested in personal computers for several reasons. First, I own an Apple, which I use at home and which is linked by phone to my office. Second, Becker, like most organizations I am aware of, has a group of managers who do not necessarily work for the systems department but who own microcomputers and have pushed for their use. In fact, the rapid entry of microcomputers can be attributed primarily to these managers. In some cases, these managers started their drive before the systems department had formed a response to the uncontrolled growth

in the use of microcomputers at Becker. And third, microcomputers represent the leading edge of technology, which must be capitalized on and integrated into a firm's overall systems-support plans.

Getting Involved

Becker's systems policy attempts to capitalize on the capabilities of mainframes and microcomputers. We approve each acquisition and make sure the intended use can be achieved. We do this because, unfortunately, if computer novices believed claims made by some voices in the industry, they would not achieve the full potential provided by microcomputers. We also want to ensure that the microcomputer is not employed simply as a costly status symbol.

The corporate systems department's role is to provide unbiased information and to guard the integrity of the network. The systems department evaluates suggested uses, machines, and software, and it aids in procurement and installation. We

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then prefer to back away when users in our firm can clearly go it alone. Where there is need for custom programming, we will help. For prospective microcomputer users, we provide a center where managers can try machines and software before procurement. We also have a portable "Apple Cart" for those who do not need a machine full time. This cart, which holds a microcomputer and printer, can be wheeled from office to office.

Our involvement provides advantages. First, the systems department is a clearinghouse. When managers find new applications, they have a way of sharing them with others. Second, Becker gains through central purchasing. We have an arrangement with a major supplier that provides more than respectable savings on hardware and some software. Third, we provide on-site maintenance. In New York, for example, all microcomputers are under a single contract guaranteeing same-day service from 8 a.m. to 6 p.m. Fourth, Becker maintains some standardization.

Our "plain vanilla" machine is an Apple II Plus with a side-port fan. We chose it because of the widespread familiarity of our employees with the Apple, availability of software, and considerations of procurement and maintenance. Becker's Apples normally have 80K bytes of memory achieved by adding the Saturn 32K-byte RAM (random-access read/write memory) to the 48K-byte machine. We also use VC Expander to display Visicalc in 80 columns. Monitors have 12-inch greenphosphor screens with the exception of a few Electrohome color RGB (redgreen-blue) sets. Disk drives are standard Apple II drives. Besides the Apple computers, Becker uses a modified Sharp PC 1211 electronic hand-held calculator.

Our selection of printers is eclectic. The Epson MX-100 is most popular, but we also use Integral Data Systems (IDS) 560Gs, IDS multicolor Prisms, Houston Instrument 8-pen plotters, and a daisy wheel or two. Printer choices are dictated by both user need and the same considerations we had in choosing the Apple II Plus.

82 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 303 on Inquiry card.

Check The Chart Before You Choose Your New 16-Bit Computer System.

New Multi-PersonalR Computer, Featuring IBM-PCR Compatibility, Excels In Professional, Business And Industrial Applications. Check it out.

Columbia Data Products' MULTI-PERSONAL' COMPUTER can use software and hardware originally intended for the IBM" Personal Computer . . . while enjoying th flexibility and expandability of all Columbia Data's co puter systems.

Available operating system software includes singl user MS-DOS" or CP/M 86" or multi-user, multi-taskin MP/M 86" or OASIS-16", with XENIX" available soon, providing users with a host of compatible software packages for personal and professional business and industrial applications. A large selection of higher level languages arealsoavailable, including BASIC, FORTRAN, COBOL, PASCAL and MACRO Assembler.

Our standard 16-Bit 8088 hardware configuration provides 128K RAM with parity, two RS-232 serial ports, Centronics parallel printer port, interrupt and DMA controllers, dual floppy disks with 640K storage, Winchester disk and keyboard interfaces, and eight IBM-PC compatible expansion slots... and lists for only $2995. Winchester hard disk configurations, featuring cache buffer controllers for enhanced disk access performance are also available, starting at $4995.

So, when you need to grow, why gamble and hassle with independent third party hardware and operating system vendors which may or may not be compatible ... not to mention the hidden expense and frustration of implementing peripheral drivers in the different operating systems and upgrades? Who needs the finger-pointing when things don't work out?

After you review our chart, you will agree ... for overall 16-Bit microprocessor superiority, expandability, flexibility, compatibility and real economy, Columbia Data is your total source.

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OPTIONAL OPERATING SYSTEMS (Supported by Companyr

MS-DOS (PC-DOSi Yes Yes ?

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oasis-is \ :

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Soon

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.ations Yes Yes

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race Cariridtje Sy.

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'For comparison purposes, typical professional configurations consisl ol 16-Bit 808B Processor. I 28K RAM with Parity. Dual 320K 5-mch Floppies. DMA and Interrupt Controller. Dual RS-232 Serial Ports. Centronics Parallel Port and Dumb Computer Terminal or Equivalent - Columbia Data Products also supports CP/M 80' with an optionally available Z-80 CP/M Expansion Board 'As advertised

COLUMBIA

DATA PRODUCTS, INC

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no Office:

8990 Route 108 Columbia, MD 21045 Telephone 301-992-3400 TWX 710-862-1B91

^r^^^^^^^^^H__ IBM Is the trademark ol International Business Machines. CPJM and MP/M are trademarks ol Digital Research. OASIS Is the trademark ot Phase One. MS-DOS and XENIX are trademarks ot MICROSOFT.

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AUTOMATED EQUIPMENT, INC

8775 Olive Lane, Suites I & J, Santee, CA 92071

Generally, Becker uses wide-column printers for spreadsheets, a mainstay in the financial business.

A few machines, used by people performing custom programming or directly assisting others, have extra features. These systems have the Hayes Micromodem II for communications, Mountain Computer clocks, Z80 cards, multiple Saturn boards for 128K-byte memory, and a diversity of tailored plug-ins for specific software.

Becker has made few attempts to standardize software because needs and personal familiarity vary widely. However, linked software packages such as the "Visi" series from Visicorp, the Star series from Micropro, and DB Master are used widely. The most useful software is the electronic spreadsheet, followed by database and then word processing. Custom programming is needed throughout the firm, and it is rarely done by us. My philosophy is to let it happen. Many applications do not require the systems department's involvement, and it would constrict managers to force them to clear each application with us. This, of course, has implications for documentation when other managers take over machines already in place.

Applications

Becker employs microcomputers basically in four areas, but utilization will certainly be extended as more machines are installed. Today, microcomputers support direct trading, operations, special financial analysis and projects, and mainframe access.

The first use is a direct competitive weapon to gain advantage over other firms. The second use supplements mainframe processing to obtain management information. Special financial analysis and projects consist of the small or one-time programs for which there is no need to install mainframe software. Finally, employees wanting mainframe access use the microcomputer as a terminal.

Sharp trading: You make profits in foreign currency interest-rate arbitrage by playing off current and future values of money and securities. The trader tries to spot favorable dif

84 October 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

Circle 31 on inquiry card.

INTRODUCING THE SAFT STANDBY POWER SYSTEM. IT KEEPS YOU FROM LOSING YOUR MEMORY WHEN THE LIGHTS GO OUT.

If the power fails while you're reading this ad, everything your computer knows could be lost.

In an instant, information crucial to the smooth operation of your business can vanish without a trace. Memories can be flushed, disks can be damaged.

That's why you need the Saft Standby Power System. In the event of a blackout or brownout, it takes over instantly—before the computer can tell there's anything wrong—and supplies 200 watts of

power for 20 minutes. Which gives you plenty of time to get off the machine safely, without missing a single byte.

And during normal operation it acts as a line filter, protecting against damaging voltage spikes.

Ask your dealer about the Saft Standby Power System. It's the first standby system designed specifically for small business computers. And offered at a small business price.

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Circle 338 on inquiry card.

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ferences in rates in the marketplace between, for example, the peso and the dollar in both the present spot market and the forward future market, which can be any number of days ahead. Because of the variables involved, arbitrage is complicated, and calculations, if done by hand, take 40 minutes or more per transaction. A systems person at Becker discovered that time could be reduced to about 5 minutes through use of a modified Sharp PC 1211 electronic hand-held calculator and CE-122 printer with cassette interface.

He chose the Sharp calculator because preprogrammed calculators are difficult to work with, while this machine's 1.8K bytes of memory is in easily maintained BASIC. The calculator was custom programmed with foreign exchange equations but, more important, was made user-friendly through a query system. The 16 function keys were programmed and relabeled as input and output variables. The mode button, which allows access to the program, was

disabled to prevent the program from falling into competitive hands. The trader uses function and numeric keys to enter data, and then the machine prints eight lines of results on paper tape.

The calculator provides iterative solutions to the following kind of

We established a system with three Apples to help traders

find the most advantageous buy/sell positions on any exchange.

problem. An investor wishes to make a 93-day investment of 5,900,100 French francs (FF). The spot rate is 5.90010FF to the U.S. dollar, while the forward rate for 93 days is 6.0500FF. Becker has a primary certificate of deposit (CD) maturing in 93 days that will yield 17.9500 percent, and the investor will accept

27.7500 percent using a 360-day year. Will the investor accept the CD, and, more important, can Becker make any money from selling it?

The program calculates the U.S. dollar equivalent of the foreign investment, determines the U.S. dollar position and the franc position at the end of the deal, calculates the foreign interest payment, and determines the cost in U.S. dollars of the forward position and the U.S. dollar profit (which is $1,236.83). Finally, it calculates the break-even foreign yield in francs (28.24075 percent), the break-even foreign rate (6.04285), and the premium or discount (in this case, 10.29075 percent).

The Sharp calculator is so inexpensive that we keep backups on the shelf rather than have a maintenance contract. The principal trader is delighted with it.

We established a more complicated system with three Apples to help traders find the most advantageous buy/sell positions on any exchange. Two Apples serve as intelligent ter

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86 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 271 on Inquiry card.

SECURELY TOGETHER ERGONOMICALLY DESIGNED

If you have an I.B.M. computer from their largest 3081 to their smallest Personal Computer, we have the right workstation for you. The Compucart is the first ergonomically designed, fully lockable, mobile computer/terminal workstation.

The Compucart's ERGONOMIC design means that not only is the keyboard at the correct height for comfortable interactive entry, but it is adjustable both horizontally (back and forth) and vertically to accommodate both the user and the hardware. The design further means that the keyboard, the work and the screen are all in your comfortable LINE OF SIGHT. The Compucart is engineered to minimize fatigue and to improve the user-computer interface.

ONLY the Compucart offers SECURITY by returning the computer to the closed position when not in use or running unattended, the double walled tambor door is closed and the whole workstation is secured with one lock. For a terminal user it means that you can comfortably step away from your desk while you are logged on and access to your terminal is restricted.

The Compucart is mobile to allow multiple users to take full advantage of the multifunction features of modern computers and NETWORKS. Mobility also means BACKUP for a terminal or workstation that is down.

The Compucart, even with all its features, requires minimum floor space (about 4 sq. ft.) and is the engineered workstation that suits both you and the hardware to conserve the human resource and keep your HARDWARE and SOFTWARE...SECURELY TOGETHER FOR YOU!

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minals hooked to a third that acts as a receiver with an RS-232C port, which picks up broadcasts from a network of satellites and local microwaves and shows prices on the monitor screens of the other two Apples within 2 to 3 seconds of the time the prices appear on any floor. Certain types of information, such as advantageous trade differences, are automatically flagged and blink on the screen while the screen shows recommendations for action. The third machine, which is plugged to a color pen plotter for graphing, prints out data from the

two terminals for analysis. About 95 percent of the software is custom programming that includes trends analysis, graphics, activity prompts, and electronic mail to all branches. This is combined with database software, electronic spreadsheets, and word processing to yield the final result. The system is, we believe, Unique and gives traders a distinct advantage over counterparts by speeding identification of buy/sell opportunities.

Operations: The incorrect trading ticket is one of the more irritating

occurrences in brokerage. Keypunch errors, an incorrect security price, or the wrong quote price can cause buy/sell orders to be rejected by service-bureau accounting. When this happens, the tickets must be reprocessed at a cost of $15 each. Because Wall Street works on very thin margins most of the time, this extra cost quickly damages the bottom line. At Becker, "Cancels and Corrects" are always a potential problem because the firm serves as back office for so many other operations. Several thousand tickets pour through the brokerage department monthly. The best answer for such failures is to spot trends as soon as possible and then get to the source for correction and, if necessary, billing. With hand reprocessing, this was virtually impossible to do.

A relative novice in computers and proud holder of a PhD in French literature who works for our brokerage administration solved the reprocessing problem with four custom programs on an Apple. His first program, completed in seven long days, is in 1200 lines of BASIC. The menu-driven query system has a screen with a setup option for restarting each month, daily updates combining "Cancels and Corrects" for more than 300 offices, a dump routine to print current data to hard copy, a specific-records feature to select any office from the 300, an option for new office entries, and a duplicate backup disk line to prevent loss of data. Each record gives count, date, office number, account number, number of trades, data verification, and an edit list. The program has 20 error codes for the most frequent failures.

During the month, a clerk enters "Cancels and Fails" daily, a process that takes about two hours. At the end of the month, he hands the disk of information to the analyst, who processes it through three 50-line programs that analyze the data several ways (e.g., by number of total completed trades, by office, by account, and by error code). This system has proved to be a low-cost solution to tracking of failures—something that we could not justify because of cost

The DS120 Terminal Controller makes your LA36 perform like a DECwriter® III.

The Datasouth DS120 gives your DECwriter® II the high speed printing and versatile performance features of the DECwriter® III at only a fraction of the cost. The DS120 is a plug compatible replacement for your LA36 logic board which can be installed in minutes. Standard features include:

• 165 cps bidirectional printing

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• 1000 character print buffer

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• Top of Form

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• Parity selection

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Over 5,000 DS120 units are now being used by customers ranging from the Fortune 500 to personal computing enthusiasts. In numerous installations, entire networks of terminals have been upgraded to take advantage of today's higher speed data communications services. LSI microprocessor electronics and strict quality control ensure dependable performance for years to come. When service is required, we will respond promptly and effectively. Best of all, we can deliver immediately through our nationwide network of distributors. Just give us a call for all the details.

data@@(A computer corporation

4216 Stuart Andrew Blvd. •Charlotte, North Carolina 28210* 704/523-8500

88 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 128 on Inquiry card.

THE BEST GETS

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R€S€RRCH INC.

2691 Richter Ave., Suite 104, Irvine, CA 92714 (714)540-1333

Dealer inquiries welcome

Circle 327 on inquiry card.

INCOME TAX ACCOUNTING

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Ltd

under manual reprocessing.

This same "novice" shortly followed with a Visicalc application, transforming logarithmic to linear curves, which helped determine a sliding commission schedule for options sold in our London office. He did his first iteration with a hand calculator and it took six hours. He used Visicalc for the first time on the second run and reduced his time to two hours. The remaining six iterations, also on Visicalc, were completed in 20 minutes apiece.

Becker's Puerto Rico security underwriting department uses Personal File System and Personal Report for primary record keeping on client contacts. The three-man group in Puerto Rico maintains nine data fields, including the name of the Becker corporate-municipal person in charge of the account, the name of the Becker institutional security salesperson in charge, company name and address, client contact, an account-activity status code, a salespresentation status code, and a summary of all prior contacts. The system generates list sheets, priorities, and transactions for each member to follow up. More important, it records completed transactions by size and income earned and provides comparative analysis over several years. Further, the group has adapted Visifile (another of the Visicorp series) to track expenses by client, including out-of-pocket and time allocations. Reports provide complete budget analysis. Visifile was chosen because its files can be used with Visicalc and Visiplot.

Special analysis and projects: In the computer services group, the number of personnel in two cities—Chicago and New York—fluctuates between 180 and 200. This causes constant complications in budget tracking, project assignments, and hiring. Frankly, standard corporate reports are not frequent enough to allow for flexible planning and expense tracking.

In this regard, Visicalc has proved a blessing. A department analyst devised a multicolumn format that includes name, position number, base salary, bonus percentage, bonus

amount, and annualized direct compensation, which includes bonus, fiscal-year adjusted compensation if the person is a new-hire or turnover, actual direct compensation, and total compensation including benefits. This yields a 12-month figure, an adjusted total personnel cost, broken down by individual, section, reporting structure, and job title. I can monitor this report at my convenience, and that gives me much more control of total personnel costs.

We adapted Visicalc further to do personnel staffing analysis. Hardware and software projects are listed by business area broken down by month of the year and man-months to completion. Staff deployment is tracked over time and projected into the next fiscal year. When projects change, I see instantly the impact on the total department and have much more flexibility in moving personnel around the firm to give support.

In the brokerage department, Visicalc has proved successful for portfolio analysis of prospective clients. Becker, unlike many Wall Street firms, does not serve the small investor and, for the most part, restricts its activities to clients who are "asset enhancers." These are successful people who have been building their portfolios for several years and are now looking for ways to maximize the yields from the investments they have. Needless to say, in the 1970s and 1980s, with the volatility of the financial markets, high interest rates, and inflation and disinflation, enhancement of assets is not a simple exercise. Moreover, the kinds of financial investments that a person can purchase have exploded in number, and, of course, each has its own characteristics.

The electronic spreadsheet is used to determine risk and payoff positions, income flow, and tax status of changing mixes to yield dollar amounts of potential gains or losses on an investment. This is especially valuable in getting away from the usual recommendation of "we like the stock" to the more meaningful "if the recommendation works, you gain x dollars and your portfolio looks like this. If it does not work, you lose y

90 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Who says Accounting is simple?

We do.

Over 40,000 BPI accounting systems have been put to use by almost every conceivable type of business. Why? Our software is simple to understand and easy to use, yet powerful enough to meet the needs of almost every business.

Our accounting software systems have been proved again and again by people in all walks of life. And most of them had no previous computer experience.

With some accounting software, if you have questions, getting answers can be difficult or even impossible.

BPI Systems has a service department as close as your telephone. Questions about any of our products will be answered promptly and accurately. Without a service charge to you.

BPI Accounting Software is compatible with most microcomputers available today. In fact, our accounting systems are approved, distributed, and sold by almost all of the top computer manufacturers.

Our General Accounting System may be all the accounting software you will ever need. If you have more specialized needs, you can choose any of our totally integrated systems including Ac counts Receivable, Payroll, Inventory Control, Job Cost, Accounts Pay able, and Professional Time Accounting. Alone or in combination, they are the easiest to use business accounting systems available today.

BPI Systems offers proven reliability backed by a customer service commit

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Ask for a demonstration by your computer dealer or write us for more information.

You'll see jK^jjp^" that our software is simple to understand and easy to use.

SIMPLY, THE MOST POWERFUL SOFTWARE IN BUSINESS.

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LINEAR CIRCUITS

TL062 CP - 95 TLOWCN- 1.10 TLD84 - I 60 IAKTJ! - 7S LMX1'748 - .30 LM307 - X LM308 - .75 LM310 - 1 10 LM311 - .50 LM31B - .75 LM324 - 66

LM34B - .90 LF3S1 - .75 LF353 - 1.25 LF3S5 - li6 LF356 - 1.35 LM35B - SO

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THIS MONTHS SPECIALS

RAM's

2114UI S1.65

4116-2 1.70

MK4802-J3-2KX8. 8.96

93L422 BIPOLAR. 5.95

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CRT Controllers

TMS9927NL $ 9.95

6845 16,95

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SPECIALS GOOD THRU OCT. 1982

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4029 4030 4034 4035 4040 4042 4043 4044 4046 4047 4049 4050 4051 4052 4053 4066 4068

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4072 1 4076 4077 4081

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RAM'

4164-2 21I4L-3 4116-3 4116-2 21L02-3 TMS3409 MK4027-3 MK4096-11 6116-3

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POSTAGE RATES ADD 10% FOR ORDERS UNDER $25.00 ADD 5% FOR ORDERS BETWEEN $25.00 AND $50.00 ADD 3% FOR ORDERS ABOVE $50,00

TERMS:FOB CAMBRIDGE, MASS. SEND CHECK OR MONEY ORDER. MINIMUM TELEPHONE. C.O.D. PURCHASE ORDER OR CHARGE $20,00 MINIMUM MAIL ORDER $5.00.

SEND $.25 FOR OUR CATALOG FEATURING TRANSISTORS & RECTIFIERS. 145 HAMPSHIRE ST., CAMBRIDGE, MASS, 02139

SOLID ST>

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TEL. (617) 547-7053 TOLL free 1-800-343-5230

FOR ORDERS ONLY

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Call Us Today:

Dealer Inquiries Invited P.O. Box 221, 221 Clinton Rd Garden City, N.Y. 11530

Thinkers Soft, Inc.

(516) 294-8104

We Accept Master Charge

dollars and your portfolio looks thus." This brings a measure of reality to investors, gives them clear directions, and helps the broker close sales. The asset-enhancing investor is usually more sophisticated than someone who has newly entered the market, and it is my guess that most will look for this brokerage service shortly.

Mainframe access: The use of

microcomputers as terminals to access big computers may become the single most common application of the microcomputer on Wall Street. This is not yet so. However, the advantages of reaching into larger databases becomes clear with the following example.

A major department with high cash flows uses an Apple as a dumb terminal hooked to its account in a major bank. The hookup uses Hayes Micromodem II screen dialing. When linked to the bank's computer, Becker's controller enters a password and the account number. The screen shows account history, actual cash position, wire transfers, deposits, and withdrawals.

Prior to the hookup, the bank would report by telephone on the state of the account once a day, although the bank's computer swept the account four times a day. With the computer, each monitoring of cash flow is instantly available. This has proved particularly beneficial when money is wired frequently into and out of the account. The timely information allows the accountant to keep much tighter control on balances.

Conclusion

We are indeed on the brink of a new era for systems support. The ability to take maximum advantage of the technical achievements will be crucial. Right now, we are only beginning to see the possible applications of microcomputers. We still have much to learn about their vast potential. As I've described, our firm—both users and systems people—welcome the microcomputer, for both our own benefit and the benefit of our clients, with great enthusiasm. ■

92 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 438 on inquiry card.

SYSTEMASTER

The Next Logical Step

®

Teletek FDC-I, The First Step

A CPU, floppy disc controller and I/O all on one board. Until SYSTEMASTER® the most powerful IEEE-S-100 board on the market.

Teletek SBC-I, The Second Step

A board designed for use in high perfor mance, multiprocessing systems. SBCcombines its own CPU,serial and parallel ports, 128K of segmented memory and FIFO

SYSTEMASTER®, The Next Logical Step

Teletek's newest product — a breakthrough in S-100 board design. SYSTEMASTER® is a complete system. No other boards are required. It doesn't even require a bus!

But, when used with an S-100 bus, SYSTEMASTER® has even more capabilities. You can readily expand to multi-user or multi-processor systems using SYSTEMASTER® as the master board.

SYSTEMASTER® Features:

Floppy controller: controls mini and/or maxi drives; variable independentlyadjustable pre-write compensation. CPU: 4MHz Z80A • Two RS-232C ports. • Two full parallel ports. • 64K bank-selectable memory variable from 32K to 60K. Remaining memory is fixed at top of 64K address space. • DMA: allows transparent data transfer to floppy disks and other devices without CPU wait states. Relocatable EPROM/ROM/PROM: 2K, 4K or 8K with deselect capability. Real-time clock.

Operating systems available: Digital Research or Turbodos.

Parallel ports may be connected to Teletek's PSC board for RS-422 capability.

TELETEK

© Teletek 1982

9767F Business Park Drive Sacramento, CA 95827 (916) 361*1777

Circle 384 on inquiry card.

The Panasonic portable computer

We've improved the way

Link ..Panasonic.

It will improve the way you solve problems. And the

solutions come from the | portable computing power | you have at your f, fingertips. You can take it with you on planes, cars, boats, anywhere, because it fits into a suitcase. You can be more cost effective in the field, because you'll have access to more information for making on-the-spot decisions. You'll have the incredible advantage of being able to telecommunicate from anywhere you are. It gives you a whole new world of computing. Portable computing.

Software Solutions — Now

there's an exciting new software system for the 6502 microprocessor that gives you more solutions to your problems. The popular language software for the portable computer includes Extended Basic Compiler/Interpreter, SnapFORTH and Microsoft Basic.® The Panasonic portable computer also has a wide range of specific software programs for your specific problems, such as:

The Scientific Calculator—An incredibly powerful tool that solves mathematical problems for the scientist, engineer, and professional wherever they go.

Portabudqet-lt's your portable personal financial manager. It gives you up-to-the-minute personal control. It allows you to be your own record keeper, savings advisor, accountant, bill manager, credit and charge account guide, investment counselor, portfolio keeper, and tax assistant. Overall, it helps plan your personal financial life, portably.

Portacalc—Gives you the portability and the flexibility to automatically analyze numerical problems wherever and whenever they arise. You can assess "what if" alternative business problems, comprehend key variables in business, and dynamically analyze problems on engineering projects.

Portawriter - It allows you to write, edit, and format information. And, you can telecommunicate the information from wherever you are. Whether you're in the boardroom, hotel room, or even on a golf course, Portawriter gives you full editing and formatting capability for notes, reports, letters, news copy, tables, lists, forms, orders, you name it.

Portalog — It is an easy, precise tool for time-billing professionals without a minute to lose. Whether you're on the road or in the office, you can log time, compile bills, generate billing reports, and track the work of your highly paid employees. Portalog gives you improved timekeeping productivity.

Telecomputing 2™—It lets you telecommunicate with your data base. You can establish communications between headquarters and field forces. Exchange files and programs between remote stations. Access timesharing services and store data in a large computer's mass storage. You can also upload and download program data.

with a wide range of new software you solve problems.

Portaflex—A master program that allows you to create solutions for applications, such as:

□ Inventory Control—Analysis and control of inventory while you're on the job.

□ Order Entry — A customized system for any sales order entry. It offers you productivity, and the advantage of faster order entry.

□ Field Service - Retrieve, diagnose, and analyze your field service data wherever you are in the field.

□ Auditing and Accounting — Custom auditing and accounting, anywhere you are in the field.

□ Estimating - versatility for flexible bidding and estimating at your job site.

Software Development Tools for the Customizer—Create your own custom programs and burn them into your EPROM so your program is recorded in nonvolatile form.

Simply take a desk top microcomputer* insert the software development discs, create your own program, de-bug that program, compile the program, then "burn-in" your problem-solving EPROM.

•Presently offered for Apple II Plus.

Hardware Specifications

The Panasonic portable computer offers 6502 microprocessor (1 MHz) technology.

□ It offers 4K or 8K internal nonvolatile RAM

□ 48K internal ROM

□ Built-in Ni-Cad rechargeable battery pack

□ External AC adapter/recharger

□ 26-character liquid crystal display

□ 65-key completely redefinable keyboard

Introducing Peripherals for Additional Solutions

Modular peripherals let you customize your system.

□ Multiple RS-232C serial interfaces

□ Asynchronous modem with cassette interface (110 or 300 baud)

□ 40-character microprinter (thermal dot matrix printing)

□ 8K or 16K RAM memory expansion packs

a X-Y four-color plotter (up to 80 characters per line)

□ TV adapter (32 characters X16 lines with color and graphics)

The Panasonic portable computer. It's improved the way you solve problems. Because we believe its portable modules and multiple software applications can vastly improve your productivity. And that can be an important solution to your profit problems.

The portable computer from Panasonic. We've improved the way you solve problems.

tlhk Panasonic. It's changing the way the world uses computers.

Please send me more information.

Panasonic Company, Hand-Held Computers One Panasonic Way, Secaucus, New Jersey 07094

Name (PLEASE PRINT). Title & Company

Dealer Inquiries Invited

« Type of Business. ^Address

.State.

-Zip

Phone Number (

Panasonic.

just slightly ahead of our time.

Circle 300 on inquiry card.

Putting Real-World Interfaces

to Work

Part 1: Monitoring Physical Quantities

with the TRS-80

In this article and the next one, which concludes the series on the Radio Shack TRS-80 Model I, Model III, and Color Computer, I'm going to present some ideas on easy ways to monitor such "real-world" physical quantities as temperature, pressure, light intensity, magnetic fields, vibration, water level, shaft position, rotational speed, and others. All of these quantities can be measured with the three computer systems, and most of them can be measured quite easily and with a high degree of accuracy.

Review of Techniques

Before I discuss the actual circuits and implementation for these devices, I'll recap the various ways you can interface the three computer systems to the real world. I've shown you various projects and interfacing techniques in the previous articles of this series. However, it will help to have all of the interfacing options summarized in one place. The following is a consolidation of the general interfacing techniques, including references to previous articles for specifics.

About the Author

William harden ]r. has written many books on microcomputer programming and design, including Z-Eighty Microcomputer Design Projects (Howard W. Sams, 1980).

William Barden Jr. 28122 Orsola lission Viejo, CA 92692

Reading Switch Closures

When a simple switch must be read for slowly changing real-world events, such as in burglar alarms, the computer can read an on-off condition in various ways. Most of the methods simply involve reading a single bit of an input/output port. One word of caution: the switch may have to be "debounced" as it rapidly makes and breaks contact before settling down to a steady state.

Method 1 (Model III and Color Computer): Connect a single-pole, double-throw (SPDT) switch to +3 and —3 volts (V) as shown in figure 1. The center switch and ground leads run to pins 2 and 4 of the TRS-80 cassette jack. Read the switch by INP(255) AND 1 on the Model III and by PEEK(&HFF20) AND 1 on the Color Computer. Good for wire runs of approximately 50 feet.

Method 2 (Color Computer): Connect a single-pole, single-throw (SPST) switch between pins 3 and 4 of the right joystick plug of the Color Computer as shown in figure 2. Read the switch by a PEEK(&HFF00) AND 1. Connect between the same pins on the left joystick plug and read by a PEEK(&HFF00) AND 2. Good for wire runs of approximately 50 feet.

Method 3 (Color Computer): Connect an SPST switch and two resistors to the joystick inputs as shown in figure 3. Four lines may be read by JOYSTK(O), JOYSTK(l), JOYSTK(2),

and JOYSTK(3), respectively. An "on" value will be about 0, and an "off" value will be about 32. Test for values greater than or less than 16. Good for 50 feet or so.

Method 4 (Color Computer): Connect an SPDT switch and +6 V and

— 6 V as shown in figure 4. Connect ground and the center contact of the switch to pins 3 and 2 of the Color Computer's RS-232C jack. Read the switch by a PEEK(&HFF22) AND 1. Good for about 50 feet.

Method 5 (Models I/III and Color Computer): Build a general-purpose I/O interface that attaches to the system I/O bus. Two interfaces, one for the Model I/III and one for the Color Computer, were described in "A General-Purpose I/O Board for the Color Computer" and "A GeneralPurpose I/O Board for the TRS-80 Models I and III" in the June 1982 and August 1982 issues of BYTE (pages 260 and 291, respectively). These interfaces provide up to 24 lines that can be used to read switch closures or other inputs, at the expense of complexity in construction.

Method 6 (Models I/III): Connect an SPDT switch between +6 V and

— 6 V as shown in figure 5. Connect ground and the center switch leads to one of four inputs on the RS-232C port. Read the four lines by an OUT 232,0 followed by INP(232) AND N (N = 128, 64, 32, or 16). Further details are given in "Using the Model

96 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

How To SellMore Software ~™ «

THE PramptDac

Manual Maker

You know better user manuals sell more software, but how do you make better user manuals? How do you identify just the right details to motivate prospective

users to buy? How do you organize these details into a sequence that makes sense to first-time users while it provides ongoing reference to veterans? How do you lormat and package a manual so it's attractive enough to get attention yet clearenough to be readily understood?

And, how do you do all this at a pace that keep up with your product release schedule? The Prompt Doc® Manual Maker is the answer.

Introducing Computer-assisted Writing

Imagine a software product that prompts you through the process of planning, outlining and writing a user manual and even supplies boilerplate introductory and transitional text. Envision reducing your user manual preparation process to this:

1. Identify manual, select boilerplate chapter files from menu

2. Edit chapter table of contents to tailor sequence and terminology to your product needs

3. Pause while computer modifies boilerplate chapters to match edited table of contents and builds a skeletal manual in preformatted CP/M® text files

4. Use your word processor to edit the skeletal manual into a working draft, supplying product details as prompted

5. Tell computerto purge prompts and instructions from working draft, and build new Table of Contents; publish review draft

6. Review the draft for accuracy and usability; revise, polish and publish as instructed by documentation

Compared to your current process that may sound more like a software maker's dream than a real product. It's a dream all right—a dream come true called the Prompt Doc® Manual Maker. It's the only product of its kind.

Consider These Benefits

Improved productivity—with Prompt Doc® you can gain as much as 40% on typical manual writing jobs.

Project control—with prestructured modular chapters, writing tasks can be segmented without losing continuity.

Manual uniformity—by product, by product line, by company.

Quality assurance—the boilerplate files help assure completeness and usability; the Prompt Doc® Writer's Guide gives publishing instructions.

Proven performance—based on the Prompt Doc® methodology, the structures and outlines have been proved in myriad applications for the past four years; now we've tailored it specifically for the commercial software vendor.

Reasonable Price

$245 for software and two manuals, $45 for manuals only. This product will begin paying for itselfthe minuteyou start using it and continue making you money each time you publish a manual. What could be more reasonable?

CP/M® Compatible;L)ses Your Word Processor

Now available for use with WordStar® and other word

processors on the Apple® standard CP/M® systems.

I with the Softcard® and on

Use The Coupon Now

You know a better way to make better manuals can enhance your competitive position. Why wait another minute? Complete the coupon now and mail it to Prompt Doc®, 833 West Colorado Avenue, Colorado Springs, CO 80905. Or, if you'd rather not wait for the mail, call (303)471-9875.

PramptOac

See our seminar ad in this issue.

Prompt Doc is a registered trademark of Prompt Doc, Inc. Apple and Apple II are registered trademarks of Apple Compuler Inc. Softcard is a registered trademark ol Microsofl Corporation. CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc. WordStar is a registered trademark of MicroPro International

Corporation.

I need the Prompt Doc Manual Maker now! Send a copy to:

Name Address

Telephone ( )_

□ CP/M □ 8" CP/M

.□ UPS CO.D. MasterCard

Configuration: □ Apple

□ Other

□ Send manual only.

□ My check is enclosed for $_

□ You may charge my _ VISA

Account #

Amount $

Signature

□ I need more information. Send it to the address above. Dealer inquiries invited.

Expiration Date_

Circle 317 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982 97

Circle 162 on Inquiry card.

EXPOTEK

2723 W. Windrose • Suite 3 Phoenix, Arizona 85029

1-800-528-8960

GUARANTEED LOW PRICES

APPLE CARDS

16K RAM — $99 Z80 CARD — $279 Videx Card — $249 Smart Term — $179

ALTOS

5-15D — $2290 5-5D — $4399

ANADEX 9500A —$1290 9501A —$1290

ATARI

400-16K - $289 800-16K — $659 410-$79 810-$435

825-$569 850 — $149

CITOM

F-10P — $1380 F-10S —$1525

Prowriter

8510AP-$489 8510ACD-$610

DATASOUTH DS120 - $595 DS180 - $1259

DIABLO

630RO —$1945 620 —$1295

EPSON

MX80FT — $515 MX80 — $439

MX100 —$699 Graphic Rom — $45

—K- HAZELTINE .MBH

1500 — $995 ESPRIT - $515

MICRO SCI A2

l — Apple Drive/Can MODEMS

HAYS — MICROMODEM — $290 HAYS — SMARTMODEM — $229 Penril — 300/1200 (212A) — $695 MONITORS BMC Green — $95 Color RGB — $550 Amdek 3000 —$159 Color —$380 Sanyo-Green — $225 Color — $335 NORTHSTAR Advantage — $2795 Horizon 64QD — $2795 ■ NEC

8023 — $489 7710 — $2350 MPI

88G — $550 99G SOROC

120-$659 135-!

TELEVIDEO

910 —$569 925 —$730 920 —$735 950 —$915

Tl

810 —$1240 820 —$1795 ZENITH

$699 Z89 OKIDATA

M80 — $320 M83A — $699

M82A — $425 M84P-$1059 M84S —$1225

SOFTWARE

All Major Brands — $CALL

DISKETTES/BOXES

Elephant — $20 Scotch — $25 Dysan — $35

All Prices Subject To Change

Customer Service 602-863-0759

+

N.0.

SPST SWITCH

^3.0 V

50' OR MORE

OF UNSHIELDED CABLE

CASSETTE CONNECTOR (5 PIN DIN)

N O. " NORMALLY OPEN

Figure 1: Remote-switch closure can be detected in the Models I/III and Color Computer by using an SPDT switch, which switches between +3 V and —3 V and reads the state of the line through the cassette port.

SPST N.0.

GROUND

LSW

SPST

N.0.

GROUND RSW

PIA ADDRESS $FF00

N O. = NORMALLY OPEN

Figure 2: Another method for reading a remote switch in the Color Computer is to input the state of the switch through the joystick switch port. Two channels may be read.

98 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Performance Breakthrough

the CYBERDRIVE for the IBM Personal Computer

13.5 or 27 million bytes of disk capacity in a single cabinet with an integrated mini-cartridge tape for secure data backup.

Setting an exciting new microcomputer standard, the CYBERDRIVE' combines a full package of features.

It offers new, higher performance levels, with an integrated business-oriented backup device.

As the CYBERDRIVE is made available for other systems, media transfer is assured regardless of the host hardware or Operating System.

The CYBERDRIVE slashes the seek time dramaticairy—e.g. the usual 5 Megabyte stepper-motor Winchester disk offers average seek time typically in the range of 100 to 200 millisecondsTincl. head settling).

With the CYBERDRIVE, the average seek time across more than five times as much data is only 33 milliseconds (incl. head settling).

This basic speed, coupled with disk cache buffering and a peak transfer rate of 1 million bytes per second, make the CYBERDRIVE a performance champ!

The integrated mini-cartridge tapes used for backup of data allow dumping of (for example) 10 million bytes of data in about 10 minutes... much faster than other tape or floppy disk backup techniques. Hardware read-after-write error checking is incorporated in the tape device.

C Copyright t»S2 by Cybernetic. Inc. All tight r

Prices and specillcalions subject to change without notice.

...And don't fail to ask about our superb lineup of serious business software (also offered in CYBERDRIVE format) including:

RM/COBOL2 compiler-the micro industry standard.

MBSI3 RM/COBOL general business applications (derived from MCBA4 minicomputer packages)... thousands in use... money back guarantee... source program license.

CRT!' from Cybernetics (COBOL Reprogramming Tool!)Program generator for RM/COBOL to ease program development and maintenance ... an alternative to a Data Base System.

CBASIC25 & CBASIC865 compilers... for aficionados of a useful BASIC.

The software is available on a variety of industry-standard Operating Systems including CP/M5-MP/M5 (both -80 & -86), OASIS6, PCDOS, and UNIX7. Inquire for specific details and prices.

Trademarks of:

1 Cybernetics. Inc Minicomputer Business Applications Inc 5 Digital F

2 Ryan-McFariand Corp 3 Micro Business Software, inc latch. Inc 6 Phase One Systems. Inc ' Bell Lacoralofies

IS

8041 NEWMAN AVE., SUITE 208 HUNTINGTON BEACH, CA 92647 714/848-1922

From Aspen Software

The Only Complete Document Proofreading System For CP/M"', TRS-80® and IBM-PC Word Processors

Featuring Random House® Dictionary

• Complete Accuracy-looks up every word; does not use less accurate root word analysis, plus Random House Dictionary

■ • Full Interactive Correction-standard

• Instant Access to Dictionary

• Compact-Random House Dictionary supplied in sizes to fit your system (50,000 words standard)

QRAMMATik™

Beyond Spelling Checking

• Detects typos, punctuation and capitalization errors, misused words and phrases

• Analyzes Writing Style

• Suggests Alternative Usages

= NO ERRORS

" The programs together (Proofreader and Gramrnatik) offer a dynamic tool for comprehensive editing beyond spelling corrections."

—Dona Z. Meilach in Interface Age, 5/82 "Gramrnatik is the perfect complement to a spelling check program."

-Dr. Alan R. Miller in Interface Age, 5/82 "If you use a word processor and a spelling checker, then you should investigate the unique capabilities of this program. Gramrnatik is a surprisingly fast and easy to use tool for analyzing writing style and punctuation."

-Bob Louden in InfoWorld, 12/81 "For the user who is as tight with his dollar as 1, Proofreader is the program of choice. "

—Stephen Kimmel in Creative Computing, 3/82 "Anyone involved with word processing in any way, whether writing manuals, letters, brochures, newscopy, reports, etc. is encouraged to gel the excellent program Gramrnatik."

—A.A. Wicks in Computronics, 6/82

Gramrnatik and Proofreader are compatible with all CP/M. MS-DOS (incl. IBM-PC), and TRS-80 word processors. Current CP/M formats: standard 8", Northstar, Omikron, Osborne. Apple. Please call/or write for details of minimum system sizes and availability of additional disk and operating system formats. Shipping costs included. Please specify your system configuration when ordering. Dealers inquiries invited.

Proofreader Gramrnatik Both CP/M, MS-DOS $129.00 $150.00 $250.00 TRS-80 Model II n/a $99.00 TRS-80 Mod. I/Ill $89.00 $59.00 $139.00

Random House is a registered trademark of Random House, Inc. Other registered trademarks: CP/M: Digital Research; TRS-80: Tandy Corp.; MS-DOS: Microsoft; IBM: IBM; Proofreader, Gramrnatik: Aspen Software Co.

100 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

• 50K

50K

50K

J0YSTK (0)

50K

J0YSTK (3)

;50K \SPST3 |50K \SPST2 |50K \SPST 1 |sOK VSPST 0

Figure 3: In a third method for the Color Computer, the JOYSTK function reads the voltage of a voltage divider connected between +5 V and ground.

HySPDT SWITCH

RS-232C DIN-TYPE CONNECTOR (MALE )

GROUND

50' OR MORE OF

UNSHIELDED CABLE

Figure 4: A fourth method of remote-switch detection for the Color Computer involves use of the RS-232C interface.

I/III RS-232C Port" in the July 1982 issue of BYTE, page 360. Good for 50 feet or so.

Method 7 (Models I/III): Connect an SPST switch between pin 2 and pin 21, 23, 25, or 28 of the printer port, as shown in figure 6. Read the switch by a PEEK(14312) AND 128, 64, 32, 16 for the Model I or INP(248) AND N (N = 128, 64, 32, or 16) for the Model III. Not recommended for runs of more than a few feet.

Controlling Slowly Changing External Devices

Using the computer to control external devices is more difficult, as power must be provided to switch the devices on and off.

Method 1 (Models I/III and Color Computer): Use the cassette relay to control another relay, as shown in figure 7. Turn the relay on in the Model I by an OUT (255,4), in the Model III by an OUT (236,2), and in the Color Computer by a POKE &HFF21,60. (Use a value of 44 to turn the Color Computer relay off.) Do not use for outputs that change more rapidly than once every few seconds or so. Either set of lines may be hundreds of feet or more.

Method 2 (Models I/III and Color Computer): Use the cassette relay and an optocoupler, as shown in figure 8. Turn the circuit on as in method 1. The wire runs can be very long.

Method 3 (Models I/III and Color

Circle 266 on inquiry card. —►

STEP UP TO BETTER

PERFORMANCE!

NEW PRODUCTS

(qty. 1-3 prices)

STD 801 and 811 CARD CAGES.

Black anodized aluminum card cages with motherboard. Specify bottom mount (801) or back mount (811). $225 (8 slot motherboard), $265 (12 slots).

STD 881 "NEMA-12" ENCLOSURE. Intended for unfriendly industrial environments. Splash-proof box includes 8 slot motherboard, card cage, neoprene-backed card retainer (keeps cards in place if unit is subjected to vibration), and switching power supply ( + 5V@ 10A, ±12V 1A per side). Switch selectable 115/230 V AC. $595.

S-100ZB-1 EXTENDER BOARD. ZIF

connector greatly simplifies board testing and substitution. Includes fuses on + 8V and ± 16V lines, ground post, 41x17 hole kluge area (0.1" grid), and power-to-board switch with LED indicator. $159.

STD+ S-100 COMPONENTS

(qty. 25 + prices)

STD 2111231. 8 channel optoisolated input board. $116.40 STD 221.8 channel SPST reed relay output board. $101.40 STD 201.8 channel TRIAC (4A/117V) output board. $137.40 STD 101. Extender board (8.4"). $35.40 STD 001. Flat cable terminated prototyping board. $29.40 STD 002. Edge connector terminated prototyping board. $32.40 STD 003. Terminal block terminated prototyping board. $35.40 STD MBD*. 8 slot or 16 slot high speed motherboard. 8 slot $81,16 slot $105 STD RAM* 16K X 8 static memory card. $195 STD C PU Z *. 4 MHz Z80 CPU board. $201 S-100 ICB-10 Controller Board. Opto-isolators accept input data; output drives 8 reed relays for real-world interface. $131.40

For more information, call Mullen Computer Products at (415) 783-2866 or write MCP Inc., Box 6214, Hayward, CA 94544. In the Northwest (WA.OR, ID, NEV, N. CA), contract Magna Sales(300120th Ave. N.E. Bldg. 3, Suite 115, Bellevue, WA 98005; head office 3333 Bowers Ave/Sulte 295, Santa Clara, CA 95051).

Manufactured by CompuPro; available through MCP Inc., an affiliate of Godbout Electronics. All prices subject to change without notice.

ERG/68000

MINI-SYSTEMS

□ Full IEEE 696/S100 compatibility

HARDWARE OPTIONS

□ 8MHz or 10 MHz 68000 CPU

□ Memory Management

□ Multiple Port Intelligent I/O

□ 64K STATIC RAM (70 nsec)

□ 256K Dynamic RAM, with full parity (150 nsec)

□ 8" D/D, D/S floppy disk drives

□ 5MB-32MB hard disk drives

□ Full DMA host adaptor

□ 20MB tape streamer

□ 10 to 20 slot backplane

□ 30 amp power supply

SOFTWARE OPTIONS

□ 68KFORTH' systems language with MACRO assembler and MET A compiler

□ Fast Floating Point package

□ Motorola's MACSBUG

□ IDRIS2 operating system with

C, PASCAL, FORTRAN 77,

68K-BASIC compilers

Trademark 'ERG, Inc.

'Whitesmiths

30 day delivery with valid Purchase Order

OEM prices available For CPU, Integrated Card Sets or Systems.

Empirical Research Group, Inc. P.O. Box 1176 Milton, WA 98354 206-631-4855

CONNECTION

CTS DSR CD R I

"AND" VALUE

128 64 32 16

6V

SPDT

6

1

22

c—M

\ o o o o 6 c

V o e o o o \14

o

, I o

0

o '

13)

0 o o o /

1 o o o /

25/

GROUND

7

NOTE.

MALE RS-232C DB-26-TYPE CONNECTOR SHOWN

Figure 5: Remote-switch detection for Models I/Ill using one to four RS-232C signals and switching between +6 V and — 6 V.

-QE> SEE TABLE BELOW FOR PIN NUMBER

) LINE PRINTER

( CENTRONICS BUS) CONNECTOR

-{2> GROUND

* PIN USED 21 23 25 28

AND VALUE 128 64

32 16

SWITCH OFF 1 1 1 1

SWITCH ON 0 0 0

0

Figure 6: Switch detection in Models via the status lines of the Centronics port. This method is not recommended for wire runs longer than a few feet.

Computer): Use the general-purpose input/output board described in the June and August 1982 issues of BYTE to drive up to 24 lines. Use either relays or optocouplers with each line. See the articles referenced for further details.

Reading In Analog Signals

Real-world quantities such as temperature and light intensity can be converted to electrical analogs (counterparts) such as voltage and resistance. Although I'll discuss this particular topic in more detail later, here are the general approaches:

Method 1 (Color Computer): Read in an analog voltage of 0 V through 5 V by referencing it to ground and connecting the input to one of the four joystick channels, as shown in

figure 3. Use JOYSTK(X) to get the input value in the form 0 through 63. Convert to the proper voltage or realworld equivalent. This method is good for conversions of dozens of times per second. See "Color Computer from A to D" in the December

1981 BYTE (page 134). For faster conversion speeds (up to 8K samples per second), see "Voice Synthesis for the Color Computer" in the February

1982 BYTE (page 258) for a highspeed Color Computer analog-todigital converter. Lines to "currentdriven" transducers may be hundreds of feet or more.

Method 2 (Models I/HI): Build the analog-to-digital converter described in "Build a Joystick A-to-D Converter for the TRS-80 Model I or III," January 1982 BYTE (page 160). This

102 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Now I con get the information I need. From anywhere. Immediately.

To do business, I need information from o lot of places.

Sales figures from Cincinnati.

Production costs from Philadelphia.

Personnel levels from our administrative offices three blocks away.

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a subsidiary of The Readers Digest Association, Inc. M5-DOS is o trademark of Microsoft, Inc.

Circle 256 on inquiry card.

Circle 276 on inquiry card.

personal computer

UCSD

p-System ™IV.1

A superior implementation of the UCSD p-SYSTEM is available NOW for your IBM Personal Computer.

Network Consulting has added many features that the professional programmer will find useful. These features are not available from any other sources.

• Hard disk support for Corvus, Tall Grass Technology and others

• 25% more floppy storage, without adding or modifying hardware, retaining compatibility with standard IBM diskettes

• Double sided and double sided/double tracking stepping floppy disk drive support

• Up to 800K on each mini-diskette

• RAM disk support (a pseudo-floppy volume that uses up to 512k RAM)

• 8086/87/88 macro assembler

• Extended memory support

• Adaptable system support available for adding custom I/O drivers

• Remote Terminal support

• XON/XOFF flow control for serial printers

• A library of program modules and other utilities

• Disk write verification

• and more!

Standard p-System features include:

• Standard I/O redirection (including command files)

• Dynamic program overlays

• Support for asynchronous processes and concurrency primitives in Pascal

• Fast Pascal p-code compiler

• Fast FORTRAN and Basic p-Code compilers also available

• A powerful screen oriented editor

• A filer for handling both files and volumes

• A Native Code Generator that processes your Pascal, Fortran and Basic programs to convert parts of them to native machine code

• Dynamic runtime binding of separately compiled programs and units

• Turtlegraphics for easy graphics displays

• Print spooler for background printing

• Symbolic debugger

USCD p-SYSTEM from Network Consulting

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TM The Regents of the University of California

' ,.. . :

5S

INTERNAL ZENER DIODES (IN982 )

TO "REMOTE" PLUG

TO

"MOTOR ON" LOGIC

N0RMALLY OPEN

INTERNAL 5V RELAY RATING « 3/4 A

-o

FRONT VIEW

CA5S0UT<O

Figure 7: Cassette remote-control output can control small loads directly or can switch a larger relay. This method is applicable to all three systems.

+ 5V

FRONT VIEW

CASS0UT<3

47K

-O 0 VOLTS IF ON +5 VOLTS IF OFF

OPT0COUPLER .TIL.il] _ J(RS 276 - 132 ) 4

/77

Figure 8: An optocoupler can be used in place of a relay to control remote devices in the Models I/III or Color Computer.

converter plugs into the printer port and will convert at rates of thousands of samples per second. Lines with proper transducers may be hundreds of feet or more. Two analog channels are provided.

Method 3 (Model III): Build the analog-to-digital converter described in "Model III A to D Revisited," Sep

tember 1982 BYTE (page 398). This converter is extremely accurate but slow (6 samples per second). It allows only one channel and voltage inputs of 1.25 V through 3.75 V.

Method 4 (Models I/III and Color Computer): Use a voltage input to a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) such as an LM366 (Radio Shack part

Network Consulting Inc.

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104 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Edix+Wordix isn't the most popular, most easily learned or least expensive word processor. It's only the best.

l,Hr. ..111 l. ». .1. MM »)Hi«H ••!« ""«.

Editor + Formatter: Word Processor

Most word processors try to do too much at once: text entering and correcting, line filling, pagination and printing. Unfortunately, they don't have time to do anything really well. Edix + Wordix divides word processing into editing and formatting. So it does things very well indeed.

Edix. You use Edix to enter and correct your document (or program). Its advanced features include multiple screen windows, multiple buffers, side-to-side scrolling, block moves, powerful patterns for searching, and a help key. There's eyen an online course to get you started. It's the world's finest microcomputer screen editor.

pages and sections. Wordix automatically hyphenates, positions footnotes, numbers sections and builds a table-of-contents. It can incorporate information from data files into your document, so you can use your mailing list to generate form letters. It lets you predefine customized formats for letters, memos, reports and books.

In short, you can concentrate on content while Wordix takes care of form.

Wordix. Once you've prepared your text with Edix, imbedded commands tell Wordix how to format it into lines, paragraphs, ||

Edix + Wordix. Your documents

are too important to trust to a word processor that does everything at once and nothing well. You need an editor that knows editing, and a formatter that knows formatting. You need Edix + Wordix.

Call or write for detailed specifications. Requires 128K IBM PC _ with DOS.

TECHNOLOGY

Emerging Technology Consultants, Inc. Box 154 Louisville, Colorado 80027 303 447-9495 Available at ComputerLand® and other fine computer stores

™Trademark of Emerging Technology Consultants, Inc.

106 BYTE October 1982

Circle 155 on inquiry card.

number 276-1724) to create a frequency analog that can be measured through the cassette port. This method would be similar to the technique in method 3 above but would measure the frequency of a square wave rather than the duty cycle.

Outputting Analog Voltages

Voltage levels may be used to control direct-current (DC) motors (through DC amplifiers), create music or speech synthesis, or for other realworld functions.

Method 1 (Models I/HI): The previously referenced analog-todigital converter (January 1982

BYTE) uses a digital-to-analog converter that will provide output voltages from .24 V through 4.74 V in 64 steps. Speed can be tens of thousands of outputs per second with an assembly-language driver program.

Method 2 (Color Computer): The

Color Computer has a built-in digitalto-analog converter that outputs 0 V through 5 V in 64 steps at speeds of thousands of outputs per second. Output can be routed to the cassette output line.

Method 3 (Models I/III): The cassette output line can be provided with three voltage levels: 0 V, 0.45 V,

and 0.86 V by OUT 255,X (X=2, 0, 1, respectively). Output may be done tens of thousands of times per second in assembly language.

Reading In Rapidly Changing On/Off Signals

A number of methods to read in frequency analogs of real-world quantities are available. It's not too difficult to convert a physical parameter to voltage and then convert the voltage to frequency. You can then measure either the period or duty cycle of the incoming signal to work back to the original quantity. In some cases the signal may have to be

This person used to develop applications for

the Z-80 market with the best of them.

rrncROSVSTems

Circle 351 on Inquiry card.

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 107

4

512KB WITH RS232-C PORT IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER

MEMORY!

i .i r i i i i i i i i i yi|

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SINGLE BOARD 512KB WITH RS232-C IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER MEMORY

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Circle 68 on inquiry card.

108 BYTE October 1982

processed to eliminate noise or bounce. In general, the greater the frequency, the shorter the lines must be. Use twisted-pair or shielded wire, and you can have lengths of 50 feet or more.

Method 1 (Models I/III): The

Model I cassette-tape input circuit takes a series of 500-bit-per-second (bps) pulses, rectifies them, and looks for the DC level at the proper time. It would be possible to input a range of pulses at about 500 to 2000 pulses per second and read them from the cassette port (255, bit 7). This method can also be applied with the Model III using the 500-bps circuitry, but it's

best to use method 2 below, which is more reliable.

Method 2 (Model III and Color Computer): The 1500-bps cassette logic uses a zero-crossing detector. The incoming waveform should be about 2 V to 4 V peak-to-peak and must go negative. AC coupling or a dual power supply comparator can be used to generate the waveform. See "Ports of Entry and Soft Breezes for the Color Computer and Model III" in the May 1982 issue of BYTE (page 162). The data is read by INP(255) AND 1 for the Model III or PEEK(&HFF20 AND 1) for the Color Computer.

Method 3 (Color Computer): The Color Computer RS-232C port RD line can be used to input a string of pulses and can be read very rapidly by PEEK(&HFF22) AND 1. The waveform must be in quasi-RS-232C format (logic 0 greater than +3 V, logic 1 less than -3 V). See May 1982 BYTE.

Method 4 (Models I/III): Use the four RS-232C input lines described under "Reading Switch Closures, Method 6" above. The waveform must be in standard RS-232C format.

Method 5 (Models I/III, and Color Computer): Build the general-purpose input/output board referenced

This person used to develop applications for the 8086/8088 market with the best of them.

micRosvsTems

Circle 352 on inquiry card.

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 109

This person develops applications for the entire market, including the Z-80, 8080,8086/8088,6502, LSI-ll/PDP-11,9900, and the M68000 with the best there is.

The Universal tm Operating System.™

Why does this application developer look so happy, you may ask?

Because, unlike others in his field, he's one of the smart ones. He uses the UCSD p-System™ from SofTech Microsystems. It's the first truly universal operating system ever developed. It lets him develop an awesome array of high-quality applications. And it's equally at home with an IBM PC, TRS-80™ Model II, Apple Hf Osborne 1™ TI Business System 200™ Zenith Z-89? Hewlett-Packard HP-87™ Philips P-2000™ the new DEC Professionals™ or any other micro in the market.

That makes our developer one of the elite. Because he'll never have to worry about locking himself into an operating system that will eventually lock him out of the market.

A Universal Operating System. At last.

Whether it's a Z-80, 8086/8088, M68000, 6502, or you name it, the p-System is portable across any popular microprocessor made anywhere today.

And we don't mean just at the source code level, either. We mean you can develop your program, on any machine, then compile to object code (p-code), and it's totally transportable.

You get it done right the first time. Every time. For any machine. Now you can design for the whole market. Once and for all.

The p-System actually enables you to broaden your customer base without significant reinvestment in programming, time and time again. Simply because it's the only OS that runs the same object code programs on all popular 8- and 16-bit microprocessors. No matter who makes them. No matter who uses them.

110 BYTE October 1982

Circle 353 on inquiry card.

And that's only the beginning. There's more to the p-System philosophy Much more.

Take programmer productivity, for example. We know how much work you put into programming, so we understand the importance of streamlining that process. So we saw to it that the p-System allows you to reuse program components, time and time again.

It's been our experience that as much as 50% of the code developed for one application can be reused on others. And you can also create your own library of utilities suited to solving your own unique problems.

Try finding that on some other operating system.

All the tools you need for the job. Any job.

When you write your programs with the p-System, you can use any combination of UCSD Pascal?" FORTRAN-77 and BASIC. Each language operating effectively with the others. So you can finally take advantage of the best features of each language — in a single program. And you also get a complete, fully integrated set of software development tools to make your job even simpler. Naturally. Including a screen editor, macro assemblers, and a debugger, as well as add-ons such as TURTLEGRAPHICS, Native Code Generators, and even Print Spoolers.

Our admirers have impeccable credentials.

In case you wondered who else believes in our Universal Operating System, there's the fact that the p-System is licensed by most of the major hardware manufacturers around. Manufacturers like IBM, DEC, TI, HP, Commodore, Osborne, Philips, and Zenith. You know, all those "little guys!'

And the p-System's reliability is well-documented. Has been since 1977. And this, coupled with the upward compatibility of source code programs, has given the p-System five years of proven, documented field testing. By the toughest critics in the business.

Given all this, it's easy to see how your productivity can be enhanced.

Now you can develop higher quality applications faster, less expensively, and more dependably than ever before. For a much larger market. All at the same time. All on one machine.

All without worrying about some hardware enhancement limiting your business opportunities and leaving you with no other choice than peddling popcorn or ice cream on some lonely street corner.

If you don't believe it just take a look at our Applications Catalog to prove it.

At last, using the p-System, you can design programs once. Once and for all.

I I i

I hear you, SofTech Microsystems. Please send me a brochure on the p-System, the world's only Universal Operating System. And keep me off the streets.

NAME

Please send coupon to:

SofTech Microsystems, 9494 Black Mountain Rd. San Diego, CA 92126, or call (714) 578-6105 BI

TITLE

COMPANYADDRESS. CITY

_ STATE_

ZIP

TELEPHONE^

_EXT._

UCSD p-System and UCSD Pascal are trademarks of the Regents of the University of California; Universal Operating System is a trademark of SofTech Microsystems; TRS-80 is a trademark of Tandy Corp.; Apple II is a registered trademark of Apple Computer Inc.; Osborne 1 is a trademark of Osborne Computer Corp.; Business System 200 is a trademark of Texas Instruments; Z -89 is a trademark of Zenith Corp.; IIP-87 is a trademark of Hewlett Packard Inc.; ~-2000 is a trademark of Philips Electronics; and Professional is a trademark of Digital Equipment Corp.

I I I

Circle 354 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982 111

Expand your IBM PC

^rr^ton, BaM- Worth $100-00; ^

This otter expires soon1soAUJ

Add-In Winchester Disk System

(PC)2's Add-In Winchester Disk System is housed within the IBM chassis and is easy to install directly into the floppy slot, reducing desktop space. Also available in 12 and 18 M Bytes capacity. When you order our PCM-100-2 our DS-DISK software is offered at no extra charge.

Memory Expansion Board

(PC)2's Expansion Board offers 4 TIMES the amount of memory offered by IBM. P.C. Configurations can be set at 64K, 128K, 192K and 256K Bytes. Board can be easily upgraded in 64K capacities. Upgradability is the key!

Asynchronous Communications Controller

1 or 2 line capability on one card.

Totally compatible with IBM software and diagnostics.

Combination Memory/Asynchronous Controller Board

(PC)2 high capacity memories are combined on one board with single or double ported asynchronous communications controllers to create the (PC)2 Combination Memory Expansion/ Asynchronous Controller Board. (PC)2 Combo Boards are fully upgradeable in 64K increments up to the 256K byte board capacity and are configured with support for one or two RS-232C Ports.

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PLUG COMPATIBLES FOR PERSONAL COMPUTERS

112 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 422 on inquiry card.

above. This provides up to 24 lines that may be read tens of thousands of times per second. Do not use long runs of cable unless using optoisolators or current-driven schemes.

Outputting Rapidly Changing On/Off Signals

There are not as many common real-world applications for this topic, but I'll sketch some of the methods:

Method 1 (Models I/III): Use the cassette output line to send square waves of up to 3kHz or so. Output is accomplished by OUT (255,1) followed by OUT (255,2) in BASIC or by equivalent assembly-language code. The waveform will swing between 0 V and 1 V.

Method 2 (Color Computer): The TD line of the Color Computer can be toggled on and off by writing alternate 0s and Is to address hexadecimal FF20, bit 1. The resultant waveform will be at standard RS-232C levels (-12 V and +12 V).

Method 3 (Models I/III): Two RS232C signals in the Model I and five in the Model III can be toggled on and off. The TD line of the RS-232C cannot be toggled on and off except by outputting a predefined character. However, by repeatedly outputting a carefully chosen character and controlling the bps rate, you can generate a repeating on-off sequence of known frequency. The waveforms will be at standard RS-232C levels. See "Using the Model I/III RS-232C Port" in the July 1982 BYTE for details.

Method 4 (Models I/III and Color Computer): Build a general-purpose input/output board, and you can toggle up to 24 separate lines tens of thousands of times per second. Output will be at TTL (transistortransistor logic) levels and will swing between 0 V and about +4 V.

Now that I've reviewed the possible interfacing methods, I'll present some data on specific devices and methods of measuring real-world quantities. I've tried to use only relatively common devices here, ones that will not cost more than about $15. Most of them can be obtained at Radio Shack or a similar type of electronics parts store. I'll start with the simple ones and work up to the more exotic.

A Complete Graphics epartment For Just $i 995

Realize day-in and day-out solid performance from a quiet and capable desktop plotter. It's true. For only $1995" the Houston Instrument HIPL0T™ DMP-29 will provide you with world-class multi-color hard copy graphics, and deliver a level of quality and performance that you would expect in a plotter costing three times as much.

It's a hard worker. The DMP-29 goes about its job with amazing speed and precision. Unbeatable resolution and repeatability are yours in both 8V2" x 11" and 11" x 17" formats, and 8-pen capability assures you of fast attention-free flexibility when multi-color output is required. High pen speed combined with an addressable resolution of O.OOl" assures fast, accurate and stepless traces.

It's friendly. You can call 21 different functions directly from the front-panel membrane keyboard. It's tolerant too. The DMP-29 will modestly protect itself from user

errors, as when attempting to place a pen in an already occupied stall.

And it's smart. An extensive set of firmware routines makes life easier for the user. A small sampling of the built-in talent inherent in the DMP-29 includes character generation, circle, arc and elipse synthesis, line type variations, viewport/windowing, clipping and scaling,

For more information on the hard working, friendly and smart DMP-29 plotter, contact Houston Instrument, RO. Box 15720, Austin, Texas 78761. (512) 835-0900. For rush literature requests, outside Texas call toll free 1-800-531-5205. In Europe, contact Houston Instrument, Rochesterlaan 6, 8240 Gistel, Belgium. Telephone 059/27-74-45.

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Circle 36 for literature.

Circle 37 to have a representative call.

4P005

Need to Measure Your Corporate Communications?

Want to define your company's image? Measure competitive strengths? Determine the acceptance of your company publications? Gauge reactions to your annual report? Determine the effectiveness of your corporate advertising? Monitor the impact of important trends and developments on your company's business?

Call McGraw-Hill Research

Backed by 30 years of research experience covering scores of markets and fields, McGraw-Hill Research professionals design custom projects that can make a big difference in the success of your corporate communications efforts. The Corporate Communications Research Center will meet your research needs promptly, at a reasonable price.

Put McGraw-Hill Research to work for you.

HIS CONTRIBUTIONS WERE

114 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

For a quote or proposal, call Joan Bullen, Director-Corporate Communications Research Center at (212) 997-3517 or Eleanor Nicoletti, Project Director, at (212) 997-3095. Or, write Corporate Communications Research Center, 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020

If it's a communications problem, we probably pioneered the solution.

16" LONG

Figure 9: This Window Sensor device is a simple mercury switch that can be used to detect rotation in addition to security violations.

Detecting Break-ins

The first device I'll look at is the Radio Shack Window Sensor (part number 49-516) shown in figure 9.

This is simply a mercury (I assume) switch mounted inside a disk. The device comes apart into two pieces; the back cover has sticky tape that can be used to stick the cover to a window or other smooth surface. The front section, containing the switch, can be rotated around the secured back to any position.

The intended purpose of the device is to act as a window security sensor. The device is stuck to a window and rotated so that the switch is just off or just on. If the window is broken, or tapped hard, the switch will toggle as the device rolls or pitches forward or the mercury sloshes around.

This device is somewhat simpleminded but can be made into a workable roll indicator or level sensor as shown in figure 10. The advantages are that it's modular, comes with the backing, and is supplied with a short cable.

A Vibration Detector

The Window Sensor described above is really not very sensitive. Certainly, window breakage will set it off, but for sensing moderate vibration, it is ineffective.

Radio Shack's Mini Shock/Vibration Detector (part number 49-521),

Vol.

llnsideApple

no. 1 JL. JL

Apple adds a whole new cast of characters.

As you may already know, both the Apple* II and III can drive virtually every printer on the market.

Regretfully, not every printer on the market can offer you the same level of service and support you'd expect from Apple. So the same kindly, competent dealer who healed your Apple overnight may have no idea how to fix your Samurai Ichiban daisywheel.

Silentype

a. a

Dot Matrix. Letter Quality.

(instead of the usual 30-35], it's the speediest letter quality printer in its price range.

It also offers a full 130character print wheel. [The current standard is a notso-full 96 characters.}

Plus varied pitches and spacing, form or linefeed, operation pause-seemingly unimportant talents until you ""^o&yslj discover your machine doesn't have them.

Both the Apple Letter Quality and Dot Matrix printers come with selfteaching diskettes. So your Apple computer can tell you how to use your Apple printer.

That's why we thought it would be nice, maybe even profitable, to offer a full line of printers that would look like Apples, last like Apples, with Apple warranties and Apple dealer service and Apple documentation.

We even gave them Apple names:

The new Apple Dot Matrix Printer.

The new Apple Letter Quality Printer.

And the new Apple Thermal Printer. (Which is really the old, reliable Silentype'")

Taking it from the top, our 7x9 Apple Dot Matrix Printer is a superb machine for correspondence-quality printing. With exceptionally legible, fully-formed characters, it gives you a choice of eight different type sizes and five different fonts. It can also give you proportional spacing. Plus boldface printing, underlining, varied pitches, varied line spacing and more.

With 144x160 dots per square inch, our Dot Matrix can put all kinds of high resolution graphics on paper—from bar charts and line graphs to digitized portraits.

The Apple Letter Quality Printer, on the other hand, is the preferred machine for just that. In fact, for any word processing or data processing applications where graphics aren't a primary concern.

For one thing, it lets you get the words out faster. At a blazing 40 cps

(800) 538-9696 (California (800) 662-9238) Apple Computer Inc . Adverlismg and Promotion Depl . 20525 Mariam Ave„ Cuperlmo. CA 95014

Naturally, all our printers-including the sturdy, inexpensive Silentype™—are deliberately designed to take full advantage of all the advantages built into every Apple computer. The interfaces are clean, the electronics compatible. So you don't have to go peeking and poking to adapt print commands or parameters, or spend your summer vacation kluging an interface. Which is a lot more than we can say for the Samurai Ichiban.

All of which should stimulate you, we hope, to see the newest Apples up close. They look good, even on paper.

Circle 22 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982 115

NORMALLY CLOSED, OPENS ON VIBRATION

\

0

ROTATED 50° ( CIRCUIT OPEN )

Figure 11: This vibration sensor is quite sensitive and, when sitting 36 inches away on a table, will detect a penny dropped from a height of 2 inches.

Figure 10: The Window Sensor used as a roll indicator and as a water-level sensor.

tive setting, it will detect a penny dropped from a height of 2 inches and landing 3 feet from the sensor; the sensor was secured to a wooden table in this test. In fact, that is fairly sensitive, and it would certainly make an excellent security sensor or earthquake detector.

If you care to experiment with this device and have a Color Computer, use

100 B = &HFF00

110 IF (PEEK(B) AND 1) = 0

THEN GOTO 110 120 SOUND 100,40:GOTO 110

however, is very sensitive. It is shown in figure 11. This device is designed to detect vibration from forced entry and tampering with the device itself. The figure gives a side view. The contacts are normally closed, but they open when vibration moves the device. The large mass of the upper contact gives it a great deal of inertia,

and because it resists movement, the contacts open when vibrated or disturbed.

How sensitive is it? (This sounds like a late evening talk show. . . .) The specs show settings for 1 to 21 grams as contact pressure. This is somewhat difficult to translate into practical effects, but at its most sensi

to read the right joystick switch and sound an alarm when the sensor breaks contact. The 80-times-per-second sample rate should detect every switch activation.

Glass Reed Switches

A glass reed switch is shown in figure 12. These switches are glassenclosed magnetic reeds with axial leads. The contacts on the reeds close

116 October 3982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 424 on inquiry card.

PER DOLL flFi

It's true! The AVT-2 personal computer - fully Apple™ compatible - gives you more bytes per dollar than the market leader.

Check the Specs .

• Basic 64 K byte RAM memory upward expandable in 256 K byte cards to a maximum of four cards giving 1 M byte potential.

• 6502 Central microprocessor.

• 16 K byte ROM memory.

• EPROM-resident software.

• Composite B/W video output.

• Optional board generator for PAL, NTSC or RGB color signal.

• 40 col. x 24 line character display in B/W or color system.

• B/W graphic display 280 x 192 or 280 x 160 with 4 text lines.

• 16 Color graphic display 40 x 48 or 40 x 40 with 4 text lines.

• 6 Color graphic display 280 x 192 or 280 x 160 with 4 text lines.

• Full-feature detached keyboard with 65 keys and cursor steering.

• Seven Apple™ compatible slots for plug-in peripherals.

• Additional slot for color generation card, or programmable CTR control card or light pen interface card or 80 char, x 24 line generation card.

• Double 5'/t inch floppy disk drives, optional.

• Cassette and utility strobe output.

• 4 Annunciator outputs.

* The AVT-2 has a basic 64 K memory compared to 48 K of standard Apple II™. To find out how much cheaper the AVT-2 is, write or telex for a personal quote: AVT Trading A.G., Chamerstrasse 50, CH 6300 Zug, Switzerland. Telex 865267 GSAG.

Apple and Apple II are trademarks of Apple Computer Inc.

We are at Comdex Amsterdam, Booth 1226, from 8-11 nov.'82.

Number of Magnets

Close Distance (inches)

%*

%

Open After Close Distance (inches)

%

m 1%

Table 1: Open/close characteristics of a typical glass reed switch.

-1/8" DIAMETER

MAGNETIC REEDS SEPARATED BY 1/64"

Figure 12: The magnetic reed switch can be used to detect a magnetic field and is effective for sensing applications where physical contact cannot be made.

j i i czr

MAGNETIC REED SWITCH

CH

Figure 13: An example of magnetic-read-switch sensing. The model railroad car activates the reed switch as it passes over the device.

when a magnetic field is brought near the switch. The switches are very inexpensive; Radio Shack sells a package of 10 for $1.98 (part number 275-1610).

Glass reed switches can be used as detection devices when no physical contact is possible. A typical application, for example, might be detection of passage of a model railroad car, as shown in figure 13. Another good example would be measuring the rotational speed of a shaft by mounting a

glass reed switch near the circumference of a disk mounted on the shaft. A magnet mounted on the disk would actuate the switch when it passed nearby on every revolution. The number of revolutions could be easily counted by a computer with a built-in debounce circuit or software.

The obvious question here is, just how sensitive is the reed switch? To answer that, I used Radio Shack ceramic magnets (part number 64-1875). These are rectangular

magnets as shown in figure 14, which can be stacked together. They are not "super" magnets, but a garden variety with a "lift force" of 1/8 pound. (A typical 6-inch bar magnet similar to the one you might have used in high school physics class has a lift force of about 1 pound.) The ceramic magnets are ferrite-based and very resistant to demagnetization.

Table 1 shows the number of magnets required, the "close" distance, and the "open after close" distance for the reed switch described above. You can see that a reed switch/magnet combination could easily lend itself to a variety of computerized sensing applications, especially if a more powerful magnet were used.

Of course, it's one thing to talk in generalities about what to do and quite another to do it. To prove to myself that it was feasible to measure rotational speed using reed switches, I rigged up the test setup shown in figure 15. A small DC motor drove a disk with two magnets, identical to the type I've been talking about. A reed switch was mounted about Vt inch away from the circumference of the disk.

The program shown in listing 1 was then entered into the Color Computer after first performing a CLEAR 200,&H3EFF to protect the RAM (random-access read/write memory). This program is identical to the one in "Ports of Entry and Soft Breezes for the Color Computer and Model III" (May 1982 BYTE) except that (1) the joystick switch port is read instead of the cassette port; (2) you're looking for a 0 in place of the 1; and (3) a short time delay was introduced before execution to connect the switch leads. (You'll recall that the joystick switches share two of the keyboard rows; connecting the switch lead before execution creates spurious keyboard characters in the closed-switch state.)

The program first asks for an interval and time delay parameters. An interval value of 16474 corresponds to about Vi second. A time delay of 20 milliseconds (ms) was used to debounce the switch closure. With the motor turning at 240 rpm (4 revolu

118 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Display Manager

The competitive edge in applications development.

You can significantly reduce development time and provide better application programs with Display Manager from Digital Research. Display Manager lets you interactively design displays faster than ever before, and ensures that whatever features your CRT supports can be used by the program, automatically. Since Display Manager supports most CRT attributes, including flashing, reverse video, underlining, and highlighting, your program is more dramatic and easier to use, no matter what CRT you use. You can even test a prototype application without a lot of costly and laborious coding. In short, Display Manager

Circle 136 on inquiry card.

!fl

DIGITAL RESEARCH

The creators of CP/M™

saves time, provides CRT independence and saves memory.

Display Manager works with Digital Research's commercial programming languages, Pascal/MT+7 PL/I-80," and CB-80,1" the CBASIC Compiler. Combined with Display Manager, they add up to the most powerful programming packages you can buy. So try Display Manager, the advanced productivity tool that makes your CP/M compatible programs better than the competition's. For more information, call Digital Research, (408) 649-5500 or (408) 649-3896, or write to 160 Central Avenue, Pacific Grove, CA 93950.

Europe

Vector International Research Park B-3030 Leuven, Belgium, 32 (16) 20-24-96 Telex: 26202 VECTOR Far East

Microsoftware Associates 6 Floor A.Y. Building, 3-2-2 Kitaaoyama Minato-ku,Tokyo 107, Japan, 03-403-2120

C1982. Dl»play Manage!, C Pa«al/MT +. CB-80 CBa™ PL/1-80, logo and tagline are of Digital Research Inc.

Circle 153 on inquiry card.

CHOOSE

An Apple Desk

A compact Bi-Level desk ideal for the Apple computer system. This 42" x 29'/!" desk comes with a shelf to hold two Apple disk drives. The top shelf for your TV or monitor and manuals can also have an optional paper slot to accomodate a printer. It is shown here with the optional Corvis shelf which will hold one Corvis disk drive. The Corvis shelf is available on the 52" x 29'/i" version of the Apple desk.

A Universal Micro Desk

The Universal Micro desk accommodates the S-100 type microcomputers. The desk is available in four sizes: 17.75 inch, 19.06 inch, and 20.75 inch wide openings with 24 inch front-to-rear mounting space. The fourth size is a 20.75 inch wide opening with a 26.50 inch front-to-rear mounting space.

A Mini Rack

Mini racks and mini micro racks have standard venting, cable cut outs and adjustable RETMA rails. Choose a stand alone bay or a 48", 60", or 72" desk model in a variety of colors and wood tones. A custom rack is available for the Cromemco.

A Printer Stand

The Universal printer stand fits the:

Centronics 700's Dec LA 34 NEC Spinwriter Lear Siegler 300's

Diablo 1600's & 2300's T.I. 810 & 820 Okidata Slimline Anadex 9500's

Delivery in days on most styles in stock. Dealers inquiries invited.

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS FURNITURE COMRflNy

17129 S. Kingsview Avenue Carson, California 90746 Telephone: (213)538-9601

-REED SWITCH

(

MAGNET

-OPERATES WHEN WITHIN 3/16"

DOES NOT OPERATE WHEN SO ORIENTED

Figure 14: A typical ceramic magnet can be used- to operate a reed switch or other devices. Ceramic magnets retain their magnetism well but are not powerful.

Listing 1: This BASIC program incorporates machine-language code that is relocated to high memory to sense joystick switch inputs in the Color Computer. Switch debounce time and window time may be specified.

110

120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190

£00

210

220 225 230 240 250 260 270

DflTR

DATA

DflTR

DflTR

DflTR

DflTR

DflTR

FOR I

READ

NEXT

DEFUS

INPUT

FOR J

POKE

POKE

R-USR

B-B+P

GOTO

190 >63,250,16,142,0 >0>43,31,31 16,77,43,13,182,255,00,132,1,38 242,49,33,141,7,32,236,16,191,63 254,57,52,16,198,63,252,141,6,48

31,38,259,!

144,52,16,142,0,111

48,31,38,252,174,100,48,136,223,175 100,53,144 *&H3F00 TO &H3F3E A'POKE I,FI I

R0=&H3F00

"INTERVAL, DELAY" .i I CDC =0 TO 30©0'NEXT J

&H3FFA, INK IC'256 '> > POKE &H3FFB, IC-1NK IC/25S >*256 &H3FFC, INK DC/256 ) > POKE &H3FFD, DC-INK DC'256 >*256

01-, 0 >

EEKC &H3FFE >*25S+PEEK< S.H3FFF > ' PRIHTB 250

120 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

How To Sell More Software s~r~

A one-day seminar on Writing User Manuals That Sell

You know better user manuals sell more software, but how do you make better user manuals? How do you identify just the right details to motivate prospective users to buy? How do you organize these details into a sequence that makes sense to firsttime users while it provides ongoing reference to veterans? How do you format and package a manual so it's attractive enough

to get attention yet clear enough to be readily understood?

And, how do you do all this at a pace that keeps up with your product release schedule? This seminar has the answers.

If you're an individual software author or a software company in the business of publishing or selling software, or if you'd like to be, you can benefit from this seminar. Unlike seminars that concentrate on the academic do's and don'ts of technical writing and formatting, this seminar gets down to the business value of the user manual as a marketing and sales tool that helps you get more users and keep them.

Developed and conducted by software marketing professionals with over 50 years of collective experience in writing software manuals for the commercial market, this seminar is loaded with facts and ideas on these subjects:

Manual Design

How to make content, organization, page layout, and document format work to your sales advantage without spending a fortune.

Training vs. Reference. Can one manual do both?

How to implement the techniques of tutorial writing into a well organized reference format that provides easy access for later questions.

Packaging That Controls Point of Sale

How to make your manuals work for you at the point of sale to help the dealer present your software in its most competitive light-both on the shelf and on the demonstration machine.

Automated Manual Writing

How to let the software document itself wherever possible, and how to use word processing systems effectively to obtain maximum value from automated publishing tools.

Seminar Manual

All attendants will receive a detailed "How To" manual on writing and producing user manuals for commercial use. Many past attendants have praised the manual and other handout materials as being worth the price of attendance by themselves.

Schedule:

October 5 October 7 October 19 October 21

New York Atlanta

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November 2 November 4 November 1 6 November 18

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Only $145 With Our Guarantee

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How To Enroll

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( )

BYTE October 1982 1 21

Circle 33 on inquiry card.

Fancy Shmancy

Elaborate microprocessor development systems cost a lot of money, and they can close off your engineering options by locking you into just one or two kinds of chips. Sound familiar? Well, read on-we've got a better idea.

Use your desktop computer; anything that will run CP/M* is fine. With our microprocessor cross-assemblers you can produce software for eleven of the most popular chip families, and more are on the way.

In two years on the market, our crossassemblers have gained a reputation for quality, performance, and reliability. Hundreds of industrial R&D labs and several major semiconductor houses have found these products a fast, cost-effective way to develop their microprocessor software. We invite you to join them.

CP/M CROSS-ASSEMBLERS

Extremely fast absolute assemblers, running under CP/M. Generate object file (Intel hex or Motorola S-record format) and listing from standard assembly language for the target processors listed. Features include comprehensive syntax checking, listing control, nested conditional assembly, and insertion of external source files. All versions listed have been thoroughly field-tested and are available now.

XASM05 6805

XASM09 6809

XASM18 1802

XASM48 8048/41

XASM51 8051

XASM65 6502

XASM68 6800/01

XASM75 NEC 7500

XASMF8 F8/3870

XASMZ8 Z8

XASM400 COP400

Assemblers $200.00 each

except XASM75 $500.00

Visa and Mastercard accepted. We ship on 8" single-density and Softcard + 5.25" diskettes. Ask us about other formats. OEM INQUIRIES INVITED.

■ Trademark ol Digital Research \ + Trademark ol Microsoll y

AVOCET jf~ SYSTEMS INC.

804 S. STATE ST.. DOVER. DEL. 19901 302-734-0151 . BY82

1.5-6 VDC

MOTOR <RS * 273

208)

mm

mm

TO COLOR COMPUTER RIGHT JOYSTICK SWITCH PIN AND GROUND

Figure 15: A magnetic-reed-switch sensing application to detect magnets rotating on a disk. Accurate sensing of240 rpm (revolutions per minute) was observed, and sensing is probably possible at two or three times this speed.

tions per second), test results were accurate, given that some counts may be missed due to the BASIC overhead of about 38 ms per call to the machine-language code, as shown in the listing.

Hall-Effect Switches

Another magnetic-field-operated device is the Hall-effect switch. Halleffect switches are used in keyboards and similar applications. These are physically small electronic devices

similar in size and shape to a transistor.

The schematic diagram of a Halleffect circuit is shown in figure 16. The switch operates with a 5 V to 16 V power supply and is normally off.

The device turns on (output goes to ground) when a magnetic field of 300 gauss is present. Hard to relate to the real world? Five stacked Radio Shack ceramic magnets operated the Halleffect switch at a distance of about V* inch. The conclusion to be drawn is

Circle 265 on inquiry card.

Call for MTI's late price reductions.

MAGNET

SWITCHES AT ABOUT 1/4" FOR 5 RADIO SHACK 64- 187S MAGNETS (STACKED)

X

LED

6B0a

-0+12 VOLTS DC

-Oground

THIS LEAD NORMALLY HIGH. IT GOES LOW WHEN DEVICE EXPOSED TO MAGNETIC FIELD.

Figure 16: A Hall-effect switch is a solid-state device that is not as sensitive as a magnetic reed switch.

that these switches should be used with more powerful magnets, unless you're prepared to live with closer sensing distances than the reed switches require.

A Pressure Switch

Another switch that should be mentioned here is the Sensitive Air Pressure Switch (part number 41,623) from Edmund Scientific in Barrington, NJ 08007. This is an extremely sensitive air-pressure switch that operates from the pressure difference between two inlet ports. It can be used as a high-wind alarm, flow-rate switch, fan-failure switch, or the like. To give you an idea how sensitive it is, blowing at one of the ports from a few inches away will activate the

switch. This is a single-pole, normally open switch that will handle only 10 milliamperes (mA) of a resistive (not inductive) load, but it makes an excellent computer system switch for monitoring real-world conditions. The 10 mA limit is no restriction in the type of interface I'm talking about here. In case of doubt, keep resistance greater than 500 ohms when working with 5 V, or greater than 600 ohms for 6 V.

Next month I'll conclude this special two-part article on transducers by looking at some very interesting devices, including thermistors, an LM334 temperature sensor, a tachometer wand, a DC motor generator, a solar cell, and an accurate pressure transducer. ■

Ask about our "QED" discounts. VISA & MasterCard orders accepted.

VIDEO TERMINALS

VT 100 DECscope $ 1595

VT18X Personal Computing Opti on 2395

VT 101 DECscope 1195

VT131 DECscope 1745

VT132 DECscope 1995

ADM 3A (dumb terminal) 595

ADM 5 (dumb with visual attributes) 645

ADM 31 (two page bufferl 1095

ADM 21 (full editing/visual attributes) 690

ADM 22 (ergonomic/edit/visuel att.) *

ADM 24 (ergonomic/graphics/256 fifo) *

ADM 32 (ergonomic ADM 31) *

ADM 36 (DEC system terminal) *

ADM 42 (8-page buffer available) *

Tl 940 (high performance, 1-page buffer) 1650

Hazeltine Esprit 575

Hazeltine Executive 80 Model 20 1345

Hazeltine Executive 80 Model 30 1695

GRAPHICS TERMINALS

VT125 (DEC ReGIS firmware) 3280

VT 100 (Tektronix 4010 emulation) 3250

ADM 3A (Tektronix 4010 emulation) 1795

ADM 5 (Tektronix 4010 emulation) 1845

VT 100 w/TI 810 plot. (Tektronix emu.) 5920

300 BAUD TELEPRINTERS

LA 34-AA DECwriter IV 1095

Diablo 620RO spi (letter quality) 1385

Diablo 630RO spi (non-expandlble) .. 2095

Diablo 630RO (letter quality) 2295

Diablo 630 KSR (letter quality) 2695

Tl 743 (portable thermal printer) 1190

Tl 745 (port./built-in coupler) 1485

Tl 765 (port./bubble/b-i coupler! 1947

600 BAUD TELEPRINTERS

Epson MX-80 645

Tl 825 KSR impact 1570

Tl 825 KSR pkg 1795

1200 BAUD TELEPRINTERS

Epson MX-100 895

LA 120 RA (receive only) 2095

LA 120 AA DECwriter III 2295

LA 100 RO Letterprinter 1975

LA 12-A (port./modem/coupler) 2840

Tl 783 (portable thermal printer) 1480

Tl 785 (port/built-in couplerl 1750

Tl 787 (port./internal modem) 2125

Tl 810 RO impact 1475

TI810ROpkg, 1650

Tl 820 RO impact 1850

Tl 820 RO pkg. 2025

Tl 820 KSR impact 2025

Tl 820 KSR pkg 2195

Lear Siegler 310 ballistic 1945

2400 BAUD

Dataproducts M 200 (2400 baud) 2595

DATAPRODUCTS LINE PRINTERS

B-300 (300 Ipm Band Printer) 5455

B-600 (600 Ipm Band Printerl 6930

B-1000 (1000 Ipm Band Printer) 11330

BP-1500 (1500 Ipm Band Printer] 19700

(Controllers available for most minis & micros)

ACOUSTIC COUPLERS

Omnltec 715 (300fcaud orig./full duplex) 170 Omnitec 710 (300 baud orig/half 81 full I 242 VadicVA 3413 1300/1200 orig.) 845

MODEMS

GDC 103A3 (300 baud Bell) 395

GDC 202S/T (1200 baud Bell) 565

VA 3212 (Bell 212-A compatible) 825

VA 3461 lorig./ans. triple modem) .... 885

VA 3455 (1200 baud orig./an».) 770

VA 2450 (Bell 201 comp) 725

VA 103 (300 baud modamphone) 235

•Please call for quotation.

(29

Applications Specialists & Distributors Computer Terminals, Peripherals & Systems

NewYork:

516/621-6200,212/767-0677,518/449-5959 Outside N.Y.S.: 800/645-6530 New Jersey: 201/227-5552 Ohio: 216/464-6688

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 123

We now have the full fir

tal Research languages and productivity tools for use with CompuPro hardware

isk 1. High speed DMA floppy disk controller. $495, $595 CSC.

Disk 2. High speed DMA hard disk controller forSA4000/Fujitsu F2300 interface. $795, $895 CSC.

Disk 3. High speed DMA hard disk controller for SA1100/ST506 interface.

Avail. Q4.

RAM 16.64K X 8 or 32K X16 - works automatically with 8 or 16 bit systems. $650, $750 CSC.

. 64K X 8; ultra low power. $599, $699 CSC.

RAM 21.128K X 8 or 64K X 16 — works automatically with 8 or 16 systems. $1350, $1450 CSC.

RAM 22. 256K X 8 or 128K X 16 — works automatically with 8 or 16 systems. Avail. Q4.

M-DRIVE. The first "solid-state disk drive" can increase operating speeds up to 3500%. M-DRIVE software with 128K of static RAM, $1198; with 256K of RAM, $2395.

RAM 20. Extended addressing or bank select. RAM 20-8K: $210, $280 CSC. RAM 20-16K: $285, $355 CSC. RAM 2024K: $355, $425 CSC. RAM 20-32K: $425, $495 CSC.

Two Qume Trak 824 drives provide over 2,400,000 bytes of storage. With all-metal enclosure, Disk 1, rugged power supply, cables, and software: Digital Research's CP/M® 2.2 and CP/M-86™, Sorcim's SuperCalc-86™ spreadsheet, and Ashton-Tate's dBase II™ data base manager! $3295

Call (415) 562-0636 for the location of theCompuPro Authorized Sales Center nearest you. CompuPro products are backed up by a one year limited warranty (two years for boards qualified under the Certified System Component high-reliability program).

CompuPro division, Godbout Electronic:

Components

CompuPro system components deliver results in the toughest business, scientific, and industrial computing environments ...from IBM, to NASA, to the local pizza parlor.

When vmi're intfsnraiinn a hinh.lawol rnmnnlinn

When you're integrating a high-level computing system, choose the same components chosen by the pros: IEEE 696/S-100 from CompuPro.

Interfacers

Interfacerl.Two RS-;

232C serial ports. $249, $324 CSC.

Interfacer 2. Three parallel ports plus RS-232C serial port. $249, $324 CSC.

Interfacer 3-5. Five RS-232C serial ports (2 sync/async, 3async). $599, $699 CSC.

Interfacer 3-8. Eight RS-232C serial ports (2 sync/async, 6 async). $699, $849 CSC.

Interfacer 4. Three RS-232C serial ports, one parallel port, one Centronics/Epson parallel port. $395, $495 CSC.

Clock/calendar; RAM/ROM/math processor options; RS-232C serial port; interval timers and interrupt controllers; much more. $395, $495 CSC.

Shielded with active termination. 6 Slots, $140, $190 CSC; 12 Slots, $175, $240 CSC; 20 Slots, $265, $340 CSC.

Multi-user system front end processor with 16Kon-board RAM $649, $749 CSC.

"Bits, Bytes, and Buzzwords" is a primer for those who want to get started right in business computing. $2.50. Request #B3. "CompuPro Product User Manuals: 1975 -1980". $20. "CompuPro Product User Manuals, Volume 2". $25. "Interfacing to S-100/IEEE 696 Microcomputers". $15. Individual technical manuals also available.

iiimimm mimm iiimmmiii

niiimnnt^jminimii^MiiHittniM

ftmiiiiiii'.iiimiiiiiil iniimiiiiifiiiii

J"-llIIMMUtl'*i»IIIIIHHlHMIi»l

'' '■■ ■WA M I'll

/ith shielded/terminated 20 slot motherboard, power jpply, fan, dust filter, rugged all-metal construction. $825.

ox 2355, Oakland Airport, CA 94614

CompuPro |™|(ompuPro

The latest in our line of groundbreaking CPUs has all the important features you need for today's — and tomorrow's —16 bit computing. This 68000 based board features non-segmented memory to access a full 16 Megabytes, meets all IEEE 696/ S-100 specifications, and works with 8 and/or 16 bit memory. CPU 68K also includes a socket for the optional MMU (memory management unit) chip, has provision for 8K X 16 of on-board EPROM, and may share the bus with CompuPro slave processors to run 8 bit software. Perhaps most importantly, CP/M 68K™, as well as an advanced FORTH operating system for CPU 68K, will be available soon.

If you're excited about the 68000, we think you'll be equally excited about CPU 68K. $695 (8MHz), $850 CSC (10MHz).

The 8086 CPU is supported by more software than any other 16 bit CPU—and CPU86/87 lets you take advantage of that ultraefficient 16 bit software now. This advanced board also has sockets for the 8087 math coprocessor and 80130 operating system firmware chips, works with 8 or 16 bit memory (you may even mix both types of memory in the same system), and can share the bus with CompuPro slave processor boards to run existing 8 bit software.

Now CPU 86/87 is an even better value: thanks to a price breakthrough from Intel, we've reduced the 8087price to $300 so you can crunch numbers more economically than ever before.

CPU 86/87 answers the need for a top quality 16 bit IEEE 696/S-100 board with extensive software support. $695 (8 MHz), $850 CSC (10MHz). Factory installed 8087, add $300. (Clock speeds limited to 5 MHz with 8087.)

Call (415) 562-0636 for the location of tl CompuPro products are backed up by a or under the Certified System Compone

CompuPro division, Godbout Electronic

— | CompuPro — | CompuP

ine of CPUs astest.

For business, scientific, and industrial applications, CompuPro CPUs are the key to high throughput and high performance computing.

Whether you need 8 bit, 16 bit, or 8 and 16 bit ' V^'wi ih. ~ operation, CompuPro's fine family

y V I a ?a ^''•r °* n'9n sPeed CPUs deliver

fi 1 . 3j the performance, quality,

■ ^ T^fc and reliability you need

. for any serious

computing

application.

This is the original, much imitated dual processor board. The 8088 CPU, which runs at 8 MHz, is an 8 bit bus version of the 808616 bit CPU. The 8088 has full 16 bit internal architecture and runs all 8086 software, but interfaces with memory and I/O over an 8 bit bus. This insures compatibility with present day machines while providing the speed and power of a true 16 bit computer. The 8085 CPU, which runs at 6 MHz, is a sophisticated 8 bit processor which runs existing 8 bit software.

CPU 8085/88 accesses up to 16 Megabytes of memory, and meets IEEE696/S-100 specifications. When you need the best of both worlds — 8 bit, 16 bit, or 8 and 16 bit — CPU 8085/88 delivers results in high-level computing applications. $425, $525 CSC.

impuPro Authorized Sales Center nearest you. sar limited warranty (two years for boards qualified

igh-reliabiltiy program). Circle 82 on Inquiry card.

dx 2355, Oakland Airport, CA 94614

CPU Z is an 8 bit

workhorse which not only includes all standard Z80 features, but also has the necessary options to insure backward compatibility with most older S-100 mainframes. This means you can upgrade older systems to efficient, higher speed operation.

Meeting all IEEE 696/S-100 specifications, CPU Z zips along at 6 MHz for high performance in single or multi-user installations. And, there's provision for adding up to 8K X 8 of onboard memory (2716/2732 EPROMs or 6116 RAMs).

When you need a premium 8 bit Z80 board that is at home with the latest (as well as some of the earliest) S-100 systems, CPU Z is the answer. $295, $395 CSC.

mpuPro I — (ompul

The State of Industrial Robotics

What today's robots can do and what the future holds.

Having grown up a fan of Isaac Asimov (see reference 1) and having watched countless reruns of Lost in Space, I always think of a machine with human characteristics when the word robot is mentioned. The image of R2D2 from the movie Star Wars must appear in many people's minds when they hear robot; however, robots that walk, talk, and exhibit other humanlike behavior are still not practical.

Today's industrial robot (the most

About the Author

Mike Callahan is a consulting engineer and general partner at the firm Jackson and Callahan Engineers. He specializes in energy systems analysis, energy management, microcomputer applications, and technical software.

UNIMATE 2000, UNI MATE 4000, and APPRENTICE are all registered trademarks of Unimation. PUMA and VAL are trademarks of Unimation.

J. Michael Callahan Jackson and Callahan Engineers Old Colony Rd. Eastford, CT 06242

common kind) is not as glamorous as some of us imagine, but it plays an increasingly important role in manufacturing. (The automobile industry is today's single largest employer of robots. Photo 1 shows three robots doing spot welding on an assembly line.) Present applications include but are not limited to spot welding, grinding, spray painting, machine-tool loading, and die casting. Some of the points covered in this article are the classification of industrial robots and

Acknowledgments

The author would like to thank Robert A, Lisak of New Haven, Connecticut, for taking most of the photographs used in this article. Both Ellen Mohr of Unimation and Joseph Bianco of ASEA made this article possible by providing detailed information about their systems and allowing tours of their facilities to get a firsthand look at their products. Additional thanks goes to Ellen for making available photographs 1 and 16.

a description of robot subsystems such as sensors, end effectors, control systems, and power/drive systems.

Also, I have described some robot manufacturers and the systems they sell. I have included references and a list of robot manufacturers so that if you are interested, it will be easier for you to obtain details.

Let me emphasize that the material presented here is only a description of the existing technology and is not meant to provide detailed design criteria. I will not be covering the sociological merits or shortcomings of industrial robots, nor the economic justification for the use of robots in a manufacturing facility. There are strong arguments both for and against the use of robots, and to deal with this issue fairly would take a separate article. As for the economics, I feel each particular application must be looked at in detail, and I do not want to take the time to de

128 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 372 on inquiry card.

Which Spreadsheet lets you:

Use every cell (never see "out of memory") Consolidate multiple spreadsheets Split the screen as

often as you want

VisiCalc NO

SuperCalc NO

CalcStar NO

Scratchpad

The Ultimate Spreadsheet

Scratchpad features include:

■ Virtual Memory (never see "out of memory") Every cell on the spreadsheet can be used. Don't be misled, other spreadsheets tell you how "big" the matrix is, but you can only use a very small portion. With Scratchpad's virtual memory feature you can use EVERY CELL!

■ Consolidation (not just merging but also combining spread-sheets) This makes Scratchpad almost three dimensional.

■ Unlimited Screen Splitting

■ If/Then

■ Merge

■ Unlimited Title Locking

■ Long Strings Supported

■ Help file

■ Variable column width

■ Built in financial functions

■ Built in math functions

■ Variable formats

■ Automatic and selective recalc

■ Interface to Stats-Graph graphic package

■ More

For virtually all CP/M, CP/M-86, and MS DOS compatible systems, including the IBM PC.

Available from fine dealers everywhere, or directly from SuperSoft.

Requires: Scratchpad: Manual Only:

44k

$295.00 $ 15.00

Japanese Distribution:

ASR Corporation International

3-23-8. Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-Ku,

Tokyo 105, Japan

Tel. (03) 437-5371

Telex. 0242-2723

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research. VisiCalc is a registered trademark of Visi-Corp. SuperCalc is a registered trademark of Sorcim. CalcStar is a registered trademark of Micropro.

FIRSTIN SOFTWARETECHNOLOGY P.O.Box 1628 Champaign, IL61820 (217)359-2112 Telex 270365

Photo 1: Three Unimation robots welding on an automobile assembly line. Spot welding and arc welding are two areas in which robots are used extensively by the automobile industry.

velop a representative example. If these topics interest you, see references 2 and 3.

Definition and Background

The Robotics Institute of America defines a robot as "a reprogrammable, multifunction manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices through variable programmed motions for the

performance of a variety of tasks." The key words in this definition are reprogrammable and variety. Robots can be programmed for a number of different functions, whereas automated machines are designed exclusively for a specialized function. Therefore, in some applications, robots are superior to fixed-task automation. Robots can execute a series of spot welds during the

assembly of a particular car model and can easily switch welding patterns as required for other models. No retooling is necessary. As a matter of fact, if a robot is no longer needed for welding it can be reprogrammed for other functions such as tool loading or material handling.

Unimation Inc. of Danbury, Connecticut, introduced the first industrial robots to the U.S. during the 1960s for use in die casting. Later, Unimation became the leading U.S. robot manufacturer and, in 1981, had $56 million worth of sales and more than 5000 robots in operation worldwide. A number of other companies also manufacture or distribute industrial robots in the United States, among them Cincinnati Milacron of Cincinnati, Ohio, and ASEA Inc., a Swedish company with offices in White Plains, New York. ASEA's Industrial Robot Division is one of the major participants in the U.S. robotics market. This year it has added four engineering centers and a new manufacturing facility. A number of large U.S. firms have also announced plans to enter the market, the most notable being General Electric and IBM.

At the end of 1981, an estimated 14,000 robots were in operation in Japan, 4400 in Western Europe, and 4100 in the United States. Even

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though U.S. robot manufacturers feel they lead in research, they admit that the Japanese lead in the application of robotics, for a number of reasons. In Japan, the government demonstrates an active interest in robotics because robots increase productivity and enhance the Japanese economy. There is also a shortage of labor in Japan, so the workers are not as resistant to robots as American workers. In fact, Japanese workers often willingly accept robots in the workplace. U.S. management is usually focused more on short-term profit than on long-term planning and, therefore, is less able to respond appropriately to productivity declines. Future projec

tions place total robot sales for the United States at over $1 billion in 1990.

Robot Fundamentals

A way of classifying robots is according to their level of technological sophistication. The first category includes low-technology robots that are not servo controlled (i.e., their movements are powered directly, with no feedback or self-correction), have a limited number of program steps, and usually demonstrate good repeatability. The next category includes medium-technology robots that utilize servo mechanisms for accurate position and velocity control.

These robots contain microprocessors or minicomputers as the basic control element, and because of the flexibility associated with the digital computer, you can easily reprogram their sequence of operations. (Today's robots, which are featured in this article, fall into this second category.) The last level of classification includes high-technology robots with all the features of medium-technology robots but with one important addition, external sensors that provide information about the external environment and considerably enhance performance. Video cameras, proximity sensors, and tactile sensors are examples of external sensors that might be found on advanced robots. Only a few robotic systems in operation today incorporate external sensors, and these should still be considered experimental.

In order to be useful, a robot must have the following attributes:

• a hand to grip a workpiece

• an arm to move the hand in three planes

• a wrist with two or three articulations

• sufficient power to move limb and workpiece around

• manual controls so that an operator can control limb motions

• a memory to store a sequence of instructions

• a means of executing a sequence of instructions stored in memory

• ability to function at speeds equal to or greater than a person

• reliability

The above attributes are provided by two major component systems in an industrial robot: the power/drive components (such as the arm, wrist, and end effector) and the control system (consisting most often of a digital computer and feedback sensors).

The primary purpose of the power/drive system is to position a tool or other end effector anywhere in the sphere of influence of the robot. In order to accomplish this, a robot arm must have at least three articulations. Figure 1 illustrates the different possible arm geometries that are used

132 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Photo 2: The Unimate 2000 is a good example of a robot with polar-coordinate arm geometry.

Photo 3: The ASEA robot model number IRb-60 shown here at the ASEA application laboratory in White Plains, New York, illustrates the revolute-arm geometry.

Figure 2: Six program-controlled articulations of a typical general-purpose polarcoordinate robot.

in robotics. Each geometry has its advantages and disadvantages depending on the particular application. For example, the revolute-coordmate configuration would be more appropriate for picking parts out of a bin, while a polar-coordinate system would be more appropriate for transferring parts between metal-cutting machines. Photos 2 and 3 show robots with polar-coordinate and revolute-arm geometries.

The most general-purpose robot will have six degrees of freedom as illustrated in figure 2. As well as having the ability to move the end of the arm to a specific point in space, the robot should have three more articulations at the wrist in order to orientate the end effector for the job at hand. Photo 4 shows a wrist with three articulations: swivel, yaw, and bend.

Usually, two methods are used to move the elements of a robot. Hydraulic drive is used for large robots where heavy loads are encountered, and electric drive is used in smaller robots where accuracy is important. This is not a hard-and-fast rule but, in general, is true. Pneumatic drive is sometimes used on robots but, because of poor position and speed control, is less popular.

Hydraulics is a popular drive method because hydraulic cylinders and motors are compact and provide high power and force. With proper feedback, hydraulic drives can offer good position and velocity control. A Unimate 4000, shown in photo 5 with its cover off, is a good illustration of the mechanisms of a hydraulic-driven robot. Hydraulic cylinders that provide a linear motion are often used in robots because they are inexpensive and reliable. Photo 6 showing a Unimate 4000 undergoing a test with a 450-pound weight should give you an idea of the lifting capability as well as the mechanical complexity of a hydraulic robot.

The electric-drive method for robots with less demanding lifting requirements primarily uses motors with gear trains or linear actuators. Where position accuracy is essential, electric drive is usually the appropriate and cost-effective choice.

134 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Photo 4: Three wrist articulations are usually required to Photo 5: The design and engineering of a hydraulic robot is position an end effector. Bend, swivel, and yaw motions not a trivial task, as is demonstrated here, are possible with the configuration shown here.

Photo 6: All Unimation robots are thoroughly tested before Photo 7: The Unimation Puma robot has an all-electric

they are shipped to a customer. This robot is executing a se- drive and is used where the lifting requirements are minimal

quence of steps with a 450-pound weight attached in order and accuracy essential, to test all motions.

136 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Photo 8: The control system of the Puma robot resembles a personal computer system.

Photo 9: The complexity of an electromechanical control unit is illustrated by this inside view of an ASEA model number IRb-6 control console.

The ASEA robot shown in photo 3 uses an all-electric drive.

The control system for a robot is extremely important and usually quite complicated. The main function of the control system is to direct the motions of all the robot's elements. It must allow for human override as well as automatic operation. Another function is to allow for a sequence of instructions to be entered and then executed.

At present there are two methods to program the movements of a robot. The first is for a human operator to move the robot through the appropriate sequence of motions, using the manual controls. The control system "remembers" this sequence then plays it back at a later time. This can be viewed as teaching a robot a set of operations and allows for very easy programming.

The second method uses explicit instructions. The motion of the robot is controlled by issuing a sequence of commands that the robot understands. One command might be to move the end effector to a specific point in space, which would require that the robot interpret the instruc

tion and generate control signals that move the limbs in such a way that the end effector moves to the correct place.

With a control scheme using explicit instructions, you can program the velocity and acceleration of each movement and choose the path the end effector will take. Unimation has a commercially available robot language called VAL that uses this programming method. Currently, VAL controls Unimation's small electric-driven robot, the Puma, which is shown in photo 7.

The control system for the Puma is shown in photo 8. The control system is like a small personal computer system. Note the keyboard, video display, and floppy-disk drive. The complexity of the control system and power/drive circuits for an electromechanical robot is illustrated in photo 9, which shows the inside of the control console for the ASEA model number IRb-6 robot.

End effectors are one of the major reasons robots are so versatile. Robots use end effectors for grasping, welding, glueing, and spray painting just to mention a few tasks. The re

quirements for grippers are numerous and can be very specific. For forging applications, heavy-duty grippers that can withstand great temperatures are needed. Handling flat metal sheets requires either vacuum or magnetic grippers. For machine-tool loading, special grippers that hold a number of different tools are necessary. There are special grippers that can handle glass tubes and plate glass.

The creative design of different grippers allows robots to perform many different tasks. Photo 10 shows a simple general-purpose gripper used on the Unimate 2000 series robot. Aside from picking up objects, the end effector may be a special-purpose tool, such as the welding torch shown in photo 11 or the high-speed cutting tool shown in photo 12.

As mentioned earlier, it is desirable to have a number of articulations at the wrist so that the end effector can be positioned correctly. Photo 13 shows an end effector that has a deburring tool as well as a proximity sensor and a microswitch, both of which are used to sense the position of the workpiece. In this example, only two wrist articulations are need

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 137

Photo 10: General-purpose gripper used by the Unimate series 2000 robot.

Photo 11: The end effector on a robot does not necessarily have to be a grasping tool, as illustrated here by this arcwelding tool.

Photo 12: A high-speed cutting tool, used to cut plastic and fiberglass sheets into different shapes, is shown attached to the end of an ASEA robot.

Photo 13: A multifunction end effector with a deburring tool, proximity detector, and microswitch. The wrist is moved around to place either the deburring tool or sensors against the workpiece.

138 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Photo 14: The Unimation Apprentice Photo 15: An ASEA model lRb-6 is a scaled-down model of the larger A5EA robot,

is an example of a special-purpose It has a lifting capacity of 13 pounds and position accuracy of 0.008 inch, robot designed to meet the demanding requirements of arc welding.

Specifications for Seven Industrial

Robots

Unimation

ASEA

Apprentice

Puma 250

Puma 600

Unimate 2000B

Unimate 4000B

IRb-6

IRb-60

Number of degrees of freedom

5

6

6

3 to 5

3 to 6

5 to 6

5 to 6

Repeatability (inches)

0.040

0.002

0.004

0.050

0.080

0.008

0.016

Load capacity (pounds)

10

2

5

300

450

13

132

Programming capacity (no. of points)

N/A

N/A

N/A

2048

2048

15,000

15,000

Power required (kilowatts)

1.0

0.5

1.5

11.0

34.0

2.0

7.0

Cost

($ x 1000)

39

50

54

55

89

75

95

Table 1: Representative sample of industrial robots available on the market today. Note the range of cost and capacities; this gives designers leeway to produce robotic systems for a wide variety of purposes.

ed for the task. It is possible to move the end effector around the workpiece to put either the tool or the sensors in position by bending the wrist joint then exercising a yaw motion.

Systems and Applications

Up to this point, I have been discussing the components of industrial robots. Now I would like to talk about systems that are available

and how they compare to each other. Performance measurements used to compare robots are position, repeatability, number of degrees of freedom, power requirements, maximum-lifting capacity, number of control options, and, of course, cost. Table 1, which outlines the specifications for seven different robots, presents a representative sample of what is available on the market.

Photo 14 shows the Unimation Apprentice robot, which is relatively small and easily movable. It was designed for on-site arc welding in confined spaces (such as the rib sections of a ship hull). ASEA also sells a small electric-driven robot (see photo 15). The conclusion I draw from table 1 is that a large number of different systems are available and a designer has a lot of flexibility in choosing a system.

Table 2 gives a breakdown of the five major industrial applications for robots. The die-casting industry was the first to apply industrial robots. A robot can load a die-casting machine, quench the part, and trim off excess

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 139

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Table 2: The five major modern applications for robots. As the science progresses, robots will be used for a variety of industrial purposes, so the percentage of "other" uses will become larger.

Photo 16: The Apprentice robot in action, welding a steel structure.

material. Robots are especially suited for die casting because of the harsh environment that exists in a foundry.

Welding is another area where robots have been used extensively. Photo 16 shows a Unimation Apprentice arc welding. Good arc welding requires close control of the welding gun along the weld path. It is essential that both position and speed are controlled to obtain a uniform weld with no unnecessary metal buildup or blowholes. Robots provide the position and speed accuracy needed in arc welding as well as in spray painting. For spray painting, it is important that the robot be able to follow a

predefined path in order to obtain a uniform coat of paint. For details of robot applications, see references 4 and 5.

The Future

All of the examples here are of robots that can follow only a specific set of instructions. They are not capable of receiving information about their surroundings and adapting to changing conditions. In the next five years, advances will be made in the areas of sensor technology and the application of intelligence to robotic systems, giving a robot the capability to respond to a variety of environmental situations. Specifically, advances in vision and artificial intelligence will allow robots to become more adaptable.

At General Motors Research Laboratories, work is being done on a vision-based robot system that can recognize and pick up differentshaped objects moving on a conveyor belt. Advances in sensor technology will make proximity and tactile sensors commonplace on robots.

Another issue that must be dealt with in the near future is the standardization of robotic subsystems. Standardization should not limit new and innovative design but should allow for a common means of interfacing robots to computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing systems. We will certainly see advances in robot-control languages, such as VAL, in the near future. ■

References

1. Asimov, I. /, Robot. New York: Fawcelt, 1978 (pap.).

2. Chen, W. Year of the Robot. Dilithium Press, 1981.

3. Dodd, G. and Rossol, L. (Eds.), Computer Vision and Sensor-based Robots. New York: Plenum Press, 1979.

4. Engelberger, J. Robotics in Practice— Management and Applications of Industrial Robots. New York: American Management, 1981.

5. Glorioso, R. and Osorio, Fernando C. Engineering Intelligent Systems: Concepts, Theory, and Applications. North Billerica, MA: Digital Press, 1980.

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144 BYTE October 1982

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Circle 189 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982 145

Marketplace

Robert Dickinson POB 3004 Thousand Oaks, CA 91362

If you've always suspected that you have the kind of entrepreneurial talent that could have launched the Pet Rock, this may be the game for you. Called Marketplace, it gives you the opportunity to test your managerial expertise in a simulated business environment.

Marketplace is different in that it is a telecomputing game. I wrote the program for two TRS-80 Model Ills with 48K bytes of RAM (randomaccess read/write memory), each with RS-232C interface boards, modems, and disk BASIC. Two players can play over the phone or hardwire two Model Ills together via RS-232C ports.

Because most of the game is written in BASIC, you can rewrite the program to run on one computer only, in which case the players can take turns at the keyboard. I find, however, that playing the game over the phone adds an interesting dimension.

Game Description

In Marketplace you assume your place as general manager (GM) of a company. Your company is one of two that produce a high-technology product. Naturally, the firms compete directly with each other for the same market. Your success as a manager is measured by the amount of cash your company has on hand (retained earnings) at the end of a given time period. Years and quarters of years are the standard units of time. If the competition's retained earnings are greater at the end of a given period, you will be ousted by the shareholders. (Cruel, but true; remember, we promised realism.)

Several conditions are given. The demand for your product is quite seasonal, but the seasonally adjusted demand seems to be increasing steadily. The buyers in your market are very sophisticated; they base their decisions to buy or not to buy the

product on the level of technology it provides as well as its purchase price. Product technology (determined by the program) divided by the price equals the cost/benefit ratio (CBR) of the product. If your CBR is better than your competitor's, you will sell more of your product. The public, which responds emotionally to your company's reputation in the marketplace, will buy or pass by your product in accordance with that reputation. The market share for each company is determined by the technological sophistication of the product, its selling price, and the competitor's reputation. (The exact interrelationship is given later.)

Your company has a very good—in fact, infallible—market research staff. Each quarter the staff provides the following data on your competition: product technology, market reputation, demand, units sold, unit price, and retained earnings. But

146 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

while the members of your market research staff are skilled at reporting what happened last quarter, they are completely incompetent at predicting what may happen next quarter. To spare themselves such humiliation, they have categorically refused to try to predict the future.

In addition to a market research staff, your company boasts a product technology research and development (R&D) staff, a manufacturing technology R&D staff, and an advertising department. The product technology R&D group, which is responsible for improving the product, does its job reasonably well. Still, R&D is at best a risky enterprise; spending money on it does not always yield results. In fact, the efforts of this group seem to result in increased technology only 25 percent of the time.

Success is a mixed blessing because improved product technology brings with it the company's inevitable (and expensive) expansion. Of course, it costs money to upgrade the manufacturing facility. And any inventory on hand becomes practically worthless when the new product goes into production (the inventory is generally sold for surplus at 10 percent of its former market value). Finally, it costs more to make the new and improved product. But (lest you forget) this is a cutthroat business, and your company must remain competitive.

The manufacturing technology R&D group explores new production techniques and processes in an attempt to control production costs, which increase every quarter due to inflation. As competent as the product R&D group, the manufacturing group yields results about 25 percent of the time. When a new process is developed and then implemented, manufacturing costs drop. Still, to upgrade the manufacturing facility costs money. The product, however, remains the same, so there are no adverse effects on the inventory.

The advertising group spends its

budget trying to convince potential buyers that your company is great and your product is worth buying. They are moderately successful, again yielding results about 25 percent of the time. Advertising expenditures do not affect any other revenues, but they do deplete your retained earnings.

As general manager you are required to perform several duties at the beginning of each quarter. You set the production lot size; determine the budgets for the product technology R&D, manufacturing R&D, and advertising departments; and fix the

Marketplace consists of three programs: two In BASIC and one In machine language.

selling price for the product. The selling price must take into account the variable production costs per unit and the fixed costs associated with doing business; of course, both increase constantly as a result of inflation. In addition, if the product R&D or the manufacturing R&D groups have improved their respective technologies, you as general manager must decide whether you should upgrade your facility to take advantage of these new technologies.

Game Quantification

Now let's fill in the areas where numeric values are required by looking at Marketplace's output displays and input prompts. The first value to be quantified is the degree of difficulty of the game. The Task Manager program will prompt for this value immediately after the communications link is established. A level of difficulty of 4 evens up differences in skill levels between the players. An 8 turns minor differences into formidable advantages for a more experienced player. A 7 makes for a good "hardball" game.

Table 1 shows a quarterly report

display from the Marketplace program. Each column contains two rows of numbers. The lower row of values is your competition's parameters and is therefore incomplete.

The first value shown under the PROD TECH heading is the current technology of the product you are marketing. It begins at 1.0 and typically increases to about 1.6 after a simulated 10 years of play. The second value shown is the technology available, which increases when you spend money in $100,000 increments on product R&D. (There is a probability of 0.25 that any $100,000 increment will increase the available technology by 0.1.) The value shown on the second row under PROD TECH is the competition's current product technology. You do not know the competition's available technology.

The values shown under the MFG TECH heading are the current and available manufacturing technologies, respectively. As with PROD TECH, this value starts at 1.0 and will increase to about 1.6 after 10 years of play {simulated years, that is). The available technology increases when you spend money in $100,000 increments on manufacturing R&D. (Again, there is a probability of 0.25 that any $100,000 increment will increase the available technology by 0.1.) You are not aware of the competition's manufacturing technology.

MKT is the value of your reputation in the marketplace. It starts at 0.5 and will increase to a maximum of 1.0. This value increases when you spend money in $100,000 increments on advertising. (For every $100,000 increment you spend, there is a 0.25 probability that your market reputation will increase by 0.05.) The second row of the display is the competition's market reputation.

DEMAND displays your and the competition's demand for the product. SOLD contains information

October 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc 147

RESULTS FOR YEAR: 1 QUARTERN MARKETPLACE VER 1.1(M)

PROD TECH MFGTECH MKT DEMAND SOLD COST PRICE

10 10 1.0 1.0 0.50 100 100 2500 3000

1.0 0.50 100 100 3000

INVENTORY RET EARN PROD R&D MFGR&D ADVERT FIXED COST 0 1500.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 65.0

Table 1: A Marketplace quarterly report. The values in the first row beneath the headings are the parameters for your company. The second row contains your competitor's parameters. The dual values under PROD TECH and MFG TECH are, respectively, the current technology used and the technology available. MKT is the market reputation. COST and PRICE are in dollars per unit. RET EARN, PROD R&D, MFG R&D, ADVERT, and FIXED COST are all in thousands of dollars.

about the number of units you and the competition were actually able to sell. Marketplace is set up so that you will sell everything you can—that includes units manufactured during the quarter as well as units in inventory. If you overproduce, the surplus goes into inventory. The only way you can affect the DEMAND is via the product technology and market

reputation factors. Units SOLD are all units available plus production.

COST, the last quarter's variable manufacturing cost per unit, is expressed in dollars and adjusted for inflation every quarter. It may be decreased by 10 percent for every 0.1 increase in the manufacturing technology you use. COST is increased by 5 percent for every 0.1 increase in

the product technology used. The competition's manufacturing cost is not available to you.

PRICE, the selling price of your and the competition's product in the marketplace last quarter, is expressed in dollars. It is input via a Marketplace prompt every quarter and is unaffected by any other parameters. If you bring a new product technology on line, any units in the inventory are sold for 10 percent of that price.

INVENTORY is the number of units you had on hand at the end of the last quarter. This value is affected by production, sales, and producttechnology upgrades.

RET EARN, your company's retained earnings balance, is expressed in thousands of dollars (i.e., $100,000 is displayed as 100.0). This value is the net result of all activity within the company; it is a cumulative amount.

The next three headings—PROD R&D, MFG R&D, and ADVERT are the amounts expended last quarter for these functions (also in thousands of dollars). You are, of course, not privy to the competition's budgets.

FIXED COST, the cost of operating the company whether or not any units are manufactured, is not within your control. You and your competitor have the same fixed costs, which increase as a result of inflation each quarter.

Listing 1 shows Marketplace prompts. Marketplace first checks to make sure there is sufficient cash on hand to meet the fixed costs, then deducts these costs from your retained earnings. There are no prompts for this process. If you have improved the product technology available through R&D, Marketplace prompts for the amount you want to upgrade. (Don't forget that changes to the product require that you invest retained earnings to upgrade the manufacturing facility.) Similarly, if you have improved the available manufacturing technology, you will be prompted for the amount you want to upgrade, which again requires an investment of capital to improve the manufacturing line. A zero

-.2 09^ \4 °l'

148 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE October 1982 1 49

Pnct fnr

p,nct fnr

uUOl IUI

run11 nai iyc

Mani if^pti irinn 1 InnraHp lvi cu iu iciolu i ii ly ufjyi ouc

P < = 0.2

$300,000

$250,000

0.2 < P< = 0.5

$800,000

$800,000

P > 0.5

$1,500,000

$1,000,000

Table 2: Costs required to upgrade the product

and manufacturing technologies.

When the product technology

is upgraded, any inventory on hand is sold for 10 per

cent of the last quarter's market price.

Listing 1: Marketplace prompt sequence. All entries are checked for gross errors and displayed for the players' approval. If a player rejects any of the values, the program loops back and starts the input prompt sequence again.

INPUT VALUES FOR QUARTER 4

PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY POINTS AVAILABLE .2

POINTS TO UPGRADE? .1

INVENTORY SOLD FOR 10% OF MARKET VALUE

MANUFACTURING POINTS AVAILABLE .2 POINTS TO UPGRADE? . 1 NEW MFG COST: 2363

MAXIMUM LOT SIZE 375

LOT SIZE ? 200

RETAINED EARNINGS: 412.5

PRODUCT R&D BUDGET (IN $000)? 100

MANUFACTURING R&D BUDGET (IN $000)? 100

ADVERTISING BUDGET (IN $000)? 100

SELLING PRICE? 3500

MSG TO OPPONENT? SAMPLE MESSAGE

PARAMETERS FOR THIS QUARTER

LOT SIZE: 200

PRODUCT R&D BUDGET: 100.0

MFG R&D BUDGET: 100.0

ADVERTISING BUDGET: 100.0

SELLING PRICE: 3500 MSG: SAMPLE MESSAGE VALUES OK (Y/N)? Y

response to either prompt, which is acceptable, results in no upgrade. (Table 2 shows the cost schedule for both product and manufacturing technology upgrading.) The maximum lot size, based on remaining funds, is then computed and displayed as an aid for your decisionmaking. Next, Marketplace prompts you for LOT SIZE. You may manufacture no units or up to the maximum lot size at any time. RETAINED EARNINGS is then dis

played so that you will know how much money you have left to fund the product, manufacturing, and advertising budgets for this quarter. Zero is an acceptable value for any of these items. Marketplace will prompt for the product R&D budget in thousands of dollars.

Remember: the program will only accept amounts in $100,000 increments. You may input a 1 ($1000) and Marketplace will spend it, but nothing else will happen. Similarly, if

you enter 101 ($101,000), the extra $1000 will have no effect. Marketplace will prompt for the manufacturing R&D and advertising budgets and spend the money according to the same algorithm as for product technology. SELLING PRICE is next. This is the price per unit, or value of your product in the marketplace, and it is expressed in dollars (not thousands). Marketplace places one restriction on this value: it can't be zero (if you get a "divide by zero" error, the program dies). Otherwise, sell your product for the price you want. (Hint: don't forget that the cost displayed under COST in the quarterly report is only the variable cost; your price should be marked up enough to cover the FIXED COST as well.) The last prompt is for a message to your competition. If you have nothing to say, just hit ENTER.

After you have quantified these values, Marketplace will feed back your inputs for you to check. If all values are acceptable, input a Y and wait for the next cycle of the game.

Game Play

Marketplace consists of three programs: two in BASIC and one in machine language. Both BASIC programs provide identical interfaces to the player, although they function rather differently. One program is the overall Task Manager. The other program, the Slave, is primarily a bookkeeper and interface to the other player. The communications equipment and technique used determine which player runs which BASIC program. If the players communicate via modem, the player with the modem operating in answer mode should run the Task Manager program. Both modems must be operated in the fullduplex mode. If both players have modems with answer-mode capability, you can arbitrarily decide which computer will originate data. If you plan on hardwiring the Model Ills (RS-232C to RS-232C), you may also make an arbitrary decision. The player who runs the Task Manager loads and starts the program (listing 2 is a copy of the screen display for the entire dialogue).

150 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Listing 2: Initial input required to load and run the Task Manager program. Note that the memory size is set to 65000 to save space for the assembly-language communications routines. If you are using a "smart modem" you must set it before running this program.

TRSDOS Ready BASIC

How Many Files?

Memory Size? 65000

TRS-80 Model III Disk BASIC Rev 1.3

(c)(p) 1980 by Tandy Corp. All Rights Reserved.

Created 5-Jul-80

37,671 Free Bytes 3 Files

READY

>RUN "MARKETTM/BAS

NEED TERMINAL EMULATOR FOR COMMUNICATIONS LINK? (CURSOR WILL DISAPPEAR, 'BREAK' RETURNS HERE)?N TRYING FOR COMMUNICATIONS LINK TRYING FOR COMMUNICATIONS LINK

Listing 3: Initial input required to load and run the Slave program. As with the Task Manager program, memory size must be set to 65000. Again, you must set a smart modem before running this program.

TRSDOS Ready BASIC

How Many Files?

Memory Size? 65000

TRS-80 Model III Disk BASIC Rev 1.3

(c)(p) 1980 by Tandy Corp. All Rights Reserved.

Created 5-Jul-80

37,671 Free Bytes 3 Files

READY

>RUN "MARKETSL/BAS

NEED TERMINAL EMULATOR FOR COMMUNICATIONS LINK? (CURSOR WILL DISAPPEAR, 'BREAK' RETURNS HERE)?N WAITING FOR COMM

Both programs have simple terminal emulators built in. You'll need the emulator only if you need to communicate with the modem or communications equipment. I have a Hayes Smartmodem and must set its characteristics to initiate the communications. If your modem has only switches (e.g., Radio Shack's Modem I), then bypass the terminal emulator. The Task Manager program will output a test character. The other player now starts the Slave program and originates the modem communications (listing 3 is a copy of the entire dialogue). The Task Manager's modem answers, the computers link up, and play begins.

The game will end only under two

conditions: if one or both players run out of money (i.e., you don't have sufficient retained earnings to cover your fixed costs) or if the players reach a predetermined point in time or dollar amount and quit. The winner is, of course, the player with the largest retained earnings. In the first instance, the Marketplace programs invoke the terminal emulator function in each machine; the players can then "chat" via the modems. In the second instance, Marketplace cannot detect an end condition and continues indefinitely.

Communications

The interaction of the two computers in Marketplace depends heavi

152 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

:$425

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ly on three routines placed in high RAM. These routines provide terminal emulation and the ability to transmit and receive streams of characters. Listing 4 shows the assembly-language program for these routines. The terminal emulator occupies lines 230-420. The special transmit (XMIT, lines 470-670) and receive (RECV, lines 700-940) routines are discussed below.

Two main types of communication are used for Marketplace: singlecharacter and string transmission. The single-character dialogues are used by the Task Manager for program synchronization and control, the string dialogues for data. Singlecharacter transmissions are done directly with BASIC function calls to the built-in RS-232C routines in low ROM (read-only memory). Using a similar technique to transmit or receive a stream of characters is unreliable at bit rates much higher than 150 bits per second (bps). Instead, I chose a technique of reading and writing string buffers with BASIC PEEK and POKE and receiving and transmitting these buffers with machine-language code. This results in a very high bps rate at the expense of the microprocessor time required to format the buffers in and out of BASIC. The XMIT routine (listing 4, lines 470-670) simply transmits the number of characters defined in BUFCT (line 970) from the memory area beginning at BUFF (line 980). After all the characters have been transmitted, the routine returns to the caller. XMIT uses the Model Ill's single-character transmit ROM routine. The RECV routine (lines 700-940) fetches characters via the Model Ill's ROM code, counts them, and places the characters in BUFF. The character count goes into BUFCT. This process continues until an ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) carriage return character is encountered.

Marketplace BASIC Programs

I use pseudocode to structure my programs. Unfortunately, Radio Shack's BASIC does not easily accommodate structuring techniques,

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154 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Listing 4: The assembly-language listing for the terminal emulator program and communications routine used by the Marketplace game. This code resides in high memory starting at address 65001 (decimal).

FDE9 005A 0050 0055 0033 002B 41E8 41F0

00100 00110 00120 00130 00140 00150 00160 00170 001S0 00190 00200 00210 00220

RSINIT

RSRCV

RSTX

VDCHAR

KBCHAR

RCVBF

TXBF

ORG 0FDE9H EQU 90 EQU 80 EQU 85 EQU 51 EQU 43 EQU 16872 EQU 16880

65001 TO BASIC ROM RS232 INITIALIZATION ROM FETCH A CHARACTER ROM SEND A CHARACTER ROM DISPLAY A CHARACTER ROM FETCH A KEYBOARD CHAR RAM ONE CHAR BUFFER RAM ONE CHAR TX BUFF

THIS IS QUICK AND DIRTY TERMINAL EMULATOR

FDE9

CD2B00

00230

KEYIN

CALL KBCHAR

;CHECK KEYBOARD

FDEC

B7

00240

OR A

FDED

2806

00250

JR Z.RSIN

;NOTHING CHECK RS232

FDEF

FE01

00260

CP 01

;LOOK FOR BREAK KEY TO GET BACK

FDF1

C8

00270

RET Z

FDF2

CD05FE

00280

CALL XMIT3

;SEND IT

FDF5

21E841

00290

RSIN

LD HL,RCVBF

;P0INT TO RAM BUFF

FDF8

CD 5000

00300

CALL RSRCV

;INVOKE RAM ROUTINE

FDFB

7E

00310

LD A,(HL)

FDFC

E67F

00320

AND 7FH

FDFE

28E9

00330

JR Z,KEYIN

;IF NO WAIT.0-N0 CHAR

FEOO

CD3300

00340

CALL VDCHAR

;ELSE DISPLAY IT

FE03

I8E4

00350

JR KEYIN

;G0 BACK FOR MORE

FE05

F5

00360

XMIT3

PUSH AF

; SEND KEYBOARD CHAR

FE06

CD5500

00370

CALL RSTX

FE09

2002

00380

JR NZ,AGAIN

;W/ NO WAIT.NZ-NO XMIT

FEOB

Fl

00390

POP AF

FEOC

C9

00400

RET

FEOD

Fl

00410

AGAIN

POP AF

;REC0VER CHAR AND TRY AGAIN

FE0E

18F5

00420

JR XMIT3

FE10 E5 FEI1 D5 FE12 F5 FE13 2153FE FE16 1154FE FE19 7E FE1A B7 FE1B 280C FE1D 1A FE1E E5 FE1F D5 FE20 CD5500 FE23 Dl FE24 El FE25 13 FE26 35 FE27 20F4 FE29 Fl FE2A Dl FE2B El FE2C C9

FE2D E5 FE2E D5 FE2F F5 FE30 2153FE FE33 1154FE FE36 AF FE37 77 FE38 E5 FE39 05 FE3A CD5000 FE3D Dl FE3E El FE3F 3AE84I FE42 E67F FE44 2809 FE46 12 FE47 34 FE48 FEOD FE4A 2803 FE4C 13 FE4D 18E9 FE4F Fl FE50 Dl FE51 El FE52 C9

0001 007F FDE9

00000 Total

00430 00440 00450 00460 004 70 XMIT 00480 00490 00 500 00510 00520 00530 00540

00550 XMIT2

00560

00570

00580

00590

00600

00610

00620

00630

00640 XMITND

00650

00660

00670

00680 ;

00690 ;

00700 RECV

00710

00720

00730

00740

00750

00760

00770 RECV2

00780

00790

00800

00810

00820

00830

00840

00850

00860

008 70

00880

00890

00900

00910 RECVND 00920 00930 00940 00950 ; 00960 ; 00970 00980 00990 Errors

NOW WE HAVE THE SPECIALIZED XMIT & RECV ROUTINES FOR THE GAME

PUSH HL PUSH DE PUSH AF LD HL.BUFCT LD DE,BUFF LD A, (HL) OR A

JR Z,XMITND LD A,(DE) PUSH HL PUSH DE CALL RSTX POP DE POP HL INC UE DEC (HL) JR NZ.XMIT2 POP AF POP DE POP I1L RET

;PT TO COUNTER ;PT TO BUFFER

;COULD BE EMPTY

;IT IS ;GET CHAR

;KEEP SENDING

BUFCT BUFF

PUSH HL PUSH DE PUSH AF LD HL.BUFCT LD DE,BUFF XOR A LD (HL),A PUSH HL PUSH DE CALL RSRCV POP DE POP HL

LD A,(RCVBF)

AND 7FH

JR Z,RECVND

LD (DE),A

INC (HL)

CP 0DH

JR Z,RECVND

INC DE

JR RECV2

POP AF

POP DE

POP HL

RET

DEFS 1 DEFS 127 END KEYIN

|SET UP POINTERS ;SET COUNTER TO ZERO

;STRIP TO 7 BITS

;EXIT ON A NULL CHARACTER

;LOOK FOR CR ;TIS

;KEEP GOING

Listing 5: The Task Manager program.

20 1 THIS IS THE MARKETPLACE TASK MANAGER PROGRAM 30 '

156 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 74 on inquiry card.

Listing 5 continued on page 158 Circle 376 on inquiry card. |

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Listing 5 continued:

' RECEIVE 'XMIT

'SINGLE CHAR IN BUFFER 'SINGLE CHAR OUT BUFFER '300 BAUD

'NO PARITY,1ST0P,8BIT WORDS 'NO WAIT FOR NOW 'RS232 INITIALIZED

40 CMD"L","RS232/CMD" 50 '

60 'ROUTINE TO SET RS232 AND ESTABLISH COM

70 '

80 CLEAR 1000 90 DEFUSRO-90 100 DEFUSR1=80 110 DEFUSR2=85 120 DEFUSR3-&HFE2D 130 'RECEIVE STRING 140 DEFUSR4-&HFE10 150 'XMIT STRING 160 DEFUSR5=&HFDE9 170 'TERMINAL EMULATOR 180 BF-&HFE54 190 'TRX STRING SUFFER 200 BC-&HFE53 210 'TRX STRING LENGTH 220 IB-I6872 230 OB-16880 240 POKE16888.&H55 250 POKE16889.&HEC 260 POKE16890.&H00 270 X»USR0(0) 280 CLS

290 PRINT"NEED TERMINAL EMULATOR FOR COMMUNICATIONS LINK?"

300 INPUT"(CURSOR WILL DISAPPEAR, 1 BREAK' RETURNS HERE')";A$

310 IF A$="Y" OR AS="y" THEN X-USR5(0)

320 PRINT"TRYING FOR COMMUNICATIONS LINK"

330 POKEOB.ASCC'w")

340 X=USR2(0)

350 FOR 1=1 TO 1000

360 NEXT

370 X-USRKO)

380 IF CHRS CPEEKC18) AND 127)<>"h" THEN 320

390 POKEOB,ASC("g")

400 X-USR2C0)

410 FOR 1=1 TO 1000

420 NEXT

430 POKE 16890,SHFF 'TURN WAIT ON

440 X=USR0(0) 450 RANDOM

460 PRINT:INPUT"DEGREE OF DIFFICULTY (4-EASY, 8-DIFFICULT)"|DD 470 IF DD<4 OR DD>8 THEN 460 480 Tl=l 490 F1CD-1. 500 T2=l 510 Fl(2)=l. 520 T3=l 530 T4=l 540 Ml=0.5 550 MO$="" 560 MIS""" 570 Fl(3)=.5 580 Cl=2500 590 C2=3000 600 FI(5)=3000 610 CX=250O 620 FX=6.5E4 630 11=0 640 Sl=100 650 Fl(9)=100 660 R1=1.5E6 670 F1(6)=1.5E6 680 Bl=500 690 B2-100 700 B4-100 710 Ql=l 720 Yl=l 730 DIM QF(4) 740 QF(1)=-0.5 750 QF(2)=0.5 760 QF(3)=0 770 QF(4)=-0.2

780 Pl$="#«.# ttt.t IHtlt.lt tilt.* 790 P3$="M#.* 800 P2S="#M«#«- tlHtHII.lt810 P45=" t1tt1ttlt.lt-' 820 GOSUB 970 'CLS SDISPLAY LAST QUARTER 830 LR=R1

840 COSUB 1240 'GET THIS QUARTER PARAMETERS 850 PRINT:PRINT:PRINT"PARAMETERS FOR THIS QUARTER:" 860 PRINTUSINCLOT SIZE: tttltt" ;1l

870 PRINTOSING"PRODUCT R&D BUDGET: tttttt.t";D1/1000. 880 PRINTUSINC'MFG R&D BUDGET: tlttttt.t" ;D2/ 1000 .

890 PRINTUSINC'ADVERTISING BUDGET: fftttt.f";D3/1000. 900 PR INTU SING "SELLING PRICE: ttttltf" ;C2

910 IF LEN(MO$)>0 THEN PRINT"MSG:";MO$ 920 INPUT"VALUES OK (Y/N)";Z$ 930 IF ZS="Y" OR Z$="y" THEN 950 940 Rl=LR:GOTO 830 9 50 GOSUB 2000 'PROCESS 960 GOTO 820 970 1

980 'ROUTINE PUTS UP DISPLAY 990 '

1000 POKE 16916,0 1010 CLS

1020 PRINT"RESU LTS FOR YEAR:";Y1;" QUARTER: "jQl;

1030 PRINTTAB(40);"MARKETPLACE VER l.l(M)"

1040 PRINT" PROD TECH";

1050 PRI.VTTAB(I6);"MFG TECH"; 1060 PRINTTABC 26):"MKT"; 1070 PRINTTABf33);"DEMAND"; 1080 PRINTTAB(45);"SOLD"; 1090 PRINTTABC52);"COST"; 1100 PRINTTABC 58);"PRICE"

1110 PRINT USINGP1$;T1,T3,T2,T4,M1,B2,S1,C1,C2

t.tlt tltttttt- ttltttttt- ttttlt Ittttt"

n.tt ttttttt- tttttttt- ttttt"

tttttlt.t- tlttttt.t- ttlttU.lt- Hltttt.t-"

1 120 1130 1140 1150 1160 1170 1180 1190 1200 1210 1220 1230 1240 1250 1260 1270 1280 1290 1300 1310 1320 1330 1340 1350 1360 1370 1380 1390 1400 1410 1420 1430 1440 1450 1460 1470 1480 1490 1500 1510 1520 1530 1540 1550 1560 1570 1580 1590 1600 1610 1620 1630 1640 1650 1660 1670 1680 1690 1700 1710 1720 1730 1740 1750 1760 1770 1780 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100 2110 2120 2130 2140 2150 2160 2170 2180 2190

PRINTUSINGP3$;F1(1),F1(3),B4,F1(9),F1(5)

PR INT"INVENTORY";

PRINTTABC10);"RET EARN";

PRINTTABC20);"PROD R&D";

PRINTTABC 31);"MFG R&D";

PRINTTABC42);"ADVERT";

PRINTTABC50);"FIXED COST"

PRINTUSINGP2$;II,Rl/1000,Dl/1000,D2/1000,D3/1000,FX/1000

PRINTUSINGP4$;F1(6)/1000

PRINT

POKE 16916,7 RETURN

1 ROUTINE UPDATES PARAMETERS FOR NEXT QUARTER RUN

IF LEN(MIS)>0 THEN PRINT:PRINT"MSG: ";MI$ MI$=""

IF R1>FX THEN 1340

CLS:PRINT:PRINT"YOU LOST I 111 I 11 I 11 1111 " INPUT"NEED TERMINAL EMULATOR";AS

IF A$-"Y" OR AS-V THEN POKE16890 , 0: X-USROCO): X-USR5 (0) STOP

R1-R1-FX

IF Fl(6)>FX THEN 1400

CLS:PRINT:PRINT"OPPONENT IS BROKE, YOU WIN II!! I" INPUT"NEED TERMINAL EMULATOR";A$

IF A$="Y" OR A$-"y" THEN POKE 16890,0:X=USR0(0):X-USR5C0) STOP

PRINT:PRINT"INPUT VALUES FOR QUARTER ";

IF Ql+1>4 THENPRINT1:ELSE PRINTQ1+1

IF T3>T1 THEN GOSUB 1640 'UPGRADE PROD TECH

IF T4>T2 THEN GOSUB 1820 'UPGRADE MFG TECH

PRINT

PRINT"MAXIMUM LOT SIZE "j PRINTUSING"»#####";RI/C1-I. INPUT"LOT SIZE ";L1

IF R1-L1*C1<0 THEN PRINT"YOU CAN'T AFFORD IT":LI*0:GOTO 1470 R1=R1-L1*C1

PRINTUSING"RETAINED EARNINGS: Ittttt.t ";R1/1000.

INPUT"PRODUCT R&D BUDGET (IN $000)" ; Dl: Dl-D1M0OO

IF R1-DK0 THEN PRINT"YOU CAN'T AFFORD IT": Dl-0: GOTO 1510

R1-R1-D1

INPUT"MANUFACTURING R&D BUDGET (IN $000)";D2:D2-D2*1000 IF Rl-D2<0 THEN PRINT"Y0U CAN'T AFFORD IT":D2=0:GOTO 1540 RI-R1-D2

INPUT"ADVERTISING BUDGET (IN $000)";D3:D3-D3*1000

IF RI-D3<0 THEN PRINT"YOU CAN'T AFFORD IT":D3=0:GOTO 1570

R1=R1-D3

INPUT"SELLING PRICE";C2 M0$=""

INPUT"MSG TO 0PPONENT";M0$ RETURN

'ROUTINE UPGRADES PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY I

PRINT

PRINT"PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY POINTS AVAILABLE ";T3-T1

INPUT"POINTS TO UPGRADE";PT

IF PT>(T3-T1) THEN 1680

IF PT-O THEN RETURN

IF PT>0.5 THEN 1780

IF PT>0.2 THEN 1760

IF R1-3E5<0 THEN PRINT"YOU CAN'T AFFORD IT":G0T0 1670

R1=R1-3E5:C1=C1*(0.5*PT+1.):T1=T1+PT:GOTO 1800

IF R1-8E5<0 THEN PRINT"YOU CAN'T AFFORD IT":GOTO 1670

Rl=R1-8E5:C1=C1*(PT*0.5+1.):T1=T1+PT:GOTO 1800

IF R1-1.5E6<0 THENPRINT"YOU CAN'T AFFORD IT":GOTO 1670

R1=R1-1.5E6:C1=C1*(PT*0.5*1):T1=T1+PT

R1=R1+I1*C2*.1:I1«0:PRINT"INVENTORY SOLD FOR 102 OF MARKET VALUE" RETURN

'ROUTINE UPGRADES MFG PROCESS PRINT

PRINT"MANUFACTURING POINTS AVAILABLE ";T4-T2

INPUT"POINTS TO UPGRADE";PT

IF PTXT4-T2) THEN 1860

IF PT=0 THEN RETURN

IF PT>0.5 THEN 1960

IF PT>0.2 THEN 1940

IF R1-2.5E5<0 THENPRINT"YOU CAN'T AFFORD IT":G0T0 1850

R1=R1-2.5E5:C1=C1-C1*PT:T2=T2+PT:GOTO 1980

IF RI-6E5<0 THENPRINT"YOU CAN'T AFFORD IT":GOTO 1850

R1=RI-6E5:C1=C1-C1*PT:T2=T2+PT:G0T0 1980

IF Rl-1E6<0 THENPRliNT"YOU CAN'T AFFORD IT":GOTO 1850

R1=R1-1E6:C1=C1-C1*PT:T2=T2+PT

PRINIUSING"NEW MFG COST: (*####*'JOl

RETURN

'ROUTINE CRUCHES THE NUMBERS AND UPDATES THE QUARTER Ql-Ql+1:IF Ql>4 THEN Q1=1:Y1=Y1+1 'DID ANY TECHNOLOGY INCREASE

IF INTCD1/1E5X1 THEN 2110

FOR 1-0 TO Dl STEP 1E5

IF RND(0)>.75 THEN T3=T3+.1

NEXT

IF INTCD2/1E5X1 THEN 2150

FOR 1-1 TO D2 STEP 1E5

IF RND(0)>.75 THEN T4=T4+.l

NEXT

IF INTCD3/1E5X1 THEN 2200

FOR 1=1 TO D3 STEP 1E5

IF RND(0)>.75 THEN Ml=Mlt.05

NEXT

IF M1M.0 THEN Ml = I.O

Listing 5 continued on page 160

158 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 308 on inquiry card.

Princeton Graphic Systems

High Resolution RGB Color Monitor Designed for the IBM Personal Computer

FEATURES

□ 80 characters x 25 lines

□ 690 dots horizontal resolution

□ 16 colors

□ .31 mm dot pitch tube

□ non-glare, black matrix

□ plugs directly to IBM PC

$795

Princeton Graphic Systems' new HX-12 high resolution color monitor is designed with an NEC .31 mm dot pitch CRT to give you up to 690 dots horizontal resolution. You need not compromise the display quality of your system with monitors rated at less than the 640 horizontal dots generated by your IBM PC. The PGS HX-12 delivers 16 supercolors, 80 characters x 25 lines. It is the best priced performance PC direct drive monitor in the market today. Get the PGS HX-12 and discover for yourself how well it complements your IBM Personal Computer.

Princeton Graphic Systems

195 Nassau Street □ Princeton, New Jersey 08540 □ (609)683-1660 □ TLX: 685 7009 PGS Prin

Listing 5 continued:

Bring the flavor of Unix to your ZSO CP/M system with Unica

"Unicum: a thing unique in its kind, especially an example of writing. Unica: the plural of unicum."

The Unica: a unique collection of programs supporting many features of the Unix operating system never before available under CP/M. The Unica are more than software tools; they are finely crafted instruments of surgical quality. Some of the Unica are:

be - binary file compare, display differences in hex

cat • catenate files (vertically)

cp - copy one or more files, even between users

dm - disk mapper, reports free blocks and directory space

fid file identification by unique numbers (CRC's)

he • horizontal file catenation and column permutation

In - create file links (multiple names for one file)

Is - intelligent directory lister, optional multi-columns

mv - move (rename) files, even between users

rm • remove (delete) files, with optional verification

sc - source file compare, with resynchronization

sfa ■ set/reset file attributes, optional verification

sp ■ spelling error corrector, with 80,000 word dictionary

sr ■ search multiple files for a pattern

srt ■ inmemory file sorter, optional duplicate line omission

tee - pipe fitting (copy input stream to multiple outputs)

tr • transliterate (translate character codes)

wc • word counter, counts characters, words, and lines

wx - word extractor, copies each word to a separate line

Each Unicum understands several flags ("options" or "switches") which control program alternatives. No special "shell" is needed; Unica commands are typed to the standard CP/M command interpreter. The Unica package supports several Unix-like facilities, such as filename user numbers:

sc data.bas;2 data.bas;3 (compares files belonging to user 2 and user 3); Wildcard patterns:

rm -v *tmp*

(types each filename containing the letters TMP and asks whether to delete

the file);

I/O redirection:

Is -a >proj.dir (writes a directory listing of all files to file "proj.dir"); Pipes:

dm b: | sr free >lst: (creates a map of disk B:, extracts those lines in the map which contain the word "free", and prints them on the listing device).

The Unica are written in XM-80, a low level language which combines rigorously checked procedure definition and invocation with the versatility of Z80 assembly language. XM-80 includes a language translator which turns XM-80 programs into source code for MACRO-80, the industry standard assembler from Microsoft. It also includes a MACRO-80 object library with over forty "software components", subroutine packages which are called to perform services such as piping, wildcard matching, output formatting, and device-independent I/O with buffers of any size from 1 to 64k bytes.

The source code for each Unicum main program (but not for the software component library) is provided. With the Unica and XM-80, you can customize each utility to your installation, and write your own applications quickly and efficiently. Programs which you write using XM-80 components are not subject to any licensing fee.

Extensive documentation includes tutorials, reference manuals, individual spec sheets for each component, and thorough descriptions of each Unicum.

Update policy: each Unica owner is informed when new Unica or components become available. At any time, and as often as you like, you can return the distribution disk with a $10 handling fee and get the current versions of the Unica and XM-80, with documentation for all new or changed software.

The Unica and XM-80 (which requires MACRO-80) are priced at $195, or $25 for the documentation. The Unica alone are supplied as *.C0M executable files and are priced at $95 for the set, or $15 for the documentation. Software is distributed only on 8" floppy disks for Z80 CP/M version 2 systems. All orders must be paid in advance; no COD's or purchase orders, please. Quantity discounts are available. Shipment outside of the US or Canada costs an additional $20. Bank checks must be in US funds drawn on a US bank.

Knowlogy

P.O. Box 283-C Wilsonville, Oregon 97070

Visa/Mastercard customers call (503) 639-3420 for next day shipment. CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research. Unicum and Unica are trademarks of Knowlogy. Unix is a trademark of Bell Telephone Labs. XM-80 is a trademark of Scientific Enterprises. ZBO is a trademark of Zilog Inc.

2200 1 NOW WAIT FOR SLAVE TO CATCH UP 2210 POKEOB.ASCC'a") 2220 X-USR2(0) 2230 X-USRl(O)

2240 IF CHRS(PEEK(IB) AND 127)<>"b" THEN 2210

2250 'TELL OTHER MACHINE TO SEND THEN GO FOR MSG

2260 POKEOB.ASCC's"):X-USR2(0)

2270 X-USR3C0)

2280 J-PEEK(BC)

2290 XS-""

2300 FOR 1-1 TO J-l

2310 XS-X$*CHR$(PEEK(BF+I-1))

2320 NEXT

2330 FOR N»l TO 9

2340 K-INSTR(1,X$," ")

2350 IF K-l THEN X$-RIGHT$(X$,J-2):J-J-1:C0T0 2340 2360 Fl(N)-VAL(MIDS(X$,l,K-l)) 2370 J-J-K

2380 X$«RIGHT$(X$,J-1) 2390 NEXT 2400 1

2410 1 NOW COMPUTE TOTAL DEMAND 2420 1

2430 B3-Bl+Bl*QF(Ql)+Bl/2*(RND(0)-0.5)

2440 NF-1.01*RND(0)*0.01

2450 C1-C1*NF

2460 F1(4)-F1(4)*NF

24 70 FX-FX*NF

2480 CB-T1*10000/C2:CB-CB+CB*(M1-0.5)/2:CB-CB|DD

2490 CC-Fl(l)*10000/Fl(5):CC-CC*CC*(Fl(3)-0.5)/2:CC-CClDD

2500 B2-INT((CB/(CC+CB))*B3)

2510 B4-INT(B3-B2)

2520 IF B2XI1-+L1) THEN:Rl-Rl+(Il+Ll)*C2:Sl-Il+Ll:Il-0:

ELSE R1=R1+B2*C2:I1-I1+L1-B2:S1-B2 2530 IF B4XFI(7)+F1<8)) THEN: Fl (6)-Fl (6 )♦ CF1 (7)»F1 (8) )*F1 (5): Fl(9)-Fl(7)i-Fl(8):Fl(7)-0:

ELSE F1(6)»F1(6) + B4*FH5>:F1(7)-F1(7) + F1(8)-B4:F1(9)=-B4 2540 1

2550 1 PREPARE OUTBOUND MSG 2560 1 2570 XS-""

2580 X$-STR$(Tl)t" »

2590 X$»X$tSTR$<C2)t" "+STRS(R1)+" "*STR$(M1)♦" "+STR$(Fl(4))

2600 XS-XS+" "+STO5(F1(6))+" "+STR$(Fl(7))+" "+STR$(B3)+" "

2610 XS-XS+" "+STR$(B4)t" "+STR5(Fl(9))*" "+STRS(B2)+" "+STR$(SI)+"

"♦STR$(FX)»" "+CHR$(13) 2620 J-LEN(XS) 2630 POKEBC.J 2640 FOR 1-1 TO J 2650 POKEBF+I-1,ASC(MIDS(X$,I,1)) 2660 NEXT

2670 'NOW SEE IF MACHINE IS READY 2680 POKEOB.ASCC'c") 2690 X-USR2(0) 2700 X-USRl(O)

2710 IF CHR$(PEEK(IB) AND 127)<>"(i" THEN 2680 2720 X-USR4(0)

2730 IF LEN(MO$)-0 THEN 2860 2740 P0KE0B,ASC("m") 2750 X-USR2(0) 2760 X-USRKO)

2770 IF CHR$<PEEK(IB)AND127X>"s" THEN 2740 2780 MOS-M0$-*CHR$(13) 2790 J-LEN(MOS) 2800 POKE BC.J 2810 FOR 1=1 TO J

2820 POKEBF+I-1,ASC(MID$(MOS,1,1))

2830 NEXT

2840 X=USR4(0)

2850 GOTO 2890

2860 ' IF NO MESSAGE

2870 P0KE0B,ASC("n")

2880 X=USR2(0)

2890 X-USRKO)

2900 TTS-CHR$(PEEK( IB) AND 127)

2910 IF TT$»"m" OR TT$="n" THEN 2920 :ELSE 2870

2920 IF TT$-"n" THEN RETURN

2930 POKEOB.ASCC's")

2940 X-USR2(0)

2950 X»USR3(0)

2960 J-PEEK(BC)

2970 MI$-""

2980 FOR 1-1 TO J-l

2990 MI$-MIS*CHR$(PEEK(BF-H-1))

3000 NEXT

3010 RETURN

Listing 6: The Slave program.

10 '

20 ' THIS IS THE MARKETPLACE SLAVE PROGRAM 30 '

40 CMD"L","RS232/CMD"

50 '

60 'ROUTINE TO SET RS232 AND ESTABLISH COM 70 1

80 CLEAR 1000 90 DEFUSR0-90

100 DEFUSR1-80 'RECEIVE

110 DEFUSR2-85 'XMIT

120 DEFUSR3-J.HFE2D

130 'RECV STRING

140 DEFUSR4-SHFE10

150 'XMIT STRING

160 DEFUSR5-SHFDE9

Listing 6 continued on page 162

160 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

up to now, bubble technology has been the exclusive domain of large computer systems. Now, MPC Peripherals has boldly ventured where no one has gone before — successfully channeling the same stateof-the-art bubble technology into the personal computer field.

Introducing the MPC Bubble Memory Disk Emulator for the Apple II. A compact board with 128K bytes of non-volatile data storage.

Executes DOS commands three times faster than a standard floppy disk drive. Uses less power. Functions quietly, efficiently and errorfree in any hostile environment.

The rugged, solid-state bubble memory is totally non-volatile, unlike disk, there are no moving parts to wear. On-board error correction plus automatic power-down in the event of outright power failure or brown-out ensures absolute data storage reliability.

Once again, we offer you a TWO YEAR WARRANTY — an expression of product confidence unprecedented in this industry.

MPC Peripherals corp. 9424 Chesapeake Drive San Diego, CA 92123 Tel. (714) 278-0630

Circle 263 on inquiry card.

The Bubble has landed in the orchard

NEVADA

FORTRAN

'199.95

L

DISKETTE AND MANUAL

Just a beautiful compiler that's a pleasure to use! Perfect for Teaching Fortran. Perfect for Learning Fortran. Perfect for Scientists and Engineers. Advanced features include IF.. THEN.. ELSE., constructs, COPY statement, a very nice TRACE style debugging, and 150 verbal error messages. What's more, you can intermix in-line Fortran and Assembly Language statements for those special Micro needs! Get yours, today!

NEVADA

PILOT

$149.95

DISKETTE AND MANUAL

Why has Nevada PILOT become so popular? It's definitely easier to learn than Basic. The documentation (146 pages) by Professor Starkweather is exceptional! And, it meets all the PILOT—73 standards with many new features.

You can quickly write user-interactive programs much easier than with Basic. Order yours now! Diskette and manual comes with 10 FREE programs.

NEVADA

COBOL

($199.95

DISKETTE AND MANUAL

Nevada COBOL is based upon the ANSI—74 standards with many advanced features. It's field-proven with thousands of users world-wide in Business, Government and Education. The excellent documentation (153 pages) is used as a classroom text at a number of colleges.

Because of Nevada COBOL's superior design, It requires about half the memory of competitive COBOL compilers. This major advantage is just one reason many business programmers are switching to Nevada COBOL.

And, lots of students are using Nevada COBOL because it's the affordable, easy to use COBOL! Order yours now!

Also available: COBOL Application Packages Book 1 ..$24.95 Nevada SORT ...$119.95 Nevada EDIT ...$119.95

All our software requires the CP/M operating system, 32K RAM, one disk drive, CRT or video display and keyboard. Available on 8" standard single density or 5V«" diskettes for Apple II, Osborne I, North Star, Micropolls Mod II, Superbraln, TRS—80, IBM —PC and many other microcomputers. Dealer, Distributor, O.E.M inquires Invited.

