BYTE Vol 10-08 1985-08 The Amiga

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No matter what t

youtein

Candidate Search Update

FILE: Resumes

SEARCH DATF: 5120185

CLIENT: Spkrtdora Gourmet Baby Foods

FIND

EXPERIENCE = Mart&ing Manager

FTELD = Fambllnfant

SIZE = 500* Employees

SALARY REQ.' S40-SSO.OO0 Per Annum

LOCATION REQ.. Dearie

RELOCATABLE = Yes

Name Experience

Antosz, Hank 1978—Present

Pinz-Pinz Baby Fond 1976—197S I lendt Baby Products

Brown, Bob 1984—Present Liz for Kids 1982—1984 Bonnie Babe, Inc.

Salary Edimalinn

$45,000

Age

Harvard MBA/Mktg.

548,000 CSUN/Markcting ,6

Haydcn, Steve

Morrison. John

1979—Present I Icath Baby Products 1975—1979 Mummy Tummies

1977—Present Camille Grocers, Ltd

1974—1977 Georgie Porgie of London

1961—Present Bonnie Babe, Inc.

.543,000

UCLA/Sociology BA " Harvard MBA

$40,000 Oxford/Marketing

S47.000

/ Hng database management programs you can store, retrieve and sort informa» . lion in an almost unlimited number I .jJlflHH of combinations. Ai opposed to . the tun you re probably doing it now. Above, we've located eligible candidates by : salary and work experience.

But database management | is also band)1 for things like generating master mailing lists. Creating invoices. Sorting by zip code. Checking inventory. No files to lose. No crossrreferencing vur Rolodex " No paperclips.

Ss-M May 20,1985

Mr. Greg Helm Vice Pmsident, Marketing Splnndora Gourmet Baby Foods 2200 Michigan Place East Winnelka. Illinois

Dear Mr. HBlm:

As a bus, executive you know that accomplishing your many professional objeclives is a lull-time ioh. schedule to

And Ihn last thing you need s to lako I^L^J^arm can helpl

sive. ambitious, highly-qualitied professionals not unliko yoursell.

Our selective screening processes help us locale candidates who not only meet your specified work exponence and salary requirements, but who are well suited to the corporate culture of your company

search tor a n

| SUCCESSFUL PLACEMEMIS |

100

75 ;

50 25

|9flj '9m "">* 1

One mote reason w. •Pf™-;^ „„, induslry. hesitate lo call \2&SB<S&&3lBl ■

In business, people often meet your letterhead be/ore Ihty meet you. Ever wondered what a typewritten page stiff' ti ilh white-out says about ) vur business? With The Macintosh Office you can | even design and'print your .... , own letterhead, plus com; bine publication quality _^ 2 text and graphics for a lasting first impression. More important you can send personalized letters to as many prospects as you have paper

Personality

I

Leadership

Experience

1

Communication

* Manufacturer's suggested retailprice. © 1985 Apple Computer, Inc. Affile, tlx'Mile logo. Ltm'lrWter.AlpleTalk and MacfrM antral

ofMelrilosb Laboratory, Inc. and is being used with its express permission. Nabisco is a registered trademark rf Nabisco. Inc. Rolodex is a registered trademark cf%ej)hyr'American Corporation, a subsidiary oj"Insilco. "Mutiplan is a registeredtrademark of Microsoft Corporation

jsiness yxte in,

Candidate Profile Analysis"^

Candidal* l

Candldata 3

□

Candidal* 3

Candid*)* *

mm

Candidal* 5

Each graph represents seven to ten pages of test information per candidate.

Individual tests are available for your review at your request.

As these comparative charts indicate, all candidates tested competitively in the four areas.

However, based on further indepth study, including extensive personal interviews, wc highly recommend you interview candidates 4 and 5 as soon as possible.

Our office will be contacting you immediately to set up these interviews at your earliest convenience.

meet

rV

If a picture is worth a thousand words, business graphics tike these could cut meetings and presentations in hall Weve taken information on five candidates stored in one software program, copied it into another program, where it ttas used in ovale these comparath <e bar graphs. Once your data is entered, this particular software program efcas von four choice y 42 different graph configura lions. You can preriewyour A material I whether it's aindi A dates, costs or cookies' in Jfk each conjigmviiim to atB decide which chart or graph most persuasively makes your point.

Recruil-A-Suit Income Statement Fiscal Year Ending 9/30/84

01

02

Q3

04

Yi, or-ond

SALES

Ann Aruor

30,000

19.000

:■;■:.<:

17,000

78.000

52,000

45.000

■is.:.; u

■;;\(iCt'i

Tol ]l - A- ■

72,000

R4.O00

70.000

■i-H.f-OD

265.000

44.000

42.000

3 a. i)3a

ivi.nr-.n

Comrtic

6B.O00

72,000

64,000

Icr i! O'.'M."!

112.0DO

106.000

101,000

437,000

TOTAL SALES

184,000

183.000

178.D00

160.000

OPF-RATING EXPENSES

30.000

30,000

33.000

30.000

2.500

2.500

2.600

2.500

10.I0IJ

1.200

1,200

1.200

4.800

GOO

600

600

600

3,400

8,000

8.000

rj.ooo

B.000

32.000

500

500

500

500

3,000

Duo£/Suti5cr,p

100

100

200

100

SOO

AdvoriiSi«Q

3,000

3,000

4,DOG

4,000

14,000

1.000

I.OOO

1.000

1.000

4,000

Enlonainmonl

1,500

1.500

1,760

1.500

0.250

Olfico Supplier;

300

300

300

300

1.200

.'>.■■■ ArljcrTotad

'.a. an

IH.700

69.180

■i'Vir.

200,350

Payroll

50.000

52.000

50.000

50.000

302.000

4,200

4.400

4,200

17,000

2.400

2.400

2.400

lelecrtDna

1.200

1,500

1.500

1,200

5,400

Hon!

9.100

9.100

3G.700

BOO

BOO

800

800

3,200

liuf.-■,

j CO

250

2oa

?00

1)50

Advii nis in a

3.000

3,500

3,500

3.00U

13,000

1.200

1,500

1.200

1,400

5.300

i:ni'.r!,Ti;iir,..ir.:

i .Gon

1,800

1.600

1.400

0,400

C'(r:,-.i S'.![',-.;

■inn

400

400

1600

Datrotl Toul

74.100

77.6SO

74.900

74,400

301.050

EXPENSES TOTAL

122.800

130.350

120.0SO

134,100

501,300

tic. T PRE TAX PROFIT

61,200

5S.H50

47.950

35.900

300.700

/Is you well know, business involves innumerable number-related tasks, not the least of which is generating income and expense statements like Ibis one. Should you want to - I change any of the entered I items—to lake a look at the effects of opening a netvojjke or decreasing your staff—a spreadsheet program like Mulliplan" will automatically recalculate the entire document. Here we re copied it into MacUraw"and enhanced it for presentation purposes.) It not only saves horns of entering, double checking aid erasing, but when learned M our LaserWriter printer, it produces a printout impressive enough to show a bank president. Fast enough for this a/lernoon's meeting.

Whether you're Nabiscrf or Ms. Priss' Cookie Company you worry about the bottom line. Write letters. Keep track of inventory. Keep your overhead under control. Pay taxes. Retrieve files. Schedule projects.

Which is why you can dramatically increase your business' productivity with The Macintosh™ Office.

The cornerstone of The Macintosh Office is our Macintosh 512K computer. All you need to know about its powerful, 32-bit, mousedriven technology is that it reduces the time it takes to become productive with a computer from well over a work week to just under a lunch hour.

But more important, Macintosh runs

more than 500 /— \

softw:ire , ^kLn>

programs that ~r can solve a pgR I ^jsL multitude of business problems. When

you team up Macintosh with the second hardest worker in The Macintosh Office, our LaserWriter™ printer, you can bring a new level of professionalism to your paperwork.

It produces publication-quality text and graphics in letters, internal documents, presentations, even business forms. There's no telling what it can save you in outside printing costs alone. And the LaserWriter can be shared with as many as 31 Macintosh computers, So it becomes more cost efficient with every Macintosh you connect to it.

Butcher, baker, candlestick-maker... or Nabisco for more information about The Macintosh Office call 800-446-3000. No job too big. Or too small.

TheMadntDriiQffice

CONTENTS

-v7

T A

a r

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■■■■■■' -.'t /lm^ •

ma*

8,

< *

- * ■ < ~

¥ • ? ff

FEATURES

Introduction 80

The Amiga Personal Computer

by Gregg Williams. \on Edwards, and Phillip Robinson 83

It has plenty of computing power and impressive color graphics.

Ciarcias Circuit Cellar:

Build the BASIC-52 Computer/Controller by Steve Garcia 104

Steve designs a cost-effective performance booster that can be used in serious applications.

The DSI-32 Coprocessor Board, Part I: The Hardware

by Trevor G. Marshall. George Scolaro. David L. Rand. Tom King.

and Vincent P. Williams 120

When plugged into an IBM PC. the DSI-32 is a complete National Semiconductor 32032 microcomputer with 2 56K bytes of memory.

Programming Project:

Context-Free Parsing of Arithmetic Expressions

by \onathan Amsterdam 138

This program lets you parse integer arithmetic expressions into executable form.

THEMES

Introduction 148

Prolog Goes to Work by Clara Y. Cuadrado and ]ohn L. Cuadrado 151

What Prolog is. who's using it. and why.

Logic Programming by Robert Kowalski 161

It can be implemented as either a declarative programming language or a procedural programming language.

Declarative Languages: An Overview

by Susan Eisenbach and Chris Sadler 181

Why we need another type of programming language.

Program Transformation by )ohn Darlington 201

A researcher in functional languages explains a program-development methodology.

Functional Programming Using FP

by Peter G. Harrison and Hessam Khoshnevisan 219

This language lets you program without objects by facilitating the manipulation of functions.

A Hope Tutorial by Roger Bailey 235

Learn how to use one of the new generation of functional languages.

148

HVIF ilSSN 0360-52801 is published monthly with one extra issue per year by McGraw-Hill Inc Founder lames H McCraw (l860-ll>4Sl Executive editorial unulation and advertising offices 70 Main 51 Peterborough NH 03458 phone 16031 924-928! Office hours Mon-Thur 8 30 AM — 4 30 PM Friday 8 30 AM — 1 00 PM Eastern Time Address subscriptions to BYTE Subscriptions. POB 590 Martinsville N| 08836 Postmaster send address changes USPS Form 3579 undeliverable copies, and fulfillment questions to BYTE Subscriptions POB 596 Martinsville N| 08836 Second-class postage paid al Peterborough NH 03458 and additional mailing offices Postage paid at Winnipeg. Manitoba Registration number 9321 Subscriptions are 521 lor one year S38 for two years and S55 lor three years in the U5A and its possessions In Canada and Mexico. $23 for one year 542 (or two years S6I lor three years $69 for one year air delivery to Europe 17.100 yen for one year surface delivery to lapan S37 surface delivery elsewhere Air delivery to selected areas at additional rates upon request Single copy price is 5J 50 in the USA and its possessions. 53.95 in Canada and Mexico. $J 50 In Europe, and 55 elsewhere Foreign subscriptions and sales should be remilted in United States funds drawn on a US bank Please allow six to eight weeks (or delivery of first issue Printed in the United States of America

2 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

COVER PHOTO BY AARON REZNY WITH APOLOGIES TO PABLO PICASSO

VOLUME 10, NUMBER 8, 1985

REVIEWS

Introduction 262

Reviewer s Notebook by Glenn Hartwig 265

The Tandy 1000 by Rich Malloy 266

An inexpensive IBM PC-compatible system.

IBM Pascal 2.00 by Patrick J. Finan .275

Improvements include better documentation and support of an 8087 coprocessor.

Review Feedback 283

Readers respond to previous reviews.

KERNEL

Introduction 290

Computing at Chaos Manor: The West Coast Computer Faire

by ]erry Pournelk 293

A drive to San Francisco lets lerry see a multitude of new products.

BYTE Japan: COMDEX in Japan by "William M, Raike 331

Bill describes many of the new products that were featured at the first-ever COMDEX show in Japan.

BYTE U.K.: Declarative Update by Dick Pountain 341

Dick rounds out this month's "Declarative Languages" theme with reviews of two books and a look at two new language systems.

According to Webster: Greetings and Agitations by Bruce Webster.... 355 More Macintosh products are discussed this month.

BYTE West Coast New Microprocessor Chips by Phillip Robinson 369

Phil looks at Intel's iAPX 386. the 80C86. and Atron's hardware-assisted" debugger for the 86 family.

Circuit Cellar Feedback conducted by Steve Garcia 376

Steve answers project-related queries from readers.

BYTELINES conducted by Sol Libes 378

News and speculation about personal computers.

Editorial:

Book Reviews

49

A Very Special Issue

6

Ask BYTE

70

MlCROBYTES

9

Unclassified Ads

429

Letters

14

BYTE's Ongoing Monitor Box,

Fixes and Updates

33

BOMB Results

430

Whats New

39. 380

Reader Service

431

V> > V.<

262

290

Address all editorial correspondence to the Editor BYTE POB 372 Hancock NH Unacceptable manuscripts will be returned if accompanied

by sufficient first-class postage Not responsible for lost manuscripts or photos Opin ons expressed by the authors are not necessarily those of BYTE

Copyright <S 1985 by McGraw-Hill Inc All rights reserved Trademark registered in the United States Patent and Trademark Office Where necessary permission is granted by the copyright owner for libraries and others registered with the Copyright Clearance Center iCCCi to photocopy any article herein for the flat fee of SI 50 per copy of the article or any part thereof Correspondence and payment should be sent directly to the CCC 29 Congress St Salem MA 01970 Specify ISSN 0360-5280 83 SI 50 Copying done for other than personal ot internal reference use w thou! the permission of McGraw-Hill Inc is prohibited Requests for special permission or bulk orders should be addressed to the publisher BYTE is available ;n microform from University Microfilms International 300 North Zeeb Rd Dept PR. Ann Arbor Ml JBI06 or 18 Bedford Row, Depl PR London WCIR 4EI England

Subscription questions or problems should be addressed to: BYTE Subscriber Service. POB 32fl Hancock. NH 034<19

SECTION ART BY MACIEK ALBRECHT

AUGUST 1985 • BYTE 3

Can You Name a Dual-Drive Color PC That Runs Lotus 1,2,3 and Costs Under $1500?

Hints

• It comes with a 14" RGB monitor much like the 14" monitor that comes with the $2495 Leading Edge PC.

• It has dual 800K disk drives much like the $2495 Tandy 2000, but it also has the ability to read and write to popular 160K, 320K, and 360K IBM-PC formats.

• It's an 8088, MS-DOS system with 256K of RAM, butitcomes with a better free software bundle than the 8-bit Kaypro including MS-DOS2.il, HAGEN-DOS, DOS-TUTOR, WordStar 3.3, Easy Writer, Spell, Mail Track, PC File III, FILEBASE, CalcStar, games, graphics, utilities, and two BASIC languages.

• Although it's not PC-DOS compatible it will run hundreds of the same programs as the IBMincludingdBASE II, Multiplan, the PFS series, Lotus 1,2,3 and even Flight Simulator.

• During the dog days of summer computer sales, we've lowered the prices of both our color and monochrome systems. You can receive a free booklet on these systems by calling our machine at 1-800-FOR A FOX, and leaving your name and address at the beep.

Your time is up the answer is:

ColorFox $1497

also

Fox Jr. ... $899 Silver Fox .. $1297

:M'

ScorrsdaleSysre mS, Lrd

617 N Scorrsdale Rd #B, Scorrsdole. Az 85257

SI (602) 941-5856

The Silver Fox is sold exclusively by Scottsdale Systems Ltd., 617 N. Scottsdale Road &B, Scotlsdale, AZ 85257. Trademarks: Silver Fox. HAGEN-DOS, and Datemate, Scottsdale Systems Ltd.; WordStar and CalcStar, Micropro International; MS-DOS, and Multiplan, Microsoft Corporation; FILE BASE, EWDP Software, Inc.; dBA.SE II, Ashton Tate; IBM-PC, and IBM-PC DOS; International Business Machines Corporation. Ordering: Telemarketing only, Silver Fox price is for cash, F.O.B. Scottsdale, prices subject to change, product subject to limited supply. We accept purchase orders from Fortune 1000 companies and major universities with good credit - add 2% Visa, Mastercard add 3%. AZ residents add 6%. Returned merchandise subject to a 20% restocking fee. Personal or company checks take up to 3 weeks to clear. No COD's or APO's.

BYTE

editor in chief

Philip Lemmons managing editor

Gene Smarte consulting editors

Steve Ciarcia Jerry Pournelle Bruce Webster senior technical editors

G Michael Vose. Themes Gregg Williams technical editors

Thomas R. Clune

Ion R. Edwards

Richard GREHAN

Glenn Hartwig. Reviews

Ken Sheldon

Richard S. Shuford

Jane Morrill Tazelaar

Eva White

Stanley Wszola

Margaret Cook Gurney, Associate

Alan Easton. Drafting

west coast editors

E/.ra Shapiro. Bureau Chief. San Francisco

Phillip Robinson. Senior Technical Editor. Palo Alto

Donna Osgood. Associate Editor, San Francisco

Brenda McLaughlin. Editorial Assistant. San Francisco

NEW YORK EDITOR

Richard Malloy. Senior Technical Editor managing editor,

electronic publishing and communications

George Bond

user news editor. east coast

Anthony |, Lockwood, What's Nfic

USER NEWS EDITOR, WEST COAST

Mark Welch. Mkrobytes

CONTRIBUTING EDITORS

Jonathan Amsterdam, programming projects

Mark Dahmke video, operating systems

Mark Haas, at large

Rik Jadrnicek, CAD graphics spreadsheets

Mark Klein communications

Alastair I W. Mayer, software

Alan Miller, languages and engineering

JOHN C. Nash, scientific computing

Dick Pountain, U.K.

William M. Raike, \apan

Perry Saidman, computers and law

Robert Sterne, computers and law

copy editors

Bud Sadler, Chief Dennis Barker Elizabeth Cooper Anne L. Fischer Nancy Hayes Lynne M. Nadeau Paula Noonan

|OAN VlGNEAU ROY

Warren Williamson

ASSISTANTS

Peggy Dunham, Office Manage! Martha Hicks Lisa Jo Steiner

ART

Rosslyn A. Frick. Art Director Nancy Rice. Assistant Art Director

production

David R Anderson Production Director

DEN15E CHARTRAND

Michael J. Lonsky Jan Muller

SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT/PUBLISHER

Harry L. Brown publisher s assistant

Beverly Iackson

personnel

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ADVERTISING SALES 1603-924-6137)

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ADVERTISING/PRODUCTION (603-924-64481

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Robert D. Hannings. Senior Account Coordinator

Marion Carlson

Karen Cilley

Lyda Clark

MlCHELE GlLMORE

Denise Proctor

Wai Chiu Li. Quality Control Manager

Iulie Nelson, Adivrtisina/Prc^uctiort Coordinator

CIRCULATION (800 258-54851

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marketing communications

Horace T, Howland. Director 1603-924-3424!

Vicki Reynolds. Marfeeling Production Manager

Priscilla Arnold Marketing Assistant

Stephanie Warnesky, Marfeeling Art Director

Sharon Price. Assistant Art Director

Doug Webster. Director of Public Relations (603-9:24-9037)

Wilbur S. Watson. Operations Manager. Exhibits

PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT

Michele P. Verville, Manager

Patricia Akerley, Research Manager

Cynthia Damato Sands Reader Sen-ice Coordinator

Faith Kluntz. Copyrights Coordinator

manufacturinc'finance/services

Daniel Rodrigues. Director

ACCOUNTING

Kenneth A, King. Assistant Controller

Vicki Weston. Accounting Manager

Linda Short D/P Manager

Edson Ware. Credit

Marie Caggiani

Marilyn Haigh

Diane Henry

Vern Rockwell

IoAnn Walter

typography

Sherry McCarthy Chief Typographer

Nan Fornal

Len Lorette

Kathy Quist

Donna Sweeney

building services/traffic

Anthony Bennett. Building Services Manager

Brian Higgins

Mark Monkton

receptionists

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Editorial and Business Office: 70 Main Street. Peterborough New Hampshire WiS. 16031 924-9281 West Coast Offices: McGraw-Hill 42 5 Bailery St San Francisco. CA 94111 |41 5| 362-4600

McGraw-Hill 1000 FJwell Court Palo Alto CA 94303 [4151 964-0624 New York Office: 1221 Avenue ol the Americas New York. NY 10020 (2121 512-2000

/-Hill Information Systems Company President Richard B Miller Executive Vice Presidents Frederick P [annott Con1 Group Russell C White Computers and Communications Information Group. I Thomas Ryan Marketing and Interna ■ Presidents Francis A Shinal. Controller Robert C Violette, Manufacturing and Technology Senior Vice Presidents and Publishers Laurence Altman, Electronics Week: Harry L Brown. BYTE and Popular Computing: David 1 McGrath. Construction Publications Croup Vice President Peter B. McCuen. Communications Information Vice President: Fred O lensen. Planning and Development

Oflicers of McGraw-Hill Inc Harold W McGraw |r Chairman, loseph L Dionne President and Chief Executive Officer Robert N Landes Executive Vice President and Secretary Ralph I Webb Vice President and Treasurer Shel F Asen. Vice President Manufacturing George R Elsinger Vice President Circulation, Ralph R Schuli. Senior Vice President Editorial (Publishing Operations).

_ f - _ Officers ol McGraw jj J Jf struction Information l ^fllll ''ona' Senior Vice Pi

l^ihlkhpri 1 ^iirpnrp

4 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

Give yourself a Giff.

Now you can network IBM PCs with a powerful, multitasking, multiuser system.

Run popular MS-DOS™ programs like Lotus™ 1-2-3, SuperCalc" 3 and WordStar™ Plus all the thousands of CP/M" programs. Plus true multiuser accounting, database management, and electronic mail.

Gifford's MC-NETT running on our MC-186™ and IBM compatible PCs, gives you all this capability and more. It lets you grow a network that shares information and resources among hundreds of people. With full security. Advanced telecommunications. And the ease of use of a standalone PC.

Get the whole story on Gifford hardware, software and service. Just call 415/895-0798 and ask for a Giff Pack™ Or write to us at 2446 Verna Court, San Leandro, CA 94577

Give yourself the Giff that keeps on giving.

©GIFFORD COMPUTER SYSTEMS

A subsidiary of Zitel Corporation

THE MULTIUSER COMPANY

2446 VernaCourt.SanLeandro.CA 94577 415/895-0798 Telex 704521 2050 North Loop West, Suite 116 Houston, TX 77018 713/680-1944

In Europe: London (01) 337-2372 Telex 28106 (UK)

MC-NET and MC-186 are trademarks of Gifford Computer Systems. MS-DOS, CP/M, Lotus 1-2-3. SuperCalc 3 and WordStar are trademarks of Microsoft, Digital Research, Lotus Development Corporation. Sorcim/KIS Micro Software, and MicroPro International respectively.

Inquiry 133

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 5

EDITORIAL

A Very Special Issue

BYTE's readers like to stay on the leading edge of technology and to try things for themselves. We think this issue offers extraordinary opportunities for you to discover some of the most exciting developments at the forefront of personal computing. The new Amiga personal computer from Commodore International is a machine to rekindle the enthusiasm that drives personal computing.

Gregg Williams, Jon Edwards, and Phil Robinson have explained the Amiga's architecture in fascinating detail. The Amiga's custom coprocessors for the 68000 bring high performance. Dazzling graphics and audio and an open expansion bus make the Amiga the intellectual and technical heir to the Apple II. The Amiga's operating system is a full-color, icon-based windowing system with true concurrency. All the dazzle does nothing to inhibit the Amiga's performance in any serious application.

The Amiga's price seems fair, too. With the 68000, three custom chips that control graphics, audio, and peripherals, voice synthesis hardware with software to drive it, 2 56K bytes of RAM, I92K bytes of ROM, and input/output that includes an 800K-byte microfloppy, RGB analog, RGB digital, NTSC composite, two stereo jacks, a mouse, a parallel port, a high-speed serial port, and a disk port, plus the expansion bus, BASIC, a word processor, a paint program, and four other pieces of bundled software, the Amiga retails for $1295. Add Tecmar's $995 hard disk and an RGB monitor, and you have a phenomenal computer system.

This issue also offers readers an opportunity to build a true 32-bit computer system. Based on National Semiconductor's 32032, the Definicon DSI-32 coprocessor board for the IBM PC also uses the NS32081 floating-point chip and has the NS32082 memory-management chip as an option. FORTRAN, Pascal, C, and other languages are available. If you have an IBM PC with 15 watts of power to spare, the DSI-32 can move you a generation ahead in computing power. Phil Robinson was instrumental in bringing this exciting project to the pages of BYTE.

6 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

Steve Ciarcia, preparing the blockbuster Circuit Cellar SB180 computer for September's 10th Anniversary issue, gives us the versatile and powerful BASIC-52 computer/controller (BCC-52) this month. Programmable in a ROM-based BASIC, the BASIC-52 and its on-board language are ideal for process control and are bus-compatible with Steve's earlier Z8 controllers. The BCC-52 board utilizes the Intel 8052AH-BASIC microcontroller chip and includes 48K bytes of RAM/EPROM, an EPROM programmer, three parallel ports, a serial terminal port, and a serial printer port.

lonathan Amsterdam's Programming Project shows how to parse integer arithmetic expressions into executable form. This software project is written in Pascal for the Apple II, but Jonathan has taken care to write portable code. He has also explained the roots of the project in linguists' work on context-free grammars. The article goes from theory of contextfree grammers to a working Pascal version of a Texas Instruments-style four-function integer calculator. We'll be having at least one Programming Project in the feature section each month.

Leading-Edge Software

The feature section emphasizes hardware in part because the theme section is devoted to declarative programming languages. Declarative languages are gaining popularity because they are ideal for parallel processing and because their proponents claim they will increase the productivity of programmers.

Thanks to contributions from a variety of authors, including several at the Imperial College of Science and Technology in London, England, this language issue gives readers insights into relational languages such as Prolog and functional languages such as Hope and FP. (There is little on LISP because of a previous theme issue on LISP and additional LISP articles in the April 1985 issue.) Special thanks go to Susan Eisenbach of Imperial College and Tom Clune of the BYTE staff for putting this theme section together.

Susan Eisenbach and Chris Sadler give an overview of declarative languages. Robert Kowalski, one of the pioneers of

Prolog, explains logic programming as a form of processing that is congenial to human thinking and also easy to implement on a computer. Clara and John Cuadrado tell who is using Prolog where and for what. John Darlington gives an excellent account of the power that declarative languages gain from their "referential transparency—the fact that the meaning of a program fragment depends only on the meanings of its components, not on the history of any computation done before the evaluation of the fragment. Darlington provides examples written in Hope. Peter Harrison and Hessam Khoshnevisan give us a look at John Backus's functional programming language, FP, which builds variable-free programs from a set of primitive programs by use of program-forming operations and recursive definitions.

Finally, Roger Bailey gives a lucid tutorial in the use of Hope that should bring you into the world of declarative languages. Although he didn't write an article, Victor Wu of Imperial College ported a version of Hope from an Apricot machine to the IBM PC. Victor's version of Hope together with Roger's fine tutorial mean that you can download Hope from BYTEnet Listings and try a declarative language for yourself. BYTEnet Listings also offers a publicdomain version of Prolog.

Sacrifices Made

To get in the long articles on the Amiga, the DSI-32, and the declarative languages, we had to cut from this issue some articles and advisories that we badly wanted to run. We had less editorial space at our disposal than at any time since April 1981. The sacrifices included Books Received, Event Queue, Clubs and Newsletters, Chaos Manor Mail, all reviews except those of the Tandy 1000 and IBM Pascal 2.00, several strong feature articles, and additional strong articles on declarative languages. Our apologies to all editors and authors concerned. We will publish as many of the postponed articles as we can as soon as we can. We are considering electronic publication of some of the postponed material.

—Phil Lemmons, Editor in Chief

m Maxell Gold. The floppy disk that keeps IBM PC letter perfect, helps Xerox 860 write great copy and puts more bang

in Wang .

Whether you're banging out a letter to Australia, creating a contract, or doing a case study on centipedes, dot every i with Maxell. The Gold Standard in floppy disks. Maxell is an industry leader in durability and error-free performance. There's a Maxell for virtually every computer made, and each comes with a lifetime warranty. That's why, when every word counts, you can count on Maxell.

maxell

IT'S WORTH IT

®

Maxell Corporation of America, 60 Oxford Drive, Moonachie, N.J. 07074 Inquiry 194

PC is a trademark of IBM Ccrp AUGUST 1985 "BYTE 7

YOUR DAYS OF BUYING GRAPHICS TERMINALS ARE OVER!

Now there are two ways to use your PC to access popular mainframe graphics products like SAS/GRAPH*. TELLAGRAPH*, RS/1*, DISSPLA*, and PLOT-10*. Joining our popular SmarTerm 125 DEC* VT125 ReGIS graphics emulator, our new SmarTerm 4014 product gives you full Tektronix* 4010/4014 plus DEC VT102 emulation. View the entire graphics image on the PC screen, or use the powerful instant ZOOM feature to magnify a selected portion of the screen image to full Tektronix 1024 x 768 resolution.

Using Picture Replay, pictures drawn by the host can be saved, sent to other users, examined in detail using ZOOM mode, and printed or plotted offline. Like all SmarTerm emulators, SmarTerm 4014 includes powerful text and binary file transfer facilites, PDIP* and XMODEM protocol support, and TTY mode to link you to popular time sharing services.

By the way, if you only need text terminal emulation, be sure to ask about our SmarTerm 220, SmarTerm 100, and SmarTerm 400 products.

Join the more than 25,000 "FIRST CLASS" people who use SmarTerm. Try it for 30 days with full refund privileges.

Available from Computerland your local software dealer, or Persoft, Inc. - 2740 Ski Lane Madison, Wl 53713 (608) 273-6000 - TELEX 759491

AFTER SMARTERM, WHAT DO YOU DO WITH YOUR OBSOLETE TERMINAL?

IDEA CREDIT: Jill Roth of Chino, California. Send us your ideas for uses of obsolete terminals replaced by SmarTerm. The best ideas will be used in future ads. Write Persoft, Dept. MAILBOX, 2740 Ski Lane, Madison, Wl 53713.

■SMARTERM is a registered irademark of Persoft, Inc 'PDIP is a trademark ol Persoil. Inc. 'DEC. VT and ReGIS are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corp. 'Tektronix and PLOT-10 are registered trademarks of Tektronix, Inc. 'SAS/GRAPH is a irademark ol SAS institute, Inc. 'HS/1 is a trademark of Boll Beranek and Newman, Inc. "TELLAGRAPH is a irademark ol ISSCO Graphics Corp 'DISSPLA is a trademark ol Conlrol Dala Corp

perso/r

^ Inquiry 246

© Persoft. Inc 1985 All rights reserved

MICROBYTES

Staff-written highlights of late developments in the microcomputer industry.

Sinclair Rescued from Bankruptcy; Sir Clive Loses Clout

In a marathon weekend session, Sinclair Research and Hollis Brothers & ESA Pic, a major distributor of office and educational equipment in the U.K., reached a buy-out agreement that saved the British computer maker from defaulting on more than £14 million of back bills. In the buy-out, Sir Clive Sinclair surrendered his controlling interest in the company and parted with his chairmanship. He will now serve as Sinclair Research's Lifetime President and as a research consultant.

Trouble had been brewing at Sinclair for some time: Christmas sales were disappointing, the QL computer failed to capture a market, the post-Christmas lull was deafeningly silent (industry wags claim that not a single Sinclair was sold during the first 60 days of 1985), and corporate cash was tied up in unsold inventory and research.

The squeeze came when Thorn/EMI, producer of Sinclair's products, demanded that Sinclair clear its tab. Sinclair, unable to meet its obligations, then began moving toward liquidation. But in stepped Hollis Brothers, amid rumors that 10 Downing Street would be pleased to see Sinclair rescued.

Hollis Brothers arranged to pick up £12 million worth of Sinclair stock. To finance the remaining debt, Sinclair will offer current shareholders a 3-for-l deal. Depending upon how investors exercise their entitlements, Sir Clive Sinclair will end up holding from 8 to 23 percent. He once owned more than 80 percent.

More than 70 percent of Hollis Brothers & ESA Pic is held by Robert Maxwell, who is viewed in England with the same mixture of awe and annoyance as T. Boone Pickens in the United States. Maxwell will serve as Sinclair's board chairman, a position he already holds at London's Daily Mirror and the Pergom Press.

Developments Bring Optical Discs Closer to Market

Several developments in June suggested that low-cost optical discs and drives might arrive on the market fairly soon.

Atari showed a compact-disc ROM (read-only memory) player at its booth at the Consumer Electronics Show in Chicago. The company also demonstrated software, developed by Activenture, that accesses the information in an encyclopedia stored in one-third of a 5 50-megabyte disc. Atari said it will sell CD ROM drives for less than $600 by the end of this year. CD ROM drives use the same 12-cm (4.7-inch) read-only compact discs used in stereo CD players but require additional error-checking and -correcting circuitry. Activenture said the enyclopedia disc might sell for about $200. Neither Activenture nor Grolier would confirm reports that Grolier's encyclopedia is on the optical disc.

Just as 12-cm CD ROM drives seemed likely to hit the market, however, CD developer Sony announced it would be focusing its data-storage efforts on a 13-cm (5!4-inch) disc size to increase disc capacity and perhaps provide an upgrade path to write-once and erasable magneto-optic discs. The Sony "DataROM" 13-cm format was reportedly supported by several other Japanese companies at a standards meeting.

National Memory Systems, Livermore, CA, announced two optical-disc products that include interfaces and software for the IBM PC. The $19,900 NMS-007 uses Optimem's 1-gigabyte 12-inch optical drive and cartridges; NMS says that drive is available now. NMS also plans to offer the $5000 01-OL drive; it uses Optotech's 400-megabyte 5'/4-inch drive and cartridges.

New Products Use 65816 Processor

A 4-megahertz version of the 65816 microprocessor, designed to provide more processor horsepower while maintaining compatibility with the 8-bit 6502, is now available to end users. Micro Magic, Millersville, MD, has unveiled MAX-816, an Apple II expansion card that adds a 4-MHz 65816 and 256K bytes of RAM. Micro Magic is developing an operating

{continued}

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 9

system, MAX-OS, loosely based on UNIX, to take full advantage of the 65816. The firm also plans to add a 1024 by 1024 graphics card and a cache disk controller to accompany the MAX-816 board. While the basic MAX-816 card will be priced at less than $500 with 2 56K bytes, up to 1 megabyte can be added to the card, and the 65816 can directly address up to 16 megabytes of RAM.

An earlier 65816 card ($395, 1 MHz) is available from Com Log, Scottsdale, AZ. Manx Software Systems, Freehold, NJ, said it expects to finish a 65816 version of its Aztec C compiler late this year; the compiler will run on the Apple II under ProDOS and DOS 3.3.

C Compilers Expand to New Systems

Manx Software Systems reportedly expected to add native versions of its C compiler for the Commodore 64 and 128 and Apple's Macintosh, as well as an Apple II ProDOS version. The product line, including the $49.95 Apprentice C, was previously sold for the IBM PC and Apple II, with a cross-compiler offered for the Commodore 64. Manx will also provide native compilers for the Commodore Amiga and Atari ST later this year.

Lattice also expected to provide versions of its C compiler for 68000-based systems, including the Commodore Amiga, Atari ST, Sinclair QL, and Apple Macintosh. Both Lattice and Manx are porting cross-compilers to IBM's PC AT.

Two MS-DOS Portable Computers Enhanced

Hewlett-Packard unwrapped the Portable Plus, a 25-line, unbundled version of its Portable. While the Portable included a 300-bps modem, 256K bytes of RAM, and applications software in ROM, the standard Portable Plus provides only 128K bytes of RAM, plus MS-DOS 2.11 and utility software in ROM. A 300/1200-bps modem, ROM applications software, and expansion memory up to 896K bytes will be optional.

Meanwhile, Australian computer maker Time Office Corp. will enter the U.S. market with the Kookaburra laptop computer. Previously available as the Dulmont Magnum, the Kookaburra includes a 25-line LCD, 256K bytes of RAM, an 80186 processor, a video-output port, MS-DOS 2.11, and several applications programs for less than $2000. Time Office also plans to introduce a line of Z80-/80186-based office workstations in the fall.

NANOBYTES

Actrix Computer Corp., Milpitas, CA, which emerged from Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in May, planned to announce new versions of its Actrix computer that are compatible with IBM's PC, XT, and AT models. . . . Altos Computer Systems, San Jose, CA, has developed two multiuser systems. The 2086 is a $19,900 20-user system based on Intel's 80286 processor using the XENIX operating system; it cannot run PC-DOS programs. The 3068, a 30-user system using Motorola's 68020 32-bit processor, is available only to other manufacturers. ... At the Consumer Electronics Show, Melodian planned to unwrap a music system for the Commodore Amiga computer that it claimed will give the Amiga the capabilities of a $75,000 music synthesizer. . . . Tomy's new $500 Omnibot 2000 robot can be interfaced to an Apple II or Commodore and has two moving arms as well as the features of its predecessor, Omnibot.... Also at CES, Commodore announced a $600 10-megabyte hard-disk drive for its 64. . . . Fujitsu announced at NCC an 8086-based multiuser computer that uses both the Pick and the MS-DOS operating systems. . . . Hannes Keller, Zurich, Switzerland, has developed WitchPen, a programmable word processor with spelling checker; WitchPad, a drawing program using standard IBM character graphics; Witchcraft, a BASIC database-management program generator; and HK, a text-oriented programming language. The programs, currently available in Switzerland, are slated for U.S. release next month.... Printer manufacturer Axiom Corp., San Fernando, CA, said that its newest daisy-wheel printers will use a "wedge-back" daisy-wheel technology. A wedge shape on the back of each letter on the print wheel is struck by an indented hammer, which reportedly improves print accuracy and speed. . . . STM introduced an IBM PC ATcompatible computer. Configured like IBM's basic AT but with 640K bytes standard, the STM AT will cost $3495 .... Faraday has reduced its IBM-compatible single-board computer to fit onto a single 5-inch IBM PC-style expansion card. While Faraday sells the cards primarily to OEMs, it will sell single Micro PC cards for $695 .... AST, Quadram, AshtonTate, and Borland have announced their support of a superset of the Intel/Lotus expanded memory specification.

10 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

If you buy aTI 855 printer now; you won't have to upgrade to one later.

Don't tack just any printer on your new PC for now, thinking that you'll get what you really need later. Start with the best, a TI855 or TI865 printer. That way you can put the money you'd have spent on a needless upgrade on some other smart investment.

You see, our OMNI 800™ Model 855 is actually three printers in one. For word processing, it delivers letter-quality printing that rivals the best daisy wheel printers around. For data processing, it prints at 150 characters per second. And for your graphics, it reproduces screen or

OMN! 800 is a trademark of Texas Instruments, Incorporated.

monitor images in the finest detail.

Of course, these advantages are all true of our TI 865 wide-carriage printer, too.

What's more, since our printers are among the easiest to use, you can utilize all the capabilities built into your PC and software right from the start. Instead of sometime later. You even have a choice of over 30 different plug-in type fonts, any three of which can be printed on the same page without ever stopping the printer! Just touch the control panel and it happens. Simple. So every document looks just the way you want it to. Professional.

As for reliability, TI printers are legendary. Just ask any major airline.

So don't downgrade your PC's performance with a printer you'll outgrow in a month. Get yourself a TI 855 or TI 865 printer now. It's easy. Just call 1-800-527-3500, ext. 801, for the TI Dealer near you.

Texas Instruments

Creating useful products and services for you.

28227 ©1985 TI

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE II

If you believe these simple facts about hard disks, you'd be willing

to pay more for ours

fortunately, you won't have to

A

voiding hard disk failures and loss of data is just one of the reasons to buy our hard disks.

Hard disks can fail—there's really no other nice way to say it. Even IBM has problems delivering ATs with hard disks that work. We're not talking about nice, clean, clear-cut failures where the drive seizes up, coughs, and rolls over and dies. We're talking about the insidious little creeping failures that sneak up over time—like a missing sector here or a lost sub-directory there.

There are precautions you can take to protect against failure and ultimate loss of data. Here is what we contribute toward minimizing the potential loss of your data.

Best Drives Available

First, we buy the best drives available. Sounds trite, doesn't it? I mean, a drive's a drive— right? Hardly. You should see some of the junk we get in our labs. Some have such high failure rates that we even questioned our own $10,000 hard disk tester. But when we tested other manufacturers' drives we were assured that our equipment was fine, which just confirmed that the bad hard disks were not only bad—they were real bad.

But that's just the weeding out process. We then take each drive that we've put through our tester and test it again with the controller you've requested. We call this a "tested pair."

DOS Doesn't Dolt

In case you're thinking that all

this is an unnecessary duplication of what DOS does for you, let me explain the disk facts of life.

If DOS did what you may think it is supposed to do when you format the disk, DOS would map around these bad areas. Unfortunately, DOS doesn't do this.

DOS 2.0 and 2.1 can't enter the bad tracks. DOS 3.0 can, but only on the IBM AT. Unfortunately, as the press has so well documentated, the AT's hard disk develops bad tracks later

We do what DOS can't

We believe the problem is so bad, we use a software program that performs a powerful test of your disk drive on all of the IBM or IBM compatible computers— PCs, XTs, and ATs. Our format takes hours to analyze the disk. But when we finish, you know that the bad tracks are really mapped out so you won't write good data that will disappear into a black hole. We even send you a printed statement of our test results.

Our software allows you to type in the bad track locations from the list supplied by the manufacturers, so you'll never write good data to them—even if DOS didn't identify them as bad. The software even lets you save the location of these bad sections to a file, so that you can reformat your disk without spending hours retesting.

We even include a program that will give you continuous comments on the status of your hard disk. No more waiting for that catastrophic failure.

Average Access Time

As you might suspect, some hard disks are faster than others in their ability to move from one track of data to another. The time it takes the hard disk to move one-half way between the beginning of the disk to the end is called the "average access time."

The first generation of 10 megabyte hard disks had average access times of 80-85 milliseconds (msec). But computer users love speed, and guess what—the average access time for the new 20 megabyte hard disk in the IBM AT is only 40 msec. (We sell an AT equivalent with only 30 msec access time!)

There are some legitimate reasons for the shorter access time. It's particularly helpful when there are multiple users on the same hard disk. It's also important when running a compiler. But remember, before you get too wrapped up in the access speed, there's always that ST 506 interface which won't let data transfer from the hard disk to the computer any faster than 5 megabits/second. We've bypassed that choke hole, too. If you want the functional equivalent of a Ferrari with a turbocharger, order our 10 Mbit per second 108

megabyte hard disk with 18 msec of average access speed.

Compatibility

To be sure that your hard disk is 100 percent compatible with the IBM XT you don't need to buy the same hard disk that's in the XT. You can't even be sure what brand hard disk it is because IBM, like Express Systems, goes into the marketplace and buys hard disks from several vendors. However, they buy their XT hard disk controller from only one vendor—the same one we do.

You can buy the IBM XT controller from IBM for $495 or you can buy from us, the functional equivalent, manufactured by the same companv that makes it for IBM for only'$195. Is it the exactly identical IBM XT controller? No, it's better. First, it takes less power, and secondly, it can control from 5 to 32 megabytes—the IBM controller can work with only 10 megabytes. It is 100 percent IBM XT compatible, and 100 percent is 100 percent. If you want to save a slot, we carry a version that lets you operate two hard disks and two floppy disk drives.

More than 32 Megabytes

You can operate with more than 32 megabytes (the limit of DOS) through the use of "device drivers." Express Systems can supply you with device drivers for our hard disks for over 32 megabytes formatted. But, if you don't have individual files, or databases that are large, you might want to consider one of our controllers that can divide our 65 megabyate (formatted) hard disk into two equal volumes of 32 megabytes each.

Reliability

We offer you a choice between iron oxide and plated media— the stuff that covers the hard disk and gives it its magnetic properties. Iron oxide is,—well, it's rust. If you inadvertently joust your disk, you may cause the low flying head to dig out some iron oxide. A little rust flake can ruin your whole day. Plated media is more resistant to damage, and if it happens, less data is lost.

We offer both types of hard disks. The iron oxide is older

12 BYTE ■ AUGUST 1985

technology, and quite frankly, manufacturers understand it better. Their better understanding, combined with some of the special head locking mechanisms, gives us peace of mind when we sell you one.

Power

Hard disks consume power. Our small, half-high hard disks consume so little power that you can use them with your existing IBM PC power supply. If you plan to use lots of slots, you'll want to increase your power supply to be safe. We offer the same amount of power for your PC that comes in the XT.

OurC

Some folks just never feel comfortable buying mail order. They forget that Sears began as a mail order house or that IBM is now into mail order. But, if it helps, here is a partial list of customers who have felt comfortable to buy from us.

IBM Sears American Express Honeywell U.S. Army MIT AT&T (Bell Labs) RCA Bausch & Lomb Lockheed Xerox Sperry

Easy to Install

If you're like most of us, raised on the boob tube rather than the Great Books, you'd rather see the movie than read the book. Well, now you can choose to read our installation manual or for only $9.95 more, you can get a VHS or Beta video cassette showing the simple steps for installation.

Our VHS or Beta Cassettes make installation easy.

Warranty

We offer you a one year warranty on our hard disks—the same as IBM on the AT and 90 days on the tape drives. (It's all the manufacturer gives us.) If

Complete Hard Disk Kits

Formatted

Capacity

Plated

Average

Transfer

PC or PC/XT

AT

in Mbytes

Height

Media

Access

Rate

in

i/,

Y2

yes

85 msec

C V-fhirc/c iVlOilS/a

.> OLJ

.p '♦.111

11)

Full

run

yes

85 msec

J JVIUIIS/S

<4,iU

~>\

'/2

ves

85 msec

5 Mbits/s

$ 825

$ 630

21

Full

no

30 msec

5 Mbits/s

$ 1,535

$ 1,340

32

Vi

yes

85 msec

5 Mbits/s

$ 1,095

$ 895

32

Full

110

30 msec

5 Mbits/s

$ 1,775

$ 1,575

65

Full

no

30 msec

$ 2 295

$ 2,070

108

Full

yes

18 msec

10 Mnits/s

$ 4,995

3 4,995

Removable Hard Disk

10

Vz

no

90 msec

5 Mbits/s

$ 1,095

N/A

Tape Systems and Subsystems

Formatted

Storage

Height

Transfer

PC or PC/XT

AT

Capacity

Rate (k/sec)

60 Mybytes

Vi

88

$ 995

$ 995

60 Mbytes Subsystem

88

$ 1,295

$ 1,295

17.6 Mbytes Start/stop Subsystem

24

$ 795

$ 795

Controllers

All of our hard disk and tape controllers are available separately: Please call for prices. Subsystem Chassis

Any of our disk or tape units are available in an external subsystem for ; additional $250.00. You can mix & match any of our Vi high hard disks or drives together or add any single full height hard disk. Tape Cartridges

Express Certified 555 foot 310 Hci '/4-inch Data Cartridge

Power Supply

130 Watt Power supply

"with the purchase of any drive

in

tape $ 35.00 $ 99.50*

anything goes wrong with your tape or disk drive or hard disk, send it back in the box it came in. However, we have found that we can usually solve the problem over the phone. So call first for a return authorization number because we can't accept any returns without it.

Comes complete

All Express Systems products come complete with the appropriate software, tape and/or hard disk controllers, and cables where required. Hard disks are formatted and tested with the PC DOS of your choice. All drive sizes are formatted capacities.

If your application requires a stacking kit, power splitter cables, daisy chain cable, or some other variation, we'll supply these items at a nominal charge. We even ship our hard disks with Command Assist™ an on-line DOS-like manual to give you help with your DOS commands.

More questions?

Because we spend so much attention on the front end with ensuring that our disks will arrive in working order, we have a customer service department that, unlike many of our competitors, has little to do. When you need us, you won't get a constant busy signal.

Call our friendly, knowledgable customer service staff to get answers to your questions—before or after the sale. Our people, who know the PC, can talk you through the sticky parts, and they'll respond to you quickly. Just call us.

How to order

Pick up the telephone and call 1800-341-7549, to order. We accept Master Card, VISA, American Express and Diners Club. Or send a cashier's check or

money order (We'll take a check, but you'll have to wait for it to clear) and tell us if you want one of our recommended configurations or you want to mix and match yourself. Corporations with a DUNS number may send purchase orders for quantities over five.

Call Toil Free 1-800-341-7549 Ext. 500 In Illinois call (312) 882-7733 Ext. 500

Express Systems, Inc., 1254 Remington, Schaumburg, IL 60195

LETTERS

Quality,

Not Just Quantity

In arguing that "the Macintosh is in harmony with the broad lines of evolution in human communication" toward the visual, Jim Hoekema's letter on page 22 of the May BYTE ("The Macintosh Debate Goes On") offers as evidence that, as of 1981, there were 1,055,000 artists in the US, whereas a seventeenth-century burgher in Amsterdam probably saw some three or four hundred pictures in a lifetime.

The particular example he chose is interesting. The pictures seen by our visually impoverished Amsterdamer probably included a few by fellow citizen Rembrandt van Rijn (1606-1669). Poor old Rembrandt, forced to muddle along with the primitive technology of the paint brush. But will even a single painting of his, taken all by itself, ever fail to stand up against all the visual images ever produced with "creativity" enhancers like the mouse, MacPaint, or whatever? The answer need not be based on abstract aesthetic principles. Putting it more mundanely, how likely is it that any art produced on a computer in 1985 will have the staying power to grace a cigar box three and a half centuries from now?

In deciding how visually oriented we are, how we see should be as important as how Hindi we see. When it comes to shaping the way we look at the world, no graphics program—not even if it bears a name like Rembrandt—will make as lasting a contribution as a graphic artist of the same name.

William Lockeretz Brookline, MA

Mac Memory

Don Slaughter should spend less time writing to BYTE and more time reading it! First he griped about a lack of RAM-disk software for his 512K Mac ("Take Back Your Mac," February, page 22). Daniel Smith responded that not only is such software already available, but that it costs much less than Slaughter was willing to pay ("A RAM Disk for the Mac," May, page 24)!

Now Slaughter is complaining that he needs a 1-megabyte Mac, and that he won't be able to get a reasonably priced

one (under $3 500) until next year (May, page 26).

Wrong again! The April BYTE has a "What's New" item on the MegaMac on page 441. The company is MicroGraphic Images. Its telephone number is (818) 368-3482. It offers a complete Macintosh with 1 megabyte of memory for $3495. If you choose to upgrade a 128K Mac, the total cost could be less than $3000.

Dennis Griesser Long Beach, CA

Don't Blame the Computer

Phil Lemmons's lanuary editorial ("Autonomous Weapons and Human Responsibility" page 6) was very amusing. Being a high school student 1 can easily picture what would happen if some of the students at lonesville High were scheduled for lunch at 9 in the morning or at 3:10 in the afternoon.

I'm sure the school mentioned in your editorial had things straightened out within a few days, and people were finding out how beneficial the computer would really be to them. As soon as everybody got over the lunch-period screw-up, they would realize how much easier things were going.

People in today's society are scared of what they think they can't control. If they have to come in contact with a computer, perhaps an automatic bank teller, they're scared to death they will "punch the wrong button" and totally wipe out their life savings. People need to be told of the benefits of computers rather than something to the effect that all computers are good for is screwing up your phone bill or sending junk mail. Humans are responsible for these mistakes and bothers. Magazines like BYTE do a fine job of clearing this up, but if people don't want to believe humans are responsible for these mistakes and not the computer, no number of articles, reports, or editorials will convince them; the only way I can see for them to realize this is to have to use a computer and understand what makes it work. Explain why the computer printed out a phone bill for $6539.97. Again there is the problem of people not wanting to come in contact with the computer, even to learn about it. In come the schools. Our

school has increased the number of computers by 300 percent in the past year alone, with more on the way. Already students have taken an interest. Granted, not all of them, but enough to justify the purchase of the machines. The ones who scoff at the computers in the classrooms are simply destined to get a phone bill for $6539.97 and hear the person at the phone company tell them "the computer has made a mistake." If children can learn the basics of computer programming and hardware, then maybe when our generation is older we can use the computer even more efficiently than we do now to simplify our lives and produce programs for school offices that tell the computer not to schedule lunch at 9:00 a.m.

Michael A. Russell lonesville, VA

Sanyo Satisfaction

I read Robert M. Keith's letter ("Sanyo Support," March, page 304) advising against buying a Sanyo just as I was about to order a Sanyo package by telephone from Computer Creations in Dayton, Ohio. The letter made me think twice, but I went ahead anyway. To my consternation the computer unit, which came as packaged at the factory, refused to format any disk, and I was stymied. But when I called Mr. lack Kaiser of Computer Creations and told him of my problem, he had the computer picked up from my house, sent to Ohio, and returned in good time all fixed, all at the company's expense.

Although 1 had had no previous handson experience with a computer, I was able to write a letter the first day with EasyWriter, and in the first two weeks have

[continued)

LETTERS POLICY: To be considered for publication, a letter must be typed double-spaced on one side of the paper and must include your name and address. Comments and ideas should be expressed as clearly and concisely as possible. Listings and tables may be printed along with a letter if they are short and legible.

Because BYTE receives hundreds of letters each month, not all of them can be published. Letters will not be returned to authors. Generally, it lakes four months from the time BYTE receives a letter until it is published.

14 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

Now, Maynard gives you j^gJKjSSSUr at your fingertips, saving time and el minaii g

5SS2SSS————

II

I

AHEM

Maynard Electronics

Shaping tomorrow's technology.

430 E. SEMORAN BLVD., CASSELBERRY FL 32707 305/331-6402 Inquiry I95

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W e'll send all you need to subscribe.

(800) 345-1301

(in PA 215V527i8O30)

HaviTlnrtl Itn.ul. Hryn Mawr, t'A worn

Inquiry 230

LETTERS

established a spreadsheet and succeeded in drawing a few curves from data. Most of the instructions are clear, especially when read the second time, although I confess I had to spend an hour in the library to come up to the starting level in BASIC. 1 have no regrets about having taken a chance with a telephone order for a Sanyo.

H. G. MacPherson Oak Ridge. TN

An Apple Dealer Replies

The letters in your April issue regarding Apple service and Apple manuals ('Apple II Blues." page 23. and "Where Are Apple's Manuals When You Need Them?" page 32) really hit me where I live: you see. I am an Apple dealer. As such, I find the treatment given to Mr. Lamar. Mr. Hine. and Mr. Raines unforgivable. Any product sold, no matter who makes it. is only as good as the dealer who sells it. The dealers in question certainly did a very poor job of serving their customers, to the point of not even knowing anything about the software being sold with the system in Mr. Hine's case.

The 1200-bps problem was made known to all Apple dealers, as was the no-charge board-replacement policy for those customers experiencing difficulty. Any dealer who read his service bulletins would have been aware of this. Even if he could not read, a quick telephone call to any of the Apple regional offices would have confirmed this.

The pinouts of the Apple lie serial port were available for the asking from a variety of sources, all of which were readily accessible to any dealer who made even minimal effort to find out. Some of these sources include Apple's own Technical Notes (issued in July of 1984). the Epson distributor for the area, the sheet included with the Apple lie serial cable, and several of the commercial interface-cable makers. Even when I could not purchase commercial cables I was making my own in the store to sell to my customers. Apple also issued technical information for the second disk port on the lie that allowed us to modify our existing Apple lie drives for use on the Apple lie before we got steady delivery on regular lie drives.

Ah yes, manuals. Years ago. Apple did supply most manuals with the systems purchased. Starting with the introduction of the lie. technical manuals became optional, with only an owner's manual being included with the computer. In genera). I agree with this policy because, as the type

[continued)

FREE 4rOPUS DISKETTE

HEAD CLEANER

With Purchase of OPGS "Onfloppable" Floppies

OPGS has a money saving offer to get you to try our floppies, the most reliable on the market today. Purchase 20 OPGS 5-1/4" diskettes and you can receive a Free UNIVERSAL HEAD CLEANER ($9.95 value), for use on single or dual-side drives.

Purchase OPGS diskettes at your local computer store, send two box tops, a dated sales receipt, and coupon and we will send your Free Head Cleaner.

Or - order by mail and receive Head Cleaner with your shipment. Or - Call, Toll Free: 1-800-692-6905, Dept. "Mr to charge on your VISA or MasterCard.

Now you have a money saving reason to try OPGS diskettes You will have "NO BAD MEMORIES!"

r

SEND TO: OPGS Computer Products

'85 HEAD CLEANER OFFER DeptBYT 585,150 Chicago Street Cary, IL 60013

Name

Address

City_

.State.

.Zip.

. Boxes of OPUS 5-1/4" Diskettes:

Phone ( )

□ Proof of Purchase Enclosed OR SHIP ME_ CHECK ONE: □ $19.95 Single-Side 10-pack □ $29.95 Dual-Side 10-pack Add $1.50 for shipping & handling (Illinois residents add 6% sales tax.) TOTAL ENCLOSED: $ (Check or Money Order Only)

Charge to my: □ VISA □ MasterCard

Account Number:

Expiration Date:

L

Signature:.

'I I II.' I ■■.[■IIP:. -\(jnij'i1 .11 I'M..

J

18 BYTE" AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 76

LETTERS

of purchaser shifted from the "hacker" to the novice, the material was more confusing than informative. It was not unusual to be asked. "Why do 1 have to pay for these manuals when I don't know what they are and don't need them to run my VisiCalc?" Now that the manuals are optional, the opposite situation arises when the purchaser is competent and needs the material. Any dealer worth his salt will stock such reference material in order to meet the needs of all his customers. It is unfair to condemn Apple for the failure of its dealers to act intelligently. Even though Apple has set rather high standards for its dealer network, there are more than enough retailers who are more concerned with shoveling boxes out the door than adequately serving their customers.

The common thread that ran through all three of these letters is that the dealers failed in the most elementary of tasks, that being to support the products that they sold (or sell). In this day when the pressure is on to move more product and to hell with the support, there are some of us out here who really do try. We are the ones who end up holding the hands of those buyers who have been left high and dry by the fast-buck artists and price-only retailers. If there are any other Apple users who need manuals or technical help, call me. My people are competent and can do more than read the numbers on their commission checks.

Vern L. Mastel Bismarck, ND

BYTEnet Response

It is 11:57 p.m.: I've been dialing BYTEnet since 7:00 p.m. and getting busy signals or that obnoxious recording telling me that all the circuits are busy and I should try calling back later.

I think I understand the rationale and impetus behind BYTEnet. Typos are eliminated and money saved. It sounds like a great idea. However, the current implementation leaves much to be desired.

Oh, how aggravating it is to read an interesting article that makes references to a missing listing! it defeats the tutorial value of the article. And 1 subscribe to BYTE to learn.

1 think that I'm being shortchanged and that there must be an alternative! At the very least, restore the listings until the load on BYTEnet is reduced!7^

I'm not staying up past midnight, and I'm not thrilled about paying those longdistance rates just to see if a listing is

(continued)

I

4 Out Of 5 PC-AT' Expansion Board • Buyers Own Advantage!

The overwhelming choice of IBM® PC-AT users, Advantage! from AST sets the standard in high-powered multifunction enhancement. Advantage! was the first multifunction board for the PC-AT. And it remains the leader by providing millions of characters of memory capacity, two serial ports, a parallel port and a game port. All in a single expansion slot.

First In Memory. All it takes is Advantage! There's no need to add other cards or hard-to-find chips on your system board. Whether you have an 256K, 512K or 640K AT, our unique memory addressing technique lets you add up to 3 Megabytes of parity checked user memory efficiently and economically. For flexibility, Advantage! can use either 64K or 256K memory chips. And of course, it supports your AT's high performance 16-bit bus and faster program processing speed.

Now you can have the extra memory to run integrated business software such as Symphony™ and

Framework™ To make full use of new concept windowing software such as D ESQ™ To utilize multitasking programs such as IBM's TopView™ or multiuser operating systems such as XENIX™To handle larger amounts of data, faster. Or for RAM disks.

First In I/O. Here's all the I/O capability you need now, even if you're starting with a base model AT. Every Advantage! card includes an AT compatible serial port and a parallel port so you can connect printers, plotters, mice and modems. Or with the appropriate software, you can connect other terminals to create multiuser environments.

With our optional second serial port you can attach even more peripherals, while our optional game port lets you plug in joysticks and other cursor-control devices for business or just for fun.

First In Quality. AST's reputation is built on quality products, quality support and quality service. Our complete documentation means Advantage! is exceptionally easy

to install and use, but if it's not enough we're always here to help.

Four out of five buyers agree, the choice is Advantage!-only from AST. Ask your dealer, or call our Customer Information Center (714) 863-1333 for more information. AST Research, Inc., 2121 Alton Avenue, Irvine, CA 92714 TWX: 753699ASTR UR

Advantage! trademark of AST Research, Inc. IBM PC-AT and TopView trademarks of International Business Machines Corp. Framework trademark of Ashton-Tate. Symphony trademark of Lotus Development Corp. DliSQ trademark of Quarterdeck Office Systems. XENIX trademark of Microsoft Corp.

FEATURES

Memory Expansion

• 128Kb to 3.0Mb in a single slot

• User Upgradeable with either 64K or 256K memory chips

• Split Memory Addressing rounds out AT's system memory to 640K and continues memory expansion at 1Mb

I/O Expansion

• Up to 2 Serial Ports (1 optional)

• Parallel Printer Port

• Optional Game Port

Advantage! Supports AT's Full Program Processing Speed

THE BIG NEWS IN DISK/TAPE IS PC/T, A SENSIBLE NEW APPROACH TO ARCHIVAL STORAGE.

We've tamed tape. And made it docile. By making it DOS-like.

So, while this started as an ad for our five new HardFile™ subsystems, which deliver 25 to 80 megabytes of hard disk storage and 60 megabytes of tape backup, instead we want to introduce you to PC/T™

PC/T is a new format that makes tape a more sensible storage solution for personal computers. It puts tape on line, in real time, for instant access. And frees your hard disk for your most current data.

You already know how to use PC/T. Because it responds to standard DOS commands.

Here's the big news: just like any DOS-controlled hard or floppy disk, PC/T enables you to create directories and files on tape. Then you can call up the exact file you need, and change a portion of the tape without having to erase and overwrite the entire cartridge.

Without PC/T, you have to rewrite the entire 60MB cartridge each time you make a single change.

With PC/T, you create and directly access files on tape, just like with floppy or hard disk.

PC/T formats each new tape cartridge, just like you format any hard or floppy disk, locking out bad blocks to assure that every bit of data you write to tape is recorded with utter accuracy.

What's more, PC/T gives tape true error correction capability. 50% redundancy during write operations ensures 100% reconstruction of data lost because of operator error, dust and dirt, or everyday wear and tear.

There is a catch. You can get your hands on PC/T just one way: Buy one of our powerful new HardFile subsystems. With disk plus tape. Or tape alone. Which brings us back to where we started. And gives you a place to start. Just call 1-800-228DISK for the Tallgrass dealer nearest you.

TALLGRASS SELLS MORE HARD DISK STORAGE WITH CARTRIDGE TAPE BACKUP THAN ANYONE IN THE WORLD.

TALLGRASS TECHNOLOGIES

COMMITTED TO MEMORY

Inquiry 315

HardFi]e'uand Tallgrass'uare trademarks of Tallgrass Technologies Corporation O 1985 Tallgrass Technologies

The DADiSP Spreadsheet makes setup easy with a cursordriven interface that lets you change parameters quickly.

TO MAKE THE KEITHLEY SCIENTIFIC WORKSTATION EVEN EASIER TO USE, WE TOOK A PAGE OUT OF YOUR BOOK.

Your scientific lab book. Introducing DADiSP (Data Acquisition and Digital Signal Processing), a new graphicsdriven software package for data acquisition and analysis with Keithley's Series 500 IBM PC-based Scientific Workstation.

DADiSP parallels the way any scientist or researcher normally records and analyzes data in a scientific lab book.

Using a spreadsheet for setup, windows for analysis and zoom graphics

DADiSP graphic analysis makes it eas\j to define each window as raw data or a function of another window. Results are quickly generated for easy interpretation.

for display, DADiSP takes you through the steps to acquire, record and analyze data from your Series 500.

And you don't have to be a programming professional to do it.

■ DADiSP IS EASY TO UNDERSTAND AND EASIER TO USE.

Simply insert the DADiSP diskette into your IBM PC. To set up a test, begin by moving the cursor to the parameters you want to change, such as engineering units. Next, toggle the space bar to select the test conditions, e.g., volts, °C. If you make a mistake, such as calling for a test condition the system does not support, DADiSP identifies your error. It's that easy.

■ DADiSP IS FRIENDLY AND FLEXIBLE.

DADiSP consists of two software modules: the DADiSP I Spreadsheet Module is used for test setups, data acquisition and graphic presentation, including dynamic zoom/cursor capability to let you examine the data more closely. For example, use this module for data monitoring, open loop control and to verify Series 500 operation.

The DADiSP II Worksheet Module uses multiple graphic windows, for analysis, display and manipulation of data. With a single keystroke, DADiSP lets you do extensive data analysis, including FFTs (Fast Fourier Transforms), max/min, integration and differentiation. You can analyze data obtained from Soft500, our standard realtime measurement and control software, or from any ASCII or Lotus 1-2-3 compatible file.

J>]975^> BUYS THE SERIES 500. Turn your PC into a powerful realtime data acquisition and control system for only $1975. The System 501 is a complete system consisting of Soft500 software and a mainframe with 8 analog inputs, 12-bit A/D conversion, 32 digital I/O channels and 8 additional slots for expansion. To expand your system, choose from our library of over 20 modules for input, output and signal conditioning. The result: a flexible system at board-level prices.

■ IT'S AN EASY CHOICE BECAUSE IT'S KEITHLEY QUALITY.

Behind the Series 500 is Keithley's 40-year reputation for engineering excellence and low-level measurement expertise. Your Series 500 comes with a one-year full warranty and 90-day free software support. We even provide a toll-free applications hot line. What could be easier?

For more information on the Series 500 and DADiSP software, ask for our new brochure. Call us, toll-free: 1-800-552-1H5. (In Massachusetts, call 617-423-7780.) Or write, Keithley Data Acquisition and Control, Inc., 210 Lincoln Street, Boston, MA 02111.