COD'S WELCOME

o

ELLIS COMPUTING

600 41st Avenue,

San Francisco, CA 94121

(415) 751-1522

Osborne Comoulef Corp; IBM, International Business Machines. ©1962 Ellis Compuling

Listing 6 continued:

'SIGNLE CHAR IN BUFFER 'SIGNLE CHAR OUT BUFFER '300 BAUD

'RS232 INITIALIZED

170 'TERMINAL EMULATOR 180 BF=&HFE54 190 'TR STRING BUFFER 200 BC=&HFE53 210 1TR STRING LENGTH 220 IB-16872 230 OB=16880 240 POKE16888.&H55 250 POKE16889.&HEC 260 POKE16890.&H0O 270 X-USRO(O) 280 CLS

290 PRINT"NEED TERMINAL EMULATOR FOR COMMUNICATIONS LINK?"

300 INPUT"(CURSOR WILL DISAPPEAR,1 BREAK' RETURNS HERE)";AS

310 IF AS="Y" OR AS="y" THEN X-USR5C0)

320 POKE16890.&HFF

330 X=USR0(0)

340 FOR 1=1 TO 1000:NEXT

350 PRINT"HAITING FOR COMM"

360 X-USRl(O)

370 IF CHRS(PEEKUB) AND 127)<>"w" THEN 360 380 P0KE0B,ASC("h") 390 X=USR2(0) 400 X=USR1(0)

410 IF CHR$(PEEK(IB) AND 127)<>"g" THEN 350 420 RANDOM 430 Tl=l 440 F1UM. 450 T2-1 460 Fl(2)-1. 470 T3-1 480 T4-1 490 M0S-"" 500 MIS""" 510 Ml-0.5 520 Fl(3)=.5 530 Cl=2500 540 C2=3000 550 Fl(5)-3000 560 CX=2500 570 FX=6.5E4 580 11=0 590 Sl-100 600 Fl(9)=100 610 R1-1.SE6 620 FK6J-1.5E6 630 Bl=500 640 B2=100 650 Q1=I 660 Yl = l 670 DIM OF(4) 680 QF(D —0.5 690 QF(2)=0.5 700 OF(3)=0 710 QF(4)=-0.2 720 Pl$="«#.# Ht.lt 730 P3S="«l».0 740 P2S = "|J|)#<I<I(1 750 P4$=" 760 GOSUB 910 770 LR=R1

780 GOSUB 1180 'GET THIS QUARTER PARAMETERS

790 PRINT:PRINT:PRINT"PARAMETERS FOR THIS QUARTER:"

800 PRINTUSING"LOT SIZE: ttttt" ;h\

810 PRINTUSING"PRODUCT R&D BUDGET: tttttt.t";D1/I000.

820 PRINTUSING"MFG R&D BUDGET: tttttt.t";D2/1000.

830 PRINTUSING"ADVERTISING BUDGET: tttttt.t"; D3/1000.

840 PRINTUSING"SELLING PRICE: tttttt";C2

850 IF L£N(M0S)>0 THEN PRINT"MSG: ";M0$

860 INPUT"VALUES OK (Y/N)";Z$

870 IF ZS="Y" OR ZS="y" THEN 890

880 Rl=LR:GOTO 770

890 GOSUB 1940 1 PROCESS

900 GOTO 760

910 1

920 'ROUTINE PUTS UP DISPLAY 930 '

940 POKE 16916,0 950 CLS

960 PRINT"RESULTS FOR YEAR:"[Y1[" QUARTER:";Q1;

970 PRINTTABC40);"MARKETPLACE VER 1.1(g)"

980 PRINT" PROD TECH";

990 PRINTTABC16);"MFG TECH";

1000 PRINTTAB(26);"MKT";

1010 PRINTTABC 33);"DEMAND";

1020 PRINTTAB(45);"S0LD";

1030 PRINTTAB(52);"C0ST";

1040 PRINTTAB(58);"PRICE"

1050 PRINT USINGP1$;T1,T3,T2,T4,M1,B2,S1,C1,C2

1060 PRINTUSINGP3S;F1(1),F1(3),B4,F1(9),F1(5)

1070 PR I NT"INVENTORY";

1080 PRINTTABf10);"RET EARN";

1090 PRINTTAB(20);"PROD R&D";

1100 PRINTTABC 31);"MFG R&D";

1110 PRINTTABC42);"ADVERT";

1120 PRINTTAB(50);"FIXED COST"

1130 PRINTUSINGP2S;I1,R1/1000,Dl/1000,D2/1000,D3/1000,FX/1000

1140 PRINTUSINGP4$;FI(6)/1000

1150 PRINT

1160 POKE 16916,7

1170 RETURN

1180 '

1190 'ROUTINE UPDATES PARAMETERS FOR NEXT QUARTER RUN 1200 1

1210 IF LEN(MIS)>0 THENPRINT:PRINT"MSG: ";MI$ 1220 MIS-""

1230 IF R1>FX THEN 1280

1240 CLS : PRINT: PR I NT" YOU LOST .'!!!!!!!!!!!"

ttt.t ttt.t t.tt ttttttt- tttttttt- ttttt ttttt" t.tt ttttttt- tttttttt- ttttt"

- mm.*- tttttt.t- tttttt.t- tttttt.t- tttttt.t-" tttttt.t-"

CLS &DISPLAY LAST QUARTER

162 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 154 on inquiry card.

Listing 6 continued on page 164

For Cooling

As soon as you move to 64K RAM or 80 columns you need SYSTEM SAVER.

Today's advanced peripheral cards generate more heat. In addition, the cards block any natural air flow through the Apple II creating high temperature conditions that substantially reduce the life of the cards and the computer itself.

SYSTEM SAVER provides correct cooling. An efficient, quiet fan draws fresh air across the mother board, over the power supply and out the side ventilation slots.

JUST CLIPS ON. NO MOUNTING OR HARDWARE REQUIRED

COLOR MATCHED TO APPLE II.

© LISTED

For Line Surge Suppression

The SYSTEM SAVER provides essential protection to hardware and data from dangerous, power surges and spikes.

By connecting the Apple II power input through the SYSTEM SAVER, power is controlled in two ways: 1) Dangerous voltage spikes are clipped off at a safe 130 volt RMS level. 2) High frequency noise is smoothed out before reaching the Apple II.

For Operating Efficiency

SYSTEM SAVER contains two switched power outlets. As shown in the diagram, the SYSTEM SAVER efficiently organizes your system so that one convenient, front mounted power switch controls SYSTEM SAVER, Apple II, monitor and printer. The heavy duty switch has a pilot light to alert when system is on. You'll never use the Apple power switch again!

MONITOR

APPLE II

i PRINTER

POWER

$8995 at your local dealer or order direct by phone or mail from:

Kensington Microware Ltd. 300 East 54 Street, Suite 3L New York, NY 10022 (212) 486-2802

When ordering by mail include payment of S89.95 plus $2.50 for handling. New York State residents add 6Vi% sales tax. By phone payment can be charged to VISA or MASTERCARD.

Dealer inquiries invited.

Circle 216 on inquiry card.

m KENSINGTON m MICROWARE

Listing 6 continued:

1250 INPUT"NEEU TERMINAL EMULATOR";AS

1260 IK AS="Y" OR AS="y" THEN POKE 16890,0:X=USR0(0):X-USR5<0)

1270 STOP

1280 R1-R1-FX

1290 IF Fl(6)>FX THEN 1340

1300 CLS:PRINT:PRINT"0PP0NENT IS BROKE. VOU WIN Mill"

1310 INPU r"NEED TERMINAL EMULATOR";AS

1320 IF AS="Y" OR AS-"y" THEN POKE 16890.0:X=USR(0):X=USR5(0)

13 30 STOP

1340 PRINT:PR INT"INPUT VALUES FOR QUARTER ";

1350 IF Ql+I>4 THENPRINTllELSE PRINTQ1+1

1360 IF T3>T1 THEN GOSUB 1580 1 UPGRADE PROD TECH

1370 IF T4>T2 THEN GOSUB 1760 1 UPGRADE MFG TECH

1380 PRINT

1390 PRINT"MAXIMUM LOT SIZE ";

1400 PRINTUSINC"*»#»#";R1/CI-1 .

1410 INPUT"LOT SIZE ";L1

1420 IF R1-L1*C1<0 THEN PRINT"YOU CAN'T AFFORD IT":L1=0:GOTO 1410

1430 R1=R1-L1*C1

1440 PRINTUSING"RETAINED EARNINGS: HtHM.lt ";R1/1000.

1450 INPUT"PRODUCT RSD BUDGET (IN $000)";Dl:D1=D1*1000

1460 IF R1-DK0 THEN PRINT"YOU CAN'T AFFORD IT":D1=0: GOTO 1450

1470 R1=R1-D1

1480 INPUT"MANFACTURING R&D BUDGET (IN S000)";D2:D2»D2*100O

1490 IF Rl-D2<0 THEN PRINT"YOU CAN'T AFFORD IT":D2-0:GOTO 1480

1500 RI=RI-D2

1510 INPUT"ADVERTISING BUDGET (IN SOOO)";D3:D3«D3*I000

1520 IF Rl-D3<0 THEN PRINT"YOU CAN'T AFFORD IT":D3=0:GOTO 1510

1530 R1=R1-D3

1540 INPUT"SELLING PRICE";C2

1550 MOS=""

1560 INPUT"MSG TO OPPONENT";MOS

1570 RETURN

1580 '

1590 'ROUTINE UPGRADES PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY

1600 '

1610 PRINT

1620 PR I NT"PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY POINTS AVAILABLE ";T3-T1

1630 INPUT"POINTS TO UPGRADE";PT

1640 IF PTXT3-T1) THEN 1620

1650 IF PT=0 THEN RETURN

1660 IF PT>0.5 THEN 1720

1670 IF PT>0.2 THEN 1700

1680 IF RI-3E5<0 THEN PRINT"Y0U CAN'T AFFORD IT":GOTO 1610

1690 R1=R1-3E5:C1=C1*(0.5*PT+1.):T1-T1+PT:GOTO 1740

1700 IF R1-8E5<0 THEN PRINT"YOU CAN'T AFFORD IT":GOTO 1610

1710 R1=R1-8E5:C1=C1*(0.5*PT+1.):T1=T1*PT:GOTO 1740

1720 IF R1-1.5E6<0 THENPRINT"YOU CAN'T AFFORD IT":GOTO 1610

17 30 R1=R1-I.5E6:C1=C1*(PT*0.5+1):T1»T1*PT

1 740 RI=RltIl*C2*. 1:I1=0:PRINT"INVENT0RY SOLD FOR 10? OF MARKET VALUE"

17 50 RETURN

1760 '

1770 'ROUTINE UPGRADES MFG PROCESS

1780 '

1790 PRINT

1800 PR INT"MANU FACTURING POINTS AVAILABLE ";T4-T2

1810 INPUT"POINTS TO UPGRADE";PT

1820 IF PTXT4-T2) THEN 1800

1830 IF PT=0 THEN RETURN

1840 IF PT>0.5 THEN 1900

1850 IF PT>0.2 THEN 1880

1860 IF R1-2.5E5<0 THENPRINT"YOU CAN'T AFFORD IT":GOTO1790

1870 RI=Rl-2.5E5:C1=C1-C1*PT:T2=T2*PT.-GOTO 1920

1880 IF R1-6E5<0 THENPR I NT"YOU CAN'T AFFORD IT":G0T0 1790

1890 R1=R1-6E5:C1=C1-C1»(PT):T2=T2+PT:G0T0 1920

1900 IF R1-1E6<0 THENPRINT"YOU CAN'T AFFORD IT":GOTO 1790

1910 Rl-Rl-IE6:C1«CI-C1*PT:T2-T2+PI

1920 PRINTUSINC'NEW MFG COST: ttttlttt" ;C1

19 30 RETURN

1940 '

1950 'ROUTINE CRUCHES THE NUMBERS AND UPDATES THE QUARTER

1960 '

1970 Q1=Q1*1:IF Ql H THEN Ql = 1: Y 1 =Y 1 +■ I

1980 '

1990 'DID TECHNOLOGY INCREASE

2000 1

2010 IF [NT(D1/1E5)<] THEN 2050

2020 FOR 1=0 TO Dl STEP 1E5

2030 IF RND(0)>.75 THEN T3=T3*.1

2040 NEXT

2050 IF INT(D2/1E5)<1 THEN 2090

2060 FOR 1=1 TO D2 STEP 1E5

2070 IF RND(0)>.75 THEN T4=T4+.1

2080 NEXT

2090 IF INT(D3/1E5)<1 THEN 2140

2100 FOR I>1 TO D3 STEP 1E5

2110 IF RND(0)>.75 THEN M1=M1*.05

2120 NEXT

2130 IF M151.0 THEN Ml=1.0

2140 'NOW WAIT FOR MASTER

2150 'PREPARE OUTBOUND MESSAGE

2160 XS=""

2170 XS=STR$(T1)+" "+STRS(T2)t"- "+STRS(M1) + " "tSTRS(Cl)

2180 XS=XS+" "+STR$(C2)+" "+STR$(R1)+" "+STR$(I1)+" "

2190 X$=XS*STR$(L1)*" "+STR$(S1)*" "*CHR$(13)

2200 X=USR1(0)

2210 IF CHRS(PEEK( IB) AND 127X>"a" THEN 2200

2220 POKE OB,ASC("b")

2230 X=USR2(0)

2240 X=USR1(0)

2250 IF CHRS(PEEK(IB) AND 127)<>"s" THEN 2200

2260 J=LEN(X$)

2270 POKE BC,J

2280 FOR 1=1 TO J

2290 POKEBF*I-l,ASC(MIDS(XS, 1, 1))

2300 NEXT

2310 X=USR4(0)

2320 X=USR1(0)

2330 IF CHR$(PEEK(IB) AND 127)<>"c" THEN 2320

2340 POKEOB,ASCC'd")

2350 X=USR2(0)

2360 X=USR3(0)

2370 J-PEEK(BC)

2380 X$=""

2390 FOR 1=1 TO J-l

2400 XS=X$tCHRS(PEEK(BFH-I-l ))

2410 NEXT

2420 GOSUB2690

2430 FHD-X

2440 GOSUB2690

2450 F1(5)=X

2460 GOSU82690

2470 F1(6)=X

2480 GOSUB2690

2490 Fl(3)-X

2500 GOSUB2690

2510 C1=X

2520 GOSUB 2690

2530 R1=X

2540 GOSUB 2690

2550 I1=X

2560 GOSUB 2690

2570 B3=X

2580 GOSUB 2690

2590 B2=X

2600 GOSUB 2690

2610 S1=X

2620 GOSUB2690

2630 B4=X

2640 GOSUB 2690

2650 F1(9)=X

2660 GOSUB 2690

2670 FX=X

2680 GOTO 27 50

2690 K=INSTR(1,XS," ")

2700 IF K-l THEN X$ = RIGHTS(XS ,.1-2 ): J = J-I : GOTO 2690 2710 X=VAL(M1DS(XS,I,K-1)) 2720 J=J-K

2730 XS=RIGHT$(X$,J-1) 2740 RETURN 2750 X-USRl(O)

2760 IF CHRS(PEEK(EB) AND I27) = "n" THEN 2850

2770 POKEOB,ASC("s")

2780 X=USR2(0)

2790 X=USR3(0)

2800 MIS=""

2810 J=PEEK(BC)

2820 FOR 1=1 TO J-l

2830 MI$=MI$+CHR$(PEEK(BF+I-1))

2840 NEXT

2850 IF LEN(MOS)=0 THEN POKEOB,ASC("n"):X=USR2(0): REIURN 2860 POKEOB,ASCC'm") 2870 X=USR2(0) 2880 X=USR1(0)

2890 IF CHRS(PEEK(IB) AND 127)<>"s" THEN 2860 2900 MO$=MOSfCHRS(13) 2910 J=LEN(MOS) 2920 FOR 1=1 TO J

2930 POKEBF + I-1 , ASC (MID$ (MO? , I, D) 2940 NEXT 2950 POKEBC.J 2960 X=USR4(0) 2970 RETURN

Listing 7: Pseudocode for the executive section of the Marketplace game. The line numbers in parentheses perform the stated function; the first set is for the Task Manager program and the second is for the Slave program.

Load machine-language code (40) (60)

Define machine-language code entry points (90-260) (90-260) Initialize RS232C port (270) (270)

If terminal emulator required then call EMULATOR (290-310) (290-310) Establish communications link (320-440) (320-410) Initialize program variables (450-810) (420-750) Do Forever: (820-960) (760-900)

Call DISPLAY last quarter (820) (760) Do until next quarter values OK: (830-910) (770-880) Save current value of retained earnings Call GETVALUES (840) (780) Feedback input for review

If values not OK then restore retained earnings Endloop

Call PROCESS (950) (890) Endloop

164 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 286 on inquiry card.

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Task Manager

Slave

Parameter

Variable

Variable

rrouuci i ecnnoiogy

used

T-1 1 1

I 1

available

T3

T3

competitor's

F1(1)

F1(1)

Manufacturing i ecnnoiogy

used

Tn I d.

TO I I

available

TA I 4

TA

I 4

Market Reputation

your company

Ml

Ml

competitor

H(3)

F1(3)

unii uemana

your company

DO

DO

competitor

D A

□4

D A

d4

units bold

your company

C H

bl

competitor

F1(9)

F1(9)

Unit Price

your company

competitor

1-1(5)

rn /r-\

F1(5)

Retained Earnings

your company

R1

R1

competitor

F1(6)

F1(6)

Variable Costs

C1

C1

Fixed Costs

hX

FX

Inventory

11

11

Product R&D

D1

D1

Manufacturing R&D

D2

D2

Advertising

D3

D3

Base Demand

B1

Seasonal Demand

B3

Inflation

ME

Nr

CBR Task Manager

CB

CBR Slave

cc

Table 3: Definitions of variables used in the Task Manager and Slave programs.

Listing 8: The GETVALUES subroutine used by both the Task Manager and Slave programs. The numbers in parentheses refer to the line numbers in the respective programs; the Task Manager program is first and the Slave program is second.

Display any message from opponent (1270) (1210) If game lost: (1290-1330) (1230-1270) Display message

If terminal emulator required then call EMULATOR Stop Endif

Reduce Retained Earnings If game won: (1350-1390) (1290-1330) Display message

If terminal emulator required then call EMULATOR

Stop Endif

If Product Technology Available > Product Technology Used then call Product Upgrade (1420) (1360)

If Manufacturing Technology Available > Manufacturing Technology Used then call

Manufacturing Upgrade (1430) (1370) Compute and display maximum lot size (1450-1460) (1390-1400) Prompt for and error check the following: (1470-1620) (1410-1560)

Lot Size

Product R&D budget Manufacturing R&D budget Advertising budget Selling Price Message to opponent

so I will explain how the programs function and flow in pseudocode terms and leave you to work through the BASIC listings of the programs. The BASIC listing for the Task Manager program is shown in listing 5, and the Slave program is shown in listing 6. Table 3 lists the important variables and their BASIC names for each program.

Listing 7 is the pseudocode of the executive section for both the Task Manager and the Slave programs. Both programs set the RS-232C port to 300 bps, no parity, one stop bit, and an 8-bit word. (For other settings, refer to the TRS-80 Model III Operation and BASIC Language Reference Manual, pages 41-48.)

The "establish communications" step requires some explanation. In general, the Task Manager (lines 320-440) does not know if the Slave program is on-line when it tries to initiate communications, so the Task Manager simply sends a control character, pauses, listens, and repeats the process. It keeps this up until it receives a recognizable test character. This requires that the RS-232C port be initialized to the "no wait" condition—when the receive routine is invoked, it returns immediately, whether or not a character has been received. The Slave program (lines 320-410), on the other hand, initializes its RS-232C port to the "wait" condition. The Slave simply has to listen for the test character and send an acknowledgment when it receives a character it understands. After the communications link is established, the Task Manager resets its port to the "wait" condition for the remainder of the program. (The terminal emulator must have a "no wait" condition established before it is called.)

The executive section uses three subroutines. The DISPLAY subroutine uses simple print statements. The Task Manager DISPLAY subroutine is found in lines 970-1230; the Slave's is in lines 910-1170.

The GETVALUES subroutine (pseudocode shown in listing 8) is the same for the Task Manager and the Slave. The two points to consider

166 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Finally

you can afford to satisfy

your lust for power.

ZX81

PLOT UNPLOT REM RUN RAND RETURN

□inn

INPUT POKE PRINT

0 -ilwfcl E el R sIt .-Iy sfU II 10 IP

COS TAN

RND STRS CHRS CODE PEEK TAB

GOTO GOSUB LOAD LIST LET

lEj EE; mr ill m rn qi m

ARCSIN ARCCOS ARCTAN SGN ABS SOR VAL LEN

COPV CLEAR CONT CLS SCROLL NEXT PAUSE

fZ IX JC Iv IB

I 1

M SPACE ■

IN KEYS NOT

For $99.95you can have a full powered personal computer.

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Listing 9: Pseudocode for Task Manager's PROCESS subroutine. This subroutine manages all data and performs number-crunching for both Task Manager and Slave. Numbers in parentheses refer to the Task Manager program only.

Update Quarter and Year counters (2030)

For each 100,000 increment of Product R&D budget: (2070-2100)

If random number > 0.75 then increase Product Technology Available by 0.1 Endloop

For each 100,000 increment of Manufacturing R&D budget: (2110-2140)

If random number > 0.75 then increase Manufacturing Technology Available by 0.1 Endloop

For each 100,000 increment of Advertising budget: (2150-2180)

If random number > 0.75 then increase Market by 0.05 Endloop

If Market > 1.0 then set Market = 1.0 (2190) Wait for Slave program to reach this point (2200-2240) Request parameter message from Slave (2250-2260) Call RECEIVE (2270)

Unload RECEIVE buffer to BASIC string (2280-2320)

Parse and convert string to required program variables (2330-2390)

Compute the following for both programs: (2430-2530)

Total Demand

Inflation

Unit Demand

Units Sold

Inventory

Retained Earnings

Convert Slave program variable to strings and load XMIT buffer (2570-2660) Tell Slave message is ready and call XMIT when requested (2670-2720) If any outbound messages to opponent: (2730-2850)

Load XMIT buffer

Tell Slave message is ready

Call XMIT when requested Endif

If any inbound messages: (2860-3000) Request Slave to send Call RECEIVE

Unload RECEIVE buffer to message string Endif

here are that each program has sufficient information to determine when either player wins or loses and that the retained earnings are reduced each time an item is bought. The requirement to reduce retained earnings as items are purchased dictates most of the flow of this subroutine. In addition, each value is checked to ensure that sufficient funds are available before any action is taken. The two subroutines PROD UPGRADE and MFG UPGRADE handle the adjustment of the product and manufacturing upgrades and reduction of retained earnings. After all values have been input they are fed back to the player for final approval. If any value is rejected, you must reenter all of the others. This may seem burdensome, but during play it lets you reevaluate your strategy.

The PROCESS subroutine is the most interesting portion of the program. Initially, I envisioned both programs doing their own computations, which would simplify both the traffic between the computers and the programming. Unfortunately, that wasn't possible because each computer would have had to use the BASIC random-number generator initialized to a different starting point and would have drawn different random numbers. Environmental factors such as inflation and demand would also have been different for each program. So I decided to have one program do all of the environmental computations and share the information. The only thing left to do was to figure out how to accomplish that. The general solution to the problem follows.

1. compute specific parameters for each computer

2. have the Slave program report its updated values to the Task Manager

3. have the Task Manager compute the environmental parameters

4. give the Slave the new values

Although the PROCESS subroutine pseudocode for the Task Manager is different from that for the Slave, the key to Marketplace is the interaction of these two routines. The following discussion presents the Task Manager's point of view (see listing 9). (To understand the complementary processes, refer to the Slave pseudocode in listing 10 any time an action by the Slave program is mentioned.) After the quarter and year counters have been updated, the payoffs for all the R&D and advertising budgets are determined. These values are computed locally by each computer. At this point, the programs must be synchronized to accomplish the data transfer. The Task Manager sends a test character and waits for an acknowledgment. If the proper test character is received, the Task Manager tells the Slave to begin transmission and calls the machinelanguage receive routine. Then the Task Manager converts the receivedcharacter string to numeric parameters and computes the remaining values. The outbound data string is prepared and the Slave is informed that a data message is ready. When the Slave requests the message, the machine-language transmit routine is called and the message is sent. The text dialogue between the players is handled in a similar manner.

Closing Notes

I have focused on the first generation of Marketplace. Many readers will recognize that the programs described here have overlooked a plethora of possible interactions. For example, production capacity is unlimited, the product demand is inelastic, technologies once gained through R&D have an unlimited shelf

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 171

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Listing 10: Pseudocode for Slave's PROCESS subroutine. This subroutine transmits and receives messages. Numbers in parentheses refer to the Slave program only.

Update Quarter and Year counters (1970)

For each 100,000 increment of Product R&D budget (2010-2040)

If random number > 0.75 then increase Product Technology Available by 0.1 Endloop

For each 100,000 increment of Manufacturing R&D budget (2050-2080)

If random number > 0.75 then increase Manufacturing Technology Available by 0.1 Endloop

For each 100,000 increment of Advertising budget (2090-2120)

If random number > 0.75 then increase Market by 0.05 Endloop

If Market > 1.0 then set Market = 1.0 (2130)

Convert program parameters to strings and prepare XMIT string (2160-2190) Wait for Task Manager to reach this point (2200-2250) Load XMIT buffer from XMIT string (2260-2300) Call XMIT when requested (2310)

Wait for Task Manager to say message is ready (2320-2330) Tell Task Manager to send (2340-2350) Call RECEIVE (2360)

Unload RECEIVE buffer to BASIC string (2370-2410)

Parse and convert string to reguired program variables (2420-2680)

If any inbound messages (2750-2840)

Request Task manager to send

Call RECEIVE

Unload RECEIVE buffer to message string Endif

If any outbound message (2850-2970)

Tell Task Manager message available

Load XMIT buffer

Call XMIT when requested Endif

life, and fixed costs are really arbitrary. My intent was to explore techniques for a two-machine dialogue and to create a game that required its players to use the best computers available—their own mental faculties. Marketplace in its current form requires a great deal of thought and planning on the part of its players to balance the parameters. It is very easy in this game to get behind the curve and be destroyed by the competition.

Success at Marketplace depends on how well you ride the "curve" of rising prices by improving your product's level of technology, maintaining your market reputation, and keeping your retained earnings high.

The author has offered to make copies of his programs available to BYTE readers. Send a blank disk and a check or money order for $15 to

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174 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 69 on inquiry card.

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Ringquest

Gordon Mills 6 Denehill Bradford, West Yorkshire BD9 6AT England

1

INSTRUCTIONS FOR MOVING: 488 8ECS SCORE 0 SECTOR

• il

Photo 1: The screen display for Ringquest. The map of the mines is drawn as you travel through the passages and caves.

The main object of most adventure games is to fight monsters and grab all the treasure you can carry. Ringquest, inspired by Tolkien, encourages a different point of view. You have the opportunity to offer friendship to a monster and pursue your quest by less violent means. Of course, for more hardened players the game also offers the traditional modus operandi for dealing with monsters: using swords and spells.

I had been interested in creating a fantasy game since 1979, when I acquired an 8K-byte Commodore PET. Having read about adventure games in magazines, I

wondered if I could pack one into a computer that had only 7K bytes of program storage. Eventually I managed to do just that, using a game I had come across as my model. (See 'The Origin of Ringquest" for details of the game's evolution.) Later, I modified the game to run on my new Apple II with 48K bytes of RAM (random-access read/write memory). A description of the resulting version of Ringquest follows.

Playing the Game

The object of the game is, as you might expect, to find the ring and remove it from the mine. When you set out on each new quest, the only thing you can be certain of is that you will be exploring a set of caves and passages completely different from any you have met before. First, you'll descend into the center area of the mines. Your moves will be displayed on a map that shows passages and caves (see photo 1). When you enter a cave for the first time, you will usually see both a monster and treasure—unless you fall into one of the underground streams, that is, in which case you will be carried off to somewhere else in the mines (fortunately, only 5 percent of the caves contain these streams). Initially, more than half of the monsters you see will be Red Ores, whose fighting ability is inferior to yours when you start. As you acquire weapons, your chances of meeting stronger monsters will increase.

"Treasure" also includes weapons. These are always acquired in the same order and always improve your fighting ability. But if you greedily set about taking all the gold bars you can, your fighting ability will be re

176 October 1982 © BYTE Publication* Inc

duced in proportion to the amount of gold you have acquired. In any case, the number of gold bars you can carry is limited.

All the main game operations are decided by random functions: selection of passages and caves, monster types and treasure, the monsters' reactions to friendly overtures, and the combat. Nevertheless, the field for decision making is wide. For example, you can retreat from any cave after entering it, decide whether to attack the monster or try for friendship, retire from a fight if hurt, and decide to fire an explosive charge. The latter not only unblocks rockfalls but sends such great reverberations through the cave system that many of the monsters move to different caves. Of course, violent behavior is discouraged, so after you fire a charge your charm rating and injury resistance will be lower.

If you are carrying at least one bar of gold when you enter a cave that contains no treasure or fewer than five bars of gold, and you try for friendship with the monster, it will demand some gold from you. The bartering protocol that operates in the caves is as follows:

(1) If you do not possess the number of bars the monster demands but comply with the demand, the monster is offended and always attacks.

(2) If you refuse to comply with the demand, the monster is not offended, and you can decide to offer friendship again, to attack, or to retreat.

(3) When you offer friendship again, the monster may demand more or fewer gold bars.

(4) If you do possess the number of bars the monster

demands and comply with the demand, you increase your chances of friendship by a factor roughly in proportion to the number of bars the monster demanded.

(5) If the monster chooses to be friendly, you can then take any treasure that is inside the cave when you enter in exchange for the treasure you have acquired already.

Winning at Ringquest requires both luck and a combination of skills. It may be many hours before you find the ring and many more before you figure out how to acquire it and take it out of the mine; until then, you have a score to aim for. The ring itself plays a role in the scoring system. For instance, you stand a much greater chance of success if the ring is in sector 2, but you gain only about 100 points for taking the ring out of sector 2, while you gain 200 points if you manage to bring it safely out of sector 1. I don't know what the highest possible score might be, because I have never successfully removed the ring from sector 1, but it should be possible to get nearly 300 points. Time is the main constraint, and the approximately 960-second allowance for traveling through each sector seems all too short when you are desperately engaged in barter with a Gray Elf who seems determined to ignore youl

As in more traditional adventure games, you must work out one or two strategies for yourself. It wouldn't be fair for me to divulge them here and spoil your enjoyment! I can, however, offer some advice. You can obtain the ring only by visiting many caves, so you have to

move fast and try to avoid long-winded bartering and retracing your steps through already-visited caves. You can use underground streams to your advantage during the first few minutes in each sector, because they let you rapidly seek more caves, but avoid them as you approach the time limit. Very occasionally, you may find yourself completely blocked, but this normally occurs only in the very early stages of the game. If you have a gunpowder flask, you can press E to create an exit at your current position. If you run out of explosives, just press E to end that quest and start again.

The Origin of Ringquest

The model I used for Ringquest took up 18K bytes of RAM on a 32K-byte PET. The game could be played by up to four players whose object was to obtain the most gold and return to the entrance. The PET graphics symbols, which create a network of passages between caves, were stored in a 40 by 25 array so that when you entered a cave, the screen cleared and you were offered information about a monster and treasure. If the monster did not kill you (which happened very quickly most of the time), the cave map was redrawn using POKE statements. This process, which required 13 seconds each time, was frustrating, but there was a certain fascination in not knowing which monster would appear next.

I was determined to modify the program to fit into 7K bytes. My main objectives were to eliminate the long

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delay in redrawing the screen map, even up the chances for the player facing a monster, and reduce the chances (quite high in the original game) that a player might find passages blocked in every direction. First I decided to design a single-player game. Then I decided to make use of my limited knowledge of machine language to write a routine to store the screen display in the upper IK bytes of RAM.

By using machine language to store the screen display, I was able to dispense with the really large arrays. But I still needed arrays to store the details of the caves containing monsters and treasure; that would lend continuity to the game and exercise the players' judgment. I chose a 3 by 50 array so that each cave had its position, monster, and treasure. Then I reduced the chances of meeting dead ends by doubling the chances of encountering both fourway passages and caves. Finally, I introduced an original idea: the gunpowder flask, which could blast through passages when the way was blocked.

I retained a "rockfall" feature from the seed game; a rockfall in one of the passages occurred at random but with increasing frequency as the game proceeded. Because you could "score" your treasure only if you returned to the mine entrance, this, in practice, limited the total number of moves. The goal of the game was still to acquire gold and return safely. By carefully pruning all nonessential features, I completed the first version, which I called "Mines of Moria," in three weeks. The game proved very popular when tested out among family, colleagues, and friends, but I was still not satisfied. For the game to be a true adventure, I wanted it to have a goal that transcended the mere acquisition of wealth. The solution, obvious enough in hindsight, was the idea of a Ringquest.

After some thought, I made the following changes:

(1) arranging for the ring to appear only after the Magic Sword has been obtained and used to kill a Balrog

(2) including a scoring system of points for acquiring gold and silver charms and vanquishing certain monsters

(3) adding a time limit and a time/score display to the screen map

(4) letting the player withdraw from a fight when injured

(5) introducing a gold-bartering system if the player offers friendship to one of the monsters

(6) stipulating that, when a cave containing the ring is finally found, another condition placed on the player must be satisfied or the ring will be spirited away to another cave

(7) including a Time Spell, which would occasionally be available from a wizard, to extend the normal time limit

(8) adding an Invisible Cloak that, if obtained, would let the player enter any cave and take the treasure; the cloak also carried with it such drawbacks as preventing you from fighting a monster or gaining information about your status

178 Octobtr 19S2 © BYTE Publications Inc

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The Franklin ACE 1000 is a professional personal computer that is hardware and soltware compatible with the Apple II and includes many features not found on the Apple unit. All programs written for the Apple II will run o Ihe ACE 1000 without modification including those using high and low resolution black and while graphics. The ACE 1000 is plug compatible wilh Apple. All peripherals that operate in the Apple II will operate in the ACE 1000 without modification.

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APPLE. APPLE II, DOS 3.2.1. DOS 3.3 are registered trademarks of APPLE Computer, Inc.

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IBM PC registered by International Business Machines Corporation.

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(9) including a second mine sector that could be entered by exiting the original mine sector but that did not allow you to reenter the first; the ring would be preset to be in one of these sectors and would therefore not be found in the other

(10) adding a system of messages to give the player information concerning the whereabouts of the ring and what to do under certain circumstances

Including all the above in a new version of the game required extensive machine-language routines that involved using the RAM normally reserved for the cassette buffers. The game instructions had to be stored in screen code at the end of the program. After display, at the start of the game, they would then be overwritten by the variables store. Tackling each new item required wholesale rewriting to save a few bytes here and there (including using a renumbering facility on another available 32K PET). This made debugging more difficult, but eventually I achieved every one of my goals. I even managed to add such extra touches as descriptions of each monster.

The Apple Version

Some weeks after completing the PET version, I acquired an Apple II. I put Ringquest to one side in favor of my interest in developing a "structured" BASIC system. After experimenting with a set of standards proposed by the British MUSE (Microcomputer USers in Education) Society, it became clear that transferring programs from one microcomputer to another would be much easier if a number of simple rules were followed. My next task was to convert Ringquest to operate on my new Apple II, which was not particularly easy.

There were two main technical problems. First, the Apple II lacked "dedicated" graphics, which meant that I had to create a special set of 27 shapes to use on the highresolution graphics page 1. I selected page 1 so that I could use the "window" to display information about score and time, etc. Second, I wrote the PET version with very little formal structure (in order to save as much space as possible) and placed the main subroutines near the start to speed up the operation of the game.

For the first problem, I used my own Shape Utility program to build the necessary shape table. I had to store the positions of the shapes on the screen in an array. I retained the principle (from the PET version) of storing information about the contents separately from information about the position of each cave.

Listing 1 illustrates how I solved the second problem. The first 9 lines contain initialization. The next 13 lines form a control section with line 590 being the key—the variable Z is set to direct the flow of the game to the 12 main modules. Originally, I had intended all subroutines that were hardware-dependent to be at the end of the program to facilitate rewriting for different computers. But by the time I realized that 6K bytes (which is all that my Apple II had available below the high-resolution page 1) would be a limiting factor, it would have meant a major

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 167 On inquiry Card.

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ATARI Macro Assembler—Faster and more powerful than any ATARI language before, the ATARI Macro Assembler also allows you to access more memory space. And it's excellent for I/O interface and manipulation of such features as: player/missile graphics, sound registers and peripherals. In addition, the macro processor and "include" file library features speed-up program development considerably.

Fig-FORTH—For specialized programming needs, such as educational or game applications, ATARI Fig-FORTH is uniquely effective. Fig-FORTH combines power and simplicity in an efficient 10K size, with characteristics of an interpreter and the speed of machine language code.

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And its immediate mode error messages greatly simplify debugging.

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PILOT—ATARI PILOT is an exceptional learning language, with built-in "turtle" graphics to let you create spectacular designs and pictures with very short programs. Simple one or two-letter commands allow you to create a dialogue with the computer. And a single "match" command can perform complex text evaluation and pattern-matching instantly.

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Circle 30 on inquiry card.

rewrite to locate the main program above page 1. I introduced CALL statements so that I could eliminate as much of the text as possible from the main program and store it above address 6000 hexadecimal (see listing 2).

Having completed the Apple version, which included all the features of the original PET version, I finally reviewed the whole game. I wanted to include other improvements or desirable additions that could be carried out on the Apple II. After extensive Ringquest sessions, I decided to make a minor technical improvement by altering the routine for selecting the treasures in a cave so that weapons, silver charms, and so on were more evenly distributed.

The only other change was prompted by my colleague Tom Stonier, a strong believer in downplaying aggression in computer games. In the PET version, the best strategy was to attack a monster when you knew that your fighting ability was greater. To modify this so that friendliness increased the player's chances for achieving the quest required one very minor programming change: every "attack" in the Apple version is penalized by a reduction in the player's capacity for carrying treasure. This penalty is not obvious in the early stages of the game, but it could be crippling at the climax.

Technical Details

The Ringquest program runs on an Apple II with 48K bytes of RAM. The main program (listing 1) takes exactly 6K bytes of memory as listed. I advise you to shorten (but not eliminate) one or two REM statements to ensure that you do not encroach on high-resolution graphics page 1. The shapes table, some data, and many of the strings are stored in addresses from 6000 to 6820 hexadecimal. You must type this data in (see listing 2) before you run listing 3. To type in listing 2, access the monitor with a CALL-151 and enter the code.

As with any machine-language program section, you should save it upon entering it in by typing

BSAVEQX,A$6000,L$820

Then carry out the following checks in immediate mode:

(1) CALL24700 should save the current screen. Entering HOME and then CALL24720 should restore the saved screen.

(2) Typing POKE232,0:POKE233,96:ROT = 0: SCALE = 1 :HOME:HGR:FORI = 1T027: DRAWIATI*8,50:NEXT should result in a set of the 27 shapes used in drawing the screen map.

(3) CALL the following numbers in turn: 26339, 26115, 25431, 25570, 26427, 26083, 26622, 26383, 25780, 26480, 26167, 25378, 25584, 25616, 25469, 25330, 25753, 25714, 25673, 26534, 26588, 25971. All should produce recognizable phrases or messages.

To reduce the amount of memory required for the main program, four screens are stored in addresses 5000 to

Text continued on page 206

184 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Listing 1: Main program for the Ringquest game. The game runs on an Apple II with 48K bytes of RAM.

50 PRINT CHR* (4) {"BL0ADQQ" BO LQMEMt 27000

82 HCQLOR™ 7\ R0T== 0: SCALE* UA - 70 0 J POKE! 232,0 1 POKE 233

,96: i... - 10 :ss - ljkk - is id ~

LJG « 25280 J F ~ It HGR : TEXT

: home;:

10 0 DIM A(34,19),M$ < 2 0),T < 99 , 3 ) , B(11) , F (14) 5 DEF FN R (I) =

INT ( RND (1) * IKS* » "YO U HAVE " J3R = FN R<2) + 1

110 FOR K = 1 TO 71 FOR J - :l TP 3 5 FOR I « 1 TO 5!A*(J,K> A$<J,K) + CHR$ ( PEEK (2616 9 + I + 5 * J + 15 * K))* NEXT I, J , K

120 FOR I = 1 TO HJF(I) =: PEEK (0 I) SB<I> « PEEK (Q + 14

+ I) I NEXT IJ FOR I - 1 TO 7:C<I) - PEEK (Q + 28 + I)J D(I> - PEEK (Q + 35 + I)JE( I) = PEEK (Q + 42 + I)t NEXT I

150 FOR I = 1 TO 9i READ H$(10 + I) J NEXT i:M$ = " GOLE) BARS" ', FOR I = 1 TO 5? REAE) M$<5 t I) , N$o:> tM#(I) = SIR* (I) + M$: NEXT I5M*<0> = "GUNPOWDE R FLASK"tl* * "INJURY RESIST ANCE "JM*(1) - LEFT* (M*(l) , L)

160 DATA "RED ORC","DWARF","WERE WOLF" , "SNAKE" , "GREY ELF"" , "WI ZARD","EALROG","UNDERGROUND STREAM","CLOAK OF INVISIBILI TY"

180 DATA "CLUB","DAGGER","SILVER CHARM","WAR-AXE","GREEN UNO UENT"♦"RAPIER","BELT & POUCH ","MAGIC SWORD","TIME SPELL" , "*>kTHE RING**"

TITLE

INFO

NEWS EC T R

MOVE

IF

Z

THEN

59 0 :

REM

IF

Z

THEN

59 0 S

REM

IF

Z

THEN

59 0 t

REM

IF

z

THEN

59 0 !

REM

IF

z

THEN

59 0 5

REM

IF

z

THEN

5901

REM

IF

z

THEN

59 0 I

REM

RE1

■1

EXIT

GAVE

FIGHT

TREASURE

590 ON Z GOTO 530,540,550,560,57 0,520,580,60 0,610,620,630

60 0 GOSUB 240 0J IF Z THEN 59 0! REM BLAST

610 GOSUB 24001 IF Z THEN 590 i REM STREAM

620 GOSUB 280 0 5 IF 7. THEN 590 J REM

?FRIEND Listing 1 continued on page 186

Circle 202 on inquiry card.

PKASO

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PKASO Interfaces come complete with Cable, Instructional Diskette and . Comprehensive Manual.

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PKASO makes it easy to use the features of your printer—select character sizes, vary line spacing, even print in colors. Simple PKASO commands make these features usable from the keyboard or a program.

PKASO also adds features to your system. Press a few keys and get a snapshot "dump" of the image you see on the screen—text or graphics. Add new characters and symbols that you couldn't print before, using our SuperFont™system. Add our new PipeLine™ printing buffer and your printer can take its time while you and your Apple move on to the next task. The PipeLine is a modular addon to the standard PKASO board.

The PKASO interface is designed for Apple II and Apple /// in all the popular configurations. It prints in full color on the IDS Prism Printer, and in striking black on C. Itoh, Centronics, Epson, IDS. NEC, and Okidata matrix printers.

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Listing 1 continued:

630 GOSUB 3000? REM END 1 0 0 0 REM TITLE

10:1.0 i ~ 84 5 go sub 5 too; if g * s

3 THEN Z - 1JTM * 1 1020 IF G * 83 OR G * 66 THEN RETURN

10'(0 FOR X * 11 TO 17? GO SUB 510 0: FOR I ~ 1 TO 30 0 5 NEXT I, X

10150 IF G = 83 OR G » 66 THEN RETURN

10 60 GOTO 1010 110 0 REM INFO

1110 I = 80 J GO BUB 540 0 5 GOSUB 44 00 5 GET A*JTM - 11 RETURN

120 0 REM NEWSECTR

1210 7 = 01V » 15 + FN R(5) 5W = 9 5 GOSUB 530 0 5 GOSUB 570 05CS ~ CS ■♦■ 15 RETURN

140 0 REM TRYMOVE

1410 ,1 - 0 57 s 0 5 IF G * 82 THEN

XC - XCJYC = YC5Q = 5 Q 5 G = 0 5 GOTO 1500

1420 G 0 S U B 56 0 0 5 G O S U B 61 0 0 5 Q = G - 72 5 IF G * 69 THEN Z - 8

5 RETURN

1430 IF G * 70 AND A(M,N) =» 9 THEN

Z - 7 5 RETURN 144 0 IF Q < 1 OR Q = 4 OR Q > 5 THEN

1420

1460 Q m Q (0 « 5) SXC P CO « 3)

- < q = 2) :yc (O * 4) (O

= 1)

150 0 M = M •»■ XC5N N + YG5 IF N * M « 0 OR M * 34 OR N = 19 THEN M - M XC 5 N == N ~ YC5 GOTO 142 0

1510 T a A(M,N)5K1 = 05U = 0 5R * 0 5 IF A ( M > N) » 0 THEN T * B< FN R(14) + 1) 5K1 = 15A(M,N)

1530 FOR I * 1 TO 4? IF T m F(3 * O •- 3 + I) THEN R - 151 ■ 4

1540 NEXT 15 FOR I - 1 TO 4 5 IF R = 1 OR S * EC 12 3 * « + I) THEN U * 151 == 4

155 0 NEXT 15 IF U = 1 OR T * 11 THEN

GOSUB 59 0 05 2 ~ 2 5 RETURN

156 0 S » T5 GOSUB 660 0 5 IF T < >

7 THEN Z = 2 1570 RETURN 1600 REM CAVE

1605 SC = 3D + 2 * TT + C5 GOSUB

6120 J GOSUB 450 0 5 IF T(H,D * T(H,2) > 30000 THEN Z - 25 RETURN

1610 GOSUB 7000 5 IF P THEN 1635 1620 Y = FN R(L)5 IF N(Y) > .5 +

W / L AND Y < > 6 THEN 162

0

1625 GOSUB 480051(^,1) » G5KYU ,2) == Y5 IF Y - 6 AND ( (WW >

6 OR (WW > 4 AND (MM < 3 OR SR < > CS) ) ) OR (WW 6 AND (X = 18 OR CL = 1 OR RA * 1) )) THEN 162 0

186 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

1630 N(Y) = N(Y) + <Y < L) 1635 WW ■ WW + (WW 5) * (MM » 3 ) 5X T(H,.l) 5Y = T(H,2)5 IF X ^ 15 AND CL = 0 AND FN R< 5) - 1 AND RA > 0 THEN Y = 1 9

164 0 IF X 16 AND FN RCA) < TM

/ 3 THEN Y = L 1650 TEXT 5 HOME 5 CALL 26295 5 VTAB 3 5 IF A == X THEN J * 0 5 PRINT M$(Y) 5Z == 5 5 RETURN 1655 IF WW - 6 AND Y - 6 THEN RA - 1

1660 PRINT M$(X)5 GOSUB 5100 5 IF X ■ 13 AND CL > 0 THEN CALL 26339 5 CALL 266225CL * OtY = A

167 0 IF A > Y THEN PRINT 5 PRINT

"WITH "M$(Y)

168 0 IF X * 18 THEN Z - 9 5 RETURN

1690 IF CL THEN CALL 263835Z *

5 5 GOSUB 70 00 5 RETURN 170 0 VTAB 20 5 CALL 25780 5 CALL 2

4634 5 BB 960 - TM 5 IF BB <

0 THEN Z - 115 GOBI.)B 550 0 5 RETURN

1710 IF BB < 180 THEN PRINT "SE

CTOR "CS" COLLAPSES IN " INT

(BB)"SECS" 1720 IF MM - 1 THEN CALL 25330 5

MM * 2 ' 1730 GOSUB 610 0 5 IF G - 82 THEN

Z ~ 2 5 GOSUB 530 0 5 RETURN 1740 IF G = 7 0 THEN Z = L5 RETURN

1750 IF G m 65 THEN Z = 4 5KK == K

K - 15 RETURN 1760 IF G < > 66 AND G < > 76 AND

G < > 83 THEN 1730 1770 I - 80 * (G - 66) + 92 * (G m

76) + 88 * (G * 83)5 GOSUB 5

40 0 5 GOTO 1650

18 0 0 REM ATTACK

1810 Z - 0 5 5 F2 - C(X -• L) IPX = F2 5R == 0 5 IF AU - 0 THEN VTAB 18 5 PRINT "THE "M*(X)" FIGHT S BACK"5 F2 * F2 * .8

1820 AU * OtB » SB FN R(7) 5G

Fl + FN R (7) GOSUB 70 0 0 5 GOSUB 7 0 0 0

183 0 HOME 5 R - R ■♦• 15 PRINT "ROU

ND "R5 IF B > G THEN 1870

184 0 IF B < G THEN D - INT ( (D

G B) * L) / L..5 GOTO 185 0 1845 CALL 261155 GOTO 1820

185 0 IF D > 0 THEN CALL 261415 VIAB

75 PRINT "YOUR "I*"IS "D5 GOTO 190 0

186 0 7. ■■■■■■■■ 115 RETURN

1870 PRINT 5 PRINT "THE "M*(X)"

IS"} 5F2 F2 •- B •»■ G5 IF F2 <

1 THEN PRINT " DEAD"5 GOTO 194 0

188 0 F2 = INT (F2 * L) / L5 PRINT " WOUNDED"5 YTAB 75 PRINT "I TS "IVIS "F2S GOTO 1820

Listing 1 continued on page 191

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BYTE October 1982 1 87

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481 Entertainer $69.00

482 Educator $130.00

483 Programmer $49.00

484 Communicator $344.00

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I PAC-MAN $35.00

I Centipede $35.00

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AP-B0 Apple Parallel Card & Cable S69.00

IBM-1 Parallel Printer to IBM 532.00

In-stock items shipped same day you call. No risk, no deposit on C.O.D. orders. Pre-paid orders receive free shipping within the continental United States with no waiting period for certified checks or money orders. All advertised prices include a 3% cash discount from normal credit card prices. NV and PA residents add sales tax. All items subject to availability and price change.

CBM 8032

s999

Word Pro 5+ $319.00

Word Pro 4 + $299.00

Word Pro 3+ 5199.00

The Administrator $379.00

InfoPro Plus $219.00

Power $79.00

Televideo Terminals

910 $579

912C 5699

920C S749

925C 5749

960 S950

802 SCall

802H SCall

816 SCatl

806 SCall

TEC

PRINTERS

Starwriter

F10-40CPS $1399.00

F10-55CPS $1749.00

Prowriter 8510A 5499.00

Prowriter 1550 5799.00

ADA 1450 Serial Printer to CBM S119.00

ATC-2 Serial Printer to Atari 529.00

AP-S10 Apple Serial Card & Cable 595.00

CENTRONICS PRINTERS

739-1 $519

739-3 $619

2 Meter RS232 RS232 Cables 529.95

-ALSO

Diablo 630 Special $1799.00

Talley 8024-L $1629.00

IDS Prism CALL

Daisywriter CALL

Commodore

Business Machines

CBM 64 CALL

4032 $969.00

8096 Upgrade Kit $369.00

Super Pet $1599.00

2031 $529.00

8250 Doubled Sided Disk Drive $1699.00

D9060 5 Megabyte Hard Disk $2399.00

D9090 7.5 Megabyte Hard Disk $2699.00

8050 $1299.00

4040 $969.00

8300 (Letter Quality) $1799.00

8023 $769.00

4022 $499.00

Pet to IEEE Cable $37.00

IEEE to IEEE Cable $46.00

Tractor Feed lor 8300 $240.00

VIC 20 s179

o VIC'20

/1 Wi.Vi.V.i»'u lit 1

VIC 1530 Commodore Dalassetle 569.00

VIC 1540 Disk Drive $499.00

VIC 1515 VIC Graphic Printer $339.00

VIC 1210 3K Memory Expander $32.00

VIC 1110 8K Memory Expander 553.00

16K VIC Expansion $94.00

VIC 1011 RS232C Terminal Interlace S43.00

VIC 1112VIC IEEE-4B8 Interlace $86.00

VIC 1211 VIC 20 Super Expander $53.00

VIC Mother Board $99.00

Smith-Corona TP-I

$649

Letter Quality Daisy Wheel 12 CPS Text Printer

OKI DATA PRINTERS

82A $469.00

83A $599.00

84 Parallel $1099.00

84 Serial $1249.00

NOTE

Okidata 82A and 83A Printers come equipped with both parallel ports & RS232 Serial ports.

ADDITIONAL MANUFACTURER'S DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE TO QUALIFIED EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTI

800 233-8950

477 E. THIRD ST. Williamsport PA 17701

IN PA CALL

(717)327 9575

n o

c

m

3

QJ

o

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QJ

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How many times must your computer stop just to talk to your printer?

Your computer talks faster than your printer can listen. Expensive time is lost forever. SPOOL/64, a 64k byte hardware print spooler, keeps your computer processing while your printer is printing. No more wailing. No more wasting.

SPOOL/64 buffers your print output and transmits the information to your printer at the printer's specific print rate. It buffers up to 13 minutes of print output (at 80 characters per second).

SPOOL/64 plugs directly into both your printer and

routines. And SPOOL/64, used with your software spooler, can give you the highest performance spooling available.

computer, accepts input from parallel Centronics cables (serial RS-232 available soon), and its user programming feature allows you to download your own programs so SPOOL/64 can handle sophisticated print

Apparatlnc.

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"ON GOING SUPPORT FOR MICROCOMPUTERS"

SPOOL/64 utilizes 64k of dynamic RAM, a Z-80 CPU, a 27 16 ROM and a copy of the source program for the object code in the ROM is included. >

SPOOL/64, priced at just *3*WT is the most cost/effective print spooler on the market. Evaluate performance. Evaluate price. Then let SPOOL/64 get your computer back talking to you. Call or write Apparat today for a free brochure. Dealer inquiries invited.

190 BYTE October 1982

Circle 21 on inquiry card.

Listing 1 continued

1900

1910

mo

195 0

2000 2010

2020

2030

2040

2060

2070

2080

CALL 261675 GOBUB 3500 5 IF G * 89 THEN G » 82 J GOSUB 53 00JZ = 2J RETURN

GOTO 1820 TCH.l) At SO ■ SO + (X « 14 ) + (X m 17) * 2 5 IF MM < > 3 OR Y < > 6 THEN MM = MM + (X * 17) x (MM * 2)5 GOSUB 7 000 5 RETURN

WW * WW - 15TOU2) - A 5 Y * A 5RA = 0 5 CALL 253785 GOSUB 4 40 0 5 GOSUB 5300 JZ * 2J RETURN REM TREASURE

IF A = Y THEN GOSUB 5300JZ = 2 J RETURN

VTAB 10 J IF Y AND Y < 6 THEN

PRINT S*JTTJM*

PRINT J PRINT "DO YOU WANT A "M*(Y)J GOSUB 3500

IF G ■ 78 THEN GOSUB 5300 J Z = 2 J RETURN F ~ F + (Y • 0)J IF WW = WW + 1JM*<6) ■ M = MM + (MM = 0) * JSD a SO + INT (WW S / 960 )

Tl = TT + Y x (Y < 6)5 > KK THEN HOME 5 CAL.

Y - 6 THEN N$(WW)JM (WW = 5) * TM * C

IF Tl L 2543

15 GOSUB 7000 5 GOSUB 530 0JZ = 2 J RETURN SS * SS + 5 * (Y Tl) / 55TT * T15C

« 6) + == C + = 8)5 IF Y

(TT (Y = <K ■ = 19

■ L) J T ( H , 2 * 6) x (M < 6 THEN

RETURN

7) 5 D = D + 5 * (Y

KK + 3 x (Y = 9)5 IF Y = 19 THEN

CL = 1 2090 TM - TM - 60 x (Y

) = A 5 MM a MM + (Y

M a 3){ IF J AND J

KM, 2) a j 210 0 Z a 2 J GOSUB 530 0 J 220 0 REM EXIT

2210 X = CS - 2JI = 4 x INT (2 x TM / 96 0) + 2 x SR + XJE1 = 1J TEXT J HOME J IF MM a <\ THEN

CALL 26427 JSC a SC + 100 x (3 - SR)J GOSUB 320 0

ON I GOTO 2270,2230,2270,22 3 0,2230,225 0,2260,223 0,2250,

2220

ISO

224 0

2245

225 0

226 0

227 0

2280

PRINT J TOR "1 5584 J IF

CALL

GOSUB

GOSUB

IF G

TEXT

PRINT "ENTRY TO SEC X" BLOCKED"? CALL 2 X < > 1 THEN

G = 32 THEN 2 5 RETURN !230 PRINT S$"FAIL 5 PRINT N*<5>" "SR 5 GOSUB 320

SR >5616 44005 IF 5300 JZ a 2 5 > 81 THEN : HOME ! ED - "5 PRINT WAS IN SECTOR 0

CALL 2.5469

CALL 25570 5 GOSUB G a 49 THEN Z a ZJ 0 5 RETURN

IF G » so THEN Z ■ 1J HGR J TM a I S FOR I a 1 TO 33 J FOR

Listing 1 continued on page 192

610 0 J GOSUB

IF

530

Get The Most From Your NEC PC-8001 With RACET computes Software!!

RACET NECD0S does more for your PC-8001 than any other DOS. It's faster, more efficient and easier to use. It's loaded with extra features to let you stretch the limits of your system. This advanced operating system works with the ROM NBASIC to give lull compatibility with color and other BASIC commands.

EMPHASIZES1 INTEGRITY. NO MOUNT or REMOVE commands. Excellent protection Irom improper diskette swapping. AGAIN. HELP PINO and REF commands. File password protection.

ADVANCED FEATURES. All DOS functions and commands irtay be used directly in a BASIC program!!! Special RUN oplion allows merging ol programs, retaining all variables in memory. Fixed block spanned records AUTO and DO commands. Machine language loads and saves. MAI PRINT and MATINPUT to disk. Complete directory. ALL supervisory calls documented and available to the machine language programmer Superzap utility included

$99.95

* NEW *

THE most popular Microcomputer Word Processor in the world now available on ihe NEC'!! With many added features. Embedded print commands. Print from memory and disk!! Sellable tabs, indent and hanging indent. Parallel, Serial, and Video drivers. DICTAMATiC cassette control for translating dictated messages!! And much more1" Most features ol wore processors costing live times as much111 Runs on 32K or 64K system1"

* NEW * ELECTRIC SPREADSHEET* ★ ★ S75

A BASIC Spreadsheet program for the PC-8001 Anything you work with columns and rows and a calculate belongs on the Electric Spreadsheet. Results formatted for screen or printer. What if questions answered. P/L forecast Personal budget. Real estate investment. Ni't ■ worth forecast. Cash flow estimates. Business Jomis. Works on 32K or 64K system!!! 70 operators plus histogram plot, revise spreadsheet layout, and more. Select preprogrammed operalors lor line, column, or ceil calculations. Set column widths and numher of decimals. Manual and diskette include 22 examples

★ NEW* ADVANCED PROGRAMMING BASIC * * S60

THE functions and commands in this package give you extended control over data and youi PC-8001 system These extensions lo NBASIC provide complete conversion^ time and date functions including days between dales and Julian dales. Extended string functions include justify, truncate, center, rotate, translate, shift, pack, and search. Array functions include masked search of both sorted and unsorted arrays, and insert in sorted arrays.

MULTI-KEY SORT MKS' $60

SUPER FAST Machine Language In-Memory Sorts. Three key sort on 500 elements in 4 seconds1!! Simple one-line BASIC functions - SORTV and SORTC verhs. Mixed ascending and descending keys

BASIC PROGRAMMING UTILITIES BASUTIL' $60

COMPRESS. EXPAND. PRETTY. XREF Cross Reference Utility. Greal for modeling, debugging and structuring BASIC programs

KFS-80 KEYED FILE SYSTEM 'KFS-80' $150

MACHINE language BASIC ISAM utility provides keyed and sequential access to multiple files. Simple interface to BASIC. Binary tree keyedfile index system provides rapid access lo records.

CONVERT TRS-80* PROGRAMS TO RACET NECD0S WITH 'PR0TRAN' $99.95

COMPLETE utilities for tile transfer and BASIC program conversinn. Mod III diskettes may be read directly: Mod I and II via RS-23?. Transfer BASIC programs, data files, or machine lanyuage Hies. NO SUPPORT is provided for conversion of machine language files or PEEK'S. POKE'S or USR's to function on PC-8001. Substantial knowledge ol IRS BASIC and NBASIC required. Package designed for software authors

AVAILABLE FROM YOUR LOCAL NEC DEALER or from RACET computes

CHECK. VISA. M/C. C O.D.. PURCHASE ORDER Telephone Orders Accepted (714) 997-4950

FRACET COMPUTES ltd. _|

I Integrity in Software —I

1330 N. Glassell. Suite M. Orange, CA 92667 (714) 997-4950

•TRS-80 IS A TRADEMARK OF TANDY CORPORATION ELECTRIC PENCIL IS A TRADEMARK OF MICHAtl SCHRAYLH ' -ELECTRIC SPREADSHEE T IS A TRADEMARK OF DAN G HANEv * ASSOUAN f

Circle 330 On Inquiry Card. October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 191

PRICE BREAKTHRU

BULL!

IT'S A MIRACLE!!

SMITH CORONA TPI

Daisy Wheel Printer

Std. Opts.: Serial (RS232V Parallel, 10/12 pitchPlease Specify £ Cable Extra— Factory Warranty

639.

OO

LIMITED SUPPLY

TANDON FLOPPY DISK DRIVES

For Mod I, Mod III, IBM-PC, CQ|>n * A.f\*U etc. inc. PS & case wuu *»UIK

Add $100 for 80 track $ J| d% jE? OO

Floppy Disk Case and Power I Z^M m Supply-$49.95

Available as Bare Drives DSDD * 40tk

•SSDD —Single Side Double ^ J^fc jjP*^ AA

Density, DSDD-Double Side W m<* Double Density

MIRACLE of the MONTH

$4 CQQOO 9.6 Meg SA 7QQ

I WvvComplete complete I ff 9w

I w 9 9 Complete Famous Manufacturer 6.3 Meg WinchesterDisk System Inc. Power Supply, Case, Cables & DOS Assembled & Tested—120 Day Warranty Available forlBM-PC

9.6 Meg $4 7QQ

complete I ■ 12.6 Meg

complete $AAAA (2 drives) Jp W *J 19.2 Meg

complete $07QA

(2 drives) &f 99

Coming Soon—Mod III & IBM Internal Winchester MOD I - Floppy-Winchester Combo, pkg.

"LAST but not LEAST"

TRS-80 Mod III 48K $899

$1349 $1549

add»70 DOS+ *99

+1 Floppy disk*

+ 2 Floppy disks*

RS 232C Add $100 ea. for 80 tk drives— TRSDOS& Manual $21 —

'Available Separately as complete kits— t dr. S440 2 dr. S630

BACK better than EVER

Terms—COD or Prepaid Only DISK SUPPLY CO.

F.O.B. Shipping Point Suite 439

(215)461-5437 ° X •

Prices Subject to Change 111 S. OIlVG St.

without Notice. Media, PA 19063

TRS-80 Trademark of Tandy Corp.

Listing 1 continued:

Q = 1 TO 18tA<I,Q> = Ot NEXT Q,It RETURN

22:90 240 0 2410

242 0

>A3Q

2440

260 0 26.1.0

262 0

266 0

267 0

280 0 201 0

282 0 2830 2840

285 0

286 0 2870

288 0

289 0

3 0 0 0 3010

32 0 0

GOTO

£70

REM BLAST

IF F * 0 THEN HOME : TEXT J CALL 26480 J GOSUB 320 0 F <* F - 15D a [) - 2tC =:: C UP m 0: FOR I * 1 TO Wi GOSUB 480 0!T(Ifl) * GJ NEXT It GOSUB 550 0

FOR I a i TO 5JV =:: M + (I == 3) - (I ■ 4) t W - N ■♦■ (I = 1)

- <:i: - 2): if a<v,w) - u then

A(V,W) = UK = Hi GOSUB 670 0 5K == It GO BUB 680 0

NEXT ItK - A(M,N) + It GOSUB 6700tK = 2t GOSUB 6800 5 7 - 2 * A(M t N > = ItS * It RETURN

REM STREAM

GOSUB 70005 PRINT I IF FN R(2) THEN PRINT "YOU LEAPT OVER THE "M*<18)}Z = 5 5 GOSUB 70 00 5 RETURN

K * 8 5 GOSUB 6700 tK * 7t GOSUB 68 0 0 t CA I... L 2 6 5 3 4 5 IF C I... T H E N

GALL 26588 5 CL. * 0 M - FN R(33) + 15N - FN R < 18) •♦• 15 IF A ( M, N) < > 0 THEN 266 0

GOSUB 5800 5V » MtW « NtK 85S = 7tZ - 2t GOSUB 6800tA(

M.N)

St TEXT t GOSUB 530 0 5

POKE - 16297,0 5 RETURN REM ?FRIEND

I - FN RCL) + GtE L - E(X L) t IF < (Y < 5 AND Y > 0) OR Y a A) AND TT > 0 THEN Y = Y * < Y < 6) t GOTO 2.84 0 IF MM = 3 AND Y m 6 THEN J ^

301NN - At GOTO 2850

J « 01NN * T(H,2)t GOTO 2870

J •> 5 YtJ » FN R(J) ■<■ ItN N » J •»• Y

HOME t PRINT "THE "M*(X)M D EMANDS "J5M*t GOSUB 350 0i IF Y - 0 THEN Y - A

IF G = 78 THEN Z == 3t RETURN

HOME t PRINT "THE "M*<X)tt IF I < DCX - L) - J / 2 OR TT < J THEN PRINT " ATTACKS YOU" tAU * ItZ =-■ 4t RETURN

IF I > E - J / 2 THEN PRINT " IS FRIENDLY"tTT » TT - JtS

S •♦■ J / 5♦T < H» 2)

NN t GOSUB

70 00tZ ^ 5J RETURN PRINT " IGNORES YOU"tZ - 3 5 RETURN REM END

TEXT t HOME t PRINT S*"B£EN KILLED"t IF BB < 0 THEN CALL 26 0 83

UTAB 5? PRINT "YOUR QUEST S CORE IS "SCJTM =:: Ot CALL 257 53t CALL 25714t GET A*t IF A

Listing 1 continued on page 194

192 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

"My computer helped me write The Final Encyclopedia. I wouldn't trust anything less than Scotch8 Brand Diskettes to make a long story short!'

Gordon R. Dickson, Science Fiction Author, Minneapolis, Minnesota

Gordon Dickson: a small businessman whose product is his own imagination. He's written more than 40 novels and 150 short stories; his newest work is The Final Encyclopedia. He uses his personal computer and word processing software to maximize his production. All his words-his productare stored on diskettes. He calls up sentences and paragraphs on demand, and gets more rewrite out of the time available. So he depends on Scotch diskettes to save himself production time. Dependable Scotch media can work just as hard for you. Each Scotch diskette is tested before it leaves our factory, and certified error-free. So you can expect it to perform exactly right. Scotch 8" and 51/t" diskettes are compatible with computer/diskette systems like TRS-80, Apple, PET, Wang and many others. Get them from your local 3M distributor. For the one nearest you, call toll-free: 800/328-1300. (In Minnesota, call collect: 612/736-9625.) Ask forthe Data Recording Products Division. In Canada, contact 3M Canada, Inc., Ontario.

If it's worth remembering, it's worth Scotch Data Recording Products.

3M Hears You...

3M

Circle 391 on Inquiry card.

r >v

For The Best In Price, Selection and Delivery,

Call Now TOLL FREE 800-368-3404

(In VA, Call Collect 703-237-8695)

AMPEX'INTERTEOTEXAS INSTRUMENTS-GENERAL DATA COMM.'ANDERSON JACOBSON'C. ITOOQUME • BEEHIVE* DATASOUTH* DIABLO •CENTRONICS • NEC 'PRENTICE

SUPERBRAIN MICROS

INTERTEC:

64K DD*

64KQD'

64K SD* (96TPI) •(includes M/Soft BASIC)

DDS-10 Meg

(Hard Disk) EflMBaEH

ONLY S1975 ONLY $2350 ONLY S2750

PRINTERS

NEC:

7710 -.$2196

7715 Call for Special Price

7730 $2196

7720 Call for Special Price

7725 Call for Special Price

Std. Forms Tractor $ 200

3510 $1690

DATASOUTH: Call

DIABLO: 630-R102 $1995

630-R110 $1795

630-R153* $1745

■(lor IBM P.C, Apple II, TRS-80)

630-K104(KSR) $2385

620-SPI $1195

QUME:

Sprint 9, 35 KSR $1840

Sprint 9, 45RO, Lim. Pan . $1845

Full Panel $1969

Sprint 9, 55 F.P.Ex.Mem.. $2186 Sprint9,55RO,Ltd.Ex.Mem.$2095 Bi-Dir. Forms Tractor $ 199

EE

AMPEX:

Dialogue 30 $ 775

Dialogue 80 $ 939

BEEHIVE: (SMART DISPLAY)

DM5 Call

DM5A Call

DM310 (3101 Emulator) Call

NOTE: IBM and Burroughs compatible terminals available. Please inquire.

C. ITOH

CIT 101 $1350

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS:

745 Standard $1390

745 Std. (Reconditioned) . . . Call

810 Basic $1249

810 Package $1439

820 Package RO Package $1610

820 KSR Package Call

840 RO Basic $ 795

840 RO Tractor Feed Pkg. $1059

PRENTICE STAR: 300 Bd. . $ 124

DISC DRIVES

QUME:

Data Trak 5 . . Data Trak 8. .

$300 or 2 for $549 $525 or 2 for $999

SOFTWARE

BISYNC-3780 $ 769

Wordstar $ 289

Data Star $ 199

Mail Merge $ 99

Spell Guard $ 229

Plan 80 $ 249

Super Calc $ 249

Wordstar (IBM P.C.) $ 289

Mail Merge (IBM P.C.) . . . .$ 99

d Base II $ 529

CalcStar $ 189

SuperSort $ 186

Nevada Cobol $ 176

Special! While They Last!

SOROC TERMINALS

IQ 120

IQ 130

IQ 140

ONLY S625 ONLY S525 ONLY S989

(

In addition, we can make EIA RS 232 or RS 449 cables to your order, and supply you with ribbons, printer stands, print wheels, thimbles for all printers listed. And many, many more items. CALL NOW.

All items shipped freight collect either motor freight or UPS unless otherwise specified. All prices already include 3% cash discount. Purchase with credit card does not include discount. Virginia residents, add 4% Sales Tax. For fastest delivery, send certified check, money order or bank-wire transfer. Sorry, no C.O.D. orders. All equipment is in factory cartons with manufacturers' warranty (honored at our depot.) Prices subject to change without notice. Most items in stock.

TERHMALS

m

1

Terminals Terrific, Incorporated, P.O. Box 216, Merrifield, VA 22116, 800-368-3404 (In VA, Call Collect 703-237-8695)

Listing 1 continued:

323 0 3210 35 0 0 3510

353 0 'H O 0 1110

150 0 151.0

1520

18 0 0 IB 10

1820 510 0 5110

530 0 5310

510 0 5110

513 0 55 0 0 5510

560 0 5610

562 0

563 0 57 0 0 5710

5720

58 0 0 5810

$ ~ "Y" THEN RUN 80 IF A* :-• "N" THEN END GOTO 8200 REM Y/N

CALL 25711! GOSUB 61005 IF G < > 78 AND G < > 89 THEN 3510

RETURN

REM CO-NT

CALL 25673J G 0 S U B 6 .100 I R E T U R N REM FILLCAME

FOR I a 0 TO 99 5 IF T(I,0) * 33 * N + M THEN H - UP m 15 RETURN

NEXT I! VV ■■■■■■■■ VV - (VV ■■■■■■■■ 99) * 99 + nT<VMt0.) m 33 * N + M! P > 0 tH * VV! RETURN

REM GETMONSTER G « FN R ( 19 -- WW) + WW 5 IF G < 11 THEN G « 11

RETURN

REM SKETCHM

FOR I * 1 TO 3 J VTAB (2 + I ) : H T A B 3 05 PRINT A$(I.X -- L )J NEXT It VTAB IS RETURN

REM MAP

TEXT 5 HOME 5 POKE -- 16301 ,05 CALL 25971J RETURN REM SCREEN

POKE 21721,1: GALL 2172 0! IF I m 88 THEN R<1) ■ TT!R<2) ~ KKSR<3) * SS5R(1) « D5R(5) » C5R<6) « FS FOR I » 1 TO 6! VTAB (1 + 2 * X)J HTAB 2 0! PRINT R(I)5 NEXT I

GOSUB 610 0 5 RETURN

REM SHAKE

FOR I ■■■■■■■■ 1 TO 20 5 TEXT 5 HOME I POKE 16301 , 0 5 NEXT 15 RETURN REM ROCKFALL

1 ~ FN R(33) + 1 5W1 ■■■■■■■■ FN

r:(18) + i:k - A(vi,wi>: if k

» 0 OR K « 7 OR K » 9 OR (M * Ml AND N » HI) THEN RETURN

1 THEN = VI 670 0 iK w 115 GOSUB = 11

IF FN R(5) ■ !W « HI! GOSUI 68 0 0 5 A<VI ,W1)

RETURN

REM NEWMAP

FOR X so 8 TO 261 STEP 8 5 DRAW 21 AT X* 0 * DRAW 21 AT X,152t

NEXT X! FOR X = 8 TO 1.11 STEP 8 5 DRAW 26 AT 0»Xt DRAW 26 AT 272,X; NEXT X!M = V 5 N = W iK = 101 GOSUB 68005A(M,N) - 95S * 9

DRAW 20 AT 0,0 5 DRAW 22 AT 272,0! DRAW 1.8 AT 0,1.52! DRAW 5 AT 272,152 5 RETURN

REM SPIRAL V = 20!W = 20 5 GR 5 COLOR- 1 5 5 FOR E ■■■■■■■ 1 TO 22 STEP 35 FOR Q 1 TO 2 * E 5 V » V + (Q < E) * < 1) A EtW = W + (G >

Listing 1 continued on page 196

194 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 387 on inquiry card.

Smith Corona TP-1 TEXT PRINTER

$59988 UPS DELIVERED

■ 120 words/min (12 cps) with full letter-quality

■ Either parallel or RS-232C interfacing available (specify)

■ 10 or 12 pitch (characters per inch) available (specify)

■ Friction feed on 101/a" printable line; takes 4-part forms

Okidata Printers TEC Printers

MICROLINE 80 S349M

MICROLINE 82A »439M

80/82A TRACTOR »5988

MICROLINE 83A »694M

OKIGRAPH ROM *44M

RS-232C 2K BUFFER '15988

MICROLINE 84 Parallel

200 cps *1044ffl

MICROLINE 84 RS-232C

200 cps S1164M

Anadex Printers

DP-9500A M46988

DP-9510A '146988

DP-9620A '156988

Brother Printers

DAISyWRITER 2000—Includes Parallel, RS-232C, IEEE488, & Current Loop interfacing

standard '108988

CABLES S49M

TRACTOR S149M

Centronics Printers

CENTRONICS 122 >979M

CENTRONICS 739

Parallel Interface S564M

CENTRONICS 739

RS-232C Interface »679M

739 COLOR OPTION S79M

IDS Printers

PRISM 80 ,99988

Includes Sprint Mode, Dot Plot, and Cut Sheet Guide

PRISM 132 *1699M

4-Color Graphics, Sprint Mode, Dot Plot, and Cut Sheet Guide

CALL FOR PRICES

On NEC Spinwriters, Qume & Diablo Daisywheels. QUANTEX, DATASOUTH, DIP, MPI and other printers available.

DMP85 s46988

Generic version of NEC & Prowriter printers. Features 120 cps, bi-directional, logic-seeking, 1.3K buffer. 5 fonts, 8 sizes on 9x9 matrix, w/proportional print; true descenders, & Greek/Math font. 160 x 144 dots/inch Hi-Res graphics matrix, 1/144" line feed. Friction & tractor standard, rear paper path. Parallel only.

NEC PC-8023A-C s50988

C.ITOH PROWRITER s4998s

C.ITOH PROWRITER

Parallel & RS-232C ^U88

CJTOH PROWRITER 2 . ... »734»8 C.ITOH PROWRITER 2

Parallel & RS-232C S794M

F-10/40 STARWRITER 40cps Parallel or RS-232C .... M49988 F-10/55 PRINTMASTER 55cps Parallel or RS-232C .... M79988 F-10 TRACTOR «289"

Cables & interfaces available for the Apple, Atari, CBM/Pet, IBM PC, Osborne and TRS-80s

Hayes Smartmodem

ill7' ■

HAVES SMARTMODEM . .. s22988 HAYES 1200 BAUD SMARTMODEM »574M

MODEMS

HAYES MICROMODEM II . '299s8

SIGNALMAN MARK I W88

NOVATION AUTO CAT .. S224B8 NOVATION APPLE CAT .. *334M NOVATION 1200 BAUD

AUTO CAT '569s8

NOVATION 1200 BAUD

APPLE CAT '579s8

USI Pi Series

20 MHz bandwidth, 1000-line-atcenter resolution, 80 columns by 24 lines—the USI Pi-3 with amber screen redefines quality. Amber makes any display easier to read all day, every day. Used by THE BOTTOM LINE'S president the USI Pi-3 Amber Monitor comes with his personal recommendation.

USI Pi-1 (9" Green) 416488

USI Pi-2 (12" Green) .... '17488 USI Pi-3 (12" Amber) .... '19988 USI Pi-4 (9" Amber) '169s8

Amdek Monitors

AMDEK 300G 13" M7988

AMDEK Color I S379M

AMDEK Color II

High Resolution RGB '799s8

AMDEK Color III (RGB) . . .*499"

Zenith Monitors

ZENITH ZVM-121

(12" green) '13988

IBM Products Quadram

QUADBOARDS

Memory in 64K blocks (up to 256K), a Centronics-compatible parallel I/O with hardware to an external port, an asynchronous RS-232C communications port (DB-25 male external), and a clock/calendar with on-board battery—all of this on one QUADBOARD. Exceptional quality & design leaving remaining IBM PC slots free for other applications

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BYTE October 1982 1 95

Listing 1 continued:

E) x < 1) Et PLOT <J ;> Ht NEXT

a *t return

59 0 0 REM DRAW-NGMOUL

5910 y - MtW - NIK - "ft GOSUB 68 0

OtM - M XCJN - N - YCJ RETURN

610 0 REM GETCUR

6110 G - PEEK ( 16384) 128! IF TM > 0 AND G < 0 THEN VTAB 23 S TM ■■■■■■■ TM t 0 , 077 5 PRINT INT (TM)" 8ECS SCORE "GC" SECT OR "CO! GOTO 6110

612 0 POKE 16368,0; RETURN

66 0 0 REM MA I"'MOVE

6610 V = M - XG 5 W - N - YCU< - A< + It GOSUB 670 (UK - K It GO SUB 68 0 0 IV ~ M!!, * NSK A' U »!••!) t IF Kl < 1 THEN GOSUB 67 0 0

663 0 K m K + It GOSUB 680 0t RETURN 670 0 REM CANCEL

6710 XDRAW K AT V M 8fW »: 85 RETURN 68 0 0 REM DRAW

6810 DRAW K AT V * 8fW • 8t RETURN 70 0 0 REM DELAY

7 010 FOR I = 1 TO At NEXT ItTM * TM •»• It RETURN

THE MASTER MAX

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Dual Tandon 8 " drives, single sided, double density, 1.2 MB. Quality, regulated power supply. Three empty slots for expansion. Compact, light weight, modular construction. Dimensions: 17% "wide, 5^" high, 23 "deep.

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We can also provide you with terminal, printer, other peripherals and software from our extensive catalogue.

CALL OR WRITE FOR FURTHER DETAILS OR FOR DEMONSTRATION Prices subject to change without notice.

ort JOHN D.OWENS A

Associates, Inc. 12 Schubert Street, Staten Island, New York 10305 (212) 448 6283 (212) 448 6298 (212) 448 2913 TWX: 710 588 2844 CABLE: OWENSASSOC. Please See Our Other Ads in This Issue on Pages 70- 71

196 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Listing 2 continued on page 198

Finally, a MULTI-USER micro for professionals by G&G Engineering

Shown; WordStar" from MicroPro

EXPANDABLE

You can start with a single user installation and add users as your needs grow. The G&G system can be easily expanded in field—just add more memory.

Shown: SuperCalc 86* from Sorcim

Hard Disk Based MultiUser Systems start at $10,500

MP/M 816 is a proprietary implementation of Digital Research's MP/M 86 operating system, configured for CompuPro by G&G Engineering. CompuPlot is a trademark of G&G Engineering. CP/M and MP/M are regisfered trademarks of Digital Research. SuperCalc and SuperCalc 86 are trademarks of Sorcim. dBASE II is a trademark of AshtonTate. WordStar is a trademark of MicroPro. CompuPro is a trademark of Godbout Electronics.

MULTI-USER MP/M™ 8-16"

Up to seven users can run their own programs with their own protected data or share common programs and data. High speed DMA hard disk and cache memory give this system fast access to data, so you avoid bottlenecks.

G&G's MP/M 8r16 systems have been shipping since March, 1982. They are field proven!

Shown: CompuPlot " from G&G Engineering

8 and 16 BIT CP/M™ COMPATIBLE

Each user can run the vast inventory of 8 bit CP/M programs, or choose from the library of powerful new 16 bit CP/M 86 software. Your past investment in CP/M software is protected, while at the same time the door to the 16 bit world is opened to you.

SUPPORT

We wrote the book on 8/16 bit multi-user systems. Our phone support is the best in the business. Plus, CompuPro components in G&G systems carry a two year factory-backed warranty.

Shown: GL by Structured Systems Group

UPGRADABLE

The G&G system is based on the IEEE 696/S-100 bus and uses CompuPro's state-of-the-art components. Our 20 slot bus guarantees that you will never be left in a corner with obsolete technology. Your investment in hardware is protected.

Shown: dBASE II" from AshtonTate

G&G Engineering is an authorized CompuPro systems center.

GS.G

ENGINEERING

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Circle 171 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982 1 97

CRT'S • PRINTERS • TELEPRINTERS

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Listing 2 continued:

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cMCRLirciflJL..

P.O. Box 3297 / Santa Ana California 92703 Tel: 714/731-4338 TWX: 910 595 1146

198 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 252 on inquiry card.

GP-100A: US$389

COMMAND PERFORMANCE.

Seikosha gives you all the best features—including economy and super-clear graphics.

Unlike some graphic printers, Seikosha's new GP-100A Uni-Hammer Graphic Printer puts full dot addressable graphics at your command. The GP-100A lets you repeat a column of data as many times as needed with just one command. Software control enables double-width character output, and the positioning is both character and dot addressable. Designed for simple operation, it ranks among the most cost-efficient graphic printers on the market. Command performance technology that not only works for you now, but takes you well into the future.

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modes can be intermixed on the same line. •Automatic printing. When the text exceeds the maximum line length, there is no loss of data due to overflow.

• Self-test printing is a standard feature. •Centronics type parallel interface.

• Paper width is adjustable up to 10 inches.

• Optional Interface:RS232C,IEEE488,applell.etc.

Series

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Available at COMPUTERLAND and other fine stores in your area

Distributed by AXIOM CORPORATION 1014 Griswold Avenue San Fernando, Calif. 91340 Phone (213) 365-9521 TWX (910) 496-1746 Manufactured by SEIKOSHA SYSTEM EQUIPMENT DIV. 4-1-1 Taihei Sumida-ku Tokyo Japan. Phone: 03-623-8111 Telex: 262-2620

Circle 345 on inquiry card.

without get

No matter how you slice it, the only way you're going to know if a data handling program is right for you is by running it on your computer, solving your problems, your way.

And the only database management system (DBMS) that lets you do that is dBASE II™

A DBMS like the mainframers have.

Conceptually, dBASE II is a relational database management system, like the system IBM introduced on their mainframes last year.

Practically, dBASE II is the most powerful DBMS made for a micro. It handles multiple databases on a single drive and simplifies everything from accounting to project management to monitoring rainfall on the Upper Volta.

With a word or two, you CREATE databases, APPEND new data instantly, UPDATE, MODIFY and REPLACE fields, records and entire databases. Organize months worth of data in minutes with the built-in REPORT. Do subfield and multi-field searches, then DISPLAY some or all of the data for any conditions you want to apply.

And you've just begun to tap the power of dBASE II.

Easy to look at, easy to use.

Input screens and output forms couldn't be easier—just "paint" your format on the CRT and what you see is what you'll get.

You can do automatic calculations on fields, records and databases, accurate to 10 digits.

V* I

And you can use dBASE II interactively for instant answers. Or save your instructions and automate your data handling with two words: DO Finances, DO Rainfall, DO whatever has to be done.

Use dBASE II to help make your choice:

Instead of asking you to pore over a manual, we'll let you try dBASE II free for 30 days.

Send us $400 and we'll send you a copy of dBASE II that you can run on a 48k Apple with

200 BYTE October 1982

database system ting skinned

CP/M ($700 for expanded hard-disk version). Put it through its paces. Then after 30 days, send it back and we'll return your money no questions asked.

But we don't get many back, because dBASE II is the one database management system that can really cut it.

Call (213) 204-5570 today or drop by your local computer store for the rest of the story.

Ashton-Tate, 9929 Jefferson Blvd., Culver City, CA 90230.

Ashton-Tate

©1982 Ashton-Tate

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research

Circle 29 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982 201

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DEC LSM1 Components

Dependable service at discount prices

Domestic and Export

R ■■

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Computer Suppliers, inc.

25 Chatham Rd., Summit, N.J. 07901 Since 1973

(201) 277-6150 Telex 13-6476

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Listing 2 continued on page 204

202 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 259 on inquiry card.

AFTER YOU OUTGROW THE YOU'LL BE READY FOR THE DATA GENERAL CS, DATA GENERAL CS.

The Data General CS is a high speed, single terminal desktop computer with enough capacity to do all the jobs a small business requires.

(Without requiring a small businessman to run out and buy all sorts of options.)

On the other hand, depending on the application, it's also a high speed computer with the ability to support anywhere from two to nine terminals.

Then again, the Data General CS is a high speed business system with the ability to handle up to 25 terminals.

All right, so just what is the Data General CS? The ideal first computer, a great mid-range computer, and a multi-function business system.

For the Data General Commercial System is a whole family, each fully compatible with the next one up the corporate ladder. All the way to the largest computer Data General makes.

Which means what you learn on one

you can use on any other. They all act and think alike. And even speak the same universal languages: Interactive COBOL and Business BASIC.

So, if you succeed in business, you can go from one terminal up to 25, from a computer that fits on a desk to a computer that fits on a wall. Without really trying. Or replacing. Or rewriting. Or retraining.

But not only do Data General CS computers remove the fear of success they remove the fear of failure. For they can usually help diagnose their own problems. And help correct them. And if they can't, help is often an 800 number away. And so is our worldwide service and support organization.

No wonder systems suppliers who can buy anybody's equipment, add to it and market it, often buy ours. No wonder 82 out of the top Fortune 100 companies have Data General computers.

If you'd like us to put you in touch with a Commercial System Supplier who has computer systems which can perform general accounting, production scheduling or even keep your golf scores, fill in the coupon and return it to us.

Most likely he'll have a computer system to suit your needs, one that you'll hopefully outgrow.

i w Data General

WE ENGINEERED THE ANXIETY OUT OF COMPUTERS.

I Mail to: Data General Corporation I

I 4400 Computer Drive MS C228, |

Westboro, Mass. 01580

I Attention: Marketing Communications Services |

. Please send me info on the new Data General CS family. .

I Name |

I Title I

Company Tel

| Address |

I City State Zip I

I I

Circle 120 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982 2 03

Circle 177 on inquiry card.

DEVELOPMENT HARDWARE/SOFTWARE

GTEK MODEL 7128 EPROM PROGRAMMER

Compare the features:

• Microprocessor based intelligence for ease of use and interface.

• RS-232 interface and ASCII data formats make the 7128 compatible with virtually any computer with an RS-232 interface port.

• Auto-select baud rate, Xon/Xoff or conversational handshake.

• Program and read the following:

2508, 2758, 2516, 2716, 27C16, 2532, 2732, 2732A, 27C32, MCM6B766, 2564, 2764, 27C64, 27128 . . . plus more as new types become available.

• Automatic use of proper program voltage based on type selected.

• Optional support for EEPROMS

• Menu driven eprom type selection, no personality modules required.

• Supports Intel and Motorola data formats as well as conversational hex formats. Formatted screen dump and block read commands.

• Interupt driven type ahead, program and verify real time while sending data.

• Program single byte, block, or whole eprom.

• Intelligent diagnostics discern between eprom which is bad and one which merely needs erasing.

• Erasure check command.

• Busy light indicates when power is being applied to program socket.

• Complete with zero insertion force socket and integral 120 VAC power supply. (240 VAC/50 HZ available at slight additional charge)

• High Performance/Cost ratio.

Model 7128 PRICE $389.00

MODEL 7128/24 - budget version of the 7128. Supports 24 pin parts thru 32K only. Upgradable to full 7128 capacity. Model 7128/24 PRICE $289.00

| Mm*..,

sr. ♦ - ^ —

Accessories

Erasers, Eproms, Cables

Gtek

INC.

GTEK MODEL 9000 SERIES COMPUTERS

• 4 MHz Z80 CPU, no wait states

• 128K byte RAM with bank select

• DMA floppy disk operation with track buffering for fast disk I/O.

• 2 serial ports with type ahead, speeds to 76.8K baud.

• Parallel printer port, with 47K interrupt driven spooler.

• Winchester interface port,

• Dual mini-floppies, FORMATTED storage to 1.6 Megabyte.

• Eight inch drives available also.

• One year warranty (90 days on drives)

High Performance/Cost ratio Prices start at $2390.00 + CP/M' Contact GTEK direct for quotation on Series 9000 tailored to your specific needs.

CROSS ASSEMBLERS by Avocet Systems, Inc. (For CP/M* based machines) For the following families: 6805, 6809, 1802, 8048, 8051, 6502, 6800, NEC7500, F8, COP400, Z8

Cross Assembler price $200.00 each except NEC75O0 price $500.00

* Trademark of Digital Research, Inc.

Post Office Box 289 Waveland, Mississippi 39576 (601) 467-8048

IT'S YOUR MOVE

y^MAKE IT NOW

EPSON

CARTRIDGE RIBBONS

MX-80 MX-100

$9.95 Ea. $1 2.95 Ea

MINIMUM ORDER OF 3 RIBBONS SAVE 10% WITH PURCHASE OF A DOZEN

LABEL SPECIAL

1 ACROSS 3V2 x 15/,6" CONTINUOUS LABELS

r\A\ NOW 2.99/M (5M Min.)

CHECK-MATE is now a distributor of Memorex Diskettes

Check-Mate

Ma 617-963-7694

Toll Free 800-343-7706

P.O. Box 103 Randolph, Ma. 02368

WE ACCEPT MASTERCHARGE AND VISA

Listing 2 continued:

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Listing 3: Text screen program. It produces four screens of information that can be accessed during the game to give information on the player's status.

100

11 0

12 0

HOME : VTAB 4 S HTAB 14; PRINT "RINGQUEST"J VTAB 85 HTAB 11 t PRINT "C. C.MILLS 1982"; VTAB 35 HTAB 15 PRINT "PRESS B F

OR BRIEFING OR POKE 24705,84 5 ; CALL 24700 HOME J PRINT : E ENTERING THE A WITHTHE TASK

3 TO POKE

START " 24716,87

PRINT "YOU AR MINES OF MORI OF FINDING :«*

Listing 3 continued on page 206

204 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 65 on inquiry card.

SUPER BARGAINS

SUPERBRAIN II

Double Density 1894

Quad Density 2274

Super Density SD 2649

COMPUSTARS

TO DEALERS CALL & SAVE

Advanced Micro Digital S-100 SuperQuad Single Board Computer. Z8064K RAM, Disk Controller. RS-232 Only $777

ALTOS — single and multi-user

ACS-8000-15D List 5990

Only 4699

ATARI 400 289

800 655

PRINTERS

OKIDATA 82A 489

CENTRONICS 739-1 499

IDS PRISM 80 743

EPSON MX-80 FT 547

MX-80 459

MX-100 749

ANADEX 9501A

Silent Scribe 1345

NEC #3510 Letter Quality 1689

C. ITOH F10 Letter Quality .... 1399 Smith Corona TP-1 665

TRAXX 5'/4" Add-on Drives 249

Memory Merchant 16K static ... 159 Central Data RAM S-100 64K ... 299 Systems Group

RAM S-100 64K 449

Microangelo Video Graphics ...985

AMERICAN SQUARE COMPUTERS is organizing a World Wide Association of Computer Dealers. Open a Store or Start Work Out of Your Home! We Charge NO FRANCHISE FEE! (Our Competitors charge a FRANCHISE FEE of from $15,000.00 to $45,000.00.) Be a Winner! Let US help YOU get started MAKING MONEY by HELPING PEOPLE to put COMPUTERS to WORK. Write or Phone today.

Which Computers are Best? ... Free

Insured Shipping at Low Rates.

TELEVIDEO

Televideo 910+ 518

Televideo 925 718

Televideo 950 899

Televideo Computers Call

ADDS VIEWPOINT A-1B 525

ZENITH Z-19 Terminal 649

Z-89 48K Computer 2119

Z-90 64 K DD 2399

ZVM-121 ZENITH

Green Screen monitor 125

INTERTUBE III

or EMULATOR

AMDEK Color Monitor

S710 S329

GODBOUT COMPUPRO

Super Sixteen 8085/8088. The fastest 8-16 bit computer! Runs 8 and 16 bit code! 128K Static RAM, 6MHz CPU's LIST 3409 SPECIAL 2873

New: Systems 816/A. B, and C with

enclosure and drives.

816/A List 5495 Only 4729

SEATTLE pure 16 bit computer is the fastest microcomputer by actual test! S-100, 128K Static RAM, 8 MHz 8086. 22 slot Mainframe

Model #2 List 4185 Only S3195

#1 as above

but64K List 3190 Only S2595

IBM PC memory made by SEATTLE.

Now with "Flash Disk." .. 192K = 525 64K = 375 CALIFORNIA COMPUTER 2210A

List $1995 OnlyS1722

Z80, 64K, I/O. Disk controller + CPM. California main frame 484

SYSTEMS GROUP computers run FRIENDLY OASIS Call SAVE

QUAY COMPUTER

Two drives + CPM S1745

Four user MPM 208K +

Hard Disk $5945

TARBELL'S

Empire I & II have two 8" disk drives. The I is single sided, the II is double sided.

FREE Business Software

Empire I ... List 4888 ... Only 3495

Corvus Hard Disk SAVE

SSM Video BRD VB3 kit 361

Spectrum Color ASM 326

T

NORTH STAR

ADVANTAGE 64K Green Phosphor. The Best Business Graphics, 2 Disks. Serial Port. Options CPM — Business programs $2894

MICRO DECISION

"A DEAL YOU CANT REFUSE" 64K RAM, Z80, 4MHz, 2 Serial Ports, Disk Controller. FREE SOFTWARE. CPM — Microsoft BASIC — BaZic —Wordstar — Calcstar — Spellstar.

with 1 5 V with 2 Si

Disk Disks

List $1195 . 1545

Only $ 949 . 1199

NORTH STAR Horizon Powerful North Star BASIC Free Superb for Business & Science

Horizon Standard is now HRZ-2-64K Quad

Factory Assembled & Tested Only

Horizon-2-64K-Quad $2649

Horizon-1-64K.-QHD 5 3795

Horizon RAM 64K 594

Big Sale on Multi-User

Time-Sharing SAVE

North Star Hard Disk 18Mb 3995

English to Basic Translator 75

Zbasic 2 to 5 times faster! 325

Secretary Word Processor 75

Wordstar Word Processor 278

Floating Point Board 339

Oasis Multi-User Software 699

CPM for N'-Extra features 147

Micro Mike Software CALL

MICROSTAT $265

Pascal-80 539

Extra Precision BASIC 49

Northword 179

Infomanager 329

General Ledger 399

Accounts Receivable 399

Accounts Payable 399

Inventory 399

Order Entry 399

PROPAC 1299

DOS + BASIC 5.2 28

INTEGRAND main frames S-100. Many models to choose from

Only 200 & UP

MODEMS

DC HAYES — S-100 $329

POTOMAC MICRO MAGIC ....369

SIGNALMAN 97

CAT NOVATION 159

AUTOCAT 215

DECISION I

"The IBM-360 on the Z-80 & S-100 BUS!"

Sixteen Programs running simultaneously! Free CPM. Microsoft BASIC, and WORDSTAR with complete system!

DECISION 1 + 65K Static +

8" Disks DMA 3403

DECISION 1 + 65K Static *

2 5VS" Disks 2795

DECISION 1 < 65K Static +

5" Disk + 5 Mb Hard Disk 4235

DECISION 1-3 user 256K Static + 5" Disk + 5 Mb Hard Disk *

MICRONIX 5830

DECISION 1 - Z-80 + I/O + 65K 1915 DECISION 1 — Rackmount + 20 Mb

HD - 8" DRV Reg. 6235

Inventory Sale 5415

MORROW Hard Disks up to 26 MEGABYTES

HDC-M26 $3333

HDC-M20 3333

HDC-M10 2955

DMA-M5 Reg. 1755

Inventory Sale 1500

DMA-M10 2235

DMA-M16 2795

MORROW 8" Disk

Discus 2D + CPM 600K .. Only $834 Discus 2 + 2+ CPM 1.2 Mb .... 1068 Add Drives 2D = 599 2 * 2 = 1795 Discus 2D dual + CPM ... Only 1384 Free Microsoft BASIC from MORROW with Discus system or hard disk.

FAST FIGURE — Most powerful spread sheet. 5Vt" or 8" 99

Wordstar 278

All MicroPro Software for IBM, Apple, North Star, Morrow, etc. SAVE' CALL

Call for latest prices & availability

AMERICAN

919-889-4577

4167 Kivett Dr

Factory Guarantees

We Beat Prices

COMPUTERS

Jamestown N.C. 27282

919-883-1105

Circle 17 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982 2 05

Listing 3 continued:

THE RING**"! PRINT 5 PRINT " THERE ARE TWO SECTORS, THE RING MAY BE IN EITHER. THE POWERS OF DARKNESS HAVE" 130 PRINT "ARRANGED THAT EACH SE CTOR WILL COLLAPSE"* PRINT " 16 MINUTES AFTER YOU HAVE EN T E RED."? P RI NT " Y 0 U CAN D E I... A Y THE COLLAPSE TEMPORARILY ONLY BY OBTAINING A TIME SPE LI..."

14 0 PRINT J PRINT "YOU ENTER NEA R THE CENTRE OF EACH SECTORA ND CAN ONLY EXIT AT THE SAME

PI...ACE BY PRESSING THE KEY Ft YOU CAN EXIT AT ANYTIME BUT ONCE YOU HAVE ENTERED SE CTOR 2,YOU CANNOT RETURN TO SECTOR 1,"

150 PRINT' PRINT " ROCK FA I... LB (£) OCCUR MORE FREQUENTLY AS Y OU PROCEED, IF YOU HAVE A G UNPOWDER FLASK AND ARE TRA PPED , YOU CAN PRESS E TO GI VE 4 EXITS AT YOUR CURRENT P 0 SITIOMAND THR0 U GH A D J A CEN T ROCKFALLS *"

160 PRINT ? INVERSE ? PRINT "PRE

SS SPACE BAR TO CONTINUE"? ? POKE 24705,80? POKE 24716,83? CALL 247 0 0? NORMAL

SENECA ELECTRONICS SUPER DISCOUNTS TRS-80® AND OTHERS

TRS-80" 64K MODEL II $2995.00 ATARI™ 800 W/16K $650.00 VIC-20™ HOME COMPUTER $245.00 ALL MACHINES COME WITH FULL MANUFACTURERS' WARRANTY!!

COMPUTER FURNITURE, PRINTERS, PERIPHERALS, YOU NAME IT, WE GOT IT, AT THE PRICE YOU WANT TO PAY. WE ACCEPT CERTIFIED CHECKS, MONEY ORDERS, VISA & MASTERCARD. SHIPPING CHARGES WILL BE ADDED TO CHARGE CARD ORDERS.

SENECA ELECTRONICS

RD #1, HARMONY, PA 16037

(412) 452-5654

170 HOME ? PRINT "YOU HAVE"? PRINT

? PRINT "TREASURE"? PRINT ? PRINT "CARRYING CAPACITY"? PRINT ?

P RI NT " FIG H TIN G A B11... I' TV" * P RIN T ? PRINT "INJURY RESISTANCE"?

PRINT ? PRINT "DEGREE OF CH ARM "

180 PRINT ? PRINT "EXPLOSIVE CI IA RGES"S VTAB 23? HTAB 1? PRINT "PRESS SPACE BAR TO CONTINUE "?? POKE 24705,88? POKE 2471 6,91? CALL 24700 9() HOME ? HTAB 9? PRINT "COMBAT

ZFRIENDI...INESS" i HTAB 9 J PRINT "ABILITY ANTI I FOR" 20 0 PRINT "RED ORG 8 3

0 40 30"? PRINT ? PRINT "D WARE 11 20 4 0 4

0"? PRINT i PRINT "WEREWOLF 14 40 50 10"

210 PRINT i PRINT "SNAKE 17

8 0 2 0 0"? PRINT ? PRINT "GREY ELF 20 20 60

20"? PRINT ? PRINT "WIZARD

25 3 0 4 0 30"? PRINT

? PRINT "BALROG 3 0

9 0 10 0"

22 0 PRINT i PRINT "SCORING"? PRINT

"1 PER SILVER CHARM OR DEAD SNAKE"? PRINT "2 PER BAR OF GOLD OR DEAD BALROG"? PRINT "ZERO TO 9 FOR WEAPONS"

23 0 PRINT "OVER 10 0 IF ESCAPING

WITH JKXTI-IE RINGxx": PRINT 5 PRINT ? PRINT "PRESS SPACE BAR TO CONTINUE"?

24 0 POKE 247 0 5,92? POKE 24716,95

5 CALL 24700

25 0 HOME ? PRINT "TO CHECK, PRES

S A KEY TO OBTAIN EACH 'S GREEN' SUCCESSIVELY"

26 0 FOR I m 0 TO 3? GET A$? POKE

24721 , (80 + I sk 4) ? CALL 247 20? NEXT I Text continued from page 184:

6000 hexadecimal. You can accomplish this by typing in listing 3 and running it after listing 2 has been validated. When you enter listing 3, you may replace the pound sign with a dash. When you are satisfied that the screens are properly formatted, save these and listing 2 by typing:

BSAVEQQ,A$5000,L$1820

You are now ready to type in the main program given in listing 1.

Conclusion

Ringquest is a good example of the way a game evolves. Through its various incarnations you can see the problems I encountered and the solutions that led to the game's final version.

The incorporation of a friendliness feature adds a new attitudinal twist to adventure games. I consider it my most important contribution to a more caring and peaceful society. ■

206 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 346 on inquiry card.

Circle 342 on Inquiry card.

. . . the PERSONAL LANGUAGE system that mirrors your commands using your own words!

What SAWY is

SAWY is a miraculous new information handling system. SAVVY is an automatic database management system. SAWY is a new level of machine intelligence.

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Payroll, Mailing List, {IB

Document Writer and

Inventory Control.

Trademark: SAWY, Robot Programmer: Excallbur Technologies Corporation.

Personal Language: SAWY Marketing International.

What SA

Through SAWY, you and your computer talk to each other in your own natural, conversational English (or Spanish, or ■"■ ~ French, etc.).

It learns from you what you want done in your own personal language.

Once SAWY learns your language it can create any file you wish. Input, output, additions, -5^. changes and

l ' J?N, deletions are

W. arranged for you. AJ%f ,. SAWY's Robot :**r%tt)rr Programmer" XySC/ has been trained to write 100% of the programs needed to manage your database information.

SAWY runs CP/M™ and Apple DOS.

What YOU discover

You'll discover that SAWY recognizes your personal words, even if misspelled, or even if you use a phrase never used before I

SAWY continues to grow through use to become better and better at understanding your commands.

Eventually, you will see SAWY as a rrirror to your own way of thinking and working. It is a re-definitlon of "user-friendly".

SAWY, it's the first system that truty means "personal computing".

SAWY is like no other system on earth.

SAWY cost $950.

Seeing is believing. SAWY is on display at selected computer retail locations. Call for the name of your nearest dealer.

CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research Corp.

Apple Is a Trademark of Apple Computer Inc.

100 South Ellsworth Street. 9th Floor, San Mateo, CA 94401 (415) 340-0335

SAVVY

MARKETING INTERNATIONAL

Before you buy any the features of

Mean Time to Repair

Our simple design, quality components and modular construction make service easy and quick. Our average MTTR is a mere 15 minutes.

Drawing Solutions on Screen

The 950's powerful graphics capability can

express complex data as

clear charts, diagrams, graphs,

line drawings or other visuals to facilitate

communication.

Status and User Lines

TeleVideo's 950 checks on its own operational status. What is the edit mode? Baud rate? Intensity mode? The 950 reports its condition while functioning without interfering with ongoing work.

Programmable Function Keys

The 950 is equipped with twenty-two user-definable function keys. The operator can short-cut to desired programs and save a lot of time.

Editing

TeleVideo's

sophisticated editing features let you insert or delete characters or lines with a wraparound feature for maintaining data as long as you need it on screen.

Ergonomic Keyboard

The 950's detachable keyboard is

made for operator comfort. Work close to the

screen, or place it on your lap.

You decide what is more comfortable

and productive.

TeleVideo's 950 offers the features you'd expect in terminals costing much more than ours. And most of these features are also offered in our 925, at even a lower price. Both terminals are built with TeleVideo reliability, both engineered for high performance. Whichever you choose, you can be assured

And then check the

of the same high quality and reliability, as well as nationwide service by General Electrics Instrumentation and Communication Equipment Centers.

And TeleVideo builds to sales projections, and does not keep you waiting for delivery That means if you order 200 TeleVideo terminals

California/Santa Ana 714-557-6095; Sunnyvale 408-745-7760; Georgia/Atlanta 404-255-9338; Texas/Dallas 214-980-9978; Illinois/Chicago Area 312-351-9350;

smart terminal, TeleVideo's 950.

check

Line Lock

You can frequently reserve data by freezing some facts on screen while changing others. This feature eliminates inadvertent changes of field.

Tilting Screen

Just touch a knob to make the screen tilt toward the viewer There's no need for neckcraning here. The tilting screen is designed for easy use.

Buffered Print Port

TeleVideo's 950 can be used with

printers of various speeds, so you won't lose

data during slower peripheral cycles.

Transmission Speed

Our baud range is 50B to 19,2Kb, broad enough to accept data for the great majority of applications.

Smooth Scrolling

The.950, like all TeleVideo terminals, offers easy reading of fastmoving information, without those jerking movements that strain your eyes.

Self-testing

Remote troubleshooting feature determines if a service call is really needed, or if the operator can handle the problem. That saves time and money.

TeleVideo Systems, Inc.

Attn: Terminal Division Dept 200A

1170 Morse Avenue, Sunnyvale, CA 94086

I would like more information about TeleVideo's 950 and 925 terminals.

today, we can ship them tomorrow.

To learn more about the 950, the 925 and the other terminals that have made TeleVideo the industry leader, complete this coupon, or call: 800-538-8725 (In California, 408-745-7760).

©iTekMdeo Systems, Inc.

Circle 385 on Inquiry card.

Massachusetts/Boston 617-668-6891, New York/New Jersey 201-267-8805; United Kingdorn/Woking, Surrey 44-9905-6464

NAME

COMPANY. ADDRESS

CITY

PHONE #_

.TITLE.

. STATE.

.ZIP_

Suggested retail price for TeleVideo's 950, $ 1195, TeleVideo's 925, $995, excluding applicable state and local taxes — Continental U S A , Alaska and Hawaii,

The Case of the Purloined Object Code: Can It Be Solved?

Part 2: Approaches to Software Protection

An expert on the law relating to software protection tackles the toughest issues.

Part 1 of this article, which appeared in last month's issue, ended with a list of things that a proper system for protecting software would have to do. They are:

• accommodate the conflicting interests of the various groups concerned with the use and protection of software

• devise remedies tailored to deal with the different ways in which software can be appropriated

• be structured for ease of access to the system and ease of administration

• generally encourage development of new software without discouraging the use of software or the growth of the industry

As suggested in the first part of this article, the legal systems that have

About the Author

Richard H. Stern is a lawyer specializing in intellectual property and antitrust law. As Chief of the Justice Department's Intellectual Property Section, he tried and supervised the government's patent and antitrust litigation, including the computer software patent cases in the Supreme Court. He is now in private practice in Washington, DC, dealing with the problems of high technology and computer software. Mr. Stern also has a degree in electrical engineering.

Richard H. Stern Stern & Roberts 2555 M St. N.W. Washington, DC 20037

evolved for patents, copyrights, trade secrets, and contracts have reached an equilibrium on these considerations that does not at all represent the optimum for software.

A system designed to protect software in general, it should be recognized, may differ importantly from one designed to protect just object code. Whether it is better to deal with software protection comprehensively or just deal with object code depends largely on our attitude toward

Many groups have an interest in software and these interests vary widely.

protecting algorithms and concepts of programs ("ideas"). We can simply devise a scheme that protects object code and stops there. A further consideration is that legislation protecting "ideas" is bound to face more opposition than legislation merely against duplicating ROMs. (This article treats considerations involving more than just the object code aspect of software, but the emphasis is on object code.)

Interests at Stake

Who are the groups with an interest in software and what are their interests? These groups include:

• proprietors and marketers of software, including licensers primarily of software itself, sellers of dataretrieval services, and sellers of computer hardware bundled with operating systems or other software

• programmers and systems analysts

• direct users, such as banks, stores, industrial users (chemical plants, machine tool systems users), and persons engaged in scientific research and engineering

• the general public, which includes those who purchase products using or manufactured by use of software, and who thus may bear the ultimate cost of protection for software

These interests vary widely. At one extreme are the public and direct users of software. In the short run, they would gain the most from no protection or minimal protection for software. This is also probably true for hardware sellers. In the long run, and viewing the question from a purely selfish standpoint, these groups would economically benefit most from a legal system giving that

210 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

STANDARD

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"signifies manufacturer's trademark.

Circle 367 on Inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982 211

bare minimum of protection for software that would still call forth production and marketing of some software, but only the additional software that these groups need to use and are willing to pay for if they cannot get it free.

At the other end of the interest spectrum are sellers and licensers of software or products embodying proprietary software. Unless they are "pirates," as the defendants in the various ROM cases allegedly were, their rational self-interest calls for the very maximum of legal protection.

Perhaps they would recognize limits at which their own access to useful new algorithms and subroutines could be hindered.

In-between interest groups, such as programmers, may favor recognition for creators of new software. But they may also favor their own relatively free access to new ideas, particularly when they as users modify or enhance the earlier idea.

There is also a pervasive, hard-toarticulate public interest in several abstract notions: encouraging progress in the evolution of computer

use, the spread of human knowledge, the avoidance of wasteful duplication of problem solving, and rewarding contributions to knowledge.

The Interrelationship of Interests, Remedies, and Types of Infringement

The effect that a software protection system has on the interests it touches must depend on a number of what may be termed legislative "variables." In this context, that term is meant to refer to (1) the aspects of the legal system of protection as to which the law could do one of several things, and (2) the different types of things or conduct to which the law could be made to apply. The difference between a good and bad system is likely to turn on whether, in different factual contexts, the legislative variables are different, carefully related to one another, or are instead handled in terms of gross generalities.

The relation between the remedies awarded and the type of acts that the law challenges is particularly important. Yet it has received negligible attention in previous software protection proposals. Many plans propose adoption of copyright law in toto and do not even consider which copyright remedies should apply to which conduct or types of software. Other proposed software statutes simply list a broad range of remedies and in the most general terms direct that they be applied "as appropriate to the circumstances of the case." Without a standard of "appropriateness," adopting such an approach is an invitation for random, chaotic results.

The several different types of software infringement call for quite different remedies. When a mass marketer of software appropriates and competitively markets a competitor's software package, a permanent injunction forbidding the conduct would seem proper. But when the unknowing purchaser of a machine tool (or consumer product) embodying unlawfully taken object code is sued, such a permanent injunction would seem harsh and inappropriate. Moreover, punitive damages may well be proper against one who

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212 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 66 on inquiry card.

THE QUAD

2k

nr.

The QUAD is a relational data base management system and applications developer allowing the non-programmer to develop his or her own business and personal applications around a powerful relational data base. Some of the applications you can build with the QUAD are:

BUSINESS

• Accounts Payable

■ Agricultural Management

• Construction Management

• General Ledger

• Human Resource Management

• Inventory Control

• Job Costing

• Mail List

• Order Entry

• Payroll

• Personal Scheduling

• Professional Time and Billing

• Property Management

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PERSONAL

• Appointment and Gift Register

• Budgeting

• Car Maintenance

• Family Medical Data

• Home Improvement Information

• Income Tax Information

• Insurance Information

• Inventory Information

• Investment Information

• Recipe Information

• Shopping Lists

• Time Management

• Vacation Planning

The QUAD is designed for YOU, the computer user who wants to take full advantage of his computer.

EXTENSIVE REPORTING CAPABILITIES The QUAD enables you to create an unlimited number of reports in any specific size or form you desire using data from the QUAD database or another database. You may process and/or print data during any report.

PROCESSING DATA

• access information in up to 10 or more files during a report

• perform arithmetic calculations on any data from any file

• update and/or create files based on report processing

• easily compare date information for quick aging analysis

• perform up to 5 levels of subtotaling within each report

■ retrieve records in sequential or indexed order

• perform processing based on comparison of data such as nested IF THEN logic

PRINTING DATA

• utilize your printer's capability by printing on any size paper anywhere on the page

• print checks using the English equivalent for dollar and cent values

• specily content of page headings, control headings and footings, detail lines and total lines

• pause between printing of forms

SAMPLE REPORT

POWERFUL UPDATING CAPABILITIES

The QUAD gives you two methods to update data within the data base. One way is directly through the terminal using a data entry process. The other is through batch updating based on existing data within the data base.

• update as many as 70 or more files simultaneously, using the batch update mode

■ totally user defined screens

• full screen editing

• record sizes up to 900 characters

• perform calculations based on data entered and data residing in other files

• access three different help screens during the data entry process

• utilize your terminal's video capabilities when creating your terminal update screens

• restrict all or some dataJiela^frWm future changes

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OTHER FEATURES SORT, INDEX, and REORGANIZE data files quickly and easily. Also link to userwritten programs directly from the QUAD. Automatically generate menus to access each of your applications. The QUAD comes complete with an Accounts Receivable application ready for your use and a Checkbook Balancing application for you to build.

The suggested retail price for all this is only $495.00.

Available for most CP/M compatible hardware.

To order your copy of the QUAD, contact your computer dealer, or call QuanTeckna Research today.

QuanTeckna.

Research Corporation

6902 220th St. S.W. MOUNTLAKE TERRACE, WA. 98043 206/364-6940 or 206/771 2488

CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research. Inc

QUAD and QuanTeckna are trademarks ol QuanTeckna Research Corporation

Circle

323 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982

213

unloads a legally protected ROM and markets it, but not against a programmer who reasonably although incorrectly believes that a program that the programmer writes is not within the scope of protection to which the other party's algorithm is legally entitled. It is therefore necessary to develop a definite matrix of remedies and wrongs. That is a major part of the discussion that should precede writing any software law.

Algorithms. Almost all proposals on software law have opposed protection of algorithms and concepts.

Both patent and copyright law oppose their protection on the theory that they are ideas, which should not be protected as such. Ideas, the Supreme Court has said, are the currency and basic tools of scientific progress, which will be hampered without a rule of free access to ideas. When applied to machines and books, that is a good principle; if applied elsewhere, it may not be. Legal protection of algorithms will hamper scientific progress only if the amount of protection is so great as to have that effect. If a lesser amount of pro

tection can reward and encourage development of new algorithms useful to industry and society, the net effect of protecting algorithms will be beneficial to progress. The question is one of degree and practicability, not an absolute. A basic problem in this regard is articulating a standard of "merit" or "quality" that a software idea must satisfy before the government should prohibit second comers from using it freely.

In protecting algorithms and the concepts of programs, it is as important to determine how far to protect them in granting relief as it is to determine how far to protect them in terms of defining the scope of infringement. Indeed, the two variables interact, for they jointly determine how burdensome protection would be and how much of an incentive the protection will afford software creators and proprietors. In this connection, an important question to consider is whether it is so important to technological progress that good new algorithms and concepts be widely and rapidly adopted that injunctions and severe relief should almost never be allowed against the unauthorized appropriation of an algorithm or concept. We might well conclude that anyone should be allowed to use an algorithm or concept, upon payment of a reasonable royalty, particularly when that person enhances it or adapts it to a new use. The concept is alien to copyright law but occurs to a very limited extent in patent law, primarily in the health and safety area.

Programs. Another important question is whether to protect programs that do not display the kind of inventive steps or merit that would be expected before an algorithm or concept would be protected. A long, debugged, tried program may be of substantial commercial value and costly to perfect even though all its parts and concepts are known or obvious. It may deserve protection, but of a lesser kind or extent than a program based on a new and unobvious algorithm.

Object Code. Defining the limits of the concept of infringement for object

A sophisticated Z80™ based microcomputer training system

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| ^^Smw^m. in9 svslem 011 lhe market today. At the heart of The Fox is a Z80 CPU, a chip which includes more capabilities than any other 8-bit microprocessor.

With a large memory capacity and sophistication found only in larger and more expensive units, The Fox is ideal for teaching microcomputer technology in schools, colleges and industrial training environments. Other features include extensive user prompting firmware, large digital readouts, power supply and exceptional versatility.

Compare The Fox with other low-cost microcomputers and you will agree that The Fox is the way to introduce microprocessing to your classroom, laboratory, office or home.

EDUCATORS! E&L also offers the MTP-80, a complete modular course in microcomputer technology which features The Fox.

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Price applies in U.S. only and is subject to change without notice.

,MZ80 is a trademark of Zilog, Inc.

214 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 144 on inquiry card.

Proven tools for programmers. From Microsoft.

Old friends. Eight years ago, Microsoft put BASIC on the first microcomputer. Today, there are more than 1,000,000 copies of Microsoft languages in use. BASIC interpreter. BASIC compiler. FORTRAN, and COBOL. A proven set of programming tools. All, fully supported by Microsoft.

The best get better. Good tools work better if you keep them sharp. That's why we constantly improve the tools we offer. Enhancing them. Increasing their utility. Taking full advantage of the strengths of each language Supporting you, the user, with a full range of finely honed programming tools.

Technical support. When you buy our tools, you get our number. If you have technical problems, call the Microsoft support staff for assistance. If we don't have the answers now, we'll find them and call you back.

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Leadership in micros. Nobody gave us leadership. We earned it through innovation, enhanced programming tools and complete user support. Today, Microsoft is the only software supplier to offer you a complete programming environment. Including specialized languages that support you in a wide variety of programming situations. Tomorrow, you can look to Microsoft to make that environment even more productive.

Better tools. Ask your Microsoft dealer about Microsoft's family of proven tools for programmers: BASIC interpreter, BASIC compiler, FORTRAN and COBOL. Each is a specialized tool for a special programming problem. Better tools. And better tools make better programs.

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Microsoft is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation.

Circle 255 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982 215

Circle 292 on inquiry card.

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code is important. The principal economic rationale for appropriating someone else's object code is the cheapness of doing so as compared with developing, debugging, and then compiling an independent program. This economic rationale is likely to lead to a total duplication, for otherwise some of the economy is lost. That is why, for example, the importers unloaded the Galaxian attract mode along with the play mode. In unloaded-ROM cases, therefore, there should be only minimal problems in defining how close to the original a "copy" of object code must be for it to be considered an infringement.

But should all duplication of ROMs be forbidden? Suppose a publicdomain source program is compiled with a public-domain compiler and the ROM is a standard shelf item. What is the interest protected by prohibition? Is this such a rare case that we should not worry about it? If so, it would be better to have a simple rule against unloading ROMs. If not, perhaps a more complicated rule is needed. Another question is whether object code should be subject to legal challenge in situations when it is not an unloaded duplicate of someone else's object code, but is instead either

(1) compiled without authorization from someone else's source code, or

(2) an enhancement of the original object code.

These questions about object code may be considered in two contexts. One is the object-code-only software protection system. The second is the comprehensive software protection system. Perhaps the first type of system cannot effectively deal with anything but outright duplication or the close equivalent. The unloaded-ROM cases are the real area for this kind of law. To deal with more complex situations, we must develop at least part of the second type of system.

The second type of system can deal with object code both when it is duplicated and when it is independently compiled. A program may be protected in source code form because it is tried, debugged, and the product of considerable effort or because it has

been derived from a legally protected algorithm. In either case, the program could also be protectable when it is compiled into object code. Software legislation should protect object code in these circumstances if it is practicable to do so. It must be recognized, however, that severe administrative difficulties could attend trying to determine whether particular object code is compiled from a protected source program or derived from a protected program concept or algorithm.

Remedies in the case of object code are particularly troublesome, perhaps more so than anywhere else in this field. Infringement of object code can occur in very different ways. At one extreme is the wretched copyist caught after completely unloading and reloading a competitor's ROM, disk, or tape into a commercial product. At the other extreme is the innocent, unknowing consumer or commercial end user. Several plausible remedy matrices exist. Clearly, one possible approach is the following combination: (1) to completely let off all consumer end users, lest there be a chilling effect on the general consumer marketing of software and end products embodying it; (2) to subject commercial end users to reasonableroyalty liability, at most; and, of course, (3) to throw the whole confiscation, injunctive, and punitivedamages book at the wretched unloader-reloader.

Only one conclusion emerges clearly from consideration of the relationship among remedies, types of software appropriation, and the interests in question. This is that the matter deserves much more careful analysis than it has ever received. Lawyers and other amateurs have in the past pontificated on the nature of software and on such issues as whether its "essential character" (and therefore the appropriate system of protection) is more like that of the subject matter of patents or copyrights. This is an interesting academic and metaphysical inquiry. Perhaps the time has come for those in the software industry to see whether they can make more sense of the matter. I believe that the

216 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE October 1982

217

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pages of this magazine are an appropriate place for such discussions to begin.

Administrative Considerations

A legal system of protection of intellectual property, such as software, can be run in three basic ways:

1. The system may have no prelitigation formalities. The first time the government ever has anything to do with the rights claimed is when a lawsuit is brought. That is how the trade secret system and most contract rights operate.

2. In a "registration" system, the proprietor's exclusive right to the intellectual property is initially secured by filing a paper with the government, describing and claiming the right. The government then more or less ministerially records the claim in its files without any serious effort to evaluate the merits of the claim of right. That is how the copyright system works.

3. In an "examination" system, the government examines the claim of exclusive right with some care. The claimant gets government recognition of the right only if certain requirements of originality, novelty, or merit are satisfied. The administrative screening gets some deference in any subsequent litigation. That is how the patent system works.

The system with no prelitigation formalities makes little sense for software. It has the advantage of great accessibility and almost zero frontend cost, but its certainty of ownership rights and its general predictability also approach zero. As experience with trade secret litigation shows, there is no way to tell what is the "property right" over which the parties are in dispute until after the lawsuit is over (and perhaps not even then). Moreover, a system of this type cannot reasonably create an absolute, exclusive right for a software proprietor. At best, such a system should prohibit only deliberate copying. The choice is really between registration and examination systems.

Several factors must be considered

in choosing between registration and examination systems. First, registration systems are easier for the applicant to gain access to and easier for the government to administer, in the first instance. But they cost more to operate, once litigation is involved, if there is any issue over whether the claim of exclusive right is justified. The reason is that the courts do not get the benefit of an expert administrative agency's having screened that issue for them. They must decide the issue without such help. The proper equation for comparing costs for the two systems would balance off such factors as the probability of litigation, the greater cost of litigation under a registration system, and the greater front-end cost of administering an examination system.

The following example and its purely hypothetical "facts" are intended to be illustrative of these considerations:

Cost to get a software certificate: $1 under registration system; $10 under examination system. (Figures include both private and government costs.)

Proportion of registered software litigated: 3 percent under registration system; 1 percent under examination system.

Litigation cost per software item: $300 under registration system; $100 under examination system.

Assume everything else equal. Assume that 1000 software certificates are issued during the time period in question under the registration system; 950, under the examination system.

Registration System Overall Cost (1000 X $1) + (1000 X 0.03 X $300) = $1000 + $9000 = $10,000

Examination System Overall Cost (950 X $10) + (950 X 0.01 X $100) = $9500 + $950 = $10,450

Thus, society saves $450 by opting for the registration system, assuming these hypothetical figures. The important fact to note is that the frontend cost of entering the system ap

218 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE October 1982 219

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plies to unlitigated software as well as litigated software, but litigation costs are borne only when the software is involved in a suit.

These factors are not the only considerations, however, in choosing a system. A registration system allows more invalid "scarecrow" claims on the books than an examination system does. The effect of such claims of exclusive ownership of software would probably be to some extent to inhibit legitimate enterprise in the use of software that properly belongs to the public. This factor is very hard to quantify. In addition, it would seem clear that fewer applications will be filed in an examination system because of its higher front-end costs; and even fewer applications will mature into issued certificates because some will be rejected.

The answer probably comes down to whether the system just protects object code or also protects algorithms and program concepts. If unloading ROMs and the like is our main concern, a registration system

should suffice. It establishes objective proof of who was first, and examining the program for originality may be beside the point. But if ideas are to be protected, it is very risky to the community (probably too risky) to allow a monopoly claim to be staked without first examining its merits to some degree (but this judgment depends on the scope of the monopoly to be granted). By the same token, it would be perfectly reasonable to have a mixed system in which algorithms were examined and ROMs were simply registered.

Duration of Rights

Patents last for 17 years. Copyrights last for approximately 75 years. Trade secret rights last until the secret becomes public. Contract rights last as long as the parties agree, subject to considerations of public policy. How long should software rights last?

The answer may depend on the type of right in question—one to prohibit others' use completely or one to

levy a small toll. The answer may also depend on the kind of software in question. The theoretical length of a monopoly grant should be one that maximizes net social benefit, measured by the social value of the additional innovative product (software) called forth minus the total rent the public pays the proprietor during the life of the monopoly—making a present-value calculation at a suitable interest rate. Assuming that we could in some way make such a calculation, we might reasonably suppose that the answer for a new algorithm would not be the same as that for an old or obvious program put into a ROM.

Nothing more sensible can be said about this matter now, other than that it is another illustration of the interdependence of the different elements of a software protection system. What is a sensible duration for rights under a software certificate depends on the strength of the rights—that is, on what constitutes infringement of the exclusive right and on what are the remedies.

Conclusions

The basic conclusion reached here is to answer the question posed in the title, "Yes, but with much difficulty." Sensibly adjusting the variables and accommodating the interests at stake calls for informed resolution of difficult questions of economic policy, perhaps social policy too. The purpose of this article is less to answer those questions than it is to:

• raise them

• stimulate discussion among those with a legitimate interest in what happens to software

• pave the way for well-considered, rather than naive, legislation

Software is clearly different enough and important enough to justify its own system of legislative protection. The question that needs an informed answer from the software community is "What kind of protection?" That answer should be stated only after ample discussion among those with an interest in the creation and use of software. ■

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Software Review

Radio Shack Compiler BASIC

Compiled BASIC offers other advantages beyond faster execution.

Compatibility between a company's software products is extremely important from a marketing standpoint. Many people were surprised, therefore, when Radio Shack announced that its BASIC compiler (RSBASIC) would not be compatible with the BASIC interpreter supplied

Rowland Archer Flint Ridge Apartment 59 Hillsborough, NC 27278

with every TRS-80 Model I and III. Thus, TRS-80 programmers cannot use this compiler on existing BASIC programs to gain faster execution and other benefits of compilation.

Why did Radio Shack make such a decision? Jon Shirley, vice-president of Radio Shack's Computer Division,

discussed this point in the June 1981 issue of the TRS-80 Microcomputer NEWS. He said that the choice had been between RSBASIC, written by the Ryan-McFarland Corporation, and Microsoft's BASIC compiler, which is compatible with the TRS-80 disk BASIC interpreter. In essence, Shirley said RSBASIC was chosen because of features—not price or performance. He even said you should buy the Microsoft product to compile existing disk BASIC programs.

Radio Shack's choice of features over compatibility intrigued me. One of the reasons I bought the RSBASIC package was to see what those features were.

System Overview

RSBASIC's operation is different from most compiler-based development systems. Compiler systems are usually split into several programs that must be run individually to complete one cycle of modifying and running a program. With such systems, you must first run an "editor" so you can type in your BASIC program, called the "source file." Next, you run the compiler that reads the source file and creates a machine-language program (the "object file") from it. Sometimes, a program called a "linker" or "binder" must be run to tie

At a Glance

Name

Radio Shack Compiler BASIC Type

TRS-80 BASIC compiler development system

Author

Ryan-McFarland Corporation Software Products Group Aptos, CA 95003

Distributor

Tandy Corporation One Tandy Center Fort Worth. TX 76102 (8)7) 390-3583

Price

SI 49

Software

Contains all software needed to run Compiler BASIC on both the Model I and Model l/l TRS-80. Includes: line-oriented text editor; interactive BASIC development system with editor, compiler and run-time software; stand-alone run-time package with debugging capabilities

Format

Three 5 'A -inch floppy disks; Model I version requires TRSDOS 2.3B, which is provided with the package; Model III version requires TRSDOS 1.3, which is also provided

Computer

TRS-80 Model I or III, 48K bytes of RAM. at least two disk drives

Documentation

Large manual with four main sections plus an appendix, 404 pages; complete description of system use, language features, and technical information; the manual is not a tutorial, it assumes the reader is familiar with BASIC

Audience

Programmers in need of a BASIC compiler development system for the TRS-80 Model I or III

224 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Run-time disk, includes TRSDOS 2.3B:

Pile.

rile

oize

Description

RUNBASIC/CMD

1

Stand-alone run-time executive

RUNBASIC/OVL

16

Stand-alone run-time overlays

SAMPLE/OBJ

1

Compiled sample program

UPGRADE/CMD

1

Utility program, converts data disks from

TRSDOS 2.3 format to 2.3B format

Program disk, does not include TRSDOS:

File

Size

Description

BEDIT/CMD

4

Stand-alone BASIC editor

LIST/BAS

1

BASIC program to print listing files pro

duced by RSBASIC

SAMPLE/BAS

1

Sample program

RSBASIC/CMD

3

Development system executive

RSBASIC/OLF

38

Development system overlays

RSBASIC/LIO

6

Development system overlays; apparently

I/O routines

RSBASIC/LIB

2

Development system overlays; apparently

trig functions

Table 1: Contents

of Model I disks that come with RSBASIC. The Model III version

includes the same software, but all on one

disk with TRSDOS 1.3. The file size is

measured in grans that are 1280 bytes.

together separately compiled programs and produce a single object file.

After all this, you can finally run your BASIC program. If it has any bugs, you must start the entire process over again by running the editor to find and correct the bugs in your source file. This process is timeconsuming; it can easily take 5 minutes or more to go through a single cycle.

By contrast, RSBASIC operates more like the TRS-80 disk BASIC interpreter. Typing RSBASIC from the TRSDOS READY prompt puts you "in" RSBASIC; from there, you give commands to create, edit, and run BASIC programs, as in disk BASIC. If you run a program that has not been compiled, RSBASIC compiles it automatically before running it.

In reality, RSBASIC, like most other compiler development systems, is composed of multiple programs. However, RSBASIC automatically brings its component programs into the computer from disk as needed, instead of requiring you to run them explicitly from TRSDOS.

The comparison between RSBASIC and the disk BASIC interpreter goes

even further—RSBASIC does not produce Z80 machine code. It compiles BASIC programs into an "intermediate code" that is then interpreted by a run-time package. If you want to sell programs compiled under RSBASIC, your customers must purchase a copy of this run-time package in order to use your programs. You are explicitly prohibited from giving the RUNBASIC program away with your own RSBASIC compiled software.

The RSBASIC package is distributed on three disks: two for the TRS-80 Model I, which I use, and one for the Model III. Both packages contain the same software, summarized in table

I. The Model I system requires two disk drives, as the "development system" part of RSBASIC is too large to fit on a disk that also contains TRSDOS. The development system consists of the files listed under "Program Disk" in table 1.

One of the more impressive things RSBASIC provides is program portability between the TRS-80 Models I,

II, and III. A program compiled on any machine can be run on any other by using the run-time system for the target machine. For example, you

could write a BASIC program on your Model I, compile it, ship the compiled code to a Model II, and run it there using the Model II version of RUNBASIC/CMD.

Using the RSBASIC System

The easiest way to implement RSBASIC programs is to use the "full development system." This mode of RSBASIC is most like disk BASIC. The commands available are summarized in table 2; many should be familiar to disk BASIC users.

The bad news is that this mode gives you the least amount of memory for your programs—17,980 bytes under TRSDOS 2.3B on the Model I with 48K bytes of memory. To cramp things even further, both the source and object programs are kept in memory at the same time.

To get the most memory for a program, you must use the "stand-alone run-time" system. Your program must be compiled first under the development system with the object file saved on disk. Under the standalone system, 26,800 bytes of free memory are available, almost 9000 more than under the development system. Furthermore, the source program is no longer taking up memory; only the object code, which is usually more compact, is in memory.

Two ways are provided for entering BASIC source programs. One is the editor contained within the development system; the other is a stand-alone editor called BEDIT. The development-system editor lets you add and delete lines of text, but it has no intraline editing mode similar to disk BASIC'S EDIT command. (Intraline editing is the changing, deleting, and inserting of characters within an existing line of text.) A CHANGE command lets you substitute one string for another in a line or range of lines.

BEDIT is very similar to the disk BASIC editor. It does have intraline editing. It also has a CHANGE command for global text-string substitution. I find it annoying that although both BEDIT and the developmentsystem editor have global change commands, they use different syntax.

Using BEDIT, you can create a

226 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 124 on inquiry card.

Command APPEND

AUTO

BREAK

CHANGE

CLEAR

COMPILE

DELETE DISPLAY

DUPLICATE

GO

KILL

LIST

LOAD MERGE NEW OLD

RENUMBER

RUN

SAVE

SIZE

STEP

SYSTEM TRACE

Description

Joins a BASIC source file from disk to the program in memory. The appended source code is renumbered starting at the current greatest line number plus 10.

Automatically generates line numbers and lets you type in a BASIC program.

Sets "breakpoints" in a BASIC program. Execution stops whenever a breakpoint is hit. Multiple breakpoints (limit not given) may be set. Substitutes one text string for another in a range of lines. Deletes all programs from memory.

Compiles a source program on disk and produces an object program on disk. Optionally produces a listing file, memory map, and crossreference.

Deletes source code lines.

Prints the current value of a variable on the screen—DISPLAY X prints the value of X.

Copies a block of source program lines from one place to another in a program. Renumbers the moved lines and references to them in the program.

Continues execution of a stopped program. Deletes disk files.

Lists source program lines. A range of lines may be specified. A text string may be supplied and only those lines containing the string will be listed.

Loads compiled programs or subprograms from disk. Loaded programs are linked automatically to programs already in memory. Merges BASIC source programs from disk with the program in memory.

Erases source programs from memory, but leaves object programs alone.

Loads BASIC source programs into memory.

Renumbers the entire program. No means is provided for renumbering only part of a program.

Runs the program in memory and compiles it if necessary. Saves source programs on disk.

Tells the number of bytes of free memory remaining. Also reports the size of the resident BASIC program.

Executes a program one or more lines at a time. For example, after hitting a breakpoint, you could type STEP 5 to execute five more lines and then stop. Exits to TRSDOS.

Displays the line number of the currently executing BASIC source code line.

Table 2: RSBASIC commands.

source program file and save it on disk. You can then enter RSBASIC and compile or run the source program from disk. Although BEDIT is more powerful than the developmentsystem editor, I have found the latter to be sufficient and have not made much use of BEDIT.

RSBASIC requires source programs to be in RSBASIC string format (see discussion under Data Types below) rather than as an ASCII file. This means that you cannot use an editor such as Scripsit to edit RSBASIC source files. This is unfortunate. It would be nice if a future version of RSBASIC allowed loading and saving source files in ASCII format.

One more gripe—you cannot execute any TRSDOS commands while in RSBASIC. You cannot even look at a disk directory without exiting the system.

Debugging Environment

The ease of debugging programs developed under RSBASIC is somewhere between the extremely flexible environment of disk BASIC and the more rigid approach of compilers such as Microsoft's.

Similar debugging commands are offered under the full development system and the stand-alone run-time system. They differ mainly in the form of their arguments; where the development system uses line

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Circle 95 on inquiry card. . 92021 (714) 579-0330

numbers and variable names, the runtime system uses hexadecimal addresses. The principal debugging commands BREAK, DISPLAY, GO, STEP, and TRACE are described in table 2.

As in disk BASIC, a STOP statement anywhere in your program passes control to you whenever it is executed. A more flexible option is available that does not require editing the program. This should be used since reediting causes recompilation. By typing BREAK m,n,o,..., where m, n, and o are line numbers, program execution stops whenever it reaches any of those lines.

A command with no counterpart in disk BASIC is STEP n. It causes the next n lines of your program to be executed. You can use this to execute one or more lines after control is passed to you from a BREAK.

One thing that is sorely lacking is the ability to change the value of a variable from the command line. Variables can only be displayed, not altered. Also missing is the ability

to execute an arbitrary BASIC statement from the command line, the socalled immediate execution mode.

While in RSBASIC, you can use the LIST command at any time to view the program you are debugging. This feature contributes greatly to the ease of debugging under RSBASIC.

Under the stand-alone system, all debugging commands must be entered with two characters, e.g., BR for BREAK, DI for DISPLAY, etc. (The two-character abbreviations can also be used under RSBASIC.) The only debugging command not available under the stand-alone system is STEP.

Another limitation to debugging under RSBASIC stand-alone systems is the fact that source code is no longer available. You cannot LIST or edit the program, and it is difficult to do much without a hard-copy listing of the source program as produced by the compiler. References to program lines and variables are via addresses printed on the compiler listing.

Error messages are rather brief,

mostly one or two words. I found it necessary to consult the manual in most cases. TRSDOS errors are reported by number rather than as an English message. It's difficult to believe they did this, considering that TRSDOS has a documented entry point that prints the text corresponding to an error number on the screen.

Language Features

The RSBASIC language has many features that are not in disk BASIC. Here are some of the more noteworthy:

Long variable names: Six characters of every variable name are significant, e.g., RSBASIC treats NAME10 and NAME11 as two different variables. Disk BASIC requires variable names to differ in the first two characters.

Named subprograms with parameters and local variables: This capability provides "external subprograms" similar to FORTRAN subroutines. Listing 1 is an RSBASIC

230 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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on-site computer, a major data network, or a national timesharing service.

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The HP-87.

The HP-87 sets a new level of performance for personal computers in its price range. You get builtin screen graphics, up to 544k bytes of RAM, and an 80-column integrated CRT. Plus the same flexible I/O structure for control applications as the HP-85. Because of its extended memory, you can take advantage of a VisiCalc® PLUS worksheet with up to 16,000 cells. And since the HP-87 has a built-in HP-IB, it's easy to add instruments, disc drives, printers, plotters, and even a graphics tablet. To give you even more to work with, there's an optional CP/M® module. And all applications developed for the HP-85 in BASIC are upward-compatible to the HP-87.

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RS232

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234 October 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

Listing 1: RSBASIC program illustrating the use of subprograms.

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0000 0 010 0 025 0 03A 0 041 0041 0(H:l. 0041 0041 0041 004E 0 0 5 A 0 067 0 073

10 20 30 70 £10 90 110 120 130 140 150 160 165 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 235 240 250 260 270 280 290 300

Example showing use pf SUBPROGRAMS in RSBASIC. The first section of code is called the "main program". It starts with the first line and ends with the END statement on line 30 0.

REM

rem

REM

rem

REM REM REM REM INTI DIM REM REM REM REM FOR'

:ger a--z

ACL00) fB<100)

Fill the numbers

arrays A & E.:: with random

1=1 TO 100

a<i>-int<rnd*io+:l)

l3<I>=a:NT<RND*10 + :L) NEXT I REM

REM **** Call SUMARRAY to add up REM **** in Ay print the result* REM **** same for E:.: REM

CALL "SUMARRAY"% 100* A( ), SUMOFA PRINT 'Sum of all elements in A 1st CALL "SUMARRAY"} 100, B< ), SUMOFB PRINT "Sum of all elements in IE: is'. ENE)

the elements then do the

"> SUMOFA "5 SUMOFB

SYMBOLIC MEMORY MAP SCALARS

0 0FF 01013 ARRAYS 0 0E)5 0 0E)D

I

SUMOFB

A(100) 13(100)

INTEGER INTEGER

0109

SUMOFA INTEGER

INTEGER INTEGER

CROSS REFERENCE LISTING SCALARS

I

SUMOFA

SUMOFB

ARRAYS

A

B

FINAL

255

•'TIS 28

28

180 260 280

140 140

190 270 290

190 20 0

20 0

260 280

210

SUMMARY

(0 0FF) BYTES OF

<01A2) BYTES OF SOURCE LINES

SOURCE STATEMENTS

PROGRAM LOCAL DATA

*** COMPILATION COMPLETE ***

0000

310

SUB

" SUMAFiRAY" 5

NUMZ» ARRAY'/.( >, SUM5S

0000

320

REM

0000

325

REM

** Example of a SUBPROGRAM **

0000

328

REM

0000

330

REM

Purpose:

Sum up the elements of

000 0

340

REM

an INTEGER array.

0000

350

REM

0 0 0 0

360

REM

Inputs :

NUM/£ Number of elements in

0000

365

REM

the array

0 000

370

REM

AF^AY/i( ) The array whose

0 0 0 0

380

REM

elements are to be summed

0000

390

REM

0 0 0 0

400

REM

Output;

SUMZ The sum of the elements

0 0 0 0

410

REM

in ARRAYS< )

Listing 1 continued on page 236

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Listing 1 continued:

0 0 0 0 0 01) 0 0 0 I) 0

0 DOE 00 IF 002E 0 035

420 REM

'♦30 REM

440 SUM'/, »

450 FOR :i>:l

460 SUM52

170 NEXT I

480 SUBEND

TO NUMZ

■ B\mX * ARRAY"/(I)

SYMBOLIC MEMORY MAP SCALARS

0 062 t REAL *0060 SUM INTEGER ARRAYS

X005E ARRAY()

X005C NUM

INTEGER

INTEGER

CROSS REFERENCE SCALARS

LISTING

I

450

460

470

NUM

3:1.0

450

SUM

31 n

440

460

460

ARRAYS ARRAY

31.0

460

FINAL.

92 24 21. 21

SUMMARY

C005C5 BYTES OF (0 01.8) BYTES OF SOURCE LINES SOURCE STATEMENTS

PROGRAM LOCAL DATA

*** COMPILATION COMPLETE

program illustrating the use of subprograms. It contains a subprogram called SUMARRAY, which adds up all the elements in an integer array and returns the sum.

Subprograms must physically follow the main program, as in this example. The compiler generates a separate memory map and crossreference listing for each subprogram. The SUBEND statement (line 480 in listing 1) marks the end of a subprogram.

Subprograms are executed by the CALL statement. The program in listing 1 contains two calls to SUMARRAY, one in line 260 and one in 280. The first call looks like this:

260 CALL "SUMARRAY"; 100, A( ), SUMOFA

This calls SUMARRAY to add up the 100 elements of array A and put the result in SUMOFA. Line 280 calls SUMARRAY to add up the 100 elements of array B and put the result in SUMOFB.

The first line of the subprogram (line 310) contains the keyword SUB, the name of the subprogram "SUMARRAY," and the parameters to

SUMARRAY. Parameters are placeholders for variables that will be used when the subprogram is run. The type (REAL, INTEGER, or STRING; more on these later) of each placeholder variable must match the type of the corresponding variable in the CALL statement. The percent signs (%) in line 310 are necessary in this case to inform the compiler that the parameters are integers. Even though the main program contains an INTEGER A-Z statement (same meaning as DEFINT A-Z in disk BASIC), you will get an error if you leave off the percent signs.

Note that subprograms are called by name, not by line number as in a GOSUB statement. This is a nice feature since it is much easier to remember the name of a routine than the line number it starts on, especially when line numbers are changing due to program renumbering. You can call one subprogram from another subprogram, as well as from the main program. You cannot recursively call a subprogram from itself, however.

Any variables used in a subprogram that are not listed in the header statement (the one starting with the keyword SUB) are "local" to that subprogram. Therefore, within a

236 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

subprogram, you cannot accidentally change the value of a variable in the main program. On the other hand, you cannot access variables in the main program unless they are explicitly listed as parameters in the SUB statement.

From limited testing, it appears that you can access files that have been opened in the main program while in a subprogram. This point does not appear to be mentioned in the manual.

Subprograms make BASIC programming easier and less error-prone. They provide a way to break a program into manageable pieces that can be coded individually. You can build a library of subprograms on disk and append them to a program in memory as needed. Since the APPEND command automatically renumbers as it appends, you don't have to worry about line number conflicts. Program chaining: Under RSBASIC, using the CHAIN command, one program can load another from disk and run it. What makes this different from disk BASIC'S RUN command is the fact that you can share variables between the two programs. The COM (common) statement lists those variables you want to share. For example:

COM X, Y, Z(5,5)

sets aside space for X, Y, and the 5 by 5 array Z. If you chain to a program that includes an identical COM statement, the variables X, Y, and all the elements of Z will retain their values when the second program starts running.

This implementation of chaining uses position rather than name to connect variables from one program to the next. For example, if a program containing the COM statement above chained to another program with the COM statement:

COM Y, X, Z(5,5)

the values of X and Y would be swapped in the new program because their relative positions in the COM statements of the two programs are reversed.

The most important use of chaining is to break a very large program into individual pieces when the whole program won't fit into memory at once.

Data Types

The only data type in RSBASIC that is identical to its disk BASIC counterpart is the 16-bit integer. To represent floating-point numbers, RSBASIC uses the type called REAL, which stores 14 digits of precision. This takes the place of single- and double-precision numbers in disk BASIC. REAL numbers are stored with BCD encoding (binary-coded decimal, two decimal digits per byte)

By restricting your

programming somewhat, RSBASIC disk files can be written to be compatible with Radio Shack's version of the COBOL language.

and all arithmetic performed on them is decimal.

Explaining this in detail is beyond the scope of this review, but in practice it means that you cannot get numeric errors due to conversion back and forth between decimal and binary internal representations. Most professional accounting software uses decimal arithmetic.

Manipulating 14-digit decimal numbers is time-consuming, however. An RSBASIC program using REAL numbers may run slower than a comparable disk BASIC program using single-precision numbers. REAL is most like disk BASIC'S double precision. RSBASIC does not have a single-precision data type.

Strings are also implemented differently in RSBASIC. Disk BASIC allocates a varying amount of memory for strings, using only what is needed to store the current length of the string. RSBASIC allocates a fixed amount of memory, based on the length declared in a DIM statement. For example, the statement

DIM NAME$20

dimensions the string variable NAME to be 20 characters long. Assignment of a string longer than 20 characters to NAME results in truncation. You can dimension a lot of variables at once with a statement like

STRING *10 A-L

This causes all string variables beginning with the letters A-L to be allocated 10 bytes of memory. If you do not use a DIM or STRING statement, the system will automatically allocate 255 bytes per string. You will quickly run out of memory if your program has many strings.

This method of handling strings trades flexibility for speed; disk BASIC's "garbage collection" is not needed. Garbage collection is what disk BASIC is doing when a program that performs a lot of string operations suddenly seems to stop; the system is moving strings around to reclaim space taken up by strings that are no longer in use.

RSBASIC's method allocates a fixed area in memory for each string. This may take more memory than disk BASIC'S method since you must set aside the maximum size you will ever need for each string.

You can use arrays of all three data types, INTEGER, REAL, and STRING, in RSBASIC programs. Unlike disk BASIC, which allows an unlimited (except by memory) number of array dimensions, RSBASIC limits you to two. This may be a problem for some applications, but I have seen very few for which it would be.

RSBASIC Disk Data Files

RSBASIC's disk data-file structures are completely different from disk BASIC'S. In general, they are more powerful and, surprisingly, easier to use. The three types of file structures are sequential files, direct-access files, and indexed files (also called ISAM, for indexed sequential-access method). The three different file I/O (input/output) methods are stream I/O, formatted I/O, and binary I/O.

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 237

The two types of records are fixedlength records and variable-length records.

Records can be from 1 to 256 bytes long. You can use any I/O method with any file type. Direct-access and indexed files require fixed-length records, but sequential files can use both fixed-length and variable-length records. Formatted I/O is intrinsically fixed length, so you can't use variable-length records with it. In all, this gives you an overwhelming 11 different ways to set up data files.

RSBASIC's sequential files are conceptually similar to disk BASIC'S; a file is written record by record and read the same way. You cannot read a record in the middle of a sequential file without first reading all the preceding records.

One important difference from disk BASIC'S sequential files is that there is no straightforward way to create or process a normal ASCII text file, e.g., one produced by an editor such as Scripsit. This is bothersome because Scripsit provides a very handy way to

generate data files for disk BASIC programs. Text-processing applications are also encumbered by this limitation.

Direct access is similar to disk BASIC'S random-access file mode but much easier to use. You do not have to calculate "physical record numbers" and "subrecord numbers." Record blocking is handled automatically. Regardless of record length, you can retrieve the Nth record by specifying its record number; the system decides which sector(s) of the file contain the record.

Indexed files, RSBASIC's most powerful type, have no counterpart in disk BASIC. A "key" must be specified when storing a record in an indexed file. The key may or may not be equal to some component ("field") of the record itself. The power of keys becomes evident when you have to retrieve a record; all you specify to the system is the key value associated with that record.

Note that this is a single-key indexed-file method; you can asso

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ciate only one key value with each record. Key values can't have duplicates. It is the programmer's responsibility to decide how a unique key should be generated for each record.

RSBASIC supports a DELETE statement for both direct-access and indexed files. You can delete a record by specifying its key (indexed) or record number (direct-access). Once a record has been deleted, it cannot be read again. Deleted records continue to take up space in a file. If the file gets too large, you must write your own program to read it and build a new file without the deleted records.

Here is a rundown on the I/O techniques:

• Stream I/O stores values in ASCII format. Commas are automatically generated to separate data items from each other in the file. PRINT § is used to write data; INPUT § to read data. Stream I/O is the easiest method to use.

• Similar to PRINT USING in disk BASIC, formatted I/O uses a format statement that describes the layout of a fixed-length record. Used with a direct-access file, this accomplishes the same goal as disk BASIC'S FIELD statement, but with much less work.

• Binary I/O is usually the most space-saving storage method. Data is saved very similarly to the way it is stored in memory. I like the fact that the awkward conversion functions (CVI, MKI$, etc.) of disk BASIC are not used by RSBASIC. Instead, you simply WRITE and READ the data and RSBASIC makes the conversions automatically.

Having so many data-file storage methods to choose from is a little bewildering at first. Fortunately, for most applications, you can stick to a small subset of the methods: sequential files using stream I/O, directaccess and indexed files using formatted or binary I/O.

By restricting your programming somewhat, RSBASIC disk files can be written to be compatible with Radio Shack's version of the COBOL language. This means that a BASIC program can read data files written by a COBOL program and vice versa.

238 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Disk BASIC Statement or Function

Up-arrow for exponentiation + for string concatenation

&H hex number converts string of hexadecimal digits to an integer

CDBL(exp) converts expression to double precision

CINT(exp) converts expression to integer

CONT restarts program after STOP or BREAK

DEFDBL defines variables as double precision

DEFINT defines variables as integers

DEFSTR defines variables as strings

DEFUSRn = address

defines USRn (n ranges from 0 to 9) as a "user" machine-language routine callable with USRn statement

ERROR(code) simulates error occurrence INPUT "prompt string"; variable list prints "prompt string' on screen and reads values into variable list

INSTR (start.strl ,str2) searches one string for another, optionally starting at position "start"

MID$(string,x,y) gets a substring of string starting at

position x and with length y NEXT varl, var2, ...

Closes multiple FOR loops

ON ERROR GOTO 0

Disables ON ERROR GOTO block PRINT@n for cursor positioning where n is a screen

position; upper left corner is 0, lower right

corner is 1023

RANDOM reseeds random-number generator RND(number) returns a random number from 1 to number

unless number = 0; then returns a random

number from 0 to 1

RUN "program" loads BASIC program and runs it

SYSTEM loads a machine-language tape

USRn(arg) calls a machine-language program and argument

RSBASIC Statement or Function

&

HVL (hex number)

CVD(exp)

CVI(exp)

GO

REAL

INTEGER

STRING

EXT "PROG" = address establishes "PROG" as a user machine-language routine callable with CALL statement ERROR code INPUT PROMPT = "prompt string"; variable list. Requires keyword PROMPT. POS(str1,str2) can't specify start position

SEG$(string,x,y)

NEXT with only one variable—use multiple NEXTs for multiple loops RESET ERROR

PRINT CRT(x,y) x - row, y = column Seems easier to use than PRINT® RANDOMIZE RND(number) returns same number every time unless number is 0, which behaves like RND(O) in disk BASIC

CHAIN program can save variables with COM statement

SYSTEM returns you to TRSDOS CALL "PROG"; varl, var2, ... calls machinelanguage program, passes multiple arguments

Table 3: RSBASIC statements and functions different from those in disk BASIC that perform similar tasks.

Complete instructions are given as to which features should be avoided in each language in order to maintain compatibility.

RSBASIC Statements

I have discussed RSBASIC with other owners and found that several are not using it because of the many differences from disk BASIC and their reluctance to learn a new BASIC

dialect. If you are not willing to take on this chore, you will not get much out of this package. Radio Shack is open about this and does not recommend converting existing disk BASIC programs to run under RSBASIC.

To give you a feeling for how different the two languages are, I have compiled three reference tables comparing language statements and functions in disk BASIC and RSBASIC.

These tables do not include BASIC commands such as RUN and SAVE or disk data-file statements; they are discussed earlier in this review. In addition to informing potential buyers about the RSBASIC language, the tables should be very useful to new owners of the package who are trying to learn the differences between RSBASIC and disk BASIC.

Table 3 lists statements and functions providing essentially the same capability in both RSBASIC and disk BASIC, but named differently or used slightly differently.

Table 4 shows statements and functions included in disk BASIC that have no counterpart in RSBASIC. Particularly worth noting are PEEK, POKE, INP, OUT, and VARPTR because there is no easy way to reproduce these in RSBASIC; you must use machine-language subroutines.

Table 5 lists statements and functions that are new in RSBASIC and provide capabilities not available in disk BASIC.

Performance

One of the main reasons for using a BASIC compiler instead of an interpreter is run-time performance or program execution speed. In general, compiled code runs faster than interpreted code because the source code is analyzed once to produce machine language that is run directly by your computer.

You can understand my surprise, then, when I noticed that the RSBASIC manual doesn't mention faster execution as a benefit of compilation. After using the system and making some timings, I began to see why Radio Shack doesn't claim a speed advantage for compiled programs. In some cases, compiled programs actually run slower than the equivalent code under the disk BASIC interpreter! If you don't believe that, try this short example under RSBASIC and then under disk BASIC:

10 FOR 1% = 1 TO 10000: NEXT I %

In my test, this runs more than twice

240 Octobtr 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Foreword by Douglas Hofstadter

■

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Disk BASIC Statement or Function not in RSBASIC

? abbreviation for PRINT

! single-precision type identifier, e.g., A! is single precision'

&0 octal number converts string of octal digits to

binary number CLS clears screen and homes cursor

CMD"D" enters the machine-language debugger

CMD "R", CMD "T" turns interrupts on and off,

respectively, for cassette tape I/O CSNG(exp) returns single-precision number with value = exp

DEFSNG defines variables as single-precision type

ERL returns line number in which most recent

error occurred FlX(number) truncates number

FRE(string) tells amount of string space available

INP(port) reads Z80 port

OUT port, value writes to Z80 port

LEFT$(string,size) returns first "size" characters of string RIGHT$(string,size) returns last "size" characters of string

LET var = expression

assigns value of expression to variable, LET is optional

MID$(str1,start,size) = str2

replaces "size" characters in strl, starting

at "start," by characters from str2 PEEK(location) returns contents of memory location

POKE location, value

sets memory location to value POINT(x.y) tells whether a particular graphics block is set

RESET(x.y) resets a single graphics block at location x,y

SET(x.y) sets a single graphics block at location x,y

RESUME n restarts program execution at line number n after trapping an error with ON ERROR GOTO statement

RND(number) returns random number from 1 to number

unless number = 0, then a number between 0 and 1

VARPTR(variable) returns address of program variable or its descriptor variable

Comments and Ways to Perform in RSBASIC

No equivalent

No single-precision type

in RSBASIC

No equivalent

Use PRINT CHR$(28); CHR$(31);

Use RSBASIC's debugging features or call machine-language routine No support for cassette tape No single-precision type in RSBASIC

No single-precision type in RSBASIC No equivalent

Use INT(number) if

number > =0, else use

INT(number) +1

Not needed in RSBASIC,

fixed string allocation

Use machine-language

routine

Use machine-language routine

Use SEG$(string,1, size) Use SEG$(string, LEN(string) - size + 1) LET not allowed in RSBASIC

Build new string using SEG$

Use machine-language routine

Use machine-language routine

Use CRTI$ function plus BASIC code to pick point out of graphics character Use character graphics instead

Use character graphics instead

No equivalent in RSBASIC; use RESUME or RESUME NEXT RSBASIC same as disk BASIC if number = 0; else use INT(RND * number + 1) CALL to a machinelanguage routine passes program variables by their addresses

Table 4: Disk BASIC statements and functions that have no counterpart in RSBASIC. Disk data-file statements are not included here.

Circle 198 on inquiry card.

Write or call for our brochure which includes our application note: uilding Computers — A Recipe"

INTEGR4ND

as fast under disk BASIC as under RSBASIC!

I put together several benchmark programs and ran them under disk BASIC, RSBASIC, and Microsoft's

BASIC compiler. I wanted to test the performance of string handling, array manipulation, and floating-point arithmetic.

Let me preface the benchmark

"B

242 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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RSBASIC Statement or

Function not in Disk BASIC

Explanation

X ! Y

Integer division, X divided by Y

CALL "PROG"; var list

Calls a BASIC subprogram (see text) or an external

machine-language program. Variables in var list are

passed to the called program.

COM var list

Allocates a common area containing the variables in

var list. These variables are preserved when you

chain to another BASIC program with the same

COM list.

CRTG(x,y,string)

Prints string containing graphics at location x,y on

screen. Seems to be identical to PRINT CRT(x.y)

string; perhaps different on Model III, unable to test.

CRTI$(x,y,size)

Returns "size" characters from screen starting at

row x, column y

CRTR(x.y)

Moves cursor on screen by x rows and y columns

relative to current position

CRTX

Returns row position of cursor on screen

CRTY

Returns column position of cursor on screen

DIG(string)

Returns number of digits in string

EXPIO(expression)

Base 10 exponential of expression

HbAi(numDer)

Returns string of hexadecimal digits with value

"number"

iKini it i r~ k1 i i l_

INPUT LENGTH = number . . .

Specifies maximum number of characters that can

be typed in response to an INPUT statement

INPUI UblNb string

Allows input of formatted data from keyboard. String

specifies number and size of fields, characters to

skip over.

LOGIO(expression)

Base 10 logarithm of expression

X MOD Y

Remainder of integer division of X by Y

ON BREAK GOTO n

Whenever BREAK key is pressed, start executing

line number n

Hbbbl BHbAK

Disables ON BREAK GOTO routine

Hbbbl (jObUB

Clears all pending GOSUB returns

Hbb1Unb n

Resets DATA pointer to line n

ai in iinn f~\ ?~\ 11. . i; _ *

SUB PROG ; var list

Establishes a BASIC external subprogram (see text).

The subprogram may be called and variables in var

list passed to it.

SWAP van, var2

Exchanges contents of varl and var2

XOR

Logical Exclusive OR

Table 5: RSBASIC statements that have no counterpart in disk BASIC. Disk data

file statements are not included here.

Compilation Time (min/sec) Run Time (min/sec)

Disk

Program

RSBASIC

Microsoft

RSBASIC

BASIC

Microsoft

HILEVEL

0:52(0:20)

2:40

2:20

7:27

0:04

(listing 2)

STRING

0:47 (0:18)

1:59

14:56

5:14

3:13

(listing 3)

STRING2

0:48 (0:16)

2:00

1:22

1:31

0:43

(listing 4)

FLOAT

0:52 (0:25)

3:09

4:37

0:36*

4:34

(listing 5)

*See text for discussion of why this is relatively low compared to RSBASIC and Microsoft.

Table 6: Compilation and run times for benchmark programs under RSBASIC, disk BASIC, and Microsoft's BASIC compiler. Times are listed as minutes:seconds. Two times are listed for RSBASIC. The first is for compilation using the COMPILE command; then, in parentheses, for compilation using the RUN command.