KEITHLEY

22 BYTE ■ AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 167

LETTERS

worthwhile. I just dropped you a check for S21, and now you want me to "buy" the listings from Ma Bell?

Patrick Conroy Vernon Hills. IL

Phil Lemmons replies:

This letter is representative of several we have received concerning BYTEnet. We're sorry about the trouble you had getting into BYTEnet Listings. We're taking several steps to make program listings more accessible.

1. We're launching the BYTE Information Exchange (BIX), which will handle many simultaneous users.

2. We've increased the free BYTEnet Listings bulletin board to three lines.

3. We're buying a laser printer to permit us to print listings clearly in less space than now required.

We're trying to make arrangements to make listings available in several disk formats but have nothing to announce yet. Any disk copy services who are interested in copying disks for BYTE should contact me.

We're also seeking people who will make BYTE listings available on electronic bulletin boards in foreign countries.

What About MAGIC/L?

After reading all about various languages in BYTE, I want to bring attention to a language that 1 have never seen mentioned or advertised. The language, called MAGIC/L, is made by Loki Engineering Inc. of Cambridge. Massachusetts. MAGIC/L is an extensible threaded interactive compiler. It is an exceptionally good development language and includes an assembler that is integrated into the highlevel environment and allows access to high-level code and data. This makes a lot of sense. MAGIC/L has a full range of error reporting: when an undeclared routine or variable is encountered during compile, instead of aborting, a word is compiled that generates a run-time error, and the system remains intact. MAGIC/L includes a logging facility that allows all input and/or output to be recorded on a disk file. MAGIC/L also supports modules, precompiled versions of your routines; this eliminates compile time for tested and debugged routines. This only touches on some of the advantages that MAGIC/L gives to programmers. MAGiC/L is available for MS-DOS. CP/M-80, RT-11, and UNIX-68000 in various formats. I have

[continued]

Data communication problem?

Solve it with a BayTech multiport controller

Fifty easy-to-use models for cost-effective, RS-232C serial port expansion.

■ Adapt your micro to industrial control and data acquisition applications.

■ Add more terminals to your existing computer system.

■ Allow your computer to share or select printers.

■ Enable your computers to use the same data communication lines by multiplexing.

■ Simplify your network

with any-device-to-any-device communication. These intelligent multiports feature many user-programmable functions and are available in 5, 9, 12 and 18-port sizes, $279 to $1,795. Call or write for complete details.

BAY TECHNICAL ASSOCIATES, INC

DATA COMMUNICATIONS PRODUCTS 800/523-2702 or 601/467-8231

Highway 603, P.O. Box 387, Bay Saint Louis. Mississippi 39520 Telex: 910-333-1618 EasyLink: 6277-1271

Inquiry 33

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 23

LETTERS

been using a version of MAGIC/L on Digital Techniques' "Touchcom" equipment for a year now and find it indispensable. Perhaps a review of this product is in order.

Stan Coplan Philadelphia, PA

Glenn Hartwig replies: Thank you for your interest. As it hap

pens, we recently received a review of MAGIC/L and hope to be able to run it in the near future.

ASCII Transfer

To honor the country where I discovered it, let me present what I will call the Morocco Principle: "To transfer an ASCII file from one computer to another, communications software is needed only in

the receiving computer."

Testing was done using an IBM PC with the IBM Asynchronous Communications Package and an HP 150 with DSN/LINK. A Smart Cable joined the Quadboard serial port of the IBM to the standard serial port of the HP. Separately. Dick Roberts established the link between Compaq and Apple computers.

First, use the communications software to put the receiving computer in a waiting state. Then use the operating system of the sending computer to route the desired file through the serial port. For example:

A>TYPE MYFILE.TXT>COM1:

Of course, the Morocco Principle saves time and money only if unidirectional transfer is sufficient. If not, communications software is needed at both ends.

Paul-Andre Desiardins Rabat, Morocco

8-bit ASCII Draft Standard

During 1984, three draft 8-bit characterset standards were developed for the Latin languages of western Europe and the western hemisphere with identical 8-bit code tables. The ANSI draft is called 8-bit ASCII: the ECMA approved standard (ECMA-94) and the ISO draft standard (ISO DIS 8859/1) are called Latin Alphabet Nr I.

This standard code table is the first 8-bit one intended to facilitate processing by computers (the old 1968 and 1977 ASCII standards are 7-bit standards). Each of the 189 printing characters, including space, are one byte. All accented letters are included as single bytes to facilitate processing by software. Eleven U.S. word-processing characters are also included.

Because there is sufficient room in the 8-bit code table for the characters most commonly used in these countries, there are no national or user options in the code table, unlike the old 7-bit ISO 646 standard. Happily for the U.S., the left-hand side is 7-bit ASCII, so the 8-bit standard is upward-compatible with the 7-bit ASCII standard.

Software-application writers and terminal vendors should make plans for support of this standard. They should avoid using the eighth bit in ASCII data for other purposes, such as processing flags, parity, etc. Rather than inventing their own character sets, users should study this new standard to see if it will suffice.

Table 1 is the ANSI/ECMA/ISO 8-bit code table. The ANSI draft is out for public comment until July 14, 1985. Copies of

(continued)

MEMORY & LOGIC PROGRAMMERS

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s

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Stand-alone, intelligent RS-232 units compatible with most computers or terminals; minimal or no interfacing

PROMPRO-8™...Programs virtually all + 5V EPROMs, single-chip micros, and emulates EPROMs. ONLY $689.00 (128K RAM version)

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UV ERASERS ...Start at $49.95, and $97.50 for timer versions. Production model $149.95 AND MORE! ...Call for more info on PALPRO, SHOOTER, PP7, XP, and required options. Detailed literature and spec sheets available. IBM PC, Apple and other popular

PCS Support. PAL is a registered Iradcrnark of MMI.

TOLL-FREE 1-800-EE1-PROM

It's only Logical. LOGICAL DEVICES, INC.

1321 N.W. 65th Place • Fort Lauderdale, FL 33309 • (305) 974-0967 • TELEX: 383142

24 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 180

fI/sJEAccounting

si* M r- *

$

49.

95

Dac Easy Gives You Seven Full Feature Accounting Modules In A Single Integrated

Package. Accounting software doesn't have to be expensive to be the best. Dac Easy gives you a fully integrated accounting system with instant access to General Ledger, Accounts Receivable, Accounts Payable, Inventory, Purchase Order, Billing and Forecasting. Imagine, you can generate over 300 reports from 80 different routines ...all in a non copy-protected package. And, with Dac Easy you'll get a handsome slipcase binder with easy-to-follow documentation. Best of all, Dac Easy Accounting can be used to manage either service or product oriented businesses.

Find out for yourself why Dac Easy is the fastest selling accounting package on the market. Compare Dac Easy's features against other packages costing thousands more. Then, order your Dac Easy Accounting by calling our toll free number or returning the coupon below.

General Information

• Menu driven

• Password protection

• File capacity limited only by disk space •Support contract available

General Ledger

•Unlimited # of accounts with multi-level accounting, unlimited departments

• 3 Year account history for CRT inquiry

• Pencil & pen feature to correct mistakes without reverse entries

• Unique budgeting routine (see Forecasting) •CRT transaction inquiry, unlimited

journals

•Activity report, trial balance, financial statements, etc.

Accounts Receivable

• Open invoice or balance forward

• 7 Customized columns lor aging report

• Unlimited # of customers •Mailing labels and directories with

4 different sorts •Automatic finance charges •Supports partial payments •3 Year customer history for # of invoices,

sales, costs, and profits •Customized text on statements •Cash flow analysis •Sales analysis

•Automatic sales forecasting by customer, salesperson or customer type

Accounts Payable

• Check printing and up to 10 invoices paid per check

•Automatic allocation of available cash to payables •Vendor directories with sorting

by vendor code, name, or territory •Aging reports with 7 customized columns

• Unlimited # of vendors ■ Mailing labels with 4 different sorts •3 Year vendor history for CRT

inquiry and printing Flexible payment calendar •Automatic forecasting of purchases ■Unlimited allocations per invoice

Inventory

•Supports average, last purchase, and standard costing methods

• Powerful physical inventory routines •Accepts any unit of measure like fractions/dozens/gross/hours/minutes, etc.

• Automatic changing of costing methods •Time and product inventory •3 Year product history in units,

dollars, cost, and profits •Automatic forecast of product sales •Automatic pricing assignments •Alert and activity reports with 11 sorts

• CRT shows on-hand/on-order/ committed/sales/cost7profit/ turns/CROI

Purchase Order

• Usable for inventory and non-inventory items

• Allows up to 99 lines per purchase order

• Per line discount in %

• Purchase Order accepts generic discounts/freight/taxes/insurance

• Purchase Order accepts back orders & returns

• Purchase journal •Automatic interfacing with

General Ledger, Payables, and Inventory

Billing

• Invoicing on plain or pre-printed forms

■ Prints sales journal

•Automatic updating of committed

products in inventory •Ability to customize invoice for

remarks •Allows return credit memo

• Interfaces with Inventory, Accounts Receivable and General Ledger

Forecasting

Unique program that automatically forecasts using your 3 year history

• Forecast revenue and expense accounts

• Forecast vendor purchases

■ Forecast customer sales, cost, and profit by customer or salesperson

•Forecast inventory item usage by 4 automatic methods

• Forecast by same as last year, or % base from last year, or trend, or least square trend line analysis method

Minimum Hardware Requirements: IBM (PCjr, PC, XT or AT)' or other compatibles. 128K memory, one 51/! DSDD floppy disk, 132 column printer in compressed mode, 80X24 CRT, MS-DOS2, PC DOS1 2.0 or later. 1 Trademarks of International Business Machines.1 Trademark of Microsoft Corporation.

EByB/Accounting

To Order Call Toll Free

1-800-431-0800

ASK FOR OPERATOR 18

For More Info Call:

(214) 458-0038

ejej dac software, inc. 5580 Peterson, Suite 130 Dallas, TX 75240

Take advantage of our special introductory offer by ordering Dac Easy Accounting before July 31,1985. Simply send in this coupon with your credit card number, money order or check for $49.95 plus $7.50 for postage and handling. In Texas, add 6'/s% sales tax ($3.06). Outside U.S., add $17.50 for postage and handling. No C.O.D. 'After July 31,1985, send $69.95 plus $7.50 for postage and handling (in Texas, add $4.28 sales tax).

CHECK

Account No. .

Name

Address

_M( INKY ORDER

- Expir

Cily.

.Zip.

_ Signature.

30-Day Money Back Guarantee: dac software, incorporated provides a 30-day money back guarantee that all claims and features listed in this ad are true.

Inquiry 89

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 25

LETTERS

Table I: 8-bit ASCII level 1. Note: Columns 0-7, 8-9. and 10-15 are specified in dprAHS X3.4-I98x, ANSI X3.64-1979, and dpANS X3.134.2-198*, respectively: they are shown for information only. Blank code positions [double asterisks) are reserved for future standardization. Readers are advised against directly implementing this chart.

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BSR X3.134.1 (8-bit ASCII Structure and Rules) and BSR X3.134.2 (8-bit ASCII Supplemental Multilingual Graphic Character Set) are available for SI 5 each, along with a self-addressed mailing label, from X3 Secretariat/CBEMA, 311 First St. NW. Washington. DC 20001.

Thomas N. Hastings Maynard, MA

Don't Sell Software, Sell Ad Space

1 was recently talking to a few friends about software piracy. As a result of this discussion. 1 began to see a possible method to realize profits from this particular situation. First off, computer piracy occurs because software is copyable and almost any protection scheme is breakable. The second reason is that many people are not willing to buy a piece of software but, through various rationalizations, justify themselves in obtaining copies of it. Finally, some software is actually overpriced and of low quality, so the customer

(continued)

V

Floppiclene

Automation Facilities Corporation

It's a Dirty Job, But Everybody's Got To Do It.

At this very moment, magnetic oxides, dust and airborne pollutants are collecting on the surface of your drive's head. Sooner or later, that dirty head is going to ignore or even ruin valuable information on your floppy disks.

Fight Back with Floppiclene "

Floppiclene's disposable wet/dry cleaning system can gently and safely remove all contaminants from your drive's head. Used as recommended, Floppiclene can help win the war against costly down time and drive repairs.

Floppiclene comes packaged in an airtight, vacuumformed binder and contains a six month's supply of disposable cleaning disks, anti-static screenwipes and polishing cloths. Refills are available.

Available in 3.5, 5.25 and 8 inch formats.

Financial Plaza, 3916 State Street,

Santa Barbara, CA 93105, Tel. 805/687-7040 TLX 6971013

Inquiry 26 for End-Users. Inquiry 27 for DEALERS ONLY.

Ven-Tel's Half Card" modem is in all the best computers.

Here's why...

Ven-Tel gives you lots of reasons to buy our Half Card modem for your IBM PC or compatible. The Half Card is a complete system that lets you communicate with other PCs, mainframes, and databases effortlessly. It includes Crosstalk-XVI® software. It's reliable. It's got all of the features you want. And it's a good value.

Do You Own One of These Computers?

Chances are you do. And if you're thinking of buying a modem, consider the Half Card'". Because of its small size, the Half Card™ fits in more computers, including all of the models we've listed here. The Half Card™ is small, so it fits in short slots or long. That means you can save your long slots for other expansion uses.

Effortless Communication

Each Half Card™comes with Crosstalk-XVI® communications software, by Microstuf. It's the easiest to use, whether you're a beginner or an old hand, and the most powerful. A full on-line help menu makes using Crosstalk® for the first time a snap. It can turn your PC into a terminal on a mainframe computer with its powerful terminal emulation feature. It will even operate your PC when you're not there. You can call into an information service such as The Source or Dow Jones News Retrieval, or transfer files and electronic mail, all at the touch of a burton. The Half Card™ connects your computer to the world. Effortlessly.

More Modem for Your Money

When you buy the Half Card ™ you don't need anything else. The Half Card™ is a complete communications package that includes afull-featured modem and the best known software on the market. Complete easy-to-understand instructions with full technical support on installation and use. And a very competitive price. The Half Card™ with Crosstalk-XVI® software, retails for only $549.

Features

. 1200/300 baud auto-dial, auto-answer.

. Uses the industry standard "AT" command set.

. Runs with virtually all communications software, including Smartcom II and PC Talk III and integrated packages such as Symphony and Framework.

. Includes Crosstalk-XVI® software.

• On-board speaker and extra phone jack for easy switching from voice

to data mode. . Selective tone or pulse dialing;

full or half duplex. . Automatic answer on any ring.

• True ring or busy signal detection.

Reliability

Ven-Tel has been making modems for 10 years. Our experience shows. Ven-Tel's Half Card™ only has about 70 parts, compared to almost 300 on other modems. We reduced the parts by building the first LSI modem chip using advanced switched capacitor technology. What that means to you is greater reliability and lower power consumption, so you can load up your PC with expansion boards and not worry about heat or power problems. And we back the Half Card™ with a full two-year warranty on parts and labor.

You Can Buy the Half Card™ Anywhere

You can get the Half Card™ at ComputerLand, Businessland, the Genra Group, Entre Computer Centers, Macy's Computer Stores and other fine dealers nationwide. Also from Ven-Tel: the 1200 Plus™ an external modem and the PC Modem 1200™ an IBM internal with V22 international capability.

Effortless Communication

4* Ven-Tel Inc.

2342 Walsh Avenue Santa Clara, CA 95051 (408) 727-5721

Crosstalk is a registered trademark of Microstuf. Inc. Smartcom II is a trademark of Hayes Microcomputer Products. Symphony is atrademark of Lotus Development. Framework is a trademark of Ashton-Tate. Inquiry 328 AUGUST 1985 • B Y T E 27

V

INSTANT DATABASES... BECAUSE THAT'S HOW MOST OF US NEED INFORMATION ... INSTANTLY!

Homebase provides you instant access to a whole realm of databases. Just hit the hotkey to freeze whatever software you're working in, and you're ready to find, insert or manipulate data.

This is much more than a simple cardfile or mini-database. You'll be able to set up your own templates, define parameters such as the length of a field, and do rapid key searches. You can have thousands of records in a database. And numerous databases on your menu.

28 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

THE TOOLS YOU NEED,

We've Included a powerful sef of tools that will save you time and help you organize Information, schedule, calculate and a whole lot more. All within a auick keystroke ... regardless of the software you're runningl

You may find a few of these in some "desktop" products ... but nothing else approaches the power of Homebase!

• Instant Databases

• Qulckterm Terminal (available

• Phone Message Pad

even when you're working in

• Rolodex"

another program)

• Appointment Calendar

• Autodlaler

• Calculator

• Template Maker (for designing

• Notepad

your own databases)

• Time and Expense Diary

• DOS Services

• Programmable Hotkey (You

• Rolodex Card Printer

choose the key that gets you

• Mailing Label Printer

to your Homebase)

• Data Transfer (between

• Electronic Mall (as an

databases or your other

automatic multi-task!)

software)

• Tables and Pages (for those

• Cut and Paste (great for putting

things you always need to

together an Electronic Mail

look up)

letter that combines a chunk of

• Alarm Clock (including Musical

spreadsheet, some text from a

Snooze Alarm)

document, and a few notes)

• To-Do List

THE EXCITEMENT IS BACK

With the Electronic Mailbag of Your Dreams

ELECTRONIC MAIL THAT TAKES CARE OF ITSELF ... IN THE BACKGROUND

(While you're running WordStar, Lotus, dBase, a compiler or whatever)

We wanted electronic mail that could take care ot itself while we were busy on the computer doing something else.

We always felt that there was something strange about having to play postman every time a piece of electronic mail was due. It was always a case of loading up a communications package and either waiting for the mall or going out to fetch It.

Now, we've got itl And you can have it, too. With HOMEBASE, Electronic mail can arrive while you're working in another piece of software. Up in the corner of your screen, a signal lets you know that there's incoming mail. You can read it as it comes in, if you want. Or you can Ignore it, and your mail will automatically file itself... to be read at your leisure.

When you're sending Electronic Mail, its just as easy. Once you've written and addressed your letter, the rest is done for you, automatically, while you're back working in another piece of software.

CHECK THE DIFFERENCE IN VALUE!

WHY ARE YOU GETTING SO MUCH SOFTWARE FOR SUCH A SMALL PRICE?

Amber Systems makes tools for programmers including VSI—The Window Machine. We make mouse drivers, asynchronous drivers and electronic mail packages for a number of companies. Now, we've decided to use these tools, plus some new ones that aren't yet on the market, to produce new concepts in software. Because we make the tools ourselves, our costs, and consequently yours, are the lowest possible . .. with never a compromise in quality.

YES! Site licenses are available for

companies . . . large and small. If you would like to order a single copy, now, to examine and show around your company, its cost can be deducted, later on, from your site license.

For further information on site licenses call 408-996-1883.

HOMEBASE

SIDEKICK

POLY WINDOWS

SPOTLIGHT

Notepad

Notepad

Notepad

Notepad

Autodialer

Autodialer

Keyboard Macros

Calendar

Appointment Calendar

Calendar

Calendar

DOS Services

DOS Services

Calculator

Calculator

Calculator

Calculator

ASCII Table

Game

Rolodex

Rolodex

Rolodex

Alarm

File Cards

Rolodex Card Printer

File Cards

Tables and Pages

$49.95

$149.95

Alarm Clock

$49.95

Template Maker

Instant Databases

Data Transfer

Cut and Paste

Programmable Hotkey

Phone Message Pad

Time and Expense Diary

To-do List

Electronic Mail

Quickterm Terminal

Mailing Label Printer

$49.95 !

Sidekick is a trademark ot Borland Intentional. Inc Poly Windows Is a trademark of Polytron Corp Spotlight is a trademark of Software A/ts

ORDER YOUR COPY OF HOMEBASE TODAY!

For VISA and MasterCard Orders Call Toll Free: 800-538-8157 Ext. 824

In CA 800-672-3470 Ext. 824

Call Mon. - Fri. 6 A.M. to 12 P.M., Sat. & Sun. 6 A.M. to 8 P.M. (P.S.T.)

or fill in this ORDER FORM and enclose a check, money order or your VISA or MasterCard number.

HOMEBASE is available for the IBM PC, XT and true compatibles $49.95 + $5 for shipping and handling"

NAME TITLE _

COMPANY NAME

ADDRESS

CITY

STATE

.ZIP.

HOME PHONE (

)

. WORK PHONE (

. Exp. date.

Q CHECK □ MONEY ORDER □ VISA □ MASTERCARD Cord # . 30-day money-back guarantee!

'California residents add 6% sales tax. Outside U.S. please add S15. Checks must be on a U.S. bank and in U.S. dollars. Sorry, no C.O.D. or purchase orders.

For dealer and site license Information, call 408 996-1883. BYTE

SEND TO:

/IW3EI2

AMBER SYSTEMS, INC.

1171 S. Saratoga-Sunnyvale Road

San Jose, CA 95129

Inquiry 295

Togetalot

out of your

printer, you

need a lot of programs,

right?

rlrj

£ifj Sof tStyle

SoftStyle. Inc. 7192 Kalanianaole Hwy. Suite 205 Honolulu, Hawaii 96825 Phone (800) 367-5600 $69 95 Enhances over 30 dol matrix pnnters.including Epson and Okidala IBM PC or compatible.

Wrong.

Sure, you could buy one package to change type sizes, another to create fonts, and still another to print sideways. Or you could get one simple program to do it all!

Printworks. It's loaded.

Powerful in circuit emulation, priced well within your grasp. That's NICE. ™

NICE may be only 3" square and >A" thick, but it hands you full speed, real time emulation—over 50 emulation functions, software breakpoints, all memory addresses and all I/O ports.

Just plug NICE directly into the target MP socket and any RS232 terminal for system development, troubleshooting, debugging or testing . . . M home, in the lab or in the field.

And NICE hands you all this performance, portability and Versatility for only $498'. . . the best emulator price/performance ratio on the market, hands down.

Call in your order today using ^ your MSA or Mastercard num- ">hm4|^^^ m-r- TVTJ/-~v"v 1 f^f~

ber: (800) NICOLET outside I.-VliA/lC-L CA, or (415) 490-8300 in CA. ^H^.

Corporation, /'oP^f^

201 Fourier MZ&K k 'M, ^^V*

Avenue, Fr mont, CA

' Payment by chec order, VISA or MasterC NICE is u trademark of N Paratronics Corporation *780 is a trademark ofZii

Nicolet

LETTERS

may not feel that in buying a piece of software he is getting his money's worth. This is our problem. If we assume that software piracy will always exist, that friends will pass along software to friends, then how can money be made in the software market where piracy steals away profits?

Most software can be either considered entertainment or tools. For the purposes of my proposition, I'm only going to consider entertainment software (games). A certain game has a rather specific audience: The user has a specific machine (possibly specific hardware] and can reasonably be assumed to be of a certain age and socioeconomic class—a very specific market of users. Here is the proposal: Since a piece of software can be assumed to attract these users of a specific group, there is a natural grouping to which advertising could be aimed. 1 am suggesting that instead of selling the entertainment to the user, sell the exposure of the program to advertisers and distribute the programs freely.

What I am saying is. model the entertainment software distribution after other forms of entertainment, i.e., television. Television does not sell the entertainment to its viewers (except examples like movie channels), it sells a captive audience to the advertisers and thus turns a profit. I believe that the same principle could be applied to game software, though in a more discreet manner. So develop the program, make it basically self-explanatory, and sell advertising within the program. Also, since software is notoriously hard to modify, the ads would easily be carried throughout the entire distribution of the game. Methods of implementing this would be to include things like billboards on some game screens, maybe a full-screen ad that appears when the game is paused, ads at the beginning and end of a game, and other visible but nonintrusive advertising. In this manner, the game would still retain all of its lure and glitter, but other elements conveying the advertising message would be included.

So, 1 am suggesting that there is a way to make a profit and utilize a problem that is currently plaguing the software industry.

Edward Dean Tate, |r.

Seaford, VA

Why the Restrictions?

I would like to ask the software manufacturers why unprotected software has more severe restrictions put on its use than does copy-protected software. A typical copyprotected software license says something

[continued]

30 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 23 I

We make it simple.

An Interface disk or tape subsystem is simple to install an simple to use for IBM PC, XT, AT, and most PC-eompatibles

For the PC and compatibles we give you:

• External DiskSystems0 from 10 to 119MB.

• Internal with 10 to 55MB.

• 10MB removable cartridge Winchester.

• 10MBTapeSystem:c'

• DualStor0 with 10,22, or 33MB of

Duaistotm fixed storage plus mummmmm 1QMB tape Qf

^MHor,-' ~ 10MBremovl-^8 ■ able Winchester.

For the PC-XT, we give you: ^^l^^gmjgp* * 'nterna' ^t0

is an internal n-Mwwimsm combination with 10, 22, or 33MB fixed storage combined with 10MB of tape back-up.

• External 10MB tape cartridge drive.

• External ExtraDrivec is a 10MB removable cartridge Winchester.

• External DiskSystem with 10 to 55MB of additional storage.

Interface, Inc.

Inquiry 156 for End-Users. Inquiry 157 for DEALERS ONLY.

For the PC-AT, we give you:

• Internally mounted hard disk drives with 21 to 117MB. ^^^^

Winchester. f-** '*S'""3;i^ Since 1978, Interface has been providing quality storage subsystems at affordable prices for the personal computer market.

DiskSyslems. TapeSyslems. DualSloi. DoubleBarrel and

ExlraDrive are copyrights ol Interlace. Inc.

IBM is a registered trademark ol IBM Corporation

21101 Osborne Street, Canoga Park, CA 91304 Or call (818) 341-7914

Canada: Santronic Sales, Lid. (604)522-1658

LETTERS

like "You may physically transfer the program from one computer to another, provided the program is used on only one computer at a time." while the license for an unprotected program says something like "This program may be used by only one user on one machine and may not be transferred."

The difference between these two attitudes can be seen in the following exam

ple. Suppose I buy an unprotected copy of ClicheWriter, and I spend about two hours a day writing with it. When I'm finished, the program must go back into the box. If I want to work at home, I have to buy another license. If my secretary wants to use the program, she has to buy a copy. If the guy down the hall wants to use it. ditto. Let's say all these things happen so that together we pay for four

ClicheWriter licenses. Meanwhile, my competitor down the street buys a protected copy of WordyPlatitude. He uses it for two hours, lends it to his secretary for a few more hours, then to the guy down the hall, then takes it home to teach his kid. Both programs have been used the same total amount, by several users on several machines (though only one at a time). Yet, to avoid being branded pirates and criminals, the users of the unprotected program have spent four times as much.

The question is, Why do the makers of unprotected software trust users not to copy and distribute the program, yet not trust or allow them to use it by one person on one machine at a time? Some programs are used many hours a day, but others are used only for an hour or two once a week. Why can the protected ones be freely passed around while the unprotected ones can't? Why must someone who uses a program for an hour a day pay the same license fee as someone who uses it eight hours a day? Why can't the program be licensed for use eight hours a day, regardless of whether that means eight people at an hour each or one person at eight hours?

Let's say you want to buy a copy of AlphaBetsy, that new program that alphabetizes the Christmas card list you typed at random into your word processor. Now this program takes only five minutes to do its stuff. If it's copy-protected, chances are you will be allowed to lend it to all your friends to alphabetize their Christmas card lists, too, and as a result they may help you pay the $100 it costs. Yet, if the program is unprotected, you will no doubt be threatened with immediate violent death if you lend it to anyone. But then, will you want to pay $100 for five minutes' use every few months?

Perhaps software manufacturers should think about just what it is they are licensing. Does the license permit, say. eight hours' use a day without regard to who does the using on what equipment, or does it permit only the use one person can make of it? And if eight hours' a day usage is permitted, what about four people using it simultaneously for two hours? Isn't that the very same net use as one user on one machine for eight hours? Or is the manufacturers' attitude one of "Hey, if you can use it all day, great. If not. that's your tough luck"?

1 would appreciate some answers to these questions from some software manufacturers.

Robert Harris Corona, CA ■

Data worth keeping deserves a Data Defender.

Data Defenders by Ring King. They're the finest quality protection you can buy for the information you have stored on 5W mini-diskettes and printout.

The Ring King 070 Tray holds 70 mini-diskettes in a tough copolymer shell with security lock. The Ring King Flip File II binder holds 20 mini-diskettes and converts to a desktop index. Ring King Looseleaf Files are punched to fit standard 3

ring binders. Ring King Data Binders hold up to 8"of 9V2"x II" or 14%" x 11" unburst printout.

Ask for Ring King Data Defenders at your computer supply dealer. Or send for our free, fullcolor catalog of computer support products. Write Ring King Visibles, Inc., 2210 Second Avenue, RO. Box 599, Muscatine, Iowa 52761. For customer service, phone (800) 553-9647, in Iowa (319) 263-8144.

DATA

DEFENDER

32 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 277

/

READ

ONLY

A review of the IBM Personal Computer Family. Vol. 2 No. 2

WHATS THE PROGRAM?

Meaningful dialogue. There are two programs from IBM that can greatly improve the quality of our running dialogue with computers. They are the IBM EZ-VU Runtime Facility arid the IBM EZ-VU Development Facility.

Think of the EZ-VU Runtime Facility as a mediator in your IBM PC conversations. It handles the exchange of commands and information between you and your application programs through predefined screens. It can give you a single consistent interface with applications w ritten in a variety of languages.

In short, the EZ-VU Runtime Facility lets you concentrate on the essentials of t he job you're doing.

EZ-VU

Runtime Facility

If your job is program development, the IBM EZ-VU Development Facility can help you write menudriven applications—or revise existing ones—that are both sophisticated and easy to use. It incorporates a screen design tool that works through the function keys on your IBM Personal Computer, so there are no special codes and commands to slow down your design work. EZ-VU also helps

make last work of testing and revising your screen designs.

Two additional points. Both of these EZ-VU programs benefit from years of success by similar dialogue management programs in IBM host MVS.VM, and VSE operating environments. And both ran under the IBM TopView program, w hich allows you to run a number of software applications concurrently.

A quantum leap. Speaking of technological advances, IBM Personal Computer Professional FORTRAN represents a quantum leap forward in FORTRAN for microcomputers.

Its a full ANSI 77 implementation with enhancements that offers an un

Application management, program development, and communication* software from IBM. See next page for IBM PC Network SNA 3270 Emulation Program story.

m" SCRtJU

PAINT ■ FdHMAI

usual combination of speed and accuracy. Optimization techniques and features such as a full symbolic interactive debug facility are similar to those usually found only in IBM VS FORTRAN and other mainframe FORTRAN compilers.

You can use IBM PC Professional FORTRAN to work on large or small host programs and to recompile existing FORTRAN programs—or sections of those programs—to run on your IBM Personal Computer. It's ability to handle arrays larger than 64KB gives you the equivalent of mainframe capability on a personal computer.

And IBM PC Professional FORTRAN was designed for IBM by RyanMcFarland Corporation to help you take full advantage of other IBM Personal Computer software, such as the IBM Personal Computer Engineering/Scientific Series graphics development tools.

Make that "quantum leaps."

HARDCOPY

Hidden talent. Think of the many entertaining and useful programming ideas that must exist out there but never find their way to market.

Aeiletant s«n«

The IBM Directory of personally developed software gives you direct access to some of that hidden talent. It's a cata- ^0 log of unique programs developed by individuals for the IBM Personal Computer Family.

Programs listed in the Directory sell for as little as $14.95. They cover a wide range of interests, from entertainment and education to personal productivity and business applications.

Each program in the Directory has a full description that includes system requirements and illustrations or color photos of representative screens. Programs may be ordered by mail or through a toll-free telephone number.

To subscribe to the Directory. call 800-IBM-PCSW. The last word. Or perhaps we should say the last word to date. The new IBM DOS Technical Reference manual contains just about everything you'd want to know about the IBM Disk Operating System Version 3J and previous versions 2.1 and 3.0.

That's not to say that new improvements and information won't appear in the future. They will, and you'll be kept abreast of such developments. An update information service is included in the manual's purchase price.

So you'll always have the last word.

IBM Mainframe Communication Assistant

Enable you' IBM PC to nmulnto a 3101/3277 or 3276/3279 terminal with uplooddJownlond capability. Download data Irom a lioal diroclly lo a Piling Assistant Ilia. Use this dais with othar Assistant Series programs without rokByino. Communicate with VMICMS and MVS/TSO 370 hosts. Series/i systems, information services, and othar IBM PCs

The Directory

Updated versions of the DOS Technical Reference manual and the Directory of Personally Developed Software jram IBM.

^2 '

w

FAMILY TIES

Close connections. The IBM PC Family has always included hardware and software to help you keep in close touch w ith important contacts.

Last year's announcement of the IBM PC Network, for instance, was an important milestone in communications among the immediate family. It gives you an easy way to share information and hardware resources like printers and disk storage devices.

There are two recent IBM communications software products that extend those IBM PC Family connections even further. They make it possible for you to work directly with data stored on an IBM host computer, to communicate from one network to another, and to do an even wider range of your daily business over the IBM PC Network.

Host communications. The IBM PC

Network SNA 3270 Emulation Program, for example, allows your IBM Personal Computer to communicate with an IBM host system through telecommunications lines.

Broaden your IBM/'(.' connections with communications software from IBM.

You then have direct access to the data and programs on the host computer. So if you're working on a branch-office quarterly report, you no longer have to wait while essential data from a headquarter's computer is sent to you and copied for your use. There's also a redirector function that allows you to place the data on a file server for distribution to other stations on your IBM PC Network.

In addition, when the program is installed on an IBM Personal Computer in an IBM PC Network, that PC can act as a communications gateway for other members of the same network. If member's of a network need to communicate with more than one IBM host computer—or with different applications on the same host—multiple gateways can be attached to a single IBM PC Network.

And an IBM PC with the IBM PC Network SNA 3270 Emulation Program installed can still be used as a network station doing standard PC work.

You could, for instance, use your IBM PC to create a data set on a host system. You could also create a word processing project on your IBM PC using Display Write 3? switching easily back and forth between them without terminating either session. The IBM PC Network SNA 3270 Emulation Program also allows you to transfer graphics printing jobs from the host to an IBM PC with a graphics printer attached.

Sland-alone assistance. There's a new addition to the IBM Assistant Series to help handle stand-alone communications between your IBM Personal Computer and a host machine or another IBM Pei-sonal Computer. IBM Mainframe Communication Assistant software includes a 3101 and 3270/78/79 terminal emulator for your IBM PC, plus a set of host computer support programs for VM/CMS and MVS/TSO systems.

Mainframe Communication Assistant has the same easy menu structure as other members of the Assistant Series, such as Writing Assistant and Planning Assistant. And it offers a number of unusual features to simplify your communications work.

It can. of course, speedily transfer files between host and PC (or PC

IBM Quid writer® Printer offers advanced printer technology and unusually low operating noise level. Shown with sample of letter-quality printing.

and PC). After you've worked with the host file. Mainframe Communication Assistant lets you transfer only the changes youve made—rather than the entire file—back to the host computer.

And. as a member of the Assistant Series. Mainframe Communication Assistant allows you to integrate mainframe database information into Filing Assistant files. You're then able to transfer that information to other members of the Assistant Series, saving the time and effort of reentering data that lias been stored on a mainframe computer.

'Follow the proper installation instructions in the IBM PC Network327(1 Emulation Program documentation for Display Write 3.

HARDWARE NEWS

Quiet, please. There's been a quiet revolution in printer technology. The Ouietwriter® Printer is as ad

vanced as the computers it serves. It's versatile, compact, remarkably quiet, and produces work that might make people think you'vegot a printing press in the back room.

In this case, the spark behind the revolution is a new method of resistive ribbon, non-impact printing developed by IBM. The "Quietwriter" Printer replaces print elements or hammers that strike the page with a unique multi-layer ribbon and print mechanism that virtually "paints" characters on the paper.

As a result, the "Quietwriter" Printer produces superb, letter-quality printing on a variety of papers and in a wide range of type styles. To change type styles you just unplug one font module and plug in another. And because the "Quietwriter" Printer can accommodate two font modules, you can have two type styles online at once.

The "Quietwriter" Printer also allows you to produce a wide array of character graphics either separately or to highlight reports and correspondence.

And it does all of this very, very quietly. At 50 dB, the IBM "Quietwriter" Printer* makes less noise while printing than many printers make while idling. That means you can put the "Quietwriter" Printer wherever it's most convenient; it wont disturb either your telephone conversations or your train of thought. Unconventional ability. IBM also makes conventional printer technology seem anything but conventional.

Consider the IBM Wheelprinter,* for example. Its printwheel is designed to provide sharp, clear letter-quality printing even after millions of impressions. And the printwheel is easy to change, which is important because there's a selection of over 500 printwheels to choose from. The Wheelprinter's standard features also include both automatic sheet feed and continuous forms feed—optional on many other printers.

The Wheelprinter is reliable enough to take on high-volume office work. It even works with two types of ribbons to suit the requirements of different types of jobs. There's a singlestrike ribbon for finished reports or correspondence. For more routine jobs like purchase orders or internal memos, you can use a longer lasting, lower cost multi-strike ribbon.

The Wheelprinter has equally impressive qualifications as a home printer. To begin with, it's remarkably easy to use. The Wheelprinter's integrated paper path provides reliable cut-sheet printing and allows it to do much faster work than you might expect from a 25cps printer. And its acoustically engineered cover makes the Wheelprinter an exceptionally quiet impact printer.

Maybe "conventional" isn't the right word at all.

"These are just two of the various printers available from IBM for the IBM Personal Computer Family.

ON THE STOREFRONT

Extra attention. Even the best equipment sometimes needs a little extra attention. An IBM Dealer Service Option can provide it. It gives you extended service coverage for IBM Personal Computer products, and is

available from participating Authorized IBM Personal Computer Dealers either before or after your original warranty expires.

VCfe ve got you covered

The Deafer Service Option protects >wir IBM Personal Computer investment

T I

9 ?

trz

I

1

4 i

Sims. _ IBM

In addition to sparing you the complications of arranging for the job to be done after something has gone wrong, a Dealer Service Option assures you of first-rate work. IBM Personal Computer Dealers have fulltime, IBM-trained and authorized technicians on staff as well as directaccess to IBM technical experts who can help with unusual or complex questions.

An IBM Dealer Service Option also covers a couple of important additional contingencies. If you move, your service coverage can be honored by a participating Authorized IBM Personal Computer Dealer in your new location. And if you should decide to sell your IBM Personal Computer product, your Dealer Service Option may be transferred to the new owner.

A

TIPS AND TECHNIQUES

Slop action. If you occasionally sit frozen while screen after screen of information rolls by too fast to read, take heart. There's more than one way to stop that cascade of data and view one screenful at a time.

When listing the directory of a diskette or fixed disk, the command DIB/P will do the trick. After finishing with one screen, press any key to bring up the next.

To slow down the listing of a text file, you could use the CTL/NUM LOCK keys, but that involves keeping both hands on the keyboard and an eye on the screen.

Instead, check your DOS directory listing to make sure the DOS utility program MOBE.COM is available. Then, at the DOS prompt A >. type the command line MOBE<filename and press enter.

NOTE: be careful to use ""<" and not ">*": if you enter the wrong one. you'll destroy your text file.

To view a file called PC-WBITE. DOC. for example, enter MOBE<PC WBITE.DOC. That will list a single page of text on your screen and display the message —MOBE—. Again, press any key to view next screen.

Voila, perfect control.

Thanks for this tip to Chuck Harrington of the Athens. Ohio, area IBM PC Users Club.

Thanks also—and apologies for omitting a note of credit in the last issue of HeadOnly-toEd Smuckler of the Redondo Beach. California. Greater South Bay User Group for his tip about setting screen colors.

For more information about IBM Personal Computer products discussed in this issue of Read Only. see youi' Authorized IBM Personal Computer Dealer or IBM Product Center. To learn where, call 800-447-4700. In Alaska and Hawaii 800-447-0890.

© 1985 I nternational Business Machines Corpt: Little Tramp character licensed b> Bubbles Inc.

atioi S.A.

FIXES AND UPDATES

FEEDBACK

Leaks Like a Sieve

We've often called benchmarks a "can of worms," and the little critters slithered out of the humus to terrorize us again in the wake of our review of True BASIC ("True BASIC" by G. Michael Vose. May BYTE, page 279). One reader wrote to say the algorithm is wrong (it isn't, as explained below), while a couple of others wrote to ask why we persist in using GOTOs in benchmarks of a language that has constructs that allow you to avoid them. All this reexamination of our infamous Sieve helped us discover some problems, including a false impression created by the review's benchmark table and accompanying graph, that need explanation.

The BASIC Sieve benchmark is a single iteration of the algorithm to find prime numbers between 3 and 14003. The Pascal Sieve benchmark, however, executes 10 iterations of the same algorithm. Our review implies that True BASIC is nearly as fast as Turbo Pascal at executing the Sieve when it is in fact substantially slower. Turbo Pascal's sluggish performance in the Calculations benchmark is an indication that its compiler may optimize the code it generates for the Sieve.

BYTE began using single-iteration versions of the Sieve for system benchmarks (which were all written in BASIC) in conjunction with our review of the IBM PC ("A Closer Look at the IBM Personal Computer" by Gregg Williams, lanuary 1982, page 36.) At the same time, we modified the original Sieve ("A High-Level Language Benchmark" by Jim Gilbreath, September 1981, page 180) from 8190 passes to 7000 to accommodate the small memory available on many of the 8-bit machines to which the PC was compared. We've been consistent with this BASIC benchmarking scheme for system reviews since then.

The queries about unstructured versus structured versions of the Sieve in BASIC raise a valid and interesting point—namely, does structure affect the performance of the algorithm? The answer, in the case of True BASIC, is no—the difference in execution time of the structured version of the benchmark (see listing 1) was a 0.4 second, or 1.8 percent, decrease. We pur

Listing I: A structured version of the Sieve benchmark, without GOTOs, written in True BASIC.

LET startime = time

LET size = 7000

DIM flags(7000)

PRINT "Start One Iteration"

LET count = 0

FOR i = 1 to size

LET flags(i) = 1 NEXT i

FOR i = 1 to size

IF flags(i)< >0 then LET prime = i + i + 3 LET k = i + prime DO while k< =size LET flags(k) = 0 LET k = k + prime LOOP

LET count = count + 1 END IF NEXT i

PRINT "Done: ";count;" Primes Found"

LET finishtime = time

PRINT finishtime-startime;" seconds"

END

Listing 2: The accuracy

benchmarks in two slightly different versions. Using Y = Y"2

yields different results than computing Y = Y*Y. (In Microsoft BASIC, X and Y must be

declared double precision.

(a)

(b)

LET x = 1.0000001

LET x= 1.0000001

LET y = x

LET y = x

FOR i = 1 to 27

FOR i = 1 to 27

LET y = yy

LET y = y"y

NEXT i

NEXT i

PRINT y

PRINT y

PRINT x"(2"27)

PRINT x-(2"27)

END

END

posely ran the benchmark with GOTOs to maintain consistency among BASIC versions of the test (so that we'd be comparing apples to apples), but the readers who took us to task for not asking if there might be a better way have a legitimate gripe.

Digressing a moment from the Sieve, another reader suggests we adopt an accuracy benchmark. Adapted from a dis

cussion of numeric precision in the April 1984 issue of Scientific American ("Computer Recreations" by Fred Gruenberger, page 19), his suggested benchmark appears in listing 2 and its results in table I. We like its brevity and simplicity and invite your comments as to its usefulness. Back to the Sieve, the most recent

{continued)

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 33

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FIXES & UPDATES

"fable 1: The results of runs of the accuracy benchmark of listing 2. The correct value (with

\Q-digil precision) is 674530.4707.

a = Y = V2 b ■ Y = Y*Y

y

X

Microsoft(a) 8850273

65536

True BASIC(a) 674530.431654

674530.570667

BetterBASIC(a) 674023.631

674530.4704

Microsoft(b) 674530.470612035 65536

True BASIC(b) 674530.431654

674530.570667

BetterBASIC(b) 674492.751149

674530.470738

Listing 3: The Sieve algorithm with comments.

800 SIZE = 7000

;set number of odd numbers to examine

820 DIM FLAGS(7001)

;dimension the primes-flag array

830 PRINT "start one iteration"

840 COUNT=0

;set prime number counter to 0

850 FOR l = 0 TO SIZE

initialize FLAGS array

860 FLAGS(I) = 1

870 NEXT I

880 FOR l = 0 TO SIZE

;start loop to strike all odd multiples of primes

from the primes list

890 IF FLAGS(l) = 0 THEN 970

900 PRIME = 1 + 1+3

;compute prime from FLAGS array index value

910 K = I + PRIME

;find the index to the first odd multiple of PRIME

920 IF K>SIZE THEN 960

;test for upper bound

930 FLAGS(K) = 0

;set flag for non-prime

940 K = K + PRIME

;find the index to next odd multiple of PRIME

950 GOTO 920

960 COUNT=COUNT+1

;increment prime number counter

970 NEXT I

980 PRINT "done";COUNT;" primes found"

990 END

reader who claims the Sieve algorithm is incorrect misunderstands how the algorithm uses array indexes. The FLAGS array index is used to calculate the prime numbers in a rather unusual way. Essentially, the algorithm starts by assuming that the first number in the array is prime. Then it eliminates the multiples of the prime, since these numbers are obviously nonprime. The contents of FLAGS (INDEX) = 1 stays unchanged when the number 2 * INDEX + 3 is computed, as this number is always prime; otherwise, it is changed

to 0 to indicate that a multiple of PRIME has been calculated. The only numbers tested for primeness are the odd numbers beginning with 3. The prime number 2 is thus not captured in the Sieve and is therefore not reported in a run of the algorithm: The message "1651 primes found" is correct although there are 1652 primes less than 14003 because the Sieve doesn't start looking for primes before the number 3.

Our solution to the problem of the Sieve's obtuseness is listing 3, a more fully documented version of the algorithm.

BYTE's BUGS

A Power Plant Chip?

Dozens of readers have taken us to task for the following sentence on page 458 of the June BYTE: "Each [Sunol Systems'l chip consumes just 100 megawatts when operated from a 5-volt power supply." (See

"A GEM Seminar" by John Markoff and Phillip Robinson, page 455.)

Obviously, the sentence should have said "100 milliwatts." We apologize for the error. ■

34 BYTE* AUGUST 1985

Introducing Iri'dVision

Complex Drawing

Mad

asy

We created In-a-Vision just for you. The engineer who needs more productive drafting support. The designer who needs versatility for alternate ideas or quick revisions. The architect who needs to manage a variety of working drawings. And the businessman who needs first-class presentation materials as well as detailed flow charts and organization charts.

Point. Click. Draw.

Now all you do to create complex technical drawings, systems designs, blueprints, diagrams, illustrations, and proposals is point,

click and draw. With In-a-Vision's mouse support, windowing, icons, and pull-down menus, you produce drawings more quickly, accurately and efficiently than ever before

In-a-Vision's advanced technology includes many features not found on comparable systems costing thousands more. For example,

(Most popular graphics cards, plotters and printers supported.) Microsoft Windows compatible. Call for specific operating environment requirements.

Unlike more expensive CAD systems, In-a-Vision is easy to install and use. Even the computer novice can be productive in less than a day. And In-a-Vision is not copyprotected.

Ten Day Trial Period.

We're so sure In-a-Vision will

□(3

pan

around in a user-definable drawing space up to 68" x 68" and zoom in on specific areas for greater detail. Scale, rotate and dimension symbols, fill an area with your choices of predefined colors and patterns, as well as draw lines with multiple styles and widths. Other features include overlays, predefined and userdefinable page sizes, rulers, grids, and symbol libraries.

Multi-tasking in a PC-based CAD system.

In-a-Vision uses multi-tasking to enable you to continue drawing while printing hard copies as well as edit multiple drawings simultaneously.

MICROGRAFX

The Picture of Success.

Inquiry 206

make you more productive, we'll give you "1 ten days to prove it to yourself. If In-a-Vision doesn't improve your productivity, return it within ten days for a full refund.

In-a-Vision will make your complex drawing tasks simple and make you more productive. Satisfaction guaranteed. Dial 800-272-3729 to order or for a free brochure. In Texas or for customer support, call (214) 234-1769. MICROGRAFX, Inc., 1820 North Greenville Avenue, Richardson, Texas 75081.

Uva-Vision and MICROGRAFX arc trademarks of MICROGRAFX, Inc.

Windows and Microsoft arc trademarks of Microsoft. Inc.

What's a database syste

doing with a

OHLHELATED-RECORDS

relate U shich M the fclloyinj groups of Hi CURRENT-RECORD ALL

wJBmtt^^^^^M | HI 111 ■

records in the cur FLAGGED

rent file?

Coipany Hue

■ Allied Accounting Asset

t'E. Charters

Fanly Nursing Centers F Fluwer Power

UleilTE Sandwich Shoppes. Inc

Massachusetts Metal Products

Felevanl Technology

Robert Barnui S Associates

CP] Inc

Billing Rite

I SB 88 1 4! 88 1 58.88 1 58 88 I 48 98 r 59 99 ! 55.99 1 58 98 1 58 98

F Sit Press Stage Two Research The Tribune tip Construction Co

t 58 88 I 45 89 1 59 89 i 58 98

File COHPAHIES Priutoui node Ir

iltil! F

,les uleued, 1

1. Relational capabilities.

Enter values for the record

FSRT NUnBER j PART DESCBIPTION (TV 1 PRICE

H822 Worhshlfl Beerlhl (up Reeov 68 i 12 89" H582 Governor Support BuinlM In 38 5 98 K38S2-2 Stator SUfl Rear Ming I 21 S.N J-241G2 Ejetensior. Housing Sell lost 48 | 6 88 HISS) IPuw Seal Installer 58 ! (.88

DISCOUNT 51 PSICE riFIER DISCOUNT

TOTAL

1 728 88 1 158 88 1 188 88 1 .'48 88 1 288 88

1 1,418 88

1 1,33! 58

4. Subrecords.

Attribute naie ORDER.DATE

Description The date the order vis taken

Type SATE

Default display width 17 Display style for date F> 31 Dec A* Display year' Short ie g.. Mi Display day of week' Short te.g . Fn> Display day and »onth in uppercase' HI

nuiBuii nuiber

Unique values' Indexed' Ho

Previous lode Define

Enter values for the record

HI5T0R.

NOTES

DATE

■ Spoke *tth rlarcia today for 2 hours She's interested In Cornerstone. Call back Friday.

4/11/tS

»^ She Hints to arrange i leetlng with her purchasing departient to discuss licensing i^H agreements and support requirements Ihey tvi be ■ interested in purchasing 5i> copies --Don 1 forget

4,21.85

Date to Clii1 Next Nednesdau

File' CL1E«T.H1ST0R» Previous me Opdate

Files vleued 1

2. Variable-length fields.

REPORT SUBTOTAL

Select an AGGREGATE function or press (ENTER,1 ti recoipute subtotals Hi SUil

mimn mum urn

3 Orders froi Cubridge Couons Cab Co 3 Orders froi Concord Bus Line

3 Orders froi Hal's Foreign Auto Repair

4 Orders froi Hanover Service Station 4 Orders froi Lexington Auto Service 3 Orders froi Roian Olds Dealers

. Orders froi T Motors

3 Orders froi Tosh's Service Center

5. Interactive report writer.

RING OVS

The value you enter in this field lust tatch one of the folloeins values (based on uhat tjcni'ut tubed so fir before the cursor position'

-;!.;i-:>i- rwu mm centers

flo.ef •;«( sash;::-■(

feleufini technology robert barnun t ass0c1 s f i imc. sic press shoe t«0 research the tribune

TIP CONSTRUCTION CO ','UHtW CHOCOLATES 20NF.A 'FUdlhG CO

Select a conand froi mm UPDATE

~ SAVE

the lenu Use irrM keys or type SELECT VIEU COLIM REPORT SOBT MB

the comnd EETAILE&

Full Niie (c.pan. Hue • ■ r.;

Mitchell Capone

3-2-1 Associates. Inc

Bavid Green

fassachusetts Metal Products

355-1774

Din Horner

Robert gamut t Associates

617-4»2-6e»a

Floyd Flathead

Infocoi. Inc

4?!-1131

Jnes Richardson

Easy Charters

212-555-1212. x!234

:i:-74."«9e

212-734-9?5(

File PEOPLE Previous taode Initial Files vieied 1

3. Multi-valued fields.

index

INTEf.Ml.MTE

L0S18

PIT

ROUND

INIEP-JAL.TIltE

file ItieMne.Honitorinj

6. Calculations.

i file fonat is convert FROM. Elj PFS 1-2-3 SIF

7. Sophisticated data features. 8. Options key.

9. File conversion.

Cornerstone is a trademark of Infocom, Inc. IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corporation. 1-2-3 is a registered trademark of Lotus Development Corporation. Tandy is a registered trademark of Tandy Corporation. dBASE II is a registered trademark of AshtonTate. Micro/Answer is a trademark of Informatics General Corporation. PFS is a registered trademark of Software Publishing Company.

36 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

m for non-programmers U this power?

Cornerstone makes it easy to build sophisticated applications.

Whether you program or not, you expect your personal computer to handle a wide variety of complex jobs. Simply and easily. That's why we designed Cornerstone™ to deliver all the power of a high-end relational (1) database system into the hands of professionals who don't want to spend needless time programming.

The key is flexibility.

To begin with, Cornerstone will grow with you as your needs change. Which means you don't have to plan every last detail of your database in advance. Instead, you can quickly and easily make changes anywhere and at any time—even with data already in the database. You can add a file, field or index, change a report or relationship, or do countless other things.

And Cornerstone's remarkable flexibility also applies to data handling. For instance, variable-length fields (2) let you add notes of any length anywhere in the database— without determining the length of the field in advance. Cornerstone just makes room as you need it. Which means efficient storage, too.

In addition, any Cornerstone field can be multi-valued (3). So you can type in distinct, multiple entries in the same field. Whether five different phone numbers or 200 different notes. You can even have repeating groups of information, like line items in an order form (4).

The flexibility extends to reporting, too. There's no limit to the number or kind of reports you can create with Cornerstone's interactive report

writer (5). You can design complex reports with titles, headers, subtotals and totals, and instantly see what your report will look like. Hundreds of reports can be saved for every file and modified at any time.

And Cornerstone has no artificial constraints. You can sort on any field, search on any field.

The calculating power is built in.

Cornerstone has impressive calculating power (6). Mathematical, scientific, statistical, financial, date, time and string functions are built right in. And because it's a full-featured relational database system, new data can be calculated and reported from multiple files. Cornerstone can also perform sophisticated data validation—checking for minimum, maximum, mandatory, unique or restricted values (7).

Easy access for all.

Cornerstone's power is designed to be easily accessible. On-line support, including menus and a Help key, allow even unsophisticated users to handle complex jobs. Experienced users can hide the menus entirely.

What's more, Cornerstone's exclusive Options key (8) always shows you what can be entered nexteven if it's a restricted data value from a related field.

You can also use Cornerstone with other software and hardware (9). For example, you can easily convert files

from 1-2-3," PFS,® dBASE® II and word processors (ASCII) directly

into Cornerstone. And you can convert Cornerstone files to a wide variety of file formats, including Mailmerge,'" DIF, 1-2-3, SDF and ASCII. You can even download data from most IBM® mainframe databases, using Micro/Answer™ for Cornerstone.

Cornerstone is a different kind of database system. Created by a company committed to eliminating the barriers between computers and people. It's now available for the IBM PC, PC XT,™ PC AT™ and compatibles, and soon for the Tandy* 1000, 1200 HD and 2000. Suggested retail price $495.

Send for your free demo disk.

To fully appreciate how different Cornerstone really is, you have to try it yourself. For a free demo disk and brochure, call 617-574-0644, or write to Infocom, Inc., Dept. D., 125 CambridgePark Drive, Cambridge, MA 02140. Or see your local Infocom

dealer. HlFQCOIR

Cornerstone.

The sophisticated database system for the non-programmer.

Inquiry 153

AUGUST 1985 ■ BYTE 37

MICROSOFT PRESS ■ PETER NORTON THE IBM PC

AN UNBEATABLE COMBINATION

MICROSOFT,

PRESS

THE PETER NORTON

PROGRAMMERS GUIDE

TO THE IBM PC

The ultimate reference guide to the entire family of IBM* personal computers.

Finally... a comprehensive reference guide rich with resource infonnation on the entire IBM family of personal computers: the PC, AT, XT, PCjr, and Portable PC.

The Peter Norton Programiflier's Guide to the IBM PC is your ultimate guide to programming for the IBM PC environment. It's a gold mine of insights, techniques, technical data, and quick reference charts, all emphasizing the architectural similarities and differences among IBM's five personal computers. Whether you're an experienced or a novice programmer working in assembly language, Pascal, BASIC, or C, you'll find invaluable information for developing portable, effective professional Implications.

By Peter Norton, recognized authority on IBM technology, creator of the acclaimed Norton Utilities, and noted architect of the now-famous philosophy of simple, clean programming.

$19.95 Available now wherever books and software are sold.

38 BYTE" AUGUST 1985

WHAT'S NEW

Zoomracks

Zoomracks from QuickView Systems is an organizational framework for creating database, text, and appointment applications. It uses a series of files that is similar to a time-card rack. Typical racks can contain cards with appointments, notes, names and addresses, or sales orders. The format of individual cards is userspecifiable; 2 5 starter formats are supplied.

Both data cards and racks are displayed with Zoomracks' Smart Zooms. This feature differs from windows in that it compresses the information within a card, thereby providing both the essential information and the overall picture associated with the data card. You can tailor Smart Zooms' display to provide an overview of several data racks, a close-up of an isolated data rack, or a view of a single card from a particular data rack.

With Zoomracks. you can copy and move fields, cards, and text into different fields, cards, and racks. You can define, alter, and store cardrack templates, and you can browse through or jump among data racks. Other features include macro instructions, utilities to convert dBASE II files, a simple WordStar-like text editor, and data storage in an ASCII-/MS-DOS-file format for conversion to other data formats.

A working overview of Zoomracks with three data racks. Displayed are quotes, memos, and help information in compressed data mode.

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Crl I Sin; and Arm pg26 Jns, Bk

Cm K Ik Heir' Ey, w 86 Jns, Bk

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Chi A Adv I tk Fly ps 13 Sat Jhn

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Hup E Em Bun on krt P9

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Ln, t Eluon Flu Wl. 1,

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fit i III and Arr w 267

Lk ) '.In and arr pg 273

Si ■ U: I lh Pis PS 15 ,..„

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Bob Jns (uotes Abb Ul rgk arssaj*

Bob Jns Pip Isl s Abbrvt fids topic

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Alter cross refemc

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Appoinlanls application

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Backup caution

Baud sukoaaand

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o OtherS, d,.Display lornj!

A view of a Zoomracks data card, removed from the rack and expanded into full text.

aposers on Uaposmj, past Ml ...rt is only one iaportint thing in ausic and that is ideas plus ((fling Ike various tonalities and sound aean nothing unless they gro» out of ideas. Not nans coaposers have ideas. Far aore of thea kno> ton to use strange instruments which do not require ideas.

Zoomracks can display up to eight racks on screen. It can accommodate 31 fields/ cards with 80 characters per line, 2 50 lines per field, and 20,000 cards per rack. Zoomracks supports display sizes ranging from 2 5 characters by 6 lines to up to 80 characters by 2 5 lines. It runs on 2 56K-byte IBM Persona] Computers.

A prerelease, copyprotected version of Zoomracks is $59.95; an unprotected version is $79.95. Purchase of the prerelease package entitles you to a free upgrade to the final version, which is due to ship in November; your name in the users manual if you are the first to suggest an improvement; and a six-month, money-back guarantee. Contact QuickView Systems, Suite 404. 146 Main St.. Los Altos. CA 94022. (800) 443-0100, ext. 341,

Modem with Voice Detection

Xecom's MOSART is a 300/1200-bps modem with voice detection. MOSART which is housed in a 40-pin package, comes with all necessary support circuitry. It requires only the appropriate telephone jack, software, and 2 square inches of the IBM PC's motherboard. Speech-synthesis capabilities are optional.

The basic system, the model XE1201, provides full (continued)

a %dify{. s Cotoi o Other}, d Display to rut

A name,

appointment, and tickler file produced with Zoomracks.

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 39

WHAT'S NEW

Bell 103/212A (i.e., 300- and 1200-bps) compatibility. It automatically detects normal speech and drops its carrier signal during voice conversation. MOSART can also decode telephone touchtone signals.

The model XE1203 extends these features with circuitry to generate speech.

To familiarize designers with the features of MOSART, Xecom offers evaluation kits for use with an IBM PC. Each evaluation kit includes a half-size IBM PC expansion card with telephone and headphone jacks, a headset, and a floppy disk with evaluation software and Xecom's XENIAL communications software.

The XE125I evaluation kit, with the XE1201 MOSART, is available for $399; the XE1253 kit includes the XE1203 MOSART for $449. In 100-piece quantities, the XE1201 alone will cost $199, while the XE1203 will be $249. Contact Xecom Inc., 374 Turquoise St., Milpitas, CA 9503 5, (408) 943-0313. Inquiry 600.

Tektronix AI Systems

The Tektronix Information Display Group has introduced two artificial-intelligence systems that run Smalltalk-80: the models 4405 and 4406. In a related development. Tektronix announced a price reduction for its 4404 artificial-intelligence system. The new price for the 4404 is $11,950, a $3000 cut.

In addition to Smalltalk-80, both the 4405 and 4406 come with a UNIX-like operating system and a C compiler. Each machine is equipped with an RS-232C interface, a Centronics-type

The Tektronix 4406.

parallel printer port, a keyboard, a mouse, and ANSI X3.64 terminal-emulation mode.

The 4406 is based on Motorola's 68020 microprocessor, which, in turn, is augmented by a 68881 floating-point coprocessor. Its standard 19-inch, 60-Hz display screen offers a 1280by 1024-pixel resolution. The 4406 also gives you 2 megabytes of dynamic RAM (expandable to 4 megabytes) with which to work. Other features include a 32-megabyte virtual-memory address space, a 514-inch floppy-disk drive, and a 90-megabyte hard-disk drive.

The 4405 has a 13-inch. 60-Hz display screen. The monitor's 640- by 480-pixel display area serves as a window onto the system's 1024by 1024-pixel addressable bit map. Smooth panning across the bit map is provided by the three-button mouse. Additional equipment includes 1 megabyte of dynamic RAM (expandable to 4 megabytes). 8 megabytes of virtual-memory address space, a floppydisk drive, and a 45-megabyte hard-disk drive.

Tek Common LISP, Franz LISP, MProlog. a UNIX library, and an EMACS editor are optional. Tek Common LISP is reported to

be a full implementation of Guy Steele's Common LISP standard. It is licensed for $6000. Such hardware options as increased hard-disk storage, streaming-tape backup, and Ethernet capabilities are offered.

Prices for the Tek 4406 begin at $23,950. The 4405 starts at $14,950. Write on company letterhead to Tektronix Inc., POB 1700, Beaverton. OR 97075. Inquiry 601.

MIDI Magic, Music Disks

Q-R-S Music Rolls, a company that has been producing piano rolls for player pianos for more than 80 years, has introduced a line of musical hardware and software for Commodore computers.

MIDI Magic is a one-way MIDI interface that lets you connect Commodore's 64 or 128 computer to MIDl-based musical synthesizers, including the Casio CZ-101. It plugs directly into the Commodore's user port and into the MIDI input socket. A

demonstration disk with six songs is supplied.

Q-R-S Music Rolls also offers a collection of music on floppy disks. Many performances feature contemporary musicians and sound quality reminiscent of that achieved by player pianos. The collection includes selections from such artists as Gershwin, Joplin. and Liberace. These compositions can be played back on the synthesizer in any combination of electronic voices. Each floppy disk features six songs.

MIDI Magic costs $49.95. Q-R-S Music Disks are $19.95 each. Contact Q-R-S Music Rolls Inc., 1026 Niagara St., Buffalo, NY. 14213, (716) 885-4600. Inquiry 602.

Color Display Adapter

SubLogic recently introduced a high-resolution color-display adapter card for the IBM Personal Computer. The card has a resolution of 640 by 400 pixels by 16 colors. You can select from a palette of 4096 colors.

An on-board custom microprocessor can draw an average of 70.000 line vectors per second. Software support includes an alphanumeric device driver, a primitives library with source code, high-level language interfaces, diagnostic utilities, and demonstration programs. The board will cost approximately $2 500 to $3000.

Contact SubLogic Corp., 713 Edgebrook Dr.. POB 4019, Champaign, IL 61820, (217) 359-8482. Inquiry 603.

(continued)

40 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

INFOWORLD'S SOFTWARE PRODUCT OF THE YEAR

Borland's SideKick Will Clear Your Desk In 30 Minutes And Increase Your Productivity By 50%

SideKick is a combination of seven desktop accessories, which makes SideKick the single most effective business tool. Just a keystroke suspends your application program, giving you a window into MjttMif? SideKick. Another keystroke brings you back to where you were. JJ |. Instantly It's that easy.

A FULL-SCREEN WORDSTARSLIKE EDITOR

You may jot down notes and edit files up to 25 pages long

AN ASCII TARLE

for easy referenced

AN AUTODIALER

for all your phone calls' It will look up and dial telephone numbers for yoii> (A modem is required to use this function.)

A PHONE DIRECTORY

for your names, addresses and telephone numbers. Finding a name or a number becomes a snap.

A MONTHLY CALENDAR

functional from year 1901 through year 2099.

A DATER00K

to remind you of important meetings and appointments.

A FULL-FEATURED CALCULATOR

ideal for business use. It also performs decimal to hexadecimal to binary conversions.

THE CRITICS' CHOICE

"SIDEKICK deserves a place in every PC." Bury toy. PC WEEK

"ISyou use a PC, gel SIDEKICK. You'll soon become dependent on It." Jiny Pourmlll, BYTE

"SIDEKICK is by far the best we've seen. It is also the least expensive." Ron MmiMt, ENTREPRENEUR

"In a simple, beautiful implementation of WordStar's" block copy commands, SIDEKICK can transport all or any part of the display screen (even an area overlaid by the notepad display) to the notepad." Claries Pitioii. PC MAGAZINE

m BORinnD

W$) INTERNATIONAL

4585 Scotts Valley Drive, Scotts Valley CA 95066 Phone (408) 438-8400 Telex 172373

Copyright 1985 Borland International BM008A

SideKick Is a Trademark of Borland international. Inc. IBM and PC DOS are registered trademarks of International Business Machines Corp. ifoworld is a trademark of Popular Computing. Inc. a subsidiary CW Communications, Inc.

ffdSiar is a registered trademark ofMicropro International Corp

quiry 38 for End-Users,' Inquiry 39 for DEALERS ONLY.