244 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

results with the caveat that the only meaningful benchmark for you is your applications program. No arbitrary program can prove that one system is faster than another in all cases. I am presenting these results as a representative sample, but they cannot and should not be taken as conclusive evidence of anything but the performance of these specific programs.

The results of my tests are shown in table 6. Both compilation times and execution (run) times are given for the RSBASIC and Microsoft BASIC compilers. Only execution times are given for disk BASIC as no compilation is required. In computing the compilation times, I used a utility program that allows a file of commands to be executed from disk. This allows timings that are independent of typing speed.

The time interval I chose to represent compilation time starts with the invocation of the compiler and ends when the program actually starts running. This includes loading the runtime support routines for both RSBASIC and Microsoft BASIC. This time is not usually counted as "compilation time," but I included it because it represents time spent under both compiler-based systems that is not spent under disk BASIC.

Since RSBASIC has several ways to compile programs, I performed two measurements of compilation time. The first is most similar to Microsoft's operation. To compile the first benchmark under RSBASIC, I used the following command file:

RSBASIC

COMPILE HILEVEL/BAS,

HILEVEL/CMP SYSTEM

RUNBASIC HILEVEL/CMP

HILEVEL/BAS is the source file containing the benchmark program, already entered and saved on disk.

The fastest way to compile under RSBASIC is to type RUN with the source file already in memory; the timings for this are given in parentheses after the timings for the COMPILE command. It is not quite fair to compare this shorter time directly to

Circle 151 on inquiry card.

Listing 2: Implementation of Eratosthenes's Sieve Prime Number Generator in RSBASIC. This benchmark program emphasizes array manipulation and integer

Hon of

DEFINT

0 000

1.0

0 0 0 0

20

0 n n n

'1(1

0 o o rj

35

n n (i n

I u

0 0 0 0

50

0 0 0 0

60

0 0 0 0

70

0 0 0 0

80

0 0 0E

90

0 0 OB

10 0

0 015

1. .1.0

0 024

.1.20

0 02'?

130

0 03-'*

140

0 03C

150

0043

160

n n4F

1 7(1 J. / u

1 on J. o u

n r i a a

•I Qll J. 711

n n

0 0 7 5

210

U U / \J

220

0 084

2.30

0 087

240

008E

250

0 095

260

0 0A2

270

0 0BI.

280

Eratosthenes Sieve Prime Number Program Frrom September 1981 BYTE P.188v A Hisfh-Level Lanslusss© Benchmark by Jim Gllbresth.

iteration"

REM REM REM

re:m

REM

REM - --

REM

INTEGER A-Z SIZE «= 8190 DIM FLAGS(8191) PRINT "Onla 1 PRINT TIME it COUNT = 0

FOR I m 0 TO SIZE FrLAGS<I) 1 NEXT I

FDR I - 0 TO SIZE: IF FLAGS (I) 0 THEN PRIME = I •♦• I •♦• 3 K = I * PRIME IF K > SIZE THEN 240 FLAGS (K ) w 0 K K + PRIME GOTO 20 0 COUNT = COUNT

NEXT I

PRINT COUNT," PRINT TIME* END

250

1

PRIMES

FINAL. SUMMARY

265 (0109) BYTES OF PROGRAM 16650 (410A) BYTES OF LOCAL DATA

29 SOURCE LINES

29 SOURCE STATEMENTS *** COMPILATION COMPLETE ***

Microsoft's because (1) typing RUN does not save the compiled object file on disk—only the COMPILE command does that, and (2) not as much memory is available under the RSBASIC mode as under RUNBASIC—if a program is large enough, you must use the more compact RUNBASIC system as I did for the first compilation-time measurements.

For the Microsoft system, I used the following command file:

BASCOM HILEVEL/REL =

HILEVEL/BAS L80

HILEVEL/REL HILEVEL/CHN-N-E BRUN HILEVEL/CHN

The first line invokes the BASIC compiler, called BASCOM, which reads the source file named HILEVEL/BAS and produces a relocatable object file named HILEVEL/REL. The second step invokes the linking loader L80. The next two commands tell L80 to load HILEVEL/REL, then produce a file named HILEVEL/CHN (CHN stands for "CHAIN" file) and exit to TRSDOS. The last command loads the Microsoft BASIC run-time module named BRUN and executes HILEVEL/CHN.

The ratio of compilation times under RSBASIC and Microsoft BASIC was fairly uniform from one benchmark to another. The Microsoft compiler takes roughly two to three times longer than RSBASIC's slower

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October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 245

i

Listing 3a: String-manipulation benchmark §1 in RSBASIC.

0 00 0 10 REM - - "■"

0 0 0 0 20 REM Sirin* Manipulation Benchmark *1» RSBASIC

0000 30 REM ■-- ■ - — — •

00 0 0 10 REM

0 0 0 0 50 INTEGER A~Z

0 0 0 0 60 DIM A*20»B*20*C*2Q»D*20*X*1»Y*l

000 0 70 PRINT TIME*

0 011 80 FOR I~l TO 50 0 0

0 0 IF 90 X*~CHR* < 32+INT < RND*32»1) >

0013 10 0 Y*«CHR»<32+INT< RND*32+1))

0067 110 A*=STRING*(20,X*>

0 077 120 B*=STRINGHi<20f Y*)

0 087 130 C*=SEG*<A*f5»10) & SEG*<B**Si> 10 >

00A6 110 IF A*>B* THEN D*=*A* EI...SE D*s€i*

00B9 150 NEXT I

0 0CO 160 PRINT TIME*

FINAL. SUMMARY

285 (01ID) BYTES OF PROGRAM 360 (0168) BYTES OF LOCAL DATA 16 SOURCE LINES 16 SOURCE STATEMENTS x** COMPILATION COMPLETE ***

Listing 3b: String-manipulation benchmark §1 in disk BASIC (identical for Microsoft BASIC).

10 REM - ■ ■

20 REM String Manipulation Benchmark #:!.>> Disk BASIC

10 DEFINT A-Z.S CLEAR 10000

50 PRINT TIME*

60 FOR 1=1 TO 50 0 0

70 A*=8TRING*< 20tCHR*(32+RND< 32))3 80 B*«STRING*<20>CHR*<32+RND< 32>>)

9 0 C*«MID*(A* »3»10 3+MID*(B*r5»10)

100 IF A*>B* THEN D*>A* ELSE D*«B*

110 NEXT I

120 PRINT TIME*

compilation mode, which is most comparable to Microsoft's in the work it performs. RSBASIC's quick mode is consistently more than twice as fast as its slower mode. The Microsoft system spends most of its time running L80. The actual time spent in BASCOM was very short (10-15 seconds) for the benchmarks shown here.

There was considerably more variation in the run-time comparisons, as seen in table 6. They were measured using the system clock and the PRINT TIME$ statement that all three BASICs support.

The first benchmark program I ran was the Eratosthenes Sieve Prime

Number Generator program from "A High-Level Language Benchmark" by Jim Gilbreath in the September 1981 BYTE, page 180. My adaptation of this benchmark for RSBASIC appears as listing 2.

Although RSBASIC is more than three times faster than disk BASIC, Microsoft BASIC is more than 110 times faster! Yes, it really does say 0:04 in table 6: 4 seconds for the running time under Microsoft's compiler system. All three programs use integer arithmetic exclusively for this benchmark.

The second benchmark does a lot of string manipulation (see listings 3a and 3b). While trying it out, I

discovered that RSBASIC does not allow string expressions to be used within string functions. Line 70 of listing 3b is a perfectly legal disk BASIC statement that generates a 20-byte string of random characters:

A$=STRING$(20, CHR$(32 + RND(32)))

It had to be split into two pieces for RSBASIC:

X$ = CHR$(32 + INT(RND*32 +1)): A$=STRING$(20,X$)

A couple of other syntactic differences are in the RSBASIC and disk BASIC versions of this benchmark program, as you can observe by comparing listings 3a and 3b: RSBASIC uses SEG$, & , and INTEGER where disk BASIC uses MID$, -I- , and DEFINT, respectively. RSBASIC does not have or need a CLEAR statement, which sets aside space for strings in disk BASIC.

None of these syntactic changes explain the rather surprising difference in execution times, especially between RSBASIC and disk BASIC. RSBASIC is nearly three times slower than the disk BASIC interpreter for this benchmark! Microsoft BASIC is the fastest, a little more than one and a half times faster than disk BASIC. My guess is that the slowness of RSBASIC in this case may be caused by the way I had to simulate disk BASICs RND(N) function using the expression INT(RND*N + 1). This involves floating-point math, which RSBASIC can perform only with 14-digit precision. Disk BASIC and Microsoft BASIC probably use 6-digit single precision to do RND(N).

Since RSBASIC was rather slow in this benchmark, I put together a second string-manipulation program that doesn't include the RND function. It performs three string assignments (amounting to a swap of two string variables' contents) and a string comparison, followed by one more assignment based on the result of that comparison. The RSBASIC version of the program appears in listing 4a; the disk BASIC and Microsoft version in listing 4b.

246 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Listing 4a: RSBASIC version of string-manipulation benchmark §2.

0000

10 REM ■ - - -— -■ " —

0 000

20 REM String Manipulation Benchmark *2» RSBASIC

0000

30 REM

0 0 0 0

't0 REM

0000

50 INTEGER A-Z

0000

6 0 DIM A*20 r B*20 »C*20 v D*20

0000

70 PRINT TIME:*

0 014

3 0 A*~"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRST"

00:19

90 B*="01234567890123456789"

00 IE

100 FOR I==l TO 50 0 0

0029

1.10 D**A*

002E

120 A*™B*

0 033

130 B*»C*

0 038

140 IF A*>B* THEN D*==A* EI...SE D*=B*

004B

150 NEXT I

0052

160 PRINT TIMES

FINAL, SUMMARY

20 0 <0 0C8> BYTES OF PROGRAM

346 <015A) BYTES OF LOCAL DATA 16 SOURCE LINES 16 SOURCE STATEMENTS *** COMPILATION COMPLETE **xc

Listing 4b: Disk BASIC and Microsoft BASIC version of string-manipulation benchmark #2.

10 REM - - -

20 REM Strinsf Manipulation Benchmark #2» Disk BASIC

30 REM

40 DEFINT A-Z J CLEAR 10 0 00

50 PRINT TIME*

55 A*»"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRST"

58 B*="01234567890123456789"

60 FOR 1=1 TO 50 00

70 C*=A4

72 A*=B*

74 B*=C*

80 IF A*>B* THEN D**A* ELSE D*»B*

110 NEXT I

120 PRINT TIME*

RSBASIC performs more respectably on this benchmark, beating disk BASIC by 9 seconds. Microsoft BASIC continued to be the performance champion, however, beating RSBASIC by 39 seconds. I have run several other string-handling benchmarks not included with this review, and they follow the results of this second test quite closely: disk BASIC is the slowest, RSBASIC is slightly faster, and Microsoft BASIC is usually about twice as fast as disk BASIC.

The final benchmark, shown in listing 5, tests floating-point arithmetic on the data type with the

248 October 1982 © BYTE Publication. Inc

largest precision in each BASIC. For disk BASIC and Microsoft BASIC, these are double-precision floatingpoint numbers. RSBASIC uses type REAL with 14 decimal digits of precision.

This benchmark uses the transcendental functions cosine, tangent, and exponential. RSBASIC and Microsoft BASIC are essentially in a tie on this one. Performing real-number arithmetic like this is a torture test for most 8-bit machines such as the TRS-80 because its Z80 processor does not have machine instructions to do it—it has to be done in software.

The run-time figure for disk BASIC is misleading—disk BASIC has a double-precision floating-point number type, but its transcendental functions calculate only in singleprecision mode (arithmetic operations are performed in double precision). Thus, even though you have declared a variable to be double precision, as soon as you use a function such as TAN on it, you lose half the precision and might as well be using single-precision variables.

Since all the transcendental functions were performed in much faster single precision for the run under disk BASIC, it cannot be considered faster than RSBASIC or Microsoft BASIC in the sense of doing the same amount of work in less time. The time difference is significant, however, if you only need single precision. This is because RSBASIC does not offer anything equivalent to disk BASIC'S single-precision type—you must use the slower type REAL whether you need the precision or not.

Let me summarize run-time performance for you based on the above benchmarks and other tests not shown here.

If your application involves mostly floating-point math, you will probably find that neither of these compilers will help much and you can do as well under disk BASIC. If you use single precision a lot, RSBASIC will probably be slower than disk BASIC because it has only the slower type REAL.

If you do lots of integer arithmetic, the Microsoft compiler can provide near machine-language speed. RSBASIC seems to be faster than disk BASIC, especially for larger programs, but not as fast as Microsoft BASIC. The benchmarks used here show disk BASIC in a more favorable light than very large programs would. Disk BASIC becomes relatively slower as programs get larger and the number of variables increases because (1) it searches the entire program to find line numbers that are targets of GOTOs and GOSUBs, and (2) it performs a sequential search of program variables until it finds the one you are referencing or updating. Since both compilers (RSBASIC and

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Listing 5: RSBASIC version of floating-point benchmark. Disk BASIC and Microsoft BASIC versions are identical except for use of DEFDBL instead of REAL in line 50 and up-arrows instead of ** for exponentiation in line 90.

Floating Point Benchmark* RSBASIC

00 00 10 REM

000 0 20 REM

0 00 0 30 REM

000 0 10 REM

0 00 0 50 REAL. A--Z

0000 60 DIM A<100>*B<100>»C<100>

0 00 0 70 PRINT TIME*

0014 BO FOR 1=1 TO 100

0 025 90 A<I)=1**3 + 1**2 + I

0050 100 B<I>=SGR<A<I>>

0 06D 110 C(I>=»(C0S(I)*TAN<I>)/EXP<I/2)

0099 120 NEXT I

0 0A0 130 PRINT TIME*

0 0AF 140 END

FINAL SUMMARY

245 (0OF5) BYTES OF PROGRAM

2726 (0AAA) BYTES OF LOCAL DATA

14 SOURCE LINES

14 SOURCE STATEMENTS *** COMPILATION COMPLETE ***

Microsoft) resolve GOTO and GOSUB targets and variable references at compile time, run-time performance should not get worse as the program gets larger—at least not due to these factors.

For string handling, the Microsoft compiler is usually the fastest, but RSBASIC is typically faster than disk BASIC.

RSBASIC usually compiles programs faster than the Microsoft compiler. This must be balanced against the fact that you can develop programs under the disk BASIC interpreter with no compilation required and then compile them once for speed when you are through with development. Under RSBASIC, you must compile the program every time you have changed it and want to run it.

Documentation

The RSBASIC package comes in a large three-ring binder containing more than 400 pages of documentation. Some owners of RSBASIC have told me they found the manual intimidating. It is definitely not a tutorial. If your computer expertise is limited to disk BASIC on the TRS-80, you will have a significant learning

experience ahead of you. I would rate the general level of reading difficulty as comparable to the Level II BASIC Reference Manual, only RSBASIC's manual is four times as long!

The manual contains eight chapters:

1. Operating Compiler BASIC

2. RSBASIC Commands

3. BASIC Concepts

4. Building Data Files

5. Segmenting Programs

6. BASIC Keywords

7. BEDIT Standalone Editor

8. RSBASIC Programmer's Information Section

An appendix contains a list of error messages with expanded explanations. It is followed by a summary table of all RSBASIC operators, special symbols, statements, commands, and functions. This table is of questionable value as it does not tell you how to use anything. It only gives a brief statement of what things do and where to look in the main text for further information. A passable index concludes the manual. It has no comprehensive table of contents; each section of the manual (1-3 chapters) has its own.

I recommend reading chapters 1, 2, and 3 and scanning chapter 6 before starting to use the system. The other chapters can be put off until needed.

Chapter 8, the "Programmer's Information" section, is really a technical information chapter. It explains how to link assembly-language routines to RSBASIC programs, how the system uses memory, how RSBASIC stores variables internally, and the internal format of RSBASIC disk files. Software producers should be encouraged to include information like this in documentation, as it saves programmers many hair-pulling hours of poring over hexadecimal dumps of memory trying to figure it out by themselves.

One disappointing gap in the technical information section is the lack of any documentation on how to link assembly-language routines with the powerful disk I/O methods provided by RSBASIC.

Taken as a whole, the manual is well done and fairly well organized. What's missing is a gentle introduction to RSBASIC for the first-time compiler user.

Conclusions

The RSBASIC compiler is a professionally done package offering many features formerly unavailable to the TRS-80 BASIC programmer. Many, if not most, programs developed in RSBASIC will execute faster than equivalent disk BASIC programs. But if speed is the most important factor, I recommend the Microsoft BASIC compiler. The same advice holds in the matter of compatibility with disk BASIC; if you want to compile existing programs for speed, go with Microsoft's product.

On the other hand, the RSBASIC development system is closer to a minicomputer BASIC in power. You can write BASIC code using named subprograms that allow parameter passing and local variables, use long variable names having six significant characters, and make use of a powerful disk-file system supporting ISAM keyed files. I suggest that you take a close look at Radio Shack's Compiler BASIC development system. ■

250 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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A BASIC and Pascal Benchmark, Elegance, Apologies, and FORTH

A microcomputer user assesses the speed and convenience of some languages available now.

I can practically guarantee some angry letters as a result of this column. Today's question is, Are all BASIC programmers brain damaged, or only some of them7 It's a topic of more importance than you think, so I'll sneak up on it.

A Benchmark, More or Less

I'm involved in a couple of computer networks, and one of them has an excellent ongoing discussion of the future of small computers. The other night one of my network correspondents mentioned a benchmark he'd used, and the more I thought about it, the better I liked it.

Designing benchmarks is a black art, and one I decline to get into too deeply; but it seems reasonable to have standard ways to compare program speeds. The danger, of course, is in losing your sense of proportion so that a few seconds in speed difference is promoted into an absolute judgment that one program or language is "better" than another. Obviously, speed is only one of many criteria for determining software worth, particularly when it comes to languages.

254 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Jerry Pournelle c/o BYTE Publications POB 372 Hancock, NH 03449

Anyway, what my colleague on the net wanted was a program with a minimum of input/output (I/O). It should spend most of its time in computations, not peripherals. The benchmark he advocated created two 10 by 10 matrices and multiplied them. I thought about that awhile and modified it; what I ended with

Speed is only one of

many criteria for determining software worth, particularly when It comes to languages.

was a bit more general in that the size of the matrices isn't fixed, and while I was at it I put in a checksum to be sure the machine got the right answer. Listing 1 (see page 256) gives the program in BASIC; listing 2 (see page 258) gives it in Pascal.

After I generated the benchmark program, I ran it for a number of different languages. The results are

given in table 1; the programs were all run on the Compupro 8085/8088 dual-processor S-100 system with a 6-MHz 8085 and an 8-MHz 8088. The times shown in the table are those required to run the program after it is loaded.

The code sizes shown are in kilobytes as reported by the CP/M STAT utility. If two numbers are shown in the code-size column, one represents a required run-time package (another program that must be present for the compiled program to run).

Unless the table states otherwise, the default precision of the language was used. In Pascal/MT+ this yielded 4.65E + 05, as compared to the "true" value of 465880 as given by the various BASICs, and 4.6588000000000E5 as given by Pascal-M. CBASIC and CB/80 (Digital Research's BASIC compiler) are more comparable to BASCOM (Microsoft's BASIC compiler) double precision than single precision.

"No ints" means that the matrix indexes are not declared as integers and thus default to real number values. As the results show, this greatly increases run time.

Text continued on page 262

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Listing 1: A Microsoft MBASIC program to multiply matrices. MAT1.ASC

10 REM A PROGRAM TO DO MATRICES

20 DEFINT I- N

25 M = 20 : N = 20

30 INPUT "Number of rows ";M

40 INPUT "Number of columns ";N

50 SUM = 0

55 INPUT "ENTER ANY CHARACTER TO START";JIVE$

60 GOSUB 150 1 DIMENSION

65 PRINT "DIMENSIONED"

70 GOSUB 200 1 FILL A

75 PRINT "A FILLED"

80 GOSUB 280 1 FILL B

85 PRINT "B FILLED"

90 GOSUB 360 ' FILL C

95 PRINT "C FILLED"

100 GOSUB 440 ' MULTIPLY

105 PRINT "MULTIPLIED"

110 GOSUB 540 1 SUM IT UP

120 PRINT "SUM = ";SUM

130 PRINT CHR$(7)

140 GOTO 9999

150 REM DIMENSION

160 DIM A(M,N)

170 DIM B(N,M)

180 DIM C(M,M)

190 RETURN

200 REM FILL A

210 FOR I = 1 TO M

220 FOR J = 1 TO N

230 A(I,J) = I + J

240 NEXT

250 NEXT

260 RETURN

270 REM *************

280 REM FILL B

290 FOR I = 1 TO M

300 FOR J = 1 TO N

310 B(I,J) = INT((I+J)/J)

320 NEXT

330 NEXT

340 RETURN

350 REM **********

360 REM FILL C

370 FOR I = 1 TO M

380 FOR J = 1 TO N

390 C(I,J) = 0

400 NEXT

410 NEXT

420 RETURN

430 REM **************

440 REM ************ MULTIPLY

450 FOR I = 1 TO M

460 FOR J = 1 TO H

470 FOR K = 1 TO M

480 C(I,J) = C(I,J) + A(I,K)*B(K,J)

490 NEXT

500 NEXT

510 NEXT

520 RETURN

530 REM ************** 540 REM *************** SUMMIT 550 FOR I = 1 TO M 560 FOR J = 1 TO N

Listing 1 continued on page 258

256 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Listing 1 continued:

570 SDH = SUM + C(I,J) 580 NEXT 590 NEXT 600 RETURN

610 REM ************************8 9999 END

Listing 2: A Pascal program to multiply matrices.

B:MATRIX20.PAS PROGRAM matrix (input, output); CONST

maxsize = 45; ra = 20; n = 20;

VAR

i,j,k,l : integer;

A : ARRAY [1 .. m, 1 .. n] OF real; B : ARRAY tl .. n, 1 .. m] OF real; C : ARRAY [1 .. m, 1 .. m] OF real;

Suirm : real;

GUP, BELL : CHAR; PROCEDURE FILLA; VAR

BEGIN

END;

i, j : integer;

FOR i := 1 to m DO

For j := 1 to n DO

A[i,j] := i + j;

PROCEDURE FILLB; VAR

BEGIN

i,j : integer;

FOR i := 1 to n DO

For j := 1 to m DO

END;

Procedure FILLC; VAR

Bti,j] := truncC(i+j)/j);

i, j : integer;

Listing 2 continued on page 260

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All quotes are from InfoWorld's Perfect Writer software review, by John Ford, June 14,1982.

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Copyright 1982 by CW CommuniCBllons/lnc, Reprinted Irom InfoWorld.

Circle 2 on inquiry card.

Circle 257 on inquiry card.

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Listing 2 continued:

BEGIN

END;

FOR i := 1 to m DO

FOR j := 1 to m DO Cti,j] := 0;

PROCEDURE matmult ; S:MATRIX20.PAS

VAR

BEGIN

i, j, k : integer;

FOR i := 1 to m DO

FOR j := 1 to n DO

FOR k := 1 to m DO

C[i,j] := Cti,j] + Afi,k]*B[k,j]

END;

PROCEDURE summit; VAR

BEGIN

END;

i, j : integer;

FOR i := 1 to m DO

FOR j := 1 to m DO

Summ := Sunn + Cti,j]

BEGIN {MAIN}

SUMM := 0;

Write ('input any darned number to start it. '); Readln(gup);

FILLA;

WRITELN(1 A filled. '); FILLB;

WritelnC B filled. ■); FILLC;

WritelnC C filled. '); MATMULT;

WritelnC Multiplied.1) ; SUMMIT;

WritelnC Summ is : ^Summ : 8 );

BELL := CHR(7); WRITELN(BELL) ;

END.

260 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Shipping Charges S3 for all prepaid orders, actual shipping charges lor non-prepaids; S3 for COD orders under 25 lbs. ($6 for over) plus a $4 surcharge: add 15% for foreign FP0 and AP0 orders. Californians add 6% sales tax. L.A. County add 6'/?%

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Circle 12 on inquiry card.

Time

ooae bize

Matrix Size

(kilobytes)

lUXlU

1 bxl o

MBAblL,

1 U.4

O Q OO

■1 ■ 1 A

DA _i_ 0

£4 -+- z

MDACIP

MbAbIG

(no ints)

14.7

/I c

4b

-1 - A O /I

1.4^.4

/~»D A PIP

HOC 1 J.O

/I o

"1 .QC

I. jb

1 f + 1

CBASIC

(no ints)

24.2

1:17

3:06.6

17+1

CBASIC86

13.8

43

1:39

18 + 2

CB/80

3.0

8.8

iy.b

o o

CB/80

(no ints)

10.4

31.2

1:10

8

rascai/M I +

16.8

^ o IO

rasCal-M

8.6

25.8

58.1

16+1

tSAbCUM

(new BRUN library)

22.0

16 + 2

DHOOUIVl

(no ints)

38.8

BASCOM

(old library)

21.5

16

BASCOM

(double precision)

36.4

16 + 2

Table 1: Results of running the matrix multiplication benchmark program in several BASICs and two Pascals. The BASIC program appears in listing 1, and the Pascal program in listing 2.

MBASIC, CBASIC, and CB/80 allow you to input the dimensions of the matrices during the running of the program. BASCOM and the Pascals must be recompiled each time you change the dimensions.

BASCOM was used with two different libraries of relocatable objectcode modules, and timings are given for programs compiled with each library.

(CB/80's inventor, Gordon Eubanks of Digital Research, says that this benchmark is probably the worstcase test for CB/80, and he is surprised that CB/80 fared so well, since the language's strong points are string handling and input/output.)

There were some surprises. I'd always thought BASCOM was considerably faster than CB/80. Indeed, the first time I ran these tests, I got spurious results that showed just that, and my error is instructive.

My test programs for MBASIC (Microsoft's interpretive BASIC), BASCOM, and CB/80 are as nearly

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262 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 235 on inquiry card.

Victor's Desktop Business Computer System.

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Xerox B20

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Processor Type

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Z80A

6502

Z80A

Word Length

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16 bits

8 bits

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8 bits

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16-256KB

64KB

96-256KB

32-64KB

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2

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2

1

2

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1

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Human Factors

Keys on Keyboards

94-104

83

96

74

76

Detached Keyboard mechanism

Yes

Yes

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No

Yes

Tilting Display mechanism

Yes

No

No

No

No

Swivelling Display

Yes

No

No

No

No

Desk Area Required

{Approx. Square In.

with 2 floppy disks)

310

420

470

361

500

Operating System

CP/M-86"

Apple

TRS

Supplied Standard

MS-DOS

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DOS

DOS

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VISICALC*

VisiCalc was a swell idea

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The next generation. First generation electronic worksheets were a good idea. They were early software management tools that could eliminate a lot of hours with a spreadsheet, calculator, pencil and eraser. Enter Multiplan, the next generation electronic worksheet that's as easy to use as it is useful. Make comparisons. Compare Multiplan to any of the earlier electronic worksheets. We've given you some "prompts" above.

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Circle 254 on inquiry card.

identical as I can make them. Unfortunately, there's an obscure bug in my present version of CB/80: if the first statement in the program is a REM statement and has a line number, then CB/80 cannot compile declarations (which tell the compiler about a variable to be used) that immediately follow. Obscure or not, that bug stopped me from being able to declare my various indexes (in the matrix expression A(I,J) the I and J are index variables or indexes) as integers; I had to leave them as reals (floating-point numbers). This so slowed CB/80 that I'm almost ashamed to report the times, which were closer to interpretive MBASIC than BASCOM.

I called Digital Research and got Gordon Eubanks, and we walked through the program together and discovered the bug, which will be fixed in future CB/80 releases. Meanwhile, if you try to compile this with CB/80, eliminate the line number before the first REM statement, and

declare I, J, K, L, M, and N as integers. I did, and with integer indexes, CB/80 is as fast as BASCOM.

(Note: I've found a few other ways to foul up CB/80 so that it won't compile declarations. I've told Digital Research, and I expect they'll be fixed by the time you read this; Gordon Eubanks is as fond of CB/80 as most people are of their children, and I doubt he'll allow any flaws to remain long.)

I also compiled the program under two different Pascals and CBASIC86. In the latter case, I used CP/M-86 in my Compupro 8085/8088 dual processor. More on CBASIC86 and the Pascals later. Meanwhile, the program run times may be informative.

Speed versus Convenience

I've already written at length comparing pseudocompiled CBASIC (which requires you to compile CBASIC programs and also use a run-time interpreter) to interpretive MBASIC. Both have strong and weak

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points. Except for price, though, now that CB/80 is available there's little to recommend CBASIC; if you're going to endure the inconvenience of a compiled language, you might as well go on and buy the real thing, so that you get the speed of directly executable programs once the compiling is done. CB/80 costs a good bit more, but it has many added features, and it's fast.

One of CBASIC's inconveniences is that you can't declare any variables. If you want a variable to be an integer, you must end its name with a percent sign. Since CBASIC distinguishes between the variables I and 1%, this can make for rather strange bugs in your program. Fortunately Digital Research gives you a crossreference program; judiciously used, it can spot many errors that are otherwise obscure. If you see a variable named TRUE when you've only tested against TRUE%, you know you're in trouble. If you look at the benchmark times, you'll see that it's worth a lot to use integer variables in CBASIC.

If CBASIC and CB/80 have problems, so do the other languages. BASCOM and the Pascals have one very flawed "feature" in common: they won't allow you to input array sizes. Arrays must be dimensioned during compilation. I think Microsoft admits that's a bug; the Pascal designers seem to think it's a desirable feature.

Anyway, it's bad enough the way Pascal does it: in order to get times for the different matrix dimensions, I had to change the program source code and recompile for each. Inconvenient as this is in Pascal, it's worse with BASCOM, which won't even let you use constants in an array dimension! For example, in Pascal it is legal to say:

m = 20; n = 20;

and later declare an array of AfL.m, l..n] of real numbers. With BASCOM, though, if you say:

m = 20 : n = 20

266 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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and later say DIM A(m,n), the compiler reports a fatal error. CBASIC and CB/80 have dynamic redimensioning capabilities, which means that you can change array dimensions even while a program is running.

If I had to do a lot of operations involving matrices of varying sizes, I'm sure I'd prefer CB/80 to either Pascal or BASCOM in terms of convenience alone—and CB/80 turns out to have some speed advantages, too.

What Are We Comparing?

Benchmark comparisons of languages are unfair in another way: do the languages actually do the same thing? That question can be more complex than you thought.

For example, the BASIC source programs used in this test are as nearly identical as I can make them. True, the syntax for declaring variables is different in the various languages used. BASCOM and MB ASIC want "DEFINT I - N", meaning that all variables beginning with the letters I through N (such as "Number" or "II") will now be considered integers; CB/80 (like Pascal) wants an actual declaration, variable by variable (i.e., "INTEGER I, J, K, L, M, N" makes those one-letter variables integers, but wouldn't affect a variable called Number or one called II). Neither CBASIC nor CBASIC86 will let you declare variables at all, except through the inconvenient business of naming them 1%, J%, etc. BASCOM won't let you use variables to dimension an array. Within those limits, though, the code stays pretty much the same.

Of course, if I were writing the program in either CBASIC or CB/80 to begin with, it wouldn't look a lot like the MBASIC/BASCOM program. It would have a lot more white space and would use functions (which CBASIC lets you define) instead of subroutines. In the interest of fairness, though, I kept the programs as nearly identical as possible.

Writing the original program in MBASIC was simple. I had it running in about 15 minutes. Translating to Pascal was a lot more work, but for the moment let's consider something

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else: these programs don't really do the same thing!

That is, I wasn't interested in testing how long it took to load the programs, nor in how long it took me to tell each program the matrix sizes. Thus, I wanted to start each from the same place, so I introduced an INPUT statement asking for a dummy variable; as that variable was input, I started the timer. The original versions of the programs invited you to enter a "number" as a way to start things going. The BASIC programs input the variable "JIVE"; because it had no dollar sign, it expected a numerical value. In the Pascal programs, the throwaway variable "GUP" was declared to be an integer.

Alas, I tend to forget what I've done in cases like these, and whilst I was timing the program operations, when I saw the prompt saying I could enter any darned number to start it, I merely hit the Return key.

BASIC expects you might do that sometimes; it tells you that's an improper input and invites you to do something else.

The Pascals, however, do nothing at alH The system acts as if it has accepted your erroneous input, but in fact it is waiting for you to enter an actual number; and it will wait until doomsday if you let it. If you really want to check for illegal input using Pascal, you have to write your own (rather cumbersome) procedure.

Of course, the simple remedy is to call it JIVES and declare "GUP" as a CHAR, after which both BASIC and Pascal will accept anything you like, including a carriage return; and of course really professional programmers wouldn't make silly mistakes like that. Which brings us to another point. . . .

Unpleasant Truths?

Another item that came over the network was a statement by Professor Edsger W. Dijkstra, a Dutch physicist and computer scientist of some fame. Professor Dijkstra is sometimes credited with inventing the whole notion of structured programming; certainly his paper (circa 1960) "GOTO Considered Harmful" was very influential in the history of com

puter science. Many of the notions inherent in top-down structured programming are unquestionably his.

Dijkstra has also published a paper of "unpleasant truths" about computers and computer programs ("How Do We Tell Truths That Might Hurt7" reprinted in SIGPLAN Notices [May 1982], vol. 17 [5], pages 13-15). He says, "Nearly all computing scientists I know well will agree without hesitation to nearly all of [these statements]. Yet we allow the world to behave as if we did not know them. . . ."

Here are a few of his "unpleasant truths":

FORTRAN, "the infantile disorder, " by now 20 years old, is hopelessly inadequate for whatever computer application you have in mind today: it is now too clumsy, too risky, and too expensive to use.

PL/I—"the fatal disease"—belongs more to the problem set than to the solution set.

The use of COBOL cripples the mind; its teaching should, there

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October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 269

fore, be regarded as a criminal offense.

APL is a mistake, carried through to perfection. It is the language of the future for the programming techniques of the past: it creates a new generation of coding bums.

And finally:

It is practically impossible to teach good programming to students that have had a prior exposure to BASIC: as potential programmers they are mentally mutilated beyond hope of regeneration.

Apparently he doesn't like many languages. Since he is said to have been one of Pascal's designers, I suppose he likes it, and I'll come back to that. For the moment, let's concentrate on his view that BASIC causes permanent brain damage.

Obviously, I don't believe that. Indeed, when first I heard it, it seemed so bizarre that I wondered if Professor Dijkstra had lost his marbles. On the other hand, he has an excellent reputation for real insights; is there a lesson in this seemingly deranged statement? Why would he have said it?

First, Dijkstra is from the "old"

school, from the time when computers were invariably served by high priests; ordinary mortals did not have access to them. Not only were there no computers, there were no languages "understood of the people" with which to approach them. A businessman might buy a machine, but he still had to hire priests to attend it—until the Dartmouth people with their BASIC language began a real revolution.

There is now another school of thought, one that most BYTE readers come from and is almost diametrically opposed to the priesthood notion. We believe that computers are for users. Like the authors of the classic work Algebra Made Simple, we believe that "what one fool can do, another can." We tend to prove it, too; despite occasional nasty letters, I continue to believe that the real dynamism in the computer world grows out of BYTE-sized hackers and their home machines. Also, we tend to support "distributed computer power"; lots of small machines, each under the control of a single user, rather than timesharing big machines.

However, the early days of our revolution were pretty rough. The first "distributed" machines had severe memory limits—and BASIC requires memory for remark (REM) statements. Early BASIC used single

letter variables, largely to save memory. To save stack space (memory again), we tended to use lots of "GOTO" statements. The result was uncommented spaghetti code, incredibly convoluted and, after a few days, incomprehensible even to its authors. Naturally the high priests were horrified. They should have been.

BASIC has since been much improved, but it certainly remains true that you can write incomprehensible code in BASIC. And so what? You can also write some pretty obscure stuff in Pascal. If you really want to be dense, use LISP or APL. In fact, there's no language that will automatically force you to use good habits; and while the old BASIC languages, implemented on tiny machines, did indeed encourage you to commit silly excesses, I just don't believe this nonsense about "permanent brain damage."

What Do You Want to Do, Anyway?

The truth of the matter is that there is no one language best for all purposes. If what you need is a quick and dirty program to be run only once and you need the results right now, then interpretive BASIC is very likely to be the most powerful tool available—especially if the task involves

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lots of string and text manipulations. BASIC programs tend to be slow and hard to understand, but they can be set up and debugged quite rapidly.

On the other hand, suppose you need a big number-crunching program to handle many calculations and lots of decisions. Suppose further that it will be used for years (and thus will probably need infrequent updating) and you're going to run it every day. It should be obvious that interpretive BASIC is not going to do the job. So, what do we use?

It's precisely here that one's computer "philosophy" becomes important. Dijkstra and his associates would say that the most important thing to do is sit down and analyze your problem. Do a lot of thinking before you do any coding. If you can describe your problem well, you will write a good program; therefore, you ought to be a good mathematician, familiar with a variety of problemsolving devices, so that you can come up with elegant and efficient algorithms.

Knowing the proper programming languages, such as Pascal, will help this analytical process, because knowing good languages will force you to think in proper structures. The result will be code that is readable and maintainable. It is nearly selfdocumented. How could it be otherwise?

The real dynamism in the computer world grows out of BYTEsized hackers and their home machines.

The other approach is that of the typical microcomputer hacker, who tends to think code before he's really analyzed the problem. He breaks the problem up into chunks and codes this and that, probably testing as he goes, until, Lol, the program is suddenly done. Now comes the painful task of documentation, which is done sloppily if at all, and six months later

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the poor slob hasn't a clue as to how his program works.

Put that way, there's not much choice, is there? And most programming discussions I've seen do put it that way. The computer experts speak, and the microcomputer hacker listens all gaga; eventually the poor slob goes away convinced he doesn't know anything. But in the real world, things are often different. To hear the high priests talk, the mainframe and minicomputer worlds are filled with elegant, well-documented programs; but if you believe that, I've got a land deal for you.

Sure, programs ought to be written after much thought and incorporate only elegant, self-documenting code; but, well, there wasn't as much time as we thought, and documentation was Ephraim's job only he got a better offer from Wretched House so we had to put Pinhead onto writing it up. I mean the program was finished except for the documents, and we needed our best programmers for something else, and—

Then, too, many of the high priests came out of a worse tradition than you might think. I recall my early days in computerland, programming the IBM 650 RAMAC. There wasn't an assembler: you did it all in op codes. There wasn't much memory, except 5000 ten-digit "words" on the drum, and you had to store your code all over that silly drum because you couldn't afford to waste the time to let it go a complete revolution between operations. Talk about nonstructured code!

So, some of the priests got together to design new and better languages, with Pascal as one of the major results. It's a nice language, certainly superior to op codes and assemblers and early BASIC. It may well be that those destined to be professional programmers should begin with Pascal and not learn BASIC at all. There is a problem, though. Before you can do much with Pascal, you have to learn quite a lot about your computer. At a minimum you've got to know how to use an editor to create a source file, how to invoke the compiler, and how to run your program after it's compiled. You can't just say "PRINT 2 +

274 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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5" and get an answer, as my 10-yearold did within a few minutes of sitting down at the TRS-80.

Many will give up before they learn enough to use Pascal.

Leave that, though. What annoys me about Pascal is not the language itself, but its enthusiasts. Perhaps Dijkstra had a point to make with his statement about BASIC and brain damage; at least he may have earned the right to say something of that sort. But we hear the minor acolytes of that priesthood echo such sentiments in chorus, and that's another story altogether.

But leave that too. What really drives me wild is when the Pascal enthusiasts try to convince me that the language's bugs are all features.

For example, if Pascal/MT+ tries to compile and runs across a statement such as

Summit = Stuff + Glop;

which the compiler can't handle, Pascal/MT + then reports ":= expected".

Or it will trundle along and suddenly become confused. The compiler might suggest that you ought to have put a semicolon at the end of the line above even though, in fact, you have. (It's generally right; alas, Pascal is very picky about those semicolons, demanding them at the ends of most lines but forbidding them at the ends of others.) In neither case will the compiler remedy the defect. Sometimes it's able to go on for a while so that it finds more than one error per attempted compilation, but that's by no means assured.

Why is this? I thought I bought a computer to take care of trivial details, and here I am counting beans. Yet many of the high priests will solemnly assure you that the compiler must work this way, and any attempt to do things any other way is wrong.

Item: The CASE statement, which some languages call "SWITCH," is (in BASIC) generally ON. . .GOTO or ON. . .GOSUB. CASE selects among various alternatives. What happens if it gets an alternative you never thought about?

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provide for a default, or allow you an ELSE, or otherwise let you deal with the situation. Pascal dumps your program. And believe it or not, the language's designers seem to think that's not a bug, but a feature. If you get unexpected alternatives, you obviously didn't think things through enough. Go back to square one and start over. (Hard cheese if you're processing real-time data that won't wait for you to devise a more elegant program.)

(In fact, the lack of an ELSE or OTHERWISE in Pascal's CASE statement is so keenly felt that most implementations, including Sorcim's Pascal-M and Digital Research's Pascal/MT + , have an ELSE as an extension.)

Item: Pascal makes you declare all your variables, and the compiler natters at you in unfriendly tones if you forget. However, it does not require you to initialize variables, nor does it do it for you. In my benchmark Pascal program, I declared the summation variable "Summ", but in an early version of the program, I forgot to initialize it to 0. The program compiled and ran. It just didn't give the right answer.

I could go on, citing Pascal's notorious deficiencies in string handling and general I/O, but I think I need not pile Pelion on Ossa. My point is that Pascal isn't very convenient; in the modern parlance, it's not really user-friendly. Depending on who you talk to, it may or may not be about as good as we have, but even its friends will generally concede that Pascal could be improved.

Or most of its friends will concede. Alas, some will not; some insist that Pascal's unfriendliness is a feature— that the language is forcing you to think logically and thus write elegant programs.

Who Needs Elegance?

Much of the computer priesthood serves a strange god: not the user, but the ideal known as elegance. Because no one knows what that means (or perhaps everyone knows, but each knows something different), elegance often translates as computer efficiency.

There was, perhaps, a time when that made sense—when computer resources were scarce and making maximum use of them was a good thing. Now, though, hardware prices are falling while capabilities skyrocket, and the goal of elegance is questionable at best.

Let me give an example. At the West Coast Computer Faire, I saw a new machine using the 68000 chip and got into a discussion of it with Carl Helmers, the former editorial director of this magazine.

"It uses UCSD p-code as the operating system," I said. "That's got to be the most inefficient thing I ever heard of."

"So what?" Carl replied. "The chip is so fast you don't notice."

Now Carl is far more of a Pascal enthusiast than I (his license plate reads "P-CODE"), but surely he was correct. Once the hardware achieves certain levels, then more efficient becomes the enemy of good enough. This is especially true in business contexts, where what matters is productivity. In the old days, computers were hideously expensive, and companies that bought more computer power than they needed could be in trouble. Unusable computer power was damned expensive.

That's not true now. Every year the price of computer power falls while the cost of programmers rises, and now it's usually cheaper to have too much computer than to have too little and pay for "efficient" programming.

CBASIC86

CBASIC86 running on the Godbout 8088 under CP/M-86 was actually slower than CBASIC82 on the 8085; yet, the 8088 is a 16-bit machine. How can this be?

First, it's obvious that CBASIC86 must be a nearly literal translation of CBASIC2. It can't possibly be optimized for the 8088.

Second, my engineering genius friend Tony Pietsch points out that given the first point, the 8088 has quite a lot of potential: here a first-cut program is running at speeds comparable to code that's had many programmer-years of work optimizing it for the 8080 family.

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Finally, my 8085/8088 didn't cost me very much more than a singleprocessor system, and it will run CP/M-86. I'd never done that before, but it was incredibly easy: insert the CP/M-86 disk that comes with the Godbout, and hit reset. All the familiar CP/M commands worked. I could read the directory of not only my CP/M-86 master in drive A, but also the CP/M 2.2 disk residing in drive B.

It was easy enough to copy the 'CBASIC86 programs over using the PIP command, and then copy over the program source and compile. Everything ran the first time, no hitches whatsoever. One of these days I'll get some CP/M-86 programs that are optimized for the 8088 processor, and then 111 have a time bomb. Until then I can use the 8085/8088 with Compupro's M-Drive, which I continue to use and love.

Incidentally, the disk operations under CP/M-86 were incredibly slow; but Godbout, at least, supplies the source code to the BIOS (basic input/output system), and one day I'll optimize it for my disks and controller. I can do that because I can copy the BIOS sources from the CP/M-86 disk over to a CP.M-2.2 disk and edit it with my regular CP/M editor.

Two Apologies

As I've mentioned before, I've never learned PL/I. My late mad friend was quite enamored of the language and had intended to teach me; but alas his condition didn't permit that.

Unfortunately, in a previous column I reported from secondary sources that PL/I has no CASE statement. I was wrong, as a number of readers have told me in letters. PL/I does indeed have a CASE statement called SELECT. The syntax is rather more similar to BASIC'S ON. . . GOSUB than to Pascal's CASE (expression) OF. Also, unlike (standard) Pascal, PL/I provides an OTHERWISE statement to catch cases the programmer didn't think of.

Secondly, a few months ago, I said that Microsoft BASIC'S random-access

files were not ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) and could not be accessed by the sequential-file process. I had good reason to think this, and indeed I spoke with several people in Microsoft's management who told me they'd consider changing the situation.

D. W. McKee, of San Jose, tells me I'm wrong. I quote from his letter:

Although Microsoft's documentation does not make it clear, it is very possible to use ASCII random files. The procedure is as follows:

1. Open file as a random file in the normal way. The record length must include comma and double quote (") delimiters plus a carriage return and linefeed, in addition to the actual data.

2. Position the pointer to the beginning of the buffer with a GET # N, Rec.No.

3. Print each data element with a PRINT USING statement plus a comma between each data element. Appropriate use of the PRINT USING format ensures that you do not overfill the record length. If you try to write more characters into the record than your record length allows, an error will be generated. If you are sure that the data cannot overrun the record length, you can use the WRITE statement, which puts the commas in for you, but it also puts double quotes (") around all strings.

For example:

OPEN "R", #N, Filenames F$ = "#####•##" :

Fl$ = "####.##" Comma$ = ","

PRINT § N, USING F$; DATAl;

: PRINT § N, Comma$ PRINT # N, Using Fl$; Data2 PUT # N, Rec.No

Alternative:

WRITE #N, DATAl; DATA2 PUT § N, Rec.No

278 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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4. To read these files, just enter:

GET | N, Rec.No INPUT § N, Datal, Data2

You will note that the FIELD and related string conversion statements are not needed at all.

These files can be read and edited by Wordstar, TYPEd by CP/M, etc. I have found this to be a very easy and reliable way to set up files, particularly those involving frequent addition of more records. . . . The first several records can be used for keeping track of how many records are in the file and other similar nonrepeating records.

I thank Mr. McKee, who has spent more time studying Microsoft BASIC record structures than I have. Avoiding the dreaded FIELD statement should make life a lot simpler; I only wish I'd been clever enough to figure this out for myself from the Microsoft user documents.

Learning BASIC

Predictably there's a flood of books about the computer revolution. I'm adding to it; as I write this, two major publishing houses are bidding for my computer book, and by the time this is printed, I'll surely have signed a contract. Both publishers have expressed one concern: how will my book be different from the flood?

Good question. I'm not sure. But one thing is certain: I will not write a book that starts off talking about the home computer revolution and ends up trying to teach you BASIC; and even if I were fool enough to do that, I'd certainly not offer you a book on word processing that contained the program listing of a text editor written in BASIC.

The latter, alas, is what Donald McCunn did in his Write, Edit, and Print: Word Processing with Personal Computers. There's a good bit of useful information in the book. He has a decent survey of hardware, and some cogent comments about how machines work and what their limits

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are. Unfortunately, at $24.95 ($34.95 hardbound) this is, I fear, a book anyone could do without. There may have been a time when a listing of code for a text editor written in Microsoft BASIC would have been useful, but surely that time has passed.

His Word Worker editor may or may not be useful; the statement numbers run up to 12,500 in increments of 5, and I'm not about to type all that into my machine. I will say that the code seems well commented, and if he writes code as well as he writes English it might well work. But ye gods, having done all that, you still have an editor in BASIC, and while I like BASIC for a lot of applications, I think I'd rather chase geese for pens than have to use it to write an editor.

The same author has also done a book called Computer Programming for the Complete Idiot. This is a better (and at $6.95 a much cheaper) book, which BYTE readers might consider buying as a gift for business

oriented friends who want to know what the TRS-80 Model I and Microsoft BASIC can do. McCunn writes clearly, and as a survey, his book has a lot going for it.

As a BASIC instruction manual, it falls to the ground, because the various BASIC commands are discussed, not in any logical order, but in the order needed to type in a fairly simple payroll program. I doubt the program itself would be too useful, although I could be wrong about that; but it is used effectively as an example of the kinds of things BASIC can do. The level of sophistication can be gathered from his "chapter" on debugging programs. The chapter consists of fewer than 100 lines (about 2 pages). It ends by telling the reader about the command TRON (Trace On) and the Break key.

McCunn's book isn't bad as an illustration of what BASIC can do, but if you want someone to learn the language, in my opinion there's only one book: Jerald R. Brown's Instant BASIC. This first edition (with

yellow binding) of this collection of mad drawings, corny puns, silly illustrations, and absolutely clear instructions was what Mac Lean handed me when he and Tony Pietsch delivered Ezekial (my first computer). Now there's a second edition (with pink binding), which I presume is improved. Unfortunately, I can't tell; it's simply not possible to recreate the feelings I had when I was first trying to use Ezekial. I do know that everything I'd seen before Instant BASIC seemed unfriendly and incomprehensible, and what a relief it was to get a book that had been written, not precisely for complete idiots, but for those who knew nothing about BASIC.

Understand that the book is completely mad. I particularly recall a rattlesnake crawling across the page saying "I am not a string, so don't thread on me!" Elsewhere it shows how to calculate the speed of a snail in miles per second (which is not a bad way to learn about very small numbers).

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If you have friends or relatives with access to a computer and any interest in learning BASIC, I don't believe you could do better than to give them this book and sit them down in front of a machine. (However, if they suffer permanent mental damage, I will not be responsible. I've warned you of Dijkstra's views.)

Go FORTH, Young Man

Recently I got an angry letter from an Apple enthusiast suggesting that I should retitle this column "CP/M Users" or "S-100 Bus Users." There's justice in that. Just at this moment all my computers are S-100 bus and CP/M, and I don't write much about things I don't use. However, what I have isn't accidental, either.

Computer capabilities change like dreams. How, then, shall we keep up? Well, we can't. But we can try, and one way is to adopt a motto: "Iron is expensive, but silicon is cheap." That is, get a good standard bus machine, and when new modifications come out, you can afford to

buy a card every now and then. Of all the readily adaptable machines I've examined, the S-100 bus variety seems the most versatile and most likely to be in the forefront of the small-computer revolution. And do understand that when I give opinions like this, I've discussed them with

I think I'd rather chase geese for pens than have to use BASIC to write an editor.

many others who have a lot of knowledge and experience. Even so, I may be wrong—indeed, the way things change so in this field, I'm bound to be wrong sometimes.

Another reader asks why I ignore FORTH, which has a respectable number of dedicated—dare I say fanatic?—devotees. Alas, I continue to agree with my mad friend: FORTH

is not a higher-level language at all. Instead, it's a kind of assembly language that uses the programmer as a precompiler.

This is not to say that you can't do magnificent things in FORTH, and indeed I'm told that the language is nearly ideal for certain kinds of programs. It's good with graphics, and Atari programmers are enthusiastic about its power for writing games and drawing elaborate maps and displays. (Of course, Atari programmers have a heavy incentive to like FORTH: for a long time it was nearly the only powerful language available for their machines.)

The problem is FORTH is unlike most languages and thus takes a lot of learning; and until recently you had to invest a good deal of time in the language before you could tell whether it was right for you. That has now changed. Whether or not you intend to learn FORTH, you can learn a lot from Leo Brodie's new book Starting FORTH.

I very much liked this book; in

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286 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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VISUAL presents economic elegance and high performance in a low-cost terminal.

$695 lis

FEATURE COMPARISON CHART

FEATURE

VISUAL 50

Hazeltine Esprit

ADDS Viewpoint

Lear Siegler ADM-5

Televideo 910

Tilt and Swivel

YES

NO

NO

NO

NO

Detached Keyboard

YES

NO

YES

NO

NO

N-Key Rollover

YES

NO

YES

NO

NO

Audible Key Click

YES

YES

NO

NO

NO

Menu Set-Up Mode

YES

NO

NO

NO

NO

Status Line

YES

NO

NO

NO

NO

Full 5 Attribute Selection

YES

NO

NO

NO

YES

Smooth Scroll

YES

NO

NO

NO

NO

Line Drawing Character Set

YES

NO

NO

NO

NO

Block Mode

YES

YES

NO

NO

YES

Insert/Delete Line

YES

YES

NO

NO

YES

Bi-Directional Aux Port

YES

YES

NO

YES

NO

Columnar Tabbing

YES

YES

NO

NO

YES

Independent RCV/TX Rates

YES

NO

NO

NO

NO

Answerback User Programmable

YES

NO

NO

OPT.

NO

The VISUAL 50 represents a new approach in low cost terminals. Although it costs drastically less, it offers the features you expect from the high priced units.

For example, the VISUAL 50 enclosure is economically designed in light weight plastic and can easily be swiveled and tilted for maximum operator comfort. A detached keyboard, smooth scroll, large 7 x 9 dot matrix characters and non-glare screen are a few of the many human engineering features normally offered only on much higher priced terminals.

Another distinctive feature of the VISUAL 50 is its emulation capability. VISUAL 50 is code-for-code compatible with the Hazeltine Esprit,™ ADDS Viewpoint/" Lear Siegler ADM-3A™ and DEC VT-52." Menu driven set-up modes in non-volatile memory allow easy selection of terminal parameters.

And you're not limited to mere emulation. As the chart shows, the VISUAL 50 has features and versatility the older, less powerful low cost terminals simply cannot match.

The price of the VISUAL 50? Only $695 list. Call or write for full details on the latest in the industry's finest line of video terminals.

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See for yourself

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Visual Technology Incorporated

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Telephone (617) 851-5000. Telex 951-539

Circle 371 on inquiry card.

SBC-800 S-100 IEEE STAND ALONE

SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER

USES Z-80A (2 or 4MHz)

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0PT-1 Adds Parallel. Senal and Timers S59.00

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deed, I was given it in San Francisco and idly thumbed through it in the airport bar while waiting for my plane. Next thing I knew I was trapped. I read it while flying home, and then when I got home I continued reading; and when you consider that I'm not a FORTH enthusiast, and indeed don't much care for the language, you'll have an idea of how well Brodie writes. I can't imagine why a book about FORTH, illustrated with goofy cartoons of a smoothtalking interpreter, a masked executioner, a tonsured dictionary-writing compiler, a numbers runner, and

various monsters would fascinate me; but it did, and indeed kept me reading long after I decided that FORTH was not for me.

If after reading Brodie you decide you want to use FORTH, I'm told that FORTH Encyclopedia by Mitch Derrick and Linda Baker is very good. Note that I do not myself endorse it. The authors gave me the book, and it seems to be written in English; but it's a reference work, not a text, and thus organized in a way that assumes you know more about FORTH than I'm ever likely to. People who do know FORTH seem to like it a lot.B

Software Reviewed

CBASIC

$150

CB/80 (compiler version of CBASIC)

<c^nn 4OUU

CBASIC86

(Tnr

!Mz5

Pascal/MT +

8080, 8085, Z80

$350

8086/8088

$600

CP/M-86 operating system

(Co crt

Digital Research

POB 579

Pacific Grove, CA 93950

(408) 649-3896

MBASIC

$350

BASCOM (BASIC Compiler)

CP/M and Apple

$395

Microsoft Corporation

10700 Northup Way

Bellevue, WA 98004

(206) 828-8080

Pascal-M

$395

Pascal-M-86

$495

Sorcim Corporation

405 Aldo Ave.

Santa Clara, CA 95050

(408) 727-7634

Books Reviewed

Computer Programming for the

Complete Idiot

Donald McCunn. San Francisco, CA: Design Enterprises

of San Francisco, 1979.

$6.95

FORTH Encyclopedia

Mitch Derrick and Linda Baker.

Mountain View,

CA: Mountain View Press, 1982.

$25

Instant BASIC

Jerald R. Brown. Beaverton, OR: Dilithium Press, 1982 (2nd ed., paperback).

$12.95

Starting FORTH

FORTH Inc. and Leo Brodie. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1981.

$19.95

Write, Edit, and Print: Word Processing with Personal Computers

Donald McCunn. San Francisco, CA:

(paperb

ack)

$24.95

Design Enterprises of San Francisco, 1981.

(hardback)

$34.95

288 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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290 BYTE October 1982

Circle 282 on Inquiry card.

An Introduction to the Human Applications Standard Computer Interface

Part 1: Theory and Principles

To evolve into a consumer product the computer must have a standard, easy-to-use format.

Many people see the personal computer as merely a cheaper, smaller, and slower version of its larger dataprocessing relatives. However, it's becoming apparent that the personal computer is an entirely different type of machine, shaped by a technological evolution that should result in computers that work for people, rather than the other way around.

The proposed Human Applications Standard Computer Interface (HASC1) was designed as an important step in that evolutionary process. It is the result of approximately six years of effort, proceeding from the most general considerations to a very specific result. I will describe this process of development in two parts. First, I will explain the theory and principles behind the HASCI interface. We'll learn why the interface is

Copyright © 1982 by Rising Star Industries. All rights reserved.

Chris Rutkowski Rising Star Industries 24050 Madison St., Suite 113 Torrance, CA 90505

needed and what it is generally intended to do. Next month, in part 2, I'll describe the actual implementation and design specifications of the interface.

Theoretical Background

I entered the microcomputer marketplace in 1975, during the very infancy of our industry. Then as now, those of us on the "inside" of the industry saw visions of microcomputers gracing every desk in the world someday, when the industry grew up.

Then as now, the consensus of opinion within the industry was that the microcomputer would be the bright star of the future. We knew it was so, but we couldn't prove it; therefore, financial backing was hard to come by. It is easy to forget that, in 1975, the microcomputer was not yet the darling of the venture-capital set; Wall Street had taken a bath on computer companies just a year or two

earlier during a recession, and our claims to have found a magic formula for success fell upon jaundiced ears. The one precept on which everyone seemed to agree was that no one could predict such a fast-changing market more than a year or so in advance.

In the intervening years, I've heard that phrase a hundred times or more; I suspect you have too. It's one of those pieces of common wisdom that sounds good in a speech and makes for good press: the media repeat it, the bureaucrats who read the media repeat it, and the media repeat it again. This sort of publicity is discouraging. Nevertheless, with blinders firmly in place, enterprising companies continue the struggle to design their way into a murky future.

The Challenge Accepted

In 1976, during the first Atlantic City Computer Show (thank you, John Dilks, for your vision) the "can't

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 291

Circle 393 on inquiry card.

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predict" motto rang loudly in my ears. It was plain at the time that if our industry was to put a microcomputer in every home, the two essentials were money (lots of money) and manufacturing capability. It was also plain that prediction precedes production; no company executives in their right minds would put up the megabucks necessary to develop the microcomputer without knowing where that development would lead. Tooling for extreme mass production costs millions; for that kind of investment a one-year prediction lead was far from adequate.

Thus it was not until 1981 that IBM entered the personal computer market. It is to that company's credit that its machine avoids most if not all of the inanities perpetrated by IBM's peers. Witness the pitiful efforts of most minicomputer companies to introduce personal computers over the last few years; most if not all of these machines were obsolete before the first carton was shipped. The only prediction those companies could make was that their profitability would plummet within a few years if they couldn't penetrate the microcomputer field. And in fact, this has come to pass.

On the subject of market predictability, many heated discussions took place comparing various hardware and software components, but I realized that further arguments on the advantages of one processor over another, one operating system over another, or one language over another were wasted words unless you knew how those items related to the evolutionary path of the industry—the yardstick for measuring potential worth. And I took it upon myself to research the question of prediction.

Research Methodology

I chose a most unscholarly methodology, but one well suited to the task. Rather than dig through stacks of ponderous marketing tomes in dusty libraries and research what had already been done, I reasoned that any worthwhile work was probably buried so deep as to be invisible. After all, if viable principles of pre

dictability (in terms of the computer market) were available, why weren't they in use? I therefore decided to conduct a broad survey of earlier technological industries, narrowed down to those that had reached the mass consumer markets.

I scanned the marketing history of twentieth-century Western civilization, seeking instances where highly technical products were converted into mass-market commodities over a relatively short period of time. If you think this through yourself, you'll find several examples, including radio, television, electric lightbulbs, and of course the automobile.

I soon perceived a pattern in the emergence of these products that either had gone unnoticed before or had been erroneously classified as unimportant. To illustrate this, let's consider how one such product evolved.

Case Study: The Automobile

I ask you to turn your mental clock back to the year 1905 and consider the state of the automobile market at that time.

First, the automobile was nowhere near mass production yet. Most manufacturers were backyard experimenters (I suggest that the phrase "garage shop" must have originated somewhere around here). They were technology freaks working on the hottest gadget then conceivable.

Peruse some of the popular literature of the time; items about the coming wave of horseless carriages abounded. There were literally hundreds of fledgling manufacturers—every bicycle and carriage shop fancied itself to be the next Pullman Company (the coach manufacturer that became very successful making railroad cars). And what cars they made I Although most had four wheels, their similarity to the automobile of today stops there. Some of those contraptions were steered with tillers like a boat, while others had reins like a wagon. A few had three wheels. They had handbrakes on the right and foot brakes on the left; fixed throttles and throttles on the dash. Few if any were closed in with a roof. And not one

292 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■L

i

was truly practical for the average person. (Does this sound familiar?)

It's easy to look back at these early machines and say, "How quaint." It's easy to overlook the fact that every single engineer and user had his or her own idea of perfection. Ideas abounded, and while each no doubt had some validity, no one could agree on what was valid and what wasn't. In modern terminology we would say that the engineers were coming up with possible design elements that were combined almost at random into architectures (a collection of design elements).

Now turn your mental clock forward to 1925, and consider again the state of the automobile. Things had definitely changed. The auto was in mass production. Hundreds of thousands per year were being added to a blossoming economy. And more important, we find that every car on the road had a steering wheel and a throttle, brake, and clutch on the floor. It had windshields and headlights. We find that, with the excep

tion of a relatively few details, you would be able to climb into the typical automobile of 1925 and drive it away.

Architectural Stabilization

By 1925, the architecture of the automobile had become standardized. That architecture has not altered significantly in the ensuing 57 years. Today, the products that you see parked on the streets and recognize as automobiles are architecturally identical to each other. No architectural difference exists between a Subaru and a Rolls-Royce.

If you check other technical marketplaces (for example, that of television), you will see that this same phenomenon has occurred. First, independent engineers developed a wide variety of design elements. Then their ideas were assimilated and adapted until, now, the architecture has ceased to change. I call this phenomenon architectural stabilization.

In the period following architec

tural stabilization, the design effort and creativity that were previously engaged in the random creation of architectures is now geared toward the refinement of the design elements that comprise the stabilized architecture.

This point is crucial: a stabilized architecture ends the game of random invention and redirects the tremendous creative energy of engineers to a better-focused goal—the improvement of the design elements. The improvements realized may be quite substantial. For example, consider suspension systems. Before 1925 no automobile had a suspension system truly worthy of the name. In the ensuing years such comfort items evolved beyond all prediction.

Thus we see that while architectural stabilization may seem to limit certain aspects of design, it can and should precipitate a design revolution far more exciting than pure laissezfaire engineering.

The Mechanics of Stabilization

A detailed analysis of the market

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294 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 126 on inquiry card.

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ing factors that affect each step of a product's life span is beyond the scope of this article. However, the results of my investigations revealed the following sequence of events leading to architectural stabilization:

• First, engineers (or technical specialists) conceive of a new product class and build it for its own sake.

• Engineers then use the product.

• If the product promises to fundamentally revise the quality of life for its users, the number of participating engineers will swell. (They sense the market potential and have visions of earning wealth and fame.)

• Eventually, this growing enthusiasm gains popular notice, and certain nonengineers purchase the product. These nonengineers find the architectures designed by engineers to be difficult to use; they recommend improvements but are willing to undergo difficulty in using the product. They are "enthusiasts."

• Increasing demand increases production, which lowers the product's price.

• People who are not willing to undergo substantial difficulty in using the product purchase it. These users are disappointed by the currently available products. They are consumers—they want the benefits without the difficulties.

• More communication about the product occurs in the popular media.

• If the product does not fill a truly fundamental need, its popularity subsides, leaving a core group of enthusiasts that will then grow at a slower rate. The product will show a gradual evolution of architecture across time.

• If the need for the product is truly fundamental, demand continues to grow, but actual market growth may slacken.

• This growth of demand (potential market) motivates engineers and enthusiasts to redesign the product to make it easy to operate. In other words, swelling demand precipitates the creation of a human interface that makes the device easy to use.

• An easy-to-use version of the product finds a ready and willing market.

• The first manufacturer to implement ease of use soon gains a market edge.

• Other manufacturers either follow suit or perish.

This sequence, or one closely analogous to it, occurs in the evolution of all product markets. For the microcomputer market, certain factors have become clear. First, the microcomputer market has not yet achieved architectural stabilization. Second, the microcomputer appears to have all the elements necessary to cause architectural stabilization to occur; that is, its impact on users is of sufficient importance to force stabilization to occur. Third, the microcomputer market has currently reached that step of increased popular demand that should precipitate the development of an easy-to-use version of the product.

It's no accident that human-factors engineering has risen to such prominence over the last year. It is a natural and necessary step in the evolution of the product classification from a technical specialist's market to an enthusiast's market and finally to a consumer's market.

Thus the development of a human interface coupled with mass-production technology should be the key to opening the consumer market for the computer.

Let me digress for a moment to observe that architectural stabilization occurs at many levels of observation, not only with products such as those discussed here but also with subproducts—raw materials and their elemental forms. All undergo microcosmic architectural stabilization. Likewise, stabilization tends to occur in structures far larger than products: nations, families, and businesses. All exhibit variations of this same phenomenon. It thus appears that architectural stabilization is a fundamental mechanism of systems evolution: the imposition of a mutually accommodative interface between two counter efforts, thoughts, forces, or intentions.

In Search of a Human Interface

The many clues that led to the de

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296 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

WHAT IS THE TRUE COST OF A DISKETTE?

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CALC SCHED DRAW

System Controls

File Controls

®

#

$

%

$

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*

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2

3

4

5

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Figure 1: The Human Applications Standard Computer Interface (HASCI) keyboard divides the computer system into a series of menus that link the user (as pattern recognizer) to the computer (as symbol manipulator). Virtually every application requires that certain fundamental actions be performable, and these fundamental actions are placed directly on the keyboard.

velopment of our proposed human interface (HASCI) came primarily from fields far removed from the normal realm of computer science. The difficulty was this: before an interface could be designed, the actual relationship of man and computer had to be defined. I had concluded early on that the entire question of artificial intelligence could be ignored in the design of an interface, which was fortunate since no workable definition of intelligence exists. Rather, an interface involves questions of capability: What can people do, and what are they good atl This approach proved very profitable.

Even if you were offered a million dollars to manually multiply two times two a million times, you would have a very difficult time completing the task; most humans would be psychologically incapable of completing the job. Yet virtually any computer can do it easily and with remarkable speed. Conversely, such problems as "recognize a certain person's voice," solved by almost any infant (especially if the voice belongs to the child's mother), still represent a major challenge to even the finest computers and programmers.

An analysis of these problems suggests that people are much better than computers at recognizing patterns, while computers are much better than people at manipulating symbols.

Following this logic, the ideal relationship of computer and user should involve the computer as a symbolic manipulator and the user as a pattern recognizer.

This explains the overwhelming popularity of word processors and spreadsheet calculators. One manipulates words and letters, the primary symbols of man. The other manipulates numbers, man's second most important symbol set.

It follows that a complete computer for the typical user should provide the facilities for manipulating all the primary symbols of man (words and letters, numbers, general symbols or drawings, and the temporal relationships between these symbols—time).

We usually manipulate these symbols on pieces of paper, which if saved for later reference may be generically called documents. We require a means of storing, retrieving, and indexing these documents and of communicating their contents to some other person.

These considerations gave birth to a hardware-software synthesis. Rather than take the accepted path of generalization—designing the computer interface to accommodate any imaginable task—we conceived of an interface that would be specifically designed for symbolic manipulation tasks as described herein. The HASCI keyboard (figure 1) was the result.

Fundamental Principles

The described theoretical explorations led to the evolution of a number of principles that form the rationale of the HASCI standard. A detailed examination of these principles follows.

The Computer Is a Tool

The computer as symbol processor and the user as pattern recognizer complement each other well. In this arrangement, the weaknesses of each can be ignored; their strengths added together form a synergetic whole far more powerful than either, and such a blending of strengths is the functional property of any tool.

A hammer uses the advantages of a steel working face (hardness and mass) combined with the advantages of the human arm (motion and leverage) joined by an interface (the handle) to perform some task dictated by intellect. Similarly, the computer uses the advantages of electronics (rapid manipulation of symbols) combined with the capabilities of the human mind (pattern recognition), joined together by an interface (keyboard and screen) in order to perform tasks dictated by intellect.

In an ideal situation the relationship of user and tool approaches one of transparency. The user is able to apply intellect directly to the task; the

Circle 70 on inquiry card.

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 299

tool itself seems to disappear. This transparency is characteristic of all expert applications of tools—everything from hacksaws to racing cars.

Thus, a study of tools as a class can provide us with a set of rules that are applicable to a computer interface:

• The interface is a means of controlling the tool.

• The interface must accommodate the needs of both the application and the user.

• The interface itself must present the information necessary for its use.

• Mastery of the interface may require practice.

• With mastery, the interface must become transparent to the user.

Clearly Label the Controls

Televisions are easy to operate. They have a limited number of controls. A stereo may have far more controls—complex models have dozens. But in each case, the controls either produce an immediately observable effect or are very clearly

labeled as to their function. In each case, a relatively casual comparison of the controls on the device with the results produced and the understanding provided by intellect makes operation almost self-evident. Such is true of all mass-consumed products. However, on the average computer, there are numerous functions that are in no way self-evident.

Perform this test: walk up to a computer you're not familiar with and pretend it's the first computer you've ever looked at. Then guess how to save or load a file of information. Get it? No. way! You've got to study the manual and learn the code. You're required to learn and memorize the information. A little memory requirement is a positive thing: it makes the skill more valuable. But when you must rely on memory, the interface is effectively in your head rather than on the machine. (Imagine the potential hazards if a power saw were designed this way.)

We therefore see the necessity of

providing controls for the major functions of the computer and of clearly labeling these controls. Ideally, activating the controls should generate an instant feedback to the user: not just an audible "click" to prove the button was pushed, but also a significant change in status (such as a new message on the video display) indicating that something is happening.

Transportable Knowledge

The concept of transportable operator knowledge refers to the fact that users of consumer products expect and demand that the skills they acquire in learning to operate one machine be applicable on any machine of the same class.

For example, consider the typewriter. There are minor differences in the placement of certain controls, but a user who has learned on one typewriter can pretty well sit down at any typewriter in the world and type away. This is not because the task is overly simple: a typist must learn to

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manipulate a hundred or more keys, switches, and levers to operate the machine in differing circumstances. However, the typewriter as an architecture is fully stabilized to perform its appointed task. All typewriters have carriage returns, a means of setting tabs, a margin release, etc. These are sufficiently clear that an inspection of any machine rapidly reveals how to perform these functions.

Now consider the computer. Nearly every software writer and hardware designer has a unique way of telling a computer to save and load a file. Even though virtually every operator needs to perform these functions with great frequency, every time you change machines or programs you have to learn how to save and load all over again. (This is not to say that any one of these ways is wrong; rather, that on a consumer computer the basics should be done in one workable, learnable way.)

It is ironic that the data-processing and computer science industries have given so much attention to transportability of software. The benefits of this transportability appear to accrue primarily to programmers, and while it's understandable that people should create tools that they themselves need, transportable software eases only the programmer's burden. Transportable operator knowledge serves all users.

In a similar vein, it becomes clear that arguing the benefits of 16-bit versus 8-bit machines is analogous to arguing the merits of 8-cylinder ver

sus 4-cylinder engines. Your choice should be based on how much payload you expect to haul, not whether you get a steering wheel with the vehicle. Performance from the consumer's standpoint is the ease with which desired tasks are accomplished: fast and difficult is still difficult.

When we approach the matter in this light, we realize that consumers will expect computers, both complex and simple, to have interfaces that are virtually identical. For all intents and purposes, anything that can be run on a 68000 microprocessor should be able to run on an 8080; the difference should be in how fast and how much, not how.

In terms of operating systems, while Unix may have certain advantages over CP/M (or vice versa), this is of no interest to the average user. Operating systems are tools for programmers. The symbol manipulator should function as an intelligent interpreter between the user and the operating system, and that interpreter should function almost identically on any operating system. (Most applications programs are considered as running under an operating system. The interface, however, should be considered as running over the operating system. It actually mediates between the operating system and the user just as would a programmer. In this case the interface is the expert who makes the difficult seem easy.)

Design Out Technical Choices

Early in the days of the S-100 bus, I put together a kit for a serial interface

board (the 3P + S). It was quite marvelous and went together easily, that is, until I got to the "jumper options." There were dozens of options. You could configure the system just about any way you might imagine: number of data bits, parity, stop bits, and so on. All fine except for one small problem: I was a novice computer user and had no possible way of knowing which of these options served my purposes. After a few days of messing about and getting nowhere I asked a computer expert for help. He had the board configured for my system in a matter of minutes.

This highlights a typical problem. Because a computer can be configured in many ways, experts often want to build in every conceivable option because "you never know what the user may want to do with the system." However, we have already accepted the concept that the consumer computer is a tool for manipulating symbols. So we do have an idea of what the user will want to do.

Even a so-called user-friendly system may have an incredible array of choices. I recently bought what was billed as a user-friendly electronic mail system. It offers me options of stop bits and parity and data ratejust like the old 3P + S. It also presents a vast array of choices of how to send the data: compacted format, binary code, straight ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange), and more. The designer of this code apparently confused "user-friendly" with "all possi

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"The program makes it practically impossible to make mistakes!"

"I ask 'What if?' by changing any number... the netv results are instantly calculated"

edge of a corporate financial officer can be applied to create templates for complete and

consistent financial reporting. Then others in your company without extensive financial or computer expertise can easily use these templates to provide the desired information in a uniform manner.

It's so easy. They simply "fill in the blanks" on the worksheet. In seconds, the program performs all the complex calculations built into the worksheet, and displays the answers to problems that could have taken hours to solve by hand.

Everyone can consider "What if...?"

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protect all these parts of a worksheet. It can shield confidential data a user need not see and also guide a user stepby-step through a worksheet.

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ers and worksheet users can change any number in a problem and instantly see the new results. Everyone will be able to analyze the impact of decisions before they make them.

Mistakes locked out, help built in

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ble options accessible." (The term "user friendly" must surely rate as the inanity of the decade. When was the last time you thought of a tool as "friendly"? "Usable" and "useful" are the appropriate operative terms.)

Burdening the user with decisions concerning technical choices in no way addresses the task to which the tool will be applied, i.e., the manipulation of symbols. The system should automatically test the lines and choose settings appropriate for the circumstances. The user is then free to concentrate on the act of manipulating symbols rather than on the hardware. (This is how transparency is achieved).

Thus a rule of thumb evolved: technical choices irrelevant to the symbol-manipulation task at hand should be eliminated from the user interface.

Predictability

In order to ease the chore of learning the HASCI system, we have attempted to keep the system as straightforward and predictable as possible. We try to allow different operations to be performed in a similar fashion whenever possible or appropriate. This does not require that there be only one way of doing each function, however.

For example, you can move the video cursor by pressing cursor keys

on the HASCI keyboard. These arrow keys, when pressed in combination with the Shift key, or in combination with arguments such as WORD, move the cursor by different units. Even complete novices experience little difficulty with this scheme. Learning is accomplished by inspection and some experimentation.

Burdening the user

with decisions concerning technical

choices in no way addresses the task to which the tool will be applied.

However, experienced users may find this method cumbersome; moving their fingers from the main keyboard to type on a different group of keys slows them down. For the morethan-casual user, Control-letter functions (where you press a control key and a letter key simultaneously instead of a separate cursor key) are much quicker. Therefore, the HASCI processor also recognizes control key combinations for these same functions.

In this fashion both the novice or occasional user as well as the profes

sional are well accommodated.

Simplicity

In designing a user interface it's important to keep simple things simple. More complex functions may be handled in a more complex manner because these will typically be used by more experienced users.

It's easy for experienced users to forget just how overwhelming a microcomputer can be. We attempt to judge the value of any product solely by the number of features offered for a given price. But what of the neophyte? Novices can assimilate only so much in one gulp, and that gulp is apt to be a small one.

A year and a half ago I tested the concept of a seven-function word processor, analogous to a four-function calculator. My premise was that severt functions are absolutely necessary for a useful screen editor: text entry, moving the cursor, insert character, delete character, save file, load file, and print file. With these functions, you can handle almost any word-processing task. More advanced functions can expand these capabilities and increase ease of use.

I tested the validity of this screen editor on a number of nontechnical users and found that they could be taught these basic functions in a few minutes of verbal instruction. And with only these functions, the system

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306 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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was truly useful. In fact, some of the users never asked if there were more functions. Even such a bare-bones editor proved to be a very useful tool, about as far ahead of a typewriter as the typewriter is ahead of clay tablets and sharp sticks.

I am not recommending that a screen editor be limited to these functions. On the contrary, I believe that constantly increasing the power of the system to manipulate symbols is mandatory and very desirable. However, the basics must not be obscured by the complexities of more advanced functions.

The HASCI standard calls for a selection of the most desirable functions to be placed directly on the keyboard with dedicated function keys. Many users will never venture beyond this—they will never feel the need to do so. More complex functions can be accessed via the use of Control-letter functions for access to specialized menus.

Defang the Computer

Over the years I've seen dozens of ways to get bitten by a computer. For example, one popular computer uses 8-inch drives for increased storage. There's a catch, however: the disks absolutely must be removed from the machine before it is turned off; failure to do so results in absolute and complete loss of all data on every disk in the system. Now it's easy to say, "Always remember to take out the disks," but in fact even experienced users occasionally fail to remember. They get so wrapped up in the job they're doing (as they should) that they forget that the hardware itself needs this critical piece of attention.

Another computer hazard shows up in the use of editors. Have you ever deleted something and then wished you hadn't? I'd be surprised if you said no. I know of no more awful feeling than to have just erroneously deleted a document that I put a week's work into. The system should be smart enough to alleviate or entirely eliminate these dangers.

One answer to this problem is to deliberately place a slower menu structure in the way of any potentially destructive action. This often takes

the form of a query, such as: "Your action will cause (a certain consequence) to occur. Please confirm this before I continue."

Another solution would allow you to change any decision even after the computer has acted on it. This is expressed as an Undo function key. Literally, this key allows you to undo or reverse your decision. For example, pressing the Undo key within a menu would take you to the prior menu. Pressing Undo within an editor after you had made a deletion would bring back the deletion. However, in order to fully defang the system, you should not allow the operator to undo everything. For example, suppose you just typed in three pages of text and pressed the Undo key: would you want the system to Undo your three pages of text? Hardly.

The HASCI concept requires that designers allow people to be people, not machines. Even the best of us occasionally forgets the right sequence or fails to do some required part of a protocol. It is the responsibility of the systems designers to defend the right of users to be human beings.

One shortcoming of many computer systems involves the use of modes. I don't see modes as inherently bad; certainly a human being does only one function at a time—you can't do order entry and write a letter at the same time. However, the problem in most system designs is that it is very difficult to change between functions.

Suppose you are merrily typing away and you need to calculate a few numbers for the document. Should you have to save the file, load the calculator, perform the computation, print the results, and reload the editor, all just to enter the result of your calculation? That's the trouble with modes. They make it difficult to change between functions and trap the user in the complexities of system integration. Common symbol-manipulation tasks and documentmanipulation tasks should be accessible with push-button ease. HASO allows you to change functions at will by pushing the appropriate control. Furthermore, when appropriate, if a prior function is recalled, you should

308 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

A HARD DISK COMPUTER AT A PRICE THAT'S HARD TO BEAT.

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With it, you can start small — but not too small. You can run accounting (which usually requires hard disk), inventory. A/R, A/R word processing, mailing lists, billing, budgeting, and more. Plus, you can expand by adding multi-user capabilities (up to 4 terminals), more disk capacity (10 megabytes), additional RAM memory (in (ilKB increments), and a second printer.

For your minimum system, you will need a CRT terminal and a printer, which are priced extra.

Terminal: ADDS Viewpoint —$639.

• Movable keyboard

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1 10 cpi, 16.7 cpi and elongated print at a speed of 100 cps in the mono space mode and 80 cps in proportional space mode

MUON Viewpoint are Trademarks ol ADDS CP/M CB80 PASCAL/MT+ are trademarks of Digital Research CBASIC is a trademark ol Compiler System. Inc. Wordstar Mailmerge Supersort Spellstar Datastar Calcstar are trademarks of Micro Pro International Accounting Plus is a trademark of Software Dimension. Inc.

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BYTE October 1982 309

Circle 364 on inquiry card.

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find that function configured as you left it.

In an ideal implementation of HASCI, you should be able to turn the machine off, then power it back up and find it just as you left it, even if it was running a program at the time.

What You See . . .

The phrase "What you see is what you get" summarizes a concept of text display on word processors whereby formatting commands no longer appear as obscure codes imbedded in the on-screen text. Instead, the commands appropriately modify the displayed text so that you can see your specified formats on the screen before you print out hard copy. For example, if you indicate that a line is to be centered, it will appear centered in the displayed text. In addition, if you specify a change in type style, the altered text will appear in a graphic approximation of that style, enabling you to visually distinguish it from the surrounding text.

When we got the first sample of the Epson MX-80 dot-matrix printer way back when, it already had a terrific selection of type styles available: emphasized, double-emphasized, compressed, etc. This opened up a whole new era of correspondence-quality printing, where the perfection of a fully formed character is gladly traded off for vastly increased versatility coupled with adequate legibility. The MX-80 was, of course, only the start. The newest printers now offer as many as 60 or 70 different type styles, and they also offer programmable character fonts. We may certainly expect to see the matrix densities of these machines increase very substantially over the next year or two, widening still further their performance gap over the fully formed character printers.

But then as now, the problem was that the editors and personal computers available were designed to display on their screens only one or at best two or three different type styles—far fewer than even the first MX-80 was capable of printing.

This meant that although the printers had the capability, the com

puters were far behind in making this capability available in anything resembling an easy-to-use fashion. Most of us have had to settle for inserting control codes using one language-like protocol or another. This is clearly unacceptable because it violates the "easy to learn" maxim.

Here is a case where very useful symbolic manipulation features are very difficult to access. The answer is to design the system with this capability in mind, make these functions easy to access, and at least where desktop units are concerned, place these changes right on the screen. This establishes a feedback loop which makes the system easy to operate.

"What you see is what you get " is more than a maxim. It is a crucial con sideration in the effort to make the symbol manipulators—computerseasy to use.

Consumer Quality

All the above principles and guidelines add up to make the computer a consumable product. With the computer, as with any good stereo, television, or automobile, we expect to be able to gain access to substantial capabilities with little if any specialized knowledge. Manuals are for reference; you shouldn't need an advanced degree just to open the box. You should be able to set up the computer, hook up the cables in the obvious places, turn it on, and have it work right the first time and every time. Using computers to advantage should be a game that everyone can win.

Beyond Theory

Now that the theory and principles behind the HASCI system have been explained, some obvious questions arise: "How can this idea actually be implemented on a personal computer? What specific keys do we need? What should they do? And what should be displayed on the monitor screen?"

Next month, I will address these questions. Ill explain how an easy-touse, consumer-quality computer should be designed, and 111 discuss a new computer, based on this concept, that should appear on the market very shortly. ■

310 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Circle 238 on inquiry card.

Generating Mohr's Circle

Robert K. Fink Sinclair Community College 444 West Third St. Dayton, OH 45402

Mohr's Circle has always been a useful tool to semigraphically find the principal stresses due to combined loads. The technique lends itself quite well to a personal computer. In addition, a video plot of the circle adds the ability to visualize the state of stress that exists at the point of interest. The program in listing 1, designed for the Radio Shack TRS-80, generates Mohr's Circle for stress analysis. Even though the plot is crude due to the TRS-80's low-resolution graphics, it still enables the user to extend the computation to secure the angles of inclination to the principal stress planes.

The program asks for the normal stress (S„) that exists on the first plane. Then, the normal stress for a second plane at a 90° angle to the first plane is entered followed by the shear stress (S„) that exists at the point. The com

puter then proceeds to convert stress components on planes in the body to their corresponding coordinates for the plotting of a point on a stress circle. The principal normal stresses and maximum (absolute value) shear stress are then computed and a stress circle is drawn to an appropriate scale to fit the screen.

The units used here can be changed to any system, as can the scale factor in lines 400 and 410, to adjust for larger or smaller design values encountered.

By means of a few terminology changes, the program can be converted to make Moment of Inertia calculations for any axis through an area. The program can also be used in a number of other Mohr's Circle areas of applied engineering mechanics dealing with orthogonal relationships. ■

Figure 1: Mohr's Circle for combined stresses. Stresses on planes in la are represented as points on the stress circle, lb.

312 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Listing 1: A BASIC program that generates Mohr's Circle for stress analysis. Tension is entered as a positive value—compression as a negative value. See text for other details on using this program.

\ ' THIS IS A SIMPLE PROGRAM TO SHOW QUICKLY* TH£

2 ' PRINCIPAL AMD MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESSES AT A POINT

3 ' THE REQUIRED INPUT IS FOR ANY TV0 KNOWN ORTHOGONAL

4 ' PLANES. WHEN IN°UT IS CALLED FOR PUT NORMAL STRESS

5 ' IN AS A + FOR TENSION* - FOP COMPRESSION.

e • THE MOHR'S CIRCLE THEN DRAWN IS ROUGH BECAUSE OF

7 ' THE LOU RESOLUTION GRAPHICS BUT WILL ILLUSTRATE

5 • A GOOD REPRESENTATION OF THE STATE OF STRESS AT

9 ' THE POINT.

10 ' -- INPUT STRESS VALUES IN THE RANGE OF 20000 PSI PLOT

11 ' -- BEST* BUT SCALE CAN BE CHANGED IF SMALLER VALUES ARE

12 ' -- ALUAYS USED.

13 *

14 ' ** PRINCIPAL STRESSES BY MOHR'S CIRCLE **

15 * ** RK FINK 3/80 VERSION 1.0 **

16 • ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** * **

17 ' 13 '

19 ' ** SET UP COORDINATE FIELD **

20 CLS:PI = 3. Ml 59

30 PRINTS26* "SHEAR": PRINT933* "STRESS": PRINT89 1 * "C CU) "

40 PRINT093 6* "( CCW) "*' : PRINT§44 2* "NORMAL": PRINT@ 50 6* "STRESS"

50 PRINT9573* "♦": PRINTS 51 4* "-"

60 FORX=0TO 114: SET(X* 22) : NEXT

70 FOR Y=0TO47 : SETC 64* Y) : NEXT

90 ' ** INPUT TWO ORTHOGONAL PLANE DATA **

100 PPINT§ 1 61* ** : INPUT" 1 ST PLANE NORMAL STRESS (+/-) CPSI)"JN1

110 PRINT6225* *': INPUT" SHEAR STRESS (PSI)"** SI

120 PPINT§ 19 2* CHRSC 30) :PRINT§22 5* CHRSC 30) : PRINTS 161* CHRSC 30) *' : FORT= 1 TO

1000: NEXT: INPUT"2ND PLANE NORMAL STRESS ( + /-) CPSI)"**N2 140 PRINT9161*CHPSC30)

190 ' ** CALCULATE VALUES AND PLOT TWO PLANES ** 200 C=CN1+N2)/2:SM=SQRCCCN1-N2)/2)C2+S1C2) 210 MA=CC+SM):MI=CC-SM)

220 H=2. 228 57* C CN 1/200 00) * 1 5) + 64: V=22- C C S 1/20000)* 1.5) : SETCH* V) 240 H = 2. 228 57*C(N2/20000)* 15) + 64:V=22+CCS1/20000)*15):SETCH* V) 290 FORT=1TO1000:NEXTT

300 PRINT®168* CHRSC 30): PRINT9232* CHRSC 30)

390 ' ** PLOT THE CIRCLE **

400 R=INT( ( SM/20000) * 1 5)

410 C=INTC CC/20000)*30) : C.P=C+64

420 FORQ=0TO2*PI STEP 0.1

430 X=R* CO 5 C Q):Y=R* SIN C Q)

440 H=2.22857*X+CP:V=22-Y

450 IF ( H> 1 27 ) ORC V> 47 ) ORC H< 0 ) ORC V< 0 ) THEN NEXTQ 460 SETCH* V) : NEXTQ

490 * ** OUTPUT PRINCIPAL STRESSES **

500 PRINT9S50*"MAX. NORMAL STRESS = "; ABSCINTCMA));" PSI ";:IFMA<0TH

ENPRINT"COMPR." ELSEPRINT"TENSION" 510 PRINT9914*"MIN. NORMAL STRESS = "}ABS CINTC MI))*" PSI ";:IFMI<0TH

ENPP.INT"COMPR. " ELS ERR I NT" TEN SI ON" 520 PRINT9978* "MAX. SHEAR STRESS = "; INTC SM) * " PSI "J: GOTO 520

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 313

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Single Board Technology By utilizing the latest in large scale integration, engineers have packaged, into a singleboard, power and reliabilty usually found only in costly multi-board systems. This multiprocessor board allows each user (up to four) a dedicated Z80A microprocessor and 64K of RAM. The master-slave architecture, residing in the same enclosure, supervises all user requests for storage and peripherals through four channel DMA.

Memory and Disk Storage 320K of 200ns dynamic RAM combined with five (5) Z80A microprocessors provides the hardware to independently multi-task the operation. A 4K byte of EPROM for bootstrap, monitor and diagonstic test is standard. On board interface for Winchester type disk controller allows from 5 to 104

megabytes of storage for applications that require large database files and records. The four parallel and six serial ports provide the muscle to support numerous peripherals.

Software INFOSOFTs MULTI/NET provides the most efficient multi-processor operating system. This userfriendly, CP/M compatible, provides file lock-out, DMA, real time clock, and full vectored interrupt on all l/Os. BASIC, Fortran, Pascal, Cobol, and PL/1 languages are supported.

Affordability The SB-80/4 gives you five (5) independent microprocessors in one multi-user system. It is the power, performance, and capacity of a mini at the price of a micro.

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The Personal Computer as an Interface to a Corporate Management Information

System

Designing an intelligent terminal interface program

for the Apple II Plus

N. R. McBurney II 2561 Stockbridge Rd. Marietta, GA 30062

Using the Apple II Plus to help me manage my organization was far from my mind when I bought the machine. In retrospect, it seems inevitable that it would happen.

I supervise a group of programmers responsible for writing major business application software for General Electric Information Services Company's (GEISCO) Mark III time sharing service. As well as using the

Mark III is a trademark of the General Electric Information Services Company. Micromodem II and Datacomm are trademarks of Hayes Microcomputer Products Inc. DISSPLA is a trademark of the Integrated Software System Corporation.

About the Author

N. R. McBurney is southern region manager for GE1SCOS Systems Development and Consulting Department, which is responsible for developing customized business systems for GEISCO customers throughout the south.

system to produce software to solve our customers' problems, we also make extensive use of the GEISCO system to manage our business. During the press of day-to-day activities, I found it increasingly difficult to read

My Apple II Plus gives me more flexibility than the more expensive equipment at work.

and digest all of the information the system made available to me. Thus was born my excursion into interfacing GEISCO's system to my Apple at home.

It seems ironic that for all of the computer resources at my disposal,

my Apple II Plus provides me with more flexibility than the more expensive equipment at work. On a Sunday morning, I can call up the system, select the information I would like to review, scan the text on the screen, convert the information to graphic representation, and print the entire report (see photos la-c). I can do all of this away from the office, while sitting in my favorite easy chair and enjoying a cup of coffee.

All of this is possible because I have developed an intelligent terminal program written in Pascal for the Apple II Plus, which when coupled with complementary programs running on the GEISCO system, allows me to get the information I need in the format I select at any time. While the application described is unique to the GEISCO system, the concepts can be applied to almost any commercial or in-house timesharing system.

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 315

I

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Using a personal computer to communicate with a timesharing system is relatively trivial (if you consider the purchase price of the related hardware trivial) and has been explored at length in the popular computing press. With integral modems such as the Hayes Micromodem II, all you have to do is plug in the hardware and then follow the well-presented and simple instructions to find yourself talking to a large mainframe from the comfort of your home. What you end up with, however, is what is deridingly referred to as a

glass teletype—quieter than your average timesharing terminal and just as dumb! It doesn't have to be that way.

The program I developed provides me with the following capabilities: vertical and horizontal tabbing, data compression, real-time printing, high-resolution graphics, and screenoriented file listing. Missing from my list of features are file transfer utilities. There are several commercial products on the market to accomplish file transfer, and I find little challenge in reinventing wheels.

Photos la-c: The MIS menu generated by GEISCO's Mark HI is displayed on my Apple in photo la. After selecting the report I want to see, the information shown in photo lb is displayed. The terminal program also allows for display of graphic information, as seen in photo lc.

Choosing a Language

My early attempts at an intelligent terminal program were written in Applesoft BASIC. Unfortunately, this was not a good choice; BASIC is much too slow. If you use all the tricks at your disposal, you can write an Applesoft program that just barely keeps up with 30 characters per second (cps) coming from the host computer. In other words, with a lot of effort I could write a BASIC program that duplicates the dumb terminal capabilities I already have at my disposal. (Well, any language that penalizes you for placing comments in your program can't be all good.)

The terminal program for the Apple is now written in Pascal. I can illustrate two good reasons for this choice by showing you what is involved in adding intelligence to a dumb terminal program. The chart shown in figure 1 is a diagram of a dumb terminal program. Using this as

316 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Chances are, when you bought your first disk drive, it was an Apple. Now that you're ready for a second, take a look0 at Quentin.

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125 on inquiry card.

Control Characters Action Taken by Sent by Host Apple Upon Computer Receipt

Explanation

Escape (decimal 27)

tabbing

The next byte received will be interpreted as the row (0-23) and the following byte as the column (0-79) to tab to.

Control-B (decimal 2)

character decompression

The next byte received will be interpreted as the number of times to display the following transmitted character.

Control-D (decimal 4)

switch to graphics mode

Executes an initialization procedure to turn on and clear the high-resolution display.

Control-Y (decimal 25)

turn off graphics mode

Exits graphics mode.

Control-F (decimal 6)

turn on printer

All subsequent text is sent to printer as well as video display.

Control-E (decimal 5)

turn off printer

Exits printer mode.

Table 1: The intelligent terminal interface program uses predefined control characters transmitted from the host computer to initiate an action by the Apple.

START

DISPLAY CHARACTER

Figure 1: A simplified functional diagram of a dumb terminal program.

a starting point, I will identify two places to add intelligence to the program.

First, when you detect that a key has been pressed, you can check it against a predefined list of characters and, if a match is found, then branch to other logic. For instance, you might decide that pressing the Escape key should turn on the printer. Another common approach is to use a predefined key to enter a command

or menu mode where you can select from a list of options. This is the approach used in the Hayes Datacomm package. For anybody who uses Pascal and wishes to communicate with a timeshared system, I strongly recommend the Hayes Datacomm package. Not only is it a very nice piece of sofware, but Hayes Microcomputer Products Inc. includes the Pascal source code. This source code is an excellent point of departure for a custom communications interface. Many of the routines shown in listing 1 are modified versions of procedures included in that package.

The second place to insert intelligence is after you detect receipt of a character from the host computer. Again, you can check the received character against a predefined list of control characters and take appropriate action. For example, when my intelligent terminal program receives a control-D (ASCII decimal 4), it switches to graphic mode.

Keep in mind that all of this logic has to execute in less than 1/30 second if it's going to keep up with a 300-bps (30-cps) communications protocol. BASIC, at least Applesoft BASIC, can't handle that rate of I/O (and do anything useful). Apple's im

plementation of UCSD Pascal, on the other hand, handles it very well, with processing power to spare. I encourage anybody who is serious about programming to explore Pascal. (In my opinion, and I realize I stand diametrically opposed to the majority of the readership of this publication, BASIC is a pitiful language for serious programming and of dubious value when used for its stated purpose of introducing people to programming.)

The program described in this article uses the second of the two approaches: it receives a special control character from the host to initiate some predefined action (see table 1) at the terminal.

Examining the Program

For the most part the program is self-documenting, one of the benefits of using Pascal (see listings la and lb, pages 320-338). The line numbers are not a part of the program but were added to make discussion of the program easier. I will discuss the Terminal procedure in lines 285 through 577, which is the primary part of the program. Within that group, lines 384 through 433 are concerned with system initialization and sign-on. Once that is accomplished, the program remains in the loop defined by lines 434 through 570 until the system sign-off.

The CASE statement beginning in line 536 is where I added intelligence to the program. I used the approach discussed earlier in which a control or escape character received from the host computer precipitates a predefined action. If the character transmitted from the host (GEISCO) is an ASCII 27, 6, 5, 4, 2, or 127 (decimal), special action is taken. Otherwise, the character is passed to the WriteChr procedure (line 565) and displayed.

Handling one of those six special characters requires some convoluted logic that can best be explained by an example. To clarify the logic and illustrate how certain characters transmitted by the host can cause a predefined action to occur, I will describe the events that cause tabbing.

Text continued on page 338

318 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

"»llo, aoc,.,o„' L""""c* <no»,ema„e« «n.w.r. o ,'.™f,y,P"""*"'"""J""v

HowtheH^IImakes short woikof long problems*

Whenever you can solve complex problems quickly and accurately, you're ahead of the game. And that's exactly what the Tl-55-II does for you. By giving you 112 pre-programmed functions (like definite integrals), it allows you to take short cuts without losing accuracy. You'll accomplish a lot more in less time which means increased efficiency.

With our TI-55-II you can tackle problems you thought could only be solved with higher-priced programmables. You're not only getting the standard slide rule functions but also statistical capabilities. This way you can work out linear regressions, permutations and combinations, just to name a few.

The TI-55-II also gives you enough programmability to eliminate a lot of repetitive key punching. Our Constant Memory"' keeps programs and data on tap, even when the calculator is turned off. So once you've entered a formula, you can simply put in the variables to get your solution. The Liquid Crystal Display shows your

answers in standard, scientific or engineering notations — clearly and precisely.

We also help you get the most out of your calculator with the Calculator Decision-Making Sourcebook. It gives you stepby-step examples of the best techniques used for solving mathematical, scientific and statistical problems. And we've included a special section on how to program your TI-55-II.

So next time you're facing another time-consuming n° problem, cut it down to ^ iBr) size with theTI-55-II. V\j^

Texas Instruments

© 1^82, Texas Instruments Incorporated.

Circle 390 on inquiry card.

Listing la: The intelligent terminal interface program for the Apple II Plus, written in Pascal. Note that the program requires linking the assembly-language program in listing lb before execution. The program was written to communicate with a 300 bps half-duplex service, with "H" rather than a carriage return as a speed recognition character.

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320 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Introducing the 212 Auto-Cat by

300 BAUD is fine for the basics. But now you can get in the fast lane without getting expensive.

Our engineers have come up with a pair of custom microprocessors, five LSI circuits and a small miracle: the 212 Auto-Cat modem.

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QUADBOARD

THE FIRST AND ONLY BOARD YOUR IBM PC MAY EVER NEED.

Your IBM personal computer is a very versatile piece of equipment. Perhaps more versatile than you realize. New applications and functions are being developed every day. Now with Quadboard

by Quadram you can keep your options open for tomorrow's technology. Following in the tradition of Quadram Quality, four of Quadram's best selling IBM boards have been combined into one board. Your remaining slots will be left free and available to accommodate future expansion needs and uses which you may not even be able to contemplate today.

PROVEN DESIGN. 256K MEMORY EXPANSION.

Quadram has been shipping IBM boards Socketed and expandable in 64K

with each of the Quadboard functions increments to 256K, full parity generation

on separate boards since December, and checking are standard. A Quad

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not need to keep slots open for future also allow it to be addressed starting

expansion. And they all come with a on any 64K block so that it takes up only

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technology applications. Memory access and cycle time naturally

meet all IBM specifications.

CLOCK/CALENDAR.

Quadboard eliminates the hassle of manually inputting the date on system boot-up by providing for the clock and all software routines necessary for inserting the appropriate programs on your diskettes. The internal computer clock is automatically set for compatibility with most software routines which utilize clock functions. On-board battery keeps the clock running when the computer is off.

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When We Announced Sage ii, 8-bit Computers Bit the Dust.

195 North Edison Way, Suite 14 Reno, Nevada 89502 (702) 322-6868

UCSD p-System is a trademark of the Regents ot the University of California.

16 BIT, 8 MHZ,

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The new Sage II doesn't look exactly awesome. Some folks even mistake it for a disk subsystem.

But the fact is, 8-bit microcomputers don't stand a chance against it. Minicomputers are shaking in their boots. And even a few mainframes are running scared.

Because the Sage II is based on the incredible 68000.

UPT0 512K,

NOT COUNTING DRIVES.

With its 24-bit address bus, the Sage II can address 16 megabytes.

The stripped down version features a mere 128K RAM.

On top of that, you can add another 384K of "RAM DISK" (onboard RAM that looks like a superfast disk to the operating system).

Then come the real disk drives. Your choice of 40 or 80 track, 320K to 1.3 megabyte, 5-1/4". A 10K program loads in half a second.

p SYSTEM OPERATING SYSTEM.

This optional, interactive operating system makes it possible to use programs currently running on 8-bit computers.

It supports Pascal, FORTRAN 77, BASIC and 68000 Macro Assembler languages and a host of utility and applications programs.

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Prices for the Sage II start at just $3,600 with one disk drive and 128K RAM.

No other computer in history has offered so much performance per unit price.

Call or write us today for the whole story.

Circle 339 on Inquiry card.

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326 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Announcing the Renault Alliance.

COULD SOMETHING THIS EXCITING MAKE GOOD BUSINESS SENSE?

1983 RENAULT ALLIANCE.

Absolutely! This is the new fleet car that lives up to American business demands. A unique blend of comfort, economy and technology. All designed to make Alliance a fleet ideal.

Exceptional Mileage.

In a word: outstanding!

Alliance assures EPA CO HWY

high mileage: ^ estmpg 52 est

That's better than so-called "gas-savers" like Escort, Chevette, Rabbit, Mazda GLC and Horizon.

Surprising Roominess.

Because business people need room. And as precise and compact as Alliance's external dimensions are, it's astonishingly spacious inside. More spacious than Horizon or Chevette. ** With more front and rear shoulder and hip room than Chevette, Escort or Horizon. More rear leg room, too. Alliance seats 5 adults comfortably. And though its external size approximates sub-compacts Civic, GLC and Rabbit, Alliance's interior dimensions place it in a larger class. Plus, it has a trunk exceptionally large for a car this size: 13 cubic feet. It's all just smart use of available space.

Responsive Handling.

Alliance is snappy and agile, with a 1.4 litre, 4-cylinder engine and a choice of automatic,

"Use these figures for comparison. Your results may differ due to driving speed, weather conditions and trip length. Actual highway mileage will probably be less. California mileage lower. Competitive mileage figures based on 1982 EPA guide, gasoline powered. "Based on interior volume measured in cubic feet.

tSee your dealer for warranty and rust program details.

Circle 18 on Inquiry card.

4-speed or 5-speed manual transmissions.

Its front-wheel drive, belted radial tires, rack and pinion steering and MacPherson stmts bring driving to life. With Alliance, driving is actually fun.

Smooth Riding Comfort.

Twin torsion-bar design, front and rear stabilizer bars and a long wheelbase work to retain a stable ride. The suspension works with the other parts of the entire car to produce excellent ride quality. Everybody rides comfortably.

Quality Fit and Finish.

This is where the workmanship tells. And this is where Alliance shines. Alliance utilizes an "Assembly Check" manufacturing process to monitor critical points. The result is remarkable overall appearance and body integrity. In sum, Alliance looks great, is solidly built and fits together right.

Low Costs Fleet Managers Will Love.

Now the best part: not only does Alliance sport a low initial price and get good mileage, it's also inexpensive to operate and maintain. Because every Alliance is covered by the exclusive American Motors Buyer Protection Plan, offering the only full 12-month/12,000-mile warranty in the industry, plus Loaner Car Service, Trip Interruption Protection and Towing

SAFETY J ISA M

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Coverage. And every Alliance is backed by the Renault Perforation From Corrosion Limited Warranty that provides for 5 full years of protection against rust corrosion.t Those warranties are transferable upon sale and help support resale when it's time to replace your fleet. That's the built-in value of Alliance.

Check Alliance against the competition. You' be pleased to find that an exciting fleet car also makes exciting business sense. For more information, call or send in the coupon today.

0RENAULT

American Motors Fl

We build the American Fleet

l-Please send me all the details about the new-' Alliance. Mail to: American Motors Sales Corporation, Fleet Operations, 27777 Franklin Road, Southfield, Ml 48034, or call (313) 827-4216.

Name

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BYTE October 1982

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WHEN AMERICAN BUSINESS HITS THE ROAD, AMERICAN BUSINESS MEETS AT HILTON.

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AMERICA'S BUSINESS ADDRESS*

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332 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Menu Master

These ana many more unique features make Menu Master the frontrunner of menu systems:

• Easy menu definition. You define a menu as easily as you write a letter. Anyone can design a simple menu in less than 10 minutes.

• You design your own screen layout. MenuMaster does not restrict you to any pre-defined layout.

• All video attributes are implemented. Highlighting, reverse video, etc. are used as easily as you use bold faced print with your word processor.

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Menus are easily defined - a simple menu is only a matter of minutes - yet MenuMaster also incorporates an entire programming language: the Menu Definition Language. This language allows simple as well as advanced programming constructs. No other menu system offers you this. Do not be content with less.

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The demo kit contains working examples of MenuMaster operation and a complete set of manuals. The price will be deducted when you buy a complete system.

Do you already own an old menu system?

Pity, but all is not lost. Borland will refund you $50 if you include an invoice with your name on it for such a system with your MenuMaster order. This offer is limited to one MenuMaster per customer and is valid until January 1 st 1983.

Order your MenuMaster today - only $195.

Cash, American Express, Master Charge, and Visa accepted.

I hereby order:

MenuMaster demo kit(s) at $30.

MenuMaster complete system(s) at $195.

Name

Company

Address

Phone Telex

Payment

Circle 51 on inquiry card.

XI/videk ...your guide to

COLOR-II MONITOR

High resolution 560(H) X 240(V) • RGB video Input • 80 X 24 character display capability • 16 color Intensity modulation for IBM

MODEL DXY PLOTTER

Economical X-Y coordinate plotter • 10' X 14 " plotting range • Centronics inter face • ROM expandable • 4 pens, hold ers and chart hold-downs included

YOUR COMPATIBILITY CHART MORE COMPATIBILITY INTERFACES DUE SOON . . . CHECK FACTORY

COMPUTER

MONITORS

PLOTTER

3" MICRODISC DRIVE

NOTES

VIDEO-300

VIDEO-310

COLOR-I

COLOR-II

COLOR-IIA

COLOR-III

COLOR-IV

i IBM-PC

•

•

•

•

*

•

*

•

•

* Special Cabling Required

APPLE III

•

*

*

*

•

* Special Cabling or Converter Required

APPLE II

•

•

*

*

*

•

•

* DVM Board Required

ATARI 800

*

*

* Opt. Atari Cable Required

VIC-20

*

* Opt. VIC Cable Required

TRS-80

*

* Opt. TRS Cable Required

I Osborne

*

* Opt. Interface Required

TI-99

*

* Opt. Tl Cable Required

Commodore-64

*

*

* Opt. Commodore Cable Req.

innovative computing!

20L0R-III MONITOR

Economical RGB Input monitor • 260(H) X 300(V) line resolution • 80 X 24 character display capability • Commercial grade CRT

COLOR-IV MONITOR

Superior 720(H) X 420(V) line resolution • 80 X 24 character display • analog RGB input (or up to 4096 computer-controlled colors

MODEL 300 MONITOR

Green phosphor CRT • Composite video input • 18 MH, bandwidth • 900 lines (center) resolution • Also available In amber phosphor

AMDISK-3 MICRO-FLOPPYDISK DRIVE

Revolutionary 3" Micro-Floppydisk drive & cartridges • 1 Megabyte (unformatted) storage • Track-to-track compatible with 5%" floppydisk drives • Built-in power supply • Hard plastic, protective floppydisk cartridge

COMBINATION DIGITAL VIDEO MULTIPLEXER

Makes Apple-ll compatible with RGB monitors • Modes include Apple 40 character-line text, Apple high/low resolution color graphics. 80 character-line text from vendor board (included)

Amdek Corp. is dedicated to marketing quality computer peripheral equipment to enhance the use of popular personal computers. Our research & development staff keeps abreast of progress in computer techology and equipment and strives to offer you state-of-the-art advances in peripheral equipment.

Amdek products are distributed nationwide and in Canada through major distributors. And, we have factorytrained manufacturer's representatives ready to serve you in every major marketing area. Amdek offices are located in Chicago, Los Angeles & Dallas.

Just circle the reader service number, or contact us to receive complete technical specifications on these Amdek products.

2201 Lively Blvd. • Elk Grove Village, IL 60007 (312)364-1180 TLX: 25-4786 Circle 15 on inquiry card.

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336 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

BISON

PRODUCTS, INC.

A CALIFORNIA CORPORATION

We're Bullish on Low Prices

If the items you want are not listed in this ad, call us for the current price. If you find an advertised price that is lower than ours, call us and we'll try to beat it.

Send Mail Orders To. Orders may be picked up at: For Questions or Phone Orders Call:

P.O. Box 9078-184 16709 Roscoe Boulevard (213)994-2533

Van Nuys. California 91409 Sepulveda, California 91406

"We accept Cash. Certified Checks. VISA and MasterCard" All merchandise new in factory cartons with manufacturer's warranty. Corporate and School District P.O s accepted subject to credit approval. Enclose financial statement with order. California residents add Sales Tax. Shipping charges added to all orders. "No refunds without prior approval" - Bison credit only on returned merchandise QUANTITIES LIMITED ON SOME ITEMS — PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE For Further Information Please Circle Reader Service 41

COMPUTER SYSTEMS

NEC PC-8001A S725

Products For Apple Computers

Here are some ot the products BISON carries for Apple Computers II you don't see whal you want here, give us a call

16K RAM Card for Apple II S 68

Microsoft Premium Pack S 569

BISON Add-on Disk Drive S 349

Parallel Printer Card with Cable S 72

D C Hayes Micromodem II S 270

Graphics Interface for NEC. Epson S 139

For more Apple information, circle reader service card 42

Products For IBM Personal Computers

Tandon Single-Sided Disk Drive S 255

Tandon Double-Sided Disk Drive w DOS Patch . . S 340

AST 64K RAM Card S 365

ATS Clock Card S 399

9-piece set of 64K RAMs S 75

For more IBM information circle reader service card 43

PRINTERS

BISON carries all of the major brands of printers. If you need help choosing the proper printer for your needs call and talk to one of our support technicians.

EPSON MX-80 Type III S 425

EPSON MX-80 F/T Type III with Graltrax S 479

EPSON MX-100 with Graftrax S 649

NEC PC-8023A Friction & Tractor w/Graphics. . . . S 499

Okidata Microlme 82A with Tractor - 80 Col S 460

Okidata Microlme 83A with Tractor -100 Col S 685

Okidata Microlme 84PS - 200 cps Par/Ser S 999

C Itoh Prowriter - Parallel S 485

C Itoh Prowriter - Parallel/Serial S 610

C Itoh F-10 Slarwnter - Parallel - 40 cps S1395

C Itoh F-10 Starwnler - Serial - 40 cps S14£5

Comrex Daisy Wheel Printer - Parallel S 855

Comrex Daisy Wheel Printer - Serial S 895

Comrex Tractor Feed S 195

For more printer information circle reader service card 44

MONITORS

BMC International

* 12" Green monitor with P-31 phospher ■ 15 Mhz' Excellent for 80 column display

BMC 12" Green Monitor S 88

' 13" Color Monitor' Audio and Video ' 270 Line resolution

BMC 13" Color Monitor S 273

AMDEK Monitors

' 12" Green Phospher ' Non-Glare

AMDEK Video 300 Call (or Price

' 13" Color Monitor' RGB Input ' For IBM/NEC/Apple

AMDEK Color II Call tor Price

AMDEK Color I Call tor Price

AMDEK Color III Call tor Price

NEC

NEC 12" Green Monitor S 159

NEC 13" Color Monitor S 325

NEC 13" RGB Color Monitor S 815

ZENITH

Zenith 12" Green Monitor S115

TeleVideo Products

TeleVideo computer terminals and desktop computer systems-high price features at low prices

TeleVideo TS-802 Computer system

■ 64K 4 Mhz Z-80A CP M ' Dual Floppies 720K Total " Same CRT and Keyboard as Televideo 950 Terminal ' Network Expansion Capabilities

TeleVideo TS-802 S2665

TeleVideo TS-802H Same as TS-802

with one floppy and 5-MegaByte Hard Disk S4990

TeleVideo TVI-925 Terminal S 725

TeleVideo TVI-950 Terminal - TOP-OF-LINE S 915

SOFTWARE

BISON carries software for all business and personal computer systems Just select the software you want and call us for our currenl price Here are some examples of BISON'S Low Prices:

MicroPro Software

WordStar-8"CP/M S 250

WordStar - Apple CP M S 200

MailMerge - 8" CP/M S 80

MailMerge - Aple CP'M S 69

SpellSlar -8" CP'M S 139

SpellSlar - Apple CP'M S 110

DalaStar - 8" CP/M S 189

DataStar - Apple CP'M S 170

Super Sort - 8" CP'M S 140

Super Son - Apple CP'M S 120

CalcStar - 8" CP/M S 149

CalcStar - Apple CP'M S 145

06Whatever you need for your S-100 system, from CPU's lo Memory BISON has it Just look at our list If you don't see it here, call for our current price

Sierra Data Sciences

S-100 Master'Slave Single Board Computers

Master - 4 Mhz Z 80A S 690

Slave - 4 Mhz Z 80A S 625

Sierra Data CP M s 160

Sierra Data BIOS S 100

Sierra Manual S 25

Sierra Data - Winchester Adaptor S 145

Sierra Data Turbo DOS S 750

SUPER BISON SPECIAL

Mitsubishi 8" Double-Density Double-Sided

Floppy Disk Drive S 425

QUANTITY DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE - CALL BISON

QT-Systems Mainframes

S-100 Mainfame and 8" Drive Enclosures

• S-100 Power 4 8V/16A • 16V-3A -16V3A

■ Drive Power -i 5V/1A -5V 6A • 24V6A ' Keyed Power Switch

■ EMI Filter

' 2 Switched Power Outlets

■ Filtered Fan

' 15 - DB25 Cutouts

■ DB37 Cutout

' IDS 50 Cutout

1 Hard Disk Power Supply

■ Shielded Motherboard ' Rugged Card Cage

■ 95/„" x 17" x 21" (H x W x D)

QT 6-Slot. Dual 8" Drives S 530

OT8-Slot Dual 8" Drives S 560

OT 12-Slot Dual 8" Drives S 620

S-100 Mainframe and 5' ;," Drive Enclosures ' Similai to 8" Mainframe

• 7" x 17" x 20" (H x W x Dt

OT6-Slot Dual 5'/' Drives S 455

OT 8-Slot Dual 5'/,," Drives S 595

QT 12-Slot. Dual 5'V Drives S 560

OT All-in-one 8" Disk Drive Cabinet

Changeable faceplate allows use of all standard 8" floppy

and hard disk drives including.

' Shngarl

• NEC

■ Mitsubishi

' Tandon (Up to 4 Thin-Line)

' Oume

Features:

■ Holds 1-4 8" Drives

' Power ' 5V'6a -5V/1A ' 24V/6A

■ Modular Power Supply

List Price S3495 BISON PRICE S295

DISK DRIVES

Oume »842 (Replaces Data-TrakS) S 480

Tandon Thin 8" Single-Side Double-Density S 382

Tandon Double-Density S 465

dysan Floppy Disks

Dysan 104 15' ," Soft Sector

Box of 10 S 35

Dysan 104/1 D 5V," Soft Sector Double Density

Box of 10 S 42

Dysan 3740/1 8" Soft Sector

Box of 10 S 45

Dysan 3740/2D 8" Soft-Sector Double-Density

Box of 10 S 63

For more S-100 information circle reader service card 45

Circle 305 on inquiry card.

P&T CP/M@2is GROWING

w

Start with a Model II floppy system and grow into a hard disk. Since all P&T CP/M 2 systems are fully compatible, you will have no conversion worries. Special note: P&T hard disk systems allow you the user to configure logical drive assignments to your specifications. Write for more details.

Prepaid VISA, M/C, or COD orders accepted. All prices FOBGoleta and subjecttochange. CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research. TRS-80 is a trademark of Tandy Corp.

PICKLES & TROUT

P.O. BOX 1206

GOLETA, CA 93116 T^TrrT (805) 685-4641 1 ROU 1 ®

Listing lb: A 6502 assembly-language routine that must be linked before attempting to execute the intelligent terminal program in listing la.

PROCEDURE PokefAddress.DataByteilNTEGER)

Poke procedure - standard Trix routine in Pascal won't do the trick, with the HicroModeM-H registers.

.PROC RETURN .EQU PLA STA PLA STA PLA TAX PLA PLA STA PLA STA .BYTE ADRRLSB .BYTE ADRRMSB .BYTE LDA PHA LDA PHA RTS

.END

POKE,2 0

RETURN RETURN+1

ADRRLSB

ADRRMSB 8E 0 0

RETURN+1 RETURN

Two 16 bit Pascal argunents Temporary variable for return address Save Pascal return address

Get data byte and

put it in X register.

Throw out MSB of data byte.

Get LSB of address

and save it.

Get MSB of address

and save it.

STX op code to transfer X to address. Low order byte of 3ddress to poke. High order byte of address to poke. Restore return address.

Return to Pascal calling program

Text continued from page 318

The tabbing process is initiated by the receipt of an escape character (decimal 27). The next two bytes that are received determine the row and column specifically. The following character is then tabbed via a GoToXY (row, column) statement. The exact sequence of events is as follows:

1. An escape character (decimal 27) is transmitted from the host and intercepted at line 537). The next character's decimal representation will be the row to tab to, and the following character will represent the column.

2. At line 538, the CASE statement control variable (KaseControl) is set to 2, and the received character (N) is nullified so that the program won't attempt to print an escape.

3. At line 454, the next character is received and because the CASE statement control variable (KaseControl) was previously set to a positive value, execution moves to line 459.

4. Because KaseControl was previously set to 2, line 526 captures the tab value for the row.

5. At line 532, KaseControl is decremented by one, changing its value from 2 to 1.

6. Execution moves back to line 454, where another character is received, and the process again moves to line 459.

7. Because KaseControl is now 1, execution begins at line 527. The column value is set at line 528, and line 529 executes a tab to (column, row) via the GoToXY procedure.

8. Once again, statement 532 is executed, decrementing KaseControl to 0, which causes a bypass of the CASE statement in line 459. This bypass continues until the KaseControl statement is again reset after receipt of a new escape or control character.

Similar logic is used beginning with line 559 to explode compressed characters. This is a technique for eliminating the repeated transmission of a character when you want that character to be printed more than once. The execution of this option proceeds to line 521, where the buffer is filled with the required number of characters by the Pascal procedure

338 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

4) BMC PC-1

BINARY SYNCHRONOUS COMMUNICATION ADAPTOR AND EMULATOR

Gives you full ability to communicate with IBM-BSC compatible host computers.

The PC-1 provides connections for intelligent devices such as personal and mini computers, and an emulator mode for non intelligent terminals. This makes possible a wide variety of applications.

IFOR EXAMPLE:

TELEPHONE LINE

Display

Personal

|) BMC

PC-1

MODEM

Computer

Printer

RS232C

RS232C

IBM-BSC Compatible Computers

Mini Computers

Personal Computers

IFOR FURTHER INFORMATION CALL:

4*

IMC USA, I IMC.

NEW YORK OFFICE

450 Barell Avenue Carlstadt, N.J. 07072 Telex: 133221 BMC NY CARL Phone: 201-939-7079, 7061

Circle 50 on Inquiry card.

LOS ANGELS

20610 Manhattan Place Suite 112, Torrance, CA. 90501 Telex: 698641 BMC USA TRNC Phone: 21 3-320-9880, 9881

PERSONAL

COMPUTERS

PERSONAL

COMPUTERS

PERSONAL

COMPUTERS

OKIDATA MICROLINE 83A

$695.00

Altos Call for Model & Price

Amdek Video-300 149.00

Amdek Color-I Monitor 329.00

Amdek Color-ll Hi-Resolution 13" Monitor 729.00

Amdek Color-Ill Monitor 439.00

Atari 400 16K 319.00

Atari 810 Disk Drive 449.00

Atari 850 Interface 169.00

Atari 800 16K 669.00

Daisywriter 2000 1049.00

Diablo 630 2095.00

Epson MX-70 289.00

Epson MX-80 w/Graftrax Plus 439.00

Epson MX-80 FT w/Graftrax Plus 549.00

Epson MX-100 FT Printer w/Graftrax Plus 695.00

Hayes Micromodem II (Apple II) 289.00

Hayes Smartmodem 225.00

IDS 560 Paper Tiger 1099.00

IDS Prism 80 (Color) 1379.00

IDS Prism 132 (Color) 1559.00

Mannesmann Tally MT 1705 1289.00

Mannesmann Tally MT 1802 1499.00

Microtek 16K Ramboard for Atari 800 79.00

Microtek 32K Ramboard for Atari 400 & 800 .. 119.00

Microsoft Soft Card (Z-80) 279.00

Microsoft Soft Card Premium System for Apple 579.00

Microsoft Ramcard 64K for IBM-PC 369.00

Microsoft Ramcard 16K for Apple 139.00

NEC 3510 or 3530 Spinwriter 1675.00

NEC 3515 Spinwriter 1695.00

NEC 7710 or 7730 Spinwriter 2295.00

NEC PC-8023 Printer 489.00

NEC JC1201 M(A) - Color 12" Monitor 329.00

NEC GREEN JB1201M - 12" Monitor 169.00

120 CPS, Bi-directional logic seeking 9x9 dot matrix, full 96 ASCII char. Set with true descenders Centronics parallel port and RS232 serial port (up to 1200 Baud) standard, 136 col, includes Okigraph dot addressable graphics, friction feed and removable tractor. 31 lbs., 110 volt standard, 220 volt optional.

Okidata Microline - 80 Matrix Printer 329.00

Okidata Microline - 82A 449.00

Okidata Microline - 83A 729.00

Okidata Microline - 84 Parallel 1095.00

Sharp PC-1500 Pocket Computer 239.95

Sharp CE-150 Color Printer/Cassette l/F .... 199.95

Sharp PC-1211 Pocket Computer 135.95

Sharp CE-122 Printer/Cassette Interface for

PC-1211 99.95

Smith-Corona TP-1 649.00

Televideo 910 559.00

Televideo 925 735.00

Televideo 950 929.00

Transtar Model 140 1295.00

Videx Videoterm 80 Column Card for Apple II. 259.00

OMEGA SALES COMPANY

430 PEARL STREET, STOUGHTON, MA 02072

(617)344-6645 TOLL FREE (800) 343-0873

340 BYTE October 1982

Circle 285 on Inquiry card.

EPSON MX-100 FT

$695.00

OMEGA DELIVERS FOR LESS

OKI DATA MICROLINE 83A

or

EPSON MX-100 FT

YOUR CHOICE $695.00

80 CPS, Bi-directional logic seeking 9x9 dot matrix, full 96 ASCII char. Set with true descenders, centronics-style parallel port (RS232 optional), 136 col., includes graftrax plus dot addressable graphics, friction feed and removable tractor feed. 21 lbs., 110 volt only.

SOFTWARE

Omega carries software by the following companies:

• American Business Systems • Ashton Tate • Dakin 5

• Innovative Software • Micropro • Microsoft

• Sorcim • Stoneware • Visicorp (Personal Software)

MAGNETIC MEDIA

Omega carries diskettes (51/4" or 8") by the listed companies: • Dysan • Maxell • Scotch • Verbatim

ACCESSORIES

Omega carries accessories for the Apple II by the following manufacturers:

• D.C. Hayes • Microsoft • Tymac

• M & R Enterprises • Videx

Stock Shipments Same Day or Next

No Surcharge for Credit Cards

All Equipment Factory Fresh w/MFT Warranty

Prices do not Reflect Shipping Charges

Mass. Residents Please Add 5% Sales Tax

PRICES ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE

We carry the complete line of Atari Hardware, Software & Peripherals. We will try to match or beat any price with similar purchase conditions.

OMEGA SALES COMPANY

430 PEARL STREET, STOUGHTON, MA 02072

(617)344-6645 TOLL FREE (800) 343-0873

Circle 285 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982 341

Circle 131 on inquiry card.

DELTA'S

m

SALESPERSON

"The Business Computer That Sells Itself"

Announcing:

MICROTIMESHARING

"The Marketing Trend of the Future"

Delta Micro-Timesharing is a unique new approach to computer retailing that utilizes the Delta-64 user distributed processing network system, plus instructional video cassettes.

The Delta DP-Net allows potential customers hands on use of a Delta system in their homes or businesses (via modem).

Once installed, the Delta does the rest. With its speed, reliability and user friendliness, the Delta is a sure bet to win customers over.

Look into Delta's Full Line of Business Computers Today.

DELTA PRODUCTS INC.

15392 Assembly Lane Huntington Beach CA 92649 (714)898-1492

/fit

FillChar. That buffer is then displayed via the low-level Pascal I/O procedure UnitWrite. This sequence of logic can explode up to approximately 30 characters. If a character is to be printed more than 30 times, I have found it necessary for the host to transmit additional delay characters (ASCII Os) to allow the Apple time to display all of the required characters. To be safe, I add one delay character for every 25 characters to be printed. For example, if I wanted to display a row of 80 dashes on the Apple, I would have

the host computer transmit the sequence shown in figure 2.

By tabbing, you can eliminate the transmission of numerous blanks, carriage returns, and linefeeds. By using character compression, you can eliminate the transmission of repeated characters. Using both of these features can significantly speed the throughput of information being displayed by the Apple.

The Postprocessor Approach

That is all well and good, but after I had written the third report con

4

45

80

0

0

0

CONTROL D TO SIGNAL DATA DECOMPRESSION

ASCII 45= DASH OR MINUS SIGN • CHARACTER COUNT • 80

DELAY OR DO NOTHING CHARACTERS ■

Figure 2: An example of a character-compression transmission.

sisting primarily of print statements with totally incomprehensible tabbing and data-compression characters, I began to look for a more elegant approach. To solve that problem, I decided to avoid it. I now write all of my standard reports to a scratch file on GEISCO and then route that file through a postprocessor that inserts all of the tabbing and data-compression characters where appropriate (all under program control, of course). In fact, I have written several postprocessors for the various types of printers and display terminals we have at work.

A simple but key feature of these postprocessors is an awareness of the display format of the output device. In the case of the Apple, the postprocessor is smart enough to stop after 23 lines are displayed and print a message for the user to press any key when he is ready to continue. Additionally, when displaying files with embedded formfeed characters (clear screen and go to top of page), the postprocessor ignores all but the first one. The elegant aspect of the postprocessor approach is that a

342

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

MICRO

BUSINESS WORLD INC. Information Line (213) 996-2252 TOLL FREE MAIL ORDER LINES (800) 423-5886 outside Cain.

)N « CCS • SHARP • CASIO • HP • VERBATIM • MEMOREX • SOROC • CORVUS • ADDS

W/ CONTROLLER MSL OUR PRICE 549.00 429.00

MICRO SCI

APPLE 11+ COMPATIBLE DRIVE

W/0 CONTROLLER MSL OUR PRICE 449.00 379.00

5<U<* COMPARE 70 216.00 APPLE DRIVE

5<W* COMPARE TO 146.00 APPLE DRIVE

APPLE IS A REG TRADE MARK OF APPLE COMPUTE!

LE MONITOR

METAL CABINET

9" GRN. PHS. MONITOR 12" GRN. PHS. MONITOR 1 Yr. Warranty

MSL OUR PRICE 189.00 $119.00 70.00

AXIOM

DOT MATRIX GP 100

wide paper

OUR PRICE 389.00 $269.00 120.00

MSL

HP-87

MSL OUR PRICES** ^2495.00 $1899.00 896.00

RADIO SHACK TRS 80 MOD III

48K 2 DRIVE

Msl OUR PRICE 5^

^2495.00 $1733.00 762.00

SPEC

Whp% HEWLETT LftM PACKARD

HP41 CV

OUR PRICE

$239.00

MSL 345.00 S*«e 106.00

PERSONAL m COMPUTER

INCLUDES:

2 Drives DS/DD Color Graphic Board 64K Memory

12" BMC GRN PHS

OUR PRICE s<u* MSL $2895.00 410.00

OOUO.UU -Subject to availability .

APPLE II

'Subject to availability

MSL

1530.00 $1095.00 435 00

APPLE IS A REG TRADEMARK OF APPLE COMPUTER

HP 125

OUR PRICE $1975.00

MSL 2750.00 S*" 775.00

DUAL MASTER DRIVE

MSL OUR PRICE S** 2500.00 1595.00 905.00

E3 commodore COMPLETE 111 nn

COMMODORE Iflv^CU LINE AVAILABLE

Vic-TV Modual $19.00

Vic Cassette $65.00

Vic Disk Drive $ Call

vie 6 Pak program $44.00

msl OUR PRICE 299.00 $189.00 110.00

AL OF THE MONTH Put o Genie In Vour Computer Intelligent Printer

Interface Cord MfSiklffcfit nilRPRirP WorksWith ■■BSIg'Sg uun rmUC

■ Integer Basic jj^BBEgl $119.00

-Applesoft* MSL 159.00

Save 40.00,

Pascal 1.0 & 1.1 ■ CP/M**

'Applesoft Is a registered Trademark o( Apple Computer, Inc. "CPJM Is a registered trademark of Digital Research.

r~4k.VIC 20

flHPLfg EXPANSION CHASSIS

OUR PRICE 189.00

MSL 229.00 S<t#* 40.00

FEATURES:

• 7 expansion slols • All aluminum construction

• Large power supply wilh torodial transformer • 5 volt supply direct ot the VIC 20 for cooler operation ■ 24 ^volt supply tor the Arlon

Micro ViC Printer • Detachable cover protects cartridges • Houses VIC and Expansion in one portable unit • Holder tor RF modulator • Supports all VIC 20 cartridges from Arlon Micro, Commodore and others j

Tp| SMITH CORONA] \ CASIO FX9000P DAISY WHEEL

PRINTER

our price $599.00

MSL ™ 1395.00 S*>* 296.OQj

THE APPLE COMPATIBLE ALTERNATIVE

FRANKLIN BUSINESS SYSTEM

Franklin Ace 1000 system • 64K • Disk Drive with controller card • 12" green phs. video monitor. Color optional $49.00

$1695.00

. SAVE S1DOO COMPARED TO APPLE SYSTEM^

rf^XEROX820

WORD PROCESSING SYSTEM (INCLUDES SOFTWARE)

MSL OUR PRICE ,3495.00 $2749.00 746.00 A

INCLUDES

GRAFTRAX

OUR

MSL PRICE MX 80 HI 645.00 429.00 216.00 MX 80R IE745.00 535.00 210.00

MX 100 H 995.00 669.00

326.01}

PERSONAL COMPUTER POWERFUL CA-BASIC

NEW

AND C/M0S-RAM

MSL OUR PRICE 5^, 1995.00 $599.00 396.00,

OSBORNE

PERSONAL COMPUTER

INCLUDES SOFTWARE

•CPM • MAIL MERGE

• WORDSTAR • CB BASIC

• SUPERCALC • M BASIC

m. OUR PRICE 1795 00 1 595.00

NEC

STUDENT SYSTEM 64K

•NEC PC 80001 •NEC PC 8012 •NEC PC 8031

12" Grn. Pits. Video Monitor

msl OUR PRICES*"

,2839.00 $2095.00 744.00

H commodore

STUDENT SYSTEM

4032 - 32K 40 COL CRT 4940 - DUAL DISK DRIVE

MSL OUR PRICED

L2590.00$1978.00 612.00

WE RESERVE THE RIGHT TO CORRECT TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS. THIS AD SUPERCEDES ALL PREVIOUS ADS.

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Circle 240 on Inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982 343

Southern Region

Custom Applications

40° m

105 w100°w 95-w 90»w 85-w 80° w

Figure 3: Map of the southeastern United States generated with pen-and-ink plotter on GEISCO's timesharing service using ISSCO's DISSPLA graphics package. (DISSPLA is a proprietary software product of Integrated Software Systems Corporation, San Diego, California.)

FORMAT OF VECTOR WHEN TRANSMITTED FROM GEISCO:

BYTE #1 BYTE #2 BYTE #3 76 543210 7654 3 210 76 543 2 10

PXxY

PEN

ADD 128 TO X IF ON ADD 256 TO X IF ON ADD 128 TO Y IF ON

X COORDINATE

Y COORDINATE

YYYYYYY

Figure 4: The plot vector format for transmission to the Apple.

report generator needs to be written only once for a standard output device and the postprocessor will handle the idiosyncrasies of every other output device.

The ability to do graphics in a timesharing environment with my Apple is the most intriguing aspect of the postprocessor application for me. Many people are intimidated by computer graphics, but once the basic principles are understood, the procedure is really quite simple. Consider the following example. The map of the southeastern United States

shown in figure 3 was produced on a Zeta plotter (Nicolet Zeta Corporation) using GEISCO's system and the DISSPLA graphics package. The program that produced the map can be seen in lines 1000-1350 of listing 2. What may not be evident from looking at the listing is that eventually this program, indeed almost all plotting programs, can be reduced to two simple commands:

1. Raise the pen and move to a given location on the paper.

2. Lower the pen and move to a given

location on the paper (i.e., draw a line).

On the Zeta plotter these commands are accomplished in a subroutine called Plot. Now, if I write my own Plot subroutine and use it to replace the version of Plot that the system would normally use, I can capture all of these commands and write them to a file for further processing (or transmit them in real time for that matter). My revised version of the Plot subroutine begins at line 1360 of listing 2. The statement at line 1080 of the calling program tells Plot what file to write the captured vectors to.

Now that all of the vectors for the plot have been captured, a postprocessor will read that file and send the vectors to the Apple in some suitable form. The format of the vectors transmitted from GEISCO to the Apple can be seen in figure 4. As you can see, it takes three bytes or characters, to transmit a vector to the Apple. At 30 cps, this means a theoretical throughput of 10 vectors per second.

Because I now have a format to transmit plot vectors, all I have to do is tell the Apple to switch to graphics mode. In the terminal program in listing la, I have arbitrarily selected a control-D (ASCII 4) to indicate a switch to graphics mode. When the Apple detects receipt of a control-D from the host in line 555, it sets the program case-control variable (still KaseControl) to 7 and executes the initialization procedure. This procedure, which turns on and clears the high-resolution display, takes considerably longer than 1/30 second to execute. In fact, it takes approximately 1 second. Therefore, I transmit 30 nulls (decimal 0) following the transmission of the control-D from GEISCO to allow time for this activity. Finally, the display of the Apple screen in photo 2 is the result of the transmission of the file of captured vectors. The plot consisted of 5801 vectors and took almost 10 minutes to display on the Apple.

Generating Characters

Before exploring the logic of the processing of transmitted plot vec

344 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 432 on Inquiry card.

BASF QUALIMETRIC

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For information security, tomorrow and beyond, look for the distinctive BASF package with the Qualimetric seal. Call 800-343-4600 for the name of your nearest supplier.

Enter tomorrow on

'Contact BASF for warranty details. © J982, BASF Systems Corporation, Bedford. MA

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IBM Personal Computer Products

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The Davong Syslems Memory Card is a convenient RAM memory expansion card for use in the IBM Personal Computer.

The Memory Card may be placed in any free system slol. It is compielely compatible with all IBM Personal Computer software and hardware, and runs at Ihe same speed as IBM memory products.

64K RAM S225 192K RAM $499

256K RAM $599

Hard Disk System for the IBMR Personal Computer.

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Description:

The Davong System's Hard Disk Drive fits conveniently inside the second tloppy disk location of the IBM Personal Computer chassis, providing more than 30 times the capacity of a floppy diskette, plus greater speed and reliability.

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only $599 with cable.

690 Dots Horizontal 16 colors Non-glare screen Sharp looking—matches IBM

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GALACTIC ATTACK $26

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CALL FOR NEW GAMES AT UNBEATABLE PRICES T and G JOYSTICKS ... $44,95 ADAM AND

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$229 S259

Model

Description

ADD/3 + ADD/3+ D

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(with software) $13

(Same as) ADD/3 + with built-in Second Asynchronous Port $16

ADD/4 + ADD/4 + D

Parallel Printer Adapter + Asynchronous (Serial-RS232C) Communication Adapter (expandable to two Ports) + Real Time

Clock/Calendar (with software) $16

(Same as) ADD/4 + with built-in Second Asynchronous Port $19

XE-16

XE-64 XD-16

XD-64

TASC MASTER "

Intelligent Parallel Printer and Asynchronous (Serial-RS232C) Communication Adapter/Buffer (expandable to two Asynchronous Ports)

16K Memory $27

(Same as) XE-16 with 64K Memory $33

(Same as) XE-16 with built-in Second

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(Same as) XE-64 with built-in Second Asynchronous Port (64K Memory) $36

CE-125 ADD RAM +

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XE-64) $39.9

(Same as) ADD/3 + with memory

expandable from 64K to 256K

64K version $39

ADD RAM ELITE

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expandable from 64K to 256K

64K version $42

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NEC

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8023A $ 48B

EPSON (Grattrax Plus)

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84A serial $1139

2K Butter $ 55

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C-ITOH

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• 40 CPS Printing • Letter quality excellence Now Only $1395

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All Epson. NEC, C-ITOH and OKIDATA dol matrix printer prices quoted are for immediate delivery inclusive of shipping, insurance and handling charges. INTEGRAL DATA SYSTEMS PRISM 132 Color printer wilh all options

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• Friction Tractor feBd $1595

Smith-Corona TPI . . $ 679

MONITORS

Zenith ZVM-121 Phosphor, 15 MHZ $ 119

NEC 1201 Phosphor, 20 MHZ $ 179

NEC 0112 Composite, Color $ 335

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Amdek 300 Phosphor $ 179

Amdek Composite, Color $ 349

Amdek IBM Compabible Color $ 749

BMC Green $ 89

BMC Composite, Color $ 279

(All BMC monitors have 12 month replacement warranties)

Princeton Graphic RGB Color $ 599

For IBM

Electrohome RGB $ 749

Electrohome IBM Cable $ 49

MODEMS

Hayes Smartmodem, 300 baud $219

Hayes Smartmodem, 1200 baud $529

Hayes Chronograph $189

Novation Cat $145

Novation D-Cat $165

Novation Auto Cat $209

CERMETEK SCALL

1200 baud modem

DISKETTES (51/4 inch) SCOTCH WITH PLASTIC LIBRARY CASES (Boxes of 10)

(48 Track single-sided, double density) $26.5

VERBATIM DATALIFE SS/DD (Boxes of 10) ... $24.9 VERBATIM DATALIFE DS/DD (Boxes of 10) . . . $39.9 ELEPHANT DISKETTES SS/DD (Boxes of 10) . $23.9

TERMINALS

Televideo 910 $5

Televideo 912 $6

Televideo 920 $7

Televideo 925 $7

Televideo 950 $9

Adds Viewpoint $4

Call for Visual Terminals

TELEVIDEO COMPUTERS

TS802 $26!

TS802H $46!

TS806 (Multiuser) $51'

TS800 $12!

Apple Computer Products

CALIFORNIA OMPUTER SYSTEMS

■ Async Serial In! D GPIB (IEEE-488) Inl ] Ana lo Dig Converter

1 Async Sena! (Term)

2 Sync Serial Inl 1 Apple Parallel Int ndarCfock Module

jramable Timer

$135 S239 S 99 SI35 $149 S109 $ 99 S 99

MOUNTAIN HARDWARE

CPS Mulli-Funclion Card The Clock Superlalker Music System

Expansion Chassis

Romwnter

Ram Plus

1169 $229 $159 $319 $599 $139 $149

MICROCOMPUTER BUSINESS INDUSTRIES

pletime" Clock Card $89

**" Card

(The Ultimate graphics interface

cable—Parallel and Serial) $119

(See advertisement this Byte)

80 COLUMN CARDS FOR APPLE

3sper 80 Card $259

;ion 80 Card (Vista) $269

lex 80 Card $249

RAM CARDS

vong 16K Card $ 89

;rosoft 16K Card $129

T AND G PRODUCTS

me paddles $ 29

/ Stick $ 44

lecta-port Expander $ 49

WE STOCK RANA DRIVES

In our opinion, these are the best drives available for your APPLE II. Call for prices. Hard Disks + 8" Disks for Apple, TRS-80 $CALL

ALSO

APPLE ADD-ON

40 Track Compatible Drives

$299

VISICORP.INC.

Desktop Plan I Desktop Plan I Visifiles Visiplot

BUSINESS SOFTWARE

$229 $189 $189 $159

Visitrend Visiplot . ... $229

Visidex $189

Visiterm $ 79

Visicalc 3-3 $189

Visipak $539

STONEWARE

DB Master $169

DB Utility Pack $ 69

MICRO PRO Apple CP M

Word Star $219

Super Sort $119

Mail Merger $ 79

Data Star $179

Spell Star $119

Calc Star $119

APPLE WORD PROCESSING

On line's Sensational!

Screenwriter II $89

Silicon Valley Associates

Word Handler II $159

List Handler $ 79

Call for Continental, Dakin 5, Broderbund. Automated Simulations. Avant-Garde, Edu-Ware. Denver. Howard. Sirius Sensible, Synergistic Software, etc

COMPUTE-R-CADE™

WE CARRYTHE REVOLUTIONARY

GAME ARCADE BOOTH FOR ATARI AND APPLE COMPUTERS! CALL FOR INFORMATION AND PRICING

MODEMS FOR APPLE

Hayes Micromodem II

Novation Apple Cat II

212 Apple Full Duplex (for Apple Cat II)

212 Apple Cat

212 Stand Alone Auto Cat RS232

$269 $299 $329 $629 $599

MODEM SOFTWARE

Visiterm

Transend il

(Complete with a FREE subscription to the SOURCE)

CPM FOR APPLE

Microsoft Z80 Softcard

$269

MISCELLANEOUS APPLE PRODUCTS

Enhancer II i $119

Dana Apple Fan $ 39

Sup R Mod $27.95

System Saver $ 79

Videx Function Strip $ 69

NEC PERSONAL ZOMPUTER PRODUCTS

>8001A Keyboard and processor unit, including 32K Ram, 24KB NBasic Rom, cassette tape recorder interface, parallel printer

interface, display interface $749

;-8012A Modular expansion unit, including I/O bus extension, diskette adaptor, 32KB Ram, real-time clock, 8 priority interrupt levels,

6 slots for additional boards $479

>8023A Dot matrix printer—100 cps, bidirectional printing, proportional

printer $499

)-8031A Dual diskette unit, including two 163K byte diskette drives, interface cable, enclosure and operating system .... $749

C General Accounting System $259

C Accounts Receivable System $259

C Inventory Control System $259

C Payroll System $259

C Job Cost System $259

C Benchmark Word Processing $329

C CP M Operating System $125

C Report Manager $135

ita Base $459

'e carry the entire line of NEC/BPI software for the personal computer. Please call or write for information.

ATARI Computer Products

ATARI 800 Computer

810 Disk Drives

850 Interface Module . 830 Acoustic Modem . 16K Memory Module . 32K Memory Module . Paddle Controller (Pair; Joystick Controller (Pair)

$675 ATARI SOFTWARE

$459 Conversational French/German/

$189 Italian/Spanish, each module .... $ 49

$169 Touch Typing $19.95

$ 89 Asteroids $35.95

$ 99 Centipede $35.95

$ 19 Missile Command $35.95

$ 19 Pac-Man $35.95

Space Invaders $35.95

Star Raiders $39.95

Call for prices on APPLE COMPUTERS FRANKLIN ACE 1000 BASIS 108

Call for prices on Northstar and Texas Instruments products.

Please call or write for our catalog.

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Circle 98 on Inquiry card.

Listing 2: The Plot program for the GEISCO system, written in FORTRAN 77.

|||||ltBltilSi!aSiliS§§5SE!EStiai5ISlillsii!lSiili

tin in!

I;

1

111

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348 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

COfTlPUTER WAREHOUSE

CALL TOLL FREE

ATARI

Special 32K 800 System

800w/32K. recorder. Pac Man or Star

Raiders, joysticks Call

Above w/48K Call

Pac-Man Special

400 W/16K, 2 joysticks. Pac-Man

800 (16K)

400

810 Disk Drive. 850 Interface. 410 Recorder . 830 Modem

$655 $285 $440 $170 $75 $155

16K Memory $60

32K Memory $90

80 Column Board Call

COMMODORE VIC-20 $180

Datacassette $60

Single disk drive $320

16K Memory $95

Tl 99/4A HOME COMPUTER

99/4A Console Call

10" Color monitor $355

Disk controller $220

Disk drive $360

32K Memory $290

Expansion box $185

Expansion box disk controller. $185

Expansion box disk drive $290

Expansion box 32K memory. . $220

DISK DRIVES

Lobo

Apple 1st Drive $400

Apple 2nd Drive $350

Percom

Atari D/D Drives Call

MONITORS

Zenith

12" Green Screen S115

Amdek

Video 300 Call

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Color II Call

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BMC Call

Comrex

13" RGB Color $460

NEC

JB 1201 $155

JB 1260 $115

MODEMS

Hayes Smartmodem $215

Novation

CAT $140

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Apple Cat II $349

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1-800-528-1054

SOFTWARE

CP/M

IBM

CP/M

IBM

Ashton-Tate

Call

Call

Sorcim Supercalc

$225

$225

WordStar

Call

Call

Innovative

MailMerge

Call

Call

Software T.I.M.

$425

$350

SpellStar

Call

Call

CBasic

$100

NA

Visi-Calc

NA

$195

Microsoft Basic 80

$265

NA

Easywriter II

NA

$275

WordStar, MailMerge,

Spellguard

$225

$225

SpellStar

$449

$449

PLEASE ADD S5 PER SOFTWARE ORDER FOR SHIPPING.

SPECIAL VISICALC SYSTEM

Franklin Ace 1000, Lobo 1st Drive, Zenith Green Screen Monitor, Visicalc.

S1800

PRINTERS

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C. Itoh

F-10-Parallel $1375

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55CPS Series Call

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Datasouth DS 180 $1260

Diablo

620 RO wo/Tractors $1150

630 RO wo/Tractors $2050

630KSR wo/Tractors $2435

Epson

MX-80 Call

MX-80 F/T Call

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NEC

PC-8023A Call

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3510 Ex $1645

7710 Call

7720 Call

Okidata

Microline80 $305

Microline82-A $400

Microline83-A $650

Microline84 Call

PMC

DMP-85 $410

Smith-Corona

TP-1 $650

Tally

1805/1802 $1490

1605/1602 $1325

MT160 $625

MT 180 Call

Texas Instruments 810 Basic Call

VIDEO TERMINALS

Adds

Viewpoint $490

Televideo

910 $570

910 Plus $570

920 $735

925 $730

950 $915

Zenith

z-19 $680

ZT-1 Call

COMPUTERS

Altos

ACS 8000-15 $3742

ACS 8000-2 w/CPM " $2650

Series 15D $2125

Series 5-5D $4240

Dynabyte Call

NEC

8001 $730

8012 $470

8031 $730

Northstar

Advantage Call

Horizon II 64K QD $2625

Sanyo

MBC-1000 $1520

Televideo Systems

TS-802 Call

TS-802H Call

MOUNTAIN HARDWARE

All products Call

HOUSTON INSTRUMENTS

Hi-Plot

DMP-2 $825

DMP-7/8 $2025

Prices reflect 3% to 5% cash discount. Product shipped in factory cartons with manufacturer s warranty. Please add $8.00 per order for shipping. Prices & availability subiect to change without notice Send cashier s check or money order all other checks will delay shipping two weeks

ITCD 2222 E. Indian School Rd. • Phoenix, Arizona 85016 \J<A I U*\J I Cn Order Line: 1-800-528-1054 Other Information: 602-954-6109

WAREHOUSE Store Hours: Mon.-Fri. 10-5 MST Saturday 9-1 MST

Anatomy

of a

Gazelle.

hen you look inside Seattle Computer's new Gazelle™ 8086 16-Bit microcomputer you'll find its beauty is more than skin deep.

Quite simply the swift, sleek Gazelle is engineered to include the most-wanted features in a micro. And with plenty of room to grow as your needs increase.

8 MHz. 8086 CPU. Fast, reliable with a proven production record.

128K of RAM. Enough memory for most any job. The fast static memory lets our CPU go at full speed.

Three serial, one parallel port. Provides I/O for your terminal, printer, communications, and more at up to 19,200 baud.

Two 8-inch floppy disk drives. Double-sided, double-density for a total of 2.5 megabytes of on-line storage. Thedisk controller is capable of handling up to four drives.

Constant-voltage power supply. Provides clean, constant power even under brown-out conditions. And it promotes reliable operation in the noisiest electrical environment.

Expandable. An 18-slot S-100 mother-board allows your system to grow along with your needs. RAM may be increased to 896K or you may choose from a wide variety of options from Seattle Computer or other S-100 manufacturers. There is even a mounting location and power supply for an 8" Winchester disk, which will soon be available as an option.

The Software is Here Now!

MS-DOS operating system. Friendly and easy to use. Includes complete assembly-language development system. Plus it is fully compatible with the

tiff's "MM iras's

tamm JRStivil ton hint UK for-i' Ceil Wi ImiM

fc.r few frjiian hinr j„,r ItwUr Ui^c. f>r*ul :fimli

IBM Personal Computer DOS.

Microsoft BASIC interpreter. A fast, 16-bit version of the industry standard. It opens the door to a wide range of existing application programs. Perfect Writer word processor. The ultimate word processor, that has been rated "excellent" by Infoworld (6-14-82). (Optional spelling checker available.)

Multi-Plan spread sheet. Not just another "VisiClone," but a truly superior planning tool. Crosslinking of separate spread sheets provides previously unheard of capability. (Optional.)

Complete language support with Microsoft Pascal, FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC Compilers available. You can choose the right language for any application. (Optional.)

Best of all, the Gazelle is priced to sell as quickly as it runs. You can buy the fully tested Seattle

Computer Gazelle from your local dealer for $5995. Add a terminal and printer and you are ready to go.

Call toll free 1-(800)-426-8936 for more information about the world's best, and fastest, micro buy.

1114 Industry Drive, Seattle, WA 9818R

Circle 344 on Inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982 351

GREAT IDPAC

Down to Earth

Products

SDS-MULTIPLEXER/DISPLAY

Three RS232C 1 lo 2 Switches Two Seven Segment Status Display (Can be used as a line monitor tor data communications link) (route RS232 to one of two devices)

SDS-SINGLE BOARD COMPUTERS

Z80A CPU 64K Bank Switch Memory

2 RS232 Channels 4 Timers IEEE 696 Buss

Interface

4 Parallel ports

NEC 765 FDC with PLL to all Shugart compatable drives (SOS-Master only)

SIERRA DATA SCIENCES Fresno CA / Marketing Division, 21 162 Lorain Ave., Fairvlew Park, Ohio 441 26

(216) 331-8500 Telex. 980133 WDMR

Circle 156 on inquiry card.

Listing 2 continued:

2000 1610 IF(INIT)TH£N

2010 PRIOT/UrBble to open file '"+nLEOUT+""

2020 PRINT, 'I/O error nunber',IERROR(0)

2030 GO TO 1190

2010 ELSE

2050 INIT=.TRUE.

2060 CALL ZETA53(53,0,-1)

2070 CALL SYSTEM)'PURGE '+FILE0UT)

2080 GO TO 1600

2090 ENOIF

21001

21201 i x

21303* i If IPEN is greater then one then *

211"* * plotting is terMinated and the *

2l5i)x x cH.rtpi.it file saved. *

2160* % x

2180*

2190 1830 IF(IPEN.GT.l)THEN

2200 ENDFILE(Ol)

2210 CLOSE(01,STATUS='KEEP')

2220 PRINT,TRIMI. (STRING'K0UNT,'(110)'))

2230 «+' plot vectors written to file ,"+FILEOUT+"V

2210 NTIME=FL0AT(K0I.INT)/9.8

2250 PRINT,'Plot Kill require epproxirvstly

2260 «'+TRIML!STRING(NTIrlE,'(I10)'))+' seconds to displsy.'

2270 RETURN

2280 ENDIF

2290*

2310* * *

2320* * Begin Main data packing section *

?330» * x

2310* xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

2350*

2360 KONTROL =0

2370 WORD=0

7380 IF<IF'EN.E0.1)K0NTR0L=8 1 Set bit three

2390 N*=X/ll,0*279,0+0.5 1 Norfwlize X coordinate to

2100 ' Apple screen

2110 NX=MTN0<NX,279)

2170 NX=MAX0(NX,0)

2130 NY=Y/8.5*191.0+0.5 1 Normalize Y coordinate to

2110 ! Apple screen

2150 NY4tTN0(NY,191>

2160 NY=MAX0(NY,0)

2170 IF(NY.GT.127)THEN

2180 NY=NY-128

2190 KONTROL4WTR0L+1 ! Set. bit zero

ZSfli! ENOIF

2510 IF(NX.GT.255)THEN

2520 N>'=NX-256

2530 KONTROI.=KONTPOL+2 1 Set bit one

2.510 ENOIF

2550 TF(NX.GT.127)THEN

2560 NX=NX-128

2570 K0NTROI.=K0NTPOL+1 ! Set bit two

2580 ENDTF

2590 CALL IE:8T<W0RRtl,8,K0NTR0L) 1 Place control codes in first

2600 1 byte of UORP

7610 CALL IE:ST(VinRD,10,8,NX) ' Place X coordinate in second

2620 1 byte of WO

Z630 CAL! TRST'UORD,1<*,8,Nr) 1 Place Y coordinate in third

7610 1 byte of WORD

?M UPITE(01)UOPr.

2660 K0L!NT=K0UNT+1

2670 RETURN

2680 END

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October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 353

Southern Region

CuBtom Applications

40*

Photo 2: The Apple display of the map shown in figure 3.

VECTOR #2

VECTOR#1

VECTOR #5 '

Figure 5: The vectors required to draw an M.

tors, I need to explain the problem of character generation. Each character is literally drawn when DISSPLA, which has a wide assortment of character sets, is used. The lowestresolution character set, for example, takes 5 vectors or plot instructions to draw an M (see figure 5).

At the other extreme, DISSPLA's most ornate character set, Gothic, requires approximately 256 vectors to draw an M . When you need small characters, the Apple's relatively low resolution eliminates the use of any of DISSPLA's more ornate character sets. Still, a significant number of the vectors necessary to display a typical

business graph are accounted for by drawing characters. For example, simple mathematics show that if you want to draw a string such as APPLE, and each character takes an average of 7 vectors, you would have to transmit 21 bytes (3 bytes per vector X 7 vectors per character = 21).

The obvious solution to this problem is to transmit the characters directly and use the turtle graphics character set shown in photo 3. The disadvantage to this solution is that, as written, the turtle graphics package provides for drawing characters only in one size and in a horizontal format. Whatever the limitations,

however, this method can result in significant throughput savings. The following example illustrates the use of the turtle graphics approach.

The signal to the Apple to display characters is a control-R (ASCII 18), followed by the number of characters and finally the actual characters to be displayed. To display the string APPLE with the lower left-hand corner of the "A" starting at the last location plotted, you would transmit the information shown in figure 6. While the first example involved transmitting 21 bytes, with this technique you need to send only 7 bytes of data to the Apple. This, of course, requires 1/3 the time needed to draw the characters. The plot shown in photo 4 was labeled using the turtle graphics character set and required only 33 seconds to transmit and display.

Now that you know how both vectors and characters are transmitted, I will return to the examination of the graphics portion of the terminal program. Remember that when you switched to graphics mode by transmitting a control-D, KaseControl was set to 7. When the next byte is received from the host, the program transfers to the logic beginning at line 472. If you transmitted a vector, the first byte received will be the control byte (see figure 6). Because only the four least significant bits of that byte are used, its value cannot exceed 15. Therefore, the IF test at line 472 will fail, and the execution jumps to the logic beginning at line 484. The logic in lines 484 through 503 checks each of the four least significant bits in the control byte and determines if the pen should be up or down (light on or off). Additionally, any values to be added to the existing x and y values are established. After the end of the CASE statement (line 532), KaseControl is decremented to 6, and the next byte transmitted from GEISCO is picked up. This is the x coordinate, which is saved at line 504, and KaseControl is then decremented to 5. Another byte, the y coordinate, is captured, and execution transfers to line 505. Here the y coordinate is saved. KaseControl is then reset to pick up the next plot instruction, and lines 508 through 518

354 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE October 1982 3 55

880 • 681 *882 0 083 0 684 □ 885 I

006 / 007 G 888 « 889 ■> 818 * 811 * 012 * 013 < 814 vf 815 * 816 * 817 ♦

©IS * 819 * 028 5 021 x 822 ♦ 023 * 024 t 825 < 826 A 627 1 828 I 629 t 838 * 831 ± 032 033 ! 834 " 035 # ©36 * 837 % 838 & 839 ' 848 < 841 ) 042 * 643 + 844 , 845 - 846 . 847 / 048 8 049 1 658 2 051 3 852 4 853 5 054 6 055 7 856 3 857 9 858 : 859 : 068 < 061 = 062 > 863 ? 864 @ 065 h 066 B 067 C 068 D 669 E 070 F 071 6 672 H 073 I 674 J 875 K 676 L 077 M 078 N 079 0 088 P ©81 Q 682 R 883 S 684 T 685 U 686 V 687 W 688 X 889 V 098 2 091 C 092 \ 093 3 094 A 895 096 N 097 a 098 b 899 c 188 d 181 e Igg f 103 g 164 h 185 i 166 j 18? k 108 1 109 m 118 n 111 o 112 p 113 q 114 r 115 s 116 t 117 u 118 v 119 u 120 x 121 y 122 z 123 C 124 | 125 )

120 x 121 y 126 " 127 I

Photo 3: Turtle graphics character set (with decimal equivalents).

CHARACTER DISPLAY ESCAPE CODECHARACTER COUNT

CHARACTERS TO DISPLAY ■

18 5 A P P L E

Figure 6: The character transmission required to display APPLE.

Photo 4: Sample plot using turtle graphics character set.

356 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

execute either the Move or Draw Line command. At the end of the CASE statement, KaseControl is decremented to 7 and is ready to accept another plot vector.