WHAT'S NEW

SAM 3001 AT

The SAM 3001 AT is compatible with IBM's PC AT microcomputer. This machine, built around the 80286 microprocessor, comes with 640K bytes of on-board RAM, a graphics card, a parallel port, two RS-232C serial ports, and a socket for the 80287 mathematics coprocessor. The graphics card is compatible with Hercules-type graphics applications, and user memory is expandable to up to 16 megabytes. A 1.2-megabyte floppy disk and a 20-megabyte hard disk store your data.

PC-DOS 3.0. GW-BASIC MS-DOS 3.1, and XENIX are supported. Available options include fixed-disk storage of up to 80 megabytes and 14-inch color or amber monitors. Multiuser capabilities and multifunction boards are planned for future release.

The SAM 3001 AT is manufactured by Samsung Semiconductor Telecommunications Co. Ltd. of Korea and distributed in the United States by HiTech International. System pricing begins at $4395. The color monitor is $375, and the amber display is $170. The MS-DOS operating system is $50 per copy, and each copy of GWBASIC is $150. Contact HiTech International Inc., 1180-M Miraloma Way, Sunnyvale, CA 94086, (408) 738-0601.

Robotic Kit

Robotic Computing Kit for the Apple 11 series and Commodore's VIC-20 and 64 computers is available from fischertechnik.

The SAM 3001 AT.

With this kit. you can build small, stationary robots that perform a variety of tasks, such as plotting computations, sorting objects of different lengths, and solving the Towers of Hanoi puzzle.

The Robotic Computing Kit comes with two motors, two gears, an electromagnet, two potentiometers, lamps, and push buttons. Its computer interface module includes output connections, digital inputs, analog inputs, and software.

The Robotic Computing Kit system sells for $199, including the computer interface. Contact fischer America Inc., 175 Route 46 W, Fairfield, NJ 07006, (201) 227-9283. Inquiry 604.

Biometal

Toki Corporation's Biometal is a metallic alloy that changes its shape when a small electrical current is run through it. This titaniumnickel alloy can be shaped as a coil that will contract when current is applied, just like animal muscle tissue.

Toki will begin selling coils of Biometal in September for $8.99 per 8-inch length. A small robot arm that uses the alloy as an actuator is also available for about $150. including controller box. Contact Toki Corp., 850 South West Temple, Salt Lake City, UT 84101, (801) 532-5430. In Japan, Toki Corp., Number 11-11, Ebisunishi 2-chome, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150; tel: 03-461-1961: Telex: 0242 5204 TOKION ). Inquiry 605.

The System/ 36 PC

IBM has announced a desktop version of its System/36 minicomputer with a list price of less than $6000.

The System/36 PC, which is about the same size as the IBM PC system unit, requires an IBM PC, PC XT, or PC AT as its console and communications server.

You can connect three workstations to the System/36 PC in addition to the IBM PC. Optionally, you can link a pair of workstations and a system printer to the System/36 PC The console PC can function as a workstation. Each workstation can execute System/36- and IBM PC-based applications concurrently.

The System/36 PC hardware comprises 2 56K bytes of memory, a 40-megabyte hard-disk drive, and a 1.2megabyte 514-inch floppydisk drive. A second 40megabyte hard disk can be added, and memory can be increased to 512K bytes.

IBM says that the System/36 PC is object-codecompatible with its two 8-inch-disk-based versions of the System/36. IBM plans to transfer software for these machines to the smaller format for the System/36 PC.

The System/36 has a list price of $5995. Its operating system is $995. It will be sold through selected retail stores. The IBM PC requires a special adapter card and software. For the name of your nearest dealer, call (800) 447-4700: in Alaska and Hawaii, call (800) 447-0890. Inquiry 606.

[continued)

42 BYTE* AUGUST 1985

ATTENTION SIDEKICK USERS: SUPERKEY IS SIDEKICK'S BEST COMPANION. GET SUPERKEY TODAY!

Borland's SuperKey lets one powerful keystroke do the work of hundreds and helps keep your confidential files...

confidential!

SUPERKEY TURNS 1,000 INTO //Yes, SuperKey can record lengthy keystroke sequences and play them back at the touch of a single key. Instantly. Like Magic. Say, for example, you want to add a column of figures in 1-2-3. Without SuperKey you'd have to type seven keystrokes just to get started. ["shift-@-s-u-m-shift-("]. With SuperKey you can turn those 7 keystrokes into 1.

SUPERKEY HELPS PROTECT YOUR CAPITAL INVESTMENT. SuperKey, at your convenience, will make your screen go blank after a predetermined time of screen/keyboard inactivity. You've paid hard-earned money for your PC. SuperKey will protect your monitor's precious phosphor. . . and your investment. This feature alone justifies your SuperKey purchase!

SUPERKEY KEEPS YOUR CONFIDENTIAL' FILES... CONFIDENTIAL! Time after time you've experienced it: anyone can walk up to your PC, and read your confidential files (tax returns, business plans, customer lists, personal letters ...). With SuperKey you can encrypt any file, even while running another program. As long as you keep the password secret, only YOU can decode your file. SuperKey implements the U.S. government Data Encryption Standard (DES).

SUPERKEY PROTECTS YOUR WORK FROM INTRUDERS WHILE YOU TAKE A BREAK.

Now you can lock your keyboard at any time. Prevent anyone from changing hours of work. Type in your secret password and everything comes back to life ... just as you left it.

THE CRITICS'CHOICE

" While most people only talk about low-cost pergonal computer software, Borland has been doing something about it. And Borland provides good technical support as part of the price," Mn Mirkotl & Ptul Frit/tr/tr, tyndltttul ulumnlitt

"What I think the computer industry is headed for: well-documented, standard, plenty of good features, and a reasonable price." Jtrty Putntlli, BYTE

BORlPflD

INTERNATIONAL

4585 Scoits Valley Drive, Scotts Valley CA 95066 Phone (408) 438-8400 Telex 172373

Copyright 1985 Borland International BI-1009A

StiperKcy is a trademark uf Borland International. Inc. 1 2 3 Is a trademark of Lotus Development Corp. IBM Is a Mastered trademark of Interruuitma! Business Machines Corp.

Inquiry 40 for End-Users. Inquiry 41 for DEALERS ONLY.

^^^^^^^\t!X^^0) 742

$69 foSB&|

YES, Please rush

Send me ^copies.

1 I

WHAT'S NEW

The Conquest PC Turbo.

The Executive Partner has a 640- by 400-pixel gas-plasma display.

Conquest PC Turbo

The Conquest PC Turbo is a single-board computer that's compatible with the IBM PC.

It comes with a switchselectable 4.7778-MHz system clock, 2 56K bytes of memory, a keyboard, single serial and parallel ports, and five expansion slots. RAM memory is expandable to I megabyte without using an expansion slot. It also has a floppy-disk controller and video-adapter card built in.

Twin slim-line 360K-byte floppy-disk drives serve as your mass-storage devices. Optionally, the Conquest PC Turbo can be outfitted with half-height 10- 20-, or 40megabyte hard-disk subsystems. Half-height streamingtape backups are also available.

The Conquest PC Turbo supports PC-DOS, MS-DOS, CP/M-86, Concurrent CP/M, and such applications programs as Lotus 1-2-3, VisiCalc. dBASE 111, and Multiplan.

With the dual floppy disks and power supply, the Conquest PC Turbo begins at S1695. Contact Microshop Computer Products. Unit K. 2640 Walnut Ave., TUstin, CA 92680, (714) 838-7530. Inquiry 607.

Video Digitizer and BASIC Enhancement for Commodore

Cardco has introduced a pair of products for the Commodore 64: Digi-Cam, a video digitizer, and S'more BASIC, an enhancement to Commodore BASIC.

The Digi-Cam system includes a Panasonic mono

chrome video camera, a digitizer, software, and necessary cabling. It takes 3 seconds to produce a 320by 200-pixel screen image in five shades of gray. Images

can be stored on disk, transmitted over a modem, and printed. The software lets

you manipulate the digitized image.

Digi-Cam is $249.

S'more (Super Memory Optimized RAM/ROM Expansion) BASIC gives you more than 60 new or enhanced BASIC commands and functions, including automatic line numbering, a program renumbering facility, and an undo command. This $69.95 cartridge lets you use more than 60K bytes of RAM for BASIC programming, as opposed to the Commodore's usual 38K-byte limitation. A companion BASIC compiler will be available next month for $39.95.

Contact Cardco Inc., 300 South Topeka, Wichita, KS 67202, (316) 267-3807. Inquiry 608.

Executive Partner

Panasonic's Executive Partner is an IBM PCcompatible portable computer equipped with a 640by 400-pixel gas-plasma display. It uses the 8086-2 microprocessor, which features selectable clock speeds, 2 56K bytes of RAM (expandable to 640K bytes), two 5 lA-inch floppy-disk drives, an internal clock/ calendar, and a built-in thermal-transfer printer.

The Executive Partner's keyboard is attached. A single 5'/4-inch (i.e., IBM PC XT-length) expansion slot and an external bus port are standard. The Executive Partner measures 5 by 16 by 21 inches, weighs 28 pounds, and is AC-powered.

The Executive Partner is $2 595, which includes MSDOS and BASIC. Contact Panasonic Industrial Co., One Panasonic Way, Secaucus, N] 07094, (201) 348-7183. Inquiry 609.

[continued on page 380]

44 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

PC WEEK'S PRODUCT OF THE YEAR PC MAGAZINE'S AWARD FOR TECHNICAL EXCELLENCE

Borland Introduces the Laws of TURBO DYNAMICS

Laws That Work Like Magic. Whether considering technological excellence, areas such as pricing, not copy-protection, licensing agreements, site licenses, 60 day money-back guarantee —Borland is clearly recognized as the software industry leader. The following three laws of "Turbo Dynamics"™ exemplify our pledge for excellence.

or innovation in

2^d law*

NOT COPY-PROTECTED SOFTWARE AND

REASONABLE LICENSING

AGREEMENTS. We will always offer not copy-protected versions of our software. Also, our licensing agreement is now so simple that even a child can understand it.

J ST LAW*

SPEED, POWER AND PRICE. Borland products are known to be fast, powerful and to deliver an incredible price performance ratio. We only believe in absolutely superb software at rock bottom prices.

Turbo Dynamics Applies to Turbo Pascal.

Borland's Pascal family of products is growing • x by leaps and bounds.

3RD LAW;

60 DAY MONEY-BACK GUARANTEE. This third law is actually a first in the industry! We are so sure that you will love our software that all of our products now come backed with a 60 day money-back guarantee. No questions asked

You can now join hundreds of thousands of users and enter the world of Turbo Pascal programming. And remember, all three laws of Turbo Dynamics apply to all Borland products.

TURBO PASCAL " $69.95 TURBO GRAPHIX TOOLBOX ™ $54.95

The industry standard. With more than 350,000 users worldwide Turbo Pascal is the industry's de facto standard. Turbo Pascal is praised by more engineers, hobbyisLs, students and professional programmers than any other development environment in the history of microcomputing. And yet, Turbo Pascal is simple and fun to use. Free spreadsheet included on every Turbo disk with ready-tocompile source code. Options: we offer the exciting Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) option for your business applications as well as an 8087 option for your number-crunching applications at a very low charge. Please refer to the coupon. Portability. Turbo Pascal is available today for most computers running PC-DOS, MS-DOS, CP/M-80 or CP/M-86. Jetl Ounlemann, PC Magazine: "In its simplicity it achieves an elegance that no other language compiler has ever displayed."

TURBO DATABASE TOOLBOX " $54.95

Tha Turbo Database Toolbox Is the perfect complement to Turbo Peseal. it contains a complete library of Pascal procedures that allows you to sort and search your data and build powerful applications. It's another Borland set of tools that will give the beginning programmer the expert's 1 edge. Get storied right amy: tree database! Included on every Toolbox disk is the source code to a working data base which demonstrates how powerful and easy to use our search system, Turbo-Access, really is. Modify it to suit your individual needs or just compile it and run. Renumber, no royalties!

BORIAHD

INTERNATIONAL

4585 Scotts \5uTey Drive, Scotts Valley CA 95066 Phone (408) 438-8400 Telex 172373

Copyright 1985 Borland International BI-1011

Turbo Pascal. turbo Database Toolbox. Hrrbo Graphix Toolbox, Turbo TVUw and Turbo Dynamics are trademarks of Borland International. Inc.

Inquiry 42 for End-Users. Inquiry 43 for DEALERS ONLY.

High resolution monochrome graphics lor the IBM PC.

The Turbo Graphix Toolbox will give even a beginning programmer the expert's It's a complete library of Pascal procedures and functions. Tools that will allow you to draw and hatch pie charts, bar charts, circles, rectangles and a full range of geometric shapes. Procedures diat will save and restore graphic images to and from disk. And much, much, more. You may incorporate part or all of these tools in your programs and yet we won't charge you any royalties. Best of all, these functions and procedures come complete with commented source code on disk ready to compile.

TURBO TUTOR " $34.95

From start lo finish in 300 pages. Turbo Tutor is for everyone from novice to expert. Even if you've never programmed before TUrbo Tutor will get you started right away. A must. You'll find the source code for all the examples in the book on the accompanying disk ready to compile. TAtrbo Tutor might be the only reference on Pascal and programming you'll ever need.

i

69.95 •

pascal 3.0 Pascal w/8087

$109.90 $109.90

Turbo Debase IWgfc .

$ 54.95

IBM's

best efforts are

now going into Macintosh.

Macintosh and IBM PC software. Compatible at last, thanks to MacCharlie, a rather innovative coprocessing system.

And imagine the consequences.

Nearly 10,000 IBM PC software programs designed for general business and specific applications in real estate, insurance, law, medicine, banking, etcetera, can now join.forces with Macintosh's own popular programs.

And, the myriad of IBM PCcompatible software adopts Macintosh's many beloved features, including desktop utilities such as the clipboard and the calculator.

In addition, MacCharlie allows

IBM PC and Macintosh data files to be exchanged. Talk about flexibility.

But the good news gets better.

You see, MacCharlie delivers hardware compatibility, as well. For example, IBM letter-quality printers can be easily used with Macintosh.

Furthermore, MacCharlie

now allows Macintosh to perform virtually any networking an IBM PC can perform. Even to the extent of tying in with IBM mainframes.

In other words, your networking capability goes beyond the Apple family.

The Macintosh keyboard slides right into MacCharlie's keyboard. About as easy as slipping a letter in an envelope.

Macintosh sets snugly beside MacCharlie, on a custom-fit pedestal.

Once you plug in MacCharlie's power and keyboard cords, you're ready to enjoy a very happy marriage.

How does it happen? As easily as slipping on penny loafers.

In mere moments, MacCharlie combines the best features of the world's premier personal computers.

And despite the fact that it turns one computer into two,

MacCharlie adds but a handful of square inches to Macintosh's physique.

In short, one of life's most perplexing decisions—whether to buy a Macintosh or an IBM PC— can now be made with the greatest of ease.

Ask for MacCharlie at your local computer store. Suggested retail price for the 256K single disk drive model is only $1195, and just $1895 for the 640K dual disk drive version.

For more information, call Operator 14 toll-free, 1-800-5310600. (In Utah, call 801-531-0600.)

MacCharlie offers 25hK RAM, with optional upgrade to 640K RAM; 360KB disk drive, and optional second disk drive.

MacCharlie"

THE BEST OF BOTH WORLDS.

MacCharlie is a product of Dayna Communications, 50 S. Main, Salt lake City, Utah 84144 Inquiry 95

Apple Is a trademark of Apple Computer, Ine. Macintosh Is a trademark licensed to Apple Computer, Inc. IBM is a registered trademark ol Intemailnnal Business Machines Corporation

The Everex Hard Disk/Backup Systems Are Your Expansion Systems too... with little additional cost.

More Room To Expand, Not More Money

Think about Off-loading expansion boards from your PC or XT to an External Hard Disk/Backup System. Everex provides a complete line to choose from...

• Full-size system with eight expansion slots and room to add up to four hard disk/ backup systems.

• Half-size system with four expansion slots and space for two hard disk/backup systems.

• Slimline system, only 21/2 inches high with three full-size, one half-size expansion slots and room for two hard disk/backup systems.

• All Expansion systems are available with any combination of Everex hard disk drives and backup systems.

Unique Features

• One shielded round cable (as IBM) instead

of flat ribbon cables. rsn— K)

Replace the clumsy flat ribbon cable with Everex's shielded, round cable.

5

• Advanced design eliminates "wait states" for faster data transmission.

• Compatible with more controllers than other systems. . .

Visit your local Everex dealer today and ask to see Everex Hard Disk/Backup Systems in action. For the name of your nearest Everex dealer, please call (415)498-1111, 47777 Warm Springs Blvd., Fremont, CA 94539. Dealer Hotline (800) 821 -0806. lnCA(800) 821-0807

Imagineering Ultimo, Australia TLX: 74 3 4 9 IMAGIN AA Microage Distribution Ltd. London, England TLX: 881 3241 WONGS G

Feeder Paris, France TLX: 4413241 FEEDER

Automated Office Systems Hout Bay, South Africa 2721 -70-8091

Survex, 1027 Speers Road, Oakville, Ontario Canada L6L-2X5,

416-842-6093

Pride Computers, 102-8167 Main Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5X 3L2, 604-321-5690

IBM, PC, XT and AT are registered trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation.

EVER lor Excellence

48 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

Inquiry

BOOK REVIEWS

BEGINNING MICRO-PROLOG J. R. Ennals Harper & Row New York: 1984 196 pages, $15.95

MICRO-PROLOG:

PROGRAMMING

IN LOGIC

K. L. Clark

and F. G. McCabe

Prentice-Hall

Englewood Cliffs, N): 1984 416 pages, $18.95

A SOFTWARE LAW PRIMER

Frederic W. Neitzke Van Nostrand Reinhold New York: 1984 157 pages, $24.95

EXTRATERRESTRIALSSCIENCE AND ALIEN INTELLIGENCE Edward Regis, editor Cambridge University Press

New York: 1985 286 pages, $39.50

BEGINNING MICRO-PROLOG Reviewed by Ramachandran Bharath

If you're seeking a lucid introduction to the Prolog language and its growing importance, or if you're interested in the role of computers in education, I recommend you read Beginning Micro-Prolog by J. R. Ennals. For people interested in extensive programming, this book could serve as a good lead-in to Clark and McCabe's text microPROLOG [reviewed next] or Clocksin and Mellish's Programming in Prolog (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1982), although the latter uses a different version of the language. Ennals also covers Prolog's background in relation to fifthgeneration knowledge information processing systems. This book is partly a report from a project entitled Logic

as a Computer Language for Children, in progress at London's Imperial College of Science and Technology. The rest of the book is a tutorial introduction to the micro-PROLOG version of Prolog used in that project.

Ennals begins with a quick introduction to logic programming and what makes Prolog, the first widely used language based on the concept of logic programming, different from "classical" languages. He explains that in conventional programming languages the focus is on designing a step-by-step procedure that consists of commands that match the step-by-step operation of the hardware operations. This is why these languages are sometimes referred to as procedural or imperative languages. But the concept of programming in logic emphasizes declarations or assertions of the relationships between, and the rules applicable to, the various objects or entities involved in the problem. The task of deriving the necessary results is left to the computer.

Because of this fundamentally different approach to what constitutes a program, Prolog makes a programmer be concerned with specifying logical relationships rather than designing procedures. In other words, a Prolog program is a description or declaration of the problem, and the Prolog interpreter undertakes the task of developing the solution procedure. Ennals provides simple examples to illustrate these ideas. Using these concepts as a starting point, he argues that a language like Prolog is more suitable than procedural languages for human beings since it emphasizes specification as the human's share of

(continued)

ILLUSTRATED BY IVAN CHERMAYEFF

AUGUST 1985 'BYTE 49

Inquiry 348

maxell

5%" DISKETTES

md-1 sngl. Sided Dbi. Density.. $12.50 celtopak of ten (min. qty. 15 pkgs.l $14.50 box of ten

MD-2 Dbl. Sided Dbi. Density... $17.50 cellopah of ten Imin. qty. 15 pkgs.l $19.50 box of ten.

MD-2HD High Density $59.50 box of ten

MD-1 (96 TPIISS Quad $22.50 box of ten

MD-2 (96 TPII DS Quad $28.50 box of ten

iVt" MICRO FLOPPY DISKS

VF1 SS Quad $26.50 box of ten

MF-2 DS Quad $59.50 box of ten

8" DISKETTES

Single Sided $25.95 box of ten

Double Sided $28.95 box of ten

—TERMS:

Visa/Mastercard -CO.D.- Prepaid.

Allow 10 days for personal/ Company check to clear. Add

53.00 Shipping.

CO.D. add S2.00. Texas residents add

5.125% sales tax.

VISA

Call for other Maxell Products

1-800-527 (in Texas 1-512

P.O. Box 3424-Edinburc

1814

682-7774)

], Texas 78540-3424

data systems

THE QUALITY GOES IN BEFORE THE NAME GOES ON

PROFIT FROM ZENITH DATA SYSTEMS Z-150 PC DESKTOP OR Z-160 PC PORTABLE IBM COMPATIBLES!

OWN TOTAL PERFORMANCE

BETTER THAN AN XT!

■ 4 Open Expansion Slots ■ Full Color*, Green*, or Amber Video ■ Clearly Labeled, Easy-to-Use Keyboard ■ Excellent Price/Performance Ratio ■ Zenith Total Service & Support! •Z-150 PC ONLY ■ MONITOR NOT INCLUDED

ZENITH DATA SYSTEMS Z-150 PC DESKTOP SYSTEM

2 DRIVES, 320K RAM, GAME, SERIAL & 2 PARALLEL PORTS, CLOCK-CALENDAR WITH BATTERY BACK-UP, FREE SOFTWARE TO INCLUDE MS-DOS, RAMDISK, PRINT SPOOLER, MS WORD, MS-MULTIPLAN $1,749 640K RAM OPTION $99 2 FLOPPY & 10Mb DRIVES $2,325 2 FLOPPY & 20Mb DRIVES $2,559 'A HT 10Mb TAPE $675

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ZENITH DATA SYSTEMS Z-160 PC PORTABLE SYSTEM

SAME AS Z150PC W/ 2 DRVS. 640K RAM, S, P, MS-DOS, WORD AND MULTI-PLAN SOFTWARE $2,195 W/ 2 FLOPPY & 10Mb DRIVES $2,795

•SEE PAGE 407 FOR MONITORS

BOOK REVIEWS

the labor, with procedural details being the computer's share.

Ennals mentions that the project at Imperial College shares the educational philosophy Seymour Papert discusses in Mindstorms: Children, Computers, and Powerful Ideas (New York: Basic Books, 1980), although the project uses Prolog and not Logo. Indeed, even as 1 read Beginning MicroProlog I found it almost as enchanting as Papert's classic because the same concerns come through—for instance, finding ways to use computers as instruments to promote human worth and development rather than making them tools that limit people.

The core of the book is in the third chapter, a description of teaching materials used for educating children between the ages of 8 and 13. Guidance notes for teachers are also included. This part of the book is valuable to anyone interested in learning the general principles of Prolog. Even if you have no access to the micro-PROLOG interpreter that runs on MS-DOS and CP/M systems, reading this chapter and trying the examples (for which solutions are provided at the back of the book) should help you get a working knowledge of how to program in this language. Even though the syntax of micro-PROLOG is slightly different from the version in Clocksin and Mellish's book, which is more or less the standard, the differences are not great. A person who has learned the basics of the language from micro-PROLOG could adjust easily.

Particularly interesting is Ennals's presentation of the principles of list processing. He provides specific examples of how writing programs and querying databases are made easier by having data in the form of lists rather than in individual items. A representative example is a set of geographical data in the form of a list:

( (city country) location (latitude longitude) )

Ennals shows how list-processing functions for extracting parts of a list or sublists make it convenient to formulate simple Prolog programs for answering questions like Which cities are east of London? Is there any city east of Moscow? and so on.

Next, Ennals covers the wide range of subjects for which Prolog would be appropriate as a teaching medium, such as languages, science, historical simulation, and information retrieval.

In a chapter entitled "Prolog for Greater Things," Ennals discusses a variety of issues. In particular, he emphasizes the suitability of a Prolog-type language for designing expert systems. He quotes the view of the Japanese Fifth Generation Project that "Prolog seems to be the best suited as the starting point for knowledge information processing." You can see the rationale behind this view when you look at what underlies successful expert systems, such as those for medical diagnosis or geological prospecting. Essentially, the expert system mirrors the working of the human expert by embodying "if. . . then" rules that deduce actions to be taken or diagnoses to be made.

(continued)

50 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 281

RIP US OFF FOR A FREE

C COMPILER

Tear off our entry form and get in on the ^ Mark Williams $75,000 Let's C" Giveaway today!

Of course, we'd never suggest ripping off anything other than our entry form. But At last, for MS-DOS users, there's a full-function C compiler that's fully affordable. Mark

we are giving you a chance to get something for nothing. And that something is Let's C

How affordable? Well, it's actually free if you're one of 1,000 names Williams drawn in the Let's C Giveaway. And it's only $75 if you're not. Either way, that's Let's C

extremely affordable. Giveaway How good is it? Good enough that we think Lets C will soon be the mfr Entry Form, most popular personal-size C compiler around. And why not? Let's C has Send us 25 words

all the essential ingredients of the Mark Williams C designed for com- or more on how

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Why a giveaway? Because we know nothing will win a free Lets C:

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Let's C features: .^flr Runs under MS-DOS 2.0 or greater • Full Kernighan & Ritchie C • Complete NAMeT libraries • Recent extensions to C • Linker, assembler • Small memory model • Floating point • csd C Source Debugger option • Full screen

editor • Upgradable to C Programming System.

Mark m

f%_______ «V LOINltM HULLS

V/LII11 LP €1 My ^^^^r L How to enter: No purchase necessary. Send your name and address along with 25 words or more describing how

■ " ^^^^ you would use Let's C with the entry form or on plain paper. Mail to: C OFFER. 1431) W Wrightwtxxj, Chicago. IL 60614.

1430 West WrightWOOd ^^^W Entries must be received by August 31,1985. 2. Winners will be determined by a random drawing. All winners will be

Chicago, Illinois 60614 notified by mail. The decision of the judges will be final. For a list of winners, write: WINNERS. 1430 W Wrightwood,

Chicago. IL 60614. 3. The odds of winning will be determined by number of entries. One entry per person. No mechanical reproductions. All taxes are the sole responsibility of winners.4.Tin's sweepstakes is open to all residents of US. except where void, taxed or prohibited. 5. All entries become the property of Mark Williams.

Inquiry 190 AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 51

What a performance! Seven new data acquisition and control boards for your IBM PC.™

Encore! Encore!

Data Translation1 has done it again. Our first two analog and digital I/O boards for IBM personal computers received rave reviews.

So we extended our product line to seven ... starting at $295 for quan tity purchasers.

While most of the personal computer world focused on home and office applications, we lifted the curtain on two other key areas. Laboratory data acquisition and industrial control.

Now, no matter what you need for your IBM PC, we have it. Each board is a complete data acquisition and control system. With A/D, D/A, digital I/O, and a programmable clock. You simply choose the board offering the speed and resolution you need most. Just plug it into your PC's backplane and it's showtime.

With on-board intelligence all seven are software compatible and supported by Data

juspissjj 'ureui|op\[ pay

Translation's PCLAB software package.

Data Translation is playing the leading role in personal computer data acquisition and control. Find out how we can help your performance today. VISA and MasterCard accepted. Call (617) 481-3700

wo

D/A

i J!

£/

r*ff/«J »i

295(OEM) 495

895

1095 1970

1095 2070

1695

Low Cost

General Purpose Highspeed High

Resolution Low Level Low Level, High

Resolution

Simultaneous

S/H

DT2808

DT2801

DT2801-A DT2801/5716

DT2805 DT2805/5716

DT281B

10

12

16SE

I6SE or 8DI

I

8DI

3.3

13.7

27.5 2.5

13.7 2.5

27.5

12

10

33

1G

yes

NOTES; 1 PCLAB software supports all models.

1. Programmable gain is standard for all DT280J and DT2805 models.

3 Screw terminal and signal conditioning panels available for connection of all 1/0 signals

DATA TRANSLATION

World Headquarters: Data Translation, Inc.. 100 Locke Dr., Marlboro. MA 01752 (6171481 3700 Tlx 951 646. European Headquarters: Dala Translation, Ltd., 13 The Business Centre, Molly Millars Lane, Wokingham Berks, RG11207. England Tlx 851849862 (#D)

In Canada: (416)6254907. IBM PC is a registered trademark of IBM

BOOK REVIEWS

These are usually referred to as "production rules." Since a Prolog program consists of logical specifications or rules, the translation of rules developed for expert systems into the form of a Prolog program is straightforward. While it is true that an expert-system program could be written in a conventional procedural/imperative language, its modification to embody new knowledge and rules would be an involved process. In Prolog or LISP, however, such modifications are natural. Prolog would help free users from worrying about the procedures for solving problems and allow them to concentrate on analyzing and specifying problems.

Ennals's concluding claim is that teaching Prolog would have multiple advantages and a significance much beyond that of teaching computer programming. Ennals's statement that by learning Prolog "children are being prepared for the world of the 1990s" seems to me a persuasive argument.

The subjects dealt with in this book are important and interesting for general readers as well as for those who specifically want to learn more about Prolog. 1 did not notice any misprints or errors in the body of the book. On checking a fair sample of the solutions to problems, I noticed only one minor error (the solution to problem 12 on page 4 5), but this would not mislead you.

Ramachandran Bharath is a professor in the Department of Management. Marketing, and Computer Information Systems at Northern Michigan University {Marquette. Ml 49855). His book Introduction to Programming in Prolog is scheduled for publication this year.

MICRO-PROLOG: PROGRAMMING IN LOGIC Reviewed by Margaret M. Sklar

Prolog is a relatively new language, both chronologically and conceptually. K. L. Clark and F. G. McCabe, authors of micro-PROLOG: Programming in logic, and B. D. Steele designed micro-PROLOG for microcomputers. The authors' claim that micro-PROLOG contains all of the significant features of mainframe Prolog seems well founded. It's a very sophisticated system, allowing the user to perform functions as simple as presenting queries about an existent (user-created) database and other functions as complex as creating expert systems that can answer queries about the database and provide explanations as to why or why not a particular answer (or query) is appropriate.

The book micro-PROLOG is essential for people who use the micro-PROLOG interpreter. The reference manual accompanying the micro-PROLOG 3.1 disk includes an excellent description of the system, utility modules, and other considerations for programmers (including how to add assembly-language subroutines to Prolog programs), but the manual recommends that the user work through

(continued)

52 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 92

Now you can

buy a full power

mainframe Artificial Intelligence language for

yourlBM^ compatible personal computer

P-500

llllllllllllllll!

2hrough a major breakthrough in the development of Artificial Intelligence applications, a unique version of Prolog is now available for your personal computer. It is called MPROLOG P-500. MPROLOG P-500 is an extended, programmer-friendly edition of Prolog — the computer language selected as the basis for the Japanese Fifth Generation Computer Systems Project.

MPROLOG has been specially designed for:

• Software developers

• AI innovators

• Expert systems researchers and developers

• Corporations seeking a competitive edge

How MPROLOG Programming Works

An MPROLOG program consists of FACTS and RULES expressed in a natural way. The inference mechanism for answering questions or arriving at conclusions based on FACTS and RULES is built into the language. This language allows you to write powerful software faster and easier than with traditional algorithmic languages. MPROLOG extends your computer's ability from its current tasks of processing and manipulating data to reasoning tasks that are based on the knowledge you provide it.

MPROLOG P-500 Offers Seven Key Features

• Easy to learn.

• Flexible enough to let you tailor your expert systems.

• Supported by Logic Lab, a powerful, interactive programming development environment to maximize convenience and productivity.

• Designed for the modular development of AI applications to reduce their complexity and to enable a programming team to concurrently develop applications.

• Machine independent. Any application written in MPROLOG on one machine can be transferred to or run on any other machine with a run-time implementation of MPROLOG.

• A full-featured implementation of PROLOG. It contains over 200 built-in predicates including DEC-10 compatibilities

• Built to offer performance, productivity

and portability MPROLOG P-500 on your IBM® PC or compatible system lets you take the identical, unaltered MPROLOG application code running under PC DOS and run it under: IBM®VM/CMS; IBM® MVS/TSO; DEC VAX/VMS2; DEC VAX^/UNIX1-"; M68000 UNIX: and TEKTRONIX 4404 UNI FLEX and other AI work stations. For further details call the numbers below, or complete and mail this coupon today.

LOGICWARE

Los Angeles • Toronto • Atlanta • Boston Call our Micro Division at

1-617-547-2393 or 1-416-665-0022 (In Canada)

UNIX is a registered trademark <>l Bell Laboratories VAX is a trademark ol Digital Equipment Corp. IBM. PC-DOS, MVS. VM/CMS. TSOare registered trademarks ol liiternation.il Business Machines Corporation. Tektronix 4404 is a trademark of Tektronix Corporation.

i... if programmed with the statements 'Boston is the capital of Massachusetts' and 'All capitals are cities', the system could deduce that 'Boston is a city'. As witnessed by the actual notation for the first statement — (capital of/Boston Massachusetts) — the language is declarative and easy to learn."

— High Technology,

December 1984

Find Out More about mprqloq) p-500

For free information, complete and mail this coupon to: Logicware Inc., Suite 3000

5000 Birch Street The West Tower Newport Beach. CA 92660

□ Yes, Please send me more information on MPROLOG P-500.

Name: Title: _

Company:

Address:

State/Prov.

Zip/

Postal Code.

Computer Operating System: _ Manufacturer's Make & Model:

Version #: Memory:.

Inquiry 182

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 53

Inquiry 365

DYNAMIC RAMS

STATIC RAMS

41256

256KX1

120 ns

$ 3.95

6264 LP

8Kx8

120 ns

$ 5 95

150 ns

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4164

64Kx 1

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$ 0.75

6116P

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5514

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$ 3.95

E. PROMS

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8000's

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8253-5

$ 3.75

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8Kx8

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8085A

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2732

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8087-2 $105.00

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80287-3 $195.00

PRINTERS AND KEYBOARDS

•Made in Japan, high quality product with one year warrantee.

SX-100cps PRINTER

$189.00

SX-130cps PRINTER (IBM Compatible)

$199.00

SFK-201B KEYBOARD (IBM Compallble-CapacityType) $119.00

I.C. EXPRESS

15358 Valley Boulevard, City of Industry, CA 91746 Phone:818-369-2688 (Mon-Fri • 8-5)

ORDER TOLL FREE

800-892-8889* 800-882-8181

EXCEPT FROM CALIFORNIA CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS ONLY

Call (of current prices & volume discounts. Prices are subject to change. TERMS: Minimum order S10.00. California residents must add 6.5% sales lax. Shipping & Handling: UPS Ground S3,00, UPS Air $5-00 (under 1 lb.) ALL MERCHANDISE IS 100% GUARANTEED.

From the leaders in logic.

Unbeatable Tools for Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems

NEW LPA micro-PROLOG Professional for the IBM PC & AT. Fully integrated with the MS DOS 2 environment and using all the memory available. It has it's own window handling primitives and Wordstar-like screen editor. , , _ . , ,rt „„

Launch Price - US $395.00

NEW LPA MacPROLOG for the Apple 512k Macintosh. It is an incremental compiler system completely integrated with the Macintosh environment.

Launch Price - US $450.00

A seminar led by Professor Robert Kowalski is planned for December 1985. Please enquire for full details.

For information contact— NORTH AMERICA

rue Programming Logic Systems Inc. MrB 31 Crescent Drive, Milford.

CT 06460, U.S.A.

Tel: (203) 877 7988

REST OF THE WORLD

-!—y—. Logic Programming Associates Ltd.. Dept BY/3 D k studb 4, The Roya Vctorial Patriotic Building, Iffr! Trinity Road, London SW18 3SX. England. iS=3Tel:01-B74 0350

Dealer enquiries welcome.

BOOK REVIEWS

Clark and McCabe's book to learn the language.

The book claims to be a "self-instruction tutorial on logic programming using micro-PROLOG (version 3.1 or later) for someone unfamiliar with Prolog logic programming." The overall style and method of presentation are conducive to learning on your own, but the authors assume a certain degree of sophistication on the part of the reader. This book is indeed suitable for a reader unfamiliar with Prolog, but it is doubtful that a reader with little programming, mathematics, or linguistics background could easily follow much beyond the basic concepts presented in part I. Nonetheless, it is a fast-paced introduction to what computing can and should be like.

"Basic Concepts" introduces the foundations of Prolog: setting up a database of facts, formulating queries in the database, formulating rules (or conditional facts), arithmetic, and the key concepts of recursion and lists. Prolog is based on the concept of relations. A relation, mathematically speaking, is a set of "tuples," the individual elements of which come from different domains but are connected via some property.

The reader is led stepwise through key concepts by examples and exercises. The authors develop a "family" database with the relations father-of, mother-of, male, and female. They then discuss retrieving information from the database. Arithmetic operations (SUM, TIMES, LESS, and INT) are also considered relations by micro-PROLOG. Rules can be derived from relations to build still other relations. For example, parent-of can be derived from the relations father-of and mother-of, grandparent-of from parentof, difference from SUM, etc. Clark and McCabe present these concepts thoroughly. They offer numerous examples and exercises to help solidify the learning process. Exercise sets are related to the text material, but each set of exercises leads the reader to discover more than just what was presented in the text. A reader seriously interested in mastering micro-PROLOG should work through all of the exercises in the book.

Lists

The concept of list processing, which is central in artificialintelligence research, is the main topic of "Logic Programming Using micro-PROLOG" in the second part. An interactive approach, where the user can input data to the program, is discussed along with functions, sorts, and more complex forms of conditions. The authors also discuss concatenation of lists and parsing.

The material just mentioned covers Prolog for the casual reader; the rest of part II is for the reader with some degree of sophistication. This is where the thrill of Prolog begins. Metaconditions, metaprograms, tail-recursive definitions, and user-created modules let you experience the full power of Prolog and, indeed, add to the built-in power of the micro-PROLOG supervisor. Again, the concepts are presented via numerous examples and exercises, but now they are of a more theoretical nature.

{continued)

54 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 332

, The C for Microcomputers

PC-DOS/MS-DOS, CP/M-86, Macintosh, Amiga, Apple II, CP/M-80, Radio Shack, Commodore, XENEX, ROM, and Cross Development systems

MS-DOS, PC-DOS, CP/M-86, XENIX, 8086/80x86 ROM

Manx Aztec C86

"A compiler that has many strengths... quite valuable for serious work"

Computer Language review, February 1985

Great Code: Manx Aztec C86 generates fast executing compact code. The benchmark results below are from a study conducted by Manx. The Dhrystone benchmark (CACM 10/84 27:10 pl018) measures performance for a systems software instruction mix. The results are without register variables. With register variables, Manx, Microsoft, and Mark Williams run proportionately faster, Lattice and Computer Innovations show no improvement.

Execution Code Compile/ Time Size Link Time

Dhrystone Benchmark

Manx Aztec C86 3.3

34 sees

5,760

93 sees

Microsoft C 3.0

34 sees

7,146

119 sees

Optimized C86 2.20J

53 sees

11,009

172 sees

Mark Williams 2.0

56 sees

12,980

113 sees

Lattice 2.14

89 sees

20,404

117 sees

Great Features: Manx Aztec C86 is bundled with a powerful array of well documented productivity tools, library routines and features.

Optimized C compiler Symbolic Debugger

AS86 Macro Assembler LN86 Overlay Linker

80186/80286 Support Librarian

8087/80287 Sensing Lib Profiler

Extensive UNIX Library' DOS, Screen, & Graphics Lib

Large Memory Model Intel Object Option

Z (vi) Source Editor-c CP/M-86 Library-c

ROM Support Package < INTEL HEX Utility-c

Library Source Code -c Mixed memory models -c

MAKE, DIFF, and GREP -c Source Debugger -c

One year of updates -c CP/M-86 Library -c

Manx offers two commercial development systems, Aztec C86-C and Aztec C86-d. Items marked -c are special features of the Aztec C86-C system.

Aztec C86-C Commercial System $499

Aztec C86-d Developer's System $299

Aztec C86-p Personal System $199

Aztec C86-a Apprentice System $49

All systems are upgradable by paying the difference in price plus $10.

Third Party Software: There are a number of high quality support packages for Manx Aztec C86 for screen management, graphics, database management, and software development.

C-tree $395 Greenleaf $185 PHACT $250 PC-lint $98 HALO $250 Amber Windows $59 PRE-C $395 Windows for C $195 C-terp $300 FirsTime $295 WindScreen $149 C Util Lib $185 SunScreen $99 Plink-86 $395 PANEL $295

Optimized C Macro Assembler Overlay Linker Resource Compiler Debuggers Librarian Source Editor MacRam Disk -c Library Source -c

MACINTOSH, AMIGA, XENIX, CP/M-68K, 68k ROM

Manx Aztec C68k

"Library handling is very flexible... documentation is excellent... the shell a pleasure to work in ... blows away the competition for pure compile speed ...an excellent effort."

Computer Language review, April 1985 Aztec C68k is the most widely used commercial C compiler for the Macintosh. Its quality, performance, and completeness place Manx Aztec C68k in a position beyond comparison. It is available in several upgradable versions.

Creates Clickable Applications Mouse Enhanced SHELL Easy Access to Mac Toolbox UNIX Library Functions Terminal Emulator (Source) Clear Detailed Documentation C-Stuff Library UniTools (vi,make,diff,grep) -c One Year of Updates -c

Items marked -c are available only in the Manx Aztec C86-c system. Other features are in both the Aztec C86-d and Aztec C86-C systems.

Aztec C68k-c Commercial System $499 Aztec C68d-d Developer's System $299 Aztec C68k-p Personal System $199 C-tree database (source) $399 AMIGA, CP/M-68k, 68k UNIX call

Apple H, Commodore, 65xx, 65C02 ROM

Manx Aztec C65

"77je AZTEC C system is one of the finest software packages 1 have seen" NIBBLE review, July 1984

A vast amount of business, consumer, and educational software is implemented in Manx Aztec C65. The quality and comprehensiveness of this system is competitive with 16 bit C systems. The system includes a full optimized C compiler, 6502 assembler, linkage editor, UNIX library, screen and graphics libraries, shell, and much more The Apple II version runs under DOS 3.3, and ProDOS, Cross versions are available.

The Aztec C65-c/128 Commodore system runs under the C128 CP/M environment and generates programs for the C64, C128, and CP/M environments. Call for prices and availability of Apprentice, Personal and Developer versions for the Commodore 64 and 128 machines.

Aztec C65-C ProDOS & DOS 3.3 $399 Aztec C65-d Apple DOS 3.3 $199 Aztec C65-p Apple Personal system $99 Aztec C65-a for learning C $49 Aztec C65-C/128 C64, C128, CP/M $399

Distribution of Manx Aztec C

In the USA, Manx Software Systems is the sole and exclusive distributor of Aztec C. Any telephone or mail order sales other than through Manx are unauthorized.

Cross Compilers

Cross Development programs are edited, compiled, and linked on one machine (the HOST) and transferred to another machine (the TARGET) for execution. This method is useful where the target machine is slower or more limited than the HOST, Manx cross compilers are used heavily in consumer software development (games), scientific, industrial, research, and educational environments.

HOSTS: VAX UNIX ($3000), PDP-11 UNIX ($2000), MSDOS ($750), CP/M ($750), MACINTOSH ($750), CP/M-68k ($750), XENIX ($750).

TARGETS: MS-DOS, CP/M-86, Macintosh, CP/M-68k, CP/M-80, TRS-80 3 & 4, Apple II, Commodore C64, 8086/80x86 ROM, 68xxx ROM, 8080/8085/Z80 ROM, 65xx ROM.

The first TARGET is included in the price the HOST system. Additional TARGETS are $300 to $500 (non VAX) or $1000 (VAX).

Call Manx for information on cross development to the 68000, 65816, Amiga, C128, CP/M-68K, VRTX, and others.

CP/M, Radio Shack, 8080/8085/Z80 ROM Manx Aztec CII

"I've had a lot of experience with different C compilers, but the Aztec C80 Compiler and Professional Development Svstem is the best I've seen." 80-Micro. December. 1984, John B. Harrell III

Aztec C II-c (CP/M & ROM) $349 Aztec C Il-d (CP/M) $199 C-tree database (source) $399 Aztec C80-c (TRS-80 3 & 4) $299 Aztec C80-d (TRS-80 3 & 4) $199

How lb Become an Aztec C User

To become an Aztec C user call 1-800-221-0440 or call 1-800-832-9273 (800-TEC WARE). In NJ or outside the USA call 201-530-7997. Orders can also be telexed to 4995812.

Payment can be by check, COD, American Express, VISA, Master Card, or Net 30 to qualified customers.

Orders can also be mailed to Manx Software Systems, Box 55, Shrewsbury, NJ 07701.

How lb Get More Information

To get more information on Manx Aztec C and related products, call 1-800-221-0440, or 201-530-7997, or write to Manx Software Systems, 30 Day Guarantee

Any Manx Aztec C-c or Manx Aztec C-d development system can be returned within 30 days for a refund if it fails to meet your needs. The only restrictions are that the original purchase must be directly from Manx, shipped within the USA, and the package must be in resalable condition. Returned items must be received by Manx within 30 days. A small restocking fee may be required. Discounts

There are special discounts available to professors, students, and consultants. A discount is also available on a "trade in" basis for users of Lattice C, CI-C86, Mark Williams C, Wizard C, Digital Research C, and Microsoft C. Call for information.

To order or for information call:

800-221-0440

;C86 TM Compuiei Innovations. Inc , MACINTOSH. APPLE TM APPLE. INC.. PreC. PUNK 86, TM PHOENIX. HALO TM Media Cybernetics, IS FOR C TM Cf«aliv9 Solutions, XENIX, MS TM MICROSOFT INC. CP'M TM ORI, AMIGA, C64, C128 TM COMMODORE lm

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BOOK REVIEWS

Part 111 is short (26 pages) and technical, showing mainly how to translate the SIMPLE sentence syntax (SIMPLE is a special syntax of micro-PROLOG that allows for a more English-like expression of sentences) used throughout the book into standard Prolog syntax. Little is new here aside from terminology and notation. A few features of microPROLOG that need standard syntax are included. This standard syntax, incidentally, is more like other versions of microcomputer Prolog, such as PROLOG-86. Someone familiar with SIMPLE Prolog would be able to use other versions of Prolog after mastering the concepts in this section.

The last part, "Applications of micro-PROLOG," is composed of four chapters written by guest authors to illustrate applications of micro-PROLOG. One chapter, by F. Kriwaczek, demonstrates an application of graph searching for project management. Kriwaczek develops a criticalpath analysis program with explanations as to how Prolog is especially suited for this type of analysis.

The next chapter, entitled "micro-PROLOG of Expert Systems," was written by P. Hammond. It scans the development of a minicomputer expert system based on the medical system MYCIN, with particular emphasis on how Prolog lends itself to this type of system. The most interesting concept in this chapter is found in the explanations of how the system, if asked to explain its conclusions, can trace its own logic and provide the how and why of a particular conclusion.

"The Logic of Two-Person Games" by M. H. Van Emden and K. L. Clark is just good pure fun for anyone with a bias toward game theory. The authors provide an analysis of game trees and min-max principle, using Prolog relations (user-defined) such as good-move-for-white and value-of-white-to-move to develop winning strategy. Their discussion of chess-playing programs is very informative.

In the final chapter, "micro-PROLOG for Problem Solving," R. A. Kowalski and M.}. Sergot tackle all-purpose problem solving. Alternative search strategies and loopdetection techniques are incorporated as well. The only disappointment in this chapter was that it ended.

Required Reading

This book should be considered required reading for anyone interested in artificial intelligence, computer science, programming, or applied mathematics. Though learning the Prolog language is the main emphasis of the book, it is not really simplified.

In addition to examples and exercises mentioned earlier, "system notes" scattered throughout the text explain nonlogic programming activities (such as starting up, interrupting a program run, executing a trace, and so on) that are not part of syntax but are certainly necessary if you are following along on a computer. Without a computer, you can still get a feel for programming in Prolog. The four applications chapters are excellently written and can help provide a feel for the full impact of this type of program

(continued)

58 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

Inquiry I 3

WHO SAYS WORDSTAR 2000

IS SO GREAT?

"Move over MultiMate, MicroPro's back on top'.'

—Business Software

"The new package is packed with virtually dozens of features everybody wants.. .Even in a dedicated machine, word processing has never been more plushly self contained and comprehensive'.'

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"I've become addicted to some of the features such as undo, windows, and automatic reformatting'.'

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WORDSTAR

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MicroPro,

Inquiry 208

AUGUST 1985 • BYTE 59

"Switch boxes are sold by many suppliers, but by far the two best values are from MFJ Enterprises"

The MFpl57Z32 Transfer Switch. Buy it before the manufacturer comes to his senses!"

port expansion. Don't keep plugging your computer to your high-speed printer, RS-232 peripheral device. MFJ's range of your needs at a price you can afford, these prices. Compare others at their reviews. When they won't

or you need to have two Model 12407$79-95

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Now you can have reliable and affordable and unplugging cables. You can easily letter-quality printer, modem, terminal Transfer Switches includes one to " lx>ok at these choices; then look any price! Then ask them for show you, call MFJ...

When you need to switch between two peripherals computers sharing the same peripheral

Never unplug a cable again. Now, with the push of a button you can go from dot matrix to letter quality printing, or go from your printer to your modem. MFJ's Model 1240 Transfer Switch features a built-in transmit/receive switch allowing you two-way information flow. LEDs monitor important data lines while a built-in surge protector guards them. The 1240 also acts as a null modem. All this for just S79.9VNo wonder its MFJ's No. 1 seller!

When you need 1 to i computers to share one peripheral or I to i peripherals to share a common computer... Model 1243/$119.95

The perfect office Transfer Switch. Don't buy multiple printers or modems. Just buy MFJ's Model 1243. Then you can connect one or all your computers to a single printer or modem. Or let your one computer share up to four peripherals. Think of the money you'll save. LEDs monitor important data lines while a built-in surge protector guards them. Two-way communication is allowed with ~/M|r" m complicated software to learn: just push a button!

*MasMm Seven additional models to choose from. Each unit's casing

is constructed from high-quality aluminum. Printed circuit boards assure maximum reliability by eliminating crosstalk, line interference and any need for wiring. All MFJ switches haw LEDs to monitor data lines and MOV surge protectors. Enhance the investment you've already made in your computer by ch(X>sing from the finest line of Transfer Switches on the market, inchiding MFJ's IBM & Centronics Parallel Switches.

You've got a lot of money tied up in your computer. Dots'* blow it!

Your valuable computer and peripheral equipment can be damaged by electrical surges much smaller than you've been led to believe. Far more likely to happen is having your important data wiped out These disasters, and others, can be prevented with MFJ's Power Centers. Relay latches power off during power dropouts (Model 1108). Multi-filters isolate equipment, eliminate interaction, noise and hash. MOVs suppress spikes and surges. MFJ's Power also have 3 isolated, switched socketpairs, with at least one unswitched socket (so you can add a clock, etc.), lighted power switch, fast-acting fuse, 3-wire, 6-foot cords; ISA, 125V, and 1875 watts. Although each model is attractively housed in a protective aluminum casing, these are heavy-duty, commercial-quality power centers. Watch out for fancy names that cost twice as much, last half as long, and have half the features of MFJ's Power Centers.

Model 1107 8 sockets,

2 unswitched; $79-95 Model 1108 7 sockets, I unswitched; with dropout relay; $99-95 1109 is like 1107 but intelligent (switch device that's plugged into the control socket every thing else comes on). $129.95

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BOOK REVIEWS

ming. While perhaps not a book for self-teaching, microPROLOG is a standard model for textbooks on programming.

Margaret M. Sklar is an instructor in computer information systems at Northern Michigan University (Marquette, Ml 49855). Her specialty is computer languages.

A SOFTWARE LAW PRIMER Reviewed by Mark J. Welch

Many programmers know that a variety of legal questions need to be addressed before they can sell a program. Foremost is protection of the software itself since the programmer's goal is usually profit. Other issues, including potential liability to customers, obligations to previous employers, and contract law are less apparent but require consideration.

A Software law Primer packs much useful information into a short, readable volume. 1 expected to find the usual analysis of methods of protecting software from being copied: copyrights, patents, trademarks, trade secrets, and licenses. Frederic W. Neitzke addresses each of these in brief detail and also deals with contracts, torts, and potential problems between employees and employers.

As explained in legal books and articles, protection for software is a fuzzy issue because laws covering patents, trademarks, copyrights, and trade secrets can all potentially protect software but not all at the same time. Neitzke suggests that while patents provide the strongest protection if upheld, they are too costly and uncertain for most programs. He explains how copyright, trade-secret, and trademark laws may be applied. Another chapter covers what must be done to be certain that specific protection will apply. The problems of contract and tort law, each of which could create unexpected liabilities for a company selling software, are also addressed.

In an industry with such a high turnover rate, employee/ employer concerns need clarification. Neitzke identifies problems that could arise when an employee leaves a company, including concerns over trade secrets, ownership of general programming methods and tools, and the legality of some contract restrictions.

Throughout the book, Neitzke summarizes relevant cases and cautions that because the laws pertaining to software are still evolving, unexpected twists could occur. He suggests that a programmer consult a lawyer before considering selling software.

The only problem with this book is that only weeks need pass before it is out of date. The Betamax case [Sony v. Universal City Studios), which could have an effect on software publishing, was reversed by the Supreme Court shortly after this book was published. Despite the changes in software law, Neitzke's book provides an excellent summary of the issues confronting software entrepreneurs.

60 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 198

YOU DOK'T NEED A COMPUTER

TO FIGURE OUT WHICH IS THE REST WORD PROCESSOR.

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*Only with WordStar 2000 can correction be done while in editing mode; other programs cited require exiting the program. For a complete comparison chart, write: MicroPro, Dept. 2000,33 San Pablo Ave., San Rafael, CA 94903. Specifications are for the latest released versions of all products effective April 1985. MultiMate is a trademark of MultiMate Corp.; Microsoft is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corp.; WordStar and MicroPro are trademarks of MicroPro International.

Inquiry 209

AUGUST 1985 'BYTE 61

TOTALCONTROL

with LMI FORTH "

For Programming Professionals:

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Support Services for registered users:

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Call or write for detailed product Information and prices. Consulting and Educational Services available by special arrangement.

MmWWm Laboratory Microsystems Incorporated

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Overseas Distributors.

Germany: Forth-Systeme Angelika Flesch, D-7820 Titisee-Neustadt UK: System Science Ltd., London EC1A 9JX France: Micro-Sigma S.A.R.L., 75008 Paris Japan: Southern Pacific Ltd., Yokohama 220 Australia: Wave-onic Associates, 61.07 Wilson, W.A.

BOOK REVIEWS

Anyone hoping to make money from software should read A Software Law Primer.

Mark ). Welch is a staff writer for BYTE. He can be contacted at 425 Battery St., San Francisco, CA 94111.

EXTRATERRESTRIALS-SCIENCE AND ALIEN

INTELLIGENCE

Reviewed by Jack D. Kirwan

Acollection of 16 essays written by "some of the most distinguished philosophers and scientists of our generation," Extraterrestrials—Science and Alien Intelligence is a stunning summation of scholarly arguments, pro and con, on the question of other intelligences in the universe. Given that none of the contributors has ever seen an extraterrestrial, much of the book is based on speculation and extrapolation. The essays range from logical and ingenious exercises in reasoning to rather subjective anthropomorphism.

The academic contributors to Extraterrestrials include philosophers, biologists, mathematicians, and physicists. Personalities range from the relatively unknown to Carl Sagan and Marvin Minsky. The book is divided into five categories that cover "Existence and Nature of Extraterrestrial Intelligence," "Extraterrestrial Epistemology," "Where Are They?" "Detectability and Decipherability," and "Meaning and Consequences of Contact." The question of alien intelligence and existence is looked at from several vantage points.

In terms of dazzling ideas per square inch, almost every page has something worth quoting. Some of the concepts function like delayed-action mines: They go off hours or even days later. While each contributor deserves in-depth discussion, space permits mentioning only a few.

Computer Theory

Computer theory recurs sporadically throughout the book. However, sections in "Extraterrestrial Epistemology" and "Detectability and Decipherability" specifically address computers and the search for aliens. A philosophy professor, Nicholas Rescher, and artificial-intelligence pioneer Marvin Minsky discuss whether we can even communicate with aliens (assuming there are any). Rescher thinks not. He argues that in adapting to an environment completely distinct from our own, an alien may develop science, intelligence, or senses so different that communication is impossible.

Minsky, on the other hand, reasons that "all intelligent problem solvers are subject to the same ultimate constraints: limitations on space, time, and materials." To handle these constraints, they will perforce develop both arithmetic and language skills. Because arithmetic is based on universal truths, alien mathematics will be congruent to our own, Minsky says. And because life's realities are,

(continued)

62 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 171

Inquiry 241

The Panasonic Exec. Partner. What makes it an executive? The 7.16 Mhz 8086-2 microprocessor for high-speed processing. So you can do more in less time.

What makes it your partner? Like all ambitious achievers the Panasonic Exec. Partner gets along with others. Namely, IBM hardware and software.

You'll also accomplish more with the new high-resolution plasma display. It lasts four times longer, offers clearer definition and is easier to read than an ordinary screen.

The Exec. Partner's built-in dual mode printer will help

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Tomorrow's technology PonocnniP for today's executives. The I wMu IdOUl HVr new Panasonic Exec. Partner. Industrial Company

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BOOK REVIEWS

in general, the same everywhere, our languages will match to a "degree that will enable us to communicate with them."

Interestingly, the astronomers, especially those of SET1 (the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence), are generally optimists on the subject of extraterrestrials, while evolutionary biologists tend to be pretty dubious. Ernst Mayer, for example, considers SETI "a deplorable waste of the taxpayers' money."

Jill Tatter's essay "Searching for Extraterrestrials" applies the old analogy of searching for a needle in a haystack: How many haystacks are there? How long do they last? How should one look for a needle? (A magnet might miss a platinum one.) Tarter exemplifies that scientific reasoning need not be dull.

Cipher A. Deavours (one of the editors and founders of Cryptologia. a quarterly cryptology journal published in Lawrence, Kansas) has contributed a fascinating essay on using cryptology to solve the problem of communication with aliens. After all, many a top-drawer cryptographer can break a foreign code without knowing a word in the encoded language.

One essay that stands out is Hans Freudenthal's "Excerpts from UNCOS: Design of a language for Cosmic Intercourse" (Amsterdam: North-Holland. I960). This excerpt from the out-of-print classic covers the reasoning behind the development of the binary language LINCOS, which stands for lingua cosmica. LINCOS uses >, <, +, =, and - as vocabulary words and variables.

The Debate

The heart of the book is part IV, "Where Are They?" The title originates from Enrico Fermi's well-known query: "If extraterrestrials really exist, where are they?" This section is a veritable scientific debate. Carl Sagan and William J. Newman clash ideas with Frank Tipler, a University of Texas physicist whose unequivocal piece is entitled "Extraterrestrial Beings Do Not Exist." Newman and Sagan (the father of SETI) call their reply "A Solipsist Approach to External Intelligence."

This debate could have been the most dramatic and interesting part of the book, but it is not. There is no contest. Tipler makes a very strong case for the anti-ET premise, while the Sagan/Newman response is disappointing in contrast.

Tipler's piece (originally published in 1980 in the Quarterly journal of the Royal Astronomical Society) begins with the premise that "an intelligent species with the technology for interstellar communication would necessarily develop the technology for interstellar travel, and this would automatically lead to the exploration and/or colonization of the Galaxy in less than 300 million years."

Put briefly, Tipler argues that any species with the technology to send or receive communications would have made comparable advances in other fields, particularly rocketry. He reminds us that "it is a deficiency in com

{continued)

64 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 337 for End-Users. Inquiry 338 for DEALERS ONLY.

THE PROFESSIONAL'S CHOICE

Lotus Symphony

Call

Software

Word Processing Editors

FANCY FONT $139

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(OASIS) $105

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WORDSTAR 2000* $309

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ELECTRIC DESK $209

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SAMNA PLUS $379

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AUDITOR $ 79

SUPERCALC 3 $179

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TKI SOLVER $269

Languages/Utilities

CONCURRENT DOS $189

C86 C COMPILER $299 DIGITAL RESEARCH

C COMPILER $219

OR FORTRAN 77 $219

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AMDEK 310A $169

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Networks

AST PC NET $C»II

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BOX $2695

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Printers/Plotters

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BOOK REVIEWS

puter technology, not rocket technology, which prevents us from beginning the exploration of the Galaxy tomorrow." Tipler then assumes that "a species will eventually develop a self-replicating universal constructor with intelligence comparable to our present-day technology, but which is comparable to the human level—such a machine should be developed within a century." This theoretical unit is known as a von Neumann machine. Tipler suggests that the sole problem of interstellar travel boils down to "transporting a von Neumann machine to another solar ystem." He figures that for a technologically advanced culture, "the exploration of the Galaxy would cost about 3 billion dollars, about one-tenth the cost of the Apollo program." This telescoped version of Tipler's argument contains only some key links in a long chain of reasoning.

1 found the response to Tipler by Sagan and Newman (published in 1982) disappointing on several counts. For one thing, they figure "these implacable replicators will not stop until the entire Universe has been converted into ~ 1047 von Neumann machines, which will then presumably cannibalize each other." (Tipler previously addressed this argument.) But the weakness of Sagan and Newman is that they weave their own prejudices into the argument. For example: "It seems to us quite unlikely that an advanced technological civilization, undergoing continued biological and psychological as well as scientific development, will persevere in such imperialist designs for a billion years" and "Civilizations devoted to territoriality and aggression and violent settlement of disputes do not long survive after the development of apocalyptic weapons. Long before they are able to make any colonization of the Milky Way, they are gone from the galactic stage."

1 question how Sagan and Newman know all this. Though Sagan and Newman make valid points, much of their article is anthropomorphizing.

This is definitely not the case with Edward Regis, the editor of this book. His essay "SETI Debunked" examines a fairly common mindset, typified by those people who (consciously or not) favor SETI as a means of attracting Higher Beings who will beam down and save mankind from human follies. Regis's pro-human contribution is a highlight of the book.

All in all, the anti-ET people argue a more compelling case. This is not to say that they advocate playing ostrich and letting the rest of the galaxy go by, but they do point out that the odds are against SETI's success.

While I consider this book must reading for anyone interested in aliens in general or SETI in particular, Extraterrestrials deserves a wide audience. This collection of essays, even the comparatively weaker ones, is a tribute to the level of terrestrial reasoning possible with such sparse information. ■

jack D. Kirwan is assistant editor of The Energy lournal, produced by the Department of Economics at the University of Arizona in TUcson (85721).

66 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 79

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Inquiry 107 AUGUST 1985 - BYTE 67

Si 1985 Dow Jones & Company, Inc. All rights reserved. Dow Jones News/Retrieval and Dow Jones News Service are registered service marks of Dow Jones & Company, Inc.

Dow Jones is a trademark of Dctv Jones & Company, Inc.

Jameco Mail-Order Electronics • Worldwide • Since 1974 Jaq?eco

T'c^'ay^^v^^agl I RED-HOT RAM & EPROM PRICES | NEW EEPROM

Pid No. Plni Prlc*

74LS00 74LS01 74LS02 74LS03 74LS04 74L505 74LE0B 74LS09 74LS10 MLS 11 74LS14 74L515 74LS20 741S21 74LS26 74LS27 74LS2B 74LS30 74LS32 74LS37 74LS3B 741S42 74L547 74LS51 741.573 74LS74 74LS?5 74LS76 74LSB5 74LSS6 74LS90 74LS92 74LS93 741S96 74LSI07 74LS1Q9 7JL.S112

74LS132 74LS133 7-1LS136 74LS138 74LSI39 7415146 74LSM7 74LSI4A 74LS151 74LS153 74LS154 74LS155 74LS155 74LS157 741S1M 7*15160 74LS16I 74LS162 74LSI63 74LS164 74LS165 74LS16B MI.SHili 74LS170 74LS173 74LS174 74LS175 74L51B1 74LS190

nam

74LS192 74LS103 74LS194 74LSI95 74LS196 74LS197 MLSMI 7-H.b?.'.!) 74LS241 74LS243

74LS244 " 74LS245 74LS25I 74LS253 74LS257 74L5258 74LS260 74LS266 74LS273 74LS2/9 74LS2B0 7.1LS230 74LS322 74LS323 74LS347 74LS353 74LS3&4 74LS365 74LS366 74LS367 74LS368 74LS373 MLS37-1 74LS375 mi am, 74LS393 74LS39D 74LS49D 74LS533 7JLS534 74LS540 74L5541 74LS640 74LS64I 74LS644 74LS64S 74LS670 74LSS8B B1LS95

CD4000 CD4M1 CO4002 CD40D6 CD4DQ7 CD40D8 CO4D09 CD4Q10 CO4011 CD4012 C04O13 CD40I4 CD4Q15 C04016 CD4017 C04018 CD4019 CD4O20 CD4021 C04Q22 CD4QJ3 C04074 C04025 CO4026 CD4027 CD402B C04029 CD4030 C04034 CD4035 C04040

CD-CMOS

CP4041 CO-1Q42 C04043 C04014 CD4D46 CD4047 CD4046 CO4049 CO4050 CD4Q51 CO4052 CD4053 CD4056 CD4059 CD4060 C04066 CO4068 CO4069 CD4070 CO4071 OM072 CD4Q73 CD4075 CD407G CD4077 CO4078 CD408I C04093 CD4094 CO4098 CD40W

CD450J CD4506 CO4507 CD450B CD451D

CD4511 II

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CD4514 24

CD4515 »

CD45I6 lb

C0451B II

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C04529 IB

CD453T IB

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CD4541 U

CD4543 IB

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CD4584 14

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C04723 IS

&W24 IB

MCI4410 IS

MC14411 24

MC14412 IB

MCI 4433 It

MC14490P IB

21C14

27C16 4164N-200 6116P-4 6116LP-4

(200ns) CMOS SRAM .99 CMOS USES LESS POWEB

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(dram) 1.49-9/12.95

1200ns) SRAM 3.49 (200ns) L.R SRAM 3.69

6264P-15 6264LP-15 27128-25 41256-150 68764 EWC-1

Description

(150ns) SRAM (150ns) LR SRAM (250ns) EPROM (150ns) DRAM (450iiS) 21V EPROM EPROM Window Covers

6.95 7.49 5.95 6.49 12.95 10/.69

MICROPROCESSOR COMPONENTS

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295

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295

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595

6609

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CRJ - B Bil fOn-ChiD Owlialori

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CPU — B-Bil lE<tBinai Clocking)

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GflflOQE

11 49

6810

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275

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14

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. 5.95

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40

lvri|irir;il inte-AilJiil (MC6820). . .