If you want to display characters without having to send the vectors to draw them, the next byte received from GEISCO will be the Character Draw command, a control-R (ASCII 18). What occurs when it reaches the IF test at line 472 is that KaseControl is set to 9 at line 476, execution falls through to the end of the CASE statement, and KaseControl is decremented to 8 at line 532. When the next byte is received, the character count (KharCount) is saved at line 469, and KaseControl is set so that there will be a transfer to line 460 when the next byte is received. For the next "KharCount" bytes, the logic in lines 460 through 467 will be executed. That logic will use the turtle graphics procedure WriteChar to display each character as it is received.

The logic I've just described will continue, drawing lines and displaying characters, until a control-Y (ASCII 25) is detected at line 478. Upon receipt of a control-Y, the graphics mode is exited. There is no call to the turtle graphics procedure TextMode. This is because I used an 80-column board with a simple hardwired switch, which makes that call unnecessary. I simply flip a switch to display either graphics or text. If you don't have an 80-column board, it should be fairly trivial (everything in programming is trivial . . . once you've figured it out) to install a "software switch" in the program that would change displayed screens at the press of a user-defined key (the Escape key would be a good choice).

Writing to the Printer

The final option in the current version of the intelligent terminal program is printing. Receipt of a controlF (ASCII 6) is intercepted at line 541 as the signal to turn on the printer. Besides turning on the printer and displaying a message that this has happened, the logic in lines 541 through 547 sets the flag PrinterOn. If life were simple, the WriteChr procedure (lines 100 through 109) would

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BYTE October 1982 3 57

simply write to the printer as well as to the video display as long as the PrinterOn flag was true. Life is never simple.

While the logic in the WriteChr procedure appears to do exactly that, all is not as it seems. The Centronics 737 is buffered, so it does no printing until a carriage return is received. When that happens, it prints the contents of its buffer (the last line received from the host). The problem with this method is that it takes time. Since the Centronics 737 prints at 83 cps (16.7 characters per inch with mono-spaced condensed characters), you have to transmit nulls from the host until the line is printed. For example, an 80-character line would require 29 nulls (80 characters/83 cps X 30 cps = 29 nulls) to follow its transmission. In practice, a few more nulls are required to allow time for carriage returns and linefeeds. Because of these timing considerations, I couldn't use the various list commands in GEISCO's timesharing system but had to write my own print

program that precedes each line by enough nulls to ensure that the previously transmitted line has time to print.

Conclusion

Numerous extensions to the concepts presented in this program are possible. It was a difficult decision to quit exploring long enough to sit down and write this article. I have spent a great deal of time discussing the design considerations, but I hope that doesn't detract from the benefits that can result from the use of such a system. The graphics are significant and allow a manager to quickly grasp key trends and points with a display that can be generated in approximately the same time as a one-page report would require.

It's easy for those of us who have been exposed to the capabilities of microprocessors to flamboyantly proclaim the death of the mainframe. It is not going to happen. What will happen is that interfaces to those leviathans will become friendlier,

more cost-effective, and tailored to the needs of the user, not the needs of the machine. Today's timesharing systems, both commercial and inhouse, coupled with commercially available microprocessor-based personal computers and intelligent terminals will lead that revolution. ■

References

1. Datacomm Owner's Manual, Hayes Microcomputer Products Inc., 1980.

2. Freidan, Alan. "A Two-Dimensional, Level 2 Core System for the Apple II," Graphics, vol. 14 (4), pp. 127-144.

3. Micromodem II for the Apple II Personal Computing System, Hayes Microcomputer Products Inc., May 1979.

4. Robinson, Scott G. "Micromodem Support in Apple Pascal," BYTE, July 1981, pp. 308-324.

5. Woteki, Thomas H. "A Pascal Library Unit for the Micromodem II," BYTE, February 1981, pp. 106-136.

The views presented in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of his employer, the General Electric Information Services Company.

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Product Description

Software Arts' TK Solver

Software Arts' new "toolkit" equation solver is the algebraic equivalent of an electronic calculator.

TK Solver is an interesting program that does for equation-solving what the pocket calculator does for arithmetic—replaces drudgery and the possibility of error with speed and accuracy. Unfortunately, it is not a magical device that will infallibly give you correct answers regardless of how you use it; rather, it is a tool that you must learn to use. The program is noteworthy because it lets you concentrate on a problem itself without being hindered by the tool (i.e., the computer and its program). Professional people who know nothing about microcomputers can easily use TK Solver. In fact, its simpler uses require very little prior knowledge and will work correctly without interpretation by the user.

Stated simply, TK Solver accepts one or more equations from you (such as unitcost = totalcost/quantity) and values for some of the variables. (By the way, "TK" stands for "toolkit.") When you press the action key (the "!" key), it uses whatever equations it thinks it needs to solve for the unknown variables, or it tells you why it can't. TK Solver can actually do more than this, but its equation-solving capabilities are the foundation on which the entire package rests. A simple concept? Of course, but so is Visicalc (a highly successful spreadsheet program also written by Software Arts), and no

Gregg Williams Senior Editor

one had ever thought of it before, either. As for what people will do with TK Solver, nobody, not even its inventors at Software Arts, knows for sure. Users came up with applications for Visicalc that no one had foreseen; eyeryone expects the same thing to happen with TK Solver.

TK Solver will be available before the end of 1982 for the Apple II and the IBM Personal Computer, and versions for other machines will follow soon afterward. It will sell for $299.

What will people do

with TK Solver? Nobody, not even Its Inventors at Software Arts, knows for sure.

Software Arts will also be selling application packages for various professions; a package will contain documentation and several predefined models, each of which will include equations that govern certain situations. Software Arts has announced packages for mechanical engineering, financial analysis, high-school science, and architectural design and construction, with other packages to follow. No price had been set for the packages at the time of this writing,

but Software Arts will probably sell them for between $50 and $100 each.

Using the Rule and Variable Sheets

Most people don't understand Visicalc until they see it in action. Let's take a look at two examples of what TK Solver can do: a simple, step-bystep one and a more complicated one.

Our first example is a rather abstract one that emphasizes an interesting facet of TK Solver: the program actually deals with equations, not assignment statements. (We computer types have lived with the equal sign as an assignment statement for so long that we see all equations as assignment statements.) The second example will use such equations as cost = price *amount, which can be mistaken for the kind of assignment statement most of us use in programs. However, the first example uses the simple equation a + b = c*d to show you that TK Solver uses equations and that they do not have to be in the form y=f(x).

When TK Solver starts up, the video display is blank except for two headings, Variable Sheet and Rule Sheet. The active area, a wide inverse video bar the length of the screen, is just below the heading for the Rule Sheet. In this example, we will begin by typing in the equation a + b = c*d; the video display looks

360 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Listing 1: An elementary use of TK Solver. The Rule and Variable sheets are blank like listing la. (All the listings are acwhen TK Solver begins. When you type in the equation a + b=c*d (listing la), TK tually screen dumps to a printer from Solver lists all the variables in that equation in the Variable Sheet (listing lb). When an igjyi Personal Computer which input values are given for a, b, and c and the "!" key is pressed, TK Solver solves for the was used for this artide ) we unknown variable d (listing lc). If TK Solver is given a different set of inputs, it still hR ^ Return kev TK Solver solves for the unknown variable (listing Id). We have omitted the Rule Sheet from , , . y' , ,. ...

listings lc and Id. analyzes the equation and lists all the

variable names it found on the Variable Sheet (see listing lb).

Now we will maneuver the cursor ============= into the Variable Sheet by hitting the

Comment ";" key (which means "change to other active window") aryd then filling in values of 3, 5, and —2 for the variables a, b, and c, respectively. When we hit the "1" key, the following things happen:

(la)

==================== VARIABLE SHEET

St Input Name Output Unit

RULE SHEET

S Rule * a+b=c*d

(lb)

St Input

Name

a b c d

VARIABLE SHEET Output Unit

Comment

S Rule

* a+b=c*d

(lc)

(3i) Input: -2

St Input

3 5

-2

Name

a b c d

• TK Solver sees that a, b, and c have values and that d does not.

• It knows that the "I" keypress means that it should solve for all unknown variables.

• It looks at all the equations it has been given (here, only one) and solves all relevant equations for the variable d (here, it transforms the only equation it has into d = (a + b)/c).

• It then checks to see if the. values of all the variables on the right side of the equal sign are known.

• Because the values of a, b, and c are known, TK Solver computes the value of d and displays the result, — 4, in the output column of the Variable Sheet.

The resulting video display is shown in listing lc.

The interesting thing about TK RULE SHEET ==================— Solver is that it chooses and manipulates the equations it needs to get its answer. Therefore, your Rule Sheet can contain equations in which variables interrelate in several different ways—TK Solver chooses the correct algorithm and manipulates it automatically, just as a calculator chooses the correct arithmetic algorithm (based on which button you push) and manipulates the digits of an operation to give you the final answer. In our simple example, if we give TK Solver the values of a, c, and d, it automatically calculates the value of b (see listing Id).

When an equation is used for the first time, its success is noted by the absence of an asterisk in the status column, the first column of the Rule

VARIABLE Output

-4

Unit Comment

Listing 1 continued on page 364

362 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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410 Program Recorder S 80.00

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80-Column Dot Matrix Printer S645.00

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810 822 825 830 850

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i

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computer ■

Circle 27 on Inquiry card.

(Id)

(4i) Input: -4

St Input

3

-2 -4

Name

b c d

VARIABLE SHEET Output Unit

Comment

Sheet. If the unknown variables cannot be legally derived, the offending equations are marked with a "greater than" sign (denoting an error) and the top line of the video display gives an explanatory error message.

The Mileage Problem: the "Guess" Option

Listing 2a shows TK Solver loaded with a more complicated set of equations—four equations in which seven variables interrelate. Here, we have also filled in the unit and comment columns of the Variable Sheet to help

document the model that is being established.

At this point, I should describe something that is apparent only when you are using TK Solver: each sheet or field as shown on the video display is only a "window" onto a larger sheet or field. For example, the variable distance is shown in the Variable Sheet as "distanc". If, however, you activate that field and move the cursor across it, the field scrolls horizontally to show you that the entire field is in fact stored there and that only the first se,ven characters are normal

ly shown. Similarly, you can scroll down in the Rule Sheet to see new equations (the Rule Sheet header and its subheadings remain in place) or you can devote the entire screen to the Rule Sheet. This feature lets you work with large models regardless of the size of your video display.

In some cases, TK Solver cannot solve for the unknown variables directly. This is the case in listing 2a, in which we are given the value of mileage and want to compute the value of the variable speed using the last equation in the Rule Sheet. In this situation you have to use your own judgment to interpret the answer TK Solver gives you. TK Solver has an internal "guess" algorithm that uses numerical analysis methods to find an approximate solution to your problem. If you place a "G" in the status column of the Variable Sheet entry for that variable, TK Solver will use a proprietary algorithm to calculate an initial guess (or it will use the userspecified input value, as is done in listing 2a) and then an improved

I

■ A dedicated controller • A development system • Fast, easy programming with on-board tiny basic interpreter

• Large memory capacity up to 36K onboard-480K expandable capacity "All memory selectable for 4K by 8 RAM, 2716 EPROM (5V), or 2732 EPROM • All expansion lines available on gold plated edge connectors & buffered

• 3 onboard programmable I/O ports (24 I/O lines)

• RS-232 with baud rates switch selectable from 110-9600 BPS'L EPROM

MAINFRAME

•TRS-80'" Model | & II

TRS-80'" Color Computer

364 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 318 on inquiry card.

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Microl.ne 80 $379

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MX 80 CALL

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ANADEX

OP 9501 1295

C ITOH

Comet II 1541 SP 795.

Comet II 1541 SRE 869

Prowriter B510 AP 499.

Starwnter F10-40PU 1549.

Starwriter FP1500 40RU 1799

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8023 w/Traciors 489

3510 EX/3530 1799

3515 1799.

7710/7730 2350

7715 2499

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OUME

9/35 RO 1805

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Apple Printer Interlace Card .

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SOFTWARE FOR CP/M

ASHTONTATE

dBase II »499.

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Wordstar 289.

Mailmerge 80.

Calcstar 189.

Datastar 226.

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Fortran 80 369.

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Basic Compiler 319.

mu/MATH/mu/SIMP 80 219.

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SELECT INFORMATION SYSTEMS

TIM III Data Base Management System 408.

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Circle 229 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982 365

Listing 2: TK Solver and the "guess" option. When TK Solver can't solve for a variable directly, it is told to guess using a given start value (listing 2a). If it finds an accurate enough solution, the "G" is removed from the variable and the solution is listed in the output column (listing 2b). The equations in this model are used for illustration only.

(2a)

(4s) Status: Guess

St Input

30

S 20

Name

mi 1eage

di stanc

amount

speed

time

pr i ce

cost

VARIABLE SHEET Output Unit

Comment

mi/gal gas mileage

miles distance traveled

gallons amount o-f gas consumed

mi/hr speed

hours time taken

*/gal gas price

* cost of trip

==================== RULE SHEET

S Rule

* mileage=distance/amount

* speed=distance/time

* cost=price*amount

* mi 1eage=-l.27990+1.27259*speed-.0120933*speed~2

(2b)

(4s) Status:

St Input

30

Name

VARIABLE SHEET Output Unit

mileage mi/gal

distanc miles

amount gallons speed 39.130592 mi/hr

time hours

price t/gal

cost *

Comment

gas mi 1eage distance traveled amount of gas consumed speed

time taken gas price cost of trip

==================== RULE SHEET ==================

S Rule

* mileage=distance/amount

* speed=distance/time

* cost=price*amount

mileage=-l.27990+1.27259*speed-.0120933*speed^2

answer. This process repeats until either the calculated error is lower than a preset threshold value or until the number of iterations done exceeds a preset number. In the former case, the "G" disappears, indicating that the guessing process ended successfully (see listing 2b for an example of this). In the latter case, the "G" re

mains, indicating that the answer on the screen is not correct. If this happens, you can type "I" again to do another set of iterations; you might also change the error threshold to a larger value and try again.

Many results given by TK Solver can be accepted without any interpretation by the user, but results given

by the guess option must be interpreted with some knowledge of numerical analysis. For example, if you are solving a polynomial equation of order 2 or higher (for example, 3x3 + 1.5x2-19x + 7.27 = 0), you should know that the equation has more than one answer. You would then use the guess option with dif

366 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Heart

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IBM Personal Computer

HARD DISK SYSTEM complete from $1588 Multi-computer network systems available

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MONITORS

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Listing 3: Using list variables. To solve a system for several different input values of the same variable, you first mark the input and output variables of interest with a status of "L" (listing 3a). To save time when creating the input list variable speed, you can specify beginning and ending values for the list (listing 3b) and let TK Solver fill in the intermediate values automatically (listing 3c).

(3a)

(6s) Status:

==================== VARIABLE SHEET ==

St Input Name Output Unit

L mileage mi/gal

225 distanc miles

amount gallon; L 10 speed mi /hr

time hours 1.239 price */gal

L cost *

Comment

gas mileage distance travelled amount of gas consumed speed

time taken gas price cost o-f trip

(3b)

(3c)

(lOv) Value: lOO Fill List: Y N

Comment: Display Unit: Storage Unit: Element Value

1 10

10

100

UOv) Value: 100

Comment:

Di splay

Unit:

Storage

Unit:

Element

Value

1

10

2

20

3

30

4

40

5

50

6

60

7

70

8

80

9

90

10

100

ferent initial values to try to find the three different answers that are possible.

The List, Table, and Plot Sheets

Continuing with the above example, suppose we want to see how driving speed affects a car's mileage and the total cost of the trip (given a constant distance to be covered). You could certainly type in various values for the variable speed and write the answers down, but that would be both tedious and a waste of time. Of course, TK Solver has an answer for that: list variables.

Let's say we want to study the mileage model for all the speeds from 10 through 100 in 10-mile increments. You declare mileage, speed, and cost as lists by putting an "L" in their status fields in the Variable Sheet (see listing 3a), which automatically makes these variables into lists. You then enter the List Sheet, locate the speed variable, and instruct TK Solver to show you the detailed information on this list. The sheet for speed is blank, so we fill in the first and last table indexes and their values (listing 3b). Fortunately, we don't have to key in all the intermediate values by hand; a Fill List command will do it for us automatically (listing 3c).

Now that our input list has its values, we invoke the TK Solver listsolver by typing "/LI". This solves

the system for unknown variables much as "I" does, but it does so once for each value in the input list (or lists) and deposits the answer(s) into each variable declared as an output list. In this case, the list-solver solves the system 10 times, once for each of the 10 values of speed, placing the output values for mileage and cost in their respective lists.

We can now look at the collected data in three ways. Looking at each of the individual lists, the first way, is not too useful, because you can see only one list at a time. A second way of viewing the data is to use the Table Sheet, which lets you create a horizontal or vertical table of the corresponding values of several lists; the table can be printed or sent to the video display. If we do so for the three lists of our example, we get listing 4a. A third way to view the data is via the Plot Sheet, which is used in the same way as the Table Sheet. Instead of creating a table of values, however, it treats one list as values for the x-axis and uses the other lists as y-axis values. Listing 4b shows mileage (plotted with "#" symbols) and cosf (plotted with "*" symbols) plotted against speed; the same data is represented in listing 4a.

The Unit, User Function, and Global Sheets

The two examples above cover most but not all of the major com

368

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Marcey Inc. Introduces...

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BYTE October 1982 369

Listing 4: Displaying list variables. The Table Sheet can be used to display several list variables in tabular form (listing 4a) or the Plot Sheet can be used to make a graph of one or more list variables plotted against another variable (listing 4b); here, speed values (along the horizontal axis) are plotted against values for mileage ("§") and cost ("*") along the vertical axis.

(4a)

speed

mileage

cost

10

lO

j£— I m X~ ■>-> jC_ / IIX

20

19.33458

14.4184668

30

26.01383

10.7164151

40

30.27442

9.20826890

50

32.11635

8.68015824

60

31.53962

8.83888265

70

28.54423

9.76642215

80

23.13018

12.0524354

90

15.29747

18.2236017

lOO

5.0461

55.2456352

Listing 4 continued on page 372

ponents of TK Solver. The remaining components deserve mention.

The Unit Sheet, which you fill in, lets you use different sets of units in variables without having to make unit conversions yourself (see listing 5 for an example). If, in the Variable Sheet, you fill in the units column of each variable (as has been done in listing 2a), TK Solver will automatically make the conversions needed for correct answers. For example, because listing 5 defines a conversion between miles per gallon (mi/gal) and kilometers per liter (km/l), if you change the unit column of the variable mileage to km/l, both input and

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Circle 1 on Inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982 371

(4b)

54.

05

42.

10

30.

15 *

18.

19

i# 6.241 8.224

*

* #

20.07

31.91

43. 75

55.59

67.43

79.28

91 . 12

Listing 5: The Unit Sheet, different pairs of units.

(4a) Add Offset:

This sheet establishes the numeric relationship between

UNIT SHEET

From

To

Multiply By Add Offset

mi les

km

1.609

mi/hr

km/hr

1.609

mi/gal

km/1

.4251

gal Ions

1 iters

3.785

hours

mi n

60

*

cents

lOO

*/gal

*/l

.4251

Listing 6: An example of a user function. The function car mileage shows how functions can deal with text as well as numeric arguments.

(c) Comment:

Comment: Domain List: Range List: Element Domain

USER FUNCTION: car_mileage ===

1

2 3 4

'alpha 'beta 'gamma 'delta

Range

32 17

28. 1

23

make mileage

output values on the Variable Sheet will automatically change as needed. For example, in listing 2a the input value of 30 for mi/gal would change to 30 X 0.4251 = 12.7530 kilometers per liter. The Unit Sheet is a very helpful feature because it lets you use equations in the form that is most familiar to you.

The User Function Sheet lets you use empirical data to define functions that TK Solver will use. This is a very important feature that many people will need if they have input data that cannot be expressed in equation form. User functions are defined by two lists of data taken as {x,y) pairs and interpreted in one of three ways: table lookup, linear interpolation, or step function. Figure 1 shows how a set of data can be interpreted. Listing 6 shows an example of a user function

called car mileage and illustrates

one way to use text information, which can be manipulated by TK Solver as well. This user function can be used in equations such as

mileage = car mileage(make). Then a

user can specify the make of a car by name on the input sheet and still give TK Solver numeric information on the car's mileage. This kind of text/ data manipulation can make TK Solver models more readable and easier to use.

372 October 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

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Circle 283 on Inquiry card.

Figure 1: Possible interpretations of data points by the User Function Sheet. The points that represent the function (shown in all three figures) can be interpreted by table lookup (figure la), linear interpolation (figure lb), or stepping (figure lc). Note that the table lookup leaves intermediate points in the domain undefined, while linear interpolation and stepping give them values.

Where Credit Is Due

TK Solver was shaped by a larger number of people than we normally associate with software design. The following people designed, documented, or otherwise influenced the product:

Seth Steinberg, Bob Frankston, Dan Bricklin, Diane Curtis, Mike Kahl, Dena Feldstein, Tracy Licklider, Debbie Ruppert, Eliot Tarlin, David Levin, Frank Rubinsky, Bill Leigh, George Maydwell, Ray Ozzie, Rob Frankland, Patrick Slaney, Jim Odell, Sundaresan Jayaraman, P.]. Gardner, Tom Pears, Dave McElfresh, Milos Konopasek, Evelynne Hammond, and Bob Hiidebrand.

The Global Sheet is not of much interest to us here, although it contains miscellaneous system parameters that tell TK Solver what kind of printer is attached, how many iterations will occur automatically with the "guess" option, and other such information. If you change certain information on this sheet, you will change the behavior of TK Solver; make sure you understand what the variables in the Global Sheet do before you alter them.

Background on TK Solver and Software Arts

In case you didn't know, Software Arts is the company that created Visicalc, the extremely popular spreadsheet "what if?" program that spawned countless imitations and made the business world take microcomputers seriously. (The program

itself is distributed through Visicorp, formerly Personal Software.) Visicalc was Software Arts' first program; in fact, its coauthors, Dan Bricklin and Bob Frankston, started the company in 1979 just to develop Visicalc.

Things have changed since then. Software Arts has expanded to over 50 people; a design and programming team of 24 people wrote TK Solver (see text box). The company now uses two Prime 850 midiframe computers in-house. One of the reasons for the long interval between the introductions of Visicalc and TK Solver is that the company, being a rather visionary one, has developed its own internal computer language for use with all future Software Arts products. The language runs on one of the Prime 850 computers, where it is enhanced with debugging, performance evaluating, and other utility programs. Smaller versions of the language can be created for any machine on which a finished Software Arts program is to run.

The ability to use programs on a wide variety of microcomputers has an interesting implication with respect to TK Solver and its prospective market. One of the main reasons for the appearance of Visicalc imitations and enhancements is that Visicalc itself was not available for many machines. Software Arts plans to maintain a very large share of the market for TK-Solver-like software by making "the real thing" available long before imitations can be brought to market.

There is another reason why there will be fewer successful imitations or enhancements of TK Solver. Both the

concept of Visicalc and its implementation are relatively straightforward; a good programmer who has used Visicalc could easily write his or her version of it. TK Solver, too, is a simple concept, but its implementation is far from easy. Software Arts has spent several years developing artificial-intelligence and numericalanalysis algorithms using the talents of professionals in those two fields. According to Dan Bricklin, TK Solver does a lot of things internally that are not obvious from its external behavior; the end result, says Bricklin, is that TK Solver imitations will probably arrive at incorrect answers in a number of situations.

TK Solver Versus Visicalc

Software Arts is very insistent in its assertion that TK Solver and Visicalc have absolutely nothing in common. That may be, but it's revealing that, at Software Arts' introductory TK Solver press conference, most of the examples of TK Solver at work used the List, Table, and Plot Sheets to calculate the effect of one variable on several others in Visicalc-like "what if. . ." situations.

Certainly, TK Solver can be used for "what if. . ." problems, and in those instances it compares favorably with Visicalc in two respects. First, TK Solver is more accessible to unsophisticated users than Visicalc. With Visicalc, you have to manually solve a formula for the variable of interest, then define a cell to be the right-hand side of that equation; with TK Solver, the computer does the solving for you. Second, Visicalc lets

374 October 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

TECHNOLOGY ADVANCES

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BYTE October 1982 375

you see only one of several alternative values at a time (unless you duplicate the model elsewhere on the page and give copies different information); TK Solver lets you look at tables or charts. Still, Visicalc will hardly become obsolete because of TK Solver. Visicalc's spreadsheet grid provides the visual structure needed for many problems, and it is somehow a more exciting product to watch at work.

Visicalc can be used for problemsolving, though it is best at structured calculating. Conversely, TK Solver can be used for structured calculating, but it is best at problem-solving. I see it as a kind of algebraic equivalent of an electronic calculator: you feed it the information you know (equations and values, not just numbers), tell it what you want (algebraic solutions, not arithmetic operations), and it performs the necessary manipulations for you automatically. In the problem-solving area, TK Solver can do things that Visicalc can't (except by trial and error). For example, TK Solver can backtrack from a final answer to its component inputs more easily than Visicalc can.

One final comparison between Visicalc and TK Solver is in order. To my mind, TK Solver is a far more intuitive piece of software than Visicalc. This is not to criticize Visicalc; all spreadsheet programs take time to learn how to use, though some (like Microsoft Consumer Products' Multiplan) have more human engineering in them than others. Still, once most people are shown the mechanics of Visicalc, it takes them a fair amount of time to understand how it will be useful to them. I think that people will understand and find practical uses for TK Solver in a much shorter period of time.

Caveats

I based my description of TK Solver on about six hours of handson experience with a near-final version of TK Solver for the IBM Personal Computer (Seth Steinberg, senior software engineer for Software Arts, said that the version I saw was about 90 percent complete). Still, I

want to point out that I did not have time to do a more thorough test of the software (as would be done in a full review). I also didn't get to look at another major piece of the final TK Solver package, the documentation. However, I was shown rough drafts of parts of the documentation and told about the tremendous effort being put into designing its layout and contents. (The documentation will include introductory and tutorial manuals, a reference book, and a reference card.) My impression is that Software Arts has a major commitment to making documentation that is as well constructed and easy to use

TK Solver Is a quantum step toward software that makes microcomputers useful to people without Introducing the Inconvenience normally associated with using them.

as the software itself. Although I cannot comment on the quality of the documentation from direct experience, I am sure it will be of the highest caliber.

Limitations

The software has only two shortcomings I can think of. The first concerns its speed. TK Solver does not work as instantaneously as Visicalc does; the pause for even simple problems is from a half-second to two seconds (not bad), and more complicated tasks like iterative and list solutions may take between five and twenty seconds. These are certainly not objectionable delays, and the final product may be optimized for greater speed. (The times reported are approximate, and solution times will probably be influenced greatly by the microcomputer used. In particular, the delays will probably be longer than reported for 8-bit microcomputers like the Apple II; we cannot

say for sure, however, until someone tests a production copy of the software.)

TK Solver's second shortcoming is the absence of some useful higher mathematical operators like integration and differentiation. One reason for this is quite obvious: these operations are much harder to manipulate than the simpler algebraic operations. Of course, TK Solver will be quite useful to many people as it is, but without the higher mathematical operations its use will be limited for some. More inventive people will use standard numerical integration techniques to get ' the computing power they need.

You might complain about the $299 TK Solver price tag (the current version of Visicalc is $250), but it is not an unreasonable one for a world in which databases cost between $400 and $800. Though I cannot vouch for the quality of many products that cost $200 and up, I can vouch for TK Solver's quality and support, which makes the $299 price tag seem more justifiable. Still, low-cost business software is beginning to appear in the microcomputer software market, and I think this is a trend that should be encouraged.

Conclusion

TK Solver is a quantum step in the direction of software that makes microcomputers useful to people without introducing the inconvenience normally associated with using them. The most likely candidates for TK Solver are people in the sciences and in finance who work regularly with equation-oriented problems. Even people who are more comfortable with equation manipulating—engineers and mathematicians, for example—may want to use TK Solver to save them work and ensure accuracy.

The virtue of TK Solver is that it connects the user directly to the problem-solving algorithm. Because users do not have to know how to program to get the solution to a problem, it is unlikely that they will discard the microcomputer because the software is too difficult to use.H

376 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 433 on inquiry card.

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CDC, 120 each, 51/. with ring. SS, SO (Apple, IBM, etc.)

( 450

$195

12 each, 5'/,. with ring, SS, SD (Apple. IBM, etc )

s

40

( 22

12 each. 5'/.. with ring. SS. DD [H/P. IBM. etc.)

(

51

S 28

12 each 8". SS, SD

5

51

S 28

10 each, 5M with ring, DS, DD |IBM)

i

50

S 39

VERBATIM, 10 each SW, with ring. SS, SD or SS. DD

$

50

$ 28

MAXELL. 10 each 5'/., SS, SD

$

55

S 35

DYSAN. 10 each 5M, SS, SD

$

55

S 39

10 each 5, DS, DD

s

65

$ 49

ORDERING INFORMATION ANDTERMS:

All Mail: P.O. Box 1380. Jacksonville, OR 97530.

We ship immediately on Cashier Checks, Money Orders. Fortune 1000 Checks, and Government Checks. Personal Checks and Company Checks allow 20 days lo clear. Add 3% for VISA or MC. Add 3% lor shipping, insurance and handling (minimum $5). UPS ground is standard Add 10% more for US Postal, APO or FPO. Include telephone no. No COD. Prices subject to change and typographic errors, so call to verify. All goods are new, include factory warranty, and are guaranteed to work. Due to our low prices all sales are final. Call before returning goods for repair or replacement. ORDER DESK HOURS; 8 to 6 PST, M-F. 10 to4 Sat. & Sun. 1 p.m. here is4 p.m. in NY.

OUR REFERENCES: We have been a computer dealer since 1978 and in mail order since 1980, Banks: First Interstate Bank (503) 776-5620 and Jefferson State Bank, (503) 773 5333. We belong to the Chamber ot Commerce, (503) 772-6293. or call Dun & Bradstreet if you are a subscriber. Computer Exchange is a division of O'Tech Group, Inc

Manufactured Exclusively for

Bell e, Howell by ffccipplG computer

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M725

M195

$530

s645

'520

s125

s525

s450

'75

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64K (48K +ALS 16K) DISK II w/3.3 Cont.

DISK II Only

OR: SAVE OVER *350 on a pair of drives. Buy a pair of Micro-Sci A2 Drives. See opposite page.

CipplG II/II+

supply center

Apple II+differs from the Apple Apple II+ only in thai it is in black hammertone color and its warranty is longer Warranty: Factory warranty is by Bell and Howell (not by Apple) and is one year parts plus 90 day labor. Warranty service available at Bell and Howell service centers or return to Computer Exchange.

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Microsoft. 16K RAM Card 5 195 S149

x> ALS. 16K ADDRam J 149 S 59

Saturn Systems. 32K J 249 S169

64K $ 425 S319

128K $ 599 $459

VC Eipand 40 or 80 S 125 S 75

Anion. 320K RAM Disk system $1395 S995 80 COLUMN VIDEO CARDS:

ALS. Smarterm

S 345

S245

Videx. Videoterm

S 345

S249

See more ALS and Videx below

Vista. Vision 80

t

249

S229

M&R. Sup R term

S

375

S319

MISCELLANEOUS:

ALS. Smarterm 80 Col Card Specia

$

345

S249

I Card 12-80) W/CPM Specia

t

269

$199

Sr. ADDRam Special S

149

$ 59

Synergizer Pack Special S 749

$450

Synergizer Pack includes above 3. + CP/M book

Note: Above is a limited time otter

Apple Computer.

Silentype II Printer

S 395

S335

Graphics Tablet

$

795

S675

Joystick II

$

50

i 39

Game Paddle

$

30

$ 19

Numeric Keypad

S

150

$119

Axiom. 320K RAM Disk System

51395

$995

CCS, Serial Interlace 7710A

$

150

$139

Other CCS Cards in slock

Call

Call

Oan Paymar. Lower Case Chips

$

50

$ 39

Hayes, Micromodem II

S

379

$289

Smartmodem

i

279

$229

Keyboard Company.

Joystick II

%

50

$ 39

Game Paddle

$

30

$ 19

Numeric Keypad

i

150

$119

M&R. RF Modulator

J

30

$ 25

Sup R Ian

J

50

$ 39

*

Microsoft. 280 Sottcard

$

399

$269

16K RAM Card

J

195

$149

Soltcard Premium Pack $

775

1579

Mountain.

CPS Multilunction Card

S

239

$209

*

Clock/Calendar

$

280

$245

Novation. Applecat Modem

%

389

$329

Orange Micro. Grappler

S

165

$119

*

Practical Peripherals, w/cable & Conn.}

MBS 8K Serial (Epsonl

$

159

$129

MBP 16K Para (Epson)

S 159

$129

Microbulterll L6K.(printer?!)

5 259

$209

Microbuller II 32K. [printer ") 5 299

$229

RH Electronics. Super Fan II

S

75

$ 59

SSM.A10 Serial/Para Interlace

S 195

$159

TG Products: Game Paddles

S

40

$ 29

Joystick

%

60

$ 45

Select-A-Port

i

60

$ 45

Videx. Videoterm 80 col

$ 345

$249

Soil Video Switch

$

35

$ 25

Enchancer II

J

149

$ 99

Enchancer|Rev6or7+)

*

129

$ 99

Function Strip

S

79

$ 59

Full Videx Line Call, up lo 35=o ott

SOFTWARE

on disk for Apple 11/11 +

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BUSINESS

75 75 $ 150 $ 50 $ 50 $ 250 $ 250 $ 150 $ 175 $ 389 $ 100 $ 700 $ 30 $ 24 $ 495 $ 495 $ 395

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Apple Computer. Inc.

The Controller (Accounting) $ 625

Apple Writer II $ 150

Apple Pascal $ 250

Apple Fortran $ 200

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Apple Pilot

DJ Portfolio Evaluator

How to!

Microcourier

Micro Felegram

Frme Manager

Apple Logo Applied Soft Tech.. Versa Form Artsci. Magic Window Ashion-tate. dBase II [CP/M| Beagle Bros.. Utility City DOSS Boss Borderbund. G/t with A/P

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Continental. GUAR. AP or PR. ea S 250 1st Class Mail $ 75 Property Mngml $ 495 dBase II lor Apple 11/11* CP/M $ 700 Fox & Geller.

Quickcode for dBase II $ 295

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f Job Control Sys $ 750

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Creative Financing $ 195

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1982 Tax Preparer $ 150

Info. Unlim.. Easywriter (PRO) S 175 f Innovative. Spellguard (CP/M) $ 295 Insoft. Accountant (CP/M) — For eac* GL. A/R, A/P or Payroll f Micro Craft.

(CP/M) Professional Billkeeper $ 750 Legal Billing & Timekeeping $ 750 Micro Lab. Data Factory ver 50 $300 Visifactory $ 75

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SPECIAL! All 3 above S 700

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SPECIAL! All 3 above S 690

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$499 $119 $199 $159 $ 59 $ 59 $119 $ 45 $ 39 $199 S199 $119 $139 $289 $ 75 $479 $ 22 $ 18 $369 $369 $295 $189 $ 59 $369 $479

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$395 S395 $249 S 56 $129 $ 95

$199 $ 69 $119 5350 $169 $119 $119 S345 $ 25 $113 $129 $ 75 $ 75 $ 95 $115

LIST PRICE

Osborne/C.P. Soft.. (Disk and Book) Some Common Basic Programs. 75 Business. Statistics and Math

programs for the Apple II $ 100 Practical Basic Programs 40 more very valuable programs

beyond "Some Com. Basic Prog" $ 100

Peachtree, GL. AR, AP, INV. or PR $ 400

Magic Wand (Specify board) $ 500

Perfect. Perfect Writer $ 389

Perfect Speller $ 189

Perfect Filer $ 289

Sensible. Sensible Speller S 125

Silcon Valley. Word Handler $ 250

Sof/Sys. Executive Secretary $ 250 Executive Speller S 75

Solldus/Softech

Stocklile $ 600

Stockseller 5 700

Software Publishing,

PFS II $ 125

Graph $ 125

Sorcim. SuperCalc, (CP/M) $ 295

Southeastern. Dala Capture 4.0, specify brd. $ 90

Stoneware. DB Master S 229

DB Utility I or II 5 99

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Vislcalc 3.3 $ 250

VisiDex Special! $ 250

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Zork $ 40

OUR PRICE

$ 49

$ 49 $189 $250 $239 $119 $179 $ 95 $119 $189 $ 55

$350 $450

$ 95 $ 95 $219

S 69 $179 $ 75

S189 $175 $199 $175 $159 $239 $210 $ 79 $ 33

UTILITY & DEVELOPMENT

Beagle. Utility City $ 30

DOS Boss $ 24

Central Point Software:

Filer, DOS Utility $ 25

Copy II Plus (bit copier) 5 40

Epson. Graphics Dump $ 15

Insoft.

GraFORTH by Paul Lotus 5 75

ALD System II by Paul Lutus f 75

TransFORTH II by Paul Lulus $ 125

Electric Duet by Paul Lutus $ 30 Microsoft.

AIDS. $ 125

BASIC Compiler $ 395

Cobol 80 5 750

Fortran 80 $ 195

Olympic Decathlon $ 30

TASC Compiler $ 175

Omega. Locksmith (bit copier) $ 100

On-Line, Expeditei II $ 100

LISA 2.5 $ 80

Phoenix. Zoom Grafix $ 40

Southwestern. ASCII Express $ 80

$ 22 i 18

$ 18 5 35 $ 9

$ 59 $ 59 $ 99 S 25

$ 75 $299 $559 $149 $ 24 $159 $ 75 $ 75 $ 60 $ 29 $ 59

" CAuT t 71

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B&H APPLE II 64K STARTER SVST

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Save $832 total. Substitute a A2 Micro-Sci drive

for the Disk II. Add another A2 drive and save a total dl $888

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Micro-Sci A2 drives and/or controllers are direct plug compatible substitutes for Apple drives and controllers.

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Controller Card for A2 Drive S 100 S 79 A40. 5'i; 160K Disk Drive i 449 $359

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Filer. Disk Utility Software J 20 $ 15

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OVERSTOCK SPECIAL FOR APPLE 11/11+

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(245

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Arcade Machine (call lirst) $ 45

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Typing Tutor Muse. Robol War

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Ulysses & Golden Fleece $ 40

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$ 23

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800 Computer 16K

S 899

$665

800 Computer 48K

$1099

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Special! $ 299

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$ 220

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$ 100

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$ 100

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8001 32K Computet $ 995 286K Total, Dual Drive PC8031 $ 995 32K addon and I/O Unit PC8012 S 649 Call for other software and accesories

$739 $739 $485

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Ad #939

Naming Your Software

Considerations Under the Trademark Laws

Stephen A. Becker Lowe, King, Price & Becker Crystal Plaza 1, Suite 209 2001 Jefferson Davis Hwy. Arlington, VA 22202

After months of work, you finally have completed your program. It's debugged. It runs. You are ready to hit the market with it. All it needs is a name.

But what should you call it? The name should be distinctive and eyecatching so that your software will stand out among the thousands of other programs advertised in magazines and catalogs or displayed on shelves and racks in computer stores.

Naturally, you don't want the name to be too close to the names of other programs currently on the market, and you want the name to be protected against infringement by others. The choice of the name for your program is more significant than you might first think. A name, or trademark as it is technically called, besides distinguishing your program from countless others, becomes your commercial signature, a symbol of your programming skill, and the focus of the goodwill that you establish. This goodwill can develop into a

About the Author

Stephen A. Becker, who has a master of science degree in electrical engineering, has been granted two patents for his work in electronic control systems while working as a research engineer. After obtaining a law degree in 1975, he entered the field of patent, trademark, and copyright law. Mr. Becker is now an attorney specializing in protection of intellectual property with particular emphasis on the field of computers. He is a partner in the patent law firm of Lowe, King, Price & Becker.

very valuable asset—one that can expand your market. The commercial value of a well-known trademark is clear when you consider current marketing emphasis on "brand name" products; people tend to be willing to pay substantially more for a brand name pair of jeans than for a plain pair.

Trademarks serve two different functions. First, they provide protection to the trademark owner against infringement by others. In other words, if you apply a trademark to your software, the trademark will prevent a competitor from profiting from the goodwill that you have developed in your business and in your product. Second, the trademark provides protection to consumers by guaranteeing that the particular software being purchased is the same as that selected based upon advertisements or reputation. The trademark will protect consumers against imitations of your software.

Common Law and Federal Law

Recognizing the commercial importance of trademarks, a common law of trademarks based upon principles of unfair competition has been developed. By common law, I mean law that has been developed by courts through litigation, rather than defined by statute. In addition, the federal government has voted in a federal trademark statute known as the Lanham Act of 1946.

Several aspects are shared by com

mon law and the provisions of the Lanham Act. (In many regards the Lanham Act was modeled after the common law.) A basic principle of trademark law is that no two products may have names that are so close as to cause a likelihood of confusion in the minds of consumers regarding the products themselves or their source or origin. This language recurs throughout the common law of trademarks and is the language used in the Lanham Act.

But what constitutes likelihood of confusion? Factors generally considered are similarities of the names in sound and appearance, of the nature of the products, of the groups of consumers to which the products are directed, and of the approach to marketing. These factors tend to be cumulative. For example, the fictitious mark DYNASOFT, designating your word-processing software, might be considered confusingly similar to the mark DINSOFT on other word-processing software: the two products are the same in function, are directed toward the same consumers, and tend to be marketed similarly (i.e., they may appear on the same shelf or rack or in the same catalog). The marks DYNASOFT for software and DINSOFT for slippers, however, may not be considered confusingly similar because the products, the consumers, and the method of marketing are obviously quite different. Thus purchasers would not likely perceive the two products as

380 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

PERIPHERAL ■VISION

FDD-200-3p - double sided 8 inch 5455.00

■ all drives are brand new and warranted. We are a contracted SIEMENS dealer.

10 MEGABYTE Hard Disk systems for your HEATH H-88. 89. Radio Shack

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■ 609-771-0374

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1 F you don't see what you want, give us a call between 9 am & 5 pm (ET). Chances are we'll have what you need for your system at your price. Due to i production deadlines for advertising, prices in this ad are 2 months old, so we encourage you to call us for current prices and new product information.

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PRINCETON, NJ 08540

PRICES & SPECIFICATIONS SUBJECT TO CHANGE

MOD WWII, CP/M are trademarks of Tandy and Digital Research respectively.

Circle 165 on inquiry card.

being related or as originating from the same source. As another example, do you think that the mark VERISOFT for word-processing software is confusingly similar to our hypothetical DYNASOFT? Probably not. Even though both marks have the term "SOFT" as a suffix, the suffix would be considered weak since it is suggestive of software in general and therefore not distinctive to word-processing software.

What happens if two products are being sold under marks that are identical to each other or at least too close to avoid "likelihood of confusion"? The general rule is that the first to use the mark has the superior trademark right; the later user infringes. However, if the two trademark users are geographically remote from each other and have no knowledge of one another, it is possible for the two trademarks to exist simultaneously. The rationale is that there would be no likelihood of confusion by the geographically remote consumers; besides, the concurrent use occurred in good faith. It would be unfair, therefore, to force the later user, who is innocent, to drop the mark. Under common law (when there is no federal registration), good faith and lack of knowledge are defenses for trademark infringement.

Advantages of Registration

When the trademark is registered with the Patent and Trademark Office, however, the situation changes. Federal registration is considered to place the entire country on notice that the registrant is the owner of the trademark from the moment the registration issues. For example, assume that a person in California innocently adopts a trademark identical to one federally registered by a user in Florida. The California user infringes even though he adopted the mark without knowledge and in good faith because good faith and lack of knowledge are not defenses for infringement of a federally registered trademark. The example illustrates the primary advantage of obtaining a federal registration on your trademark: without federal registration by the Florida user, the Cal

ifornia trademark user is free to continue use so long as he avoids entering the same geographic area as the Florida user. With federal registration, however, the registrant has national trademark rights and can stop the Californian by simply doing business or planning to do business in California.

Under common law, good faith and lack of

knowledge are defenses for trademark infringement.

Other advantages of obtaining federal registration of your mark are:

• Federal registration lets you use the federal court system. An out-of-state party to litigation is often better off trying his or Jier case in a federal court rather than a state court. Also, there are some remedies available in federal courts that are not available in state courts.

• Federal registration of a trademark serves as proof of ownership of the mark; it is not necessary to make an independent proof of ownership.

• After five years, the registration becomes "incontestable" and is very difficult to defeat except possibly by a prior user.

• The registration may be used to stop importation into the United States of software bearing an infringing trademark.

Certain types of marks are not registrable even if there is no likelihood of confusion with other marks. The mark will not be registrable if it is immoral, deceptive, or scandalous, if it falsely suggests a connection with any persons or institutions, or if it includes the name of another individual without his consent. Your mark may not include the American flag or the flag of any other country or municipality. You may not use your surname (family name) as the mark, nor may you use the name of a

geographical area, although you may be able to register a surname or the name of a geographical area if the mark has become well known to your customers or those who buy similar products. You should also avoid marks that are merely descriptive of the product (e.g., MATH PROGRAM) or are deceptively misdescriptive (NONSOFT), although, again, it is possible to register marks that have become well known through advertising, etc. Finally, you definitely should not attempt to register any marks that are generic (the common name of the product rather than the brand name) because registration will certainly be refused. In fact, it is important to make sure that no one uses your mark in a generic sense even after registration occurs because once the trademark becomes generic, you will lose the mark. Examples of marks that have become generic and therefore have lost their trademark status are cellophane, thermos, and aspirin. If you should refer to the TRS-80 computer in an advertisement or article without acknowledging it as being a registered trademark of the Tandy Corporation, you will probably receive a letter from the Tandy Corporation's attorneys.

Registering

Software must be used in interstate commerce to be eligible for federal registration. The interstate commerce requirement is satisfied if there is a sale or shipment of your software across a state line or to a foreign country. Thus, all you need do to qualify for trademark registration is to make an interstate or international sale or shipment of your software carrying the trademark sought to be registered. The sale or shipment may even be a token one made only for the purpose of satisfying the interstate commerce requirement, as long as you intend to continue using the mark in interstate commerce.

Before you apply for the registration, I recommend that you obtain clearance of the mark by having an attorney conduct a trademark search at the Patent and Trademark Office to determine whether the trademark

382 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Welcome to the third dimension

IBM Personal Apple II* Computer**

3 Axis Space Tablet

(software Included) $475.00

4 Axis Space Tablet

(software included) S595.00 S595.00

VISA, MasterCard and C.O.D.'s accepted. CT residents add 7.5% Sales Tax.

"Minimal Configuration: 48K, Applesoft, DOS 3.3 "Minimal Configuration: 64K, Game paddle adapter, color/graphics adapter

Apple and Apple II are Trademarks ol Apple Computer. Inc

in computer-aided graphic design.

Introducing The Space Tablet'" from Micro Control Systems. The first three-dimensional spatial digitizer compatible with Apple IT" and IBM Personal Computers.

The Space Tablet lets you interactively record x, y and z coordinates of any object-even one that doesn't really exist-then allows you to manipulate any or all of those coordinates with the push of a button. A fast, practical way to play "what if?" in any design situation.

What's more, specially written software allows you to rotate and rescale drawings instantly-or even compose one drawing from several components. All at a fraction of the price you'd expect to pay.

Applications for The Space Tablet are truly unlimited. Design. Engineering. Architecture. Science. CAD/CAM. Graph reading. And so much more. It can even be used as a two-dimensional digitizer.

Let us help you enter the third dimension in graphic design. Call or write and we'll tell you how The Space Tablet can work for you.

Micro Control Systems, 230 Hartford Turnpike, Vernon, CT 06066,(203)872-0602.

Circle 242 on inquiry card.

is believed registrable or by employing a trademark search service. If you have an attorney do the work, you should make sure that he or she is experienced in trademark matters. Most patent attorneys are qualified to do trademark work. You can probably find one of the trademark search services in the Yellow Pages under "Trademark Services."

After you receive clearance, you must prepare and forward a trademark application to the Patent and Trademark Office along with a $35 registration fee and five identical specimens showing how the trademark is applied to the software. It is possible to prepare the trademark application yourself. You should contact the Patent and Trademark Office for information by writing to the Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks, Washington, DC 20231. I recommend, however, that you retain an attorney to do the work for you, because you may have difficulty with technicalities in preparing the application as well as in following the application through to issue.

After the Patent and Trademark Office receives the application, it is assigned to a trademark examiner who makes an independent search of the trademark files. If he finds a prior trademark application or registration that he considers to be confusingly

similar to your trademark, he will issue a rejection. You then must argue that the mark shown in the registration or application is not confusingly similar to your mark. Assuming either that the trademark examiner does not reject your application or that you are able to argue around the rejection, the mark is published in a weekly booklet entitled the Official Gazette. The purpose of the publication is to enable persons who believe that they have superior rights in the mark, or who consider the mark to be nonregistrable because it is descriptive or generic, to oppose your registration. If there is no opposition or you are able to overcome any opposition, the application issues as a registration, in effect for a term of twenty years. The twenty-year term is renewable any number of times as long as the mark is still in use. You must file a formal declaration between the fifth and sixth years following registration alleging continued use of the mark; otherwise, the registration will be automatically canceled. Once the declaration is filed, however, the registration is considered "incontestable" and is immune to attack except under special circumstances, such as fraud in obtaining the registration, abandonment of the mark, or the mark's becoming generic.

Before your registration issues, you should apply the symbol ™ to the upper right-hand corner of your mark, e.g., DYNASOFT™. Although the symbol ™ does not provide any substantive trademark rights, it does place the public on notice that you believe you have trademark rights under common law. Following registration, however, you should use the symbol ® to identify the trademark as being federally registered.

Conclusion and Caveat

In summary, there are substantial advantages to selecting a distinctive trademark for your software, promoting the software under the trademark, and obtaining a federal registration. The registration can be a very valuable asset to your business, and the cost of obtaining it is fairly low.

Although I have provided you with some of the basics of trademark law to make you at least aware of the existence of the trademark laws and the importance of registration, I have omitted for simplicity many details, such as those concerned with litigation. If you are actually going to market your software with a trademark and especially if you are considering an international market, I strongly recommend that you confer with an attorney who specializes in trademark law before you proceed.■

Micro Mid West 10205 West 69th Terrace Merriam, KS 66203 Call: (913) 362-3462

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DFD-0 Table Top 8" Disk Enclosure

RFD-0 Rack Mount 8" Disk Enclosure

TF-12 Table Top Combination

RF-12 Rack Mount Combination

Inventory In Stock! Dealer inquiries invited: We are a TEI (Texas Electronic Instruments) Master Distributor.

Terms: COD accepted. 2% discount on Prepaid orders. Kansas Residents add 4% sales tax. All prices subject to change. We normally use UPS. Blue Label or other fast shipment available.

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Our Price

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384 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 246 on Inquiry card.

Book Reviews

Personal Documentation for Professionals: Means and Methods V. Stibic North-Holland Amsterdam, 1980 214 pages, hardcover S29.95

Reviewed by

Dr. Michael Carter

Research School of Social

Sciences

The Australian National

University

POB 4

Canberra, ACT 2600 Australia

Virtually everyone engaged in research, teaching, management and administration, or in professions such as medicine and law is subject to a flood of documents pouring into the office and onto the desk. These include externally generated documents such as books, journal articles, research reports, and newspaper cuttings. But they also include internally generated

material such as personal working papers, drafts, calculations, photocopies, memos, minutes, and so on. Because we tend to use only the information that we can most readily locate (and most of us are saddled with less than perfect memories), a system for organizing, cataloging, and storing documents to facilitate future retrieval can greatly enhance your productivity and efficiency. This is the function of a personal-documentation system.

This book is directed primarily to professionals, whose foremost need is to document written materials of various kinds. But the principles of personal documentation can apply equally to the organization, storage, and retrieval of any collection of objects—musical recordings, stamps, genealogical records, inventories, financial records, and so on. Therefore, this book can profitably be read by anyone with a collection to be documented or with a personal computer looking for a practical use.

Chapter 2, Document Description, begins on familiar territory by discussing the conventions for uniquely identifying a document and the process of abstracting. The bulk of the chapter deals with one of the most important choices that the designer of a personal-documentation system has to make—the method of subject description. The author presents the four most common methods:

classification: as in the catalog of a library free indexing: the assignment to the record of one or more descriptive keywords controlled thesaurus: confining the allowable keywords to a carefully designed thesaurus appropriate to the subject area

automatic indexing: allowing the computer to select keywords from the title, abstract, and/or text

He describes these methods, illustrates them with examples, and discusses their relative merits and limitations.

Chapter 3 is devoted to Technical Means. After some rather superfluous discussion of means of storage, including photographs of filing cabinets and microfiche readers, the author discusses simple, nonmechanized systems of personal documentation such as the familiar card index and optical coincidence cards. Next, he describes a hybrid system, computerized indexes. With this system, a computer is used to produce a printed index to the personal-documentation system, which is then consulted to aid retrieval. Examples of this technique are KWIC (Key-Word-in-Context) indexes and the PERMUTERM index of the Science Citation Index.

Finally, the author discusses on-line storage and retrieval systems. Unfortunately, the discussion in this section is too superficial, with the exception of the flowchart of an algorithm of sequential search. The reader has to be content with brief descriptions of Lockheed's Dialog and Phillips DIRECT systems. In a book devoted

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Ann Arbor Terminals

These terminals give you a full page of display (60 lines by 80 columns), 15" screen, Detachable keyboard, display Zoom and scroll control (local and remote), 5 Graphic Renditions, 5 area qualifications, ANSI standard control sequences, (works with Wordstar and Dbase II). 48 programmable function keys. Supplied with an RS-232 connection for computer and modem, and one for a local printer. This is a real win if you want to view a whole page of program, or text. Cheaper than VT-100 but more features! Sturdy construction, on-off switch on front (not the back)

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Ambassador E-case (Smaller portable version, same terminal, different packaging) $1395 $1299

Ambassador 300 option. Emulates DEC VT-100, VT-52 and the Ambassador. ADD $ 230 $210

P-4 Blue Phosphor Option. (The normal version is green, The blue phosphor limits the

displayto30lines,whileretaininga60line"logical"screen) ADD $130 $120

Oroer before Sept. 30 to avoid $200.00 per unit price increase.

Terms: COD accepted. 2% Discount on prepaid orders. Dealer Inquiries invited. Prices subject to change. Normal shipment by UPS. Blue label or other fast shipment available. Kansas Residents add 4% Sales Tax.

Circle 246 on inquiry card.

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 385

Book Reviews

to personal documentation, I expected greater emphasis on the implementation of systems more appropriate to individual needs and resources.

A valuable feature of this book is the four case studies presented in succeeding chapters, which are based on actual personal-documentation systems. Case 1 involves an orthodox card-index system. Case 2 describes a computerized system used by members of a work team active in computer science. Retrieval is by means of a KWIC index on titles.

A microcomputer is the star of Case 3. Indexing is manual, using two types of keywords —descriptors (taken from a small thesaurus) and free terms. These are compressed on input with a hashing procedure and stored separately in an index file, which has pointers

to the document file. Inquiries consist of any number of keywords connected by Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT). A simple sequential search of the index file is employed. This gives reasonable performance, because the number of keywords per record is small and only the index file needs to be searched. Searching speed is also enhanced by the keyword hashing procedure.

By contrast, Case 4 relies on automatic indexing as the main retrieval tool. In addition, author and title indexes are prepared periodically to facilitate simple searches. This personal-documentation system is maintained on a timesharing system, with access by means of a terminal located in the user's office and connected by telephone to the computer. The user in Case 4 is actually the Case 1 user some years later, illus

START YOUR OWN COMPUTER CO.

HOW TO START YOUR OWN SYSTEMS HOUSE S36.

7th edition. November 1981

Written by the founder of a successful systems house, this fact-filled 220-page manual covers virtually all aspects of starting and operating a small systems company. It is abundant with useful, real-life samples: contracts, proposals, agreements and a complete business plan are included in full, and may be used immediately by the reader. Proven, field-tested solutions to the many problems facing small turnkey vendors are presented.

HOW TO BECOME A SUCCESSFUL COMPUTER CONSULTANT S28.

by Leslie Nelson. 4th revised edition, December 1981

Independent consultants are becoming a vitally important factor in the microcomputer field, filling the gap between the computer vendors and commercial/ industrial users. The rewards of the consultant can be high: freedom, more satisfying work and doubled or tripled income. This manual provides comprehensive background information and step-by-step directions for those interested to explore this lucrative field.

HOW TO SELL YOUR MICRO SOFTWARE $19.95

by B.J. Korites. Ph.D. May 1982

The best practical guide for those with software to sell. Detailed discussion of the eight best marketing strategies. How to sell through distributors, brokers, computer manufacturers. Advertising techniques. Pricing strategies. Software security

HOW TO START YOUR OWN WORD PROCESSING SERVICE S48.

by Leslie Nelson. 2nd edition, October 1982

Turn a small investment into a steady, money making business thai adds S10,000, S50.000 or S100.000 to your income Detailed start-up. marketing and operations plans are included.

Send check, money order. VISA, Master Charge or American Express ff and exp. date. Publisher pays 4th class shipping Add S1.00 per book for UPS shipping (USA) only) NJ residents add 5% sales tax. For faster shipment on credit card orders call (201) 783-6940.

ESSEX PUBLISHING CO. Dept. 2

285 Bloomfield Avenue • Caldwell. N.J 07006

trating how personal-documentation systems can evolve to take advantage of changing technology.

The case studies are very successful in demonstrating the practical application of the tools and techniques discussed previously and in highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of different approaches.

The final chapter, Future Prospects, suffers the common fate of all such prognoses—it dates very rapidly and tends to superficiality. The book concludes with a selective but still comprehensive bibliography organized into groups that correspond roughly with the chapters of the book. It also has a useful index.

Stibic writes clearly. He successfully avoids the trap of being excessively enthusiastic or sophisticated. He recognizes that simple tools are often adequate and that a personal-documentation system is a means to an end—not an end in itself. His book is well structured and its utility is enhanced by the

liberal use of diagrams, illustrations, and examples.

Any reader who is interested in using a microcomputer for personal documentation will find a wealth of information in this book. Few will wish to design their own personal-documentation systems and develop the necessary software. But even when using one of the increasingly available database management systems, a number of options have to be considered to obtain the maximum advantage of the system. These options include the scope of the system (what to include), how to describe the documents, and techniques to facilitate future retrieval. In addition, anyone who has mastered the material in this book will be in a much better position to evaluate commercial systems and to make an intelligent and satisfying purchase. This is a book I thoroughly recommend to anyone interested in using a microcomputer for personal documentation, and that includes us all, doesn't it7B

BYTE's Bits

CBBS Aids Evaluation Data Interchange

The National Bureau of Standards in cooperation with the Computer Performance Evaluation Users Group has set up a computerized bulletin-board system (CBBS) that's designed to promote the interchange of information among practitioners of computer-performance evaluations. The CBBS serves as a medium for exchanging messages concerning problem areas, tools, techniques, and new developments in computer-performance evaluation.

The system is accessible by

most terminals equipped with a 300-bit-per-second modem. To log on, dial (301) 948-5717. When the system comes online, press your return key several times. It's selfinstructional and requires neither an external user guide nor a pre-established account. For additional information, call Ken Moore at the National Bureau of Standards Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology, (301) 921-3485. ■

386 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 160 on Inquiry card.

Condor database obsolctcs compilers!

Condor relational database management system makes your personal/business computer far simpler to use and much more useful to own for less money... than other software.

Plain English, no computerese.

Condor relational database management is a complete development and operation system. It eliminates BASIC, PL/1, COBOL, FORTRAN, or other compilers in almost every case. It allows you to deal directly with your information without complex code words. In plain English, it lets you manage your business instead of your data.

Save 90%. Because no complex programming is needed, Condor saves up to 90% of the cost of program writing and testing! You also eliminate costly and timeconsuming programmer "talent searches."

State-of-the-art relational format.

Condor makes traditional programming approaches using compilers obsolete. Features such as SORT, DEFINE, ENTER, POST AND REORG permit rapid database creation, access, control, monitoring and manipulation. For instance (by using the JOIN command), you can combine the information contained in two large file cabinets—such as "Purchases" and "Labor Cost"—

into a single file—in one operation. To do the same task, ordinary software usually requires substantial reprogramming.

Easiest to learn and use. Independent evaluators rate Condor more "user-friendly" than any other personal I business computer database system. After a brief study of the manual, you start building a database within 15 or 20 minutes. In fact, Condor has allowed many hundreds of first-time users to produce and process their own management reports.

Only $295 for entry level.

Condor's multi-level modular design provides full upward compatability, up to the most powerful software of its kind in the industry. The entry level Condor I features database file development and management; entry, update,

and posting; inquiry and report writing capabilities;, and complete operations aids. And as information needs grow, you can easily upgrade to Condor III for writing highly complex reports and fast-query indexing.

Guaranteed to do more work, more easily for greater savings.

Put Condor to the test. Experience its power and versatility firsthand...how it puts you in direct touch with your data, while eliminating complex programming. You must agree that Condor saves you time, work and money...or return it within 30 days for a complete and prompt refund (at participating dealers only).

Questions? See Condor at your local software dealer, write to P.O. Box 8318, Ann Arbor, Ml 48107, or call

(313) 769-3988.

condor

COMPUTER CORPORATION

P.O. Box 8318, Ann Arbor, Ml 48107

The Industry Standard...Selected by Major Dealers, Distributors and Manufacturers.

Circle 103 on Inquiry card.

BITTE Octobtr 1982 387

The new Bell & Howell VCR interface

lets you add videotape to your computer training or educational programs. The card makes the computer truly interactive with the VCR to emphasize points, review, and stimulate through sight and sound.

The VCR interface card

plugs rigl into your Bell & Howell or Apple II Plus" microcomputer. Switch between computer video or VCR video and between two audio inputs. Control all VCR control functions from the computer keyboard.

Ask us about other Bell & Howell products, too.

Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

388 BYTE October 1982

Including 48K icro-computers and software packages for education and business.

Send us the coupon or call 1-800-323-4338 (in Area Code 312, call 673-3300). We'll show you how to have pride and joy in your computing. (VCR interface for Sony SLO-323 or Panasonic NV-8200 only.)

Circle 39 on Inquiry card.

Bell & Howell

Interactive Communications Divisions ATTN: Marketing Services Dept.

7100 N. McCormick Road, Chicago, IL 60645

□ Send information on the new VCR interface card.

NAME

TITI E

SCHOOL

ADDRESS

CITY

1 1

STATE

ZIP

AREA CODE PHONE "Bell & Howell" is a trademark of Bell & Howell Company. ©1982 Bell & Howelt Company. All rights reserved.

BYTE October 1982 389

Book Reviews

VisiCalc: Home and Office Companion

David M. Castlewitz, Lawrence J. Chisausky, Patricia Kronberg, and L. D. Chukman Osborne/McGraw-Hill Berkeley, CA, 1982 183 pages, softcover S15.99

Reviewed by Vern W. Cimmery POB 1074 Eagar, AZ 85925

According to the book cover, "Experienced VisiCalc users should find this book a handy reference and inspiration." The SO VisiCalc models contained in it are organized in seven sections: Loans and Investments, General Business, Inventory Control, Advertising and Sales, Personnel and Departments, Personal Finance, and Household Aids. Although the models were created with the Apple version of the VisiCalc program, the introduction states that they should be easily entered using other versions of the program on machines such as the IBM Personal Computer, the Radio Shack TRS-80, and the Commodore PET and CBM.

The majority of the models in the book are related to investment and business management. Each model is presented in a similar format. A brief narrative describes the model itself. This includes information related to calculations performed in the model, possible applications, and suggestions for modifications. Following the narrative is the actual listing of the model showing how it was keyed in to generate the sam

ple printout. This listing is ordered by VisiCalc coordinates, i.e., grid location. A sample report from the model is included to illustrate how the model is organized. The report also shows the user what data and input are required and which computations are performed. The parameters used to generate the report, identifying the portion of the VisiCalc spreadsheet, are provided.

Model listings were produced on an Epson MX-80 dot-matrix printer using regular type (10 characters per inch). Sample printouts were generated using the condensed type (16.5 characters per inch). Both listings and printouts are easily interpreted.

Each section of the book contains models pertinent to a particular theme. In the Loans and Investments section are models for analyzing bond and stock portfolios, organizing promissory notes, determining a maximum loan amount, calculating a rebate, and organizing rental property records.

The General Business section includes 11 models. One of them generates financial schedules for cost of goods sold, selling expenses, and general and administrative expenses. Two other models build income statements and balance sheets.

The Personal Finance section includes the following models: Home Inventory and Personal Possessions Evaluation, Net Worth Statement, Personal Finance and Budget Plan, Collector's Values, Personal Check Register, and Personal Insurance Requirements. Several of these models could easily be adapted to business applications.

The narrative and models are presented in a clear and

easy-to-follow format. Anyone who has even a beginner's knowledge of VisiCalc should be able to understand and use the models. Because most of the models are small, they do not take a significant amount of time to enter and memory requirements are usually not enough to cause concern. However, the Personal Finance and Budget Plan model will probably require a 16K-byte expansion card if VisiCalc 3.3 for the Apple is used. Entering the sample provided for this model will deplete the 18K bytes of available memory on a 48K-byte Apple II Plus DOS 3.3, with VisiCalc loaded.

One deficiency in the model listings is that they do not indicate when the VisiCalc replicate command can be used. Initially, this may extend the amount of time required to enter a model. After entering several models, however, the user will undoubtedly be familiar enough with the model listing format to implement the

A reader of my article "Life After Death" pointed out an omission. (See the July 1981 BYTE, page 320.) The headers in line 0 of each of the APL programs contain the arguments S and P. These variables are not defined in the text and their meanings are not easily inferred.

P represents an initial pattern of 0 and Is in a character string (e.g., '01011'). S represents the number of generations to be displayed and the width of the life line as a twoelement integer vector (e.g., 15 16). Thus, 15 16 MIL '01011' will run for 15 generations with a life line that is 16 cells wide. It will display as a

replicate command when appropriate.

Another problem area is label size. Many of the model listings have label entries that are wider than the default nine-column field, i.e., they extend into a tenth or eleventh column. The adjacent field or column where the label continues usually begins with the correct entry even though the initial label field showed the label occupying more than the default nine columns. This minor problem is easily corrected while entering the model.

This is a good first book for people who are just starting to use VisiCalc or who want to learn more about the use of various VisiCalc commands for addressing their particular modeling problems. Small and large businesses could frequently use many of these models as part of their businessmanagement package of analytical tools. VisiCalc owners, both new and experienced, can learn from this book and its models.■

15 by 16 matrix. 1 regret any

difficulty this may have

caused.

P. Macaluso

9 Church Court

White Plains, NY 10603

Gremlin Stowed Away In Listing

Gremlins were at work again, this time on the sourcecode listing of Joseph L. Dubner's "6809 MachineCode Disassmbler" (February BYTE, page 340). The instruction at location 03C3 hexadecimal is superfluous and should be eliminated. Our thanks to Ken Bartlett for pointing this out to us. ■

BYTE's Bugs

390 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

For serious business microcomputing, only one operating system exactly fits.

Whether you're in business and do microcomputing, or in computing and sell to business, you'll like OASIS* Not a hobby or scientific system warmed over for business use, OASIS is the only operating system designed from the ground up for business.

SERIOUS BUSINESS

COMES IN ALL SIZES.

Whatever your business need, OASIS has the operating system to match: 8-bit or 16-, single-user or the multi-user system that professionals tell us makes micros run like minis. And that's even truer now with new OASIS-16.** (OASIS exact business fit #1: choice.)

ANY SYSTEM IS ONLY

AS GOOD AS THE

BUSINESS

PROGRAMS IT RUNS.

♦ A W

available, type 'HELP' and the command function title—OASIS displays the syntax and options available.

And it's all in your language—not computerese. (OASIS exact business fit #5: user-friendliness.)

HOBBY

SCIENCE

BUSINESS

AND, AND, AND...

The acid test for any business operating system is the application software available to run on it. There's plenty for OASIS —for nearly any job.

And it's top quality, too, because our integrated tools are top quality—and there are more of them. Like a high-level BASIC Interpreter/Compiler/Editor/ Debugger; ISAM/Keyed/Direct/ Sequential Files; a smart Print Spooler; Automatic Record Locking (OASIS exclusives!); plus COBOL & 'C Languages. These tools are mandatory for high-quality business application program development—ask any developer. (OASIS exact business fit #2: high-quality application software.)

PORTABILITY PROTECTS BUSINESS SOFTWARE INVESTMENTS.

OASIS is custom-fitted to manufacturers' hardware so application software developed to run on one OASIS equipped machine can also run on others—and is upwardly compatible from 8-bit OASIS Single-User to MultiUser, on up to OASIS-16. This kind of application software portability is exclusive with OASIS.

Device independence allows various printers and terminals to be used— with no modification to application

software: OASIS system software compensates for differences. (OASIS exact business fit #3: portability.)

ACCURATE DATA & A SECURE SYSTEM REDUCE BUSINESS RISKS.

Data integrity—a challenge for any multi-user system—is insured by OASIS File & Automatic Record Locking. With it, normally all users can view a record at the same time. BUT, if the record is being updated by one user, other users are automatically denied access until the update is complete. That means data is always accurate and up-to-date. And it's still another OASIS exclusive.

For system security, there's OASIS Logon, Password & Privilege Level. User Accounting keeps track of who used the system, when. (OASIS exact business fit #4: data integrity/system security.)

A FRIENDLY SYSTEM IS

GOOD BUSINESS.

For user-friendliness, OASIS sets new standards. Example: the EXEC Job Control Language is so smart it walks users through their applications— and around the operating system.

With our 'HELP' feature, if you are unsure of the functions and options

Some of the best, most extensive documentation in the industry; a packed Application Software Directory; multi-level training; direct telephone support; worldwide sales & service; options like CONTROL Relational Data Base Management System and MASTERPLAN Financial Modeling Package; OASIS has it all. (OASIS exact business fits #6 through #12.)

Now you know why there's no reason to struggle trying to put a square peg in a round hole. For serious business microcomputing,

there is one operating system that exactly fits: OASIS. Call or write us today for details.

. For Z80.

.. 8086/8088. Available soon lor 6800. 16000 and others.

■ STRICTLY BUSINESS m

PHASE ONE SYSTEMS, INC.

7700 Edgewater Drive. Suite 830

Oakland, CA 94621-3051

Telephone 415/562-8085 TWX 910-366-7139

I'm serious about my business— please send me:

□ OASIS-16 Manual, $75

□ OASIS Manual, $60

□ Free Application Software Directory and put me on your mailing list.

(Add $3 lor shipping; California residents add sales tax )

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BYTE October 1982 391

Hardware Review

Wyse Technology's WY-100 Terminal

Mark Haas Managing Editor

The Wyse Technology WY-100 is a microprocessorbased terminal with features not found on other terminals that cost several hundred dollars more. The unit has a 12-inch (diagonal), nonglare, green-phosphor screen that swivels and tilts; a detached, 105-key keyboard with coiled cord; communications and printer ports; and several operating modes, all housed in a sturdy, castaluminum case. In operation, the WY-100 emulates a Lear Siegler ADM-31.

Upon powering up, the WY-100 performs several selftests. The terminal halts all further operation if a fault is detected, and an error message pinpointing the fault is displayed. The sequence of tests covers the microprocessor and all memory chips. In addition, a test is provided for the communications and printer ports, and a test for proper keyboard and display operation is also performed.

Photo 1; The WY-100 terminal from Wyse Technology.

392 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

The Display Unit

The normal display is formatted as 24 lines of 80 characters, plus 2 lines for local and host messages and function-key labeling. Characters are formed by an 8 by 10 dot matrix in a 10 by 11 cell. The terminal can display 128 characters plus a variety of graphics characters especially suited for forms work. The quality of the character formation is very good (except for lowercase letters m and w), and the display itself is free of annoying distortions and flicker, providing a clear, stable image. Contrast could be improved with the use of a screen filter, such as the one provided on the IBM 3101, because ambient light tends to wash out the display. This necessitates turning up the brightness which, in turn, degrades the character quality slightly. Also, on the unit reviewed it was necessary to tinker with the internal control potentiometers on the video board to obtain the optimum display quality.

The topmost line displays local and host messages; the next 24 lines comprise the data-display area, and the bottom line can be used to display function-key labels. Normal, reverse, underscore, dim, blink, and blank attributes may be assigned to any portion of the screen in any combination on a line-by-line basis by entering an escape sequence that includes an attribute code. For example, ESC Alt creates a reversed, half-intensity function-key labeling line. Actual labels can be entered with another escape sequence: ESC z 3 Del Char will enter Del Char into the label field for the fourth function key (keys are numbered 0 to 7). Attributes and text can be entered into the local and host message fields in a similar manner.

The main text area can be split either horizontally or vertically into two screens. Escape sequences initiate these features, too, and are also used to designate which of the two screens is active. For example, ESC x 1 + will split the screen horizontally, with the lower screen starting at line 12 (+ = 12),

The WY-100 is capable of implementing block-mode transmission. When in the block mode, the terminal is capable of performing local error checking of data entered

H

CQIYIPLJTRQNICS

N

• • EVERYTHING FOR YOUR TRS-80" • ATARI" • APPLE " • PET™ • CP/M" • XEROX'" • IBM'" • OSBORNE " • •

' TRS-80 is a trademark of the Radio Shack Division of Tandy Corp * ATARI is a trademark of Atari !nc "APPLE is a trademark of Apple Corp. - ' PET is a trademark of Commodore * CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research ■ 'XEROX is a trademark of Xerox Corp. * IBM is a trademark of IBM Corp, - * OSBORNE is a trademark of Osborne Corp.

BUSINESS PAC 100

100 Ready-To-Run Business Programs

„ssed u^hin 24-Hours

\ * A" 0rdCrSnneV bock grantee / y>\ + 30-Day money o

(ON CASSETTE OR DISKETTE) Includes 128 Page Users Manual

Inventory Control Payroll Bookkeeping System Stock Calculations.

Checkbook Maintenance Accounts Receivable Accounts Payable

BUSINESS 100 PROGRAM LIST

NAME

DESCRIPTION

1

RULE7B

Interest Apportionment by Rule of the 78 s

2

ANNU1

Annuity computation program

3

DATE

Time between dates

4

DAYYEAR

Day of year a particular date falls on

5

LEASElhT

Interest rate on lease

6

BREAKEVN

Breakeven analysis

7

DEPRSL

Straightline depreciation

8

DEPRSY

Sum of the digits depreciation

9

DEPRDB

Declining balance depreciation

10

DEPRDDB

Double declining balance depreciation

11

TAXDEP

Cash flow vs. depreciation tables

12

CHECK2

Prints NEBS checks along with daily register

13

CHECKBK1

Checkbook maintenance program

14

MORTGAGE/A

Mortgage amortization table

15

MULTMON

Computes time needed for money to double, triple

16

SALVAGE

Determines salvage value of an investment

17

RRVARJN

Rate of return on investment with variable inflows

18

RRCONST

Rate of return on investment with constant inflows

19

EFFECT

Effective interest rate of a loan

20

FVAL

Future value of an investment {compound interest)

21

PVAL

Present value of a future amount

22

LOATH PAY

Amount of payment on a loan

23

REGW1TH

Equal withdrawals from investment to leave 0 over

24

SIMPDISK

Simple discount analysis

25

DATEVAL

Equivalent & nonequivalent dated values for oblig.

26

ANNUDEF

Present value of deferred annuities

27

MARKUP

% Markup analysis for items

28

SINKFCJND

Sinking fund amortization program

29

BONDVAL

Value of a bond

30

DEPLETE

Depletion analysis

31

BLACKSH

Black Scholes options analysis

32

STOCVAL1

Expected return on stock via discounts dividends

33

WARVAL

Value of a warrant

34

BONDVAL2

Value of a bond

35

EPSEST

Estimate of future earnings per share for company

36

BETAALPH

Computes alpha and beta variables for stock

37

SHARPE1

Portfolio selection model-i.e. what stocks to hold

38

OPTWRITE

Option writing computations

39

RTVAL

Value of a right

40

LXPVAL

Expected value analysis

41

BAYES

Bayesian decisions

42

VALPRINF

Value of perfect information

43

VALADIMF

Value of additional information

44

UTILITY

Derives utility function

45

SIMPLEX

Linear programming solution by simplex method

4b

TRANS

Transportation method for linear programming

47

EOQ

Economic order quantity inventory model

48

QUEUE!

Single server queueing (waiting line) model

49

CVP

Cost-volume-profit analysis

50

CONDPROF

Conditional profit tables

51

OPTLOSS

Opportunity loss tables

52

FQUOQ

Fixed quantity economic order quantity model

53

FQEOWSH

As above but with shortages permitted

54

FQEOQPB

As above but with quantity price breaks

55

QUEUECB

Cost benefit waiting line analysis

56

NCFANAL

Net cash flow analysis for simple investment

57

PROF1ND

Profitability index of a project

58

CAP1

Cap. Asset Pr. Model analysis of project

59

WACC

Weighted average cost of capital

60

COMPBAL

True rate on loan with compensating bal. required

61

DISCBAL

True rate on discounted loan

62

MERGANAL

Merger analysis computations

63

FINRAT

Financial ratios for a firm

64

NPV

Net present value of project

65

DDIISJn.1 AC

Laspeyres price index

66

PRINDPA

Paasche price index

67

SEASIND

Constructs seasonal quantity indices for company

68

TIMETR

Time series analysis linear trend

69

TIMEMOV

Time series analysis moving average trend

70

FUPRINF

Future price estimation with inflation

71

MAILPAC

Mailing list system

72

LETWRT

Letter writing system-links with MAILPAC

73

SORT3

Sorts list of names

74

LABEL 1

Shipping label maker

75

LABEL2

Name label maker

76

BUSBUD

DOME business bookkeeping system

77

TIMECLCK

Computes weeks total hours from timeclock info.

78

ACCTPAY

In memory accounts payable system-storage permitted

79

INVOICE

Generate invoice on screen and print on printer

80

INVENT2

In memory inventory control system

81

TELDIR

Computerized telephone directory

82

T1MUSAN

Time use analysis

83

ASSIGN

Use of assignment algorithm for optimal job assign.

84

ACCTREC

In memory accounts receivable system-storage ok

85

TERMS PAY

Compares 3 methods of repayment of loans

86

PAYNET

Computes gross pay required for given net

87

SELLPR

Computes selling price for given after tax amount

88

ARBCOMP

Arbitrage computations

89

DEPRSF

Sinking fund depreciation

90

UPSZONE

Finds UPS zones from zip code

91

ENVELOPE

Types envelope including return address

92

AUTOEXP

Automobile expense analysis

93

INSF1LE

Insurance policy file

94

PAYROLL2

In memory payroll system

95

DILANAL

Dilution analysis

96

LOANAFFD

Loan amount a borrower can afford

97

RENTPRCH

Purchase price for rental property

98

SALELEAS

Saleleaseback analysis

99

RRCONVBD

Investor's rate of return on convertable bond

100

PORTVAL9

Stock market portfolio storage-valuation program

$99.95 $99.95

□ TRS-80 Cassette Version

□ TRS-80 (Mod-I or III), Pet, Apple or Atari Versions

□ TRS-80 Mod-ll, IBM, Osborne and CP/M Versions

ADD S3.00 FOR SHIPPING IN UPS AREAS ADD S4.00 FOR C.O.D. OR NON-UPS AREAS ADD $5.00 TO CANADA AND MEXICO

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50 N. PASCACK ROAD SPRING VALLEY, NEW YORK 10977

TOLL

£88* u**

$149.95 * °F N-V-STATE,

ASK FOR OUR 64-PAGE CATALOG] ALL pr,Ces i specifications subject to change

HOUR OZL ORDER

(914) A25-1535

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

DELIVERY SUBJECT TO AVAILABILITY

Circle 178 on Inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982 393

At a Glance

Name

WY-100

Manufacturer

Wyse Technology 2148 Bering Dr. San Jose. CA 95131 (408) 946-3075

Price

S995 single unit; quantity discounts available Dimensions

Keyboard: 2% inches high, 20V2 inches wide, and 7'/,0 inches deep (6.60 by 52.07 by 18.03 cm)

Display: 12'/2 inches high. 15 inches wide, and 12V2 inches deep (31.75 by 38.1 by 31.75 cm)

Hardware

Separate keyboard and display units, microprocessor-controlled, one-page (1920-character) display arranged as 24 lines of 80 characters, six display attributes, function key label line, local and host message line, serial communications and printer ports.

Options

Second page display

Warranty

90-day full

Circle 38 on inquiry card.

Model 953A EPROM PROGRAMMER

• Programs 2508, 2758, 2516, 2716, 2532 and 2732 five volt EPROMS,

• Complete • no personality modules to buy,

• Intelligent - microprocessor based, programs and verifies any or all bytes.

• RS-232 serial interface • use with computer or terminal.

• Verify erasure command - verifies that EPROM is erased.

• Extended diagnostics • error output distinguishes between a bad EPROM and one which needs erasing.

• May be used for extremely reliable data or program storage.

• All power on programming socket under processor control. LED warning light indicates when power is applied.

• Complete with Textool zero insertion force socket.

• High performance/cost ratio.

• Standard DB-25 I /O connector.

PRICE $289

BAY TECHNICAL ASSOCIATES, inc

HWY. 603, P.O. BOX 387 BAY ST. LOUIS, MISSISSIPPI 39520 (601) 467-8231

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394 October 1982 © byte Publications Inc Circle 93 on inquiry card.

on the keyboard. This function requires the second page option and uses one 24 by 80 page as the data "form" and the second page to define the data-validation parameters, as follows: A (alphabetic only), B (numeric only), and D (numeric with special characters, that is, + . * /, etc.). Local editing features include line insert and delete, character insert and delete, and automatic word wrapping.

The rear panel of the display unit contains the serial communications port (computer to terminal) and a serial printer port. Both ports are programmed with DIP (dual-inline package) switches located under the Wyse label on the keyboard. Access to the switches is easy, and illustrations in the documentation make setting the data rates, number of data and stop bits, and parity clear. Both ports may be programmed from 50 to 9600 bits per second, 7 or 8 data bits, 1 or 2 stop bits, and odd, mark, or space parity. The Print key allows data on the screen to be sent out the printer port.

The Keyboard

The keyboard is divided into four sections: the main section (which is much like a typewriter keyboard), a cursorcontrol section, a numeric keypad that contains a convenient comma key, and a function-key section that includes eight programmable keys. Metal dividers separate the main keyboard, cursor section, and numeric keypad.

The "feel" of the keyboard is good, though there is no tactile feedback. Audible feedback is provided, however, and this may be turned on or off from the keyboard by Shift

PRICE: 2495.00 complete subsystem for Apple II or IBM-PC

CAPACITY: 14.4 megabytes unformatted 11.3 megabytes formatted

EXPANSION: Total expansion capability to 57.6 megabytes using the same controller and host interface.

Expansion capability to 18.8 megabytes by adding a second disk drive and using the same cabinet and power supply.

NETWORK: For Apple II only, Network capability is available at a cost of $200 per station

GALLIUM SOFTWARE

For Apple II, the ROM resident software interfaces to DOS 3.3, CPM and PASCAL operating systems. All operating systems remain unmodified so there is no need to make any program changes when using the Gallium. Any system can be booted directly from Gallium.

For IBM-PC, a connect program is provided which brings the Gallium-lO on line and becomes accessible as Drives C and D.

APPLE

UTILITIES

Format Formats all Surfaces

Volume Initer Initializes With An "EMPTY'

File A Given Number of Volumes in Single, Double or Triple Size DOS 3.3 Volumes

File Finder Finds All Volumes On Which

Any Given File Is Resident

File Runner Finds & Runs The Given File

From the First Volume On Which It Is Resident

Partition Partitions The Disk For DOS 3.3,

CPM & PASCAL Allocating The Required Number Of Sectors For Each Given Operating System

Connect Connects Gallium To DOS

If Booted From Floppy Disk

IBM

UTILITIES

FDISK Formats All Surfaces, Once

Formatted Capacity is 11.5 Megabytes

DSKLNk Connects Gallium to PC-DOS

CHKHRD Similar to PC-DOS CHKDSK

Utility, Reports Disk Usage

XitenSystems

16815 Hawthorne Blvd.

Lawndale, Ca 90260 (213) 370-3966 (800) 421-1947

Circle 96 on Inquiry card.

Enter (nothing is sent to the computer). The keys are laid out in a logical manner, and all important keys are where you expect them to be. It is best to use this keyboard at normal typing-table height, as there is no palm-rest area at the front. If anything, this promotes good typing style.

When in the conversation mode (normally used with personal computers), all of the editing keys become available for integration into your favorite word processor or other program. Each key sends an escape code followed by another character code. For example, the Line Delete key sends ESC R. Many of the keys send different codes in the shifted and unshifted positions. Thus, the unshifted Page key could mean scroll one page forward while Shift-Page could mean scroll one page backward. If your word processor won't allow direct use of these keys, it is not difficult under CP/M to capture them in the BIOS (basic input/output system) and convert them there to codes your software will understand.

The eight function keys are capable of producing 16 code sequences. When the terminal is powered up, these are set to Ctrl-A @ to Ctrl-A O. These may be changed, however, under program control, by sending the terminal a series of escape sequences. For example, ESC z A DIR B: CR DEL will program the F2 key to send DIR B: followed by a carriage return. Each function key may be programmed with up to eight characters (16 with the second page option). In

keeping with the ability to display function-key labels on the bottom display line, the WY-100 provides great flexibility when used with word processors such as Wordstar and other software.

Documentation

Only a preliminary manual was provided with the unit reviewed. It was easy to determine, however, that the documentation is complete, if a little disorganized. As with many technical manuals, it can be difficult to find the information you want. Clear instructions are provided for initial installation, including placement of internal jumpers and keyboard switch settings. All functions are explained and many provide examples of usage. Several appendixes and tables help to provide the escape- and control-coding information in a compact form. Overall, the documentation is sufficient and certainly no worse than that of other terminals reviewed.

Conclusions

A state-of-the-art terminal, the Wyse Technology WY-100 provides a flexible means of communicating with your microcomputer. Modular construction and self-test and field-diagnostic features provide easy servicing. Good keyboard layout and a clear, easily readable display make this terminal well suited for long sessions at the computer. ■

UV EPROM ERASER

$49.95

* Eraiai over 15 EPROMS • 15 minutes erase time

* Element life 7700 hours

★ Intensity: 12Ws Vicm'at 1"

★ Erases all UV EPROMS (2716, 2732, 2516, 2532, etc.)

* HOBBY MODEL

INDUSTRIAL MODEL

QUV-T8/2N

WITH TIMER & SAFETY SWITCH

QUV-T8/2T

$97.50

ABOVE 220VAC 50HZ

QUV-T8/2TE

$109.50

PRICE INCLUDES ALL , - PERSONALITY MODULES

STAND ALONE RS-232 r»/,on nn INTELLIGENT PROGRAMMER $489.00

PROGRAMS: 2508, 2516, 2532, 2716, 2732, 2732A, 2758, 8748, 8749 PHONE ORDERS (305) 776-5870 S°°"10 be releaseti

TWX: 510-955-9496 • WE ACCEPT VISA, MC, CHECKS, C.O.D., MONEY ORDER

* STAND ALONE, CRT, OR COMPUTER CONTROL

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* MICROPROCESSOR BASED * 4 K INTERNAL RAM

* 90 DAY PARTS & LABOR WARRANTY ON ALL PRODUCTS

LOGICAL DEVICES INC.

781 W. OAKLAND PARK BLVD. • FT. LAUDERDALE. FL 33311 ADD: $4.00 SHIPPING $2.00 C.O.D. CHARGES

Reliable Business Software

DATASMITH software requires no previous computer experience, so it can be used effectively by your present office staff. The menu-driven systems feature extensive error detection and correction facilities, so they are "friendly" to the user.

• GENERAL LEDGER. Everything you need to keep the books. Features easy-to-use data entry and error correction, trial balance, fast post, and a variety of comprehensive reports. Automatic error detection keeps the books in balance. Writes checks and makes journal entries in one operation.

• PAYROLL. A very flexible system that adapts to a wide variety of needs. Features Federal, state, and local tax calculations, El credit, and special pay and deduction amounts. Prints all necessary reports, paychecks, and W-2 forms.

• DATA MANAGER. A powerful generalized data management system that lets you define, enter, update, sort, select, and print reports from a database of your own design. Applicable to almost any job where records must be kept, this system can replace literally hundreds of programs.

Put your computer to work with these sophisticated systems now. Programs are available for 48K or larger two-disk systems in your choice of code for Microsoft BASIC-80® under CP/M®, IBM® Personal Computer BASIC, or Micropolis® BASIC.

DflTflSNiTH

Box 8036, Shawnee Mission, KS 66208, (913) 381-9118

396 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 222 on inquiry card.

Circle 127 on inquiry card.

Get Omni quality for as little as $1.99...

even want is a 10 pack

Call toll-free for great savings on Omni's complete line of 5!4" premium disks. Each is certified error-free at a minimum of twice the error threshold of your system. Each is rated for more than 12 million passes without disk-related errors or significant wear. And each is precision fabricated to exceed all ANSI specifications with such standard features as reinforced hub rings and Tyvec sleeves. Get same day shipment and an unconditional, no hassle money-back guarantee.

ARCHIVE

152 Boston Turnpike

Shrewsbury, MA 01545

(800) 343-0314; In Mass: (617) 756-2960

Call toll free (800) 343-0314 In Mass: (617) 756-2960

Call iif you're not sure which disk is compatible with your system. Call for prices on 96 tpi and special formats. We offer an unconditional money-back warranty. We're here to help. Be sure to indicate system name and model * at right.

# of Price Per Total

10 Packs 5V4M Disks 10 Pack Price

$19.90 ?

$

5V4M Disks

Single side/single density

Single side/double density $23.90

Double side/double density $39.90

Flip/Floppy reversible $39.90 Double side/double density

Protective plastic library case $ 2.99 $ (in lieu of soft storage box)

Shipping and handling Add .40 per additional 10 pack 5% sales tax (Mass. only)

□ check

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Card *

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System and model #_

Name_

$ 2.00

Address

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MOST ECONOMICAL SOURCE TO BUY FLOPPY DRIVES — FROM ONE OF THE LARGEST DEALERS IN THE WORLD! NOW YOU CAN BUY TANDON, QUME, TEAC, SHUGART, MPI, SIEMENS, REMEX, YANKEE, APPLE, EPSON, DEC, CDC, CIPHER, NEC, TALLY, ALTOS, ATARI, DATAPRODUCTS, IBM AND MORE . . . ... AT LOW COST!! IMMEDIATE SHIPPING!!

APPLE

100% Apple compatible; runs DOS 3.3, PASCAL, CP/M etc. 15% more storage by using enhancer diskette. 300% faster track-to-track speed.

S>10 INTRODUCTORY PRICE

$259

SUGGESTED RETAIL PRICE $329.00

APPLE II + Complete System: APPLE II + Computer, disk drive and controller 12" monitor green screen $1599

APPLE II + compatible Winchester drives 5 MB . . . $1795 10 MB . . . $1995

Includes controller, cables, software for CP/M, DOS or PASCAL.

8" drive, controller, power supply, cables, cabinet and software $1595

APPLE Drive 51/4" 70/80 Track $389

Enhancer Diskette 35 TD 40 Tracks $389

APPLE II plus 64K, Z80 card, 80 column card, controller hardware diagnostic, DOS 3.3, disk drive 163K, green monitor — runs DOS 3.3, CP/M and PASCAL $1950

OTHER PRODUCTS FOR APPLE II Description Sale Price

VERSAcard-multifunction board $169

BSR Transducer $19

Applications/Demo Disk $25

Parallel Printer Card $69

PRT-1 with cable $75

PRT-1 with EPSON 80/100 screen graphics

dump with cable -Graffitti card- $99

PRT-1 with NEC8023 or C-10th

PROWRITER screen Dump Graphics $99

16K ram card $89

32K ram card $175

64K ram card including DOS 3.3

disk emulator $279

128K ram card including DOS 3.3

disk emulator $369

PASCAL disk emulator $39

DOS 3.3 disk emulator $39

Visicalc Expand Program $59

VERSAbox Spooler/buffer 16K

Centronics Input/Output $199

VERSAbox Spooler/buffer 16K

Centronics and RS232C $239

VERSAbox Real Time Clock/

Display option $129

16K Memory Modules for VERSAbox $39

Standard 6' Centronics Parallel Cable for EPSON, C-ITOH, NEC, ANADEX,

and others $22

Standard 6' Paper Tiger or Prism Printer cable. Parallel Centronics

Male DB25 $26

Miscellaneous cables for various printers. Please specify for Qume, Diable, Votrax

NEC Spinwriter or other $26

80 Column card $169

Z80 card (no CP/M software included) $149

Controller for Apple II including

hardware diagnostics $95

PC with 256K memory, disk drive I D IWI controller, 2 drives and a green IDiTI 12" monitor $2799

Floppy drive controller $189

Controller with one serial interface $249

Board with one parallel and two serial interface

(no controller) $249

Big Blue Card (multifunction card) $489

Single side single density drive 5W $195

Double side double density drive 5%" $249

Tandon TM 100-1 5%" SS SD drive

250 KB capacity $208

Tandon TM 100-2 5'A" DS DD drive

500 KB capacity $269

Tandon TM 100-4 5Va" 96 TPI drive

1MB capacity $379

MEMORY:

64K — $189 128K — $289 256K — $499 512K — $799

★APPLE COMPATIBLE COMPUTERS » BASIS & FRANKLIN AVAILABLE W

iCOMPUSHRCK;

398 BYTE October 1982

Circle 315 on inquiry card.

800 ATARI computer and disk

A J A P| drive S1099

ffllfini 400 ATARI computer and disk

drive $799

Double side double density drive $649

Add on drive $399

VIC 20 $299

NEC computer PC8000 call

Xerox computer 820 call

DISK DRIVES TANDON:

TM 100-1 $208

TM 100-2 $269

TM 100-4 $379

TM 848-1 $399

TM 848-2 $499

TM 602 - 5 MB $899

TM 603 - 10 MB $1049

SHUGART:

SA 400 $215

450 $281

800/801 $379

850 $535

SIEMENS:

FDD 100-5 $199

200-5 $259

100-8 $349

200-8 $449

QUME:

DT-5 $279

DT-8 474

TEAC:

FD50A $199

FD50B $299

FD50E $299

FD50F $399

CABINETS/POWER SUPPLY

Dual 8" disk drive cabinet with power supply $249 Cabinet/power supply for single 8" drive .. $179 Dual 5W disk drive cabinet with power supply $99 Single 5V4" disk drive cabinet with

power supply $69

2 single side double density 8" disk drives,

cabinet/power supply $895

MONITORS & PRINTERS

NEC 12" green $169

BMC 12" green $95

BMC 12" green (high res.) $149

BMC 13" color monitor $289

C. ITOH Prowriter parallel $499

C. ITOH Prowriter serial $599

C. ITOH Prowriter 15" carriage ... Parallel . $699

Serial .. $799

F10 Daiseywheel letter quality $1495

OKIDATA

82A $459 83A $730

84AP $999 84AS $1099

EPSON MX-80 $469

MX-80 FT $539 MX-100 $699

BROTHER HR1 $799

SMITH CORONA TP1 $599

ATTACHE:

The 18-pound portable, compact turn key computer system, by OTRONA contains: Z80A processor, DMA processor, 2 double size double density drives, high resolution graphics, built-in diagnostics, CP/M, Wordstar plus, Basic 80, Valet, and other items included. DC operator and battery backup. Multifunction expansion (optional) $3999

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BYTE October 1982 399

Software Review |

Edu-Ware's Statistics 3.0

Brownlee Elliott 2694 Brady Dr. Bloomfield Hills, MI 48013

It's almost routine now to hear that a company has upgraded a popular software package. All too often, however, the package has been upgraded more in price than in performance. But there are exceptions, and Edu-Ware's Statistics 3.0 is one. Edu-Ware has changed what was a mediocre package with a serious bug into a sophisticated, reliable, and useful tool.

To describe the improvements in Statistics 3.0, I will have to use some statistical terms. However, I have in

At a Glance

Name

Computer

Statistics 3.0

Apple II with 48K bytes and

Applesoft

Type

Statistical package

Documentation

6-page leaflet

Manufacturer

Edu-Ware Services Inc.

Audience

22222 Sherman Way

Primary: social science

Canoga Park. CA 91303

researchers using small data

(213) 346-6783

sets and a limited number of

statistical procedures

Price

Secondary: teachers and

S29.95

others needing a simple

statistical package for com

Format

puting means, standard

5'A -inch disk for both Apple

deviations, etc

DOS 3.2 and 3.3

Language

Applesoft BASIC

eluded a glossary for those who may be unfamiliar with these terms (see text box). I will supplement the glossary with occasional definitions and explanations as we go.

While Statistics 3.0 can't rival SPSS or SAS, those gargantuan statistical packages for mainframe computers, this package for the Apple II is well worth its price of $29.95. Statistics 3.0 has six statistical procedures, a data-editing procedure, and a disk-storage procedure. The whole package fits easily within the memory of a 48K-byte Apple II with Applesoft BASIC. Despite limited documentation, Statistics 3.0 is user-friendly. And best of all, the whole package does what it's supposed to do—calculate statistics accurately.

People who have not had a college course in statistics will have some trouble understanding such terms as measures of central tendencies, population (which has a special meaning in statistics), and sample (which also has a special meaning).

But people untrained in statistics will probably want to use only one of the programs: the "Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation" program. Even for this one program alone, the package is worth its price.

The Programs

A mean, in case you haven't taken a college statistics course yet, is an average—the typical score or whatever it

About the Author

Brownlee Elliott holds a doctorate in education from Wayne State University. While earning his degree, he also completed a minor in statistics.

400 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Everybody's making money sellinci microcomputers. Somebody s going to make money servicing them.

New NRI Home Study Course Shows You How to Make Money Servicing, Repairing, and Programming Personal and Small Business Computers Seems like every time you turn around, somebody comes along with a new computer for home or business use. And what's made it all possible is the amazing microprocessor, the tiny little chip that's a computer in itself.

Using this new technology, the industry is offering compact, affordable computers that handle things like payrolls, billing, inventory, and other jobs for businesses of every size... perform household functions including budgeting, environmental systems control, indexing recipes. And thousands of hobbyists are already owners, experimenting and developing their own programs.

Growing Demand for Computer Technicians

This is only one of the growth factors influencing the increasing opportunities for qualified computer technicians. The U.S. Department of Labor projects over a 100% increase in job openings for the decade through 1985. Most of them new jobs created by the expanding world of the computer.

Learn at Home in Your Spare Time

NRI can train you for this exciting, rewarding field. Train you at home to service not only microcomputers, but word processors and data terminals, too. Train you at your convenience, with clearly written "bite-size" lessons that you do evenings or weekends, without going to classes or quitting your present job.

Your training is built around the latest model of the world's most popular computer. It's the amazing TRS-80™ Model III, with capabilities and features to perform a host of personal and business functions. No other small computer has so much software available for it, no other is used and relied

(TRS-80 is a trademark of the Radio Shack division of Tandy Corp.)

on by so many people. And it's yours to keep for personal or busi ness use.

You get plenty of practical experience. Using the NRI Discovery Lab* that also comes as part of your course, you build and study circuits ranging from the simplest to the most advanced. You analyze and troubleshoot using the professional 4-function LCD digital multimeter you keep to use later in your work. Then you use the lab and meter to actually access the interior of your computer.. build special circuits and write programs to control them. You "see" your computer at work and demonstrate its power.

Computer Assisted Instruction

Your TRS-80 even helps train you. You receive 4 special lesson tapes in BASIC computer language. Using them in your microcomputer, you "talk" to it as you progress. Errors are explained, graphics and animation drive home key points. Within a matter of minutes, you'll be able to write simple programs yourself.

Become the Complete ,x Computer Person

n addition to training in BASIC and advanced machine language, you gain hands-on experi

ence in the operation and application of computers to business and personal jobs. You're trained to become the fully rounded, new breed of technician who can interface with the operational, programming and service facets of today's computers. You're ready to take your place in the new electronic age.

Other Opportunities

NRI has been giving ambitious people new electronic skills since 1914. Today's offerings also include TV/Audio/Video Systems servicing with training on our exclusive Heath/Zenith computerprogrammable 25" diagonal color TV...Industrial Electronics, Design Technology. ..and other state-ofthe-art courses.

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We'll give you tomorrow.

BYTE October 1982 401

Statistical Glossary

Reduced to its simplest terms, statistics tries to do two things: (1) summarize (or describe) a series of measurements; (2) give the probability that a series of measurements turned out the way they did simply by chance. In one way or another, most statistical terms can be defined in one of these ways.

The mean is the average of a group of measurements—the most typical. The mean is one of a number of measures of central tendency, all of which try to show what a typical case is like.

The variance and standard deviation indicate whether cases are grouped close to the mean or spread far apart. If the variance and standard deviation are small, the cases are grouped close together; if the two are large, the cases are spread far apart.

Grouped data is in this form: 5 cases were 42; 8 cases were 43; 17 cases were 44; etc. It is an economical way of dealing with raw data involving a large number of cases and a relatively small range of possible scores or measurements.

Ungrouped data is simply a list of all the actual scores or measurements presented case by case.

Paired measurements present two or more scores for each case. For example, an educational researcher might have a reading score and an intelligence score for each student.

A contingency table presents a series of numbers in rows and columns; the numbers are frequency counts of some type. For example, a contingency table might show the number of students who answered a test question true and

the number who answered false; also, the numbers might be broken down by sex. The results of BYTE's BOMB survey could be presented in a contingency table (the rows could be the ratings, the columns could be the articles).

A population is the total group being described in a statistical analysis. A sample is a part of that group; usually, a sample is chosen in some manner that makes it likely that the sample is similar to the total population.

The normal distribution is the mathematical distribution that many measurements are likely to take in nature. Most statistical probabilities are based on the normal distribution.

SPSS and SAS are statistical packages for mainframe computers; they contain dozens of programs and their documentation runs to several hundred pages.

A correlation coefficient shows the extent to which two sets of measures are "in step"; that is, as one measure gets higher, the other more or less consistently gets either higher or lower.

The Pearson Product Moment Correlation is a specific procedure for calculating a correlation coefficient. (The coefficient is not in itself a probability figure; that would require further calculations.)

Chi Square, t-test, F-ratio, and Analysis of Variance are all ways of measuring the probability that a set of measurements came out the way it did just by chance. Which of these four ways is best in a given situation depends on the mathematical characteristics of the measurements or numbers.

is you're measuring. The variance and standard deviation are rough measures of whether the scores are clustered close together or spread far apart.

Users without statistical training will have two problems with the "Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation" program; they must know whether they want population or sample statistics and grouped or ungrouped data.

Unless you know for sure that you want sample statistics, you should ask for population statistics. The two methods produce slightly different variances and standard deviations, but sample statistics have a precise technical use that needn't concern most users.

You have grouped data if it is in this form: "three people got a score of 39; five people got a score of 40; eight people got a score of 41; etc." You have ungrouped data if all you have is a list of numbers. If three people got a score of 39, that number will appear three separate times in your list.

The other five statistical procedures in the Statistics 3.0 package require specialized knowledge. They are Pearson Product Moment Correlation, normal distribution, Chi Square distribution, Chi Square test, and t-test. (All these

procedures are used to determine the probability that a particular group of numbers came to be arranged the way they are simply by chance. The normal distribution procedure is also used to determine percentile scores, which can be used to compare an individual measurement or score to the overall average.)

The correlation-coefficient program calculates the Pearson Product Moment Correlation for two sets of paired measurements. Aside from misspelling the name "Pearson" in the documentation, this is a good program. Its output is the correlation coefficient and the number of cases.

The normal distribution gives either the probability or the percentile value for an input standard deviation and its mean. This distribution could be used to establish percentile values for a set of scores or for an individual score; it could also be used in procedures where a z score and its probability (or percentile value) are needed. (In an earlier version of Edu-Ware's Statistics, this program did not work properly; in this version, the error has been corrected.)

The Chi Square distribution gives the probability for

402 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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any Chi Square value with its associated degrees of freedom. But the user must first calculate Chi Square (and the degrees of freedom) from a contingency table. The Chi Square test program does this calculation. It calculates Chi Square and the degrees of freedom from an input contingency table. The expected values for the contingency table are part of the output. The user cannot specify expected values.

The t-test program gives the t value for the difference between two means or for a single mean compared to a predetermined value. In the comparison of two means, the user can specify either that the two standard deviations are equal or unequal. This is a minor flaw in the program; it would have been better to always use the unequal-standard-deviations formula because the results are unchanged if the standard deviations happen to be equal.

Features

Data for the various programs can be entered in either of two ways: from the keyboard or from a disk file. Data entered from the keyboard can be saved in a disk file. In either case, data entry is virtually foolproof; in the keyboard mode, the program will not accept anything but numbers.

But users do have to discover for themselves the need for a carriage return after each data entry. (Perhaps we should assume that everyone knows this. Unfortunately,

however, assumptions like this are often behind the plethora of poor documentation for microcomputers.)

Data in the disk files can also be edited. Reading the documentation is necessary to discover how to do this. The commands are not part of the display menus.

Also, data can be saved only on the Edu-Ware disk itself. This can be a disadvantage for users with numerous files because the disk is copy-protected so well that you can't even get a catalog of the programs.

This lack of the ability to run a "Catalog" command on the disk has another disadvantage. Users are limited to using Apple II's Silentype thermal printer for printouts. I could discover no way to modify the print routine to get printouts on my IDS 440 impact printer (and I wanted to make some printouts to accompany this article).

The package does have an interesting, error-trap routine to catch hardware and disk problems. The routine lists the error (e.g., end of data) and gives the line number and program name. It then explains the cause of the error and what should be done to correct it.

Inadvertently, I fooled the error-trap routine with one procedure. I had covered the write notch on my disk so that I would not accidentally alter the program as I tried to "trick" it with incorrect entries (like using letters instead of numbers for data). Then, forgetting about the write notch being covered, I tried to save a data file. Instead of catching the problem, the program went into an endless loop.

Conclusions

Overall, this is a fine program for someone who wants something more than a programmable calculator, but something less than an IBM mainframe. Teachers could use it to quickly calculate average test scores. Social studies researchers could use it to calculate various kinds of probability statistics.

The documentation could be improved with a tutorial to teach novices how to run the program. In addition, the documentation should show sample runs for each program and give at least a simplified technical explanation for the "Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation" program.

The package would also be improved if data files could be kept on separate disks. And the package should provide some way to use printers other than the Silentype.

In addition, the package would be more complete if it had an Analysis of Variance procedure, which has more applications (and fewer mathematical restrictions) than the t-test. Also, it would be nice if the program calculated t-test and F-ratio (Analysis of Variance) probabilities along with the normal distribution and Chi Square probabilities it now calculates.

But statisticians could probably find "one more thing" to add no matter how many procedures were in the package. I'm willing to keep this one—even without Analysis of Variance. After all, there was a time not so long ago when I didn't know what variance was, much less that it could be analyzed. ■

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404 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Ordering Information: Check, Money Order (payable to MOUNTAIN VIEW PRESS, INC.), VISA, MasterCard or COD'S accepted. No billing or unpaid PO's. California residents add sales tax. Shipping costs in US included in price. Foreign orders, pay in US funds on US bank, include for handling and shipping by Air: $5 for each item under $25, $10 for each item between $25 and $99 and $20 lor each item over $100. Minimum order $10. All prices and products subject to change or withdrawal without notice. Single system and/or single user license agreement required on some products.

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Circle 262 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982

405

Program Your Own Text Editor

Part 2: Install the Video-DisplayOriented Text Editor on Your System

Richard Fobes Creative Computer Services POB 1327 Corvallis, OR 97339

Last month, we covered the concept of the VDO text editor, a video-display-oriented text editor that avoids the common convention of embedding text-processing commands in text. The VDO text editor uses a fast, refreshing video display to completely update the displayed text whenever a change is made. The result is an easy-to-use system that continually displays the current state of the text on the screen.

The major component of this concluding part is listing 1, a heavily documented assembly-language program compatible with both 8080 and Z80 microprocessors. The

comments contain the information necessary for installing the VDO text editor on virtually any Z80- or 8080-based system with a fast parallel or memorymapped display. (Changes to the program should also be easy to make.)

As indicated by the label table at the end of listing 1, the system-dependent sections are placed at the beginning (variables and vectoring addresses) and the end (the key assignments in the EDIT routine) of the program. Listing 2 is the series of routines used on the author's Digital Group System, as mentioned in part l.B

Listing 1: Complete listing of the VDO text editor. Although the listing is in Zilog's Z80 assembly language, only those instructions available to Intel's 8080 microprocessor have been used. Once assembled, this program will run on the 8080, 8085, or Z80.

I

*•*«••***«**«**••**»•*•*••**•*••••**»•«**»•*•***•* •»* «•• *•* A Video lllpliy Oritittd Ttxt Editor »»• *•• *»* *M < "VIO" Ttxt Editor ) *»«

*•• ♦** *•**•***•**•****»•*****•*•**•*****•*«****••«»•**•*

Urittee byi Richard Foaes

Cepyright \m I 1981 byi

Creativt Conput.tr 8srvices P. 0. lox 1327 Corvalllt, OR 97330

ALL R1BHT8 RESERVE!

NITICEi Reproduction in any for* of my pirt of thli progran esctpt for pinoml (strictly ion-to««ercial» use, it ttrlctly ftrbiddta without tht prior txprtu arittea comtnt of Crtttlvt Conputtr Services, Corvalllt, Oregon. (Anyone inttrttttd it distribution right* should writ* to Crtttlvt Conputtr Strvictt it tht tbovt addrtst. >

This ttxt tditor it designed to Hake ttxt editing Much ton convenient by keeping tht updittd ttxt visible on tht tcrotn aid by flaking chaagtt in tht ttxt it toon at a koy it prtittd.

This progran it written for 8010 or Z80 nicroproCMtor-bated coaputtrt. It occupitt Itss thin 2.2X bytts of MiMory. Tht nntnoaics uttd htrt art tht ttandird Zilog anttonlct

glvtn in tht Z80 Ttchaical Naiuil fron Zilog, Inc. except that tht ABB, ABC, and SIC instructions uttd hen do not iicludt tht "A" rtgitttr ii tht lilt of optrsnds. Although ZI0 nntnoaici irt used, oily tht instructions connon to both tht 1080 aad ZB0 art uttd htrt. All auabtri are txpretied is dictnil notitlon. All text ttriags are in ASCII with tht tost significant bit stt. )

C *••*•««•••«••••»«•»««•*»•*•»••*>»••••*•**»••«•«»•»•«••»«»»* J

C Indicatt that tht nnchiat codt Is to itart it addrets 1536 diclnil (l.SK) i I 8T 1536B

I Juxp to tht start of the tditori 1 Jr EBIT.

[ ««««»*»«*»»»*«»«»*»»*«**•*»«**•**«**«»*»**««•**•*«««»«*»♦

Victors to txttrml input/output lubroutineti •»•**•*•»«••«•*••*»*«»*«»*•*••*•«•«•••••«••• :

RESET.

This subroutine Must initialize all peripheral devices. It is called each tine the editor it entered either froM the initial start-up or fron a hardware reset operation: ]

RESET. JP XXXXX

406 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Listing 1 continued on page 401

CMOS fJP seminars and workshops (continued).

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BYTE October 1982 407

Listing 1 continued:

[

KEY.ST ■>••»<»

Thii tubroutine gets the status of the keyboard port. The Z flag ii tit If the keyboard strobe ii off, and it is cleared if the keyboard itrobe it on. If the strobe is on, the ASCII code is placed in the seven least significant bits of register A and the noit significant bit is set. If the strobe is off, the contents of register A are unlnportant. This subroutine is used only for the automatic repeat feature. Registers HL, BE, and BC nutt iot be changed by this subroutine. J

KEY .ST JP XXXXX

t

KEY.IN *■»■>

This subroutine gets the next ASCII code fron the keyboard. It waits for a key to be pressed and released before it returns. If i key it already pressed when this subroutine is called, it waits for the key to be released before waiting for the next key to be pressed and released (to avoid possible confusion with the key which was pressed earlier, probably for a different purpose). The ASCII code for the pressed key is placed in register A with the nost significant bit set. Registers HL, BE, and BC nust not be changed by this subroutine. 3

KEY.IH JP XXXXX

C

MP.LFT *»•••*

This subroutine initializes the video display such that the next character to be displayed by the CH.QUT subroutine will appear in the upper left corner of the screen. If the display is of the nenory-napped type, this subroutine would sinply initialize a variable to point to the first address of the display area of nenory. For other video display types a special code is usually available to cause such an action to occur. Registers HL, DE, and BC nust not be changed by this subroutine. ]

UP.LFT JP XXXXX

L

• H.OUT ******

This subroutine outputs one ASCII character to the display device. No control codes are tent to the video display by this subroutine. After each WIDTH nunber of characters have been sent to the display by thii subroutine, the next character potition nust be the firtt character petition of the next line. If the display needs CR's (carriage returnt) or Line Feeds to start a new line, thii subroutine nust provide then when the appropriate nunber of characters have been sent. (See WIDTH variable.) If the display it of the nenory napped type, thii subroutine would get the pointer (variable) nentioned in the UP.LFT tubroutine (above), it would place the indicated character in that nenory potition, and then increnent the pointer. This subroutine can attune that the character to be displayed is in register A with the nost significant bit set. Registers HL, BE, and BC nust not be changed by this subroutine. 1

CH.OUT JP XXXXX

E

PR.OUT ******

This subroutine sends one ASCII character, carriage return or Line Feed to the printer. The ASCII code to be printed is in register A (in the seven least significant bits). If the setting of the nost significant bit of the byte is important to the printer, it should be taken care of by this subroutine. Regittert HL, BE, and BC nutt not be changed by this subroutine. ]

PR.OUT JP XXXXX

t

MS.IN *****

Thii tubroutine inputs text fron the nass storage device. On input, HL contains the nenory address of the first (and

lowest) location in which to store a byte, and BC contains the naxinun nunber of bytit which can be inputted by this subroutine. Upon return, HL nutt contain the addrett of the last byte which uat read in (unlets an error occurred). If there was not enough roon in nenory for the text to be inserted, the I flag nutt be set. If an input error occurred (or if no text was found for intertion), the Z flag nutt be cleared and the carry flag nutt be set. (If no error occurred, both the Z flag and the carry flag nutt be cleared.) If an audio cassette is used as the nass storage device, this subroutine sinply inputs a string of 8-bit bytes into nenory either until a zero byte is reached or until a longer than usual tine delay has expired since the last byte wat Inputted. If a digital cassette tape, a floppy disk, or a hard disk is uted at the nass storage nedia, this subroutine nust request (fron the uter) information as to where the text it to cone fron (in the forn of a filenane, a file nunber, or the firtt and last block nunbers which contain the text). Alto, in all cases, thit subroutine nutt nake ture that the nunber of bytes inputted does not exceed the naxinun byte count given in register BC. If there are special codes which should be checked for (to avoid allowing then to be sent to the display device), or if a zero byte night get into the text via this tubroutine, they thould be checked for by thii tubroutine. Any of the regitleri can be changed by thii tubroutine. I

US.IN JP XXXXX

C

MS.OUT ******

Thii tubroutine outputs text to the nats storage device. On input, HL contiini the address of the first byte of nenory to be outputted, and BC contains a count of the nunber of bytes to be outputttd. (All the bytit are in contingous ascending nenory locations.) If an output error is encountered, the carry flag nust be let upon return. The carry flag nutt be cleared if no error occurt. If an audio catiette is used at the nass storage device, thii subroutine sinply outputs BC nunber of 8-bit bytes to the audio cassette interface (and a zero byte is added at the end if it is needed by the MS.IN subroutine to indicate the end of the "file"). If a digital cassette tape, a floppy disk, or a hard disk is used as the nass storage nedia, thit tubroutine nutt request (fron the uter) information as to where the text ii to be taved (in the forn of a filenane, a file nunber, or the firtt and latt block nunberi which will be used to save the text). Of course thit tubroutine (or the operating systen) nutt handle the recorded text in tuch a way that it can later be read by the HS.IN tubroutine. Any of the registers can be changed by this subroutine. ]

US.OUT JP XXXXX

[ **********«***»***«i|tt*«***iM**«********«********»********

Constantsi it********* ]

SPACE. EQU HOD [ ASCII code for a space (blank)

with nost significant bit (MSB) » 1 3

CR. EQU HIB I ASCII code for a carriage return with HSB ■ 1 1

C ****************************iM***e*****»*^********»**«**t*

Partition pointers: *******************

The following pointers Indicate the boundaries of the text area as indicated. The values of BE6.TX and END.TX are constant, but they are inplenented here as variables to allow the text area to be changed eaiily even after astenbly of the progran. The valued) of BEF.CU, AFT.CU, or both BEF.CU and AFT.CU change with alnost every editing operation. Note that the un-used portion of the text area it between the values of BEF.CU and AFT.CU (the "cursor gap"). The nunbers used here specify the use of the top UK of an 18K systen, with the text area enpty. Two bytes are used to store each of these nunbers. T

IE0.TX DU 4097B [ Points to the first byte of the text (if there ii text to the left of the cursor). A carriage return is located at (BEO.TX)-l . (The carriage return is used to stop the CR.LFT subroutine when tearching this far to the left of the cursor). (Notei 40?7 = 4K+1) J

408 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Listing 1 continued on page 410

to

Oryx software

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Circle 291 on Inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982 4 09

Listing 1 continued:

BEF.CU DU 4096D

AFT.CU DU 1B4HD

END.TX DU 1B415D

C Points to the character to the left of (before) the cur«or. However, if it points to (BEG.TX)-I, there is no text to the left of the cursor. 3

C Pointi to the character to the right of (after) the curior. However, if it pointi to (END.TX>+1, there is no text to the right of the cursor. 3

C Pointt to the last byte of the text (if there ii text to the right of the cursor). The next LINES nunber of bytes are used for storing carriage returns - which sinplifies the display of the text. (Note: 18415 ' (1BK-11-14 , where 16 = LINES) 1

I *************************************************************

Constants inplenented as variablesi ************* **********************

These constants do not change value, but they are inplenented as variables to simplify changing then (as when a different display device is used). All of these constants occupy only one byte each. 3

WIDTH. DB 44D LINES. DB UD CURSR. DB 154D

SEC. 1 DB 2000

KC.HAX DB 20D

C This value indicates the nuMber of characters per line for the display device. (Not to exceed 127 decinal) 1

I This value indicates the nunber of lines for the display device. (Not to exceed 127) ]

C This value is the ASCII (or non-ASCII) code for the synbol to be used as the cursor. Preferably it should be an arrow, but could be the "<" or ">" or synbols, for exanple. The nost significant bit oust be set. (The nunber 154 designates a right arrow on a "Digital Group" display.) 1

[ This value produces a one second delay (approxinately) for use by the RPT.KY subroutine. It specifies the Initial tine delay before the automatic repeat node is started. This value is not itachine-dependerit since the DY.SCL value is used to handle differences in computer lining. 3

[ This value is used as the initial (naxlnun) tine delay value for KY.CNT. It should be equal to the nunber of repetitions which occur in the fast repeat node before reaching the naxinuN repetition speed. It ii not nechine-dependtnt since the value of DY.SCL allows for differences in conputer lining. 3

[ This value is used to scale the tine delay values above, such that they result in the proper delay tines for the particular conputer being used. A starting fast repetition rate of about 10 tines per second is good, but it should be chosen for individual preference. The snallest pernissible value is 1 . (0 results in the longest delay.) Its value should be deternined by trying a value and then calculating the desired value based upon the repetition rate which the first value produced. The given value works for ny Z-B0 Digital Group nicroconputer operating at 2.3 MHZ. 1

Global variables: *****************

Iattial values are given in each case, although the last two do not need to be initialized. (DB indicates that one byte is reserved, and DU indicates that 2 bytes are reserved.) 3

H0RIZ. DB 1 C Indicates the horizontal position of the

cursor on the screen.

1 = left side of screen.

UIDTH » right side of screen. 3 VERT. DB 1 C Indicates the vertical position of the

cursor on the screen. I ■ top line.

DY.SCL DB 100D

HERE. DU 45535D

SAVE.A DB

ED.ERR DB

LINES = botton line. 1 [ This pointer points to the location in the text defined by the "START HERE" operation. It is initialized here to an invalid value to ensure that it is not used before it is defined. ]

C This location is used to tenporarily store the contents of the A register when the PUSH AF instruction cannot be used - since that instruction alters the flags. 3

C This value indicates the type of error which occurred during the last editing operation. The following codes are used:

0 - No error

1 - Insufficient nenory

2 - Invalid operation

3 - Input/Output error 3

[ **************************************************

BIT7A.

[his subroutine tests the nost signlficiint bit <N 7) of the contents of register A without changing its contents. If the bit is a zero, the Z flag is set. (Otherwise the Z flag is cleared.) This subroutine is equivalent to the "BIT 7,A" instruction of the ZB0 microprocessor, 10 if a ZBO is used, all of the calls to this subroutine can be replaced with that instruction. 3

BIT7A. LD (SAVE.A),A

AND 128D

LD A,(SAVE.A) RET

[ *******************************************************

BIT7H. ******

This subroutine is sinilar to the one just above except that it tests the nost significant bit of the byte pointed to by register pair HL. It is equivalent to the "BIT 7,(HD" instruction of the ZBO, so calls to this subroutine can be replaced with that instruction if a ZBO nicroprocessor is used. 1

IIT7N. LD (SAVE.A),A

LD A,(HL)

AND 12BD

LD A,(SAVE.A) RET

[ I41«>»tMIBIS:H»:M«t:WS«t»I:l»».M«>«<»>«

STR.CR ******

This subroutine stores carriage returns at the ends of the text. (One before the text, and LINES nunber of carriage returns after the text). They are used to simplify the editing subroutines but they are not considered to be part of the text. 3

[ Put a carriage return before the first character position: 3 STR.CR LD HL,(BE0.TX) t Point to the beginning of the text DEC HL t Point to the location before it 3

LD (HL),CR. t Store a carriage return there 3

I Put LINES nunber of carriage returns after the last character

position: 3

LD HL,(END.TX) [ Point to the end of the text 3 LD A,(LINES.) [ Load the nunber of lines on the display ... 3 C ... into register B 3 [ Point to the next address 3 [ Store a carriage return there 3 I Decrenent the counter in B 3 [ Repeat the loop if it is not zero 3

LP1ST

LD INC LD DEC JP

t All done: 3 RET

HL,(END.TX)

A, (LINES.)

B, A HL

(HL),CR. B

NZ.LP1ST

410 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

[ Mltt.Htl«l.tmitMlt,i'ttKHM«(>ltJ>tWIUI.||)j»:(

IK1T.H »••»•»

This subroutine initializes (resets) the value of HERE to a value which flakes all uses of it illegal until it is defined. 3

Listing 1 continued on page 412

Circle 350 on Inquiry card.

USED COMPUTERS AND PERIPHERALS

Black and White graphics board, 128 by 192 resolution, software included on 8-inch disk $55

Cromemco 8K Bytesaver EPROM programmer $125

IDS 88-Modem direct connect S-100 modem with DAA, 110-600 baud, Autodialer, Originate or answer, Autoanswer & disconnect, FDX or HDX, and many other features $180

Wamco 8080 processor board $60

Cromemco 4FDC disk controller, 5- or 8-inch, extra serial

port, RDOS in-ROM $250

MEK 6800 computer with 8K, programmable through a

Hexadecimal keypad $125

Z8/BASIC Computer (designed by Ciarcia); 5-slot expansion rack (active termination) & power supply in cabinet; SYKES 8-inch intelligent disk drive; Sweetalker speech-output

board All for $780

Western Digital Pascal Microengine w/UCSD Pascal and two

8" drives $2000

Shaffstall EDI7700 phototypesetter floppy disk interface for use with Compugraphic Editwriter series typesetting equipment, with standard ASCII translation software. Excellent

condition $8500

Three SCION word processing subsystems complete with keyboard, monitor, S-100 display board, and Wordsmith editing software $1200 ea. or 3/$3000

Documentation is available for equipment. Prices are FOB Peterborough, NH

Call or write Jon Swanson, do BYTE, 70 Main Street, Peterborough, NH 03458 (603) 924-9281.

]l I OER

SYSTEMS ready to BOOT & RUN shipped cuiound the. uo/i£d 110 and 220 Volt Systems auailalle. £oi ejcno/ii Terminals/Printers/Custom Lengih Cables Diskettes k MOST SOFTWARE axce.pt Apple

&8$vJP6ter iMlGlSSOfllr1 WINNERS OF C0DB0UT 85/88's

Chris O'Neal Newport News, VA

David Halco Streetsbero , OH

Wyatt Lewis Mechanics town, OH

LOMAS EPSON

BUDGET 1 Cabinet 2-8" Drs LUXURY 2 CVT Cabinets 2-DS-8"

6MHz CPU Z,64K, Sys $2795 6MHz 85/88,64K, Sys 2795 256K MPM 8-16(tm) Sys 5295 Teletek Z80A,64K,Sys 2195 Slave Z80's avail for above Lomas MPM86.256K, Sys 4-350 Lomas 10MHz 8086,128K 3195 Seattle 8086,64K, 3095 Morrow Micro Decision 949 Sodbout System A,B,C Call Godbout Disk II A&T 596 Interfacer 4 A&T 263 odbout RAM 21 128K 985 Lomas RAM 67 128K 1116 3att Bak up for above 85 Lomas Hazitall 260 '•lorrow 65K Static ram 404 Seattle 8086 Set MSD0S 671 Fevevideo 925 715 1200 BAUD SMARTM0DEM 525 Sorcim SuperCalc 175

Cm, CPU 96, 4 HPH 86 are Trademarks of

3.0. BOX 951, Westminster,

6MHz CPU Z,64K System $3950

7/8MHz 85/88,64K, Sys 3995

256K MPM 8-16 System 6645

10MHz 8086,64K,CSC Sys 4650

Lomas 10MHz 8086,128K 3995

Lomas MPM86 (tm )256K Sys 5150

Seattle Gazelle 4595

Seattle Sys II 128K 3135

Morrow Decision D2 2691

Godbout Disk Sub-system 3295

Godb.out Disk 1 A&T 371

Godbout 8086 CSC 10MHz 638

Godbout 6MHz 85/88 A&T 319

Lomas 128K Dynamic 8-16 636

LDP 72,CP/M(tm)86,MEM DR 415

C.Itoh F10 40 cps 1395

Morrow Multi 1/0 276

Seattle RAM+ IBM PC 192K 575

Prism 132 Color printer 1595

EPSON MX80FT & Graftrax+ 499

SPELLBINDER CPM or IBM 269

DlnLt.il Research ALL iniCtS SUBJECT TO CHAICE

CA 92683-0951 (714) 895- 1746

BYTE Clearance Sale

The installation of new microcomputer systems at BYTE allows us to sell some of our old equipment. The items for sale have been used for varying lengths of time, but are all in working order (except as noted). All units are sold as is. Prices are FOB Peterborough, New Hampshire.

Three high-performance word-processing subsystems for use with a microcomputer, each consisting of a:

Scion Screensplitter memory-mapped S-100-bus video-display board Scion parallel-port keyboard Scion Wordsmith text-editing software

Ball Corporation green-phosphor video monitor. The units are all in excellent condition. Price: S1200 each, S3000 takes all three.

Shaffstall EDI7700 phototypesetter floppy-disk interface for use with Compugraphic Editwriter-series typesetting equipment, including standard ASCII translation software. (This device reads and writes phototypesetter disks with textual data transmitted or received through a serial RS-232C link.) Excellent condition. Price: S8500.

Pensee Pascal Microengine computer system, including UCSD Pascal version 3.0, 16-bit microprocessor, two Shugart 800R single-density 8-inch floppy-disk drives, and two RS-232C serial ports. Good condition.

Price: S2000.

For more information, contact Jon Swanson at BYTE Publications Inc., 70 Main St., Peterborough, NH 03458.

BYTE October 1982 411

Listing 1 continued:

IHIT.H LD ML,(END.TX)

INC HL

LD (HERE.)fHL RET

t Point to END.TX

C ... plus ont ...

C ... with HERE 3

[ Return 3

[ t*****************************^************************

SET.BC ******

This lubroutint is uitd to itt up the count in BC so thtt the Uo bytes (B t C) can bt dicrtnfnttd ttparately nhen counting tht rtpttitiont for • loop. (This it done because tht DEC BC inttruction doti not afftct tht ztro or carry flagi - which Mikes that instruction inpractical for dtttrninina whtn the count riachti ztro.) Thi* subroutint incrtnents B unless the valut of C if ztro. Registers HL, BE, and A are not affected by thit lubroutint. 3

SET.BC INC C

DEC C

RET Z

INC B RET

[ If C ii ztro, ... ]

t ... then set the Z flag :

[ Return (with no change) if C=0 3

[ Increment B ]

[ Return 3

t »«»«»»•»«**.«*»tt***t**f****'f**t**t**t**t**t**t**t**t*-* SUB.DP

******

Doublt precision subtraction. This subroutine subtracts the H bit positive integer in register pair BC fron the 16 bit positive integer in register pair HL and then adds one. The result is placed in BC, and the carry flag is set if the result is list than or equal to ztro. Registers A, BE I HL are not changtd by this subroutine. 3

SUB.DP LD (SAVE.A),A C Save the contents of register A ] LD A,L f. Put lou order byte in A 3

SUB C [ Subtract lou order byte S set

carry flag if negative result 3 LD C,A E Put lou order result in C ]

LD A,H [ Put high order byte in A 3

SBC B C Subtract high order byte with

carry and set carry flag if the

result is less than zero 1 LD B,A C Put high order result in B ]

INC BC E Adjust count to include both bytes

being pointed to ] LD A,(SAVE.A) [ Restore the value of register A 1 RET : Return, uith carry flag still

set according to the "SBC"

instruction 1

[ ........... .t.:m.t. »•*:«•** •*•»<»:»•**»* *»**«*»**•**•**•**«*+•

BB.CNT 1 L.CNT **************

This subroutint counts the bytes bttwten tht btginnlng of tht ttxt (or, if the L.CNT tntry point ii used, the position indicated by HL) and tht cursor. On output, BC equals the nunber of byttt (a conprttttd-tpact-bylt counts as ont), inclutivt, and tht carry flag it ttt if there are no bytes. Rtgitttrt DE i A art not changtd by this subroutint. 3

I6.CNT LD HI., (BEO.TX) C Point to the first byte of text 1 L.CNT LD B,H C Hove valut in HL... 3

LD C,L [ ...to BC 1

LD ' HL.(BEF.CU) C Point to byte before cursor 3 JP SUB.DP t Juftp to subroutine to calculate

HL-BCtl 3

C ..i.tmm>i<.t«it>ittntt»l«i*tM.n*iMi**.«.«i*«»

NB.CNT t R.CHT **•*•*•••**•••

This subroutint counts tht bytet between tht end of the text (or, if tht R.CNT entry point is uttd, the position indicated by HL) and the cursor. On output, BC tquali the nunber of bytes (a coHprested-tpace-byte counts as one), inclusive, and tht carry flag is set if there are no bytes. Registers A i DE are not changed by this subroutine. 3

"D.CNT LD HL,(END.TX) R.CNT PUSH HL

LD HL.(AFT.CU)

LD LD POP JP

i,H C,L HL

SUB.DP

C Point to last bytt of text 3

[ Push HL onto stack 3

C Put valut of AFT.CU in HL 3

[ Hove that valut to... 3

I ...rtgister pair BC 3

[ Restore HL 1

C Junp to subroutine to calculate HL-BC»I 3

[ »»*«••»»««»»•««•*»«»»•* »«*+l**»*4«:»:|«**«**.**t »*«**»* *«**»

DP.CNT ******

This subroutine counts the nenory locations of the cursor gap (uhich are available for inserting characters). On output, BC equals the nuHber of locations available, and the carry flag is set if there are no locations available. Registers A I DE are not changed by this subroutine. 3

GP.CNT LD HL,(BEF.CU) t Point to byte before cursor 1

LD B,H I Hove that value to... 3

LD C,L [ ...register pair BC 3

Listing 1 continued on page 414

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412 October 1082 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Listing 1 continued:

LD HL,(AFT.CU)

DEC HL

DEC NL

JP SUB.DP

I Point to byte after the cursor ] C Adjust the nunbers... 3 [ ...to jet the proper result 3 C Junp to subroutine to calculate HL-BCH 1

[ *********** «»»»*,» «^'H+lM*:*«+l»»**«*+» + »«**» + + »**t*»**t

LOIR. *«♦»«

This subroutine copies BC nunber of bytes inch that they can be shifted towards the lower address end of nenory. The first byte noved is fron the address indicated by HL to the address indicated by DE, and it is at the lower address end of the block of bytti being shifted. This instruction is equivalent to the LDIR (LoaD, Increnent, Repeat) instruction of the ZBO Microprocessor, so if a Z80 is to be used, the calls to this subroutine can be replaced with the LDIR instruction. Register A is not changed by this subroutine. I

C Save the contents of register Ai 3

LDIR. LD (SAVE.A),A [ Adjust the contents of BC for use as a tuo-byte counteri 3 CALL SET.BC

[ Hove the next byte fron (HL) to (DE) and point to the next pair of locations: 3 LP 11R LD A,(HL)

LD (DE),A

INC HL

INC DE

C Decrement the byte counter and repeat the loop if not zero: 1 BEC C

JP HZ.LP11R DEC B

JP HZ,LP 11R E Restore the contents of register A and return: ) LD A,(SAVE.A) RET

C «**»**»»»»**««»««**«*M**»*»**»*****»***+*»**»**»**»*+

LDDR. »*••'*

This subroutine is sinilar to the LDIR subroutine above except that the bytes are copied such that they can be shifted towards the higher end of nenory. The first byte noved is at the upper address end of the block of bytes being shifted, and it is noved fron the address indicated by HL to the address indicated by DE. (BC nunber of bytes are noved.) This subroutine is equivalent to the LBDR instruction of the Z6D, so the calls to this subroutine can be replaced with the LDDR instruction if a Z80 is used. Register A is not changed by this subroutine. 1

C This subroutine differs fron the LDIR subroutine only in that HL and DE are decrenented instead of increnented: 3

LDDR.

LP) DR

LD (SAVE.A),A CALL SET.BC LD A,(HL) <DE),A HL DE C

NZ.LP1DR B

NZ.LPIDR A,(SAVE.A)

LD DEC DEC DEC JP DEC JP LD RET

[ «**m**4***************************************»********

MOVE.L *•«••*

This subroutine noves a block of characters such that the position of the cursor gap noves to the left. On input, HL nust point to the character which is to becone the character to the right of the cursor. Initially that character nuit be to the left of the cursor. On output, the values of variables BEF.CU and AFT.CD are changed appropriately. 3

C Count the nunber of bytes which need to be noved; return if there are none: ] MOVE.L CALL L.CNT ( Count the nunber of bytes (to

the left) which need to be noved; Result in BC. Set carry if none. RET C [ Return if there are no bytes to

be noved 3

C Hove bytes to the right, across the cursor gap: 3

LD HL.(AFT.CU) [ Point to the deitination... 3 DEC HL C ...of the first byte... 3

EX DE,HL [ ...using register DE 3

LD HL,(BEF.CU) C Point to the first byte to be noved, using register HL 1 [ Block nove, decrenent node, of BC nunber of bytes 3 CU and AFT.CU to indicate the new

CALL LBDR.

L Adjust the values of BEF, cursor position: 3

LD (BEF.CU),HL

EX

INC

LD

All done: RET

DE, HL

HL

(AFT.CU),HL

3

[ HL already points to the byte

before the cursor 3 [ Nove DE to HL 3 [ Point back to last byte noved.. C ...for the address of the byte

after the cursor 3

[ *****************f***>*****t********t*****t*******:f**t*

HOVE.R ******

This subroutine noves a block of characters such that the cursor noves to the right. On input, HL points to the character which is to becone the character to the left of the cursor. Initially that character nust be to the right of the cursor. On output, the values of the variables BEF.CU and AFT.CU are changed appropriately. 1

C Count the nunber of bytes which need to be noved; return if there are none: 3 HOVE.R CALL R.CNT t Count the bytes (to the right)

which need to be noved; result in DC. Set carry if none. 3 RET C [ Return if there are no bytes

to be noved 3 t Nove bytes to the left, across the cursor gap: 3

LD HL,(BEF.CU) [ Point to the destination... ]

INC HL [ ...of the first byte... 3

EX DE,HL C ...using register DE 3

LD HL,(AFT.CU) [ Point to the first byte to

be noved 3

CALL LDIR. C Block nove, increnent node,

of BC nunber of byteti 3 [ Adjust the values of BEF.CU and AFT.CU to indicate the new cursor position: 1

C HL already points to the byte

after the cursor 3 t Nove DE to HL 1 I Point to the list byte noved... [ ...for the address of the byte before the cursor 3

LD (AFT.CU),HL

DE, HL HL

(BEF.CU),ML

EX DEC LD

C All done: 1 RET

C «»«*«*«•**•+*»**•**»**•**»+»**«**»*»•*»»»*•**»**«**•**•**

SRCH.L ******

This subroutine searches to the left (toward lower addresses) for the first occurence of the byte which is in register A. On input, HL nust point to the first byte to be checked, and HC nust indicate the nunber of bytes to be checked. On output, the Z flag is set if, but only if, the byte is found - in which case HL points to the byte after the Hatching byte. (Ie. HL11 is the address of the Hatching byte.) Also on output, a cleared carry flag indicates that the last byte (of the BC bytes) was reached (but the Z flag still indicates whether the last byte natches or not). This subroutine is equivalent to the CPDR (ConPare, Decrenent, Repeat) instruction of the Z80 Microprocessor except that the carry flag is used instead of the parity flag. Therefore, if a Z80 is to be used, the following code can be used to replace the given code: SRCH.L CPDR

SCF

JP

CCF

SKP1SL RET

PE,SKP1SL

[ Adjust the contents of BC so that it can be used as a double-byte counter: 3

SRCH.L CALL SET.BC [ Conpare the byte in nenory with the contents of register A, and point to the next byte in nenory: 3

LP1SL CP (HL) DEC HL

Listing 1 continued on page 416

414 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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415

Listing 1 continued:

C If the bytes are the sane, skip ahead: 3 JP Z,FOUND

[ Decrement the loop counter and repeat the loop if it not zero: 3

DEC JP

DEC

JP

NOTFND LD XOR INC LD RET

(SME.»),A

A

A

A,(SAVE.A)

HZ,LP1SL B

NZ.LPISL

£ No natch uai found, so clear both the carry flag and the zero flag and return: ]

[ Save the contenti of A II C Clear both the carry ... J [ ... and the Z flags J [ Restore A without changing flags ] C Return with NC I NZ status 3 C A natch uas found, so decrement the byte counter one last tine and skip ahead if the counter is still not zero: ] FOUND DEC C

JP NZ.8KP2SL DEC 8

JP NZ,SKP2SL

[ The natch was found on the last byte. Clear the carry flag

and set the Z flag, then return: 3

LD (SAVE.A),A I Save the contents of A 3

XOR A C Clear carry flag, set Z flag 1

LD A,(SAVE.A) [ Restore A without changing flags ]

RET [ Return with NC it Z status 3

I The natch uas found before the count reached zero. Re-adjust

the byte counter to its original forn: 3 SKP2SL INC C [ If C is zero, ... 1

DEC C [ ... then set the Z flag J

JP Z,SKP3SL [ If C is not zero, ... ] DEC B C ... then decrenent B ]

I Set both the carry flag and the Z flag, then return: J SKP3SL LD (SAVE.A),A [ Save the contents of A : XOR A C Set the Z flag ]

SCF C Set the carry flag ]

LD A,(SAVE.A) [ Restore A without changing flags 3 RET C Return with C i Z status J

C *******************************************************

SRCH.R **«*•«

[ This subroutine is sinilar to the SRCH.L subroutine above except that the search is perforned in the opposite direction (to the right). It searches for a natch to the contents of register A starting at HL and searches BC bytes towards the higher address end of nenory. The ouput conventions are the sane as for the SRCH.L subroutine except that if a natch is found, the natching byte will be in the address indicated by HL-1 . Since the endings are the sane as for SRCH.L, this subroutine uses those endings. This subroutine is equivalent to the CPIR (ConPare, Increnent, Repeat) instruction of the Z80 except for the use of the carry flag instead of the parity flag. Therefore, the alternative Z80 code given for the SRCH.L subroutine can be used here by replacing CPDR with CPIR and by replacing SRCH.L and SKP1SL with SRCH.R and SKPtSR (respectively). 3

t The connents are exactly the sane as for SRCH.L except as noted: 3

SRCH.R CALL SET.BC

LP1SR CP (HL)

INC HL

C (This is the only Instruction which is different 1

JP

DEC

JP

DEC

JP

JP

Z,FOUND C

NZ.LPtSR B

NZ.LPISR NOTFND

£ t***********************************************************

CR.LFT *»*•••

This subroutine searches for the beginning of the (E-l)-th line to the left of the cursor, using carriage returns to indicate the end of each line. On input, register E mist equal the nunber of carriage returns to be found, where the character to the right of the last CR found is the desired character. (Note: If E«l, the beginning of the line containing the cursor is the location to be found.) (Note: E'O is not allowed.) On output, there are four possible cases, indicated by the

Case 2: NC I NZ

Case 3: C t NZ

Case 4: C « Z

status of the carry flag and the zero flagi

Case 1: NC t Z HL = Address of the byte to the right of the E-th carriage return (counting fron the cursor towards the left).

E = 0

HL ■ BEO.TX (Address of first byte of text) E = Nunber of carriage returns not found. The beginning of the text was encountered before reaching the desired line.

HL = Irrelevant E * Unchanged

There are no bytes of text to the left of the cursor.

HL « Irrelevant E • t (Unchanged) The beginning of the line containing the cursor was to be found, but the cursor uas already at the beginning of the line. 3

I Deternine the total nunber of bytes of text to the left of the cursor: ]

CR.LFT CALL B6.CNT [ Result in BC, carry flag set if BC=0 ]

C If there are no bytes to the left of the cursor, return with the carry flag set and the Z flag cleared (Case « 3): 3

JP NC,SKP1LF C Carry inplies count is non-zero J

XOR A t Set A to zero ]

SUB 1 [ Status of flags: C I NZ 3

RET [ Return 3

[ Check for special case 1(4 in which E=1 and the byte to the left of the cursor is a carriage return (ie. The cursor is at the beginning of the desired line). If this is not the case, skip over the next section: ] SKP1LF LD HL,(BEF.CU) [ Point to the left of the cursor 1

LD A,(HL) C Load the byte 3

CP CR. [ It it a carriage return T 3

JP NZ,SKP2LF [ If it is not, skip ahead 3

LD A;I C Load A with 1 1

CP E [Is E-1 T 3

JP NZ,SKP2LF [ If not, skip ahead 3

C The cursor is already at the beginning of a line and E ■ 1, so indicate a Case K 4 by setting both the carry and Z flags and return: ]

SCF [ Status of flags: C i Z 3

RET [ Return ]

C Store the carriage return cod* in register A: (Note: HL still points to the byte before the cursor) 3 SKP2LF LO A,CR. C Search for the next carriage return to the left: 3 LP3LF CALL SRCH.L [ Search operation, to the left,

starting at HL, repeats until CR found or BC«0 1

C If the beginning of the text has been reached, skip ahead: 3 JP NC.SKP4LF C A cleared carry flag inplies

BC > 0 ]

[ If nore carriage returns need to be found, repeat the loop: (Note: HL already points to the byte before the CR) 3 DEC E [ Decrenent CR counter 3

JP NZ,LP3LF [ Repeat loop if not zero ]

t Case Ml: Enough carriage returns have been found, so point to the byte following the last CR found, change the flags, and return: ]

INC HL C Point to the last CR found 3

INC HL C Point to the byte to the right

of it 3

XOR A [ Status of flags: NC, t Z 3

RET I Return 3

C The beginning of the text has been reached, so set HL to the address of the first byte of text and clear the carry flag: 3 SKP4LF INC HL C (Note: Does not affect zero flag) ]

SCF

CCF [ Carry flag cleared ]

C If the first byte of the text is not a carriage return, adjust the line count and return: 3

JP Z.SKP5LF [ Zero flag still unchanged fron

search operation; it indicates whether the first byte is a CR 3 DEC E [ Decrenent line counter 3

RET t Return with the carry flag

cleared and the zero flag deternined by the results of the decrenent E operation. (Case I 1 or I 2 3

C The first byte of the text is a carriage return; if this is enough CR's found, point to the next byte and return: 3 SKP5LF INC HL [ Point to the second byte of text 3

Listing 1 continued on page 418

416 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Listing 1 continued:

DEC E I Decrenent line counter 3

RET Z [ Return if all CR's found

status of flags: NC, > Z

(Case H 1) ]

[ The beginning of one nore line can be found since the carriage return at the beginning of the text is the first land only) byte of a line, so point back to it and decrement the line counter: 3

DEC HL i Point to the first byte of text 1

DEC E C Count another line found ]

RET C Return with carry flag cleared,

and zero flag delernined by the result of the previous instruction. (Case II or 12) 3

[ «»••«*•••«*•»••»»»»»••*»••**»•*«••«*•*>**»**<»*•*»«**•*(•*

CR.RIT ******

This subroutine searches for the beginning of the E-th line to the right of the cursor, using carriage returns to indicate the end of each line. On input, register E mist equal the nunber of carriage returns to be found, where the character to the right of the E-th carriage return (to the right of the cursor) is the desired character. (Note: E»0 is not allowed.) On output, there are four possible cases, indicated by the status of the carry flag and the zero flag:

CASE 1: NC t Z

CASE 2: NC S NZ

HL » Address of the byte after the E-th carriage return to the right of the cursor.

E . 0

HL = Address of the byte after the last carriage return in the text. (But if the last byte of text is a carriage return, it Dill point to the byte after the next-to-the-last carriage return.)

E = Nunber of carriage returns not found

CASE 3: C i NZ HL ■ Irrelevant E * Unchanged

There is no text to the right of the cursor.

CASE 4i C I Z HL - Irrelevant E ■ Unchanged

The cursor is already on the last line of text (ie. no carriage returns were found, not including the last byte of text). 1

[ Determine the total nunber of bytes of text to the right of the cursor: ]

CR.RIT CALL ND.CNT t Result is in BC; carry flag is set

if BC » 0. 3

C If there is no text to the right of the cursor, return with the carry flag set and the Z flag cleared (Case 13): 3

JP NC.SKPIRI C Non-carry implies non-zero count 3

XOR A [ Set A to zero 3

SUB 1 [ Status of flags: C I HZ ]

RET [ Return 3

C Store the initial value of E in register B to allow for later checking the nunber of carriage returns encountered before reaching the end of the text: ] SKP1RI LD D,E

C Store the carriage return code in register A and point to the byte to the right of the cursor: I

LD A,CR. I Put carriage return code in A ]

LD HL,(AFT.CU) [ Point to byte after cursor 1 L" Search for the next carriage return to the right: 1 LP2RI CALL SRCH.R I Search operation, to the right,

starting at HL, repeats until a CR is found, or BC counter = 0. ] T. If the end of the text has been reached, skip ahead: ]

JP NC,SKP3RI [ A cleared carry flag indicates BC = 0 3

I If nore carriage returns need to be found, repeat the loop: (Note: HL already points to the byte after the CR.) 3 DEC E

JP NZ,LP2RI

r. Case II: Enough carriage returns have been found, so clear the carry flag and return. (Note: HL already points to the byte after the carriage return and it does not go past the end of the text since BC is not equal to zero): 1 SCF

CCF [ Carry flag cleared 3

RET [ Status of flags: NC, Z 3

I The end of the text has been reached, so if no carriage returns were found, set both the carry and Z flags (Case H4) and return: 3

SKP3RI LD A,D C Hove the initial value of E to A 3

CP E I Conpare it uith the present value 3

JP NZ.SKP4RI C If different, skip ahead 3 SCF [ Status of flags: C I Z 3

RET [ Return 3

L Case 12: At least one carriage return ua* found, so find the last one (but without including the last byte of text in the search): 3

[ Point to the next to the... 3 [ ...last byte of the text 3 [ Put a carriage return code in A 3 [ Set BC so it won't reach zero 3 t Search node, towards the left 3 C Point to the carriage return 3 C Point to the right of the CR 3

SKPiRI

LD HL,(END.TX)

DEC HL

LD A,CR.

LD BC.65535D

CALL SRCH.L

INC HL

INC HL

C Clear the zero and carry flags and return: 3

XOR A t Set A to zero 3

ADD 1 t Status of flags = NC, NZ

RET [ Return 3

[ ************** t:tt:t*t**t**t*t**t**t**t*--tt*-tt*tt**tt*t*ttnt

Subroutines to change VERT and HORIZ: ************************************

The following eight subroutines adjust the values of VERT and HORIZ such that the position of the cursor is noved either incrementally up, down, left, or right or is noved to the top line, botton line, left side, or right side as desired (according to which subroutine is called). (Note: These subroutines do not affect the position of the cursor in the text.) Registers BC, DE, i HL are not changed by these subroutines. They use connon endings to save the new values in nenory. 3

( Hove the cursor to the top line of the screen (VERT=I): 3 TOP.V LD A,I

JP LOAD"

C Hove the cursor to the next line up on the screen: 3

DEC.V LD A,(VERT.)

CP 1

JP Z.LOADV

DEC A

JP LOABV

[ Is it at the top of the screen ? 3 [ If so, skip to the ending without

changing VERT 3 [ Decrement VERT 3

[ Hove the cursor to the next line down on the screen: 3

INC.V

LD A,(VERT.)

PUSH HL

LD HL,LINES.

CP (HL)

POP HL

JP Z.LOADV

INC A

JP LOADV

t Save the contents of HL 3

C Point to the nunber of lines on

the screen 3 C Set the zero flag if VERT * LINES 3 [ Restore HL without affecting flags 3 C Skip ahead without changing VERT if

it is already at its naxinun value 1 t Increnent VERT 3

[ Nove the cursor to the botton line of the screen (VERT=LINES): 3 BOT.V LD A,(LINES.)

t This connon ending is used by all four above subroutines. Put the new value of VERT into nenory: 3 LOABV LD (VERT.), A r. All done: 3 RET

[ Nove the cursor to the left side of the screen (HORIZ*!): 3 LFT.H LD A,I

JP LOADH

[ Hove the cursor left one position on the screen: 3 DEC.H LD A,(HORIZ.)

DEC A C Decreitent HORIZ 3

RET Z [ ...but not if it is off the screen 3

JP LOADH

[ Hove the cursor right one position on the screen: 3 INCH LD A,(HORIZ.)

PUSH HL C Save the contents of HL 3

LD HL,WIDTH. [ Point to the nunber of characters

per line 3

Listing 1 continued on page 420

418 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Listing 1 continued:

CP (HL) POP HL RET Z

INC A

JP LOADH

[ Set zero flag if HORIZ * UIDTH 1 t Restore HL without affectina flags ] [ Return if HORIZ is already at its

naxinun value ) t Increnent HORIZ ]

[ Hove the cursor to the right of the screen <HORIZ=UIDTH)i 1 RIT.H LD A,(UIDTH.)

[ This is the connon ending for the above four subroutines: ]

LOADH LD (HORIZ.),A I Lo*d the new value into ntnory 1

RET

I *•*•**•***•*«*•«***«•*•***•**•*••««*»«•*•**•**••*•*••**•*•*

CRPR8. ******

Thil subroutine conbinet any conpretted-tpact-bytes which art adjacent to one mother. It il uttd to combine any men bytet which nay have been split up by tone of tha curtor novoaent optratlona. (Specifically, if tha UP, D0UN, PABE FORHARD, PA8E BACKUARD, TOP or B0TT0N operations art used when tha cursor it betueen two spaces, those conpretted-spece-byte* will bt left aplit up, uatting nenory tpaca.) This subroutine alto re-initializes tha value of HERE tinea thia subroutine changes the text such that it nay no longer point to the s»«e location at uhen defined. The nee value of HERE nak.ee all utet of it Invalid until it it rt-definod. 1

I laitialtze the value of HERE to END.TX ♦ Il ]

CHPR8. CALL INIT.H C Count the nunber of bytet to the left of the curtor, put the result in >C and skip ahead to the second half of the subroutiat if it it zeroi ]

CALL BB.CNT [ Count the I of bytet, put the

rttult in BC I aet the carry flag if zero 1

JP C.8KP7CH C Skip ahead if there art no bytet

to the left of the curtor 1 I Point to the firtt byte of text with both register pairs DE 1 HLl ]

LD HL,(BEB.TX>

LD D,H

LD E,L

C Adjust the contents of IC for use as a double-byte counteri ]

CALL 8ET.BC t Begin outer loopi 3

C Hove the next byte fron (HL) to (DE), leaving a copy of it in register Ai 1

LP1CH LD A,(HL) LD (DE),A C Begin inner loop: 3 C Point to the next source location! 1

LP2CH IHC HL

C Decrement the byte counter and if it is zero, skip ahead to the end of this half of the tubroutinei 1

DEC C C Decrement loner half of counter ]

JP HZ.SKP3CH C Continue if not zero 3

DEC B F. Decrement upper half of counter 3

JP Z,SKP4CH [ Exit fron this loop if done J

C If the next byte to be noved cannot bt combined with the one just noved, skip over the next 2 sectionsi D SKP3CH CALL BIT7A. C If MSB of last byte noved it not

t it an ASCII code 1 JP NZ,SKPSCH [ Skip ahead if not t conpressed

space-byte 3

CALL BIT7H. C If the next byte to be noved it

an ASCII code, clear zero flag 1 JP HZ,8KP5CH [ Skip ahead if not a conpressed

space-byte ]

[ Conbint the two conpressed-space-bytes, insuring that the count for the resultant nunber of tpactt it not too largei 3 ADD (HL) [ Conbine counts ]

CALL BIT7A. [ Count greater than 127 declnalT 1

JP Z,8KP4CH [ If not, tkip over next

inttruction 1

LD A,1271 I Load A with naxinun allowable

count 3

8KP4CH LD (DE),A C Store the combined byte in ntnory

E Repeat the inner loop tinct there nay be nore spaces in the next bytti 3

JP LP2CH

C The bytet cannot be conbined, so point to the next destination and repeat the nain loopi 1 8KPSCH IHC DE C Point to next destination 3

JP LP1CH C Repeat outer loop 3

420 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 201 on Inquiry card.

Listing 1 continued on page 422

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Listing 1 continued:

I Upditt tht vtlut of BEF.CUi SKP4CH EX DE,HL

LD <BEF.CU),HL

C Count the rniHbir of bytes to the right of the cursor, 3tort the mult in BC, and rtturn if 2troi 1 SKP7CH CALL MD.CNT [ Count I of bytn, put remit in

BC t lit cirry flag if zero 1 RET C C Rtturn if no tixt to right of

curior 1

C Point to thi lut byte of text with both DE « HLi 1 LD HL,(END.TX) LD D,H LD E,L

[ Adjuit the contenti of BC for UM M a doublt-byte counttri 3

CALL SET.BC C Begin outer loopi 1

I Hove the next byte fron (HL) to (DE), leaving a copy of it in regiitor At 1

LPBCH LD A,(HL) LD (DE),A C Begin inner loopi 1 C Point to the next source locations 1

LP9CH DEC HL

C Decrement the byte counter ind skip ahead to tht ending if it ii ztroi 1

DEC C [ Dtcrtntnt lowtr half of counter 1

JP HZ.SKPIOC [ Continue if not zero 1

DEC B [ Decremnt upper half of counter ]

JP Z,SKP13C [ Skip to ending if all done 1

C If tht ntxt bytt to be noved cannot be conbincd with the one juit novtd, iklp over the next 2 tectionn 1 SKPIOC CALL BIT7A. C If MSB of lait bytt Moved ii

not a zero, it Is an A8CII code ] JP h7,SKP12C [ Skip ahead if not a cottpresied

•pace-bytt 1

CALL B1T7H. C If tht ntxt byte to be Moved ii

an ASCII code, dear zero flag ~±

JP NZ,SKP12C t Skip ahead if not a conprened

tpace-byte 3

I Conbine the tuo bytei, emuring that tht count for the nunber of ipactt it not too largti 1

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ADD (HL) CALL BI17A. JP Z.SKPIIC LD A.I27D

C Combine counts ] [ Count grtattr than 127 dtdnalT J C If not, ikip over next step 1 t Load A uith ttaximm allowable count ]

8KP1IC LD <DE>,A [ Store tht combined byte in nenory 1

C Repeat the inner loop tince there nay be itore ipactt in the next byttI 1

JP LP9CH

C Tht bytti connot be conbined, 10 point to the ntxt dtttination and repeat the nain loopi ] SKP12C DEC DE

JP LP8CM C Update the value of AFT.CUi ] BKP13C EX BE,HL

LD (AFT.CU).HL [ All donei 1 RET

[ ****** «44«»*«»>««4* *********************** ****************

SPACT. ******

Thii tubroutine nakoi ture that there it roori to iniert at leait one character into the text. If there it no roon available, the carry flag it tet and tht value of ED.ERR ii ttt to 1 to indicate inefficient nenory. If the firit count of the curior gap tize indicate! there is no roan, an atttnpt it nade to conbine any adjacent conprmid-ipact-bytes and the gap size ii re-checked before concluding that there ii no roon. If there it roon available, the carry flag ulll be cleared (*NC> and regiiter BC will contain the nunber of location! in the curior gap. Regiitor A ii unchanged by this subroutine. 1

C Save the contenti of regiiler A in luch a way that it can be rutored without changing the flagu 1 BPACT. LD L,A PUSH HL

t Deternine the lumber of locationi available and skip ahead if

there ii one or norei ]

CALL BP.CNT t Count lize of curior gap J

JP HC.SKP1SP [ Carry flag tet indicate! no

ipacei available ]

[ Attenpt to conbine any adjacent conpretted-ipace-bytiti J CALL CHPRS,

[ Check again for roon in the curior gap with the contenti of the carry flag indicating if there ii now tone room ]

CALL OP.CUT [ Count lize of curior gap ]

C If there uai no roon, let ED.ERR to t, leaving the carry flag ieti )

SKP1SP JP NC.SKP2SP [ Skip ahead if roon ]

LD A,1 [ Put a 1 ... 1

LD (ED.ERR),A C ... into ED.ERR 1

[ Reitore the contents of regiiter A without affecting the flagu 1 SKP2SP POP HL LD A,L

Z All done. Return uith the carry flag indicating the status: 1 RET

■ '

[ *********************************************************

INERT. ******

Thii lubroutine imerts one byte (contained in register A) to the left of the cursor. It is uied by the I.CHAR, I.CR, and I.SPAC subroutines. A check ii nade to deternine if there is roon to insert one byte, and if not, the carry flag is set and the insertion is not nade. Alio, if appropriate, the value of ED.ERR ii let to t to indicate iniufficient nenory. Register A ii unchanged by thii lubroutine. 1

[ Hake lure there it roon to imtrt one bytt. If not, return uith the carry flag let. (ED.ERR ll let to I by the SPAC? subroutine if there is no roon.) i 1 IHSRT. CALL SPACT. C Set the carry flag if there is

no roon ]

RET C t Return if the carry flag is set 1

[ Iniert the byte in regiiter A into the text to the left of the curiori 1

LD HL,(BEF.CU) [ Point to byte to left of cursor 3 INC HL t Point to next location 1

LD (HL),A C Store the contents of register A

there 1

LD (BEF.CU).HL [ Update the BEF.CU pointer 1 C Return with the carry flag cleared to indicate a luccesiful iniertioni ]

OR A [ Clear the carry flag 1

422 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 287 on inquiry card.