275

68B21

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rvh|ihsi;ii 111r-!rr.ir.i- fidnntw [2MHzl

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S95

oUUUroUUUU obnltJ)

B031

40

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1295

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10

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i 4S5

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■ 11. .:■■! '. i -i/.i,ii

8060

40

CPU - 8-Bit NMOS

1295

B073N

40

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2995

8080A

40

CPU

395

395

CPU 16-Dil 8MHz.

1995

8087

40

Arithmenc Processor (5MHi)

12995

BOB7-2

Arithmetic Processor ISMHz)

15995

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HMOIi MM l/H Ftjrt-Timer. .

40

RAM Willi I/O Port anD Timer

6205

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Hi Speed 1 out Ol 8 Binary Decoder

2 25

6224

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Clock Generator/Driwi

269

B22S

18

Sys. COM 'Bus Driver (7454281

195

8237-5

40

High Pert Prog DMA Com tSMHii

8238

18

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8243

14

i'0 E>cander lor 48 Series.

395

B2S0N

40

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B251

11

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325

8251A

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349

S253-5

14

Prog Interval Urntr

649

6255

40

Prog Peripheral I/O (PPiJ

395

S255A-5

40

Prcg Penph»raM/0 |PP\) 5MHz

425

6257 b

40

Prog DMA ConiioUer ...

095

8259

n

Prog Interrupt Control

595

6259-5

26

Prog Intertupl Controller

695

8272

40

BOMM DcnLily Floppy Disk Cent

1695

8274

40

'.'..in PiMuHScrialConl i/20t|

14 95

8275

it)

PfOfj CR1 Controller.

14.95

B279

40

Prog Keyboard'Display Interlace.

549

8279-5

40

Prog Keyooard/Display Inlertace

595

B2B2

10

Octal Latch

649

B2B4

10

Clock Generator 'Diner

549

B286

»

Octal Bus Transceiver

649

B287

10

Octal Bus Transceiver ilnvewfl)

649

82BB

10

Bus Conirorier

1395

B2B9

10

Bus Arbiter

24.95

8741

40

fl-Bii Unu Peripheral inlertace

1995

8748

40

HMOS EPROM MPU.

19.95

8749

40

r.'i-LI U-Liirifr'ilOM \..r,n;.'i ol B049|

2495

B755

40

l GK FPiiflM with I/O . .

39.95

80166-6

08

Mn;h lriii,()f,i;,r,i II, [In MI'U

4995

80186

at

H'Oh Integra 16-BilMPUIB-BilDalaBiJs

4995

SPECIAL FUNCTION

MC3470P

IB

Floppy Disk Read Amp System

495

MM5321N

IB

TV Camera Sync Generator

995

MM58167AN

H

Microprocessor Real Tone Clock

695

v.1-:

IE

Micro Compatible Time Clock.

895

WM5369AA'N

0

Prog OsciHatwrDiviOer l60Hi)

179

MM5369ES1

B

Prog DKMttrfDivider ItOOHz) . .

195

Lew Prolile |Tin) Sockets

Mite. 1-9 [MB 100 up

24 pin LP 33 28 pm LP .40 40 pm LP .49

SnlderUII [Gold] Standard

inh i-9 iog mm

14 pm SC 49

16 pin SO 55

18 pm SO 65

20 ;. i SG 75

22 pin 5G 79

24pinSG 79

28 pin SG .95

36pinSG 125

iJOpmSG 139

1103 4027

4116rl-lS 41161*20 ■IUGfJ-25 ■llOUHW ■IK,.111 m MMWfil .

mnv, ;>(,;'

MM5270 MMi?8(j WWii 1

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41256-200 4126

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16.33411 (150nsj

16.3B4i1 |2O0ns| 16.384«'

a 53-:.

iAi'lh.

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{200ns) |300ns| . . 1365ns)

|250ns

l?00nsi 2107 (2DOns) I150ns| 262.144.1 )20Onsl 131 072.11250ns)

- STATIC RAMS —

256)4 |450ns)8101

20-10*1 ■'.O'jb.l -lOSfjit B192X1

1-1-1.

.99

1.49

I 39 - 6/1095 .79-676.29 .69-8/549 1 65 - 9/14 49 1.49 - 9/12 95 . .35-8/1.95 .35-8/1.95

1024*1 1024«t 256.4 256*4

21MN-2 21I4N-2L 2U7HN

5101

MM5257 HM6116P-2 HM6116LP-2 HM6116P-3 HM6116LP3 KM6116P-4 HM61I6LP-4 HM6264P-12 HM6264LP-12 HM6264P-I5 Mf.i'j?rj-iLP-ri 27LSO0 7439 74C921 74C930 74S1B9

1702A

IMS2516

TMS2532

TMS2564

2708

TMS2716

2716

27C16

2716-1

27160-5

2732

2732A-20

2732A-25

2732A45

27C32

27C32A30

2764-20

2764 25

2764-45

27C64

27128-25

27256-25

MCM6B764

74S1BB

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82S126

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62S130

B2S185

82S191

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0MB7S184N

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OM67SVMI;

l350nsi

(250ns) LP I91L02). |450ns)BI1l . . (450ns) MOS.

1U24*4 1450ns

1024*4 (450nsiLP

1024*4 ( 200ns)

1024*4 l2O0nsiLP

4096*1 (70/11)

1024*4 |70nsl . . .

1024*4 (450ni|

1024*4 (450nii

256*4 (450nsi CMOS

4096*1 (450ns) 4044

2048.8 (120ns)CMOS . . 2048*B H20nslLPCMOS 204B*B 1150ns! CMOS

2048.9 (ISOnsjLPCMOS 2048.8 I200nsi CMOS 2048.8 IZOOnsi L P CMOS B192*B (120ns|CMOS 8192iB <120nslLPCMOS B192<8 (150ns)CMOS 8192(8 MSOnst L P CMOS

256*1 leOnsilP

15>4 (50ns| 3101

256*4 1250ns) CMOS .

1024.1 250nsKM)5 (65181

16(4 (35ns) 93405

16x4 <35ns)310t

1024*1 (50nslOC (93415)

16*4 (50ns)DC (745289).

- PROMS/EPROMS

1 29 - 8'9.95 65 - Br 12.95 39 - 6/1095 69 - B/13.49

14 20JB.3 (450nsl. 14 4096.8 1450ns)

24 204B*B |450ns) 3 voltage

24 2048.8 (450nsi

21 ?UJBi8 CMOS

24 2016.8 BSOM)

li i'lMB-i) (550(15)

14 4096.8 (450ns|

14 4096.8 ( 200risl2IV

14 4 096.8 ( 250ns|2W

14 4 096*8 (450ns)71V

24 4 096.6 CMOS

14 4096.6 (30Onsi21ViCMOS)

18 3192.8 (200nsi21V

11 3192*8 l25Dns)21V

16.3B4iB (250ns) 128K2IV. 32.76B.8 |250ri',j,'!JrJK(1.'.Vl

B192*B (450ns)21V

32*B PtlOMOC (G.330-1 j PROMTS !«01-l| PROM TS. 16331-1). PROM0C (6300-1) PROM TS 16309-1) PROM TS (6349-1)

256*4 256.8 512.8 512*8 512.8 512*8

512(4 PROMOC 163051 512*4 PROMTS 16306) 1024(4 PROMOC I6352) 1024(4 PROMTS (8251371 32.8 PROMOC I27S1BI 512.8 PROM TS I27S15) 32.8 PROMTS (27519) PROM O C (27S20) PROMTS I27S21I. PROMOC (27SI2) . 2048*4 PROM IS IT6P24S81I 2048'B 180ns)

256.4 256.4 512.4

. 14.95 .. 9.95

DCtO

ADC0601

ADCOB03

ADC0B15

Aiicoai/

0ACOBO6 IIACOIlf)? DACDBOI! DAC0H3O DAC0831 0AC10O0 0AC1O08 OAC1022 DACI222 OAC1230 DAC123I A. -Mii;'.!)

2043.4 PROMOC I62S1B4) 2048(4 PROM TS |82Sia5) 2048.B PflOMTS 1B2S191)

- OATA ACQUISITION

Mustek DC/DC Convener +5V10 -9V 2 95

. 14.95

113A

8-Bil A/0 Convener I1/4LSB).

8 Brl ArD Converter | - 1/2LSB) 4.95

6-Bil A/0 Converter 11LSB) ... 349 8-Bil A/D Conv «/8-Channe1 Analog 9 95 3-Qil A/D Ccnvener |6-Ch Mullr) 449 B-Bil A/0 Conv w/16-Channel Analog 14 95 b Ril Ail) 0;m',.:i|i!j (IS-Ch. Mulll.t . . . 9.49 B [111 ll/A Cdn.-cilcr (0 7R% Lin.). . . . 1.95

fj.[iH l)/,\ fawner (MCM08-7) 1.49

B Bit ll/A Cunwrni (MC1408-8) 2.25

Fi H:i [):A Ciniv (ii5.5Lin.| 5.95

6-Bil Up O/A Conv (10% Lin.) .4.49

10-Bit D/A Conv Micro Comp I005lt) 7 95 10-B.tO'A Conv Micro Comp (0 20-.) 695

IO-BitO'ACwv(020lilin) 5.95

124MOU Cm IIUMUg, 695

12-B.t Up D'AConv (OS^bn) 14.95

12 B.l Up O/A Conv I 1CM Lin 1 13,95

■' ■■«•■ -125 30K aiudUARf (1HI6021 395

Wire Wrap Sockets ' IGold) Level *t3

Pin Ho 13 ID

8 pm WW 55 10 pro WW 69 14 pm WW 75 16 p<n WW 79 18 pin WW 95 20 pm WW I 19 22 pm WW 129 24 pin WW 135 28 pin WW 1.69 36 pin WW 1 B9 40 pinWW2 29

Header Plugs (Gold]

■r! Me- 1-9 10-99 Mm

14 pin HP 65 59 16 pm HP 69 65 24 pm HP 115 99

14 pin HC .15 .13 16pinHC .19 .17 24 ptn HC .29 .25

$10 Minimum Order - U.S. Funds Only CA Residents: Add CViUfc Sales Tax Spec She-ets - 30e each

Shipping: Add 5% plus Si .50 Insurance Sand SI Postage for FREE f 985 Jameco Catalog Prices Subject to Change Send stamped, sett-addressed envelope to receive a Monthly Sales Flyer - FREE!

Mail Order Electronics -Worldwide

ELECTRONICS

V7SA®

Digitalker

Part Ho. Pins Function Price

2816A 24 2048x8 16K E2PR0M 350ns. . . 12.95

Features: • On-board Address/Data Latches ■ Auto-Timed Byte Writs (on chip timer) • 5V Erase/Write/Read ■ Optional High Voltage Erasa/Program (12V-22V) • Power Up/Down Write Protection ■ Auto Erase before Writs

The 2616A is an ideal nonvolatile memory providing in-system altarability wilh ihe same ease and with Ihe same features as 2K.8 Static RAMs.

a3L

DT1050->;. , , ,

Iingugi Inn ill How. itc. The DT1050 U a sianrjaro DIGIT ALKER kit encootO wiW 137 separaie and useful words. 2 lones, and 5 different silence durations Tie words and tones nave been .tinned discrete addresses, makinrj n possible lo oulput smglc words or words cwicatenateH WO BhfSSBS oi even scniences The "voice" oulput ol (he OT1050 is a twjhly intelligiple main voice llis DT1050 conilili gl i Speech Prcciisor Chip. MM54104 |<0 pin) md M |2) Spcich DDMi MM52164SS81 and MM52IB4SSR2 (74 pin] ilong arilh i tbilir Wrl mi ma i nctnaiMliI tchliullc diignn on Ihi application iltnL

DT1050 Digitalker™ $34.95 ea.

MM54104 Processor Chip $14.95 ea.

DT1 0 5 7 - tiH.:i tt» DTIDSQ Irtm 13! turn 760 *>ll Ind ? RCMt i.-.a :sec;

Part No. DT1057 $24.95 ea.

INTERSIL

pin no.

Pins

lur.tlisn

pnci

FE0202D

40

4 Dtan LCD Display to 721 liPi s 72HMIPL

1495

FEO203D

40

3»» 0iq.iI LCD Display lor 7106 5 7116

1495

7045IPI

a

CMOS Precision Timer

1495

704SEV/Kii

to

Stopwatch Chip. XTL (Evaluation Kill

1995

7106CPL

40

3': Diflit A/O (LCD Drive)

1049

7I06EWKI

40

IC. Circuit Board. Display (Evaluation Kill

4695

7107CPL

40

3l> Oiflit An (LED Drrvel

1095

7107£V/Ktl

40

IC. Circuit Beam. Display (Evaluation K<l)

4695

7116CPL

40

3'i Digit A/D LCD Dts HLD

1095

7201IU5

Low Banery Volt Indicator

225

7205IPG

24

CMOS LEO Stopwatch/Timer . ,

. 1495

72fl5EWKi1

14

Slopwatcti Chip, XTL (Evaluation Kit)

1695

7206aPE

1!

In Gentrjtor.

.495

7206CEWKH

II

Tone Generator Chip. XTL (Evaluation Kit)

795

7207AIPO

Osciiiaioi Controller ,

. 595

7207AEWKH

14

Freq Counier Chip. XTL lEvaluaiion Kit)

649

7211IPL

40

4 Dion LCO Display Decoder/Dn«r (TTL compatible)

795

7211MIPL

40

4 Dirjtl LCO Display Decoder/Driver (Microproc compalj

895

7215IPG

14

4 Func CMOS Stopwatch CKT

1695

7215EV(Kit

14

4 Func Stopwatch Chip. XTL (Evaluation Kit)

19.49

7216AUI

11

8 Dioit Umv Counier C A..

3149

72I6DIPI

!5

8 Digit Freq Counter C.C

2143

7217U1

4 Oigil LED Up/Down Counier C A

1D95

72WAIPI

to

4 Digit LED Up-Down Counter CC.

9.95

7224IPL

40

LCD 4<i Digit Up Counter ORI

1095

/iirJVEV/K,!

40

5 Function Counter Chip. XTL (Evaluation Kill

M95

I 30009 1963 INTERSIL Data Book iimsp ) . . 89.95 I

74HC HIGH SPEED CMOS

1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002 8/85. PHONE ORDERS WELCOME - (415) 592-8097 - Telex: 176043

74HC02 14

74HC03 14

74HC04 14

74HCU04 |4

74HC08 14

74HC10 14

74HC11 14

74HC14 M

74HC20 14

74HC27 14

74HC30 14

74HC32 14

74HC42 16

74HCS1 14

74HC58 14

74HC73 14

74HC74 14

74HC75 16

74HC76 16

74HC85 16

74HC66 14

74HC107 14

74HC109 10

74HCH2 16

74HC123 IB

74HC125 14

74HCI32 14

74HC137 IB

74HC138 IB

74HC139 11

74HC147 U

74HC151 II

74HC153 IB

74HCI54 14

74HCI57 IE

74NC158 It

74HC16Q It

74HC161 II

74HC162 II

74HC163 16

74HC164 14

74HC165 II

74HC166 IB

74HC173 II

74HC174 II

74HC175 II

74HC190 IE

74HC191 IB

74HC192 16

74HC193 10

74HC194 It

74HC195 II

74HC221 II

74HC237 II

74HC240 10

74HC241 10

74HC242 14

74KC243 14

74HC244 2D

74CO0 74C02 74C04 74C08 74C10 74C14 74C20 74C30 74C32 74C42 74C4B 74C73 74C74 74CB5 74C86 74C89 74C90 74C93 74C95

14

74C-C/M0S

74HC245 t0

74HC251 18

74HC253 II

74HC257 II

74HC259 II

74HC266 14

74MC273 »

74HC260 14

74HC299 10

74HC366 II

74HC367 IB

74HC373 M

74HC374 10

74HC390 16

74HC393 14

74HC533 W

74HC534 20

74HC595 IB

74HC6B8 10

74HC4024 14

74HC4040 II

74HC4049 16

7WC4Q50 IE

74HC4060 It

74HC4075 14

741C4076 14

74HC451I II

74HC4514 14

74HC453B IE

74HC4543 II 74Hnm4 Kim

74CI07 74CI51 74C1S4 74C157 74C160 74C161 74C162 74C163 74C164 74C165 74C173 74C174 74C175 74C192 74C193 74C195 74C221

74C240 74C244 74C373 74C374 74C901 74C902 74C903 74C906 74C907 74C911 74C9I2 74C915 74C9I7 74C922 74C923 74C925 74C92G 80C95 :80C97

D50a26C» 8

IL07ICP I

IL072CP I

TL074CN 14

I LOB1 CP I

TL082CP t

TL0B4CN 14

LM109K

LM301CN I

LM302H

LM304H

LM305H

LM307CN B

LM308CN B

LM309K

LM310CN B

LM3I1CN B

LM312H

IM3I7T

LM317K

LM318CN I

LM319N 14

LM320K-5

LM320K-12

LM320IC15

LM320K-24

LM320T-5

LU320T-12

LM320M5

LM320T-24

LM322N 14

IM323K

IM324N 14

LM329DZ

LM33IN I

LM334Z

LM3352

LM3362

LM337MP

LM337T

LM338K

LM339H 14

LM340K-5

LM340K12

LM340K-1S

LM340K24

LM340T-5

LM340T-12

LM340T-15

LM340I-24

LF347N 14

LM34BN 14

LM350K

LF351N 8

LF353N 1

,Lf355N ILF356N

'lmsssn B

LM359K 14

LM370fJ 14

LM373H 14

LM377N 14

LM3B0CN 8

LM380N 14

LM381W 14

LM3B2N 14

LM384ti 14

LM386N-3 8

LM387K 0

IM389N II

LM391N-BO IB

LM392N I

LM393N S

LF39BN I LM399H LF412CN B

TL494CN IB TL496CP B NE531V 0 NE540H (C540H)

NE544N 14

NE550A 14 NES55V I XH-L555 I

LM556N 14

NE55BN IB

NE564N IE

LM565N 14 LM566CN B LM567V B

NE570N IE

NE571N IB

IIE592N 14 LM703CN I

LM710N 14

LM711M 14

LM723N 14

LM733N 14

LM739N 14 LM741CN 8

LM747N 14 LM748N I UA760HC LM1456V 8 LM1456CN I LM148BN 14 IM1489N II LM1496N 14 LM1605CK LM1871N 18 LM1872N IB LM1877N-9 14 LM18B9N IB LM1896N 14 LM2002T ULH2003A II XB2206 IE XR2207 14

Ml

14

LM2B77P ILM287BP

LM2901N 14

LM2902N 14

LM2907N 14

LM29I7N B

LM3900N 14

LM3905CN 8

LM3B09N 8

LM3S14N IB

!lM3915N IB

< LM3916N 18

IRC4136N 14

I HC4151NB B

RC4I93NB 8 RC419STK

LM4250CN B

NE5532 I

NE5534 8 7a05A 7BL12A 79L05A 79M05AM

iaB03fl 14

LM13080N 8

LM13600N IB

I 75477 I

75O02 14

76477 2B

30003 1982Nat.LinearDataBookfi952 o9S) .511.95

68 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

ELECTRONICS I

Mail-Order Electronics • Worldwide • Since 1974 Jgmecq

Commodore Accessories I ***** APPLE® Accessories

RS232 Adapter for VIC-20 and Commodore 64

The JE232CM allows connection of standard serial RS232 printers, modems, etc. to your VIC-20 and C-64. A 4-pole switch allows the inversion of the 4 control lines. Complete installation and operation instructions included.

• Plugs into User Port ■ Provides Standard RS232 signal levels ■ Uses 6 signals (Transmit. Receive, Clear to Send. Request to Send. Data Terminal Ready, Data Set Ready). JE232CM $39.95

VOICE SYNTHESIZER FOR COMMODORE VIC-20 AND C-64

Plug-In — Talking in Minutes! JE520CM $99.95

TRS-80 Accessories

JftflU MPI 5W DISK DRIVE

J&!WMJ^^^W " Use as a seconc disk drive ■ SingleWHn^Kj^^^j sided ■ Single/double denslly ■ Fullheight drive ■ 48 tpi • Documentation included • Weight: 3,7 lbs,

MPI51S. . .. $89.95 or 2 for $159,95 EXPAND TRS-80 MEMORY

TRS-80 MODEL I, III

Each <itcomes comalele with eight MM5290 (UPD4ie/4i re] t6K Dynamic RAMsand documentation for conversion Model 1:16K equipped wilh Expansion interface can be expanded to 48K wiih 2 Kits Model III Can be exparded Irom 16K to 4BK using 2 Kits Each Kit will exoand computer by 16K increments

TRS-16K3 200ns (Model III) $6.29

TRS-16K4 250ns (Model 1) 35.49

TRS-80 COLOR AND COLOR II

Easy lo Install Kit comes complete with 8 each 4164N-20 (200ns) 64K Dynamic flAMs and documenlalion for conversion. Converts TRS-80 Color CompLters win D, E. ET. F and NC circuit boards lo 32K. Also converts TRS-80 Color Computer II to 64K Flo* DOS or OS-9 roquirod to utilize lull 64K RAM on all computers

TRS-64K-2 $17.95

TRS-80 MODEL IV & 4P

Easy to install Kit comes complete with 6 en 4164N-20 (200ns) 64K Dynamic RAMs and conversion documentation Converts TRS-80 Model IV computers from 16Klo64K Also expands Model 4P!rom 64K to 128K

TRS-64K-2 $17.95

(Converts the Model IV from 16K to 64K or will expand the Model -JP from 64Kto128K)

TRS-64K2PAL (Model IV only) $38.95

(8 - 4164's with PAL Chip lo expand from 64K to 128K)

- TRS-80 Model 100* • NEC • Olivetti

■ALSO COMPATIBLE WITH NEC PC-5201A AND OLIVETTI M10

Easy to install mooule plugs right into the socket increasing memory in 8K increments Complete with modulo and documentation tor conversion.

M1 008K fTRS-80 Modal 100 Expansion) $49.95

NEC8KR (NEC PC-S201A & Olivetti M10) Please Specify $49.95

PROMETHEUS MODEMS

Intelligent 300/1200 mum Baud Modem with Real MKBBf Time Clock/Calendar

The ProModem is a Bell 212A (300/1200 baud) intelligent stand-alone modem • Full featured expandable modem • Standard features include Auto Answer and Auto Dial, Help Commands, Programmable Intelligent Dialing, Touch Tone'" & Pulse Dialing and More • Hayes command set compatible plus an additional extended command set ■ Shown w/alphanumeric display option.

PM1200 RS-232 Stand-Alone Unit $299.95

OPTIONS FOR ProModem 1200

PM-COM (ProCom Communication Software) $79.95

Please specify Operating System.

PM-OP (Options Processor) $79.95

PMO-16K (Options Processor Memory - 16K) $ 4.50

PMO-32K (ODIions Processor Memory - 32K) $ 9.00

PMO-64K (Options Processor Memory - 64K) S18.00

PM-ALP (Atphanumenc Display) S79.95

Line I Options Processor.

PM-SpeCial A?pKh"nu™?IcD?splay} $149.95

DATA BOOKS

210830 Intel Memory Components Hndbk. (19B3/84) S14.9

Contains nil Applications Notes. Article Reprints. Data Simula S olhl design Information on Intel's RAMs, DRAMs, EPROMs. E'PHOMs an

230843 Intel Microsystem Components Hndbk. (1983/84) 519.95

Contains Data Sheets on all of Intel's Micro processors 4 peripherals 2 volumes 12575 pagesl

National Logic Data Book Set (1984) S24.95

Volumes I a II13485 psoas I

Conlains intormation on National's TTL product line and CD4000 family Tnis includes 74D0. 74L. 5, AS. LS and ALS Series Uuviccs, and MMS4MC / 74HC / 54HCT I 74HCT High Speed Micro CMOS lamily. MM54C I 7-iC family, and CMOS LSI / VLSI.

Muffin-Style and Sprite-Style Fans

MUF60 (SPN3-15-2462)

Howard Industries (4.68"sq..60ctm). . . . S9.95 SU2C7 Reverse Row

EG8G flotron (3.125" sq, 32cfm) $9.95

t— EX i :

APPLE*

b = Apple lie

Compati "+ CARDS

ible

16K RAM Card (Language Card)

The ARC-16K RAM Card allows the Apple' II and II+ compulerstp expand from 48K to 64K. Complete with instructions. Key: (a)

ARC-16K $39.95

Z-80 CP/M Card

The AZ80-1 is Soft-card compatible. Used with CP/M related programs. Software not included. Key: (a,b)

AZ80-1 : $49.95

EPROM Burner Card

The AEB-2 allows user to program and work with standard EPROMs (2716, 2732 & 2764). Easy to use, on-board firmware. Menu contains the following options: Write, Read, Copy, Compare, Blank-Check and Monitor. Complete with instructions. Key: (a,b) AEB-2 $69.95

80-Column Card w/Soft Switch

The A80-C is an 80-column card designed for the Apple' II and 11+ computers. The card is equipped with a soft switch which allows easy hookup for any monitor. The A80-C also features inverse video capabilities. This card is similar to the Videx*" 80 column card. Complete with instructions. Key: (a)

A80-C $74.95

Super Serial Card

The ASSC-P is a serial card with a printer mode. It generates standard RS-232C signals and is similar to the Apple' Super Serial Card. Complete with instructions. Key: (a.b) ASSC-P. , $99.95

Parallel Graphics Printer Card w/64K Buffer

The APC-64K is a parallel graphics printer card with a 64K buffer and graphic dump capabilities. Complete with instructions. Key: (a,b)

APC-64K. $129.95

80-Column/64K RAM Card

Extended 80-Column/64K RAM Card expands memory by 64K to give 128K when used

with programs like VisiCalc™. Complete with instructions. Key: (b)

JE864 $79.95

trademarks ol APPLE Computers

"'Vidax ia a reglstarad tradomark of Vldex Inc.

APPLE"

Compatible ^' 5Va" Disk Drive & Controller Card

APPLE" Compatible 514" Half-Height Disk Drive

t

• Uses Cfiinon Pinch-typo mechanics ■ 143KIorrmiiiQd Bloraflo ■ 35 tracks ■ Super quiet ■ Works with Apnle Controllers or other cornpnlibles IACC-11 [loftl ■ Complete with connector - Just plug into your controller

• Slie: 5 VW x 1 y H x 8'D ■ Wt: 4 IDs. Key: (a.b)

ADD-12 $129.95

0

• Uaoa Shutjart SA390 mechanics ■ 143K Icrmatiod storage ■ Color matches Apple Computor • Works with Apple Controller or other ApRlo-compallble controllers (ACC-ll • Complete with connector - just plug Into your disk controller card • 35 tracks • Size: 6"W « 3VH x B-97t6"D - Wl.: lbs Key: (a.b)

ADD-514 (Pl.kDrhr.) $149.95

ACC-1 (Controller Card) $ 49.95

APPLE" lie Compatible 5'V Half-Height Disk Drive

■ Same specs as ADD-12 (left) except

ADD-llc. "°.c.T?"^'.T.'".1r; $129.95

Additional Apple* Compatible Products

APF-1 Cooling Fan with surge protection • Key: (a,b) $ 39.95

JE614 Numeric/Aux. Keypad-23 accessible functions ■ Key: (b|.... $ 49.95

EAEC-1 Expanded Apple Enclosure Case only ■ Key: (a) $ 59.95

KHP4007 Switching Power Supply ■ Key: (a) $ 59.95

KB-A68 68-Key Apple Keyboard only ■ Key: (a| $ 79.95

MON-12G 12" Green Monitor with swivel stand • Key: (a, b S lie) $ 79.95

JE520AP Voice Synthesizer - Plug-In, User Ready • Key: (a.b) $119.95

KB-EA1 Apple Keyboard and Case • Key: (a) $134.95

PM1200A Prometheus Internal Modem - 2 cards • Key: (a.b) $299.95

PM1200M Promelheus Macintosh Ext. Modem • Key: (Macintosh! $369.95

General Application Power Supplies

Power/Mate Corp. REGULATED POWER SUPPLY

■Input: 105-125/210-250VAC @ 47-63Hz - Line regulation: -0.05% • Three mounting surfaces • Overvoltage protection • UL recognized • CSA certified

Pan No. Output Six. Wright pile.

EMA5/6B EMA5/6C

5V@3A/6V@2.5A 4VLx4"Wx2'4"H 5V86A/6VS5A 5W"Lx4a"Wx2VH

2lbs. 4lbe.

S29.95 $39.95

KEPCO/TDK 4-OUTPUT SWITCHING POWER SUPPLY

* Ideal for disk drive needs of CRT terminals, microcomputers and video games ■ Input: 115/230VAC. 50/60HZ • Output: +5V ® 5A, +12V e 1.8A. +12V S 2A. -12V @ 0.5A • UL recognized ■ CSA certified • Size: 7 VL x 6-3/16'W x 1WH • Weight: 2 lbs.

MRM 174KF $49.95

4-CHANNEL SWITCHING POWER SUPPLY

• Microprocessor, mini-computer, terminal, medical equipment and process control applications • Input: 90-130VAC. 47-440Hz • Output: +5VDC e 5A, -5VDC e 1A; +12VDC e 1A. -12VDC 6 1A

• Line regulations: ^0.2% • Ripple: 30mV p-p • Load regulation: :':1% - Overcurrent protection • Adj: 5V main output ±10% • Size: 6VLx 1VWx4-15/16"H ■ Weight: 114 lbs.

FCS-604A $69.95

S10 Minimum Order - US. Fund* Only CA He»idonta: Add MM Sales Tax Spec Sheets - 30* each

Shipping: Add 5% plus SI. 50 Insurance Send Si PuMage for FREE 1905 Jarrmoo Catalog Prices Subject to Change Send1 stamped, serf-addressed envelope to receive e Monthly Seles Flyer - FREEI

MasterCard lameco

ELECTRONICS

VISA*

1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002 8/85 PHONE ORDERS WELCOME - (415) 592-8097 - Telex: 176043

IBM® Accessories

* Cables

* Cables

8-Foot Parallel Printer Cable

IBM-8PC (DOgS MaletoCBnlrontos36-pln Male). ■ . . $19.95

6-Foot Serial Printer/Modem Cable

MMS-2206 (DBZS Male to DB25 Malt) $14.95

MFS-2206 (OB25 Male to DB25 Female) $15.25

5-Foot Keyboard Extension Cable for IBM-PC and XT Computers

IBM-KEC $9.95

MEMORY EXPANSION KITS

IBM PC, PC XT and Compatibles

The IQM64K Kil will Increase memory in 64K byte increments The Kit Is simple !o install - just insert the 9 - 64K HAM chips in the provided sockets and se! the 2 groups ol switches Conversion documentation Included.

IBM64K (Nine 200ns 64K RAMs) $12.95

IBM PC AT

Each kit comes complete wilh nine 128K dynamic RAMsand documenlalion lor conversion

IBM128K (Nine 250ns 128K RAMs).... $133.95

IBM PCXT Equivalent > 130 Watt Power Supply UPGRADE YOUR PCI

■ Input: 110V ® 60Hz • Output: +5VDC 8 15A, -5VDC 8 0.5A. +12VDC e 4.2A, -12VDC 8 0.5A ■ Plug compatible connectors ■ Fits into IBM PC ■ Weight: 6 lbs,

IBM-PS $159.95

Prometheus Modems

The ProModem 1200B/BS is a 1200/300 baud modem card which plugs into IBM PC and XT. Provides a third serial Comport. Two versions available: 1200B (without software) and 1200BS (with software). The PM1200BS Is supplied with powerful MITE communications software from Mycroft labs.

PM1200B (without Software) $239.95

PM1200BS (with MITE Software) $274.95

DISK DRIVES

CO

Documentation Included

RFD480 (Remex5'/.."DSfull-ht.) $ 89.95

FD55B (Teac 5»" DS hall-ht.) $139.95

SA455 (Shugart 5V DS half-ht.). . . . $139.95 TM100-2 (Tandon 5V DS lull-ht.) $159.95

5%" DISK DRIVE ENCLOSURES

Complete with power supply, switch, power cord, fuseholder and connectors

DDE-1FH (Houses 1 lull-ht. 5V drive) $69.95

DDE-2HH (Houses 2 ft-ht S*' drives) $79.95

General Application Keyboards

Mitsumi 54-Key Unencoded All

Keyboard

encoded ' M.yiVlVl'tV.Vl'.l

■ SPST keyswitches • 20 pin ribbon cable connection • Low profile keys • Features: cursor controls, control, caps (lock), function, enter and shift keys • Color (keycaps): grey • Weight: 1 lb. • Pinout incl. • Size: 13VL x 4VWX VH

KB54 $14.95

74-Key

Keyboard Lj^mSlr

■ 7-bit parallel ASCII ■ Full Upper Case, Full Lower Case except I, m, n, o and p. ■ Cursor keypad ■ SPST mechanical keyswitches - 26-pin header connector ■ Color: white • Size: 18"L x 6K "W x 1 '* "H * Spec included KB8201 (1700 available) $29.95

UV-EPROM ERASER

8 Chips - 21 Minutes

, 1 Chip - 15 Minutes

Erases all EPROMs. Erases up lo 8 chips within 21 minutes (1 chip In 15 minutes). Maintains constant exposure distance of one inch. Special conductive loam liner eliminates static build-up. Built-in safety lock to prevent UV exposure. Compact - only 9.00"L x 3.70'W x 2.60'H Complete with holding tray lor 8 chips.

DE-4 UV-EPROM Eraser. ..... $74.95

UVS-11 EL Replacement Bulb $16.95

Inquiry I6l

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 69

ASK BYTE

Conducted by Steve Garcia 80186 C Machine

Dear Steve,

I'm interested in building a 16-bit C machine based on one of the Intel 80186 chips. Does anyone offer instructions or a kit? Is a suitable C available in ROM?

John A. Zook Tempe, AZ

I haven't seen any kits for 80186-based computers, but I did locate an S-100 board. It is the Thunder 186 from Lomas Data Products (66 Hopkinton Rd., Westborough, MA 01581, (617) 366-6434).

There are also a couple of S-100 boards available using the 80286:

MI-286 S-100 board from Macrotech International Corp. 9551 Irondale Ave. Chatsworth, CA 91311 (818) 700-1501

CompuPro CPU 286/287 board from Viasyn

3506 Breakwater Court Hayward, CA 95455 (415) 768-0909

The CompuPro board is also available as part of the System 816/F computer, which runs CP/M. There are C compilers that run under CP/M-86 available from Digital Research. Microsoft, Mark Williams, and c-systems. Addresses of these companies can be found in ads in BYTE.

The Macrotech board runs MP/M 8/16 and other operating systems. It reportedly replaces the CompuPro 8085/88 board, so C compilers should be available from the above suppliers—-Steve

S-100 BOARDS FOR HORIZON

Dear Steve,

I am writing for myself and for North Star Horizon users in general. Every day I notice ads for S-100/IEEE-696 boards. Many whet my appetite, but 1 become discouraged when I remember that my Horizon does not follow the 1EEE-696 standard.

Selling my system to buy another computer that does conform to the 1EEE-696 standard seems like a waste of good money.

How different is the Horizon's bus from

the IEEE-696 standard? Is it possible to alter the bus lines to conform? Where can I get technical information for altering the bus, if it is feasible?

Jeff Chadima Austin, TX

The Horizon remains a popular S-100 machine. North Star thought that demand would decline when the Advantage was introduced a few years ago, but such was not the case.

It is true that the Horizon does not completely follow the IEEE-696 standard. However, it is very close, and most S-100 boards should work in it without modification. I have used boards (some claiming IEEE-696 compatibility) from six manufacturers in the Horizon with no changes. The pin-outs used in the Horizon are detailed in the Horizon manual.

INSUA (International North Star User's Association, POB 2910, Fairfield, CA 94533) publishes The Compass quarterly ($20 per year) for its members. Vol. IV. 1 contains an article about various "alien" boards being used in the Horizon and notes incompatibilities, if any. They also have a former North Star technician who writes a regular column, answering questions about specific problems.

Although now defunct, Microsystems magazine (from Ziff-Davis) had a regular column on North Star topics. You might check your local library or computer club for back issues.— Steve

AN 8087 ON THE SANYO MBC 555

Dear Steve,

I recently purchased a Sanyo MBC 555 microcomputer and find it to be everything 1 want in a computer. The review in the August 1984 BYTE (page 270) stated that the Sanyo had a slot for (and was configured for) the 8087 mathematics coprocessor. What does the 8087 do for the computer, and is it a wise investment for a small accounting practice?

William Cornelison Ogdensburg, NY

The 8087 coprocessor is a specialpurpose computer chip designed to per

form certain arithmetic operations at high speed, under the control of an 8088 or 8086 processor. Its functions, which include floating-point addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division; square root, tangent, and arctangent; and log and exponential in base 2, are coded into the chip hardware to make for very fast execution. It has no effect on the speed of disk data transfer or other I/O operations.

The usefulness of the 808 7 for your accounting applications depends on whether you need faster computational speed from your computer and on whether the 8087 will be used by your software. Most commercial business software is not written to look for an 8087 and will ignore it if present. The computer does not automatically use the 8087; special instructions are required at the machine-language level.

If you have software that will use the 8087, you can gain considerable speed in computation-intensive operations. Speed gains of up to 10 times have been reported in some cases, with 2 to 3 times being more typical.—Steve

UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY

Dear Steve,

I live on a houseboat, and it seems to me that 1 already have half of an uninterruptible power supply in the boat. The boat has two engines and a generator, with a battery for each. One of the batteries is oversize and powers the toilet, running lights, and so on. The other batteries are used only for starting the engine.

The boat spends almost all its time at the dock, where the marina power is none too steady. I have a Raritan Crown automatic marine converter (20 amperes) that keeps the batteries constantly charged. The converter also works at anchor with the generator running.

It seems that if I got an inverter large enough to handle my IBM PC, I'd have an uninterruptible power supply. Is this true?

Steve Beste Washington, DC

Two types of uninterruptible or backcontinued)

70 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

COPYRIGHT © 1985 STEVEN A. CIARCIA. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Power, Performance, and Price Zorro is where it's AT

Our new Zorro AT sysiems give you; on 80236 CPU operating 01 o quick 6 Mz.. eight expansion slots, o clock/colendar with bartery backup, a 1.2 Megabyte 5 1 /4 floppy disk drive, and IDM-AT compatibility.

Zorro AT's also come with o 360K drive for PC/XT medio compatibility and 512K of RAM. feotures that would cost you hundreds of dollars from big blue.

Zorro AT-20's feature o 20 Mb. Winchester drive from NEC. ond you still have room to add o I fourrh drive or tope backup.

To be quite frank, we believe our Zorro AT's are built better, and we bock eoch system with a limited warranty for a full year. Our qualify ond features invite comparison, our prices speak for themselves.

Zorro AT 12995 I

Zorro AT-20 $09951

The Silver Fox Trots Through Lotus Like 1,2,3

The Silver Fox is nor IDM-PC compatible yet it runs hundreds of MS-DOS programs including Lotus 1.2.0. dDASE II. Multiplon, ond even Flight Simulator.

The Silver Fox does not hove IDM compatible expansion slots but you con economically add printers, serial ports, modems. 10-40 Mb. hard disks, clock/calendar cards. RAM. joysticks, on 8087 co-processor, ond more.

What mokes the Silver Fox unique, however, isn't what you con odd to it. but what comes with it. Eoch Silver Fox comes with an 8088 CPU. 256K of RAM. four video pons, and a printer port. Plus you get more than twice the storage of a standard PC. 1.6 Megabytes on dual 5 1/4" floppys. and the Fox will read and write to standard 160K. 320K. and 060K IDM-PC formats.

Standard equipment also includes a better keyboard, a 12" high resolution monitor with o full 25x80 display, and we bock each Silver Fox with a one yeot limited warranty.

Were this nor enough each 5ilver Fox comes with the best free software bundle in the business including: MS-DOS 2.11/HAGEN-DOS 2.11. DOS Tutor. Wordstor 0.3. Eosy Writer. Spell. Mail Track. PC File III. FILEDASE. CalcStar. games, graphics, utilities, and two DASIC languages.

Decouse computet sales usually slow down during the summer we've given you an extra incentive to buy o Fox by lowering our prices. If you want to get the most for your computer dollar, coll our machine at 1-800-FORAFOX. leave your name and oddress or the beep, and we'll send you o Silver Fox booklet that will tell you how it con.

Silver Fox $1297

Color Fox $1497

Altos

High-performance, Xenix-bosed. mulri-user systems from ■ Altos-world leaders in multi-user systems ond applications I software.

As part of TRW's marketing support group we con have your |Alro5 system installed on your site (additional charge).

Altos systems ore eosy to expand, and with shared printers land hard disks are cost competitive with multiple single user I systems. Coll for additional pricing and availability.

|4o6-20 $4539

I566-40 $7249

|986-40 $6829

MrosAcc't $2779

PRINTERS

The Bernoulli Box:

■ Hard disk copociry ond performance I Removable cartridge economy

■ Cartridge convenience ■Flexible disk economy I

■ Winchester capacity ■ Unparalleled reliability I

110 Mb $18391

i 20 Mb $24891

l5 Mb./Mac ... $1379]

Fox Jrr

6088«Dual 360K Drives 128K»Keyboard»Software

$899

StorSG-10 $234

StcSR-15 $599

EpsonFX-80+ . ;$*<:$ 141 off

LX-80 3*M:$6C off

Okidato 182 .. ^S9Sr$74 off Okidato 192 J»«r$125off

Olympic NP $329

Panasonic 1091 $269

Citizen M5P-10 $295

Toshiba 1340 $579

Toshiba 351 $1198

LETTER QUALITY

Juki 6100 $399

I Juki 6300 $719

Silver Reed 500 $299

Silver Reed 550 $409

Silver Reed 770 $724

Diablo Coll

NEC Call

Doisywriter 2000 $824

HOUStON INSTRUMENTS

DMP-29 $1795

DMP-40 $745

DMP-41 $2340

1 other models Call

Columbia 4220 or 2220

$1698

Scoltsdale Systems m.

| 617 N. Scorrsdale Road, Suite D, ScotTsdale, Arizona 85257

(602) 941-5856B

VIS*

Call 8-5 Mon.-Fri.

participate in arbitration for business and customers fhrough the Dettet Dusiness Duteou of Maricopa Counry.

A

SINCE 1980

' TELEMARKETING ONLY: If you plan ro stop by please phone ahead. Prices listed are for cash. P.O.'s from Fortune 1200 companies and universities with good credit add 2% /

| Mastercard ond Viso odd 3% / Arizona residents add 6% soles tax / Shipping extra / All items are new with manufacturers warranty / Returned merchandise subject to 20% testocking fee / Petsonal or company checks take up ro 3 weeks to clear / No COD's or I APO's. Prices ond specifications subject to change / Ptoduct subject to availability. Trademarks: Silver Fox. HAGEN-DOS. ond Zorro AT, Scortsdole Systems, Ltd.; Wordstar ond ColcStar. Micropto International: MS-DOS, and Multiplan. Microsoft Corporation,FILEDASE. EWDP Software. Inc.: dDASE II. Ashton Tate: IDM-PC, IDM-PC DOS. and IDM-AT. International Dusiness Mochines.

TERMINALS

Qume | VT101 . .. Wyse 50

S298 S449

T200 BPS Modems

I Volksmodem 12 $199

Password Call

Promerheus $315

Hayes 300/1200 $389

O OLVMPIA

IS IT SICK TO LOVE A PRINTER?

If you love your Okidoto 92 or Epson FX60 don't read any further because the new Olympic NP is rated as foster, is noticeably quieter and has a near letter qualify mode that is much superior to anything In its price class.

Plus, unlike the Okidato or the Epson the Olympio comes with adjustoble tractor feed (os well os friction feed) as standard equpment. The tractor feed is the "punchtype" and the NP has a teat bor so that it wotks great with continuous forms.

The NP uses standotd Epson type ribbons, comes with the quality rhat has mode Olympio world leader in typewriters and is backed by nationwide service.

To quote PC magazine, "The C NP) printer Is o sure thing if it falls into your price range and even if it doesn't it may be worth considering ..

If you're considering the purchase of an Okidato, an Epson, or even a Toshiba, give us a call and let us send you on actual print sample from the Olumpio NP and additional information.

Decouse If you were to buy on Epson FX-flO or on Okidoto 92 with tractors and a cable for the lowest advertised prices, you would pay about 5>50 more for an inferior printer. Scortsdole 5ystems sells the Olympia NP with a 10' shielded coble for a mere:

AUGU5T 1985 • BYTE 71

Inquiry 234

»

m m

i i

M M

m

M

M «

BM*

PC & COMPAT.

IBM PC wldrrve. monitor Call

IBM PC w/256k (2} 360 dines. Keyboard, monitor & monilor

adplr 1949

IBM PC w.'(l) 360k lloppy &

20Mb disc drive 2495

IBM PC as above w/RGB color

monilor Call

BM PC XT */256k Ml

IBM AT Enhanced Call

COMPM PORTABLE w/256k. (2) 360 disc drives. DOS &

basic 1975

COMPAQ PLUS 3295

COMPAQ Desk Pro II 2099

COMPAQ Desk Pro III 3795

COMPAO Desk Por IV 4195

LEADING EDGE PC *r!28k (2) 360 disc drives, monilor &

adapter, basic DOS 211 1499

LEADING EDGE PC wf256k as

abM but RGB color 1699

LEADING EDGE 10Mb bard disc

system 2395

SANYTJ MBC 550-2 699

SANYO MBC 555 2 979

ZENITH Z150 wl(2) 360k disc drives. 126k RAM, IBM compali ble. wflree Microsoft Word & Iree Microsoft Mulliplan & Color

graphics card 1599

ZENITH ZW 15152 as above but wfcolor monilor & 10Mb hard disc

system 3495

ZENITH 3 COM Local Area

Network From 1749

LAP COMUTERS MORROW wl(2) 360k. disc drives, I3lbs.. 256k. IBM compatible 1995

/boards

FOR IBM

'■A appta

APPLE lie wfdnvc •^"T-849

APPLE lie 199

APPLE Macintosh 1699

APPLE lie professional system wl 128k. (2) duo disc drives & 80 col.

card 1399

APPLE Image Writer 499

PRINTERS & PLOTTERS

EPSON:

RX-80 229 L01500...1069

JUKI: 6000 219

6100 374 6300 779

HP: Laser Prinler 2795

Sweet Pea Plotter Call

NEC: 3550 1099

OKIDATA: 182 239

192 349 94 679

193 569 2410 Call

OLYMPIA: RO 319

SILVER REED:

400 249 500 269

550 449 770 769

TOSHIBA:

1340 575 351 1195

MONITORS

AMDEK 310A Z^.m

LEADING EDGE RGB Color..399 TTL Green .139 TIL Amber 149 PRINCETON GRAPHICS:

HX12 469 Man 12 E ...174

SR-12 w/Scan Doobler 699

TAXAN 410 IBM RGB 299

TAXAN 420 Hi Res RGB I/IBM419 XTRON 1000 Lines Hi Res Amber

IflBM TTL 149

ZENITH:

ZVM-124 IBM Compatible 139

AST 6 Pak Plus w/64k 244

HERCULES color card 169

HERCULES graphic card tor TTL

mono monitor 289

PARADISE MODULAR Graphics

Card 269

ORCHID Turbo 186 649

/HARD ef ■.'

DISKS n

Tall Grata Call Ampex Calf

Bernoulli Bu 20Mb 2499

Mini Scribe Infernal 10Mb..349

389

MODEMS

HAYES:

300 159 1200

1200B wlSmarlcom II 359

SMARTCOM II 99

2400 Call

Micro Modem lie 249

US ROBOTICS: Password 1200..299

I SOFTWARE l/IBM

Nutshell 69 dBase III ....149

PFSF42 64 nBase40OO..256

Wordstar Professional 249

Wordstar 2000 249

X V Write Plus II 229

Word Perlecl 40 239

Volkswriler Deluxe w/ATI 166

bamna Plus 349

Samna III 299

Multimale 244

Leading Edge word wrSpell....16t

Smarl System .....Call

Framework...349 Enable Call

Sidekick 21 Norton 30....63

Managing Your Money 99

Dollar S Sense 109

Think Tank 99

Pro Kev ver 20 99

Flighl Simulator

Sargon III 34 PFS Write 69

MuSptari...1J4 Run "C- 119

DISKETTES

SSIOD

Verbatim Data Lite (10)21

FUJI (10) 13

MAXELL (10) 16

BASF (10) 17

IBM (10) 22

FAMOUS MAKE ....13 SPECIAL!! TDK Quantities ol lOOJea 135

DS/DD 27 17 20 23 27 16

ea 1.55

TYPEWRITERS

CANON Typeslar 5 "146

CANON Typeslar 6 -199

BROTHER CE58 456

OLYMPIA Compact II 364

SMITH CORONA 350M *318

•Ann MiiuiUclmni fleUit

/CM f COP

I PC to

I PC?5

CANON COPIERS

469 PC 20 664 Stand.

IBM PC

Wr64k (l) 360 Disc Drivej-inn

& Keyboard 143S

IBM PC W!256k (2) 360 Disc Dines. Graphics Monitor Caro. Mon. Keybd & Software Kit...Call ISM PC AT Call

ZENITH z ISO

Wl(2) 360k Drives. Microsoft Word, Mulliolan, Keyboard -|5gg

SANYO 550-2

Now Runs Icius 1231 IBM PC Compahbie. 360* Disc Dm*, 128li RAM. Word Star Calc Slat & Easy Wrrter RGB VIDEO CARO 1tt

9

699

OLYMPIA ROr

Daisy Wheel , W^uJ

Letter Quality, *,

14 Dps w/Paiallel & Serial Pons wfBuill In Tractor Feed AM 3 PitchONLV* _Z5W

ASK BYTE

up power supplies are commonly available. One type is inactive until a power failure occurs. It senses the power loss and switches in to power your system. The switch takes a few milliseconds and usually doesn't appear as an interruption to the computer.

The other type supplies power to the computer at all times and might be more suitable for your situation. This type effectively runs your computer off its internal batteries at all times and provides excellent isolation from power-line transients. Both types maintain fully charged batteries by taking power from the line as needed. Some make provisions for external batteries, as you require for extended operation.

Some vendors of on-line uninterruptible power supplies are

Electronic Protection Devices 41 Montvale Stoneham, MA 02180 (617) 890-2518

General Power Systems 1400 North Baxter St. Anaheim, CA 92806 (714) 956-9521

Jefferson Electric 840 25th Ave. Bellewood, IL 60104 (312) 544-2200

RTE Deltec 2727 Kurtz St. San Diego, CA 92IIO (619) 291-4211

—Steve

IBM PC RS-232C

Dear Steve,

Before I purchased my IBM PC, I owned a Qume Sprint 5 printer. By trial and error, 1 created a usable but not fully satisfactory cable to connect this serial printer to the IBM serial board. Apart from identifying pin usage and furnishing general suggestions, neither IBM nor Qume can help me. I am using an intelligent interface, but I would prefer to have a real cable. Is there a source that specifies proper computer-to-printer interfaces?

Frederick Orkin Philadelphia, PA

Your problem is not uncommon. Despite the reputation that RS-232C has as a standard, it really hasn't helped end the confusion about printer interfacing.

There are a few solutions, however. IQ Technologies (11811 Northeast First St.,

Bellevue. WA 98005, (206) 451-0232) sells a smart cable that lets you hook up RS-232C devices to your machine without worrying about what signal is on what pin. LEDs on the device indicate which direction two switches on the cable must be set to ensure proper handshaking. The price is $89.

Another possibility is to use a breakout box (available from many manufacturers, priced from about $40 to $80). This device slips between your computer and printer. It has LEDs that monitor the status of the various RS-232C lines so that you can actually "see" which lines are active. Some models provide jumpers so you can experiment with different connections until you determine the correct configuration.

For a complete description of the operation of breakout boxes and a circuit for the construction of one, see my article on page 28 of the April 1983 BYTE, "Build an RS-232C Breakout Box.'-Steve

CHAINING BASIC PROGRAMS

Dear Steve,

Frequently, 1 use the CHAIN command in BASIC to chain two smaller programs together. How can I chain two alreadycompiled BASIC programs?

If I write two BASIC programs, what statements do I need to include, before compiling, to make one of the programs act as a subroutine of the other?

Is it possible to call a compiled BASIC program as a subroutine from a noncompiled BASIC program?

Sen Can St. Louis, MO

TWo previously compiled BASIC programs cannot be chained without recompiling the source code and including the appropriate statements. An accomplished assembly-language programmer with a good debugging program could probably identify the "return to operating system'' call in the first program. The programmer could then patch in a machine-language routine to chain to the second program, but it would be impossible to pass variables between the two programs.

Microsoft BASIC does not allow you to make a compiled BASIC program act as a subroutine to another program. However, a new product called BetterBASIC (Summit Software Technology, Box 99, Babson Park. Wellesley, MA 02157, (617) 235-0729) allows something similar. Read "IBM Images" in the December 1984

[continued)

72 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

Circuit-Board-Artwork Software for the Design Engineer

in a Hurry

JOJH

For only $895, smARTWORK- lets the design engineer create and revise printed-circuit-board artwork on the IBM Personal Computer. You keep complete control over your circuit-board artwork — from start to finish.

Forget the tedium of taping it yourself or waiting for a technician, draftsman, or the CAD department to get to your project.

smARTWORK® is the only lowcost printed-circuit-board artwork editor with all these advantages:

□ Complete interactive control over placement and routing

□ Quick correction and revision

□ Production-quality 2X artwork from a pen-and-ink plotter

□ Prototype-quality 2X artwork from a dot-matrix printer

□ Easy to learn and operate, yet The Smart Buy capable of sophisticated layouts

□ Single-sided and double-sided printed circuit boards up to 10 x 16 inches

□ Multicolor or black-and-white display

System Requirements:

□ IBM Personal Computer, XT, or AT with 256K RAM, 2 disk drives, and DOS Version 2.0 or later

□ IBM Color/Graphics Adapter with RGB color or black-andwhite monitor

□ IBM Graphics Printer or Epson FX/MX/RX series dot-matrix printer

□ Houston Instrument DMP-41 pen-and-ink plotter

□ Optional Microsoft Mouse

At $895, smARTWORK® is proven, convenient, fast, and a sound value. Call us today. And put it to work for yourself next week.

V A J L JL iv j [ J

Inquiry 339

Wintek Corporation 1801 South Street Lafayette, IN 47904-2993 Telephone: (317) 742-8428 Telex: 70-9079 WINTEK CORP UD

In Europe contact: RIVA Terminals Limited, Woking, Surrey GU21 5JY ENGLAND, Telephone: 04862-71001, Telex: 859502

"smARTWORK:' "Wintek" and the Wintek logo are registered trademarks of Wintek Corporation.

How to go from UNIXtoDOS

without compromising your standards.

It's easy. Just get an industry standard file access method that works on both. C-ISAM™fromRDS.

It's been the UNIX™ standard for years (used in more UNIX languages and programs than any other access method), and it's fast becoming the standard for DOS. Why?

Because of the way it works. Its B+ Tree indexing structure offers unlimited indexes. There's also automatic or manual record locking and optional transaction audit trails. Plus index compression to save disk space and cut access times.

How can we be so sure CTSAM works so well?

We use it ourselves. It's a part of INFORMIX^ INFORMIX-SQL and File-it!™ our best selling database management programs.

For an information packet, call (415) 424-1300. Or write RDS, 2471 East Bayshore Road, Palo Alto, CA 94303.

You'll see why anything less than C-ISAM is just a compromise.

RELATIONAL DATABASE SYSTEMS, INC.

© 1985, Relational Database Systems, Inc. UNIX is a trademark of AT&T Bell Laboratories. INFORMIX is a registered trademark and RDS, CTSAM and File-It! are trademarks of Relational Database Systems, Inc.

ASK BYTE

issue of Creative Computing for more details.

It is not possible to call a compiled BASIC program as a subroutine from a noncompiled BASIC program— Steve

Chameleon plus power supply

Dear Steve,

In his review of the Chameleon Plus (June 1984, page 327), Rich Krajewski stated that the Chameleon has a switching power supply and that it could be switched only by a dealer. Is there any way to switch it myself?

Also, do the Chameleon Plus, Compaq, and the Panasonic Sr. Partner run Microsoft's Flight Simulator?

David Tay McLean, VA

When you speak of "switching" the power supply in the Chameleon Plus, I assume you are referring to the review article's mention of being able to switch between 110 V and 220 V. Although 1 have not seen the power supply in the Chameleon myself, most power supplies of this type do have a simple switch, appropriately marked, for changing between the two voltages. I am assuming that this switch is located within the power-supply box in the Chameleon. If you are the experimenting type, you can remove the power supply from the Chameleon, take the cover off of the supply, and look for a switch marked something like "110-120 V, 50-60 cycle" on one side and "220-240 V, 50-60 cycle" on the other. If you do not find such a switch, do take it to your dealer.

I have personally tested Flight Simulator on the Chameleon and it does not work. Published reports state that it does work on both the Compaq and the Sr. Partner.—Steve

atari number Crunching

Dear Steve,

I have been doing a certain amount of scientific computing on the 6502-based Atari 400 and 800XL computers. The main advantage of these machines is that interactive graphics is easy and nice, but there is a problem with speed as the BASIC and the floating-point hardware are pretty slow. Accessing the floating-point routines with machine language seems to speed things up by only about 40 percent,

(continued)

74 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 276

FORTRAN, C, and BASIC Programmers

Programming just got easier with Scientific Subroutine Libraries from Wiley Professional Software.

You need to quickly generate dependable, accurate and error-free code. Whatever language you use, Wiley Professional Software has a powerful Scientific Subroutine Library that can save you considerable programming time and development money.

Each library consists of more than 100 pretested and precompiled mathematical and statistical subroutines, supplied on disk as a linkable library and as source code. Each package includes 400plus pages of documentation, providing you with extensive reference material, a listing of the subroutine's source code, complete test programs and the results of running each test. The Subroutines cover formulas for:

♦ General statistics

♦ Probability

♦ Analysis of variance

♦ Regressions

♦ Matrices

♦ Interpolations

♦ Fourier analysis

♦ Cross tabulations

♦ Differential equations

♦ Roots of biquadratic equations

♦ Function evaluations

♦ Systems of equations

♦ Solution of equations

♦ Times series analysis

♦ and more

Just out, Professional FORTRAN! Coming Soon, MORE FORTRAN!

And now all the subroutines are available to those of you programming in Professional FORTRAN. All that's required is IBM Professional FORTRAN or Ryan McFarland FORTRAN. On the way is MORE FORTRAN, which includes subroutines covering such areas as:

Analytical Geometry ♦ Vector Algebra ♦ Utility (including complex matrix manipulation) ♦ Numerical Analysis (including fast Fourier transforms, and solution to systems of non-linear equations) ♦ Assembler Service Routines—FORTRAN CALLS

LIBRARY

PRICE

REQUIREMENTS

FORTRAN Library

$175

Microsoft FORTRAN ver. 3.13 or later, or IBM 2.0

C Language Library

$175

Lattice C Compiler ver. 2.12 or later

BASICA Library

$125

BASICA

Professional FORTRAN Library

$175

IBM Professional FORTRAN; Ryan McFarland FORTRAN

MORE FORTRAN Library

Call for Price

Microsoft FORTRAN ver. 3.2 or later; IBM Professional FORTRAN; PC DOS 2.0 or better

Developed by Peerless Engineering Service

To order, or for free literature, call: 212-850-6788

Or write: Wiley Professional Software John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Leslie BLxel, Dept. B8 605 Third Avenue, New York. NY 10158

Dealer Inquiries Invited. Educational site licenses available.

THE TECHNICAL SOFTWARE SOURCE

Inquiry 165

AUGUST I985 -BYTE 7

TO95 SOFTWARE!

POWERFUL

NEVADA

SOFTWARE FOR CPM-80

NEVADA

COBOL

JjP Rev. 3.0. Based on ANSI-74 standards with powerful level 2 features, including compound conditionals & full CALL CANCEL. A classroom favorite. Requires 32K RAM. Package includes diskette, 165-page manual, many examples & 16 complete COBOL source code programs. $29.95. COBOL Application Package, Book 1: $9.95.

NEVADA

FORTRAN.

Based on ANSI-66 standards (FORTRAN IV) with some 1977 level features. Advanced features include: IF..THEN...ELSE statement; COPY (Include); CHAINing with COMMON: TRACE debugging. Requires 48K RAM. Package includes diskette, 214page manual, 5 sample programs & an 8080 assembler. $29.95.

NEVADA

EDIT

A full-screen, video-display text editor designed specifically for computer program text preparation. Completely user-changable, it can be configured to almost any terminal & takes only 12K disk space. Requires 32K RAM. Package includes diskette & 59-page manual. $29.95.

NEVADA PASCAL" JWSS NOW $19.95!

Diskette & 184-page manual. Requires 64K RAM & 2 disk drives with at least 90K storage.

NEVADA BASIC" $29.95 Diskette & 220-page manual. Requires 48K RAM.

NEVADA P I L 0 T'" $29.95 Diskette & 131-page manual with 10 sample programs. Requires 32K RAM.

B I G P R I N T'" DISKETTE $19.95 Great lor making signs. Requires 132-print position printer.

POWERFUL

UTAH

SOFTWARE FOR PC-DOS/MS-DOS

UTAH

PASCAL

Has many advanced features including: 14 digit precision, BCD math (no round-off errors), floating point +63 -64, TRACE debugging, Arrays up to 8 dimensions, 64 strings, External procedures & Dynamic Module loading. Requires 128K RAM. Package includes diskette & 134-page manual.£§M09!

NOW $19.95!

UTAH

BASIC

Has advanced BASIC features such as full matrix operations, Single- & Multi-Line functions, BCD math (no round-off errors). And Utah BASIC has a built-in, full-screen text editor that makes programming a real pleasure. Requires 128K RAM. Package includes diskette & 220-page manual. $29.95.

UTAH

PILOT

Written by Prof. J. Starkweather, the language's creator, Utah PILOT exceeds all PILOT-73 standards. And it has an integrated full-screen text editor for easy program development. Ideal for classroom instruction, business training & home study. Requires 128K RAM. Package includes diskette, 125-page manual & 10 sample programs. $29.95.

UTAH EDIT'" $29.95 Diskette & 55-page manual. Requires 128K RAM.

BIGPRINT"* DISKETTE $19.95 Great lor making signs. Requires 132-print position printer.

UTAH software requires 128K RAM (i.e., 90K user RAM) an IBM-PC. XT. AT. PCjr, or compatible (16-bit) micro with MS-DOS or PC-DOS Operating System, Rev. 2.0 or higher.

NEVADA Soltware requires 32K RAM (unless otherwise indicated above), a CP/M Operating System & an 8080. 8085, or Z-80 (8-bit) processor.

SATISFACTION GUARANTEED! If for any reason you're not completely satisfied, just return the Nevada or Utah package within 15 days-in good condition, with the sealed diskette unopened-and we'll refund your money! There's absolutely no risk to you, so why wait?-order today! We welcome C.O.D.s and (PLEASE NOTE: In-store prices are $39.95. Prices shown here are valid only by mail order with this coupon; offer expires Aug. 31,1984.)

NEVADA Please send me these NEVADA Software packages:

□ COBOL □ FORTRAN DEDIT □ PASCAL DBASIC DPILOT CIBIGPRINT (Extra manuals-$14.95 each; diskettes alone-$19.95 each. Specify number & formats

of manuals and/or diskettes required.)

Please specify the diskette format you want:

□ 8" SSSD (Standard CP/M IBM 3740)

□ 5V«" Diskette for: □ Access/Actrix; DApple CPM; □ DEC VT 180, or

□ Rainbow; □ Epson QX-10; □ Heath Hard Sector (Z-89), or □ Soft Sector (Z-90, Z-100); □ IBM-PC (requires Z-80, Baby Blue II Card); □ Kaypro DD (NCR);

□ Micropolis Mod II; □ NEC PC 8001; □ North Star DD; □ Osborne SD;

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UTAH Please send me these UTAH Software packages (IBM-PC diskette):

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(Extra manuals-$14.95 each; diskettes alone-$19.95 each. Specify number & formats of manuals and/or diskettes required.)

o

Send your order to:

ELLIS COMPUTING, INC.

3917 Noriega Street, San Francisco, CA 94122 Phone (415) 753-0186

SINCE 1977

TOTAL .

Send me software packages:

Other: extra manuals, extra diskettes,

Nevada COBOL application Book 1, BIGPRINT: TOTAL California residents add sales tax (6% or 6Vz%) . Handling/shipping: add $5 for first package or manual, $2 each additional. OVERSEAS: add $15 for first package or manual, $5 each additional.

□ Check □ MasterCard QVISA

Checks must be in U.S. Dollars, drawn on a U.S. bank

□ COD. (add $4)

Enclosed: TOTAL.

CARD ;

Exp..

SIGNATURE.

SHIP TO NAME. STREET

CITY STATE/ZIP

CP M is a Digital Research TM; MS is a Microsoll Corp TM. Apple II is an Apple Computer, Inc TM: Osborne is on Osborne Computer Corp TM; Xerox 820 is a Xerox Corp TM. Kaypro is a Non-linear Sys TM. Healh'Zenilh is a Healh Corp. TM, IBM is an Inlernalional Business Machines. Corp. TM, Nevada BASIC. Nevada COBOL. Nevada FORTRAN. Nevada PILOT, Nevada PASCAL, Nevada EDIT, Utah BASIC, Utah PASCAL, Ulah PILOT, Utah EDIT. BIGPRINT S Ellis Computing, Inc are Ellis Cornpuling TMs C 1985 Ellis Computing, Inc

76 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

ASK BYTE

at most, and is clumsy.

Is it possible to speed things up by replacing the 6502 chip with the new 65816 in the Ataris, or would something much more extensive be necessary?

Also, I remember seeing an ad for the Fastchip, a faster replacement for the floating-point hardware chip for the Atari. That was a year or so ago. Are they still available, and do you know where I might get a couple?

John Cocke TUcson, AZ

Replacing your 6502 with a faster chip is possible, but several hardware and firmware changes are required that make it uneconomical.

A less expensive approach is to use the Fastchip. This chip will speed up applications involving floating-point calculations by as much as four times, according to the manufacturer. A review of the Fastchip appeared in the September 1982 issue of Compute! magazine. The Fastchip is available from Newell Industries, 3340 Nottingham Lane, Piano, TX 75074. —Steve ■

Between Circuit Cellar Feedback, personal questions, and Ask BYTE, I receive hundreds of letters each month. As you might have noticed, at the end of Ask BYTE I have listed my own paid staff. We answer many more letters than you see published, and it often takes a lot of research.

If you would like to share the knowledge you have on microcomputer hardware with other BYTE readers, joining the Circuit Cellar/Ask BYTE staff would give you the opportunity. We're looking for additional researchers to answer letters and gather Circuit Cellar project material.

1/ you're interested, let us hear from you. Send a short letter describing your areas of interest and qualifications to Steve Garcia, POB 582, Glastonbury, CT 06033.

IN ASK BYTE, Steve Garcia answers questions on any area of microcomputing. The most representative questions received each month will be answered and published. Do you have a nagging problem? Send your inquiry to

Ask BYTE

do Steve Garcia

POB 582

Glastonbury. CT 06033

Due to the high volume of inquiries, personal replies cannot be given. All letters and photographs become the property of Steve Garcia and cannot be returned. Be sure to include "Ask BYTE" in the address.

The Ask BYTE staff includes manager Harv Kleiner and researchers Ml Curlew. Larry Bregoli. Dick Sawyer. Robert Stek. and ]eannette Dojan.

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PC Mouse w/Paintbrush 135

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Qume QVT-102 Green $448

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MODEMS

Hayes 1200 389

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RAM

64K 150NS Chips (set of 9) 9.50

256K Ram Chips (set of 9) 35

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AST Six Pack Plus W/384K 295

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DISK DRIVES

Iomega Bernoulli 20 mg 2450

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10 mg External Hard Drive 825

33 mg External Hard Drive 1625

Teac 1/2 Ht. Drives 99

Turbo 10 Internal Drive 625

Turbo 20 Internal Drive 1010

MONITORS

AMDEK Call for price

Princeton HX-12 449

Princeton Max 12E 179

Taxan 425 399

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CP/M SOFTWARE

Call us for pricing on CP/M Software! Programs like Multiplan, Wordstar Propack, Fortran, Move-It, Crosstalk and more!

TERMS: Prices include 3% cash discount. Add 3% for charge orders. Shipping on most items $5.00. AZ orders +6% Sales Tax. Personal check, allow ten (10) days to clear. Prices subject to change.

TOLL-FREE ORDER LINE 1-800-421-3135 WAREHOUSE DATA PRODUCTS 2701 West Glendale Ave., Suite 6 Phoenix, AZ 85021

Inquiry 335

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 77

Mvhow printers

PRINTERS

HAVE BEEN RUNNING LONGER THAN MOST PRINTER COMPANIES.

In this age of rampant office automation, Epson" printers seem to be one of the few things that never break down. This reliable, worry-free performance has been

characteristic of Epson ever since we developed the first low-cost printer 20 years ago. No other printer or printer company comes close to such proven, long-term reliability.

Which is why most of our printers have been operating longer than most printer companies. And will probably continue working after many of them have stopped.

FULLGOMB MANAGl

Not all printers work, with all computers. ' Or all software.

This incompatibility can be avoided if you're just matching one printer to one computer. But it can cause real problems if you ever want the flexibility to hook that printer up to a different computer.

[TYWlTH

;ts.

Since Epson is the v world standard for ^printers, virtually all major hardware and software is designed to work with our printers. From IBM* to the newest name on the market-which means you can be sure youll be able to put your Epson printer to use where you need it, when ; you need it.

For most people, reading a printer manual is like hard labor. But it's important if you want to get the most out of your printer. WeVe been working to make our manuals as user friendly as our printers.

The main reason corporate MIS departments think so much of Epson printers is that once they're bought, they rarely have to give them another thought. With an estimated 5 million lines between failures. And 100 million characters between new print heads.

They're easy to use, many with simple pushbutton typestyle controls, so you won't be hearing those complaints or frantic calls for help.

The ribbon cartridge is very easy to put in and take out. No muss. No engineering degree required.

And Epson printers are famous for being able to take those odd little bumps and crashing falls that render other equipment useless.

As for our full year warranty well it's reassuring to have. But nobody seems to need it.

78 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

Epson do go on...

&

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readers

If it's characters per second you're looking for, one of these five Epson printers is probably just your speed.

The FX series dot matrix printers. 160 cps draft. 32 cps Near Letter QuaUty.

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Epson is a registered trademark of Epson Corporation. IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corporation. FX-185 is a trademark of Epson America, Inc.

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 79

BYTE

Features

The Amiga Personal Computer

by Gregg Williams. Ion Edwards, and

Phillip Robinson 83

Ciarcias Circuit Cellar: Build

the BASIC-52 Computer/Controller

by Steve Ciarcia 104

The DSI-32 Coprocessor Board, Part I: The Hardware

by Trevor G. Marshall. George Scolaro. David L. Rand. Tom King, and Vincent P. Williams. . 120 Programming Project: Context-Free Parsing of Arithmetic Expressions by lonathan Amsterdam 138

IN EARLY 1984, officials from a start-up company called Amiga showed journalists prototypes of a new personal computer. The prototypes used a Sage 68000-based machine as a CPU. Big steel boxes performed the special graphics and sound functions that Amiga planned to implement in silicon. The graphics were spectacular—fast enough to support animation. The audio output not only produced music but used stereo to enhance animation. Sound shifted from the right speaker to the left as a ball bounced across the screen. Everyone wondered if Amiga could really reduce all the power in the prototypes to silicon chips.

Late in 1984 and early in 1985. venture capital firms became wary of new entries in the crowded personal computer market increasingly dominated by IBM. Serious doubt arose about whether Amiga would be able to get capital to manufacture its machine. Many of us feared that the exciting machine we had seen in prototype would never become a product. We were delighted when Commodore acquired Amiga and saved this technically outstanding machine from oblivion. Gregg Williams. Ion Edwards, and Phillip Robinson give an in-depth look at the technology that makes the Amiga the most advanced and innovative personal computer today.

Steve Ciarcia s Z8 controllers are running all sorts of devices throughout the world. This month, Steve introduces a new controller that is bus-compatible with his Z8 products. The BASIC-52 computer/controller has an 8K BASIC in ROM and so is easy to program. Steve will be developing applications for the BASIC-52 in the months ahead.

BYTE's readers appreciate the 32032 microprocessor from National Semiconductor because of its outstanding architecture and its raw power. Those who want to buy a complete 32032 system can now get systems such as the Elite Computer Systems Expert 32 (see What's New, May, page 464). Those readers who want to move a 32032 into an existing box can complete the DSI-32 32032 coprocessor board for the IBM PC described in this issue. Five authors from Definicon Systems tell about the hardware and software that will give many of us our first taste of 32-bit microcomputing.

The August Programming Project lists Pascal code that can do context-free parsing of arithmetic instructions, which converts them to executable form. The code generates what amounts to a Tl-style calculator. In the process of building the calculator in software, you learn a lot about the roots of the parser in linguistic theory of context-free grammars. lonathan Amsterdam wrote the parser in highly portable Pascal code.

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 81

WordPerfect 4.0. Our highest marks yet,

J\. perfect report card. It wasn't necessarily our goal when we added the most recent enhancements to WordPerfect. We were more interested in responding to the suggestions of our users and dealers.

But a perfect report card is like icing on the cake. And it makes us more confident than ever that WordPerfect 4.0 is the most perfect WordPerfect, yet

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WordPerfect 4.0 includes several features not found on many word processors. Like a 100,000-word phonetic dictionary; multi-page footnoting capability; table of contents and index generation; automatic outlining and paragraph numbering; and a 4.0 network version. Get the word processor that lives up to its name (and its report card): WordPerfect 4.0. For more

SSI Software

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Orem, Utah 84057

Information: (801) 227-4020

Order Desk 1-800-321-4566,

Toll-free

SSlbDltware

Reaching for perfection.

82 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 285

PRODUCT

A * ^1 ^ Pi ^ ^ ^ *

PREVIEW

AMIGA

PERSONAL COMPUTER

Its speed and colorful graphics come from a 68000 and sophisticated custom chips

BYTE

83

IN BRIEF

Name

Amiga Personal Computer

Manufacturer

Commodore International 1200 Wilson Dr. West Chester, PA 19380 (215) 431-9100

Price

$1295

Microprocessor

Motorola 68000, a 32-/16-bit microprocessor (32-bit internal data path and registers, 16-bit external data bus) running at 7.15909 MHz

Main Memory

256K bytes dynamic RAM, user-expandable to 512K bytes; machine's design allows for maximum of 8.5 megabytes

ROM

192K bytes of ROM containing multitasking, graphics, sound, and animation support routines

Graphics

Five modes (320 by 200 pixels, 32 colors; 320 by 400, 32 colors; 640 by 200, 16 colors; 640 by 400, 16 colors; sample-and-hold mode); independent horizontal and vertical scrolling of dual playfields; eight hardware sprites; colors chosen from a palette of 4096 colors

Sound

Four independent audio channels; sound produced without supervision of 68000

Floppy Disk

Built-in 31/2-inch double-sided disk drive. Disks hold 880K bytes

in 160 tracks, each with eleven 512-byte sectors; drive hardware can read

an entire track at a time

Keyboard

Detached 89-key keyboard with calculator pad, function and cursor keys; keyboard returns row/column keycodes for each key, sends both key-up and key-down signals; can sense up to two keys simultaneously; 8-key type-ahead buffer

Expansion Ports

Disk port onto which three additional disk drives can connect via daisy chain; serial port with maximum transfer rate of 500,000 bps; programmable parallel port normally configured as Centronics-compatible; expansion bus includes full set of signals for optional peripherals and memory expansion

User Interface (Intuition)

Supports multitasking through the use of virtual terminals; allows simultaneous display of different resolutions and graphics modes

Bundled Software

AmigaDOS

Voice Synthesis Library ABasiC

Tutorial (Mindscape) Kaleidoscope (Electronic Arts)

Audio and Video Ports

Two stereo audio jacks; RGB analog, RGB digital, and NTSC composite output

Miscellaneous

Three custom chips to control graphics, audio, and peripheral I/O; chips connected by 19-bit register-address bus; two-button mechanical mouse

Optional Peripherals

3V2-inch 880K-byte disk drive; RGB analog color monitor; 256K-byte memory expansion module; 300/1200-bps modem; MIDI interface; frame grabber

THE AMIGA

not coincidentally, people want Apple to increase the Mac's speed, add color, and lower its price.

Commodore has just introduced a computer that promises these improvements, and it does so by doing many things in hardware. At $1295, the Amiga Personal Computer (see photo 1) promises lightning-fast desktop-metaphor graphics in color and twice as much memory and disk storage as the Macintosh for several hundred dollars less than the Macintosh (about $900, but you'll have to buy a monitor or television set for the Amiga). It also has an expansion bus and a whopping 192 K bytes of sophisticated 68000 code in ROM (readonly memory) that extends the multitasking, graphics, sound, and animation capabilities of the Amiga hardware.

System Description

The Amiga is summarized in the In Brief section on this page. It has no slots for expansion cards, but Commodore later intends to offer a box that connects to the expansion connector to add several expansion slots. (It is theoretically possible to add 8 megabytes of memory in this way.) The Amiga's disk operating system will also be able to look at the expansion box, determine what peripherals are present, and configure itself accordingly, regardless of the box's contents.

System Architecture

The Amiga has a unique architecture that is only partially described by a functional block diagram (see figure 1). Three custom chips relieve the 68000 processor of many tasks that tie it down in other computers. However, the diagram does not show the finely tuned sharing of the system's data and address buses, the 2 5 DMA

Gregg Williams is a senior technical editor at BYTE, and }on Edwards is a technical editor. They can be reached at BYTE. POB 372. Hancock. NH 03449. Phillip Robinson is a West Coast senior technical editor at BYTE. He can be reached at BYTE Magazine. 42 5 Battery St.. San Francisco, CA 94111.

BYTE • AUGUST 1985

THE AMIGA

(direct memory access) channels that do many data-movement-intensive operations without tying up the 68000, or the multiprocessing routines in ROM that allow the Amiga to orchestrate a variety of tasks. In the following sections we will look at the key elements of the Amiga's system architecture.

The Custom Chips

The three custom chips that control DMA, graphics, sound, and I/O (input/ output) (see photo 2) were designed by Jay Miner, who is best known for his design of the custom chips in the Atari 800 series computers. Although we will discuss them in depth by function, here is a simple breakdown:

• The "animation custom chip" actually contains several miscellaneous functions. It is the "traffic cop" that controls DMA. It contains the Copper, a coprocessor that can directly control the other chips in relation to the video beam, and the Blitter, a device that quickly draws lines, fills areas with a given color, and manipulates rectangular blocks of pixels.

• The graphics custom chip, which manipulates the visible display, permits up to two independent bitmapped images and eight sprites (which are images that can be moved easily around the screen, "under" or "on top of" the bit-mapped images).

• The peripherals/sound custom chip contains four channels of sound, the disk controller, an interrupt controller, and the interfaces for the serial port and the mouse/joystick port.

Interrupts and DMA

In the Amiga, all the peripherals are interrupt-driven—that is, the 68000 is not tied up constantly polling them to see if they have new data; instead, the 68000 gets data from the peripheral only when the peripheral sends an interrupt signal. The peripherals/sound chip receives interrupt-request signals from one of 15 sources (e.g., the disk drive or a sound channel), translates the request to one of six interrupt levels supported by the 68000 (the seventh is reserved for future use), and sends the interrupt signal to the 68000.

The 68000 shares the address and

data buses with 2 5 channels of DMA, the registers and logic of which reside in the custom chips. Amiga's DMA is fast for two reasons: first, the fact that each device has its own DMA channel decreases the overhead associated with a DMA operation; second, many DMA operations are interleaved with 68000 bus access in a way that makes the DMA transparent to the 68000 (see below for details).

When DMA occurs between memory- and custom-chip registers, the use of the 19-bit register-address bus (see figure I) makes the transfer twice as fast. By putting the memory address on the address bus and the register address on the registeraddress bus, the DMA circuitry causes the data value to move directly from the memory address to the register. This occurs twice as fast as DMA would via the 68000, which would first read the data into itself and then write the result to the register.

Libraries and Devices

System software (much of it in the 192 K bytes of ROM) contains libraries,

[continued)

--TV RGB -COMPOSITE VIDEO

GAME I/O PRINTER PORT KEYBOARD SERIAL INPUT

READ-ONLY MEMORY 192K BYTES

TV SYNC SIGNALS

RF

MODULATOR

I/O AUDIO

PARALLEL I/O ( 2 CHIPS)

INTERRUPT BUS?

MICROPROCESSOR

REGISTER ADDRESS MULTIPLEXING (1 CHIP)

ADDRESS BUS

3,

GRAPHICS CUSTOM CHIP

PERIPHERALS/SOUND CUSTOM CHIP

i i i ii in nil,

ANIMATION GRAPHICS PERIPHERALS/SOUND

CUSTOM CHIP CUSTOM CHIP CUSTOM CHIP

nTfflirnor in

T7 v K RAM DATA BUS

11: Ml I I

J I : ^ / REGISTER ADDRESS BUS : : :;

-R EG I STER ADDRESS BUS ::

ADDRESS MULTIPLEXING 13 CHIPS)

3

CHIP MEMORY

256K BYTES STANDARD

256K BYTES ADD-ON

1 ■ : :: A

BUS CONTROL ( 6 CHIPS)

1

1

DATA

MULTIPLEXING (4 CHIPS)

Figure I: A block diagram of the Amiga Personal Computer.

AUGUST 1985 'BYTE 85

Composite video out

Connector to RF modulator

Audio out

Parallel nterface

Keyboard connector

Peripherals/sound custom chip

256K

dynamic RAM

Animation custom chip

Graphics custom chip

Display

bus arbitration, RAM support, and bus drivers

68000 processor

Locations for ROMs

8520s

Photo 2: The Amiga motherboard. The internal disk drive, which has been removed, would normally obscure the lower right corner of the motherboard. The power supply [not shown) is to the left of the motherboard.

86 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

THE AMIGA

a predefined way of organizing useful routines so that they can be accessed with maximum flexibility Libraries can be resident or transient and can be used at any memory address (when they're in RAM [random-access read/write memory]). Both routines and data can always be called via a 68000 indirect reference with offset; this allows you to write code using a library routine without knowing that library's address at compile time. (In fact, all the code in the system can be referenced knowing only one fixed address in the machine, and even that address is supplied to any machine that needs it.) A device is an extension of the library concept that allows software to access I/O devices (both present and future) in a uniform way.

The Exec Routines

The Exec system is a collection of reentrant optimized 68000 ROM routines that perform many functions vital to the operation of the Amiga. It includes routines that create and manipulate lists and queues, schedule tasks by priority handle interrupts, organize device I/O, control memory use, and perform other functions.

An important data structure in the Amiga is the list node. The list node is a block of data with pointers to the predecessor and successor nodes in the list it's in, two 8-bit type and priority fields, and an associated block of data. A list is a doubly linked chain of list nodes and items, started by a header that points to the first and last nodes. Exec contains several routines that let you do things like create a new list, insert a list item into its proper place in a queue, and remove a node from a list.

Another important set of routines allows you to manipulate tasks. A task is a unit of work that shares the Amiga with other tasks in a way that varies with both the type and priority of the task. (All the current tasks are held in a queue and are executed by decreasing priority.) Most programs and operations reside in the Amiga as tasks.

The task priority field, which contains a number between -128 and 127, determines the order in which

Exec routines perform many functions vital to the operation of the Amiga.

tasks will execute. Tasks with identical numbers share the Amiga in time slices of preselected duration. A task with higher priority preempts the current task and begins executing. Because the system saves a task's states, registers, and stack area, a task can resume at any time. More important, programmers do not have to make allowances for other tasks that may be running concurrently—while a task is active, it "thinks" that it has full unrestricted access to the 68000.

Sharing the System Bus

Consider that the Amiga can simultaneously read the disk, play four channels of audio, and show 16-color lowresolution bit-plane graphics and eight sprites with virtually no slowdown of the 68000 processor. This is possible largely because of the way various subsystems share the bus.

The Amiga's 68000 runs at 7.15909 MHz, while its memory runs at twice that speed. Most of the instructions in the 68000 alternate between using the bus and doing internal calculation. In this situation, the memory can run at its top speed and still leave every other bus cycle free.

The bus sharing takes place in subdivisions of the time the electron gun takes to draw one line of pixels and do a horizontal retrace, approximately 63 microseconds (txs). This divides into approximately 226 memoryaccess cycles of 280 nanoseconds (ns) each. The Copper, Blitter, and 68000 access memory on the even cycles (0, 2, 4,. . .); the odd cycles (1, 3. 5,. . .) are reserved for four cycles of memory-refresh DMA, three cycles of disk DMA, four cycles of audio DMA (enough for four channels), 16 cycles of sprite DMA (enough for eight sprites), and 80 cycles of bit-plane

DMA (enough to show a 16-color lowresolution image). The DMA circuits on each chip "know" when their slots occur on each horizontal line and automatically initiate the DMA transfer without involving the 68000.

In many cases, the Copper and the Blitter aren't active, leaving the 68000 running at full speed. (Actually, some instructions need the bus at odd times; if the bus isn't available, the 68000 will insert wait states until the bus-arbitration PAL Iprogrammedarray logic chip] signals that the bus is free by asserting the 68000's DTACK line. This happens more frequently as the custom chips demand more of the bus's cycles.)

Several things modify this bus sharing. If.you use more than four bit planes of low-resolution display, or more than two high-resolution bit planes, the bit-plane DMA will steal some memory cycles from the 68000. Both the Copper and the Blitter have higher priority than the 68000 and will get the cycles they need first. If the Blitter senses a memory-bus request by the 68000, it will halt within a few cycles to let the 68000 use the bus; then it will again take over the bus and continue. This gives the 68000 some cycles even when the Blitter is running. If you set an internal "Blitter priority" bit, however, the Blitter steals all the cycles it needs from the 68000. Even this is not as bad as it sounds; whenever any of the above items steals cycles, it still performs its function faster and more efficiently than the 68000 could have.

Multitasking

The Amiga is multitasking—that is, it can work on more than one thing at a time. At a low level, for example, this means that the Amiga can move sprites, read from the disk, and playmusic at the same time. At higher levels, several programs can run simultaneously in overlapping windows.

The Amiga's multitasking ability comes from several features we've already discussed: the interrupt structure and the Exec multitasking routines in ROM. Interrupts, which are

[continued)

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 87

„

THE AMIGA

routed through and prioritized by the peripherals/sound chip, initiate task switching. For example, when a peripheral signals its need to do I/O, the interrupt goes through the peripherals/sound chip and causes the peripheral's interrupt routine to execute (assuming that no interrupt of higher priority is running). The interrupt routine either handles the peripheral's need immediately or notifies a task to do so, then the routine ends. In both cases, the Amiga then calls the task rescheduler, which ensures that the

Figure 2: The Amiga memory map.

88 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

appropriate task has the chance to use the system.

The Copper

The Copper is a coprocessor inside the animation chip that runs its own program. The execution of this program is tied to the progress of the electron beam as it draws the video display. Because of this capability, the Copper is most often used to control the graphics and sound parts of the custom chips, thus relieving the 68000 of the same task. The Copper reads

its instructions from memory and uses DMA to write from its program (in memory) to the registers in itself and the other two custom chips. (According to lay Miner, this is not so strange if you look at the three chips as "one big custom chip.")

The Copper's instruction set has only three instruction types: move immediate data to a register, wait until the electron beam passes a given position, and skip past the next instruction if the electron beam is past a given location. The beam-position values are accurate to the exact line vertically and to 4 low-resolution pixels (or 8 high-resolution pixels) horizontally.

The Copper's versatility can be extended by clever use of its registers. For example, you can get the Copper to jump to a given instruction by causing the new address to be placed in the Copper's internal "program counter." By setting bit 15 of the INTREQ (interrupt request) register, the Copper can cause a level-6 interrupt, which should lead to a more complex 68000 routine that will service the situation that caused the interrupt.

One important aspect of the Copper is that, while it is waiting for the electron beam, it is off the system bus and does not tie up any resources. This is in contrast to many systems that tie up their processors while waiting for a given beam position. Because of the Copper, the 68000 is never tied up for several milliseconds waiting for a display-related event.

The Copper can handle many basic system functions without the intervention of the 68000. For example, it can refresh certain bit-plane and sprite values that must be restored at the beginning of each frame. It can also change the color palette in midscreen (giving you more than 32 colors on the screen), change the graphics mode (saving memory), and update the display memory without glitches by changing an image after the electron beam has drawn it for the current frame.

The Copper programs give the maximum amount of control over the video display and events of that

ADDRESS

(HEXADECIMAL)

000000 040000 080000

1.5 MEGABYTESRESERVED

8 MEGABYTES RESERVED FOR FUTURE USE AS PROCESSOR RAM AND PERIPHERALS (LOCATED IN EXPANSION BOX)

256K OF CHIP RAM

{RAM FOR STANDARD MACHINE )

256K OF CHIP RAM (OPTIONAL PLUG-IN MEMORY)

A00000

BFD000 C0OOO0

DFF000 E00000

E80000

FO0000

FD0000

1.988 MEGABYTESRESERVED

0.996 MEGABYTERESERVED

512K-RESERVED

51ZK CONTROL AREA FOR CONFIGURATION OF EXPANSION AREA

832K-RESERVED

-12K RESERVED AS ADDRESS SPACE FOR TWO 8520 SERIAL I/O CHIPS ( ADDRESSED AT BFD0FF AND BFE0FE HEXADECIMAL)

■CUSTOM CHIPS ARE ADDRESSED IN THIS 4K SPACE

-192 K OF SYSTEM ROM

-FFFFFF IS FINAL ADDRESSTOTAL WORKSPACE IS 16 MEGABYTES

THE AMIGA

FIVE BIT PLANES

VIDEO DISPLAY

1

1

0

0

1 0 1

F

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]

1

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0 /

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0

0

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1

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0

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1

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1

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1

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BRIGHT PINK PIXEL

( = 3 HEXADECIMAL)

IE IF

000

TRANSPARENT

3D2

MEDIUM GREEN

7D6

LIGHT GREEN

D88

|BRIGHT PINK |—

AAA

LIGHT GRAY

333

DARK GRAY

INDEX VALUE MEANING { HEXADECIMAL)

COLOR REGISTER TABLE

Figure 3: Amiga playfield graphics. The bits from a given position in each bit plane combine to create an index into the color-register table. The selected entry in the colorregister table determines the color of the pixel.

periodicity, but most programmers will not create them directly. Many of the ROM routines that accomplish high-level tasks manipulate Copper programs to get their work done.

Memory Space

The first 512K bytes of memory is called the chip memory (see figure 2 for a memory map). Any function performed by the custom chips—bitplane and sprite images, Copper programs, and other data (covered below)—must be in this memory area.

Of course, in the standard 2 56K-byte Amiga (or the expanded 512K-byte version), the chip memory is also used for everything else a computer needs RAM for. Commodore/Amiga may announce an expansion box at a later date that can accommodate various peripheral cards and up to 8 continuous megabytes of memory. Normal programs and data should be placed there, leaving the display memory free for its specialized uses.

Graphics

The Amiga's graphics are, in a word, breathtaking—in both their quality and their speed. The machine's major graphic components are the playfield, the sprites, the Blitter, and the animation and text routines.

The Playfield

A bit map is an area of memory that the computer interprets as a rectangular array of pixels (dots); most computers have some bit-mapped graphics capability. Many machines form different colored pixels by grouping two or more adjacent bits in the bit map. The Amiga, however, uses only one bit per pixel in its bit map (this is called a bit plane) and "stacks" separate bit planes together to get different colors (see figure 3). (The colors available are not "hardwired" into the machine but are specified in a color-register table, also known as a color palette.) An image created by multiple bit planes is called a raster. The playfield is the bit-mapped graphics display that comprises most of the Amiga's video display. The Amiga can stack up to five bit

planes to get a maximum of 32 colors. The color-register table contains 12-bit values that can specify any of 4096 different colors. Therefore, the Amiga can draw images that use any 32 of these 4096 colors.

The Amiga has five bit-mapped resolutions. Four of them come from two horizontal resolutions (320 pixels per line, low resolution, and 640 pixels per line, high resolution) times two vertical resolutions (200 visible lines per screen, noninterlaced frame, displayed every 1/60 second, and 400 visible lines per screen, interlaced frame, displayed in two passes every 1/30 second). These can take anywhere from a minimum of 4000 bytes (for a 320- by 200-pixel image) to 32,000 bytes (for a 640- by 400-pixel image). Photo 3 shows an example of the 320 by 200 mode.

The fifth mode, called hold-and-modify. uses six bit planes in a way that can simultaneously display all 4096 colors on screen. In this mode, the top 2 bits of a pixel control the interpretation of the bottom 4 bits, which may repre

sent either a color-register table value for that pixel or a modification to one component of the previous pixel's color. Using hold-and-modify, you can display all 4096 colors on an analog RGB (red-green-blue) color monitor.

A playfield image can be much larger, both horizontally and vertically, than the screen area used to display it. By manipulating several register values, you can scroll an image horizontally, vertically, or both, with very little effort. (When the total image is wider than its displayed part, the last pixel on one line and the first pixel on the next are not adjacent and are separated by a fixed number of bytes. The Amiga makes use of modulo registers to make the manipulation of two such bytes as fast and as simple as if they were contiguous.)

Another display option is called the dual-playfield mode. When you use this mode, up to six bit planes are divided into two separate images of up to three bit planes each, with one image having priority over the other. This

(continued)

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE »9

THE AMIGA

often simplifies complex graphic displays. For example, to simulate the effect of looking at a landscape through binoculars, you can scroll a wide landscape playfield "underneath" a stationary playfield that is all black ex

cept for a transparent area that lets the lower playfield show through.

Sprites

A sprite is a small bit-mapped image that can be repositioned simply by re

defining the horizontal and vertical values for its upper left corner; sprites are independent of the playfield and appear to be over or under each other and the playfield(s) according to a specified priority.

The Amiga has eight hardware sprites, each of which can have three colors (sprites are two bit planes deep, and each 2-bit pixel translates to three colors plus transparency). Amiga sprites are 16 low-resolution pixels wide by any height. Each pair of sprites shares a different threecolor color-register table (for example, sprites 0 and 1 share color registers 17, 18, and 19. sprites 2 and 3 share 21, 22. and 23), allowing the eight sprites to use up to 12 colors. Adjacent sprites (0 and 1, for example) can be attached, meaning that their four bit planes are combined; an attached sprite pair can then use color registers 17 through 31 to display up to 15 colors.

As happens often in the Amiga, complexity underlies apparent simplicity. A sprite is actually a 16-bit value with a specified horizontal displacement for the current line of the video display. In manual mode, you are responsible for creating the sprite's image on a line-by-line basis (few people will use this mode directly). In automatic mode, however, you activate the sprite's DMA circuitry, which looks to a data structure that contains the line-by-line position and shape of the sprite and draws it automatically. In addition, you can redefine the sprite indefinitely while the electron beam creates the video display. The sprite DMA circuitry accepts a list of sprite position and shape-definition words and draws them as long as the bottom line of one occurrence and the top line of the next are separated by at least one video line (note that this is without intervention of the Copper).

The Blitter

The Blitter is an area of the animation chip that controls a DMA channel dedicated to drawing lines and manipulating rectangular areas of the playfield. Its name comes from an earlier

(continued)

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THE AMIGA

term, bit-bh, which means "bit-mapped block transfer." Miner calls it a Bimmer, for "bit-mapped image manipulator," because of its extended capabilities, but "Blitter" is used exclusively in the Amiga's documentation.

When manipulating blocks of an image, the Blitter (when properly set up) takes care of a number of "housekeeping" tasks that, in other computers, tie up a lot of the processor's time. These include: masking out the bits just outside the image that belong to the same memory word as the desired bits; shifting the image several bits horizontally to match the word alignment of the destination; and filling an area bounded on the left and right by two nonhorizontal single-pixel lines (this is the basis of its area-fill capability).

The Blitter distinguishes itself from other bit-bit devices by its ability to combine up to three source areas in one of 2 56 ways to become the destination area. (If we call the sources A, B, and C and their inverses A, B, and C, these combine in eight

ways: ABC, ABC, ABC ABC.

There are 2 56 possible combinations of these eight terms.)

When being used to draw lines, the Blitter can draw lines as Is, Os, or a specified pattern; it can also draw single-bit-wide lines, which are needed to bound an area to be filled.

In both its line-drawing and areamanipulating operations, the Blitter must have a moderate amount of "housekeeping" calculations done first. Given the speed and simplicity of the resulting operation, the setup calculations are not an unreasonable overhead; however, you can deal with the Blitter on a higher level using some graphics routines in ROM.

Animation Routines

The animation routines that are part of the Amiga's ROM form the basis for the most sophisticated color animation the personal computer market has ever seen. One of the demonstrations we saw, Robocity, showed five cartoon characters roaming across the screen. The resolution was very good—only when you looked closely

92 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

The basic element in the animation subroutine is the GEL, a graphics element.

could you see the "jaggies" that proved you weren't looking at a handdrawn cartoon.

Animation is accomplished through a few subroutine calls that draw a linked list of things needing to be animated. The basic element in the animation subsystem is the GEL, or graphics element. There are four types of GELs: VSprites, BOBs, AnimComps, and AnimObjs.

VSprite stands for "virtual sprite." A VSprite is a data structure in memory, closely tied to a hardware sprite, that is managed by the animation routines. By letting the routines manage the mapping of VSprites to hardware sprites, you can (with some limitations) define more than eight VSprites and let the routines keep track of the details automatically. VSprites can also be clipped to display themselves only within a certain horizontal slice of the display.

BOB stands for "Blitter object." A BOB is an image that acts like a sprite, but the animation routines use the Blitter to "paste" the image onto the playfield and (optionally) restore the image that was "underneath" the BOB. A BOB is defined by the combination of a BOB data structure and a VSprite data structure, both of which point to each other. One advantage of a BOB over a VSprite is that a BOB is drawn into a playfield—this means it can be of any width and it can have as many colors as the playfield (up to 32), BOBs can also be clipped to appear only in a certain rectangular window.

An AnimComp is an animation component, one part of an AnimObj, an animation object. If your AnimObj is a figure of a man walking, its Anim

Comps will probably include BOBs for a torso, a head, two arms, and two legs. Each AnimComp includes several views of the same object (e.g., arm bent, arm straight) with an associated time that must elapse before progressing from one view to the next. Once all this is assembled, repeated calls to the Animate routine substitute new views (as determined by their timer constants) into the linked list of GELs before drawing the items in the list.

You can do sequenced drawing animation by specifying a series of views that describe a repeated motion and by specifying an offset to add to the object's position each time the routines cycle from the last view to the first. For example, take the example of a cat walking two steps to the right in six views so that view 1 appears natural when it is shown after view 6. By specifying the correct horizontal offset to the right (which gets added every time the image cycles back to view 1), the Animate routine will automatically draw the six views in the correct order and position to make the cat appear to walk across the entire width of the screen.

Alternatively, you can have the Animate routine do motion-control animation, in which the next position of a BOB is automatically calculated from its current position and four x- and yaxis velocity and acceleration values. (You can also do this with a "ring" of BOB views that cycle as in sequenced drawing animation.)

Another routine, DoCollision, detects two types of collisions, GEL-to-GEL collisions and boundary collisions (collisions of GELs with rectangular boundary windows); the routine then executes a given collision-handling routine from a table of 16 possible routines. GELs can be coded so that only certain types of collisions register (useful in a game, for example, to detect missile-target collisions but not missile-missile collisions).

Text

The Amiga treats text as a special kind of graphics. Fonts are described

[continued)

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THE AMIGA

by a Text Font (TF) data structure that allows the creation of either monospaced or proportional characters of any height. To save room with larger fonts, a font may define anywhere between 1 and 2 55 characters. Two fonts, Topaz 8 and Topaz 9. are in the Amiga ROM. The first gives 40 characters per line in normal resolution. 80 in high resolution; the second gives 30 and 60 characters per line, respectively. Additional fonts may be loaded into and removed from RAM as needed.

The Amiga uses the ROM routine TxWrite to draw a given message to a given location. The text can be drawn in one of two user-definable "pen" colors and in one of three drawing modes: |AM1, an overstrike mode; JAM2, a mode that draws both the character in one color and the "white space" behind it in another; and Complement, which inverts every pixel that corresponds to a pixel of the character being drawn.

As in the Apple Macintosh, fonts may be modified by combining any of several styles: underline, italic, boldface, and extended. However, unlike the Macintosh, the Amiga textdrawing routine looks for a separately defined font that contains the needed style(s). If this fails, a future revision of the text-drawing routine may try to modify the existing "normal" version of the font (this is the only way of achieving font styles in the Macintosh).

Audio Hardware

The Amiga includes four hardware channels of sound that are largely controlled by DMA circuitry, independent of the 68000. Audio-controlling routines in part of the Amiga's ROM extend these capabilities, allowing you to work with the Amiga's sound capabilities at a higher conceptual level and to manipulate the sound channels "on the fly" without "glitching" the output.

The four channels of sound, numbered 0 through 3, are converted to analog signals, filtered through a lowpass filter, and mixed into two separate output signals, one combin

94 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

Rfifc may be modified by any combination of several styles: underline, italic, boldface, and extended.

ing channels 0 and 3, the other, channels 1 and 2. The filter begins to attenuate frequencies between 5.5 kHz and 7.5 kHz and effectively eliminates any higher frequencies. This eliminates much aliasing, which is distortion that occurs when a signal that was sampled too infrequently is played back.

The sound channels can be controlled directly by the 68000, which gives you complete control over the sound but keeps the 68000 from doing other work. In most cases, you can get the sound you need by letting the DMA channels produce the sound from a table of values (called a sound table] that describe one or more cycles of the needed waveform.

In the Amiga, each audio DMA channel includes registers that give the channel's loudness, point to a 16-bit-wide table of sound-table bytes (the values are fetched a word at a time and must be stored on even byte boundaries), and establish the time that must elapse before the next sound byte is sent out. This last is a period register, which contains a value that is decremented every 279 ns; the next value from the sound table is sent out when the counter reaches zero, and the register is reset to its original value. When the pointer to the sound table reaches its last value, the pointer is reset to the start of the table. In this way. the audio channel continues to produce the given waveform without supervision until it is explicitly turned off.

Sound channels 0 through 2 can be attached to the channels directly above them to modulate the output of the higher channel. When a channel is attached, the 16-bit words that make up

its sound table are not interpreted as two 8-bit sound values. Instead, the data words are interpreted as volume or period values for the current value in the channel being modulated (i.e., the volume value will determine the current loudness of the channel, and the period value determines how much time passes before the channel sends out the next value in its sound table). You can manipulate these values to cause either amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, or both.

Audio Software

The ROM contains three kinds of routines. The first, channel-allocation routines, allow you to allocate, use, and discard a channel without keeping track of which channel it is. If you have more than four "virtual" channels open, the four with the highest priorities are mapped to actual hardware audio channels.

Second, the DMA-control routines control the way the audio DMA channel manipulates the hardware audio channel via the various registers and the sound table. In addition, you can cause the channel to send a userspecified signal bit to an existing task (which may then trigger some event) when the sound channel has played a given number of repetitions of the sound table; this allows tasks to manipulate the Amiga based on the sound channel's activity.

Third, the envelope-generator routines automate the task of varying the amplitude envelope that determines how slow or fast a note changes volume when it is played. To use these routines, you must create a table of four slope/destination values that describe an ADSR (attack, decay, sustain, release) envelope. (The ADSR envelope tells you how fast the note gains volume as soon as it starts, what its maximum value is, how fast it decays once it reaches that value, on what level it remains as long as the note is sustained, and how fast it returns to zero once the note is released. You can draw such an envelope with four line segments: the

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THE AMIGA

Amiga defines the ADSR envelope by giving the slope and destination y-axis values for each line segment.) As with the audio DMA, the software involved can be told to send a signal bit to a given task when the envelope is completed.

One potentially significant piece of code is a library of text-to-speech routines that is included with the standard Amiga computer. These are transient routines that are loaded from disk to memory when needed; they are capable of "speaking" normal English text in a variety of pitches and rates via one of the sound channels. We heard the routines and found their output to be heavily inflected but understandable even with our eyes closed (a test that many text-tospeech algorithms fail).

Intuition

Intuition, the user interface of the Amiga, sits on top of the disk operating system and provides the iconoriented, mouse-based, desktopmetaphor interface popularized by the Apple Macintosh. Intuition complements the architectural philosophy and the graphics capabilities of the computer by managing a complex windowing system and providing access to multitasking capabilities.

Intuition allows programs to execute, each in its own window, simultaneously. Each program opens a vir.tual terminal that has access to all the system resources. Even though multiple programs can execute simultaneously, only one can accept input and display its menu bar. You can select which program does this by clicking on its window; this window will also display special command messages from the system. Different programs can share the video display, or a single program can create several virtual terminals.

To support the simultaneous display of different resolutions and graphics modes, Intuition uses screens, which are rectangular areas that occupy the full width of the video diplay. Screens have predefined resolutions, color palettes, and height and contain one or more windows. A bar at the top of

each screen identifies the screen.

All screens have pull-down menus. Pressing the right mouse button, which generally summons a menu, transforms the screen bar into a menu bar (a strip containing the names of the menus that apply to the currently active window). The screen bar also contains two boxes that, when clicked with the left mouse button (generally responsible for selecting things), move the screen to the top or bottom of the stack of screens. You can select menu items in the conventional way, although there are several rtew features. Pull-down menus, for example, can have up to two levels (see photo 4). Menus can contain options that, when selected, persist until other, mutually exclusive choices are made. Programs may allow you to use command-key/letter combinations to select commonly used menu items.

Programmers have considerable flexibility in designing the menus. For example, menus can appear in multicolumn format and contain graphics. Menu items can, when selected, be marked with checks, and they can automatically display command-key/ letter alternatives.

Windows, which appear within screens, can support all of the Amiga's graphics, text, and animation features. Since Intuition opens application programs in windows, applications must specify their graphics, text, and color requirements by selecting or creating an appropriate screen. Intuition will supportas many screens and windows as can fit in memory, but only one window and, by extension, one screen can receive input at a time. As a virtual terminal, programs need not know if they are active; they can continue to process data as long as they don't need any external input.

You can activate a window either by moving the on-screen pointer inside it and clicking the mouse button or by moving an icon into it. Closing a window causes the last activated window to be reactivated. Windows can include any of several features, including vertical and horizontal scroll bars, title bars, window-dragging areas

(used to drag the window to a new position), depth arrangers (which move the window to the top or bottom of a stack of windows), sizing boxes (which allow you to change the window's size), and close boxes (which close a window).

Intuition supports backdrop windows. which open behind all other windows and cannot be moved, sized, or depth-arranged. The application program is entirely responsible for maintaining its contents, and normal windows appear on top of it. A graphics program, for example, may use a backdrop window as the primary drawing area and call a normal window to show you a palette of colors from which to choose.

Programmers can specify whether an application will refresh its window when partially covered and uncovered, or whether memory must be allocated to save the concealed portions of the window. A third choice, super bit map. reserves enough memory to store an image larger than the windowing system will display. Intuition automatically adjusts and displays as much of the super bit map as it can. Programmers can use this technique to create windows whose contents scroll. They can also determine where windows will appear, what color to use when drawing the border and text, whether the window will have a border, and whether to include a window title.

Requesters, Alerts, and Gadgets

Requesters are pop-up information boxes that wait for either keyboard or mouse input from you. Normally, you will have to click the left mouse button over an "OK" area before continuing, although you may be able to switch to a different window (the requester will still be there when you return to the first window). With a single call, programmers can attach requesters to a window or to the double click of the mouse button.

Programmers have access to predefined system requesters, like the "Please Insert Disk XXXX" requester.

(continued)

96 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

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IBM and PCjr arc trademarks of International Business Machines. MULTIBUS is a trademark ol Intel, DEC. UNIBUS. Q-BUS. and Rainbow 100 are trademarks ot Digital Equipment Corporation.

THE AMIGA

To use a custom requester, however, the programmer must specify things like gadgets (discussed below), borders, requester text, and, if desired, hand-designed bit-mapped images.

Alerts are special screens that carry absolutely crucial information. They differ from requesters in that no screen or window can obscure them, and users must act immediately on the information before proceeding. Recovery alerts require immediate responses; dead-end alerts tell users that the system has crashed.

Screens, windows, requesters, and alerts all use gadgets, which are input devices that attach to windows, requesters, and alerts. System gadgets include window-sizing gadgets, window-/ screen-dragging areas, depth arrangers, and close boxes.

Programmers can design their own gadgets by specifying border shapes and colors, describing the select box of the gadget, providing gadget text, supplying a memory buffer for the gadget response, and defining how the gadget will behave.

In addition to system gadgets, programmers can select among Boolean, string, integer, and proportional gadgets. Boolean gadgets are true/false devices that return a value only when selected. String gadgets return a string from the keyboard. Integer gadgets return integer values. Proportional gadgets, which return a value proportional to their positions on either the horizontal or vertical axis (or both), are similar to scroll bars on the Macintosh. A programmer can customize the appearance of the knob (the element that slides along the axis of movement) to something different from the default rectangular shape.

The Workbench

Intuition includes Workbench, an iconic, window-based command interface. The Workbench area is a fourcolor screen with 640- by 200-pixel resolution. It is both a screen on which disks will open and application programs will run and an application that keeps track of Workbench objects and displays information using Intuition

windows. The Workbench automatically opens when you enter a disk containing it. By opening the Workbench library, programmers can access Workbench functions to create and manipulate the Workbench and Workbench objects.

In the Workbench, users can open and close disks, tools, projects, drawers, the clipboard, and the trash can. Opening a tool (Amiga's term for an application program) creates a window on the current screen. Tools create projects—files associated with the tool. (A document file, for example, is the project of a word-processing application.) Opening a tool automatically opens a window that lists the names of available projects. Opening a project icon automatically opens the tool associated with it.

Workbench also supports extended selection, a method of selecting multiple items that will be operated on in the order they were selected. For example, you can select a word processor and three projects (documents); the word processor will then work on the projects in the order in which they were selected.

Drawers are Workbench icons that contain tools, projects, and other drawers; when opened, they display their contents as icons in a window. To add an item to the drawer, either drag the item's icon into the window of an opened drawer or drop it over a closed drawer's icon. You can delete an item by moving its icon over the trash can, a special drawer in each disk drawer that contains deleted objects.

The clipboard is a special object that lets you transfer data between tools (programs). The clipboard stores the last text, graphics, or data cut from a project as a RAM-based file (diskbased if the clipping is too large for memory). By using the clipboard, you can quickly transfer information between tools or projects.

Programmers can also design custom screens, in which they can specify things like the screen size and position, the number of colors available, the screen titles, and the default font.

{continued)

98 BYTE* AUGUST I985

Avocet puts you in the chips!

Now you can use your PC to develop software for virtually any microprocessor. Quickly. Easily. Inexpensively.

THE AVOCET CROSS-ASSEMBLER FAMILY.

Avocet

Target

CP/M-86

Cross

Micro

IBM PC,

assembler

processor

CP/M*-80

MSDOS"

XASM04

6804

$250.00

$250.00

XASM05

6805

200.00

250.00

XASM09

6809

200.00

250.00

XASM18

1802/1805

200.00

250.00

XASM48

8048/8041

200.00

250.00

XASM51

8051

200.00

250.00

XASM65

6502/65C02

200.00

250.00

XASM68

6800/01,6301

200.00

250.00

XASM75

NEC 7500

500.00

500.00

XASM85

8085

250.00

250.00

XASM400

COP400

300.00

300.00

XASMF8

F8/3870

300.00

300.00

XASMZ8

Z8

200.00

250.00

XASMZ80

Z80

250.00

250.00

NEW!

XASM6811

68HC11

250.00

250.00

NEW!

XASM180

HD64180

250.00

250.00

XMAC682

68200

595.00

595.00

XMAC68K

68000/68010

595.00

595.00

' Trademark of Digital Research

** Trademark of MicrosoM

Avocet cross-assemblers, simulators, emulators and EPROM programmers will help put your design ideas into more chips than any other software development system on the market. You don't need a mainframe, or even a dedicated system. All you need is a PC, a good idea...and Avocet. It's as simple as that.

Avocet has been creating tools for software development since 1979 to help design engineers find easier and more productive ways to develop software for virtually any microprocessor—w/f/iouf

switching development systems.

Our customers turn ideas into real products. From data entry through assembly, debugging and final EPROMs, Avocet has everything you need to transform your personal computer into a fully integrated development system.

Cross-assembler capabilities.

No matter what the application, our family of cross-assemblers runs on any computer with CP/M* or DOS and processes assembly language for most microprocessors.

Taking the bugs out.

' Avocet's new debugging tools will eliminate 'crash and burn" from your vocabulary in two ways. First, AVSIM software simulator/debuggers allow you to test program modules on your PC. No special hardware is required for executing your target code interpretively in a crash-proof, interactive environment. AVSIM's full screen display lets you see at a glance what your program is doing.

When you're ready to test your program in a working model, Avocet's TRICE in-circuit emulators allow you to examine target memory and register, set breakpoints, single-step, trace and more. A standard serial interface lets you control emulation and download code from your PC.

And best of all, TRICE costs less than $500.

Progressive EPROM programming.

Avocet AVPROM programmers work with over 37 different devices including EPROMs through 27512, CMOS and E2 PROMs, and MPU/EPROM combos using fast "adaptive" algorithms. These intelligent, self-contained units work with any personal computer using Avocet's GDX driver software.

Made to order.

You don't have to come to Maine to get Avocet products (unless, of course, you want a really great lobster dinner). Just call, toll-free,

1-800-448-8500

(in the U.S. except Alaska and Hawaii) and we'll rush out your order, send out more information, or, if you want, talk about some of your great ideas. Avocet Systems Inc., RO. Box 490-B8, Rockport, Maine 04856. (207) 236-9055. Telex: 467210 AVOCET CI

AVOCET yi SYSTEMS INC.

Inquiry 28

AUGUST 1985 'BYTE 99

THE AMIGA

The Workbench also contains a program called Preferences that lets you set things like the maximum time for two clicks to be considered a double click, the monitor type, the speed with which keyboard keys repeat, the interval before they begin to repeat, and the presence of optional peripherals, including printers, modems, and touchpacls.

The Preferences program can also give you access to a command-line interface (CLI), which allows you to get work done via typed-in commands. The CLI, which opens as a window under Workbench, will not be heavily documented in the standard manuals, and you will normally not see the icon associated with it. The CLI uses commands that are similar to those of Microsoft's MS-DOS. It can, for example, examine directories, run programs, and redirect input and output; in essence, it gives programmers access to the operating system that is "underneath" Workbench.

Caveats

This product preview is unusual in that we looked at the Amiga in an earlier state than we usually do for other product previews. We feel justified in doing this for two reasons: First, the hardware was in its final state (the custom chips were working on the production-version motherboard, although the PROM [programmable read-only memoryl chips did not contain the final version of the ROM code); second, the Amiga should be announced by the time you read this, and we feel that the technology used here is noteworthy. BYTE will print a formal review of the Amiga as soon as we can get our hands on a finished machine.

We wrote this product preview after two days with the Amiga engineering staff, much study of four volumes of technical documentation and several user manuals, and subsequent telephone conversations. At the time we saw the machine, neither the ROM code nor the operating system had been "frozen," which limited the amount of software we could see to the Workbench user interface, several

Table 1: This is a list of the announced hardware and software for the Amiga.

Hardware

20-megabyte hard disk, 20-megabyte tape backup, multifunction card, 2400-bps modem (Tecmar)

Laser disk, Color digitizer, Genlock peripheral—allows

computer's display to overlay an external video signal (Commodore)

Software

Pascal, Linkage Editor, Overlay Loader,

Macro Assembler (Metacomco) Turbo Pascal (Borland International) Logo (The LISP Company)

Propaint, Business Graphics. Graphicraft,

Animation (Island Graphics) Enable/Write (The Software Group) Textcraft (Arktronics) Musicraft (Commodore) Harmony and four-octave music

keyboard,

Pitchrider (Cherry Lane Technologies) C Compiler (Lattice) General Ledger,

Accounts Receivable,

Accounts Payable (Chang Laboratories) 7 Cities of Gold,

One on One,

Archon,

Adventure Construction Set, Pinball Construction Set, Skyfox,

Financial Cookbook,

Deluxe Music Construction Set,

Black Knight,

Video Construction Set,

Return to Atlantis (Electronic Arts) Communications package

(Software 66) Welcome Aboard,

Print Shop,

SynCalc,

Mindwheel (Broderbund) Keyboard Cadet,

The Halley Project (Mindscape) All Infocom Interactive fiction

products

demonstration programs, and an early version of the Graphicraft drawing program.

All the screen shots in this product preview came from working (though still unfinished) software, but most of what we've written about the Amiga's software came from the documentation or the engineers. According to Commodore/Amiga, the BASIC that will be bundled with the system will have extended graphics and sound capabilities driven by calls to the ROM routines. Table 1 gives a list of products for the Amiga that we learned of from their respective manufacturers.

Conclusions

We were impressed by the Amiga's detail and speed of the color graphics and by the quality of its sound system. The interlocking features of the Amiga—its custom chips, multitasking support, multiple DMA channels, shared system bus, display-driven coprocessor, system routines in ROM, etc.—point to a complexity of hardware design that we have not seen before in personal computers, (it's interesting to note that the Macintosh's complexity is in its software and that, according to several third-party developers who have used both computers, the Macintosh is harder to program.) The synergistic effect of these features accounts for the speed, quality, and low cost of the Amiga.

We are also very excited about the inclusion of the text-to-speech library in the Amiga. This means that any Amiga program can potentially create voice output, something that has never been common in personal computers because it was never, until now, a standard feature.

The hardware looks good—we have seen it work—but we saw very little software actually working (a painting program, the Workbench "desktop," and a few demonstration programs). However, we think this machine will be a great success; if that happens, the Amiga will probably have a great effect on other personal computer companies and the industry in general. ■

100 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 21 5 —►

NUMBER SMASHER

Speeds Up Everything...Especially 1-2-3 "!

The MicroWay NUMBER SMASHER triples the speed of all cpu bound software while doubling the speed of 80 87 bound software. When combined with MicroWay's FASTBREAK'' it results in an increase in the speed of 1 -2-3™ of up to 80 to 1! If you're tired of WAITing, the SMASHER is the card for you!

The heart of the NUMBER SMASHER is a 9.54 mhz 8086 working with a matched high speed 8087. The card comes standard with 512K of 16 bit RAM and can be expanded to 640K. It triples the throughput of your original 8088 by doubling the system clock speed and quadrupling the data bus bandwidth.

Software compatibility is guaranteed by the nature of our card. It does not augment the 8088, but replaces it with a special 8086 that runs as a true 16-bit processor in the first 640K of ram and as an 8-bit processor everywhere else.

Examples of software which show dramatic speed-ups include AUTOCAD, 1 -2-3"' worksheets which depend heavily on financial or transcendental functions, and multi-user operating systems. Any program written with an MS-DOS compiler that supports the 8087, such as MS-FORTRAN or 87BASIC, will run on the NUMBER SMASHER at least a factor of 2.5 times faster! Software that comes with the card also increases the throughput of I/O bound programs and includes a disk cache routine, ram disk and print spooler.

The NUMBER SMASHER is an upgrade product for 8088 based PCs and compatibles. It works on the IBMPC and XT, the COMPAQ and compatibles manufactured to the IBM-PC hardware standard. Contact MicroWay or your local MicroWay Installation Center for technical specifications and supporting benchmarks.

The World Leader in 8087 Support

P.O. Box 79, Kingston, Mass. 02364 USA (617) 746-7341

NUMBER SMASHER and FASTBREAK are trademarks of MicroWay, Inc LOTUS and 1-2-3 are trademarks of Lotus Development Corp

For everyone who ever tried doing five things at once

The perfect computer program for someone as busy as you. It lets you keep several other programs working at once.

Do you ever go in so many directions so fast not even a computer can keep up with you?

Well, now an IBM Personal Computer can—thanks to IBM TopView.

TopView is a new kind of software that lets you switch between other programs as quickly as you can change your mind, even run several programs at the same time.

Once you load TopView into your computer, you load the other programs you use most—as many as your computer's memory will permit.

After that, the greatest distance between two programs is just a couple of

keystrokes, or (optional) mouse moves.

There's no waiting and a lot less diskette swapping.

But when you're really busy is when TopView really shines, letting you do many jobs simultaneously.

For example, you can print a letter, while you search a file, while you analyze a spreadsheet, while your clock/calendar reminds you that your automatic dialer is about to place a call for you.

Little Tramp character licensed by Bubbles Inc., s.a

102 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

... IBM presents TopView.

And you can see everything through on-screen "windows" and control it all with easy-to-use pop-up menus.

You can even make unrelated programs work together; say a "Brand Y" spreadsheet with a "Brand Z" word processor.

But simplest of all is a certain "Brand IBM", namely the IBM Assistant Series—for filing, writing, planning, reporting and graphing.

Many other popular programs also work with TopView. and the number is growing.

Naturally, the more computer memory you have, the more TopView can help you. At least 512K is recommended. And the price is only $149^ Beyond that, all you need is to be the kind of person who never does a single thing all day, but who wants to do everything, at once.

To learn more, call an IBM marketing representative, or visit an IBM Product Center or Authorized IBM PC or Software Dealer.

For the store nearest you, and a free brochure, call 800-447-4700. (In Alaska and Hawaii, 800-447-0890.)

Personal Computer Software

•IBM Product Center price. Inquiry 150

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 103

BYTE • AUGUST 1985

PHOTOGRAPHED BY PAUL AVIS.

CI ARC I AS CIRCUIT CELLAR

BUILD THE BASIC-5 2 COMPUTER/ CONTROLLER

by Steve Ciarcia

A single-board problem solver with great potential

One of the most popular Circuit Cellar projects was the Z8 BASIC computer/ controller presented in July and August of 1981. Since then, thousands of Z8 controller boards have

found their way into end-user and OEM applications.

I specifically designed the original Z8 controller because 1 hate programming. Generally speaking, if the program has fewer than 100 lines I'll grin and bear it. Any longer than that, however, and 1 lose interest and call in a programmer. To ease the pain. I generally use high-level languages like BASIC. Most people understand BASIC and it excuses me from wasting time on tedious bit manipulations merely to demonstrate a hardware peripheral device. (My favorite programming language is solder.)

I don't try to justify using BASIC, I just get results. While others are arguing the merits of Pascal and C, I've plugged in my singleboard computer/controller and am plinking away in BASIC to solve the problem. I've learned enough about other programming languages so that I know when to nod appreciatively at a programmer's description of a random-number seed generator written in some obscure programming dialect.

This "plug and program" approach has been adequately satisfied by the Z8, but 1

find that I purposely avoid applications involving floating-point calculations or trigonometric functions that would otherwise force me to resort to assembly-language programming (ugh!). In an effort to forestall my inevitable defection from BASIC 1 am continually on the lookout for cost-effective performance boosters that I can package as single-board problem solvers (that execute in BASIC, naturally). And I just found another one!

What 1 have found is the Circuit Cellar BASIC-52 computer/controller (BCC-52) board. It uses the new Intel 8052AH-BASIC microcontroller chip that contains a ROM (read-only memory)-resident 8K-byte BASIC interpreter. The BCC-52 board includes the 8052AH, 48K bytes of RAM/EPROM (random-access read/write memory/erasable programmable ROM), a 2764/128 EPROM programmer, three parallel ports, a serial terminal port with automatic data-transmission-rate selection, a serial printer port, and is bus-compatible with the BCC-ll Z8 system/controller and all the BCC-series expansion boards I've already designed. Figure 1

(continued)

Steve Ciarcia (pronounced "see-ARE-see-ah") is an electronics engineer and computer consultant with experience in process control, digital design, nuclear instrumentation, and product development. He is the author of several books about electronics. You can write to him at POB 582, Glastonbury, CT 06033.

COPYRIGHT© 1985 STEVEN A. CIARCIA. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

AUGUST 1985 • BYTE 105

CIRCUIT CELLAR

is a block diagram of the hardware.

BASIC-52 is particularly suited for process control, providing IF. . . THEN, FOR. . .NEXT, DO. . . WHILE/ UNTIL, ONTIME. and CALL statements among its broad repertoire of instructions (figure 2 lists the software features). Calculations are handled in integer or floating-point math and are fully supported with trigonometric and logical operators. Because of its low system overhead it is extremely fast and efficient.

I'll get into the system configuration and the design details momentarily, but I first have to mention an interesting aspect of BASIC-52. While I considered using EEPROMS (electrically erasable programmable ROMs) and other nonvolatile storage techniques, the sophisticated EPROM programming capabilities of BASIC-52 justified eliminating them simply on the basis of cost and board real estate. Unlike most one-shot EPROM programmers that fill the entire contents of an EPROM regardless of the application program's size, BASIC-52 treats the EPROM as write-once mass storage.

When a BASIC application program is saved to EPROM, it is tagged with an identifying ROM number and stored only in the amount of EPROM required to fit the program (plus header and EOF [end of file|). Additional application programs can be

stored to the same EPROM and recalled for execution by requesting a particular ROM number. A 27128 EPROM provides 16K bytes of massstorage space. When it is full (a nondestructive EPROM FULL error will tell you), simply erase the present EPROM or insert another. Finally, since this pseudo-mass storage exists in directly addressable memory space rather than cassettes or disks, it runs at full processor speed and stored application programs are instantly accessible.

BASIC-52 bridges the gap between expensive, intelligent control capabilities and hard-to-justify, price-sensitive control applications. BASIC-52's full floating-point BASIC is fast and efficient enough for the most complicated tasks, while its cost-effective design lets it be considered for many new areas of implementation.

I'm bullish on the BCC-52 board, and you can expect to see it in future Circuit Cellar projects. With so much power and convenience, 1 can accomplish quite a bit in a few lines of code—especially since that's all I may ever write.

THE BCC-52 BOARD

The BCC-52 is a single-board controller/development system. Shown as a prototype in photo 1 and as a schematic in figure 3, this 17-chip circuit

fits in a compact AVi by 6/2 inches (the same size as the Term-Mite smart terminal |see photo 2], if you want a twoboard complete system—see my columns in the January and February 1984 issues of BYTE). It contains RAM/EPROM, an EPROM programmer, three parallel ports, and two serial ports.

The BCC-52 board has five main sections: processor, address decoding and memory, parallel I/O (input/ output), serial I/O, and EPROM programmer.

The BCC-52 board is based on the 8052AH-BASIC chip, a preprogrammed version of Intel's 8052AH microcontroller (see figure 4). The 8052AH is the newest of Intel's 8-bit microcontroller-chip series, also known as the MCS-51 family.

The 8052AH contains 8K bytes of on-chip ROM, 2 56 bytes of RAM, three 16-bit counter/timers, six interrupts, and 32 I/O lines. In the 8052AHBAS1C chip, the ROM is a masked BASIC interpreter, and the I/O lines are redefined to address, data, and control lines. Figure 5a illustrates the 8052AH-BASIC chip pinout.

The 8052AH-BAS1C chip has a 16-bit address and an 8-bit data bus (the 8 least significant address bits [AD0-AD7| and the data bus |D0-D7] are multiplexed together, similar to

[continued)

LINE-PRINTER SERIAL PORT

CONSOLE SERIAL PORT '

8052AH BASIC

ADDR DECODER

+ 21V

0000H

2000H

RAM/ EPROM

4000H

8K

RAM/ EPROM

6000H

RAM / EPROM

8000H

PROGRAMMING-LEVEL CONVERTER

C8XXH E8XXH

2764 /

8K .

8255

PIA

/27128

16 K

EPROM PROGRAMMER

PORT A

PORT B

PORT C

Figure I: Block diagram of the Circuit Cellar BASIC-52 computer/controller board.

106 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

CIRCUIT CELLAR

Command

Function

Statement

Function

RUN

Execute a program

POP

Pop argument stack to variables

CONT

Continue after a stop or Control-C

PWM

Pulse-width modulation

LIST

List program to the console device

REM

Remark

LIST*

List program to serial printer

RETI

Return from interrupt

NEW

Erase the program stored in RAM

STOP

Rrppk nrnnram PYDn itinn Ol Car\ |J1 uy I al 11 CACLUHUI1

NULL

Set null count after carriage return/line feed

STRING

MHULalc illtJlHUiy IUI oillliyb

RAM

Evoke RAM mode, current program in read/write memory

UI1

Evoke user console input routine

ROM

Evoke ROM mode, current program in ROM/EPROM

UIO

Evoke BASIC console input routine

XFER

Tran^fpr a nrnnrflrm frnm Rf~)fw1/FPR("!M tn RAM

i ini UUl

Evoke user console output routine

PROG

Save the current program in EPROM

UOO

Evoke BASIC console output routine

PROG1

RflVP rlstfl-trsnQmi^Qinn-ratp infnrmatinn in FPROM uavc uaia li ai 101' iiooium i cue i miui r i ictuur i 11 i ll~ r\\^j\v\

PROG2

Qa\/p Hata-t ran cm iQcinn-ratP infnrmcitinn in PPROM anH Oavc Ucua Li al loll HoolUI II ale IIIIUllMaLIUJI III CrrlwIVI al 1U

pyppi itp nrnnram aftpr tpqp)"

FPROG

Qoi/p thp Pi I ftpnt nrnnram in FPRl"lM i icinn thp infpllinont Octvc LI lc OUIlellL fJIUyialll III CrnL/lvl Ublliy 1MB 11 llClllLJcI it

Operator

Function

q 1 n nrithm ctiy Ui III II11

Read program memory

FPROG1

9a\/o riata-trancmiQQinn-ratP infnrmatinn in FPROM itcinn uavc uaia Liai loi i nooiui i i aLc M h kj\ 11 idLiui l hi Lin wivi Uol i iy

CBY()

thp intpllinpnt alnnrithm

U IC II ILCIMUul It aiyLJMU II II

DBY()

Read/assign internal data memory

FPROG2

Qflvp Hatfl-trflnQmi^Qinn-ratP infnrmatinn in FPROM anH uqyc ijaia uai loi i nsoiwi i I cut, 11 nun I all (j i I ill i_ t I iwivi al IU

XBY()

GET

IE

Read/assign external data memory Read console Read/assign IE register

pyppi itp nrnnr^rn aftpr rpQpt i iqo intpllinpnt alnnrithm cAcbuic ui uy i a) i i ctiiof i coci, use iiiLciiiyciiL aiyui ill 1111

Statement

Function

IP

Read/assign IP register

P0RT1

Read/assign I/O port 1 (P1)

BAUD

Set data-transmission rate for line-printer port

PCON

Read/assign PCON register

CALL

Call assembly-language program

RCAP2

Read/assign RCAP2 (RCAP2H:RCAP2L)

CLEAR

Clear variables, interrupts, and strings

T2CON

Read/assign T2CON register

CLEARS

Clear stacks

TCON

Read/assign TCON register

CLEAR1

Clear interrupts

TMOD

Read/assign TMOD register

CLOCK1

Enable real-time clock

TIME

Read/assign real-time clock

CLOCKO

Disable real-time clock

TIMERO

Read/assign TIMERO (THOTLO)

DATA

Data to be read by READ statement

TIMER1

Read/assign TIMER1 (TH1TL1)

READ

Read data in DATA statement

TIMER2

Read/assign TIMER2 (TH2TL2)

RESTORE

Restore read pointer

+

Addition

DIM

Allocate memory for arrayed variables

/

Division

DO

Set up loop for WHILE or UNTIL

Exponentiation

UNTIL

Test DO loop condition (loop if false)

*

Multiplication

WHILE

Test DO loop condition (loop if true)

Subtraction

END

Terminate program execution

.AND.