Listing 1 continued on page 424

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Circle 412 on inquiry card.

A-9675

Listing 1 continued: RET

t «.«»»»«»»«**»**«»»•«*»*«**»**•**•**«**•**«**«**•**»**•**

TOP. *•*•

Thit tubroutint novit thi curtor to the beginning (top) of the ttxt (In front of tht firit character) and novel thi curtor synbol to tht upptr lift corntr of tht tcrem. 3

C Point to tht firit chirtcttr of texti ]

TOP. LD HL,(BEC.TX) L Novt thit bytt to tht right of the curtor (Move curtor lift) and tdjutt tht valutt of IEF.CU t AFT.CUl 3 CALL HOVE.L

E Hovt tht curtor tynbol to tht upptr left coritr of tht tcneni 3

CALL TOP.V E Stt VERT • 1 J

CALL LFT.H [ Stt HORIZ ■ 1 3

C All donti 1

RET

BOTOH. ******

Thit tubroutlni novit tht curtor to tht tnd of tht ttxt and movii tht curtor tynbol to tht loNtr right corntr of tht scrttn. (Notti Tht B8P.TX tubroutint will adjust tht valuet

of HORIZ and VERT If ntctttary.) 3

[ Point to tht latt byte of texti 3

I0T0N. LD HI,(END.IX) C Kovt that bytt to tht ltft of the curtor (novt curtor to right) and adjutt tht valutt of BEF.CU t AFT.CUl 3 CALL NOVE.R

E Novt tht curtor to tht lOHtr right corner of tht tcrteni 3 CALL BOT.V C Stt VERT • LINES 3

CALL RIT.H [ Sit HORIZ - UWH 3

C All donti 3 RET

[ ••••«•«»•*•••*•««•**»**•**«*••**«**«*•*»«**»**«**««*»**«•

UP. *«•

Thit tubroutint novit tht curtor to tht beginning of either tht taut or tht prtviout lint. If tht curtor it not at the btginning of a lint, it it novid to tht beginning of that line. If tht curtor it at tht beginning of t lint, it it novtd to tht beginning of tht prtviout lint. 3

E Point to tht beginning of the lite containing the cursor: 3 UP. LD E,l C 1» I of CK'l to be found ]

CALL CR.LFT t Ritult in HL 3

C If tht curtor it not at tht beginning of a line, skip ahead since HL now pointt to the byte to be novtd to the right of tht curtori ]

JP NC.SKP1UP C (Flag conditions tet by CR.LFT) ]

E If tht curtor it at tht btginning of the text, returni 3 RET HZ

E The curtor it at tht btginning of a line, to point to the beginning of tht prtviout linti 1

LD E,2 C 2= I of CR's to be found :

CALL CR.LFT E Rttult in HL 1

E Novt tht curtor up ont lint on tht screeni 3

CALL DEC.V E Dtcrtnent VERT 3

E Novt tht curtor to tht left tidt of the icrtem 3

SKP1UP CALL LFT.H E Stt HORIZ to 1 ]

E Novt tht curtor left (by Moving tht bytes across the curtor gtp to tht right tidt) and adjust tht valuet of BEF.CU and AFT.CUl ]

CALL NOVE.L E Notti HL pointt to the byte

which it to becone the bytt to the right of the curtor 3

E All donti 1 RET

E ><»tttUt.)M».tHUI.t«*M:t:M«t»*t**l**(*it**l«l**.:>

DDUN. *****

Thit tubroutint noves tht curtor to the beginning of the next lint, but if it it already on the latt line, the curtor is noved to the end of the ttxt. }

424 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

E Point to the beginning of the next line (after the line containing the the cursor): 3 DOUN. LD E,l E 1= I of CR's to be found 3

CALL CR.RIT E Result in HL if all goes OK ]

DEC HL E Point to the carriage return at

the end of the present line 3 E If the beginning of the next line uas found, wove the position of the cursor on the screen down one line and to the left side, then skip ahead! 3

JP C,SKP1DN E Carry flag set inplies it uas not

found ]

CALL 1NC.V E Increment VERT 1

CALL LFT.H E Set H0RIZ=l 3

JP SKP2DN E Skip ahead to Move the cursor J

C If the cursor is at the end of the text, returni 3 SKPIDN RET NZ

E Tht curtor it already on the latt line, so point to the last character of the text and nove the cursor to the right side of tht tcreeni ]

LD HL,(END.TX) E Point to end of text 3

CALL RIT.H E Set HORIZ'UIDTH 3

E If the latt bytt of ttxt is a carriage return, wove the curtor down one lint: 1

LD A,(HL) E Put last byte in A 3

CP CR. E It it a CR ? 3

JP NZ.SKP2DN E If not, tkip over next coMnand 1

CALL INC.V E Novt cursor down one lint on screen 3

E Nove tht curtor to the right (by noving bytei of text to the left acrott tht cursor gap), and adjutt the values of BEF.CU and AFT.CUl 3

SKP2DN CALL NOVE.R E Notei HL pointt to the byte vhich

it to becone the byte to the left of the curtor 3

E All donti 3 RET

E »«**»»*»*«»*»*«»«««**(*t*4t**t**t**t*»*M*W«**t»***«**M

LEFT. *****

Thit tubroutint noves tht curtor left ont character position. If tht curtor it alrtady at tht btginning of the text, no change taktt plact. If tht bytt to the lift of tht cursor is a conprtiiid-tptci-byte, only ont of thi spaces (represented by the byte) it novtd to tht othtr tidt of the cursor gtp (thus splitting up a conprtttid-ipace-byte if it repretentt More than ont space). 3

E Nake turt thin it at leatt oni byte of nenory available in can a conpretstd-sptct-byti ntidt to bt expanded. If not, return with thi value of ED.ERR tit to 1 to indicate inefficient ntnoryi 3 LEFT. CALL 8PACT. RET C

E Nakt turt that there it at leatt one characttr before the

curtor. Rtturn if there isn't! 3

CALL BG.CHT E Set carry flag if not at least one 3

RET C E Rtturn if tht cursor it already

at tht btginning of the text 3

E Bet tht character to thi lift of thi cursori 3

LD HL,(BEF.CU) E Point to character before cursor ]

LD A,(HL) E Get the byte 3

E If the byte it not a conpressed-tpaci-byte, skip aheadi 3

CALL BIT7A. I NSB'O indicates coMpretsed-space 3

JP NZ,SKP1LT E Skip ahtad if it it an ASCII code 3 E Put tht codt for one tpace in A and reduce the nunber of spaces in thi byti to the left of the curtori 3

LD A,1 E 1 • code for oni spaci 3

DEC (HL) E Dtcrenent space count 3

E If then art nore spaces renaining in the byte, tkip the next section: ]

JP NZ.SKP2LT

E Erase the byte to the left of the curtor by changing the value of BEF.CU: 3 SKP1LT DEC HL E Dtcrtmnt BEF.CU 3

LB (BEF.CU).HL E Store the neu value in emory 3 E Point to thi characttr afttr tht curtori 3

SKP2LT LB HL.(AFT.CU) E Skip ahtad unlttt two conprested-tpact-bytet can be combined: 3 CP 1 E Don regitttr A contain 1 tpace? 3

JP NZ.SKP3LT E Skip ahtad it not 3 CALL BIT7H. E It tht byte to the right of the

curtor a conpretsed-space-byteT 3 JP NZ.SKP3LT E Skip ahead if it is an ASCII code 3 E Conbine two conpretttd-spaci-bytlt (where the one in register A is a tingle tpace), and tkip over the ntxt section. However,

Listing 1 continued on page 426

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Circle 248 on inquiry card. As featured in Byte Magazine, July, August, 1981.

Listing 1 continued:

if the conbined count would cauit an overflow, skip to the ending (effectively erasing the extra space): 1

LD A,<HL) C Hove the tpace count to A 3

CP 127D C It it at its naxinun value T 1

JP Z,SKP4LT [ If to, skip to the ending 3

INC (HL) [ Increnent the nunber of spaces

represented by the byte 3

JP SKP4LT C Skip over the next two sections 1

[ Put the byte in register A into the right end of the cursor gap and adjust the value of the AFT.CU pointer! 3 SKP3LT DEC HL t Point to the left of the byte to

the right of the cursor 3

LD (HL) ,n C Put the byte there (fro* register A) 3

LD (AFT.CU),HL [ Store the new value of AFT.CU 3 r If the character noved was a carriage return, nove the cursor down one line on the screen and to the right side, and return; 3

CP CR. [ A = carriage return ? 3

JP NZ.SKP4LT C Skip ahead if not 1

CALL RIT.H [ Set H0RIZ-U1DTH 3

CALL DEC.V C Decrenent VERT 3

RET C Return 3

C Hove the cursor one place to the left on the screen, S return: ] SKP4LT CALL DEC.H [ Decrenent HORIZ 3

RET [ Return ]

r ***************t********M*M*Mt***+*********************

RIBHT. *««♦«*

This subroutine noves the cursor right one character position. If the cursor is already at the end of the text, no change occurs. If the byte to the right of the cursor is a conpressedspace-byte, only one of the spaces (represented by the byte) is

noved to the other side of the cursor gap (thus splitting up the conpressed-space-byte). ]

C Hake sure there is at least one byte of nenory available in case a conpressed-space-byte needs to be expanded. If not, return with the value of ED.ERR set to 1 to indicate insufficient nenory: 1 RIGHT. CALL SPACT. RET C

C Hake sure there is at least one character after the cursor,

and return if there isn't; ]

CALL HD.CHT [ Set carry if not at least one ]

RET C I Return if there is no place to

nove to 3

I Get the byte which is to the right of the cursor; 3

LD HL,(AFT.CU) [ Point to byte after cursor 3 LD A,(HL) [ Get the byte 3

[ If it is not a conpressed-space-byte, skip ahead: 1

CALL DIT7A. [ HSB=1 indicates an ASCII byte ]

JP NZ.SKP1RT [ NZ inplies an ASCII byte ]

[ It is a conpressed-space-byte, so put the code for one space

in A and reduce the nunber of spaces in the byte to the right

of the cursor; 3

LD A,1 [ 1 ■ code for on* space 3

DEC (HL) [ Decrenent space count ]

[ If there are nore spaces renaining in the byte, skip the next

section; 3

JP NZ.SKP2RT

C Erase the byte to the right of the cursor by changing the value of AFT.CU; 3 SKP1RT INC HL [ Increnent AFT.CU 3

LD (AFT.CU).HL C Store the new value in nenory 3 C Point to the byte to the left of the cursor; 3

SKP2RT LD HL.(BEF.CU) C Skip ahead unless two conpressed-space-bytes can be conbined: 3 CP 1 [ Does register A contain t space? 3

JP HZ.SKP3RT [ Skip ahead if not 3

CALL BIT7H. I Is the byte to the left of the

cursor a conpressed-space-byte? 3 JP HZ.SKP3RT [ Skip ahead if not 3

I Conbine two conpressed-space-bytes (where one Is a single space in register A) and skip over the next section. However, if the conbined space count would cause an overflow, just return (effectively erasing the extra space): 3

LD A, (HL) [ Hove the space count into A 3

CP 127D C Is it at its naxinun value ? 3

RET Z [ If so, return 3

IHC (HL) [ Add one nore space to the byte

to the left of the cursor 1 JP SKP4RT t Skip over the next two sections 3

C Put the byte in register A into the left end of the cursor gap and adjust the value of the DEF.CU pointer: 3 SKP3RT INC HL [ Point to the location to the

right of the byte to the left of the cursor 3

LD (HL),A C Put the byte in register A there ]

LD (BEF.CU),HL [ Store the new value of BEF.CU 3 L If the character noved was a carriage return, nove the cursor down one line on the screen and to the left side, then return: 3 CP CR. [ A ■ carriage return T 3

JP NZ.SKP4RT CALL INC.V CALL LFT.H RET

[ Skip ahead if not 3

C Increnent VERT 1

[ Set HORIZ'1 1

[ Return 1

C Hove tht cursor one place to the right on the screen S return: 3 SKP4RT CALL INCH [ Increnent HORIZ 3

RET t Return 3

PA6E.F •*••••

This subroutine noves the location of the cursor to the beginning of the line which follows the last line presently displayed on the screen, and noves the cursor position to the upper left corner of the screen. If the last byte of text is already on the screen, the cursor is noved to the end of the text and the cursor synbol is noved to the lower right corner of the screen (although it will probably be noved left by the DSP.TX subroutine). 3

I Calculate the I of carriage returns to be skipped over to get to the desired line: 3 PA6E.F LD A,(LINES.) C Load A with the nunber of lines

on the screen 3 INC A [ Set A ■ LINES + 1 3

LD HL,VERT. [ Point to the variable VERT 3

SUB (HL) [ A ■ LINES - VERT + 1 3

LD E,A I Store result in E 3

C Point to the E-th carriage return to the right of the cursor: 3 CALL CR.RIT [ Result in HL, if found ]

DEC HL [ Point to the carriage return

(Does not affect flags) 3 C If the end of the text was encountered before reaching the desired line, junp to the BOTDH subroutine: 1

JP C.BOTOH. [ CR's found only if status of... 3

JP NZ.BOTOH. C ...flags are NC I Z 3

C Hove the cursor there (t adjust BEF.CU i AFT.CU): 3

CALL HOVE.R [ Note: HL points to the byte to

becone the byte to the left of the cursor 3

C Hove the cursor to the upper left corner of the screen: 3

CALL TOP.V [ Set VERT * 1 3

CALL LFT.H [ Set HORIZ « I 3

: All done: 3

RET

t »••»•«•••»*..»«•««+*.**.**.*«*:..**«*^t*^.*:.«*:m.*.**»*^.

PABE.B ******

This subroutine noves the location of the cursor such that the new botton line will be the line which is presently innediately above the top line. If the first byte of text will appear on the screen, the cursor is noved to the beginning of the text. In either case, the cursor synbol is noved to the upper left corner of the screen. 3 C Calculate the nunber of carriage returns to be found (to the left of the cursor) to get to the desired line: 3 PAGE.B LD A,(VERT.) [ Load A with the line nunber the

cursor is on 3

LD HL,LINES. C Point to the location containing

the nunber of lines on the screen 3

ADD (HL) [ A - VERT ♦ LINES 3

LD E,A C Hove result to E 3

C Point to the byte to the right of the E-th carriage return (to the left of the cursor): 3

CALL CR.LFT [ Result in HL if found 3

C If the beginning of the text was encountered before reaching the desired line, junp to the TOP subroutine: ]

JP C,T0P. [ CR's found only if status of...3

JP NZ,T0P. [ ...flags are HC I 1 3

C Hove the cursor there (! adjust BEF.CU S AFT.CU): 3

CALL HOVE.L

: Hove the cursor to the upper left corner of the screen: 3

CALL TOP.V [ Set VERT = 1 3

CALL LFT.H [ Set HORIZ ■ ) 3

C All done: 3

RET

426 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Listing 1 continued on page 428

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Listing 1 continued:

I.CHAR *«»»»«

This subroutine inserts a character into the text to the left of the cursor. The ASCII character to be inserted is contained in register A with the nost significant bit set. (Mote that carriage returns are not inserted by this subroutine.) If the character is a control code or a "DEL" byte (255 decimal), then set ED.ERR to 2 to indicate an invalid operation. If there is no roon for the character to be inserted, then ED.ERR is set to 1 to indicate insufficient Hetiory. If either error occurs, the byte is not inserted. 3

C Hake sure that the character to be inserted is not a control code or a "DEL" byte. If it is, set ED.ERR to 2 and return: 3

I.CHAR CP

SPACE.

C Is it a control code ? ]

JP

C, SKPtIC

[ Skip ahead if so ]

CP

255D

[ Is it a "DEL" code ? ]

JP

NZ.SKP2IC

[ Skip ahead if not 3

SKPtIC LD

A,2

C Put a 2 ... 3

LD

(ED.ERR),A

[ ... into ED.ERR 1

RET

[ Return 3

Insert the

character into

the text, including a check to Hake

sure there is rood to insert it. However, if there is not enough roon, 1HSRT sets the carry flag and sets the value of ED.ERR to 1 (without having inserted the character)! ] SKP2IC CALL INSRT.

[ If there was not enough poor, return: ] RET C

C Hove the cursor one place to the right: 3

CALL INCH [ Increment HORIZ 3

C All done: 1 RET

[ *»*♦»***«**«*:»«****.»«:»**********»*****•*+«*******•**»**»

I.SPAC *»«*««

This subroutine inserts one space to the left of the cursor. 3

C If the byte (if any) to the left of the cursor is not a conpressed-space-byte, skip over the next section: 3 I.SPAC CALL DG.CHT C Is there a byte to the left of the

cursor ? (Clear carry flag if so) 3 JP C,5KP1 IS C Skip ahead if not 3

LD HL.(BEF.CU) t Point to the byte to the left of the cursor 3

CALL BIT7H. [ Is it a compressed-blank-byte? ]

JP MZ,SKP11S [ Skip over next section if not 3 L The byte to the left is a conpressed-space-byte, so add one nore space to it and skip ahead. However, if the combined space count would cause an overflow, just return (effectively ignoring the space to be inserted): 3

LD A,(HL) I Put the space count into A 3

CP 127D t Is it at the maximum value ? 3

RET Z I If so, return 3

INC (HL) C Increment the spaces there 3

JP SKP2IS I Skip over the next section 3

I Insert one space into the text to the left of the cursor. However, if there is not enough roon, INSRT sets the carry flag and sets the value of ED.ERR to 1 (without having inserted the space): 3 SKPIIS LD A,I C 1 ■ code for one space 3

CALL INSRT. t Insert it into the text 3

C If there was not enough roon, return: 3 RET C

[ Hove the cursor one place to the right, unless it would be off the screen: 3 SKP2IS CALL INCH t Increment HORIZ 3

C All done: 3 RET

I.CR *»*«

This subroutine inserts a carriage return into the text to the left of the cursor. 3

C Insert the CR into the text, Making sure there is rooM for it. If there is not enough roon, INSRT sets the carry flag and sets the value of ED.ERR to 1 (without having inserted the carriage return): 3 I.CR LD A,CR. C Put a carriage return code in A 3

CALL INSRT. C Insert it if roon 3

C If there was not enough roon, return: 3

RET C

C Hove the cursor symbol down one line and to the left side of

the screen: 3

CALL INCv CALL LFT.H

C All done: 3 RET

t Increnent VERT 1 [ Set HORIZ = 1 3

C »»««»**«♦*«**«««»*»»*«*»«**«♦•«*•»**»**»**»♦*»»»»*»»*»**»

E.CHAR *««***

This subroutine erases the character to the right of the cursor: 3

I If there is not at least one character to the right of the

cursor, return: 3 E.CHAR CALL ND.CNT C Set carry if not even one byte 3

RET C C Return if no byte there to erase 1

[ Point to the byte to be erased and skip over the next section

if it is not a conpressed-space-byte: 3

LD HL.(AFT.CU) C Point to byte after cursor 1

CALL BIT7H. t Is it a coinpressed-space-by te? 3

JP NZ,SKP1EC [ Skip over next section if it is not 3

[ It is a conpressed-space-byte, so decrenent the nunber of

spaces it represents and return if there are wore spaces

renaining in the byte: 3

DEC (HL) I Reduce space count 3

RET NZ C If nore spaces there, return 3

C Erase the byte to the right of the cursor by incrementing

the value of AFT.CU: 3 SKP1EC IHC HL [ Increment AFT.CU 3

LD (AFT.CU),HL t Store the new value in nemory 3

L All done: 3 RET

[ ttt******************************************************

E.LINE +»»«**

This subroutine erases the remainder of the line which the cursor is on. This includes erasing the carriage return at the end of the line if the cursor is at the beginning of the line, but the carriage return is retained if the cursor is anywhere else on the line. 3

C Point to the beginning of the next line (after the line containing the cursor): 3 E.LINE LD E,1 [1 » # of CR's to be found 3

CALL CR.RIT [ Result in HL if found 3

L If the beginning of the next line was found, skip ahead: 3

JP NC.SKP1EL [ (Note: Case H2 not possible since E=1 on input) 3

r If there are no bytes to the right of the cursor",return: 3 RET NZ

C The cursor is already on the last line of the text, so test whether the last byte of text is a carriage return and point to END.TX+1: 3

LD HL, (END.TX) C Point to end of text 3 LD A,(HL) I Put last byte into register A 3

CP CR. [ Last byte = carriage return ? 3

INC HL C HL = END.TX ♦ 1 (Does not affect

flags) 3

L" If the last byte is not a carriage return, there is no need to test whether the cursor is at the beginning of a line, so skip ahead! 3

JP NZ.SKP2EL I If not a CR, skip ahead 3 t Point to the carriage return it the end of the line containing the cursor (instead of to the byte after it): 3 SKP1EL DEC HL

I If the cursor is at the beginning of a lint, indicate that the carriage return at the end of the lin* it to bi erased

too: 3

PUSH HL C Save contents of HL 3

LD HL,(BEF.CU) I Point to byte to left of cunor 3 LD A,(HL) [ Put the byte in register A 3

POP HL i Return pointer to HL 3

CP CR. C It the byte I carritge return? 3

JP NZ.SKP2EL [ Skip ahead if it is not a CR 3 INC HL I Point to the byte after the

other CR 3

t HL points to the byte which li to become the bytt to the right of the cursor, so store the addresi in AFT.CU (This effectively erases the approprate bytes) i 3

SKP2EL LD (AFT.CU),HL I All done: 3 RET

[ *************************************************»**»*+

428

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Listing 1 continued on page 430

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BYTE October 1982 429

Listing 1 continued:

SHIFT. *•«»««

Thil subroutine fhiftl UPPER CASE LETTERS to lower cm letters tnd vict verse. In doing to, it eoves the cunor fron tht ltft side of the charactir btinj shifted to thi right »idi. Muitbers, spaces, synbols or other non-letter codn are ikipptd ovir unchanged. 3

[ Load the character into register Ai 1 SHIFT. LD HL,(AFT.CU> C Point to the byte after the cursor ] LD A, (HL> [ Put the byte in A 1

C If it ii not an alphabetic character (a letter), iklp aheadi 3 C Regiiter A itinut ASCII capital "A" 1 [ Don't shift if code < "A" ] [ Register A ninus: ASCII lower case

"z" plus one 1 C Don't shift if code > snail "z" D [ Register A ninus lower case 'a" 1 I Do shift if code >■ snail "a" .1 C Register A ninusi ASCII capital

"Z" plus one 1 [ Don't shift if code > capital "Z" ] C Shift the character to the opposite of uhat it is (upper or lower case)! 1

SKPISH XOR 32D C Decinal 32 = binary O01O0OO0 ]

LD (HL),A [ Put the altered code back into

nenory ]

I Junp to the RIGHT subroutine to nove the cursor right by one character: ] SKP2SH JP RIGHT.

[ *********************************************************

POINT. *»•♦««

This subroutine points to the future address of the byte which is presently to the right of the cursor, for use by the COPY end E.PART operations to define the beginning of the text to the copied or erased. The pointer is stored in the HERE variable. ]

C Conpress any adjacent conpressed-space-bytes since it can't

bi done later without possibly affecting the location of the byte being pointed tot 1 POINT. CALL CHPRS.

[ Save the future address of the byte to the right of the cursor! 1

LD NL,(BEF.CU)

CP

193D

JP

C.SKP2SH

CP

251D

JP

NC,SKP2SH

CP

22SD

JP

NC,SKPISH

CP

21?D

JP

NC,SKP2SH

INC LD

[ All donei RET

HL

(HERE.),HL

[ Point to the byte to the

left of the cursor 1 t Point to the next location 1 I 8ave address for liter use 3

[ *>fit***************************************************

E.PART ******

This subroutine erases a portion of the text. The portion erased is the text between where the cursor was when the POINT subroutine was last executed (the address is in HERE) and the present position of the cursor. Howtver, if the cursor is now, or has been, to the left of the location indicated by the last use of the POINT operation, an invalid operation will be Indicated (since HERE has been changed to an invalid address) by setting ED.ERR to 2. 1

I Point to the first byte

E.PART LD HL,(HERE.) I Hake sure the nunber of nunber. If not, set the without having nade any c CALL L.CNT

JP NC,SKPIEP

LD A,2

LD (ED.ERR),A

RET

C Set BEF.CU to the byte erased, effectively erasi SKPtEP LD HL,(HERE.)

DEC LD

HL

(BEF.CU),HL

to be erasedi J

bytes to be erased is a positive value of ED.ERR to 2 and return hangesi ]

[ Set the carry flag if the

count is negative or zero 1 I Skip ahead if positive count 1 C Put 2 into ... J [ ... ED.ERR J t Return ] to the left of the first byte to be ng part of the texti J

[ Point to first byte to be

erased ] C Point to byte to left of it ] t Stom that address in BEF.CU ]

Listing 1 continued on page 432

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BYTE Octobtr 1982 431

Listing 1 continued:

C Set HORIZ « UIDTH so that the DSP.TX subroutine can adjust HORIZ at nifded: 3

CALL RIT.H t Set HORIZ • UIDTH ]

C All donei 3

RET

[ »«»««*««»«•*«««*«»»«*»*:»«**»**•*•**»**•**«**«*****•***

E.ALL *»*«»

This subroutine erases the entire text by changing the values of BEF.CU and AFT.CU . Also, the pointer HERE is initialized since its value Mould no longer be valid. 1

t Set BEF.CU to BEG.TX - 1 I J

E.ALL LB HL,(BEG.TX)

DEC HL

LB (BEF.CU),HL

C Set AFT.CU to ENB.TX +1:1

LD HL,(END.TX)

INC HL

LD <AFT.CU),HL

[ Initialize HERE: 3

CALL INIT.H C AU donei 1

RET

I *.««*»**«**•*«*»****** »*,.«»*»**«**»*,»«*. *«>*:» «**«*:» a*4

H.POS *****

This variable is used to keep track of the horizontal position of the hardwire cursor. It is used only by the DS.BTT subroutine and is initialized (to UIDTH) by the CL.SCR subroutine. 1

H.POS DB 0

C ««»«««•»»*«««•»»»»»**«»»*•*»*:»»**«:>*•*:»»*'.»»**•*:►»*»• +

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This subroutine displays one byte of text on the screen. Bytes of text can be ASCII characters or ASCII carriage returns (MSB = 1), or conpressed-space-bytes (MSB ■ 0). It is used for displaying iittsages on the screen, but it is not used for displaying the text being edited. Conpressed-space-bytes aft displayed as the appropriate nunber of spaces, and carriage returns cause the reminder of the line to be filled with spaces. If the end of a screen line is encountered, the value of H.POS is reset to allou the reminder of the line of text to be displayed on the next line. The H.POS counter is used to keep track of the horizontal position of the hardware cursor, so the screen should first bt cleared using the CL.SCR subroutine (since it initializes H.POS and resets the hirdnare cursor) and only this subroutine should be used for displaying nissages. Note that there are no provisions for detecting the botton of the screen. Also, the nunber of coepressed spaces in a single byte should not exceed the nunber of characters per line since this condition is not checked for. Registers HL and DE are not changed by this subroutine. 1

C If the byte is a carriage return, skip aheadi 1 IB.BYT CP CR.

JP Z,SKP1DB

I If the byte is a conpreised-space-byte, skip aheadi 3

CALL BIT7A. C Check MSB of A 3

JP Z.SKP3DB [ Skip ahead if MSB 1 0 3

T The byte is a displayable ASCII character, so display iti 3 CALL CH.OUT

C Decrenent the value of H.POS and return if it is non-zero: 3 LD A,(H.POS) DEC A

LD (H.POS),A RET NZ

C Reset the value of H.POS to UIDTH since a new line has been started: 3

LD A,(UIDTH.)

LD (H.POS),A E All done (if the character was an ASCII character: 3

RET

[ The byte is a carriage return, so display H.POS nunber of spaces: 3

SKPIDB LD A,(H.POS) t Put the value of H.POS ... 3

LD B,A C ... into register B 3

LP2DB LD A,SPACE. [ Send an ASCII space ... ]

CALL CH.OUT [ ... to the dispalay 3

DEC B [ Repeat the loop ... 3

JP NZ,LP2BB [ ... for wore spaces 3

I Reset the value of H.POS to the value of UIDTH to indicate

the start of a neu line: 3 LD A,(UIDTH.) LD (H.POS),A

C All done (for the case of a carriage return): 3 RET

C The byte is a conpressed-space-byte, so output the indicated nunber of spaces, keeping a copy of the count in register C: 3 3KP3DB LD B,A [ Put the count in B 3

LD C,A [ Save a copy in C 3

LP4DB LD A,SPACE. I Send an ASCII space ... 3

CALL CH.OUT [ ... to the display 3

DEC B [ Repeat the loop ... 3

JP NZ,LP4DB C ... for all of the spaces 3

C Subtract the space count fro* H.POS: 3 LD A,(H.POS) SUB C

C If the result is negative or zero, add the result to UIDTH. Note: This next result is assumed to be positive - which is the case if the nuitber of conpreited spices is not too large:

JP JP

SKP3DB LD LD ADD

Z.SKPSDB

NC.SKPADB

C,A

A,(UIDTH.) C

C Put the result back into SKP4DB LD (H.POS),A RET

[ If zero, skip the next instruction C If positive, skip ahead 3 [ Add ... 3 C ... UIDTH ... 3 [ ... to the previous result 3 .POS aid return: 3

[ *•»«••«••**••••*«*«*«»**•*••**«••«**»••»*•*••»****«**

CL.SCR ******

This subroutine clears the screen by filling it with spaces,

<>nd the hardw,ire cursor is reset to start in Dip upper left

i orner of the screen. Also, it initializes the value of H.P0S

to the value of UIDTH. This subroutine is used before

(lislaying any nessages on the screen (including the "neiiu"). 1

Listing 1 continued on page 4i

432 October 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

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October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 433

Listing 1 continued:

t Reset the hardware cursor to the upper left comer! 3 CL.SCR CALL UP.LFT

I Reset the value of the horizontal position counter (H.POS)

to U1DTH: 3

LD A,WIDTH.) LD (H.POS),A

L Output LINES nunber of carriage returns: 1

LD A,(LINES.) C Put the nunber of lines ... ]

LD D,A C ... into register H 1

LPtCS LD A,CR. [ Put a carriage return in A 3

CALL DS.BYT C Fill one line with spaces 3

DEC D [ Decrenent the line count 1

JP NZ.LPICS C Repeat the loop for all lines ]

L Reset the hardware cursor to the upper left corner againI I CALL UP.LFT

i: Initialize the value of H.POS (to UIDTH) to indicate that the hardware cursor is at the left side of the screen! 3

LD A,(UIDTH.)

LD (H.POS),A C All done: 3

RET

HSPLA. *««•»*

This subroutine displays the text pointed to by HL. The text Must be in the standard fornat and nust be terninated by a zero byte. On output, HL points to the location following the location of the null byte. (Note that H.POS is used to keep track of when the end of a line is reached.) 3

[ Load the first/next byte of text and point to the next byte: 3 DSPLA. LD A,(HL) INC HL

C If it is a null byte, return: 3

OR A C Register A not affected 3

RET Z

r Display the character (which nay be a conpressed-space-byte) and repeat the loop: 3

CALL DS.BTT

JP DSPLA.

[ m**»***»**»♦»«***»**»**♦**»**♦**»*»*****»**»**♦****!!■*

BSPL:. *»»***

This subroutine displays the text which follows the call to this subroutine. The text nust be in the standard format and it Must be terninated with a null (zero) byte (an otherwise illegal character). This subroutine uses the H.POS pointer to indicate the position of the next character on the line. Therefore, cither calls to display anything on the screen nust update the value of H.POS in order for the carriage returns to output the proper nunber of spaces. This subroutine returns to the instructions which follow the null byte. 3

C Point to the first byte of text: 3 DSPL:. POP HL

L" Display the text pointed to by HL until the null byte is reached, leaving HL pointing to the instruction which follows the null byte: 3

CALL DSPLA.

C Return to the instruction which follows the null byte: 3 JP (HL)

[ |ll|4i|t«ltM*t<*H:t:tl»lit:H:HI*>l»l»<*l.*IH*>t»l*Ut

GET.NX *••••«

This subroutine gets the next ASCII character (or carriage return) fron nenory, Conpressed-space-bytes are expanded into individual ASCII spaces. By repeatedly calling this subroutine, characters of text are placed into register A, one at a tine. However, registers HL and C nust not be changed between calls since they are used to keep track of which character is next. (Register pair HL is used to point to the next byte of nenory and register C is used to keep track of whether More spaces renain in a conpressed-space-byte.) Prior to the first use of this subroutine, register C should be set to zero and HL Must point to the first character (or conpressed-space-byte) to be accessed. However, setting register C to a non-zero value allows this subroutine to access text starting at the Middle of a conpressed-space-byte. This subroutine also indicates whether the ASCII code returned in register A is a carriage return, by letting the Z flag if it is a CR. (Note that this

434 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

subroutine does not check for reaching the boundaries of the text.) Registers DE and B are not changed by this subroutine. 3

C If there are nore spaces renaining in a coMpressed-space-byte, skip ahead and output the next space: 3 GET.NX XOR A C Set A to zero 3

CP C C C=0 inplies that a conpressed-space

byte is not waiting to be further expanded. 3

JP NZ,SKP10T [ Skip ahead if another space is to be outputted 3 E Get the next byte fron nenory: 3

LD A,(HL) [ Load byte fro« nenory 3

INC HL [ Point to next byte of text 3

E If it is not a conpressed-space-byte, skip ahead: 3

CALL BIT7A. [ Conpressed-space-byte? 3

JP NZ.SKP2GT [ Skip ahead if not 3 C Hove the byte to register C (it equals the I of spaces represented)I ]

LD C,A

E Decrement the count for the nunber of spaces renaining and load A with an ASCII space: 3 SKP1GT DEC C C Reduce count of spaces 3

LD A,SPACE. C Load an ASCII space 3 C Set the zero flag if the character is a carriage return and returni 3

SKP28T CP RET

CR.

[ ..M.LIMTO.tU, 41„t,t„,i,«H,H|. ».,.(>,

DS.CHR

This subroutine displays a string of characters on the screen after first skipping over a specified nunber of characters (indicated by register C). B nunber of characters are displayed unless a carriage return is encountered, in which case the characters up to, but not including, the carriage return are displayed. Conpressed-space-bytes are expanded if encountered. On input, HL nust point to the first byte of the character string, register B nust equal the naxiitun nunber of characters to be displayed, and register C nust indicate the nunber of characters to be skipped over before starting to display the characters. (Note: B nust not be zero.) On output, HL will either point to the byte which follows the last character displayed, or to the byte which follows a carriage return (if one is encountered). If a carriage return is encountered, then the nunber of characters renaining to be displayed (out of the initial count in B) will be in register B. This subroutine is used for displaying the text which is being edited. Register E is not changed by this subroutine. 3

L If the nunber of characters to be skipped over is zero (in register C>, skip ahead. (This is also the beginning of the loop to skip over C characters.): 3 DS.CHR LD A,C OR A

JP Z,LP2DC

E Put the first/next byte into register A and point to the next byte: 3

LD A,(HL)

INC HL

E If it is a carriage return, exit the subroutine: 3 CP CR. RET Z

E If the byte is not a conpressed-space-byte, decrement C and

repeat the loop: 3

CALL BIT7A. t Check HSB of register A 3

JP Z,SKP1DC [ Skip ahead if HSB 1 0 3

DEC C [ Decrenent the character count 3

JP DS.CHR I Repeat the loop for the

next byte 3

[ The byte is a conpressed-space-byte, so subtract the nuMber

of spaces it represents fron the character count in C, and

put a copy of the result in C: 3 SKPIDC LD D,A L Put byte into D 3

LD A,C [ Put count into A 3

SUB D C A = count - byte 3

LD C,A C Copy result into C 3

C If the result is positive or zero, repeat the loop (for

the next byte): 3

JP HC,DS.CHR

C The result was negative, so set C to the negative of the result, since that equals the nunber of spaces of the conpressed-space-byte which need to be displayed at the beginning of the line: 3

CPL A C Set A ... 3

INC A [ ... to Minus A ]

Listing J continued on page 436

Circle 299 on inquiry card.

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October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 435

Listing 1 continued:

LD C,A C Put the result in C 3

C The appropriate nunber of characters have been skipped over. HL points to the first byte to be displayed, unless C is nonzero - in which case the value of C represents the number of spaces which need to be displayed before displaying the byte pointed to by HL: 3

L" Get the first/next character to be displayed. If C is nonzero, it indicates the nuhber of spaces remaining in the present conpressed-space-byte. But if C ii zero, HL points to the next byte to be displayed! 1

LP2DC CALL GET.NX C If the byte is a carriage return, return. (The Z flag it set by GET.MX if the byte is a carriage return.) (Notes Register B indicates the nunber of positions in the line which art not yet filled.)i ] RET Z

C Display the ASCII character which is in register Ai 3 CALL CH.OUT

I Decrentnt the position count and repeat the loop if it is non-zero i 1

DEC B

JP NZ.LP2DC C The line is full (B«0), so returni 3 RET

[ ************** m*t*****************************t

N.SKIP ******

This variable is used to store the nunber of characters to be skipped at the beginning of each line (when displaying the text). The value of N.SKIP it zero unless this would cause the cursor to go off the right edge of the screen. 3

N.SKIP DB

r ************************************************

US.INS t DS.LIN it**************

This subroutine displays E full lines of character! starting with the byte pointed to by HL. E=0 it not allowed. Upon return, HL will point to the byte which follows the latt carriage return (at the end of the latt line displayed). If the DS.LIN entry point is used, register C Must be set to the minber of characters to be skipped over at the beginning of the displayed text, and register B Must be set to the nuMber (nonzero) of character positions available for the first line (full or partial) of the text to be displayed. I

t Indicate the naxinun nunber of characters which will fit on one line by setting register B to UIDTHi ] DS.LNS LD A,(UIDTH.) LD B, A

I Place the nunber of characters to be skipped (already saved in N.SKIP) into register C: 1

LD A,(N.SKIP)

LD C,A

C Display one line starting at the byte pointed to by HL. Skip over the first C nunber of characters, and then display no nore than B characters. If a carriage return is encountered, stop prenaturely, leaving the nunber of unfilled positions in register B. (HL will be pointing to the byte which follows a carriage return (if found) or which follows the last byte displayed.) : ]

DS.LIN CALL DS.CHR t If D is non-zero, fill the reMainder of the line with spaces: 1

LD A,B [ If B equals ... 3

OR A C ... zero, ... 3

JP Z.SKP2DL C ... then skip ahead 3

LP1DL LD A,SPACE. C Send an ASCII space ... 3

CALL CH.OUT [ ... to the display 3

DEC B [ DecreNent the counter 3

JP NZ,LP!DL [ Repeat the loop if the count is

non-zero 3

C Search for the beginning of the next line: 3 SKP2DL DEC HL C Point to the last byte handled by

the DS.CHR subroutine 3 LD DC,45535D t Set BC to the naxiMUM integer 3 LD A,CR. [ Put a carriage return in A 3

CALL SRCH.R [ Point (with HL) to the byte after

the next carriage return 3 C If there are nore lines to be filled, repeat the subroutine. Otherwise, return. 3

DEC E [ Decrenent the line counter 3

JP NZ,DS.LNS [ Repeat the subroutine if it is

RET

non-zero 1 t All done 3

[ ft*********************************************************

DSP.TX ******

This subroutine displays the text on the tcreen (filling the entire tcreen). The position of the cursor syMbol is delernined by the values of VERT I HORIZ. (WERT=1 for the top. line, VERT'LINES for the botton line, HORIZ'1 for the left side, and H0RIZ=UIDTH for the right side.) Although the bottoM lines and the right tides of lines can be padded with blanks if there are no characters there, the top lines and the left sides of lintt art not allowed to bt padded with blanks. Therefore, if the values of VERT or HORIZ conflict with these restrictions, their valutt art adjutttd to avoid such casts. The position of the cursor within the text is indicated by the variablei BEF.CU t AFT.CD . The location! of the ends of the text are indicated by the constantt BEG.TX i END.IX. 3

C Tht following variablt it uted to save the address of the first character of the line at the top of the tcreen: 3 FRST.C DU 0 [ Two bytes are reterved here 1

t This portion of the tubroutint Maket sure that there are enough lints btfort tht line with the cursor and tnough chiracteri to tht lift of tht cursor (on that line) to allow tht prtttnt valuts of VERT and HORIZ. If not, tht values of VERT and HORIZ art changed (to hake sure that no padding is nitdtd above or to the left of the text). Since this determination requires finding the first character of the line which appears at the top of the screen, the address of this character is savtd in FRST.C for later use in actually displaying tht ttxt. Alto, this ttction determines the nunbtr of characttrs at tht btginning of each line which need to bt skipped in ordtr to nake the cursor appear in tht potition indlcattd by tht value of HORIZ (and the value it stored in N.SKIP). 3

t Load register E with the nunber of lines to be displayed above the cursor, plus one (which equals VERT)| 3 DSP.TX LD A,(VERT.) [ Put the value of VERT in A 1

LD e,a [ Hove lint count to register E 3

[ Point to the beginning of the first line to appear on the screen (the beginning of a line E-1 lines away) and save it for later use: 3

CALL CR.LFT [ Retult is put in register pair

HL if all goes well (flags indicate status) 3

LD (FRST.C),HL [ Save thit address 3 C If there are no bytes to the left of the cursor (case 3), or if VERT ' I and the cursor is at the beginning of a line (case A), then stt VERT to 1 (no change for case 4) and skip ahead: 1

JP NC.SKP1DP C Skip ahead if case 1 or case 2 3

CALL TOP.V t Set VERT=1 3

JP SKP2DP t Skip ahead 3

C If not enough lines were found before reaching the beginning of the ttxt, adjutt tht value of VERT such that the first character of text starts on the top line of the tcreen. (Note: If enough lines were found, E=0 so there is no harM in "adjusting" VERT.): 3 SKP1DP LD A,(VERT.) [ Get the initial value 3

SUB E [ Adjust VERT (A=A-E) 3

LD (VERT.),A [ Store the new value 3

C Point to the first byte of the line containing the cursor: 1 SKP2DP LD E,1 i 1 = I of carriage returns to be

found 1

CALL CR.LFT C Result in HL if found 3

L If the cursor is at the beginning of a line, set HORIZ to I, set N.SKIP to zero, and skip ahead to the display portion: 3

JP NC,SKP3DP [ Carry inplies case 3 or case A 3

CALL LFT.H C Set H0RIZ=1 3

XOR A C Set A to zero 3

LD (N.SKIP),A [ Set N.SKIP to zero 3

JP SKP4DP C Skip ahead to the display

portion 3

[ Get ready to count the number of characters (not just bytes) between the beginning of the line and the cursor. The GET.NX subroutine will be used, so set C=0 for initialization. Note that HL still points to the beginnning of the line containing the cursor. Set B to 0 to initialize the count: 3 SKP3DP LD C,0

LD B,0

C Get the next ASCII character (where spaces are un-coMpressed) and increnent the count in register B: 3

Listing 1 continued on page 438

436 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 437

Listing 1 continued:

LP4DP CALL GET.NX I Put code in register A 1

INC B C Increment character counter ]

C Repeat the loop (to count the nuhber of characters between the beginning of the line and the cursor) until the cursor -jap is reached: ]

XOR A I Set A to zero ]

CP C t C=0 ? ]

JP NZ,LP4DP C Repeat loop if there are More

conpressed-space-bytes in the sane byte 1

PUSH HL I Save contents of HL ... 3

PUSH BC [ ,.. & BC 1

CALL L.CNT t Subtract contents of HL fro«

(BBF.cu ♦ !> S set carry flag if negative or zero ]

POP BC t Restore contents of BC ... 1

POP HL [ ... I HL 1

JP HC,LP4DP [ Repeat loop until cursor gap

reached 1

C If the nunber of characters to the left of the cursor is less than the nunber of character positions specified by the value of HORIZ, adjust HORIZ to the character count plus one. Also, calculate the nunber of characters at the beginning of the line (and therefore for all lines) which Must be skipped (N.SKIP) in order to place the cursor at the position specified by the neu value of HORIZ: 1

LD A,(HORIZ.) [ Load the value of HORIZ ... 3

LD C,A [ ... into register C 1

INC B [ Add 1 to the character count 1

LD A,B [ Put a copy of it in A 1

SUB C [ Subtract HORIZ fron the character

count plus one, and set the carry flag if negative ] JP C.SKP5DP [ Skip the next 2 instructions

if negative 3

LD (N.SKIP),A L Save the result as the nunber

of characters to be skipped 1

JP SKP6DP C Skip the next 4 instructions

since the value of HORIZ does not need to be updated ] SKP5DP LD A,B C Put the character count plus

one ... 1

LD (HORIZ.),A C ... into HORIZ ]

XOR A [ Put zero ... J

LD (N.SKIP),A [ ... into N.SKIP )

C This portion of the subroutine does the actual displaying of the text: 1

C Reset the display to start in the upper left corner of the screen: 3

SKP4DP CALL UP.LFT C Point to the first character of the first line to be displayed uith register pair HL: 1

LD HL,(FRST.C) C Place the value of VERT - 1 into register A and, if it is zero, skip over the next section: 1

LD A,(vERT.) C Load the value of VERT ... 3

DEC A C ... Minus one into register A 1

JP Z.SKP7DP t Skip ahead if A ■= 0 ]

[ Display the lines above the line containing the cursor. Register A already contains the nunber of lines to be displayed ( ■ VERT - 1 ) and register pair HL already points to the first character of the first line to be displayed: ] LD E,A [ Put the line count into E 1

CALL DS.LNS C Display E lints of text starting

uith the byte pointed to by HL. Leave HL pointing to the beginning of the line containing the cursor. 3

C Place the value of HORIZ - 1 into register A, and if it is zero, skip the next section: 1 SKP7DP LD A,(HORIZ.) DEC A

JP Z.SKP8DP

C Display the characters it the beginning of the line containing the cursor, up to, but not including, the cursor. The nunber of characters to be displayed is in register A ( • HORIZ - 1 ) and register HL already points to the beginning of the line uith the cursor: J

LD B,A C Put the character count into B 3

LD A,(N.SKIP) C Put the count for the nunber of

characters to be skipped ... 1 LD C,A [ ... into register C ]

CALL DS.CHR C Display B characters starting

uith the byte pointed to by HL, skipping over the first C nunber of characters 1

I Display the cursor synbol: ] SKP80P LD A,(CURSR.) C Load the code for the synbol J

CALL CH.OUT [ Display it ]

C Place the value of UIDTH - HORIZ into register A, and if it is zero, skip the next section: 1

LD A, (UIDTH.) [ Place the value of UIDTH ... 1

LD HL,HORIZ. [ ... ninus HORIZ ... ]

SUB (HL) [ ... into register A 3

JP Z.SKP9DP C Skip ahead if ft - 0 3

C Display the renainder of the line containing the cursor, then skip over the next section. (Register A contains the nuMber of characters to be displayed, which equals: UIDTH - HORIZ ): 3 LD B,A [ Put the character count in B 3

LD C,0 [ Indicate that no characters

are to be skipped over 3 LD E,1 C Indicate that only one (partial)

line is to be displayed 3 LD HL.(AFT.CU) [ Point to the byte after the

cursor with register pair HL 1 CALL DS.LIN [ Display B characters starting

with the byte pointed to by HL, skipping over C characters. If a CR is encountered before B characters are filled, fill the renainder of the line uith spaces. Leave HL pointing to

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438 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 436 on inquiry card.

Listing 1 continued:

the byte following the CR at the end of the line. 3 JP SKPtOD [ Skip over the next section 3

I The cursor is at the right side of the screen, so search for

the beginning of the next line of text (pointing to it with HL). If the cursor is already on the last line of the text, point to the first of the LINES nunber of carriage returns which follou the text - to fill the renainder of the screen with enpty lines: 1

SKP9DP ID E,1 [ Indicate that 1 CR is to be

searched for 1 CALL CR.RIT t Point to the byte after the

next CR to the right 1 JP NC.SKP10D [ Skip over the next tuo

instructions unless the

cursor is on the last line

of text ]

LD HL,(END.TX) C Point to the CR's ... J INC HL C ... which follow the text ]

C Place the value of LINES - VERT into register A, and if it is zero, exit this subroutine (since the screen is already full): 3 SKP10D LD A,(VERT.) [ Put the value of VERT ... 3

LD E,A [ ... into register E 3

LD A,(LINES.) [ Put LINES into register A 3

SUB E C A = LINES - VERT 3

RET Z [ Return if A is zero 3

I Display the botton lines (the lines after the line with the cursor). Register A already contains the nunber of lines to be displayed, and HL already contains the address of the first byte to be displayed: 1

LD E,A I Put the line count into E 3

CALL DS.LNS [ Display E lines starting with

the byte pointed to by HL ]

: All done: 1 RET

LOAD. *****

This subroutine reads text fron the nass storage device into nenory at the location indicated by the cursor, leaving the cursor at the beginning of the text read in. If there is not enough nenory space for the new text, the ED.ERR variable is set to 1 to indicate insufficient nenory, and no text will have been inserted. If an input/output error is encountered, the value of ED.ERR ii set to 3. The MS.IN subroutine (written for the particular computer syiten) is used to do the actual input operation, whereas this subroutine handles the systenindependent aspects of this operation. 3

C Conbine any adjacent conpressed-space-bytes: 3

LOAD. CALL CNPRS. C Find out how nany locations are available for the new text. If there is no roon, skip ahead (to set ED.ERR to t and return). 3

CALL GP.CNT [ Put the count in BC and set the

carry flag if zero 3

JP C.SKPILD [ Skip ahead if there is no roon 3

[ Point to the destination for the first byte to be loaded: ]

LD HL.(BEF.CU) I Point to the byte which is

presently to the left of the cursor 3

INC HL C Point to the next location 1

f Input the text fron the nass storage device. Ihe first location to be filled is pointed to by HL arid no nore than Br. bytes can be read in. Upon return, HL nust point to the last byte read in (unless an error occurred). However, if there was not enough roon in nenory for the new text, the I flag nust be set. Or, if the operation was unsuccessful due to vin input error, the Z flag nust be cleared and the carry flag nust be set. The result in the case of either type of error' is that no text will have been entered by this operation even though the cursor gap locations nay have been filled with sone niw text: 3

CALL HS.1N

I If there was insufficient nenory available, set ED.ERR to 1 and return: ]

JP NZ,SKP2LD [ Skip ahead if successful ]

SKP1LD LD A,1 [ Put a 1 ... 3

LD (ED.ERR),A [ ... into EH.ERR 3

RET [ Return )

I If there was an input error, set ED.ERR to 3 and return: 3 SKP2LD JP NC,SKP3LD [ Skip ahead if successful 3

LD A,3 [ Put a 3 ... 3

LD (ED.ERR),A [ ... into EH.ERR 3

RET [ Return 3

t Save the original value of BEF.CU in HE, without disturbing the value in HL: 1 SKP3LD EX DE.HL

LD HL,(BEF.CU)

EX DE.HL

L Adjust the value of BEF.CU to include the new text as part of the text (HL points to the last byte read in); 3

LD (BEF.CU),HL [ Store the new value of BEF.CU

in nenory 3

^ Nove the cursor to the beginning of the new text: 3

EX DE,HL [ Retreive the previous value of

BEF.CU (saved above) 3 INC HL [ Point to the first byte of text

which was loaded 3 CALL MOVE.L I Hove the cursor such that the

first byte inputted becones the

byte to the right of the cursor 3

C All done: 3 RET

SAVE. *****

This subroutine noves the cursor to the beginning of the text nnd sends the contents of the entire text to the nass storage device. The HS.OUT subroutine is used to do the actual output operation, but this subroutine handles the device-independent portion of the operation: 3

[ Hove the cursor to the beginning of the text and conbine any iidjacent conpressed-space-bytes: ] SAVE. CALL TOP.

CALL CHPRS.

I Count the nunber of bytes of text and return if it is zero: 3

CALL ND.CNT [ Set carry flag if no bytes,

and put the count in BC 3

RET C [ Return if no bytes 3

[ Point to the first byte: 3

LD HL.(AFT.CU) C Use HL as the pointer 3

C Output text to the nass storage device. Output BC bytes starting at the location pointed to by HL. If any output errors are encountered, the carry flag will be set: 3

CALL HS.OUT

C If no output errors were encountered, return: 3 RET NC

C An output error was encountered, so set ED.ERR to 3 and return: 3

LD A,3 I Put a 3 ... 3

LD (ED.ERR),A [ ... into EB.ERR 3

RET [ Return 3

c »***t****t**t*********m**********m************m*******

COPY. *****

This subroutine copies a portion of the text to the nass storage device. The text to be copied is the text between where the cursor was when the POINT operation was last used (the address is in HERE) and the present location of the cursor. However, if the cursor is now, or has been, to the left of the location last defined by the POINT ("START HERE") operation, an invalid operation will be indicated (since HERE has been changed to an invalid address) by setting ED.ERR to 2. If an output error is encountered, the value of EB.ERR is set to 3. 3

C Point to the first byte to be copied (address in HERE): 3

COPY. LD HL,(HERE.) [ Count the nunber of bytes to be copied: ]

CALL L.CNT t Count bytes fron HL to BEF.CU

(inclusive), put count in BC, t set carry flag if negative or zero. 3

C If the count is negative or zero, set EB.ERR to 2 and return: 3

JP NC,SKPtCP [ Skip ahead if positive nunber 3

LD A,2 [ Put a 2 ... 3

LD (ED.ERR),A [ ... into ED.ERR 3

RET [ Return 3

[ Point to the first byte to be copied: 3

SKPtCP LD HL,(HERE.) C Output BC bytes starting at the location pointed to by HL. If an output error occurs, the carry flag is set : 3

CALL HS.OUT

Listing 1 continued on page 440

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 439

Listing 1 continued:

I If no output errors Mere encountered, return: RET NC

C Set Ed.ERR to 3 and return: 1

LD A,3 C Put a 3 ... J

LD (ED.ERR),A t ... into ED.ERR

RET [ Return 1

[ »*»»»*«,»*** ********* ************ t ********** t ******** ***

PRINT. ******

This subroutine outputs the text to the printer, with the c onpressed-space-bytes expanded to individual ASCII spaces. One Line Feed byte is added after each carriage return. Upon return, the cursor is at the beginning of the text. The PR.OUT subroutine is used to output the characters to the printer interface. 1

I Display the "PRINTING" nessage: ]

PRINT.

CALL

CL.SCR

CALL

DSPL:.

DB

CR.

DB

CR.

DB

CR.

DB

28D

DB

'Printing''

DB

0

C Clear the screen T t Display the word ..

[ ... "Printing" on 4-th line ] [ End of nessage ] f Move the cursor to the beginning of the text and conbine adjacent conpressed-space-bytes: ]

CALL TOP. C Move to beginning of text 3

CALL CMPRS. [ Conpress adjacent spaces :

r Return if there are no bytes of text: ]

CALL ND.CNT t Set carry if no bytes 1

RET C t Return if no bytes ]

C Point to the first byte of text: J

LD HL.(AFT.CU) F. Set C=0 to initialize the BET.NX subroutine: ]

LD C,0 r. Begin the nain loop: 1 C Get the next ASCII byte: ]

LP1PR CALL GET.NX t Put ASCII byte in A T

( If the byte is not a carriage return, skip ahead to SKP2PR: : JP NZ,SKP2PR C (Z flag was set by GET.NX if the

byte was a CR) ] I. It is a carriage return, so output it and then load A with a "Line Feed" byte: 1 CALL PR.OUT LD A,138D L" Output the ASCII byte: ] SKP2PR CALL PR.OUT

[ Output the CR to the printer ] [ Put an ASCII Line Feed in A ]

[ Output byte to printer J I Repeat the loop if there are nore bytes to be outputted. First, nake sure that in case the last byte is a conpressed(space-byte there are no nore spaces renaining to be outputted, then conpare the pointer address with the ending address: ]

XOR

A

[

Set A to zero 1

CP

C

[

C = 0 ? J

JP

NZ,

LP1PR

[

Repeat loop if wore conpressed

space-bytes are in the sane byte II

EX

CE,

HL

[

Save the text pointer (in HL)

in DE I

LD

HL

(END.TX)

[

Point to the end of the text ]

EX

BE,

HL

[

Restore the text pointer to HL

and put END.TX into DE 1

LD

A.E

[

Put lower half of END.TX into A }

SUB

L

[

Subtract lower halves of the Luo

addresses ]

LD

A,I

C

Put upper half of END.TX into A 1

SBC

H

C

Subtract (with carry) the upper

halves of the addresses ]

JP

NC

LP1PR

[

Repeat loop if nore characters

renain to be outputted T

done:

:

RET

C

Return 1

C ««»«**«:»*•**«**•**»**»**»**«*»**•**»**»**»+*«*****

DLY.KY ******

This subroutine is used to check the status of the keyboard strobe (which indicates whether a key is being pressed) while waiting for a tint delay to expire. The delay value is approximately proportional to B tines C, but neither B nor C should be zero. The ASCII code for the key being pressed will be returned in register A, with the nost significant bit set. If the keyboard strobe goes off during the delay lie. if the key is released), the carry flag is set and the subroutine

returns. If the delay expires without the key being released, the carry flag is cleared. Registers HL S E are not changed by this subroutine. 1

C Save a copy of B in register D for use in resettng Bi 1

DLY.KY LD D,B [ Begin the delay loop: ] C Reset the value of Bi ]

LP1DK LD B,D

C Put the ASCII code (of the key being pressed) into register A but set the Z flag if the strobe is off: 1

LP2DK CALL KEY.ST t If the strobe is off, return with the carry flag set: 1 SCF C Set the carry flag without

changing the Z flag 3

RET Z

I Decrement the loop counters and repeat the loops if nonzero: ]

DEC B

JP NZ.LP2DK DEC C

JP NZ.LPIDK

i The tine delay is done and the strobe is still on, so return with the carry flag cleared and with the ASCII code in A (with MSB set): ]

OR A C Clear the CBrry flag without

changing register A ]

RET

[ >tM«l><»IMItlllllll<n:|IHII:UIIWIItUIII>WIII

KY.CNT ******

This variable indicates the length of the delay presently used for the aulonatic repeat feature. Uhen the repeat node starts, this value is initialized to the value of KC.NAX - its naxinun value. This variable is decrenented (by I) for each repetition of an operation in the fast repeat node, causing the repetition rate to increase to its fastest speed (to where KY.CNT equals I). J

KY.CNT DB

[ *******************■*******,**,*****,**,**,***■**,**,**■*

PREv.B ******

This location is used to store the code of the character

which was found the previous tine the RPT.KY subroutine

was entered. It is used to nake sure that the key being

pressed renains the sane while in the fast repetition node. 1

PREO.B DB 0

RPT.KY ******

This subroutine is used to get the next ASCII code fron the keyboard such that a key is repeated if it is held down for longer than about one second. Once the repeat node is started, it continues to increase the speed of repetition until it is going as fast as possible. The starting speed is about 10 tines per second. Uhen the subroutine returns (after the appropriate tine delay), the ASCII code is stored in register A with the nost significant bit set to one. All registers are changed by this subroutine. ]

C If a key is presently being pressed, skip ahead to the second half of the subroutine: ] RPT.KY CALL KEY.ST t Set the Z flag if the strobe is

off (indicating that no key is

pressed) 1

JP NZ.SKP2RK [ Skip ahead if the key is pressed 1 C Initialize the value of KY.CNT to its naxinun value: 1 LD A,(KC.NAX) LD (KY.CNT),A C Uait for a key to be pressed and put the ASCII code in register A with the MSB set: 1 LP1RK CALL KEY.ST I Set the Z flag if the strobe is

off, and put code in A whether valid or not ] JP Z,LP1RK C Repeat the loop until the strobe

goes on ]

C Save a copy of the ASCII code in PREV.B for future use, and return: 1

440 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

sting 1 continued:

LD (PREY.B),A RET

This half of the subroutine applies if a key gas pressed at >e tine this subroutine uas entered: 3 Put the value of KY.CNT into register C. If it is not at Is naxinun value, skip ahead: ] A,(KY.CNT) C,A

A.(KC.HAX)

SKP2RK LD LD LD

]

CP

JP

C

[ Put the value of KY.CNT [ ... into C ]

[ Put the initial (naxinun) value into A ]

[ Set the Z flag if they are equal 3

NZ.SKP3RK t Skip ahead if they are unequal 1

KY.CNT is at its naxinun value, so use SEC.I as the tine ■lay value (in register C) to give a one second delay: 3

LD ft, (SE C. 1) [ Put the one second delay ... 1

LD C,A [ ... value into register C 1

Decrenent the value of KY.CNT to provide a shorter delay the ;xt tine this subroutine is used (assuning the key is still ?ing held down). However, nake sure that it is not reduced r it is already at 1 (its nininun value): ] JKP3RK LD A,(KY.CNT) [ Put the counter value in A 3 DEC A [ Decrenent it 1

JP Z.5KP4RK t If it is non-zero ... 1

LD (KY.CNT),A [ ... save the next value J Load the scaling half of the delay count into register B. (his value conpensates for differences in conputer tining): 3 SKP4RK LD A.IDY.SCL) LD B,A

If the delay value in register C is I (its lowest value), len set register B (which presently contains UL.SCL) to 1 its lowest value) for the shortest possible delay tine: 3 LD A,C [ Put the delay count into A 11

DEC A [ Set Z flag if it is I 1

JP NZ,SKP5RK I Skip ahead if it is not 1 3

LD B,C [ Set B to 1 J

Call the DLY.KY subroutine which will check the status of the jyboard strobe while delaying. It will return before the ilay tine (indicated by the contents in B tines the contents i C) is done if the strobe goes off (the key is released), ie carry flag indicates the results of the subroutine: a set irry flag indicates that the strobe has gone off, and a [eared carry flag indicates that the delay tine has expired ithout the strobe going off (and that the ASCII code is in ■gister A): ] JKP5RK CALL DLY.KY

If the strobe went off during the delay, junp back to the ?ginning of the subroutine: 3 JP C.RPT.KY

Make sure that the key presently being pressed is the sane ie that started the autonalic repeat node. If so, the ASCII He in register A is valid, so return: 3

LD HL,PREU.B

CP (HL)

RET Z

The key presently being pressed is not the sane as the one uch started the autonatic repeat node, and night be a mbined code fron nore than one key, so wait for all keys to ? released and then start the subroutine aver again: 3 .P4RK CALL KEY.ST

JP NZ.LP4RK

JP RPT.KY

* + + + + -*# + **** * + * * + = k * fc-S •I*::*:*:*';!' *-+-^ * it::*:* *:#:*:»:

1SE. • »»»

lis subroutine is used to select and call a subroutine according i the contents of the A register. The call to this subroutine ist be followed by a specially fornatted list which associates (tes with the addresses of subroutines. The fornat of the call 3 this subroutine is as follows: CALL CASE.

<The nunber of entries in this list, not counting the

default address (occupies one byte) > <The address to be called if no natch is found (the

default address) (occupies two bytes) > <First byte>

Subroutine address associated with first byte (2 bytes) > (Second byte)

Subroutine address associated with second byte>

<La«t byte>

Subroutine address associated with last byte) instructions to be executed when the called subroutine returns)

All registers are changed by this subroutine. 3

[ Get the address of the beginning of the list: 3 CASE. POP HL

C Load the nunber of entries into register B and point to the next location: ]

LD B,(HL)

INC HL

E Load the address of the subroutine to be called if there is no natch, and point to the next location: 3

LD E,(HL)

INC HL

LD D,(HL)

INC HL I Begin the nain loops 3

L Check for a natch, and point to the next location. Skip the next section if there is no natch: 3 LP1CA CP (HL) C Set the Z flag if the sane 3

INC HL

JP NZ.SKP2CA

C The bytes natch, so load the associated addresss and skip the next section: 3

LD E,(HL)

INC HL

LD D,(HL)

JP SKP3CA

C The bytes did not natch, so point to the end of this entry: 3 SKP2CA INC HL

[ Point to the next byte and repeat the loop for all the entries even if a natch has already been found (to leave the pointer at the correct address): 3 SKP3CA INC HL DEC B

JP NZ.LPtCA

[ Store the return address (which points to the code which follows the fornatted list) on the stack, and junp to the appropriate subroutine: 3

EX DE,HL C Nove subroutine address to HL,

and return address to DE 3 PUSH DE C Push return address onto stack 3

JP (HL) t Junp to the selected subroutine 3

[ utt************************************************** MENU.

!«»»«

This subroutine inplenents the "nenu" node and is called if the ESC key is pressed. It displays a list of options, waits for a key to be pressed, and calls the appropriate subroutine according to which key uas pressed. After that subroutine is executed, or if the pressed key was not in the list, this subroutine returns to the nornal editing node. The options appear on the screen as follows:

T Top B Botton

! Erase all

Options: L Load S Save

P Print

H Start Here C Copy part * Erase part

L Display the nenu on the screen: MENU.

CALL

CL.SCR

CALL

TJSPL:.

DB

CR.

DB

CR.

DB

28D

DB

'Options:'

DB

CR.

DB

CR.

DB

CR.

DB

5D

DB

'V

DB

2D

DB

'Top-'

DB

14D

DB

'L'

DB

2D

DB

'Load-'

DB

13D

DB

■'H-'

DB

2D

DB

'Start Here

DB

CR.

Listing 1 continued on page 442

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 441

Listing 1 continued:

OB

CR.

DB DB

5D

DB

' B'' 2D

DB

Bo t ton'

DB

DB

'S'

DB

on

ell

DB

'Save''

DB

13D

DB

'C

DB

2D

DB

DB

CR.

DB

CR.

DB

45D

DB

DB

2D

DB

■'Fmcb naift '

DB

PP

DB

CR.

DB

5D

DB

■' i ■'

DB

2D

DB

'Erase all'

DB

BD

DB

'P'

DB

2D

DB

'Print'

DB

0

!- Uait for a

key to be pressed

and then released. If a key is

already being pressed when this subroutine is reached, the key

mist first be released before the next Keypress is recognized

(to avoid confusing this keypress with a previous one). The

ASCII code for the key is placed in register A. 3

CALL KEY.IN

C Choose the appropriate subroutine according to which key was

pressed: 3

CALL

CASE.

DB

9D [

Indicate the nunber of choices,

not including the default case 1

DU

RETRN. [

Default case; does nothing if

no natch is found 3

DS

'T'

DU

TOP. C

Top 1

DB

'B'

DU

BOTON. [

Botton 1

DB

'!'

DU

E.ALL [

Erase all 3

DB

'I'

DU

LOAD. [

Load 3

DB

'S'

DU

SAVE. 1

Save 1

DB

DU

PRINT. C

Print 1

DB

'H'

DU

POINT. [

Start Here 3

DB

'C

DU

copy. :

Copy part 3

DB

'*'

DU

E.PART [

Erase part 3

[ All done:

(This instruction

is also used as a "subroutine"

if no natch

is found.) 3

RETRN. RET

[ ******************************************************** EDIT.

*»»«»

This is the Main section of the text editor. Upon entering the editor, The carriage returns needed in the text area are stored there. The nain loop of the progran follows, which does the following: display the text on the screen, get the next byte fron the keyboard, deternine which subroutine is to be called, and call the appropriate subroutine. ]

I Reset all of the peripheral devices: ]

EDIT. CALL RESET. I Store the needed carriage returns at the ends of the text area: 1

CALL STR.CR L Begin nain loop: 3

C Reset the error indicator to 0 (to indicate no error): 1 LP1ED XOR A

LD (ED.ERR),A

t If the cursor is to the left of the point indicated by the HERE pointer, set the value of HERE such that uses of it will be recognized as invalid: ]

LD HL,(HERE.) C Put the value of HERE ... ]

LD C,L

LD B,H

LD HL,(BEF.CU)

INC HL

CALL SUB.DP

JP NC.SKP2ED

[ ... 1

L ... into BC ]

t Put BEF.CU ... ]

C ... plus one into HL ]

C Set carry flag if HL - BC is

less than zero 3 [ Skip next instruction if result

is positive and non-zero 3 [ Set HERE to an invalid value J

CALL INIT.H r Display the text on the screen: 1

SKP2ED CALL DSP.TX C Gel the next byte fron the keyboard. (Allows for autonatic repeat function for fast repetitions): ]

CALL RPT.KY

C Look for a natch in the following list of bytes and call the associated subroutine. Uhen the subroutine returns, it returns to the instruction which follows the list. The bytes given here ("DB" instructions) are the keyboard codes which initiate the editing operations. The nost significant bit of each of these codes nust be set to "1". )

CALL

CASE.

DB

12D

C Indicate that there are 12 entries in this list, not includin the default entry 1

DU

l.CHAR

t Default entry: INSERT CHARACTER ]

DB

255D

C RIGHT ARROU key code 1

DU

RIGHT.

DB

13BD

t LEFT ARROU key code 3

DU

LEFT.

DB

130D

I DOUN ARROU key code 3

DU

DOUN.

DB

1369

I UP ARROU key code 3

DU

UP.

DB

132D

[ PAGE FORUARD key code 1

DU

PAGE.F

DB

137D

i PAGE BACKUARD key code 3

BU

PAGE.B

DB

140D

I SPACE key code 3

DU

I.SPAC

DB

1318

[ CARRIAGE RETURN key code (non-standard) 3

DU

I.CR

DB

128D

C ERASE CHARACTER key code 3

DU

E.CHAR

DB

133D

[ ERASE LINE key code ]

DU

E.LINE

DB

129D

C SHIFT code (CTRL-A) 3

DU

SHIFT.

DD

254D

C ESC key code (non-standard) 3

DU

HENU.

error occurred (due

to insufficient nenory, an invalid

n, or an I/O error)

then repeat the nain loop: 3

LD

A,(EH.ERR)

C If ED.ERR ... 3

OR

A

I ... equals zero ...3

JP

Z,LP1ED

C ... then repeat the loop 3

C Display the beginning of the error nessage and put the error nunber back into register A: 1

CALL

CL.SCR

C Clear the screen 1

CALL

DSPL:.

t Send this text to the display:

DB

CR.

[ Down 3 lines ... 3

DB

CR.

DD

CR.

DB

1 DD

[ Indent 10 spaces 3

DB

'Error:'

DD

2

I 2 nore spaces 3

DB

0

[ End-of-text indicator 3

LD

A,(ED.ERR)

[ Put error nunber in A 3

I If error nunber 1, display "Insufficient nenory": 3

CP

1

[ Is it error nunber 1 ? 3

JP

NZ,SKP3ED

[ Skip ahead if not 3

CALL

DSPL:.

[ Display text: 1

DB

'Insufficient

nenory'

DB

0

[ End-of-text indicator 3

JP

SKP5ED

[ Skip ahead 3

[ If error nunber 2, display "Invalid operation": ]

SKP3ED CP

2

C Is it error nunber 2 ? 3

JP

NZ,SKP4ED

[ Skip ahead if not 3

CALL

DSPL:.

[ Display text: 3

DB

'Invalid operation'

DB

0

C End of text 3

JP

SKP5ED

C Skip ahead 3

C Otherwise

error M 3), display "Input/Output error": 3

SKP4ED CALL

DSPL:.

C Display text: ]

DD

'Input/Output

error'

DB

0

C End of text 3

C Finish the

error nessage

3

SKP5ED CALL

DSPL:.

[ Display text: 3

DB

CR.

[ Next line 1

DD

CR.

E Next line 3

DB

10D

[ Indent 10 spaces 3

442 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Listing 1 continued:

DB 'Press any key to continue''

DB 0 [ End of text 3

C Uait for 9 key (any key) to be pressed and released: ]

CALL KEY.IN

I Repeat the Bain loop for the next operation: 3

JP LP 1 ED

I. t**f*»***t*tt******f ********************************** ]

[ End of text editor progran. 3

Hexadecinal Dunp of the Video Display Oriented Text Editor:

***********************************************************

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F7

07

CD 7D 04

OCAO

D8

2A

IF

04

OE

00

CD

04

OB

C2

Bl

OC

CD

12 06 3E

OCDO

8A

CD

12

06

fir

B9

C2

A4

OC

EB

2A

21

06

EB 7B 95

occo

7A

9C

D2

A4

OC

C9

50

42

CD

06

04

37

C8

05 C2 CB

OCDO

OC

OD

C2

C7

OC

B7

C9

00

00

CD

06

06 C2 EF OC 3A

OCEO

27

04

32

D7

OC

CD

06

04

CA

E5

OC

32 D8

OC C9 3A

OCFO

D7

OC

4F

3A

27

04

B9

C2

FE

OC

3A

26 04 4F 3A D7

ODOO

OC

3D

CA

08

OD

32

D7

OC

3A

28

04

47

79

3D C2 12

OB10

OD

41

CD

C4

OC

DA

D9

OC

21

D8

OC

BE

CB

CD 06 06

OD20

C2

IB

OD

C3

D9

OC

El

44

23

5E

23

56

23

BE 23 C2

OD30

38

OD

5E

23

56

C3

39

OD

23

23

05

C2

2D

OD EB D5

0D40

E9

CD

D7

OA

CD

01

OB

8D

BD

IC

CF

FO

F4

E9 EF EE

OD50

F3

BA

BD

BD

8D

05

D4

02

D4

EF

FO

OE

CC

02 CC EF

OD40

El

E4

OD

C8

02

D3

F4

El

F2

F4

AO

C8 E5

F2 E5 8D

OD70

8D

05

C2

02

C2

EF

F4

F4

EF

ED

OB

D3

02

D3 El F4

OD80

E5

OD

C3

02

C3

EF

FO

F9

AO

FO

E1

F2

F4

8D 8D 2D

OD90

AA

02

C5

F2

E1

F3

E5

AO

FO

El

F2

F4

8D

BD 05 A1

ODAO

02

C5

F2

El

F3

E5

AO

El

EC

EC

08

DO

02

DO F2 E9

ODBO

EE

F4

00

CD

09

04

CD

24

OD

09

D7

OD

D4

94 08 C2

ODCO

Al

08

Al

75

OA

CC

21

OC

D3

51

OC

DO 84 OC C8 50

ODDO

OA

C3

48

OC

AA

5B

OA

C9

CD

03

06

CD 42

04 AF 32

ODEO

2E

04

2A

2B

06

4D

44

2A

ID

06

23

CD 44 06 D2 F4

OBFO

OD

CD

57

04

CD

4E

08

CD

D9

OC

CD

26

OD

OC B4 09

OEOO

FF

35

09

BA

EC

08

82

C4

OB

88

AE

08

84

7C 09 89

OE10

99

09

AO

CC

09

83

ED

09

80

FA

09

85

OE

OA 81 32

OE20

OA

FE

41

OD

3A

2E

04

B7

CA

DE

OD

CD

D7

OA CD 01

OE30

OB

BD

8D

8D

OA

C5

F2

F2

EF

F2

BA

02

00 3A 2E 06

OE40

FE

01

C2

5F

OE

CD

01

OB

C9

EE

F3

F5

E6

E6 E9 E3

OE50

E9

E5

EE

F4

AO

ED

E5

ED

EF

F2

F9

OO

C3

92 OE FE

OE60

02

C2

7C

OE

CD

01

OB

C9

EE

F4

El

EC

E9

E4 AO EF

OE70

FO

E5

F2

El

F4

E9

EF

EE

00

C3

92

OE

CD

01 OB C9

OE80

EE

FO

F5

F4

AF

CF

F5

F4

FO

F5

F4

AO

E5

F2 F2 EF

OE90

F2

00

CD

01

OB

BD

BD

OA

DO

F2

E5

F3

F3

AO El EE

OEAO

F9

AO

EB

E5

F9

AO

F4

EF

AO

E3

EF

EE

F4

E9 EE F5

OEBO

E5

00

CD

09

06

C3

DE

OD

Label Table ***********

These are the addresses of the subroutines, vectors, and variables in the order in which thiy are given in the source listing. Also included are the values of the tuo constanti. The asterisks (*> indicate the parts which are systendependent and which therefore need to be changed for use on your nicroconputer. (In addition, the NENU subroutine will need to be modified if an operation to return to an "operating systen" is needed.) The lumbers are in hexadecimal notation.

Listing 1 continued on page 444

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 443

Circle 139 on inquiry card.

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Listing 1 continued:

Thii table wit transcribed by hand and U therefore subject

to huHan

errtr.

*

RESET.

0603

L .CUT

0673

I.SPAC

09CC

*

KEY.3T

0606

ND.CNT

067D

I .CR

09ED

*

KEY.IN

V0V7

D TUT

06B0

E.CHAR

09FA

*

UP.LFT

VOVL

np put

ft AO A

VOSH

E.LINE

0AOE

*

CH.OUT

060F

LDIR.

0697

SHIFT.

0A32

*

PR.OUT

0612

LDDR.

06AD

POINT.

0A50

NS.IN

0615

H0VE.L

06C3

E.PART

0A5B

*

«s.out

061B

HOVE.R

06DB

E.ALL

0A75

SPACE.

(-AO)

SRCH.L

06F3

H.POS

0A87

CR.

(=BD)

SRCH.R

072B

PS.BYT

0A88

*

BEG.IX

061B

CR.LFT

073E

CL.SCR

0AD7

*

BEF.CU

061D

CR.RIT

0777

DSPLA.

0AF7

*

AFT.CU

061F

T0P.V

07AD

DSPLi.

OB01

*

END.TX

0621

DEC.V

07B2

BET,NX

0BO6

WIDTH.

0623

INC.V

07BE

uj.inn

0B1A

*

LINES.

0624

B0T.V

07CE

N.SKIP

0B44

*

CURSR.

0625

LFT .H

07D5

DS.LNS

0B45

4

SEC.I

0626

DEC.H

07BA

DS.LIN

0B4II

KC.HAX

0627

INCH

07E2

FRST.C

0B6C

it

BY.SCL

062B

RIT.H

07F0

DSP.TX

0B6E

NORIZ.

062?

CNPRS.

07F7

LOAD.

0C21

UERT.

062A

SPAC*.

096D

SAUE.

0C51

HERE.

062B

INSRT.

0S86

COPT.

0C68

SAvE.A

062D

TOP.

0874

PRINT.

0C84

ED.ERR

062E

B0T0H.

0BA1

DLY.KY

0CC6

BIT7A.

062F

UP.

0BAE

KY.CNT

0CD7

BIT7N.

0636

D0UN.

08C6

PREV,B

0CD8

STR.CR

0642

LEFT.

08EC

RPT.KY

0CD9

INIT.H

0657

RIGHT.

0935

CASE.

OD26

SET.SC

065F

PAGE.F

097C

MENU.

0D41

SUB.DP

0664

PAGE.B

0999

* EIHT.

ODDS

BG.CNT

0672

I.CHAR

09B4

(END)

0EB7

Listing 2: These input/output subroutines are used in the author's version of the text-editor program. They are presented as examples of the eight external subroutines that must be written to interface the text-editor program with your input/output devices. If your system uses an operating system, the MS.IN, MS. OUT, and PR.OUT subroutines would make use of the operating system for transferring data to or from the mass-storage device and the printer.

I

»*»**•**«*****» *«» «•«

1/0 SUBROUTINES •** *** mt

««•««**»»***•****»*:»•*«»*•*

The subroutine nanes used here natch the nanes of the vectors used in the nain listing. Since the requirenents of these subroutines are detailed in the nain lilting, those specifications are not repeated here.

These subroutines are written for a Digital Group nicroconputer (previously available fron Digital Group, Inc.). It uses a ZB0 nicroprocessor operating at 2.5 MHZ. The Digital Group video display device handles 16 lines of 64 characters each. The nass storage device it an audio cassette tape recorder connected to a Digital Group audio cassette interface. The keyboard uas constructed using the keyboard switches and the circuit board previously available fron Radio Shack stores.

The instructions used here are not United to the "8080 subset" of instructions. The IN and OUT Mnenonics are non-standard in that there are no parentheses around the port nunber. 3

UP.LFT *»»*»•

444 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 234 on Inquiry card.

Listing 2 continued:

This subroutine supplies the special code used to restart the video display in the upper left corner of the screen. The CH.OUT subroutine (which follows directly) sends the code to the video display board. ]

UP.LFT LD A.127D

[ **************************************************

CH.OUT *»•♦•»

This subroutine sends the character in register A to the video display board connected to output port 0 . ]

CH.OUT OUT 0,A

XOR A

OUT 0, A RET

[ Output the byte to port 0 1

[ Set A to zero 3

[ Output a zero to port 0 3

[ Return ]

[ **************************************************

KEY.ST ••***•

This subroutine gets the status of the keyboard fron input port 0. The nost significant bit is connected to the keypressed-status (strobe) bit, and the other 7 bits are connected to the ASCII code outputs. 3

KEY.ST IN A,0 C Input all 8 bits into A 1

BIT 7,A C lest the nost significant bit I

RET [ Return 3

[ IIIMIttlllltl<t>»<tt(tt»l:t:|l«(HI»t:»t«:ttl**l

KEY.IN *»»*»*

This subroutine uses the KEY.ST subroutine to wait for a key to be pressed and released (as described for the KEY.IN vector in the nain listing). 3

[ Uait until no key is presently being pressed: 3 KEY.IN CALL KEY.ST

JR HZ,KEY.IN L Uait until a key is pressed: ] LP1KI CALL KEY.ST JR Z.LP1KI

C Save the ASCII code (with MSB = 1) of the key being pressed: 1

PUSH AF

C Uait until the key is released: ] LP2KI CALL KEY.ST

JR NZ.LP2K1 E Put the ASCII code into register A and return: ]

POP AF

RET

[ >•***************************** *****************

PR.DLY ******

This subroutine provides a delay of 1/300-th of a second for use by the PR.OUT subroutine. 1

C Save the contents of DE, and put the delay count in PR.DLY PUSH DE

DE: 3

LD DE,001353

DLY.TH

DB

037

I Uaste tine until the count reaches zero: J

LPIDY PUSH HL

T.DLY

PUSH

AF

[

Save the A register J

POP HL

LD

A,(DLY.TH)

[

Load the delay line value

DEC E

ADD

A

[

Adjust it far use with ..

JP NZ,LPIDY

ADD

A

[

... this subroutine 3

DEC D

LD

B,A

[

Put delay count into B 1

JR NZ.LP1DY

PUSH

HL

C

Save HL 1

C Restore the value of DE and return: 1

LP 1 T D

NOP

:

Do nothing 1

POP DE

DJNZ

LP 1 T D

[

Repeat loop until B-0 ]

RET

POP

HL

c

Restore HL 3

POP

AF

t

Restore register A 1

RET

i

Return ]

[ ************************************************

PR.OUT ******

This subroutine sends one character, carriage return, or line feed to the "printer". I don't have a printer so this subroutine sends the ASCII code in serial for* (at 300 Baud) to > noden (connected to the LSB+1 bit of port 1) to be

recorded on an audio tape recorder. The recording is later played back into an acoustic-coupled nodeM connected to a printer. 3

C Save the contents of register HL: 3

PR.OUT PUSH HL C Indicate that 9 bits uill be sent: ] LD H,9D

C Calculate the parity bit (for "even" parity), put it in the MSB, and clear the carry flag for use as the start bit: 1

AND 127D [ Clear MSB, clear carry, and

calculate parity flag 3 JP PE,SKP1P0 I Skip next instruction if the

parity bit is ok ] OR 128D I Set parity bit 1

L" Shift the start bit into the LSB+1 bit position: 3 SKP1P0 RLA RLA

L Repeat this loop to output each bit in succession: 3

LP2P0 PUSH

AF

t

Save A and carry flag 3

AND

2

C

Nask off all inneeded bits 3

OR

253D

[

Set other bits as needed 3

OUT

l,A

[

Output the byte to port 1 3

CALL

PR.DLY

C

Uait for 1/3O0-th second 3

POP

AF

[

Restore A and carry flag 3

RRA

t

Rotate next bit into LSB+1 3

DEC

H

Decrenent the loop counter 3

JR

NZ,LP2P0

c

Repeat loop until done 3

C Output 2 stop bits: 3

LD

A,255D

Stop bit = 1 3

OUT

1,A

c

Output stop bit 3

CALL

PR.DLY

Uait 1/300-th second 3

CALL

PR.DLY

c

Uait another 1/300-th sec 3

C Restore the contents of HL

and

return: 3

POP

HL

RET

[ *************************************************

BT.IN *****

This subroutine inputs one byte fron the audio cassette interface. A subroutine in RON is used for this operation. It inputs the bits serially fron the LSB of input port I. (The subroutine averages the status of the input bit for each bit of data, to reduce errors.) 3

C Save the contents of the HL, DE, S BC registers: 3 BT.IN PUSH HL PUSH DE PUSH BC

t Read one byte using the subroutine in RON: 3 CALL 000234

[ Restore the registers and return with the byte in A: 3 POP BC POP DE POP HL RET

I ********************* ***************** H:t :\ | i |: | > M ILDLY *****

This subroutine delays for 1 "tit tine" for use by the BT-OUT '.jubroutlne. It is the one supplied with Digital Group conpulers for this purpose. 3

[ This constant specifies the delay tine needed: 1

[ **************************************************

BT.0UT ******

This subroutine outputs one byte to the audio cassette interface to be recorded. This is a Modified version of the

Listing 2 continued on page 446

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 445

Listing 2 continued:

subroutine supplied with Digital Group computers for this purpose. 1

BT.DUT PUSH

HL

t

Save registers HL ... ]

PUSH

BC

E

... and BC 3

LD

H,9D

[

Indicate 9 tuts to be sent ]

SCF

[

Clear the carry flag ... ]

CCF

[

... for use as the start bit 1

RLA

[

Rotate the start bit into the LSB 3

LP1B0 OUT

M

[

Output the byte to port 1 ]

CALL

T.HLY

[

Delay for 1 bit tine 3

RRA

[

Rotate the next bit into the LSB 1

DEC

H

[

Decrement the bit counter 3

JR

NZ,LP1B0

I

Repeat the loop for all 9 bits 1

LD

A,255D

[

Specify a stop bit in the LSB ]

OUT

1 ,A

[

Output the stop bit to port 1 3

CALL

T.DLY

[

Delay for the first stop bit 3

CALL

T.DLY

:

Delay for the second stop bit 3

POP

FC

c

Restore registers BC ... 1

POP

HL

[

. .. and HL ]

RET

c

Return 3

RESET. ******

This subroutine resets the nachine stack pointer, and outputs "stop bits" to the cassette interface and printer interface on port 1. 3

RESET. POP HL

LD SP.512D

PUSH HL

LD A.255D

OUT I,A RET

C Save the return address ]

[ Reset the stack pointer 1

C Put back the return address 3

C Specify all bits on 1

[ Set all bits of port 1 3

[ Return 1

t •«»•««»«»«•«««*•«*«*»* + * + *«:►:»»■• t*+« + ***'.l« + :t«*+

MS.IN *****

This subroutine reads a text file fro« audio cassette. The file includes a "X" character at the beginning of the file and it ends with a zero byte. (The DSPLA: and CL.SCR subroutines used here are a part of the nain text editor progran.) 3

t Save the contents of the HL, BE, and BC registers! ] US.IN PUSH HL PUSH BE PUSH BC

t Display the indicated Message: 3 CALL CL.SCR CALL DSPLi.

BB ' Press key to start loading' DB 0

C Uait for any key to be pressed: 1

CALL KEY.IN I Display the indicated Message: 3

CALL CL.SCR

CALL DSPL:.

DB ' Loading '

DB 0

C Restore the HL, DE, and BC registers: 3 POP BC POP DE POP HL

C Set up the value in BC for use as a double-byte counter.

(It indicates the naxinun nunber of bytes which can be read.): 3

INC DEC JP

INC B C Uait until the LPIHI

C

c

2,LP1HI B

"X"

CALL BT.IN

X'

[ Is lower byte ... 3

[ ... equal to zero ? 3

[ Skip ahead if so 3

[ Adjust the upper byte 3

byte is found (to avoid false starts): 3

CP

JR NZ.LP1NI

C Bisplay an exclanation point to indicate that a "X" has been found: 3

LD A,'!' CALL CH.OUT

[ Get the next byte, but exit the loop if an illegal code is encountered (which is used to indicate the end of the file): 3 LP2HI CALL BT.IN CP 255D

JR Z.SKP3MI CP 0

JR Z.SKP3HI

[ Store the byte in the next position (indicated by HL) and repeat the loop unless there is no nore roon: 3

LB

INC

DEC

(HL ) , A HL

C

JR DEC

NZ,LP2HI B

JR NZ,LP2MI

[ Store the byte 3 [ Point to the next location 3 [ Decrenent the lower half of the

byte counter 3 [ Repeat loop if nore roon 3 [ Decrement the upper half of the

byte counter 3 [ Repeat loop if nore roo« 3 [ Indicate that an error has occurred (there is no nore roon), and return: 3

XOR A [ Set the zero flag 3

RET t Return 3

[ Point to the last byte which was read in, and return with the zero and carry flags cleared (to indicate no error): 3 SKP3HI BEC HL C Point to the last byte 3

XOR A [ Clear the ... 3

ADD 1 [ ... zero and carry flags 3

RET [ Return 3

[ *t*t***t**f ***************************************

MS.OUT ******

This subroutine outputs a file of text to the audio cassette tape recorder (used as the nass storage device). The first byte recorded is a "X" and the last byte is a zero byte (as required by the MS.IN subroutine). 3

T Send a stop bit to the cassette interface: 3 MS.OUT LD A.255D OUT t,A

C Save the contents of the HL, DE, and BC registers: 3 PUSH HL PUSH BE PUSH BC

C Display the indicated nessage: 3 CALL CL.SCR CALL DSPL:.

BB ' Press key to start saving' DB 0

C Uait for any key to be pressed: 3

CALL KEY.IN C Display the indicated Message: 3

CALL CL.SCR

CALL DSPL:.

DB ' Saving'

DB 0

C Restore the contents of the HL, DE, and BC registers: ] POP BC POP DE POP HL

C Set up the value in BC for use as a double-byte counter (indicating the nunber of bytes to be recorded): 3

INC C [ Is the lower half ... 3

BEC C [ ... equal to zero? 3

JR Z,SKP1H0 C If so, skip the next instruction 3

INC B [ Adjust the upper half 3

I Output a "X" as the first byte: 3 SKP1M0 LD A,'X' CALL BT.OUT

[ Output the next byte, point to the following byte, and repeat the loop until the byte count (in BC) reaches zero: 3 LP2H0 LD A,(HL) t Output the ... 3

CALL BT.OUT C ... next byte 3

INC HL [ Point to the next byte 3

DEC C [ Decrenent the lower half of the

byte counter 3 JR NZ,LP2H0 [ Repeat the loop if there are

nore bytes 3

DEC B I Decrenent the upper half of the

byte counter 3 JR NZ,LP2HQ C Repeat the loop if there are

nore bytes ]

C Output a zero value as the last byte: 3

XOR A [ Set A to zero 3

CALL BT.OUT C Output a zero byte 3

C Clear the carry flag (to indicate no error), and return: 3

XOR A [ Clear the carry flag 3

RET [ Return 3

End of Listing 2

446 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Software Review

Systems Plus: FMS-80

Jack L. Abbott 8525 North 104th Ave. Peoria, AZ 85345

FMS-80 is defined by its distributor, Systems Plus of Palo Alto, California, as a file-management system. Programs that perform the functions of FMS-80 are usually called relational DBMS (database-management systems). FMS-80 accepts data in the format you establish, and then manipulates and presents it in the required report format, whether it be tables, checks, or invoices. FMS-80 menus and documentation emphasize the filehandling aspects of the program, as opposed to the datamanipulation characteristics, but the applications are the same as for a DBMS (see the November 1981 BYTE, which is devoted to database-management systems). Since DBMS is a commonly used term, I will use it interchangeably with FMS.

FMS-80 requires at least 48K bytes of memory, is distributed in machine language, must run on a

At a Glance

Name

Language

FMS-80 (file-management

8080. Z80 machine

system] version 2.21

language

Type

Computer

Database-management

8080 or Z80 with CP/M or

system

MP/M operating system;

80-column by 24-line

Distributor

display; two disk drives with

Systems Plus

300K total byte capacity; line

3975 East Bayshore

printer

Palo Alto, CA 94303

(415) 969-7047

Documentation

Approximately 200 pages.

Price

looseleaf

S995

Audience

Format

Everyone who nees a good

8-inch soft sector (IBM); most

database-management

5/4-inch disks except Apple

system

with Z80 or TRS-80

microcomputer that has an 8080, 8085, or Z80-type processor, and requires a printer. The display terminal needs 80 columns of 24 lines, an erase-screen function, and an addressable cursor. The program runs under the CP/M 1.4 or 2.X operating system, or MP/M. Two disk drives with a total capacity of at least 300K bytes of memory are needed.

The program documentation is written in two sections. The first includes a description of the CP/M commands used to run FMS-80 and tutorials that take you step by step through various operating-program examples. The second section is a description of the individual FMS-80 commands. In general, the manual is well written, and there is an extensive index, although a number of program operations should have been described in more detail. The user can overcome this deficiency of detail by going through the examples included on the disks.

I used two methods to check out FMS-80. First, I developed a mobile-home inventory example that was five records long. Each record contained information about one mobile home and had eight descriptive items of information, called fields. The five records taken together made up a file. FMS-80 can handle a maximum of 65,000 records per file and 255 fields per record. Field length is limited to 255 characters. Record length is limited by the amount of memory available and typically would be more than 25K characters.

My mobile-home inventory example is a general application that someone with little computer experience could handle. In a moment I'll provide a brief description of how I developed this FMS-80 program and what capability this or a similar program will provide.

For my second test, I developed a database with a file of 2000 records of five fields each, for a total of 10,000 data items. DBMS programs sometimes slow down considerably as the size of the database increases. (Later I will give you figures regarding data entry and retrieval time for my database of 10,000 items.)

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 447

Listing 1: Printout of the definition of the input-data format for the MOBINV inventory program created under FMS-80. The data type can be decimal (D), alphanumeric (A), or variable (V). The LEN column shows the length of each field in characters. The PICTURE column defines an input format by using X to represent a decimal digit and a - to cause all subsequent characters, including leading zeros, to print.

CQPPERSTATE MOBILE HOME SALES 08/20/81 PAGE 1 FILE GLOSSARY FDR MOBINV.FD —PROMPT/HEAD— TYPE LEN PICTURE

1. RECORD *

2. STOCK *

3. SUPPLIER

4. MODEL

5. DATE ORD. b. DATE RECVD.

7. COST

8. SALES PRICE

005 015 015 010 008 008 OlO 010

X.XBXBRXXL XX/XX/XX XX/XX/XX *XX,XX"X.XX

*xx,xx- x.xx

Listing 2: The terminal-display input record format defined in listing 1 for the MOBINV inventory program. The user can retrieve data by using a single designated key field, then, with the UPDATE command, enter new data in the record.

RECORD * STOCK # SUPPLIER MODEL DATE ORD. DATE RECVD. COST

SALE PRICE

NOTE: As data are entered each field

displays dots for number of char acters or digits permitted, and adds characters for picture display. Any field can be edited.

ADD, CHANGE, INQUIRE, DELETE, OR X TO STOP

(ONE LETTER)

In Less Than 3 Minutes

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The first step in developing the representative mobilehome inventory program, MOBINV, is to define the input-data format. Listing 1 shows the input-data format printout for one record, named a file "glossary" by FMS-80. The field names are labeled PROMPT/HEAD. The field TYPE column can be decimal, alphanumeric (letters, numbers, or spaces), or variable. A variable field is made up of alphanumeric characters and can accept as few as two or as many as 253 characters. You lose the QUERY/UPDATE command capability if you use a variable field. LEN is field length. The PICTURE feature is an outstanding capability. It lets you enter Xs where a decimal number will go during data entry. In line 4, the MODEL field, the picture entry is X.XBXBRXXL, which represents each mobile home's number of baths, number of bedrooms, and length. When you enter the correct digits, the program puts in the letters and decimal point. For example, if a mobile home has 1.5 baths, 2 bedrooms, and is 40 feet long, you enter 15240 and the printout is 1.5B2BR40L. The "A" character in the PICTURE for the fields for cost and sales price prints all characters after that symbol, including leading zeros. You establish the input-record format easily by menu selection. FMS-80 provides full editing capability to add to or change the field definitions.

After designing the input-data format, arvd before entering data, you must define a CONTROL DEFINITION by menu selection and select a field for sorting. In our example we use field 1, record §, and specify ascending order (first 1, then 2, etc.). FMS-80 will index the file on the selected field. Indexing permits you to search just one field of each record in a file to locate a specific record, which means you can locate any record in a file in seconds. Then you can enter data in the database by using the UPDATE command. The display will appear as shown in listing 2.

Record data may also be input by means of a SCREENDEFINITION command. If the number of fields in a record exceeds 21, you must use a screen definition. This command enters and/or lists data at specific locations on the display, a valuable capability for data entry for form generation. Menu selection permits you to specify the location on the display for any data fields of a record. Data item locations are designated by entering one of 80 columns and one of 22 lines (rows) as grid coordinates. Displayed data items can be literals (strings of descriptive characters [labels] you enter to identify what type of data to enter), collect (fields where data is to be entered from the display keyboard), or display (data previously entered will appear on the display, but not to be modified).

After a file is indexed, you can use the QUERY/UPDATE command to locate and display any record in a file in a few seconds. In the MOBINV example, field #1, "record §" was indexed. Assuming that the mobile inventory has 1000 records, you can ask QUERY/UPDATE to find record #800, and FMS-80 will find and display it in two or three seconds. You can then edit the record if you

448 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

wish. If you hit C/R (carriage return), record #801 will be displayed, another C/R, record #802, etc. You can go in reverse order through the file by pressing Control P and displaying record #799, etc. At any time you can go out of sequence and display in seconds another record anywhere in the file. At present, additional records cannot be entered using the QUERY/UPDATE command.

FMS-80 has extensive report capabilities. The simplest of these is the PRINT FILE command, which prints all the records in a file and produces a printout like that shown in listing 3.

FMS-80 does the formatting for PRINT FILE; the only operator action required is typing in the command. You can develop a SELECT definition to excerpt selected fields of records from a master file and place them in a separate subfile. You accomplish this by menu selection of logical AND, OR, EQUALS, and NOT EQUAL combined with MIN and MAX values. In the mobile-home inventory example, you can select all field #3 SUPPLIER mobile homes of LAYTON OR SKYLINE received between the period 01/01/81 and 08/01/81, or specify that fields 1, 3, 7, and 8, or any other fields of each selected record, be included in the subfile. PRINT FILE can then be used to print the subfile. This is a handy way to produce a report.

With little effort, the newcomer to computing can develop programs that perform all the MOBINV-type functions covered up to this point. PRINT FILE does not do arithmetic manipulation of field data or printing of data in a specified format, as is required for invoice or check writing. To perform these functions, you need to know how to use the REPORT command (45 pages of detailed tutorials and several sample programs are provided), but if you have a moderate amount of machine experience, you will soon learn these functions. In the MOBINV example, I can use the REPORT command to develop a full invoicing system. I can add seven more fields to the MOBINV data record input definition: (9) buyer's name, (10) phone #, (11) street address, (12) city, (13) state, (14) zip, (15) sold indicator. I would leave these fields blank when I filled in the inventory data; then when a mobile home sold, I would use the QUERY/UPDATE command to fill in the buyer's name, phone #, and address, and put an "S" in the sold indicator field. At the end of the month, I would use the SELECT function to pull out all MOBINV records that had an "S" in the sold indicator field. I would use a subset of the REPORT command to print an invoice with the buyer's name, address, and billing information at the correct positions, and another subset of the REPORT command to select the buyer's name and address and to print mailing labels or envelopes. To align data items on the right side of a form (right justify), at present you must use a printing character like a dot or an asterisk between the data item and the right edge of the paper. A nonprinting character, such as a space, should be used instead, and Systems Plus states that the correction will be made in its next release of FMS-80.

You invoke all of the preceding functions by entering

Listing 3: Output produced by FMS-80's PRINT FILE command. The command lists all records in the file requested by the user.

08/29/81 COPPERSTATE MOBILE HOME SALES PAGE 1

FD: MOBINV.FD SELECT: (NONE) FILE: MOBINV.DAT

RECORD * STOCK * SUPPLIER MODEL DATE ORD

DATE COST SALE

RECEIVED PRICE

OOOOl

1234567XYZ

PALM HARBOR

3.0B2BR60L

l/OS/Bl

2/20/B1

*14, 375.75

*18,0OO.00

00002

123456XYZ

NASHUA

1.5B1BR40L

3/01/81

4/06/81

*12,7B9.00

* 16,000.00

00003

23456MNB

LAYTON

1-OB2BR40L

1/03/81

2/04/B1

*14,OOO.O0

*1B,585.00

00004

234567ABCDE

AIRSTREAM

1.0B1BR32L

1/06/B1

5/06/81

«21,000.00

«24,0O0.O0

00005

TRW14578

SKYLINE

1-OB2BR79L

4/03/81

5/OB/B1

*21,9B7.65

«31,65O.O0

Listing 4: Definition of the input-data format for the 2000-record file used to test FMS-80 s performance. Testing with 2000 records showed no degradation from the high level of performance achieved with a much shorter file.

09/15/81 BENCHMARK DATA FILE PAGE 1

FILE GLOSSARY FOR DATA.FD

—PROMPT/HEAD—

TYPE

LEN

1.

RE-ORDER FLAG

D

0O1

2.

STOCK NUMBER

D

005

3.

TYPE

D

0O2

4.

QUANTITY

D

004

5

BASE METAL

A

003

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individual commands. FMS-80 includes a programming language and compiler as a part of the EFM (extended file maintenance) function. Learning this programming language enables you to develop an EFM file. This file can be used to select individual commands from a menu and then later conveniently invoke the whole sequence of selected commands. You must, however, supply an editor or word processor to build the EFM program file.

Here are some examples of functions that can be done with EFM. After printing the MOBINV invoices and mailing labels as described earlier, you could do a global edit (change field data in all the records in a file) by testing each record to see if the "S" indicator was set, then zeroing the indicator if it was set to start with a clean slate for the coming month. An EFM file can do any repetitive operation of this type. When using a large database, you might need to consolidate the buyers' names and addresses in a separate file, named MAILIST, and read from that file and the MOBINV data file to make up the invoices. EFM can read from 19 different files and use the data to make up a single report. EFM also lets you call CP/M operating system commands without exiting FMS-80.

The examples I have given to this point have in most cases used a five-record database. Earlier I mentioned that I used a larger test database of 2000 records of five fields each to find out if FMS-80's performance falls off as the size of the data file increases. Tests with this database

were limited in scope and run on only one machine, a 64K Dynabyte 8/2-8/4 using 8-inch drives. The results should not be considered definitive.

I will briefly describe how I developed the larger test file, titled DATA. Listing 4 lists the input format (glossary).

I developed another program to generate simulated data for the test database file. The file is indexed on the stock number and quantity fields. The stock numbers are 2000 different randomly selected whole numbers (integers) falling between 10,000 and 22,000. The quantity field contains 2000 sequential whole numbers with values from 5000 to 6999. A real inventory list would not have sequential quantity values, but this configuration simplified testing because I used the simulated quantity value as both a record number and a quantity.

Testing with this database revealed no degradation in FMS-80's performance when compared with the MOBINV example. Any time the QUERY/UPDATE command is used, there is a delay of approximately 30 seconds at the start of record retrieval to reestablish the index file. After this period, you can retrieve records in two or three seconds. Using the UPDATE command, I entered 50 new records and the program integrated and sorted all of them in less than four minutes. I checked all major program functions, including screen-definition data inputs, sorting files, and selection of individual records or groups of records from a file. All the functions worked properly, with no apparent system problems. The REPORT command readily manipulated and summarized field data mathematically. Printer speed determines the report output rate, so there was no change.

Conclusions

• FMS-80 is one of the new generation of relational DBMS programs. All things considered, the system is fast and versatile. Even if you are new to microcomputers, FMS-80 will let you produce an acceptable applications program with a tabular report in a short time. You won't have to learn a new programming language to produce a summarized formatted report, although a moderate amount of familiarization with the REPORT command will be necessary. If you learn the EFM programming language, then any DBMS application, no matter how complex, will be within your grasp.

• The documentation and accompanying program examples are sufficient to teach most of the program functions. A lack of clarity and organization in some portions of the manual makes it difficult to use all of the capabilities of this truly outstanding program.

• FMS-80 reports are printer oriented. A printer, preferably one that is reasonably fast and has a 132-column print capability, is a necessity.

• FMS-80 can read files generated by other programs.

• For some applications, FMS-80's lack of provision for data security may be a drawback.

In short, FMS-80 is a major contender among database-management systems for microcomputers. ■

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450 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 161 on inquiry card.

Clubs and Newsletters

Office Automation Society Formed

SOAP (Society of Office Automation Professionals) is a recently formed nonprofit organization for individuals involved in office automation. The society seeks to promote office automation as a profession, to encourage standards of professional excellence, to facilitate communications throughout the international office-automation community, and to promote relevant research, standards, and public policy.

Some of the group's projected activities include a periodic newsletter, national and international conferences, and teleconferences. SOAP will also help to organize and maintain communications between discussion groups. Individual dues are $50 per year. Corporate fees are $250 for five employees; additional corporate members cost $40. Student rate is $25 when sponsored by a professor belonging to SOAP. For more information, contact the Society of Office Automation Professionals, N. Dean Meyer, 233 Mountain Rd., Ridgefield, CT 06877, (203) 431-0029.

ABE'S Atari Fans

ABE's ACEs (Allentown, Bethlehem, Easton's Atari Computer Enthusiasts) promotes the exchange of knowledge for the benefit of Atari users. The group meets on the first Saturday of the month at 2 p.m. at Saints Simon and Jude's School in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. A software library is being formed. Annual dues are $10, with student and family discounts available. Contact ABE's ACEs, POB 228, Whitehall, PA 18052.

PET Fans Gather In Houston

CHUG (Commodore Houston Users Group) is for owners, users, and anyone interested in Commodore PET, CBM, and VIC computers. The group meets monthly at various locations in central Houston. It produces a newsletter called Hardcopy. Call John Walker, (713) 999-3650, for informa

tion on CHUG's PET and CBM sections. VIC owners can obtain details from Peter Farrow, (713) 466-4092. All interested parties can write to CHUG, 8738 Wildforest, Houston, TX 77088.

Apple Danish Club

The CCC (Copenhagen Computer Club) is composed of Apple II and III owners and users. Members are interested in sharing information on system and applications software. Contact CCC through George H. Buch, CCC, Buchan, Ravnsborggade 19, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Tel: (01) 39 15 31.

Apple III User's Newsletter

The Apple Three newsletter is published quarterly for those who share a common

interest in" the Apple III and its software. The newsletter features news, information, and reviews of supplementary equipment and applications software. It will also include a program exchange through reader contribution, a question-and-answer forum, bug reports and fixes, etc. Subscriptions are $15 a year which includes the access fee to a planned computer bulletin board. A sam

ple issue is available for $2.50 from Mediaworks, POB 2757, San Francisco, CA 94126.

Society for Computer Simulation

SCS (Society for Computer Simulation) is a technical society devoted to the advancement of simulation and allied computer arts in all fields, including science, mathematics, engineering, education, medicine, government, and social work. SCS's goal is to facilitate communication among professionals. It organizes meetings of regional councils and sponsors and assists with national and international conferences. SCS produces a monthly journal, Simulation, and other supplementary publications. SCS is a member of the American Fed

eration of Information Processing Societies.

Membership in SCS is open to all who are or have been engaged in computer simulation and who meet certain requirements. The cost is $35 a year, which includes a subscription to Simulation. Student memberships are available for $15. Institutional and library subscriptions to Simulation and Simulation Proceedings cost $42. For complete details, contact SCS, POB 2228, La Jolla, CA 92038.

TACS Convenes in Edmonton

TACS (The Aurora Computer Society) is a nonprofit computer club that's not geared toward any specific system or processor. Members come together to discuss and gain an understanding of the uses of computers in society. TACS meets at the Holyrood School, 7920-94th Ave., Edmonton, Alberta, on the second Wednesday of the month at 7:30 p.m. A monthly newsletter, Intercom '80, is produced. Membership is open to anyone. Annual dues are $25 for an individual, $10 for anyone under 18 years, and $35 for families. Write to The Aurora Computer Society, POB 9558, South Edmonton, Alberta, T6E 5X2, Canada.

The Source for Apples

The Source Apple Users Group is an organization of Apple II and III owners on The Source. All communications are by means of Source mail. For more information, contact Source account number TCA265.B

First call for Clubs and Newsletters Directory

To be included in the fifth edition of the BYTE Clubs and Newsletters Directory, your club or publication must supply the following information:

1. name of organization or publication

2. mailing address

3. contact person and telephone number

4. name of newsletter or publication

5. special interests

Send your information to Clubs and Newsletters Directory, BYTE/McGraw-Hill, POB 372, Hancock, NH 03449.

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 451

Ask BYTE

Conducted by Steve Ciarcia

Letter-Quality Selectrlcs

Dear Steve,

I recently bought an Apple II Plus computer. Among other things, I want to use it for word processing, but I will need a letter-quality printer. It occurred to me that an IBM Selectric typewriter can be interfaced to my computer, but I don't know how. I'd appreciate any help you can offer. Matthew A. Brenner Oxford, CT

An IBM Selectric Typewriter can be interfaced to an Apple II or any other computer, but there are some things that you must know: when a key is pressed on a Selectric, a series of rods (bails) are depressed. These rods establish the tilt, rotation, and actuation of the type ball for any character. Computer control of a Selectric is achieved through a bank of solenoids that, when activated, pull the rods from the bottom of the typewriter in the same manner that the key pushed them from the top. A unique combination is established for each character. This code is known as Correspondence Code on newer typewriters and BCD Code on the earlier Selectrics.

Additionally, the standard office Selectric has several problems:

•It does not contain the necessary solenoids to allow computer operation. These solenoids are available as part of a kit from IBM to convert Selectrics for computer operation. The kit takes care of the tricky adjustments that are necessary.

•If the solenoids are properly installed, it is necessary to take the computer's TTL

(transistor-transistor logic) output and convert it into a 30- or 48-volt (V) signal to drive the solenoids. Some type of driver circuitry is required.

•It's recommended that the Selectric be driven at a speed that will allow the next character to be typed before the cycle clutch disengages. By minimizing the amount of clutch engaging and disengaging, its life is greatly enhanced.

•An 8-bit parallel port and the necessary software driver are required.

Some of the earlier Selectrics, known as I/O Selectrics, were designed for computer interfacing. They were more rugged in design because they were built for continuous operation. They came in many flavors: correspondence, BCD, and ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) codes; serial and parallel interfaces; 30- and 48-V solenoids, etc. These are currently available on the surplus market at relatively attractive prices. If you have the technical expertise, one of these units can be converted to a fine letter-quality printer. If you don't have this knowledge, it can be a nightmare. Escon Products (Suite 240, 171 Mayhew Ave., Pleasant Hill, CA 94523 (415) 820-1256) makes an office Selectric adapter kit that you may like to check out. . . . Steve

Exceeding Address Limits

Dear Steve,

I'm puzzled by the fact that some 6502 systems can address more than 64K bytes of memory. How is it possible

to exceed the 64K-byte limit with a 16-bit address bus system?

Bert E. Williams Gaithersburg, MD

The 6502 (or any other processor with 16 address lines) can address only 64K bytes, but it doesn't care which 64K bytes are addressed! That's the key to your question. Multiple blocks of memory can be addressed by a technique known as bank selecting. Selection is made by an I/O line or other decoding methods. It's possible to have many 64K-byte blocks of memory in the computer and address them one at a time by first sending a memory-select signal to the desired block. The processor then communicates with the selected block as if it were the only memory in the system.

Multiple programs and utilities can thus be stored in the computer and instantly accessed by first sending the appropriate bank-select signal. . . . Steve

Video Signals Hertz

Dear Steve,

I would like to purchase a personal computer, but I live in Europe and move frequently, so I must cope with a variety of AC-power systems. I would like to get an Apple II with some peripherals and a color video monitor. What equipment is sensitive to the 50-Hz power frequency here? Will I need some kind of converter? I need a flexible system that can be used even if I return to the U.S. R. Schreiner Essen, West Germany

/ have had several letters concerning the use of computers in countries where the line frequency is other than 60 Hz. The differences for those not familiar with the problem are that the European PAL or SECAM TV standard is 625 lines per frame with a vertical frame rate of 50 Hz, while the NTSC standard in the U.S. is 525 lines per frame with a 60-Hz vertical frame rate. The computer generates a video-sweep frequency to properly cover the screen. The power transformer for the 50-Hz system has more iron in the core to accommodate the lower alternating frequency.

The Apple II computer has a power supply that can operate from either 50 Hz or 60 Hz because it is a switching-type power supply and does not use a conventional power transformer. Hence, if you buy the European Apple II and reduce the line voltage from 220 volts to 110 volts, it will work in the U.S. If you buy a monitor designed for the European frequencies that operates on DC (direct current), then all that is needed is a 50-Hz power supply for proper operation. Some 50-Hz monitors may work on 60 Hz if the vertical sync is not based on the line frequency. .. . Steve

Displaced Disk Drives

Dear Steve,

I've noticed that more and more mircocomputers are sold with SVi-inch floppydisk drives on them and that a great quantity of software is sold on disks that size. In the university where I teach, we

452 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

have an S-100-based system with two 8-inch floppy-disk drives, so I'd like to know if 5 Winch disks are going to displace the 8-inch ones. Will we need to consider this for our next equipment expansion? At the same time, please let me know what the software's version number means (e.g., CP/M 2.2 or Wordstar 3.0). Sergio Tejeda Schiavoni Mexico City

Both 5Vi- and 8-inch floppy-disk drives have their advantages. The 5xA-inch disks cost less, but their datastorage capacity is not as great and their access time is longer. They are popular with many of the personalcomputer systems now on the market and may give the impression that they are displacing the 8-inch drives.

For applications where large amounts of data must be accessed, the 8-inch drive is preferred. Typical examples include small-business systems where mailng lists, accounting data, and inventory records must be kept online for rapid access. Also, many development systems use the 8-inch drives because of their greater storage capacity.

Look for hard-disk drives to replace both 5Vt- and 8-inch floppy-disk drives. Hard disks feature considerably more storage (i.e., 5 to 10 megabytes), extremely rapid access time, and are dropping in cost.

The version number on a piece of software is analogous to the revision number. For example, when revisions were made to CP/M the version number changed from 1.4 to 2.2. . . . Steve

ADM-3 Lowercase Conversion

Dear Steve,

I own a Lear Siegler ADM3A dumb terminal that displays only uppercase letters. I would like to convert it to

show lowercase as well. Lear Siegler offers a conversion kit for $75, but I can't imagine that the three integrated circuits it contains cost that much. Do you have any idea what the integrated circuits are and where I can get them at a better price? Richard D. Bucholz Hamden, CT

Adding lowercase to your Lear Siegler ADM-3A terminal is relatively easy. An article in the March 1979 BYTE, "Adding Lowercase Display to the ADM-3 A," by A.W. Walker (see page 190), completely describes the necessary modification. The character generator used is a lowercase RO-3-2513. It's available for $9.95 from Active Electronic Sales Corp., POB 8000, Westboro, MA 01581, (617) 366-0500. . . . Steve

VIC Cassette Adapter

Dear Steve,

I'm planning to buy a Commodore VIC-20 microcomputer. I would like to avoid buying the VIC cassette-tape recorder, because I already have a Radio Shack one. Is there some adapter I can build to connect my Radio Shack recorder to a VIC-20? Timothy Mcllwee Ormond Beach, FL

The VIC-20 cassette recorder is unique only because the computer supplies the power for it. Any cassette recorder can be connected to the VIC as follows: looking at the connector, the terminals are numbered 1 through 6 on the top and A through F on the bottom. The pinouts are in pairs:

A-l ground (connect to

computer ground) B-2 +5 volts (not used)

C-3

cassette motor

(use

remote)

D-4

cassette read

(ear

phone)

1-5

cassette write (micro

phone)

F-6

cassette switch

(not

used)

Getting an edge-card connector may be difficult because of the VIC's odd size. You can write Commodore or find a larger connector of the same spacing and cut it to size. That's all there is to it. . . . Steve

Too Many Signals

Dear Steve,

I'm trying to use an S-100 interface card to control a camera. My problem is that I

need to connect the S-iOO card to my Radio Shack TRS-80 Model 1 computer. The two systems seem to have some common signals, but what do I do with the S-100 signals called SIN, SOUT, PWR, PDB, and PRDY7 I know that there is a book on the subject, but i can't find it. Merton Carter Jamaica, NY

Interfacing the TRS-80 Model 1 to the S-100 bus is comparatively easy to do. Most S-100 signals have a corresponding TRS-80 signal, except that some are active low" instead of "active high." Also, the TRS-80 data bus must be split into Data Out (DO0 through D07) and Data In (DiO through D17) lines.

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micro

developments

Circle 243 on Inquiry card.

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 453

If You Have A Printer

You need our PRINTER OPTIMIZER. We have two gripes with computer printers: one, no matter how fast they print they're much slower than a computer. So here you are with all this processing speed, sitting there waiting for your printer to finish. Two, almost all printers offer a bunch of features like various type sizes, forms control, graphics, enlarged character sets, etc. - but how are you supposed to access these features? Oh sure, the printer manual says: "print an ESC character followed by a CONTROL "K" followed by a three digit value equal to the desired page length.,.", but how do you do this in the middle of your spreadsheet program? And how do you access all those extra symbols and graphics with a puny half-ASCII keyboard?

Before Mediamix grew into Applied Creative Technology Inc. the idea people there decided to develop the Cuisinart""of the computer industry - a "magic box" that features 64,000 to 256,000 characters of spooling printer buffer, total character retranslation capability including macros, a keyboard that lets you directly select complete printer control sequences with the ease of a pushbutton car radio, adapts serial printers to parallel computers and visa versa, plus many more imaginative features. So many useful features that regardless of the printer you own - our PRINTER OPTIMIZER will bring your printer "up to speed" with the rest of your system and let you take full advantage of it.

If You Need A Letter Quality Printer

Consider our affordable alternative. For those of you who did not see the review of our product in the July issue of BYTE, we produce a little white box that converts an IBM Electronic Typewriter into a high quality Serial or Parallel computer printer. And now ourETI2 (Electronic Typewriter Intelligent Interface) attaches to other brands of electronic typewriters. There are a number of arguments in favor of choosing this route over a mere computer printer and we have a brochure on the subject that you should read.

We apply technology creatively, and you'll find that not only can we communicate the results to you, but each product is better than anything else like it on the market. Call 1-800-433-5373 and we'll send you more information about our company and our products.

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Ask BYTE

This is all explained in a book entitled The S-100 and Other Micro Buses by Elmer C. Poe and James C. Goodwin. It is published by Howard W. Sams & Company (4000 West 62nd St., POB 7092, Indianapolis, IN 46206, (800) 428-3696; in Indiana (317) 298-5400) and is available at many electronics dealers, computer stores, and mail-order houses. It costs only $7.95 and, if you are planning to interface other S-100 boards to the TRS-80 bus, it is an excellent investment. . . .Steve

Making Music on the ZX81

Dear Steve,

I want to find information that will let me interface the Sinclair ZX81 computer with the S-100 Sound Computer Board made by Digital Research Computers of Garland, Texas. My goal is to produce a low-cost, 6-voice, computer-driven music synthesizer. Can you help me locate the necessary information, or determine whether this task is possible? Donald Allan Graves Mount Laurel, NJ

The Sinclair ZX81 has all its address, data, and control buses brought out to a rear connector, so interfacing to an S-100-type system is relatively easy. The S-100 and Other Micro Buses by Elmer C. Poe and fames C. Goodwin, published by Howard W. Sams & Company (see address above), gives a complete definition of the S-100's signals and explains how various microcomputers may be interfaced. Many of the Sinclair signals will be identical to Radio Shack's TRS-80, and methods of obtaining the others are explained. It is mainly a matter of buffering the address and data lines of the ZX81 (to prevent overloading), and gating

some of the control signals. The biggest problem is finding an edge-card connector that is compatible with the ZX81. The leads can be soldered directly to the pins if a connector cannot be found. . . . Steve ■

BYTE's Bits

Mallgrams Via The Source

Subscribers to The Source can now compose and send Mailgram messages to any state directly from their personal computers. The service lets subscribers send a Mailgram to a single address, or it permits the user to send the same or different messages to multiple addresses. Discount rates apply to quantity mailings of the same message, and no limit has been imposed on the number of messages that can be sent. Other features of this service include the ability to receive a confirmation or duplicate copy of the Mailgram and the ability to save the message in a personal file on The Source. Users of this service are billed monthly along with other Source charges. For complete details, contact Source Telecomputing Corp., 1616 Anderson Rd., McLean, VA 22102, (703) 734-7500. ■

454 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

BYTELINES

News and Speculation about Personal Computing

Conducted by Sol Libes

Random Rumors:

Osborne Computer Corporation is said to be working on an 80-column-wide video display for its portable computer. Although Osborne has pioneered the portablecomputer marketplace, the company now has a large number of competitors. . . . Hewlett-Packard (HP) is expected to introduce a CP/Mbased system with 64K bytes of memory and a 9-inch or 12-inch video display; the price may be under $1800. . . . You can expect at least one company to unveil a read/write videodisc system for mass data storage before year-end. . . . Rumors suggest a possible joint venture between IBM Japan and Matsushita Electric to make a low-cost personal computer. . . . B. Dalton Bookseller and Waldenbooks, the two largest national chains of bookstores, are reportedly planning to carry software. They are expected to sell mostly games initially and to bring in more serious packages later. . . . Word has it that Sord of Japan is readying an 8088- or 8086-based portable computer with a flatpanel display. . . . It's reported that the manager of Commodore in the United Kingdom, upon learning the low price (equivalent to about $194) of the new Sinclair ZX Spectrum computer (see the September 1982 BYTELINES) threatened to bring the price of the VIC-20 down to $180. . . . Microsoft is rumored to be working on a version of Xenix (a Unix look-alike) for the Radio Shack Model 16 computer. . . . Texas Instruments (Tl) is expected to in

troduce shortly an 8-bit portable computer with a 1-line by 40-character display; the anticipated list price is $250 and a compatible 4-color printer will also be available. . . . Ford Motor Company is said to be working on a "cockpit" computer, with video display, to conrol functions in Ford vehicles. It will have a navigation system tied to a communications satellite and will display a map with the vehicle's location pinpointed on it. . . . Motorola is reportedly ready to start shipping versions of its 68000 microprocessor that will operate with a 15-megahertz clock.

f^andom News Bits:

Morrow Designs, Richmond, California, will soon introduce its Micro Decision system, a $1195 CP/M-based system that will include $2000 worth of software (such as Micropro's Wordstar, Calcstar, Mailmerge, and Spellstar; Digital Research's CP/M; and Microsoft's MBasic). . . . Lobo Drives, Coleta, California, has a new, low-priced CP/Mbased system; it lists for $800 and includes 64K bytes of memory, a calendar/clock, a keyboard, and three I/O (input/output) ports with an interface connector. A $150 video display and various disk drives are optional. . . . Acorn Computers, United Kingdom, has announced that it will offer a 16032 option to its 6502based BBC Micro (the 16032 is National Semiconductor's new 32-bit microprocessor). The firm also stated that next

year it expects to introduce a 16032-based system, with a hard disk, priced at $3500. . . . Whitesmiths Ltd., a software house in Iselin, New Jersey, plans to release 16032 versions of its Idris operating system, its C compiler, and its Pascal language. . . . While the micro-mouse contests for maze-solving mobile robots seem to be passe here in the U. S., they flourish in Europe. Trials were held at several European shows and the finals were held in Israel. . . . Fujitsu expects to begin shipping 256K by 1-bit dynamic memory devices in large quantities before yearend and 512K by 1-bit units next year. . . . Both Tl and Atari reportedly expect to ship 1.5 million units this year. . . . Syquest Technology, Fremont, California, has introduced the first hard disk smaller than 5V< inches. The disk itself is 3.9 inches in diameter and can be removed from the drive. One disk stores 6.38 megabytes, and two complete drives can be mounted in the space of a standard 5 VS -inch floppy-disk drive. . . . Independent computer professionals (consultants, freelance programmers, etc.) might be interested in checking out Computer Consultant magazine, Battery Lane Publications, Box 30214, Bethesda, MD 20814, Compuserve ID 70001,655) Computerland is expected to start franchising stores in Japan starting next year. The company now has 274 stores in 15 countries and is opening stores at a rate of 12 per month. . . . Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) has

introduced the PDP-11/23 system, which can support up to 8 users. Prices begin at $9200 for a 256K-byte system with a 10.8-megabyte Winchester hard-disk drive that runs standard DEC software. Multiuser system prices are certainly dropping.

Dual-Processor Systems: The Compupro division of Godbout Electronics was the first to introduce a dual-processor microcomputer system (with both 8and 16-bit microprocessors) almost two years ago. Now dual processors are all the rage. Just look at the firms involved: Radio Shack, DEC, Vector Graphic, Zenith, and Cromemco; doubtless there will be more to come. The primary reason for using dual processors is that the 8-bit unit is expected to sustain the customer until applications software appears for the 16-bit units.

Bell's New Baby: The

government has cleared away all the red tape for the Bell System's reorganization. The result is that a new company has been formed to allow AT&T (American Telephone and Telegraph Company) to enter the computer business. The company will be called American Bell. This company will capitalize on much of the computer research and development that has been done at Bell Laboratories over the years; it should be interesting to see what will become of the latter now.

The 19 Bell Laboratories

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 455

BYTELINES

sites, spread over 9 states, have a total yearly operating budget of $2 billion and employ approximately 22,600 workers. Of these employees, 8000 hold advanced degrees. A staff of 72 patent attorneys handles the more than 500 patents Bell Laboratories produces each year. American Bell will start with an initial capitalization of $687 million, 1000 employees, and 50 sales offices. Its first offering with be the AlS/Net1 packet data-communication service (previously described in the May 1982 BYTELINES under the designation "Advanced Communication Service"). This service will compete against existing services provided by Telenet and Tymnet, neither of which has been doing well financially.

IBM Happenings: No

one's perfect—not even IBM, apparently. Softalk magazine, in a recent issue, listed over 30 software and hardware bugs in the original design of the IBM Personal Computer system. IBM has fixed most of these bugs in later versions of the software and hardware. One of the biggest problems has been the Easywriter word-processor program (which many users have dubbed "Not so Easywriter"). IBM has indicated that it will furnish Easywriter owners with copies of a new, improved version of the program. That's a tall order; estimates are that well over 100,000 copies of the program have been sold to date.

I'm still looking for someone who uses the cassette interface for the IBM Personal Computer. I'm not sure why that feature was included in the system. Did I BM seriously think its system would compete with the VIC-20 and ZX81? Those users interested in running Unix on their IBM Personal Computer systems

should check out Coherent from Mark Williams Co., Chicago, Illinois, and Qunix from Quantum Software Systems, San Jose, California. IBM has introduced a computer using a 68000 microprocessor. It's from the firm's Danbury, Connecticut, subsidiary and is intended as a multitasking system for use in a laboratory; its price is $5700. But if you want to add a 68000 processor to your IBM Personal Computer, Tecmar Inc., Cleveland, Ohio, is rumored to be working on a 68000 processor card.

IBM has disclosed that it has started a pilot production facility for manufacturing Josephson-junction devices. It is expected that these devices will be used in IBM's next generation of ultrafast computers due out in about five years. Bell Laboratories has disclosed that it is developing systems using these devices.

^Vpple News: Apple Computer Inc. has dropped the price on its Apple II system from $2604 to under $2000 (this configuration includes 48K bytes of memory, one disk drive and controller, a video display, a peripheral stand, and word-processing software). The price reduction may be meant to help dealers clear out stock prior to introduction of an LSI (largescale integration) enhanced version of the Apple II early next year. Apple has been showing the new computer (rumored to be called the Apple ll-E) to selected original equipment manufacturers and is taking large-quantity orders. The firm is also placing the unit with software developers. The ll-E is expected to have more than 64K bytes of memory, a full keyboard with upper- and lowercase keys, 80-column display, and to use substantially

fewer integrated circuits, perhaps as few as 11.

Apple and Xerox have severed their ties—Xerox's 47 stores will no longer carry Apple products. The break between Apple and Xerox repeated the same pattern of events that occurred between Apple and Computerland (see the August 1982 BYTELINES, page 446). Apple insisted on site-selection privileges for all future Xerox stores that carry the Apple. Now Xerox will be selling only its own 820 system and the Osborne computer.

I had reported earlier that Apple was suing Franklin Computer Corp. for copyright infringement, citing the Apple-like Franklin computer (September 1982 BYTELINES, page 490). Franklin Computer Corp. is now countersuing, claiming antitrust violations and asking for over $150 million in damages. If the firm wins, it may profit more through legal action than it will from selling computers.

Apple has been successful in stopping the importation of Apple II look-alikes made in the Far East, but imitations have appeared in Europe, Canada, and the U. S. It is likely that Apple may have to go to trial in an attempt to stop these systems from appearing in the U. S. One such imitation, the Basis 108, made in Europe and compatible with Apple II software and peripherals, will soon be available in the U. S. from Basic Inc., Scotts Valley, California.

Radio Shack News:

Tandy, pressured by competition (particularly that of the new 16-bit desktop computers), is also dropping its prices. The price for the TRS-80 Model III with one floppy-disk drive was dropped from $1995 to $1849; the cost for the same

unit with two drives went from $2495 to $2295. This matches similar cuts made by Apple, Zenith, and IBM.

It is reported that softwaredevelopment problems have delayed the introduction of Radio Shack's ARCNET local networking system. Although it was announced early this year, ARCNET may not be available until year-end, at the earliest. Radio Shack also appears to have run into software problems with its new dual-processor (Z80 and 68000) system. As yet the only software available is single-user Z80-based software. Rumor has it that Microsoft is preparing a three-user version of its Xenix operating system.

Dus Standard Nears Adoption: The IEEE-696 (S-100) bus standard was approved by the working committee in May and by the IEEE Microprocessor Standards Committee in June. It will now be submitted to the IEEE Computer Standards Board for its approval. It must then be approved by the IEEE Standards Board to become an official standard. If all goes well, the proposed standard should become official by early next year.

The S-100 bus is currently the most widely used microcomputer bus system. There are about 100 manufacturers of S-100 systems and plug-in boards. The S-100 bus accommodates the newer 16-bit processors by directly addressing up to 16 megabytes of memory, 64K I/O ports, 10 vectored interrupts, 16 bus masters, and 23 plugin slots. It has a data transfer rate of up to 10 megahertz and is processor independent. Most new developments in the microcomputer field (e.g., 16-bit microprocessors, dual processors, DMS (direct memory access), CP/M, MS-DOS, cache mem

456 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

ory, hard disks, multi-processors, etc.) first appeared on S-100 systems.

Ergonomics: Some time ago NIOSH (the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) released a study reporting that videodisplay users are subject to more job-related stress than any other employee group in the country. Also, European trade unions in Germany and Sweden have established ergonomic standards for video-display terminals to make them less tiring to use. Manufacturers are responding to this pressure by introducing products that approach or meet these ergonomic standards.

For example, the German standard requires that the home row of keys on a keyboard be no more than 1 inch above the work surface and that the keyboard be fully detachable, have a nonglare finish, and have colors that do not contrast. The display itself must have a nonglare screen. Very few current American-built terminals meet these standards; however, you can expect the U. S. manufacturers to respond quickly to these changes.

A/I lcro-f loppy Standards: Three different "micro-floppy" disks are already in use, all from Japan. Canon has a 3.8-inch disk, Sony has a 3V2-inch disk, and Matsushita, Hitachi, and Maxell have jointly introduced a 3-inch disk. There may soon be more —American disk makers want to get into the micro-floppy market, too. The question is, which standard should they use? In the past, de facto standards were the norm —one company's product would set the market trend (e.g., the IBM 8-inch and the Shugart

5 Yt -inch). Sony seems to have an early lead, but it may not be enough. Canon does not appear to be in the running to set a standard. The result is that Shugart, Dysan, Tabor, and Verbatim (all of which have products for this market ready) have joined together in the hope of setting an ANSI standard for micro-floppies. IBM, which is also developing a microfloppy, may even join in the effort.

Flat-Panel Displays:

The flat-panel display is finally here. Grid Computer showed its new portable computer at the National Computer Conference in June, and Teleram Communications, White Plains, New York, showed its portable computer at Comdex later in the month. Both units are lightweight, about the size of a large notebook, and fit easily inside a briefcase with room to spare. The Teleram has a 4-line by 80-character liquid-crystal display, while the Grid unit has an electroluminescent display made by Sharp, with 320- by 240-pixel resolution. Both contain bubble-memory storage systems and built-in modems. The Grid unit uses an Intel 8086/8087 combination for processing while the Teleram uses the Zilog Z80. The Teleram uses CP/M, while the Grid has a proprietary operating system. The Teleram's base price is under $2800 while the Grid is $8200.

Siemens, Munich, West Germany, claims to have developed a 2'/4-inch-thick, 28-line by 80-character plasma display. Tl and IBM have also shown large flatpanel displays but are not expected to introduce computers using these displays in the near future. Epson, Sanyo, and Sord have all shown liquid-crystal displays,

and Toshiba has shown a Z80 computer with a 6-line by 40-character display. Also, Sony has demonstrated a gasplasma display with 1024- by 524-pixel resolution; the firm is expected to use it in a product to be introduced next year. Apple Computer Inc. is also known to be working on a flat-panel display. There is little doubt that next year will see the introduction of a large number of truly portable personal computers with large flatpanel displays.

Computer Discussion

Groups: Several times a week, many users of the Compuserve timesharing system have a computer conference. Participants can read what the other users have to say and can enter their own remarks. If they wish, they can save any part of the conversation on their own systems, then later edit it, print it out, or send copies via telephone and modem to someone else. This is all part of the electronic mail system that exists on Compuserve. The Source also plans to introduce this feature.

Actually, such systems have existed on a much smaller scale on many bulletin-board systems. On some systems participants can adopt pen names and say things they might be afraid to express otherwise. Newcomers joining a discussion can bring themselves up to date quickly by reading the record of previous entries. Members can vote and even branch into subconferences to which only certain participants are allowed access. Business users are also latching on to the idea of computer conferences. Many companies, such as IBM, have their own in-house systems for this use, and there are companies selling software specifically for this purpose.

Speech Input Improves: In Japan Nippon Electric Company (NEC) has introduced a voice-input processor, with a 120-word vocabulary, for its personal computer. It sells for the equivalent of $500 and is expected to be introduced here later this year.

Manufacturers anticipate that speech-recognition capability will be the primary feature of the next generation of workstations. Currently the major shortcoming of these systems is their high price. Developers are working to reduce the number of components in a speech-recognition preprocessor circuit down to one VLSIC (verylarge-scale integrated circuit) that contains both the analog and digital circuitry. At the present time circuits are being manufactured that use only two or three ICs in the preprocessor. These circuits are used in conjunction with 16- and 32-bit processors to make speech-recognition systems that offer fairly respectable performance.

The industry is still searching for an accurate continuous-speech-recognition algorithm. At present, continuous-speech recognition requires very large 32- and 64-bit high-speed machines. Current commercial systems can recognize a limited number of isolated words and are being used in commercial applications where commands are given or inventory is taken. The office environment, however, will require the recognition of continuous speech, large vocabularies, high accuracy, and speaker independence (the device's ability to recognize speech regardless of who has spoken).

Over the next two years it is expected that some continuous-speech systems will be introduced with vocabularies of up to 500 words.

October 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc 457

BYTELINES

Within five years these systems' vocabularies should increase to 1500 words. Speaker independence is expected to be more than five years off.

E ratable Optical Discs:

Two different techniques are being researched for erasable optical-videodisc memory: magneto-optics and phase reversal. The magneto-optic system uses a laser beam and a magnetic field. The beam heats a spot on the disc while a local magnetic field is applied, causing a flux reversal. Xerox and several Japanese companies are currently researching this technique. The phase-reversal system uses a bit-cell material having two stable states (amorphous and crystalline) separated by a potential-energy barrier. Thermal energy is used to reverse the cell's state, causing a reflectivity change. The laser beam is used to provide the thermal energy. Energy Conversion Devices of Troy, Michigan, and RCA are researching this technique.

Both of these erasable techniques are still far from being marketable; however, write-once (nonerasable) optical videodiscs are expected on the market late next year. This is similar to the early days of ROMs (read-only memories). Toshiba America

Corp., Tustin, California, predicts that it will have its writeonce system out next year. IBM, Shugart Associates, Storage Technology, Philips, and Thomson-CSF are also known to be working on such systems. Storage densities of 10,000 megabytes are expected on these writeonce videodiscs.

G AO Targets Computer Abuse: The U S

government's General Accounting Office (CAO) has issued a report stating that government employees are misusing the government's computer network, often for illegal purposes. The GAO said that the multimilliondollar network is inadequately protected and that some people who have access to the computers and to confidential information are using the systems for fraud and theft.

The report cited at least 30 Agriculture Department employees who obtained secret data from the system and either sold the inside information or used it while serving as investment consultants. The report also cited cases of a government clerk who stole more than $800,000 from the Department of Transportation, IRS officials who caused undeserved tax refunds to be

mailed to them, and other government employees who redirected Social Security disability payments.

H ome Computer Market Gets Competitive:

Prices of home computers (those with base prices of under $500) are dropping fast as competition mounts. Many units are selling for well under $300 and typical prices under $200 are likely early next year. Sinclair, the trend setter, is selling its ZX81 by mail-order for just under $100. The color systems are still well over $200. However, the Commodore VIC-20, which lists at $299, often sells for under $250.

Radio Shack has reduced the cost of its basic Color Computer from $399 to $299, and Tl has established new dealer prices that permit its unit to be sold for under $300. Tl, Commodore, and Atari are competing for large orders from retailers such as J.C. Penney, Sears Roebuck and Company, Montgomery Ward, K-Mart, Toys-R-Us, and other such mass-merchandising organizations.

As yet, the Japanese have not moved into this market; however, Panasonic has introduced a $300 machine (the JR-200) that it will begin shipping early next year. NEC has been marketing its PC-6000 in Japan for six

months and is expected to introduce the system, which resembles the Panasonic unit, early next year; it is expected to be priced at less than $450. Sinclair is expected to introduce its Spectrum color computer here around year-end with a price under $200. When these systems make their appearances next year, Commodore, Tl, and Atari will most likely step up competition by dropping their prices further and offering models with more memory at the current prices. They are also expected to introduce units between the basic models and their more powerful systems in capability. For example, Atari will introduce the Atari 600 —basically an Atari 400 with standard keyboard.

Qmote of the Month:

The "personal computer industry will soon outsell the auto industry." George Gilder Wall Street Journal 22 April 1982

MAIL: I receive a large numbe- of letters each month as a result of this column. If you write to me and wish a response, please include a selfaddressed, stamped envelope.

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Mountainside, NJ 07092 ■

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458 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 358 on inquiry card.

it Queue

October 1982

October

Systematic Software Engineering Workshops, various sites throughout the U.S. This series of workshops is designed for executives seeking to purchase or understand small-business computers. The courses offered are "BASIC for Executives," "Developing a Business Database," and "Selection and Procurement of Small-Business Computers." Fees range from $200 to $450. For full details, contact Eduteach Inc., Suite 907, 162 North State St., Chicago, II 60601, (312) 641-1370.

October-December

Courses from Don White Consultants, various sites throughout the U.S. and Canada. Among the courses being offered are "Interference Control: An Introduction to Electromagnetic Interference/Radio Frequency Interference/Electromagnetic Compatibility," "TempestDesign, Control, and Testing," and "MIL-STD 462/462B and System-Level EMI Testing and Procedures." Course fees range from $675 to $945. For complete details, contact Don White Consultants Inc., State Route 625, Gainesville, VA 22065, (703) 347-0030.

October-December

Courses from Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corporation Microprocessor Division, Santa Clara, CA. Among the courses being offered are "F9445 Family Introduction," "FS-1," "Pascal for Microprocessors," and "F680X Microprocessor Family." For more information, contact Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corp., Education Center, 3420 Central Expressway, Santa Clara, CA 95051, (408) 773-2161.

October-December

IEEE Computer Society Conferences and Meetings, various sites throughout the U.S., Europe, and Asia. Among the events scheduled are "The Symposium on Medical Image and Pattern Analysis," "The Annual Workshop on Computing to Aid the Handicapped," and 'The 1982 Real-Time Systems Symposium." For a complete listing of conferences and meetings, contact the Executive Secretary, IEEE Computer Society, POB 639, Silver Spring, MD 20901, (301) 589-3386.

October-December

Information Management and Technology Seminars, various sites throughout the U.S. Among the wide variety of seminars offered by Datamation Institute are "Distributed Systems: Concepts and Management Overview," "Management of Software Engineering: Lowering Costs, F-oosting Productivity," and "Data-Processing Concepts for Management and Users." Registration fees range from $595 to $795, depending upon duration and the topic covered. For details, contact Ms. Joan Merrick, Datamation Institute Seminar Coordination Office, Suite 415, 850 Boylston St., Chestnut Hill, MA 02167, (617) 7385020. For information on inhouse presentations, contact Art Gutmann, Datamation Institute for Information Management and Technology, Seminar Coordination Office, Suite 803, 331 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10017, (212) 697-2361.

October-December Intensive Seminars for Professional Development, Worcester Polytechnic Institute campus and various sites in the New York City and Boston metropolitan areas. Some

of the topics to be presented are "Project Management," "Leadership Skills and Management Tools for HighTechnology Professionals," and "Microprocessors: Hardware, Software, and Applications." Fees range from $495 to $990. Complete details are available from Ms. Ginny Bazarian, Office of Continuing Education, Higgins House, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, (617) 793-5517. For information on in-house seminars, call Robert J. Hall at (617) 793-5574.

October-December

Seminars of Interest to Women Professionals, various sites around Boston, MA. This series of one- and twoday seminars is presented by Boston University Metropolitan College. Among the topics on the agenda are "Managing Word Processing to Increase Productivity and Profitability," "A Manager's Introduction to Computers and BASIC," and "Data Processing Fundamentals for Accounting and Financial Managers." The seminar fees are $325 and $495, depending on duration. For registration information, contact Ms. Joan Merrick, University Seminar Center, Suite 415, 850 Boylston St., Chestnut Hill, MA 02167, (617) 738-5020.

October 10-14

Association of Records Managers and Administrators (ARMA) Annual Conference and Exposition, Atlanta, GA. This is ARMA's twenty-seventh annual meeting. Word processing, data communication, and other aspects of information storage and retrieval will be examined. Additional information can be obtained from National Trade Productions Inc., 9418 Annapolis Rd.,

Lanham, MD 20706, (301) 459-8383.

October 10-14

Issue '82 Conference, Monteleone Hotel, New Orleans, LA. This is the sixth annual conference of Issue, an independent nonprofit organization of SPSS Inc. software users and coordinators. Papers will address such topics as data analysis, research training, computer graphics, and training materials and documentation. Contact the Executive Coordinator of Issue Inc., POB 11385, Chicago, IL 60611, (312) 329-2400.

October 10-15

Data Processing Training Managers' Workshop, Oak Brook Marriott Hotel, Oak Brook, IL. This workshop is designed for people with less than 18 months' experience in coordinating data-processing training programs. Participants learn how to establish in-house education programs that will meet managements' objectives and ensure a high return on their organizations' investment in training. The fee is $850. Full details are available from Linda Hubacek, Deltak Inc., 1220 Kensington Rd.( Oak Brook, IL 60521, (312) 920-0700.

October 11-12

Personal Computer Peripherals Market Analysis, the Anatole, Dallas, TX. The fee for this seminar is $495. Further details are available from Future Computing Inc., 900 Canyon Creek Square, Richardson, TX 75080, (214) 783-9375.

October 11-14

Info 82, Coliseum, New York, NY. More than 70 software companies and 45 hardware manufacturers are expected to display information-management-related equipment and

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 459

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software. Highlighting this event will be a Software Center featuring demonstrations and a consultation desk for visitors. Complete show details are available from Clapp & Poliak Inc., 708 Third Ave., New York, NY 10017, (800) 223-1956; in New York, (212) 661-8410.

October 12-13

The Future: Home, New

York, NY. For details, contact The Yankee Group, POB 43, Harvard Square, Cambridge, MA 02138, (617) 542-0100.

October 12-15

Distributed Processing, Miniand Microcomputer Implementations, New York, NY. This course will cover distributed processing concepts and techniques suitable for microprocessor applications. Other topics include design requirements of distributed systems.

how to partition system tasks and hardware, and how to implement data links and protocols. The fee is $845. Contact Ruth Dordick, Integrated Computer Systems, 3304 Pico Blvd., POB 5339, Santa Monica, CA 90405, (800) 421-8166; in California, call (213) 450-2060.

October 13-15

Advanced Electronic Data Processing Auditing Concepts, Los Angeles, CA. This course is designed for experienced computer auditors. Topics to be studied include advanced computer systems control concepts and methods of evaluating controls and techniques for testing integrity and application controls for on-line systems, database-management systems, and distributedprocessing networks. This course is presented by

Coopers & Lybrand. Information is available from Marge Umlor, EDP Auditors Foundation, 373 South Schmale Rd., Carol Stream, IL 60187, (312) 682-1200.

October 14-15

Man Machine Interface, Columbia Inn, Columbia, MD. For information, contact the Continuing Education Institute, Oliver's Carriage House, 5410 Leaf Treader Way, Columbia, MD 21044, (301) 596-0111.

October 15-17

The Second Annual Symposium on Small Computers in the Arts, Philadelphia, PA. Papers, tutorials, workshops, a gallery display of computer-generated prints and plots, films and video tapes, and computer-generated music performances are parts of this event. Topics of in

terest include computer graphics and animation, computer-automated sculpture, choreography, and designs. The Annual Philadelphia Computer Music Concert is the featured attraction of this symposium. Address inquiries to the Symposium on Small Computers in the Arts, POB 1954, Philadelphia, PA 19105.

October 15-19

Vidcom '82: International Telematics and Data Banks Market, Palais des Festivals, Cannes, France. The eighth annual Vidcom is expected to attract more than 7000 videocommunications and telematics professionals. Exhibitors from more than 60 countries will show products designed for the publication, transmission, reception, and creation of telematics services, including terminals,

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composition equipment, and communications software. Conference sessions will explore techniques, production, and distribution costs for videotext data banks; public and professional applications; and videotext as a new advertising medium. Further details are available from Vidcom Information, 179 Avenue Victor Hugo, 75116 Paris, France; Tel: 505.14.03; Telex: 630.547 MIDORG.

October 17-21

The Thirty-first Annual Data Processing Management Association (DPMA) International Conference and Exposition, Chicago Marriott Hotel, Chicago, IL. This will be the largest show in DPMA's history. More than 85 companies will exhibit office automation technologies and data- and word-processing equipment. A full conference program is planned. Contact National Trade Productions Inc., 9418 Annapolis Rd., Lanham, MD 20706, (301) 459-8383.

October 18-20

Program/Project Management: Manufacturing Industries, Sheraton Poste Inn, Cherry Hill, NJ. This seminar will be led by Russell D. Archibald, author of Managing High-Technology Programs and Projects. Contact the Continuing Education Institute, Oliver's Carriage House, 5410 Leaf Treader Way, Columbia, MD 21044, (301) 596-0111; in California, call (213) 824-9545.

October 18-22

Auditing in the Contemporary Computer Environment, Tulsa, OK. This course is designed for internal auditors and financial and data-processing professionals. A comprehensive auditing approach for computer-based systems will be presented. Topics on the

agenda include how to evaluate controls, how to prepare an audit report, and how to design a program of tests using questionnaires, checklists; software tools, and flowcharts. Contact Marge Umlor, EDP Auditors Foundation, 373 South Schmale Rd., Carol Stream, IL 60187.

October 18-22

Maintainability and Availability Engineering of Equipment and Systems, University of California, Los Angeles. This short course is for upper-level and product managers, designers, salespeople, field-service personnel, and for those involved in the management, conception, design, operation, and maintenance of equipment. Topics to be covered include distribution of times-to-repair components and times-to-restore equipment, the equipment mean-time-to-restore, and optimum preventive maintenance schedules for minimum total corrective and preventive maintenance cost. The fee is $825, which includes notes. A complete course outline is available from Continuing Education in Engineering and Mathematics, UCLA Extension, POB 24901, Los Angeles, CA 90024, (213) 825-4100.

October 19-20

The Future: Home, Palo Alto, CA. For information, contact The Yankee Group, POB 43, Harvard Square, Cambridge, MA 02138, (617) 542-0100.

October 19-21

Local Area Networks, Pinehurst, NC. This workshop is sponsored by the IEEE Communications Society, Communications Terminals and Communications Disciplines Committees. Topics to be covered include user needs, local-area networking architecture, protocols, system or

network control, security, installation problems, and fault detection and monitoring. If you are interested in participating, you must submit a statement that expresses your interest, describes your background and areas of expertise, and indicates which workshops you are interested in. Attendance will be limited to 100 persons, and each attendee is expected to be an active member of the group. Complete details can be obtained from Claude A. R. Kagan, Western Electric Co. Inc., POB 900, Princeton, NJ 08540.

October 21-24

EdCOM '82—The National Computer Conference and Expo for Educators, Los

Angeles Convention Center, Los Angeles, CA. More than 200 seminars, workshops, demonstrations, and exhibits

are planned. In-depth tutorials and hands-on sessions will be held. Topics of interest include computer-aided instruction, administrative uses of microcomputers, classroom management, programming, research applications, computer literacy, and authoring languages. Information is available from Jayne LaFountain, EdCOM '82, 2629 North Scottsdale Rd., Scottsdale, AZ 85257.

October 24-26

Texas Association for Educational Data Systems (TAEDS) Eighteenth Annual Convention, Villa Capri Hotel, Austin, TX. The conference theme is "Computer Literacy for Education, Industry, and the Community." Contact Dr. Terry Bishop, Austin ISD, 6100 Guadalupe St., Austin, TX 78752.

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Event Queue

October 24-29

Data Processing Training Managers' Workshop, Hyatt Regency Hotel, Tampa, FL. For details, see October 10-15.

October 25-26

The First Annual Pacific Northwest Computer Graphics Conference, Eugene Conference Center, Hilton Hotel Complex, Eugene, OR. This conference, sponsored by the University of Oregon, will provide a multidisciplinary view of computer graphics. Presentations addressing research and development applications, exhibits of prepared works, and vendor displays are planned. Among the disciplines and professions to be represented are landscape architecture, medicine, business, graphics design, and education. Details are available from the First Annual Pacific Northwest Computer Graphics Conference, Office of University Relations, 111 Susan Campbell Hall, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, (503) 686-5555.

October 25-27

Advanced Electronic Data Processing Auditing Concepts, Tulsa, OK. See October 13-15 for details.

October 25-27

The 1982 ACM (Association for Computing Machinery) Annual Conference, ACM

'82, Dallas Hilton Hotel, Dallas, TX. Among the topics to be addressed are programming languages, artificial intelligence, office automation, networks, graphics, computers and the handicapped, and operating, database, and distributed systems. General conference information is available from William Burns, ACM '82 Chairman, E-Systems Inc., POB 226118, Dallas, TX 75266, (214) 272-0515, ext. 3916.

October 26-28

The First IEEE Computer Society International Symposium on Medical Imaging and Image Interpretation, ISMII

'82, International Congress Center, Berlin, West Germany. This symposium is sponsored by the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) Computer Society's Technical Committee on Computational Medicine. It will provide a transdisciplinary forum for biomedical and computer scientists, engineers, medical physicists, and physicians from universities, medical centers, industry, and government. Papers and panel discussions will examine a variety of topics, including microscope imaging, medical computer graphics, medical device regulation, computeraided diagnosis, and imageanalysis systems. Equipment will be displayed. A thorough description of ISMII '82 is available from the IEEE Computer Society, POB 639, Silver Spring, MD 20901, (301) 589-3386.

October 26-29

Computer Graphics, Boston, MA. This course is designed to provide a comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art computer-graphics software and hardware and to present an integrated approach to implementation of graphics applications. Topics to be addressed include technology fundamentals, software and hardware availability and selection criteria, and raster scan, vector and color techniques. Participants receive a take-home graphics software package. The course fee is $845. Information can be obtained from Ruth Dordick, Integrated Computer Systems, 3304 Pico Blvd., POB 5339, Santa Monica; - CA 90405, (800) 421-8166; in California, call (213) 450-2060.

October 26-29

Distributed Processing, Miniand Microcomputer Implementations, San Diego, CA. See details under October 12-15.

October 26-31

The Fourth International Office Trade Fair, Orgatechnik

'82, Cologne, West Germany. More than 1300 companies from 25 countries will exhibit the complete spectrum of office and information system products. Among the concurrent events planned are the KTV —Congress for Text Processing, Dafta '82 —Data Protection Conference, and Telecom '82 Germany — Congress for Telecommunications in Business and Industry. For further information, contact Messe-und Ausstellungs-Ges.m.b.H Koln, POB 21 07 60, D-5000 Cologne 21, West Germany; Telex: 8 873 426 a mua d.

October 27-29

Program/Project Management: Manufacturing Industries, Hyatt Regency, Austin, TX. For details, see October 18-20.

October 28-31

Mid-Atlantic Computer Show and Office Equipment Exposition, Armory/Starplex, Washington, DC. This show is produced by Computer Expositions Inc., POB 3315, Annapolis, MD 21403 (800) 368-2066; in Maryland, (301) 263-8044.

October 28-31

Applefest, Civic Center, Houston, TX. Applefest is a conference convention and exposition featuring Apple computers and Apple-related products such as software, peripherals, accessories, and publications. The admission fee is $5. Contact Northeast Expositions, 822 Boylston St., Chestnut Hill, MA 02167, (617) 739-2000.

October 30-November 2 The Sixth Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care

(SCAMC), Sheraton Washington Hotel, Washington, DC. Topics to be addressed include medical informatics, health-care administration, information systems in health care, and artificial intelligence in medicine. Panel discussions, workshops, applications and methods demonstrations, and commercial exhibits are on the agenda. Highlighting this show will be the final round of the student paper competition. Information is available from Bruce I. Blum, SCAMC-Office of Continuing Medical Education, George Washington University Medical Center, 2300 K St. NW, Washington, DC 20037, (202) 676-4285.

November 1982

November-January 1983

Courses from Q.E.D. Information Sciences Inc., various sites throughout the U.S. Among the courses offered are "Database Concepts and Systems," "Human Factors in Office Automation," and "Screen Design." Complete course outlines are available from Priscilla Goudreault, Education Coordinator, Q.E.D. Information Sciences Inc., Q.E.D. Plaza, 180 Linden St., POB 181, Wellesley, MA 02181, (800) 343-4848; in Massachusetts (617) 2375656.

November 1-3

Online '82, Atlanta Hilton Hotel, Atlanta, GA. Microcomputers and informationrelated software will dominate this fourth annual conference and exhibition for users of online databases. More than 75 exhibition booths will display and

462 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

demonstrate databases, online systems, terminals, microcomputers, and software. Eighty speakers are scheduled to address the conference on such topics as optical disk-storage media, electronic communications, and office automation's impact on the on-line professional. For further information, contact Jean-Paul Emard, Online Inc., 11 Tannery Lane, Weston, CT 06883, (203) 227-8466.

November 1-3

Hands-on Pascal Workshop,

New York, NY. This course will provide the opportunity to learn Pascal through hands-on experience on Apple II Pascal systems. Topics to be addressed include coding the language, using structured programming techniques, developing portable and maintainable software, and implementing real-time software suitable for microcomputer and minicomputer applications. The course fee is $695. For information, contact Ruth Dordick, Integrated Computer Systems, 3304 Pico Blvd., POB 5339, Santa Monica, CA 90405, (800) 421-8166; in California, (213) 450-2060.

November 1-5

Digital Modal Analysis, Columbia Inn, Columbia, MD. Particulars are available from the Continuing Education Institute, Oliver's Carriage House, 5410 Leaf Treader Way, Columbia, MD 21044, (301) 596-0111.

November 5-7

Electronica, Arlington Park, Chicago, IL. This show will feature a wide variety of personal electronics equipment including computers, electronic games, ham radios, and projection TV. For more information, contact Northeast Expositions Inc., 824 Boylston St., Chestnut Hill, MA 02167, (617) 739-2000.

November 7-9

The Seventeenth Annual Conference of the New York State Association of Educational Data Systems (NYSAEDS), Americana Hotel, Albany, NY. The theme for this conference is "Moving Ahead with Instructional Computing." This conference will address the administrative uses of microcomputers and curricular issues such as computer modifications for the disabled. Hardware analyses and presentations on Logo and Pascal are planned. The conference fee is around $200, which includes registration, two nights' lodging, banquets, and a luncheon. For more information, contact Gary Bruce, Program Chairperson, 55 School St., Delevan, NY 14042.

November 7-12

Advanced Data Processing Training Management Workshop, Marriott Inn North, Dallas, TX. This seminar is intended for managers with a minimum of one year's experience, after completing the Data Processing Training Managers' Workshop (see October 10-15), or the equivalent in on-the-job experience. The fee is $850. Registration information is available from Linda Hubacek, Deltak Inc., 1220 Kensington Rd., Oak Brook, IL 60521, (312) 920-0700.

November 8-10

COMDEX/Europe, RAJ Exhibition Center, Amsterdam, Holland. This show is expected to attract more than 500 exhibitors of systems, peripherals, software, media, supplies, and services. Details are available from The Interface Group, 160 Speen St., POB 927, Framingham, MA 01701, (800) 225-4620; in Massachusetts, (617) 879-4502.

November 8-10

Hands-on Pascal Workshop,

Boston, MA. For details, see November 1-3.

November 8-12

Personal Microcomputer Interfacing and Scientific Instrumentation Automation,

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA- This is a hands-on workshop where the participant designs and tests concepts with the actual hardware. The fee is $595. Contact Dr. Linda Leffel, C.E.C, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, (703) 961-4848.

November 9-11 •■ The Government-Industry Data Exchange ProgramGIDEP, McCormick Inn, Chicago, IL. This annual workshop is open to anyone interested in the exchange of technical information relating to engineering, failure experience, reliability and maintainability, and metrology. For more information, contact the Officer-inCharge, GIDEP Operations Center, Corona, CA 91720.

November 9-12

Computer Graphics, New

York, NY. For details, see October 26-29.

November 9-12

Distributed Processing, Miniand Microcomputer Implementations, Boston, MA. See October 12-15.

November 10-12

Accounting and Information Systems Expo '82, MGM Grand Hotel, Reno, NV. This exposition is designed to expand on recent legal, technological, and methodological advances in accounting and computer-related fields. Among the 27 seminars planned are "Computerized Budgeting," "Auditing Computerized Systems," and "Stress Management." Seminar fees range from $125

for one day to $350 for three days. For complete details, contact Shirley Beck, Division of Continuing Education, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, (702) 784-4801.

November 11-14

The Fourth Annual Northeast Computer Show and Office Equipment Exposition,

Hynes Auditorium, Boston, MA. This show will feature microcomputers, business systems, peripherals, accessories, and supplies. Admission is $5. Contact Northeast Expositions, 822 Boylston St., Chestnut Hill, MA 02167, (617) 739-2000.

November 14-19

Data Processing Training Managers' Workshop, Westin Bay Shore Inn, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. For details, see October 10-15.

November 15

Knowledge Engineering in the 1980s, San Francisco, CA. This executive briefing provides an overview of the power and potential of artificial intelligence. It is designed to introduce executives and senior technical personnel to the concepts of knowledge engineering and knowledge systems. Topics to be covered will assist participants in assessing the utility of knowledge engineering, pinpointing areas of impact, and outlining costs and strategies for initiating knowledge-engineering projects. The fee is $750, which includes materials, luncheon, and a reception. For further information, contact Dina Barr, Director of Educational Services, Teknowledge, 151 University Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94301, (415) 327-6600.

November 15-17

Microcomputer Interfacing, Design and Programming Using the Z80/8085/8080, Virginia Polytechnic Institute

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 463

Event Queue

and State University, Blacksburg, VA. This is a hands-on workshop with the participant designing and testing concepts with the actual hardware. The fee is $395. Contact Dr. Linda Leffel, C.E.C, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, (703) 961-4848.

November 15-19

The IX Latin American Congress on Banking Automation, ATLAPA Convention Center, Panama City, Repub

lic of Panama. This conference is sponsored by the Latin American Federation of Banks, the Latin American Center for Banking Automation, and the Panama Banking Association. Seminars, conferences, and lectures will be complemented by exhibits of automatic data-processing and telecommunications equipment related to banking operations. For details, contact Asociacion Bancaria de Panama, Apartado 4554 — Panama 5, Republic de

Panama; Tel: 25-1863. November 16-19

Computer Graphics, San Francisco, CA. For details, see October 26-29.

November 18-21

Applefest, Brooks Hall, San Francisco, CA. See October 28-31 for details.

November 18-19

The Sixth Western Educational Computing Conference, Kona Kai Club, San Diego, CA. This conference

is presented by the California Educational Computing Consortium. It's intended for instructors and administrative personnel at the college or university level. The theme is "Bringing the Information Age to the Campus." Papers will address such topics as student involvement in database design, administrative computing in continuing education, the educational software dilemma, and learning economics with a microcomputer. Contact Professor Frances Grant, Center for In

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November 19-21

Electronica, Civic Center, Houston, TX. See November 5-7 for details.

November 30-December 2 Midcon/82, High-Technology Electronics Exhibition and Convention, Dallas Convention Center, Dallas, TX. Contact Electronic Conventions Inc., 999 North Sepulveda Blvd., EI Segundo, CA 90245, (800) 421-6816; in California, (213) 772-2965.

November 30-December 2

The 1982 Autofact 4 Conference and Exposition, Civic Center, Philadelphia, PA. This show is sponsored by the Computer and Automated Systems Association of the Society of Manufacturing Engineers (CASA/SME). The focus will be on computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) and the expanding technologies of computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) and the automated, integrated factory. Tutorials and sessions will address analysis and simulation, robotics, assembly, quality assurance, scheduling, material handling, and other related topics. Additional information is available from CASA/SME Public Relations, One SME Dr., POB 930, Dearborn, MI 48128, (313) 271-0777.

November 30-December 3

Computer Graphics, Washington, DC. See October 26-29 for details.

November 30-December 3

Digital Modal Analysis, Marina International Hotel, Marina del Rey, CA. Contact the Continuing Education Institute, Oliver's Carriage House, 5410 Leaf Treader

Way, Columbia, MD 21044, (301) 596-0111.

December 1982

December 1-2

MECC '82, Educational Computing Conference, Minneapolis, MN. The theme for this conference is "Sharing a Decade of Experience." Preand post-conference training sessions on implementing computing and developing courseware are planned. Practical sessions and discussions will highlight this conference. For complete details, contact MECC '82, 2520 Broadway Dr., St. Paul, MN 55113, (612) 376-1131.

December 1-3

Software Information International, Wembley Conference Centre, London, England. Particulars are available from Software/expo, Suite 400, 222 West Adams St., Chicago, IL 60606, (312) 263-3131.

December 3-5

Electronica, Moscone Hall, San Francisco, CA. See November 5-7 for further details.

December 5-10

Data Processing Training Managers' Workshop, Sheraton Universal Hotel, Los Angeles, CA. For details, see October 10-15.

December 6-8

Hands-on Pascal Workshop, Los Angeles, CA. See November 1-3 for particulars.

December 6-9

Computers in Science, Conrad Hilton, Chicago, IL. This conference seeks to provide information on how changing computational technologies will influence future scientific research. Sessions, lectures, and presentations will cover such topics as "Products of the Technical Revolution:

Building Blocks of Future Computer Systems," "Computational Systems: Man/ Machine Synergism and the Conduct of Scientific Research," and "Scientific Communication and Collaboration: Conducting Research in the New Computational Environment." In addition, preconference tutorials on hardware, software, and communication technology are planned. This conference is sponsored by Science magazine and Scherago Associates. Contact Scherago Associates Inc., 1515 Broadway, New York, NY 10036, (212) 730-1050.

December 7-8

Plenary Technology, New York, NY. Details are available from The Yankee Group, POB 43, Harvard Square, Cambridge, MA 02138, (617) 542-0100.

December 7-10

Distributed Processing, Miniand Microcomputer Implementations, Washington, DC. See October 12-15 for details.

December 9-12

Southeast Computer Show and Office Equipment Exposition, Civic Center, Atlanta, GA. For details, contact Computer Expositions Inc., POB 3315, Annapolis, MD

21403, (800) 368-2066; in Maryland, (301) 263-8044.

December 13-15

Office Automation for Management Productivity, Shoreham Hotel, Washington, DC. Conference sections will focus on better methods to evaluate productivity, to select equipment or procedures, to integrate equipment or procedures into an organization, and to get people to work effectively in a changing environment. For further details, contact the Information Exchange, Suite 334, 4500 South Four Mile Run Dr., Arlington, VA 22204, (703) 820-5720.

December 13-17

Digital Continuous-System Simulation, University of Maryland University College, Adelphi, MD. The fee for this short course is $975. For details, contact Marc Rosenberg, UCLA Extension, Continuing Education in Engineering and Mathematics, 6266 Boelter Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90024, (213) 825-1047. j

December 14-15

Plenary Technology, Palo Alto, CA. Details are available from The Yankee Group, POB 43, Harvard Square, Cambridge, MA 02138, (617) 542-0100. ■

In order to gain optimal coverage of your organization's computer conferences, seminars, workshops, courses, etc, notice should reach our office at least three months in advance of the date of the event. Entries should be sent to; Event Queue, BYTE Publications, POB 372, Hancock NH 03449. Each month we publish the current contents of the queue for the month of the cover date and the two following calendar months. Thus a given event may appear as many as three times in this section if it is sent to us far enough in advance.

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 465

Books Received

Advanced Cobol, A. S. Philippakis and Leonard J. Kazmier. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1982; 611 pages, 16.7 by 24.3 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-07-049806-7, $24.95.

Atari BASIC Learning by Using, Thomas E. Rowley. Pomona, CA: Ing. W. Hofacker (53 Redrock Lane), 1981; 73 pages, 14 by 14 cm, softcover, ISBN 3-92-168286-X, $7.95.

BASIC Microcomputer Models in Biology, James D. Spain. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1982; 354 pages, 22 by 28.5 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-201-10678-7, $23.50.

Calculator Tips & Routines Especially for the HP-41C/ 41CV, John Dearing, ed. Corvallis, OR: Corvallis Software Inc. (POB 1412), 1981; 130 pages, 21.6 by 27.9 cm, spiral

binder, ISBN 0-942358-00-7, $15.

Computers and Data Processing, H. L. Capron and B. K. Williams. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings Publishing, 1982; 515 pages, 20.5 by 26 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-8053-2201-9, $21.95.

Computing in the Humanities, Peter C. Patton and Renee A. Holoien. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1981; 404 pages, 16.5 by 23.5 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-66903397-9, $29.95.

Data Processing: Systems and Concepts, Robert J. Verzello and John Reutter III. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1982; 539 pages, 21.5 by 24 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-07067325-X, $19.95.

Experiments in Digital Principles, 2nd edition, Donald P. Leach. New York: Gregg/ McGraw-Hill, 1981; 188

pages, 21.5 by 28 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-07-036916-X, $14.95.

Formal Methods of Program Verification and Specification, H. K. Berg, W. E. Boebert, W. R. Franta, and T. G. Moher. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982; 207 pages, 15.5 by 23.5 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-13328807-2, $21.95.

HP-41/HP-IL System Dictionary, Cary E. Reinstein. Corvallis, OR: Corvallis Software Inc. (POB 1412), 1982; 91 pages, 21.5 by 28 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-942358-01-5, $12.

Industrial Design with Microcomputers, Steven K. Roberts. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982; 382 pages, 18 by 24.3 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-13-459461-4, $28.95.

The Intelligent Microcomputer, Roy W. Goody. Chicago, IL: Science Research Associates, 1982; 344 pages, 21.5 by 28.3 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-574-21560-3, $19.16.

International Directory of Software 1982-83. Pottstown, PA: Computing Publications (First Federal Building), 1982; 1360 pages, 20.1 by 28.5 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-90290814-6, $145.

Introduction to Microcomputing. Sydney B. Newell. New York: Harper and Row, 1982; 615 pages, 19 by 24.5 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-06044802-4, $18.50.

Master Memory Map for Atari 400/800 Computers. Soquel, CA: Santa Cruz Educa

tional Software (5425 Jigger Dr.), 1981; 24 pages, 21.5 by 28 cm, softcover, lSBN-none, $6.95.

Microsoft BASIC Decoded & Other Mysteries, James Farvour. Upland, CA: IJG Computer Services (1260 West Foothill Blvd.), 1981; 310 pages, 21 by 27.5 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-936200-01-4, $29.95.

Simple BASIC Programs for Business Applications, J. R. F. Alonso. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1981; 297 pages, 22 by 29 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-13-809897-2, $15.95.

Theory and Practice of Microprocessors, K. G. Nichols and E. J. Zaluska. New York: Crane, Russak and Company, 1982; 297 pages, hardcover, ISBN 0-84481384-2, $36.50.

TRS-80 Disk and Other Mysteries, H. C. Pennington. Upland, CA: IJG Computer Services (1260 West Foothill Blvd.), 1981; 128 pages, 21 by 27.5 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-936200-00-6, $22.50.

Visual Masters for Teaching BASIC Programming, 2nd edition, Donald D. Spencer. Ormond Beach, FL: Camelot Publishing, 1982; 64 pages, 21.5 by 28 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-89218-049-8, $9.95.

Word Processing and Office Automation: A Supervisory Perspective, Gilbert J. Konkel and Phyllis J. Peck. Stamford, CT: Office Publications (POB 12131), 1982; 168 pages, 17.5 by 25.5 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-911054-05-7, $12.50.■

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This is a list of books received at BYTE Publications during this past month. Although the list is not meant to be exhaustive, its purpose is to acquaint BYTE readers with recently published titles in computer science and related fields. We regret that we cannot review or comment on all the books we receive; instead, this list is meant to be a monthly acknowledgment of these books and the publishers who sent them.

466 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 57 on inquiry card.

Software Received

Apple

Amort, a financial-analysis package. Calculates amortization schedules, compound and present value of an annuity, present and compound value of a loan, and performs a loan analysis. For the Apple II Plus; floppy disk, $22.95. Garbo Software, 211 West Fiesta #25, Carlsbad, NM 88220.

Apple Fallout Prediction and Shelter Sizing, a software design tool. This program helps you to predict fallout for a user-selected bomb size, compute wall and roof thickness for shelter design, and radiation dosage per exposure time. For the Apple II Plus; floppy disk, $13. Southwest Technical Software, POB 2251, Mission Viejo, CA 92690.

Apple Tree Genealogy System, a genealogy recordkeeping system. This program is designed to maintain a cross-indexed record of family relationships. Up to 1000 names can be entered. For the Apple II Plus; floppy disk, $69.95. J. Fiske Software Systems Inc., One University Place, New York, NY 10003.

basic', a structured extension to the BASIC language. Program logic is easy to understand because of formatted listings. Control statements include IF, ELSE and FOR, and REPEAT UNTIL. For the Apple II Plus; floppy disk, $129. Delta Micro Systems Inc., 1022 Vi Harmony St., New Orleans, LA 70175.

Business Plus, a small-business accounting system that uses a set of interactive programs to record the accounts of up to 80 customers and as many as 2200 transactions. For the Apple II; floppy disk,

$399. Advanced Operating

Systems, Suite 792, 450 St.

John Rd., Michigan City, IN

46360.

Congo, an arcade-type game. Miles from civilization, you must navigate the Congo River, pick up survivors of a stranded expedition, and avoid the perils that the river has to offer the unwary. For the Apple II or II Plus; floppy disk, $34.95. Sentient Software, POB 4929, Aspen, CO 81612.

Easyform, a business-form processor. You can program your computer to fill out standardized forms and perform numerical calculations on the data to be entered. Several printers are supported. For the Apple II Plus; floppy disk, $39. Garbo Software (see address above).

I Discover, a personalized children's book system. Using materials purchased from the manufacturer, you can start your own personalized children's book publishing company. For the Apple II or III; floppy disk, $395. Creative Concepts Corp., POB 170, Andover, MA 01810.

Metatext, a text-processing system. Provides all standard text-processing features with an 80-character by 24-line full-screen display without hardware modifications. User can define uppercase and lowercase character fonts. For the Apple II; floppy disk, $79. Metaresearch Inc., 1100 Southeast Woodward St., Portland, OR 97202.

The Turbocharger, a set of DOS (disk operating system) utility programs. Included are a disk copy, file dating, and DOS command change utilities. Other utility programs increase the operating speed of most DOS commands. For the Apple II; floppy disk, $29.95. Silicon Valley Systems, 1625 El Camino Real #4, Belmont, CA 94002.

CP/M

CPNIX, a CP/M-based ter

minal program for communications with Unix-based computers. This program facilitates the transfer of data and programs files between the two systems. For CP/M; floppy disk, $49.90. ANSCO, POB 24069, Minneapolis, MN 55424.

Computer Chef, a cookbook- and recipe-file program. Recipes can be saved and retrieved according to title, main ingredient, or keyword. An automatic scaling feature to adjust serving sizes is provided. For CP/M; floppy disk, $29.95. The Software Toolworks, 14478 Glorietta Dr., Sherman Oaks, CA 91423.

MCdisplay, a screenformatting utility program. Screen displays, defined in advance, include all text, prompts, and data-entry field formats. Display information is stored as a file. For CP/M; floppy disk, $175. Mastercomputing Inc., POB 17442, Greenville, SC 29606.

Priorities, a system for keeping track of appointments and tasks. Tasks can be timedated or priority-oriented. An updated daily list of tasks and appointments can be created. For CP/M; floppy disk, $99.50. Big Island Computer Systems Inc., POB 777, Pahala, HI 96777.

Quickcode, a databasemanagement program generator. This program works with the Ashton-Tate dBASE II database-management program to produce a customized database. It can be used with the Wordstar and Mailmerge programs. For CP/M; floppy disk, $295. Fox & Geller, POB 1053, Teaneck, NJ 07666.

Superfile, a text-oriented database-management program. Text entries, created with a word-processing program, can be retrieved with keywords, sorted, merged, renamed, and edited. For CP/M or MP/M; SVt- and

8-inch floppy-disk formats, $195. FYI Inc., POB 10998 #615, Austin, TX 78766.

Zip, a screen-formatting utility program. You design the input and output forms, and this program will write the coding for MB ASIC, CBASIC, or dBASE II. The screen can be up to 88 lines long. For CP/M; 5V4- and 8-inch floppy-disk formats, $160. Nexus, Suite 802, 5455 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90036.

IBM Personal Computer Championship Blackjack,

a computerized blackjack game. This program is designed for all levels of play, from beginner to experienced gambler. You can choose the version and strategy you prefer for the game. For the IBM Personal Computer; floppy disk, $34.95. PC Software, 4155 Cleveland Ave., San Diego, CA 92103.

Midway Campaign, a simulation of the World War II naval battle. You control the American forces and the computer controls the Japanese Imperial fleet. Game features full-screen display and detailed instructions. For the IBM Personal Computer; floppy disk, $21. Avalon-Hill Game Co., 4517 Harford Rd., Baltimore, MD 21214.

Polycube, a simulation of the Rubik's Cube puzzle. This program provides a full-color display of the Cube's seven levels. You can create, scramble, and unscramble a Cube as large as 7 by 7 by 7. For the IBM Personal Computer; floppy disk, $26.95. Linear Aesthetic Systems, POB 23, West Cornwall, CT 06796.

TRS-80

Alcor Pascal, an implementation of the Pascal language. This package features extended string routines, a

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 467

Software Received

linking loader, full-screen editor, and a nonoverlay compiler. For the TRS-80 Models I and III; floppy disk, Si99. Alcor Systems, Suite 100, 800 West Garland Ave., Garland, TX 75040.

API. Plus/80, an implementation of the APT. programming language. This package includes a complete program-development system with an introductory manual and API. character generator in read-only memory For the TRS-80 Model III; floppy disk, $295. STSC Inc., 2115 East Jefferson St., Rockville, MD 20852.

Copy Art, a word and graphics processor. This program functions as a word processor that can incorporate graphics into the text. Graphics can be designed on the screen and saved with the text. For the TRS-80 Models I and III: floppy disk, $149.95. Simutek Computer Products Inc., 4897 East Speedway Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85712.

Kriegspiel and Phantom Chess, variants of the game of chess. This program acts as a referee for two players because neither can see the other's moves unless attacked. It provides prompts and tracks all moves. For the TRS-80 Models I and III; cassette, $19.95. Creative Computing Software, 39 East Hanover Ave., Morristown, NJ 07950.

Log, The Electronic Notebook, a simple database

management program. It divides a disk file into pages, and each page is one screenful of text plus an identifying header. Screens can be accessed randomly or sequentially. For the TRS-80 Models I and III; floppy disk, $49.95. KSoft, 318 Lakeside Dr., Brandon, MS 39042.

Runcalc, a utility program for long-distance runners. This program will calculate a running pace, compute a planned elapsed time per distance, and help determine the amount of calories used per run. For the TRS-80 Color Computer; cassette, $12.95. Home Run Computer Products, POB 511, Dale, IN 47523.

Other Computers

The Assembler, an editor and assembler package. Made up of an editor, assembler, and loader, this system allows you to write 6502 assembly-language programs. Printer output is supported. For the Commodore VIC-20; cassette, $24.95. French Silk, POB 207, Cannon Falls, MN 55009.

Concordium, a strategy and tactics game. You control the Concordium, a political unit of five planets. To win the game, you must fight the Terran Empire by building ships and capturing planets. For the TI 99/4; floppy disk, $18. Data Systems, 2214 West Iowa, Chicago, IL 60622.

uct or the forms in which the p e packages may be sold for se " k format; the p Publications.

the compan to be on loan set be

priate) the alternate forms in which they are available

Starbattle, a Star Trektype game. You command a starship patrolling a 20 by 20 grid. The object of the game is to destroy the three enemy ships in the area while avoiding the destruction of your vessel. For the 16K-byte ZX81; cassette, $7.95. Barry Hoggard, POB 161, Paragould, AR 72450.

Star Trek Colossus, said to

be the most detailed Star Trek game ever produced, this program comes on three disks and includes detailed maps and game aids for the Federation and Klingon commanders. For the North Star Horizon II; floppy disk, $69.99. Star Trek Colossus, 8080 South Main #18, Houston, TX 77025.■

BYTE's Bits

8-Blt Bottleneck In 8088

When I was writing the product review of the IBM Personal Computer (see "A Closer Look at the IBM Personal Computer," January 1982 BYTE, page 36), I found that it was only a moderate competitor to its 8-bit counterparts (at least when running BASIC), although heavily promoted as a 16-bit computer. In the article, I stated that "it is obvious that the IBM microcomputer does not gain a speed advantage from its memory access—the 8088 microprocessor has to get memory one byte at a time, like the 8-bit 6502 and Z80."

Some time later, Richard Shuford, Curt Feigel (two other editors at BYTE), and I realized that it would not be too difficult to see how the 8-bit data bus of the Intel 8088 microprocessor (the one used in the IBM Personal Computer and, now, several newer machines) compares with its equivalent-architecture 16-bit counterpart, the Intel 8086. All we had to do was run the same 8086 assembly-language benchmark program on 8086- and 8088-based machines. (We made certain, of course, that the 8086 system had 16-bit

wide memory and that neither system's memory slowed the microprocessor.)

As this is written, we are about to run extensive tests on equivalent 8086- and 8088-based systems; the results will be published in a future issue of BYTE. But Richard Lomas, whose company (Lomas Data Products Inc., Marlboro, Massachusetts) is lending us the needed hardware, has sent us the results of a single benchmark program that he has run. The program is an 8086 implementation of the Sieve of Eratosthenes prime-number generating program, first published in Interface Age.

Preliminary timings of this program indicate that an 8088-based system runs the same program between 35 and 45% slower than an equivalent 8086-based system. Further testing will give us more accurate and comprehensive results, but one thing is certain: we should put into perspective manufacturers' claims about the superiority of an 8088-based computer because of its "16-bit architecture." . . . Gregg Williams, Senior EditorB

468 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 449 on inquiry card.

Your Computer can

Communicate through "MOVE-IT?

The MOVE-IT program enables all small computers, including IBM/PC, to transfer programs with any other computer running CPM, MP/MII, CP/M86 or MS/DOS, even if the two computers use different disk formats. The user can get and send files, display local and remote directories, send messages to remote consoles. You can even transfer files to an unattended computer. MOVE-IT can act like a dumb terminal for connection to timesharing and bulletin board systems, such as The Source and Compu-Serve. Even the most inexperienced user can set-up MOVE-IT by answering simple questions from the console. Employing sophisticated error checking and recovery techniques, MOVE-IT insures the integrity of data even over phone lines. "One of the few packages that actually works as advertised," says Interface Age.

MOVE-IT program and manual for CPM $100, for CP/M86 or MS/DOS $150. Add $2.00 for postage and handling. Specify disk format and operating system when ordering. Dealer inquiries invited.

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LOBO 5'A" Drive w/cntrlr 479

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MICROSOFT SOFTCARD 249

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VISICALC (IBM or Apple) 179 WORDSTAR 8" CP/M 269 WORDSTAR (Apple) 219 DB MASTER (Apple) 178 PRO EASY WRITER (Apple) 135 EASY WRITER (IBM) 279 APPLE WRITER II 99 BPI 295

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Circle 437 on inquiry card.

Circle 86 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982

469

Powerful...

because it's Relational

The new RL-1 Database® from ABW Corporation gives you the power of a sophisticated relational database management system for your IBM Personal Computer*, Cromemco*, or CP/M* computer.

Why a Data Base Management System?

Whether your business is accounting, engineering, or production your main use of a computer is to maintain and process information. A Data Base Management System allows that information to be maintained independent of a particular application. Different programs can easily process the same data without modification or data re-entry.

Why Relational?

The relational model presents data in simple, easy to use tables. The simplicity and power of this tabular form allows the user to answer complicated questions by learning only three operations: Selection, Projection, and Join.

The RL-1 System Includes:

Relational Data Base

A complete implementation of a relational data base. Query Language

An interactive high level query language, similar to SQL. This query language uses simple English phrases for the operations selection, projection, and join. Thus, even the novice user can easily ask sophisticated questions.

Relational Editor

A screen oriented editor to create, delete, and update your data files.

Program Interface

Allows you to access the data base through high level language programs.

File Transfer Programs

Utility programs to assist the user in transferring to/from existing programs and other machines.

These five packages allow you to create and maintain a sophisticated data base system for many diverse applications.

Application Packs

To assist the user several application packages will soon be available for use with the RL-1 system.

Report Generator

Automatically formats data from multiple files for report generation.

Input Processor

Allows user to input data via custom designed "forms" for easy operator entry.

General Ledger

Includes General Journal, Posting to Accounts, Trial Balance. Balance Sheet, and Income Statement.

Accounts Receivable

Generates invoices and statements. Handles aging of accounts receivable.

Accounts Payable

Handles checks, check register, vouchers, and vendor files.

Payroll

Processes 940. 941, and W-2 forms, files and payroll register.

Maintains employee

Inventory and Production Control

Maintains inventory status and current price lists. Generates reorder report, bill of materials, etc.

Executive Planner

Assists in the generation of business plans and projections. Allows for optimization of key parameters.

Graphics Processor

Allows data to be displayed graphically. Compatible drivers for the IBM Personal Computer, Cromemco SDI, Tektronix" 4010, Houston Instruments DMP* plotters, and many others.

RL-1 is available for IBM DOS, Cromix, CDOS, and CP/M system for only $495.t Application Packs at additional costs.

Copyright 1982 by ABW Coiporalion. ■IBM Personal Computer is a registered irademark ol

International Business Machines.

SDI, Cromix. CDOS, and Cromemco are

registered trademarks ol Cromemco. Inc

CP'M is a registered trademark of Digital Research. Inc

TeklroniK is a registered trademark of Tektronix, Inc

DMP is a registered trademark ol Houston Instrument tMtgi's suggested retail price

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RELATIONAL^. DATA BASE

For further information contact: ABW Corporation P.O. Box M1047 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 (313) 971-9364

CORPORATION

470 BYTE October 1982

Circle 5 on inquiry card.

What's New?

Computers in Business

Priorities Tracks Tasks for 10

Big Island Computer Systems' Priorities software schedules tasks and provides individual daily reports for as many as 10 professionals. Each daily report is organized for a workload mix of appointments and prioritized tasks and divided into sections for appointments for the day, tasks for the day, and high-priority, upcoming tasks. According to the manufacturer, tasks are never dropped from the daily report until they are marked as completed or rescheduled. The system features input screens that help users enter date, appointment time, task priority, and estimated hours. Other screen aids such as 60 characters for describing a task or appointment, 20 characters of detail, and the day, week, month, or year are provided. At the user's discretion, new appointments may overlap existing engagements and tasks can be assigned numerical priorities.

Designed to operate on 64K-byte CP/M systems, Priorities is available on a single-density 8-inch floppy disk for S 99.50. A manual and a "diskbank" container complement the program package. Contact Big Island Computer Systems Inc., POB 777, Pahala, HI 96777, (808) 935-2985.

Circle 500 on inquiry card.

Alpha Offers IBM Software Line

Alpha Software Corporation has introduced a line of programs for the IBM Personal Computer. For business applications. Alpha offers the Data Base Manager and Mailing List programs. Data Base Manager can hold 1400 clients per disk under PC DOS 1.0 or up to 2800 with DOS 1.1. It comes with Soundex phonetic search, automatic report layout, and multilevel and keyword search features. Mailing List can sort entries by zip code and supports up to 900 names per disk under DOS 1.0 and as many as 1500 under 1.1.

Type Faces, a word-processing program, is IBM DOS text-file- and Wordstar-compatible. It's provided with 15 type styles, a text editor, and more than 100 special symbols. Alpha's communication package, the Apple-IBM Connection, transfers any file under computer control and checks for transmission errors. Rounding off the product line is Question, a game in which the PC tries to guess the name of a famous person, animal, or city that you have in mind.

Each Alpha program comes with a cassette of spoken instructions explaining its capabilities. The line ranges in price from S45 to S 185. Complete information is available from Alpha Software Corp., 6 New England Executive Park, Burlington, MA 01803, (617) 229-2924. Circle 501 on inquiry card.

Project-Scheduling Software

The Prosched projectscheduling software was developed by Micro Associates as a tool to assist engineers and contractors in job scheduling and manpower allocation. This system can handle up to 100 projects, and each project can contain as many as 200 activities. Activities are defined and entered with start and completion dates, estimated manhours, and responsible job discipline. With this information, Prosched can generate reports that include a bar-chart schedule, a weekly manpower-allocation schedule, and a combined summary of both charts.

Prosched requires the CP/M operating system and Microsoft BASIC. It costs S250 and is available from Micro Associates Inc., 2300 Highway 365, Box 131, Nederland, TX 77627, (713) 724-6583. Circle 502 on inquiry card.

Agricultural Software

Modular Turnkey Systems' Agri-Corn software series is designed for farmers and ranchers. The series is composed of applications programs for seven major agricultural enterprises: farms and ranches, dairy operations, poultry operations, swine operations, row crop operations, truck farms, and orchards and vineyards.

A subscription to the

Agri-Comments newsletter is provided with the purchase of Agri-Corn software. The newsletter features software tips, articles of interest to farmers and ranchers, and agricultural-computing updates. Supplementing a dealer's edition are sales tips and other information. For full details, contact Modular Turnkey Systems Inc., Fountain Lake Center, Route 18, Box 149, Hot Springs, AR 71901.

Loan-Analysis Program

Loan-Master is a comprehensive loan-analysis program from Generic Software. It uses a "forms" mode for data entry, and all user input is syntax- and range-checked to minimize errors during amortization processing. LoanMaster can analyze most loans and solve for unknown loan parameters. It has the ability to output loan-payment schedules to your printer, terminal, or disk files. Payment schedules can be based on months, years, or days and either periodic or annual amortization schedules can be produced. The annual schedule provides information on the amount of interest paid yearly. Loan-Master is written in a compiled language for fast execution speeds.

Loan-Master will run on 48K-byte 8080- or Z80based computers outfitted with CP/M version 2.2

October 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc 471

What's New?

and one 8-inch disk drive. It uses Heath/Zenith H-19/ Z19 terminal escape codes. The program is supplied on an 8-inch standard CP/M-format disk. A user's manual with four examples is provided. Loan-Master costs S31.95 and can be purchased factory-direct from Generic Software, POB 1 154, Troy, Ml 48099, (313) 879-6903. Enclose $2 for shipping and handling. Circle 503 on inquiry card.

Atari Markets Telecommunications Kits

Atari's Telelink II cartridge stores and automatically dials your two most frequently called information service numbers and corresponding access codes. Telelink II lets you dial numbers from the computer's keyboard or from the telephone. Available in kit form, Telelink II has a suggested retail price of S79.95.

Also in kit form, the Communicator II uses the Telelink II and Atari's 835 direct-connect modem to connect your 400 or 800 microcomputer with information services and other computers. Communicator II has a suggested retail price of S279.95, including a manual and one free hour on the Compuserve Information Service, the Dow Jones News/Retrieval Service, and The Source. The 835 modem connects directly to your telephone lines and is available only with the Communicator II.

For further details on these products, contact Atari Inc., 1265 Borregas Ave., POB 427, Sunnyvale, CA 94086, (800) 538-8547; in California, (408) 745-2230. Circle 504 on inquiry card.

Professional TaxPreparation Package

Microcomputer Taxsystems' Micro-Tax software family is designed for professional tax-preparers. It runs on CP/M, MP/M, and IBM Personal Computer DOSes (disk operating systems) and handles federal, state, partnership, and corporate returns. MicroTax computes and prints more than 30 schedues and forms for multiple clients and it can compute depreciation by individual items or groups. Standard features include income averaging, the ability to handle accelerated costrecovery systems, and automatic computation of underpayment penalties, self-employment taxes, minimum and alternative minimum and maximum taxes. Yearly updates can be produced.

A demonstration package of the 1981 Micro-Tax Federal Professional Level 2 system is available for S50, plus shipping and handling. For full details on Micro-Tax, contact Microcomputer Taxsystems Inc., Suite E, 22458 Ventura Blvd., Woodland Hills, CA 91364, (213) 704-7800.

Circle 505 on inquiry card.

RATS in Your Field Service

RATS (remote access troubleshooting) lets your field personnel service logic-level electronics without the need for a highly trained technician to be present at the scene. Developed primarily for the seismic industry, RATS equipment requires little or no technical expertise because personnel are guided through the troubleshooting sequence by means of a telephone linkup with your technicians. After the probes are positioned, the technician at your home office receives the oscilloscope display as if he were at the instrument in question. For full details, contact Mountain Systems Service, 6477 East 58th Ave., MDS#423, Commerce City, CO 80022, (303) 289-5614. Circle 506 on inquiry card.

Stock-Market Analyst

Kate's Komputers designed its Analyst stockmarket graphics package for most S-l 00 bus computers equipped with a graphics card, the Apple II, and the North Star Advantage. Analyst lets you plot stock, bond, commodity, and opening prices using a variety of formats, including bar charts, point and figure, and logarithms. Up to 20 years of past market history can be stored and analyzed with a range of technical methods, such as moving

averages on price and volume, trend lines, and moving and weighted moving averages. This program will work with either hard-disk or floppydisk systems.

Optionally, the Analyst can be purchased with relative strength and overbought and oversold indicators. Custom modules can be created. Analyst costs $595; volume discounts are available. Contact Kate's Komputers, POB 1675, Sausalito, CA 94965, (415) 332-9434. Circle 507 on inquiry card.

PERIPHERALS

Multifunction Utility Board for the H-89

FBE Research Company has unveiled the H89UTI multifunction utility board for Heath H-89, Zenith Z89/Z90, and Magnolia Microsystems Z89 systems. The board, which replaces the standard serial I/O board, comes with

472 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

What's New?

complementary HDOS and CP/M operating-system support software on disk. The H89UTI has a real-time dock, a parallel interface, two standard H-89 RS-232C serial ports, battery backup, and highspeed mathematics capabilities. Its quartz-controlled clock/calendar provides time (even in milliseconds) and date and is programmable to interrupt at seven rates or at preset times and dates.

The H89UTI's 8-bit parallel I/O interface uses IEEE-488 3-wire handshaking and can be used for onboard expansion or as a Centronics-compatible printer port. A printer cable and driver software are available as options.

The board's battery backup provides protect/on against data loss when the power to the computer is off. FBE Research offers a choice of three batteries: alkaline pencells for approximately one year of service, rechargeable nicad batteries for indefinite life, or a 5-year lithium primary cell.

High-speed mathematics capabilities are provided by Intel's i823IA or Advanced Micro Devices' Am951 1A arithmetic processors. Both chips provide high-speed performance for fixed- or floating-point operations, as well as a variety of floating-point trigonometric and mathematics functions.

For ordering information, write to FBE Research Co. Inc., POB 68234, Seattle, WA 98168.

Circle 508 on inquiry card.

Mean Green Monitor

Mean Green, a 12-inch green monitor from Leading Edge Products, was designed with the very small business and home user in mind. It features a composite-video input and a display format of 1920 characters [80 characters by 24 lines). Mean Green stands approximately 1 1 Vi inches (28.5 cm) tall and is IS'/z (40 cm) wide and 12/2 inches

(32 cm) deep. Should the unit fail. Leading Edge Products claims that Mean Green has a one-year, no questions asked, return or replacement plan. The price is S99. Contact Leading Edge Products, 225 Turnpike St., Canton, MA 02021, (800) 3436833; in Massachusetts, (617) 828-8150. Circle 509 on inquiry card.

Softpedal Your Way to Fitness

Softpedal from Practical Applications of California is a series of programs and a transducer pickup system that converts your bicycle or an exercise bicycle into a computer-aided training and exercise machine. Softpedal displays a simulated race course on your color television or video monitor and allows you to pace yourself or race a clock or another competitor. The enhanced-graphics programs display your average and current speed in miles per

and

hour, elapsed time, distance traveled.

Available options include a stand with an integral wind-load mechanism that simulates actual road conditions at any speed. The Softpedal runs on the Commodore VIC-20 and the Radio Shack TRS-80 Color Computer. Complete with a stand, Softpedal costs SI 45 from Practical Applications of California, POB 255768, Sacramento, CA 95825, (800) 835-2246. Circle 510 on inquiry card.

Amber Video Monitor

The Computer Products Division of USI International is offering a highresolution amber-screen video-display monitor that works with most popular computers. The Pi-3 has the same amber display legislated standard in a number of European countries, a 20-MHz bandwidth, and an 80-character by 24-line format. The horizontal resolution is 1000 lines at the center of the screen. Pi-3 comes with front controls that include an LED (light-emitting diode) power indicator, display brightness and contrast, power on and off, and vertical and horizontal hold.

Styled to complement the physical appearance of the Apple, IBM, and other computers, Pi-3 has a suggested list price of S289. It's available from USI International, Computer Products Division, 71 Park Lane, Brisbane, CA 94005, (415) 468-4900. Circle 511 on inquiry card.

Hayes Smartmodem 1200

The Stack Smartmodem 1200 from Hayes Microcomputer Products is a Bell 212A-compatible modem that lets RS-232C-compatible computers or terminals communicate over telephone lines at data rates of 1200 bps (bits per second). Approved by the Federal Communications Commission for direct connection

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 473

What's New?

to any U.S. telephone system for both pulse and Touch-Tone dialing, Smartmodem connects directly to the telephone line and an RS-232C port. An intelligent system that executes your commands and responds with either decimal or English-word result codes, Smartmodem can also operate in the 0 to 300 bps data range. Standard features include circuitry for auto-dial and auto-answer and indicator lights for visual checks on operational status. Optionally, Smart

modem can be equipped with full- or half-duplex operation, enable autoanswer, and result-code type. Smartmodem comes with a power pack, a modular cable for hooking up with the telephone, a user's manual, and a limited two-year warranty. The suggested retail price is S699. Additional operating details can be obtained from Hayes Microcomputer Products Inc., 5835 Peachtree Corners E, Norcross, GA 30092, (404) 449-8791.

Circle 512 on inquiry card.

Micro-Floppy Drive and Cartridge System

Amdek's Micro-Floppydisk dual-disk drive and 3-inch cartridge system offers as much as 1 megabyte of storage capacity. The drive unit is plugcompatible with standard 5!/4-inch floppy-disk drives and capable of accommodating two 3-inch cartridges. It features a built-in power supply and a hinged head cover that automatically flips open when a cartridge is inserted and protects your disk cartridges from dust, scratches, and fingerprints. Each drive is double-sided,

double-density with a storage capacity of 500K bytes, for a total of 1 megabyte. Also, a "writeprotect" mechanism is available to assure "readonly" status for data recorded on the MicroFloppy disk.

The Micro-Floppy-disk drive unit costs S899. For complete specifications, contact Amdek Corp., Marketing Dept., Suite E, 2420 East Oakton St., Arlington Heights, IL 60005, (312) 364-1 180. Circle 513 on inquiry card.

Dot-Matrix and Daisy-Wheel Printer

Metaframe Computer Corporation's Dotsy is both a dot-matrix and a daisy-wheel printer. It produces draft-quality printouts at 150 cps (characters per second) and letter-quality outputs at 20 cps. Dotsy has interchangeable dotmatrix and daisy-wheel print heads and, when in the daisy-wheel mode, uses Qume/Diablo print wheels. Its 9 by 7 matrix output has true descenders.

Dotsy can be purchased in either a standard desktop model or in the CabTek Printer Center enclosure, which features a cover and paper compartment. The suggested retail price is less than S 1 500. Complete specifications are available from Meta

frame Computer Corp., Riverside St., Nashua, NH 03062, (603) 880-3005. Circle 514 on inquiry card.

CP/M for the IBM

Byad's DS series of plugin circuit boards and software packages gives your IBM Personal Computer CP/M 2.2 operating system power. The series contains 64K bytes of parity RAM (random-access read/write memory) and a Z80B microprocessor. The Model DS2 has an IBMcompatible serial port with the added capability of driving both RS-422 and RS-423 lines. The software, supplied on two floppy disks and designed to work on a single-disk

474 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

What's New?

drive IBM, includes CP/M, Byad's utilities, and utilities such as SUBMIT, PIP, and STAT.

Under normal IBM PC operation, the Model DS2 gives you an additional 64K bytes of RAM and an optional serial port. When the software is booted, CP/M takes over as your operating system. The two processors, the Z80B and the IBM's 8088, then run as a distributed processing system, with the Z80B functioning as the central processor and the 8088 as an intelligent I/O controller.

The Model DS2 expansion circuit with a serial port and the software package costs S760. A model without the serial port, the DS1, is available for S660. For futher details, contact Byad Inc., 5345 North Kedzie Ave., Chicago, IL 60625, (312) 539-4922.

Circle 515 on inquiry card.

Communications Controller Boards for the IBM

Single- and dual-channel asynchronous communications controller boards for the IBM Personal Computer are available from Personal Systems Technology. The boards have a rotating jumper plug that switches the transmit and receive signals in the con

nector, programmable data rates from 50 to 19,200 bps (bits per second), full modem support, false startbit and line-break detection, and line generation. An interrupt system controls transmit, receive, error, and modem statuschange interrupts, while the IBM's diagnostic capabilities take advantage of loopback functions for transmit or receive and I/O signals. Full-duplex operation is supported, and double buffering is provided, which eliminates the need for precise synchronization. Other features include support of 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8-bit characters with 1, 1 Vi, or 2 stop bits and even, odd, or no parity bit generation and detection.

The single-channel asynchronous communications board costs S130. The dual-channel model lists for SI95. Quantity discounts are available. For more information, contact Personal Systems Technology Inc., 22957 La Cadena, Laguna Hills, CA 92653, (714) 859-8871. Circle 516 on inquiry card.

PUBLICATIONS

Free Newsletter on Interact

RAM Pages is a free 12-page monthly newsletter for fans of the Interact personal computer. It has articles on converting programs for operation on the Interact, hints on hardware, letters to the editor.

and programming tips.

RAM Pages is available upon reguest from Micro Video, 305 North First St., POB 7357, Ann Arbor, Ml 48107, (313) 996-0626. Circle 517 on inquiry card.

Survey of Computer Retailers Depicts 1981 Market

Future Computing has released the results of its survey of computer retailers and dealers. The survey included Apple dealers, Computerlands, Zenith dealers, consumer electronics and computer stores, systems houses, and office products dealers. The published results contain data on the 1981 computer marketplace as furnished by 341 respondees. Information provided shows computer sales by brand, computers no longer carried and why, computers to be added, printers and disks by brands, software sales by brand, sales mix among types of products, customer types, initial purchase value versus firstyear and second-year addon value, future product interest, and more. Additionally, local networks and multiuser systems are covered.

The complete survey results can be purchased for S 1 195. For further details, contact Future Computing Inc., 900 Canyon Creek Sguare, Richardson, TX 75080, (214) 783-9375. Circle 518 on inquiry card.

Atari Antics

Antic—The Atari Resource is a bimonthly magazine for Atari owners and users. It has articles on hardware and software for the Atari, programming tricks, comparisons of peripheral eguipment, and listings of public-domain software. User groups are entitled to one free subscription to Antic in exchange for a subscription to their club's newsletter. Individual subscriptions to Antic are S 15 for 6 issues and S27 for 12 issues. Foreign rates differ. Contact Antic Publishing, 297 Missouri St., San Francisco, CA 94107, (415) 8640886.

Circle 519 on inquiry card.

Seminar Guide for Data-Processing Professionals

The SIS WorkbookEDP Edition organizes and condenses the information found in brochures from seminar groups. The tri-sectioned guide, produced by Seminar Information Service, describes various data-processing courses offered both publicly and on an in-house basis. Its first section lists and briefly describes more than 400 data-processing seminars. In the second part of the guide, you'll find the names and addresses for more than 60 seminar groups and organizations, plus a catalog detailing each group's offerings. The final section

October 1982 © BYTE Publications be 475

What's New?

lists upcoming seminars by city and date.

The current SIS Workbook-EDP Edition, released last month, covers October 1982 to March 1983 dates. The-price for the guide is S49.50. Bian

nual updates will be available for S10. Contact Seminar Information Service, Suite 3141, 175 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10010, (212) 229-5561. Circle 520 on inquiry card.

Commodity Data Record

TGI Distributors has devised a 50-page commodity data record for personal data collection for commodity traders. Each page in the record has space for a full month's worth of daily contractprice activity and columns

for volume, open interest, and buy or sell signals. For further information about the commodity data record and a sample ledger sheet, write to TGI Distributors, 301 West Galena Blvd., Aurora, IL 60506. Circle 521 on inquiry card.

Window On Educational Software

Window is an educational computer magazine for children and adults alike. Produced on an Apple IIcompatible 5'A-inch floppy disk, each Window has a feature article, a feature program, and software reviews and previews. Unlike a magazine, you interact with Win

dow because it asks questions and has you insert data and write programs.

The premiere issue of Window costs SI 9.95. The charter subscription price is S95 (five issues). Complete details are available from Window, 469 Pleasant St., Watertown, MA 02172, (617) 9239147.

Circle 522 on inquiry card.

SYSTEMS

68 Magnum Mounted on Single Board

Intellimac's MC68000based 16- and 32-bit singleboard computer, called the 68 Magnum, features a 6-MHz operating speed and 128K bytes of 200nanosecond RAM (random-access read/write memory). Magnum comes with 16K bytes of operating system EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory), 16K bytes of user EPROM, two RS-232C serial ports with selectable data rates, a Centronics-compatible parallel port (16 lines plus handshake), and an audiocassette serial I/O port. Its resident firmware, the InMon operating system, provides you with a vari

ety of functions such as monitor and debug, trace, assembly and disassembly, program entry and execution, and communications control. Other standard features include three 16-bit timers and reset and abort switches. The board's dimensions are 9'/5 by 63/io by 1 inch.

An 8-MHz 68000 processor, an EPROM-resident extended BASIC, 256K-bit RAM chips, and the Pascal language are available as options. The 68 Magnum is shipped with an RS-232C interface cable and a manual for S745. Order from Intellimac Inc., Sixth Floor, 6001 Montrose Rd., Rockville, MD 20852, (301) 9848000.

Circle 523 on inquiry card.

System Supports Five Z80s

The SB-80/4 is a multiuser, multitasking, single-board computer from Colonial Data Services Corporation. The system comes with five separate Z80s and 320K bytes of memory. One Z80 and 64K bytes of RAM (random-access read/write memory) run the AMX I/O supervisory system for disk access. Standard features include 1.2 megabytes of disk storage, four parallel and six serial ports, an interface for 5 to 104 megabytes of Winchester disk storage, and a 4K-byte EPROM (erasable pro

grammable read-only memory) for bootstrap loading, monitoring, and diagnostics. In a CP/Mcompatible configuration, the system supports up to four users with each having a dedicated Z80A processor and 64K bytes of RAM to work with.

Dealer and OEM (original equipment manufacturer) pricing for a singleuser SB-80/4, upgradable to multiuser capabilities, starts at S3800. Full particulars are available from Colonial Data Services Corp., 105 Sanford St., Hamden, CT06514. (203) 288-2524.

Circle 524 on inquiry card.

476 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

What's New?

Portable HP Computer

Hewlett-Packard's HP75C portable computer measures 10 inches by 5 inches, weighs 26 ounces, runs on batteries, and retains programs and data when switched off. Standard features include a 48K-byte ROM-based operating system, the HP Interface Loop for communicating with peripherals and other computers, and 169 instructions, including 147 BASIC commands, statements, and functions. Its central processing unit is a low-battery-drain, CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) version of the 8-bit processor found in the HP Series 80 personal computers. The HP-75C has a 32-character LCD (liquidcrystal display) that serves as a movable window on a 96-character line, a typewriter-style keyboard, and 16K bytes of RAM (random-access read/write memory), expandable to 24K bytes. The unit's three software-module plug-in ports accept either 8K- or !6K-byte ROM modules, and a hand-pulled magnetic-card reader that can

read or write up to 1,3K bytes per card is integrated into the system.

A battery-operated thermal printer/plotter, a digital-cassette drive, and a variety of software packages are available as options. The HP-75C has a suggested retail price of S995. The 8K-byte ROM module costs S195. Contact your local HewlettPackard dealer for full details.

Circle 525 on inquiry card.

Portable Business Computer

Hyperion, a portable business computer from Dynalogic Info-Tech, is built around Intel's 16-bit 8088 processor. It has 256K bytes of user RAM (random-access read/write memory) with parity, 20K bytes of display RAM, and an 8K-byte ROM (read-only memory) that supports automatic power-up diagnostics, machine initializa

tion, and general I/O routines. Hyperion's doublesided floppy-disk drive gives you 320K bytes of storage capacity and can read and write IBM Personal Computer (PC) 5/4-inch single-sided disks. Compatible with the PC's layout, the detached keyboard has 84 keys, including 10 function keys and numeric keypad, and it stows away in the main unit when not in use. The 7-inch amber display features a 25-line by 80-character alphanumeric-screen format, characters formed by a 6- by 7-dot matrix in an 8 by 10 box with 2-dot descenders, and soft-key labels on the twenty-fifth line for the 10 function keys. Other standard features include a time and date clock with battery backup, a 4.77-MHz clock rate, a programmable sound system, a Centronics-compatible parallel port, a composite-video outputjack, asynchronous and synchronous RS-232C and RS-423 serial ports that meet all standards, and a built-in 300-bit-persecond direct-connect modem with auto-answer and auto-dial capabilities. Supplied software is made up of a telephone-management system, a text editor and electronic-mail system, Microsoft's MSDOS release 2, the Multiplan spreadsheet, and Advanced BASIC.

Software options for Hyperion include a BASIC compiler, COBOL, and Pascal. An 8087 floatingpoint processor for mathematics, acoustic cups, and

an expansion chassis with a 10-megabyte Winchester-cartridge drive and four IBM-compatible I/O slots are available. Prices begin at $4995. Address inquiries to Dynalogic InfoTech Corp., 141 Bentley Ave., Ottawa, Ontario, K2E 6T7, Canada, (613) 226-1383.

Circle 526 on inquiry card.

Z100

Desktop Computers

Zenith Data Systems' Zl 00 series desktop computers are equipped with both 8- and 16-bit processors. Standard features include a five-slot S-100 expansion chassis, a built-in 320K-byte 5/4-inch floppydisk drive, 128K bytes of RAM (random-access read/ write memory), color graphics, and a keyboard. An optional system software package composed of 8-bit CP/M and 16-bit Z-DOS (developed by Microsoft under the name MS-DOS) operating systems, the Multiplan electronic spreadsheet, BASIC, and Z-BASIC is available for $500.

The basic Zl00 computer has a suggested retail price of $3249. An integral Zl00 computer that includes a display and dual disk drives costs $4099. For full details, contact Zenith Data Systems, 1000 Milwaukee Ave., Glenview. IL 60025, (312) 391-8860.

Circle 527 on inquiry card.

October 1982 © BYTE Publications tac 477

What's New?

■mil ijiiiiwiiiiiBiijmpp"

DEC Unveils Modular Computer Series

Digital Equipment Corporation is marketing a series of modular personal computers, each of which is equipped with a lowprofile 103-key keyboard, a 12-inch monochrome display, and a system box that contains the processor, power supply, and dual 5'/4-inch floppy-disk drives capable of storing 800K bytes of unformatted storage. Three models are currently available: the Professional 350 and 325, the DECmate II, and the Rainbow 100.

The Professional series features the PDP-1 1/23 central processor, 256K bytes of memory, and multitasking operation. The Professional 350 has provisions for a 5-megabyte Winchester-type hard-disk drive. The DECmate II is supplied with the DECmate word processor and has an optional CP/M capability. Outfitted with two microprocessors and 64K bytes of RAM (random-access read/write memory), the Rainbow 100 can run both 8-bit CP/M and 16-bit CP/M-86

programs. Additionally, its internal memory is expandable to 256K bytes.

The Rainbow 100 costs S3495. The DECmate II is available for S3795, including 96K bytes of memory. With a memory complement of 256K bytes, the Professional 325's base price is S3995, and the 350 sells for S4995. Contact Digital Equipment Corp., Maynard, MA 01754.

Circle 528 on inquiry card.

System Automates Analytic Instruments

The IBM Instruments 9000 computer system is designed for automating analytical instruments and general laboratory use. The 9000 can be used for instrument control, data acquisition and analysis, graphics, multicolor plotting, and general programming. This 68000based system comes with 16-megabyte addressing, an 8-MHz clock rate, up to

128K bytes of operatingsystem and diagnostic ROM (read-only memory), 128K bytes of RAM (random-access read/write memory) for programs and data, a high-resolution display with programmable soft keys, and a function keypad with 57 user-definable keys and six LEDs (light-emitting diodes). Also supplied are three 16-bit timers, a realtime clock with a battery backup, three RS-232C serial ports, IEEE-488 and 8-bit parallel I/O ports, and real-time multitasking operation.

Optional equipment for the 9000 includes a memory-expansion card with 256K bytes of RAM, 5'/4and 8-inch floppy-disk drives, a hard-disk controller, and 5- and 10-megabyte hard disks. The BASIC language and operating system extensions, such as macro assembly language and a text editor, are available as software options. Prices begin at S5695. Contact IBM Instruments Inc., Orchard Park, POB 332, Danbury, CT 06810. Circle 529 on inquiry card.

SOFTWARE

PET/VIC-20 File System

File is a general-purpose, cassette-based file system for Commodore PET, CBM, and VIC-20 computers. Produced by Kinetic Designs in Jacksonville, Florida, File lets you con

struct, sort, maintain, and print a variety of data, such as mailing lists, accounts, and book lists. It permits you to define record formats, limited only by available memory. File automatically expands into available memory. Among the commands provided are LOAD, DUMP, PRINT, CHANGE, and REMOVE.

File runs on 8K-byte PET and CBM systems or on VIC-20s equipped with the 3K-byte expansion cartridge. It comes with complete documentation and costs S9.95. For purchasing information, contact Kinetic Designs, 401 Monument Rd. #171, Jacksonville, FL 3221 1. Circle 530 on inquiry card.

Accounting Package for Olivetti M-20

The Big Four accounting package for the Olivetti M-20 Personal Computer is a TCS Software product. Big Four comprises general ledger, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and payroll programs. Standard features include complete audit trail on all transactions, automatic prompts for creating disk backups, master file-recovery programs for correcting hardware or operator errors, and comprehensive selfteaching manuals.

The Big Four package is available at most computer stores. Its price is determined by dealer in

478 October 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

What's New?

stallation. training, and support fees. However, sample data for training and demonstration purposes is provided with each program. For full Big

Murder

Deadline is a murdermystery game created by Infocom, developer of the game Zork. Deadline casts you in the role of a detective challenged to solve a murder within a 12-hour deadline. To help you nab the culprit. Deadline comes with a dossier filled with evidence critical to your assignment: lab reports, physical evidence discovered near the victim, fingerprints, interviews with suspects, an 8-by-IO photo of the scene of the crime, and a detective's manual. Deadline uses an English-based vocabulary of more than 600 words for a conversational interaction between you and the computer. Actual playing time may run 20 or more hours, according to the company.

Four details, contact TCS Software Inc., 3209 Fondren Rd., Houston, TX 77063, (713) 977-7505. Circle 531 on inquiry card.

Mystery

Deadline costs S49.95 and will run on a variety of computers, including the Apple, the IBM Personal Computer, and the NEC PC-8000. A version for CP/M-based systems and the PDP-1 1 costs 559.95. Deadline is manufactured by Infocom Inc., 55 Wheeler St., Cambridge, MA 02138, (617) 4921031.

Circle 532 on inquiry card.

Sinclair Markets Line of ZX8T Software

Sinclair Research is marketing a line of cassette-based software for its ZX8I computer. For business applications, VU-Calc constructs, generates, and calculates large tables for

analysis, budget sheets, and projections. Another business program, VUFile, handles generalpurpose filing and information-retrieval tasks. Game programs available include backgammon, Spaces Raiders and Bombers, a six-level chess program, and an arcadetype game called Fantasy Games.

Sinclair's line of cassettebased programs for the ZX81 reguires the add-on 16K-byte RAM (randomaccess read/write memory) Pak. The price range is from S8.95 to S 17.95. For details, contact Sinclair Research Ltd., 3 Sinclair Plaza, Nashua, NH 03061. Circle 533 on inquiry card.

Enhanced PILOT Language

Nevada PILOT (Programmed Inquiry, Learning, or Teaching) is a dialogue language designed for interactive applications such as data entry, programmed instruction, and drill and testing. Distributed by Ellis Computing, Nevada PILOT is purported to have a simple format and vocabulary that makes developing dialogue programs easy for nonprogrammers. This version has been enhanced to include an integrated full-screen editor and an interface for video-tape recorders and voice-response units. All PILOT-73 standards are met.

Nevada PILOT comes on a floppy disk contain

ing the interpreter and 1 1 sample programs. A programmer's reference manual is provided. It will run on most CP/M-based systems with a minimum of 32K bytes of RAM (random-access read/write memoryj and a disk drive. Full details are available from Ellis Computing, 600 41st Ave., San Francisco, CA 94121.

Circle 534 on inquiry card.

Oriental Ideographics System

The Asiagraphics system is a phonetic-input method for the communication and processing of Chinese and Japanese ideographic characters. The system, a hardware and software combination, gives you a means of making a specific choice during initial character entry. It is useful for word- and data-processing applications, Telex transmissions, typesetting, and typewriting. According to the manufacturer, by using an Asiagraphic descriptor as the input character, you can achieve more than 90% accuracy in your selection of Chinese characters and approximately 85% in Japanese. Asiagraphics has more than 6600 characters in memory and associated graphics data to draw and display another 4800. Both the phonetic and graphic inventory can be expanded to include more than 15,000 characters.

The complete Asia

A LOCKED DOOR. A DEAD MAN.

And 12 Hours to solve the murder.

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 479

What's New?

graphics hardware and software system is based on the Hewlett-Packard HP-85 computer with associated disk drives and optional printers. The software is available separately. For further information, write to Asiagraphics, 141 Mt. Sinai Ave., Mt. Sinai, NY 1 1766.

Jobstream CP/M Designed for TRS-80

Aton International's Jobstream CP/M 2.2 operating system is designed for data-communications and business data-processing applications. According to the manufacturer, Jobstream can increase the average speed of disk operations by as much as five times because it buffers several disk tracks in RAM (random-access read/write memory). Currently produced for Radio Shack TRS-80 Models II and 16, Jobstream automatically performs readback checks on disk-write operations for improved data reliability. Jobstream can handle user programs as large as 62K bytes and has usable file-storage capacities of more than 580K bytes on a single-sided floppy disk or more than 1.2 megabytes on a double-sided double-density floppy disk.

Two versions of Jobstream CP/M 2.2 are presently marketed: Level I for systems with 64K bytes of

RAM and Level II for 96K-byte systems. The respective prices are $ 179 and $235. Order from Aton International Inc., 260 Brooklyn Ave., San Jose, CA 95128, (408) 286-4078.

Circle 535 on inquiry card.

Apple Business Programs

Micro Business Solutions offers a range of business programs for small businesses, associations, and taxpayers. For the Apple III, the company has its Micro GL (General Ledger) III system. It can be used with floppy- or hard-disk systems to provide up to 1000 accounts and 9000 transactions. A doubleentry system. Micro GL III catches out-of-balance transactions for correction.

The CPA Partner, designed for the Apple II, is a client write-up and billing system that can manage 500 clients, 300 generalledger accounts, and 99 departments, with integrated billing. It also supports 30 professionals with utilization analysis, invoice and statement preparation, and complete billing reporting.

Also engineered for the Apple II is a professional time and billing system called Pro Partner. Capable of managing 30 professionals and 500 clients. Pro Partner provides utilization analysis, invoice preparation, and discount

and value billing. In addition, it can hold in-process charges for billing at a later date.

For full details, contact your local dealer or Micro Business Solutions Inc., 622 Plymouth Lane, Foster City, CA 94404, (415) 573-5556.

Circle 536 on inquiry card.

CP/M- and MP/MCompatible Worksheet

The Wedge is a CP/Mand MP/M-compatible electronic worksheet from Systems Plus that can be interfaced with most word processors. It supports 52 columns and 400 rows, split-screen formatting, insertion of rows and columns, format changes, and worksheet scrolling. Wedge's built-in calculator lets you enter formulas using simple arithmetic symbols. Each formula can be up to 60 characters long, and formulas can combine numbers with multiple references. Extensive Help routines are standard, and Wedge can use the advanced features of many word processors.

Wedge comes with quick reference and lesson cards, installation manual, and an 80-page applications manual. The suggested retail price is $295. Contact Systems Plus Inc., 1120 San Antonio Rd., Palo Alto, CA 94303, (415) 969-7047. Circle 537 on inquiry card.

MISCELLANEOUS

Intelligent Language Controller

Controlex Corporation has introduced an intelligent high-level language controller known as the CS105. Intended for industrial- and processcontrol applications, the CS105 has ROM-resident FORTH that consumes 70% less time to write and debug than the average assembly-language program. In the "host" mode, the CS105 serves as its own development system.

All CS105 hardware is contained in small pluggable modules enclosed in a metal chassis. Its control module contains a printer interface, real-time clock, and a host/target switch. Other CS105 modules available include a central processing unit, 16K-byte memory units, a universal I/O, analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters, and a display and annunciator. System memory is configured as a "solid state disk" that's set up under the FORTH convention as 40 screens.

The standard CS105 configuration is supplied with a 5 Vi -inch-high EIA (Electronic Industries Association) rack-mount card cage, backplane and

480 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

DECADES OF SERVICE

Washington Computer Services

97 Spring Street New York, New York 10012 TO ORDER: CALL OUR TOLL-FREE NUMBER: (800)221-5416 In N.Y. State and for technical information: (212) 226-2121 HOURS: 9 AM-5:30 PM (EST) Monday-Friday

anaffiliateof «(S^Jg?l est. 1912

CUSTOM COMPUTER ROOM WIRING SINCE 1960

TELEX: 12-5606 CABLE: WASHC0MP NYK

FULLY CONFIGURED BUSINESS SYSTEMS

The following are some examples of the fully assembled and tested business and scientific computer systems which we offer:

The Premier Multi-User Computer System 18000 SX, multi-user, multi-processor, turbo DOS SCALL CPM 2.2. FULL 2 YEAR WARRANTY! 5000IS, S-100 desk top mainframe

On-Site Service Contracts Available

INTERNATIONAL ,

HARD DISK SPECIALS

corvus ssm

PRINTERS

r ■fry ^ Teletype 40. 300 LPM-typerwriter quality, RS-232 ■* * interface. This quality printer is available in many configurations including forms access, quietized case, etc. Teletype 43

from Only $3200

from $995

NEC

APC

8086, 16 bit processor. 2-8" DSD0 disk drives. 128K RAM (to 256K). 15" screen

1024x1024 graphics. CP/M-86, MS-DOS. Green or color.

ANADEX

DIABLO

MANNESMANN TALLY

CENTRONICS

EPSON

NEC AMERICA

C. ITOH

FACIT

QUME

DATA PRODUCTS

OKIDATA

SMITH CORONA

DIGITAL EQUIP. CORP.

OLIVETTI

TELETYPE

INTERGRAL DATA SYS.

QANTEX

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS

8" DISK DRIVE SALE

NOW!

This new state-of-the-art work station

out-performs all others

near its price range. $QROO OO

Prices start below OOUVJ. SEC PC-8000 Personal Computer

The Professional's Work Station

NEC on N.Y.S. Contract #P-07220 CORVUS Concept-68000, 32 bit. 256k. network. 15" 120x56 + HiRes screen, W.P. software, CP/M Emulator from less than $5000

68000 16 bit multi-user, S-100. UNIX V. 7 SCALL

8"SHUGART SA801R $385 8"SHUGARTSA851R $540 QUME DATATRACK 8 $550 Enclosure, power supply for 2 8" drives A & T MORROW DISCUS 2D + CP/M® MICROSOFT BASIC, C0NT.

TERMINALS pmmi modem

AMPEX DIALOGUE 30, 80, 81 Lowest Prices

Zenith ZT-1, 80x24, autodial modem, VT-52 compatible

2 for $1025 2 for $1050

$950 $359 SCALL

TER

Systems I>tWtTv|

8086 16 bit, 128K RAM, S-100. Syst. #2

XEROX,

$3499

MORROW DESIGNS

ALTOS

ADVANTAGE & HORIZON

Systems

r^teoDus NorthStaf5'

SCION MicroAngelo Hi Res Graphics Systems SCALL Similar savings onSSM, DELTA, DYNABYTE, TELEVIDEO, DIGIAC, ZENITH, ADDS, DEC. DATA GEN.. ATARI. TECMAR AND MANY OTHERS

TELETYPE TELEVIDEO LEAR SIEGLER SOFTWARE

DBASE II

MBASIC-80

MBASIC COMPILER

FORTRAN-80

COBOL-80

PL/1-80

PASCAL MT+V5.5 WHITESMITH'S C CB-80

PEARL(LEVEL 3) LIFEBOAT SOFTWARE PEACHTREE GRAHAM-DORIAN STRUCTUREDSYST.

ADDS

ANN ARBOR VISUAL

IBM 3101

DIGITAL EQUIP. CORP. HAZELTINE

$525 WORDSTAR $300

$275 MAILMERGE $110

$316 DATASTAR $230

$349 CONDOR III $716

$574 MILESTONE $235

$425 SUPERCALC $221

$398 FMS-80 $649

$660 SELECTOR V $396

$420 SPELLGUARD $236

$549 SUPERS0FT SCALL

SCALL AMERICAN BUS. SYST. SCALL

SCALL ACCOUNTING PLUS SCALL

SCALL BSTAM.BSTMS $200

SCALL VANDATA/OSBORNE $500 8" SDSS: Call For Other Formats

PI FAQFI Do not corrfuse us witn mail order dea|ers-We are a

rLCnOL. fun service distributor serving the data processing & installation needs of business & industry from micros to mainframes. System houses, Educational institutions & governmental agencies given special consideration. Leasing available.

N.Y. State agencies, municipalities, and schools — call us for information on our O.G.S. term contracts on hardware & software.

DEALER and INTERNATIONAL INQUIRIES WELCOME

For fast delivery, send certified check, money order or call to arrange direct bank wire transfer. Personal or company checks require two to three weeks to clear. Prices subject to change without notice; call for latest prices. Prices include 3% cash discount. N.Y. residents add sales tax. Qantex is a trademark of North Atlantic industries, Inc. Accounting Plus is a trademark of Software Dimensions. CP/M® is a trademark of Digital Research. All sales subject to our standard sale conditions (available on request). Call for shipping charges. Above prices do not include customization or installation.

Circle 408 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982 481

What's New?

control, central processor, and two memory modules, expandable to four. The single unit price is S2995, including FORTH and documentation. OEM (original equipment manu

facturer) configurations and prices available upon request. Contact Controlex Corp., 16005 Sherman Way, Van Nuys, CA 91406, (213) 780-8877. Circle 538 on inquiry card.

Dot-Matrix Plasma Displays

The PC 1700 series of dot-matrix graphics plasmadisplay modules is based on a thin, DC gas discharge panel with associated X and Y drive sections and a control circuit. Produced by Photo Chemical Products of California, the modules are useful for applications that require full graphics capabilities, multiple languages, and symbols in a variable-size format. Standard features include a neon-orange screen color, an 8-bit multifunction I/O port, individual random-dot addressing, two-step brightness and blanking software control, a flat-panel design, and your choice of 1-bit serial or 4-bit parallel writing-in modes. Power requirements are + 5 volts DC and + 185 volts DC.

Three models are currently offered: 64 by 256 dots, 96 by 240 dots, and 128 by 256 dots. Prices range from $564 to $792. Full purchasing and technical information is avail

able from Photo Chemical Products of California, 18031 Susana Rd., Rancho Dominguez, CA 90221, (213) 603-0400. Circle 543 on inquiry card.

MX-80 Ribbon Cartridges

Continuous-loop ribbon cartridges for Epson MX-80 and IBM Personal Computer printers are available from Data Systems. Each cartridge contains 20 yards of nylon ribbon formed into a loop that permits use of both sides. A single cartridge costs $8.95, a dozen are priced at $7.95 each, and, in lots of 1000, the cost is $5.13. Prices include shipping. Contact Data Systems, POB 99, Fern Park, FL 32730, (305) 7882145.

Circle 544 on inquiry card.

JY0CS S 5 ' Ml "T Hi r"

11

Off! "IT?'i 3

16-Bit Processor from Intel

Intel Corporation has released its 16-bit iAPX 186 (80186) single-chip processor. The device contains a 16-bit central processing unit and functions normally found in singlechip processor subsystems. Housed in a 68-pin chip carrier, the device can take the place of 15 to 20 integrated circuits at a lower cost, according to Intel. It's compatible with existing 8086 and 8088 software and is said to have twice the performance of the standard

5-MHz 8086 processor. Other iAPX 186 features include 10 new instructions and onboard hardware that increases the speed of multiplication and division operations five times.

The iAPX 186 has an introductory price of $50 each, in quantities of 100. Full applications information and technical specifications are available from Intel Corp., 2625 Walsh Ave., Santa Clara, CA 95051, (408) 987-5084. Circle 539 on inquiry card.

Where Do New Products Items Come From?

The information printed in the new products pages of BYTE is obtained from "new product" or "press release" copy sent by the promoters of new products. If in our judgment the information might be of interest to the personal computing experimenters and homebrewers who read BYTE, we print it in some form. We openly solicit releases and photos from manufacturers and suppliers to this marketplace. The information is printed more or less as a first-in first-out queue, subject to occasional priority modifications. While we would not knowingly print untrue or inaccurate data, or data from unreliable companies, our capacity to evaluate the products and companies appearing in the "What's New?" feature is necessarily limited. We therefore cannot be responsible for product quality or company performance.

482 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

A D CONVERTER

6522 APPLE II INTERFACE

SPEECH SYNTHESIZERS

JBEs 16 channel A-D Converter plugs into your Apple II computer. It uses an ADC0817 which incorporates a 16 channel multiplexer and an 8 bit A-D Converter. The 16 inputs are high impedance and the voltage range is 0 to 5.12 volts. Conversion time is < 100^sec. The resolution is 8 bits or 256 steps, linearity Is ± 1/2 step. Two 16 pin DIP sockets are used for input, GND & reference voltage connections. There are 3 single bit TTL inputs. Doc. Includes sample program. 81-132AAssm. $89.95 81-132B Bare Board $29.95

EPROM EXPANSION CARD

JBE EPROM Expander for the Apple II holds six 5V 2716s for a total of 12K bytes of EPROM. This board takes the place of the on board ROM in the Apple. It is software switchable by the same technique used by the Apple II firmware card. Solder jumpers are for reset to the Apple ROM or EPROM Expansion Card. Use JBE EPROM Programmer and Parallel I/O to program your EPROMs. EPROMs sold separately. 81-085AAssm. $59.95 81-085B Bare Board $39.95

EXTENDER $12.95

The JBE 6522 Parallel Interface for the Apple II Computer, plugs directly into any slot 1 through 7 in the Apple. This card has 2 6522 VIA's that provide:

• FourSbit bi-directional I/O ports

• Four 16 bit programmable timer/ counters

• Serial shift registers

• Handshaking

A 74LS05 Is for timing. Four 16 pin sockets provide easy connections to other peripheral devices. (Dip jumpers with ribbon cables are also available from JBE.) The 6522 Parallel I/O card interfaces to the JBE EPROM programmer.

Understanding of machine language required to use this board. Inputs and outputs are TTL compatible. 79-295AAssm. $69.95 79-295B Bare Board $29.95

EPROM PR

SPEECH SYNTHESIZERS

JBEs Speech Synthesizers use the Votrax SC-01 Phoneme Synthesizer chip. The SC-01 phonetically synthesizes continuous speech of unlimited vocabulary. The SC-01 contains 64 different phonemes and 4 levels of inflection accessed by an 8 bit ■code. It requires 10 Bytes per second for continuous speech. Both boards have an audio amp for direct connection to an 8 ohm speaker.

Documentation includes basic user programs, a phoneme chart and listing of coded words to help you get started. Documentation for the Apple II® Speech Synthesizer includes a disk with text to speech program. 81-088 Apple II Speech

Synthesizer $129.95 81-120 Parallel Input Speech

Synthesizer $149.95 Prices Include the SC-01 Chip SC-01 sold separately for $39.95

DISPLAY BOARD

JBE's EPROM Programmer Is designed to program 5V 2516's, 2532's & 2716's. It interfaces to the JBE Parallel I/O card using four ribbon cables. An LED indicates when the EPROM is being programmed. A textool zero insertion force socket is used for the EPROM. Comes with complete documentation for writing and reading EPROM's in the Apple II or Apple II Plus. Cables available separately.

80-244A Assm. $49.95 80-244B Bare Board $29.95 4 Jumpers $17.00

minimis;,'

This handy little (3x7") board is ideal for teaching and troubleshooting. It has a run—stop, single step switch which makes identification of shorted lines between address or data-bits easy and shows single steps for teaching computer logic. The display board has 16 Address LEDS, 8 Data LEDS & 1 RDY LED. All lines are buffered.

80-144A Assm. 80-144B Bare Board

$49.95 $39.95

John Bell Engineering, Inc.

ALL PRODUCTS ARE A VAILABLE FROM JOHN BELL ENGINEERING), INC. • 1014 CENTER ST., SAN CARLOS, CA 94070 ADD SALES TAX IN CALIFORNIA • ADD 5% SHIPPING & HANDLING 3% FOR ORDERS OVER $100

10% OUTSIDE U.S.A. ADD $1.50 FOR C.O.D.

MC SEND $1.00 FOR CATALOG

(415)592-8411

WILL CALL HOURS: 9am - 4pm

VISA

BYTE October 1982 4 83

Now...You Can Monitor

7 Mnst Imnnrtant

FEEL TRAPPED

BETWEEN CAPACITY AND COST?

• L i .J y M «««ui(iia t»wL *

IMMIIIIIIIIIIM

Processor Interlace introduces the Cartridge Disk Controller lor the S • 100 bus. Configurable for 12 sector 2315 and 5440 type disk drives (1.25-10 Mbytes per drive) Complete with CPM* CBIOS. disk lormatter diagnostics and technical manual low cost $495.00

Manual only $25 00 The perlermance you need at a cost you can afford

Processor Interlaces, Int. P oTBox 154A Elm Grove. Wl 53122 414-785-1245

Circle 314 on inquiry card.

I8085 - Z80

Structured Assembler

Get the benifits of high level programming with the efficiency of assembly language

Features:

PASCAL-LIKE STATEMENTS AUTOMATIC INDENTING RELOCATABLE ASSEMBLER LINKER GENERATED LISTINGS

Available lor:

CP/M $149 TRS-80 $149 ISIS $329

Specify disk size/density - CPU make/model Check - Money Order ■ Master Card - Visa

BLACKBEARD ASSOCIATES 13534 PRESTON ROAD SUITE 443 DALLAS, TX 75240 (214) 255-9347

C compilers and

Cross compilers

Available for: PDP-11 RT-11/RSX-11 6809 SDOS/FLEX 8080 CP/M

8085 CP/M Z80 CP/M

8086 CP/M86 8088 MSDOS CP/M86

OTHERS PENDING

The full C language, as described in "The C Programming Language" by Kernighan and Ritchie.

UNIX version 7 compatible. Starting at $200.00

UNIX Is a Irademartt oi Boll Labs. RT11/ RSX11 are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corp. SDOS Is a Irademartt ot Soilware Dynamics. CP/M Is a Irademartt ot Digital Research. FLEX la a tradBmarii ol Technical Systems Consultants

TELECON SYSTEMS

90 E. Gish Road, Suite 25 San Jose, California 95112 408-275-1659

ard.

\ferbatim

flexible disks

Call Free (800) 235-4137 for

prices and information. Dealer inquiries invited. C.O.D. and charge cards accepted.

PACIFIC EXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd. San Luis Obispo, CA 93401. In Cal. call (800) 592-5935 or (805) 543-1037.

Made in America

RS-232-INTERFACE TESTER

connecls in series with any RS-232 interlace LED's clearly display slalus ol 7 lunclions: Iransmit data, receive data, request to send, clear to send, data sel ready, carrier delect, dala terminal ready Requires no power: may be letl in permanently. Salisfaction guaranteed ORDER NOW! Only S39.95 ppd (IL res add 5% sales lax), we accep! MC. Visa FREE illustrated calalog ol problem detecting equipmem Phone 815/539-5827. Make checks payable lo

i&H electronics

Box 475-B; MENDOTA, IL 61342

Circle 34 on inquiry card.

LOOK TO THE FUTURE...

EPROM-32

The only EPROM programmer you need!

■ IEEE-696 IS-1001 EPROM programmer lor single supply I+5VI EPROMs.

• Programs current IK Ihrougri 16K (byte) EPROMs plus future 32K EPROMs.

• EPROM can be verified through a port or located in memory space for verification and use.

• Personality Modules adapt board lo dillerem EPROM types: PM-1 -250B. 2758 PM-3-2732. 2732A PM-6 - 68764

2516.2716 PM-4-2564 PM-7-2528 PM-2-2532 PM-5-2764 PM-8-27128

• Single zero-insertion-pressure socket accommodates both 24pin and 28-pin EPROM packages.

• On-board OC-lo-OC converter with adjustable regulator lor programming voltage.

• Double-sided PC board with solder masks, silkscreen and gold-plated contact ringers.

• 8080/Z80 control software includes commands lor programming, verification, disk I/O and editing.

• Comprehensive user's manual contains source listing ol control soltware.

Micro Dynamic!

$269.95

(assembled s tested) Corporation p"tc Includes EPROM-32. documenpn bnt 17S77 talton and two Personality Modules MemnhisI TNW117 lspecil>l A*™*"! Modules-$7.95. ,SR, %'A Control soltware on 8 inch single densi

(9011-755-0619 i, CP/M-compatible diskette—$9.95

MasterCard 8 Visa TN residents add 6% sales lai.

Circle 49 on inquiry card.

Circle 293 on inquiry card.

Circle 428 on inquiry card.

Get Serious About

Computing

PROFESSIONAL KEYBOARD.^Makes your ZX81 easier to use. Enter programs quickly and error-lree. Plugs straight into your ZX81 without any soldering. Has 47 keys and a lull space bar. S85.00 32K RAM. Expand the memory capacity of your ZX81 with this direct-plug-in module. Fully compatible with Sinclair's 16K RAM (lo give your ZX81 syslem a lull 48K). $99.95 64K RAM. Expand your ZX81 memory capacity to its maximum. Plugs in directly to your ZX81. $149.95 Software on Cassette

MULTIFILE PLUS.

Dala storage syslem for I6K to 64K systems Flexible, userdefined selup Includes program tape, detailed instruction manual. 3 dala tapes, storage case

134.95

GAMES

MAZOGS

A maze-adventute INVADERS

10 levels ol play STAR TREK

Zap Ihe Klingons DICTATOR

Political adventure

S9.95 S9.95

Call (716) 874-5510 for Visa, MC Orders.

GLaosronE

i Ave.. Buffalo N.Y. 14217 . No CODs. Add shipping.

PC/FORTH

Complete FORTH program development systems for the IBM® Personal Computer. Packages include interpreter/compiler with virtual memory management, line editor, custom screen editor, assembler, decompiler, utilities, file and record access modules, and many demonstration programs. 100 page user manual .... $100.00

Floating point arithmetic extensions and cross compiler available at additional cost.

Ready to run under PC-DOS or CP/M-86® Standalone version available soon. 64 kbytes RAM and two disk drives recommended. (IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corp. CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc.)

Laboratory Microsystems

4147 Beethoven Street Los Angeles, CA 90066 (2131 306-7412

IPP100

L/rogrammable/

(JUrray / pal takes ihe bus L?Prr

(logic fy-—titiitlllllllt

EMULATOR

THE MICRO CAD

DIGITAL (gm MEDIA

INTRODUCING IPPlOO

PAL DIRECTLY FROM II',I IIS IIV I I liOM

COMPATIBLE V\

THE IPPlOO IS

tPAL ASSEMBLER! IF YOU ARE NOT I AMIL1AR W

SIMPLICITY Of THE PAL APPLICATION AND ITS DEVELOPMENT. WE RECOMMEND THAI YOU CONSULT " "PAL PROGRAMMABLE ARRAY LOOIC HANDBOOKAVAILABLE FROM DIGITAL MEDIA.

ITEM AVAILABLE PRICE

Cun«mir sis

CunMly 173 M FIRMWARE 13 AVAILABLE TO YOUR SPEC NEED

Urcle 173 on inquiry card.

Circle 218 on Inquiry card.

Circle 135 on Inquiry card.

"THE BIG BOARD" OEM - INDUSTRIAL - BUSINESS - SCIENTIFIC

Single board computer kits

Z-80 CPU! 64K RAM!

$399

THE BIG BOARD PROJECT: Three years in the works, and maybe loo good to be true. A tribute to hard headed, no compromise, high performance, American engineering! The Big Board gives you all the most needed computing features on one board at a very reasonable cost. The Big Board was designed from scratch to run the latest version of CP/M*. Just imagine all the off-the-shelf software that can be run on the Big Board without any modifications needed! Take a Big Board, add a couple of 8 inch disc drives, power supply, an enclosure. C.R.T., and you have a total Business System for about 1/3 the cost you might expect to pay.

FEATURES: (Remember, all this on one board!)

64K RAM 24 x 80 CHARACTER VIDEO

00

(64K KIT BASIC I/O)

FULLY SOCKETED!

SIZE: BVi x 13V. IN. SAME AS AN 8 IN. DRIVE. REQUIRES: 5V <§) 3 AMPS - - 12V @ .5 AMPS.

Uses Industry standard 4116 RAM'S. All 64K is available to the user, our VIDEO and EPROM sections do not make holes in system RAM. Also, very special care was taken in the RAM array PC layout to eliminate potential noise and glitches.

Z-80 CPU

With a crisp, flicker-free display that looks extremely sharp even on small monitors. Hardware scroll and full cursor control. Composite video or split video and sync. Character set is supplied on a 2716 style ROM, making customized lonts easy. Sync pulses can be any desired length or polarity. Video may be inverted or true. 5x7 Matrix - Upper & Lower Case

Running at 2.5 MHZ. Handles all 4116 RAM refresh and supports Mode 2 INTERUPTS. Fully buttered and runs 8080 software.

FLOPPY DISC CONTROLLER

SERIAL I/O (OPTIONAL)

Full 2 channels using the Z80 SIO and the SMC 8116 Baud Rate Generator. FULL RS232! For synchronous or asynchronous communication. In synchronous mode, the clocks can be transmitted or received by a modem. Both channels can be set up tor either data-communication or data-terminals. Supports mode 2 Int. Price lor all parts and connectors: $49

Uses WD1771 controller chip with a TTL Data Separator for enhanced reliability. IBM 3740 compatible. Supports up to four 8 inch disc drives. Directly compatible with standard Shugart drives such as the S A800 or SA801. Drives can be configured lor remote AC ofl-on. Runs CP/M* 2.2.

TWO PORT PARALLEL I/O (OPTIONAL),

Uses Z-80 PIO. Full 16 bits, fully buffered, bi-directional. User selectable hand shake polarity. Set ol all parts and connectors for parallel I/O: $19.95

BASIC I/O

Consists ol a separate parallel port (Z80 PIO) for use with an ASCII encoded keyboard lor Input. Output would be on the 80 x 24 Video Display.

REAL TIME CLOCK (OPTIONAL)

Uses Z-80 CTC. Can be configured as a Counter on Real Time Clock. Set of all parts: $9.95

BLANK PC BOARD — $149

The blank Big Board PC Board comes complete with full documentation (including schematics), the character ROM, the PFM 3.3 MONITOR ROM, and a diskette with the source of our BIOS, BOOT, and PFM 3.3 MONITOR.

CP/M* 2.2 FOR BIG BOARD

The popular CP/M* D.O.S. to run on Big Board is available (or $159.00.

PRICE CUT!

PFM 3.3 2K SYSTEM MONITOR

The real power of the Big Board lies In Its PFM 3.3 on board monitor. PFM commands include: Dump Memory, Boot CP/M", Copy, Examine, Fill Memory,Test Memory, GoTo, Read and Write I/O Ports. Disc Read (Drive, Track. Sector), and Search. PFM occupies one of the lour 2716 EPROM locations provided. Z-80 is a Trademark of Zilog.

Digital Research Computers

*** (OF TEXAS) 1

P.O. BOX 401565 • GARLAND, TEXAS 75040 • (214) 271-3538

TERMS: Shipments will be made approximately 3 to 6 weeks after we receive your order, VISA, MC, cash accepted. We will accept COD's (forthe Big Board only) with a $75 deposit. Balance UPS COD. Add $4.00 shipping. USA AND CANADA ONLY

•TRADEMARK OF DIGITAL RESEARCH.

NOT ASSOCIATED WITH DIGITAL RESEARCH OF CALIFORNIA, THE ORIGINATORS OF CPM SOFTWARE "1 TO 4 PIECE DOMESTIC USA PRICE.

5W Floppy Disk Drives

(Direct IBM® Plug-in)

TANDON Model TM 100-1 $199* ea. TANDON Model TM 100-2 .. $269* ea. 12" Green Phospher Zenith Monitor $109" ea.

Also available - TM 602S. 603S. and 603E Winchester Drives.

For info or orders

Call —316-683-9225 or 316-685-9445 MC / VISA or C.O.D. with certified check or money order. Kansas residents add

3% sales tax.

Plus shipping

G-H Computer Systems, Inc.

923 Longfellow Street Wichita. KS 67207

EDGE-86

AN INDUSTRIAL QUALITY 8086 OEM SYSTEM

• HARDWARE

— A Multibus' COMPATIBLE 8086 CPU BOARD WITH DMA FLOPPY CONTROLLER. INTERRUPT CONTROLLER. PROGRAMMABLE TIMERS, 3 SERIAL PORTS, TWO PARALLEL I/O PORTS, AND 8K BYTES OF PROM WITH BOOT STRAP LOADER FOR CPM/86™.

— 128K BYTES DYNAMIC RAM BOARD.

-4SLOT MULTIBUS CARD CAGE. WITH COMPLETE DOCUMENTATION AND SCHEMATICS; ALL FOR $1250.

• SOFTWARE

— CPM/B6 0.S. WITH COMPLETE UTILITIES. . .$250.

—OFF THE SHELF DELIVERY—

3DGE MICRO SYSTEMS

195 W. EL CAMINO REAL, SUNNYVALE, CA 94086 TELEPHONE: 40873B-4729

' Multibus TM ol Into). TUCPMI36 TM ol Digital Research.

\ferbatim*

Floppy Discs SAVE 40% cZXZSZ.

5\1 n Specify soft. Price/10 /* 10 or 16 sector

MD525 1 side/dbldens $27.30

MO550 2 sldes/dbl dens 40.30

MD577 1 side/77 trock 37.10

MD557 2 sides/77 treck 47.50

811 Critically Certified Soft sector

FD34-9000 1 side/sgl dons 33.80

FD34 8000 1 side/dbldens 39.00

FD34-4001 2 side/dbl dens 46.20

CHECKS - VISA - MC - C.O.D. 1313) 777-7780 ADD $2 SHIPPING

LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS 27204 Harper Ave. St. Clair Shores, Ml 48081

Circle 172 on Inquiry card.

Circle 147 on inquiry card.

Circle 225 on inquiry card.

ATARIo ^—15\

800 (16K) S649.00

400 16K 279.00

400 YOURS to 32K or 48K CALL

410 RECORDER 79.00

810 DISK DRIVE 449.00

850 INTERFACE 165.00

830 MODEM 149.00

825 PRINTER 575.00

481 ENTERTAINER KIT 79.00

484 COMMUNICATOR KIT 309.00

PRINTERS - Atari. Epson, Smith Corona CALL

Prices subject to change without notice. Shipping extra. No tax out of state. Ca. residents add appropriate taxes.

WE ARE AN AUTHORIZED ATARI SALES AND SERVICE CENTER

I COMPUTERTIME, INC.

P.O. Box 216 Kentfleld. CA 94914 CALL TOLL-FREE 800-227-2520 in California 800-772-4064

For product and price list: send 62.00 for shipping.

Circle 97 on inquiry card.

ANALOG** DIGITAL DIGITAL** ANALOG

CONVERSION MODULES

SOFTWARE CAIN CONTROL

omplifiei - custom board test S-100 — 9 io IS khz conversion time mixoble high and low inputs - gain

from 1 to 1024 IP t „i si <mp\e. one! hold amplifier 8 rhnnm'i differential 16-channel analog ro digital hiqh rirr'iiror-u programmable gain instrumentation amplifier rustom board tesi S 101) 2 to 15 Mk conversion time mi» il ile hinh rind Imu inputs - gom From 1 to \Q[M 12-bit sample and hold amplifier 8-channel differential - lr> <-h. innei analog to digital high accuracy programmable f)mn in^trumi-ntniinn amotificif - rusiom bonrd it-,l - S-100 - P In IS Wv

For additional details about the AD-ioo-aand other fine California Data corporation 100% individually tested, high reliability products, circle the reader service card number below or for faster response write or call us.

CALIFORNIA DATA CORPORATION

3475 Old Conejo Road. Suite C-10 Newbury Park. CA 91320

(805) 498-3651

NOT 5 MEGABYTES BUT 10 !!! S-100 $1995 APPLE TRS-80

Circle 28 on inquiry card.

*ADDS*

VIEWPOINT TERMINALS $495

In addition EPl carries printers DEC & DG compatible terminals and modems, hems in stock are shipped within 24 hours. ALL orders shipped COD. All items are new and in factory cartons with manufacturers warranties.

ECONOMY PERIPHERALS INC.

(404) 952-0213

Heath

Users

Double Your 5%" disk storage capacity without adding a drive.

Get twice as much from your H88 or H89 microcomputer. Our FDC-880H floppy disk controller, in conjunction with your 5V," drives, for example, expands memory capacity from 256 bytes to 512 bytes per sector.

And it handles single and doublesided, single and double-density. 8" and 5'/," drives — simultaneously

Call 714/275-1272 today or write for details.

C.D.R. Systems Inc.

Controlled Data Recording Systems. Inc. 7210 Clairmont & Mesa Blvd. San Diego, CA 92111

Circle 63 on Inquiry card.

SGOLD DISKS CP/M® Compatible Z-80 Software

Z-80 DISASSEMBLER An easy to uee program to create aource (.ASM) fllea from executable (.COM) fllea ppD

EZ-TEXT WORDPROCESSOR EZ-TEXT will format* your text file the way you want It

5-8" SD/DD PPDl

Bower-Stewart Sl Associates

POST OFFICE BOX 1389 HAWTHORNE. CALIFORNIA 90250

213-532-1237

Trademark Digital Research

MBLER

PPD

ESSOR

75

Circle 61 on inquiry card.

Circle 145 on inquiry card.

Circle 52 on inquiry card.

WE WILL NOT BE UNDERSOLD

SOFTWARE

APPLE SOFTWARE

MICROPRO

Wordstar

$239.00

Mailmerge

89.00

Customization Notes

$359.00

Spellstar

$239.00

Datastar

$199.00

Calcstar

$199.00

MICROSOFT

Basic Interpreter

$349.00

Basic Compiler

$389.00

Fortran 80

$499.00

Cobol 80

$695.00

DATA BASE

FMS80

$595.00

dBase II

$599.00

NEW! DM PC SOFTWARE NEW!

INFORMATION UNLIMITED

Easy Writer

$289.00

Easy Speller

$149.00

Easy Filer

$319.00

VISICORP

Visicalc 256K

$199.00

VisiDex

$199.00

VisiFile

$229.00

VisiTrend/VisiPlot

$229.00

MICROPRO

Wordstar

$239.00

MISCELLANEOUS

Supercalc by Sorcim

$229.00

Superwriter by Sorcim

$289.00

Home Accountant Plus

$139.00

ENTERTAINMENT

Deadline

$39.00

Temple of Apshai

$29.00

Curse of Ra

$15.99

Call For More IBM Software And Accessories

DISK DRIVES

CCI 100 for theTRS-80 Model 1

51/* 40 track

$299.00

-CCI 189 for the Zenith Z-89

5'/< 40 track

$379.00

CORVUS 5M with Mirror

$3089.00

CORVUS 10M with Mirror

$4489.00

CORVUS 20M with Mirror

$5389.00

CORVUS Interfaces

CALL

RANA SYSTEMS add-on Disc Drive for the Apple II

Elite One 40 Track

CALL

Elite Controller

CALL

Elite Two 80 Track

CALL

Elite Three 80 Track double-sided

CALL

DISKETTES

Maxell 5'/< single side

$39.00

Maxell 8 single side

$49.00

Maxell 5v., double side

$45.00

Maxell 8 double side

$55.00

BASF 5'/4

$26.95

BASF 8

$36.00

Verbatim 5Va

$26.95

Verbatim 8

$36.00

Wabash 5V«

$24.95

Wabash 8

$29.95

IBM PC ACCESSORIES

64K Card by Microsoft

$435.00

Joystick by T & G

$49.00

128K Card

$579.00

192K Card

$629.00

256K Card

$699.00

Combo Card by Apparat

$249.00

Call for more IBM PC add-ons

For fast delivery, send certified checks, money orders, or call to arrange direct bank wire transfers. Personal or company checks require one to three weeks to clear. All prices are mail order only and are subject to change without notice. Call for shipping charges.

MICROPRO

Wordstar

MailMerge

Spellstar

DataStar

Calcstar

Supersort I

VISICORP

VisiCalc

VisiTerm

VisiDex

VisiPlot

VisiFile

VisiSchedule

VisiTrend/Plot

VisiPac

MISCELLANEOUS Micro Courier Screen Director Executive Briefing System Supercalc

Personal Filing System

PFS Report Writer

Word Handler

CP/M Power

ENTERTAINMENT

Wizard and Princess

Twerps

Beer Run

Zork I, II

Deadline

Chop Lifter

Pinball

Cannonball Blitz Knights of Diamonds Midnight Magic Wizardry Time Zone

Tuesday Morning Quarterback

Crush, Crumble & Chomp

Datestones of Ryn

Morloc's Tower

Star Warrior

Snack Attack

Star Blazer

Kabul Spy

Cyclod

$199.00 $89.00 $149.00

$199.00 $189.00 $159.00

$199.00 $79.00 $199.00 $169.00 $199.00 $259.00 $239.00 $539.00

$219.00 $129.00 $169.C0 $199.00 $115.00

$75.00 $169.00

$59.00

$29.00 $28.00 $28.00 $26.95 $39 $24.95 $24.95 $29.95 $29.95 $32.00 $45.00 $79.00 $24.95 $24.95 $15.99 $15.99 $31.99 $23.95 $24.95 $29.95 $23.95

APPLE ACCESORIES

ADVANCED LOGIC

Add-Ram 16K Card

Z-Card CP/M for the Apple II

Smarterm 80 Column Board w/Softswitch

The Synergizer

All of the above plus "The CP/M Handbook" Z-80 Card by Microsoft 16K Card by Microsoft 32K Card by Saturn Keyboard Enhancer II by Videx Videoterm by Videx Game Paddles by TG Joystick by TG

Numeric Keypad by Keyboard Co. ALF 9 Voice Board ALF 3 Voice Board System Saver by Kensington Versacard by Prometheus 8088 Card by Coprocessor Microbuffer II 16K w/graphics Microbuffer II 32K w/graphics APPLE INTERFACE CARDS BY CCS Serial Asynch. #7710 Serial Synch.#7712 Call for other CCS cards

RAM

16K Ram Kit for Apple II; TRS80 200 nano seconds, 4116 chips

$99.00 $225.00 $249.00

$545.00 $319.00 $159.00 $199.00 $125.00 $259.00 $49.00 $49.00 $139.00 $159.00 $229.00 $75.00 $229.00 $789.00 $259.00 $299.00

$139.00 $149.00

$17.50

The CPU Shop

TO ORDER CALL TOLL FREE 1 -800-343-6522 *

420-438 Rutherford Ave., Dept. BY10 , Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129

COMPUTERS

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEM

Mainframe 2200a

$485.00

Z-80 CPU 2810a

$265.00

64K RAM 2065

$569.00

Floppy Controller 2422a

$359.00

ZENITH

Z-89 48K

CALL

Z-90 64K

CALL

Call For Prices On The Complete Zenith Line

CASIO FX702P Pocket Computer

$179.00

Sanyo MBC 1000 64K

CALL

Call For Prices On Complete Sanyo Computer Line

PRINTERS

NEC 7710 Serial

$2395.00

NEC 7720 KSR

$2749.00

NEC 7730 Parallel

$2395.00

NEC 3510 Serial

$1850.00

NEC 3530 Parallel

$1850.00

NEC 8023 Dot Matrix 100cps

$539.00

Olivetti DY211 Letter Quality

Daisy Wheel Printer

$1095.00

Parallel Only

$995.00

Epson MX-80

CALL

Epson MX-80FT

CALL

Epson MX-100

CALL

IDS 560

CALL

IDS Prism 80

CALL

IDS Prism 132

CALL

Okidata Microline 80

CALL

Okidata Microline 82A

CALL

Okidata Microline 83A

CALL

Okidata Microline 84

CALL

Centronics 739

$675.00

Datasouth 180 cps

CALL

Zenith Z-25 150 cps

CALL

MONITORS

Amdek12"B&W

$109.00

Amdek 13" Color

$329.00

Sayno 9" B&W

$135.00

Sanyo 9" Green

$140.00

Sayno 12" B&W

$179.00

Sayno 12" Green

$189.00

Sanyo 13" Color

$359.00

Zenith 12" Green

$95.00

Zenith 13" Color

$339.00

Electrohome 13" HI-RES

Color Monitor

$829.00

Electrohome 13" Color

$349.00

Electrohome 12" B&W

$179.00

Electrohome 12" Green

$189.00

Electrohome 9" B&W

$149.00

Electrohome 9" Green

$159.00

SPECIAL OF THE MON1

'H

RANA SYSTEMS

add-on disk drive for Apple II

Elite One 40 track

CALL

TERMINALS

ADDS Viewpoint'

$495.00

Zenith Z-19

$679.00

Televideo 910

$595.00

Televideo 925

$779.00

Televideo 950

$969.00

TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Prentice Star Modem

$129.00

Novation Cat Modem

$139.00

Novation D-CAT

$149.00

Novation AUTO-CAT

$199.00

Novation APPLE CAT

$299.00

Hayes Smart Modem

$249.00

Hayes Micro-Modem

$295.00

Hayes Chronograph

$225.00

Hours 9 AM -9 PM (EST) Mon.-Fri. (Sat. till 6) Technical information call 617/242-3361 Circle 109 on inquiry card.

TWX- 710-348-1796

Massachusetts Residents call 617/242-3361 Massachusetts Residents add 5% Sales Tax

BYTE October 1982 4 87

ELIZA IS HERE!

GRAPHIC SOFTWARE ON CP/M FOR ENGINEERING S BUSINESS SYSTEMS

ON PLOTTERS, CRT'S. DOT MATRIX. FIND H.P. PRINTERS

PLOTWARE-Z

THY IT OUT RNO BUY FROM YOUR DERLER. OR CALL THE ENERCOMP COMPANY

1303)988 - 1648

PLOTHRRE-Z GIVES YOU MAXIMUM RESOLUTION GRRPMICS. NOT R "BLOCKT * HEMORY HRPPEO OflRHING WITH BOXES « IHTEflfiCTIYE. MENU OHIVEH. -OQT KflTHIX:EPSON,IDS.ETC. • OR ASCII DISK FILES, OA. .PLOT TEH:HI PLOT. OTHERS■COMPILER I.REL FILES) »CHTS:TEKTRON IX. SCION,ETC.

•EASY USEA INTERFACE .H.P. PM I N TEIIS: Glimi. llUilil.:!

.SOFTWARE UPHflflOS COMPH T ] BLE ICBLCOHP. D1SSPLH, PL0T10 I .HRAOHARF UPHAflDS COMPATIBLE IPDPll. PERM IH ELHEH, IBM I DAAFTIHC 0UAL1TT CHAHACTEA SET I5H0HN HERE) OA COMPLEX. SCRIPT. ITALL1CS. GOTHIC. ARABIC. OA 'KAME - YOUH-OWN' 11

J399 COMPLETE. S3S I MANUAL ONLY). VISA. M.C.

IH13 AO DHRHN TOTALLY BY PLPTWARF-? OH H1 PLOT Q((P_-.,4..

AT LAST! A FULL IMPLEMENTATION ol Ihe original ELIZA program is now available (o run on your microcomputer!

Created al MIT in 1966. ELIZA has become the world's most celebrated artificial intelligence demonslralion program. ELIZA is a non-directive psychotherapist who analyzes each statement as you type it in and then responds with her own comment or question — and her remarks are often startlingly appropriate)

Designed lo run on a large mainframe. ELIZA has hitherto been unavailable lo personal computer users except in greatly stripped down versions lacking Ihe sophistication which made Ihe original program so fascinating.

Now. our new microcomputer version possessing the FULL power and range of expression of Ihe original is being offered at the introductory price of only $25. And if you want to find out how she does it (or teach her to do more) we will include Ihe complete Source Program for only S20 additional.

Order your copy of ELIZA today and you'll never again wonder how lo respond when you hear someone say "Okay, let's see what this computer of yours can actually do!"

ELIZA IS AVAILABLE IN THE FOLLOWING DISK FORMATS:

l Slandard B inch single density lor all CP/M based computers $25 for ELIZA COM - add $20 lor Microsoll BASIC-80 Source

2. 5'/. incn CP'M lor Applo II equipped with Z-flO SoflCard

S25 lor ELIZA COM - and «0 for Microsoll BASIC-ao Source

3. 5'/. inch for 4BK Apple II with Applesoli ROM and DOS 3.3 $25 for Prolecled File - add 120 lor Applesotl Source

4 5", inch for 64K. IBM Peisonal Computer

$25 lor Proiected Frle - add $20 ior IBM Oisk BASIC Source

5H incn for Osoi $25 lor Prolectei

IS $20 lor Microsoll BASIC-a

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE RESEARCH GROUP

921 NORTH LA JOLLA AVENUE HHB LOS ANGELES. CALIFORNIA 90046 | VISA' I (213) 656-7368 (213) 654-2214 MC. VISA and CHECKS ACCEPTED

MEMOREX

FLEXIBLE DISCS

WE WILL NOT BE UNDERSOLD!! Call Free (800)235-4137

for prices and information. Dealer inquiries invited and C.O.D.'s accepted.

PACIFIC EXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd. San Luis Obispo. CA 93401. InCal. call (800)592-5935 or (805)543-1037

Circle 157 on Inquiry card.

Circle 26 on inquiry card.

Circle 293 on Inquiry card.

CHIPS

'&DALE E2

THE INFLATION FIGHTERS! ♦ ♦♦SPECIAL** *

4116 250ns 4116 200ns 41 16 150ns 4116 120ns 21 I4L 300i 21 14L 200i •4164 200ns •4164 150ns •61 16 150ns •6116 200ns

6789.50 100+ $1.05 ea. 8/S11.00 100+ Sl.iaea. 8/S14.50 100+ $1.50 ea. 8/816.50 100+ $ 1.80 ea.

8/S 12.00

8/$ 13.00 $6.45 100+ S5.95 ea. S7.50 ea. 100+ CALL $6.35 100+ CALL $5.00 100+ CALL

•179) Disk Controller $16.50 •Z80A CPU $3.00 ea. 8251 A $4.00 ea.

2716-1 (5V)350ns 8/S5.50 ea.$6.25 ea. 2716 (5V)450ns 8/S3.35 ea. S4.00 ea. •2732 (5V)450ns 8/S5.95 ea.S6.95 ea. 2532 (5V)450ns 8/S5.95 ea. S6.95 ea. 27645V 300ns 28 pin $ 18.00 ea.

Allow up lo 3 wks. For personal checks lo clear. Pleast! include phone number. Prices subjecl lo change without notice. Shipping & Handling for Chips $3.50, FOB Bellevue. WA. lor all else. Wash, residents add 6.5% Sales Tan.

CHIPS & DALE

10655 N.E. 4th St.. Suite 400

Bellevue, WA 98004

1-206-451-9770

Master Charge Visa accepted

Circle 67 on inquiry card.

BASF

FlexyDbks

5V4"

Specify soft, 10 or 16 sector

Price/10 Price/100

1 side/double density

2 sided/double density

S20.00 34.50

S185.00 325.00

8

tf Specify soft

or 32 sector Price/10 Price/100 1 side/single density S21.00 S195.00

1 side/double density 29.50 275.00

2 sided/double density 34.50 325.00 Certilied Check - Money Order - Personal Check Allow up to 2 weeks for personal checks to clear. Add Si 50 lo Bach order lor UPS shipping charges.

NJ Residents add 5% NJ Sales Tax

£XtI-t-L4NG£, INC. 280 Dukes Parkway, P.O. Box 85 Somervllle, N.J. 08876 • (201) 725-6680

Dealer Inquiries Invited

Circle 119 on inquiry card.

CONTROL DATA

DISKETTES

5 1/4" SPECIFY SOFT. 10 or 16 SECTORS

PRICE/10 PRICE '50 PRICE 100 SSSD S23 00 S112.00 S215.0O

SSDD 2600 12600 235.00

DSDD 32.00 156.00 295 00

8" SPECIFY SOFT or 32 SECTORS

SSSD . SSDD DSDD .

PRICE'lO PRICE'50 PRICE'IOO

$25.00 St22 00 S223 00

30.00 145.00 263 00

34.BO 165.00 30300

CALL TOLL FREE - ORDERS ONLY 800-824-7888 all states except ca 800-852-7777 for ca residents ask FOR OPERATOR #906

CHECKS MO VISA. M C ADD S2 OO SHIPPING CA RESIDENTS ADO 6% SALES TAX

fteativitu

Un.Lim.Lted

P.O. Box 3304. Saratoga. CA 95070-1304

Circle 112 on Inquiry card.

NEW! M-t SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER

......

m

i. Li com i

FKATURjUi

It He Motorola 61000 CPU optralini * IUM Hi, IDK b)1t» or on board fait ila Ik RAM, 16k h; in of on baud EPROM ipact, 7 loth ol pru.r irlr.l aulavtcioitd inter rupli, 1 mtmorj *tpant ion bum (up (u IS6K). 1 atrial communicator! porta (RS-M2C), l*-bli bidfrtcllonal parallel pari. otiOO ptrlpfciril accomodation but. 5> It-bit counlfr/ timm with »rclorcd Inttrrupli, on board ml nine clack, «ifl««ri compatible with Moiorola MEXttKDM board.

nuo&

Birr bond *llh documeniariun

MEXtlKDM corepillblt monitor In : 'n EPROM a

MtlOOO CPU * rmmu.r map PROM

Shippini and handllnf (Domnlicl

SW.9S 1110.00 MKT-. 1300

11* OO

EMS:

714-553-0133

MEGA

S COMPATIBLE MEMORY BOARD

FEATURES:

On Board Memo?) hxpuminn from 64K lo IM B)le Memory Hrilt Protect ( ummind

Pruj>ram Controlled Banking < apabrlit) in I2KK or 512K I

Mentor) Error Detection

Flexible- Memory Boundarj Selection

On Board Two MOOS Supported Asynchronous HS-232-C

Prkf Starts at 5495.00

= TT = E Uutimnr*"'"

= 7 SSST = hMrultonl

P.O. BOX 16115, IRVINE, CA 92713 (714) 553-0133 (714) 727-0202

NEW! $-100 BUS COMPATIBLE

SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER WITH VIDEO OUTPUT

Thiaeard ran tunc Mi-. Ji ttttodttMl vngi.- hoard iiimpjWr i* ,t $ lUlinlotaarnl win. mltilacr card

FEATURES:

4 MHZ ZWA^p iolWulfcPHOM.upi.i4KSir.il.. HAM.t*..n W! mi>..iBit

Bar* board with documantalon

Moreiui Lrid video larnnrol tollwair Im EPROMl - HbOtl

Souih iMlmss l«Lh Motuloi Durcnwl SIS 00

Hord 10 find Putt Kx itrvtMl and tuu bnh PROM'il SIS 00

EK€SsEr;;'"

714-553-0133

le 148 on inquiry card. Circle 149 on Inquiry card.

Circle 150 on inquiry card.

SPECIALS on INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

6502 7.45 10/6.95 50/6.55 100/6.15

6502A/6512A 8.40 10/7.95 50/7.35 100/6.90

6520 PIA 5.15 10/4.90 50/4.45 100/4.15

6522 VIA 6.45 10/6 10 50/5.75 100/5.45

6532 7 90 10/7.40 50/7.00 100/6 60

2114-L200 2 45 25/2.30 100/2 15

2114-L300 2 25 25/2 10 100/2 00

2716EPR0M 4 90 5/4.50 10/4 00

2532 EPR0M 8.90 5/8.45 10/7 90

6116 Hitachi 2KX8 CMOS RAM 8.90 5/8.45 10/7 90

41 16-200 ns RAM 8 for 15 Zero Insertion Force 24 pin Socket 2.00 S-100 Wire Wrap Socket 2.40

A P Products 15% OFF A P Hobbv-Blox 15% OFF

Anchor Automation Signalman Modems

All Signalman Modems are Direct Connect, and include cables to connect to your computer and to the telephone. Signalman Modems provide the best price-perlormance values, and start at less than S100 Dealer and OEM Inquiries invited.

Mark I RS232 Mark II lor Atari 850 Mark III lor TI99/4A Mark IV lor CBM/PET with soltware Mark V for Osborne (software available) Mark VI for IBM Personal Computer Mark VII Auto Dial/Auto Answer Mark VIII Bell 212 Auto Dial/Answer

DC HAYES Smartmodem RSZ32 MODEM - Accoustic RS232 MODEM - CCITT frequencies

229 119 175

We carry Apple 11+ from Bell & Howell

16K RAM Card V^S**"" lor Apple

Apple LOGO

Video Recorder Interlace Super Serial Card Thunderclock Plus 280 Softcard and CP/M Parallel Printer Interlace/Cable Integer BASIC Card Grappler Interlace Apple Paddle Pair T G Products Joystick lor Apple T G Paddles

DC Hayes Micromodem II

Videx 80 Column Card

!ullFORTH+ for Apple (fig-Forth)

Silentype Printer and Card

Graphics Tablet and Card

Apple PASCAL Language

Apple FORTRAN

We stock EDUWARE Software

GENIS I Courseware Development System

Unicom Grade Reporting

Unicom School Inventory (resource mgmt)

Executive Briefing System with fonts

Apfk Buwpk} (Microtek) Printer Interface

Apple Dumpling with I6K Butter

65

150 545 149 119 295 85 150 139 29 48 32 299 259 69 310 645 195 160

185 250 250 225 115 160

252 Bethlehem Pike Colmar. PA 18915

■I

0 commodore

We stock the complete line. See us for Personal, Business, and Educational requirements. Educational Discounts Available

PETSCAN I $345 base price.

Allows you to connect up to 35 CBM/PET Computers to shared disk drives and printers Completely transparent to the user Perfect for schools or multiple word processing configurations Base configuration supports 3 computers.

VIC 20

229

VIC Sargon II Chess

32

VIC 1515 Printer

335

VIC GORF

32

VIC 3K RAM

32

Meteor Run (UMI)

39

VIC 8K RAM

53

VIC Radar Ratrace

24

VIC 16K RAM

99

Amok (UMI)

20

VIC Disk Drive

465

Snakman

15

VIC Pinball

32

Rubik's Cube

13

VIC Omega Race

32

Programmers Reference

15

Spiders of Mars (UMI)

39

Renaissance (UMI)

39

VIC Draw Poker

24

VIC Superslot

23

VICTORY Software for VIC

Street Sweepers

12

Maze in 3-D

12

Night Rider

11

Cosmic Debris

12

Treasurers of Bat Cave

17

Grave Robbers Adventure 11

Games Pack I

12

Games Pack II

12

TNW 488/103 with DAA 450

Compute's First Book ol PET/CBM 11

WordPro 3+ - 32K CBM. disk, printer 195

WordPro 4+ - 8032. disk, printer 300

SPELLMASTER spelling checker for WordPro 170

VISICALC for PET. ATARI, or Apple 190

SM-KIT enhanced PET/CBM ROM Utilities 40

Programmers Toolkit - PET ROM Utilities 35

PET Spacemaker II ROM Switch 36

2 Meter PET to IEEE or IEEE to IEEE Cable 40

Dust Cover for PET or CBM 8

IEEE-Parallel Printer Interface lor PET 110

IEEE-RS232 Printer Interface for PET 120

The PET Revealed 17

Library of PET Subroutines 12

SADI Intelligent IEEE-RS232 or parallel 235

Programming the PET/CBM (Compute!) - fl. West 20

Compute! First Book of VIC 11

Whole PET Catalog (Midnight Gazette) 8

4 Part Harmony Music System lor PET 60

Color Chart Video Board for PET 125

PET Fun and Games (Cursor) 11

USI Vldto Mmltort - Grian or AMBER 20 MHz ht-iii

Dealer and OEM inquiries invited.

mex^\eTorPET/C^i $80

Database, Report Writer with calculations, Mailing lists.

FORTH tar PET full FIG model - Carglll/Riley $60

Metacompiler lor FORTH for independent object code 30

86 65

KMMM PASCAL lor PET/CBM

EARL for PET/CBM Disk-based ASSEMBLER

Super Graphics - BASIC Language Extensions 45

Fast machine language graphics routines for PET/CBM.

RAM/ROM for PET/CBM

4K $75 8K S90

DISK

SPECIALS

tO/245 50/2.35 100/2.30 10/2.60 50/2.45 100/2.40

SCOTCH (3M) 5" SCOTCH (3M) 8"

We stock VERBATIM DISKS

Write for Dealer and OEM prices.

BASF 5" or 8" 10/2.00 20/1.95 100/1.85

Wabash 5" 10/1.80 50/1.75 100/1.70

Wabash 8" 10/2.25 50/2.20 100/2.10

We stock MAXELL DISKS

Write for dealer and OEM prices.

Disk Storage Pages 10 for $4 Hub Rings 50 for $6 Disk Library Cases 8" - $3.00 5" - 2.25

CASSETTES—AGFA PE-611 PREMIUM

High output, low noise, 5 screw housings.

C-10 10/.56 50/50 100/48

C-30 10/73 50/.68 100/66

SPECIALS

EPSON MX-80 Printer with Graltrax+ EPSON MX-80 F/T Printer with Graftrax-tEPSON MX-100 Printer with Graftrax+

Zenith ZVM-121 Green Phosphor Monitor 109 Okidata and Prowriter printers available STARWRITER Daisy Wheel Printer F10 1445 We Stock AMDEK Monitors

Watanabe Intelligent Plotter 990 6-Pen 1240

Staticide anti-static spray 6 dBASE II 445

ALL BOOK and SOFTWARE PRICES DISCOUNTED

Synertek SYM-1 Microcomputer SALE 189

KTM-2/80 Synertek Video and Keyboard 349 KTM-3/80 Synertek Tubeless Terminal 385

^ \ Alspa Computer, Inc.

The price-performance leader. Includes Z80A, 1 or 2 full 8" drives (double density, double sided), 3 serial and 1 parallel port, and Winchester port. Prices start at less than $2000. DEALER and OEM inquiries invited.

VfftiTH I data

I systems

Z90-80 64K 1995

Z90-82 64K, 1 double dens, drive 2245

Z37 1.3 Megabyte Dual Drive 1355

Z19 Video Terminal (VT-52 compatible) 695 All Zenith Hardware and Software Discounted.

ZT-1 Intelligent Communications Terminal 550 Z10Q 16-bit/8-bit System CALL

800 Computer

675

Microsoft BASIC

72

400 - 16K

269

MISSILE COMMAND

29

810 Disk Drive

440

ASTEROIDS

29

825 Printer

625

STAR RAIDERS

34

850 Interface

170

Space Invaders

29

Inside Atari DOS

18

Music Composer

35

Joysticks or Paddles

19

Caverns of Mars

33

16KRAM (Microtek)

69

PAC-M4N

36

32KRAM (Microtek)

99

CENTIPEDE

36

Pilot

65

First Book of Atari

11

Super Breakout

29

Anchor Modem - Atari

BS

Circle 4 on Inquiry card.

omputers

Write for prices on other Atari items.

WRITE FOR CATALOG

per order for shipping We pay balance of UPS surface n all prepaid orders Prices listed are on cash discount Regular prices slightly higher Prices subject to change

HY TYPE 1 & 11 • QUME

INTELLIGENT PRINTER INTERFACE

16,000 BYTE BUFFER / STAND ALONE PARALLEL / SERIAL INPUT (BAUD RATES 50 to 19,2001

OPTIONS INCLUDE: GRAPHICS • REVERSE PRINT • BOLD PRINT UNDER SCORE • REPRINT OF BUFFER ADJUSTMENT OF LINES PER INCH CHARACTERS PER INCH SELECTION DOUBLE LINE

CUSTOM OPTIONS ALSO AVAILABLE

A & T FROM $450.00 BARE BOARD $126.00

MASTER CARD & VISA ACCEPTED

WARN ELECTRONICS, LTD.

I PO BOX 526 KHIGHTDALE, NC 27545 19191 266-9411 1

Circle 407 on inquiry card.

TIRED OF CHANGING CABLES AND TURNING KNOBS?

ASCI SWITCH

• Computer Controlled or Manual

• Command Code User Selectable

• Select one of two Peripherals

• Select one of two Computers

• Asynchronous to 19200 Baud

• No External Power Needed

Call or write

ADVANCED SYSTEMS CONCEPTS, INC. P.O.BOX Q, ALTADENA, CA. 91001 (213) 484-5461 or 794-2308

CP/M COMPATIBLE-CP/M EFFICIENT

• 4 MHz Z-80A CPU «Two banks of 64K RAM

• Two RS-232 serial ports • Full Centronics printer port 'True hard disk interface • External DMA I/O • Compatible with 5 inch and 8 inch drives, single/double density • Real time clock* 5 volts only at 1.5 amps • Compact size • Source Listings are included

0<M

VfiW0 r00- INSIGHT ENTERPRISES. CORPORATION

373 N Western Ave . Suite 12. Los Angeles. CA 90004. (213) 461 3262 Dealer, OEM. International Inquiries Welcome

Circle 9 on inquiry card.

Circle 193 on inquiry card.

Get more out of your Apple with the MICRO on the Apple Series

Vols. 1,2, & 3 $24.95 ea.

+ $2.00 shipping each volume Each book includes more than 30 programs —

alt on DISKETTE

Machine Language Aids I/O Enhancements Runtime Utilities Graphics & Games Hardware &. Reference Information

To order toll free:

1-800-345-8112 In PA 1-800-662-2444 MICRO INK, Inc. P.O. Box 6502 Chelmsford, MA 01824

MlCRO*«6EL°

•sow***

GRAPH-PAK

Fortran compatible interactive plotting package based on CALCOMP standards. Output is to MicroAngelo or to pen

plotter $270.00

(CP'M and Microsolt Fortran-80 required.) SPRINT

Hardcopy program lor MicroAngelo Output is to I D S. or EPSON graphics printers. CP/M compalible S125 00

Laboratory Computer Systems, Inc. 139 Main Street. Cambridge. MA 02142 (617) 547-473S

- Ti.idem.-irk ol SCION Corp

> Scotch*

l^^f DISKETTFS

SAVE 40% comPi«.f.°.rii.«r

51/ /f Specify soft, Price/10 /4 10 or 16 sector

#744 1 side/sgl dens $26.70

#744D 1 side/dbl dens 31.20

#745 2 sides/dbl dens 38.40

8i i Specify soft or 32 sector

#740 1 side/sgl dens 27.30

#741 1 slde/dbl dens 35.80

#743 2 sides/dbl dens 43.60

CHECKS - VISA - MC - C.O.D. 13131 777-7780 ADD $2 SHIPPING

LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS 27204 Harper Ave. St. Clair Shores, Ml 48081

Authorized Distributor Information Processing Products

Circle 244 on Inquiry card.

Circle 217 on inquiry card.

Circle 226 on Inquiry card.

Convert your TRS-80 into a

DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM

Z-80 In-Circuit ■■■■■■ M|

emulation and I ■II EPROM/EEPROM ■■■■■'^ programming in

a single compact I ;"' ."" II unit. I I

Debug stand-alone I pt;—I systems with I I I

program in L_H HaJE

TRS-80 RAM, i^iwl then copy working program into PROM.

Only $329 including personality module for2716,2516,2758,2508,2532,2816, 2808, 48016. (2732A,2764PM's$15ea.)

ORION INSTRUMENTS

172 Otis Ave, Woodside, CA 94062 (415) 851-1172

Circle 290 on inquiry card.

FORECASTING

EASl/ARIMA — The first and only microcomputer program to develop and run ARIMA (Box-Jenkins) models...all automatically. Designed for the stock or commodity trader. Create a database or read Compu Trac files directly. Requires no knowledge of statistics. $300.

TWG/ARIMA - The statistician's version of EASl/ARIMA. Complete control and more options, such as seasional models and Box-Cox transformations. $300.

ELF is our general purpose statistical package. $200.

All are for the Apple II* with 48K of memory, Applesoft* and DOS 3.3.

Visa and MasterCard accepted.

Call or write:

7& TViKC&ttuto* tylOttfc

3907 Lakota Road P.O. Box 10114 Alexandria, VA 22310 (703) 960-2587

VORK lO

BASF-DPS

WORLD STANDARD TAPE

MONEY BACK _ GUARANTEE

COMPUTER

PREMIUM V8CREW SHELL FITS ALL STANDARD RECORDERS

GRADE CASSETTES

Beaverton. OR

Cati residents add 6*. sales uu Shipping t doi S2. 2 do* S3 50, 3 <Soi K 50. Each Mdn.onal doi

J.50.

wrn*« uii lot ouANTiTr discounts

ITEM

1 DOZ.

2 DOZ.

C-05

□ 750

□ 13 50

C-10

□ 800

□ 14 40

C-20

[") 10 00

□ 18 00

Hard Box

□ 250

□ 400

Soft Sox

□ 200

□ 3 40

Call: 213/710-1430

Circle 413 on inquiry card.

VORK lOComputerujore

24573 Kittridge St.. B-5 Canoga Park, CA 91307

Circle 439 on inquiry card.

Why use their flexible discs:

BASF, Control Data, Dysan, IBM, Kybe, Maxell, Nashua, Scotch, Syncom, Verbatim or Wabash

when you could be using

MEMOREX

high quality error free discs?

Product Description

Part*

CE quant. 100 price per disc ($)

8" SSSD IBM Compatible (128 B/S, 26 Sectors)

3062

2.09

8" SSSD Shugart Compatible, 32 Hard Sector

3015

2.09

8" SSSD CPT 8000 Compatible, Soft Sector

3045

2.99

8" SSDD IBM Compatible (128 B/S, 26 Sectors)

3090

2.74

8" DSDD Soft Sector (Unformatted)

3102

3.34

8" DSDD Soft Sector (128 B/S, 26 Sectors)

3115

3.34

8" DSDD Soft Sector (256 B/S, 26 Sectors)

3103

3.34

8" DSDD Soft Sector (512 B/S, 15 Sectors)

3114

3.34

8" DSDD Soft Sector (1024 B/S, 8 Sectors)

3104

3.34

51A" SSDD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring

3481

2.34

51/t" SSDD 10 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring

3483

2.34

51A" SSDD 16 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring

3485

2.34

51A" DSDD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring

3491

3.09

51/4" DSDD 10 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring

3493

3.09

51A" DSDD 16 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring

3495

3.09

51A" SSQD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring (96 TPI)

3504

2.99

51/4" DSQD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring (96 TPI)

3501

3.99

SSSD = Single Sided Single Density; SSDD = Single Sided Double Density; DSDD = Double Sided Double Density SSQD = Single Sided Quad Density; DSQD = Double Sided Quad Density; TPI = Tracks per inch

New... Free Disc Offer on Memorex Flexible Discs!

Special Offer #1 - Get 20% free discs!

If you're selling or using other brands of flexible discs, we would like you to try Memorex brand discs. As an incentive to get you to buy Memorex discs, we now have a special offer until October 31, 1982, for anybody selling floppy discs. For every case of 100 Memorex mini-discs you buy from CE for resale, you'll get 20 free Memorex 3481 mini-discs, directly from us. There is no limit to the number of discs you can purchase on this special offer. This deal effectively gives you new lower pricing on Memorex mini-discs. For example, purchase 100 Memorex 3481 discs for resale from CE. The cost is $234.00. You'll also get 20 Memorex 3481's free {a $46.80 value). $234.00 divided by 120 discs equals $1.95 per disc! Minimum order on this offer is 100 discs, but the more you order, the more you save. To qualify for this resale bonus, simply tell us you're going to resell these discs when you order. Special Offer # 2 - Get 10% more free discs! If you're a Memorex mini-disc user, you get 10% free discs. Every carton of 10 Memorex 5V4 inch mini-discs sold by CE has a coupon good for a free Memorex mini-disc. For every case of 100 Memorex mini-discs you buy from CE, you'll get 10 free mini-discs directly from Memorex. There is no limit to the number of discs you can purchase on this special offer. Offer # 2 ends on December 31, 1982. This offer can reduce your cost even more. From the previous example, when you buy 100 Memorex 3481's from CE, with the 20% resale bonus, your cost was only $1.95 each. With the 10% user bonus, your cost for 100 Memorex 3481's would be $195.00 divided by 110 discs which equals $1.77 per disc. That's almost a $57.00 savings per hundred discs from our every day low price. As before, the more you order, the more you save. All Memorex discs sold by Communications Electronics are of the highest quality, certified 100% error free and backed by a full one year factory warranty.

Quantity Discounts Available

Memorex Flexible Discs are packed 10 discs to a carton and 10 cartons to a case. Please order only in increments of 100 units for quantity 10^ oricing. We are also willing to accommodate your smaller o.ders. Quantities less than 100 units are available in increments of 10 units at a 10% surcharge. Quantity discounts are also available. Order 500 or more discs at the same time and deduct 1%; 1,000 or more saves you 2%; 2,000 or more saves you 3%; 5,000 or more saves you 4%; 10,000 or more saves you 5%; 25,000 or more saves you 6%; 50,000 or more saves you 7% and 100,000 or more discs earns you an 8% discount off our super low quantity 100 price. Almost all Memorex Flexible Discs are immediately available from CE. Our warehouse facilities are equipped to help us get you the quality product you need, when you need it. If you need further assistance to find the flexible disc that's right for you, call the Memorex compatibility hotline. Dial toll-free 800-538-8080 andaskforthe flexible disc hotline extension 0997. In California dial 800-672-3525 extension 0997. Outside the U.S.A. dial 408-987-0997.

Buy with Confidence

To get the fastest delivery from CE of your Memorex Flexible Discs, send or phone your order directly to our Computer Products Division. Be sure to calculate your price using the CE prices in this ad. Michigan residents please add 4% sales tax. Written purchase orders are accepted from approved government agencies and most well rated firms at a 30% surcharge for net 30 billing. All sales are subject to availability, acceptance and verification. All sales are final. Prices, terms and specifications are subject to change without notice. Out of stock items will be placed on backorder automatically unless CE is instructed differently. Minimum prepaid order S50.00. Minimum purchase order $200.00. International orders are invited with a $20.00 surcharge for special handling in addition to shipping charges. All shipments are F.O.B. Ann Arbor, Michigan. No COD's please. Non-certified and foreign checks require bank clearance.

Mail orders to: Communications Electronics, Box 1002, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 U.S.A. Add S8.00 per case or partial-case of 100 8-inch discs or S6.00 per case or partial case of 100 5'/*-inch mini-discs for U.P.S. ground shipping and handling in the continental U.S.A. If you have a MasterCard or Visa card, you may call anytime and place a credit card order. Order toll-free in the U.S. Dial 800-521-4414. If yoj are outside the U.S. or in Michigan, dial 313-994-4444. Order your high quality, error free Memorex discs today.

Copyriflhl '1BB2 Communications Electionio" AO «072182

Free disc offer Save 20%/10%

4^v> m visa

MasterCard

Order Toll-Free! (800) 521-4414

In Michigan (313) 994-4444

For Data Reliability—Memorex Flexible Discs

[COMMUNICATIONS I ELECTRONICS "

Computer Products Division

854 Phoenix □ Box 1002 □ Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 U.S.A.

Call TOLL-FREE (800) 521 -4414 or outside U.S.A. (313) 994-4444

Circle 78 on inquiry card.

BYTE Oclober 1982

491

1

ANNOUNCING THE FOX & GELLER

dBASE II PROGRAM GENERATOR! QUICKCODE™

Now, without any programming, you can create these in seconds:

• MAILING LABELS

• WORDSTAR FORM LETTERS

• DATA ENTRY/RETRIEVAL PGMS.

• dBASE FILES

$295

INTRODUCING dUTIL™ The dBASEII utility program. Automatically improves and comments your programs. Many other features.

$99

Fox & Geller Teaneck, NJ 07666

P.O. Box 1053 (201) 837-0142

dBASE-ll TM Ashton-Tate Wordstar TM Micropro Inl'l

r% /"*» n Hi Resolution Color

nVjlD RGB Displays

' High Contrail Black-Strip* Tub* UMn Slibli Connrgtnea

1S.7 Khi, 50-60 Hi Sync.

HI

19"

$35900

2*625 lint!. 32 lbs

$38900

IBM Cable ; $49°°

Bezels 13" ■ $17" 'SK 19" - $24M Note: Enclosed Models Now Available

-APPLE16KRAM DISK DRIVE

$59.95 $289.00

Fully Tested & Guaranteed

Just Plug 'N Run

Circle 168 on inquiry card.

Deaiin' Eiectronics

J3S Lum,i VarrJa Pair) Alio, CA. 94301

Circle 130 on Inquiry card.

Dealers or OEMs:-Call lor mulllplo unll pricing.

ANNOUNCING. . .

An affordable, commercial-quality Signature Analyzer.

Signature analysis is an exacting microprocessor troubleshooting tool. The fiTWOO provides industry-compatible signatures at a third of the price.

The N.W.S. Inc. /tTlOOO will perform Signature Analysis on most microprocessor-based systems and projects. Stable signatures at up to 8 MHz, more than sufficient for all 8 and most 16 bit microprocessors.

Also available, Implementing Signature Analysis, a

technical manual providing all the details

necessary to implement Signature Analysis on

any microprocessor-based design.

Manual provided with each /tTlOOO, or available

separately.

UTIOOO $279.00

Implementing S.A $10.00

N.W.S. Inc.

P.O. Box 62 Westminster, MD 21557 (301) 875-4054 (301) 848-4828

Dealer inquiries inviled.

Circle 268 on inquiry card.

% Dysan

^CORPORATION

Solve your cttac problem*, buy 100% surface toned Dyaan dakctrea. All order* trapped from arock. within 24 hour*. Call roll PREE (800) 235-4137 for prion and irrformatton. Visa and Maatcr Card accepted

PACIFIC EXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd. San Luis Obispo. CA 93401 (In Cal. call (805) 543-1037.)

DISK DRIVES

SANYO EXTERNAL $320 IBM INTERNAL

*270 TRS 80 DRIVES Bare $205

Complete $250

ORDERS ONLY: 1-800-327-6590

Voice: 305-877-2830 DATA: 305-877-2829 638 S. Dillard St. all West Orange Shppg. Cntr. JpBByStemS Winter Garden,

lSo«—^ FL 32787 091 5

MEMOREX

Flexible Discs

LOWEST PRICES

IN THE UNITED STATES

Call collect for our prices.

(213) 896-2568

Dealer inquiries invited. —-JaJ CO.D.'s accepted 2C

THE FLOPPY DISKOUNTER

P.O. Box 848 Arleta, CA 91331

Circle 293 on inquiry card.

Circle 163 on inquiry card.

■>,

ir.

w

i t

i

CLEARANCE SPECIAL

PERTEC TAPE DRIVES

T6860-9-2S

New S1595

Used $795

T6B48-9-25

New S1495

Used S695

WANGCO TAPE DRIVES MODEL 812

New $995

Used S495

(714) 97*4773

SOUTH COAST COMPUTER SYSTEMS. INC.

1415 E. McFadden Santa Ana. CA 92705

H

m

1

1

I I

ft

m

a.

Sprint 68 Microcomputer

CONTROL COMPUTER DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM

6800 MPU. serial I/O. 48K RAM. drives. WIZRD multitasking DOS, assembler, 16K BASIC, all (or S3949.

OPTIONS

C PL/W. PASCAL, FORTRAN, EROM pro grammer, analog I/O. parallel GPIB interlace. CMOS RAM/bafI fall detect/power on resel

Wti tVI117 If 181)1 s'"M,r I I km I III |k Lafoyotto, IN 47904 31 7 74? 8428

RAM

For ATARI

48K RAM BOARD FOR THE 400

with Lifetime Warranty

• Highest quality available

• Reduces power consumption

• Reduces heat

48K Board wo, $240

32K Board woo/sooi $100

FREE SHIPPING ANYWHERE IN U.S.A.

Intec

Peripherals Corp

906 E. Highland Ave. San Bernardino, CA 92404 (714) 881-1533

ATARI, 400. 800 »■ Tridimirki ol ATARI. Inc.

Circle 414 on Inquiry card.

Circle 196 on Inquiry card.

Do KqU Computer

Products,

VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE IflC AND RECEIVE A 5% DISCOUNT'

3250 KELLER STREET, #9 • SANTA CLARA, CA 95050

EPROMS

1702

(Ins

3.00

2708

(45ns

2.99

2716

(5v 450ns

3.95

2716-1

(5v 350ns

8.50

2532

(5v 450ns

8.95

£ / dfi

(Gv 450ns

O QC

o, y d

2764

(5v 450ns

Call

STATIC RAMS

DYNAMIC RAMS

4027 (250ns) 2.00

4116 (200ns) 1.37

4116 (150ns) 1.75

4164 (200ns) Call

2101

21L02

2111

2114

2114L-3

2114L-2

TMM2016

TMM2016

HM6116

HM6116

HM6116

(450ns (250ns LP (450ns (450 ns (300ns LP (200ns LP (200ns (150ns (200ns (150ns (120ns

1.85 1.55 2.49 1.95 2.25 2.30 9.00 11.00 Call Call Call

LP = Low Power

8000

)35

16.00

8239

4.75

339

19.00

8243

4.75

)80A

3.90

8250

14.90

385A

8.50

8251

4.50

388

39.00

8253

8.75

L55

11.00

8253-5

9.75

156

11.00

8255

4.50

L85

29.00

8255-5

5.20

'41

39.00

8257

8.50

'48

29.00

8259

6.85

'55

44.00

8272

39.00

202

44.00

8275

29.00

205

3.45

8279

9.25

>12

1.80

8279-5

10.25

?14

3.75

8282

6.50

16

1.75

8283

6.50

24

2.45

8284

5.50

26

1.80

8286

6.50

28

4.50

8287

6.50

37

19.00

8288

25.00

38

4.75

8289

49.00

16K APPLE RAM CARD

Upgrade your 48K Apple II to full 64K

BARE BOARD 24.00

KIT 49.00

ASSEMBLED & TESTED 69.00

LEDS

Jumbo Red Jumbo Green Jumbo Yellow

10/1.00 6/1.00 6/1.00

CONNECTORS

RS 232 RS 232 RS 232

Male

Female

Hood

3.00 3.50 1.20

74LS00 SERIES

4LS00

.24

74LS123

.95

74LS253

.80

4LS01

.24

74 LSI 24

2.90

74LS257

.80

4LS02

.24

74 LSI 25

.95

74LS258

.80

4LS03

.24

74LS126

.79

74LS259

2.80

4LS04

.24

74LS132

.75

74LS260

.60

4LS05

.24

74LS136

.49

74LS266

.49

4LS08

.24

74LS137

.95

74LS273

1.60

4LS10

.24

74LS138

.75

74LS275

3.25

4LS11

.30

74LS139

.75

74LS279

.49

4LS12

.30

74LS145

1.10

74LS280

1.95

4LS13

.40

74 LSI 47

2.20

74LS283

.95

4LS14

.89

74LS148

1.20

74LS290

1.20

4 LSI 5

.30

74LS151

.75

74LS293

1.79

4LS20

.24

74LS153

.75

74LS295

.99

4LS21

.30

74LS154

1.75

74LS298

.99

4LS22

.24

74LS155

.89

74LS324

1.75

4LS26

.30

74LS156

.89

74LS352

1.49

4LS27

.24

74LS157

.75

74LS353

1.49

4LS28

.30

74LS158

.75

74LS363

1.49

4LS30

.24

74LS160

.95

74LS364

1.95

4LS32

.36

74LS161

.95

74LS365

.89

4LS33

.55

74LS162

.95

74LS366

.89

4LS37

.55

74LS163

.95

74LS367

.69

4LS38

.35

74 LSI 64

.95

74LS368

.69

4LS40

.30

74LS165

.95

74LS373

.99

4LS42

.49

74LS166

1.95

74LS374

1.69

4LS47

.75

74LS168

1.69

74LS377

1.40

4LS48

.75

74LS169

1.69

74LS378

1.15

4LS49

.75

74LS170

1.69

74LS3 79

1.35

4LS51

.30

74LS173

.75

74LS385

1.89

4LS54

.35

74LS174

.89

74LS386

.59

4LS55

.35

74 LSI 75

.89

74LS390

1.79

4LS63

1.20

74LS181

1.99

74LS393

1.79

4LS73

.39

74LS189

9.50

74LS395

1.59

4LS74

.44

74LS190

.89

74LS399

1.59

*LS75

.49

74LS191

.89

74LS424

2.89

*LS76

.39

74LS192

.89

74LS447

.75

*LS78

.49

74 LSI 93

.89

74LS490

1.89

*LS83

.75

74LS194

.89

74LS668

1.65

»LS85

.95

74 LSI 95

.89

74LS669

1.85

tLS86

.39

74 LSI 96

.79

74LS670

2.10

1LS90

.65

74LS197

.79

74LS674

9.50

»LS91

.79

74LS221

1.10

74LS682

2.99

»LS92

.65

74LS240

.95

74LS683

2.39

;LS93

.59

74LS241

.95

74LS6 84

2.39

ILS95

.79

74LS242

1.79

74LS685

2.39

tl_S96

.79

74LS243

1.79

74LS688

2.39

;LS107

.39

74LS244

.95

74LS689

2.39

tLS109

.39

74LS245

1.89

»LSI12

.39

74LS247

.79

81LS95

1.65

VLS113

.39

74LS248

1.20

81LS96

1.65

ILS114

.49

74LS249

.89

81LS97

1.65

» LSI 22

.45

74LS251

1.25

81LS98

1.65

Z80

Z80 A CPU 5.45

280 A PIO 5.45

Z80 A CTC 7.00

Call for Complete List

MICROPROCESSOR REAL-TIME CLOCK MSM 5832 6.90

6500

6502

6502A

6504

6505

6507

6520

6522

6532

6551

6.90 9.45 6.90 7.65 9.90 4.35 9.90 13.95 11.75

UPGRADE YOUR APPLE

or TRS-80

4116 200ns 8/10.95

MISC. Disc Controller

(BOO) 538-8800

1771 1791

18.95

ALL MERCHANDISE IS 100% GUARANTEED

34.95

1793 1797

34.95 49.95

DISKETTES

CMOS

ATHANA

4000

Uarts

SSSDSoft

23.95

.25

4071

.30

WABASH

4001

.30

4072

.30

SS SD Soft

23.95

4002

.30

4073

.30

AY3-1014

5.85

VERBATIM

4006

.90

4075

.30

AY5-1013

3.90

SS DD Soft

28.95

4007

.25

4076

.90

AY5-2376

12.00

4008

.90 .45

4078 4081

.30

TR 1602

4.25

IC Sockets ST

4009

.30

W/W

4010

.45

4082

.30

8 PIN .10

4011

.30

4085

.90

Interface

.49

4012

.30

4086

.90

14 PIN .12

.50

4013

.45

4093

.90

16 PIN .15

.57

4014

.90

4098

2.49

8T26

1.65

18 PIN .20

.85

4015

.90

4099

1.90

8T28

1.95

20 PIN .25

.99

4016

.45

4502

.90

8T95

.95

22 PIN .25

1.30

4017

1.15

4503

.60

8T96

.95

24 PIN .25

1.40

4018

.90

4508

1.90

8T97

.95

28 PIN .35

1.50

4019

.45

4510

.90

8T98

.95

40 PIN .40

1.80

4020

.90

4511

.90

DM8131

2.90

ST = Soldertail

4021

.90

4512

.90

DS8836

1.25

4022

1.10

4514

1.20

W/W = Wirewrap

4023 4024

.35 .75

4515

2.20

4516

1.50

4025

.35

4518

1.20

LINEAR

4026 4027

1.60 .60

4519 4520

1.20 1.20

4028

.75

4522

1.20

LM301

.32

LM741

.29

4029

.90

4526

1.20

LM308

.75

LM747

.75

4030

.45

4527

1.90

LM309K

1.25

LM748

.49

4034

2.90

4528

1.20

LM311

.64

LM1310

2.45

4035

.85

4531

.90

LM317T

1.65

MC1330

1.69

4040

.90

4532

1.90

LM317K

1.70

MC1350

1.25

4041

1.20

4538

1.90

LM318

1.49

MC1358

1.69

4042

.75

4539

1.90

LM323K

4.75

LM1414

1.49

4043

.75

4543

2.70

LM324

.59

LM1458

.55

4044

.75

4555

.90

LM337K

3.90

LM1488

.95

4046

.90

4556

.90

LM339

.79

LM1489

.95

4047

.90

4581

1.90

LM377

2.25

LM1800

2.45

4049

.50

4582

1.90

LM380

1.25

LM1889

2.45

4050

.50

4584

.90

LM386

1.00

LM39O0

.59

4015

.90

4585

.90

LM555

.38

LM3909

.95

4053

.90

LM556

.65

LM3914

3.70

4060

1.39

80C07

.90

LM565

.95

LM3915

3.70

4066

.75

80C95

.90

LM566

1.45

LM3916

3.70

4068

.39

80C96

.90

LM567

.99

75451

.35

4069

.30

80C97

.90

LM723

.49

75452

.35

4070

.35

80C98

1.15

LM733

.95

75453

.35

oKqu

E

VAlJ Computer Products, Inc. 3250 Keller Street, #9

STORE HOURS MON FRI 8:30 A M 6.00 P M SAT 10 00 A M 3 00 P M

BankAmericard

Calif. Residents (408) 988 0697

TERMS: For shipping include $2.00 for UPS Ground. $3.00 for UPS Blue Label Air. $10.00 minimum order. Bay Area residents add 6Y>% Sales Tax. California residents add 6% Sales Tax. We reserve the right to limit quantities and substitute manufacturer. Prices subject to change without notice. Send SASE for complete list.

Circle 138 on inquiry card.

8086/8088 FIRMWARE DESIGNERS SYSTEMS PROGRAMMERS

Use the alternative to PL/M and assembler:

c-systems C COMPILER

• IBM PC (MSDOS).

• Outputs assembler source code.

• All byte and integer operators.

• PL/M compatibility mode.

• Supports far calls and 32 bit pointers.

• Embedded shell/debug trace.

• Price $195.

Contact:

c-systems Fullerton, CA 92631

221 N. Berkeley Ave. 714-879-1123

FORTH-32

IBM PC

Now you can piogiarn using Ihe enlue IBM " PC memory The FORTH-32 SEGMENT SENSING language makes segment boundaries lianspatent la the pio g tarn me i

The FORTH-32 DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM lealures Inlet mixed 16 and 32 bit addiessing modes wiih lig-FORTH compatibility DOS inlertace. lull scieen ediloi assembler, disassembler graphics and debug The powerful QUEST CASE statement with single, multiple and range labeling is also included

In addition to FORTH-3: PACKAGE BUILDER UT1 veloped piogiams int< by building on disk a only those FORTH words needed

User oriented sell leaching documentation1 All solfware is lully backed and updaied lor one year

eive Ihe QUEST islorms user deoltware packages ed executable image wiih

QUEST RESEARCH, INC P.O. BOX 2553

Call Toll Free (BOO) 558-808B. In Alabama Call HUNTSVILLE, AL 35804 (205)533 9405

NORTH STAR USERS UNITE!

* Gel Ihe information you need Irom the user's point ot view

* Over 150 pages ol members newsletter articles

last year

* DOs and cp/m disk library lor members * Solve problems * Gel assistance Membership dues $20

International North Star Users Association

P.O. Box 2789 H Fairfield, CA 94533

326 on inquiry card.

Circle 195 on inquiry card.

B BASF

SAVE 40% complete list.

CI/" Specify soft. Price/10

** " 10 or 16 sector

1 side/single density $26.70

1 side/double density 31.90

2 sides/double density 37.10

811 Specify soft or 32 sector 1 side/single density 26.70

1 side/double density 31.90

2 sides/double density 41.60

CHECKS - VISA - MC - C.O.D. 1313) 777-7780 ADD $2 SHIPPING

LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS 27204 Harper Ave. St. Clair Shores, Ml 48081

RELATIONAL DBMS IN CB-80 SOURCE

FOR SYSTEM INTEGRATORS

• CB-80 8. RMAC Source & REL Files for easy development of Turnkey Systems

• Separate overlays perform: RETRIEVE. STORE OPEN, DELETE, REPLACE & MODIFY operalions, leaving more memory for application programs

• RETRIEVE dynamically joins more than one relation and sorts the results; no secondary links to reconstruct after storing data

• Numeric data is maintained in Binary format providing more capacity and flexibility than typical ail-ASCII systems

• 24 BIT internal record numbers allow up to 16 MILLION DBMS records per relation

CB-80 Trademark ol Digital Research, Inc.

Basic System & Administration Pkg - $350 Query & Aggregation Languages - $150 Manual for All Software - $25 (refundable) Telephone for Complete Brochure

Applied Business Concepts, Inc.

PO Box 22664 / Rochester, NY 14692

(716) 262-3999

^Scotch8

10^f DISKETTES

Call Toil-Free 1-800-328-DISC for prices and information. Dealer inquiries invited. C.O.D. and charge cards accepted. All orders shipped from stock, within 24 hours. Call toll FREE

North Hills Corporation

3564 Rolling View Dr. White Bear Lake, MN 55110 1-800-328-DISC MNCa.ll Collect 1-612-770-0485

Circle 227 on inquiry card.

Circle 24 on Inquiry card.

ATARI ATARI

★ 800 COMPUTER (16K) $629.00

800 COMPUTER (48K) $718.00

400 COMPUTER (16K) $265.00

410 PROGRAM RECORDER ... S74.00 810 DISK DRIVE $429.00

* NEC 8023A-C PRINTER $475.00

AXIOM GP-1D0 PTfl S299.95 AXIOM IMP-4 PTR S489.95

ENTERTAINER S66.95 32K RAM (INTEC) S89.95

EDUCATOR S114.95 32K RAM (MICROTEK) . S99.95

PROGRAMMER S52.00 32K RAM (MOSAIC) .... S11B.95

COMMUNICATOR S299.00 48K RAM (INTEC) S189.95

BOOKKEEPER (KIT) S169.95 126K RAMDISK S425.00

SUPER DISCOUNT SOFTWARE

■OolWor(O) . rjAssern & Editi .soil Basic(D)

.. $25.95 SHamus|C/D>

$22 95 Proleclor(CfD)

$24.95 Zotkl(D)

132.95 ZorklKOl

$28.95 Canyon Climlmi|Oj

$28.95 Pacific. CoaslHwy(Di

$65 95 Resi Guard (D| .

$65.95 All ii.iba fi 40 IhirvrM

$21.95 Fllo Manager BOO (O)

$32 95 "

= ROM (CAfl

1IDGE;

.... $21 95 . $20 95 $28 95 $28 95 $20 95 . $20,95 $l?95 . $23.95 .... $72.95 11 70 <)'i

COSMIC COMPUTERS

228 N PROSPECTORS RD. DIAMOND BAR. CA 91765 ORDER LINES OPEN MDN-SAT 8 am ■ 9 pm

FREE CATALOG: INDICATE APPLE OR ATARI

PRICES FOR PREPAID ORDERS

Aon s? mi Shipping pet sollwaffl oi

I unit

1 CM '

Dt Alan

(714) 861-1265

S100 BOARDS, PROVEN IN INDUSTRIAL OEM MARKET. NOW AVAILABLE TO END USERS.

II

32K RAM/PROM Board $299.00

16K RAM/PROM Board $229.00

32K or 16K ol RAM/PROM using 6116/271B-s ■ 6 MHz timing • Any RAM/PROM address configuration

32K PROM Board $165.00

32K of PROM using 2716 s • 4 MHz liming ■ Individual chip selection/deselection

Parallel/Serial I/O Controller Board . . $240.00 8 Bit user programmable parallel I/O port • 2 independent, programmable, full-duplex serial I/O channels • 4 channel vectored interrupt controller ■ 6 counter/timer channels • no external interrupt logic required.

CRT Controller Board $225.00

MK3807 user programmable CRT controller * memory mapped video • reverse video RS232 to RS232/20MA Converter Board$85.00

Standard DB25 connectors • RS232 signal switchability ALL BOARDS: Completely assembled & tested • double sided, solder masked • gold plated contacts • IEEE 696 signal compatible • full Schmidt trigger buffering on all bus lines. MANY EXTRAS

Phone or Write for Full Specification Sheet COMPUTROL INC. P 0. Box 9068 Livonia, Ml 48150 (313) 535-4644

Circle 277 on inquiry card.

Valuable FORTRAN Enhancements

with STRPAK™

STRPAK is a collection of 135 subroutines and functions specifically designed to enhance FORTRAN-80 with:

• String processing routines.

• Character processing routines.

• Directional character and number I/O.

• CP/M system calls and file controls.

STRPAK source code

(in RATFOR and MACRO-80):. . $225.

RATFOR preprocessor for

FORTRAN-80: $ 55.

r ^ BRIDGE

L A Computer Company

DIVISION OF Sea Dara Corporation

One Bridge Street, Newton, MA 02158 TEL. (617) 244-8190 TLX: 951107

Circle 108 on inquiry card.

Circle 442 on inquiry card.

Circle 55 on inquiry card.

[FOR ONLY $129.95 Learn Computing \From The Ground Up

: Build a Computer kit that grows I with you, and can expand to 64k : RAM, Microsoft BASIC, Text Edi; tor/Assembler, Word Processor, ; Floppy Disks and more.

: EXPLORER/85

■

■ Here's Ihe low cost way la learn the Fundamentals of com

■ puling. Ihe all-imrxirlanl basics you'll need more and

■ mon: a.i you advance in computer skills. For jusl $129.95 „ you gel Ihe advanced-design Exp\orer/B5 motherboard.

■ with all (he features you need to learn how lo write and

■ use programs And it can grow into a system thai is a

■ malch for any personal computer on ihe market. Look al

■ Ihese features: R0Hr> Ctintrul /Voressirtjf Unfl, Ihe

• microprocessor "hearl" of the Explorer/B5. (loin the

■ millions who will huy and use Ihe 8060/BOB5 this year J alone!) . Fourfl-liil pfusimefrbil input/oulpui porls from m which you can input and outpul your programs, as well as

■ control exterior switches, relays, lights, elc. . a cassette

■ interface that lets you sthre and reload programs you've » learned to wrile . deluxe 2.000 byte operoting

■ system/monitor makes tl easy lo learn computing in m several import an! ways • It allows simpler, faster wrilm ing and entering of programs • II permits access by you

■ lo all parts of Ihe system so you can check on Ihe status of

■ any point in Ihe program • M allows tracing each pro

■ gram slep by slep. wilh provision for displaying all ihe

■ cortlents of Ihe CPU (registers flags, etc.) • ... and it

* does much more!

m You gel all Ihis in the starting level (Level A) of Ihe B Explorer/US for only $129.93. Incredible! To use. jusl .

■ plug in your BVDC power supply and terminal or

■ Keyboard/display — if you don'l have them, see our

■ special offers below

■ Q Level A Computer kit (Terminal Version) S129.95

■ plus S3 Pal,'

1 □ Level A kit (Hex Keypad/Display Version) $129.98 a plus S3 Pal'

■ LEVEL B— This "building block' converts Ihe molher

2 board into a two-slot SlOO bus (industry standard) coma puler. Now you can plug in any of ihe hundreds of SlOO a cards available.

■ □ Level 0 kit $49.95 plus $2 Pal.*

■ Q SlOO bus connectors (two required) . . S4.B5 each.

■ postpaid

I LEVEL C — Add slill more

■ compuiing power: ihis "build

■ ing block" mounts directly on

■ the mnlherlxjard and expands ! ihe SlOO bus lo six slots. J □ Level C kit...139.95 plus $21

4. Plus in Level K hom tm RRDIS Microsoft BASIC n I. PIut; in Ntttrnnic's Hex EuiiorMsscmWrtrin ROM Keypad/Display .r». Atltl I ivo SlOO rxKinfc

2 Add Level H lo convert to (i Add you own tntitnm tut .SlOO aiits fpmiolyping trrm)

3. Add-Ik HAM 7. Crwrtcet IramimiJ

a CRT monilor or a TV sel [if you have an RF modulator), j

□ Hex Keypad/Display kit $69.95 plus $2 Pal * I

I

□ FASTERM - 64 TERMINAL KIT - Featuring a 56 key [ ASCII Keyboard, 128 character sel upper and lower case. [ 75 ohm outpul. 8 baud rales 150 to 19.200 (switcn select-, able). RS232/C or 20 MA output, 32 or 64 character by 16 | line lormats. complete with —^—"\ 1 Deluxe Steel Cabinet aoO - \ i Powei Supply ..... 5199.95 j plus S3 Par

r kit (allrr 5 poslpai

□ RF Modul monilor)...1

D 12" Video Monitor"(lOMHt plus S5P&I.*

□ Deluxe Steel Cabinel for Ihe Explorer/fl5 . . . $49.95 plus S3 PAL*

□ Fan for cabinel . . . $15.00 plus $1.50 Pal *

ORDER A SPECIAL-PRICE EXPLORER/85 PAK—THERE'S ONE FOR EVERY NEED.

j Pal."

■ □ SlOO bus connectors ffh

■ required) . $4.85 eacl

■ postpaid

m LEVEL D— When you reach Ihe poml in learning lhal re

■ quires more memory, we uffu rwo choices: either add 4k

■ of a memory directly on ihe motherboard, or add 16k lo

• 6-lk of memory by means of a single SlOO Card, our famous

■ "JAWS '■

Z Level I) kit: (CHECK ONE). □ 4k.m-ho.ird $49.95 Z plus $2 PM*. □ 18k SlOO "|AWS": . . $149.95 plus $2

■ Pai'.n 3ZkS100"[AWS" . .flW-MplusttPilVQ 48k

■ SlOO JAWS" . 1249.95 plus $2 P&l*: □ 64k SlOO

■ |AWS 1299.95 plus S2P&P

u LEVEL E — An important "building block:'' it activates

1 theflk ROM/El'ROM spaa: on Ihe molherboard. Now jusl

■ plug in our flk Microsoft BASIC or your own custom

■ programs

■ □ Level E kit. $5.9$ plus soe Pal.'

B+MbeEHSfl BASIC— 'be language thai allows you lo _. talk English In your computer! ll is available ihree ways: m □ Bk cassellc version of Microsofl BASIC: I requires Level a B and 12k of RAM minimum: we suggest a llik SlOO

■ "1AWS" — see above! . $64.95 postpaid.

■ □ 8k ROM version of Microsofl BASIC/ (requires Level B

■ & Level E and 4k RAM. just plug into your Level E sockets.

■ We suggesl either the4k l-evel D RAM expansion or a 16k

2 S100"|AWS.") . $99.95 plus $2 Pal'

b D Dlsk version of Microsoft BASIC: (requires Level B. a 32k of RAM, floppv disk controller, H" floppy disk drive) B $325 postpaid

b TEXT EDfTOR/ASSEMBLER — the edilor/assembler B isasoftWare tool (a program) designed lo simplify the task

■ of writing programs As your programs become longer

■ and more complex, the assembler can save you many 2 hours of programming lime. This software includes an a edilor program that enters Ihe programs you Write, makes b changes, and saves ihe programs on cassettes The asscmB bier performs ihe clerical task of Iranslaling symbolic m Code into ihe computer-readable object code The edilor/

■ assembler program is available either in cassette or a

• ROM version.

■ □ Editor/Assembler (Cassette version, requires Level 2 "B"andHk (min.)of RAM — we suggest 16k"|AWS" — . see above) $59.95 plus $2 Pa 1,'

b □ Edilor/Assembler (ROM version supplied on an SlOO B card: requires Level B and 4k RAM (mm ) — we suggest

■ either Level Dor 16k "JAWS"] $99,95 plus $2 Pal.*

2 8" FLOPPY DISK — A remarkable "building block." B Add our 8" floppy disk when you need fasler operation. B more convenient program storage, perhaps a business ap

■ plicalion. and access lo the literally ihousandsof programs

■ and program languages available today You simply plug

■ them inlo yuur Explorer/R5 disk svsiem — il accepts all

■ IBM-formatted CP/M^rograms.

a □ 8" Floppy Disk Drive $499.95 plus S12 Phi' B □ Floppy Controller Card $199.95 plus 52 P&l.* B □ Disk Drive Cabinel h Power Supply . . $69 95 plus

• $3 pal •

■ n Drive Cables (sel up for Iwo drives) . $25.00 plus

• $1.50 Pal.*

2 □ CP/M 2.2 Disk Operating System: includes Text m Editor/Assembler, dynamic debugger, and olher features B lhal give your Expltirer/BJi access to ihousands of exisling

■ CP/M-hased programs . $150 00 postpaid

2 NEED A POWER SUPPLY? Consider our AP-1 ll can B supply all Ihe power you need for a fully expanded Ex

■ plorer/B5{nole disk drives have their own power supply).

■ Plus the AP-1 fils neatly '-'

■ cabinet (set; below).

■ □ AP-1 Power Supply k

• cabinel 139.95 plus £

■ NEED A TERMINAL

O Beginner Pik (Save S2r..OO) — You gel Level A (Terminal Version) wilh Monitor Source Listing ($25 value) AP-1. 5-amp. power supply, lniel B085 Users Manual. . . (Reg. $199.95) SPECIAL $169.95 plus 54 Pal.*

□ Experimenter Pak (Save $53.40] — You gel Level A (Hex Keypad/Display Version) with Hex Keypad/ Display. Intel 8085 User Manual. Level A Hex Monitor Source Listing, and AP-1.5-amp. power supply (Reg, $279.95) SPECIAL $219.95 plus S6 Pal. *

□ Special Microsoft BASIC Pak (Save S103.00)— You gel Levels A (Terminal Version). B. D (4k RAM), E. 8k Microsoft in ROM. Intel 0085 User Manual. Level A Monitor Source Listing, and AP-1. 5-amp power supply (Reg. $439.70) SPECIAL $329.95 plus $7 Pal.*

□ Add a Rom-Version Text Ediior/Assemblcr (Requires levels B and D or SlOO Memory). . .$99.95 plus S2 PW, Starter 8" Diik System - Includes Level A. B floppy disk controller, one CDC 8" disk-drive, two-drive cable, two SlOO connectors: jusl add your own power supplies, cabinets and hardware ., . □ (Reg $1065.00) SPECIAL 5999.95 plus $13 Pal.' □ 32k Starler System. $1045.95 plus $13 Pal." □ 48k Starler System. 51095.95 plus $13 Pal* □ B4k StarterSyslem. $1145.95 plus $13 pal.*

□ Add lo any of above Explorer steel cabinet. AP-1 five amp. power supply. Level C wilh Iwo SlOO connectors, disk drive cabinel and power supply, two sub-D connectors for connecting your printer and terminal .. (Reg. $225,951 SPECIAL $199.95 plus S13 Pal *

□ Complete 64K Svstem Wired a Tested $1650.00 plus $26 pal,*

□ Special! Complete Business Soflware Pak (Save $625.00) — Includes CP/M 2.2 Microsofl BASIC. General Ledger. Accounis Receivable. Accounts Payable. Payroll Package (Reg. SI325) SPECIAL $699.95 postpaid.

'P&\ stands for "postage ft insurance." For Canadian orders, double ihis omounl.

Continental Credit Card Buvers Outside Connecticut:

TO ORDER Call Toll Free: 800-243-7428

To Order From Connecticut, or For Technical Assistance, Call (203) 354-9375

——^^^^^^^^^^^^

CP'M is 3 rcg trademark of D:gnal Research

(Clip unci nun'/ en I ire ("O^T _

SEND ME THE ITEMS CHECKED ABOVE |

Total Enclosed (Conn. Residents add sales lax| $ 1

Paid by: [

□ Personal Check □ Cashier's Check/Money Order j

□ VISA Q MASTER CARD (Bank No )j

Signalure —

offer

chow

; Ihe If

!' Keypad/Display kit lhal dism plays the information un a B calculatnr-iype screen. The * other choice is our ASCII

■ Keyboard/Computer Terminal

■ kit. thai ran he used wilh either

■^NETRONICS Research&DevelopmentLtd.