Logical AND

FOR-TO-{STEP}

Set up FOR. . .NEXT loop

.OR.

Logical OR

NEXT

Test FOR. . . NEXT loop condition

.XOR.

Logical exclusive OR

GOSUB

Execute subroutine

RETURN

Return from subroutine

GOTO

GOTO program line number

ON GOTO

Conditional GOTO

Stored Constant

ON GOSUB

Conditional GOSUB

PI

PI - 3.1415926

IF-THEN-{ELSE} Conditional test

INPUT

Input a string or variable

LET

Assign a variable or string a value (LET is optional)

ONERR

ONERR or GOTO line number

Operators—

-Single Operand

ONTIME

Generate an interrupt when time is equal to or greater

ABS()

Absolute value

than ONTIME argument; line number is after comma

NOT()

One's complement

ONEX1

GOSUB to line number following 0NEX1 when INT1

INT()

Integer

pin is pulled low

SGN()

Sign

PRINT

Print variables, strings, or literals, R is shorthand for

SQR()

Square root

print

RND

Random number

PRINT*

Print to software serial port

LOGO

Natural log

PHO.

Print hexadecimal mode with zero suppression

EXP()

"e" (2.7182818) to the X

PHI.

Print hexadecimal mode with no zero suppression

SIN()

Returns the sine of argument

PH0.#

PH0.# to line printer

COS()

Returns the cosine of argument

PH1J

PH1.# to line printer

TAN()

Returns the tangent of argument

PUSH

Push expressions on argument stack

ATN()

Returns the arctangent of argument

Figure 2: Detailed description of the \ntel 8052AH BASIC-52 programming language.

AUGUST I985 -BYTE 107

CIRCUIT CELLAR

z> > 5 X >- N —oo r~ u> in -5 £ 2 0>

Figure 3: Schematic diagram of the BCC-52 6oc?rd.

108 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

CIRCUIT CELLAR

AUGUST 1985 • BYTE 109

CIRCUIT CELLAR

the 8085 and Z8). When the chip is ■powered up. it sizes consecutive external memory from 0000 to the end of memory (or memory failure) by alternately writing 55 hexadecimal and 00 to each location. A minimum of IK bytes of RAM is required for BASIC-52 to function, and any RAM

must be located starting at 0000. [Editor's note: For the remainder of the article, all addresses and data values will be hexadecimal unless otherwise specified. \

Three control lines, RD (pin 17). WR (pin 16), and PSEN (pin 29), partition the address space as 64K bytes each of program and data memory. How

Photo I: The Circuit Cellar BASIC-52 computer/controller prototype.

Photo 2: On the right is the BCC-52 prototype: on the left is the Circuit Cellar BCC Term-Mite smart-terminal board (see the ]anuary 1984 Circuit Cellar). Witft the addition of a video monitor and keyboard, the two boards constitute a complete computer system suitable for software development or installed use.

ever, user-called assembly-language routines and EPROM programming are unsupported in data memory. For that reason, the BCC-52 board as I've designed it is addressed completely as program memory (RAM/EPROM mode), both for RAM and I/O. The addressing logic is as follows:

1. The RD and WR pins on the 8052 AH chip enable RAM from 0000 to 7FFF. Addresses are used to decode the chip select (CS)_f_or the RAM devices, and RD_and WR are used to enable the OE and WE (or WR) pins, respectively.

2. PSEN is used to enable EPROM from 2000 to 7FFF. Addresses are used to decode the CS for the EPROM devices, and PSEN is used to enable the OE pin.

3. Between 8000 and OFFFF both RD and PSEN are used to enable either EPROM or RAM. RD and PSEN are applied as inputs to AND gate 1C15, a 74LS08. The WR pin on the chip is used to write to RAM in this same address space.

BASIC-52 reserves the first 512 bytes of external data memory to implement two software stacks: the control stack and the arithmetic or argument stack. Understanding how the stacks work is necessary only if you want to link BASIC-52 and 8052 assembly-language routines. The details of how to do this are covered in the assembly-language linkage section of the MCS BASIC-52 User's Manual.

The control stack occupies locations 60 (96 decimal) through 0FE (2 54 decimal) in external RAM. This memory is used to store all information associated with loop control (i.e., DO. . . WHILE. DO. . .UNTIL, and FOR. . . NEXT) and BASIC subroutines (GOSUB). The stack is initialized to 0FE and "grows down."

The argument stack occupies locations 12D (301 decimal) through 1FE (510 decimal) in external RAM. This stack stores all the constants that BASIC is currently using. Operations like add, subtract, multiply, and divide always operate on the first two numbers on the argument stack and return the result to the argument

110 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

CIRCUIT CELLAR

P0.0-P0.7

P2.0-P2.7

Vcc

u

RAM ADDR REGISTER

7"s

PORT 0 DRIVERS

<~> <">

RAM

PORT 2 DRIVERS

7"s

TT

PORT 0 LATCH

n

PORT 2 LATCH

EPROM ROM

c

n

ACC

REGISTER

TMP2

u

STACK POINTER

_) ALU (_

PSEN ■ ALE ■ EA RST

TIMING AND

CONTROL

PSW

n

PC ON

SCON

TMOD

TCON

T2CON

THO

TLO

TH1

TL1

TH2»

TL2*

RCAP2H+

RCAP2L*

SOUF

IE

IP

INTERRUPT, SERIAL PORT, AND THEIR BLOCKS

Ezn

PROGRAM

ADDR

REGISTER

c

PC

INCREMENTER

=0

PROGRAM COUNTER

n

PORT 1 LATCH

XTAL 1 i—<i XTAL2

n

PORT 1 DRIVERS

3

DPTR

P

to

PORT 3 LATCH

0

u

•RESIDENT IN 8052 8032 ONLY

PORT 3 DRIVERS

-mm

P1.0-P1.7

P3.0-P3.7

Figure 4: Block diagram of the Mel 8052AH-BASIC chip.

stack. The argument stack is initialized to IFE and "grows down" as more values are placed on it. Each floatingpoint number placed on the argument stack requires 6 bytes of storage.

The stack pointer on the 8052AH (special-function register, SP) is initialized to 4D (77 decimal). The 8052AH's stack pointer "grows up" as

additional values are placed on the stack.

Address Decoding

The three most significant address lines (A13-A15) are connected to a 74LS138 decoder chip, IC13, which separates the addressable range into eight 8K-byte memory segments, each with its own chip select (Y0-Y7). The

four least significant chip selects are connected to 28-pin, 64K-bit (8K by 8) memory devices, either 2764 EPROMs or 6264 static RAMs. IC1, addressed at 0000, must be RAM in order for BASIC-52 to function. IC locations 3 (2O0O-3FFF). 11 (40005FFF), and 12 (6000-7FFF) can use either RAM or EPROM. IC16 (8000

[coniinucd]

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE III

CIRCUIT CELLAR

9FFF or BFFF) is an EPROM programming socket intended for 2764 or 27128 EPROMs (see figures 5b and 5c).

Altogether, you have 48K bytes of memory on the BCC-52 board if you use four 6264 RAMs (as ICs 1. 3. 8. and 12) (see figure 5d) and a 27128 EPROM in 1C16. The memory and I/O can be further expanded through the expansion bus using BCC-series Z8-system expansion cards.

A second 74LS138 decoder 1C14,

partitions either C800-CFFF or E800EFFF as eight 2 56-byte I/O blocks. Rather than simply using the available C000 or E000 strobes from IC13 alone, which would occupy a 2000 address space for a single PIA (peripheral interface adapter) chip, IC14 allows many peripheral devices to share the remaining address space by using only a 2 56-byte address range. This addressing convention is consistent with other expansion boards I've designed, and it is easy to configure

a 64-channel A/D (analog-to-digital) or 128-channel power I/O system using this board with a number of peripheral cards.

Parallel I/O

The BCC-52 board contains an 8255A-5 PIA (IC17) that provides three 8-bit I/O software-configurable parallel ports. The three I/O ports, labeled A, B, and C, and a write-only mode-configuration port occupy four consecutive addresses in one of the

T2/P1.0 T2EX/PU PWM OUTPUT/PI.2

ALE DISABLE /PI.3 (Z

rz c c 1=

PROGRAM PULSE/PI.4 PROGRAM ENABLE /PI.5 DMA ACKNOWLEDGE /PI.6 LINE-PRINTER OUTPUT/PI.7 RESET

CONSOLE SERIAL INPUT CONSOLE SERIAL OUTPUT

INTO/ DMA REQUEST INT1 TO Tl WR RD XTAL2 XTAL1

a)

vSs C

8052AHBASIC

c)

vppc

A12 C A7C A6 d

A5 rz

A4 C A3 IZ A2 C Al C

AO 00

oi C

02 GND

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

27128

40

39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21

□ Vcc

□ ADO

□ AD1

□ AD2

□ AD3

□ AD4

□ AD5

□ AD6 AD7 +/EA

□ ALE

□ PSEN Zl A15

□ A14

□ A13

□ A12

□ All

□ A10

□ A9

□ A8

28

27 □ PGM

26

25 Zl A8

24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15

I vcc

I A13

A9

□ All Zl 0E Zl A10

□ CE Zl 07

06 Zl 05 Zl 04

□ 03

- TOP VIEWS SHOWN

b)

d)

VppC

A12 C

A7 □ A6 rz

A5 C A4 C

A3 rz A2 rz Airz

AO C

00 rz

01 rz

02 rz gnd rz

2764

15

28 p VCC PGM NC 25 p A8 24 □ A9

□ All

□ OE ZJ A10

□ CE

□ 07

□ 06 17 ^05 16 3 04

Zl 03

Figure 5: Pinouts for [a] the 8052AH-BASIC chip, [b] the 2764 8K-byte EPROM, (c) the 27128 16K-^te EPROM. and [A] the 6264 8K-6yte RAM.

112 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 389 for insert

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CIRCUIT CELLAR

eight jumper-selectable I/O blocks. With C000 selected and pin 17 of IC14 (YO) jumpered to pin 6 of 1C17 (at JP3). the range would be C800-C803. Using the XBY() operator in BASIC data can be written to and read from this PIA. (You are probably more familiar with PEEK and POKE. PEEK (C802H) is accomplished with XBY (C802H). and POKE C902H.A is XBY(C802H) = A.) 1 won't belabor the discussion on the 82 5 5. 1 have used it many times in Circuit Cellar projects

and refer you to the manufacturer's data sheets.

The three parallel ports and ground are connected to a 26-pin flat ribboncable connector. The outputs are TTL (transistor-transistor logic)-compatible.

Serial I/O

Two serial ports are found on the BCC-52 board. One is for the console I/O terminal (1C5 pins 10 and 11): the other is an auxiliary serial output (1C5 pin 8) frequently referred to as the

line-printer port. When using an 11.0592-megahertz (MHz) crystal, the console port does automatic datatransmission-rate determination on power-up (a preset data-transmission rate can alternatively be stored in EPROM as well). I've used it at 19,200 bits per second (bps) with no degradation in operation.

The BAUD[expr] statement is used to set the data-transmission rate for the line-printer port. In order for this statement to properly calculate the data-transmission rate, the crystal (special-function operator—XTAL) must be correctly assigned (e.g., XTAL = 9000000). BASIC-52 assumes a crystal value of 11.0592 MHz if no XTAL value is assigned.

The main purpose of the software line-printer port is to let you make a hard copy of program listings and/or data. The command LIST# and the statement PRINT# direct outputs to the software line-printer port. If the BAUD[expr] statement is not executed before a LIST# or PRINT* command/statement is entered, the output to the software line-printer port will be at about 1 bps, and it will take a long time to output something. It is necessary to assign a data-transmission rate to the software lineprinter port before using LIST# or PRINT#. The maximum data-transmission rate that can be assigned by the BAUD[expr] statement depends on the crystal, but 4800 bps is a reasonable maximum rate.

MC1488 and 1489 level shifters (ICs 6 and 7) convert the TTL levels from the console and line-printer ports to RS-232C. (The TTL serial lines are also connected to the bus to allow use of the Term-Mite smart-terminal board without RS-232C voltages.) The BCC-52 board requires only about 200 milliamperes (mA) at + 5 volts (V) to function. The voltage required for external RS-232C communication is ±12 V; that required for EPROM programming is +21 V.

EPROM Programmer

One of the more unique and powerful features of the BCC-52 board is its

[continued]

■ Made Selection (goes with figure 5b)

Mode

Pins

CE (20)

OE (22)

PGM (27)

V„ (D

Vcc

(28)

Outputs (11-13, 15-19)

Read

V„

v,„

Vcc

Vcc

Dout

Standby

v»

X

X

Vcc

Vcc

High Z

Program

v«.

X

v„

Vcc

Din

Program Verify

v„

v,„

v„„

Vcc

Dout

Program Inhibit

v,„

X

X

v„

Vcc

High Z

■ Mode Selection (goes with figure 5c)

Mode

Pins

CE

(20)

OE (22)

PGM (27)

VpP

(1)

Vcc

(28)

Outputs (11-13, 15-19)

Read

%

v„

Vcc

Vcc

Dout

Standby

Vm

X

X

Vcc

Vcc

High Z

Program

X

vP„

Vcc

Din

Program Verify

vtt

v«

v,„

v„.

Vcc

Dout

Program Inhibit

v,„

X

X

V,,

Vcc

High Z

■ Mode Selection (goes with figure 5d)

WE

CS,

CS2

OE

Mode

I/O Pin

X

H

X

X

Not Selected

High Z

X

X

L

X

(Power Down)

High Z

H

L

H

H

Output Disabled

High Z

H

L

H

L

Read

Dout

L

L

H

H

Write

Din

L

L

H

L

Din

x: don't care

AUGUST 1985 • BYTE 113

Inquiry 50

CIRCUIT CELLAR

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ability to execute and save programs in an EPROM. The 8052AH chip actually generates all the timing signals needed to program 2764/128 EPROMs. Saving programs in EPROMs is a much more attractive and reliable alternative to cassette tape, especially in control and/or noisy environments.

The entire EPROM programming circuitry consists of two 7407 opencollector drivers and a single transistor circuit that switches between + 5Vand21V(CR2, connected to the collector of the transistor should be a germanium diode like a 1N270).

Port 1, bit 4 (1C5 pin 5) is used to provide a 1- or 50-millisecond (ms) programming pulse. The length of the pulse is determined by whether we are programming Intel fast-program EPROMs or generic 2764s and 27128s. BASIC-52 calculates the length of the pulse from the assigned crystal value. The accuracy of this pulse is within 10 processor clock cycles. This pin is normally in a logical high (1) state. It is asserted low (0) to program the EPROMs.

Port 1, bit 5 (IC5 pin 6) is used to enable the EPROM programming voltage. This pin is normally in a logical high (1) state. Prior to the EPROM programming operation, this pin is brought to a logical low (0) state, and it is used to turn on the high voltage (21 V) required to program the EPROMs on or off.

BASIC-52 saves several programs on a single EPROM. In fact, it can save as many programs as the size of the EPROM permits. The programs are stored sequentially in the EPROM, and any program can be retrieved and executed. This sequential storage of programs is referred to as the EPROM file. The following commands permit you to generate and manipulate the EPROM file.

RAM and ROMpnteger] tell the BASIC-52 interpreter whether to select the current program (the one that will be displayed during a LIST# command and executed when RUN is typed) out of RAM or EPROM. The RAM address is assumed to be 200 (512 decimal), and the EPROM address begins at 8010 (32,784 decimal).

When RAM is entered, BASIC-52 selects the current program from RAM. This is usually considered the normal mode of operation and is the mode that most users employ to interact with the command interpreter.

When ROMpnteger] is entered, BASIC-52 selects the current program out of EPROM. If no integer is typed after the ROM command (i.e., ROM(cr)), BASIC-52 defaults to ROM 1. Since the programs are stored sequentially in EPROM, the integer following the ROM command selects which program you want to run or list. If you attempt to select a program that does not exist (i.e., you type in ROM 8 and only six programs are stored in the EPROM), the message Error: Prom Mode will be displayed. The error is nondestructive, and you can retype the correct command.

BASIC-52 does not transfer the program from EPROM to RAM when the ROM mode is selected, and you cannot edit a program in ROM. Attempting to do so will result in an error message.

Since the ROM command does not transfer a program to RAM. it is possible to have different programs in ROM and RAM simultaneously. You can flip back and forth between the two modes at any time. Another benefit of not transferring a program to RAM is that all the RAM can be used for variable storage if the program is stored in EPROM. The systemcontrol values, MTOP and FREE, always refer to RAM.

The XFER (transfer) command transfers the currently selected program in EPROM to RAM and then selects the RAM mode. After the XFER command is executed, you can edit the program in the same manner any RAM program can be edited.

The PROG command programs the resident EPROM with the current program (this is the only time that the + 2 l-V programming voltage needs to be applied). The current program can reside in either RAM or EPROM. After PROG is typed, BASIC-52 displays the number in the EPROM file the program will occupy.

Normally, after power is applied to

114 BYTE' AUGUST 1985

CIRCUIT CELLAR

the BASIC-52 device, you must type a space character to initialize the 8052AH's console port. As a convenience. BASIC-52 contains a PROG1 command. This command programs the resident EPROM with the datatransmission-rate information. The next time the MCS BASIC-52 device is powered up, i.e., reset, the chip will read this information and initialize the serial port with the stored data-transmission rate. The sign-on message will be sent to the console immediately after the BASIC-52 device completes its reset sequence. The space character no longer needs to be typed.

The PROG2 command does everything the PROG1 command does, but instead of signing on and entering the command mode, the BCC-52 board immediately begins executing the first program stored in the resident EPROM.

By using the PROG2 command, it is possible to run a program from a reset condition and never connect the BCC-52 board to a console. In essence, saving PROG2 information is equivalent to typing ROM 1 and RUN in sequence. This is ideal for control applications, where it is not always possible to have a terminal present. In addition, this feature lets you write a special initialization sequence in BASIC or assembly language and generate a custom sign-on message for specific applications.

Powering Up the board

The best way to check out the BCC-52 board is to run it with the minimum hardware first. With only ICs l, 2, 4-7, 9-11, 13, and 15 installed, we have an 8K-byte RAM-only system. After applying power, BASIC-52 clears the internal 8052AH memory; initializes the internal registers and pointers; and tests, clears, and sizes the external memory.

BASIC-52 then assigns the top of external RAM to the system-control value (MTOP) and uses this number as the random-number seed. BASIC52 assigns the default-crystal value, 11.0592 MHz, to the system-control value (XTAL) and uses this default value to calculate all time-dependent functions, like the EPROM program

ming timer and the interrupt-driven real-time clock. Finally, BASIC-52 checks external memory location 8000 to see if the data-transmissionrate information is stored. If the datatransmission rate is stored, BASIC-52 initializes the data-transmission-rate generator (the 8052AH's specialfunction register, T2CON) with this information and signs on. If not, BASIC52 interrogates the serial-port input and waits for a space character to be typed (automatic data-transmissionrate detection).

If you have entered nothing on the console device, BASIC-52 will appear inoperative to the uninitiated. Simply type a space, and the console device should display the following:

*MCS-52(tm) BASIC Vx.x*

READY

>

To see if the processor is operating correctly, we type the following:

>PRINT XTAL, TMOD, TCON, T2CON

BASIC-52 should respond with the control and special-function values:

11059200 16 244 52 >

A Word About the BASIC

As I mentioned earlier, BASIC-52 is oriented toward process control and is significantly more powerful than a tiny BASIC. Since most of you are familiar with BASIC, I will not describe individual instructions like DO. . . WHILE and FOR. . .NEXT. Instead, I'd like to point out the pertinent features that demonstrate the exceptional small-package performance of the BCC-52 board.

MCS BASIC-52 contains a minimumlevel line editor. Once a line is entered, you cannot change the line without retyping it. However, it is possible to delete characters while a line is in the process of being entered. This is done by inserting a rubout or delete character (7F). The rubout character will cause the last character entered to be erased from the text input buffer. Additionally, pressing

Control-D will cause the entire line to be erased.

Variables and Expressions

The range of numbers that can be represented in BASIC-52 (in decimal) is + IE-127 to +0.99999999E+127.

It has eight digits of significance. Numbers are internally rounded to fit this precision. Numbers can be entered and displayed in four formats: integer, decimal, hexadecimal, and exponential, for example, 129, 34.98, OA6EH, 1.23456E+3.

Integers are numbers that range from -32,768 to +32,767 decimal. All integers can be entered in either decimal or hexadecimal format. A hexadecimal number is indicated by placing the letter "H" after the number. When an operator like AND requires an integer, BASIC-52 will truncate the fraction portion of the number so that it will fit the integer format. All line numbers are integers.

A variable can be either a letter (e.g. A, X, I), a letter followed by a number (e.g., Ql, T7, L3), a letter followed by a one-dimensioned expression (e.g., 1(4), G(A+6), I(10*SIN(X))). or a letter followed by a number followed by a one-dimensioned expression (e.g., Al(8), P7(DBY(9)), W8(A + B)). Variables with a one-dimensioned expression are called dimensioned or arrayed variables. Variables that involve only a letter or a letter and a number are called scalar variables.

BASIC-52 allocates variables in a static manner. Each time a variable is used, BASIC-52 allocates 8 bytes specifically for that variable. This memory cannot be deallocated on a variable-by-variable basis. If you execute a statement like Q=3, later on you cannot tell BASIC-52 that the variable Q no longer exists and free up the 8 bytes of memory that belong to Q. You can clear the memory allocated to variables with a CLEAR statement.

Relative to a dimensioned variable, it takes BASIC-52 much less time to find a scalar variable. That's because a scalar variable has no expression to

[continued)

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 115

CIRCUIT CELLAR

evaluate. If you want to make a program run as fast as possible, use dimensioned variables only when you have to. Use scalar variables for intermediate variables, then assign the final result to a dimensioned variable.

An expression is a logical mathematical term that involves operators (both unary and dyadic), constants, and variables. Expressions can be simple or quite complex, e.g., 12* EXP(A)/100, H(I)+55, or (SIN(A)* SIN(A) + COS(A)*COS(A))/2. A standalone variable |var| or constant |const| is also considered an expression.

Real-Time Operation

After RUN is typed, all variables are set equal to zero, all BASIC-evoked interrupts are cleared, and program execution begins with the first line number of the selected program. The RUN command and the GOTO statement are the only ways you can execute a program in the command mode. Program execution can be terminated at any time by typing a Control-C on the console device.

Unlike some BASIC interpreters that allow a line number to follow the RUN

command (e.g., RUN 100), BASlC-52 does not permit such a variation on the RUN command. Execution always begins with the first line number. To obtain the same functionality as the RUN[ln num], use GOTO[ln num] in the direct mode.

The CLOCK1 statement enables the software real-time clock in BASIC-52. The special-function operator time is incremented once every 5 ms after the CLOCK1 statement has been executed. The CLOCK1 statement uses timer/counter 0 in the 13-bit mode to generate an interrupt once every 5 ms. Because of this, the specialfunction operator time has a resolution of 5 ms.

BASIC-52 automatically calculates the proper reload value for timer/ counter 0 after the crystal value has been assigned (i.e.. XTAL = value. If no crystal value is assigned, MCS BASIC-52 assumes a value of 11.0592 MHz). The special-function operator time counts from 0 to 65,53 5.995 seconds. After reaching a count of 65,53 5.995 seconds, time overflows back to a count of 0.

The interrupts associated with the

CLOCK1 statement cause BASIC programs to run at about 99.6 percent of normal speed. That means that the interrupt handling for the real-timeclock feature consumes only about 0.4 percent of the total processor time. This is small interrupt overhead. The CLOCK0 statement disables or turns off the real-time-clock feature.

The TIME statement is used to retrieve and/or assign a value to the real-time clock after the CLOCK1 statement enables it. TIME = 5 presets the real-time clock to 5 seconds, while ONTIME 30,100 causes the program to jump to line 100 when the real-time clock reaches 30 seconds.

Finally, PWM might be useful to literally add bells and whistles to your next control application. PWM stands for pulse-width modulation. It generates a user-defined pulse sequence on IC5 pin 3.

The statement appears as PWM 50,50,100. The first expression following PWM is the number of clock cycles the pulse will remain high. A clock cycle is equal to 1.085 microseconds (11.0592-MHz crystal). The second expression is the number of clock cycles the pulse will remain low; the third expression is the total number of cycles you want to output. All expressions in the PWM statement must be valid integers, and the minimum value for the first two expressions is decimal 20.

These are only a few of the 103 commands, statements, and operators in BASIC-52. The User's Manual describes them in detail.

In Conclusion

This was a hard article for me to write, but not for any of the reasons you might think. So much is built into this compact board that I am impatient to use it, and it was hard to sit down and write. Unfortunately, documentation is the drudge work side of engineering.

It won't take long to put the BCC-52 board into some serious applications. It might be a single-board computer, but its configuration does not stop with a single board. The BCC-52 is BCC-series Z8-bus-compatible and can be expanded using many of the

Photo 3: 7he BCC-52 and 7erm-Mite boards can be combined with other BCC-series peripheral devices to create control and data-acquisition systems. Here, they are combined with four BCC-13 8-channel. 8-bit A/D converter boards to make a 32-channel dataacquisition system.

116 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

CIRCUIT CELLAR

projects and boards I've already designed. For example, monitoring temperatures, controlling motors and heaters, and reporting events are adequately handled by existing power I/O. serial and parallel expansion, and A/D converter boards (see photo 3).

This BAS1C-52 project has just started. Because of its power, I am inspired to further develop applications and peripheral support devices. While a specific time has not been chosen, I'll be back in a few months with the next chapter on the BCC-52.

Circuit Cellar Feedback

This month's feedback is on page 376.

Next Month

Go beyond the Z80 with the Circuit Cellar SB 180 computer. ■

Diagrams and data pertinent to the 8052AHBASIC chip are reprinted courtesy of the Mel Corporation.

Editor's Note: Steve often refers to previous Circuit Cellar articles. Most of these past articles are available in book form from BYTE Books. McGraw-Hill Book Company, POB 400. Hightstown, Nl 08250.

Ciarcia's Circuit Ceilar. Volume I covers articles in BYTE from September 1977 through November 1978. Volume II covers December 1978 through lune 1980. Volume III covers July 1980 through December 1981. Volume IV covers January 1982 through lune 1983.

The following items are available from

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1. BCC-52 board with 8K bytes of RAM. Assembled and tested with operator's manual and MCS BASIC-52 Users Manual $239

2. Same as item I in kit form $209

3. 8052AH-BASIC chip with MCS BASIC-52 User's Manual $80

Please include $4 for shipping and handling in the continental United States. $8 elsewhere. New York residents please include 8 percent sales tax. Connecticut residents please include 7.5 percent sales tax.

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Inquiry I M

AUGUST 1985 • BYTE 117

WHO MAKES THE HIGHEST QUALITY 15" DISK? ASK SONY.

WE INVENTED IT.

Long before there was a market for 3.5" disks, in fact, four years before, there was Sony.

And while every single 3.5" disk manufacturer has duplicated the Sony design, there's one thing they haven't been able to duplicate. Sony quality.

Such error-suppressing materials as VIVAX™ magnetic particles (the very core of the disk itself) have been developed by Sony. As is the case for our manufacturing process. It includes a burnishing technique that eliminates projections as small as 1/1,000,000 of a millimeter from the disk's surface.

The result? Every time you use a Sony 3.5" disk you're assured you're using the best magnetic medium you can buy.

With somebody else's, you can only guess.

*> )985 Sony Tape Sales Company. A division ot Sony Corporation ol America, Sony Drive. Park Ridge. New Jersey 0/656 Sony is a registered trademark oi Sony Corporation Vivax is a trademark of Sony Corporation,

Inquiry 304 AUGUST 1985 • BYTE 119

Part 1: The Hardware

The DSI-32

Coprocessor Board

Plug a 32-bit

microcomputer into your IBM PC

Do you have scientific number-crunching problems that leave your IBM Personal Computer (PC) gasping? Do you want to learn about the 32032, one of the first commercially available 32-bit microprocessors? Or do you just want the fastest IBM PC on the block? If you answered "yes" to any of these questions, then you may be looking for the DSI-32 coprocessor board from Definicon Systems Inc.

The DSI-32 coprocessor board uses the National Semiconductor NS32032 full 32-bit CPU (central processing unit), the NS32081 high-speed FPU (floating-point processing unit), and optionally the NS32082 MMU (memory-management unit).

There are two kits. The starter kit has a 6-MHz CPU and 2 56K bytes of RAM (random-access read/write memory). The advanced kit has a 10-MHz CPU and 1 megabyte of RAM. The only difference between the two kits is the jumper configuration; both use the same board. If you get the starter kit, you can upgrade later to the more advanced system. Both kits have a socket for the MMU chip.

The board also has two high-speed (up to 38.4k bits per second) RS-232C

serial ports and a 16-bit programmable timer. In addition, all MS-/PCDOS facilities—such as communication ports and video and printer controllers-are available to the NS32032 via the Definicon MS-/PC-DOS interface software. The interface has special support for bit-mapped graphics-display access, including support for multiple-screen images in memory.

Did we call the DSI-32 a coprocessor? Well, that's only one way to look at it. You can also think of the IBM PC as a convenient standard chassis—supplying disk drives, power supply, display, keyboard, and expansion-board connectors—into which you can plug a powerful 32-bit microcomputer. Since Definicon's interface software runs in MS-DOS, you don't have to learn a different operating system to use the DSI-32.

A Walk Around the Circuit Board

The DSI-32 consists of a number of relatively independent functional units (see photo 1 and figures 1 through 4). The 32032 CPU (IC44) is near the center of the board. Above it is the 32201 TCU (timing control unit, IC43), which contains the clock oscillator and much of the bus-interface timing circuitry. To its right is the 32081 FPU (IC49) and to its immediate left is the MMU (IC40). Further left is the DP8409 dynamic RAM controller (IC37) and the RAM array (IC1-32). To the right of the FPU is the 2681 DUART (dual universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter, IC55), the RS-232C drivers (IC58.59.61.63.

64), and serial port connectors.

Above the DUART is a socket for user-defined peripheral devices. This socket simplifies the task of designing additional special-function daughterboards. At the far lower left are the dual bidirectional latches (74LS646, IC33-36) that buffer the data between the asynchronous 8-bit PC bus and the 32-bit internal data bus of the DSI-32. The remaining circuits perform address decoding, buffering, and control-signal generation.

There are four jumper blocks (JB1, JB2, JB3, and )B4) for selecting the operational configuration of the board. When shipped, the jumpers are in the correct position for a 32032 (full 32-bit bus) with no MMU chip in the MMU socket. Other possible configurations include the 32032 with the 32082 MMU, or just the 32016 CPU (16-bit bus). Jumpers for these configurations are shown in figure 5. The JB1 jumpers determine whether 64Kbyte RAM chips or 2 56K-byte RAM

(continued)

Trevor G. Marshall, George Scolaro, David L. Rand, and Tom King are engineers with Definicon Systems Inc. Vincent P. Williams is president of Definicon. They can be contacted at 21042 Vintage St., Chatsworth, CA 91311.

120 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

AUGUST 1985 'BYTE 121

DSI COPROCESSOR

Architecture

by Phillip Robinson

National Semiconductor's absence from the 8-bit and 16-bit microprocessor markets turned out to be an advantage in one way. The 32000 series could be designed from scratch. Other microprocessor makers often felt it was important to keep some compat

ibility between their earlier chips and any new designs. Free of such constraints, National Semiconductor took what it calls a "radical departure from popular trends in architectural design." The main aim was to make software development easy: to design a chip that

compiler writers would love.

Figure A is a block diagram of the 32032. It has a 16-megabyte uniform (nonsegmented) linear-addressing space and is available in 6-. 8-. and 10-MHz versions.

The 32032 has eight 32-bit-wide, general-purpose registers that can handle byte, word, or double-word data. It also has eight dedicated registers including a 32-bit program counter, a processor status register, two stack pointer registers for user and interrupt stacks, the frame-pointer register that points to a procedure's dynamically allocated local storage, the static base register (which points to relocatable global variables), the interrupt base register (which locates the dispatch table for interrupts and traps), and the module register (which holds the descriptor's address of the currently executing module).

The 32032 s design was heavily influenced by the VAX, particularly its addressing modes. Besides the standard immediate, absolute, register, and register-relative modes, there are five other modes that help support highlevel languages. These are the memoryspace, memory-relative, external, scaled-index, and top-of-stack modes.

As with many advanced microprocessors, the 32032 has both supervisor and user operating modes. To protect operating systems, a user mode program cannot execute some instructions or access certain registers. A supervisor mode program doesn't have such restrictions.

The 32032 has customary move, integer-arithmetic, BCD (binary-coded decimal), integer-comparison, logical. Boolean, shift, bit. jump, stack, and control instructions. To that stew it adds new instructions such as MODi (modulus arithmetic) as well as new instruction groups including bit-field, array, and string operations. Finally, the 32032 has a list of floating-point, memory-management, and custom slave instructions that allow it to cooperate with other processors.

ADD/DATA CONTROLS & STATUS

0 0

BUS INTERFACE CONTROL

INSTRUCTIONS

32

8-BYTE QUEUE

INSTRUCTION DECODER

DISPLACEMENT AND IMMEDIATE EXTRACTOR

REGISTER SET

INTBASE

SB

SP1

PC

R0

R2

R3

R6

MICROCODE ROM AND

CONTROL LOGIC

CFG REGISTER

WORKING REGISTERS

V

32-BIT ALU

Figure A: A block diagram of the 32032 CPU.

122 BYTE' AUGUST 1985

DSI COPROCESSOR

+

MMAM

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>8

lit

! I

Is IS 8

2 2 2

a a

MM

It!ili liXffil

S 3

1111!Iss111 §11§11s331113 I

I

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Figure I: Somatic o/ the DSI-32 board's CPU twd CPU support circuitry, including the optional memory-management unit and floating-point unit.

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 123

DS1 COPROCESSOR

PC BUS CONNECTOR

A19 A18 A17 A16 A9 A 8 A7 A6 A5 A4

IOW IOR A EN

2

3

4

e

7

8

9

11

12

13

5

18

19

RESET DRV

IRQ2 DB7 DBO

A15 A14 A13 A12 All A10 A9 A8

A7 A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 Al AO

-o JB4

IC57

PAL14L4

8088

ADDRESS

DECODER

8 LINES

TO IC62 (FIG.Id)

DATA JUS

A2 74LS541 Y2

ADDRESS A3 BUFFER V3

A5 A6 A7 A8

16

AD13

15

AD12

14

A011

13

AD10

12

AD 9

11

ADS

IC52

PAL20L10 ADDRESS BUFFER a DEMUX

22

A D 6

21

ADb

20

AD4

19

AD 3

18

ad;

-ADDREN

ADDRESS BUS

.ADDRESS BUS :

DB 7

20

4

DB6

19

DB 5

18

084

17

DB3

16

DB2

15

DB 1

14

DBO

13

BE3 BE2 BE1 BEO

HLDA86

— DB1

— DB3

+ 5V

21

SAB DIR Bl

B2

B3 IC33

B4 74LSG46

B5 B6 B7 B8

SBA CBA

1

22 1

23

2

Al A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 AS CAB

21

SAB Bl

B2

B3 IC34 B4 B5 B6 B7 BB

74LS64G

DIR G

Al

A2

A3 A4 A5 A6

A7

A8

CAB

DB6

19

DB5

18

DB4

17

DB3

16

DB2

15

DB1

14

DBO

13

22

23

2

DIR

SAB Bl B2

B3 IC35 Bi 74LS646

B5 B6 B7

B SBA CBA

G Al

A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7

A8

CAB

,3s

SAB Bl B2

B3 IC36

74LS646

G Al

A2

A3

A4

A5

A6

AS

SBA CBA CAB

122 H^3

8D

7D

6D IC47

74LS374

SEGMENT

LATCH

Figure 2: Schematic o\ the DSI-32's IBM PC bus interface circuitry.

124 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

DSI COPROCESSOR

D31

D30 D29 D28 D27 D26 D25 D24

■ STROBE

AD23

AD22 AD21 AP20 AD19 AP18 AD17 AP16

■ STROBE

AD15

APIA AD13 AD12 AP11 AP10 AD9 AD8

-STROBE

AD7 AD6 AD5 AD4 AD3 AD2 API APO

-STROBE

AP23

AP22

AD21

AD2Q ,

AP19

APIS

AP17

AP16

nn

ADO-AD23

II IIIIIIIIIIMIM TT

[HIID24-D31

DDIN

HOLD86■ ADS ■ STROBE■

K3J:

s—iiii.

<H4

111

I

13 I

12 I

IC4.1

DATA ENABLE 19

JAM COUNTER 12

■ BE30

IC56

PAL16L8

DUAL

PORT

ARBITER

3

18

PC BUS CONNECTOR

BE20

BEIO

BEOO

+ 5V t_

FCLK IC43 PIN 15

-HLDA86

CLR

LOAD

ENABLE P B C A D

CLK

QC QB QA QO

IC51 74LS161

-RDY (FROM IC43) PIN 9

MEMR MEMW

IOCHRDY

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 125

DSI COPROCESSOR

chips are installed and the memoryrefresh rate.

The PC Bus Interface

When power is first applied to the IBM PC, a bus signal RESET DRV is

generated. This is a power-on reset for any slave boards on the bus. The RESET DRV signal is latched in IC60, the D1AG vector PAL (programmable array logic). Pin 22 of this PAL, /POWERON, initializes the board and

then remains latched until the loader software resets it by pulsing the RFSH INHIBIT line.

Since there is no room for a ROM (read-only memory) on this board, we

(continued)

ADDRESS BUS i

AD15

9

AD13

11

A D 1 1

14

AD9

16

A D 7 IB

AD5

20

AD 3

22

ADie

24

AD16

S

AD14

10

AD 12

12

A010

15

AD 8

17

A06 19

ADA

21

A02

23

AD19

25

ADZO

27

TSO WR ADSO RAM RFIO

RFSHACK• RFCK ■ CTTL •

+ 5V

RASIN

wTn

ADS CS

RFRQ RFSH RFCK RGCK

IC37 DP8409 RAM

CONTROLLER

QO Ql 02 03 04 Q5 Q6 Q? 08

RASO RAS1

42

VW ►

41

WA! ►

40

Wl »•

39 r

37

35

34

VW »■

33

VW ►

28

29

VW »

J

22S1 (12)

Ql 02 03 04 05 06 07 Q8

RAS ARRAY 0

TO RAM ARRAY (IC1-32)

FROM CPU

AOS

A023

9

AD21

19

AD20 8

A06

a

AD22

2

ADS

7

AD7

5

IC48

32052

PAL16R4

ADDRESS

DECODER

PAL

■ PER TO IC43 PIN 23

• GPIB "*) DUART

• VECTOR ■ RAM (IC37) '

CHIP SELECTS

~2

IC39

79HC4040 REFRESH COUNTER

IF

ARRAY

TO PIN 1 OF IC37 '

TT

RFCK

I I

AD6

17

16

AD5

14

IC50

15

AD4

13

74LS374

12

AD3 8

LOCAL LATCH

9

AD 2

7

6

AD 1

4

5

ADO

3

2

CLK

1

■ LAG

■ LA5

■ LA4 • LA3

■ LA2

■ LAI LAO

CTTL HLDA ■ POWERON

H0LDB6■ RFIO ADS

+ 5V

3

>

IC38

HOLD ARB. PAL

PAL16R4

13

2

14

6

15

7

12

8

9

19

■ RFSH ACK TO IC37 •HLDA86

ADSO TO IC37 Tl (TO JB1)

JB2 DBE • 32016 OPTION • LAO ■ LAI • 16 BIT

FLT

DBE

HBE

LAO

LAI

16 BIT

Bffi

HI

HI

GND

FOLD HLDA86 BE20 BE30 BEOO BE10 RST AD24 SEO

-FOLD

- HLDA86 ■ BE20

• BE30

• BEOO

- BE10

- RST

- IC40 MMU PIN 46

Figure 3: Schematic of the DSl-32's RAM controller circuitry, including the address decoding and HOLD arbiter PALs.

126 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

1

PROGRAMS A WORLD OF TECHNOLOGIES

BYTEK Corporation, Instrument Systems Division, introduces the finest Universal Software-Controlled Programmer on the market, at a price nobody can beat. The S125 MultiProgrammer is a high technology masterpiece that's been two years in the making. This state of the art instrument is packed with features like these:

• Supports all current technologies: EPROMs including CMOS, and Three Voltage devices, EEPROMs, Bipolar PROMs, Micro computer chips, PALs, HPLs, and IFLs.

• Internal RAM starts at 8K bytes and is expandable to 2 megabyte (16 megabits).

• Integrated EPROM Programming. No modules or personality adapters are required to program most popular EPROMs and EEPROMs.

• Integrated Gang Programming capable of programming 8 EPROMs simultaneously; 8,16,32 and 64 bit words. Up to four masters may be copied in a single operation. Eight sets of EPROMs, each set with different data, may be programmed from RAM.

• Optional Gang Expansion Module doubles the gang programming capacity, allowing for sixteen duplicates

in a single operation; or a word width from 8 to 128 bits.

• 25 key full-travel integrated keyboard.

• 16 Character X 2 Line LCD Display. Integrated alphanumeric display provides a truly operator friendly environment.

• Intelligent Algorithms automatically identify the type of EPROM in the socket.

• Two Serial RS232 Ports and a Parallel Printer Port provide maximum communication flexibility.

• Advanced Technology Module Port supports present and future programming technologies.

• 16 Bit in Circuit Emulation Option.

• Completely software-controlled programming plus hardware expandability insures that your S125 will not become obsolete.

• Prices start at $995.

• Delivery in one to two weeks. inquiry 4s

1021 South Rogers Circle (305) 994-3520

Boca Raton, Florida 33431 Telex 4310073 MEVBTC

DSI COPROCESSOR

o ,

o i~

CM <

r

15 =

co (m f<i r-« ** in H w

:2

r- to in Q Q Q «I < <

y

Y

V

y

©I I

I

s o <

s o o o tr uj

[£1

D Q a E o f)

O O 3 _ t\J m

L_l_.

5w vo oo

V V V V

a. a: n- cl cl

, ~ or to < , M3 r>

I* la: <

'Aii W

i .

A. /\ /\ A. A

1

HDH

o m

i—^

Figure 4: The DSI-32's DUART serial-port circuitry, DIAG vector PAL, and IBM PC bus control PAL.

128 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

Compare the Hercules Color Card

to IBM's.

Five reasons why the Hercules Color Card is better.

1. Compatibility

3. Size.

4. Flexibility.

5. Warranty.

IBM Color Adapter $244

Runs hundreds of graphics programs.

2. Printer port. None.

13.25 inches. Limited to long slots.

Can't always work with a Hercules Graphics Card.

90 days.

Hercules Color Card $245

Runs the same hundreds of graphics programs. "The Hercules Color Card is so nearly identical to the IBM Color/ Graphics Card that it's almost uncanny." PC Mag.

Standard. Our parallel port allows you to hook up to any IBM compatible printer.

5.25 inches. Fits in a long or short slot in a PC, XT, AT or Portable.

Always works with a Hercules Graphics Card by means of a software switch.

Two years.

Any one of these five features is enough reason to buy a Hercules Color Card. But perhaps the most convincing reason of all is just how easy the Hercules Color Card is to use: "Right out of the box, the Hercules Color Card goes into an empty expansion slot, ready for you to plug in. . . and go to work—no jumpers, no software. For most applications, it's just that easy." PC Magazine.

Call 1-800-532-0600 Ext. 421 for the name of the Hercules dealer nearest you and we'll rush you our free info kit. tt i

Hercules.

We're strong on graphics.

Inquiry 139

Address: Hercules, 2550 Ninth St, Berkeley, CA 94710 Ph: 415 540-6000 Telex: 754063 Trademarks/Owners: Hercules/Hercules Computer Technology; IBM/IBM.

DSI COPROCESSOR

needed some mechanism for the CPU to execute defined instructions during the power-on cycle. The D1AG vector PAL performs this function. The PAL forces a DIA instruction on the data bus whenever the CPU is uninitialized. This makes the CPU fetch a DIA as its

first instruction (at address 0). [Editor's note: All addresses to follow are in hexadecimal] The DIA instruction causes the CPU to flush its queue and execute a "branch to self." In this way, the 32032 is put into a very tight loop and won't lock up by executing some

undefined instruction from its uninitialized main RAM memory space. The remaining function of the DIAG vector PAL is to act as a 4-bit readonly port so the CPU can read the RS-232C status lines of 12.

(continued)

CWAIT ON TCU (PIN 22. IC43)

ill

LOCKOUT. .

•REFRESH CLOCK (PIN 1. IC37)

10MHz CLOCK FREQUENCY JUMPER 6MHz CLOCK FREQUENCY JUMPER FROM PIN 19. IC38

IC62. PIN 15 • FROM CPU ADS>■

PAV FROM MMU > j

-» TO PIN 1

OFIC42

SYSTEM ADS •

JUMPER FOR 256K DYNAMIC RAMS

-> AT/SPC 32016

-> A24 MMU OR INT 32016

/77

0 I INT

•PIN 12 OF IC42

FLT TO 320161 32032

o o o o

JUMPER FOR NS32016 CPU

O 0 o o

0 0 0 0 0 0

32032 CPU ALONE

o o o o

o o 6 o

JUMPER FOR 6MH2 BOARD

JUMPER FOR 10MH2 BOARD

o o o o

o o o

32032 CPU o WITH 32082 MMU

32016 CPU

RESET TCU

MMU BBG/RST

PIN 29. IC40 ^1 i

HLDAO OF MMU OR HBE OF 32016 HLDAI OF MMU (PIN 31) OR HLDA OF 32016

SYSTEM INT

DUART INT

TO 8BG BYPASS CAPACITORS TO 32052 S 32016 RST/ABT

>< o o cr o >o

<—' ' > SYSTEM HLDA

TO IC57 PIN 13

J

-< HLDA FROM 32032

O O O O—O

JUMPERS FOR 32016 CPU

JUMPER FOR 32032 ALONE

JUMPER FOR 32032 CPU, WITH 32082 MMU

NORMAL CONFIGURATION

o RAM AT EOOOOh IN RAM SPACE OF 8088 SEGMENT LATCH AT 160h IN I/O SPACE OF I/O PORT ADDRESS AT 150h IN I/O SPACE ALTERNATIVE CONFIGURATION

-o RAM AT DOOOOh SEGMENT AT 280h I/O AT 2A0h

Figure 5: Various jumper configurations for the DSI-32. All diagrams are shown looking at the top of the board, with the edge connector to the bottom right.

130 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

The world's best selling monochrome graphics card for the IBM PC.

There are more Hercules " Graphics Cards in more IBM* PCs, XTs and ATs than any other monochrome graphics card in the world.

Over a quarter of a million demanding users around the world use a Hercules Graphics Card to improve the performance of their software. The Lotus* 1-2-3* Booster.

Consider Lotus 1-2-3. Hercules gives an off-the-shelf copy of 1-2-3

8

the highest resolution possible '■ on an IBM PC, XT or AT. More 1-2-3 users choose the Hercules Graphics Card to get crisper text and sharper graphics than any other monochrome graphics card.

And we bring the same performance to other integrated programs like Symphony'," Framework," and SuperCalc'3.

But we don't stop there. The Hercules Graphics Card

improves all kinds of software.

Like Microsoft* Word, a word processor that enables you to display text with subscripts, superscripts and italics.

Or pfs: Graph, an easy-touse business graphics program that converts your data into presentation quality graphs.

Or Microsoft* Flight Simulator, the high flying game for the overworked executive.

Or our own Graph X™ a library of graphics subroutines that eases graphics programming.

Or AutoCAD," a computer aided design program that offers features normally associated with expensive CAD systems.

And we supply free software with each card to do hi-res graphics using the PC's BASIC interpreter. State-Of-The-Art Hardware.

The Hercules Graphics Card gives you graphics resolution of 720h x 348v and a

parallel printer port. Our unique static RAM buffer provides sharp 9 x 14 characters and flicker-free scrolling. Our exclusive safety features help prevent damage to your monitor. State-of-the-art custom IC technology delivers unsurpassed reliability. Ordinary graphics cards use up to 30 ICs to do what one Hercules IC does. By using fewer parts, we reduce the possibility of component failure.

Which is one reason we warranty the Hercules Graphics Card for two years.

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Hercules.

We're strong on graphics.

Inquiry 140

Address: 2550 Ninth St., Berkeley, CA 94710 Ph: 415 540-1)000 Telex: 754063. Trademarks/Owners: Hercules, Graph X/Hercules; 1-2-3, Symphony/Lotus; IBM, XT, AT/IBM; Framework/Ashton-Tate; SuperCalc/Sorcim-IUS; Microsoft/Microsoft; pfs:/Software Publ; AutoCAD/AutoDesk.

DSI COPROCESSOR

The PC bus interface PAL, IC62, performs many functions. It provides the IBM PC with a 2-bit status (read) port and also a 4-bit control (write) port. Also, this PAL supplies two polled flags for interprocessor communication, in addition to the one level of interrupt in each direction.

When the IBM PC's CPU accesses the DSI-32's RAM, it performs a memory (read or write) cycle in a 64K-byte segment of its address space. For the PC XT this is from E000 to EFFF. For the PC AT the board can be mapped from D000 to DFFF. IC47 determines which 64K-byte segment of the DSI-32 address space the PC is referencing.

When a memory read/write request from the 8088 is detected by the dual port RAM controller (IC56), it asserts a HOLD (DMA) request to the 32032 CPU. When it is able to service the HOLD request, the 32032 responds with a HLDA (hold acknowledge) signal and 1C56 completes the DMA cycle. Due to the 8-byte instruction prefetch queue on the 32032, the internal CPU state machine continues to run even after it has relinquished its bus to the DMA cycle. This is fortunate because, although the much slower 8088 may take almost a microsecond to complete its portion of the DMA cycle, the usual loss of execution time to the 32032 is only 100 nanoseconds.

The default I/O (input/output) memory-address allocation for the DSI-32's control register can be changed if another board in your IBM PC has an address clash with the DSI-32. A program that comes with the kit guides your choice of memory and I/O port address configuration.

The Dynamic RAM Array

Either 2 56K bytes or 1 megabyte of dynamic RAM can be installed on the DSI-32. The first 14 megabytes of address space are uniquely decoded, allowing for future memory expansion on a separate board.

No parity checking or obvious-error correction was designed into the DSI-32. Parity checking on an IBM PC slave board is of little use. The only action you could take if an error were

Benchmarks

These three benchmarks in table A represent numerically intensive algorithms that require both integer and floating-point arithmetic.

The Sieve of Eratosthenes tests the performance of a high-level language implementing Boolean algebra and integer arithmetic (see listing A). The Float benchmark examines the processor's ability to execute floatingpoint array arithmetic (see listing B). The FLT benchmark tests the speed of the floating-point coprocessor (see listing C).

Array handling is primarily exercised by the Float and Sieve benchmarks, since the FLT benchmark uses only scalar calculations.

It should be noted, however, that the Sieve benchmark uses only a Boolean array, and this negates much of the throughput advantage of the NS32032's 32-bit bus (and indeed the VAX's 64-bit bus), tending to favor the 8- and 16-bit processors.

Notes on Benchmarks

The Sieve benchmarks that were run on the IBM PC XT and PC AT were written in Digital Research C. The FLT benchmark used Microsoft FORTRAN

for the XT and DR F77 for the AT.

The variable n represents the maximum control number on the major loop of the benchmark test. In the Sieve benchmark, the major loop was run 10 times.

N/D indicates No Data, a test not run.

N/A indicates Not Available. No compiler could be found that could use arrays with more than 64,000 elements.

The five target machines being compared are the IBM PC XT (8088 CPU), the IBM PC AT (80286 CPU), the VAX11/750, the VAX-11/780, and Definicon System's DSI-32 coprocessor (10-MHz 32032 CPU). All five machines have additional numeric-processing hardware:

1. IBM PC XT has Intel's 8087 floatingpoint chip (4.77 MHz).

2. IBM PC AT has Intel's 80287 floatingpoint chip (4.0 MHz).

3. VAX-11/750 has Digital Equipment's Floating-Point Accelerator.

4. VAX-11/780 has Digital Equipment's Floating-Point Accelerator.

5. DSI-32 coprocessor has National Semiconductor's 32081 FPU (floatingpoint unit).

The compilers used for the PC XT and PC AT were chosen on their pub

Table A: Execution time [in seconds) for 10 iterations of the Sieve. All machines have floating-point accelerators.

Sieve Benchmark

n IBM PC XT IBM PC AT

8191 11.6 3.71

20000 35.3 8.13

30000 44.9 12.40

40000 351.5 99,71

80000 N/A N/A

Float Benchmark

n IBM PC XT IBM PC AT

40000 11.46 17.71

FLT Benchmark

n IBM PC XT IBM PC AT

256000 119.3 134.0

VAX-11/750

VAX-11/780

DSI-32

2.41

1.90

1.85

6.11

3.04

4.52

N/D

N/D

6.78

13.13

6.38

9.04

29.65

13.34

18.12

VAX-11/750

VAX-11/780

DSI-32

0.83

0.50

0.84

VAX-11/750

VAX-11/780

DSI-32

9.48

6.18

16.48

132 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

DSI COPROCESSOR

lished reputation for generating highspeed code. Microsoft FORTRAN version 3.1 was used for the FLTand Float benchmarks on the PC XT. As it did not execute on the PC AT Digital Research F77 was used for the FLT and Float benchmarks on that machine. Digital Research C was used for the Sieve

benchmark on both the PC XT and the PC AT. The FORTRAN compiler for the VAX was written by Digital Equipment running under the VMS operating system.

The compilers for the DSI-32 coprocessor were written by Green Hills Software and ported to the Definicon MS-/PC-DOS environment.

Listing A: The Sieve benchmark.

tfdefine LIMIT 8191 #define ITS 10 #define FALSE 0 #define TRUE 1 main () {

char flags[LIMIT+1];

register long i.prime.k; int count,iter;

for (iter = 1;iter< = ITS; iter + + ) {

count = 0;

for (i = 0;i< = LIMIT;i+ + ) flags[i] = TRUE; for (i = 0:i< =LIMIT;i + + ) { if (flagsfi]) { prime = i +1 + 3;

for (k= i + prime;k< = LIMIT;k+ = prime) flagsfk] = FALSE; count+ +;

}

}

printf("Found °/od primes",count);

Listing B: The Float benchmark.

PROGRAM FLOAT

DIMENSION RARRAY (40000)

COMMON /FAST/ RARRAY

INTERGER-4I

DO 10 I = 1,40000 10 RARRAY(I) = 1.0

DO 91 1 = 1,40000

RARRAY(I) = RARRAY(I) • C RARRAY(40000 - I) 91 CONTINUE

STOP

END

Listing C: The FLT benchmark.

PROGRAM FLT INTEGER-4 I,J REAL-8 X,Y,Z DO 10 1 = 1,256000 J = 256000-I X = FLOAT(l)

Y = FLOAT(J) Z = Y/X

X = Y-Z

Y = Z-X Z = Y + X

10 CONTINUE

C Force the loop optimizer to retain

C all four lines by:

X = Z + Y

STOP

END

detected would be to shut down the host 8088 CPU. Although the 8088 then reports the address currently on its bus, this usually bears no relation to the true cause of the problem. Conventional external error correction is slow and requires adding wait states to the memory cycles, reducing the 32032's performance.

There is a level of protection provided by the DSI-32 interface software. Should the 32032 execute an instruction that it cannot decode (such as would occur on a faulty program read), it executes an ILLEGAL INSTRUCTION trap. This trap is caught by the Definicon MS-/PC-DOS interface software, and the full status is reported to the operator.

To further increase the board's reliability, a REFRESH INHIBIT control signal has been made available to the 8088/8086 CPU. This lets the diagnostic software determine the exact safety margin of each dynamic RAM chip in the memory array. This signal is also used to start the CPU after a cold boot.

Nevertheless, true error correction is available as an option on the lmegabyte advanced kit. The DSI-32 is designed to accommodate the new INMOS (a British semiconductor company) 2 56K by l-bit RAM chip that in ternally detects and corrects errors, such as those occurring from irregular refresh or alpha-particle activity.

The RAM array is driven and controlled by a National Semiconductor DP8409. This device (IC37) contains high-current outputs that can drive the highly capacitive RAM array, as well as circuitry to insert "hidden" refresh cycles whenever the RAM is inactive. These cycles allow the CPU to avoid the otherwise mandatory HOLD request (every 12 microseconds or so) to allow the DP8409 to refresh the array. Nevertheless, when a forced refresh is required, it is completed in two T (timing) states, leaving the processor's execution essentially unaffected.

Since both the RAM array and the 8088/8086 are asynchronously placing HOLD requests on the CPU, a

Continued)

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 133

DSI COPROCESSOR

DSI-32 Hardware, Software, and Support

The following hardware kits and software are available from Definicon Systems Inc., 21042 Vintage St., Chatsworth, CA 91311, (818) 341-5654.

Hardware

1. Starter kit - 32032 CPU and 32081 FPU. 6-MHz clock rate, 2 56K bytes of RAM (32 64K by 1-bit chips) wavesoldered, partially tested, fully socketed printed-circuit board. Full set of integrated circuits and assembly instructions. Diagnostic software disk. Simplified NSX-compatible assembler/linker/loader. MS-DOS interface software, advanced debug monitor. Public-domain software disk (supplied upon request). Price: $995.

2. Advanced kit — Same as above, except CPU and FPU are 10-MHz and 1 megabyte of memory (32 2 56K by 1-bit chips) is supplied. Price: S1495.

The DSI-32 is suitable for use with the IBM PC or any identical "clone" microcomputer. However, a moneyback guarantee is the only guarantee of compatibility offered by Definicon. The DSI-32 draws up to 15 watts from the PC's power supply. Make sure you have that much spare power before ordering.

A fixed disk is almost essential if you are to run the Green Hills compilers (which range to 2 50K bytes of code).

Software

Public-domain compilers/interpreters are available for FORTH, Small-C, Pascal, and Tiny BASIC. A disk containing them will be included with your kit provided that you specifically ask for it.

The following advanced software is available. (Note that the C and Pascal compilers will run in 2 56K bytes of RAM, but their capabilities will be considerably limited. The FORTRAN compiler will not run in 2 56K bytes of RAM.

If you want to run these compilers, Definicon suggests you use the Advanced kit with its I-megabyte of RAM,)

1. Green Hills C Compiler: Kernighan and Ritchie C plus full Berkeley 4.2 UNIX extensions.

2. Green Hills Pascal Compiler: Full Berkeley 4.2 UNIX-compatible plus many extensions.

3. Green Hills FORTRAN Compiler: ANSI (American National Standards Institute) FORTRAN 77 plus full Berkeley 4.2 UNIX extensions.

4. Definicon/Computer Systems Design NS32000 Assembler/Linker: Advanced National Semiconductor NSX syntax assembler with the GENIX extensions required by Green Hills compilers. Supports fully relocatable code and "Pascal-like" high-level constructs. Linker supports assembler output syntax and fully relocatable code, including named COMMON blocks and initialized statics.

5. Definicon/Computer Systems Design NS32000 Library Manager and Programmer's Utilities: LIB32 program to form and examine libraries of object modules, assembly and high-level language examples for direct (OEM) interface to the Definicon MS-/PC-DOS interface.

Prices:

Library manager/programmer's utilities: S49 Assembler/linker (purchased separately): SI 49

One compiler (your choice), including assembler/linker: $299 Two compilers, including assembler/ linker (one purchase): $499 Three compilers, including assembler/linker (one purchase): $649 Any compiler, purchased alone

(needs assembler above): $249

Note: Green Hills Software has helped make these compilers available to BYTE readers using the Definicon MS-/PC-DOS software environment at prices well below those of the identical compilers for their original UNIX environment.

A 32-bit FORTH interpreter is available for $299 from Symbolic Processing Systems, 501 West Maple, Orange, CA 92668. (714) 637-4298. This FORTH includes a screen editor, string and file handling, and full floating-point support. Debugging aids—including TRACE and VIEW-are provided. The metacompiler and source-code screens are provided to ease system customization.

Support

The prices Definicon is charging for the software are special discounts for BYTE readers. The only support that Definicon can offer to purchasers of this software is a guarantee to respond promptly to written bug reports. Definicon assumes that BYTE readers will be proficient in the basic programming syntax of a language before they order these products, and the documentation provided reflects this assumption.

Trevor Marshall's Thousand Oaks Technical Database (RCP/M) will act as a focal point for public-domain software for the DSI-32. The database may be reached on the public access number (24 hours a day. 1200 bits per second) at (805) 492-5472, or, for uploads, at the restricted (sysop's) number, (805) 493-1495.

Micro Cornucopia (POB 223, Bend, OR 97709. (503) 382-8048) has agreed to form a users group to support the DSI-32. Contact them directly for details.

134 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

A FEW NEAT THINGS YOU CAN DO WITH KODAK'S CAT-QUICK INSTANT SUDE MAKERS.

1 Kodak

1 Instagraphic" 1 color film

Slide

□ Print

5j=c=:*"~ '

"Make your slides one by one, save on film and have some fun!

"Correct mistakes, add new facts, give a show the punch it lacks.

"Take CRT data off the screen, edit freely in between.

"Mountyour slides fast and clean— project bright hues on the screen.

Meet tight deadlines, do a whole show, win new clients, hear 'bravo.'

"Waste no money,

waste no time, get results that are sublime."

"If you can't do without these cat-quick instant slide-makers another minute, contact your dealer in Kodak audiovisual products, listed in the Yellow Pages under 'AV Equipment and Supplies.' Or, phone 1 800 44KODAK, Ext 293 (1 800 445-6325, Ext 293). Tell 'em Slide Cat sent you!"

The system includes KODAK INSTAGRAPHIC Copy Stand, KODAK INSTAGRAPHIC CRT Slide Imager and CRT Adapters, KODAK INSTAGRAI'HIC Color Slide Film, and KODAK INSTAGRAPHIC Slide Mounter and Mounts.

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Inquiry 108 AUGUST W85 -BYTE 135

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DSI COPROCESSOR

\n conjunction with the interrupt-driven \6-bit timer and the two serial ports, an MMU witt let the DSI-32 run UNIX.

HOLD arbiter PAL (IC38) allots each a priority and ensures that no access contention can occur.

Unusual Components in This Design

Murata ceramic resonators are used instead of" quartz crystals. Although not quite as stable as the crystals, they are perfectly adequate. The typical frequency tolerance is ±0.5 percent maximum. They are easier to mount than crystals and are also cheaper. Note that the RS-232C data-transfer rate can be up to 3 percent slower due to the use of a standard 3.58-MHz resonator rather than the 3.686-MHz resonator originally specified for the 268! DUART.

Rogers Q-PAC bypass capacitors are used in several critical areas of the board. They provide near-perfect bypassing of high-frequency transients and help reduce noise that otherwise might reduce reliability.

Optional 32082 Memory-Management Unit

The DSI-32 can accommodate the NS32082 MMU. This, in conjunction with the interrupt-driven 16-bit timer and the two serial ports, gives it the capability of running UNIX (when it becomes available). The MMU also adds some debugging capability to the current monitor, such as a breakpoint-on-address reference.

A Brief Look at Software

In addition to a number of publicdomain compilers and interpreters,

three high-performance, UNIX-compatible, optimizing compilers for the DSI-32 are currently available from Definicon. The Green Hills Software C, FORTRAN, and Pascal implement the full Berkeley 4.2 extensions in addition to the commonly accepted language definitions. These compilers produce NS32032 source code, which is assembled with the Computer Systems Design/Definicon assembler, linker, and loader. In addition, a 32-bit FORTH interpreter, a Tiny BASIC, and a dBASE II compiler were scheduled for release last month.

The disk operating system is MS-/PCDOS. No special partitions or file conversions are required. The 32032 data files can be identical to their MS-/PCDOS counterparts, and 32032 executable code files exist on disk as standard MS-/PC-DOS files. Software development is done entirely within the MS-/PC-DOS command shell, with no need for special editors or other file managers.

A resident (RAM-based) monitor allows easy debugging. Its command syntax is similar to DEBUG and DDT (dynamic debugging tool). It allows single-step execution, running with multiple breakpoints, and, with the optional MMU, breakpoint-on-address reference. Also, the monitor includes standard memory and register display and substitute features. A powerful disassembler with full floating-point support is part of the monitor.

Next Month

We have taken a glimpse inside the hardware of the DSI-32, and we hope that this gives you some idea of this coprocessor board's speed and flexibility. Although we have discussed software only briefly, next month we will look in greater detail at the languages and programming tools available. ■

ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors are indebted to Martin A. Lewis of Cambrian Consultants Inc. of Calabasas, California, for his help and guidance during the project and to applications engineer Les Wilson of National Semiconductor for his untiring assistance.

136 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

"Thanks for, the memory.

INTRODUCING THE COMMODORE 128.1

TM

It's here. And it's going to make a lot of Commodore 64'" owners very happy. A personal computer with a 128K memory and 80-column capaPility that's still compatible with all the peripherals and over 3,000 programs designed for the Commodore 64.

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own versatility. And then, even take it to a higher level.

There's more than a bigger memory.

There are a lot of extra features we didn't forget. Like a handy numeric keypad for data-entry efficiency and accuracy.

An expanded keyboard that puts more commands at your fingertips for easier programming. So you can be a whiz at using more varied graphics and text. Or a musical genius playing full three-part melody in any tempo you set. And there's even a "help" key

that comes to your rescue, listing programming errors on-screen with the error in reverse field.

There's also a new faster disk drive. With a separate "Burst" mode that can transfer up to 3,000 characters per second. Just in case you're a speed demon.

"Thanks for the memory! "You're welcome. And for the expandability. And compatibility. And versatility. And for making It all very affordable. After all, one of the other things that should go into a more intelligent computer is a price that makes sense.

COMMODORE 128~ PERSONAL COMPUTER

•CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc.