ANNOUNCING TWO NEW TERMINALS

Smart* Fast • Graphics • Matching Modem and $295 Printer

Netronics announces a state of the art breakthrough in terminals. Now at prices you can afford, you can go on-line with data-bank and computer phone-line services. It's all yours: "electronic newspapers," educational services, Dow-Jones stock reports, games, recipes, personal computing with any level language, program exchanges, electronic bulletin boards ... and more every day!!!

Netronics offers two new terminals, both leature a full 56 key/128 character typewriterstyle keyboard, baud rates to 19.2 kilobaud, a rugged steel cabinet and power supply. The simplest one, FASTERM-64, is a 16 line by 64 or 32 character per line unit, with a serial printer port (or making hard copy of all incoming data, and optional provisions for block and special character graphics. The "smart" version, SMARTERM-BO, features either 24 line by 80 characters per line or 16 by 40 characters per line, it offers on-screen editing with page-at-atime printing, 12.000 pixel graphics, line graphics, absolute cursor addressing, underlining, reverse video, one-half intensity and much more . .. simply plug them into your computer or our phone modem and be on-line instantly. Use your TV set (RF modulator required) or our delux green-phosphor monitor pictured above. For hard copy just add our matched printer.

Price breakthrough!!! Own the FASTERM-64, a complete terminal kit, ready to plug In for just $199.95 or order the SMARTERM-80 kit for just $299.95, (both available wired and tested.) Be on-line with the million-dollar computers and data services today ... we even supply the necessary subscription forms.

More good news: All the components in our terminals are available separately (see coupon), so you buy only what you need!!!

FASTERM-64 . .. DISPLAY FORMAT: 64 or 32 characters/line by 16 lines ... 96 displayable ASCII characters (upper & lower case) ... 8 baud rates: 150, 300, 600, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 19, 200, (switch sel.)... LINE OUTPUT: RS232/C or 20 ma current loop ... VIDEO OUTPUT: IV PIP (lIA RS-170) . . . CURSOR MODES: home & clear screen, erase to end of line, erase cursor line, cursor up & down, auto carriage return/line feed at end of line & auto scrolling . . . REVERSE VIDEO . . . BLINKING CURSOR . . . PARITY; off, even or odd . . . STOP BITS: 1, 1.5, 2... DATA BITS PER CHARACTER: 5, 6, 7 or 8 . . . CHARACTER OUTPUT: 5 by 7 dot matrix in a 7 by 12 cell ... PRINTER OUTPUT: prints all incoming data . .. 1K ON BOARD RAM .. . 2K ON BOARD ROM . . . CRYSTAL CONTROLLED . . . COMPLETE WITH POWER SUPPLY . , . OPTIONAL GRAPHICS MODE: Includes 34 Greek & math characters plus 30 special graphics characters .. . ASCII ENCODED KEYBOARD: 56 key/128 characters.

SMARTERM-80 ... DISPLAY FORMAT: 80 characters by 24 lines or 40 characters by 16 lines 128 displayable ASCII characters (upper & lower case) 8 baud rates: 110, 300, 600, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 19, 200 .. . LINE OUTPUT: RS232/C or 20 ma current loop . . . VIDEO OUTPUT: 1V pp (EIA RS-170) ... EDITING FEATURES: insert/delete line, insert/delete character, forward/back tab . . . LINE OR PAGE TRANSMIT . . . PAGE PRINT FUNCTION . . . CURSOR POSITIONING: up, down, right, left, plus absolute cursor positioning with read back ... VISUAL ATTRIBUTES: underline, blink, reverse video, half intensity, & blank ... GRAPHICS: 12,000 pixel resolution block plus line graphics . . . ON-SCREEN PARITY INDICATOR ... PARITY: off, even or odd. . . STOP BITS: 110 baud 2, all others 1 .. . CHAR. OUTPUT: 7 by 11 character in a 9 by 12 block . . . PRINTER OUTPUT ... 60 OR 50 Hz VERTICAL REFRESH . . . BLINKING BLOCK CURSOR . . . CRYSTAL CONTROLLED . . . 2K ON BOARD RAM . . . ASCII ENCODED KEYBOARD: 56 key/128 character . . . 4K ON BOARD ROM . . . COMPLETE WITH POWER SUPPLY.

TELEPHONE MODEM 103 O/A . . . FULL DUPLEX, FCC APPROVED . . . DATA RATE: 300 baud ... INTERFACE: RS232/C and TTY ... CONTROLS: talk/data switch (no need to connect and disconnect phone), originate/answer switch on rear panel ... NO POWER SUPPLY REQUIRED.

ASCII KEYBOARD ASCII-3 ... 56 KEY/128 CHARACTER ASCII ENCODED . . . UPPER & LOWER CASE . . . FULLY DEBOUNCED . 2 KEY ROLLOVER . . . POS OR NEG LOGIC WITH POS STROBE . REQUIRES + 5 & -12V DC (SUPPLIED FROM VIDEO BOARDS) PRINTER COMET I . . . SERIAL I/O TO 9600 BAUD ... 80 CHARACTER COLUMN (132 COMPRESSED) . . . 10" TRACTOR FEED 1 . .. UPPER/LOWER CASE . . . INDUSTRY STANDARD RIBBONS . . . 4 CHARACTER SIZES ... 9 BY 7 DOT MATRIX . . . Bi-DIRECTIONAL PRINTING

Continental U.S.A. Credit Card Buyers Outside Connecticut

CALL TOLL FREE 800-243-7428

To Order From Connecticut Or For Tech. Assist. Call (203) 354-9375

NETRONICS R&D LTD. Dep..

333 Litchfield Road, New Mllford, CT 06776

Please send Ihe Items checked below:

□ COMPLETE FASTERM-64 TERMINAL (Includes FASTVID-64 video board ASCII-3 keyboard, steel cabinet and power supply)... kit $199.95 plus $3 P&l ... wired & tested $249.95 plus $3 P&l ... graphics option: add $19.95 to each of above

□ COMPLETE SMARTERM-80 TERMINAL (includes SMARTVID-80 video board, ASCII-3 keyboard, steel cabinet and power supply)... kit $299.95 plus $3 P&l ... wired and tested $369.95 plus $3 P&l

□ FASTVID-64 VIDEO BOARD (requires + 5 & -12V DC)... kit $99.95 plus $3 P&l ... graphics option add $19.95 ... wired & tested $129.95 plus $3 P&l ... graphics option add $19.95

□ SMARTVID-80 VIDEO BOARD (requires +5 & +/-12V DC)... kit $199.95 plus $3 P&l ... wired & tested $249.95 plus $3 P&l

□ DELUXE STEEL TERMINAL CABINET . . . $19.95 plus $3 P&l

□ ASCII-3 KEYBOARD (requires +5& -12VDC) ... kit $69.95 plus $3 P&l . . . wired and tested $89.95 plus $3 P&l

□ POWER SUPPLY (powers ASCII-3 keyboard & video boards)... kit only $19.95 plus $2 P&l

□ ZENITH VIDEO MONITOR (high resolution green phosphor)... wired & tested $149.95 olus $6 P&l

□ TELEPHONE MODEM MODEL 103 O/A ... wired & tested $189.95 plus $3" P&l

□ DOT MATRIX PRINTER Comet I ... wired & tested $299.95 plus $10 P&l

□ RF MODULATOR MOD RF-1 ... kit only $8.95 plus $1 P&l

□ 3FT-25 LEAD MODEM/TERMINAL OR PRINTER/TERMINAL CONNECTOR CABLE . . . $14.95 ea plus $2 P&l

For Canadian orders, double the postage . Conn. res. add sales tax.

Total Enclosed $

□ Personal Check □ Cashier's Check/Money Order

□ VISA □ MasterCard (Bank No )

Acct. No Exp. Date

Signature

Print Name

Address

City

State

Zip

BYTE October 1982 4 95

5'A" Tandon Drives

maxell

Floppy Disks

•TMIOO-! S209

(single sided, 40 TRK, single Free

or double density) Shipping

• TM 100-2 S289

Idouble sided. 40 TRK/side Free

single or double density) Shipping

• TM 100-4 $359

(double sided, 80 TRK/side Free

96 TPI, double density) Shipping

ORDER - TOLL FREE

800-531 -5255 (If outside of Texas) I -800-252-9146 (If in Texas|

ask for extension 811. For info call I-5t 2-250-1523

Master Card/Visa or check. Texas Residents add 5% sales tax.

CompuAdd Corp.

13010 Research Blvd - #207 Austin, Texas 78750

7]

TELEV1DEO 950 & 800 SERIES USERS

Make Your Televideo Work For You

TV-Setup provides a user-friendly menu for setting up the terminal features and programming the function keys. The entire setup - including function keys - is then saved in a file for easy reprogramming each time you start up your system. You can have one setup for Wordstar,» another for dBase II,'" another for SuperCalc'"... as many different setups as you want.

Price: Only $75.00 (visa, mc accepted) NEW GENERATION SYSTEMS

2153 Golf Course Drive, Reston, VA 22091 Phone: 703/476-9143 ORDER LINE (BOO) 368-3359

DIRECT DEALER SALES ONLY

Call collect for our special dealer program. (213) 896-2485

CCD 's accepted.

U.S. EXCHANGE

9391 Remick Ave. Pacoima, CA 91331

Circle 80 on Inquiry card.

Circle 441 on inquiry card.

Circle 399 on Inquiry card.

|k|BUkf|| The Apple users group

software library bonanza al truly affordable prices. For the first time enjoy your Apple to Its fullest capacity using specially packed disks with over 60 outstanding programs each. Not avallabU

,. from any other source!

■^C^-^ -Applesoft • 3.3 DOS

A0EflAK^PPJ-EUUflflE ,wc

Li "W"^ -J An OKtonciuo wnrtatu nf Intarso

oflers

|An extensive variety of Interesting, _ useful and entertaining programs

/ Indispensable to the serious computerlst / Including: Business • Educational • Graphics Games • Music • Science

Utilities • Data Base • Finance. . .

Library disks 1, 2 8, 3 are mixed categories and new disks 4 (Games). 5 (Utilities). 6 (Graphics) & 7 (Integer) at $59.95each. Whypaymore?

Order direct from this ad and Save up to $136. Buy disk library package 1,2 & 3 and get a special bonus disk FREE — over 280 programs for $179.95 + shipping. For best value, get all 8 disks for $349, postage prepaid, for over 530 of our best programs at 65c each! Call now toll free: 1-800-327-8664 Florida: 1-305-987-8665 6400 Hayes St. Hollywood. FL 33024

Cln

inquiry card.

Maxell Diskettes

The floppy disks that meet or exceed every standard of quality. Dealer inquiries invited.

Call Toll Free N 1-800-237-8931.

In Florida, call 813-577-2794. J

V

Tech • Data Corporation

3251 Tech Drive North St. Petersburg, FL 33702

wabash

When it comes to Flexible Disks, nobody does it better than Wabash.

MasterCard, Visa Accepted. Call Free: (800)235-4137

PACIFIC EXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd San Luis Obispo. CA 93401 (In Cal call (805) 543-1037)

\ferbatim

Floppy Discs CALL NOW-TOLL FREE 1-800-328-DISC

Dealer inquiries invited and C.O.D.'s accepted. All orders shipped from stock, within 24 hours. Call toll FREE.

North Hills Corporation

3564 Rolling View Dr. White Bear Lake, MN 55110 1-800-328-DISC MNCall Collect 1-612-770-0485

YOU'VE JUST FOUND

THE MISSING LINK!

Computer Shopper is your link to individuals who buy, sell and trade computer equipment and software among themselves nationwide. No other magazine fills this void in the marketplace chain.

Thousands of cost-conscious computer enthusiasts use Computer Shopper every month through hundreds of classified ads. And new equipment advertisers offer some of the lowest prices in the nation.

Subscribe to Computer Shopper with a 6 month trial for $6 or 12 months

for only $10. MasterCard & VISA accepted. CamPUTBR SHUPPBR

P.O. Box F311 •Titusville, FL 32780 305-269-3211

Circle 94 on inquiry card.

mi

H

CLEARANCE SPECIAL

SHUGART DRIVES

850/1 $395

SUBSYSTEMS (COMPLETE)

SINGLE $645

DUAL $995

(714) 973-4773

SOUTH COAST COMPUTER SYSTEMS. INC.

1415 E McFadden Santa Ana, CA 92705

i J

I 1

|

«!

Mb

MM

Circle 443 on Inquiry card.

Circle 278 on Inquiry card.

Circle 363 on Inquiry card.

No nonsense

Just Great Savings

TRS-80* Model I, Model III Floppy Disk Drives

For the Model III: complete first-drive system includes 4-drive controller and DOSPLUS*. Prices begin at only $479.

For the Model I: Drives from only $275. Percom DOUBLER II* with DOSPLUS* only $179.95. DOSPLUS* just $49.95 with drive purchase.

• Single- and dual-head drives

• Burned-in 48 hours, 100% tested

• Double- or single-density operation

• 15-day free trial period

Atari Double-Density Floppy Disk Drives!

• Store twice as much as single density

• First drive has 4-drive controller

• First drive connects to computer or Atari 810* drive

• Single- or dual-head drives

• Faster and quieter than the 810 drive

• 15-day free trial period

First-drive system includes drive, controller, power supply and 2-byte patch for Atari DOS 2.0. Add-on drives connect through a first-drive system.

First-Drive System only $699 Add-On Drives only $399 Data Separator for Atari 810 drive $24.95,

CALL OR WRITE FOR FREE CATALOG OF ACCESSORIES, SOFTWARE AND SUPPLIES.

Tr» i -FREE ORDER NO. 1 800-527-3475*

Access Hard Disk Drives

From $1795!

• For Radio Shack Models II and III, IBM PC and Apple computers

• 5-, 10-, 15- and 30-megabyte drive units

• Controller handles up to 4 drives

• Works along with existing floppy disk drives

• Includes host system support software

• 15-day free trial period

How to order — Order by calling Access Unlimited toll-free on 1-800-527-3475. Or order by mail. Orders may be charged to a VISA or Master Card account, or paid by cashier's check, certified check or money order. Sorry, we cannot accept personal checks. We pay freight (surface only) and insurance charges for shipments in U.S. on orders over $1,000.00. Add approximate insurance and shipping charges for orders under $1,000.00. If in doubt about these charges, ask when you call in your order. Texas residents include 5% sales tax. Minimum mail order $20.00. Allow 2 to 4 weeks for delivery.

PRICES AND SPECIFICATIONS SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE.

' "RS 80 is a trademark of Tandy Radio Shack Corporation Doublet II is a Irademark of Percom Data Company, inc Atari 810 is a Irademark of Alari, Inc. DOSPLUS is a trademark of Micro Systems Software, Inc

t Technical and Texas: 214/340-5366

401 N. Central Expressway #600 Richardson, Texas 75080 (214) 340-5366

Circle 6 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982 497

Maxell Floppy Disks

The Mini-Disks with maximum quality.

ii

Dealer inquiries invited. CCD's accepted. Call FREE (800) 235-4137.

PACIFIC EXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd.. San Luis San Luis Obispo. CA 93401. InCal. call (800)592-5935 or (805)543-1037.

Circle 293 on inquiry card.

Got a computer?

Get a Giltronix Selector Switch.

liliminate unplugging and re-plugging your CPU's, peripherals, and modems. Eliminate expensive duplication of interconnection hardware. Connect three components to Gillronix Selector Switch #S8AB. Then select your connection with a simple turn of the dial. Only S79 in OEM quantities. Monitoring options available. Full 5 year warranty on all Giltronix units. SWITCH TO GIITROJYIX.

UNIVERSAL INTERFACE PRODUCTS

970 San Antonio Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94303

SMITH-CORONA TP-1 DAISY WHEEL PRINTER

• Serial RS232 / Parallel Centronics

• Ask about our discount catalog

$575

MICRO TECHNOLOGY

7817 Ivanhoe Ave.. San Diego. CA 92037

(714) 457-2149

Circle 250 on inquiry card.

$ Trade Commodities $

with a Professional Before Investing a Dime

Rouse Woodstock Inc. is an international commodities firm, with combined experience of over 195 years! We are a member of a Mercantile Group, one of the world's most successful financial corporations with 41 offices in 14 different countries which collectively handle funds exceeding 60 billion dollars per day. Our unique commodity program, designed for the beginner as well as the experienced investor can limit your risk and maximize your profit potential.

We don't want you to invest before you decide your suitability for commodity speculation. To help make your decision we will "paper trade" with you and let you see the commodities we are recommending so you can determine our expertise before you invest a dime!

Send now for a free booklet or call our toll free number 1-800-221-2917, in N.Y. Call (212) 227-5208.

Rouse Woodstock Inc. 90 West Street, Suite 1906 New York, NY 10006

SOFTSPOOL®

The Software Spooler Program for the IBM PC*

• Spools data to printer in background while executing any program

• MSDOS 1.0 and 1.1 compatible

• Easy to use—(can be invoked automatically at power-up)

• Operation transparent to user

• Program execution no longer linked to printer speed

• Spool buffer sizes user modifiable

• Requires minimum 48K w/disk

• Greatly increases productivity

• Ideal for business or software development

• Requires NO additional hardware

• 30 Day money back guarantee

Price: $49.95" (includes disk & documentation) Dealer and Distributor Prices on Request FOR ORDERS CALL-(617) 662-0856

OR SEND CHECK TO: Rickerdata P.O. BOX 288 Burlington, MA 01803

• Registered Trademark Rickerdata

• Registered Trademark IBM '* Mass. Residents add 5% Sales Tax

MC and VISA accepted

Circle 446 on Inquiry card.

68000

DISASSEMBLER

An easy to use program to create source files from Motorola S-format files

The DISASSEMBLER runs on: EXORmacs under VERSAdos

and IDRIS VAX under VMS

and UNIX NORD under SINTRAN

8" SD diskette $200

Pascal source on request

NorSoft Consultants

Veungsdalsveien 1 3600 Kongsberg Norway

Circle 176 on inquiry card.

Circle 336 on inquiry card.

Circle 444 on Inquiry card.

SIGMATEK INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION

327 Clarkin Ct.. Walnut Creek. CA 94598

[415| 938-5097

MICROPROCESSOR CRYSTALS |MHz|

1 000 1 22B8. 1 6E96.

1 H432

4.00 each

2000. 2 097152 2 4576

3.00 each

3 276B. 3 579545 4 000

4 194304 4 433619

2.00 each

4 9152 5 000. 5 0688

5 185 '5 7143

2.00 each

6 000 6 144. 6 400.

6 5536 7 000

2.00 each

7 3728 8 000 10 000

11 000 12 00O

2 00 each

14 31818 15 575. 1B0OO.

IB 432

2.00 each

196608 20000 22 1184

32 000 48 000

2.S0 each

TUNING FORK CRYSTALS |3 x B Minalurel

32 768 KH?

1.50 each

30 KHz 10 50 KHz

Inquire

EPR0MS

2S32I5V 450 ns)

8 00 each

2732 15V 450 nsi

7 50 eich

2764 15V 450 ns)

H DD each

DYNAMIC RAMS

4164 1150 nsl

10.00 each

BOOKS PUBLISHED RY HAYDEN. 0S90RNE/MCGRAW-HILL. SAMS. SYBEX

15% off lisl once Please add SI 00 for each book for 4th class delivery Minimum order S10 00 For shipping include E2 00 for UPS giound S3 00 lor UPS Blue Label Air California lesicfenls add sales lax

Diagnostics and Treatment

for your CP/M* Computer

TINYDOC™ 29.95 p.p.

|8'7SW" CP/M Disk}

Tests and diagnoses I/O, Memory, Disk-System, CPU; reads file parameters and mends files under software control; pinpoints bad chips, etc, (If 5W disk, specify)

MICRO SERVICE GUIDE I

"CP/M Computer System Servicing" 7.95 p.p.

MICRO SERVICE GUIDE II

"SA800/801 Disk Drive Servicing" 9.95 p.p.

MICRO SERVICE GUIDE books are written for anyone with basic electronic knowledge and ability to use screwdrivers. The appendix provides detailed repair techniques for people with soldering iron and an oscilloscope.

US Funds only. Foreign orders add $8.00, Personal checks take 3-4 weeks. California residents add 6% tax. All orders are confirmed by mail. Write for technical details.

ii. F. & ASSOCIATES 1930 Purdue Ave. Los Angeles, California 90025 (213) 477-8310

•Trademark of Digital Research

NEW NAME, SAME PRODUCT

Edit your 1 1 Text with:

E/T

VERSION 1.2

E/T is a new editor for CP/M systems with memory mapped video or video terminals.

• Immediate view of changes

• Assignable function keys

• Block move, copy, delete

• Re-detinable CRT format

• Automatic BACKUP feature

• 8" SS SD CP/M compatible disk

• Width or length to 255 chrs

PRICE

$95 - E/T, the definition routine and manual. $15 - manual only

(refunded if software purchased)

write SOFTWEST PRODUCTS

7046 Park Mesa Way Suite 36

San Diego, CA 92111 Or phone (714) 571-3217

Circle 348 on inquiry card.

Circle 445 on inquiry card.

Circle 447 on inquiry card.

ql I P.O. Box 4430X

^^^M Santa Clara' CA 95054 r vp, crrpnwir^^ Will calls: 2322 Walsh Ave. ELEC T HONlob (408) 988-1640

Same Say shipment. First line parts only. Factory tested. Guaranteed money back. Quality IC's and other components at factory prices.

INTEGRATED CIRCUITS Phone orders only (800) 538-8196

FULL LINE ALL PARTS & COMPUTER PRODUCTS

MWTTL

7400N 7402N WN 7409N 74 ION 7J14N 7«QN 7430N

7445N

7474N 7«7SN 74BSN 74B9N 7490S 7-19&N

74I25N 74145N 74I50N

LM3171 I 65

LM317K 3 75

LM318 1 49

LM320K-5 1 35

LM330K-12 l 35

LM120K-15 i 35

LM320T-5 85

LM3207.3 85

LM320M2 85

LM320M5 85

LM323K-5 4 95

LM324H 59

LM339N 99

LM340K-5 i 35

LM340K-B 1 35

LM34QK-12 1 35

LM340K-15 I 35

LM340K-24 I 35

74163H 74I74N 74175H 74190N 74I92N 74193N 74Z2IN 74298N 74365H 74366N 743G7N

74LSOO m

74LS00N 74LS02N 74LS04N 74LS05N 74LSC3N 7-tLSlOH 74LS13N 74Lbl4N MLS2QN 74LS22N 74LS28N 74LS30N 74U33N 74LS38N 74LS74N 74LS7SN 74LS90N T4LS93N 74LS95N 74LS107S 74LSII2N 74LS1I3N 74LSI32N

74L£t5IN 7JLSI55N

74LSI57N 75

74LS162N 95

74LS163N 95

74LS174N 95

74LS190N I DO

74LS221H 1 19

74LS258N 69

74LS367N 69

C»3045 90

CA3046 I 10

CA3081 1 80

CA3082 1-90

CA30S9 3 Jf LM30IAN AH 34

LM305H 87

LM307N 35

LM30SN 98

LM309K I 25 LM3IIHN 64

M340T-5 LM340T-6 LM340T-12 LM340MS LH340T-18 1M340I-24 LM350 LM377 LM3B0N LM3B1 LM3B2 LM709H LM723HN LM733N LM741CH LM74IN LM747KN LM74BN LM1303N LM1304 LMI305 IM1307 LMI310 LM145B LMI812

I.M2902

i >,mwn

IM3905 LM3909N MCI -153V ME550N HE555V NE55SA NE565A HE 566V

CQ4019

CQ402O

CD402I

CQ4022

CD4023

CD4024

CQ4025

CD4026

CD4027

CD402B

CD4029

CD1Q3Q

CDJ035

CD4Q40

CD4042

CD4043

CD404J

CO40J6

CO4049

CD4Q50

CD4051

CD4Q6C

CD4066

CD406S

CD4063

CD4O70

CD4071

CD4072

CD4073

COJ075

CD4076

C04078

CO4081

CD4082

CD4116

CD4490

C04507

CD450B

CD4510

CD4511

CD4515

CD45I6

CD4518

CD452D

C04527

CDJ528

CU4553

CD4566

C04533

CD45B5

CD40192

74CO0

74C04

74CI0

M0S MEMORY RAM

■ 2101-1 1.9!

2102-1 8!

2103AL-4 1 2!

2107.AN-2L 1 6!

2101A-4 4 9!

2107B-4 3 n

2111- 1 29E

2112- 2 2 9S

2H4L 300ns 2M4L 450ns 4116 200ns a 4116 200ns 8--in6 150ns MM5280 MM5321 MM5330

UART:FIFD

AV5-1013 3 95

AV5-1014A.1612 6 95

2532

410D 10 GO

416 2.50

TMM2016 9 95

HM6116P3 10 95

HM6116LP3 1195

4164200ns 895

MK4816 24 50

CLOCKS

MM5311 4 95 MM5312 , MM53I4

MM5841 . V'.'.iSCo

I CT7010 6.9S

; CT7015 8.95

; MM5375M/N 3 90

; MM5375AG/N 4 90

» 270B 9 271611 * 2716 5 VOU 5 6 37l6 5Vciil I 2732 I 2758 5 3741A I 8748 ° 8755 5 N82S23

1 N82S123 5 N82S126

2 N82S129 N82S131 N82S136 N82S137 DM8577 2716-1

D£9S 1 95

DA15P 2 10

OA15S 3 10 ■

Complsle Set 9 50

SlopwilEh Kil 26.95 C

Aulo Clock Kil IT 95

□igiUI Clock Kil 19.75

RESISTORS H will 5% "

10 per type 05 100 per type 015

39 95 Jbu 29 95 5 «' W

35 0 MO 5% per ly

2 95 DIP SWITCHES

MONITORS 12 GREEN 5129.00 12' B W

44 pin >-iH)L86 pm lidgc 100 pin edge 100 pm edge w

14 45

Green Ye;io*T018 Jumbo Red

Green Ounge. •■ * Jumoo Cllplile LED Mounting Clips 4 (spec 'PC. atnoer. green yellow Cl CONTINENTAL SPECIALTIES In s

Complelelme Ol brearjBoaraiest en

7205 7207

7 50 20 29 40 49 15 95

4 95 WIRE WRAP LEVEL 3

350 MICH0PR0CESSOR

74C20 74C30 74C48 74C74 74C76 74C90 74C93 74C154 74C150 74C175

75 A la D COKVERTEH 74C192 74C221 74C905

75491CN 75492CN 75494CN

75

450

8700CJ

6701CN 22 00 B750CJ 13 95 9400CJVF 7 40 ICL7103 9 50 1CL7107 14 25

CMOS

CQ4Q00 25 CD4001 CD4002 CD4006 CO40O7 CD4O08 CD40O9 CO40IO CO40lt CO4012 CD4Q13 CD4Q14 CD4015 C04016 C04017 CD4018

74C922 ! 74C923 ! 74C925 I 74C925 I 74C927 l INTERFACE S095 8096

ST23 8T24 BT25 8T26 BT28 BT97 8198

■ Z80B 16 95

1 Z80P1Q 6 50 1 Z80AP10 5 95 i Z80CTC 5.95

Z80ACTC

Z80 OART

Z80A DART 18 75 Z80 DMA 280A DMA Z80S10 Z80AS10 280S10'1 Z80AS10/1 23 Z80S10<2 23 Sb . Z80AS10 2 28 95

6 95 18 67 40

! 20 MHi ! 32 MHi 32768 Hi

1 8432 MH; 3 5795 MH;

2 0100 MH; 2 097152 MHi

2 4576 MH;

3 2768 MH; 5.0688 MH; 5 185 MHi

5 7143 MH;

6 5536 MH; 14 31818 MH; 18 432 MH/ 22 1184 MHj

$4 00 1

SPECIAL PRODUCTS

2 i MH: Freq Cnu-W Kit 37.50 i 30 MH; Freq Caunlei Krt 47 75

■ AC TRANSFORMERS

FRAME WALL PLUG

6V 500 rra

6 3V CT 600 n

i 12V 250 ma 1 95 13V C

; 12 6V :T 500 ma 4 95 12V 51

I 12 6VCT 2 amps 5 95 12V i

= 12 6VCT4 amp 8 60 12V 2

= 12 6VCT3amp 10 80 6 9.

S 24V CT 100 ma 3 95 300

n 24V CT 500 ma 4 95 9 VDC

15.25

27 50 18 50 21 95 15 00

, 8212

, 8214

, B216

, B224

, 8228

, 8251

IFJCTC IBP1D

, 8253 i 8255 I 8257 8259 1S02CE plas 13.95 1B02E plas 17.95 1861P 5 95

KEYBOARD ENCODERS

AY5-2376 11 95

AV5-36OOPR0 11 95 74C922 5 49

74C923 5.50 HDOI65-5 7 95

D ConnECloti RS232

DS25P 2.95 DB25S 350 DE9P 1 95

Cover fjtt

5V 23 amp 24V 11 amp

DISPLAY LEDS

MAN 72 74 DL704

DL707/DLT07R DL727728 DL747'75D FN0359 FND500 507 FND503 510 FNFJ8O0 807 10 digil display 7520 Claim photocells TIL311 He.

MAN4610 MAN4640 MAN4710 MAN4740 MAN6640 MAN67I0 MAN6740

CCCA ! CC CA I CCCA I

4116 200ns Dynamic RAM 8/S13.75

Apple Peripheral Kits

SERIAL I/O INTERFACE 0 to 30,000 baud, D.T.R., Input & output from monitor or basic, or useApple as intelligent terminal, Bd only (P/N 2) $14.95, Kit (P/N 2A) $51.25, Assembled (P/N 2C) $62.95.

PROTOTYPING BOARD (P/N 7907) $21.95. PARALLEL TRIAC OUTPUT BOARD 8 triacs, each can switch 110V, 6A loads. Bd only (P/N 210) $19.20, Kit (P/N 21 OA) $119.55. APPLE II GAME PADDLESAdam and Eve $38.00. Interlace Kits

SERIAL/PARALLEL INTERFACE Bidirectional, Baud rates from 110 to 19.2K. sw selectable polarity of input and output strobe, 5 to 8 data bits. 1 or 2 stop bits, parity odd or even or none, all characters contain a start bit, +5 & -12V required.Bd only (P/N 101) $11.95, Kit (P/N 101A) $42.89.

RS-232/TTL INTERFACE Bidirectional, requires ±12V, Kit (P/N 232A) $9.95. RS-232/20mA INTERFACE Bidirectional, 2 passive opto-isolated circuits, Kit (P/N 7901A) $14.95.

PROM Eraser

Will erase 25 PROMs in 15 minutes. Ultraviolet, assembled. 25 PROM capacity $37.50 (with timer $69.50). 6 PROM capacity OSHA/UL version $83.00 (with timer $119.00).

Z80 MicroProfessor $149.00

Single board computer. Learning, teaching, prototyping. 2K RAM, keyboard, displays; cassette interface. Tiny BASIC $19.00. All fully assembled.

Z80 Microcomputer Kit $69.00

16 bit I/O, 2 MHz clock, 2K RAM, ROM Breadboard space. Excellent for control. Bare Board $28.50. Full Kit $79.00. Monitor $20.00. Power Supply Kit $35.00. Tiny Basic $30.00.

Modem Kit $60.00

State of the art, orig., answer. No tuning necessary. 103 compatible 300 baud. Inexpensive acoustic coupler plans included. Bd. only $17.00. Article in June, July, Aug. Radio Electronics, 1981.

60 Hz Crystal Time Base Kit $4.40

Converts digital clocks from AC line frequency to crystal time base. Outstanding accuracy.

Video Modulator Kit $9.95

Convert TV set into a high quality monitor w/o affecting usage. Comp. kit w/full instruc.

Multi-volt Computer Power Supply

8v 5 amp, ±18v .5 amp, 5v 1.5 amp. -5v .5 amp, 12v .5 amp. -12voption. ±5v, ^ 12v are regulated. Basic Kit $35.95. Kit with chassis and all hardware $51.95. Add S5.00 shipping. Kit of hardware $16.00. Woodgrain case $10.00. $1.50 shipping.

Type-N-Talk by Votrax

Text to speech synthesizer with unlimited vocabulary, built-in text to speech algorithm. 70 to 100 bits per second speech synthesizer, RS232C interface $359.00. Speech IC $72.00.

Direct Connect Modem $99.00

Fully assembled in case with RS232 cable. Orig/answer, 103 compatible, 9V battery or wallplug.

INTRODUCING A BRAND NEW MICROCOMPUTER

VENTURE is a single board computer that is an adventure for the hobbyist. It is a learning, training computer as well as just plain fun for anyone who wants to get into a state-of-the-art computer at reasonable cost.

VENTURE comes in kit form or fully assembled and tested. You can get it in its minimum configuration for as little as $195.00 or take it all the way to floppy disks and voice. It can be expanded as a kit or fully assembled, at your own pace and choice.

VENTURE is a 16" by 20" main board with separate ASCII and HEX keyboards. It runs fast, almost 4 MHz, and has the capability of putting almost 1 megabyte of RAM and ROM on the board along with a variety of inexpensive options.

A 16-channel analog-to-digital converter allows use of joysticks, control functions, instrumentation, temperature sensing, etc. T1 sound generator, software controlled music, Votrax voice synthesizer and real time clock calendar add to its versatility.

A standard 60-pin bus with 5 slots, parallel ports and 2 serial ports with full handshaking (75 to 9600 BAUD) allow expansion into floppy disks, color.EPROM programmer, printer, modem of your choice. Later expansion will add a light pen, a universal user programmable music sound board, General Purpose Instrument Bus, and a high resolution color/grayscale pixel mapped video board.

VENTURE connects directly to a monitor or to your TV set through an RF modulator. And now for the heart of VENTURE ... its video display. VENTURE has a high resolution programmable video display with up to 4096 user-defined characters, alphanumeric symbols, special graphics or objects, such as space ships, etc. Each character is 8 pixels wide by 15 pixels high, with 2 grayscale

Wiienrure

maps; it has 64 levels of grayscale plus video invert/compliment and hidden screen update for a "snow" free display. The display is 512 x 512 pixel mapped with 2 planes of video RAM per display. VENTURE video is in short. . . astounding!

VENTURE has complete software support with full BASIC, 3 ROM monitors, disassembler/assembler/editor. It will run realtime video games, all RCA chip 8 programs and all current Quest 1802 software. VENTURE DOS will accommodate up to three 5'/<" double density floppies. A complete 1802 programming book is available. All versions of VENTURE are shipped with a set of manuals written to be understood by the inexperienced as well as experienced user. On-Board Options

16 channel A to D; 5 slot 60 pin bus. 2 serial ports, parallel ports; 3 video options, 48K RAM, Votrax voice synthesizer, sound generator, EPROM; full BASIC dissassembler, editor, assembler; metal cabinet, additional power supply, ASCII keyboard real time clock calendar. Expansion Options

Floppy disk, EPROM programmer, light pen. universal user programmable music, sound board high resolution color/grayscale pixel mapped video board, General Purpose Instrument Bus. Minimum VENTURE System $195.00 Kit includes CPU and control with 4K ot RAM, 1K of scratchpad, 2K monitor. 1861 video graphics, cassette interface and separate HEX keyboard with LED displays for address and output. Power supply is included along with 2 game cassettes. The main board is 16" x 20" and includes space for all of the previously discussed on-board options. Full on-board expansion can be completed for under $1000.00. Call tor further details, option prices, etc.

RCA Cosmac 1802 Super Elf Computer $106.95

R&D. A monthly newsletter. Questdata is devoted exclusively to software for the Super Elf and there are many software books available at low cost.

The Super Elf is a tremendous value as it combines video, digital displays, LED displays, and music, all on a single board for $106.95. The Super Elf expansion capability is virtually unlimited and you can do it inexpensively one step at a time. Expansion includes casstte interlace, additional memory, color video, Basic, ASCII keyboard, printer, floppy, S-100 bus, RS232, etc. The Super Elf comes complete with power supply and detailed 127 page instruction manual which includes over 40 pages ot software, including a series of lessons to help get you started and a music program and graphics target game. Many schools and universities are using the Super Elf as a course of study. OEM's use it for training and

The Super Elf computer system is now available as a series of bare boards as well as full kits and assembled.

Bare Boards: Super Elf $35.00. Super Expansion $35.00. Power Supply $10.00. S-100 Color $35.00. Dynamic RAM $40.00. Manuals $10.00. Super Basic $45.00.

Free 14 Page Brochure

Send or call for a free brochure on all details and pricing of the Super Elf and its expansion. We will get it right out to you!

Voltage Mate $18.50

S1.25 shipping. Switching regulator kit with adjustable AC/DC voltage conversion. 3 modes of operation; step up, step down, inversion. Jumper selectable modes of operation. Input voltage5-15 VDC. outputvoltage -24to +30 VDC current draw 30-250 ma.

UHF Preamplifier Kit $34.95

$2.00 shipping. Improves uhf reception dramatically, 25 db gain assem. version $57.50. Articles Radio Elect. Mar, May, 1981.

Rockwell AIM 65 Computer

6502 based single board with full ASCII keyboard and 20 column thermal printer. 20 char, alphanumeric display ROM monitor; fully expandable. $439.00. 4K version $454.00. 4K Assembler S35.00, 8K Basic Interpreter $65.00.

Special small power supply 5V 2A 24V ,5A assem. in frame $59.00. Molded plaslic enclosure to fit both AIM 65 and power supply $52.50. AIM 65 1K in cabinet with power supply, switch, fuse, cord assem. $571.00. 4K $586.00. A65'40-5000 AIM 65/40 W/16K RAM and monitor $1295.00. RAM Board Kit (16K, $195) (32K, $215). VD640 Video Interface Kit S119.00. A&T $149.00. Complete AIM 65 in thin briefcase with power supply $532.00. Special Package Price: 4K AIM. 8K Basic, power supply, cabinet $615.00.

AIM 65/KIM/SYM/Super Elf 44 pin expansion board: board with 3 connectors $22.95. "Send for complete list of all AIM products.

Elf II Adapter Kit $24.95

Plugs into Elf 11 providing Super Elf 44 and 50 pin plus S-100 bus expansion. (With Super Expansion). High and low address displays, state and mode LED's optional $18.00.

Super Color S-100 Video Kit $99.00

Expandable to 256 x 192 high resolution color graphics. 6847 with all display modes computer controlled. Memory mapped. 1K RAM expandable to 6K. S-100 bus 1802, 8080, 8085, Z80, etc. Dealers: Send lor excellent pricing/margin program.

TERMS: $5.00 min. order U.S. Funds. Calif, residents add 6% tax.

$10.00 min. VISA and MasterCard accepted. $1.00 insurance optional. Shipping: Add 5%; orders under $25.00—10%.

Circle 325 on inquiry card.

Prices subject to change

FREE: Send for your copy of our NEW 1982 QUEST CATALOG. Include 880 stamp

r

BYTE October 1982 499

Circle 395 on inquiry card.

1& W JSSSf MICRO I VI. SI. SALES

'dual drive subsystems^

DISK DRIVES

SA801R 395.00ea Two for 388.00ea

SA851R 575.00ea Two for 563.00ea

QUMEDT-8 ... 540.00ea Two for 529.00ea Tandon848-1 425.00ea Twofor395.00ea Tandon 848-2.. 5 25 .OOea Two for 495.00ea

We carry a full Line of S'A" Drives and Subsystems — CALL FOR PRICES!

HORIZONTAL

VERTICAL

w/two Shugart 801R SS/DD 995.00

w/two Shugart 851R DS/DD 1295.00

w/two Qume DT-8 DS/DD 1250.00

w/two Tandon 848-1 SS/DD 995.00

w/two Tandon 848-2 DS/DD 11 95.00

Cabinet A & T w/Power Supply and Aces. .235.00 Cabinet Top and Bottom 69.50

XOR POWER SUPPLYS

Universal Power Supply 69.95

Disk Drive Power Supply 59.95

S 100 Power Supply 89.50

California Computer Systems

• 2810 CPU Only—255.00

• 2422 Disk Controller Only—330.00

• 2065C 64K Only—320.00

• 2200A Mainframe Only—475.00

• CCS Apple Boards Call for prices

SOFTWARE

—

BASIC 80 $290.00

BASIC COMPILER 320.00

C BASIC 118.00

CCOMPLIER 175.00

COBOL 80 600.00

DATA STAR 265.00

DISK DOCTOR 85.00

FORTH 170.00

FORTRAN 80 400.00

MACRO 80 165.00

MACRO ASSEMBLER 90.00

MAILMERGE 115.00

PASCAL/M 320.00

SPELLSTAR 190.00

SUPERCALC 235.00

SUPERSORT I 190.00

SSS FORTRAN 215.00

WORDSTAR 275.00

PRINTERS

ANADEX 9000A

$1250.00

ANADEX 9001A

1275.00

ANADEX 9500A...

. 1350.00

ANADEX 9501A

1375.00

EPSON MX-80

470.00

EPSON MX-80 FT .

580.00

EPSON MX-100 ..

735.00

OKI DATA 82 A

465.00

OKI DATA 83A

750.00

J

^CALL FOR QUANTITYPRICES! Jj£

TERMINALS

ADDS VIEWPOINT $495.00

Green Screen, Detachable Keyboard

ADDS REGENT 20 569.00

ADDS REGENT 25 745.00

ZENITH Z-19 745.00

TELEVIDEO

★ THE NEW 910+ $575.00

Green Screen, Block Mode Terminal and 10 Preprogrammed Function Codes.

★ THE NEW 925 $739.00

With 22 Function Keys, Green Screen and Detachable Keyboard. • Time of Day • Sell Test • And More! •

SUNNY LOW LOW COST

OWER SUPPLIES

LINEAR & SWITCHING)

KIT 1, 2 & 3 ForS-100 R3For3x8" (or 5V4") Disks S3 For S-100 & Two Disks

S-100 & DISK POWER SUPPLY "S3" open frame, assy. & tested, e outputs, size: 10- (W) x e- (D) x 5" (H) 102.95

REGUL. OUTPUTS FOR DISKS: +5V @ 5A OVP, -5V @ 1A, +24V (OR +12V) @ 5A-7A PEAK. ADJUSTABLE AND UNREGUL. OUTPUTS FOR S-100: +8V @ 14A, ± 16V @ 3A. FUSES PROTECT ALL REGUL. OUTPUTS.

IDEAL FOR THE MAINFRAME WITH 12 SLOTS & 2 x 8" or 5>/4" FLOPPY (OR 1x FLOPPY & 1x HARD DISK).

DISK POWER SUPPLIES: open frame, assy. & tested, regulated, adjustable & fuses protect.

ITEM IDEAL FOR _ +5V OVP -5V (or - 12V) +24V (or + 12V) +8V Unreg. SIZE W x D x H PRICE

Rl R2

«3

2 x 8" SLIMLINE 2 x 8" or 2 x 5W DISK [3x8" (or 5V4") FLOPPY] [or 1x Floppy & 1x HardJ

2.5A 2.5A - 5A Peak

3A 1A 3A - 5A Peak

6A 1A(or2.5A) 6A - 8A Peak

6 A 1A 6A-8APeak

5" x 4" x 4" 49.95

2A 8" X 4" x 3%" 54.95

1.8%"x5"x4%"or2. 10"x4%"x3%" 69.95

1. 9" X 6V4" x 4%" or 2. 9" x 5Vt" x 5'/4" 69.95

OPTION: ±12V @ 1A CAN BE ADDED TO ITEM "R3" SIZE 1. ONLY, COSTS $12.00 MORE.

S-100 POWER SUPPLY KITS (open frame with base plate, 3 hrs. assy, time)

(IDEAL FOR)

ITEM (IDEAL FOR) +8V -8V +16V -16V +28V SIZE: WxDxH

KIT1 15 CARDS 15A — 2.5A 2.5A — 12"x5"x4%"

KIT 2 20 CARDS 25A — 3A 3A — 12"x5"x4%"

KIT 3 DISK SYSTEM 15A 1A 3A 3A 5A 13%" x 5" x 4%"

POWER TRANSFORMERS (with mounting brackets)

PRICE 54.95 61.95 69.95

ITEM

PRIMARY

SECONDARY #1

SECONDARY #2

SECONDARY #3

SIZE WxDxH

PRICE

T1

110/120

2x8 Vac, 15A

28 Vac, CT, 2.5A

3%" X 3Vb" x 3W

22.95

T2

110/120

2x8 Vac, 25A

28 Vac, CT, 3.5A

3%" x 4%" x 3%"

28.95

T3

110/120

2x8 Vac, 15A

28 Vac, CT, 3A

48 Vac, CT, 2.5A

3%" x 4%" x 3%"

30.95

T4

110/120

2x8 Vac, 6A

28 Vac, CT. 1.5A

48 Vac, CT, 3A

3%" x 3%" x 3%"

23.95

T5

16 Vac, CT, 3A

28 Vac, CT, 2A

(48 Vac, if specified)

3" x 3" x 2%"

15.95

MAILING ADDRESS: P.O. BOX 4296 TORRANCE, C

TELEX I82558

SUNNY INTERNATIONAL

(TRANSFORMERS MANUFACTURER) (213) 328-2425 MON-SAT 9-6

SHIPPING FOR EA. PWR SUPPLY: $5.50 IN CALIF; $8.00 IN OTHER STATES; $18.00 IN CANADA. FOR EA. TRANSFORMER: $5.00 IN ALL STATES; $12.00 IN CANADA. CALIF. RESIDENTS ADD 6% SALES TAX.

ATTENTION O.E.M. S YOUR SPECIAL NEEDS OR DESIGNS OF TRANSFORMER, LINEAR & SWITCHING PWR SUPPLY WILL BE MADE TO ORDER AT SUNNY LOW LOW COST & FASTEST DELIVERY.

SHIPPING ADDRESS: 22129V2 S. VERMONT AVE TORRANCE, CA 90502

500 BYTE October 1982

Circle 370 on inquiry card.

& EAST Coast Call (815) 485-4002 ft WEST Coast Call (714) 891-2677

IK Sr MICRO \iU\) SALES

•k EAST ★ J1 Edison Drive, New Lenox, Illinois

TERMS: Weaccept VISA/MC, prepay, check or money order. Please allow personal check two weeks to clear before shipment $5.00 handling charge on all orders under $50.00. Alt orders

shipped via U.P.S. unless otherwise specified. *Our products carry a full 6 months parts and + «/cct a < <53«1 Chtimiral I ana Mi,

labor warranty excluding drives, printers and terminals which carry the lull O.E.M factory warranty. * ' * I OOP' Onem/Ca/ Lane, ML

60451 >649

m© m©& dot

by XO]

us

For test or systems applications." Complete S-100 12 Slot MainIrame with Disk Drive Power Supply lor 4 Drives.

SPECIFICATIONS

Regulated +5V @ 5A +24V @ 3A -5V @ 1A S225.00 Kit with 12 S-100 Bus Connectors $255.00 Assem. and Tested with 12 Bus Connectors

$15.00 AC/DC Drive Cable Set for 2 Drives Dimensions 6" x 10" x 18" — Shipping Weight 25 lbs.

Unregulated +8V @ 30A + 16V O 6A

Low Velocity Whisper' Fans Only $1 8.00 ea Finger Guards $2.50 each.

XOR Z-80 CPU

* Two Full RS-232 Serial Ports

★ Three 8-Bit Parrallel Ports (8255)

* Powerful 2K Prom Monitor (271 6)

* Extended Addressing

★ On Board CTC Capability

Assembled and Tested $255.00

Order Part* B-4000-03

XOR DISKCONTROLLER

★ Full 4MHZ Operation

* Multi-Sector Operation

* Mixed Density Operation

■*• Runs Both 8" and 5Va" Drives!

* Utilizes Western Digital's 1395 Chip Set

Assembled and Tested $275.00

Order Part* B-4000-05

XOR 64K RAM

★ 4116 200NS Dynamic Ram Chips

★ Four 1 6K Banks - Selectable

★ 4MHZ Z-80 Operation

★ Reset Enable/Disable of Each 16K Bank

* No Analog or R/C Networks Tied to TTL

Assembled and Tested $259.00

Order Part* B-4000-06

\©m\K

★ SPECIALOFTHE MONTH ★

Now available —The S-100-1 2 Hard Disk System featuring the S-100-12 System below PLUS:

★ Shugart SA1002 5.33 Megabyte Hard Disk

★ Shugart DTC1403 Hard Disk Controller

★ XOR S-100 Hard Disk Interface Board

★ Qume DT-8 DS/DD Floppy Disk

★ CP/M® w/Hard Disk Drivers, I/O and Format

★ Fully Assembled and Tested-with Manuals

This is A One Time Offer

$3750.00 Complete!

Part# S-1000-41 Cannot be shipped UPS - Must ship via Air or Truck Shipping weight 80 lbs.

$1695.00

* 4 Slot S-100 Bus

* Two Separate Power Supplys

* XOR S-100 Brd Set (above)

★ Inculdes CP/M'S 2.2 and Manl

★ All Cables Provided

★ Dimensions only 9" x 9" x I8V2"

S-100-4 System Complete with:

2-Tandon Thinline 8" (Model TM-848-1 SS/DD) Part#S-1000-40 $1695.00

2-Tandon Thinline 8" (Model TM-848-2 DS/DD) Part#S-1000-39 $1950.00

"BARE BONES" PRICES

S-100-4 System - Includes Two Power Supplys, Two Transformers, 4 Slot S-100 Bus, Card Cage,

Chassis and Cabinet ★ Kit Onlv $299.00 ★ A & T $385.00 *y

$1795.00

TERMINAL

★ Feather Touch Capacitance Kybrd ★ 60 Key Standard ASCII +SOP.OC Type Screen Attribute Set ★ 8 Special Function Keys

★ Hall Intensity ★ 20 Screen Editing Keys

COMPUTER

★ XOR S-100 Board Set (Above) ★ Includes CP/M® 2.2

★ Programmable Keyboard Set * 8 Slot S-100 Bus

S-100-8 System Complete With:

Shugart 801R Subsystem- (#S-1000-13).. $2695.00 Shugart 851R Subsystem* (#S-1000-02).. 29 95.00

Qume DT-8 Subsystem- (#S-1000-03) 2950.00

Shugart SA400 Minis (#S-1000-04) 23 50.00

Complete System ,No Drives (#S-1000-01). 1795.00 'Available in Horizontal or Vertical Cabinet

ZENITH DATA SYSTEMS

CALL FOR PRICES

Controller Board for 8" and 5" Drives for the Z-89, Z-90 or H89 Computers....Comes w/CP/M® 2.2 on 8" and 5" media

Only $550.00

CCS SYSTEM 2410 .. $2100.00

★ Includes CPW 2.2 * 2-Serial/l-Parallel Port

★ DMA Disk Controller * Hardware Vectored Intempts

★ 2-Real Time Clocks * Supports CP/Ms,MP/Ms,OASIS

CCS 2200 System, A & T . 1625.00

$1350.00

★ With the XOR S-100 MOD ★ XOR S-100 Brd Set(above)

★ 12 Slot Motherboard and ★ Includes CP/M" 2.2 Software Card Cage and Manual

★ +8V » 30A • +16V (3 6A * All Cables Provided + DC Power to Run up to 4 Drives * Complete Manual Set

S-100-12 System Complete With:

2-Shugart 801R (#S-1000-30) $ 2250.00

2-Shugart 851R (#S-1000-31 25 00.00

2-O.ume DT-8 (#S-1000-32) 24 50.00

S-100-12 No Drives or CP/M®(#S-1000-29) 1350.00 Cabinet only - Includes Switches, Fan & AC/DC Wiring

(#S-1000-28) 250.00

Dimensions 11" x 21" x 22" CP/M* is a trademark of Digital Research

Apple 8" Disk Controller Card $395.00 '

ZVX4 Dual Density, Single & Double Sided - Auto Boot

Disk 2 + 2 Single Density Single or Dual Sided VsVAy 300.00

Complete line of add on drives for Apple CALL FOR PRICES

Circle 396 on Inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982 501

QT Products Division - Golden West Computers, Inc

60 North 300 West Provo, Utah 84601

MF+MD

MF+DD

MF+

5W MAINFRAME

• Provisions for any 5Vt" Drive

• 7 ea DB25 Cutout

• Available with 6,8, or 12 slot Motherboard

• Fused Power • EMI Filter

• Power Supply (+8V16A/ + 16V3A/+12V3A)

QTC-MF+MD (no Motherbd) $450.00

QTC-MF+MD6 6 slot MB $500.00

QTC-MF+MD8 8 slot MB $550.00

QTC-MF+MD12 22 slot MB $600.00

QTC-CC+4 Card Cage only $20.00 QTC-CC+4-1 with 4 slot Motherbd

and Card Guides $75.00

QTC-CC+6 Card Cage only $25.00 QTC-CC+6-1 with 6 slot Motherbd and

Card Guides $90.00

QTC-CC+6-2 with 6 slot Motherbd and

Card Guides &4"Fan $115.00

QTC-CC+8 Card Cage only $35.00

QTC-CC+8-1 with 8 slot Motherbd and

Card Guides $100.00

QTC-CC+8-2 with 8 slot Motherboard,

Card Guides and 4" Fan $135.00

QTC-CC+12 Card Cage only $60.00

QTC-CC+12-1 with 12 slot Motherbd and

Card Guides $135.00

QTC-CC+12-2 with 12 slot Motherbd,

Card Guides and 4" Fan $200.00

QTC-CC+12-3 with 12 slot Motherbd,

Card Guides & 2-4" Fans $225.00

i/o+

• 2 serial sync/async ports

• 4 - 8 bit parallel ports

• 3 -16 bit prog, timers

• On board clock

• Wire wrap area

QTC-I/O+BB Bare Board $85.00

QTC-I/O+K Kit $250.00

QTC-I/O+A A&T $425.00

APPLE CLOCK/CALENDAR

Same features as S-100 Clock

QTC-CCA-BB Bare Board $40.00

QTC-CCA-K Kit $100.00

QTC-CCA-A A&T $150.00

S-100 Extender Board

QTC-EXT+BB Bare Board $21.95

QTC-EXT+K Kit $27.95

QTC-EXT+A Kit $40.00

8" MAINFRAME

• Power supply will accommodate Hard Disk + 1 ea floppy or 2 ea 8" floppy.

(+8V16A/+16V3A/+5V5A/+24V5A)

• Available with 6, 8, 12 slot Mother Boards

• EMI Filter for noise suppression \

• 2 ea AC outlets on back panel N"1 "

• 15 ea DB25 Cut-Outs • 2 ea 50 Pin Cut-Outs

QTC-MF+DD Bare Cabinet $250.00

QTC-MF+DD6 w/6 slot Motherbd .. $725.00

QTC-MF+DD8 w/8 slot MB $795.00

QTC-MF+DD12 Will slot MB $895.00

MOTHERBOARDS

• Quietest on market

• Built-in ground shield network .

• LED power indicator fO^V •

• IEEE 696 1

• Available in 4, 6, 8,12, or 18 slots

• Connector for easy power access on all but 4&18

4 Slot Motherboards QTC-MB4 BB .. $20.00 QTC-MB4 K ... $35.00 QTC-MB4 A ... $45.00

6 Slot Motherboard QTC-MB6BB .. $30.00 QTC-MB6K ...$50.00 QTC-MB6A ...$65.00

8 Slot Motherboard QTC-MB8BB .. $35.00 QTC-MB8K ...$65.00 QTC-MB8A ...$95.00

12 Slot Motherboards QTC-MB12BB . $40.00 QTC-MB12K ..$95.00 QTC-MB12A .$135.00

18 Slot Motherboards QTC-MB18BB . $65.00 QTC-MB18K .$135.00 QTC-MB18A .$185.00

Kit allows quick connection on M/B

QTC-CON-K.$3.20ea

DISK DRIVE CABINETS

"All in One" ^i,^ Vertical Disk Drive Cabinet

For: 1. 2 ea or 4 ea TANDON THINLINE 8"

2. 2 ea STANDARD 8" DRIVES

3. 1 ea HARD DISK & 1 ea FLOPPY 8"

• Power supply - 5V (51A/+5V(a6A/+24V(a6A

• EMI filter

• Interface cable for AC allows use of any 8" disk drive

• 2 ea 50 pin & 2 ea DB 25 Connector Cutout

QTC-DDC+88V18IeoS(dS "DD $360.00

QTC-DDC+88V28 (for 2 ea Sid) 8" DD

orlHD+ 2 Sid 8" $395.00

QTC-DDC+88V2T (For 2 ea Tandon

Thinline Drives) $360.00

QTC-DDC+88V1T (For 1 ea Tandon

Thinline Drives) $340.00

Horizontal Disk Drive Cabinet

For: 2 ea 8" Floppy Disk Drive

• Power Supply +5V6A/+24V6A

• Interface cable for Ac allows use of any disk drive

QTC-DDC+88H $360.00

STANDARD MAINFRAME

(Plain Front Panel)

• Available with 6, 8, 12, or 18 slot Motherboard

• 7ea DB25 Cutout

• Fused Power • EMI Filter

• Power Supply - (+8V16A/+16V3A)

QTC-MF+6 6 slot MB $425.00

QTC-MF+8 8 slot MB $450.00

QTC-MF+12 12 slot MB $500.00

QTC-MF+18 18 slot MB $550.00

S-100 CLOCK/CALENDAR

• Time in hours, minutes, seconds.

• Program selectable 24 hour military format or 12 hour AM/PM format.

• Date in month, day, year, day of week, and leap year recognition.

• Fast time and date setting.

• + - 30 second adjust.

• 4 hard interrupts, 1024 Hz (approx. 1 millisecond) 1 Hz, 1 minute, 1 hour.

• Crystal controlled rime base.

• Latched input and output ports.

• On board batter backup power.

• Automatic power off sensing.

• Simple programming interface.

• Works with 8080 or Z80 CPU.

QTC-CCSBB Bare Board $60.00

QTC-CCSK Kit $115.00

QTC-CCSA A&T $165.00

Featured in March 1982 Micro Computer Magazine

SW Disk Drives

B-51 MPI sgl sideldbl den $265.00

B-52 MPI dbl sideldbl den $350.00

DT-5 Qume dbl sideldbl den $350.00

SA400L Shugart sgl sideldbl den .... $265.00 TM-100-1A Tandon sgl sideldbl den . $250.00

8" Disk Drives

801R Shugart sgl sideldbl den $390.00

851R Shugart dbl side/dbl den $495.00

DT-8 Qume dbl side/dbl den $495.00

M-2894 Misubishi dbl side/dbl den .. $495.00

Discount 5% off these prices with purchase of cabinet or mainframe

CLOSE-OUT CPU

QT-Z+80 Bare Board w/manual $28.00

Teletek FDC-14MHZ-dbl den cont

2 serial -2 par $525.00

PRODUCT DIVISION

GOLDEN WEST COMPUTERS, INC.

Circle 450 on inquiry card.

Dealers & OEMS Call:

1-800-238-3100

(Continental U.S. only) (Except Utah) Technical & Customer Service

1-801-373-1467

QUICK b TIMELY

Stocking Retail Outlets Include: Priority One 1-800-423-5922

Call for your local dealer

NEW QT CATALOG NOW AVAILABLE

Belmont, California 94002

One-Stop Component Center ®

This is a partial listing of over 600 items available from 600 authorized Jim-pak Distributors:

7400

7402 .

7404 .

7406 .

7407 .

7408 . 7410 . 7414 . 7417 . 7420 . 7447 .

7474 .

7475 .

7476 .

7485 .

7486 . 7489 .

TTL

. 2/.85 7490 . 2/.85 . 2/.85 .2/1.19 .2/1.19 . 2A89 . 2/.85 . .99 .2/1.10 . 2/.85 . .1.19 . .69 . .79 . .69 . .1.19 .2/1.19 . 2.99

85

7493 85

74100 2.25

74109 2/1.19

74121 69

74123 99

74150 1.95

74154 1.95

74157 99

74161 1.19

74164 1.59

74174 1.59

74175 1.49

74192 1.19

74193 1.19

74367 99

74393 1.95

POTENTIOMETERS

2 Watt @ 70°C 7/8" Slotted Shaft Linear Taper IK. 5K. 10K, 25K. 50K, 100K. 1 Meg

CMU $2.95

3/4 Watt @ 70°C 15 Turn Pot. Linear Taper 100 Ohm, 500 Ohm, IK, 5K, 10K, 50K, 100K, 500K, 1Meg

830P $1.79

DATA BOOKS

JPTTL Jim-Pak7400/74LS TTL S3.95

JPCML Jlm-Pak CMOS/Linear 4.49

JPMPD Jim-Pak Micro./Display 3.95

30001 National CMOS 6.95

30003 National Linear 9.95

30005 National TTL Logic 9.95

30009 Intersil 7.95

10400 Intel Component 10.95

CMOS WW

4000 4001 4002 4006 4009 4010 4011 4013 4016 4017 4018 4020 4023 4024 4027

.55

4030

.55

4040

.59

4044

1.49

4046

.79

4047

.79

4049

.55

4050

.79

4051

.79

4066

1.39

4069

1.39

4070

1.39

4071

.49

4081

1.19

4093

.79

4511

.75 1.79 1.39 1.95 2.75 .79 .89 1.59 .95 .69 .75 .69 .59 1.19 1.95

CONNECTORS

Jl.JUJI. JUJLJLJLJLJLJLJL.JL.lt

DB25P

D-Subminlature Plug

3.95

□ B25S

D-Subminiature Socket

4.95

□ B51226

Cover for DB25P/S

2.25

22/44SE

P.C. Edge

2.95

UG88/U

BNC Plug

2.19

UG89/U UG175/U

BNC Jack

3.95

UHF Adapter

.59

S0239

UHF Panel Recp.

1.49

PL258

UHF Adapter

1.95

PL259

UHF Plug

1.95

UG260/U

BNC Plug

2.39

UG1094/U BNC Bulkhead Recp.

1.49

ffP LINEAR

LM301N. . .

. .59

LM7805T . .

. 1.75

LM305H. . .

. 1.39

LM7812T . .

. 1.75

LM307N. . .

. .75

LM7815T . .

. 1.75

LM308N. . .

. 1.19

LM380N. . .

. 1.49

LM309K. . .

. 2.25

LM384N. . .

. 2.49

LM310N. . .

. 2.69

LM555N. . .

. .69

LM311N. . .

. 1.49

LM556N. . .

. 1.49

LM317T . . .

. 2.29

LM565N. . .

. 1.95

LM318N. . .

. 2.95

LM566N. . .

. 1.95

LM319N. . .

. 2.95

LM567N. . .

. 1.79

LM320K-5. .

. 2.25

LM723N. . .

. .79

LM7905T . .

. 1.75

LM741N. . .

. .65

LM7912T . .

. 1.75

LM1310N . .

. 2.95

LM7915T . .

. 1.75

LM1458N . .

. .99

LM323K. . .

. 5.95

LM1488N . .

. 1.59

LM324N. . .

. 1.29

LM1489N . .

. 1.59

LM337T. . .

. 2.29

LM1800N . .

. 4.49

LM339N. . .

. 1.29

76477N. . . .

. 3.95

DIP JUMPERS AND CABLE ASSEMBLIES

DJ-14-1 14-Pin 1-Foot Single-End (Dip Jumper) $2.95

DJ-16-1 16-Pin 1-Foot Single-End (Dip Jumper) 3.25

DJ-24-1 24-Pin 1-Foot Single-End (Dip Jumper) 3.95

DJ-40-1 40-Pin 1-Foot Single-End (Dip Jumper) 7.95

DJ-14-1-14 14-Pin 1-Foot Double-End {Dip Jumper) 4.25

DJ-16-1-16 16-Pin 1-Foot Double-End (Dip Jumper) 4.95

DJ-24-1 24 24-Pin 1-Foot Double-End (Dip Jumper) 5.95

DJ-40-1 -40 40-Pin 1-Foot Double-End (Dip Jumper) 11.95

DJ-14-3-14 14-Pin 3-Foot Double-End (Dip Jumper) 5.49

DJ-16-3-1B 16-Pin 3-Foot Double-End (Dip Jumper) 5.95

DB25P-4-P DB25P - 4 Foot - DB25P (Cable Assembly) 16.95

DB25P-4-S DB25P - 4 Foot - DB25S (Cable Assembly) 17.95

DB25S-4-S DB25S - 4 Fool - DB25S (Cable Assembly) 18.95

JE215 Adjustable Dual Power Supply

General Description: The JE215 is a Dual Power Supply with independent adjustable positive and negative output voltages. A separate adjustment for each of the supplies provides the user unlimited applications for IC current voltage requirements. The supply can also be used as a general all-purpose variable power

supply. FEATURES:

• Adjustable regulated power supplies, pos. and neg. 1.2VDC to 15VDC.

--^ • Power Output (each supply):

5VDC @ 500mA, lOVDCra 750mA, 12VDC<°> 500mA, and k %' " 15VDC<9> 1 75mA.

'f,.'J& = •* # Two, 3-terminal adj. IC regulators with thermal overload protection.

• Heat sink regulator cooling

• LED "on" indicator

• Printed Board Construction

• 120VAC input

• Size: 3-1/2"w x 5-1/16"L x 2"H

JEZ15Adj. Dual PowerSupply Kit (asshown) . . $24.95

^ JIM-PAK = KITS

JE730 JE701

JE200 5V1 Amp Regulated Power Supply Kit $14.95

JE205 Multi-Voltage Board Kit (Adapts to JE200) 12.95

JE210 5-15V/.5-1.5 Amp Regulated Power Supply Kit 19.95

JE212 Neg. 12VDC Adapter Board Kit (lor JE610) 9.95

JE215 Adjustable Power Supply Kit (Pictured above center) 24.95

JE300 Digital Thermometer Kit 39.95

JE305 Solar Cell Panel Kit 39.95

JE600 Hexadecimal Encoder Kit 59.95

JE610 ASCII Encoded Keyboard Kit 79.95

JE701 6-Digit (.300") Clock Kit (Pictured above right) 19.95

JE730 4-Digit (.357") Clock Kit (Pictured above lett) 14.95

JE747 6-Digit (.630") Clock Kit 29.95

JE2206B Function Generator Kit (Pictured below right) 19.95

GRAB BAGS

GB10D Ceramic Disc. Capacitors (100) S2.95

GB101 Mylar Capacitors (60) 4.95

GB102 Electrolytic Capacitors (60) 4.95

GB103 Tantalum Capacitors (40) 4.95

GB107 Silicon Diodes (1N914/1N4148) (100) 2.95

GB108 TTL Series Integrated Circuits (50) 4.95

GB109 Linear Integrated Circuits (30) 4.95

GB110 Assorted LEDs (100) 5.95

GB113 Miniature Trimmer Pots (30) 4.95

GB116 1/4 Watt Resistor Assortment (200) 2.95

GB117 1/2 Watt Resistor Assortment (200) 2.95

GB120 Miniature Slide Switches (25) 3.95

GB123 HBat Sinks Assortment (30) 3.95

GB127 Transistors Plastic/Power (100) 3.95

GB137 Chokes. Coils and Inductors (50) 3.95

GB139 3-8 Terminal SoldBr/Screw Type (40) 3.95

GB140 Spacers. Standoffs. Insulators (150) 2.95

GB141 Washers and Spacers (200) 2.95

GB145 Lugs.CrimpOn (100) 2.95

GB147 Hardware Mix - Nuts, Screws, etc (500) 5.95

GB154 1 & 2 Watt Resistor Assortment (100) 2.95

GD162 7-Segment Displays (50) 5.95

GB165 Toggle. Rocker, Push Button Switches (40) 10.95

GB173 U Test & Sort 3/8" Potentiometers (100) 5.95

GB175 1 &3 Amp Silicon Rectifiers (Diodes) (100) 3.95

GB177 Shrink Tubing-Assorted 1" pieces (200) 3.95

1PP LS Schottky fW

74LS00 55 74LS109 .

74LS02 55 74LS123 .

74LS04 69 74LS138 .

74LS08 55 74LS139 .

74LS10 55 74LS154 .

74LS14 1.09 74LS157 .

74LS30 55 74LS161 .

74LS32 69 74LS174 .

74LS38 69 74LS175 .

74LS42 1.29 74LS192 .

74LS47 1.29 74LS193 .

74LS48 1.79 74LS221 .

74LS73 75 74LS244 .

74LS74 69 74LS245 .

74LS75 75 74LS367 .

74LS85 1.49 74LS374 .

74LS90 89 81LS97. .

. .75 1.49 1.29 1.29 1.95 1.19 1.29 1.19 1.19 1.49 1.49 1.49 1.89 3.49 .89 1.95 2.29

SOCKETS

Low Prof

8 pin LP . 14 pin LP . 16 pin LP . 18 pin LP . 20 pin LP . 22 pin LP . 24 pin LP . 28 pin LP . 36 pin LP . 40 pin LP .

le

2/.59 2/.69 2/. 79 2/. 89 2/.99 2/1.09 .79 .82 .99 1.19

14 p 14 p 16 p 16 p 24 p 40 p 14 p 16 p 24 p Also

Wire Wrap

in WW tin .75 in WW gold 1.09 n WW tin .79 n WW gold 1.19 in WW gold 1.69 n WW gold 2.75 plug/cover 1.29 plug/cover 1.39 . plug/cover 1.95 The Molex Line

DIODES & TRANSISTORS

IN751 2/,

IN757 2/.

IN1188 2.

IN3600 5/.

IN4001 4/.

IN4004 4/.

IN4007 4/.

IN4148 10/.

IN4733 2/.

IN4734 2/.

IN4735 2/.

IN5401 3/1.

IN5408 3/1,

2N2219A. . . .2/1.19 2N2222A. . . . 2/.89 2N2907A. . . . 2/.89

2 N 3055 99

2N3772 2.25

2 N 3904 2/.69

2 N 3906 2/.69

2N4401 2/. 79

2N 4403 2/. 79

2N5129 2/.69

2N5139 2/.69

TIP29A 89

TIP31A .... .99

CAPACITORS

Dipped Tantalum ELECTROLYTIC

.lmfd@35V .47mfd@35V lmfd@35V 2.2mfd@25V 3.3mfd@25V 4.7mfd@25V 10mfd@25V 33mfd@25V

2/.89 2/.89 2/.89 2/1.09 2/1.19 2/1.39 1.19 3.95

lOOV MYLAR

.001-.01mfd .022mfd .047mfd .lmfd .22mfd

4/.79 4/.89 4/.99 4/1.19 4/1.29

lmfd@50V 4.7mfd@50V 10mfd@50V 22mfd@50V 47mfd@50V 100mfd@50V 220mfd@50V 1000mfdta25V 2200mfd@16V

50V CERAMIC 10pf-.022mfd 4/.59 .047mfd 4/.69 .lmfd 4/.79

3/. 69 2/.59 2/.69 2/. 79 2/.89 .59 .69 1.19 !.39

MICROPROCESSORS

Z80A CPU (4MHz) 13.95

1173AN-1 30Tune Musical MPU Chip 8.95

8080A CPU 6.95

8212 8 Bit I/O Port 3.95

8216 Bl-Dlrectional Bus Driver 4.49

2513/2140 Character Generator 12.95

8T97 Tri-State Hex Buffer 2.25

AY-5-1013 30K Baud UART 6.95

AY-5-2376 88-Key Keyboard Encoder 11.95

2114-2 4K Static RAM (200ns) 3.95

MK4116 16K Dynamic RAM (250ns) 3.95

2708 8K EPROM 5.95

2716 16K EPROM (+5V) 9.95

Function Generator Kit

iiiiiiiin Provides 3 basic

waveforms: sine, triangle and square wave. Freq. range from 1 Hz to 100K Hz. Output amplitude from 0 volts to over 6 volts (peak to peak). Uses a 12V supply or a ±6V split supply. Includes chip, P.C. Board, components & instructions.

JE2206B $19.95

" | ^

Circle 214 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982 503

Circle 181 on Inquiry card.

HARDWARE PRODUCTS

Systems 6502 CPU

Basis 108 (see Franklin Cards}. .$1500.00

Commodore VIC-20 $240.00

VIC-20 Independent Options

Commodore 64 $534.00

Franklin 1000

(Apple Compatible) $1082.00

Adwar Video

Advanced Logic Systems

Apparat

BIT3

California Computers Compex

Coprocessors Inc. turns Franklin into IBM Imulator

. . $899.00

Interactive Structures Inc.

John Bell Engineering

Kensington Microware

Micromint

Micro Peripheral

Microsoft

Microtek

MPC

Mountain Computers Inc.

Passport Designs

Prometheus

Racware

RH Electronics

Saturn Systems Inc.

Softworks

SSM Microcomputer Products

Stellation Two

Symtec

Tech Designs, Inc. Tecmar TG Products ■ Thunderware Inc. Tymac

U.S Module Inc.

Chrono Mod

Audit Trail Time Piece

$120.00

Versa Computing Videx Vista Votrax John Bell Engineering

HEWITTS COMPUTER SHOP 2821 GIRARD N.E ALBUQ., N.M. 87107

$216.00

Teac

Cabinet W/Power Supplies

Trak

Cables

Trak

ORDER HOTLINE: 1 800 821 9287

TECHNICAL INFO. (505) 883 0984

Systems 8080 8088 CPU

SSM Products (IEEE-6961 John Bell Engineering Seattle Computers (IEEE-6961 Tecmar IIEEE-6961 IBM Accessories

Systems Z-80 CPU

Astrovision (bv Bally)

S270.00

California Computer Systems

Dynabyte

Interec Data

John Bell Engineering

LNW

NEC

Sanyo

Tarbell

Televideo

TRS-80 Model 1 & III,

Mod III 4BK 2dr

S1700.00

Xerox

Systems 68000CPU

Dual Systems

EMS

Terminals

Adds Viewpoint

C. Itoh

Data Media Corp.

DEC

Televideo

Monitors

Amdek

BMC

Comrex Electrohome

NEC $166.00

Sanyo USl

Modems

Anchor Automation $82.00

Anderson Jacobson

Hayes

Lexicon

Livermore

Lynx

Micromint

Micro Peripheral Corp. (Micro Connection)

Navation

Racal Vadic

Telnet Communications Software

Universal Data

Ventel

Prentice

Disk Drives

5%" Apple from $330.00

TRS-80 Model III from $246.00

5%" Complete MPI (from Trak)

Tandon (from A.M. Electronics)

Teac (from A.M. Electronics)

Traxx 8" Complete

Trak

Traxx Hard Disk Systems

Omninet

Corvus

Targa

VR Data (TRS-80) Bare Drives MPI

Shuggart Sieman

Printers

Text Quality Anacom Anadex Centronics

C. Itoh Pro

Data South DEC

Hazeltine

Integral Data Systems Mannesman Tally MPI NEC

Okidata 82A

Printek

Texas Instrument Letter Quality

C. Itoh Starwriter

Diablo

NEC

Qume

Smith Corona

Olivetti

. $600.00

Power Strips & Supressors

Electronic Protective Devices $46.00

Gould (Uninterruptible Power Supplies)

SGL Waber

Topez

SUPPLY PRODUCTS

Covers

Compucover

Disk Supplies

Eichner Systems, Inc. Elephant Memory Systems Scotch Verbatim

Paper

California Slock Tab

ft J

y

I

I'll

■ 11 n

f */

1 •

Consumer I Inlormation I I Catalog

Not for sale in any bookstore! Not available at any price! The new Consumer Information Catalog!

It's the free booklet that lists over 200 helpful Federal publications; more than half, free. On topics like home repairs. Money management. Nutrition. Informa

tion that could help you to a

better way of life.

To get your free

copy, just write:

CONSUMER INFORMATION CENTER, DEPT.E PUEBLO, COLORADO 81009

General Services Adrrumstration.

504 BYTE October 1982

256K Card for IBM *299.95*

Printers on Sale

NEW EPSONS with GRAFTRAX-plus

MX-80FT with GRAFTRAX-plus same as MX-80 with friction feed and pin feed.

PRM-28082 MX-eOFT w/GRAFTRAX-plus $539.95

MX-100 with GRAFTRAX-plus 1321232 column, correspondence quality, up to 15" paper, friction teed & adjustable pin feed. 18 x 18 dot matrix, 80 CPS. PRM-28100 MX-100 w. GRAFTRAX-plus $729.95

PRA-27084 Serial interface $54.95

PRA-27088 Serial inll & 2K butler i $99.95

PRA-27081 Apple card $39.95

PRA-27082 Apple cable $19.95

PRA-27086 IEEE 488 card $59.95

PRA-27087 TRS-80 cable $24.95

PRA-27097 GRAFTRAX-plus 80 $59.95

PRA-27197 GRAFTRAX-plus 100 $64.95

PRA-27090 MX-80. FT print head $44.95

PRA-27190 MX-100 print head $49.95

PRA-27083 MX-80 ribbon cart $13.95

PRA-27101 MX-100 ribbon only $9.95

BETTER THAN EPSON ! - Okidata

Mlcrollne 82A 80/132 column. 120 CPS, 9x9 dot matrix, friction feed, pin feed, adjustable tractor teed (optional), handles 4 part forms up to 9.5" wide, rear & bottom feed, paper tear bar. 100% duly cycle/200.000,000 character print head, bi-directionahlogic seeking, both serial & parallel Interlaces Included. Iron! panel switch & program control of 10 dillerent form lengths, uses inexpensive spool type ribbons, double width & condensed characters, true lower case descenders & graphics

PRM-43082 Friction S. pin feed $479.95

Mlcrollne 83A 132/232 column. 120 CPS. forms up lo 15" wide, removable tractor, plus all the features of the 82A. PRM-43083 With FREE tractor $699.95

Mlcrollne 84 132/232 column, Hi-speed 200 CPS. lull dot graphics built in. plus all the features of the 83A.

PRM-43084 Centronics parallel $1099.95

PRM-43085 Serial with 2K butler $1149.95

PRA-27081 Apple card $39.95

PRA-27082 Apple cable $19.95

PRA-27087 TRS-80 cable $24.95

PRA-43081 2K hi speed serial card $99.95

PRA-43082 Hi-res graphics ROMs 82A $49.95

PRA-43083 Hi-graphics ROMs 83A $49.95

PRA-43088 Tractor option lor 82A $49.95

PRA-43080 Extra ribbons pkg. ol 2 $9.95

8023 DOT MATRIX - NEC

100 CPS. proportional spacing, hi-resolution graphics, correspondence quality printing, bi-directional tractor & friction teed.

NEC-8023A 8023 parallel $499.95

NEC-8023-01 8023 ribbon $11.95

TP-1 LETTER QUALITY - SCM

12 CPS daisy wheel printer from Smith Corona.

PRD-45101 Centronics parallel $648.95

PRD-45102 RS-232C serial $648.95

LETTER QUALITY PRINTER - Jade

Uses standard daisy wheels and ribbon cartridges, 16 CPS bi-directional printing, semi-automatic paper loader (single sheet or Ian fold). 10/12/15 pitch, up to 16" paper, built-in noise suppression cover.

PRD-11001 Centronics parallel $899.95

PRD-11002 RS-232C serial model $969.95

PRA-11000 Tractor Option $169.95

KSR DAISY WHEEL - Anderson-Jacobson

Letter quality communications terminal/printer with full typewriter keyboard. 30 CPS Diablo print mechanism. RS232 interface, includes tree printer stand with deluxe casters, print wheel, ribbon, friction feed standard (tractor feed optional), laclory refurbished with 30 day warranty, shipped freight collect.

PRD-99100 AJ KSR printer $995.00

PRA-99200 Tractor option $150.00

PRINTER PALS - F.M.J. Inc.

Desk top printer stand and continuous form paper holder. PRA-99080 for MX-80. MX-80FT. Oki 82A. NEC . . $29.95

PRA-99100 lor MX-100. Oki 83A & 84 $34.95

PRA-99700 lor letter quality printers $49.95

Circle 209 on inquiry card.

51/4" Disk Drives

Tendon TM100-1 single-sided double-density 48 TPI MSM-551001 $219.95 ea 2 for $199.95 ea

Shugert SA400L single-sided double-density 40 track MSM-104000 $234.95 ea 2 for $224.95 ea

Shugert SA45S hall-size double-sided 48 TPI MSM-104550 $349.95 ea 2 for $329.95 ea

Shugert SA465 half-size doule-sided 96 TPI MSM-104650 $399 95 ea 2 for $379.95 ea

Tendon TM100-2 double-sided double-density 48 TPI MSM-551002 $294 95 ea 2 for $269.95 ea

Shugert SA450 double'sided double-density 35 track MSM-104500 $349 95 ea 2 for $329.95 ea

Tendon TM100-3 Single-Sided double-density 96 TPI MSM-551003 $294.95 ea 2 for $269.95 ea

Tendon TM100-4 double-sided double-density 96 TPI MSM-551004 $394,95 ea 2 for $374.95 ea

MPI B-51 single-sided double-density 40 track MSM-155100 $234.95 ea 2 for $224.95 ea

MPI B-52 double-sided double-density 40 track MSM-155200 $344 95 ea 2 for $334.95 ea

MPI B-91 single-sided double-density 77 track

MSM-155300 $369 95 ea 2 for $359.95 ea

MPI B-92 double-sided double-density 77 track MSM-155400 $469.95 ea 2 for $459.95 ea

51/4" Ceblnets with Power Supply

END-000216 Single cab w power supply $69.95

END-000226 Dual cab wipower supply $94.95

8" Disk Drives

Shugert SA810 half-size single-sided double-density MSF-108100 5424 95 ea 2 for $394.95 ea

Shugert SA860 halt-size double-sided double-density MSF-108600 S574.95 ea 2 for $549.95 ea

Shugert SA801R single-sided double-density MSF-10801R $394.95 ea 2 for $389.95 ea

Shugert SA851R double-sided double-density MSF-10851R 5554.95 ea 2 for $529.95 ea

Tendon TM848-1 single-sided double-den thin-line MSF-558481 S379 95 ea 2 for $369.95 ea

Tandon TM848-2 double-sided double-den thin-line MSF-558482 $494.95 ea 2 for $484.95 ea

Qume DT-8 double-sided double-density MSF-750080 $524.95 ea 2 for $498.95 ea

Mitsubishi M2894-63 double-sided double-density MSF-289463 $494.95 ea 2 for $474.95 ea

Siemens FDD 100-8 single-sided double-density MSF-201120 $384.95 ea 2 for $349.95 ea

Dual Disk Sub-Systems

Disk Sub-Systems - Jade

Handsome metal cabinet with proportionally balanced air flow system, rugged dual drive power supply, power cable kit, power switch, line cord, fuse holder, cooling fan, nevermar rubber leet. all necessary hardware to mount 2-8" disk drives, power supply, and tan. does not include signal cable.

Dual 8" Sub-Assembly Cabinet

END-000420 Bare cabinet $59.95

END-000421 Cabinet kit $225.00

END-000431 A & T $359.95

8" Sub-Systems - Single Sided, Double Density

END-000423 Kit w!2 FD100-8DS $975.00

END-000424 A & T w/2 FD100-8DS $1175.00

END-000433 Kit w/2 SA-801RS $999.95

END-000434 A & Tw,2SA-801Rs $1195.00

8" Sub-Systems - Double Sided, Double Density

END-000426 Kit w/2 DT-8S $1224.95

END-000427 A & T w/2 DT-8s $1424.95

END-000436 Kit w/2 SA-851RS $1274.95

END-000437 A & T w/2 SA-851RS $1474.95

Prices may be slightly higher at our retail locations. Please contact the store in your area lor exact pricing.

IBM PC Accessories

512K PC/RAM STACK - Hammond

A high quality, high density memory expansion board lor your PC, cool-quiet-reliable operation, full parity checking, unique stacking sockets, expandable from 256K to 512K, MDRIVE high speed RAMdisk software only $25.00 with 256K or 512K board purchase.

MEX-25600A 256K assembled & tested $795.00

MEX-51200A 5)2K assembled & tested $999.95

MEX-25600S MDRIVE disk emulator $25.00

256K PC/RAM - Hammond Engineering

"User expandable from 64K to 256K, same high quality standards as the RAM Stack above, designed for medium memory expansion requirements.

* MEX-64000A 64K assembled & tested $299.95

MEX-128000A J28K assembled & tested $399.95

MEX-192000A 192K assembled & tested $499.95

MEX-256000A 256K assembled & tested $569.95

PC/SASI RAM - Hammond Engineering

Three boards in one. 256K ol RAM. RS-232 asynchronous serial interlace, and a SASI (Shugari Assoc Standard Interface) hard disk interface.

IOX-6000A PC/SASI RAM $1095.00

PC EXTENDER CARD - Computel

High quality extender card with free connectors tor IBM PC bus.

TSX-300A A & T with connectors $42.95

WIRE WRAP BOARD - Computel

Highest quality, extremely versatile proto typing board with gold plated card edge for IBM PC.

TSX-310A Proto board $59.95

Jade Bus Probe

THE BUS PROBE - Jade

Inexpensive S-100 Diagnostic Analyzer

So your computer is down. And you don't have an oscilloscope. And you don't have a front panel... You're not alone - most computers have their occasional bad days. But without diagnostic equipment such as an oscilloscope (expensive!) or a front panel (expensive!), it can be very difficult to pinpoint the problem. Even if you have an extender board with a superfast logic probe, you can't see more than one signal at a time. You're stuck, right?

Not anymore; Jade is proud to offer our cost-effective solution to the problems mentioned above: THE BUS PROBE.

Whether you're a hobbyist with a cantankerous kluge or a field technician with an anxious computer owner breathing down your neck, you'll find THE BUS PROBE speeds your repair time remarkably. Just plug in THE BUS PROBE and you'll be able to see all the IEEE S-100 signals in action. THE BUS PROBE allows you to see inputs, outputs, memory reads and writes, instruction fetches. DMA channels, vectored interrupts. 8 or 16 bit wide data transfers, plus the three bus supply voltages. An on-board pulse generator can provide repetitive resets, interrupts, or wait states, for trouble shooting.

TSX-200B Bare board $59.95

TSX-200K Kit $119.95

TSX-200A A&T $149.95

Place Orders Toll Freem

Continental U.S. Inside California ■ 800-421-5500 800-262-1710

For Technical Inquires or Customer Service call: |

213-973-7707

I

Computer Products

| 4901 W. Rosecrans, Hawthorne, CA 90250 m

■We accept cash, checks, credit cards, or Purchase Orders ^ from qualified firms & institutions. Minimum prepaid order $15 H _ California residents add 6'/j% tax. Export customers outside the I I US or Canada please add 10% to all prices. Prices and avalllblllty ■ subject to change without notice. Shipping & handling charges H |^^UPS Ground 50C/lb, UPS Air $1.00/lb minimum charge $340^^

Disk Drive for App

Modems

Single User System Single Board Computer

SIGNALMAN - Anchor

Direct-conned automatic answer/originate selection. 300 Baud lull duplex, Bell 103, includes RS-232 cable IOM-5600A Signalman $89.95

SMARTMODEM - Hayes

Sophisticated direct-conned auto-answer/auto-dial modem, touch-tone or pulse dialing. RS-232C interface, programmable

IOM-5400A Smartmodem $224.95

IOK-1500A Hayes Chronograph $218.95

IOM-2010A Micromodem II $328.95

IOM-2012A Terminal program lor MMII $89.95

IOM-1100A Micromodem 100 $368.95

APPLE-CAT - Novation

Software selectable 1200 or 300 Baud, direct conned, autoanswer/auto-dial, touch S pulse dialing, auxiliary 3-wire RS232C serial port for printer

IOM-5232A Save $50.00 $324.95

1200 BAUD SMARTMODEM - Hayes

1200 and 300 baud, all the features of the standard Smartmodem plus 1200 baud, 212 compatible, lull or half duplex.

IOM-5500A Smartmodem 1200 $599.95

1200 BAUD AUTO CAT - Novation

212 Auto Cat. 1200 & 300 baud, auto dial/answer/disconnect. LED readout displays mode, analog/digital loop-back self tests, usable with multi-line phones.

IOM-5231A 212 Auto Cat $649.95

Video Monitors

HI-RES 12" GREEN - Zenith

15 MHz bandwith 700 lines/inch. P31 green phosphor, switchable 40 or 80 columns, small, light-weight & portable. VDM-201201 List price S189.95 $129.95

12" GREEN SCREEN - NEC

20 MHz bandwidth. P31 phosphor ultra-high resolution video monitor with audio.

VDM-651200 Deluxe model $199.95

VDM-651260 Economy model $149.95

12" COLOR MONITOR - NEC

High resolution color monitor with audio.

VDC-651212 Color monitor $389.95

NEC-1202D RGB color monitor $999.95

13" COLOR MONITORS - BMC

18 MHz RGB & composite video color monitors.

VDC-421320 13" RGB Color $329.95

VDC-421310 13" Composite video $299.95

VDX-420090 RGB card tor Apple $149.95

COLOR MONITORS - Amdek

Reasonably priced color video monitors.

VDC-80130 13" Color I $379.95

VDC-801320 13" Color II $894.95

IOV-2300A DVM board lor Apple $199.95

AMBER or GREEN MONITORS - Jade

High resolution 18 MHz compact video monitors.

VDM-751210 12" Amber phosphor $149.95

VDM-751220 12" Green phosphor $139.95

VDM-750910 9" Amber phosphor $149.95

VDM-750920 9" Green phosphor $139.95

EPROM Erasers

ULTRA-VIOLET EPROM ERASERS

Inexpensive erasers lor industry or home.

XME-3100A Spedronics wlo timer $69.50

XME-3101A Spedronics with timer $94.50

XME-3200A Economy model $39.95

THREE BOARD SET - SD Systems

4 MHz Z-80A CPU. 64K RAM (optional 256K). serial I/O port, parallel I/O port, double density disk controller. CP/M 2.2 & manual set. system monitor, control & diagnostic software. Includes SBC-200. 64K ExpandoRAM II. Versa/loppy II. S CP/M 2.2 - all boards are assembled & tested.

Board set with 64K ol RAM '$1095.00

Board set with 256K of RAM $1295.00

Apple II Accessories

APPLE DISK DRIVE - Fourth Dimension

Totally Apple compatible. 143.360 bytes per drive on DOS 3.3, hall-track capability - reads all Apple software, plugs right in to Apple controller as second drive. DOS 3.3. 3.2.1. Pascal. & CP/M compatible.

MSM-123200 40 Track add on Apple drive $289.95 MSM-123200 Controller with tree DOS 3.3 $99.95

16K RAM CARD - for Apple II

Expand your Apple II to 64K. use as language card, lull 1 year warranty. Why spend SI75.00 ?

MEX-16700A Save over $100.00 $69.95

Z-80 CPU CARD - for Apple II

Two computers in one. Z-80 & 6502. more than doubles the power and potential of your Apple, Includes Z-80 CPU card CP/M and complete manual set.

CPX-62800A AS. T with software $249.95

APPLE-CAT - Novation

Software selectable 1200 or 300 baud, direct conned, autoanswer/auto-dial, auxiliary 3-wire RS232C serial port lor printer.

IOM-5232A Save $50.00111 $325.95

8" DISK CONTROLLER - Vista

New from Vista Computer, single or double sided, single or double density, compatible with DOS 3.2/3.3. Pascal. & CP/M 2.2. Shugarl S Qume compatible IOD-2700A AST $499.95

2 MEGABYTES for Apple II

Complete package Includes: Two 8" double-density disk drives. Vista double-density 8" disk controller, cabinet, power supply. & cables. DOS 3.213.3. CP/M 2.2. & Pasc?1 compatible.

1 MegaByte Package Kit $1495.00

1 MegaByte Package A & T $1695.00

2 MegaByte Package Kit $1795.00

2 MegaByte Package A A T $1995.95

VISION 80 - Vista Computer

80 column x 24 line video card lor Apple II. 128 ASCII characters, upper and lower case. 9 x 10 dot matrix with 3 dot descenders, standard data media terminal control codes. CP/M Pascal S Fortran compatible. 50/60 Hz IOV-2400A Vista Vision 80 $299.95

CPS MULTICARD - Mtn. Computer

Three cards in one! Real time clock/calendar, serial interlace. & parallel interlace ■ all on one card. IOX-2300A A & T $179.95

HI-RES GRAPHICS CARD - Genie

Intelligent printer interlace and control card allows lull high resolution graphics and screen dumps.

IOP-2405A Genie lor Epson $119.95

IOP-2410A Genie lor Okidata $119.95

I0P-2415A Genie for NEC/C. Itoh $119.95

Power Strips

ISOBAR - GSC

Isolates S protects your valuable equipment from high voltage spikes & AC line noise, inductive isolated ground. 15 amp circuit breaker. U.L. listed

EME-115103 3 socket $39.50

EME-115105 4 socket $49.50

EME-115100 8 socket $54.50

EME-115110 9 socket rackmount $74.50

SUPERQUAD - Adv. Micro Digital

Single board, standard size S-100 computer system. 4 MHz Z-80A. single or double density disk controller for 5%" or8" drives. 64K RAM. extended addressing, up to 4Kol EPROM. 2 serial S 2 parallel I/O ports, real time interrupt clock. CP'M compatible.

CPC-30800A AS, T $724.95

IOX-4232A Serial HO adapter $29.95

Z-80 STARTER KIT - SD Systems

Complete Z-80 microcomputer with RAM. ROM. I/O, keyboard, display, kludge area, manual, & workbook.

CPS-30100K Kit with workbook $299.95

CPS-30100A AST with workbook $469.95

AIM-65 - Rockwell International

Complete 6502 microcomputer with alphanumeric display, printer, keyboard. & instruction manual.

CPK-50165A 1K AIM-65 $424.95

CPK-50465A 4K AIM-65 $474.95

SFK-74600008E 8K Basic ROM $64.95

SFK-64600004E 4K assembler ROM $43.95

SFK-74600020E PL 65 ROM $84.95

SFK-74600010E Forth ROM $64.95

SFK-74600030E Instant Pascal $99.95

PSX-030A Power supply $64.95

ENX-000002 Enclosure $54.95

SPECIAL PACKAGE

4K AIM-65. 8K Basic, power supply. & enclosure Special Package Price $649.95

PROM-100 - SD Systems

2708. 2716. 2732 EPROM programmer with software.

MEM-99520K Kit with software $189.95

MEM-99520A AST with software $249.95

PB-1 - SSM Microcomputer

2708, 27J6 EPROM board with on-board programmer.

MEM-99510K Kit with manual $154.95

MEM-99510A AST with manual $219.95

EPROM BOARD - Jade

16K or 32K uses 2708 or 2716 EPROMs. 1K boundary.

MEM-16230K Kit w/o EPROMs $79.95

MEM-16230A A&T w/o EPROMs $119.95

s

s

SPECTRUM COLOR - CompuPro

Full-function color graphics board, up to 8 colors. 256 x 192 graphics, parallel I/O port. 8K RAM.

IOV-1870A AST $348.95

IOV-1870C CSC $398.95

MICROANGELO - Scion

Ultra-high-resolution 512 x 480, 256 color or black S whites 100 video board

IOV-1500A A&T $799.95

S-100 MotherBoards

ISO-BUS - Jade

Silent, simple, and on sale - a better motherboard

e slot (sy," x a%")

MBS-061B Bare board $22.95

MBS-061K Kit $39.95

MBS-061A A&T $69.95

72 Slot (9'/," x 8%")

MBS-121B Bare board $34.95

MBS-121K Kit $69.95

MBS-121A AST $109.95

18 Slot (M%" * 8%")

MBS-181B Bare board $54.95

MBS-181K Kit $99.95

MBS-181A AST $149.95

ACTIVE TERMINATOR - CompuPro

A true mother's helper. TSX-100A AST $59.45

Prices may be slightly higher at our retail locations. Please call the store nearest you for local price and availability.

Circle 210 on Inquiry card.

64K Static RAM *299.95

S-100 CPU Boards

8086/8087 - CompuPro

(6 bit. 8 or 10 MHz 8086 CPU with provisions lor 8087 S

80130

CPU-70520A 8 MHz 8086 A S T $624.95

CPU-70520C 8 MHz 8086 CSC S764.95

CPU-70530A With 8087 AST $1224.95

CPU-70530C with 8087 CSC $1455.95

8085/8086 - CompuPro

Both8 8. 16 bit CPUs, standard 8 bit S-100 bus. up to 8 MHz. accesses 16 Megabytes ol memory.

CPU-20510A 6 MHz AS. T $398.95

CPU-20510C 6 8 MHz CSC $497.95

CPU-Z - CompuPro

2 4 MHz Z80A CPU. 24 bit addressing.

CPU-30S00A 2 4 MHz AST $279.95

CPU-30500C 3 6 MHz CSC $374.95

SBC-200 - SD Systems

4 MHz Z-80A CPU with serial S parallel I'O. 1K RAM. 8K ROM space, monitor PROM included

CPC-30200A AS. T $399.95

THE BIG Z - Jade

2 or 4 MHz switchable Z-80 CPU board with serial I/O. accomodates 2708. 2716. or 2732 EPROM. baud rales from

75 to 9600.

CPU-30201B Bare board w,manual $35.00

CPU-30201K Kit with manual $149.95

CPU-30210A AST with manual $199.95

CB-2 - SSM Microcomputer

2 or 4 MHz Z-80 CPU board with provision for up to 8K of ROM or 4K ol RAM on board, emended addressing. IEEE S100. front panel compatible.

CPU-30300K Kit with manual $229.95

CPU-30300A AST with manual $274.95

2810 Z-80 CPU - CCS.

2 or 4 MHZ Z-80 CPU with serial I O port S on-board monitor PROM. Iron! panel compatible

CPU-30400A AST with PROM $289.95

2820 Z-80 DMA CPU - CCS.

4 MHz Z-80 CPU board with 2 serial I/O ports S Centronics parallel I O port, separate data S status ports. DMA daisy chain compatible.

CPU-30420A AST with manual $569.95

S-100 Disk Controllers

DISK 1 - CompuPro

8" or 5'/s" DMA disk controller, single or double density.

single or double sided. 10 MHz.

IOD-1810A AST $449.95

IOD-1810C CSC $554.95

SFC-52506580F 8" CP/M 2.2 for Z-80 $174.95

SFC-52506586F 8" CP/M 2.2 tor 8086 $299.95

SFO-54158000F Oasis single user $499.95

SFO-54158002F Oasis multi-user $849.95

VERSAFLOPPY II - SD Systems

Double density disk controller lor any combination of 5%" and 8" single or double sided, analog phase-locked loop data separator, vectored interrupts. CP/M 2.2 S Oasis compatible, control/diagnostic software PROM included.

IOD-1160A A & T with PROM $359.95

SFC-55009047F CP/M 2.2 with VF II $99.95

2242 DISK CONTROLLER - CCS.

5' 4" or 8" double density disk controller with on-board boot

loader ROM. tree CP'M 2.2 8, manual set.

IOD-1300A AST with CPIM 2.2 $399.95

DOUBLE D - Jade

High reliablily double density disk controller with on-board Z-80A. auxiliary printer port. IEEE S-100. can function in

multi-user interrupt driven bus.

IOD-1200B Bare board & hdwr man $59.95

1OD-1200K Kit wlhdwr S sttwr man $299.95

IOD-1200A A S Tw.'hdwrS sttwr man $325.95

SFC-59002001F CPIM 2.2 with Double D $99.95

See page 505 for ordering information

S-100 Memory Boards

S-100 I/O Boards

256K RAMDISK - SD Systems

ExpandoRAM III expandable from 64K to 256K using 64K x 1 RAM chips, compatible with CP/M. MP/M. Oasis, Cromemco. S most other Z-80 based systems, functions as ultra-high speed disk drive when used with optional RAMDISK soltware.

MEM-65064A 64K AST $474.95

MEM-65128A 128K A & T $574.95

MEM-65192A 192K AS T $674.95

MEM-65256A 256K AST $774.95

SFC-55009000F RAMDISK sftwr CP/M 2.2 $44.95

SFC-55009000F RAMDISK with EX RAM III $24.95

128K RAM 21 - CompuPro

128K x 8 bit or64K x 16 bit sialic RAM board. 12 MHz. 24 bit addressing.

MEM-12810A AST $1609.95

MEM-12810C CSC $1794.95

64K RAM 17 - CompuPro

64K CMOS static RAM board. 10 MHz. low power less than 4 watts. DMA compatible. 24 bit addressing.

MEM-64180A 64K AST $549.95

MEM-64180C 64K CSC $698.95

64K RAM 16 - CompuPro

32K x 76 bit or 64K x 8 bit low power static RAM board. 10 MHz. 24 bit addressing.

MEM-32180A RAM WAST $598.95

MEM-32180C RAM 16 CSC $698.95

64K STATIC RAM - SSM

IEEE696,S-100slandard. up lo6MHz/8Bit. 12MHZ/16Bit. 24 Bit extended addressing, dlsable-able in 2K increments MEM-64300A A St T $499.95

64K STATIC RAM - Mem Merchant

64K sialic S-100 RAM card. 4 to 16K banks up to 8 MHz. MEM-64400A 64K A S T $499.95

SYSTEM SUPPORT 1 - CompuPro

Real time clock, three 16 bit interval timers, dual interrupt conlrollers(1S levels), up to 4K EPROM/RAM. RS-232C serial channel, provision tor 9511 A/9512 math chip.

IOX-1850A SS1 A S T $359.95

IOX-1B50C SSI CSC $459.95

IOX-1855A with 9511 A ST $554.95

IOX-1855C with 9511 CSC $654.95

IOX-1860A with 9512 A S T $554.95

IOX-1860C m!h95T2CSC $654.95

INTERFACER 1 - CompuPro

2 serial I/O pons 50-19.2K baud.

IOI-1810A AST $218.95

IOI-1810C CSC $288.95

INTERFACER 2 - CompuPro

3 parallel. 1 serial. S interrupt timer.

IOI-1820A AST $218.95

IOI-1820C CSC $288.95

INTERFACER 3 - CompuPro

5 or 8 channel serial I/O board for interrupt driven mulli-user systems up to 250K baud.

IOI-1835A 5 port AST $558.95

IOI-1835C 5 port CSC $628.95

IOI-1838A 8 port A ST $628.95

IOI-1838C 8 port CSC $749.95

INTERFACER 4 - CompuPro

3 serial, 1 parallel. 1 Centronics parallel.

IOI-1840A AST $314.95

IOI-1840C CSC $414.95

MPX - CompuPro

Multi-user I/O multiplexer S interrupt controller with onboard B085A-2 CPU S 4K or 16K of RAM.

IOI-1875A 4K MPX A ST $444.95

IOI-1875C 4K MPX CSC $534.95

IOI-1880A 16K MPX AST $584.95

IOI-1880C 16K MPX CSC $674.95

64K STATIC RAM - Jade

Uses new 2K x 8 static RAMs. fully supports IEEE 696 24 bit extended addressing. 200ns RAMs. lower 32K or entire board phantomable. 2716 EPROMs may be subbed for RAMs. any 2K segment ol upper 8K may be disabled, low

power typically less than 500ma.

MEM-99152B Bare board $49.95

MEM-99152K Kit less RAM $99.95

MEM-32152K 32K kit $199.95

MEM-56152K 56K kit $289.95

MEM-64152K 64K kit $299.95

Assembled & Tested add $56.00

2066 64K RAM - CCS.

64K RAM board with bank and block select switching lunctions for Cromemeco Cromix S Alpha Micro. MEM-64566A 64K A S T $424.95

I/0-8 - SSM Microcomputer

Eight software programmable serial I/O ports. 110 -19.2K Baud. Ideal lor mulli-user systems

IOI-1018A AST $469.95

I/0-5 - SSM Microcomputer

Two serial S 3 parallel I/O ports, 110-19.2K Baud IOI-1015A AST $289.95

MPC-4 - SD Systems

Intelligent 4-port serial I/O card, on-board Z-80A. 2K RAM. 4K PROM area, on-board firmware, fully buffered, vectored interrupts, four CTC channels, add to SD Board set for powerful multi-user system

IOI-1504A AST w/software $495.00

64K EXPANDORAM II - SD Systems

Expandable RAM board from 16K to 64K using 4116 RAM

chips.

MEM-16630A 16K AST $344.95

MEM-32631A 32K AST $364.95

MEM-48632A 48K A S T $384.95

MEM-64633A 64K AST $399.95

MEMORY BANK - Jade

4 MHz S-100 bank selectable expandable to 64K.

MEM-99730B Bare board w.'manual $49.95

MEM-99730K Kit with no RAM $179.95

MEM-32731K 32K kit $199.95

MEM-64733K 64K kit $249.95

Assembled & Tested add $50.00

16K STATIC RAM - Mem Merchant

4MHz lo-power static RAM board. IEEE S-100. bank selectable, addressable In 4K blocks, disable-able in 1K segments extended addressing.

MEM-16171A 16K AST $149.95

Circle 210 on Inquiry card.

I/0-4 - SSM Microcomputer

2 serial I/O ports plus 2 parallel I/O ports.

IOI-1010B Bare board w/manual $35.00

IOI-1010K Kit with manual $179.95

IOI-1010A AST with manual $249.95

2830 6 PORT SERIAL - CCS.

Six asynchronous RS-232C serial I/O ports with programmable baud rates.

IOI-1040A AST with manual $529.95

2710 4 PORT SERIAL - C.QlS.

Four RS-232C serial I/O ports with lull handshaking. IOI-1060A AST with manual $319.95

2719 2 SER & 2 PAR - CCS.

Two RS-232C serial I/O ports plus two 8 bit parallel I/O ports. IOI-1080A AST with manual $349.95

^^-/Udvanced t z>computer

MICROPROCESSORS

16K Apple ™ Ramcard

LIST 195 ACP

s6995

» Full 1 year warranty Top quality — gold fingers • Expand Apple II 48K to 64K Compatible with Z-80 Softcard" • Allows system to run with CP/M", PASCAL, DOS3.3,COBAL,Visicalc, etc. Supplied with extra 16K RAM & has (2) LED's

32K STATIC RAM

16K 4 MHz Kit 16K4MHZ A4T 32K 4 MHz Kil • 32K 4 MHz AST BARE BOARD

$199.95

• 339.00 39.95

Bare Bdw/all pans less mem. 99.95

BARE BOARDS

S-100 Sound Board

| 8080ACPU 32K Static RAM (2114)

I 8K EPROM (2708)

I 2708/2716 EPROM

| ACP Pfoto Board Vector 8800 Proto Vector 8803 11 slot MB ACP Extender with connector 13 Slot Mother Board (WMC) 9.Slot Mother Board (WMC)

I 8SlotMotherBd(Expandable) Floppy PCB (8" SHUGART) SI 00 (AY5-8910) Sound Board Apple Sound Board

$34.95 34.95 34.95 24.95 34.95 22-95 22.20 29.95 18.95 32.95 29.95 34.95 39.95 34.95 24,95

"EPROM"

ERASER

Holds 4 EPROM's at a time. $325.00

16K Memory Expansion Kits

for Apple/TRS-80

8pcs4116 16K | 200/250nS (tj-| A Qr

Specify computer Cp I £-.\J\J CALL FOR VOLUME PRICING

"D" SUB CONNECTORS

Unreal price. DB37 male. DB25 female. Gold PC mount with mounting holes. Mlg. AMP. Specify 25 or 37 pins.

'$2.50 DB25$1.95

Astec RF Modulator

•HT-^Mv, tor

~y COLOR

?f & : b/w

I P/N 1082 Channel 3 or 4 16.95

1200 BAUD MODEM IC

_^,^pw Features:

• 1200 Baud •■PffPIl)1' .40P,n

• 5Volts Only SL120O $1 29.00

64K CMOS RAM

S100 (200nS)

Uses2716's SQ^QOO or 6116's 0*+iJ

Assembled & Tested $399.00

MOSTEKra45s

290ea

200,000 pieces in stock — priced to moveSame as MK4027 except 1mS refresh. MK4015 4Kx1 RAM.

PMI "Super Beta" LOW POWER AMPLIFIER

INTERNALLY COMPENSATED P/NOP12GJ

Voflsel =1.0 mV $695 lbias= 5.0mA ACP Gain = 40V/mV $1.95 (quantity limited)

4K STATIC RAM •ELL-OFF

10/S9.90

Same as TMS4044 but designed specifically for Z-80 based systems. This is a full-spec 4Kxl RAM. 450nS. Order P/N Zilog 6104-4 while supply lasts.

Zilog

Z8 CPU

with TINY BASIC Debug prog. $49.95

Plus 6132 companion quasi-static RAM 29.95

Stepper Motor

USED IN DATA PRODUCTS

PRINTER $19.95ea

CONNECTORS

DB25P (RS232) DB25S Female Hood

Set with Hood, Sale

22/44 S/T. KIM

43/86 S/T. MOT

50/100 S-100 Connector W/W

50/100 S-100 Connector S/T

$3.25 3.75 1.25 7.50 2.95 6.50 4.95 3.95

PARALLEL ALPHA NUMERIC PRINTER

Hi'. . 9p 19 Column Printer prints 16 numerical columns plus 3 ^^■^■^^ columns which have math, alpha and oilier notations.

Each wheel has 12 positions with position 12 blank. Position 11 on numerical columns have decimal point or #. Utilizes 2.75" I wide adding machine tape and a dual color ink ribbon. Input data parallel withtour bit BCDcomparatorcircuit(schematic provided). Print rate. 3 lines per second. Operating voltage 22-28VDC with typical cycle time of 340mS. Size 6t-V'Wx 3WH x 5%"Dp. New. $17.50ea. 3/S45

Z8001 S99.00

6008-1

S14.95

6802P

14.95

Z8O02 69 00

2901

9 90

8035

14.95

Z80 9 95

2901A

1495

8039

12.95

Z80A 11.95

9900JL

49 95

B073N

34 95

F-8 (3850) 16.95

6502

9 95

8755

49.95

2650 16.95

6502A

16.95

8748

49.95

1802 9.75

IM6100

29.95

6809

30.00

8080A 4.75

6800

11.75

8086

49.95

6085 14.95

6600B

19.95

68000

129.95

LINEAR

6116/201 €

S7.95

2147

S5.99

8264-64K

8.50

411

5.99

4116-2

1.99

414

4.69

4116-2 8/12.95

1101

.99

2101

3.99

1103

.99

2102

.79

4027

4.69

21L02-2

1.49

4044

3.99

21L02-4

1.29

4050

4.69

2111

3.49

4060

4.69

2112

3.49

4096

3.99

2114

1.99

4115

1.49

2114L-2

3.25

4200

7.95

2114L-4

2.29

4402

1.99

2125

6.99

5280

4.60

SUPPORT

8155 S9.95

8156 9.95 8202 29.95 8205 2.69 8212 2.75 8214 4.95 8216 2.75 8224 2.95 8226 2.95 8228 3.95 8243 9.50

8250 14.95

8251 6.50 8253 11.95 8255 4.50 8257 9.50

8259 $8.95 8275 19.95 8279 9.50 6810 4.75

6820 6.50

6821 6.50 6828 10.50 6834 16.95 6845 22.95 6847 27.95 6850 5.25 6852 5.25 6860 10.95 6862 10.95 6875 5.95 6880 2.49

46505 6520 6522 6530-X 6532 6551 Z80-PIO Z80A-PIO ZBO-CTC Z80A-CTC Z80-DMA Z80A-DMA 27.95 Z80-SIO 24.95 ZBOA-SIO 29.95

9.95 24.95 17.95 1995 6.50 9.50 6.50 9.50 19 95

MOS PROMS

2764 (8Kx8)TS 2732 (4Kx8) TS 2716/2516; 5V (2Kx8) TS TMS2716. 5V, 12V 2758. 5V, (450nS)

$69.95 2708 (450nS) S5.75 12.95 2708{650nS) 5.25 1702A 5.75 7.95 MM5203AO 14 50 17.95 MM5204Q 9.95

HI-TECH

2513-00U5V) Upper

S9.50

DAC03

S9 95

2513-005 (5V) Low

10.95

DAC100

9.95

2513-ADM3 (5V) Lowei

14 95

8038 Fund ion Generator

■ISO

MCM667I0ASCI1 Shilled 12.95

MC4024VCO

295

MCM66740Ma1HSymool 1395

LM566 VCO

1 95

MCME6750 Alpha Conlrol 1345

XR2206 Function Generator 5 25

1771-01 B" & Minilloppy 24.95

TR1602BI5V. 12V)

395

1761 Dual Floppy

29.95

AV51013I5V.I2V)

495

1791-01 Dual Floppy

36.95

A¥51014A;i612 I5-14V]

695

1791-02 Dual Floppy

4495

AV510J5A/tB63(5V)

695

1733 DD. OS Fiswy

4495

IM6402

795

1797 DD. DS Floppy

54 95

IM6403

895

1691 Data Separator

1895

2350 USUI

995

2H3Cloc* Generator

1B95

16718 Aslros

24 95

8700 S on Binary

1350

MCI441I

1195

B70I 10 b.t Binary

22.00

4702

14 95

B703 8 bit TS

13.50

WD1941

9.95

9400 Voll 10 Freq Conv

T2S

COM5016

1695

B750 3'4 Digit BCD

13.95

INSB250

1595

H08L66bit

395

AY5-2376

13 75

140SLB B Pit

5.95

AV5-3600

13 75

DAC01 D to A

5.95

MM5740AAC

8.95

SOCKETS

LOW PROFILE SOCKETS (TIN)

1-24

25-49

50-100

8 pin LP

.16

.15

14

14 pin LP

.20

.19

.18

16 pin LP

.22

.21

.20

18 pin LP

.29

2B

Zl

20 pin LP

-34

32

30

22 pin LP

.29

.27

M

24 pin LP

38

.37

.36

28 pin LP

.46

.44

.43

40 pin LP

.60

.59

.58

3L WIREWRAP SOCKETS (GOLD)

1-24

25-49

50-100

8 pin WW

.55

.54

.49

10 pin WW (Tin)

.65

.63

.58

14 pin WW

.76

.73

.67

16 Din WW

.80

.77

.70

18 pin WW

.95

.90

.81

20 pin WW

1.15

1.08

.99

22 pin WW

1.45

1.35

1.23

24 pin WW

1.35

1.26

1.14

78H05K

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7.95

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2.69

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9.95

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9.95

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5.75

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2.75

74S573

8.95

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2.99

74S940

2.90

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2.99

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2.90

DIP

SWITCHES

2 Position $ .99

4 Position 1.19

5 Position 1.29

6 Position 1.35

7 Position SI 39

8 Position 1.49

9 Position 1.65 10Position 1.69

MUFFIN® FAN

The dependable, low cost, largest selling fan for commercial cooling applications.

• 105cfm free air delivery

• 4.68" sq. x 1.50" deep. Weight - 17 oz.

SPECIAL PURCHASE

^ $9.50e

SUPER IC CLOSEOUT SPECIALS

ULN2003

2/$1.99

2N6121 3/S1.00

8080A CPU

2.95

5027 CRT

$9.95

74LS668

3/1.99

SIG 2652 3.95

2102 RAM

.75

11C24

695

74LS377

2/1.99

74S287 1.95

4060 RAM

1.49

95H03

2.89

74LS241

2/1.99

2758 EPROM 2.95

8X300 CPU

14.95

MM5320

5.99

8259

6.95

74173/8T10 5/1.99

74S387

1.96

9131 RAM

1.99

6561 RAM

2.95

280A CPU 4.95

2706 EPROM

8/29.95

EMM4402

1.99

LM733CN

3/1.99

6522 6.95

74LS93

3/1.00

1103 RAM

3/1.50

MC1414

3/1.99

6502 CPU 5.95

2114

8/14,50

8700 A/D

2/16.95

* CP/M trademark of Digital Research. Apple trade

mark ol Apple Computer.

TOLL FREE

800-854-8230

TWX

910-595-1565

Hail Order P.O. Box

Retail: 131 OB E. Edlnger. Santa Ana CA 92705 (714) 558-8813 542 W. Trimble, San Jose, CA 95131 (408) 946-7010

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VOLUME PRICING

1 CMOS

CALL TOLL FREE

4000 S .35

4037 $1.95

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4001

.35

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US Parn.Pl Post inr.iufh- '» Pnnessubiect tru riang.vib|ttC11onr.oisaif W.--manuiartuter R«Wi ■

Circle 7 on Inquiry card.

^A/PRODUCTS

OTRONR. RTTFOHE

Vision 80

as reviewed in May BYTE pg. 266 This is the widely discussed Cadillac 80 column cardfor the Apple II. The Vision80responds to more Apple text screen commands than any other board. It supports PASCAL, Microsofts Z80 Softcard and can be used as an intelligent terminal.

List Price.... S395.00 Special Low Price $269.00

The Vision 80 can also be used in conjunction with ihe Vision 40 (allows enhanced character sets) and the Vision 20 (or lower case.

° UNBEATABLE

• memory ADD-ON PBICES!

VISTA S76K Expandable In 64K Increments

• W/256K populated only S999

• W/512K populated only 1 599

• W/576K populated only 1799

VISTA/SUPERCALC/SUPERCACHE'

• I92K with IBM SUPERCALC 799

MICROSOFT RAMCARD

• 64K w/RAMDRIVE (expandable) 419

• 256K w/RAMDRIVE 899

AST MEMORY CARD

• 64K EXPANDABLE 499

• 256K w/PARITY 899

AST "COMBO CARD"

• MEMORY. ASYNCH COMM. PARALLEL

• B4K SP . 525

• 256K SP 1049

• INTERFACE CARDS

AST ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS

• 2 RS232 PORTS 269

• BABY BLUE Z80 CARD 550

• PROTOTYPE CARD 69

• EXTENDER CARD 29

• DISK DRIVES-ADD-IN (Compatible) 239

• EPSON ADD-ON PRINTER 429

• SUPR'MOD V RF MODULATOR 49

EPSON TO IBM CABLE 49

MX80- . $429.00

MXBOFT . 529.00

MX 100 FT ...725.00 Apple I/O w/cable ... 54.95

rial I/O w/cable 95.00

rial I/O w/2k & cable.. 129.00

I Grnpl Tax 89.00

| Printer Pal (P90| . . 29.95 trPal(PIOO) 39.95

• Truly Portable 18 lbs

• Includes; CP/M". Wordstar-plus' Basic 80. Valet &Charton.

• Includes: (2) Double Density, Double Sided thin drives • 380K Bytes each.

acp price $3595.00

<$ KAYCOMPII

• Full 9" Green Screen

• CP/M Based

• Portable Business Computer

• Complete w/CP/M 2.2 M BASIC. Magic Worksheei. Setec Word Processing, and Teach.

ACP Price only $1795

AATARI

MODEL

LIST

ACP

800 with 16K

S1080.00

S689.95

800 with 48K

1280.00

789.95

800 with 32K+ 128K

1295.00

810 Disk Drive

500.00

469.95

825 Printer

999.00

699.95

830 Acoustic Modem

199.00

159.95

850 Interface Module

219.95

189.95

Atari Visicalc

200.00

1 69.00

Atari PAC-MAN

CALL

Microtek 16K RAM

99.00

75.00

Microtek 32K FtAM

199.00

149.00

Axalon 128K RAM

CALL

400 with 16K

399.95

329.95

Letter quality Daisy Wheel Typewriter interfaces to Apple, Atari. NEC, TRSBO and RS232 Serial ports.

C.ltoh

ESlOOFtO Comp Punt ES100 Typewriter Print GQ10 Apple I/O card GOIl Otier l/Os I/O Cable

LIST ACP

SI690 SI 395

1195 1050

349 169

5V4" DISK DRIVES

TM1O0-1 SSDO S219.95

SA400 SSDD 249.95

TM10O-2 DSDO 298.95

TM10O-3 SSDD 298.95

TM10O-4 DSDO 419.95

B-51 SSDD 224.95

B-52 DSDD 334.95

B-91 SSDD 359.95

B-92 DSDD 459.95

SW Cabinets with Power Supply

Single cabinet w/power supply S69.95

Dual cabinet w/powersupply 94.95

8" DISK DRIVES

SA801R SSDD. $395.00

SA851R DSDD 549.00

TM848-1 SSDD.. 425.00

TM848-2 DSDD 575.00

DT-B DSDO 525.00

FDD100-8 SSDD 299.00

FDD200-8 DSDD 399.OO

V1000 Case/Power Supply 375.00

Dual 8" Power Supply $99.00

Surge Suppressor Faa $ T Q95

Double Outlet Receptacle I w

^SANYO

DIABLO 630

• 120 cps

A. M *Logic

— £ seeking ~ • Double width & condensed print • Font selelion, character pitch & line spacing program controllable* Bi-direclional printing

82A 120cpsw/tractor 5499.00

83A 120cps 136 columns. 740.00

84A-P200 cps 136 col 999.00

84A-S Serial w/2K Butter 1199.00

Apple Card 49.95

Apple Cable „ 19.95

Serial Card w/2K 129.95

Graphics ROM (82A/83A) 75.00

FCC CLASS 2 APPROVED

MODEL LIST ACP

4509 9" B/W 5109CX 9'1 Green 8012C 12" B/W 8G12CX 12" Green 6013 13" Color 6113 13" RGB

NEW Down & Dirty 2012 12-B/W 145 139

2112 12-Graen 169 155

S210S169 220 1 79 250 219 260 229 470 422 995 889

3«BSiS USI Computer Products

SANYO EQUIVALENT

MODEL LIST ACP

Pi I 9" Green S199 S159 Pill 12" Green 199 149 Pi III 12" Orange 249 199

NEC 8023

TERMINALS

IDS PAPER TIGER

Dol Resolution Graphics* 9-wire stag pnnthead • Lowercase decenders 1 •Over150cps ii-directional, F logic seeking*8 charade/ sfzes»90-132 col.•Hi-res dol graphics* Proportional spacing • Text jusiiticalion

LIST

ACP 699

• 144 x 160 dots/inch* Proportional spacing • Lower case descenders* Nx9 dol matrix* 8 char, sizes* 5 unique alphabets

• Greek character set* Graphic symbols

• 100 cps • Bi-directional logic seeking

• Adjustable tractors* Single-sheet Iriction

TELEVIDEO

91OC S599

920C 769

925C 749

950 989

SOROC

10 120 $895

IQ 130 595

10 140 999

Apple II

Compatible Disk Drive

Totally compatible to Apple Drives.

$OQQ00

only W W

Controller $99.00

Just plug in and run.

Ivtsta

Computer Company

I

J)

APPLE System Saver FAN

Add 8" Disk Drives To Your Apple II

Up To 2.4 Megabyte!

Now "TRIMLINE V1100" with Tandon Thinline DS DD Drives.

Tandon Dual DS DD $1995.00

Qume Dual DSDD 1895.00

Shugart Dual 801R 1495.00

[apple computer

•▼-Authorized Dealer

ON DISK FOR APPLE SAVE UP TO 40% OFF

ACP

Visicalc 3.3 $189

Supercalc 189

Visi Trend/Visi Plot 235

Vis! Dex 199

Visi File 199

Visi Plot 159

Desk top Plan ll/lll 199

Visi Schedule 239

Visi Term 89

Zork 34

Versa Form 287

dBase II Ashton-Tate 489

Wordstar 235

Mall Merge 82

Spell Star 159

Data Star 189

Calc Star 189

Super Sort 132

Spellguard 219

DB Master (new) 178

DB Utility 72

PFS ll/lll 89

Report ll/lll 89

Locksmilh 4.0 74

Accounting Plus 1195

Microcourier 229

Microtelegraph 229

HEWLETT PACKARD

□

HEWLETT PACKARD

HP85A Computer $1985

HP87 Computer 1945

• 82907A 32K Model 239

• 82908A 64K Model 349

• 82909A 128K Model 599

• 82900A CP/M with 64K 425

HP125 Computer 1985

7470 Low Cost Plotter 1265

9895A 8" Dual Floppy 51 35

iw

CALCULATORS

HP41C Prog. Scientific $189

HP41CVW/2.2K Memory 256

HP41 Memory Module 26

HP41 Quad RAM 83

HP41 Card Header 169

HP41 Printer 292

HP41 Optical Wand 99

HP-IL Interlace Loop 119

HP11C Advanced Scientific 119

HP12C Financial 129

HP34C Prog. Scientific 112

HP38C Prog. Business 116

TOLL FREE

LIST

ACP

Apple II Plus W/48K $1530.00

SI 099.00

Apple II Plus W/64K

1729.00

1199.00

Apple II System Special w/64K,

ZSOCard. Vision 80

2519.00

1775.00

Apple III W/12BK

3495.00

2895.OO

Apple III W/256K

4295.00

3495.00

ProFileHard Disk Drive

3499.00

2899.00

Vista Apple 111 Timecard

169.00

"Apple Products Avail

re Only"

■"'I n ■

LIST

ACP

Apple II Disk II w/Conlfol'r $645.00

$529.00

Apple II Disk II w/o

52500

449.00

Apple Family System

2495.00

1995.00

Prototype Card

24.00

21.95

IEEE-488 Interlace

450.00

375.00

Extended Warranty - 1 yr

225.00

199.00

Super Serial Card

195.00

174.95

Language Card

195.00

169.95

Graphic Tablet w/IO

795.00

695.00

"Available In-store Only"

MORE HARDWARE

MICROSOFT

LIST

ACP

Z80 Sortcard

$395.00

$256.00

16K Ramcard

195.00

1 29.00

The Premium Package

899.00

579.00

SSM

AIO-II4 Function Serial/

Parallel

225.00

179.00

AIO Serial/Parallel

195.00

1 65.00

KEYBOARD COMPANY

Numeric Keypad

149.95

1 24.95

Apple II Joystick

49.95

44.50

Apple II Handcontrollers

29.95

25.95

PROMETHEUS

VERSAbox Spool/But'r

249.00

199.00

VERSAcard Four-in-1

199.00

166.00

AUTO-DOC diagnostics

99.00

82.00

VISTA COMPUTER CO.

Vision 80 80x24 Card

395.00

289.00

Vision 40 40 col.

enhance

199.00

149.00

Vision 20 Lo case ROM

29.95

25.OO

A800 8" DS, DD

Controller

595.00

499.00

PROM Development Bd

595.00

399.00

GB75 IBM typewriter I/O

195.00

1 69.00

40 Char Type-ahead

Buffer

49.95

35.00

VIDEX

Videoterm 80x24 Card

345.00

279.00

Keyboard Enhancer II

149.00

1 29.OO

Soft Switch

35.00

30.OO

Function Strip Keys

79.00

69.00

PRACTICAL PERIPHERALS

16K Microbuffer

259-00

220.00

32K Microbutfer

299.00

253.00

Snapshot Option

69.00

59 .OO

VOTRAX

Type n' Talk Speech

375.00

339.00

SCOTT INSTRUMENTS

Voice Recognita VET80

799.00

675.00

CORVUS

5 Mb Hard Disk

J750.00

2995.00

10 Mb Hard Disk

5350.00

4325.00

20 Mb Hard Disk

6450 00

5240.00

ORANGE MICRO

The Grappler I/O

195.00

135.00

SATURN SYSTEMS

32 K RAM Card

239.00

189.00

64K RAM Card

425-00

355.00

128K RAM Card

599.00

505.00

NOVATION

Apple-Cat II

389.00

329.00

HAYES MICROCOMPUTER

Hayes Chronograph

249.00

229.00

Micromodem II

349.00

289.00

Smart modem

299.00

229.00

MOUNTAIN COMPUTER

1 CPS Mullifunction

239.00

169.00

RAM Plus

189.00

139.00

1 Expansion Chassis

750.00

699.00

1 Music Syslem

395.00

335.00

100,000 Day Clock

375.00

325.00

The Clock

280 00

249.00

A/D plus D/A

350.00

299.00

Supertalker

199.00

169.00

Introl X-10 Controller

200.00

175.00

ROM Plus

155.00

1 29.00

Keyboard Filter ROM

55.00

44.00

Copy ROM

55.00

44.00

ROM Writer

175.00

159.00

M&R ENTERPRISES

Sup'rterm 60x24 Card

395.00

279.00

Sup'rSwitcher6Amp

Power Supply

295.00

239.00

Sup'rModllRF

Modulator

35.00

28.00

Apple Fan

55.00

43.00

ALS

The ''Z^'Card Z80 card

295.00

219.00

Smarterm 80x24 Card

349.00

279.00

The Synergiier Package

699.00

549.00

16K RAM CARD

Apple II 16K

Compatible with

ZBO Softcard " ... PASCAL CP/M "

Full 1 year Warranty. Top Quality by COEX

SB SRQ95

PRICE w Also from COEX NEW EPSON Parallel Interface for Apple. With cable $54.95

Mailorder. P.O. Box 17329 Irvine, GA 92713

800-854-8230 Re,all: ,3,0BE■WSS!?c"n"

S2 50,

TWX

910-595-1565

542 W. Trimble. Sin Jose, CA 95131 (408) 946-7010

License and credit C3'd "i V s-i AMEX CI service charge Add 3"* tnipiitncj & handling whichever is greater. Add 'Ov 'or lorpign USParceiPcsi Include Telephone number NOCODs Prices subject lo chanon withnul notirf Some Mem:, subiecttooriorsale WffrttserueMierighll manufacturer Retail nncm may v.vi

Circle 7 on Inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982 509

PALOMAA TAKES A BIG

But you still get expert technical advice,

in-house service repairs and

EPSON

Feature disposable print heads and the new GRAPHTRAX PLUS. All models print bidirectionally and 80 CPS. Mx-80F/T and Mx-100 both have friction and tractor feed. Unsurpassed dot placement accuracy.

MX-80 (80 col.) CALL

MX-80 F/T (80 col.) CALL

MX-100 (136 col.) CALL

Interface Cards CALL

Cables CALL

C. ITOH

Pro-Writer

Offers 8 character sizes, 5 different alphabets, proportional spacing, bidirectional, vert and horiz. tabs, high resolution graphics, nx9 matrix, 100 CPS 136, col. max. Friction and tractor feed.

8510 Serial $645.

8510 Parallel 495.

'Special of^ the Month"

mmmm

NOVEL

Image 800

Take advantage of the rock bottom price on this rugged 9x9 dot matrix printer now. 150 CPS, bidirectional tractor feed, 6 or 8 lines per inch. 10,13.6 16.5 CP1. Serial or parallel interface. 80, 136, 224, col. to a wide 15". 12 different printing modes. Impressive print head life of 200 million char. 11 VFCJ channels for forms flexibility. Front or bottom feed. Hurry! Priced to sell quickly. IMAGE 800 $995.

PREMIUM PRINTERS

COMRITER

CR-l Daisy Wheel

Typewriter quality printing for your word processing computer system. Wide 16.5" paper width, serial or parallel interface Full control panel MTBF 2,500 hours. Designed with few mechanical parts so high reliability. 17 CPS, 10, 12and 15 CPI. Bidirectional 132, 158, 198 col. Incredibly low priced. CR-l-C List $1195 CALL

C. ITOH

F10 Daisy Wheel

Letter quality printer. Friction feed or bidirectional tractor. 40 or 55 CPS. 136, 163 and variable col.

F10 List $1795 CALL

ADLER

Printer Typewriter

72 or 17.5 CPS, 10, 12, 15 CPI and proportional spacing. 2 line correcting memory, interchangeable print wheels.

SE 1010 List $1295 $995.

Interface Card ADD 350.

OLYMPIA

Printer Typewriter

Letter quality daisy wheel interfaces to Apple, Atari, NEC, TRS80 and RS232 Serial ports. 17.5 CPS., 10, 12 CPI. ES 100KRO Computer printer

List$1690 $1150.

ES 100 Typewriter Only

List $1195 $895.

Interface Card Only $250.

(specify serial or parallel)

I/O Cable (specify serial or parallel) 25.

Apple Serial Card $99.

SMITH-CORONA

TP-l Daisy Wheel

Letter quality price breakthrough! Serial or parallel data interface, 12CPS, 10orl2CPI. Smith-Corona TP-l List $895 $695

NEC

Spinwriters

Letter quality printers: 7700 serial print 55 CPS, 3500 series print 33 CPS. Both series offer up to 128 char., take paper up to 16 in. wide. 7700 series: 136 col. at 10 CPI, 163 col. at 12 CPI. Same for 3500 series plus 204 col. at 15 CPI.

7710/7730 RO w/tractor $2475.

7720 KSR w/tractor 2850.

3510/3530 RO 1695.

Bidirectional tractor 200.

Push tractor 350.

New at Palomar!

STAR MICRONICS

DP-8480FT

This new, high powered dot-matrix printer is packed with features to give you unbelievable flexibility, yet look at the low cost! 80 CPS, bidirectional printing, 10, 12, 16.5 CPI, 6, 8, 12 lines per inch. Friction feed and tractor feed. Printing options include block graphics, block and double width printing and 80, 96, 132 col. Parallel or serial interface. Long life print head: 100 million char, life expectancy. DP-848FT List $465 CALL

MPI

88G 99G 150G

High resolution dot-addressable graphics for Apple. Enhanced "correspondence quality" printing. Tractor and friction feed. Serial and parallel input. Bidirectional printing. 88G. 99C have 10, 12, 16.5CPI. 150Ghas 10. 1217 CPI. 88C: 100 CPS, 80, 96. 132 col. 99G: 100 CPS, 80, 96, 136 col. 150G: 150 CPS, 136. 163, 226 col., 16" wide.

88G List $749 $519.

99G List $849 569.

150G List $1095 995.

Apple parallel I/O Card/Cable/Disk

with Graphics Prom (Ap-Pak) 145.

IEEE I/O Card 55.

Single Sheet Feeder 25.

QT Cover 30.

NEC

8023-A Matrix

High resolution dot graphics. Pmportional spacing. Correspondent quality printing. Bidirectional tractor and friction feed. 80. 136 col. Greek and math symbols, 100 CPS matrix printer.

8023A Parallel List $780 $499.

OKIDATA

Microline 82A—80/132 col., 120 CPS. 9x9 dot matrix, friction, pin feed or tractor feed (optional) rear and bottom feed. Includes bidirectional/logic seeking and serial parallel or IEEE interfaces. Double width and condensed characters, true lower case descenders and graphics.

82A... $519.

Microline 83A—132/232 col., 120 CPS. handles forms up to 15 inc. wide, plus all the features of the 82A.

83A $745.

Microline 84SP-132/232 col, 200 CPS with full dot graphics built-in. Takes forms up to 15 in. wide, plus all the features of the 83A 84SP $1150.

■ m PALOMAR

WRITE OR CALL (800) 237-3333 IN CALIFORNIA CALL (800) 338-5555

910-105 W. San Marcos Blvd., Dept. 10B, San Marcos, CA 92069

Computer Products

ItFlflllllllllllllllllllllllilllllllllllllllllllll

510 BYTE October 1982

Circle 298 on inquiry card.

BYTE OUT OF PRICES

fast response on orders, guaranteed satisfaction

APPLE

AND ACCESSORIES

Apple II Plus&48K. . .CALL

w/control.DOS33. . CALL

Disk AddOn CALL

ZBOSoftrard $299.

16K RAMcard 99.

Par. Printer Card 39.

Serial Card 109.

Clod* Calendar Card. . . .99. EEE Card 249.

A-DCard $99.

ROM Plus 129.

Keyboard Filter ROM 49.

CPS Multifunction Card. 179. Paymar L/C Adapt. . . 19/32.

Videx Videoterm 299.

Dana Fan 39.

TG Game Paddles 32.

TG Joystick 47.

Select A Port 47.

APPLE SOFTWARE

BUSINESS GAMES

Financial Partner $191.

Pascal Tutor 97.

Pro Easy Writer 137.

Easy Writer 4C Col 78.

Word Star(Req. SQ. ... 220. Super Sort (Req.SQ. ... 118

Mail Merger 75.

Data Star (Req. SQ. . . . 170.

Spell Star (Req. SO 115.

Calc Star (Req. SQ 115.

Super Text 0 117.

The Address Book 38

Form Letter Module 78.

Visifile 229.

Desktop Plan III 275.

Desktop Plan II 229.

Wsipbt 185.

Visitrend / Visiplot 275.

Visidex 229.

Vistem 89.

VEicalc 33 229.

Infotory 198.

Superspell (Req. SQ. ... 435. Word Processor (Req. SQ255.

PERSONAL/HOME

Typing Tutor $19.

Elementary Math 31.

Personal Filing System... 74. Personal Report System. . 74.

Algebra 1 31.

Compu-Math: Arith. Skill.39. CompuMath: Fractions. .31. CornpL^Math: Decimals. .31. CcrnpoSoells: (Req. Data Disk) 23.

$24.

Air Traffic Controller 9.

Temple of Apshai 31.

Datestones of Ryn 15.

Modoc's Tower 15.

Rescue at Rigel 23.

Hell Fire Warrior 31.

Crash, Crumble & Chomp. 23. Upper Reaches of Apshai. 15. The Keys to Acheron. ... 15.

Snack Attack 23.

The Prisoner 23.

Zonkl 31.

Zonk II 31.

Robot Wars 31.

Three Mite Island 31.

ABM 19.

Castle Wolfenstein 23.

Wizard and Princes 25.

Missile Defense 23.

Cranston Manor 27.

Warp Destroyer 23.

Cyber Strike 31.

Star Warrior 31.

Phantoms Five $24.

Space Eggs 24.

Pulsar D 24.

Autobahn 24.

Orbitron 24.

Gamma Goblins 24.

Gorgon.

MISC

Applesoft Compiler. . .$144.

Basic Computer 27.

Apple-Doc 41.

DJ3. Master 189.

D.B. Utility Pack 81.

E-Z Draw 33 40.

Pascal Graph. Ed 79.

Epoch 2d

Cops and Robbers 28.

Outpost 24.

Dark Forest 24.

Beer Run 24.

Hadron 28.

Twerps 24.

Snake Byte 24.

Botg 24.

Computer Foosball 24.

Minotaur 28.

Kabul Spy 28.

Cycled 24.

Jellyfish 24.

Bandits 2&

Lemmings 24.

Fry Wars 24.

ATARI SOFTWARE

Adventure '1.2.3(D) ... $32. Adventure '4.5.6(D) ....32. Adventure '7.8.9(D) ....32. Adventure '10.11.12(D) 32.

Atari Mailing Ust(D) 19.

TextWtiard 79.

Compu-Math/Fra<:.(D) ...32. Compu-Math/Frac.lC) ...24.

CompuJvlatri/Dec.(D) 32.

CompuMath/Dec.(C) ... .24.

Letter Perfect(D) 119.

Mall Merger/UtlUry<D) ... .24.

APPLE GRAPHICS CARD

Better Than Grappler!

• Dump Screen 1 or 2

• Double size • Emphasize

• inverse or normal • Rotate

• Set left margin or center image.

This improved intelligent printer interface card enables you to print either of the Apple's h-res. screens with just a few keystrokes. Compatible with Epson, Nee, C. Itoh Anadex, Centronics, Okidata, IDS. 15 commands.

Genie Interface Card 99.

NEC

PC-8000 Series Microcomputer jgi

• Z-80A CPU 4 MHz ~ ■

• 5 user programmable function keys

• 82 keys with numeric keypad

• 160 x 100 resolution

• 80 character screen

PC-800 1A Microcomputer w/32K RAM $750.

PC-8012A I/O Unit with 32K RAM Expansion slots 480.

PC-8031A Dual Mini-Disk Drive Unit.. 750.

MODEMS

(IDS, HAYES NOVATION CAT

UDS 103 LP, direct $169.

103 JLP Auto Answer 209.

202 LP 1200 BAUD 259.

NOVATION CAT, acoustic 145.

D-Cat, direct 155.

Auto Cat 219.

Apple Cat 275.

HAYES SlOOMicromodem 349.

Apple Micromodem 299.

Smart Modem 245.

ANCHOR onlv

Automation . ^

Signalman Mark 1 9 99,

RS232 300 BAUD, Bell 103 compatible, Automatic selection of originate or answer modes.

Signalman Mark 1 $99.

RIBBONS

NEC7700 $77/Doz.

Qume 45/Doz.

Diablo 66/Doz.

Anadex 135/6 ea.

Tritel 95/Doz.

TI/DEC/TTY 45/Doz.

Epson 80/FT 12.99

MPI/Axiom/Base 2 13.95/ea.

CENTRONICS AND OSBORNE CABLES

Centronics to Osborne 6 ft $30. I

Centronics to Centronics 6ft 30. 1

CENTRONICS AND IBM CABLES |

Centronics to IBM 10 ft $30. i

RS232 CABLES

4 wire male-male 10 ft $25. !

9 wire male-male 10 ft 30. |

4 wire male-female 10 ft 25! t

9 wire male-female 10ft 30 |

RS-232 SWITCH BOX

RS232 Switch Box (Cise 2 terminals or | printers from one output port)... 109.'

VIDEO TERMS, MONITORS

COMREX

CR-5500—Monochrome Display Monitor— 12" green screen, 80 char, wide x 24 rows.

CR-5500 List $179 $129.

CR-6500 Color Display Monitor—13" in-line color. Hi-Resolution 260H x 300V. CR-6500 List $445 $339.

CR-6600 Color Display Monitor—13" in-line color with RGB signal for higher resolution graphics. 380H x 240V. CR-6600 List $619 $439.

Ampex Dialog 80 $995.

Ampex Dialog 30 795.

Televideo 920C 845.

Televideo 950 995.

SOROC IQ 120 499.

Zenith 12" Green 119.

NEC 12" Green 169.

^Just arrived^

Just arrived

TAXAN Video Monitors

KG-12fi— Monochrome Display Monitor — 12" green screen, 2000 char, display. 800 line horizontal resolution. Better than 18 MHz bandwidth.

KG-12N. List $169 CALL

RGB Vision 1 — Color Display Monitor — 12" screen. 380 lines horizontal resolution, 2000 char, display. 16 cobrs for Apple III and IBM, no interface modules needed Compatible with Apple II using Taxan RGB-ll card. 18MHz bandwidth. RGB Vision 1 List $399 CALL

FAN FOLD PAPER

(Prices F.O.B. S.P.) 9'/2Xl l-20*Bond White (2700 ct.)... $29. 14%xl l-20*Bond White (2400 ct.) .. .37. 14%xll-20*Bond 1/2" Green Bar (2400 ct.) 37.

TERMS OF SALE: Cash, check, money order, bank wire transfer, credit card or purchase orders from qualified firms and institutions. Please include telephone number with order and expiration date on credit card orders. California residents add 6% sales tax. Advertised prices are for prepaid orders F.O.B. shipping point. Add 3% or $3 minimum for shipping in U.S. Pricing and availability subject to change without notice.

WE CARRY LOTS MORE THAN LISTED HERE! INQUIRIES WELCOME.

PALOMAft • "

Computer Products

llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll

Circle 298 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982 511

4164 tmSSHrt $625 TM M2016 2K»IC $415

ALL MERCHANDISE 100% GUARANTEED! CALL US FOR VOLUME QUOTES

STATIC RAMS

2101

5101

2102-1

2102L-4

2102L-2

2111

2112

2114

2114L-4

2114L-3

2114L-2

2147

TMS4044-4

TMS4044-3

TMS4044-2

MK4118

TMM2016-200

TMM2016-1S0

TMM2016-100

HM6116-4

HM6116-3

HM6116-2

HM6116LP-4

HM6116LP-3

HM6116LP-2

Z-6132

256 X 4

(450ns)

1.95

256 X 4

(450ns) (cmos)

3.95

1024 X 1

(450ns)

.89

1024 x 1

(450ns) (LP)

1.29

1024 X 1

(250ns)(LP)

1.69

256 X 4

(450ns)

2.99

256 x 4

(450ns)

2.99

1024 x 4

(450ns)

8/14.95

1024 x 4

(450ns) (LP)

8/15.25

1024 x 4

(300ns) (LP)

8/15.45

1024 x 4

(200ns)(LP)

8/15.95

4096 x 1

(55ns)

4.95

4096 x 1

(450ns)

3.49

4096 x 1

(300ns)

3.99

4096 x 1

(200ns)

4.49

1024 X 8

(250ns)

9.95

2048 x 8

(200ns)

4.15

2048 x 8

(150ns)

4.95

2048 x 8

(100ns)

6.15

2048 X 8

(200ns) (cmos)

4.95

2048 X 8

(150ns) (cmos)

5.95

2048 x 8

(120ns) (cmos)

8.95

2048 x B

(200ns) (cmos)(LP)

6.95

2048 x 8

(150ns) (cmos)(LP)

8.95

2048 x 8

(120ns) (cmos)(LP)

10.95

4096 x 8

(300ns) (Ostal)

34.95

DYNAMIC RAMS

TMS4027

4096 X 1

(250ns)

MK4108

8192 x 1

(200ns)

MM5298

8192 x 1

(250ns)

4116-300

16384 X 1

(300ns)

4116-250

16384 x1

(250ns)

4116-200

16384 x 1

(200ns)

4116-150

16384 x 1

(150ns)

4116-120

16384 x1

(120ns)

2118

16384 x 1

(150ns)(5v)

MK4816

2048 x 8

(300ns)(5v)

4164-200

65536 x 1

(200ns)(5v)

4164-150

65536 x 1

(150ns)(5v)

1.99 1.95 1.85 8/11.75 8/11.95 8/13.95 8/15.95 8/29.95 4.95 24.95 6.25 7.25

1702

256 X

2708

1024 X

2758

1024 x

2716

2048 X

2716-1

2048 x

TMS2716

2048 x

TMS2532

4096 x

2732

4096 x

2732-250

4096 x

2732-200

4096 x

2764

8192 x

2764-250

8192 x

2764-200

8192 x

TMS2564

8192 x

MC68764

8192 X

5V single 5 volt supply

EPROMS

8 (1us) 8 (450ns)

4.50

3.95

(5»)

5.95

(5v)

3.95

(5v)

6.25

7.95

(5v)

7.95

(5v)

4.95

(Sv)

12.95

5v)

16.95

(5v)

16.95

(Sv!

18.95

(5v)

19.95

<5v)

24.95

(5v)(24 pin)

call

5v Single 5 Volt Supply

EPROM ERASERS

Capacity

Intensity

Timer

Chip

(uW/Cm')

PE-14

6

5,200

83.00

PE-14T

X

6

5,200

119.00

PE-24T

X

9

6,700

175.00

PL-265T

X

20

6,700

255.00

PR-125T

X

16

15,000

349.00

PR-320

X

32

15,000

595.00

DISC CONTROLLERS

1771 16

1791 29

1793 38.95

1795 54.95

1797 54.95

6843 34.95

8272 39.95

UPD765 39.95

1691 18.95

2143 18.95

INTERFACE

8T26 1.69

8T28 2.49

8T95 .99

8T96 .99

8T97 .99

8T98 .99

DM8131 2.95

DP8304 2.29

DS8835 1.99

DS8836 .99

MISC.

3242 7.95

3341 4.95

MC3470 4.95

MC3480 9.00

11C90 13.95

95H90 7.95

2513-001 UP 9.95

2513-002 LOW 9.95

SOUND CHIPS

76477 3.95

76489 8.95

AY3-8910 12.95

MC3340 1.49

CRT CONTROLLERS

6845 14.95

68B45 35.95

HD46505SP 15.95

6847 12.25

68047 24.95

8275 29.95

7220 99.95

CRT5027 39.95

CRT5037 49.95

DP8350 49.95

BIT-RATE GENERATORS

MC14411

BR1941

4702

COM5016 COM8116 MM5307

11.95 11.95 12.95 16.95 10.95 10.95

UARTS

AY3-1014 AY5-1013 PT1472 TR1602 I 2350 2651

TMS6011 IM6402 IM6403 INS8250

6.95 3.95 9.95 3.95 9.95 8.95 5.95 7.95 8.95 14.95

KEYBOARD CHIPS

AY5-2376 11.95 AY5-3600 11.95 74C922 See 74C00 I 74C923 Series Prices

CLOCK

CIRCUITS

MM5314 4.95

MM5369 3.95

MM5375 4.95

MM58167 8.95

MM58174 . 11.95

1MSM5832 6

Z-80

2.5 Mhz

Z80-CPU

3.95

Z80

CTC

5.95

Z80

DART

15.25

Z80

DMA

17.50

Z80

PIO

5.75

Z80

SIO/0

18.50

Z80

SIO/1

18.50

Z80

SIO/2

18.50

Z80

SIO/9

16.95

4.0 Mhz

Z80A-CPU

6.00

Z80A-CTC

8.65

Z80A-DART

18.75

Z80A-DMA

27.50

Z80A-PIO

6.00

Z80A-SIO/0

22.50

Z80A-SIO/1

22.50

Z80A-SIO/2

22.50

Z80A-SIO/9

19.95

6.0 Mhz

Z80B-CPU

17.95

Z80B-CTC

15.50

Z80B-PIO

15.50

ZILOG

Z6132 34.95 . Z8671 39.95

CRYSTALS

32.768 khz

1.95

1.0 mhz

4.95

1.8432

4.95

2.0

3.95

2.097152

3.95

2.4576

3.95

3.2768

3.95

3.579535

3.95

4.0

3.95

5.0

3.95

5.0688

3.95

5.185

3.95

5.7143

3.95

6.0

3.95

6.144

3.95

6.5536

3.95

8.0

3.95

10.7836

3.95

14.31818

3.95

15.0

3.95

16.0

3.95

18.0

3.95

18.432

3.95

20.0

3.95

22.1184

3.95

32.0

3.95

DATA

ACQUISITION

ADC0800

15.55

ADC0804

3.49

ADC0809

4.49

ADC0817

9.95

DAC0800

4.95

DAC0806

1.95

DAC0808

2.95

DAC1020

8.25

DAC1022

5.95

MC1408L6

1.95

MC1408L8

2.95

8000

8035

5.95

8039

6.95

INS-8060

17.95

INS-8073

24.95

8080

3.95

8085

5.95

8085A-2

11.95

8086

29.95

8087

CALL

8088

39.95

8089

89.95

8155

7.95

8156

8.95

8185

29.95

8185-2

39.95

8741

39.95

8748

29.95

32.00

8200

8202 8203 8205 8212 8214 8216 8224 8226 8228 8237 8238 8243 8250 8251 8253 8253-5 8255 8255-5 8257 8257-5 8259 8259-5 8272 8275 8279 8279-5 6282 8283 8284 8286 8287 8288 v 8289

FUNCTION GENERATORS

MC4024 LM566 XR2206 8038

INTERSIL

ICL7103

9.50

ICL7106

9.95

ICL7107

12.95

ICL8038

3.95

ICM7107A

5.59

ICM7208

15.95

6800

68000 8800 6802 6808 6809E 6809 6810 6820 6821 6828 6840 6843 6844 6845 6847 6850 6852 6860 6862 6875 6880 6683 68047 68488 6800

68B00

10.95

68802

22.25

68B09E

29.95

68B09

29.95

68B10

7.95

68B21

12.95

68B45

35.95

68B50

12.95

68B00

2 MHZ

6500

1 MHZ

6502 6504 6505 6507 6520 6522 6532 6545 6551

6502A 6522A 6532A 6545A 6551A

6502B

3 MHZ

EXAR

XR 2206 XR 2207 XR 2208 XR 2211

XR :

9000 SERIES

9316 1.00

9334 2.50

9368 3.95

9401 9.95

9601 .75

9602 1.50 96S02 1.95

JDR MICRODEVICES, INC.

1224 S. Bascom Avenue San Jose, CA 95128 800-538-5000 • 800-662-6279 (CA) (408) 995-5430 • Telex 171-110

91982 JDR MICRODEVICES, INC.

VISIT OUR ~ NEW HOURS

VISIT UUH M-W-F, 9-5

RETAIL STORE T-Th.,9-9 Sat. 11-3

PLEASE USE YOUR CUSTOMER NUMBER WHEN ORDERING

TERMS: For shipping include S2 lor UPS Ground or $3 lor UPS Blue Label Air. Items over 5 pounds require additional shipping charges. Foreign orders, include sufficient amount tor shipping. There is a $10 minimum order. Bay Area and Los Angeles Counties add 6v>°/u Sales Tax. Other California residents add 6% Sales Tax. We reserve the right to substitute manutacturer. Not responsible lor typographical errors. Prices are subject to change without notice. We will match or beat any competitor's price provided it is not below our cost.

512 BYTE October 1982

Circle 212 on Inquiry card.

2716 16K EPROMS

$3«

EACH 2732 32K EPROMS ^4^EACH

ALL MERCHANDISE 100% GUARANTEED! CALL US FOR VOLUME QUOTES

74LS00

24

74 LS169

1 75

7*1 C OO O

2.75

25

mi toi

1 fiQ

74 L S324

1.75

74, en?

25

flq

7d|-Q17T

7 A 1 COCO

1.29

74LS03

7*1 COO

«

7AI C.17A 7*1 f]Ic

7 A 1 COCO

1 29

Ml «M

isi;

7A 1 COCO

1.35

Ml QOT

7C

74LS181

r q<!

7A 1 COG/1

1.95

7jj cnn

28

7dl CQfi

RQ

7At C1QQ

74 LS365

.49

.29

74LS107

1Q

7/ii c 1 on ihloi yu

89

7/11 CIRC '4L9JDD

.49

25

74 LS109

oq

89

74 LS367

.45

35

oq

74LS192

79

741 C1CR

.45

J" zl~

35

74 LS 193

79

741 C070

.99

ill Sid

45

74LS114

oq

74 LS194

69

.99

59

74LS122

d«i

74,Lf Iqc

69

74LS377

1.39

74LS15

35

74 LS 123

79

I*rf

79

741 C17R

1.18

74LS20

74LS124

2.90

74LS197

74LS379

1 35

9Q

74 L S125

74 LS221

RQ q«!

741 COOC

1.90

Mi iac

,c

74LS126

dq

to

7di co/in

741 COOK

45

30

74 L S13 2

|q

QQ

7di coon

1.19

Ml CM

[~ z~

29

/1L b l o J

74 LS24 2

99

1.19

35

74 LS136

oq

74 LS24 3

99

74 LS395

1.19

74i con

25

qq

74LS399

1.49

74LS32

7 A 1 C11C1 / <* L 9 1 JO

"cc

1 dq

741 C/lOil

2.95

74 LS33

7.11 C4QO

55

74LS247

75

.37

74LS37

35

74LS145

l .20

7A 1 C OAQ

QQ .99

741 CAQfl

/iLaiyu

1.95

74LS38

.35

74LS147

2.49

7AI CO AO

3.99

74LS40

.25

74LS148

1.35

74LS251

.59

74LS668

1.69

7 A 1 COCO

7dl CfifiQ

14LODDJ

1.89

74LS47

.75

74LS153

.55

74LS257

.59

74LS670

1.49

74LS48

.75

74LS154

1.90

74LS258

.59

74LS674

9.65

74LS49

.75

74LS155

.69

74LS259

2.75

74LS682

3.20

74LS51

.25

74LS156

.69

74LS260

.59

74LS683

3.20

74LS54

.29

74LS157

.65

74LS266

.55

74LS684

3.20

74LS55

.29

74LS158

.59

74LS273

1.49

74LS685

3.20

74LS63

1.25

74LS160

.69

74LS275

3.35

74LS688

2.40

74LS73

.39

74LS161

.65

74LS279

.49

74LS689

3.20

74LS74

.35

74LS162

.69

74LS280

1.98

74LS783

24.95

74LS75

.39

74LS163

.65

74LS283

.69

81LS95

1.49

74LS76

.39

74LS164

.69

74LS290

.89

81LS96

1.49

74LS78

.49

74LS165

.95

74LS293

.89

81LS97

1.49

74LS83

.60

74LS166

1.95

74LS295

.99

81LS98

1.49

74LS85

.69

74LS168

1.75

74LS298

.89

25LS2521 25LS2559

2.80 4.25

IC SOCKETS

1-99

100

8 pin ST

.13

.11

14 pin ST

.15

.12

16 pin ST

.17

.13

18 pin ST

.20

.18

20 pin ST

.29

.27

22 pin ST

.30

.27

24 pin ST

.30

.27

28 pin ST

.40

.32

40 pin ST

.49

.39

ST SOLDERTAIL

8 pin WW

.59

.49

14 pin WW

.69

.52

16 pin WW

.69

.58

18 pin WW

.99

.90

20 pin WW

1.09

.98

22 pin WW

1.39

1.28

24 pin WW

1.49

1.35

28 pin WW

1.69

1.49

40 pin WW

1.99

1.80

WW WIREWRAP

16 pin ZIF

6.75

call

24 pin ZIF

9.95

call

ZIF TEXTOOL

(Zero Insertion Force)

7400

CMOS

CONNECTORS

RS232 MALE

2.95

RS232 FEMALE

3.50

RS232 FEMALE

RIGHT ANGLE

5.25

RS232 HOOD

1.25

S-100 ST

3.95

S-100 WW

4.95

DIP SWITCHES

4 POSITION

.85

5 POSITION

.90

6 POSITION

.90

7 POSITION

.95

8 POSITION

.95

Prices Slashed! 74S00

74S00

.32

74S163

1.95

74S02

.35

74S168

3.95

74S03

I .35

74S169

3.95

74S04

.35

74S174

.95

74S05

.35

74S175

.95

74S08

.35

74S181

3.95

74S09

.40

74S182

2.95

74S10

.35

74S188

1.95

74S11

.35

74S189

6.95

74S1S

.35

74S194

1.49

74S20

.35

74S195

1.49

74S22

.35

74S196

1.49

74S30

.35

74S197

1.49

74S32

.40

74S201

6.95

74S37

.88

74S225

7.95

74S38

.85

74S240

2.20

74S40

.35

74S241

2.20

74S51

.35

74S244

2.20

74S64

.40

74S251

.95

74S65

.40

74S253

.95

74S74

.50

74S257

.95

74S85

1.99

74S258

.95

74S86

.50

74S260

.79

74S112

.50

74S274

19.95

74S113

.50

74S275

19.95

74S114

.55

74S280

1.95

74S124

2.75

74S287

1.90

74S132

1.24

74S288

1.90

74S133

.45

74S289

6.89

74S134

.50

74S301

6.95

74S135

.89

74S373

2.45

74S138

.85

74S374

2.45

74S139

.85

74S381

7.95

74S140

.55

74S387

1.95

74S151

.95

74S412

2.98

74S153

.95

74S471

4.95

74S157

.95

74S472

4.95

74S158

.95

74S474

4.95

74S161

1.95

74S482

15.25

74S162

1.95

74S570

2.95

74S571

2.95

ORDER TOLL FREE

800-538-5000 800-662-6279

(CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS)

IF YOU CAN FIND A PRICE LOWER ELSEWHERE. LET US KNOW AND WELL MEET OR BE A T THEIR PRICE! (SEE TERMS BELOW)

* Computer managed inventoryvirtually no back orders!

* Very competitive prices!

* Friendly staff!

* Fast service — most orders shipped within 24 hours!