A Higher Intelligence

© Commodore 1985

138 BYTE- AUGUST 1985 ILLUSTRATED BY JAMIE HOGAN

i

PROGRAMMING PROJECT

Context-Free Parsing of Arithmetic Expressions

by Jonathan Amsterdam

Parse integer arithmetic expressions into executable form

UB1

think I was in the fifth j grade when I first heard p-im about My Dear Aunt Sally.

I ^JB'rl" teacher had no

I sooner written "3 + 4 x 5" on the blackboard than I, impetuous young fool that I was, shouted out "3 5!" After pointing out that the correct answer was 23, the teacher introduced me to my new-found relative—My Dear Aunt Sally: multiplication, division, addition, subtraction. That's the order in which we calculate arithmetic expressions. Once we learn it, it's an easy rule to master.

But computers are not so clever. They find these so-called operator precedence rules a bit of a nuisance. Some programmers, like the folks at Hewlett-Packard and FORTH inventor Charles Moore, have taken an easy way out by using Polish-postfix (or reversePolish) notation, in which 3 + 4*5 becomes 3 4 5 *+.

This notation is easy for computers to understand and, FORTH addicts will swear, for people too. But those of us who prefer to keep our eyes uncrossed would like some way to teach the machine our way of doing business.

What we want, more precisely, is a way to parse ordinary integer arithmetic expressions—that is, to translate the string of symbols that make up such an expres

sion into something with more structure, something that captures the fact that 4 * 5 is a meaningful component of 3 + 4 * 5, while 3 + 4 is not. We can break the problem into two parts: writing a set of rules that correctly describes the structure of the expressions, and implementing those rules in a computer program. The result will be a parsing algorithm that, when combined with a simple evaluation function, gives a four-function integer calculator of the "algebraic," or more commonly, Texas Instruments variety. I'll discuss more general applications of parsing at the end of this article.

Context-Free Grammars

First, though. I need to describe the structure of arithmetic expressions. Here I'll use an idea originally developed by linguists. At one time, they thought that the syntax of English and other natural languages could be described by a series of rules like the following:

S - > NP VP NP -> ADJ N VP - > V ADV

[continued}

}onathan Amsterdam is a graduate student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Artificial intelligence Laboratory. He can be reached at 1643 Cambridge St. #34, Cambridge. MA 02138.

AUGUST 1985 •BYTE 139

PROGRAMMING PROJECT

These rules say that a sentence consists of a noun part and a verb part, a noun part consists of an adjective followed by a noun, and a verb part consists of a verb followed by an adverb. We can use these rules to generate a subset of English by starting with the "S" rule and replacing symbols on the right-hand side with the corresponding rule. The rules I've given don't allow much freedom. You can replace the NP of the first rule with ADJ N and the VP with V ADV, giving you sentences of the form adjective-noun-verb-adverb: sentences like "Loose lips sink fast" (but not "Loose lips sink ships"). If you use more rules, you can capture more of English, but Noam Chomsky (considered the founder of transformational or generative grammar) showed in the late 1950s that these context-free grammars—so called because the symbols on the left-hand sides of the right arrows don't have to appear in any special context in order to be substituted into right-hand sides—aren't powerful enough to describe any natural languages.

They're just the ticket, though, for computer languages. Most of the syntax of modern programming languages is describable by context-free grammars, including that small part of syntax we're interested in here. In table 1, I present the context-free grammar for arithmetic expressions in Backus-Naur form.

I've switched syntax from the linguists' to the computer scientists'. The ::= is just like the right arrow, and the | means "or." These rules say that an expression is a term, a term plus an expression, or a term minus an expression; a term is a factor, a factor times a term, or a factor divided by a term; and a factor is either a number, a minus sign followed by a factor, or an expression enclosed in parentheses. These rules capture the correct precedence rules for the four common arithmetic operations, as well as unary minus and parentheses (both of which have higher precedence than any other operator).

If you look carefully at the rules, you may find yourself getting dizzy. It

expr

r

i

term + expr

expr

r—(—.

term + expr

factor I

3

expr

1

term + expr

£ I I

factor term

1 i—h

3 I 1 1

factor * term

I I

4. factor

I

5

Figure 1: The steps in creating the parse tree for 3 + 4 * 5.

Figure 2: Am abbreviated parse tree of

3 + 4*5.

seems that each rule is defined in terms of itself and another rule. Where does it all end? It ends in the characters that make up the four operations and parentheses and in the numbers. Let's use the rules to parse

3 + 4*5. The description of what we're doing is called a "parse tree."

Parsing an Expression

To begin with, the whole thing is an expression (we always start parsing with expr). Now, there are three kinds of expressions: one is just a term, another is two things separated by a plus sign, and the third is two things separated by a minus sign. With 3 +

4 * 5, we obviously have two things that are separated by a plus sign. So far, the parse tree looks like figure la. Let's concentrate next on the first component, which is the number 3. We know it's a term, but which of the three term rules apply? Again, the only choice is the first one, which says a term is a factor. And now we have reached dry land because a factor is, among other things, a number. Our parse tree now looks like figure lb.

Now we can concentrate on the other half of our expression, 4*5. Here, the only appropriate expression rule is the first one, since there are no plus or minus signs in our subexpression. And the only fitting term rule is the second one, because of the multiplication sign. The complete parse tree is shown in figure lc.

Do you see how the parse tree captures the precedence rules? Notice that the 4 * 5 is together on a single subtree, joined to the 3 by the plus sign. If you eliminate all the occurrences of expr, term, and factor, which were useful in the parsing process but now serve no purpose, you have the much simpler tree shown in figure 2.

It is just these latter trees that my parsing program will construct. Once you've got the tree, it's easy to actually calculate the expression: Just start at the root (top) of the tree, evaluate (recursively) the left and right subtrees, and then perform the operation at the root on the two results.

From Grammar to Parser

But how do you go from the three grammar rules 1 described earlier to a working program? The choice of which rule to apply at any step seems to require looking ahead. When con

140

: Y T E • AUGUST 1985

i

PROGRAMMING PROJECT

fronted with 3 + 4 * 5, I chose the second expr rule because of the plus sign. This required only slight lookahead, but consider the expression 3 * 4 * 5 * 6 + 7. This is also correctly described by the second expr rule, but now the look-ahead is considerably larger, and I could make it as large as 1 want by putting more multiplications before the addition. Now, an arithmetic expression 20 pages long may be absurd, but a program 20 pages long is not, so if you want to be able to generalize this technique to parsing programs, you have to confine the look-ahead. And even if you decide to take the easy way out by reading the whole input in at once and looking ahead, it would be inefficient to rescan the entire string over and over again.

In fact, there is a better way—the grammar rules require no more than one character look-ahead. How is this possible, after what I just said about choosing the right rule? If you examine the rules again, you'll notice that an expression always starts with a term. Sometimes the term is followed by a plus sign, sometimes a minus sign, sometimes nothing—but you can worry about that after parsing the term. Then you can peek at the next character to see if it's what you want, and if it's not, you can put it back. The "put-back" operation is easy to implement because you'll never have to put back more than one character. If you look at the rules for term and factor, you'll see that there, too, the correct rule can be chosen on the basis of only one character.

The construction of the actual program will be quite straightforward if you implement the parser by associating a procedure with each group of rules-one for the expr rules, one for the term, and one for the factor. The procedures just mirror the rules. Each procedure is responsible for parsing its own category of subexpression, consuming just enough of the input to do so, and returning the proper parse tree. For example, the expr procedure first calls the term procedure to take care of the parsing of the term; then it looks ahead to see if the next

[continued)

Table 1: The grammar of arithmetic in Backus-Naur form.

expr ::= term | term + expr | term - expr term :: = factor | factor * term | factor / term factor ::= number | -factor | (expr)

Listing 1: A program to parse and evaluate ordinary integer arithmetic expressions.

(* This is a Texas Instruments-style calculator. It parses arithmetic expressions using the usual precedence rules. Written by Jonathan Amsterdam, December 1984.

■)

PROGRAM TICalc;

CONST

endOfFile = 0; (* special character signifying end of file *)

empty = 127; (* character used to indicate that savedChar is empty"

endOfl_ine= 13; (* special character signifying end of line *)

TYPE

nodetype = (binop, unop, number); node = "noderec; noderec = RECORD

CASE tag:nodetype OF binop: (operator: CHAR;

leftOperand, rightOperand:node); unop: (uOperatonCHAR;

operand:node); number:(num:INTEGER);

END;

VAR

savedChar: CHAR;

SET OF CHAR;

(* input functions *) FUNCTION getChar:CHAR;

(* Useful low-level character input. Returns special characters at

end of file and end of line. *) VAR c:CHAR; BEGIN

IF savedCHAR < > chr(empty) THEN BEGIN

getCHAR : = savedChar:

savedChar := chr(empty); END ELSE IF EOF THEN

getChar : = chr(endOfFile) ELSE IF EOLN THEN BEGIN

getChar : = chr(endOfLine);

readln; END ELSE BEGIN

read(c);

getChar : = c; END; END;

[continued)

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 141

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142 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

PROGRAMMING PROJECT

PROCEDURE ungetChar(c:CHAR);

(* Allows one character at a time to be pushed back on the input. *) BEGIN

IF savedChar = chr(empty) THEN

savedChar : = c ELSE

writeln('ungetChar' can't unget more than one character at a time'); END:

FUNCTION nextChar:CHAR; (* Skips over blanks. *) VAR c:CHAR; BEGIN

REPEAT

c : = getChar

UNTIL c<>'

nextChar : = c; END;

FUNCTION charTolnt(c:CHAR):INTEGER;

(* Converts a numeric character to an integer. *)

BEGIN

IF NOT (c IN digits) THEN BEGIN

writeln('charTolnt: ', c, 'is not a digit');

charToInt := 0; END ELSE

charToInt := ord(c) - ord('O'); END;

FUNCTION getNum(c:CHAR):INTEGER;

(* Reads a number from the input. The first digit of the number has

already been read and is passed as an argument. * VAR n:INTEGER; BEGIN

n := 0; REPEAT

n : = 10*n + charTolnt(c);

C := getChar; UNTIL NOT (c IN digits); ungetChar(c); getNum : = n; END;

(* node creation functions *)

(* The following three functions create nodes for the parse tree. The first two each return NIL if their node arguments are NIL. *)

FUNCTION binopNode(opor:CHAR; lopand, ropand:node):node;

VAR n: node;

BEGIN

IF (lopand = NIL) OR (ropand = NIL) THEN

binopNode : = NIL ELSE BEGIN New(n, binop); WITH n" DO BEGIN

tag : = binop;

operator : = opor;

leftOperand : = lopand;

rightOperand : = ropand; END;

binopNode : = n; END; END;

i

PROGRAMMING PROJECT

FUNCTION unopNode(opor:CHAR; opand:node):node; VAR n:node; BEGIN IF opand = NIL THEN

unopNode : = NIL ELSE BEGIN new(n, unop); WITH n'DO BEGIN tag : = unop; uOperator : = opor; operand := opand; end;

unopNode : = n; END; END;

FUNCTION numberNode(i:INTEGER):node; VAR n:node; BEGIN new(n, number); WITH n" DO BEGIN tag : = number; num : = i; END;

numberNode : = n; END;

(* tree-printing procedures *)

PROCEDURE ptree(n:node; depth:INTEGER); BEGIN WITH n" DO CASE tag OF binop: BEGIN

ptree(leftOperand, depth+ 2); writelnf ':depth,operator); ptree(nghtOperand, depth + 2); END; unop: Begin

writelnf' ':depth,uoperator); ptree(operand, depth+ 2); END;

number: writeln(' ':depth,num); END; END;

PROCEDURE PrintTree(n:node); BEGIN

ptree(n, 0); END;

(* parser ")

(* Each of the three parsing functions returns NIL if an error occurs in the parse. *)

[continued]

One of the variants is for binary operations, another for unary operations, and a third for numbers.

nonblank character is a plus or minus and, if so, calls itself—recursively—to parse the rest of the expression. Finally, it combines the parse tree produced by term and the one produced by the recursive call on itself into a larger tree with the operator—plus or minus—at its root and returns this tree. The implementations of term and factor are similar.

Implementation

At this point, the actual programming is trivial; its outcome can be found in listing 1 and may be downloaded from BYTEnet Listings. (The phone number is (617) 861-9774.) 1 wrote it in UCSD Pascal on an Apple 11, but 1 didn't use any features peculiar to that implementation, so it should be portable. The nodes of the parse tree are represented by variant records. One of the variants is for binary operations like addition and multiplication, another for unary operations like negation, and a third for numbers (I used integers to keep it simple).

Because 1 have to put back a character on the input sometimes, 1 built an input procedure on top of Pascal's; this is a good idea anyway, because Pascal has such hideous I/O (input/ output). My routine, called getChar, always returns a character, even at end of line or end of file; two special characters are chosen for these cases. The getChar routine interacts with ungetChar through the variable savedChar to allow one character to be put back on the input. The nextChar function ignores blanks, which is usually the right thing to do. The getNum function translates a string of

[continued]

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PROGRAMMING PROJECT

FUNCTION term:node; FORWARD; FUNCTION factornode; FORWARD; FUNCTION expr:node;

(* An expression is either a term, or a term + , - an expression. *) VAR cOHAR;

n;node; BEGIN

n ; = term;

expr : = n;

IF n <> NIL THEN BEGIN c : = nextChar;

IF (c = ' + ') OR (c = '-') THEN expr := binopNode(o, n, expr) ELSE IF c <> chr(endOfLine) THEN ungetChar(c); END; END;

FUNCTION term(*:node*);

(* A term is either a factor, or a factor *,/ a term. *) VAR c:CHAR;

n:node; BEGIN

n : = factor;

term := n;

IF n <> NIL THEN BEGIN C : = nextChar;

IF (c = '*') OR (c = V) THEN

term : = binopNode(c, n, term) ELSE

ungetChar(c); END; END;

FUNCTION factor(':node*);

(* A factor is either a number, or a - followed by a factor, or a parenthesized

expression. *) VAR c:CHAR; BEGIN c : = nextChar; IF c IN digits THEN

factor : = numberNode(getNum(c)) ELSE IF c = '-' THEN

factor : = unopNode(c, factor) ELSE IF c = '(' THEN BEGIN factor : = expr; IF nextChar < > ')' THEN writeln('close parenthesis expected'); END ELSE BEGIN writeln('illegal expression'); factor := NIL; END; END;

144 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

PROGRAMMING PROJECT

FUNCTION eval(n:node):REAL;

(* Evaluates a parse tree. Assumes that the only binary operations are + , - , *, and / and that the only unary operation is -. *) VAR op1, op2:REAL; BEGIN WITH n" DO CASE tag OF binop: BEGIN op1 : = eval(leftOperand); op2 : = eval(rightOperand); CASE operator OF ' + ': eval : = op1 + op2; ' -': eval : = op1 - op2; '*': eval : = op1 * op2; '/': eval : = op1 / op2; END; END;

unop: eval := -eval(operand); number: eval : = num; END; END;

PROCEDURE run; VAR n:node;

c:CHAR; BEGIN REPEAT

write('> ');

n ; = expr;

IF n <> NIL THEN BEGIN writeln; printTree(n); writeln;

writeln(eval(n):0:2); END; UNTIL FALSE; END;

BEGIN (*** MAIN PROGRAM ***) writeln('TI-style calculator');

writeln('Enter an arithmetic expression and hit <RETURN>.'); writelnf'l will print a parse tree and evaluate the expression.'); digits ;= ['0'. .'9']; run; END.

digits into an integer; I couldn't use Pascal's read procedure because I don't know I have a number until I've read the first digit.

The three parsing functions, expr, term, and factor, each return the parse tree they construct or NIL if an error occurred during the parse. If the parse is successful, the completed parse tree is fed to the evaluation

function eval, and the answer appears, lust for fun, I wrote a simple procedure (printTree in listing 1) to print out the parse tree. The tree comes out sideways, but what do you expect for 10 lines of code?

Where to Go from Here

As I said at the beginning of this article, this little calculator's just the tip

of the iceberg. You might begin with some simple modifications, like disposing of the storage used by the parse tree when it is no longer needed, improving the error checking in both the parsing and evaluation phases, and making it simpler to exit the program. The calculator could easily be extended to handle floatingpoint numbers and other operations (such as exponentiation and square root).

It would be somewhat more challenging to make the operators left associative. That is, now the expression "3 + 4 + 5" is parsed as if it were "3 + (4 + 5)." but it really ought to be parsed as "(3 + 4) + 5." Simply rewriting the grammar rules won't work; you have to modify the parser directly.

The calculator could be made much more powerful by adding a "memory" in the form of 26 one-letter variables, a through z, and a new grammar rule:

assignment ::= letter := expr

(Note that the ::= is part of the description of the rule, while the : = is actually part of the rule's right-hand side.) The meaning of this rule is "assign the value of the expression to the variable." To make this work, variables have to be able to appear in expressions, so a rule should be added that says that a single letter can be a factor.

Is it starting to look like a programming language? Here are two more useful rules:

if_stmt ::= if booLexpr then stmt

else stmt while_stmt ::= while booLexpr do

stmt

I leave the rules for Boolean expressions and statements to you. Once you've built up the parse tree for a program in this simple programming language, you have two choices: You can interpret the parse tree right then and there, as I did above, or you can compile it by outputting instructions (in machine language or in another highlevel language) for carrying out the statements of the program. ■

AUGUST 1985 - BYTE 145

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$ 249 $ 159

$ 79 $ 45

MICRO-SCI, A2 Disk Drive, 143K

A2 Controller Card

Hall Height Drive lor II + /lie

Half Height Drive for lie RANA, Elite I, 163K, 40 Track

Elite Controller TEAC, T40 Hall HI, 163K, Direct

Controller Card for T40 by ComX

BUSINESS SOFTWARE UTILITIES SOFTWARE

HARD DISKS

QUARK, QC10 lor llc/lle/lll/MAC $1995 $1595

OTHER HARDWARE

APPLIED ENGINEERING, Ram Works, 64K $ 179 J 139 CCS, 7711 or 7710-A Interface, ea. $ 115 $ 85 CPS/EASTSIDE, Wild Card II (copier, +/e) $ 140 $ 79 COMX, 16K RAM Card (II +), 1 yr ltd wty $ 119 $ 29 HAYES, Mach II, III Joysticks (II +/lle) CALL KENSINGTON, System Saver Fan J 90 $ 65 KEY TRONIC, KB200 Keyboard ( + ) $ 298 $ 179 KOALA, Muppet Keys S 80 $ 44

Touch Tablet w/Micro Illustrator (t/e) $ 130 $ 75 KRAFT, Joystick (11/11+/lie) $ 50 $ 35

MICRO-SCI, 80 Col. Card + 64K RAM Card (lie) $ 199 $ 89 MICROSOFT, Premium Soflcard (lie) $ 395 $ 275

Z80 Soflcard II, 64K $ 425 $ 295

ORANGE MICRO, Buttered Grappler Plus, 16K $ 209 $ 159

16K Buffer Board for Grappler Plus $ 99 $ 59 PCPI, Applicard, 6 MHz, 14 features $ 375 $ 250 TITAN, Accelerator lie $ 319 $ 219

128K RAM Card (II + ) $ 329 $ 149

TRACKHOUSE, Numeric Key Pad (lie) S 100 $ 50 VIDEO 7, V Color 7 RGB Card $ 150 $ 99

V Color lie $ 200 $ 139

V Color lie $ 250 $ 169 VIDEX, UltraTerm (lit/lie) $ 299 $ 189

VideoTerm 80 Col. Card (II + /lie) $ 279 $ 175 WICO, Smartcard (spec. Il/ll i /lie) $ 199 $ 159

LIST

CO

NR0V

PRICE

ALS, Word or List Handler, ea.

$

80

s

36

Handler Pak (Word/LisUSpell)

$

170

$

73

APPLE, Appleworks

$

250

$

215

ASHTON-TATE, dBase II (Req CP/M 80

$

495

$

289

BPI, AR, AP, PR or INV. each

$

395

$

240

BRODERBUND, Print Shop

$

50

$

29

Print Shop & Refill

$

65

s

39

Bank St. Writer or Speller, ea

$

70

$

45

Bank St. Combo (Writer & Speller)

$

140

$

85

DATA TRANS, Fontrix

t

95

$

55

DOW JONES, Market Manager

$

249

$

159

Market Analyzer or Microscope, ea

$

349

$

219

HOWARD SOFT, Tax Preparer '85

$

250

S

159

HUMAN EDGE, Sales or Mgmt Edge, ea

$

250

$

165

LIVING VIDEOTEXT, Think Tank

$

145

5

89

MECA, Managing Your Money

$

199

S

125

MEGAHAUS, Megavrarks

$

125

$

80

MICRO PRO, WordStar (req. CP/M)

$

350

$

189

WordStar w/ Starcard

$

495

s

265

WordStar Professional, 4 Pak

$

495

$

265

MailMerge, SpellSlar, or Starlndex, ea

$

99

$

54

InfoStar and StarCard Combo

$

595

$

295

MICROSOFT, Mulli-Plan (Ap DOS)

$

95

s

62

QUARK, Word Juggler S Lexicheck (lle/llc

$

189

$

129

SENSIBLE, Sensible Speller

$

125

s

79

SIERRA/ON-LINE, Screen Writer II

$

130

s

79

SOFTWARE PUBL, PFS:Rle or Write, each

$

125

$

79

PFSiGraph or Report, each

$

125

s

79

PFS" Access

$

70

$

43

SPRINGBOARD, Newsroom

$

50

$

32

STONEWARE, DB Master, v. 4 +

$

350

$

225

UTILITIES SOFTWARE

BEAGLE, GPLE or Alpha Plot, ea $ 50 $ 27

Pronto DOS, Disk Ouck. Ap Mech. or IA Silver, ea $ 30 $ 19

Full lino IN STOCK CALL

BORLAND, Turbo Pascal (req. CP/M) S 55 $ 33

3 Pak (Pasc, Turbo Tut, Toolbox) NEW $ 105 $ 59

CENTRAL POINT Copy II Plus (bil copier) $ 40 $ 23

UST CONflOy

PRICE PRICE

EPSON, Graphics Dump $ 15 $ 7

FUNK, Sideways $ 60 % 37

HAYES, Terminal Prog, lor Smartmodem $ 99 $ 65 MICROSOFT, Full Line IN STOCK CALL OMEGA, Locksmith $ 100 $ 70

PENGUIN, Complete Graphics System II $ 80 $ 49 Graphics Magician $ 60 $ 40

QUALITY, Bag ol Tricks $ 40 $ 29

UNITED SWI, ASCII Express-Pro DOS $ 130 $ 82 UTILICO, Essential Data Duplicator III $ 80 S 49

HOME & EDUCATIONAL

CALL

50 S 29 75 J 43 CALL 25 $ 17

BEAGLE BROS., Full Line IN STOCK BRODERBUND, Print Shop $ CONTINENTAL, Home Accountant $ KOALA, Full Line IN STOCK MICROSOFT, Typing Tutor II $ MONOGRAM, Dollars S Sense (II4 /lie) $

Dollars & Sense (llc/lle 128K)

Forecast SCARBOROUGH, Mastertype

Build-A-Book

Your Personal Net Worth SIERRA/ON-LINE, Homeword SIMON t SCHUSTER, Typing Tutor III

PLUS: BARRONS, CBS, DAVIDSON, EDU-WARE, HARCOURT, LEARNING CO., TERRAPIN

RECREATIONAL SOFTWARE

100 $ $ 120 $

$ 60 $ $ 40 $ $ 40 $ $ 80 $ 70 $ 60 $

BLUECHIP, Millionaire or Barron, ea. DATASOFT, Aztec or Zaxxon, each ELECTRON. ARTS, Sky Fox S others, ea. HAYDEN, Sargon III (Chess) INFOCOM, Zork I, II, or III, ea ORIGIN, Ultima III PENGUIN, Transylvania SPECTRUM HOLOBYTE, Gato SPINNAKER, Full Line IN STOCK SUB LOGIC, Flight Simulator II PLUS: BRODERBUND, DATAMOST, SIR-TECH

$

60 $

39

$

40 $

27

$

40 S

29

$

50 $

30

s

40 $

25

$

60 $

37

$

35 $

24

i

40 $

25

CALL

$

50 $

30

DISKETTES

MODEMS

PRINTERS

* CONROY-LAPOINTE~ DISKETTES *

Wo guarantee these top quality products with our name. 5 YEAR LIMITED WARRANTY.

$ 12 $ 99 $ 840 $ 15

$ 119

$ 859 $ 25 $ 115 $ 229

10 ea. SS/SD, (Apple, etc) 35 Trk, W/FUP BOX 100 ea. SS/SD. (Apple, etc) 35 Trk 1000 ea. SS/SD, (Apple, etc.) 35 Trk 10 ea. DS/DD, (IBM, H/P) 40 Trk, W/FLIP BOX 100 ea. DS/DD, (IBM, H/P) 40 Trk 1000 ea. DS/DD, (IBM, H/P) 40 Trk 10 ea. SS/DD, 3Vi" (MAC, H/P), W/FLIP BOX 50 ea. SS/DD. 3'V (MAC. H/P) 100 ea. SS/DD. 3'A" (MAC. H/P) CONROY-LAPOINTE' IBM PRE-FORMATTED 10 ea, DS/DD, 40 Trk W/FLIP BOX $ 19

100 ea, DS/DD, 40 Trk $ 149

1000 ea, DS/DD, 40 Trk $ 959

SINGLE-SIDED, DOUBLE DENSITY

LIST CONROy

CDC, 10 ea, SS/DD, 40 Trk (Apple, etc) $ 45$ 19 DYSAN, 10 ea, SS/DD, (Apple, etc.) S 40 $ MAXELL, 10 ea, SS/DD, MD1 (Apple) $ 47 $ VERBATIM, 10 ea. SS/DD. MD5I50I. |Apple)$ 49 $

DOUBLE-SIDED, DOUBLE DENSITY

CDC, 10ea,DS/DD.40Trk(IBM,H/P)S 59 $ DYSAN, 10 ea, DS/DD, (IBM, H/P) S MAXELL, 10 ea. DS/DD, MD2 (IBM) S VERBATIM, 10 ea. DS/DD, MD34 (IBM) S 3W- MICRO DISKETTES CONROY-UPOINTE, 10 ea. DS/DD, w/Flip Box $

MAXELL, 10 ea. SS/DD (MAC, H/P) S 60 $

MEMOREX, 10 ea. SS/DD (MAC. H/P) S 60 $

VERBATIM, 10 ea. SS/DD (MAC, H/P) $ 65 S

HIGH DENSITY DISKETTES FOR IBM-AT

MAXELL, 10 ea. DS/QD (IBM-AT) S 77 $ 49

MEMOREX, 10 ea. DS/OD (IBM-AT) $ 77 $ 49

* GENERIK DISKETTES *

Too quality. w/iackets. no laoels. Ouantlty discounts. 90 day "No hassle, money back guarantee."

100 ea. SS/SD. 35 Track (Apple, etc) S 80

100 ea. DS/DD. 40 Track. (IBM. H/P) $ 95

71 $ 75 S

CONROYLAPOINTE CREDIT CARD

' Send me a Conioy-LaPomte

I credit application form, so I

I can get cash discount prices § with credit card

LIST

ANCHOR, Signalman Mark XII S 399

HAYES, 2400 External Modem S 899 Smartmodem 1200B (IBM) S 549

Smartcom II Software (IBM or MAC) $ 149 Smartmodem 1200 (External) S 599 Micromodem lie w/Smartcom (AP) S 199 Transet 1000 - 128K S 399

NOVATION, Apple Cat II300 Baud (AP) $ 389 212 Apple Cal, 1200 Baud (AP) S 595 SmartCat Plus w/software (MAC) S 499 ACCESS 1-2-3120OB Modem+Crosslalk (IBM) $ 595

PROMETHEUS, 1200 Standalone Modem $ 495 ProModem 1200 w/sottware (MAC) S 549 ProModem 1200A (AP) S 449

ProModem 1200B (IBM) S 399

VENTEL, PC Hallcard (IBM) $ 549

CONROY $ 259 CALL $ 369

107 419 139 309 219 409 $ 349 $ 369 $ 345 i $ 389 $ 319 ' $ 285 l $ 359

MONITORS

AMDEK, Color 300 - Comp/Audio

Color 500 - Comp/VCR/RGB/Audio

Color 600 - Hi Res/RGB/Audio

300A - 12" Amber/Comp

300G, 12" Green/Comp

310A, 12" Amber (IBM) PRINCETON, HX-12 - Hi Res/RGB

SR-12 - Hi Res/RGB

MAX-12 - Amber (IBM) QUADRAM, Amberchrome, 12" ZENITH, ZVM122 - 12" Amber

ZVM123 - 12" Green

ZVM124 & ZVM 135

CABLES

ARBO, IBM-PC to Modem Cable $ 31 $

ASTAR, RF Modulator for T V. (Apple) $ 35 S

COMPUCABLE, Mac/Hayes Smartmodem Cable S 32 $

CURTIS, Monitor Extension Cable (IBM) S 50 $

3'-9' Keyboard Extens. Cable (IBM) S 40 S

RCA, Monitor Cable $ 15 $

S 349 S 249 S 525 $ 319 $ 599 $ 399 S 199 $ 119 $ 179 $ 115 S 230 S 149 S 795 S 489 $ 799 $ 599 S 249 $ 179 S 250 $ 159 S 159 $ 89 S 149 $ 85 20-30% OFF

DOT MATRIX: USt conroy

APPLE, Imagewriter CALL LaserWriter $6995 S6500

EPSON, RX / FX Series - IN STOCK CALL LX80 - 100 cps DQ/16 cps NLQ $ 299 CALL JX80 - Color Primer, 160 cps. S 699 CALL LQ1500 - 200 cps DQ/67 cps LQ $1295 CALL

OKIDATA, Okimate 20 - Color, Hi Res $ 26B $ 208 182 - 120 cps/80 col $ 299 $ 239

192 - 160 cps/80 col/para. NEW $ 499 $ 349 93 - 160 cps/136 col/para. $ 799 $ 589

2410 Pacemark - 350 cps/para. $2995 $1975

PANASONIC, P1090 - 80 cps/10" $ 349 $ 249 P1092 - 180 cps/10" $ 599 $ 459

QUADRAM, Ouadjet-Inkjet Color $ 895 $ 395

STAR MICRO, SG10 - 120 cps DQ/30 cps NLQ $ 299 $ 249 SG15 - 120 cps DO. 30 cps NLQ, 16K $ 499 J 419 SD10 - 160 cps DO, 40 cps NLQ S 449 $ 379 SD15 - 160 cps DQ, 40 cps NLQ, 16K S 599 $ 509 SR10 - 200 cps DO, 50 cps NLQ S 649 $ 549 SR15 - 200 cps DQ, 50 cps NLQ, 16K $ 799 $ 679

TOSHIBA, 351 - 288 cps $1895 $1369

LETTER-QUALITY:

JUKI, 6300 - 40cps/para. $ 995 $ 695

6100 - 1B cps/para/3 pitch $ 599 $ 369

Sheet Feeder tor 6300 (single) $ 275 $ 225

PANASONIC, P3151 - 22 cps/15VS" $ 699 $ 539 TOSHIBA, Prop, spacing & hi res graphics:

1351 - 192 cps DQ & 100 cps LQ $1895 $1369

1340 - 144 cps DQ & 54 cps LQ $ 799 $ 619

Bi-direction Tractor Feed $ 195 $ 175

PLOTTERS:

EPSON, 4 Pen Plotter $ 599 CALL

PRINTER SUPPLIES:

CONROY LAPOINTE,

Colored Paper Pack (250) $13$ 8

PAPER: While, Colored, Laser Cut, etc. RIBBONS, DAISYWHEELS CALL

PRINTER INTERFACES AND BUFFERS

LIST

PRICE

CONROY PRICE

ARBO, IBM-PC to Para Printer Cable

$

60

S

30

ASSIMILATION, Mac to Epson Conn l/F

$

89

s

69

Daisywheel Connection

$

99

s

79

EPSON, Parallel Interface for LQ1500

S

too

s

79

Serial Interface Board

$

130

$

110

OKIDATA, Plug 'n Play. Tractors, Okigraph

CALL

ORANGE MICRO, Grappler Plus lor Apple

$

145

$

99

Serial Grappler

$

119

$

79

Buffered Grappler Plus. 16K

$

209

$

159

Hot Link Cable, S-P lor lie

$

70

$

44

Grappler C

$

119

$

75

QUADRAM, Microfazers, Full Line IN STOCK

CALL

Microfazers 8K, P-P, w/copy

$

189

$

139

SMT, Apple II l/F S Cable

$

89

s

39

STAR MICRO, Serial l/F S Cable

$

144

$

119

Mac/Star Interface

$

100

s

89

ACCESSORIES

CURTIS, Diamond, 6 outlets, switched $

50 $ 60 $ 90 $ 80 $ 45 $ 70 $ 100 $ $

Emerald , 6 outlets, 6' cord $ Ruby, 6 outlets, 6' cord, filter $ Sapphire, 3 outlets, w/filter $ EPD, Lemon, 6 outlets/wall $ Lime, 6 outlets/cord $ Orange, 6 outlets/cord/filter $ Peach, 3 outlels/waJI/tllter S INNOVATIVE, Flip-n-File 50 (disk holder) $ 22 $ KENSINGTON, Printer Stand $ 30 $

NETWORX, Wiretree, 4 outlet, K/lilt i surge $ 70 $ Wiretree Plus, 6 outlets/filter/surge $ too $ PROD TECH INTL, Uninterruptable Power Supply 200 Watts, PC200 lor IBM-PC S 359 $ 269 300 Watts, XT300 lor IBM-XT $ 499 $ 379 600 Watts. AT800 lor IBM-AT. 72 lbs. CALL

CITY STATE ZIP

^"SpSasa #B23 mlL m 1™™G'TPJ°C°- °'",'2M CREDIT DEPT (503) 684-1232

nPHPPIMr4 IMCn SL TETDMC- UAIL TO: 12060SW Pface, Portland, OH 97223 -Include telephone number.Check

VsniJLurtlllVl llir\S OL I ClllVIO. your figures lor Shipping, Insurance and Handling (SiH) All ilems usually in stock. NO C0.0. Cashiers checks, money orders, Fortune 1000 checks and government checks honored immediately. Personal and other company checks-allow 20 days to clear. Prices reflect 3% cash & Conroy-UPolnte Credit Card discount, so ADD 3% to above prices for VISA/MaslerCarrJ/American Express. Your cards NOT charged til we ship. Add SIH CHARGES: U.S. Mainland, 3% ($5 minimum) for standard UPS ground; UPS Blue, 6% ($10 min); for U.S. Postal APO or FPO or Alaska, 6% ($10 min), Canada. 12% ($15 min). Foreign orders except Canada, 18% ($25 min}. Monitors by Postal or to foreign countries, 30% ($50 min). Orders received with insufficient SIH will be refunded. All prices, availability

anleed to work. Due lo our low prices and returning goods for repair or replacement. Irademarks of ComX Corporation,

Inquiry 82 for Apple Inquiry 83 for IBM Peripherals Inquiry 84 for all others.

X

SM

#B23

INC.

<>19B4byConroy-LaPointe,lne. All Rights Reserved

LOW PRICES TO PROFESSIONALS WHO KNOW WHAT THEY WANT AND KNOW HOW TO USE IT!

fTO ORDER, CALL (800) 547-1289) FOR YOUR IBM-PC, XT, AT or

COMPUTER SYSTEMS OTHER HARDWARE OTHER HARDWARE

— Call for Details

256K

IBM - PC

360 K Disk Drives by CDC

90 Day limited Warranty By Us

COIIIPAQ. Computers

256K 2 360K Disk Drives

HARD DISKS & TAPE BACKUP

AST,

SixPak Plus, 64K

SixPak Plus. 256K, S/P/CC + S/W SixPak Plus. 384K, S/P/CC + S/W Preview" Graphics Card w/para, 64K Advantage" Mullif. Bd. for AT, 128K I/O Plus II, S/P/CC I/O Plus II, S/P/CC/Q Port Kits - ser, para, or game. ea.

COMX,

LIST C0NB0Y PRICE PRICE

$259

S 695 $ 295 $ 895 $ 329 S 399 $ 299 $ 595 S 445 $ 215 $ 169 $ 265 $ 225 $ 50 $ 35

LIST C0NR0Y CALL

$ 795 $ 595

CDC, Internal 20 meg tor AT IRWIN, 10 meg Tape Backup

KAMERMAN, Internal 10 meg kit $ 895 $ 719

External 10 meg kit w/power $1295 $1049 MF-10/10, H Disk, tape back, cont, power $2695 $2095

MICRO SCIENCE, 10 meg w/controller $ 795 $ 575 20 meg w/controller $1095 $ 735

TALLGRASS, 25 meg disk, 55 meg tape, intf $3660 $3160

FLOPPY DISK DRIVES

CDC, Limited 30 day warranty; Call for quantity

board, S/P/CO/G Fastrak

$265

EconoRAM", lull 384K board

$

295

S

195

HAUPPAGE (HCW), 8087 Chip

$

175

s

125

8087 Math Pak (Chip & softw.)

$

295

s

235

HAYES, Mach II Joystick

$

45

s

29

Mach III (PC or Jr.)

$

55

s

35

HERCULES, Color Card w/para.

$

245

$

159

Mono Graphics Card

$

499

s

305

KENSINGTON, Masterpiece"

$

140

s

99

KEY TRONIC, KB5151, Std. Keyboard

$

255

$

179

KOALA, Speed Key Software

$

100

s

63

Speed Key System (T ab w/ softw)

$

200

t

115

Koala Pad w/PC Design

$

150

s

85

LIST CONR0Y PRICE PRICE

PARADISE, Modular Graphics Card $ 395 $ 285 Parallel or Serial Port. ea. $ 95 $ 65

PERSYST,

PC/Mono Board, w/para port $ 250 $ 195 PC/Color Graphics Bd w/light pen S l/F $ 244 $ 176

QUADRAM,

Quadboard 64K, to 384k, s/p/cc/g $239

Quadboard, no RAM, expand to 384K $ 295 $ 225 Quadboard 256K, 10 384K, S/P/CC $ 675 $ 269 Quadboard, 384K (full), S/P/CC/G $ 795 $ 295 Quadboard II, no RAM, lo 256K $ 295 $ 215 Quadboard II, 64K, lo 256K, 2S/CC $ 395 $ 265 Quadboard II, 256K, 2S/CC $ 595 $ 395

Quad 512 + 64K w/sarial port $ 325 $ 245 Quadcolor I, board. 4 colors Upgrade Quadcolor I to II kit Quadvue, board, Mono. S/P/CC Quad 3278 Quadnet VI Quadnet IX Quadlink Quadsprint

TALLTREE, J RAM II Board TG PRODUCTS, Joystick TITAN, 128K PC Accelerator

VVICO, Smarlboard Keyboard

$ 295 $ 195 $ 275 $ 199 $ 345 $ 269 $1195 $1050 $1995 $1545 $2295 $1745 $ 495 $ 3B5 $ 645 $ 495

$ 219 $ 165 $ 30 $ 22 $ 795 $ 609

$ 400 $ 279

Full Height Half Height

MAYNARD, SAND STAR SERIES

Full Line IN STOCK CALL

Multifunction (6) Card $ 89 $ 79

Memory Card no RAM $ 122 $ 89

Floppy Cont. Card (accepts 3 modules) $ 265 $ 195

Hard Disk l/F Module $ 499 $ 359

Serial Pod Module $ 95 $ 79

Para or Clock Cal. Module, ea. $ 59 $ 49

MICROSOFT, Mouse (lor PC) $ 195 $ 115

Serial Mouse $ 195 $ 115

MOUSE SYSTEMS, PC Mouse & Paint $ 220 $ 135

* * FORYOURPC JR * *

HAYES, Mach III Joystick $ KEY TRONIC, KB5151 Jr. Keyboard $ Numeric Keypad $ KOALA, Touch Tablet for Jr. $ MICROSOFT, Booster 128K w/Mouse $ MOUSE SYSTEMS, Mouse w/software $

QUADRAM, Expansion Chassis $

Memory Expansion Board 128K $

RACORE, Expansion Chassis $

128K Expansion Board $

TECMAR, Jr. Captain $

55 $ 35

255 $ 179

100 $ 77

125 $ 75

495 $ 329

195 $ 125

695 $ 540

275 $ 215

695 $ 449

275 $ 169

395 $ 295

9 each, 4128 chips Piggyback lor AT

ComX EconoRAM Plus™

$265

384K Multifunction RAM Board

Works like AST SixPakPlus™ with game port Fastrak" RAM Disk and Spooler Software S/P/CC/G, 1 Year Limited Warranty. (Fastrak (or up to 384K).

EconoRAM™ 384K

Single Fuction Board

$195

With Fastrak™, Fully Compatible Works on DOS 1.1, 2.0 or 2.1 Prices and availability subject to change. Call.

SOFTWARE FOR YOUR IBM-PC, XT, AT or JR

BUSINESS

BUSINESS

BUSINESS

UTILITIES

UST

C0NB0Y

PRICE

PRICE

ASHTON-TATE, Framework

$

695

$

359

dBase III

$

695

$

359

dBase II. (req. PC-DOS S 128K)

$

495

s

279

ATI, Training Programs-Large Inventory

$

75

s

48

BPI, General Acctg. AR, AP, or PR. ea

$

555

$

365

BRODERBUND, Bank St. Writer (PC or Jr.

$

60

$

49

cdex Training Programs-Large Inventory

$

70

$

45

CONTINENTAL, Ullrafile

$

195

s

115

Tax Advantage

$

70

s

40

Property Management

$

495

s

295

DATA TRANS., Fontrix

$

155

s

99

DOW JONES, Investment Evaluator

$

149

$

97

Market Manager Plus

$

249

s

159

Market Analyzer or Market Microscope

$

349

i

219

Spread Sheel Link

$

249

s

159

FOX & GELLER, Quickcode III

$

295

$

185

HARVARD, Total Project Manager

$

495

$

295

HOWARDSOFT, Tax Preparer '85

$

2S5

$

195

HUMAN EDGE, Mind Prober (PC or Jr.)

$

50

$

29

Sales Edge or Management Edge, ea

$

250

s

159

Negotiation Edge

$

295

s

185

IBM, Topview

$

395

s

365

INFOCOM, Cornerstone

$

495

s

319

KENSINGTON, Easy Link Mail Manager

$

95

$

59

LIFETREE, Volkswriter Deluxe

$

295

$

159

LIVING VIDEOTEXT, Think Tank

s

195

$

95

LOTUS, 1-2-3

$

495

$

309

Symphony

$

695

s

449

MDBS, Knowledgeman

$

500

$

275

MECA, Managing Your Money (PC)

$

193

$

105

Managing Your Money Cartridge (Jr

$

199

s

179

LIST

C0NB0V

PRICE

PRICE

MICROPRO, WordStar (PC)

$

350

$

189

WordStar (Jr)

$

195

$

109

WordStar 2000 (copiable)

$

495

$

265

WordStar 2000 Plus (copiable)

$

595

s

295

WordStar Professional Plus

$

695

s

395

WordStar Professional, 4 Pak

$

495

$

265

MailMerge. SpellStar or Starlndex, e

a.$

99

s

54

InfoStar Plus (+ Starburst)

$

595

$

315

Correct Star

$

145

$

77

MICRORIM, R:Base Series 5000

$

695

5

379

Upgrade 4000 to 5000

$

245

s

135

R:Base 4000

$

495

$

255

R:Base Clout

$

249

$

129

Extended Report Writer

$

150

$

85

MICROSOFT, Spell

$

50

s

32

Multiplan (PC or Jr)

$

195

$

125

Chart or Project, each

$

250

$

159

Word

$

375

$

235

MOSAIC, Twin

$

99

$

75

MULTIMATE, Multimale Ver. 3.3

$

495

$

229

PEACHTREE, Back lo Basics Peach Pak (GL/AR/AP)

$

395

$

239

$

395

$

219

QUE, Using 1-2-3 (book)

S

18

$

14

1-2-3 for Business (book)

$

17

s

13

Using Symphony (book)

$

20

s

15

SAMNA, Word Plus

$

695

$

439

Word III

$

550

$

279

SATELLITE, WordPerfect (PC)

$

495

*

209

WordPerfect (Jr)

$

69

$

39

SOFTW. ARTS, Spotlight

$

150

s

95

T/K Solver (specify DOS)

$

399

s

269

SOFTWARE GROUP, Enable

$

695

s

459

LIST

CONHOY

PRICE

PRICE

SOFTWARE PUBL. PFS:Repor1

$

125

s

75

PFS:Write, File or Graph, each

$

140

$

62

PFS:Plan or Access, each

$

140

$

82

PFS:Proof

$

95

$

57

SORCIM, SuperCalc III

$

395

$

245

STONEWARE, Advanced DB Master

$

595

s

375

THORN EMI Perfect Pak (Jr) (WnteffipeH/Thesaunjs

$

139

$

89

UNISON, Print Master

$

60

$

35

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BYTE

Declarative Languages

Prolog Goes to Work

by Clara Y. Cuadrado and

lohn L. Cuadrado . . . 151

Logic Programming

by Robert Kowalski 161

Declarative Languages: An Overview

by Susan Eisenbach and Chris Sadler 181

Program Transformation

by lohn Darlington 201

Functional Programming Using FP

by Peter G. Harrison and

Hessam Khoshnevisan 219

A Hope Tutorial

by Roger Bailey 235

THE THEME OF THIS ISSUE is a programming paradigm called declarative programming, which offers a new look at computing. The major goals of declarative programming are to provide structurally transparent languages, so programs can be verified and optimized mechanistically, and to facilitate the implementation of multiple-instruction, multiple-data parallelism in the coming generation of parallel-processing computers. The way that declarative languages attempt to achieve these goals is by separating the task that the program is to perform from the way that the computer is to do it. That is, unlike imperative programming languages, declarative languages do not specify the flow of control but only the flow of data in a program.

Declarative languages did not grab the attention of most programmers until the Japanese chose to use Prolog as the programming language for their Fifth Generation Computer Systems (FGCS) project. While that project appears now to be mired in bureaucratic difficulties, the interest it sparked in Prolog lives on. We begin the theme with an article on Prolog by Clara and John Cuadrado. They present a brief introduction to the language, take a look at what the FGCS project hoped to achieve, and provide an overview of the hardware and software available that is taking Prolog beyond the development stage into the realm of finished and viable commercial products.

Next, Robert Kowalski discusses why logic programming is such an attractive development tool in the first place. As you may know, Dr. Kowalski was one of the originators of Prolog and has been a major force in the refinement of logic programming to its current high state of sophistication.

The rest of the issue concentrates on declarative-language developments that are not yet polished commercial products. To begin, Chris Sadler and I briefly outline the declarative-language enterprise and present sample programs in each of the better-known declarative languages.

Next, John Darlington explains program transformation, a method of optimization that seeks to ultimately provide a purely computer-generated optimization. As Dr. Darlington details in his article, that ideal is not yet at hand. However, substantial progress in that direction has already been made.

lohn Backus introduced the syntax of FP in his famous 1977 Turing Award lecture. Peter Harrison and Hessam Khoshnevisan detail the current state of development of FP in their article. They include a number of programming examples that communicate the flavor of this much-discussed but seldomseen language.

Finally, Roger Bailey provides an in-depth tutorial on the Hope language. Of course, the only way to evaluate a language is by using it. To allow you to get your hands on Hope, Imperial College's Victor Wu has written a Hope interpreter that runs on MS-DOS machines and can be downloaded from BYTEnet Listings at (617) 861-9774. BYTEnet Listings also contains a publicdomain version of Prolog, made available by Automata Design Associates,

—Susan Eisenbach

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 149

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(

DECLARATIVE LANGUAGES

PROLOG GOES TO WORK

by Clara Y. Cuadrado and John L. Cuadrado

What Prolog is, who's using it, and why

LOGIC PROGRAMMING, simply put, is using symbolic logic as a programming language.

Logic-programming languages are by nature declarative. They are fundamentally different from the more traditional, imperative (or procedural) programming style. When we program in imperative languages (e.g., FORTRAN. Pascal, Ada), we are machine-oriented: We "prescribe" the manner in which we want the computer to go about solving the problem, i.e., we explicitly specify the detailed flow of control necessary to carry out a given computation. In using logic programming to solve problems, we describe or "declare" the logical structure of the problems. | Editor's note: Robert fowalski discusses some procedural aspects of Prolog in "Logic Programming" on page 161.| A typical logicprogramming statement may be

smart(X) if reads(X, byte)

for "You are smart if you read BYTE."

To further illustrate the difference between a declarative programming language such as Prolog and imperative languages, we have constructed a simple maze for a treasure hunt

(figure 1). The objective is to get through the maze, find the treasure, avoid the various dangers, and come out the other end. Let's approach this problem logically.

First, we express the connectivity of the maze by simple facts like

adjacent (cave entrance.trolls).

adjacent (fountain,mermaid).

Next we define a predicate, path (Here,There,Dangers,Trail), which is used to accumulate nodes (the locations of interest) in a path going from Here to There and make the result available in Trail. The idea is very straightforward: We can get from Here to There if we can get from Here to some Intermediate location and then from the Intermediate location to There.

In order to avoid going around in circles, we also specify that, whenever we choose a new Intermediate location, it should not be one that we have already visited.

Dangerous locations, such as those where bandits or trolls might be lurking, are easily avoided: Whenever we choose a new Intermediate location, we check to see that it is not one of

those that have been designated as dangerous.

Listing 1 is a short Prolog program implementing these ideas. With the aid of the short comments provided (enclosed by /* */), anyone can easily follow the logic without knowing the programming language itself. Notice that we simply specify what the predicate path is supposed to accomplish, and not how it should do it. The Prolog interpreter does it automatically through its unification and backtracking mechanisms. |Editor's note: Robert Kowalski's text box "The Origins of logic Programming" on page 192 discusses the concept of backtracking further.]

Now, to achieve the same objective using an imperative language, we would have to specify an explicit flow of control for the path procedure, including the explicit control of the

[continued)

Clara Y. Cuadrado and ]ohn L. Cuadrado (Octy Inc., 10920 Oxford Court, Fairfax Station, VA 22039) both earned Ph.Ds from the University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign. They taught at the University of Maryland and Dartmouth College, respectively, and now run their own company developing AI systems.

AUGUST 1985 • BYTE 151

t

PRACTICAL PROLOG

depth-first traversal of the graph as represented by the maze.

Logic Programming and the Software Crisis

The distinction between the implicit, interpreter-supplied flow of control demonstrated in our simple Prolog program and the explicit, userspecified flow of control of imperative languages is not merely an aesthetic one. D. A. Turner, for instance, suggests that the fundamental cause of

the software crisis is the imperative and machine-oriented nature of the programming languages being used (see reference 1).

At the risk of being digressive, we think it important to say a word or two here about the software crisis and its possible alleviation through declarative programming, if only to argue that declarative programming is not only good for the soul but may also be good for the pocketbook.

Figure 2, showing the software and

hardware costs as a proportion of total computer costs, has been flashed through projectors in conferences so many times that it is a familiar sight to many, but the point it makes remains too powerful to ignore. It indicates that something is terribly wrong with our conventional way of producing and maintaining software.

The lack of referential transparency is demonstrated by the assignment statement: A variable can be given different values at various locations in the program, thus overwriting the old values. As a result, the meaning of a variable becomes position-dependent, making program verification and program transformations very difficult. [Editor's note: \ohn Darlington discusses these issues in greater detail in "Program Transformation" on page 201.| Many of the transformations that are easily applicable to declarative languages are simply not available for imperative languages (reference 2).

The verbosity of an imperative language like FORTRAN (the more modern ones like Pascal and Ada tend to be even worse) comes as a result of the need to specify each control path through the program in explicit detail. Then, after large programs have been written, it is very difficult to figure out what they do, partly because of the sheer volume of the code, partly because the problemsolving logic cannot be made transparent in this manner.

Studies have shown that the amount of code a programmer produces tends to be essentially constant regardless of the specific programming language used. It is obvious that the fewer lines of clearer code we use to accomplish a task, the better. And a logic-programming language seems to be the perfect candidate for getting more work out of fewer lines of code. We would like to offer a bit of personal experience to document this point.

A few years ago, while working on various data-flow models for highperformance signal-processing systems (reference 3), we found it necessary at one point to write a

Listing 1: A Prolog program to traverse the maze in figure 1.

/* Prolog representatin of the treasure maze */

adjacent(cave entrance,trolls). adjacent(cave entrance,fountain).

adjacentftountain,limbo). adjacent(fountain.food).

adjacent(fountain, bandits). adjacent(fountain,mermaid).

adjacent(bandits, treasure). adjacent(bandits,exit).

adjacent(food,treasure). adjacent(trolls,treasure).

adjacent(mermaid,exit). adjacent(treasure.exit).

avoid([trolls,bandits]). /* the places to stay away from "/

/*

The following is a predicate to display a path through the

maze avoiding the Dangers and passing through the treasure room.

To invoke it use:

traverse(cave entrance,exit).

«./

traverse(H ere,There) :

avoid(Dangers), /* grab the list of places where not to go

path(Here,There, Dangers,[Here]).

/* see text for explanation of the path predicate below */

path(Here,Here,Dangers,Trail) :

member(treasure,Trail), /* make sure we go by the treasure room */ reverse_write(Trail), /* print the trail starting with Here */

path(From,To,Dangers,Trail) :

( /* choose an Intermediate location */

adjacent(From, I ntermediate)

adjacent(l ntermediate, From) ),

not memberflntermediate,Dangers), /* is it a dangerous place? */

not member(lntermediate,Trail), /* have we been there before? */

path(lntermediate,To,Dangers,[lntermediate|Trail]). /* extend path */

/* next, print a list in reverse order */

reverse write([]).

reverse_write([Head|Tail]) :

reverse_write(Tail),

nl,

write(Head).

member(X,[X|_]). member(X,[_|Y]) :member(X.Y).

152 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

PRACTICAL PROLOG

MERMAID

Figure 1: The maze traversed by the Prolog program in listing I.

simulator for one of the data-flow models. One weekend we wrote a specification for the simulator. We used Ada as the program-description language (PDL), and the whole thing came to around five pages of code. A colleague spent the next few weeks turning the PDL into a running Ada program, using Telesoft Ada on the VAX. The final program was around 50 pages long and ran reasonably well.

Some months later, we spent another weekend on a similar task, but this time we used Prolog as the specification language. We had not looked at the Ada specification for quite some time so everything was done from scratch. That is, it was not a matter of simply rewriting the Ada specification in Prolog. The new specification in Prolog was also around five pages long. The difference was that this time the specification was the implementation. It ran the first time we tried it, and, much to our surprise, it actually ran faster than the Ada version, It should be pointed out here

that this was not intended to be a controlled experiment, and the speed factor is probably not very meaningful, given the state of Ada code generators back in 1983. On the other hand, the Prolog interpreter we were using at that time was the University of New Hampshire's interpreter, developed by |im Weiner. We have a feeling that, even if we could use a very advanced Ada code generator, we would probably still come out ahead using Quintus Prolog on the VAX today. We haven't tried it.

The FGCS Project and Logic Programming

Now that we are on the topic of practicality, we should mention the Japanese connection. Only a few years ago, not too many people knew about logic programming. Then the Japanese announced that they had chosen logic programming and Prolog for their ambitious, long-term, nationwide effort known as the Fifth Generation Computer Systems (FGCS) Project.

COST

HARDWARE

SOFTWARE

1970

TIME

Figure 2: A qualitative graph of software and hardware cost trends.

Among the expressed objectives of the FGCS project is the development of fast, intelligent computer systems with the following capabilities: human-like decision making and learning, natural language and voice I/O (input/output), automatic program generation, and distributed processing.

The project has since been dubbed the "computer science Pearl Harbor," but at the time the greatest surprise to many was the Japanese commitment to Prolog and logic programming. Since then, many people have studied logic programming in earnest. Some of us have even turned evangelical about it.

We will not debate whether, as Kowalski maintains, the Japanese are more objective and insightful and therefore were able to see before the rest of the world that logic programming was "the right way to go" (reference 4). There are less controversial ways to enter the subject. Figure 3, borrowed from Moto-Oka (reference 5), represents a conceptual diagram of a fifth-generation computer system from the programming standpoint.

In the FGCS project, logic programming is envisioned as the link between the fields of software engineering, database systems, computer architecture, and knowledge engineering. It is to be used for problem specification and transformation, unifying functional programming and relational databases, developing singleassignment languages, and construct

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 153

PRACTICAL PROLOG

environments. The code developed under these PC-hosted systems is directly transportable to these companies' Prolog systems running on superminis like the VAX.

One problem with Prolog has been the fact that, when developing an application, we are forced to write the whole thing as one giant, flat program. Some of the new implementations are now providing a module facility that greatly enhances the software-engineering appeal of the language.

From the point of view of many applications programmers, what is really needed is a facility like the "demo" predicate proposed by Bowen and Kowalski (reference 6). Their basic idea is to be able to have any number of "theories" active at any one time. When attempting to prove a goal, we specify not only the goal to be proved but also the theory under which the goal is to be proved. This facility allows us to maintain incomplete and

{continued)

HUMAN MODELING MACHINE

APPLICATIONS SYSTEMS SOFTWARE SYSTEM HARDWARE SYSTEM

Figure 3: A conceptual diagram of a fifth-generation computer system. Reprinted with permission from Fifth Generation Computer Systems, T. Uoto-Oka, ed. (New York: Elsevier, 1982, page 29).

154 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

Some new Prolog implementations provide a much-needed

module facility.

ing rule-based expert systems and natural-language processors.

The FGCS project has had a tremendous effect in spurring new research and development in computer science in the United States, not only in academia and in government but in commercial establishments as well. An indication of the impact that logic programming is making on the U.S. computer industry is that a LISP stronghold like Symbolics Inc. is now offering a Prolog compiler for its 3600 series of LISP machines. In the following sections, we will discuss some recent developments in logic programming that are particularly encour

aging, including the increasing availability of Prolog interpreters and compilers, the development of metalevel facilities, and high-performance Prolog machine development.

Brave New World

One of the things that held back the spread of Prolog in the United States was the lack of good implementations for many of the commercially available machines. Recently, however, the situation has changed radically. There are now excellent implementations, both interpreters and compilers, that are available. It is now possible to obtain very respectable Prolog systems that will run on anything from personal computers to workstations to superminis to mainframes. The portability problems appear to be solving themselves, with the Edinburgh DEC-10 syntax rapidly becoming a de facto standard. On the PC side, several companies, including Logicware and Expert Systems International, are offering integrated Prolog development

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PRACTICAL PROLOG

even inconsistent theories about an object of interest. It provides us with a very attractive mechanism for the implementation of nonmonotonic features.

Recently, Ken Bowen has made substantial progress in implementing these ideas (reference 7). While adding new facilities to standard Prolog,

he has painstakingly avoided straying outside the realm of logic. This is an important consideration: It is relatively straightforward to "enhance" a Prolog system by introducing extralogical features such as statedependent features and user-controlled agendas. The problem is that by providing these things we destroy

the well-understood logical foundations upon which logic programming is based. As such, the features that make logic programming attractive in the first place quickly become inapplicable.

Over the past few years a group of researchers in the Computer Science Division of the University of California at Berkeley, headed by Al Despain and Yale Patt, have been investigating the design and implementation of very high performance architectures to support a mixture of numerical and symbolic computations. After looking at various declarative languages such as John Backus's FR they decided that logic programming offered the best avenue to pursue their goals.

Armed with an extraordinary knowledge of computer architecture, they launched their Prolog Machine (PLM) project, using the work of Tick and Warren (reference 8) as a starting point. A Prolog compiler targeted to the PLM instruction set was written. This compiler, with numerous recent improvements, performs some of the most ambitious data-flow analyses ever attempted for Prolog programs.

The PLM hardware is currently implemented as three wire-wrapped boards and runs as an attached processor on the NCR/32. At the time of this writing, most of the hardware has been debugged and all the microcode has been checked out. The timings predicted by the simulator appear to be very realistic, and the system running on the NCR bus is capable of supporting 305,000 LIPS (logic inferences per second). With a different high-performance bus designed by the Berkeley group, the system will support 42 5,000 LIPS (reference 9). These numbers are almost an order of magnitude better than anything available until very recently.

While we are on performance, we have been told that the Symbolics Prolog will be able to achieve around 100,000 LIPS (reference 10) when all the microcode support is in place and the system has been carefully optimized. We are currently using a betatest version of it and like the fact that

(continued)

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Inquiry 31

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PRACTICAL PROLOG

the entire Symbolics machine development environment is available. For people who are already familiar with the Symbolics machine, it probably offers the best commercially available facilities for developing Prolog applications at the present time.

The world of logic programming is rapidly expanding. There are currently ongoing projects, ranging from expert systems to image processing, that will produce very large systems written entirely in Prolog. Logic programming has won lots of supporters in this country in a short period, and the future looks bright. ■

REFERENCES

1. TUrner, D. A. "Recursion Equations as a Programming Language." Functional Programming and its Applications. |. Darlington, P. Henderson, and D. A. Turner, eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1982, pages 1-22.

2. Darlington. ]ohn. "Functional Programming." Distributed Computing, F. B. Chambers, D. A. Duce, G. P. lones, eds. London: Academic Press, 1984, pages 57-77.

3. Cuadrado, 1. L, and G. R. Linsenmayer. "Efficient High Speed Implementation of Directed Graph Signal Processing in a Distributed Processing System." Proceedings of the IEEE CompCon '83, pages 460-463.

4. Kowalski, Robert. "Robert Kowalski on Logic Programming." Future Generations Computer Systems. July 1984, pages 79-83.

5. Moto-Oka, T, ed. Fifth Generation Computer Systems. New York: Elsevier. 1982, page 29.

6. Bowen, Ken, and Robert Kowalski. "Amalgamating Language and Metalanguage in Logic Programming." logic Programming. K. L. Clark and S. A. Tarnlund, eds. London: Academic Press, 1982, pages 153-172.

7. Bowen, Ken. Private communication, lanuary 1985.

8. Tick. Evan, and David Warren. Toward a Pipelined Processor. Tech. Report. SRI Al Center, August 1983.

9. Despain, Al. Private communication, April 1985.

10. Cassels, Bob. Private communication, lanuary 1985.

Editor's note: A screen-oriented implementation of Edinburgh-syntax Prolog has been placed in the public domain by Automata Design Associates and is available for downloading from BYTEnet Listings at (617) 861-9774.

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AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 159

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I

DECLARATIVE LANGUAGES

LOGIC

PROGRAMMING

by Robert Kowalski

Prolog can be used as either a declarative or a procedural programming language

LOGIC PROGRAMMING is based upon attempts begun in the early 1950s to mechanize the proof of mathematical theorems by means of computer. Those attempts were only partially successful. However, the early 1970s brought the discovery that computation is a special case of mechanical, logical deduction. The key to this discovery was the development of mechanical theorem provers that use logic to prove theorems by means of backward reasoning.

Simple backward reasoning was not powerful enough to prove significant theorems of mathematics. However, applied to sentences of the form "conclusion if conditions," it behaves like procedure invocation. Such backward reasoning is the basis of both logic programming and the computer language Prolog.

Backward reasoning has two main uses. First, a problem solver can automatically add it to knowledge expressed in logic to obtain machineexecutable procedures. This allows us to use logic as a purely declarative language in which we express knowledge without worrying about how to use it. In addition, we can explicitly use backward reasoning to control the

reduction of problems to subproblems. This allows us to use logic as a purely procedural programming language.

Logic as a

Declarative Language

The following is probably the most familiar of all examples of logical reasoning. It shows how backward reasoning turns declarative statements into procedures.

All humans are mortal. Socrates is human.

We can express the two English sentences more formally, each with a single conclusion and several—or possibly no—conditions. The first sentence, for example, has one conclusion, x is mortal, and one condition, x is human, where the variable x stands for any individual. The second sentence has the same structure: It, too, has a conclusion, Socrates is human, and a trivial, vacuous condition. Together, these sentences have the same conclusion-conditions form:

x is mortal

if x is human. Socrates is human

if nothing.

You can express a surprising amount of knowledge in this simple form. We call sentences expressed in the conclusion-conditions form "Horn clauses" in honor of logician Alfred Horn, who studied their logical properties.

Backward reasoning turns knowledge expressed as Horn clauses into procedures. The very first sentence above, in particular, becomes a procedure that, given x such as Socrates, reduces the problem of showing that x is mortal to the subproblem of showing x is human.

In general, backward reasoning works backward from the conclusion of a sentence having the form "conclusion if conditions" and reduces problems that match the conclusion to subproblems corresponding to the conditions.

Even the sentence "Socrates is human" can be used as a procedure, to show "Socrates is human" by doing nothing. It solves problems directly, reducing them to no further subprob

(contlnued)

Robert Kowalski is professor of computational logic and head of the logic programming group at Imperial College, 180 Queen's Gate, London SW7 2BZ, England.

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 161

LOGIC PROGRAMMING

lems. Taken together, we have the two procedures

To show x is mortal,

show x is human. To show Socrates is human,

do nothing.

But the same declarative knowledge can give us other procedures. If, instead of showing that Socrates is human, we want to find an individual who is mortal, then, using the first sentence, we get a procedure that finds mortals by finding humans. Using the second sentence, we get a procedure that finds humans by letting the individual be Socrates. Taken together, we have the procedures

To find x which is mortal,

find x which is human. To find x which is human,

let x be Socrates.

We obtain the new procedures from

the same knowledge by the same general method of backward reasoning. Moreover, backward reasoning itself is sufficiently mechanical that we can implement it on a computer.

Logic as a

Procedural Language

A programmer can also use backward reasoning deliberately to control the reduction of problems to subproblems. Suppose, for example, I want to find something to sell to a customer, John. I can try to solve the problem by reducing it to subproblems. The first thing I might do is try to find out what John does for a living. Then I might try to find something that John can use for his occupation. To find something to sell to John, first I'd find out what John does (e.g., gives lectures, watches films, writes programs), then find something that John could use for his work (e.g., an overhead

projector for giving lectures, a television for watching films, Prolog for writing programs). Having solved the two subproblems, I have found something I can now try to sell to John, namely an overhead projector, a television, or Prolog.