I

LED DISPLAYS WLED

HP 5082-7760 MAN 72 MAN 74 FND-357 (359) FND-500 (503) FND-507 (510)

.3" .3" .375"

.5"

CC CA CC CC CC CA

.29 H Jumbo 99 ■ Red

99 ■ Jumbo 75 H Green

99 ■ Jumbo 99 _K Yellow

LAMPS

1-99 100-up

7400

.19

74132

.45

7401

.19

74136

.50

7402

.19

74141

.65

7403

.19

74142

2.95

7404

.19

74143

2.95

7405

.25

74145

.60

7406

.29

74147

1.75

7407

.29

74148

1.20

7408

.24

74150

1.35

7409

.19

74151

.55

7410

.19

74152

.65

7411

.25

74153

.55

7412

.30

74154

1.25

7413

.35

74155

.75

7414

.49

74156

.65

7416

.25

74157

.55

7417

.25

74159

1.65

7420

.19

74160

.85

7421

.35

74161

.69

7422

.35

74162

.85

7423

.29

74163

.69

7425

.29

74164

.85

7426

.29

74165

.85

7427

.29

74166

1.00

7428

.45

74167

2.95

7430

.19

74170

1.65

74172

5.95

7433

.45

74173

.75

7437

.29

74174

.89

7438

.29

74175

.89

7440

.19

74176

.89

7442

.49

74177

.75

7443

.65

74178

1.15

7444

.69

74179

1.75

7445

.69

74180

.75

7446

.69

74181

2.25

7447

.69

74182

.75

7448

.69

74184

2.00

7450

.19

74185

2.00

7451

.23

74186

18.50

7453

.23

74190

1.15

7454

.23

74191

1.15

7460

.23

74192

.79

7470

.35

74193

.79

7472

.29

74194

.85

7473

.34

74195

.85

7474

.33

74196

.79

7475

.45

74197

.75

7476

.35

74198

1.35

7480

.59

74199

1.35

7481

1.10

74221

1.35

7482

.95

74246

1.35

7483

.50

74247

1.25

7485

.59

74248

1.85

7486

.35

74249

1.95

7489

2.15

74251

.75

7490

.35

74259

2.25

7491

.40

74265

1.35

7492

.50

74273

1.95

7493

.35

74276

1.25

7494

.65

74279

.75

7495

.55

74283

2.00

7496

.70

74284

3.75

7497

2.75

74285

3.75

74100

1.75

74290

.95

74107

.30

74293

.75

74109

.45

74298

.85

74110

.45

74351

2.25

74111

.55

74365

.65

74116

1.55

74366

.65

74120

1.20

74367

.65

74121

.29

74368

.65

74122

.45

74376

2.20

74123

.49

74390

1.75

74125

.45

74393

1.35

74126

.45

74425

3.15

74128

.55

74426

.85

74490

2.55

4000

.29

4528

1.19

4001

.25

4531

.95

4002

.25

4532

1.95

4006

.89

4538

1.95

4007

.29

4539

1.95

4008

.95

4543

1.19

4009

.39

4555

.95

4010

.45

4556

.95

4011

.25

4581

1.95

4012

.25

4582

1.95

4013

.38

4584

.75

4014

.79

4585

.75

4015

.39

4702

12.95

4016

.39

74 COO

.35

4017

.69

74C02

.35

4018

.79

74C04

.35

4019

.39

74C08

.35

4020

.75

74C10

.35

4021

.79

74C14

.59

4022

.79

74C20

.35

4023

.29

74C30

.35

4024

.65

74C32

.39

4025

.29

74C42

1.29

4026

1.65

74C48

1.99

4027

.45

74C73

.65

4028

.69

74C74

.65

4029

.79

74C76

.80

4030

.39

74C83

1.95

4034

1.95

74C85

1.95

4035

.85

74C86

.39

4040

.75

74C89

4.50

4041

.75

74C90

1.19

4042

.69

74C93

1.75

4043

.85

74C95

.99

4044

.79

74C107

.89

4046

.85

74C150

5.75

4047

.95

74C151

2.25

4049

.35

74C154

3.25

4050

.35

74C157

1.75

4051

.79

74C160

1.19

4053

.79

74C161

1.19

4060

.89

74C162

1.19

4066

.39

74C163

1.19

4068

.39

74C164

1.39

4069

.29

74C165

2.00

4070

.35

74C173

.79

4071

.29

74C174

1.19

4072

.29

74C175

1.19

4073

.29

74C192

1.49

4075

.29

74C193

1.49

4076

.79

74C195

1.39

4078

.29

74C200

5.75

4081

.29

74C221

1.75

4082

.29

74C373

2.45

4085

.95

74C374

2.45

4086

.95

74C901

.39

4093

.49

74C902

.85

4098

2.49

74C903

.85

4099

1.95

74C905

10.95

14409

12.95

74C906

.95

14410

12.95

74C907

1.00

14411

11.95

74C908

2.00

14412

12.95

74C909

2.75

14419

7.95

74C910

9.95

4502

.95

74C911

8.95

4503

.65

74C912

8.95

4508

1.95

74C914

1.95

4510

.85

74C915

1.19

4511

.85

74C918

2.75

4512

.85

74C920

17.95

4514

1.25

74C921

15.95

4515

1.79

74C922

4.49

4516

1.55

74C923

4.95

4518

.89

74C925

5.95

4519

.39

74C926

7.95

4520

.79

74C927

7.95

4522

1.25

74C928

7.95

4526

1.25

74C929

19.95

4527

1.95

74C930

19.95

TRANSISTORS DIODES

PN2222

NPN SWITCH

TO-92

10/1.00

100/8.99

PN2907

PNP SWITCH

TO-92

10/1.25

100/10.99

2N2222

NPN SWITCH

TO-18

.25

50/10.99

2N2907

PNP SWITCH

TO-18

.25

50/10.99

2N3055

NPN POWER

TO-3

.79

10/6.99

3055T

NPN POWER

TO-220

.69

10/5.99

2N3904

NPN SWITCH

TO-92

10/1.00

100/8.99

2N3906

NPN SWITCH

TO-92

10/1.00

100/8.99

IN4148 (IN914)

SWITCHING

25/1.00

1000/35.00

IN4004

RECTIFIER

10/1.00

100/8.99

r 1982 JDR MICRODEVICES, INC.

Circle 212 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982 513

LINEAR

RCA

LM301

.34

LM340(see 7800)

NE558

1.50

LM1489

.69

LM301H

.79

LM348

.99

NE561

19.95

LM1496

.85

LM307

.45

LM350K

4.95

NE564

2.95

LM1558H

3.10

LM308

.69

LM350T

4.60

LM565

.99

LM1800

2.37

LM306H

1.15

LM358

.69

LM566

1.49

LM1812

8.25

LM309H

1.95

LM359

1.79

LM567

.89

LM1830

3.50

LM309K

1.25

LM376

3.75

NE570

3.95

LM1871

5.49

LM310

1.75

LM377

1.95

NE571

2.95

LM1872

5.49

LM311

.64

LM376

2.50

NE592

2.75

LM1877

3.25

LM311H

.89

LM379

4.50

LM703

.89

LM1889

1.95

LM312H

1.75

LM380

.89

LM709

.59

LM1896

1.75

LM317K

3.95

LM380N-8

1.10

LM710

.75

LM2877

2.05

LM317T

1.19

LM381

1.60

LM711

.79

LM2878

2.25

LM318

1.49

LM382

1.60

LM723

.49

LM2900

.85

LM318H

1.59

LM383

1.95

LM723H

.55

LM2901

1.00

LM319H

1.25

LM384

1.95

LM733

.96

LM3900

.59

LM319

1.25

LM386

.89

LM741N

8 .35

LM3905

1.25

LM320(see 7900)

LM387

1.40

LM741N

14 .35

LM3909

.98

LM322

1.65

LM389

1.35

LM741H

.40

LM3911

2.25

LM323K

4.95

LM390

1.95

LM747

.69

LM3914

3.95

LM324

.59

LM392

.69

LM748

.59

LM3915

3.95

LM329

.65

LM394H

4.60

LM1014

1.19

LM3916

3.95

LM331

3.95

5.00

LM1303

1.95

MC4024

3.95

LM334

1.19

NE531

2.95

LM1310

1.49

MC4044

4.50

LM335

1.40

NE536

6.00

MC1330

1.69

RC4136

1.25

LM336

1.75

NE555

.34

MC1349

1.89

RC4151

3.95

LM337K

3.95

NE556

.65

MC1350

1.19

LM4250

1.75

LM337T

1.95

NE558

1.50

MC1358

1.69

LM4500

3.25

LM338K

6.95

NE555

.34

LM1414

1.59

LM13080

1.29

LM339

.99

NE556

.65

LM 1458

.59

LM13600

1.49

LM1488

.69

LM13700

1.49

H = TO-5 CAN

T

= TO-220

K

= TO-3

CA 3023

2.75

CA 3082

1.65

CA 3039

1.29

CA 3083

1.55

CA 3046

1.25

CA 3086

.80

CA 3059

2.90

CA 3089

2.99

CA 3060

2.90

CA 3096

3.49

CA 3065

1.75

CA 3130

1.30

CA 3080

1.10

CA3140

1.15

CA 3081

1.65

CA3146

1.85

Tl

TL494

4.20

75365

1.95

TL496

1.65

75450

.59

TL497

3.25

75451

.39

75107

1.49

75452

.39

75110

1.95

75453

.39

75150

1.95

75454

.39

75154

1.95

75491

.79

75188

1.25

75492

.79

75189

1.25

75493

.89

75494

.89

Bl

FET

TL071

.79

TL084

2.19

TL072

1.19

LF347

2.19

TL074

2.19

LF351

.60

TL081

.79

LF353

1.00

TL082

1.19

LF355

1.10

TL083

1.19

LF356

1.10

LF357

1.40

BEST SELLING BOOKS

OSBORNE/MC GRAW-HILL

Apple II User's Guide 14.95

CRT Controller s Handbook 6.99

68000 Assembly Language

Programming 16.99

CBASIC User Guide 15.00

SYBEX

Your Your First Computer 8.95

The CP/M Handbook 14.95

The PASCAL Handbook 18.95

Microprocessor Interfacing . Techniques 17.95^

VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE

★ NEW HOURS ★ NOW OPEN TUESDAY & THURSDAY EVENINGS TILL 9:00 P.M.

66

JDR SUPER SPECIALS"

RAM

HM611 6-4 2KX8 CMOS

TMM2016-200 2KX8 nmos 2oons 4164-200NS

EPROM

12732 45ons $495 |2764 45ons $1695 L2564 450NS $2495

CAPS

.01 uf Disc .1 uf Disc

100/$600 100/$800

VOLTAGE REGULATORS

7805T

.89

7905T

.99

7808T

.89

7908T

.99

7812T

.89

7912T

.99

7815T

.89

7915T

.99

7824T

.89

7924T

.99

7805K

1.39

7905K

1.49

7815K

1.39

7915K

1.49

7824K

1.39

7924K

1.49

78L05

.69

79L05

.79

78L12

.69

79L12

.79

78L15

.69

79L15

.79

78H05K

9.95

LM323K

4.95

78H12K

9.95

UA78S40

1.95

T = TO-220

K = TO-3

L =

TO-92

51/4" DISK DRIVES TANDON ITM100-1 (FOR IBM) 229.00 |TM100-2 (FOR IBM) 295.00

SHUGART I SA 400L (40 TRACK) 199.95 SA400 (35 TRACK) 189.95

CABINET FOR 51A" DISK DRIVE

★ COLOR MATCHES APPLE

★ FITS SHUGART

SPECIAL s29 95

MICROCOMPUTER 1 HARDWARE HANDBOOK

FROM ELCOMP — $14.95 Over 800 pages of manufacturers data sheets on most commonly used IC's. Includes:

* TTL — 74/74LS and 74F

* CMOS

* Voltage Regulators

* Memory — RAM, ROM, EPROM

* CPU's - 6800, 6500, Z80, 8080, 8085, 8086/8

* MPU support & interface — 6800, 6500, Z80, 8200, etc.

RESISTORS

Vt WATT 5% CARBON FILM ALL

STANDARD VALUES FROM 1 OHM TO 10 MEG OHM 50 PCS. SAME VALUE .025 100 PCS. SAME VALUE .02 .1000 PCS. SAME VALUE .015J

JDR MICRODEVICES, INC.

1224 S. Bascom Avenue San Jose, CA 95128 800-538-5000 • 800-662-6279 (CA) (408)995-5430 • Telex 171-110

»1982 JDR MICRODEVICES, INC.

— NEW HOURS — M-W-F, 9-5 T-Th.,9-9 Sat. 11-3

PLEASE USE YOUR CUSTOMER NUMBER WHEN ORDERING

VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE

TERMS: For shipping include S2 lor UPS Ground or S3 tor UPS Bli-e Label Air. Items over 5 pounds require additional shipping charges. Foreign orders, include sutticient amount tor shipping. There is a S10 minimum order. Bay Area and Los Angeles Counties add 6' r< Sales Tax. Other California residents add 6"< Sales Tax. We reserve the right to substitute manufacturer. Not responsible for typographical errors. Prices are subject to change without notice We will match or beat any competitor's price provided it is not below our cos).

514 BYTE October 1982

Circle 213 on Inquiry card.

THE ULTIMATE APPLE*

COOLING FAN *699s1

★ Easy Installation

★ No modification of Apple required.

★ Color matches Apple.

★ Switch on front controls fan, computer and monitor.

★ Ultra-quiet, reliable fan.

★ Completely eliminates problems caused by overheating

MONITORS

BLACK & WHITE NECJB1201M $16900 IZENITH ZUM-121

$119oo

COLOR

IAMDEK COLOR I $33500 LNEC JC1201M *32900

SA400 35 TRACK DISK DRIVE

CLEARANCE

PRICE REDUCED 16K RAM CARD

★ Upgrade your 48K Apple II to full 64K of RAM. I* Fully software and hardware compatible with the Apple language card and microsoft Z80 card. Eliminates the need for the Applesoft or Integer Basic ROM card when used in conjunction with DOS 3.3. Allows you to run Apple Fortran or Pascal with no difficulty.

Available as bare board, kit, or assembled and tested board.

ASSEMBLED & TESTED $49.95 LBARE CARD $14.95 KIT $44.95,

\J'"\

B

PRINTERS

MX-80 MX-80FT MX-800

CALL FOR PRICE

WE HAVE APPLE AND TRS-80 INTERFACE CARDS AND CABLE

★ VERY LIMITED SUPPLY

★ MODIFY FOR USE IN APPLE

★ PRE-REVISION"L" MODEL

★ THEY WONT LAST LONG

95 ^

DISK DRIVE $299

t Includes metal cabinet I* Color matches Apple

* 35 Tracks/single side

* Includes cable

* Use with Apple II Controller

ORDER TOLL FREE

800-538-5000 800-662-6279

(CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS)

IF YOU CAN FIND A PRICE LOWER ELSEWHERE, LET US KNOW AND WE'LL MEET OR BEA T THEIR PRICE! (SEE TERMS BELOW)

* Computer managed inventoryvirtually no back orders!

* Very competitive prices!

* Friendly staff!

* Fast service — most orders shipped within 24 hours!

$189

95

SW DISKETTES

ATHANAsssdsoft 24.95

MEMOREX ss so soft .... 26.95 VERBATIM sssdsoft .... 29.95

L VERBATIM 10 SECTION HARD 29.95,

c 1982 JDK MICROUEVICES, INC.

Circle 213 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982 515

RN i A Dm

57 B • Torrance, Calif

90503

m

mm

FREE PLASTIC LIBRARY CASE INCLUDED WffH THE PURCHASE OF EVERY BOX OFDISKETTES

D

$24?s

Private labeled (or California Digital by one of he moBl respected producers of m noetic media iach dlHkuitc ts qeriiried doubli; density at 40 racks. To Insure extended media life each dislettc la manufactured with a reinforced hub-hole 4nd of course, a plastic library cane Is included I With every box of diskettes. MMD-CD5(6l)(lOI I pious specify computer or required sectors.

I Ten boxes '22.75 One hundred boxes '21.50

ETTI

WITH LIBRARY CASE

Your Choice

SCOTCH MEMOREX VERBATIM

Single Side Double Density Soft Sector 10 Sector 16 Sector

SCOTCH

744D-0

7440-10

744D-16

26.50

MEMOREX

3481

3483

3485

26.50

VERBATIM

525-01

525-10

NA

26.50

MAXELL

MD1

MM-10

MM-16

29.85

DYSAN

104/10

107/1D

NA

45.00

Double Side Double Density

SCOTCH

745-0

745-10

745-16

42.50

VERBATIM

550-01

550-10

NA

42.50

MAXELL

MD2-D

MH2-10D

MH2-16D

45.00

DYSAN

104/2D

107/2D

NA

49.50

DYSAN 96

204/2D

NA

NA

59.50

EIGHT INCH DISKETTES

Single Side Single Density

Single Side Double Density

SCOTCH

740-0

29.50

SCOTCH

741-0

39.00

MEMOREX

3060

29.50

MEMOREX

3090

35.00

DYSAN

3740/1

39.50

DYSAN

3740/D

57.50

Thirty Two Sector

Double side Double Density

SCOTCH 1740-32 129.50

SCOTCH

743-0

47.50

Scotch Hcid CKimng Km 5% * 1" >!4.)J

funici nrj-, etiti sv. a r t.a atkmiFipTubi utymmsw

ONkttMFbpTvM Wtyftskdles 1'

MEMOREX

3114

39.50

DYSAN

3740/2D

65.00

AVERY !&

LABEL!

Unllfd SUtei Pan Ollii-r .ipprovrd. 5900 labels per box. *. 5" by IS/16". AVY--IOH 6 1b.. AUotvillahL*: thre- k( roes (AVY-«U I

FLIP & FILE

$18.95

SU* INC-525 $18.35 Jibs

MEMORY

2716EPR0M

4.50

450 ns

64K DYNAMIC

6.95

4164 200ns

16K STATIC

7.00

6116 2O0ns

16K DYNAMIC

1.95

4116 200ns

2732 EPROM

SALE *6.95

DYNAMIC MEMORY

ONE

TWO

TEN

★ JlIVETTI 801

single

*319

309

295

★/OLIVETTI 802/851

double

425

419

410

/HUGART 801/R

single

395

385

375

jrSHUGART 851 /R

double

525

495

475

QUME DATA TRACK 8

double

525

495

475

4164-I50ns 64k Japan 128 iclresh 4164-I50ns 64k Texas Insl 256 reliesh 4t64-200ns 64k Japan 128 reltesti 41256-200 256K dynamic memory

STATIC MEMORY

21l02-200ns lh

211.02450ns Ik

2112-450(15 21

214-300ns 4k

2114-450ns 4k

4Q44-250ns 4k

4044-450»s 4k

5257-30JM 4k

6116-P3 150ns 16k 24 pin

6116-P4 200ns 16k 24 pin

6167 / 2167 100ns 16k 20 pin

17O2-450ns 2K 270B-450ns 8k 27l6-450ns 16k

27161 MS-450ns 16k In-vollage 2516-450ns 16k 2732-350ns 16k 2732-450ns 16k 2532-450ns 16k 2764.450ns 64k 27l28-450ns 1281

EPROMS

1-31

37

100.

195

185

1.75

175

165

i s|

8 95

8 25

7 9r:

7 00

6 65

i,Z

850

7 75

-1

can lor piicing

IJ9

1.29

1 15

129

115

99

395

350

3.25

750

725

690

700

6 75

665

995

9.50

8 90

350

295

2 75

450

4 IS

3 75

7 95

765

725

695

595

545

850

800

760

695

665

635

1050

990

950

14 95

13 75

12 50

call lot

pricing

ASTEC SWITCHING

Output; +5v. 3A; +12v .9A; Suitable for Apple look-a like.

POWER SUPPLY

-12v .075A. ATC-1298

SWITCHES

CONNECTORS

|°(y77.v.v.v.v.>|

1 >T....f 1

I GOLD l;l)f.,l. (JONiM.iriOH

s-100 .ilia" owner* > Imsnl saltier .250" row H Imsat urirfl wrap (Til Sulllns Ili-IU-l. . li-iO" Sullins Ill-Kel. WAV Sulllns/Allalr . 140" .156" Colliers (stond.ir-l) 22/4< Kim Eyelet 36/72 EHftiUl Group SI V 30/72 DiftUa] Group WW

43/eo MworoLi saoosn

43/B6 Mom. 6HOO WW

ULlfl1 m.il.- >(.«() DEUS it-muli. ■!.■>:>

111. llOWi 1.30

OAJ5P male 2.aa

oAihs rott.aie s.aa

DA hood 211' 1.00 UBXSP mitUi 2,50 IJB2SS remain 1.99 l)H I.mhJ 2A> l.t".

if The 8" Olivetti drives are aprox. W wider than the Shugarts.

Five Inch Disk Drives

OLIVETTI 501/400

OLIVETTI 502/451

single 199 185 175

double 235 225 215

Upon request, all drives are supplied with power connectors and one manual per order.

230 volt 50Hz. 8" add $50.00 per drive.

Eight Inch Subsystem

Two Olivetti 801 disk drives with power supply, 4" exhaust fan complete in dual enclosure with all necessary power cables. Documentation included. 50Lbs. cal 2801 Signal cable add s35.00 WCA-650D

Same as above but with:

Shugart 801R MSD2801 '1195 Stiugart851R MS02951 1450

Ofivcrtf 802 CAL2802. '1250 OumeDTB MSD8DT 1450

Winchester Hard Disk Drives.

TANDON c_^_ TM-603SE ^QQR

14 Megabyte

SEAGATE c___

ST-506 ^/SH

6 Megabyte '

APPLE/IBM

Winchester Subsystem

$1895

master chaiye]

All merchandise sold by California Digital is premium grade. Shipping: First five pounds $3.00. Each additional $.50. Foreign orders; 1U% shipping. Excess will be refunded. California residents add d'% sales tax. COD's discouraged. Open accounts extended to state supported educational Institutions and companies with a "strong" Pun h Hradstreet. Warehouse: 1 5611H Inglewood Blvd. Visitors by appointment.

TOLL FREE ORDER LINE

(800)421-5041

TECHNICAL & CALIFORNIA

213)679-9001

CaLiForimia DiqiTA

Post Office Box 3097 B • Torrance, California 9050C

uper Buy $259

SIEMENS

FDD 100-8 8" DISK DRIVE,

10 Drives s225 • 100 Drives 209

Scotch Diskettes

$

Calilomia Digital has recently participated in the purchase of several thousand Siemens FDD 100-8 lloppy disk drives. These units are electronically and physically similar to that ol the Shugart 801R disk drive. Any application mat will accept an 8Q1R will work with the Siemens FDD 100-8 drive.

All units are new and shipped in factory sealed boxes. Because of the extremely low price we expect a quick sell oul- Please reserve your units early SEA-F1008 17 lbs. Manual and connectors supplied free upon request. Also available'. Two drive subsystem supplied in steel enclosure with power supply and (an. S750.00 CAL-2F1008

I9.95

FREE

PLASTIC LIBRARY CASE

We have purchased the entire excess inventory of 5%" Scotch brand diskettes form Digital Equipment Corporation. The diskettes are all single sided double density Available in soft, ten and sixteen sectors. Like all diskettes purchased from California Digital, these are supplied in polypropylene library storage cases. Take advantage of this one time offer and stock up (or the winter. Prime Scotch diskettes priced below dealer cost. (Soft sector for Apple & IBM) MMU-SD7440 (ten sector) MMM—SD74410 (sixteen) MMM-SD74416 2 lbs.

MATRIX PRINTERS

la B2A serial A parallel 9 5 paper 0KI-B2A 0t.in.ua. 83A sens! & parallel IS paper 0KI-83A Okitfala 84A paraNfl only 15' paper 0KI-8JAP 0kid.ua 8JA senal & parallel 15' paper OKI-MAS Epson MKSO with graphics and iracioi feed EPS-MXBQ Epson MX80FI with graphics IflctiM & tractor Iced EP5'MX80FI

Epson MX100 with graphics 15"paper EPS-MX100 NEC BQ23A parallel 9 5 paper graphics NEC-8023A Anadei 9500A tugfi speed flol matrix punter 15 AOX-9500A

Anade« 950IA 15 paper with graphics ADX-9501A Te>as Instiuments BIO senal 15' uppei & lower case TEX-fltOL

Oaiasuuiri DS180 high speed 160 ch,n/sec 15 0SI-I80 Piownlei 8510 parallel 9 5 PRO B510P Prowntei 8510 serial 9 5 PflO-B510S Prownter II 15 paper PflOZP Prinlromi P300 high speed punter 300 lines/mm PtXP300

Printionii P600 high speed printer 600 lints/mm PIX.P600

IDS prism B0 colurrn graphics (non-color I I0S-PB0G IDS prism 132 COIOR with graphics 15 paper IDS-P132CG

Mannesmann Tally 1805 300 cps serial MAN-1605

WORD PROCESSING PRINTERS

NECJ71D 55 Charter Humble serial only NEC-7710 NEC7730 same as dative parallel only NEC-7730

lenal DBL-630

1 daisy wheel parallel SCMTPiP t daisy wheel serial SCM-TP1S ,y wheel prmter parallel BTH-HR1P ai mierlace BTHHR1S

-159 00 695 00 1 079 00 t 21900

t.299 00 1.23500 ■195 00 D39 00 750 00

4.500 00

2 379 00 2.379 00

1 775 00 1.270 00

2 250 00 659 00 659 00 855 00 89500

2 095 00 1.475 00 1 475 DO

MONITORS

2eni!ti Z12I green phosphor 12' 4 07 B0 column switch 7TH-Z121 BMC l?A green phosphor 15 mi composit video 8MC-12A BMC 1?EN green phosphor 20 Mh/ higri resolution BMC-I2EN NEC JBt?0t green pnospnor 18 Mh; composit video NEC-JB1201 NEC JB1260 green phosphor commercial grade composit NEC-1260 Motorola 23 open I'ame blk/wtiitr* composil video M0T-9W23 Moioiol.il? open Iraincnlk/whilereqireshorz sync &po»M0T-ByV12 Conr3C 9' upon frame rerjiiires hor/ sync A power supply C0N BW9 ICOL0RI

NEC JC1201 composil color NEC-JCI201 NEC RGH momlor NEC 1M2DM BMC 13 Composit video BMC-1400CL BMC 13 RGB colot nomlor BMC-t401RGB BMC interlace card tor Apple II lor above RGB BMC B1RGB ComreilHiiachi 13 SGB hion res monnor COM.6600 ComrexCHilachi 13 Composil color momlor COM-6500 Amdek color ■) composit video AMO-100

*2 high ies RGB coloi momlor AMD-200 " mmcci.il grade color RGB AMD 300

115 00 88 00 139 00 169 00 129 00 159 00 69 00 59 00

325 00 875 00 273 00 329 00 149 00 539 00 395 00 349 00 739 00

Direct Connect

MODEMS

Hayes Miciomodem 100 S 100 modem HYS-100 Hayes Smail Model HS232 HYS-232 Hayes Miciomodem II Apple direct connect HVS-MM2 Hayes Chronograph time & dale HYS CHR232 Novation Cat acoustic connect N0V-CAT Novation 0 Cai direc connect via handset NOV-DCAT Novation 21? AlUOCSI Ball 212A NOV 212 Novation Auto Cai 103 N0V-AUT0 Universal 103LP direct conned, line powered UDS-I03LP Umveisal 1031PJ direct conned, auio answer UDS-103LPJ Universal 202 direel conned 1200 baud, hall duple* UDS-2Q2LP t Universal 212LP auecl conned 1200 baud lull duple* UDS-212LP gnalman Mark I duecl conned with Terminal cable SGL-MK1

V/SA

319 00 329 00 279 00 199 00 149 00 169.00 595 00 219 00 169 00 209 00 189 00 450 00 89 00

TERMINALS

Wyse

Ampex Dialogue 80 green screen two pa Ampex Dialogue 80 amber screen two p; Ampex Dialogue BO green screen Select! Ampex Dialogue 81 amber screen. Selecl Ampex Touch Term screen command lor Wyse horz & vert split screen, metal casi Televideo 9tX emulator TVI-910C Televideo 910 Plus block mode TVI-910P Televideo 925C delalchable Keyboard. 22 lunction keys TVITelevideo 950 graphic chat.. split screen. 2? lunctions TVI-! IBM 3101-10 detaichaCfe keyboard, green IBM-3101 Zenith Z-19 delalchable keyboard ZTH-Z19 Adds Viewpoint A5 detatchaule keyboaid ADD-VP1 Adds Viewpoint A2 xy cursoi green screen ADD-VP2 Adds Viewpoint A3 emulator A0D-VP3

n keys APX-D80C on keys APX-DB0A d APX-081G rd APX-DB1A ' APX-T80 keyfitl WVS-100

APPLE

48K Plus

*1195

APPLE BRAND PRODUCTS

APL-48P

Apple Plus 48K RAM

1.195 00

APLDSK1

Apple disk with controller card

560 00

APL-0SK2

Apple disk without controller card

495 00

XITEN

XTNGI0

xnen 10 Megabyte Gallium hard disk

1.995 00

XTN-16K

16K RAM card tor Apple II

69 00

RANA SYSTEMS

RAN-APLl

Apple add on disk drrve with controller

525 00

RAN-APL2

Apple add on drrve without controller

395 00

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS

CCS-7710

Asynchronous Serial Inierlace

125 00

CCS-7728

Centronics Parallel interface

95 00

CCS-7720

Apple Parallel Interlace

95 00

CCS-7114

12K Rom/Prom Module

115 00

CCS-7424

Calendar /Clock Module

95 00

CCS-7440

Programmable Timei

95 00

CCS-781 IB

Arithmetic Processor tor Apple it plus

31900

MOUNTAIN COMPUTERS, INC.

MIN-CPS

CPS Multilunction Card

169 00

MTN-TCLK

Clock/Calendar

MTN-STLK

Supertatkcr SD200

149 00

MTN-R0MF

Rom Plus with Keyboard tiller

169 00

MTN-R0MRTR

Rom Writer wilh Eprom socket

145 00

MTN-ADDA

A-D/D-A Converter

269 00

MTN-BSR

X-10 Control Card lor BSR system

149 00

MICRO SOFT

MSF-SFTCRD

Microsoft Z-80 CPU card

249.00

MSF-I6KRAM

Microsoll 16K RAM card

125 00

VISTA

VSA-ABOO

Visla 8 conlroller card

489 00

VSA-VISBO

Vista Vision 80

289 00

MCI-CNTRL

Micro Scr disk drive conlroller

89 00

FOURTH DIMENSION

FDNSPRDRV

Super Drive-35 track Apple add on

329 00

SORRENTO VALLEY ASSOC

SVA-221

Single stded single density conlroller

360 00

SVA-222

Double sided single density conlroller

360 00

SVA-223

Single or double sided double density

475.00

ADVANCED BUSINESS TECH

S-lOO BOARDS

16 BIT MICROPROCESSORS

GBl-8687 Godboui 8006/BQS7 Mictoniocessor board GBT 8687 Godboui BOrWBOK dual H In I

microprocessor SEA-8066 Seallle Computer 16 bit micro Iwn

TEC-B086 Tecma' Compulei 16 oil microprocessor LOM-BOBfJ Lamas Pat! Systems Lighting One

SINGLE BOARD COMPUTERS

WAV-BUI Waverraie Oullel 1 with Itnppy 256K

8 BIT MICROPROCESSORS

GST-Z B0 Godbou! 2B0 B b.l CPU 24 0H exlendeO

addrtss 2 CCS-2810 Cahlonna Computer Z-80 micio[»ocessrn 2 SDS-SBC200 SO Syslems SBC-an 7-flO

micmprocessoi % MSM 7B0 Measuiemenl System Z-9D 2810

microprocessor 4 .TAfi-Z80 Ta-beli Eteclromcs Z 80 wiin two R523?

ports 3

FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLERS

) GBT 0SK1 Godboui disk Une double density NEC-765 3 MDS 0J? Mot.owDesigns Disk Jockey II wirhCPM 3 MDS OJI Mono* Designs Disk Jockey 1 single

density

CCS-212? Calilo

CPM OPERATING SYSTEM

GBT-CPM22 Godboui CPM 2 2 loi Disk Ono 8 on

GBT-CPMB6D Godboui CPM B6 lor Disk One loi use wilhtOBfl

HARD DISK CONTROLLER

GBT DSK2 Godboui Oisk II Hard disk conlroller GBT-DSK3 Godboui Disk 111 hard disk conlroller MDS-W506 Morrow Designs Wmchesler lor Seagate 506

woi-iow Western Digital wd-iooo trio! s-iooi

EPROM BOARDS

ADS PB100 Ackwman Digital Prom Blasiei 100 SDS-P100 SD Syslrms Prom lOO programmer SSM-PB1 SSM Proii luqrammer up lo 2716 DGR-P3? Digital Resciircn 32K Eprom read only board

STATIC MEMORY BOARDS

CAL-S64 Calltornia Diqimi Sialic (VI 8/16 hil 16167}

GB'-RIG Godboui fiam 16 6-IK memory 8/16 bil GB'HIT Godboui Ram 17 WK memory S b>1 U bil add

GBI-B20 Godnoul Bam 20 32k stjhc memory « bound

G91D21 Godboui Ram 21 I28K B/16 bit sialic memory

CCS 2116 Calilorma Comulei 2116 I6K sialic

375 00 99500 315 00

DYNAMIC MEMORY BOARDS

CAL D256 California Digital 256K dynamic meinoiy

SO Syslems E.pandoiam 111256k dynamic Calilorma Compute^ JOBS 54K dynamic Measuiement Systems 0MB6400 (Alpha Micro!

INTERFACE BOARDS

Morrow Designs Swilcnboard 2 serial'

4 parallel Morrow Designs MulMward 3 serial/

2 parallel GndlKwi Inieilacer I 2 serial porls Godboui inieilacer II I senair3 paiallei Godboui Interlace! Ill wiin S serial porls Godboui Interlacer 111 wilb B serial porls Goohout Inierlacei IV 3 senal'2 parallel CalilnimaCompuiET ■Ijirni serial inlcitaci' Calilorma Computer 2 senal ' 2 parallel Calilorma Compuler 4 pari parallel

MDS-MTL1

GBT 133A GUI 15QA GBI-13SA GB1 1341 GBMB7A CCS .'71ft CCS-2720

ccs-?:^

SPECIAL FUNCTION BOARDS

S-M100 DC Hayes Miciomodem S-1D0FCC

approved 3

S NI00 Ackprrnan Digital Nmsemakei with

Vortrai module 1

C 4X100 QT Compulei clock calendar board 1

W y 100 Scmn Microangelo rjrnpti.es

monochrome 9

1-SPC1 Godboui Speclrum UX) color video board 3

C.AD2I2 Tecmar A/D 12 bil accuracy 16 channel A

T-SySI Godoout System supporl boaid 31

MUl-tBI

Mill CIIH.1 ADStGlOO

lorwioo

Godboui Sysiem Supporl wiin 823'/ 9511 maih chip

Mi ir.lender yn.inl rtilli ICSI Dmlii:

Mullms Opio-lsolaior comrols B etiannrh Ackerman Dtgita' Kluat proioiype Ixrarfl I'D technology wne wrap pioiolyp*

23"

APPLE MONITOR

*159

Ideal monitor for classroom demonstrations.

of s

, la?

ThuHL- units .icci-]it .iljiiclaril L-ornposite video sipials fr-ati-d Uy most perianal coi including the Apple mid IBM Attatch It to your computer and In ui-conds your slioot Kliimwis in wido screen vtdco. MCir-l!W23 tbB. Units ar<; open franifl .mil for safety should be- enclosed, llalnu grained encfoaur.- for above S'J.^.OO addition J. CAL-EXC23 15 lbs.

^ SI

All miTclianilifin Sold by California PigilfiU is prr-niittin Rrnde. Snipping: First five- pounds $3.00, Each additional $.50. Foreign orders: 10% shipping. Excess will be refunded. California residents add 6*% sales tax. COD's rliscoura^ed.

to state supported educational ttistilutions ' Dun & Ilradstreet. fitvd. Visitors i»y appointment,

TOLL FREE ORDER LINE

(800)421-5041

TECHNICAL & CALIFORNIA

(213)679-9001

JE600 Hexadecimal Encoder Kit

FULL 8-BIT LATCHED OUTPUT 19-KEY KEYBOARD

)Oard Kit provides two separate ced from sequential key entries to allow direct programming for 8-bit microprocessor or 8-blt memory circuits. Three additional keys are provided for user operations with one having a bistable output available. The outputs are latched and monitored with 9 LED readouts. Also included Is a key entry strobe. Features: Full 8-bit laichod output for microprocessor use. Three user-define keys with one being bistable operation. Debounce circuit provided for ell 19 keys. 9 LED readouts to verify entries. Easy Interfacing with standard 16-pin IC connector. Only +5VDC required for operation. Size: 3K"H x 8Vi"W x 8«"D

JE600/DTE-HK ifjlSuVZHS!,?., ....$99.95

ICCftn 19-Key Hexadec. Keyboard. *r-o an

JfcbUU Kit pc Board S.Cmpnts. (no case) . .3>&y.yt)

K19 19-Key Keyboard (Keyboard only) $14.95

DTE-HK (case only-3Vi"Hx8V4"Wx8VO) $44.95

JE610 ASCII Encoded Keyboard Kit

The JE610 ASCII Keyboard Kit can be interfaced into most any computer system. The kit comes complete with on industrial grade keyboard switch assembly (62-keys), IC's, sockets, connector, electronic components and a double-sided printed wiring board. The keyboard assembly requires +5V @ 150mA and -12V @ 10 mA for operation. Features: 60 keys generate the 126 characters, upper and lower case ASCII set. Fully buffered. Two user-define keys provided for custom applications. Caps lock for upper-case-only alpha characters. Utilizes a 2376 (40-pin) encoder read-only memory chip. Outputs directly compatible with TTL/DTL or MOS logic erray5. Easy interfacing with a 16-pin dip or 18-pin edge connector. Size: 3J4"H x 14'/,"W x 8SS"D

JE610/DTE-AK AAJA^

IFfi 1 fl IC it 62-Key Keyboard, PC Board. <fc -tQ oc

JbblUKlt a Components (no case) $ 79.95

K62 62-Key Keyboard (Keyboard only) ... $ 34.95

DTE-AK (case only-3V."Hxll'-wxav*"D)$ 49.95

JE212

for JE610 ASCII KEYBOARD KIT Kit/ Pro«ides-12VDC from incoming 5V DC . $9.95

Negative 12VDC Adapter Board Kit — "OAR"

JE215 Adjustable Dual Power Supply

General Description: The JE215 is a Dual Power Supply with independent adjustable positive and negative output voltages. A separate adjustment for each of the supplies provides the user unlimited applications for IC current voltage requirements. The supply can also be used as a general all-purpose variable power

Supply. FEATURES:

• Adiustable regulated power supplies, pos. and neg. 1.2VDC to 15VDC.

• Power Output leach supply): 5VDC 9 500mA, 10V DC @ 750mA, 12VDC(5> 500mA. and 15VDC@ 175mA.

• Two, 3-torminal adj. IC regulators with thermal overload protection.

" Heat, sink regulator cooling

• LED "on" indicator

• Primed Board Construction

• 120VAC input

• Size: 3 1/2"w x 5-1/16"L x 2"H

JE215 Adj. Dual Power Supply Kit (as shown). . $24.95

KEYBOARDS — POWER SUPPLIES

ALPS 26-KEY CALCULATOR KEYBOAHD

Foilurss: 7 Position. 3 Position ind 2 Poilllon Swllchns (OH/DFF). Thaw are Irom Olivetti's Top ol the Une. Mschmicil SPST Switching: 22-pln Edge Cird Connection.

Part No. KB2B $1.95 Bach or2/$3.49

16V,Lk5'A,,W!(1V'I

16V."L x 5'/j"W x 1VH

23"Lx5V.-'Wxl-3m,,t

"Lx5V."Wx IV

MICRO SWITCH 69-KEY KEYBOARD

Diti Entry Keyboird. Encoded Output: 8-bll Parallel E8C OIC. Swhchlng: Hill Effect. 24-pln Edge Card Conructloa, Complete wilh Pin Connection.

Part No. KBB9SD12-2 (Fits Into OTE-20 Enclosure} S19.95 each

DATANETICS 74-KEY KEYBOARD

ASCII Encoded Keyboard. Output: Even Partly ASCII. Supply Mechanical SPST - 50-pin Connection. Complete with Pin

Part No. KB354 (Fits Into OTP 20 Enclosure)

I +5. -1Z

Switching:

$29.95 each

MICRO SWITCH 85-KEY KEYBOARD

Word Procetilng Keyboard, 26 Pin Edge Card Connection. Supply Voltage + 5V0C. Miln Keyboard

li QWERTY. Additional Kay Pad) lor Cunor end word procenlng lunctloni.

Part No. B5SD1B-1 $29.95 each

MICRO SWITCH 88-KEY KEYBOARD (PARALLEL ASCII)

Dale Entry Keyboerd uted in a Diablo 1640 Terminal. Supply Voltage: + 5V. -1ZV. Switching: Hall

Elfect — 10-pln Edge Card Connection. Schematic Included. Utei 8048 Encoder Chip.

Part No. 88SD22 (Fits into DTE-20 Enclosure) $69.95 each

POWER SUPPLY - 5VDC @ 1 AMP REGULATED Transaction Tech

Output +5VDC 0 1 amp (also + 30V0E) rag. Input 115VAC 50H2. Two-tono (black/beige) sellanclosed caie. 6 It.. 3 coml black power cord. Size: 6Vr"W i 7"D i 2V."H. Wt 3 Ibl.

Part No. PS51194 519.95 each

POWER SUPPLY - 5VDC @ 1 AMP REGULATED a industries

Output +5VDCC* limp. + 36-42V0C *dj. 400mA or less. 3GVAC [isol.l (•< t.5amp. Input 115VAC 60Hz. Clrc. b'kr. re-sel button Blk. sell-end case w/4 rubber leet. Bit.. 3 cond. blk. pow. cord. On/oil switch 6VW i 7V."D x 3-7/B'H - wl. 7 Ibe.

Part No. PS407D 524.95 aach

POWER SUPPLY - 5VDC @ 7.5 AMP. 12VDC @ 1.5 AMP SWITCHING Input: 11SYAC. 50-GOHi Q 3 amp/230VAC. 5DHz a t.Bamp. Fan voll./power supply select swilcbss ni5/23qyAC)^Oujput: SVOCg 7.6 amp, 1!V0C & 1.6 amp. 8 tt. blk. pow. cord. 11'/i"W x

Part No. PS94V0 ..." S49.95 each

POWER PAC — Heavy Duty MullUVollage Power Supply - 5VDC, t2VDC. Z4VDC Output: +SV0C(.; 30A, + 12VDC @ 2A, -12VDC S 4A & +24V0C it 3A. Input: 115VAC, 7A, 220VAC. 3.5A. lleg.: i .1511 lire 4 load comb, flinplo: 10MV peak id poak |3MV RMS). Ovorvolt. protect.: 5V, +12V, -12V. Ovorcur. protect. Incl. I5'/i"L x B"H > 1l-7/a"D. Wt. 40 lbs.

Part No. 285-016 SB9.95 each

SORENSEN Regulated Power Supplies

Sorensen's open construction (SOC) power supplies are seriesregulated solid-state systems, designed to provide reg. DC voltages at 6 levels (2-28 v/range). These units are open-framed on sturdy black anodized aluminum (or excellent mounting.

FEATURES: 115/2DB/230VAC Inpu! Q 50-63HI. Low Ripple: 1.5mVrms. 5mV P-P maximum. Ad'" ". Voltage ad|ustment control. All schematics and specifications supplied wilh unit.

mounting only).

_» oo .* B . j ?s

Powertec Sub-Modular DC Power Supplies

SM Series power supplies include rectifying, filtering, regulating, overload and overvoltage protection functions. You need only connect the sub-module to the appropriate secondary transformer tap and bolt the unit to a heatsink.

flEGULATlON: LINE; .10* tor a change Irom -ID* to + 1QS Input voltage. LOAD: .15% lor a 0-100% load change (units below 5V output maintain 5V regulation!. OUTPUT HIPPLE: imV JIMS. 3mV P-P typical. 5mV P-P minimum. INPUT CHARACTERISTICS: Requires low-level AC input. Derate output current 15% lor operations at 50Hi.

1 7VAC 5A n.i CT , 7 50 « 3 00 » 98 32VAC .3A w/CT ?RVAC 2.5AV./CT 16VAC EA .-. CT 4BVAC3A w/CT

28VAC 10AWCT GVAC 24A w/CT i 2.90 ■ 7.00 * 3.30 ' ?

(Picture not shown but similar in construction to above) JE200 Rag. Power Supply Kit (5VDC, 1 amp) . . $14.95 JE205 Adapter Brd. (to JE200) ±5,19 & t12V. . $12.95 JE210Var.Pwr.Sply.Kit.5-15VDC.to1.5amp. . $19.95

HP-Display Sale-National

50S2 Series — 0.43 Inch — 7-Segmenl

p»rt Number

Color

Description

1-3 Price

SALE PRICE

5082-7650

HI El! Red

CA - LHD

.99

4/52.49

5082-7651

Hi Efl Red

CA - RHD

.99

4/S2.49

5082-7653

Hi Efl Red

CC - RHD

.99

4/S2.49

5082-7656

Hi Ell Red

OverllowilRHD

.99

4/12.49

5082-7660

Vellow

CA - LHD

.99

4/S2.49

50B2-7661

Yellow

CA - RHD

.99

4/$2.49

5082-7663

Yellow

CC ■ RHD

.99

4/$2.49

5082-7670

Green

CA - LHD

.99

4/$2.49

5082-7671

Green

CA - RHD

.99

4/$2.49

5082-7673

Green

CC - RHO

.99

4/$2.49

5082-7676

Green

Overflow ±1 RHD

.99

4/$2.49

5082-7750

Red

CA - LHD

.99

4/$2.49

5082-7751

Red

CA - RHD

.99

4/$2.49

5082-7756

Red

0verflow±1RHD

.99

4/$2.49

5082-7760

Red

CC - RHD

.99

4/$2.49

CA-Comro. Anode CC-Comm. Cathode LHD/RHO-LelUrlght hand dec.

Mini Stereo>^M<K, AM/FM J^Gc*

our.

Receiver

WITH HEADPHONES %1 „ /U'fM^ For Joggers. Cyclists. V\jV\^C Skaters & Sporls Evenls '

FEATURES: Lightweight headphones. Left/right balance control. Full fidelity stereo sound. Additional black soft carrying case 8. shoulder strap. Belt clip (hands free). Operates on 3 AA cell batteries (not incl.). Compact size: 3'4" x 4%" x 1". Wt. 6 oz.

Model 2830 $29.95

'Voltage Adjustment Range — Current ratings apply over entire voltage ranoa.

* SHIPMENT IN 24 HOURS * tyk 7:00AM to 5:00 PM (PST) >w $p Call: (415) 592-8097 4p

JUMPER AND CABLE ASSEMBLIES

$10.00 Minimum Order — U.S. Funds Only California Residents Add 6Vi % Sales Tax Postage — Add 5% plus $1.50 Insurance Send S.A.S.E. tor Monthly Sales Flyer!

Spec Sheets — 30c each Send $1.00 Postage for your FREE 1983 JAMECO CATALOG Prices Subject to Change

Mail Order Electronics-Worldwide

ameco

ELECTRONICS

1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002 PHONE ORDERS WELCOME — (415) 592-8097

614" Mini-Floppy Disc Drive

FOR TRS-60 MODEL I, III (Industry Standard)

Features single or double density. Recording mode: FM single, MFM double density. Power: +12VDC (±0.6V) 1.6 amps max.. 5VDC (±0.25V) 0.8 amps mac. Unit as pictured al let! (does not incl. case, power supply or cables). 30-uage data book included. Weighs V/> pounds. Size: Stf"W x B'^D x

Peat Ha P.ice FD200 $179.95

Single-sided. 40 Iracks, 250K bytes capacity

FD250 $199.95

Double-sided, 35 tracks, 43BK bytes capacity

EXPAND YOUR TRS-80

to 16K. 32K. or 4BK •Model 1 = From 4K to 16K Requires (1| Ona Kit Model 3 = From 4K to 48K Requires (3) Three Kits Color = From 4K to 16K Requires (1| One Kit

"Model I equlppad with Expansion Boird up lo 48K rwo KIU Required — One Kll Hsqulrod lor each 16K ol Expinilon —

TRS-80 16K Conversion Kit

Kit comes complete with 8 each MM5290 (UP0416/4116) I6K Dynamic RAM {'ns) and documentation for conversion.

TRS-16K2 -150ns 516.95

TRS-16K3 "200ns $14.95

TRS-16K4 '250ns S10.95

TRS-BO Color 32K Conversion Kit

Kit comes complete with 8 ea. 4164-2 (200ns). 64KDyn. RAMs & conversion documentation. Converts TRS-80 color computers with E-Revision Boards Irom 16K to 32K. TRS-64K2 1200ns) $69.95

Universal

Computer Keyboard Enclosure

"DTE" 8lank Oesk-lop Enclosures are designed lor e.isy modilicalion. High strength epruy molded r a- w>A preces tn mocha brown linlstv .if? Sliding iwr/bouom panel tor service/ componeni access top/rjoil panels .OBO" 4? imck alum alodme type t?no RflWI [potd Uni color| lor bfJSi itrsinT .n:ht-,.,in aliei modilicalion Venled lop & bottom panels fur cooling efficiency DTE-20 Panel width 20" $39.95

D

Pee Wee Boxer Fan

• 36cfm free air delivery

• 3.125" sq. x 1.665" depth

• 10 yrs. cont. duty at 20 °C •115V 50/60HZ

• For Apple users

PWS2107USSl?yU S 7.95 ea. PWS2107F ni> 512.95 ea.

Muffin" Fan

• 105cfm tree air delivery

■ 4.68" sq. x 1.50" deplh

■ 10 yrs. cont. duty at 20°C

• Impedance protected, ambients to 70 °C

• 115V 50(60Hz 14W Wt. 17 oz. MU2A1-U S8JIJU $ 7.95 ea. MU2A1-N ... ... . . . S12.95ea.

JOYSTICKS

JS-5K

5K Linear

Taper Pots

S5.25

JS-100K

I00K Linear

S4.95

JS-150K

150K Linear

S4.75

JVC-40

40K (2) Video Controller in Case

S4.95

UV-EPROM Eraser

| a Chips - 51 Minutes

|1 Chip — 37 Minutes

Erases 270S, 2716, 2732, 2764, 2516, 2532, 2564. Erases up to B chips within 51 mlnulos (1 chip In 37 minulos). Maintains constant (exposure distance ol one inch. Special conductive loam liner ellminales static build up. Built-in safely loch to prevent UV exposure. Compact — only 9.GO x 3.70' x 2.60'. Complete wilh holding tray lor 8 chips.

UVS-11EL Replacement Bulb M6.95

DE"4 UV-EPROM Eraser .. . S79.95

Wall Transformers AC and DC Types

AC250 (Piclured)

Part No. Input Outpul Price

AC 250 (above) 117V/60Hz 12VAC250mA ....... H.9S

AC 500 117V/60HZ 12VAC 500mA . . J4.95

AC1000 117V/60HI 12V AC 1 amp $5.95

ACI700 I17V/60HZ 9VAC1.7amp S3.95

AC9004 117V/60H* 9.2VAC 2.5 amp S2.95 or 2/S4.95

DC 800 120V760Hz 8VDC400mA $1.95or 2JS2.95

DC6912 12OV/60HZ 6.9.I2VDC 300mA S9.95

□V5490 117V/60HZ 9.5VDC275mA S2.49or 2/S3.95

DCSOO 120V/60HZ 9VDC 500mA S3.95

DC!200 120Vi60Hz 12VDC 300mA 52.95 oi 2/».95

®MOTOROLA AM/FM Stereo Push Button Car Radio

FOR VOLKSWAGEN SCIROCCO. BABHIT. AUDI 5000 AND FOX (will, minor adjustments, can bo used In any oulomobilo) Includes bezel trim & everything piclured. Two ea. 4x6 speakers & grille (r/i" deep). All cables & leads tor hook up. Incl. all Instruction Manuals lor easy installation. Cut-out dim.: 7'W x IV.'H x 6V> "L

Model 5VW3901 $49.95 J

518 BYTE October 1982

Circle 211 on inquiry card.

"Number fit Pint ol each i c | In uiy Socket purchase

MICROPROCESSOR COMPONENTS

Pill Ho '

MM PrfM

PlrtND. '

pin,

Prlca

Pirt No. '

Pirn

Mm

SN7400N

14

.19

J*

SN74156N

1*

59

SN7401N

14

19

SN7473N

M

SN74157N

16

.59

5N7402N

14

.25

SN7474N

"

.35

SN7416QN

16

69

SN7403N

14

25

SN7475N

IB

.45

5N74161N

16

.69

SPJ740JN

14

.25

SN7476N

16

.35

SH74162N

16

,09

SH7405N

14

.25

SN7479N

14

4.95

SN74I63N

16

.89

SN7406N

14

.29

SN7480N

14

.69

SN74164N

14

,69

SN7407N

14

.29

SN7482N

14

1.19

SN74I65N

16

.69

5H740BN

14

»

SN7483N

16

.59

SN74166N

16

89

SN7409N

14

.25

SN74B5N

IB

.59

SN74167N

16

2.79

SN7J10N

14

.25

SN7486N

14

.35

SN74170N

16

1.29

SN74I1N

14

.25

SN7489N

1j

2.25

SN74172N

24

4.95

SN7412N

14

.35

SN7490N

J*

?q

SN74173N

16

.69

SN74I3N

14

35

**

SN74174N

69

5E512!!

14

49

1Q

SN74175N

SN7416N

14

.25

*

70

SN74176N

14

.69

SN7417N

14

.25

^ J* vj

RO

SN7517?fJ

.69

SliWON

14

.19

SN74179N

16

1.49

SN742tN

14

35

a

*2

SN 741 SON

"

.69

5N7422N

14

.45

5N7497rV

18

2 75

SN74181N

24

1.95

SN7423N

IB

.59

SN74100N

24

1 49

SN74182N

16

69

SN7425N

14

.29

SN74104N

.89

SN741B4N

16

1.95

SN7426N

14

29

SN74105N

14

89

SN74185N

16

1.95

SN7427N

14

25

SN74107N

14

.29

SN74190N

16

69

SN742BN

14

.49

SN74T09N

IB

.39

3N74191N

16

.69

SN7430N

14

.25

SN74116N

24

1.49

SN74192N

16

.69

SN7432N

14

.29

SN74121N

14

.39

SN74193N

18

.69

SH7437N

14

.25

SN74122N

1^

.55

SN74194N

16

.69

SN7438N

M

29

SN74123N

16

.49

SN74195N

16

.69

SH7439N

14

59

SH74125N

'*

.45

SN74196N

14

89

SN7440N

14

.19

SN74126N

.45

SN74197N

14

.89

SN7441IJ

16

89

SN74132N

14

.49

SN7419BN

24

1.19

SN7442N

18

.45

SN74136N

14

89

SN74199N

24

119

SN7443N

IB

99

SN74141N

16

69

SN74221N

16

1.19

IB

99

SN74I42N

2 95

SM7425IN

16

.79

SH7445N

IB

69

SN74143N

24

2 95

SN74276N

20

1 95

SN7446N

IB

69

SN74144N

2.95

SN74279N

18

.79

SN7447N

18

.69

SN74145N

SN74283N

18

1.49

SN7448N

IB

69

SN74 1 47N

1

1 4^

SN74284N

16

2.95

SN74S0N

19

SN7414BN

16

1 19

SN74285N

16

2.95

SN7451N

14

19

SN741S0N

24

1.19

SN74365N

16

.55

SN7453N

14

19

SN7415IN

18

59

SN74366N

16

.55

SM74S4M

14

19

SHH153M

14

.59

SN74367N

16

.55

SN7459A

14

.25

SN74153N

16

.59

SN74368M

16

.55

SN7460N

14

19

SN74I54N

24

1.25

SN74390N

16

1.49

5N7470IJ

14

29

SN74155N

a

.59

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14

i «g

74LS192 16

74LS193 16

74LS194 16

74LS195 16

74LS197 14

74LS221 16

74LS240 20

74LS241 20

74LS242 14

74LS243 14

74LS244 20

74LS245 20

74LS247 16

74LS248 16

74LS249 16

74LS251 16

74LS2S3 16

74LS257 16

74LS258 16

74L5260 14

74LS266 14

74..S273 20

7415279 16

74LS283 16

74LS290 14

74LS293 14

74LS298 16

74LS352 16

74LS353 16

74LS365 16

74LS366 16

74LS367 16

74LS36B 16

74LS373 20

74LS374 20

74LS375 16

74LS386 14

74LS393 14

74LS399 16

74LS670 16

81L595 20

61LS97 20

74S03

14

.35

74S124

16

i n

74S04

14

.45

74SI33

16

45

74S05

14

.45

745134

16

.50

74S08

14

.39

74S135

16

69

74S09

14

.39

74S136

I 39

74S1Q

14

.35

74S138

1B

89

74S11

14

35

74S139

16

89

74SI5

14

.35

74SM0

14

.55

74S20

14

35

74S151

16

99

74S22

14

.35

74S153

16

.99

74530

14

.35

74S157

99

74S32

14

45

74S158

16

.99

74S38

14

69

74S160

16

2 49

74S40

14

.39

74S174

16

.99

74S5I

14

35

74S175

16

.99

74S64

14

39

74SI8B*

16

1.49

74S65

14

39

74S194

16

i 49

74S74

14

.55

74S195

16

1 49

74S86

1*

.55

74S196

14

1 49

74S112

16

55

74S240

20

2 25

74S113

14

55

74S241

20

2.25

74S114

M

55

74S242

14

2.49

CA3010H

99

CA—LINEAR

CA3013H

2 15

CA3060N

16

3.25

CHQ23H

3 25

CA3060H

■ 25

CA303bH

5 95

CA30B1N

16

CA3039H

1 35

CA3082N

16

1 49

CA3046M

14

89

CA3063N

16

I 49

CA3059N

H

3.25

CA.IOBfiN

14

.69

CD400O

14

29

CD-CMOS

C0400I

14

29

CD4 140

16

.79

C04G02

14

.29

CD4041

14

.79 .69

C04006

14

69

CD4042

16

C04Q07

14

29

CD4043

16

79

CO4O09

IE

.39

CD4044

16

79

CD40IO

18

39

CD404G

16

.89

CD40I1

14

29

CD4047

14

89

CD40I2

14

15

CO4048

16

39

CD4013

14

39

CD4049

16

.39

C04014

16

79

CD4050

16

.39

CD4015

16

39

C04051

16

.79

CD4016

14

39

CD4052

16

.79

CO40I7

16

.75

CD4053

16

.79

CD4D18

16

79

C04056

16

CD4D19

16

39

CD4059

24

CD4020

16

75

CD406O

IE

89

CD4021

16

79

CD4066

14

.39

18

.79

CD4066

14

39

CD4Q23

14

29

CD4069

14

29

C04Q24

14

69

C04070

14

.39

CD4025

14

.23

CD4071

14

.29

CD4026

16

2 49

CD4072

14

.29

C04027

16

.45

C04073

29

comt

IS

69

CD4075

14

29

CD4023

16

79

CD4Q76

16

.79

39

C0407B

14

49

CLW034

14

1.95

CD4081

14

29

CO4035

16

89

C04082 ^04093

14 14

.29 .49

74S243 74S244 74S25I 74S253 745257 74S25B 74S260 74S280 74S287' 74S28B* 74S173 74S374 74S387' 74S471* 74S472745473"

74S474'

74S475" 74S570' 74S571' 74S57274SS73* 74S940 74S941

4.95 4 95 2 49

2.49

CA3039N CA3096N CA3130H CA3140H CA3160H CA3401N CA3600N

C04098 16

CO4506 15

CD4507 14

CD4508 24

C04510 IE

CD45H IE

CD4512 16

C0p1514 24

CEM515 24

C04516 16

CD451B 16

C04519 16

CD4520 1 6

CD4526 16

C04528 16

CD45Z9 IE

CD4543 16

CD4562 14

CD4566 16

CD4583 16

C04584 14

CD4723 18

CD4724 1G

MCI 4409 16

MC14410 IE

MC14411 24

MC14412 16

MC14419 16

MC14433 24

MC14538 16

UC145J1 14

Pari Ho.

■Pint

STATIC RAMS

1101

16

256x1

(£50r

.1.49

2101

22

2S6i4

{450iiS)B101 .

2102

16

1024x1

1350ns) .

.89

21L02

16

1024*1

<4!iL)r

)L P. .

1.49

2111

ia

256*4

(450ns)8111 .

2.95

2112

la

256*4

(450ns) M0S . . ..

. .2.95

2114

18

•024«4

) 2.23

B/14.S5

21 ML

is

■024«4

(450ns) L P. 2.49

8/18.S5

2114-2

ii

•024>4

(200ns) . B.4B

8/16.85

2114L-2

18

'024x4

(200ns) L P B.85

B/18.B5

2141-3

16

;096xl

(150ns)

3.95

2147

(096x1

TOnil

.... 4.95

2148

18

1024«4

70ni)

8.95

TMS4044

16

4096x1

450ns).

.. 3.95

TMS4045

18

1024x4

(450nsl

.3.95

5101

22

256x4

(450ns) CMOS

4.95

MM5257

IB

4096x1

(450ns) 4044 ..

4.95

HM6116-4

24

204Bx8

(200ns) CMOS . .

7.85

HM6116LP

24

2048x8

(200ns) L P CMOS

B.8B

74B9

16

16x4

(50ns)3101

.2.25

74C920

22

(250ns) CMOS (6551

..3.95

74C921

IB

256x4

(250ns) CMOS . .

3.95

74C929

16

1024x1

(250ns) CMOS (6501

3.95

1024x1

(250ns)CM0S (6516

16x4

93405

1J5

256H

(60ns

93410

3.95

256x1

(60ns

93411 ,

16

16x4

2 25

82S10

18

1024x1

l=-0r.s

O.C (93415)

3.95

82525

16

16x4

(50ns

0 C (74S289)

2.25

EPROMS

1702A

24

256x8

(lus)

4.95

270B

24

1024x8

(450ns)

3.95

2708-5

24

1024x3

(550ns) SMD0246

B.B5

2048x8

(450ns) 2716 .

e 95

TMS2532

24

4096x8

(450ns)NMCZ532

8.B5

TM52564

28

B'92xB

(450ns)

B4.85

TMS2716

24

2048x8

(450ns) 3 voltage

7.95

2716

24

2048x8

(450ns)

5.85

2732

24

4096x8

(450ns)

8.85

275BQ

24

1024x8

(450ns) singio +5V

2 95

MM2764

28

8192x6

(450m)

18.85

40 CPU(MK38BON|(2MHi) 3.85 ■" CFU (MK3880N-4) (4MHz) B.85 CFU (MK3880N-6|(6MHz) 14 95

9-95 14.95

19 Co

MICROPROCESSOR CHIPS

ZB0(780C) 40 CPU[MK3880N:'-

2B0A|7B0-1) 40 CFIHMK3880N ZBOB CDP1B02

2650 46 MPU

IDM2901ADC 40 CPU—4-W1 slice (Com Temp. Gr )

MCS6502 40 MPU w/C1ock (65K byles mem.) . 3.33

INSB035N-5 40 MPU-B-Dil (6MHz) 5.95

INS8039N 6 40 CPU-Sgi.cmp6-Dil(123ms Ram) 6.95

INS8040N-6 40 CPU (256 byles RAM) . . 14.95

INS8070N 40 CPU (64 Byles RAM) 19.95

INSB073N 40 CPU w/Basic Micro interpreter .. 24.95

PB0B5 40 CPU 5.95

MICROPROCESSOR MANUALS

M-ZBO User Manual 7.50

M-CDP1B02 UserManual 7.50

M-2650 User Manual . 5.00

6800/6800 SUPPORT DEVICES

MC68OQ 40 MPU 4.95

MC6802CP (0 MPU with clock ano RAM 7.95

MC6B10API 24 128x8 Sialic RAM 3.95

MC6B21 40 Peripheral Inter. Adapt (MC6820) 4.95

MC6B2B 24 Priority Interrupt Controller .. 15.95

MC6B30LS 24 t024x8-0il ROM (MC6BA30-8) . ..10.95

MC6850 24 Asynchronous Comm Adapter 4.95

MC6852 24 Syrchronous Serial Data Adapter 5.75

MC6B6O 24 0-630DPS Digital MODEM ... 9.95

MC6862 24 24C0bps MMulaior 12 95

MC6B80A 16 Quad 3-state Dus. trans. IMC8T26) 2.25

8QB0/8080A SUPPORT DEVICES

INS6080A

DPB212

0P8214

0P8216

DP8224

DP822S

0P8228

0P8238

INSB243

INS6250

DP6251

DPB253

DPB255

DP8257

DP8259

DPB275

DPB279

DP8303

DPB304

DP8307

DP8308

DPS310

DP8311

46 CPU 3-95

24 B-bit Input/Output 2.25

24 Priority Interrupt Coniro) .. .3.95

16 Bi-LVeclwnal Bus Driver . . . 2.25

16 Clotk Generaior/Oriver 2.25

16 Bus Driver. 2.25

28 Sys'em Controltfl'/Bos Driver

28 Sysiem Com roller

24 I/O Expander lor 48 Series

40 Asynchronous ComT. t:e~er,i

28 Pro? Comm. I/0(USART)

24 Profi. Interval Timer

40 Profl Peripheral I/O (PPi)

40 Pro?, DMA Control

28 Prog Interrupt Conirol

40 Prog CRT Con 1 roller

40 Prog Keyboard/Display Interlace 8 95

20 System Timing Element 3.95

20 8-OH Bi-Oirectional Receiver .

20 8-diI Bi-Oirectional Receiver

20 8-tJtl8i-Difec!ional Receiver

20 Octa Latched Peripheral Driver

20 Octa1 Latched Peripheral Driver

..3.49

2.49

— u ■ ■ oi DYNAMIC RAMS

Pil Ho. "Pins Price

1133 18 1024x1 (300ns) 99

4027 1B 4096x1 (250ns 2.49

4116N-2 1E 16.384x1 |150ns) 2.23-B/16.BB 4116N-3 1B 16,384x1 (200ns) . 1.85-B/14.B5 4116N-4 1E 16,384x1 (250ns ... 1.4B-B/10.85 41S4N-2 IE 65,536x1 200ns) . 8.85-8/88.85

MM5261 18 1024x1 (300ns) 4B-B/1.B3

MM5262 22 2046x1 (365ns) . -4B-B/1.B5

MM5270 18 4096x1 (250ns) MK4096 4.95

MM5280 22 4096x1 200ns 2107 3.95

MM5290-2 16 16,334x1 (150ns) 2.23-8/18.03 MM5290-3 16 16.384x1(200ns ...,1.05-8/14.85 MM5290-4 IE 16.384x1 (250ns) . 1.48-8/10.88

MM5298-3 16 8192x1 (200ns) 1.69

PROMS

74S188 18 32x8 PROM O.C. (6330-1) ... 1.4B 74S287 16 256x4 PROM T.S. (6301-1) ...1.BB 74S268 16 32xB PROM T.S. (6331-1 1.85 74S387 16 256x4 PROM O.C (6300-1) ....1.98

745471 20 256xB PBOM T.S. (6309-1) ... .5.98

745472 20 5!2xB PROM T.S. (6349-1) ....4.08

745473 20 512x6 PROM O.C. (634B) 4.08

745474 24 512x8 PROMT S (OMB/S296N) 4.95

745475 24 512x8 PROM O.C. 6340) 4.05

74S478 24 1024x8 PROM T.S. (TBP2BSB6) . 8.98

745570 16 512x4 PROM O.C (6305) 2.83

745571 IB 512x4 PROM T.S. (6306) 2.98

745572 18 1024x4 PROM O.C (6352) 4.98

745573 18 1024x4 PROM T.S. (82S137) , .4.08 82S23 16 32x6 PROM O.C. (27S1B) B.85 82SM5 24 512x8 PROM T.S. (27S15) 8.88 825123 16 32x8 PROM T.S. (27S19) . 2.95 82SI26 IE 256x4 PROM O.C (27S20) 3.88 82S:29 IE 256x4 PROM T.S. (27S21I .3.05

82S130 IB 512x4 PROM O.C. (27S12 3.BB

82S1B5 IB 2048x4 PROM T.S. (TBP24SB1).. 8.BB DM87S1B0N 24 1024x8 PROM O.C. (82S180) . .9.99 DMB7S181\ 24 1024x8 PROM T.S. (62S181) 9.83 0M87S184M 18 2048x4 PROM O.C. (82S184). .9.98 0MB7S165N 18 2048x4 PROM T S. (825185) 9.95 DM6?S19aN 24 2048x4 PRDM O.C. (825190). .19.98 OM87S191N 24 2048x8 PROM T.S. (B2SI91)... 19.98

ROM'S

2513(2140) 24 Character Generator (Upper Case). .9.95 2513(3021) 24 Character Generator (Lower Case).. .9.95

NMOS READ ONLY MEMORIES MCM66710P 24 128x9x7 ASCII Shifted w/Greek .... 13.50 MCM6674DP 24 128x9x7 Maih Symbol & Pictures ... 13,50 MCMB6750P 24 128x9x7 Alpha. Conirol Char. Gen.. .13.50

DATA ACQUISITION DC10 Mostek DC/DC Convert +5V lo -9V.. . .2.95

MC3470P 18 Floppy Disk Read AMP Sysiem 4.95

MC140BL7 16 7-bit D/A Converter (DACO807LCN) ...2.49 MC140BLB 16 8-blt D/A Convener (DAC080BLCN) ... .2.95

AF1O0-1CN 16 Universal Active Filter 2.5% 5.95

AF121-1CJ 24 Touch Tone Low Band Filler . 19.95

AFI22-1CJ 24 Touch Tone High Band Filler 19.95

LM3D9CK Super Gain Op Amp 1.15

LM3347 Conslanl Currenl Source 1.30

LM335Z Temperature Transducer 1.40

LF356N 8 JFET InpulOpAmp 1.10

LF398N 8 Sample & Hold AmpliHers 3.95

LM399K Temp.Comp.Prec.Rel.(.5ppm/C*) 5.00

ADCG6Q4 20 B-bil A/D Convener (1 LS8) 3.49

DACOE06 16 6-bilO/AConverter(0.78%Lln.) 1.95

ADC0E09 2B 8-bit A/D Converter (8-CH. Mulll.) 4.49

ADC0E17 40 8-bll A/D Converter (16-Ch. Multl.) ...9.95 DAClOOO 24 10-bllD/AConv.Micro.Comp (0.05%) 13,95 DAC1008 20 10-bilD/AConv.Micro.Comp.(0.20%1 .7.95

DAC1020 IE 10-bil D/A Converter (0.05H Lin.) 8.49

DAC1022 1B 10-C.it D/A Convener (0.20'/. Lin.) 5.95

DAC1222 IB 12-bit D/A Converter (0.20K Lin.) 6.95

CD4051N 16 6-Channel Multiplexer 79

AY-5-1013A 40 30K BAUD UART (TR1602) 3.95

SPECIAL FUNCTION

OSQOJSCN 8 Dual MOS Clock 0nver(5MZ) 2,49

OS00:GCfJ 8 Oual MOS Clock Driver (5MZ| 1.95

INS1771N-1 40 floppy Disk Com roller 16.95

INS2651N 2B i:.,iii'iiiiriic.:irfiii (;tnp 8.95

MM58167N 24 Microprocessor Real Time Clock . .. 8.95

MM58174N 16 Micro. Compatible Time Clock 7.95

C0P402N 40 Microcontroller w/64-digit RAM . ... ..5.95

and Direci LED Drive COP402MN 40 Microprocessor w/64-flign RAM 5.95

& Direct LED Drive w/N Buss Inl COP470N 20 32'Seg.VACFIjor.Drvr (20-pinpkrj.) . 3,25

TELEPHONE/KEYBOARD CHIPS

AV-5-9100 18 Push Bullon Telephone Dialer 14.95

AV-5-9200 16 Repertory Dialer . 14.95

AY-5-9500 14 CMOS Clock Generalor 4.95

AY-5-2376 40 Keyboard Encoder (88 keys) 9.95

HD0165-5 24 Keyboard Encoder (16keys) 9.95

74C922 18 KeyboardEncoder(16keys) 4.49

74C923 20 Keyboard Encoder |20 keys) . 4.95

MM53130N 18 Touch Tone Dialer ., 5,95

MM53190N 20 Push Bullon Pulse Dialer 4.49

Pari No.

7045IPI

7045EV/K11*

7106CPL

7106EV/KII

7107CPL

7107EV/KII'

7116CPL

7117CPL

7201IUS

7205IPG

7205EV/KH*

7206CJPE

7206CEV/Kif

7207AIPD

7207AEV/Kil*

7208! PI

7209IPA

7215IPG

7215EV/KII*

7216AIJI

7216C1JI

7216DIPI

7217IJI

7217AIPI

7224IPL

7226AIJL

?226AEV/Kif

72401JE

7242UA

72501JE

7260IJE

7555IPA

7556IPO

7611BCPA

7612BCPA

7621BCPA

7631CCPE

7641CCP0

7642CCPO

7660CPA

B03BCCPD

8048CCPE

Pins Function

28 COS Precision Timer . .

26 Slopwatch Chip, XTL

40 3 Vj Digit A/D (LCD Drive)

40 IC, Circuit Board, Display

40 2 It Digit A/D (LED Drive)

40 JC. Circuit Board, Display

40 3)4 Digit A/D LCD Dis. HLD..

40 3V)0igilA/OLEDOis HLD . ..

Low Baitery Voll Indicator .

24 CMOS LED Slopwalch/Timer ....

24 Stopwatch Chip. XTL

16 Tone Generator

16 Tone Generator Chip. XTL

14 Oscillator Controller

14 Freq Counter Chip, XTL

28 Seven Decade Counter

6 Clock Generator. .

24 4 Func. CMOS Stopwatch CKT

24 4 Func. Slopwalch Chip. XTL

28 8 Digit Umv Counter CA.....

28 8 Dlgil Freq. Counter CA.

28 8 DigilFrer Counler CC

2B 4 Oigil LED Up/Down Counler C A

26 4 Digit LED Up/Down Counler C C

40 LCD 4Vi Digit Up Counter DRI

40 B Digit Univ. Counler

40 5 Function Counter Chip. XTL

16 CMOS Bin Prog Timer/Counier

8 CMOS Divile-0y-256 RC limer

16 CMOS BCD Prog. Timer/Counier

16 CMOS BCD Prog. Timer/Counter

8 CMOS 555 Timor

14 CM0S556Timer

8 CMOS Op Amp Comparalor

8 CMOS Op Amp Ext. Cmvr

6 CMOSDuaiOpAmpComp.. ....

16 CMOSTriOpAmpComp, ,,.

14 CMOS Quad Op Amp Comp

14 CMOS Quad Op Amp Camp.

8 Voltage Converter

14 Wavetorm Generator

16 Monolithic Logarithmic Amp

50ppm Band-GAP Volt Ret. Diode

8 VoltRDt/lnfllcaior

24 vdllRel/lntllcator

14.95 19 95

.9.95 34.95 .11.95 29.95 16 95 15 95 2 25 12.95 14.95

14.95 29 95 24.95 19.95 10.95 14.95 10 95 29 95 74 95

2.25 6.00 5,25 1.45

2.20 5MV 2.25 5MV 2 95 5MV 3.95 10MV 5.35 10MV 7.50 10MV 750 2.95 . 3.95 19.95 2.50

2.95 2,95

NATIONAL EPROM-RAM SALE

24 1024*8 |550ns)EPR0M(SMO024B|

24 2048x8(550ns) EPHOM

24 102418 (450ns) EPflOM Single +5V

24 4096x8(550ns) EPHOM

28 8192x8 (450ns) EPflOM

16 65,536x1 (200ns) Dynamic RAM 8/

MM5290-4 16 16,384x1 (250ns) Dynamic RAM .

S2.95 each.

,3.95 each

2.95 each

6.95 each

19.95 each

8/69.95 or 9.95 each 8/1D.95 ot 1.49 each

C ^) N N ECT^) RS'^WBBMHRN

25 Pin — D Submlniature (meets RS232)

Pan No.

Oescrlplien

Price

0B25P

PLUG(RS232)

2.95

DB25S

SOCKET (RS232)

3.50

DB25PF-179

PLUG(RS232) Wire Wrap style

4.S5

0851226-1

CABLE COVER lor DB25PorDB25S

1.75

DB25P-831

PLUG-Rirjht Angle — PC Mount

4 95

DB25S-831

SOCKET Bight Angle — PC Mount

5 25

02041B-2

Screw Lock lor DB25 Serial Connector

(Locks connector lo panel)

2/99

Part No.

Contacts

Description

Pricn

15/30SE

15/30

Solder Eyelei

1.95

IB/36SE

18/36

Solder Eyelet

2.49

22/44SE

22/44

Solder Eyelet

2.95

22/44PC

22/44

156

PC type (no mlg. ears)

1.49

50/1DOSE

50/100

125

Solder Eyelet

fl.95

22/44WW

22/44

.156

Wire Wrap • Level 3

7.95

67031-5

22/44

156

WW (Pns 0625* 03* 75)

3 95

R681-1

50/100

.125

Wire Wrap ■ Level 3

12.95

P.6B1-2

50/100

125

Wire wrap - Level 3

12.95

IC SOCKETS

For Socket Required, LOW PROFILE CTIN) SOCKETS

- Soldertail Standard Tin & Gold Also Available

Column After The IC Part No. WIRE WRAP (GOLD) SOCKETS

1-24

25-49

50-100

LEVEL #3

1-24

25-49

50-100

8 pin LP

.17

.16

.15

8 pin WW

.59

.54

.49

14 pin LP

.20

.19

.18

10 pin ww

.69

.63

.58

16 pin LP

.22

.21

.20

34 pin WW

.79

.73

.67

IB pin LP

.29

.28

.27

16 pin ww

.85

.77

.70

20 pin LP

.34

.32

.30

18 pin WW

.99

.90

.81

22 pin LP

.37

.36

.35

20 pin WW

1.19

1.08

.99

24 pin LP

.38

.37

.36

22 pin WW

1.49

1.35

1.23

28 pin LP

.45

.44

.43

24 pin WW

1.39

1.26

1.14

36 pin LP

.60

.59

.58

28 pin WW

1.69

1.53

1.38

40 pin LP

.63

.62

.61

36 pin WW

2.19

1.99

1.79

2.29

2.09

$10.00 Minimum Order — U.S. Funds Only California Residents Add 6</t% Sales Tax Postage — Add 5% plus $1.50 Insurance Send S.A.S.E. for Monthly Sales Flyer!

ameco

ELECTRONICS

Spec Sheets — 30c each Send $1.00 Postage (or your FREE 1983 JAMECO CATALOG Prices Subject to Change

^fT NEW! % *S Telex Number ^ Telex 176043,

74CO0

74C02 74C04 74C08 74C10 74C14 74C20 74C30 74C32 74C42 74C48 74C73 74C74 74C85 74CB6 74CB9 74C90 74C93

35

14

74C95 74C137 74C151 74C154 74C157 74C160 74C151 74C162 74C163 74C164 74CW3 74C174 74C175 74C192 74C193 74CI95

2 49 3.49 2.25

74C22I 74C240 74C244 74C373 74C374 74C901 74C903 74C906 74C911 74C912 74C915 74C917 74C922 74C923 74C925 74C926 B0C95 B0C97

LH0002CN 10

LM10CLH

LM11CLH

LH00700H

TL071CP B

TL072CP 8

TL074CN 14

TL081CP 8

TL0B2CP B

TL084CN 14

LM3DOH

LM301CH 8

LM301CH

LM302H

LM304H

LM305H

LM307CN B

LM308CN 8

LM309H

LM309K

LM310CN 8

LM311CN 8

LM312H

LM317HP

LM317T

LM317K

LM318CN 8

LM319N 14

LM320K-S

LM320K-I2

LM320K-15

LM320T-5

LM320T-12

LM320T-15

LM323K

LM324N 14

LM329D2

LM331N 8

LM334Z

LM335Z

LM336Z

LM337T

LM337MP

LM338K

LM339N 14

LM340K-5

LM340K-12

LM340K-15

LINEAR

LM340T-5

LM340M2

LM340T-I5

LM34IP-5

LM341P-12

LM341P-15

LM342P-5

LM342P-12

LM342P-15

LM348N 1

LM350K

LF35tN

LF3S3N

LF355N

LF3561

LM358N

LM355N '

LM370N

LM373N t

LM377

LM380N

LM381fJ

LM3B2N

LM384N

LM386N-3

LM387N

LM389fJ

LM392W

LF3QBN

LM399H

IL494CN t

TL496CP

NE510A 1

NE529A 1

NE531V

NE536H

NE540H

NE544K

NE550A 1

NE555V

LMS56N '

NE564N

LM5B5N

LM566CN

LM567V

NE570N

NE571N II LM703CN I LM709N 1> LM710N V LM711N 1< LM723N 1< LM733N 1' LM739N 1. LM74JCN I MC1741SCG LM747N V LU748N I LM1014N II LM1310 1 LM145BCN I LMI48BN |i LM14B9N 1. LMI496N I LM1556V LMI800N 1 LM1871N II LMIB72N II LM1B77N-9 1 LM1B89N |l LM1896N 1 LM2002T LM2877P LH2878P LM2896P-1 ■ LM31B9N Ii LH3900N 1' LM3905CN I LM3909H I LM3914N II LM3915N II LM3916N II RC4136N V RC4151NB I RC4194TK RC4195TK LM4500A ICL803BB LU130B0N LM13600N 7513BN 75450N 75451CN 75492

3.95 3.95 16 1.95 14 3.95

1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002 PHONE ORDERS WELCOME — (415) 592-8097

CAPACITOR CORNER

50 VOLT CERAMIC DISC CAPACITORS

Value

1-9

10-99

10O+

10 pf

.08

.06

.05

22 pf

.08

.06

.05

47 pf

.08

.06

.05

100 pf

.08

.06

.05

220 pf

.08

.06

.05

470 pf

.08

.06

.05

100 VOLT MYLAR

.OOlmf

.12

.10

.07

.0022 ml

.12

.10

.07

,0047mf

.12

.10

.07

,01mf

.12

.10

.07

+20% DIPPED TANTALL

.1/35V

.39

.34

.29

. 15/35V

.39

.34

.29

.22/35V

.39

.34

.29

.33/35V

.39

.34

.29

.47/35V

.39

.34

.29

.68/35V

.39

.34

.29

1.0/3SV

.39

.34

.29

MINI. ALUMINUM ELEC

Axial

1-99

100-499 500+

.4 7/50V

.15

.14

.10

1.0/50V

.19

.16

.12

3.3/50V

.17

.IS

.11

4.7/25V

.18

.15

.11

10/25V

.IB

.15

.11

10/50V

.19

.15

.12

22/25V

.19

.16

.12

22/50V

.24

.20

.18

47/25V

.25

.21

.19

47/50V

.29

.25

.23

100/25V

.28

.24

.22

10O/50V

.41

.37

.34

220/25V

.39

.34

.33

220/50V

.49

.45

.41

470/25V

.54

.49

.45

1000/16V

.79

.69

.61

22O0/16V

.89

.79

.69

Value .OOljiF .004 7liF .OIjjF .022*1 F ,047iiF AH* :ILM CAF .022m ( .047m!

.lmi -22mf

VIS (Solid 1.5/3SV 2.2/35V 3.3/25V 4.7/25V 6.B/25V 15/25V 22/6V

'ROLYTI Radial

.47/25v .47/SOV 1.0/16V 1.0/25 V 1.0/50V 4.7/16V 4.7/25V 4.7/50V 10/16V 10/25V 10/50V 47/SOV 10O/16V 100/2SV 100/50V 220/16V 470/25V

1-9 10-99 100+

.33 .27 .22

.16 .14 .13 .17 .15 ,14 .15 .13 .12

Circle 211 on Inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982 519

THERE ARE NO THERE ARE NO

BOARDS PRICES!

Com pu Pro

FROM

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

CPU BOARDS

CO-PROCESSOR 8086/8087

16 bit 8 or 10 MHz 8086 CPU with sockets lor 8087 and 80130

Part Ho.

Description

list Price Our Price

BJGBT16BA A&T 8MHz 8086 only $695.00 $ 495.00

BJGBT186C CSC 10MHz 8086 only $850.00 $765.00

BJGBT18SA87 A&T with 8087 option $995.00 $795.00

BJ6BT186C87 CSC with 8087 option' $1150.00 $1065.00 •8087 Limits clock spaed to 5MHz

SAVE $200.00!!

DUAL PROCESSOR 8085-8088

6 or 8 MHz Provides true 16 Bit Power with a standard 8 bilS-100 bus BJBBTI6I2A AST 6Mhz $425.00 $325.00

BJ6BT1612C CSC 6/8 MHz $525.00 $425.00

SAVE $100.00!!

CPUZ - Z80B CPU NOW 6MHz!

3/6 MHz Z80B CPU with 24 Bit Addressing. FASTEST Z80 CPU AVAILABLE! BJGBT160A 3/6 MHz A&T $295.00 $225,00

BJGBT160C 3/6 MHz CSC $395.00 S375.00

DISK CONTROLLERS

DISK 1 FLOPPY CONTROLLER

Fast DMA. So/I Sector, Controls 8" or 5'A" Single or Double Density. OUR BESTI

BJPDBT171ACPM A&T W/CP/M2.2 & BJOS $670.00 $450.00

BJPDB171ACPM CSC $595.00 $555.00

BJGBTCPM8B* CP/M 2.2 for Z80/80BS with $175.00

manuals & BIOS 8" S/D disk

BJGBICPM86 CP/M lor 8086 with manuals & $300.00 BJOS 8" S/D disk

SAVE $220.00!!

DISK 2/SELECTOR CHANNEL HARD DISK CONTROLLER

Fast DMA 2 board sel.Controls 4 Shugart 4000 series orFuiilsu 2300 type drives. Includes CP/M 2.2" BJGBT177A Assembled & Tested S795.00 $595.00 BJ6BT177C CSC $895.00 $850.00

save$:

CMOS RAM SALE!

RAM 17 - 64K CMOS STATIC RAM

RAM 17. 12 MHz.2 Watt. DMACompatible24 Bit Addressing

Description

List Price Our Price

BJGBTI75A64 6 4KA&T

BJGBTI75CB4 64 K CSC

$599.00 $399.00 $750.00 $699.08

SAVE $200.00!!

RAM 16 - 32K x 16 BIT CMOS STATIC RAM

S and/or 16 Bit 816 RAM 16 12 MHz. 32K x 16 or 64Kx8 IEEE/696 16 Bit 2 Watt. 24 Bit Addressing 0J6BTI60A 64 K A&T $650.00 $598.00

BJBBT180C 64KCSC $750.00 $899.00

SAVE $52.00!

NEW! RAM 21 - 128K STATIC RAM

816 RAM 21 12MHz. 128Kx8 or 64K x 16 IEEE/696 8 or 16 Bil 1.2 Amps. 24 Bit Addressing BJBBT190A 128K A&T $1695.00 $ 995.00

BJGBTIBOC 128K CSC $1895.00 $1795.00

SAVE $700.00!!!

M-DRIVE SOLID STATE DISK DRIVE, 3500% FASTER!

Nol Really, Bui the Nexl Best Thing lor CompuPro 8085/88 Users Call lor Detail on M-Drive

M-Dtive requires a 6MHz CPU 8085/88 dual processor. Disk 1 DMA disk

controller and System Suport 1 Multifunction Board BJGBTMD128KA I28K ol A&TmemoryS M-DriveSoltware $1108.00 BJGBTMD126KC 128 Kol CSC memory 5 M-Drive Software $1306.00 BJGBTMD256KA 256K ol A&T memory S M-DriveSoftware $2395.00 BJGBTMD256KC 256K ol CSC memory & M-Drive Software $2795.00

STATIC MEMORY BOARDS

RAM 20 - 32K STATIC RAM

RAM 20 10 MHz. 4K byte block disable, bank select or 24 bit addressing available 8. 16. 24 or 32K

BJGBT164AAB

8KA&T

$210.00

$198.00

BJ6BT164AC6

8K CSC

$280.00

$260.60

BJGBT164AA1B

16K A&T

$285.00

$266.60

BJGBT164AC16

16K CSC

$355.00

$325.60

BJGBTI64AA24

24KA&T

$355.00

$325.00

8JGBT164AC24 24K CSC

$425.00

$385.00

BJGBT164AA32

32KA&T

$425.00

$295.00

BJGBT164AC32

32K CSC

$495.00

$450.00

S-100 MAINFRAME

/ 10V 60Hz CVT Mainframe uses famous 20 slot COMPUPRO Motherboard. (55 lbs.) BJG8TENC266 M 20 Slot Rackmounl $895.00 $760.00 BJGBTENC20DK 20 Slot Desk Top $B25.0O $699.00

I/O BOARDS

SYSTEM SUPPORT 1 MULTIFUNCTION BOARD

Serial port (soltware prog. baud!. 4K EPROM or RAM provision, 15 levels of interrupt, real time clock, optional math processor

Part No.

Description

list Price Our Price

BJBBTI62A

BJGBT162C

BJGBT823I

BJGBTB232

BJGBT162AMI

BJGBTI82CMI

BJGBTI62AM2

8JGBTI62CM2

Assembled 4 Tested CSC

Math Chip Math Chip

A&T with 8231 Math Chip CSCw/8231 Math Chip A&T w/8232 Math Chip CSC w/8232 Math Chip

$399.00 $295.00 $495.00 $480.00 $105.00 $195.00 $490.00

$490.00

$655.00

SAVE $100.00.'!

MPX CHANNEL BOARD

I/O Multiplexer, using 8085/1-2 CPU on board with 4K RAM

BJ6BT166A4 Assembled & Tested $4 95 00 $395.00

BJ6BTI66C4 CSC $595.00 $475.00 With 16K RAM

BJGBT166A16 Assembled & Tested $649 00 $525.00

8J6BT16BC16 CSC $749.00 $649.00

INTERFACER 1

Two Serial I/O

BJ6BT133A Assembled S Tesled $249 00 $199.95 BJGBT133C CSC $324.00 $298.00

INTERFACER 2

Three parallel, one serial I/O board

BJGBT150A Assembled & Tested $:;4HO(> $199.95

BJGBTI50C CSC £324.00 $289.00 INTERFACER 3 Eight channel multi-use serial I/O board

BJBBTI748A Assembled & Tested $699.00 $466.00

DJGBTI748C CSC 200 nr. 8 Port $849.00 $756.00

BJGBTI745A Assembled & Tested $599.00 $399.00

BJ6BT1745C CSC 200hr. 5 port $699.00 $829.60 INTERFACER 4 Three Serial, 1 Parallel. 1 Centronics Parallel

BJGBT1B7A Assembled & Tested 5350.00 $315.00

BJ6BTIB7C CSC $450.00 $415.00 SPECTRUM COLOR GRAPHICS Color Graphics board with Parallel I/O

BJGBTI44A Assembled & Tested $399.00 $249.00

BJGBTI44C CSC $449.00 $339.00

BJGBT2D Sublogic Universal $35.00 Graphics Interpreter Soltware

SAVE $150.00!

BJGBTI53A 8J6BT153C BJGBTI54A BJGBTI54C BJGBT155A BJGBTI55C

SAVE!

S 100 MOTHERBOARDS

Active termination, 6-12-20 Slot A&T 6 slot. 2 lbs. CSC 6 slot. 2 lbs. A&T 12 slot, 3 lbs. CSC 12 slot, 3 lbs. A&T 20 slot, 4 lbs. CSC 20 slot, 4 lbs.

$140.00 $125.00 $190.00 $175.00

$r 75.00 $155.00

$240.00 $220.00

$26500 $235.00 $340.00 $310.00

Circle 310 on Inquiry card

|E California Computer Systems

CPU BOARDS

2810 Z80 SBC CPU

2/4 MHz ZSOA CPU with RS232C Sena/ I/O Port complete

with Monitor PROM lor 2422 Disk Controller Part No. Description List Price Our Price

BJGCS2BIQA Assembled 3 Tested S300.00 $289.00

2820 Z80 DMA CPU

4MHzZ80 with 2 RS232C Serial Ports, Centronics Parallel Port, separate data and status ports and DMA Daisy Chain Capability BJCCS2820 Assembled S Tested $595.00 $560.00

I/O BOARDS

2830 -6 PORT SERIAL

Six Asynchronous RS232C Ports using three Z-80 DARTS.

Programmable baud rates. BJCCS2830 Assembled S Tested $550.00 $525.00

2710 4 PORT SERIAL

4 Full handshaking RS232 ports and optional 2K ROM BJCCS27I001 Assembled & Tested $325.00 $319.00

271 9 2 SERIAL & 2 PARALLEL

2 HS232C pons. 2 8 oil parallel ports & optional 2K ROM BJCCS27190I Assembled 8, Tested $360.00 $349.00

2720 4 PORT PARALLEL

4 8 bit parallel ports and optional 2K ROM BJCCS272001 Assembled 4 Tested S275 OO$260.00

2422 FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER

I/O Mapped, controls 8", single or 5'U" double density A&T with CPM"2.2 8" S.D. BJCCS2422A Assembled & Tested $425 00 $395.00

MEMORY BOARDS

2065 64K DYNAMIC MEMORY BOARD

64K 4MHz, 280 or 8080 compatible, bank select lor memory expansion to 512K, DMA compatible.

BJCCS2065 Assembled & Tested $375.00 $249.00

.a* SOFTWARE jfo,

3 DIGITAL RESEARCH

BJOIRCFM CP/M'2.2 Control Program/ $150.00

Microcomputers

BJDIRMAC MAC* Macro Assembler $ 90.00

BJOIRRMAC RMAC Relocating MAC S200.00

BJ0IRSID SID' Symbolic Instruction Debugger $100.00

BJDIRTEX TEX' Text Formatter $100.00

BJOIROES DESPOOL' Background Print Utility $50.00

BJDIRCB80 CBASIC Programming Language $150.00

6JDIRCB86 CB.4S/C-86* Programming Language $325.00 'Trademark of Digital Research

MICROPRO INTERNATIONAL

BJM0SWDSTR Wordstar Version' 3.0 $249.00

BJM0SRHMAS Mail Merge' $100.00

BJMDSSPSTR Spell Star' $150.00

BJMOSCALSTfl Catc Star' $200.00

BJNIDS0ATSTR Data Star* $200.00

BJMBSS0PSET Supersorf $150.00 'Trademark ol MicroPro International

SORCIM

US08.SCM. SUPERCALC* a Superior Electronic $229.00 Worksheet

BJS0RACTI ACT I' 8O80/Z80 Assembler $175.00

BJSORACTH ACT II' 8086/8088 Assembler $175.00

SJS0F.UHS TRANS' 8086/8088 Translator $125.00

BJSORPMBO PASCAUM' REL4 8080/8085/Z-80 $395.00

BJS0RPM1B PASCAUM' 8086 $495.00 'Trademark ol Sorcim

MICROSOFT

BJM0SBASS0 BASIC-80* Version 5.X Extended $300.00 Disk Basic

BJMCPBASC BASIC* Compiler Version 5.X $395.00

BJWDSWFT FORTRAN-80' $500.00 'Trademark ol MrcrosoftConsumer Products

MicroFrame

I 10V 60Hz CVT Mainframes, the best money can buy! 12 Slot ±8V 17±16V @2A 22 Slot±8V 9 30 A± 16V 0 A A

PART NO. DESCRIPTION

LIST

PRICE SALE

BJTEIMCS112 12 Slot Desk S755.00 $620.00

BJTEIMCS122 22 Slot Desk S910.00 S745.00

BJTEIRM12 12 Slot Rackmounl S800.00 $655.00 BJTEIRM22 22 Slot Rackmounl S965 00 $790.00 Shipping Weight: On 12 Slot Mainframes: 45 lbs.

On 22 Slot Mainframes: 55 lbs.

S 100 MAINFRAME WITH 12 SLOT MOTHERBOARD AND CUTOUTS FOR 3 - 5'A" FLOPPY DISK DRIVES

+8VIS 17A ±16V@ 2A +12V @ 1.2A Internal Power Cable

BJTEITF12 12 Slot desk S745 00 $605.00

BJTEIRF12 12 Slot Rackmounl S855 00 $695.00 Shipping Weight: On 12 Slot Desk: 40 lbs

On 12 Slot Rackmounl: 45 lbs

DUAL 8 DISK DRIVE CHASSIS

For two Shugart 801R or two Qume DT-8 size drives with internal power cables provided +24V @ 1.5A +5V SB 1.0A - SV & .25A

BJTEI0FD0

Desk Top

S565 00

$480.00

BJTEIRFDO

Rackmounl

S72500

$650.00

Shipping Weight: On Desk Top: 40 lbs.

On Rackmounl: 45 lbs. PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS is a master distributor for TEI DealersS OEM's call (or quantity pricing

CD Hayes

SMARTMODEM

• Auto Answer. Auto Dial Full or Half-Duplex, Loop Sack Serial binary, and asynchronous data lormals with 7 or 8 data bits, 1 or 2 stop bits; odd. even or no parity • 0-300/1200 baud • RS232C interlace • Z80 Microprocessor with 2Kb control program • 40 character command buffer • Size: 1.5" x 5 5" x9 6"

BJDCH0200P Smartmodem (Sh Wt 6 lbs.) $279.00 $225.00 BJOCH0400P Smartmodem 1200 baud (6 lbs.) $699 00 $649.00 BJDCH0300P Chronograph fSh Wt 3 lbs) S24900 $205.00 BJDCH01 OOP Micromodem 100 ISh Wt 4 lbs) S39900 $325.00 BJDCR290ID CP/M' 8" Terminal Program for above $25.00 BJDCH0O00P Micromodem II $379 00 $299.00

ft TeleVideo

WORLD'S REST SELLING TERMINAL!

Extra Memory Pages

FREE!!

BJP08TIV9252P* S749.00

•TeleVideo 925 w/free 2nd page

memory kit. a S95 00 value1 BJP0BTLV95O4P* $949.00 •TeleVideo 950 w/lree 2nd. 3rd S 4th page memory kit $285 00 value BJTLV910 $609.00 With emulations & loreign languages UJTLV910ULK S609.00 Black mode version ol above (Shipping Weight 37 lbs.)

BEST BUYS!

SEND $1.00 TODAY FOR THE NEW, FULL COLOR SPRING 1982 ENGINEERING

SELECTION GUIDEI

SIERRA DATA SCIENCES

I

SBC MASTER PROCESSOR

This is absolutely the most complete single board compuler available; NO EXTERNAL INTERFACE BOARDS ARE NEEDEDI

• Z80ACPU • 64KBankSwitchableMemory • 4KEPR0M • Auto Boot • NEC 765 FDC with PLL interface to all Shugart compatible drives (5%" or S") • 2 RS-232C Serial ports (Z80ASIO. up lo 19.2K Baud) • 2 Parallel Ports (Z80API0) • 4 Timers (Z80ACTC) • IEEE 696/S-100 Compatible • CP/M« and TURB0O0S* compatible • Full One Year Warranty

BJPDBSBCCPM AST W/BIOS & CP/MS2.2 S1095 00 $895.00 SBC SLAVE PROCESSOR

Similar to above with 16K EPR0M, X-Buss Expansion Interface, and optional on board EPROM burner

BJSDSSBCS Assembled & Tested $795.00 $750.00

SDS MICROPOLIS HARD DISK INTERFACE

Micropolis 1220/1250 MICRODISK series interface adapter with software drivers, cabling, and mounting hardware. BJSDSHBI Assembled & Tested $150.00

MICROPOLIS 12631 45MB 8" WINCHESTER DISK

8" 3 platter MICRODISK with 36Mb formatted capacity Drive is shnck mcunted in attractive Micropolis desk top enclosure with power supply BJMCP12631 Assembled & Tested 35384 00 $3995.00

SIERRA/MICROPOLIS SBC PACKAGE

Sierra SBC, CP/M®, Micropolis Interface, and Micropolis 12631 MICRODISK.

BJPBBSBCSVS1 Assembled & Tested S662900 $4495.00

^PRIORITY

9161 DEERING AVE • ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 423-5922

Tefms U S VISA, MC. BAG. Check, Money Order, U S. Funds Only. CAiesidenis add6'£% Sales Tax. MINIMUM PREPAID 0RDERS15 00. Include MINIMUM SHIPPINGS HANDLING ot S3 00 for the first 3 lbs. plus 40C for each additional pound. Orders over 50 lbs. sent freight collect. Just in case, please include your phone number. Prices subject lo change without notice. We will do our best to maintain prices through October. 1982 Credit Card orders will be charged appropriate freight If you haven't received your Spring 82 Engineering Selection Guide, send $1 00 for your copy today!. Sale prices are lor prepaid orders only

VIDEO AND I/O

VB 3 ■ HIGH RESOLUTION VIDEO

SO x 25 or 50 character video display Memory Mapped. Parallel Keyboard port BJSSMVB3A24 80 x 24 AS.T $499.00 $419.00

BJSSMVB30P 80 x 50 Line Upgrade $ 39,00

1/0 4

Two serial I/O, two parallel I/O BJSSMI04A Assembled & Tested $290.00 $260.00

I/O 5

V* 2 Serial. 3 parallel Including 1 Centronics BJSSB1I051 Assembled & Tested $329.00 $289.00

I/O 8

V* 8 Port Serial I/O with Timer

BJSSMI08A Assembled & Tested $550.00 $469.00

CPU, RAM & PROM

CB2 Z80 CPU

2/4 MHz will accept 2716, or 2732, or RAM BJSSMCB2A Assembled & Tested $299.00 $269.00

BJSSMZ80M SSM Z80 Monitor $ 89.00

MB10A 16/8K 8/16 BJT STATIC RAM

I6K byte/8K word, 24 bit extended, addressing, "M write,"

Phantom disable, addressable in 4K blocks BJSSMMBlOAAssemb/ed & Tested $299.00 $275.00

MB8A 1 K/16K EPROM BOARD

1K/16K 2708 EPROM board, disable in 1K increments BJSSMMBBAMssemo/ec' & Tested $179.00 $159.00

PHI PROM PROGRAMMER Programs 2708 or 2716's. operates as a 4K/BK EPROM BOARD AS WELL DJSSMP01A Assembled <5 Tested $265.00 $219.00

Circle 310 on inquiry card.

ELECTRONICS . M p^S

CHATSWORTH. CA 91311 LUiil' CA, AK, HI CALL (213) 709-5464

APPLE DISK DRIVES

■

Give your APPLE II** a Fourth Dimension — the totally compatible S'A" drive that takes your system farther, faster. With read/write electronics so advanced that reading errors are virtually eliminated. With a track zero microswitch that keeps boot and track access smooth and quiet. With the ability to read half-track software and up to 143.360 bytes on DOS 3.3®. With similar performance on DOS 3.2.1 • Pascal* or CP/fvt® operating systems. And, the disk enclosure mates perfectly with APPLE cabinetry EXTENDED WARRANTY NEW'.!

Fourth Dimension offers a 12 month parts and labor warranty at no cost lo you! (Gee, this really looks good!) BJFDS40A List Price: $419.00 SALE: $319.00

2 or More, only $299.00 each Shugart Interchangeable BJFDS40AC* APPLE IIs Disk Drive Controller $115.00 'Sold only with purchase of Fourth Dimension Drive

SAVE 20% S-100 MAINFRAMES FOR DUAL 8" HARD AND FLOPPY DISKS

The QT MFD series mainlrame is designed lobe the most versatile and ths most compact system enclosure on the market today In addition to a 6,8. oi 12 slot S-100 card cage, the mainlrame is designed to support two 8" floppy or hard disk drives. It is ideal for the new generation of Single Board Computers and highly density RAM cards that do not require many slots Now you can have a complete dual floppy or hard disk system in one convenient enclosure at a remarkably low price. FEATURES:

• Accommodates any combination of standard 8" floppy or hard disk drive (801R. DT8. Fujitsu hard disk, etc.)

• IEEE S-100 S<lence+ 6. 8. or 12 slot motherboard available tor quiet operation with high speed processors

• Keyed power Switch

• Reset Switch on Front Panel

• Anodized 6. 8. or 12 slot card cages

• Quiet fan with filter provides cool clean systems operating featuring positive air pressure

• Detachable line cord plugs directly into EMI noise filter for electrical noise suppression

• Two AC convenience outlets on rear panel lor peripherals

• I5-D825 cut outs for mounting I/O connectors

• 2-50 pin plug cut outs

• Dimensions 9%" x 17" x 21" (HxWxD) (Sh. Wt. 48 lbs.)

• Power Supply +15G»7A. +24V<p>7A. +8C*18A. ±16(B3A.-5@1A Pad No. Description Llit Pries SALE Price

BJQTCMFDD without Motherboard $600.00 $480.00

BJQTCMFDD6 with 6 slot Motherboard $675.00 $540.00

BJQTCMFDQB with 8 slot Motherboard S700 00 $560.00

BJQTCMFDD12 with 12 slot Motherboard $750.00 $600.00

® SANYO

FCC CUSS 2 APPROVED

DATA DISPLAY MONITORS

SPECIFICATIONS:

Viewing Screen 12" diagonal; 75 square inches

DM2112: P31 phosphor Scanning System 525 lines; 60 fields/second; overscan

Horizontal Resolution 600 lines, center Signal Input 1.0 volt p-p composite video; 75 ohms

BJSY0DM2112

List Price: $160.00 SALE: $119.00

OTHER SANYO MONITORS ON SALE TOOII

Pert No.

Description

List Price SALE

BJlrOIPMSOg 9 'BSW P4, 10MHz 115 IBs I S190 00 $149.00

BJSY0DM5IOGCX 9"Green. P31. 10MHz (15 lbs.) S200.00 $150.00

BJSVUUM8012CX 12"BSW P4, 18MHz (24 lbs.) $25000 $105.00

BJSTOOMailZCX 12"GReen, P31, 18MHz (24 lbs ) $260 00 $100.00

QJSY0VMC80I3 13'Xolor. 16 x 64 (35 lbs.) $470 00 $375.00

BJS»00M0113' 13"RGB Color (35 lbs.) $895 00 $705.00

MICRO PERIPHERALS INC.

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS is proud to announce their appointment as Franchisee! MPI distributors. To celebrate, we are selling all drives, regardless of quantity at the 100piece price!

5Va" DISK DRIVES

LIST SALE

BJMPI51" single-sided double-density 48 IPI S330 00 $220.00 BJMPI52* double-sided double-density 48 IPI $430.00 $305.00 BJMPI01* single-sided double density 96 IPI $425.00 $325.00 BJNUM101* single-sided double-density 100 TPI S430 00 $330.00 BJMPI1D2* double-sided double-density 100TPI $530 00 $420.00 "Replace "*" when ordering, with "m" tor MPI style bezel, or ■'$" tor Shugart style bezel.

2" HIGH 8" DISK DRIVES

The First 2" high 8" disk drive allows tor mounting under the keyboard on CRT, etc. NO AC Required +5V +24VDC only FAST 3 msec track to track!

BJMPI41 single-sided double density $535 00 $415.00

BJMPI42 double-sided double-density S595 00 $475.00

BJMPIBZL462 4 62" Shugart size bezels lor 1 drive $12.50

BJMPIBZL2462 4 62' Shugart size bezels lor 2 drives $12.50

Applied Digital Data Systems Inc.

SALE! Green Screen

$525.00 Black & White $479.00

VIEWPOINT - ADDS

Detachable keyboard. RS232 interface and auxiliary port. 80 x 24 display, tillable screen.

BJABDVWPB ADDS 3A, P31 Gieen Phosphor $699 00 $525.00 BJADDVWPBBW P4 Black & White $699.00 $479.00

IShiping Weight 30 lbs.)

VISUAL 50

(See page 287 tor more information}

• Low protiie detached keyboard features sculptured keys with matte finish

• Screen (ills and swivels

• 80 x 24 display with 25th slalus line

• 7 x STdot matrix with lull decenders

• RS-232 Serial interlace w/auxillary RS-232 port

• 128 Character ASCII set and 31 character line drawing set

INTRODUCTORY OFFER!!

BJVSLSOBW Non glare Black & White $69500 $f 0JVSL50BR P31 green display $750.00 $<

IShipping Weight 37 lbs.)

V-100 VISTA DISK CABINET

• Desk or rack mountable • Internal power and data cables • Drives pull out tor easy service and maintenance.

BJVISV100 Disk Drive Cabinet $449.00 List Price S49S.00 (Sh. Wt. 43 lbs.) BJVISV100 W/purchase of two $399.00

8" Disk Drives

PRIORITY

0.00 5.00

i MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC

$475.00 each!! Better Than

QUMEI Better Than SHUGART! WOW'.!

8", Double-sided, double-density, interchangeable with 0UME & Shugail BJMITH289463 Sh. Weight 16 lbs. $475.00 BJMITM2a9463 M Manual % 10.00

2 or More Only $435.00 each

I andon

Tandon TM-800 Thinline is exactly half the size of conventional 8" floppy disk drive:

Exactly one-halt the height of any other model. Proprietary, high-resolution, read-write heads patented

by Tandon D.C. only operation ■ no A.C. required Industry standard interface.

Three millisecond track-to-track access time (9 lbs.) BJTNDTMB4BI Single Sided $380.00 2 or more $370.00

BJTNDTMB4B2 Double Sided $495.00 2 or more $465.00

8JTNDTMI001*

TANDON 5'A" DRIVES

Single Sided, 250KB 15 lbs.)

$ 185.00 ee

BJTNDTMI002

2 or More $180.00

Double Sided, 500KB

$205.00 ee.

BJTNBTM1003

2 or More $270.00

Single Sided. 500KB

$205.00 ee.

BJTNI1TMI004

2 or More $270.00

Double Sided, t OOOKB

2 or More $375.00

$395.00 ee.

Ms used in the IBM P.C.

Shugart soir

Single sided, double density - most popular 8" drive BJSHUBOIfl $394.00 ea. or 2 or more it 6 lbs) tor $389.00 BJSHUSA801BM Manual tor 801R drives $ 10.01

Effi

INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTATION, INC.

OUR BEST!!

Ms used with IBM P.C.

UNIVERSAL DISK ENCLOSURES

• Accepts any combination of 8" drives IQUME/Shugart 801R type or Vt size Tandon type) • Also accepts hard disks • Positive pressure • Optional Disk environment monitor shows supply voltage and internal cabinet temperature • Internal power and data cables provided. UNIVERSAL DRIVE CABINET complete with power supply. Ian and filter, and all internal cables for attachment ot two 8" floppy drives BJIIIUOE004 Dual Drive Cabinet (Sh.Wt. 40 lbs) S495.00 $450.00 BJIIIUDE004 With purchase of two 8" Disk Drives $399.00 BJIIIUDE004EM w/Enviionmental Monitor installed $584.95 $535.00 DJ1IIUDE004EM With purchase of two 8" Disk Drives $485.00 BJIIIU0E004AUG Dual Drive cabinet with Aug- $73300 $050.00 mentation powci supply module to increase 5V supply from 6 amps to 9 amps lor use with two hard disks or 4 Tandon drives Also includes Disk Environment Monitor (45 lbs.) BJIIIUDERCK 19" Rack Mount kit DDE004 $89.95 THIN THREE DRIVE CABINET complete with power supply, and all internal cables tor attachment of three thin 8" floppy drives (Tankdon type) One AC power connector is also provided for use with full size drive. OJHIUDETT Three Drive Cabinet (Sh. Wt. 35 lbs) $495.00 $450.00 BJIIIUQETTTEM wilh Environmental Monitor installed $584.95 $535.00

5" CABINETS - VISTA BJVIS0B0I Single 5" wilh PS. $ 15.00

BJVISB802 Dual 5" with P S $110.00

ELECTRONICS.

9161 DEERING AVE • CHATSWORTH. CA913 ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 423-5922 • CA, AK, HI CALL (213) 709-5464

Terms. U.S. VISA, MC, BAC, Check Money Order, U.S. Funds Only. CA residents add 6Vz% Sales Tax. MINIMUM PREPAID ORDER $15.00. Include MINIMUM SHIPPING & HANDLING ot $3.00 for the first 3 lbs., plus 25C for each additional pound. Orders over 50 lbs, sent Ireight collect. Just in case, please include your phone number Prices subject to change without notice. We will do our best to maintain prices through October, 1982 Credit Card orders will be charged appropriate freight, If you haven't received your Spring '82 Engineering Selection Guide, send $1,00 for your copy today!. Sale prices are for prepaid orders only

Circle 311 on inquiry card.

S-100 STARTER SYSTEM

Computer Systems

We've bundled our most popular 3 board combination to form a complete S-100 System, just add mainframe, peripherals and cables! BJPDBCCSSP1 CCS2810 4MHz Z80 CPU

• 2/4 MHz CPU OCllC I^Pf

QMS

• On board RS-232 Serial Port

• On board Monitor

$695.00

LIST PRICE: $1125.00

SAVE $430.00!!

CCS2422 DISK CONTROLLER

• Controls 4, 8" or 51/4" drives (shipping weigh, a iosj

• IBM 3740 Standard *With the purchase of two disk drives

• Supports Single or double density $75000 " Phased separately!

• Supports single or double sided

• Plug compatible with Shugart, Mitsubhishi, MPI, Qume, Tandon, and Siemens

CCS2065 64K 4MHz RAM

• 4116 Low power dynamic RAMs

FREE CP/M 2.2

Supports DMA Bank Select up to 512K Fail Safe refresh circuitry

ALL BOARDS ASSEMBLED & TESTED PLUG & RUN!!

Com pu Pro

The days of "Out of Memory" are gone at last1 CompuPro has introduced the largest static S-1OO-IEEE/696 RAM board ever to be produced

The RAM 21 is arranged either as a 128K x 8 bit wide or 64 K x 16 bit wide board, using a high speed, ultra low low power proprietary static RAM CompuPro has also included 24 hit addressing for up to 16 megabyte capability and power consumption so low your mainframe will never know it's there.

• Meets or exceeds all IEEE 696/S-l 00 specifications • Fully static design uses less power than dynamics (1.2 amps typical) • 24 bit extended addressing • 8 bit (128K) or 16 bit (64K) operation • Addressable as one block • 16K window deselect, dip switch selectable

• Switch selectable PHANTOM disable • 12 MHz CPU operation • 16K x 1 static RAM • Thorough bypassing of all supply lines • Capable of DMA processing • I28K Static. 1.2 amps.

RAM 21 12 MHz <$$ 128K STATIC S-100 MEMORY

BJGBT190A

LIST PRICE $1695.00 SALE PRICE

$995.00

SAVE $700.00!!

5Mb S-100 HARD DISK SUB-SYSTEM $1595.00 5Mb S-100 HARD DISK BACK-UP $1195.00

MORROW DESIGN5

Winchester speed. 5Mb capacity and reliability for only $ 1495.00* The DISCUS M5 'rom Morrow Designs includes a 5Mb Seagate ST506 Winchester drive installed in a cabinet with cables and power supply, a DMA hard disk controller. CP/M' 2.2 operating system and Microsoft's BASIC programming language. Sounds to good to be true? There's more a 5Mb add-on drive for additional storage or backup is only S1100 00 It's 'aster and more reliable than tape and costs less! KEY FEATURES:

• Storage capacity of 6.38Mb unformatted; 5 0Mb formatted

• Band actuator and steppes motor head positioning

• 5 0 megabit/second transfer rate

• Same track capacity as a double density 8 inch (loppy

• 170 millisecond random average access lime, reduceable to 95 ms via a simple soltware algorithm

• The only single S-100 DMA Hard disk controller board on the market today

• Fully compatible with high speed 6MHz and 8MHz CPUs of today and tomorow

» DMA bus arbitration as outlined by the IEEE 6S6 standard

• Controls I to 4 solt sectored Winchester drives

• ST50fi or SA 1000 interface compatible

• Variable sector length 1256,512.1024. or 2048 byte sectors)

• -Auronialic CRC generation and checking

• Addresses l to 16 heads

• Addresses an infinite number ol tracks

• Contains its own on-board microprocessor — Signetics 8X300

• 24-bit address burst DMA transfers

• Channel driven for enhanced speed

• All disk driver routines resident on the controller

• Variable lormat

• No buttering required

• Maximum transfer rate 5,000.000 bits per second

• Due to Ihishigh transfer rate, a minimum CPU speed of 2 5MHz is required r.irrlA 311 nn innturv r.arrt

n

»

BJMDSDMAM55S

BJMDSDMAM5NS

The DMAHDC has been designed for expansion One to lout drives can be attached directly and controlled. One lo sixteen drive heads may be addressed Any number of tracks may be specified during the seek routine by specifying one to two hundred and fifty-six tracks one or more limes. Each of the expansion abilities prepair (he user lo upgrade his system as technology advances to additional platters and tracks.

DISCUS M5 WITH DMA HARD DISK CONTROLLER

BJMOSDMAMS Software supplied on 8" IBM3740 disk with

blank I/O and INSTALL program BJM0SDMAM52B Software configured for Morrow DJ/2B controller

and Mull I/O as console DJMDSDMAMSDMA Software configured for Morrow DJ/DMA controller and Mult I/O as console

DISCUS M5

Software supplied on 5%" soft sector (IBM/Cromemco disk w/blank I/O and INSTALL program Software supplied on 5%" 10 sector North Star disk with blank I/O and INSTALL program 5Mb Subsystem List Price $2195.00

SALE PRICE $1595.00

{order by part numbers listed above; shipping weight 17 lbs.)

DISCUS Mb ADD-ON DRIVE BJM0SADM5 5Mb Add-On Drive List Price $1845 00

SALE PRICE $1195.00*

'With purchase of above M5 subsystem or with previous purchase of M5 subsystem 'rom Priority One Electronics. Proof of prior M5 purchase required with order.

ll

ISIEMANS FDD100-6

TRUCKLOAD PURCHASE!

WE'VE CAPTURED THE 8" FLOPPY DRIVE MARKET WITH A HUGE FACTORY DIRECT PURCHASE!!

See Previous Pages For More Great Deals!!

DUAL 8" SUBSYSTEM

BJCCS2422A Controller w/CP/M 2.2 BJSIEFDD1008 8" Drive IN A DUAL HORIZONTAL CABINET WITH POWER SUPPLY

AND DATA CABLE

SAVE $380.00

SINGLE-SIDED DOUBLE DENSITY 90 DAY WARRANTY SHUGART 801R COMPATIBLE

$995

{Include $30.00 tor shippings)

Same as above, with CCS2810 Z80 4MHz CPU and CCS 2065 64K Dynamic RAM

$1450.00

BJPDBSIESUB2

PRIORITY lONE J ELECTRONICS - Deering AveXhatsworth.CA 91311

3) 709-5464

UDOR

ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 420-5922 - CA, AK, HI CALL (213) 709-5464 Circle 312 on inquiry card

Terms U.S. VISA, MC, BAC, Check, Money Order, U.S. Funds Only. CA residents add6V2%SalesTax. MINIMUM PREPAID0RDERS15 00. Include MINIMUM SHIPPING & HANDLING of S3.00 for the first 3 lbs., plus 25tfor each additional pound. Orders over 50 lbs. sent freight collect. Just in case, please include your phone number. Prices subject to change without notice. We will do our best to maintain prices through October, 1982. Credit Card orders will be charoed aooroDriate freiaht. If you haven't received your SDrino '82 Engineer™ Selection Guide, send $1.00 lor your copy today! Sale prices are lor prepaid orders only.

Unclassified Ads

WANTED: Listing of Pirate's Adventure that has been converted to Applesoft BASIC. Would also like to trade olher game listings for the Apple (especially Adventure-type games). Jerry Amancio. I Shay St.. Windsor, CT 06095. |203| 688-8175.

FOR SALE: KIM-I; S100. Computers 8K static RAM board; SI 20 Compurerist AIM/SYM/KIM motherboard and card cage. S60 Sanyo 9-mch monitor; SI20 Electronic Systems standalone TVT |32 by 32) plus George Risk keyboard and serial interface: S150. Power-One supply, 5 V @ 6 A. ±!2Vor ± 1 5 V @ I 7 A or 1.5 A. S50. All items in perfect condition: prices negotiable. Programs and documentation included. Enc Edstam. 16715 Northeast 89th. Redmond. WA 98052. |206) 885-4629

WANTED: Apple II programs to swap: games, home, and business programs. Send tape. disk, or listing with your name and address. Also, looking for people interested in forming an Apple Club of West Virginia. Mark Adams. POB 26. McConnell. WV 25633.

FOR SALE: Teletype Model 40. prints 300 Ipm. up to 9600 bps with IK buffer Best offer. 100 opto relays Sigma 226; 10/S25or S200 for all. SSM VB1-C video board, 64 by 16. never used;SI75 R Dale Mosher, 2 1-51 45th Ave., Long Island City. NY I I 101. (212| 937-6283

WANTED: Ohio Scientific boards and literature. Specifically, the 300. 400, 420C, 440B. 510, 525, 527, 560Z. or other boards Literature, catalogs, and applications notes needed also. Edward H. Carlson. 3872 Raleigh Dr.. Okemos. Ml 48864. |517| 349-1219.

FOR SALE: OSI Superboard in steel case. Upgraded to I6K. Switch-selectable 300 and 600 bps, two ports (one wired for Centronics printer interface) with extra RAMs, and several programs, S350 Paul Peck. 84 Propose Rd., Shirley, NY I 1967. (5I6| 399-2316.

WANTED: The code to trigger the Reset key in the Apple II computer on and off I am willing to trade any other information on the Apple II for this code. Please send the code for the Reset key along with the information you would like from me. The code can be in either machine-language or BASIC form Jeff Miller. 1171 Barnes St.. Franklin Square. NY 11010

FOR SALE: DECwnter IV (LA-34| terminal in perfect condition, fitted labnc cover, and manual I will accept the best offer, Al Vazquez. 2 Soldiers Field Park 507. Boston. MA 02163.

FOR SALE: IBM Selectric typewriter Model 1980-9 with 744 1 IBM interface. (See December 1981 80 Microcomputing page 268 for description.) Fully operational. S150 plus shipping charges. T. G Lareau. RR Aux 4 Box 127-A. Edgar. Wl 54426. (715) 352-3247.

WANTED: KCACR cassette-interface board for Altair 680. Also. 4K or 8K memory for the same Please specify price and terms of shipment. Greenbank Science Club, 168 Greenbank Rd. Nepean, Ontario, K2H 5V2 Canada,

FOR SALE: SOROC IQ-130 display terminal. Most of the IQ-135 functions at the price of the IQ-1 20. Manual and BDS C-compatible code listings included. S600. Frank A. Braman. 64 Lalayette St.. St Johnsbury. VT 05819. |802) 748-5051 days, 74B-9639 evenings

FREE: I have an interesting and fun game free for the askingl Designed for the TRS-80 Model 1/1:1. ISpecify model and media.) Just send SASE. Seth Strattan, 701 Watterson Trail. Louisville, KY 40243.

FOR SALE: 32K PET upgraded from 8K with new ROMs, new character set. two keyboards, cassette, CB2 sound. 4<hannel analog sound synthesizer with driver software, and more than 80 tapes, including several Epyx games, five or six adventures (including the original one), arcade-type games, utilities, and many original programs. Asking S800. plus shipping Mas Hadeishi. 161 10 South Western Ave.. Gardena, CA 90247. |2I3) 532-1654

FOR SALE: RCA VIP 7 1 I with 4K static RAM, RF modulator, three manuals, power supply, many game programs, hexadecimal keypad entry, and CHIP-8 language (easy to learn). Paid S200 three months ago: will sell for s 140 or best offer. Tim DeJong. 2800 Northwest 91st St.. Vancouver, WA 98665.

FOR SALE: NCR 399 computer, as new, with paper and magnetic tape. BASIC. FORTRAN, software packages, and maintenance agreement continuable with new owner. An absolute steal at S7000. Sally Dugan, POB 305. Faucett. MO 64448. |8I6| 238-4346.

WANTED: 4K S-100 memory board to fill a hole in my address space. IMSAI preferred. Need not be faster than 450 ns. Scott Gavin. 728 Mildred Lane SE. Salem. OR 97306. (503) 363-4262 evenings.

FOR SALE: A brand-new 32K Commodore PET 2001 with external cassette and about 300 games and educational programs, including Word Pro One. All manuals and instructions are included, with a copy of the PET transactor. Asking S 1300 or will trade for a comparable Apple II system. Send a SASE. Rickey Tom. 158 Mary St.. Hamilton, Ontario, LBL 4V8 Canada.

WANTED: TRS-80 graphics and arcade-style games written in Level II BASIC to swap. Send a game on cassette with your name and address and I'll return two different games on your cassette. Bruce Nagata. 8902 Ravenna Ave. NE. Seattle. WA 98115.

FOR SALE: 8-inch 32-hole hard-sector disks, practically new. for S2 50 each. Seth Boston, POB 518, Cedarville. OH 45314. (5 1 3) 766-5000

FOR SALE: Intertube II video terminal Battery used to maintain power to memory holding terminal characteristics such as data rate and parity is bad. However, parameters can be set manually. Asking S300. Kenneth Borroum, I 5 Arsdale Terrace, East Orange. NJ 07018.

FOR SALE: Interdata 7/1 6 16-bit TTL minicomputer with full documentation. 32K magnetic core memory, hardware mult/div. I/O: video display and teletypewriter, high-speed cassette drives, front panel, relay rack, and power supply. Emulates IBM 360/370 op codes. S2200. Bob Dittrich. 5601 Neosho. St. Louis. MO 63109. (314] 351-3854 evenings

FOR SALE: More than 40 issu. , of BYTE |l976-1979). Best offer. Will sell three weeks after tins 'd is published or first S100 takes all. George Colman. |6I7| 8 .4031. 872-9087.

FOR SALE: ELF II 1802 microprocessor, expansion board, and much more. M. Garascn :>603 Viva Beach Rd.. Caseville, Ml 48725

FOR SALE: Tektronix 475 oscilloscope; S250O. Tektronix 549 storage oscilloscope: $830 sound Technology 1700A distortion-measurement system. 1000. Barry Klein. I5657G Pasadena Ave.. Tustm. CA 9268 ;, |7 14| 838-7559.

WANTED: I am a high school student interested in computer construction and experimentation. Due to limited funds. I would like information concerning used or discarded equipment and/or parts. If you have such, please send me your name and address with a list of the equipment. Bob Olson. 5309 Larkspur. Lisle. IL 60532.

FOR SALE: S-100 boards. 2PU Z80 processor: S80. SMBII 2K monitor ROM/RAM serial/parallel; S120. Three 16K RAM; S 155 each. TDL 80 by 24 video with 2K memory and keyboard, SI45. Tarbell disk interface and CP/M: SI45. 2708-16 PROM and programmer; S65. Serial/parallel I/O. IK RAM, and 3K ROM; S45. Two 8-inch Siemens disk drives; S285 each. S-100 mainframe with 8-inch cutouts and I 5-A supply for bus and drives; SI45. Jon A. Batcheller. |408| 662-2758

FOR SALE: NRI digital-computer electronics course with Model 832 digital-electronic computer completed and working with expanded memory, schematics, extra boards and parts. TVOM, 63 texts, and 11 training kits. Self-study program with tests and answers designed to teach a service technician with no prior experience the fundamentals of integrated circuitry, programming, and tracing signals through a computer. I have completed the course. Cost S980; will sell for S400. Michael Kazigian, 101 Highland St.. Park Ridge, NJ 07656, (201) 391-2952.

FOR SALE: DEC 11/40 computer, 48K core, paper-tape reader/punch, and CR-11 card reader. All with manuals. Also, dual-cabinet UDC system, unibus cables and connectors, modules, and manuals. Everything or part. L. King. R.R. I Box 45AA. Seaford. DE 19973. (302| 629-6026

WANTED: TRS-80 Model I Level II programs to swap or trade: games, home, and utilities. Send listing of your programs along with name and address. Kurt Plowman. 918 Taliaferro Dr., Harrisonburg, VA 22801.

NEC MONITORS: Canceled experiment—must sell two new NEC monitors in factory cartons. 12-inch color composite |NTSC). List S490; will accept S300. 12-inch high-resolution RGB monitor. List S1095; will accept S650. Great value. Will U.P.S to you if necessary. Mel Malinowski. 920 Los Robles Ave.. Palo Alto, CA 94306, (415| 493-5374.

WANTED: Apple II or III or peripherals and software for same. Need modem. EPROM programmer, ROMPLUS. color monitor, Ramcard, Softcard, letter-quality printer, keypad, Votrax Type 'N Talk, or whatever. Software accepted only if original with complete original documentation. Am offering in trade a Panasonic PVI500 programmable video recorder with low hours. VCR works fine; so should whatever you offer. Warren Michelsen, POB 2633, Page. A2 86040. (602| 645-2141.

FOR SALE: 4K Level I TRS-80 Model I. Includes Space Saver System Desk, Games Pack I. BASIC Instruction Course, and five other game programs on cassette. Also included are fRS-80 Graphics Book and Introduction to Digital Electronics. System is in excellent condition. Also included is BYTE from May 1981February 1982. S600 or best offer. Sankyo Magnetic Card Transport; S75. Frank J. Marchese. 37 Crescent Dr., Fairfield, NJ 07006, (201) 227-4319.

FOR SALE: Advanced Micro Devices AmSYS-8/S microcomputer with 64K dynamic RAM, two 256K disk drives, power supply, cabinet, serial port for CRT. two parallel ports for printer, and four expansion slots. Software includes AmDOS8 (CP/Mcompatible) operating system, utilities, editor, debugger, MACR08 Assembler, Linker, Library Manager. AmSYS BASIC, and AmSYS FORTRAN. Brand new and unused. Three-month warranty. S4500 or best offer. John Ehrman. Schola Cantorum, POB 845. Cupertino. CA 95014, |408| 996-8292,

FOR SALE: Cashier—Apple's retail-store-management software. Unused, with warranty. S175 or best offer David Stodolsky. 504 South Fourth St. *5, DeKalb. IL 601 15. (815) 756-7443.

UNCLASSIFIED POLICY: Readers who have computer equipment to buy, sell, or trade or who are requesting or giving advice may send a notice to BYTE for inclusion in the Unclassified Ads section. To be considered for publication, an advertisement must be noncommercial (individuals or bona fide computer clubs only), typed double-spaced on plain white paper, contain 75 words or fewer, and include complete name and address. This service is free of charge; notices are printed once only as space permits. Your confirmation of placement is appearance in an issue of BYTE as we engage in no correspondence. Please allow at least three months for your ad to appear. Send your notices to Unclassified Ads, BYTE/McGraw-Hill, POB 372, Hancock, NH 03449.

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 525

Unclassified Ads

FOR SALE or TRADE: Tektronix 434 storage oscilloscope. 25 MHz dual trace with split-screen bistable storage New cost $4400; sell for S2800. Trade for CP/M-based system including disk drives, terminal, and small printer, Df a terminal with modem and a word-processing-type printer. John Sonewald. 1302 Elm St.. Rolla. MO 65401. |3I4) 364-4360.

FOR SALE: Altair 8800b computer system. 18-slot mainframe, heavy-duty power supply. 64K static, two disk-controller cards, dual 8-inch drive, printer-interface card. Qume Sprint printer (letter-quality I 32-column). MITS turnkey module. Leat Siegler video-display terminal, software, and disks. S3850. Ted Grose. |904| 377-5228 days. 376-5709 evenings.

FOR SALE: Peachtree business software for Vector Graphic. S5000 value for SIO0O. MAGSAM III for Micropolis; S60 Formfeed tractor for Qume Sprint 3. S60. David Paden. 5737 I Ith Ave. S. Birmingham. AL 35222. (205) 595-6792.

FOR SALE: Texas Instruments Silent 735 portable terminal with modem. Excellent condition. Manual included S575. Prefer local. Graham Barker. 16-11 Berdan Ave.. Fair Lawn. NJ 07410. (201J 797-8953 evenings.

FOR SALE: Heath H-8 with 32K memory. H-8-2 three-port parallel interface. H-8-5 cassettes. BASIC, and other cassettes. S400 Also. Microsoft CP/M operating system for the Apple II Plus with Micropro's Wordstar. S450. Michael Bronisz, 4595 Shisler Rd.. Clarence. NY 14031.

WANTED: Any information and/or manuals on the Dura Business Machine's MACH-10 computer typewriter. Ken Andersen. 2074 U.S. Hwy. I 2. Ethel. WA 98542.

WILL SWAP: Software for the TRS-80 Model III. Model I. or Color Computer. Donald Russell. POB 253, Mansfield, MA 02048.

FOR SALE: The first 16 issues of BYTE Pound in two handsome volumes. A true collector's item. S 125. shipping included. Stephen Klemlein. 2076 Brewer Ave.. Salt Lake City. UT 84121

FOR SALE: SDK-85 System Design Kit using the 8085 microprocessor. Kit is assembled, tested, and includes 5 V, 2 A power supply. Complete documentation, including lab manual. S300 Bob Schreiber. 34 12 Farthing Dr.. Wheaton. MD 20906. (30! | 622-2121.

FOR SALE: Texas Instruments personal-computer thermal printer PHP 1900. Brand new, used one roll of paper S250 includes shipping Mark Wilson. POB 23. West Cornwall. CT 06796.

SOL OWNERS: Do you have any programs or information to trade? I have 50 programs to offer. Robert W. Heerdink. 500 Redbud Dr.. Forney. TX 75126.

FOR SALE: ECT TT-100 S-100 system with 8080 processor and Processor Technology development system, including VDM. 3P + S. CUTS I6KRA. and GPM with ALS-8, SYM-1, TEXT-2. and CUTER ROMs. Also includes 24K static memory, keyboard, monitor, two cassette recorders. Extended BASIC, and all documentation. S I 500 or best offer for complete system only. Don Shoeman. 294 Pool Rd.. Biddeford. ME 04005.

FOR SALE: I am selling all my surplus parts and equipment, including Z80. PIO, CTC. Shugart 800s. S-100 boards, and many more. They are either new or in good working condition. Please write for more information. J. Young. I 120 East Algonquin Rd. 2C. Schaumburg. IL 60195

FOR SALE: OSI Superboard II with 4.5-A power supply. Radio Shack RF modulator, and enclosure. S250. Steve Gruel. 535 Elmhurst Ave. Apt. 3. Delavan. Wl 53115, (414) 728-9626.

FOR SALE: Mini-Term Merlin with Superdense graphics. S225. Morrow Discus 2D controller |brand new). S250 Two IMSAI 4K RAM boards with software write-protect (4 MHz], S65 each. 6-slot IMSAI S-100 motherboard with connectors, i 17 4-slot same; Sit. Nick Kollat, 405 Idlewood Rd , Youngslown. OH 44515. (216) 799-1017 evenings.

NEEDED: Circuit-board cards for LA-30 DECwriter I will pay any reasonable cost for circuit cards. Robert Perlstein. 142 Dumas Rd.. Cherry Hill. NJ 08003. (609) 428-7282

FOR SALE: Altair Model 8800A computer with I6K memory plus many extras, including software Send SASE for more information. Lear Siegler Model ADM 3A video terminal. S700. Centronics Model 730-3 printer; S850. Complete package for S2000. Cynthia S. White. 26 Boswell Rd.. Reading, MA 01867. (6I7| 944-0443.

WANTED: Used Shugart 801R disk drives and used CRT Siegfried Seiffert, 100 Seaview Ave.. Monmouth Beach. NJ 07750.

FOR SALE: Complete NEC PC-8000 computer system for less than half price. Includes 4 MHz Z80A processor. I/O expansion unit with 64K RAM plus 32K PROM, dual floppy-disk unit, video character display, letter-quality Spinwnter printer (never used), software, all cables, and many supplies. Rare bargain at S3800. Shawn Spilman. 262 Eliot St.. Natick. MA 01 760

FOR SALE: Heath H I 4 printer fully assembled and operational; S350. Michael Richardson. 10-03 Pheasant Hollow, Plamsboro. NJ 08536. (609) 799-8087 after 6 p.m.

FOR SALE: BYTE January 1978 to May 1982; S100 U.S funds or SI20 Canadian. Kilobaud McrocompotintJ January 1977 to April 1982 (except #14). s 125 U.S. ot S150 Canadian. onCompuIinq first four issues 11979-80), S8.50 U S. or SI0 Canadian. All in mint condition and you pay shipping charges. Jacques Blais, 1698 9e Ave.. Charny. Ouebec. G6W 4H2 Canada.

FOR SALE: Zenith/Heath H-89 32K RAM; $ 1700. H-II 16-bit 32K DEC KDI I -HA processor. DEC PDP-1 1103 compatible up to 60K, line clock, parallel interface, serial interface, arithmetic chip, and H-27 dual 8-mch floppy-disk drive; S4000 H-19 video terminal. S900. TI-810 I 50 cps bidirectional printer plus stand. S1900. Includes manufacturer's software. CP/M tor H-89, and manuals. Henry Lee, 1290 6th Ave.. New York. NY 10104. |2I2| 581-8725 days.

Pournelle Wins BOMB

Our ever popular industry critic Jerry Pournelle has walked away with the first place prize in the BOMB results for July. His User's Column entitled "Ada. MINCE, CP/M Utilities, Overpriced Documentation, and Analiza II" has netted Jerry the SI00 bounty. Phil Lemmons and Roger Taylor share the second place award of $50 for the second part of their two-part article, "Upward Migration, Part 2: A Comparison of CP/M-86 and MSDOS." Third place this month goes to Steve Le/bson for the sixth and final part of his series, "The Input/Output Primer, Part 6: Interrupts, Buffers, Grounds, and Signal

BOMB

BYTE's Ongoing Monitor Box

Art/cle # Page Article

10 11

12

13

14 15 16 17 18

19

29 40

68 80 96 128 146 176 210

224 254

291

315

360 380 392 400 406

447

Beyond the Peaks of Visicalc

Build the Microvox Text-to-Speech

Synthesizer, Part 2: Software

What Makes Business Programming Hard?

Adapting Microcomputers to Wall Street

Putting Real-World Interfaces to Work

The State of Industrial Robotics

Marketplace

Ringquest

The Case of the Purloined Object Code: Can It Be Solved? Part 2: Approaches to Software Protection

Radio Shack Compiler BASIC User's Column: A BASIC and Pascal Benchmark, Elegance, Apologies, and FORTH An Introduction to the Human Applications Standard Computer Interface, Part I: Theory and Principles

The Personal Computer as an Interface to a

Corporate Management Information System

Software Arts' TK Solver

Naming Your Software

Wyse Technology's WY-I00 Terminal

Edu-Ware's Statistics 3.0

Program Your Own Text Editor, Part 2: Install

the Video-Display-Oriented Text Editor on

Your System

Systems Plus: FMS-80

Author(s)

Bishop

Ciarcia

Woodward

Franz

Barden

Callahan

Dickinson

Mills

Stern Archer

Pournelle

Rutkowski

McBurney

Williams

Becker

Haas

Elliott

Fobes Abbott

526 October 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

Reader Service

Inquiry No. Page No.

1 47th STREET PHOTO 371

2 800 SOFTWARE 259

431 800 SOFTWARE 419

3 A.S.T.RESEARCH 89

4 AB COMPUTERS 489

5 ABW CORP. 470

6 ACCESS UNLIMITED 497

7 ADV.COMP.PROD. 508, 509

8 ADV.MICRO DIGITAL CORP. 28

9 ADV.SYS.CONCEPTS 490

10 AEGIS SYSTEMS 274

• ALF PRODUCTS, INC. 56

• ALL SYSTEMS GO 492

11 ALPHA BYTE COMP.PROD. 44, 45

12 ALPHA BYTE COMP.PROD. 261

13 ALSPA COMP.SYS. 49

14 ALTOS COMP.SYS. 78, 79

15 AMDEK CORP. 334, 335

16 AMER.SMALL BUSN.COMP. 359

17 AMER.SQUARE COMP. 205

18 AMERICAN MOTOR CORP. 327

19 ANDERSON JACOBSON 433

20 ANSWER IN COMPUTERS, THE 404

21 APPARAT INC. 190

22 APPLE COMPUTER INC. 115

23 APPLEWARE, INC. 496

24 APPLIED BUSN.CONCEPTS 494

• APPLIED CREATIVE TECH. 454

25 ARCHIVE 397

26 ARTIFICIAL INT'L.RESRCH. 488

27 ASAP COMP.PROD.INC. 363

28 ASC ASSOCIATES 486

29 ASHTONTATE 200, 201

• ASPEN SFTW.CO. 100 X ATARI 183

• AUDIOUGHT 267

31 AUTOMATED EQUPMNT. 84

33 AVOCET122

424 A.V.T. ELECTRONICS 117

34 B&B ELECTR. 484

432 BASF 345

36 BAUSCH & LOMB INSTR.SYS. 113

37 BAUSCH & LOMB INSTR.SYS. 113

38 BAY TECHNICAL ASSOC. 394

39 BELL & HOWELL 388, 389 ' BELL, JOHN ENGR. 483

41 BISON PROD INC. 337

42 BISON PROD INC. 337

43 BISON PROD INC. 337

44 BISON PROD INC. 337

45 BISON PROD INC. 337

47 BIT 3 COMP.CORP. 14

48 BIZCOMP 76

49 BLACKBEARD ASSOC. 484

50 BMC INTERNATIONAL 339

51 BORLAND LTD. 333

• BOTTOM LINE, THE 195

52 BOWER-STEWART 486

53 BPI SYSTEMS 91

54 BRIDGE COMPUTER 269

55 BRIDGE COMPUTER 494 427 BYTE BOOKS 241

• BYTE BACK ISSUES 412

• BYTE PUBL INC. 267

57 BYTEK COMP. SYS. 466

58 BYTEWRITER 50

59 C-SYSTEMS 494

60 C.S.D.INC. 370

61 CALIF. DATA CORP. 486

• CALIF. DIGITAL 516, 517

' CALIF.MICRO COMP. 448

63 CDR SYSTEMS 486

64 CENTENNIAL SOFTWARE 154

65 CHECK-MATE 204

66 CHECKS-TO-GO 212

67 CHIPS & DALE 488

68 CHRISLIN INDUSTRIES 108

69 CMCINT'L. 174

70 CMCINT'L. 298

71 COGITATE 464

72 COLONIAL DATA SERV. 314

73 COLUMBIA DATA PROD. 83

74 COMDEC INC. 156

75 COMMODORE BUSN.MACH. 51

76 COMMUNICAL, INC. 142

77 COMMUNICATION RESEARCH 295

78 COMMUNICATIONS ELECTR. 491

79 COMPONENTS EXPRESS 286

80 COMPUADD 496 421 COMPUCART 87

81 COMPULINK CORP. 60

82 COMPUPRO/GODBOUT 124, 125 82 COMPUPRO/GODBOUT 126, 127 .

Inquiry No. Page No.

83 COMPUSERVE 255

315 COMPUSHACK 398, 399

84 COMPUTER AGE 306

85 COMPUTER CHANNEL 358

86 COMPUTER DISCOUNT PROD. 469

87 COMPUTER DYNAMICS 282

88 COMPUTER EXCHANGE 378, 379

89 COMPUTER INNOVATIONS 437

90 COMP. LEARNING TREE 238

91 COMPUTER MAIL ORDER 188, 189

92 COMPUTER PLUS 460

93 COMPUTER SHOPPER 394

94 COMPUTER SHOPPER 496

95 COMPUTER SPCLTIES. 228, 229

• COMPUTER WRHSE. 349 97 COMPUTERTIME INC. 486

9B COMPUTERWORLD INTL. 346, 347

99 COMPUTING 236

442 COMPUTROL INC. 494

101 COMPUVIEW PROD.INC. 63

102 CONCURRENT CORP. 222

103 CONDOR COMP.CORP. 387

104 CONSUMER COMP. 180, 181

105 CONTEXT MANGMNT.SYS. 10

106 CONTEXT MANGMNT.SYS. 11

107 CONTROL DATA 143

108 COSMIC COMP.UNLTD. 494

109 CPU SHOP, THE 487 112 CREATIVITY UNLTD. 488

114 CROMEMCO Cll, 1

115 CROMEMCO 2

116 CUSTOM COMP.TECH. 431

• CYBERNETICS INC. 99

119 DATA EXCHANGE 488

120 DATA GENERAL CS 203 200 DATA MAIL 429

121 DATA SOURCE SYS.CORP. 275

122 DATA SYSTEMS MRKTG. 307

123 DATA TECH INDUSTRIES 271

124 DATA-ED 227

125 DATA-LINE 370

126 DATA-RITE INDUSTRIES 294

127 DATASMITH 396

128 DATASOUTH COMP.CORP. 88

129 DATASOUTH COMP.CORP. 303

130 DEALIN' ELECTR. 492

131 DELTA PRODUCTS 342

133 DIGITAL DIMENSIONS 258

134 DIGITAL MARKETING 6

135 DIGITAL MEDIA 484

136 DIGITAL RESEARCH 119

• DIGITAL RESRCH. COMP. 485

137 DISCOUNT SOFTWARE 252, 253

• DISK SUPPLY CO. 192 430 DJR ASSOC. 357

138 DOKAY COMP.PROD.INC. 493

139 DRAKE, R.L. CO. 444

140 DUAL SYS.CONTROL CORP. 54

141 DYMARC IND. 429

142 DYSAN CORP. 296, 297

144 E&L INSTRUMENTS 214

145 ECONOMY PERIPHERALS 486

146 ECOSOFT 420

147 EDGE MICROSYSTEMS 486

148 EDUCATIONAL MICROCOMP. 488

149 EDUCATIONAL MICROCOMP. 488

150 EDUCATIONAL MICROCOMP. 488

151 ELCOMP PUBLISHING INC. 245

153 ELECTRONIC SYS.FURN. 120

154 ELLIS COMPUTING 162

155 EMERGING TECH.CONSLT. 106

• EMPIRICAL RESRCH GRP. 102

156 ENERCOMP 353

157 ENERCOMP 488

158 EPSON AMERICA 65, 66, 67

160 ESSEX PUBLISHING 386

161 EVOLUTIONARY ELECTR.INC. 450

162 EXPOTEK 98

163 FLOPPY DISKOUNTER 492

164 FLOPPY DISKOUNTER 370

165 FLOPPY DISK SERV.INC. 381

166 FORMULA INT'L. 293

167 FOURTH DIMENSION 182

168 FOX & GELLER INC. 492

169 FRANKLIN COMP.CORP. 280, 281 445 FUJITA, RICHARD & ASSOC. 498

171 G&G ENGINEERING 197

172 G-H COMPUTER SYS. 486 434 GENERAL SOFTWARE 377

174 GENIE COMPUTER CORP. 75

175 GENSTAR REI SALES CO. 282

176 GILTRONIX.INC. 498

173 GLADSTONE ELECTRONICS 484

Inquiry No. Page No.

177 GTEK INC. 204

178 H&E COMPUTRONICS 393

179 HAYES MICROCOMP.PROD. 59

180 HEATH COMPANY 328, 329

181 HEWITTS COMPUTER SHOP 504

182 HEWLETT-PACKARD 232, 233

183 HEWLETT-PACKARD 232, 233

184 HEWLETT-PACKARD 232, 233

185 HEWLETT-PACKARD 232, 233

186 HEWLETT-PACKARD 232, 233

• HILTON HOTEL CORP. 331

187 I.B.C. 19

188 I.B.C. 19

189 IBM 144, 145

190 IMS INTERNATIONAL 53

191 IMSAI 266

• INDEPENDENT BUS.SYS. INC 460

193 INSIGHT ENTERPRISES 490

194 INSTITUTE-SCITF.ANALYSIS 464

195 INT'L.NORTH STAR USERS 494

196 INTEC 492

197 INTEGRAL DATA SYS. 301

198 INTEGRAND 242

199 INTELLIGENT ARTEFACTS 429

200 INTELLIGENT ARTEFACTS 429

201 INTERACTIVE MICROWRE. 420

202 INTERACTIVE STRUCT. 185

203 INTERTEC DATA SYS. 27

• INTEX SYSTEMS 62

204 IPEX INT'L. 464

205 ISA CO. LTD. 277

206 ISE 141

207 ITHACA INTERSYSTEMS 8

208 J.C.SYSTEMS 432

209 JADE COMP.PROD. 505

210 JADE COMP.PROD. 506, 507

211 JAMECO ELECTR. 518, 519

212 JDR MICRODEVICES 512, 513

213 JDR MICORDEVICES 514, 515

214 JIM-PAK503

215 JRT SYSTEMS 69

216 KENSINGTON MICROWARE 163 ' KNOWLOGY 160

217 LABORATORY COMP.SYS. 490

218 LABORATORY MICROSYS. 484

219 LANIER BUSN,PROD. 81

220 LEADING EDGE PROD. CI 11

221 LNW RESEARCH 149

222 LOGICAL DEVICES 396

223 LOMAS DATA PRODUCTS 403

224 LYBEN COMP.SYS. 464

225 LYBEN COMP.SYS. 486

226 LYBEN COMP.SYS. 490

227 LYBEN COMP.SYS. 494

228 MACROTECH INT'L. 73

229 MAILCOMP INC. 365

230 MANNESMANN TALLY 279

231 MARCEY.INC. 369

• MARTIN MARIETTA CORP. 417

232 MARYMAC INDUSTRIES 431

234 MCNEILL 444

• MCGRAW-HILL CONTN.EDU.CTR 413

• MCGRAW-HILL CLASSIFIED 417

235 MEDIA DISTRIBUTING 262

237 MEMOREX MEDIA PROD. 257

238 MEMORY MERCHANT 311

• MEMOTECH 170 170 MERIDIAN 270

426 MFJ ENTERPRISES INC 308

239 MICRO AGE COMP.STORE 231

240 MICRO BUSINESS WORLD 343

241 MICRO COMP.SERV.CTR. 431

242 MICRO CONTROL SYS. 383

243 MICRO DEVELOPMENTS 453

244 MICRO INK 490

245 MICRO MANAGEMENT SYS. 415

246 MICRO MIDWEST 384, 385

248 MICRO MINT 425

249 MICRO SCI 43

250 MICRO TECHNOLOGY 498

• MICRO WEST 302

251 MICRO WORKS, THE 130

233 MICROCOMP.BUSN.IND. 223

428 MICRODYNAMICS 484

429 MICROHOUSE 12, 13

252 MICROMAIL 198

253 MICROPERIPH.CORP.THE 370

254 MICROSOFT (CPD) 264, 265

255 MICROSOFT (CPD) 215

256 MICROSTUF, INC. 103

257 MICROTECH EXPORTS 260

258 MILLER MICROCOMP.SERV. 234

259 MINI COMP.SUPPLIERS 202

Inquiry No. Page No.

260 MONARCHY ENG.INC. 464

261 MORROW DESIGNS 172, 173

262 MOUNTAIN VIEW PRESS 405

263 MPC PERIPHERALS 161

264 MPI 15

265 MTI SYSTEMS CORP. 123

266 MULLEN COMP. PROD. 101

267 MUSYS 284

268 N.W.S. INC. 492

269 NAP CONSUMER ELECTRCORP. 283

270 NARRAGANSETT SFTW. 282

271 NAT'L.INTEGRATED SFTW. 86

' NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY 105

273 NEBS 429

274 NEC INFORMATION SYS. 21

275 NEC INFORMATION SYS. 249 ' NETRONICS 152, 495

276 NETWORK CONSULTING CORP. 104

440 NEW GENERATION SYS. 154

441 NEW GENERATION SYS. 496 444 NORSOFT CONSULT. 498

277 NORTH HILLS CORP. 494

278 NORTH HILLS CORP. 496

279 NORTH STAR COMPUTERS 72

280 NOVATION 321

• NRI SCHOOLS ELECTR. DIV. 401

282 OASIS SYSTEMS 290

283 OKIDATA CORP. 373

285 OMEGA SALES 340, 341

286 OMNI RESOURCES 165

287 OPTIMAL TECHNOLOGY 422

288 ORANGE MICRO 225

289 ORANGE MICRO 276 35 OREAD TECH 370

290 ORION INSTRUMENTS 490

291 ORYX SOFTWARE 409

' OWENS ASSOC. 70, 71, 196

292 PACIFIC COMP BRK. 216

293 PACIFIC EXCHANGES 484. 488, 492, 496, 498

298 PALOMAR COMP.EQUIP. 510, 511

299 PAN AMERICAN ELEC INC. 435

300 PANASONIC 94, 95 422 PCM12

301 PEACHTREE SOFTWARE 272, 273

• PERCOM DATA 7

302 PERIPHERALS UNLTD. 187

303 PERIPHEX INC. 82

304 PERSONAL SYS.TECHN. 251

• PHASE ONE SYS.INC. 391

305 PICKLES & TROUT 338

306 PION INC. 430

• POPULAR COMPUTING 289

307 PRACTICAL PERIPH. 16, 17

308 PRINCETON GRAPHIC SYS. 159

309 PRIORITY ONE 61

310 PRIORITY ONE 520, 521

311 PRIORITY ONE 522, 523

312 PRIORITY ONE 524

313 PRO MICRO SYS. 282

314 PROCESSOR INTERFACES INC. 484

316 PROGRAMMERS SFTWRE EX. 178

317 PROMPTDOC, INC. 97

' PROMPTDOC, INC. 121

318 PROTOSYS 364

319 PURCHASING AGENT,THE 58 450 QT/GOLDEN WEST 502

320 QUADRAM CORP. 285

321 QUADRAM CORP. 322, 323

322 QUALITY SOFTWARE 219

323 QUANTECKNA 213

324 QUASAR COMPANY 57

425 QUENTIN RESEARCH INC. 317

325 QUEST ELECTR. 499

326 QUEST RESEARCH INC. 494

327 QUICK TAX 90

• R.T.I. RESEARCH TECH. 309

329 R.W.ELECTRONICS 278

330 RACET COMPUTES 191

331 RADIO SHACK CIV

332 RANA SYSTEMS 24, 25

333 RANDOM HOUSE 148

• RCA SOLID STATE 407

334 RCE 300

335 RED BARON COMP.PROD. 220, 221 446 RICKER DATA 498

336 ROUSE-WOODSTOCK 498

337 S C DIGITAL 433 ' S-100 INC, 461

338 SAFT PORTABLE BATTERY 85

339 SAGE COMP. TECH. 325

341 SATURN SYSTEMS INC. 437

342 SAVVY MARKTG.INT'L. 207

343 SCION CORP. 5

" SCOTTSDALE SYSTEMS 268

344 SEATTLE COMP PRODS 350, 351

345 SEIKOSHA CORP. 199

346 SENECA ELECTRONICS 206

347 SIERRA DATA SCIENCES 352

348 SIGMATEK 498

• SINCLAIR RESEARCH 167, 168, 169

349 SINGLE SOURCE SOLUTIONS 464

350 SLUDER 411

351 SOFTECH MICROSYS. 107

352 SOFTECH MICROSYS. 109

353 SOFTECH MICROSYS. 110

354 SOFTECH MICROSYS. 111

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 527

To get further information on the products advertised in BYTE, fill out the reader service card with your name and address. Then circle the appropriate numbers for the advertisers you select from the list. Add a 20-cent stamp to the card, then drop it in the mail. Not only do you gain information, but our advertisers are encouraged to use the marketplace provided by BYTE. This helps us bring you a bigger BYTE. The index is provided as an additional service by the publisher, who assumes no liability for errors or omissions. "Correspond directly with company.

Reader Service

Inquiry No. Page No.

355 SOFTWARE D1STR. 361

356 SOFTWARE STORE 282

357 SOFTWARE TOOLWORKS 430

358 SOFTWAREHOUSE, THE 458 447 SOFTWEST PROD. 498

• SOLID STATE SALES 92

359 SONICS MICRO SYS. 217

360 SONY CORP.OF AMERICA 239

362 SOUTHCOAST COMP.SYS. 370

361 SOUTHCOAST COMP.SYS. 492

363 SOUTHCOAST COMP.SYS. 496

365 SPRINGER-VERLAG 74

366 SSM MICRO COM P. PROD. 230

367 STANDARD SFTW.CORP. 211

368 STATIC MEMORY SYS. 375

369 STROBE 151

370 SUNNY INT'L. 500

371 SUNTRONICS 288

372 SUPERSOFT 129

373 SUPERSOFT 131

Inquiry No. Page No.

374 SUPERSOFT 133

375 SUPERSOFT 135

376 SYBEX 157

377 SYNCOM SYSTEMS 26

380 TARBELL ELECTR. 449 436 TAYCO 438

443 TECH DATA 496

381 TECMAR INC. 247

382 TECMAR INC. 355

• TEKTRONIX INC. 47

383 TELECON SYSTEMS 484

384 TELETEK 93

385 TELEVIDEO INC. 208, 209

387 TERMINALS TERRIFIC 194

388 TEXAS COMP.SYS. 367

389 TEXAS INSTRUMENTS 155

390 TEXAS INSTRUMENTS 319 438 THINKERS SOFT 92

391 THREE M COMPANY 193

• TINNEY.RBT.GRAPHICS 427

Inquiry No. Page No.

392 TRANSNET CORP. 433

393 TRISTAR DATA SYS. 292

• TRW DEFENSE SYS. 421

394 TSK ELECTR.CORP. 55

398 U.S. EXCHANGE 282

399 U.S. EXCHANGE 496

395 U.S. MICRO SALES 500

396 U.S. MICRO SALES 501

397 U.S. ROBOTICS 140

400 UNITED SFTW.CO.JHE 179

• UNIV OF RHODE ISLAND 417 420 VECTRIX 46

401 VERBATIM CORP. 23

402 VICTOR BUSN.MACH. 263

403 VIDEX 9

• VISICORP INC. 304, 305 437 VISTA 469

404 VISTA COMPUTER CO. 77

405 VISUAL TECH,INC. 287

• VR DATA 435

Inquiry No. Page No.

406 VYNET CORP. 437

407 WARN ELECTRONICS 490

■ WARNER ROBINS AFB 417

408 WASHINGTON COMP.SERV. 481

409 WEST STAR MICRO 256

411 WESTICO INC. 235

412 WESTINGHOUSE/UGHTING DIV. 423 * WHITESMITHS LTD. 243

413 WINCHENDON GRP..THE 490

414 WINTER CORP. 492

415 WINTERHALTER & ASSOC. 435 449 WOOLF SOFTWARE 469

416 WRITE WRITER.INC. 175

417 WW COMPONENT SUPPLY 153 96 XITEN 395

439 YORK 10 COMPUTERWARE 490

433 ZWEIG ASSOC. 377

"Correspond directly with company.

National Advertising Sales Representatives:

Northeast (617) 444-3946

ME, IMH, VT, MA, CT, Rl, DE, MD, VA, WV, OK, TX, Upstate NY, Eastern Canada

Hajar Associates 280 Hillside Ave. Needham Heights, MA 02194

Mid Atlantic (201) 74^-7744

NY, NYC, NJ, PA

Hajar Associates

321 Broad St.

Red Bank, NJ 07701

Southeast (305) 628-3525

NC, SC, GA, FL, AL, MS, TN, KY, LA

Hajar Associates Diplomat Bldg. 5400 Diplomat Circle Suite 205

Orlando, FL 32810

Midwest (312) 966-0160

MN, Wl, Ml, IA, IL, IN, OH, MO, NE, KS, ND, SD, AR

Hajar Associates 5225 Old Orchard Rd. Suite 50

Skokle, IL 60076

Northwest (415) 964-0706

AK, HI, WA, OR, ID, MT, WY, Northern California, Nevada Except Las Vegas, Western Canada

Hajar Associates 1000 Elwell Ct. Suite 124

Palo Alto, CA 94303

Southwest (714) 540-3554

UT, CO, AZ, NM, Las Vegas, Southern California

Hajar Associates 3303 Harbor Blvd. Suite H-4A

Costa Mesa, CA 92626

European Advertising Sales Representatives:

Mr. Simon Smith McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. 34 Dover St. London W1X 3RA England 01 493 1451

Mr. Andrew Karnlg Andrew Karnlg & Associates Kungsholmsgatan 10 1 12 27 Stockholm, Sweden 08 51 68 70

Mr. Hans Csokor Publlmedla Relsnerstrasse 61 A-1037 Vienna, Austria

Mr. Fritz Krusebecker McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Lleblgstrasse 27C D-6000 Frankfurt/Main 1 West Germany 72 01 81

Mr. Michael Sales

McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.

17 rue Georges Bizet

F 75116 Paris

France

720 33 42

Mr. Ello Gonzaga McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Via Baracchlnl 1 20123 Milan, Italy 86 90 617

Mrs. Gurlt Gepner McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. 115 Yosephtal St. Bat Yam, Israel 866 561

Mrs. Maria Sarmiento Pedro Telxelra 8, Off. 320 Iberia Mart I Madrid 4, Spain 45 52 891

528 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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