We can analyze the procedure as backward reasoning applied to knowledge expressed in conclusion-conditions form:

x is sellable to y if y has occupation z and x can be used for z.

Prolog, for example, will use this knowledge as a procedure to solve subproblems in the order in which the conditions are written, first finding customers' occupations, then finding goods that can be used for such occupations. Prolog programmers, therefore, can control the order in which the computer solves subproblems by controlling the order in which they write those subproblems.

Thus, not only can we use logic purely declaratively, but we can use it purely procedurally. In between these two extremes is a spectrum of uses. In many expert systems, for example, the programmer determines the general problem-reduction structures, but the "inference engine" makes its own lower-level problemsolving decisions. Our rule for selling goods to customers, for example, can be regarded as the beginning of a salesman's simple expert system.

For the sake of efficiency, Prolog uses a simple problem-solving strategy. It solves subproblems in the order in which the programmer has written them and also tries different ways of solving a subproblem in the order in which the programmer has written the conclusion-conditions rules. As a consequence, we can implement Prolog comparatively efficiently and control its behavior easily. The disadvantage is that if you use Prolog purely declaratively, the arbitrary order in which you write conditions and rules may not be appropriate for all problems.

Consider, for example, using the

(continued)

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LOGIC PROGRAMMING

salesman's rule to find customers for Prolog. If you use Prolog itself to solve the problem, it tackles subproblems in the order in which you have written them, first finding pairs of potential customers and their occupations, then showing that Prolog can be used for such occupations. This is not an appropriate order in which to tackle the subproblems. In general, although the same procedures may be appropriate for solving a wide range of problems, for the sake of efficiency, the strategy used to solve subproblems may need to be sensitive to the form of the problem to be solved.

In this particular case, a problem solver should first find out what activities Prolog can be used for and then find out who engages in those activities. Once users know they can use Prolog for implementing specifications, prototypes, expert systems, and databases, they can find someone who is engaged in those activities (e.g., software engineers implement specifications and prototypes, engineers of all kinds implement expert systems, data-processing professionals implement databases). Therefore, software engineers, engineers of all kinds, and data-processing staffs are potential customers for Prolog.

This example shows that you can solve subproblems in any sequence. Indeed, for the sake of efficiency, you may need different sequences for different problems. Database-query languages, for example, use query optimizers to determine the order in which to solve subproblems.

Much current research in logic programming is devoted to developing more intelligent problem solvers and to exploiting the possibilities of tackling subproblems in parallel. If the lapanese Fifth Generation Project succeeds in its aims, computers of the future will consist of communities of problem solvers working in parallel on subproblems generated by procedures expressed in logical form.

Backward vs. Forward Reasoning

Backward reasoning, which links logic with computation, is not taught in

(x) is a noun phrase

if x is a name. John is a name. Mary is a name. (x y) is a noun phrase

if x is an article

and y is a noun, a is an article. the is an article. girl is a noun, boy is a noun. (x) is a verb phrase

if x is an intransitive verb. (x\y) is a verb phrase

if x is a transitive verb

and y is a noun phrase. dreams is an intransitive verb. likes is a transitive verb.

Figure 1: Examples of rules defining the concepts of noun phrase and verb phrase.

conventional logic books. Conventional logic teaches us to reason forward, in the same manner that mathematics teaches us to demonstrate proofs: We start with axioms, definitions, and previously proved theorems, and, as if by magic, in the last step we derive the theorem to be proved. Rather than give a mathematical example, we can illustrate the difference between forward and backward reasoning with an example from natural-language parsing. The rule

x is a sentence if x is list y followed by list z and y is a noun phrase and z is a verb phrase

describes one way that a list of words x can be interpreted as a sentence. Thus, the list of words (the boy likes the girl) is a sentence, because (the boy) is a noun phrase and (likes the girl) is a verb phrase. We can use the rule to reason forward as well as backward.

Suppose we are given a list of words and we want to show that we can interpret the list as a sentence. If we use the rule to reason forward, then we find a noun phrase and a verb phrase, put them together, and conclude that we have a sentence, whether or not that sentence is the list of words with which we began.

In order to use the rule that defines the concept of sentence (whether forward or backward), we need other rules to define the concepts of noun phrase and verb phrase. (For the sake of simplicity, let's ignore the definition of what it means for a list x to be a list u followed by a list z.) (See figure 1.) Here we have used a variant of the micro-PROLOG SIMPLE notation, which was developed at Imperial College In London, England, for teaching logic as a computer language for children. Variables such as x. y, and z in different rules are actually different, even though they may look the same. We use parentheses for list notation:

( ) stands for the empty list M stands for the list with one

element x [x y) stands for the list with two

elements, x followed by y {x\y) stands for the list with first

element x followed by list y

Given an appropriate definition of the relationship "x is list y followed by list z," Prolog can use the rules to test lists of words for grammatical correctness. For example.

(a boy dreams) is a sentence?

Yes

(a boy dreams a girl) is a sentence? No

It can even use the same rules to generate sentences:

x is a sentence? x = (Mary dreams) x = (Mary likes Mary) x = (Mary likes John) x = (Mary likes the girl) etc.

Thus, for example, to show that (a boy dreams) is a sentence, Prolog first splits the list into consecutive sublists. tries to show that the first sublist is a noun phrase, and then tries to show that the second sublist is a verb phrase. If at any stage it fails to solve a subproblem, it backtracks and tries a different way of solving the most recent, previously considered subproblem. in this case, it first splits the ini

{continued)

164 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

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AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 165

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LOGIC PROGRAMMING

tial list into the trivial list () followed by (a boy dreams). After failing to show that ( ) is a noun phrase, it backtracks and splits the initial list into the list (a) followed by (boy dreams). After failing to show that (a) is a noun phrase, because (a) is not a name, Prolog backtracks and splits the initial list into the list (a boy) followed by (dreams). It then shows that (a boy) is a noun phrase by showing "a" is an article and "boy" is a noun. It then shows that (dreams) is a verb phrase by showing that "dreams" is an intransitive verb. In this way it succeeds in solving the initial problem by backward reasoning.

It would be harder to describe how to use forward reasoning to search for a solution to the same problem. But it is comparatively easy to show how to use it to give a proof:

"a" is an article and "boy" is a noun. Therefore, (a boy) is a noun phrase, "dreams" is an intransitive verb. Therefore, (dreams) is a verb phrase. Therefore, (a boy dreams) is a sentence.

This example shows how effective Prolog's simple problem-solving strategy can be. This is not always the case, however, because usually the order in which subproblems are tackled should be sensitive to the form of the problem being solved. Moreover, Prolog's autonomous mode of solving subproblems is not always very effective.

Interactive Problem Solving

In many cases a collaborative, machine-machine or man-machine problem-solving effort is more appropriate. For this reason, Peter Hammond and Marek Sergot at Imperial College have implemented an extension of Prolog in Prolog itself that asks the user for help. This extension, APES (Augmented Prolog for Expert Systems), has been used for many applications not normally associated with expert systems.

For example, given the problem "(Mary likes Bob) is a sentence?" and our toy English grammar, Prolog, reasoning backward, eventually reduces

the problem to the subproblem "Bob is a name?" which it cannot solve. At this point, Prolog fails to solve the subproblem and eventually terminates in failure. Logically, however, there is no reason not to obtain the knowledge needed to solve the problem from the user. The user can solve the problem with "Yes" and the computer can store the knowledge for its own use on future occasions. In this way the computer learns from the user. It becomes more knowledgeable, if not more intelligent.

Parallel Problem Solving

This is an example of man-machine collaboration. Subproblems are solved sometimes by man, sometimes by machine. In general, it is more efficient to collaborate with others, whether they are people or machines, than it is to solve problems on our own.

The classical eight-queens problem illustrates the benefits of such collaboration. The problem is to place eight queens on a chessboard in such a way that no queen can take another.

Every well-educated computer scientist knows that you shouldn't write a computer program to solve a problem before you have a clear idea what the problem is. You write a problem definition—the program specification—before you write a solution—the program. Moreover, even computer scientists who do not support the use of logic as a programming language appreciate the value of logic as a program-specification language. In the case of the eight-queens problem, we can use the conclusion-conditions form of logic to express the uppermost level of the program specification:

% solves the eight-queens problem if x is an assignment of queens and x is safe.

Given appropriate definitions of the "assignment" and "safe" relations, a problem solver can turn the program specification into a procedure by applying backward reasoning. However, Prolog's strategy of solving subprob

(conlinued)

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Inquiry I32

AUGUST I985 'BYTE 167

LOGIC PROGRAMMING

lems sequentially in the order in which they are written is extremely inefficient. Prolog will alternatively generate complete assignments of all eight queens to the chessboard and test whether one queen can capture another. If it needs to find all solutions, then it has to consider all 88 complete assignments. Even though this is extremely inefficient, it may still be useful for testing the specification.

Prolog attempts to solve problems sequentially, one at a time in the order in which the user has written them. But other problem-solving strategies can also be employed. In the case of the eight-queens problem, we can employ two collaborating problem solvers working in parallel. One problem solver can generate assignments and the other can test them for safety. The tester can test partial assignments before they are completed. If a partial assignment (of

the first two queens, for example) is unsafe, it can reject that partial assignment and thereby reject the entire family of all its extensions. The generator can then backtrack and change the position of the queen that caused the partial assignment to become unsafe. Executing the specification in this way, we obtain the classical algorithmic solution.

The algorithm is equivalent to the program you find laboriously encoded in conventional programming languages and even more laboriously proved correct. By analyzing the algorithm as a particular, collaborative problem-solving strategy applied to the program specification, we obtain an immediate, obvious proof of "program" correctness. The algorithm is correct because it is the program specification executed in a correctness-preserving way.

The natural-language understanding

problem also exemplifies the advantages of parallel execution. Consider, for example, the top-level rule

Sentence x has meaning y if x has syntactic structure z and z has meaning y.

This models the classical decomposition of the natural-language understanding problem to the separate subproblems of determining syntax and determining semantics. Prolog (and classical approaches to language understanding) would solve the subproblems separately, first generating syntactic, then semantic structures.

But the two problems can also be solved collaboratively in parallel. One problem solver can generate syntactic structures, and the other can test them for semantic content. The tester can test partial syntactic structures and reject them if they are meaning

(contlnued)

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LOGIC PROGRAMMING

less before the syntax generator wastes further effort on them. For example, the attempt to understand the candidate sentence (furious green ideas sleep while others work) can be abandoned as soon as the syntactic analyzer has generated the noun phrase (furious green ideas) and the semantic analyzer has rejected it as meaningless. The argument for understanding natural language by executing syntax generators and semantic analyzers cooperatively as producers/ consumers was a major component of Terry Winograd's celebrated Ph.D. thesis, Understanding Natural Language (London: Academic Press, 1972).

Several logic-programming languages have the problem-solving facilities needed to run the eightqueens problem and the natural-language understanding problem in collaborative, producer/consumer mode. IC-Prolog, developed by Keith Clark and Frank McCabe at Imperial College, was the first of these languages. A more recent system, MU-Prolog, has been developed by Lee Naish at Melbourne University in Melbourne, Australia. IC-Prolog has also given rise to the more efficient programminglanguage executors Parlog. developed by Keith Clark and Steve Gregory at Imperial College, and Concurrent Prolog, developed by Ehud Shapiro at the Weizmann Institute. These languages are less powerful problem solvers than IC-Prolog but are more efficient for executing the kind of concurrent processes needed for operating-system applications.

New computer architectures are being developed specifically to exploit the possibility of parallel execution. The Japanese Fifth Generation Project, in particular, has as its main objective the development of highly parallel computers that understand logic as their native language. The ALICE parallel-machine project, led by John Darlington at Imperial College, is pursuing similar objectives.

Executable Specifications Are Not Enough

The eight-queens and natural-language understanding problems illus

trate some of the potential improvements we can obtain by using sequential instead of parallel execution. We should not be misled, however, into concluding that we can always obtain efficient algorithms by clever and more parallel ways of executing program specifications. The sorting problem is a counterexample. A problem solver can execute the toplevel specification

x is a sorted version of sequence y if x is a permutation of y and x is ordered

in many different ways, but there seems to be no general execution strategy that converts the specification into an efficient algorithm. This is not to say, however, that we cannot express appropriate sorting algorithms in conclusion-conditions form. Moreover, proving the correctness of such algorithms is much simpler than proving the correctness of conventional programs, because logic programs and logic specifications are expressed in the same formalism.

Thus, we must be prepared to use logic to express efficient algorithms as well as program specifications. But even when it is necessary for a programmer to express such algorithms, the benefits of more intelligent parallel execution can still be worthwhile.

The British Nationality Act

So far we have concentrated on the different problem-solving strategies that are possible with backward reasoning. But better problem-solving strategies are of use only if we can express knowledge in a form to which we can apply such strategies. Work at Imperial College on the formalization of the British Nationality Act of 1981 illustrates some of the power and limitations of the conclusionconditions form that is required for backward reasoning.

The first subsection (1.1) of the act states: "A person born in the United Kingdom after commencement (of the act) shall be a British citizen if at the time of birth his father or mother is (a) a British citizen or (b) settled in the United Kingdom." The English is

170 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

t

LOGIC PROGRAMMING

not as clear as it may seem. First of all, it doesn't tell us when the individual becomes a citizen. Second, it doesn't tell us—what we discover later—that it matters whether you're a citizen by this rule or by another. For example, a child born outside the United Kingdom after commencement of the act is a British citizen by descent if at the time of birth his father or mother is a British citizen otherwise than by descent. The conclusion is

not simply that you are a citizen, but rather that you are a citizen by 1.1 .a or 2.1.b or some other rule.

After several approximations, we eventually discovered that the logic of this subsection of the law is this:

A' acquires British citizenship by (1.1 a) on date y if x is born in the U.K. and x is born on date y and y is after commencement

and z is parent of x and z is a British citizen by w on date y.

This may seem rather tedious, but it needs to be if we are to be absolutely clear what the law really means. Also, it is necessary to formalize explicitly assumptions that are normally taken for granted. For example:

x is a British citizen by w on date y

{continued)

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AUGUST I985 -BYTE 171

LOGIC PROGRAMMING

if x acquires British citizenship by w on date z

and z is on or before y

and x has not lost British citizenship between date z and date y

My colleagues at Imperial College under the direction of Marek. Sergot have succeeded in translating a major portion of the act into a form executable by Prolog. They were able to implement a small but significant portion of the act within the confines of a small microcomputer. Using Augmented Prolog they developed a system that could be used interactively to determine British citizenship in a large number of frequently occurring cases. It is remarkable that despite Prolog's simple problem-solving strategy and except for a few loops removed manually by program-transformation techniques, the rules extracted declaratively from the act behave reasonably efficiently as a logic program.

Our interest in the British Nationality Act, however, was not to develop a running system but to study the problems of knowledge representation. The British Nationality Act includes constructs that are difficult to translate into conclusion-conditions form. Consider, for example, the following statement:

A person is a citizen if . . .

and his mother is a citizen or would have been a citizen

if she were male.

What we need to handle such statements is an ability not only to express knowledge about the world but also to express knowledge about knowledge about the world. In this example we need to be able to refer to our knowledge about the world, imagine an alternate set of beliefs, and derive consequences from those alternative beliefs. This ability is called metalevel reasoning.

We can also use metalevel reasoning to analyze the meaning of subsection (2) of the British Nationality Act: "A newborn infant who after commencement, is found abandoned in the United Kingdom shall, unless the contrary is shown, be deemed for the purposes of subsection (1), (a) to have been born in the United Kingdom after commencement and (b) to have been born to a parent who at the time of birth was a British citizen, or settled in the United Kingdom." Here, although there are other complications, the really problematic phrase is "unless the contrary is shown." The words "unless" and "contrary" both involve negation. Ordinarily, two negations cancel one another out. This is not so in this case because the word "unless" has a metalevel connotation: "unless P" means "if P cannot be proved." It refers implicitly to the current state of knowledge and can lead to conclusions that need to be withdrawn if new knowledge becomes available.

The metalevel reasoning associated with the word "unless" is called negation by failure and was first proposed by Carl Hewitt as a feature of the programming language Planner. Several researchers have investigated its relationship with classical logic within a logic-programming framework. Keith Clark, in particular, has shown, under certain fairly natural conditions, that negation by failure is compatible with classical negation. Negation by failure has a very simple (if sometimes incorrect) implementation in Prolog, using its extralogical features.

Prolog also provides more general (extralogical) facilities for metalevel reasoning. Although these facilities are very powerful and very useful, they are not always consistent with classical logic. There is still a great deal of work necessary to incorporate correct and powerful metalevel reasoning within practical logic-programming systems. Such systems would go a long way toward meeting both the critics of logic programming and the critics of logic.

The Need for Belief Revision

Many psychologists believe that human beings are not logical. Certain schools of artificial intelligence also argue that logic is inadequate for representing knowledge and belief. They argue that logic is rigid and inflexible and that it requires human beings to be consistent and their knowledge to be complete.

[continued]

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AUGUST 1985

1 Y T E 173

LOGIC PROGRAMMING

In my opinion, the critics are mistaken. The practical application of logic requires a framework within which new knowledge can be assimilated and beliefs can change. Such a framework for knowledge assimilation is completely compatible with logic and has many potential applications both inside and outside computing.

The maintenance of information in computer databases is perhaps the most obvious application. We can regard a relational database, for example, as a special case of a logic program, where all rules have conclusions without any conditions. We can treat the need to change information in a database as a special case of

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assimilating new information. Moreover, analyzing the deductive relationship between the new information and the current state of the database can assist the process of knowledge assimilation.

Suppose, for example, that we have a database storing relationships between parents and their children, together with "integrity constraints" that include the statement that no one has more than one father. Suppose the current state of the database contains a statement that Harry is father of John. Suppose an update adds new information that Fred is father of John. A conventional database system would reject the update, laying the blame for inconsistency with the record of the second father. Fred. A more logical analysis of the derivation of contradiction, however, would recognize that it is just as likely that the record of the first father, Harry, is incorrect. Indeed, it is even possible that the blame lies with the integrity constraint. Some people might have more than one father—a natural father and a legal father, for example. Thus logic, far from forcing us to be rigid and unchanging in our beliefs, helps us to be more flexible and to identify different ways we can change our beliefs.

Logic programming blurs the conventional distinction between databases and programs. It encourages incremental development of programs in a manner that is similar to database updates. Consider, for example, how we might extend our salesman's simple expert system. We might update our rules to include additional ways of selling goods to potential customers. Bob, for example, who is a compulsive buyer, will buy anything that is cheap. We can add an extra rule to deal with cases like Bob's:

x is sellable to y if x is cheap

and y is a compulsive buyer.

Assimilation of the extra rule changes the knowledge base by extending the class of problems that can be solved. On the other hand, the application of

(continued!

174 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

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LOGIC PROGRAMMING

our original rule might result in inconsistency. Suppose, for example, that we try to convince John that because he likes watching films and because a cinema is good for watching films, he ought to buy a cinema. We can interpret John's failure to be convinced as giving rise to the new knowledge that a cinema is not sellable to John. When assimilated into the knowledge base, this gives rise to inconsistency that should encourage us to reconsider our rules and in this case might suggest that we modify the original rule by adding an extra condition: x is sellable to y

if x can be used for z

and y has occupation z

and y can afford x.

The addition of the extra condition avoids the inconsistency while it preserves previously derived useful consequences of the original rule.

You can also apply knowledge assimilation to story understanding. Given our current understanding of a story so far, a new sentence gives rise to new knowledge to be assimilated. A sentence can be ambiguous, however. Different interpretations of the same sentence may differ with respect to their deductive relationships to the current knowledge base. An incorrect interpretation, in particular, may give rise to an inconsistency, which can turn our attention to other interpretations of the input sentences. We might even be motivated to consider other, more logically relevant interpretations, if the current interpretation bears no logical relationship to the current knowledge base. The Linguistics Department at University College in London is investigating a similar, deductively oriented theory of natural-language understanding based on Dierdre Wilson and Dan Sperber's Relevance Theory.

We might even argue that the development of scientific theories can be regarded as an example of knowledge assimilation. New hypotheses and reports of observations need to be assimilated into the current state of the theory. Does the new hypothesis imply that previous hypotheses were

t

LOGIC PROGRAMMING

special cases? Is the report of an observation already implied by the existing theory? Or is it inconsistent? If it is inconsistent, does the fault lie with the theory or with the report? The philosopher of science Imre Lakatos has argued that, if the theory is immature and undeveloped, then it is more reasonable to suspect the theory than the report. If the theory is mature, then it is more reasonable to suspect the report. In either case, logic can help us to identify different ways of restoring consistency.

Such a theory of knowledge assimilation and belief revision is necessary for the practical application of logic programming. Even Prolog provides crude but powerful primitives for manipulating sentences and combining ordinary deduction with metalevel reasoning. These primitives can be and have been used for implementing simple but effective knowledgeassimilation systems.

Conclusion

Logic programming combines the use of logic that is congenial to human thinking and logic that is sufficiently goal-oriented to be implemented by computer. It provides a general framework within which many widely differing languages can be developed. It gives scope to the development of both declarative and procedural computer languages as well as to sequential and parallel implementations. Prolog is the first and most important logic-programming language, and it provides a tantalizing preview of the more powerful logic-programming languages of the future. ■

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Clark, K. L, and S. A. Tarnlund, eds. logic Programming. London: Academic Press, 1982.

Ennals, J. R. Beginning Micro-PROLOC. 2nd

edition. Chichester, England: Ellis

Horwood Ltd.. 1984. Hewitt, Carl. "The Challenge of Open

Systems." BYTE, April 1985, pages

223-242.

Hogger. C. J. introduction to logic Programming.

London: Academic Press, 1984. Kowalski, R. A. logic for Problem Solving. New

York: North-Holland/Elsevier, 1979.

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Even FirsTime's cursor movements are by syntax elements instead of characters. The cursor automatically skips over blank spaces and required keywords and goes directly to the next editable position.

FirsTime is a Syntax Checker

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FirsTime is a Program Formatter

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DECLARATIVE LANGUAGES

DECLARATIVE LANGUAGES: AN OVERVIEW

by Susan Eisenbach and Chris Sadler

Why do we need another type of programming language?

SOME PROGRAMMING languages are designed to get the optimum performance out of the systems they run on regardless of the amount of time it takes to produce the program. Others are designed to enhance programmer productivity, usually at the expense of efficient use of machine time. Some are special-purpose languages designed to be applicable only to a restricted range of problems; others attempt a jack-of-all-trades approach by offering features that can be applied to a variety of problems.

Because of the expanding scope and complexity of problems tackled by computers, programming languages tend to exhibit something akin to evolutionary behavior: Some become extinct, some adapt and survive, and some new ones emerge. Underpinning this creation and adaptation of programming languages have been refinements in our understanding of problem solving and programming and changes in our conception of language and machine intelligence. These theoretical considerations have had the effect of founding families of languages. Thus,

most languages can trace their parentage back to one or more original ideas. (See the "Development of Functional Languages" text box on page 182.) This article is about one such family, known as the declarative languages. Highly regarded in academic circles, declarative languages are problem-oriented but currently inefficient computationally. The imminent fifth-generation hardware makes it look as though the declarative family may soon be entering its own era.

Hardware Problems

Virtually all currently available computers are architecturally equivalent to the first machines built in the 1940s. One central processor is connected to a relatively large passive memory by a bus that is one word wide. Eventually, after much tuning of the software and several hardware upgrades, most systems become processor-bound; the central processing unit isn't fast enough to cope with the tasks it is supposed to perform. At this stage a new computer is normally obtained, with the same basic architecture but faster components.

Every breakthrough in hardware technology leads to improvements in speed, which raise the expectations of users that can be met only by another technological breakthrough. Things have reached the stage where not many turns are left through this cycle before we hit some natural barrier (e.g., the speed of light) that closes off the line of development.

One way out of this cul-de-sac lies in an examination of the justification behind the conventional machine architecture. The ratio between processor cost and memory cost used to be high since processors were expensive, requiring many boards of components. Today, this is no longer the case. Both processors and memory are made from the same technologies—LSI (large-scale integration) and VLSI (very large scale integration).

{continued]

Susan Eisenbach is in the Department of Computing, \mperial College. 180 Queen's Gate. London SW7 2BZ, England. Chris Sadler is in the Department of Mathematics. Statistics, and Computing. Polytechnic of North London. Holloway Rd.. London N7, England.

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 181

OVERVIEW

Only the smallest microcomputer systems don't have additional specialpurpose processors to deal with storage, I/O (input/output) peripherals, floating-point operations, and so on. But there is still only a single central processing unit. For applications that require higher throughput, it makes sense to try to build machines out of networks of general-purpose processors, each of which can take a

share of the processing load.

Many current users who require substantial processing power have programs that contain large arrays of data. This is especially true in the areas of meteorology, oil exploration, and defense problems. Therefore, one kind of parallel machine consists of an array of processors that simultaneously obey the same instructions. A high throughput can be achieved if the

user's problem can be written to include arrays whose elements all need the same operations performed on them. Another more flexible system consists of a pipeline of processors, each of which performs a portion of the calculation on each piece of data before passing its results on to the next processor down the line. Unfortunately, it is difficult to exploit this

{continued)

The Development of Functional Languages

FOUNDATIONAL STUDIES

1924 Schonfinkel introduces combinations to remove the need for variables in logical formulae.

1930 Curry develops the theory of pure combinatory logic.

1932 Church introduces the lambdacalculus.

1936 Kleene introduces recursion equations.

1937 TUring shows the equivalence of the lambda-calculus and Turing machines as formal models of computation.

1969 Scott introduces the first mathematical model of the lambda-calculus for use in Scott-Strachey denotational semantics.

FUNCTIONAL LANGUAGES

1960 McCarthy presents LISP, a language similar to the lambdacalculus designed for use in symbolic computation.

1966 Landin introduces ISwTM. an expression-based language including a purely functional subsystem.

1968 Evans introduces PAL, an expression-based language incorporating lambda-notation and designed for use in teaching programming linguistics. Burstall and Popplestone introduce POP-2, an imperative language that includes a functional subset based on the lambda-calculus. POP-2 is used

extensively by the British artificial-intelligence community.

1970 Reynolds creates the language GEDANKEN, which is based on the lambda-calculus and introduces the functional approach to data structures.

1974 Burstall and Darlington develop NPL, a first-order functional language that uses Kleene recursion equations and incorporates relative set abstraction. It was used in their programtransformation work.

1976 TUrner introduces SASL, a purely functional language used extensively in teaching.

1977 Hankin and Sharp introduce CAJOLE, a purely functional language designed for use in the programming of data-flow systems.

Backus gives the ACM Hiring Award lecture and presents FP, a functional language incorporating powerful programforming operators.

1978 Burstall and coworkers introduce Hope, a strong polymorphically typed functional language with data-abstraction facilities.

Milner and coworkers introduce ML, the language used to construct proofs in LCF. 1980 Turner introduces KRC, a functional language with ZermeloFraenkel set abstraction. Henderson presents LISPKIT LISP.

1984 TUrner introduces MIRANDA.

MACHINES

1965 Landin unveils the SECD machine, an abstract machine for describing the execution of functional languages.

1971 Wadsworth introduces the notions of call by need and graph reduction using the lambdacalculus.

1976 Henderson and Morris invent lazy evaluation. This was also independently invented by Friedman and Wise. Berkling introduces a stringreduction architecture for executing lambda-calculus programs.

1979 Turner shows how combinators can be used as the machine code of a graph-reduction machine for executing functional programs.

Keller and coworkers introduce AMPS, a loosely coupled multiprocessor system for the execution of flow-graph LISP.

1981 LISP machines become commercially available. Darlington and coworkers present ALICE, a parallel graphreduction machine. Mago introduces a stringreduction machine for the parallel execution of FP programs.

1983 Hughes introduces supercombinators, a method of graph reduction that retains many of the advantages of combinators but operates at a higher level.

182 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

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lock-step parallelism since not all problems are easily cast into a suitable form.

The next alternative is to use languages that explicitly control the parallel execution of processes. This is called concurrency. New languages such as Modula-2 and Ada have constructs that let the programmer ini

184 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

tiate and coordinate multiple concurrent tasks. Typically, these tasks share a single processor, but parallel processors could be used, especially with a limited number of tasks. However, parallel processing becomes less practical to program when the number of simultaneous tasks reaches the thousands.

Inquiry 173

lust as the procedural languages we use mirror conventional architecture (that is, they are sequential in nature), in order to take full advantage of parallel-processing systems, we need a type of language in which it is natural to describe complex problems in such a way that they can be automatically solved concurrently. One can then gain arbitrary increases in speed simply by adding more processors.

Software Problems

Much research has gone into improving programmer productivity, especially when it was found that the cost of employing teams of programmers began to outweigh the cost of purchasing and maintaining the computers they were using. Two startling findings have made quite a difference in the way things have developed on the software front in the last decade. The first of these is the fact that, whatever programming language is used, any given programmer produces roughly the same number of lines of code—written, tested, debugged, and documented. (The average output for a professional programmer is around 1500 lines per year—although individual production varies widely.) The implication of this finding is that the more powerful the language (that is, the more computing that can be encompassed in each construct, rather than simply the number of different constructs available to the programmer), the more productive the programmer becomes. Thus, over the years we have seen a trend toward higher-level programming languages.

A second trend follows from an analysis of those elements within programs that appear to be particularly prone to error and the elimination of them in new language definitions. This has the effect of limiting the control that can be exercised over the machine at the programmer's whim. The first step in this direction occurred with the move from assembly languages to the original high-level languages. Instead of laying the entire available memory open to the pro

(continued]

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OVERVIEW

grammer to access and interpret in any way desired, these high-level languages constrained the programmer to naming storage locations (variables) and to declaring the type of data that would be stored there. This step simultaneously restricts the freedom of the programmer to maneuver around the data and imposes a layer of organization (structure) on the data (and hence the program). The next element to come under

the scrutiny of the language designers was the GOTO statement, which seemed to crop up time and again in the more horrendous programming errors. The elimination of GOTO statements gave rise to structured programming, in which programs are built up by means of a set of welldefined constructs designed to ensure a rational and predictable flow of control. Another feature on the blacklist was global data, with its insidious side

effects. A new style of programming was developed—modular programming, which restricts programmers to working on small, manageable subproblems and passing all data explicitly between modules. When a problem arises, the offending module can be identified and the effects of the error rapidly traced.

Both structured and modular programming philosophies lend them

[continued]

Declarative Languages Glossary

Applicative Language: Synonym for "functional language." Often used loosely for any declarative language.

Combinatorics: A system for reducing the operational notation of a functional language to a sequence of modifications to the input data structure. All combinators can be defined from two basic combinators—S, which distributes a term throughout an expression, and K, which cancels a term from an expression.

Data-Flow Analysis: The order of execution in a data-flow language is determined solely by dependencies between different data. Data-flow analysis is the analysis needed to determine those dependencies. For example, given

1. X - A + B

2. B - 2 + 2

3. A = 3 + 4

a data-flow analysis would find that "A + B" in line 1 requires that lines 2 and 3 be evaluated before line 1. Since there are no data dependencies between lines 2 and 3. they may be executed in parallel.

Declarative Language: A general term for relational languages and functional languages, as opposed to imperative languages, imperative languages specify procedures for solving problems, while in declarative languages you specify what kind of solution you are seeking. For example, to find the cube of 7 in an imperative language, you might initialize CUBE to 1, and then let CUBE equal CUBE times 7

(repeat 3 times). In a declarative language, you would define-what cube means and then ask what the cube of 7 is.

Functional Language: A functional language consists of. reasonably enough, functions and arguments to those functions that uniquely identify the program output. For example, plus(4,5) returns 9 and only 9. Hope and FP are examples of functional languages.

Lazy Evaluation: If an expression is evaluated only when some other expression needs its output, the mode of evaluation is called "lazy." If expressions are evaluated as soon as possible, without regard to whether anything else needs the results, the evaluation strategy is termed "eager."

Negation by Failure: An extralogical feature of Prolog in which failure of unification is treated as establishing the negation of a relation. For example, if Ronald Reagan is not in our database and we asked who the President of the United States is, Prolog would answer that there is no such person.

Referential Transparency A program is referentially transparent if it prohibits assigning different values to the same named variable during the same run. Functional languages achieve this by using only named constants whose values are passed as data at run time. Relational languages (q.v.) permit the use of variables but require the program to be. in effect, rerun for each different value returned.

Relational Language: Relational languages specify output in terms of some property and an argument. For example, if Tom has two brothers, Dick and Harry, a relational language will respond to the query "Who is brother (Tom)?" with either Dick or Harry. Notice that, unlike functional languages, relational languages do not require a unique output for each predicate/argument pair. Prolog is the bestknown relational language.

Side Effects: Statements that modify what was previously in a computer rather than simply adding more to what is already there are said to have side effects. For example, "X = X+1" produces side effects. In particular, a statement such as "IF X = 2 THEN Y=0 ELSE Y= 1" will evaluate differently at different stages in a program's execution. Side effects make parallel processing difficult.

Transformation: The systematic development of efficient programs from high-level specifications by meaningpreserving program manipulations.

Unification: The generalization of pattern matching that is the Prolog equivalent of instantiation in logic. For example, to find the smallest even number larger than 7 that is a perfect square, Prolog would search its "database" of numbers, trying to satisfy the necessary relations between the desired number and 2, 7, and an unspecified integer that is its square root. On coming to 16, the necessary set of relations would be "unified."

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OVERVIEW

selves to an improved correspondence between the specification of a problem (a concise but exhaustive statement of what the program will be expected to do under all circumstances) and the program's final realization (the code running on a given hardware configuration). Nevertheless, this correspondence is usually not rigorous in the sense that no one tends to take the trouble to go through the program actually proving that each module does its job correctly and then passes its results to the right receiving modules in the correct form, even though painstaking mathematical techniques generally exist to do this.

The second startling finding to come out of the research into programmer productivity is that, in the average commercial programming environment, as much as 50 percent of a programmer's effort goes into pro

gram maintenance, that is, updating the program's performance to meet circumstances not envisaged when the program was originally specified or hunting for deep-seated bugs. Since deep-seated bugs are simply places where the program, as written, diverges from its original specification, a major improvement in efficiency can be gained from improving the precision of program specifications so that the program can be tied more tightly to its specification. If no specification was produced initially, the maintenance programmer must try to deduce what was intended by examining code that is known to be incorrect.

Making a specification more precise means searching for ways to make unambiguous statements about what the program should achieve. Because the most unambiguous language is that of mathematics, the trend has

been toward more mathematical and provable methods of description. By the same token, tying program code to specifications implies not only a trend toward still higher level languages but also toward the use of mathematical methods of proof applied to actual fragments of code. This serves to demonstrate both that the code will have a predictable outcome under all circumstances, rather than those circumstances selected experimentally during testing, and that the outcomes match those called for in the specification.

One noteworthy barrier that prevents the programmer from using reasonably straightforward mathematics for exploring possible solutions to a problem or for testing existing code is the familiar assignment operation. Programmers use the word variable to refer to a named storage location that can be modified by means of assignment statements. Therefore, in order to know what such a variable stands for, it is necessary to know the precise point in the program's execution at which the inquiry is being made—and each variable has a computational history that charts its changing values throughout the program's execution. By contrast, a declarative-language term has a definite value. If that value has not yet been computed, it is simply unknown—it is not some other value. This property is known as referential transparency.

In order to make a piece of code amenable to mathematical analysis, it is necessary to free terms from the burden of their computational histories—which means restricting the extent to which programmers may assign values to a term. Languages with referential transparency are known as declarative languages because, without assignments, programmers can declare only what effects should produce what outcomes rather than prescribe the manner and especially the sequence in which processing should occur (these languages are called imperative). Consequently, apart from stabilizing variables so that finite mathematical techniques can be

{continued)

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applied to code fragments, referential transparency serves to remove the flow mechanisms (specifically, sequencing and loops) from explicit mention in the code. This in turn allows for the possibility of parallel processing; since any function in a program can be executed whenever all its inputs exist, rather than when the programmer decides that the processor is available for this purpose, there is no reason why a program cannot be spread over a collection of processors so that each function can get its own processor or share one with a small subset of the whole program.

Referential transparency has other implications for the declarative languages. Since the unknown terms in any expression are simply unevaluated function calls that become known as the function code is executed, one effect is to blur the distinction between functions (code) and terms (data). This leads to the idea of higher-order functions, which are implemented in most declarative languages. These functions are capable of accepting as arguments, and also of returning, other first- and higherorder functions so that the programmer can structure and manipulate functions and data with equal facility.

Static data structures such as arrays necessarily have computational histories. They must therefore be replaced in declarative languages by dynamic data structures where memory for an item is allocated only when that item comes into existence. Some imperative languages such as Pascal and C implement these structures rather primitively by means of pointers that require the programmer to reference memory locations explicitly. In declarative languages, dynamic structures are treated in more abstract terms (for example, as lists). Lists serve to bring code and data together even more closely since they incorporate implicit operations (or functions) for including components in the structure (constructors) and for extracting components from the structure [selectors). What follows is a brief description of a representative sample of declarative languages, showing some of the dif

ferences in approach, mathematical paradigms, and syntax.

Pure LISP

LISP stands for "list processing." It is by far the oldest of the declarative languages, having been designed by John McCarthy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1960. Numerous imperative features are incorporated into different versions of the language so that most LISP programs are not actually declarative, but a large enough subset (Pure LISP) allows declarative programming to be done. (Peter Henderson of Stirling University in Scotland has a system called Lispkit, which is fully declarative.) LISP has more different dialects than any other declarative language. Since it is the most mature of the declarative languages, a large range of software tools and custom-designed hardware is available. MIT's MacLISP will be used in our programming example.

Data structures in a LISP program are constructed from atoms; an atom is either a numeral or a literal string. Although some LISPs have other data structures, the only standard data structure is the list. Lists need not contain homogeneous elements because LISP is an untyped language. Types are actually determined at run time. For example,

( A 1 (ABC 123) )

is a list containing three elements. Access methods built into the language include selector functions (car and cdr), constructor functions (list and cons), and a predicate (null) to test for an empty list.

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{continued}

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OVERVIEW

The Origins of Logic Programming

by Robert Kowalski

Logic programming owes its origins to the development of logic in genera] and to advances in mathematical logic in particular.

In the early 1950s, computationally inclined logicians began to investigate techniques for automating the proofs of mathematical theorems. They reduced the problem to the subproblems of expressing the axioms of mathematics in symbolic logic and of mechanizing the process of logical deduction.

Two developments in mechanical theorem proving took place in the mid-1960s that are significant for the development of logic programming. Alan Robinson developed the resolution rule of inference, and Donald Loveland developed the model-elimination proof procedure. These two theorem-proving methods, expressed in completely different notations, appeared for many years to be entirely unrelated. In 1970-1971 Donald Kuehner and I showed that model elimination and a form of resolution (called linear resolution) could be viewed as variants of one another. We developed a synthesis of the two methods, which we called SL-resolution. Independently, at about the same time, Donald Loveland and Raymond Reiter developed similar theorem-proving methods.

In 1972, after a period of collaboration between Alain Colmerauer in Marseille and me in Edinburgh, Colmerauer, with Phillippe Roussel, designed and implemented Prolog as a development of SL-resolution. By the summer of 1972 in Marseille a significant French-language questionanswering system had already been implemented in Prolog. Collaboration between Edinburgh and Marseille continued with the support of research grants until about 1975.

A number of research developments outside mechanical theorem proving

Prolog attempts to solve subproblems in the order in which

they are written.

involved the exploration of related ideas. The most important of these was the work of Cordell Green, Carl Hewitt, and Pat Hayes.

In the late 1960s, Cordell Green at Stanford showed how to formulate programs in symbolic logic and simulate their execution with resolution theorem proving methods. This work was frustrated by the redundancy and inefficiency inherent in the resolution theorem provers of that time.

Partly inspired by Cordell Green's problems, Carl Hewitt at MIT developed a procedural theorem-proving language, Planner. The new language had a great influence on the field of artificial intelligence and was interpreted as advocating a procedural rather than a declarative approach to knowledge representation. It was also associated with an advocacy of domain-specific problem-solving methods in contrast to the uniform, generalpurpose problem-solving methods of resolution,

Pat Hayes in Edinburgh attempted to reconcile Cordell Green's advocacy of logic with Carl Hewitt's advocacy of procedural knowledge representation. Hayes argued in quite general terms that computation is controlled deduction and that control itself should be expressed in formal logic.

In addition to these developments, Colmerauer was influenced by his previous work in formal language theory and natural-language processing. During his work on French-English

mechanical translation at the University of Montreal in the late 1960s, he developed a form of grammar, the Qsystem, which foreshadowed the treatment of grammars in Prolog.

The Fallible Greek

In his influential Ph.D. thesis on naturallanguage understanding, Terry Winograd advocated the use of Carl Hewitt's Planner. He illustrated programming in Planner with his example of the Fallible Greek. We can use the same example to illustrate programming in Prolog. Suppose we make the following assumptions, in the following order:

TUring is human FG1

Socrates is human FG2

Socrates is Greek FG3

x is fallible if x is human FG4

Suppose we have to solve the problem of finding a fallible Greek and suppose the subproblems are written in the following order:

y is fallible and y is Greek? Ql

Prolog (like Planner) attempts to solve subproblems in the order in which they are written. In this case it matches the first subproblem to the conclusion of the rule FG4 and replaces the subproblem by the condition of FG4, obtaining the new subproblems

y is human and y is Greek? Q2

Again, working on the first subproblem, Prolog tries the first statement whose conclusion matches (like Planner). In this case it matches the subproblem to the conclusion of FG1. There are no conditions in FG1, so it solves the subproblem without introducing any new ones, leaving the remaining subproblem with y = luring:

Turing is Greek? Q3

192 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

OVERVIEW

But this subproblem is unsolvable because it matches the conclusion of no statement. Therefore, Prolog (like Planner) backtracks to the last state where it could have tried to solve a subproblem differently. In this case it backtracks to the state Q2, where it tries to use the next statement, FG2, whose conclusion matches the subproblem. .Like FG1 before it, FG2 has no conditions, leaving the remaining subproblem. this time with the substitution y = Socrates:

Socrates is Greek? Q4

Prolog now solves the single remaining subproblem in the only possible way by matching it with the conclusion of FG3. Since FG3 has no conditions, there are no new subproblems. Since there are no old subproblems either. Prolog (like Planner) is finished, having successfully solved the original problem. Moreover, the substitution

y = Socrates

can be readily extracted from the

"proof."

Notice that a more intelligent problem solver, having reached state Q2. might recognize that the database contains more ways of finding humans than it contains ways of finding Greeks. It would make sense, therefore, to tackle the subproblem that can be solved in fewer ways first:

y is human and y is Creek? Q2'

The second subproblem can be solved in only one way, using FG3, which leaves the subproblem

Socrates is human? Q3'

But this can be solved only by using FG2, which completes the solution of the original problem without any search.

Such intelligent selection of subproblems is a feature of most databasequery optimizers. It is necessary for more intelligent problem solving, but it involves overheads that may be prohibitive for routine program execution.

in most imperative languages), and every LISP construct computes a value. Recursion is the only control mechanism.

As an example of a LISP program, the function shown in listing 1 will calculate the length of a list, I. This program works on a list in which each element can be of any type. In English it says: Length is a function that takes a list as its only argument. If the list is empty, the number 0 is returned; otherwise (represented by the t), the length of the list is one more than the length of the list without the first element.

Prolog

Prolog stands for "programming in logic." (See the "Origins of Logic Programming" text box at left.) Since 1972, several implementations (Marseilles, Edinburgh. Imperial College, and Waterloo, among others) have appeared, each with a different syntax. Preprocessors written in Prolog are available to make programs more readable. In this article, the syntax used is Imperial College's micro-PROLOG with the Simple preprocessor.

Unlike other languages in which programs are formed out of collections of functions, a Prolog program consists of a sequence of relations (assertions) and rules about a subject. These form a database of information that can be queried or added to. Examples of assertions are

is-functional( Hope ) is-logic( Prolog )

An example of a rule is

x is-declarative if (either x isfunctional or x is-logic)

Notice the rule has a variable, x. Prolog variables have scope only in the statement where they are defined. The left-hand side of a rule is termed a goal and the right-hand side the subgoals. To reach a goal, the subgoals must be reached. When the subgoals cannot be reached, Prolog backtracks and searches for another statement that matches an earlier subgoal. This type of logic is called Horn clause logic.

Listing I: An example of a LISP program.

( defun length (I)

( cond (( null I) 0 )

(t (addl ( length ( cdr I))) )

Listing 2: An example of a Prolog program.

( ) has-length 0 (x|X) has-length z if

X has-length y and SUM (y 1 z)

A Prolog query can be used either to discover a fact or to check whether it is true, a feature called invertibility. For example, from the relation TIMES((x y z))

all (x: TIMES( 4 3 x ))

can be used for multiplication, while

all (x: TIMES( 4x12))

can be used for division. Note that Prolog acts as though arithmetical operations were database queries.

Prolog supports the list structure. Finally, to enable programs to be written in small, self-contained, testable chunks, Prolog has modules with import and export lists containing names of relations.

As an example of a Prolog program, the relations shown in listing 2 will calculate recursively the length of a list in which each element can be of any type.

The LISP program uses the conditional cond to distinguish between alternative forms of the list (i.e., an empty list or a nonempty list). In this example, rather than referring to the list symbolically by name, the two cases are represented explicitly by the patterns ( ) (the empty list) and (element | sublist). Instead of using a conditional, the program is expected to make the appropriate selection by matching the actual list against the possible patterns. In general, constructor and selector functions (in this case, ( ) and |) are used to form a set

[continued)

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OVERVIEW

FP stands for

functional programming and was designed by }ohn Backus of IBM and described in his Turing Award lecture in 1977.

of patterns that distinguish between different cases pertinent to a particular problem. In English it says: The empty list has a length of zero, and the list that starts with the element x followed by the list X has the length z if the list X has the length y and z = y + 1.

FP

FP stands for "functional programming." The language was designed by John Backus of IBM and described in his Turing Award lecture in 1977. At first glance, FP shows the influence of APL in its syntax (APL without any variables).

Backus's claim is that programmers tend to manipulate data rather than functions, starting with input data and putting this through a series of functions until the required output data is reached. In the FP style of programming, primitive functions are combined in such a way as to produce a final function, the program. This is then applied to the input data to produce the output—hence, no variables are required.

FP programs map single objects onto each other; a single object is either an atom (integers or finite strings of uppercase letters) or a sequence of atoms. FP's atoms and sequences are comparable to LISP'S atoms and lists. Primitive functions provided by FP include arithmetic and sequence operations, a set of predicates, and APLs iota operator for producing the first n integers.

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OVERVIEW

The following are ways of combining functions (the combining forms):

1. Composition— written as / ° g. Given two functions called / and g, f o g is the function obtained by first applying g to the argument of the function and taking the result of this function as the argument of /.

2. Construction—written as [f,, f2, . . ., fn]. Creating a sequence of n elements whose ith element is obtained by applying f( to the input.

3. Conditional—written as p -* f;g. If the predicate p is true, apply f to the argument; if p is false, apply g.

4. Apply to all—written as af. Create a sequence of the same length as the input sequence by applying / to each element of the input data.

5. Insert—written as //. Apply / to the sequence formed by the first element of the input data followed by // applied to the rest of the input sequence. This function is illustrated in the sample program, where /=+. A+ is inserted after the first element and between all subsequent entries.

The FP style of programming is not explicitly recursive like the other declarative languages because recursion is implicit within the combining forms.

As an example of an FP program, the following returns the length of a list:

def length = /+ o aT

This program works on a sequence in which each element can be of any type. Notice the absence of variables. In English it says: Treat each element of the sequence as a 1 and add them up.

Hope

Hope (named after Hope Park Square, home of the University of Edinburgh's Department of Computer Science) was designed by Dave MacQueen of Bell Labs and Rod Burstall and Don Sannella of the University of Edinburgh. It is one of several recursionequation languages, in which each function is represented by a set of equations that together will provide a

[continued]

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OVERVIEW

result for the whole range of function arguments. A program is simply a hierarchy of these functions, together with a single invocation of the highestlevel function.

Hope lets the programmer define specific or polymorphic data types that are checked by the compiler. Polymorphic types allow for the creation of functions that can be applied to more than one type of data (for instance, a routine that can sort numbers, characters, strings, or records). The data types num (positive integer), truval (Boolean), char, list, and set are predefined and can be used to build up more sophisticated data structures by means of type variables and data statements.

Constructor functions, defined when the data structure is defined, are associated with each structure in the normal way, but selection is done by pattern matching (as in Prolog). In the programming example in listing 3, items are selected from a list by representing the list as the pattern First::Rest0fl_ist, where First is an item and :: is the constructor that joins the item to RestOfList. which is another list.

To solve a problem using Hope, the programmer designs data structures that match the problem, produces higher-order functions (like FP's combining forms) to traverse these data structures, and then invokes the higher-order functions with arguments that represent instances for which specific results are required.

Finally, Hope has a modular structure. Thus, a programmer can implement an abstract data type (e.g., a queue) with a type declaration and a collection of functions to operate on that type. The implementation of these functions and the representation of the type itself can be hidden

Listing 3: An example of a Hope program.

dec length : list( alpha ) -» num

— Iength( nil ) <= 0

— Iength( First :: RestOfList) <= 1 + length( RestOfList);

196 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

OVERVIEW

from the user, who relies solely on the specified properties of the abstract type.

Listing 3. an example of a Hope program, computes the length of a list. This program works on a list whose elements are all of the same unspecified type. In English it says: Length is a function that takes a list of type (alpha) and returns a number. If the list is empty, the number returned is 0; otherwise, the length of the list is one more than the length of the list without the first element.

Conclusion

The key to the solution of some of our hardware and software problems seems to lie in incorporating referential transparency of variables into the design of declarative programming languages. This course of action appears to improve the coupling between compilable source code and the abstractions of a specification language, to make the code amenable to direct mathematical verification, to open up a way to perform true parallel processing, to bring code and data conceptually closer together, and to permit the implementation of polymorphic abstract data types. ■

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Backus, 1. "Can Programming be Liberated from the von Neumann Style? A Functional Style and Its Algebra of Programs." Communications of the ACM. volume 21, number 8, page 613.

Burstall. R. M„ D. B. MacQueen, and D. T. Sannella. "Hope: An Experimental Applicative Language." University of Edinburgh Internal Report. 1980.

Clark. K., and F. G. McCabe. micro-PROLDC: Programming in logic. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1984.

Darlington, J., P. Henderson, and D. Turner, eds. Functional Programming and Its Applications. An Advanced Course. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1982.

BYTE. August 1979. LISP is the issue theme.

Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Functional Programming languages and Computer Architecture. Boston. MA: 1981.

Yourdon, E. Techniques of Program Structure and Design. Englewood Cliffs, N|: PrenticeHall, 1975.

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DECLARATIVE LANGUAGES

PROGRAM TRANSFORMATION

by John Darlington

A program-development methodology explained

IS PROGRAMMING a craft or a science? Most professional (and amateur) programmers would like to claim that what they do is scientific, but compared with the standards attained in other, more mature engineering disciplines such as aeronautical or civil engineering, programming has a long way to go. If one were asked to build a bridge, 1 doubt that it would be acceptable to construct an initial version, try it out, and, when it fell down, correct the mistakes made in the design, and then repeat the process until the bridge stayed up. This is, however, the paradigm that most practicing programmers follow as they debug their programs toward a working state. At present, programming suffers from a lack of notations for building models or ini

tial specifications of systems and of any criteria for judging the correctness of solutions to such specifications.

As the cost of hardware decreases, the proportion of the cost of any total system that is attributable to software becomes larger. If it is difficult enough to develop complex software in the first place, the problems get even worse if one wishes to maintain or enhance an existing complex software system.

Advances have been

[continued)

\ohn Darlington is a professor of programming methodology at the Department of Computing, Imperial College (180 Queen's Gate, London SW7 2BZ, England). Dr. Darlington is the head of a research group at Imperial College that concentrates on program transformation, functional languages, and parallel architectures.

ILLUSTRATED BY MACIEK ALBRECHT

AUGUST 1985 'BYTE 201

TRANSFORMATION

made toward solving this problem. The invention of the first high-level languages, such as FORTRAN, represented a significant advance over the use of machine code and improved programmer productivity tenfold. It is a pity that not many other quantum leaps have been made on the software side. Modern high-level languages do not differ radically from FORTRAN. Structured programming, the white hope of the sixties and seventies, has demonstrably failed to provide the final solution.

All these developments, from new languages to fancy editors and other utilities, seem to be of a kind that, although they will undoubtedly increase programmers' output (often not always of correct code), are incapable of enabling programming to make the transition from an inexact to an exact science. Our goal should be the precision of mathematics. No one feels the need to debug a mathematical theorem or relies on laws that are probably correct

apart from a few residual bugs. Programs are superficially similar to mathematical notations, so why can't we share their degree of certainty?

The proponents of declarative languages claim that it is possible to make programming an exact mathematical science with all the accompanying economic benefits but that a necessary condition for this to happen is abandonment of the conventional languages and the adoption of declarative ones.

There is a fundamental distinction between the declarative languages and conventional (or even unconventional) procedural ones such as Pascal or LISP. Declarative languages are referentially transparent, while procedural ones are not. Referential transparency is a property of language systems. A system is referentially transparent if the meaning of a whole can be derived solely from the meaning of its parts. All mathematical notions are referentially transparent. Thus the meaning (value) of a mathematical expression such as (3 + 2) * (2 + 1) can be derived from the

A Referentially Opaque Pascal Program

The following program fragment illustrates how the behavior of a Pascal program can be historysensitive.

var switch:boolean; begin

integer;

switch: = false;

function f(n;integer) begin

switch: =true; f: = 2*n end;

function g(n:integer):integer; begin

if switch then g: = 3*n else g: =4*n end;

wnteln(g(2) + f(1)); writeln(f(1) + g(2));

end;

The presence of the global variable switch makes the meaning of g dependent on the history of the computation performed prior to its evaluation. Therefore, g(2) + f(1) evaluates to 10, but f(1) + g(2) evaluates to 8. Thus, commutativity, one of the simplest manipulation laws (namely, X+Y = Y+X) does not apply to Pascal programs. |Editor's note: This is a standard computer science usage of the term referential opacity. II should not be confused with the mathematical notion of the same name]

meaning of its components. Thus 3 + 2 has value 5 and 2 + l has value 3. Knowing these, we can derive the meaning of the whole expression, 15.

A consequence of this property is that there is a simple substitutive equality relation between expressions in any referentially transparent system. Expressions that have the same meaning can be freely substituted for one another in any context without changing the meaning of the whole. Thus, since 3 + 2 and 4 + 1 have the same meaning (5), 4 + I can be substituted for 3 + 2 in (3 + 2) * (2 + 1). giving (4 + 1) * (2 + 1). It is the possession of this property that makes mathematics an exact deductive science.

Laws can be developed that allow the formal (syntactic) manipulation of expressions and are guaranteed to preserve the meaning of the expressions being manipulated. The distributive law of arithmetic, (x + y) * z = (x * z) + (y * z), is an example of such a law. Using this, we can convert (4 + 1) * (2 + 1) to 4 * (2 + 1) + 1 * (2 + 1) and know that the meaning is not changed. Referential opacity means that a system's behavior may be time-dependent; i.e., the meaning of a fragment may depend on the history of what happened prior to the evaluation of that fragment. No simple, meaning-preserving, deductive rules can be developed for that system.

Conventional programming languages are not referentially transparent. The presence of assignment statements and variables that are shared between procedures means that the meaning of any conventional program is potentially time-dependent and there is no simple substitution property. See the text box titled "A Referentially Opaque Pascal Program" above.

Declarative languages are, by definition, referentially transparent. The meaning of any fragment of a declarative language program depends only on the meaning of its components and not at all on the history of any computa

{continued)

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TRANSFORMATION

Listing I: An inefficient Hope program for calculating the average of a list of numbers.

dec average,sum,count:list(num)-> num;

— average(l) <= sum(l) div count(l);

— sum(nil) <= 0;

— sum(n::l) <= n + sum(l);

— count(nil) <= 0;

— count(n::l) <= 1 + count(l);

tion performed prior to the evaluation of that fragment. From this simple distinction many benefits flow.

The absence of any timedependent behavior implies that declarative programs are easier to write and understand. Many burdens concerned with organizing or comprehending the sequencing of

events are removed from the programmer. Declarative languages are therefore intrinsically more powerful descriptive notations.

The absence of time-dependent behavior also means that subexpressions can be evaluated in any order and therefore in parallel, leading to a whole range of new, highly parallel machines designed specifically for declarative languages.

From the software-development viewpoint, the critical advantage referential transparency brings to the declarative languages is the ease with which formal manipulation systems can be developed for declarative programs.

The existence of such manipulation systems makes the process of program development by program transformation feasible in the declarative languages. The ideas behind program transformation stem from a diagnosis that many of the difficulties met in developing programs arise from trying to satisfy two often conflicting goals simultaneously. A program must be correct; that is, it must meet its specification and be free of bugs. A program must also be efficient: It must compute the required results in a reasonable time and make minimal use of resources. The first goal is best met by making a program as clear and obvious as possible. Meeting the second often involves sacrificing clarity for the sake of an intricate, but efficient, evaluation strategy. Given this diagnosis of the disease, the cure prescribed by transformation is fairly obvious. It is to develop your program in two separate stages, concentrating on satisfying one goal at each stage. Thus, you first write an initial version or specification of your program, concentrating on making it as clear and obviously correct as possible. Only when you are satisfied that you have a correct and complete initial version do you turn your attention to satisfying the requirement of efficient execution. This is achieved by successively manipulating or transforming the program into more and more efficient versions. It is crucial that the manipulations performed do not change the meaning of the program. Thus, to be successful, transformation depends on the existence of a set of manipulation rules capable of improving performance but guaranteed to preserve the meaning of a program. It is the availability of such manipulation rules that makes transformation feasible in declarative languages and very difficult in procedural ones.

Note that the initial specification is itself a program. As

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E]

we will see later, if one really puts one's mind to it, one can write such wonderfully inefficient programs that it is straining the meaning somewhat to call them executable! But that is the whole point. By maximizing the clarity and obviousness of the initial version, one is making it much more likely to be correct. It does, however, mean that the transformations have to be pretty powerful and capable of achieving improvements in performance way beyond that achievable by conventional optimizing compilers. Characteristically, one is looking for improvements in the order of the program's efficiency. For example, we want to transform algorithms that compute in exponential time to linear or logarithmic ones. As we will see below, such improvements are possible.

The design of optimizing compilers for conventional languages, such as FORTRAN or Pascal, has developed to a fine art. Some of the optimizations these compilers perform, such as strength reduction or code lifting, can be expressed as source-to-source manipulations and are therefore strictly program transformations. However, the sort of transformations we are seeking can be characterized as ones that can cause changes of nature, not just changes of degree. Only in rare, pathological cases are optimizing compilers capable of producing as output a program recognizably different from their input. We need to be able to do this routinely.

The second consequence of having specifications that are executable as programs is that they can be exercised and tested against the informal requirements or modified to meet changing requirements. Thus, a process of rapid prototyping is possible.

A Simple Transformation

Let us now look at a transformation. The example I have chosen to start with is fairly trivial and will not require large improvements in efficiency. Nevertheless, it will serve to introduce the transformations used and illustrate that simple manipulations can produce significantly altered programs.

Say we have been asked to find the average of a list of numbers. The textbook definition of average is the sum of all the numbers divided by how many of them there are. If we take this as the basis for our obviously correct initial program, in Hope we get something of the form shown in listing 1.

This program is clearly correct, but on a sequential machine involves the slight inefficiency that the list is traversed twice. Any self-respecting Pascal programmer would collect both the sum and the count on one pass over the list.

[continued)

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TRANSFORMATION

Let us derive such a program in Hope by systematic manipulation of the original one. We will present the transformations in an informal manner. Each step will take a set of equations, i.e., a program, and produce new equations. Informally, we hope that it will be obvious that all the new equations are consequences of the existing equations and thus cannot change the meaning of the program as a whole. Formally, all our transformations will use rules from the unfold/fold transformation system (see the text box below).

The first step in our transformation is to introduce a definition for a new function, av.

dec av:list(num)-> num x num;

— av(l) <= (sum(l), count(l)); (1)

For correctness, the only thing we have to concern ourselves with is that introducing this new definition cannot change the meaning of our program. As av is not mentioned at all in the previous equations, this is clearly true. Why we introduced this particular definition is another

question. The situation is analogous to the use of constructions in geometry. Introducing the right construction assists proofs to be carried out and can never enable anything false to be proved. Where the idea for the right construction comes from in the first place is more mysterious.

The formal reading of an equation such as av(l) < =

(sum(l), count(l)); is that the expression on the left-hand side, av(l), is equal to the expression on the right-hand side, (sum(l), count(l)), for all values of I. If the equation is true for all I it is true for some particular instance of I. Thus we can instantiate this equation by setting I to nil, getting the equation

— av(nil) <= (sum(nil), count(nil)); (2)

Statement (2) is obviously a consequence of statement (1) and so cannot alter meaning. But statements (B) and (D) in listing 1 give values for sum(nil) and count(nil), allowing us to deduce

— av(nil) <= (0, 0); (3)

which, as well as being true about av, begins to look like part of a program for av.

Returning to statement (1) and this time instantiating I to x::l we get

— av(x::l) <= (sum(x::l), count(x::l)); (4) Statements (C) and (E) allow us to deduce

— av(x::l) <= (x + sum(l), 1 +count(l)); (5)

But we can rearrange this using the Hope where construct to

— av(x::l) <= (X + u, 1 + v)

where (u,v) == (sum(l), count(l)); (6)

Now we see that (sum(l), count(l)) appears as the righthand side. But this is the right-hand side of (A). What's more, it is equal to the left-hand side of (A), av(l). Because of referential transparency, the <= can be read as =. Thus, we can replace (sum(l), count(l)) by av(l), getting

— av(x::l) <= (x + u, 1 +v)

where (u, v) == av(l); (7)

Statements (3) and (7) now constitute an efficient program for av but do not at the moment help us with average. Returning to (A), we get

— average(l) <= u div v

where(u.v) == (sum(l), count(l));

and thus

— average(l) <= u div v

where (u, v) == av(l);

Collecting the useful equations together, we get a new program for average (see listing 2).

This final program, we would claim, is not so obviously correct as our initial version but is more efficient in that only one pass is performed over the list. The crucial point

The Unfold/Fold Transformation System

The unfold/fold system consists of six rules that allow new equations to be introduced that are consequences of existing equations.

1. Definition. Introduce a new recursion equation whose left-hand expression is not an instance of the left-hand expression of any previous equation.

2. Instantiation. Introduce a substitution instance of an existing equation.

3. Unfolding. If E<=E' and F<=F' are equations and there is some occurrence in F' of an instance of E. replace it by the corresponding instance of E' obtaining F". then add the equation F<=F".

4. Folding. If E<= E' and F<= F' are equations and there is some occurrence in F' of an instance of E', replace it by the corresponding instance of E obtaining F", then add the equation F<= F".

5. Abstraction. We may introduce a where clause by deriving from a previous equation E<=E' a new equation:

E<=E' [u1/F1 un/Fn]

where (u1,. . . ,un) == (F1,. . . ,Fn)

(E[E1/E2] means E with all occurrences of subexpressions E2 replaced by E1.)

6. Laws. We may transform an equation by using on its right-hand expression any laws we have about the primitives (associativity, commutativity, etc.) obtaining a new equation.

206 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

TRANSFORMATION

is that there is no need to conduct a separate proof to show that the final program is equivalent to the initial one. It is correct by construction. Neither do we have to conduct proofs to show the intermediate steps are legitimate. The correct application of the rules can be checked syntactically (and therefore mechanically).

The above example illustrated the transformation techniques but only achieved a moderate increase in performance. To give credence to our claim that transformation can achieve substantial performance increases, let us quickly look at a classic transformation, the conversion of the exponential definition of the Fibonacci function to a linear version, i.e., converting a definition that takes 2" steps to compute fib(n) to one that takes n steps (see listing 3). Here the improvement in performance is much greater, but the similarity between this and the previous transformation is appealing. Our pulling the correct definitions out of a hat may be slightly off-putting, but their origin is not quite as mysterious as it seems. They can be systematically derived by investigating the pattern of computation of the specification program and identifying repeated, and therefore unnecessary, computations.

Practicality and Usefulness of Transformation

If we are proposing, as we are, that transformation can place software development and programming onto a new plateau of scientific rigor, we must evaluate its potential very severely. To be ultimately useful, any transformation methodology must satisfy three criteria. First, it must be correct, that is, meaning-preserving. Second, it must be adequate or complete, so that all desired program developments can be achieved using the methodology. Finally, it must be expressive enough that, not only can all developments be expressed, but they can be expressed in an intelligible and communicable manner. Let us see how functional languages and the unfold/fold methodology being proposed here meet these criteria.

Correctness

It is, of course, crucial that any system used for transformation preserve meaning. This property has been shown to hold for the unfold/fold system. There is one thing to watch out for in doing transformations, however. It is possible, using the unfold/fold system, to produce a program that will fail to terminate, using input values for which the original specification program will terminate. Happily, there are simple guidelines that ensure that the system can be used without fear of introducing nontermination. See the text box "Correctness and Completeness of the Unfold/Fold System" on page 210.

Completeness

The other question that needs to be asked of any transformation system is: How adequate or complete is it? Can any transformation that you would like to achieve be expressed using only rules from the system? The answer for

Listing 2: A more efficient Hope program for calculating numerical averages, generated by transformation of listing 1.

dec average:list(num)-> num; dec av:lisl(num)-> num x num;

— average(l) <= u div v

where (u, v) = = av(l);

— av(nil) <= (0, 0);

av(x::l) <= (x + u, 1 + u)

where (u, v) = = av(l);

the unfold/fold system is theoretically no but practically yes. There are some pathological examples of pairs of (functional) programs that are demonstrably equivalent

[continued]

Listing 3: A transformation of an exponential-time Fibonacci function program to a linear-time program.

Initial Program

dec fib:num -> num;

fib(0) <= 1;

fib(1) <= 1;

— fib(succ(succ(n))) .<= fib(n+1) + fib(n);

Transformation

dec g:num -> num x num;

g(n) <= (fib(n + 1), fib(n)); Definition

— g(0) <= (fib(1), fib(0)); Instantiation

<= (1, 1); Unfold

— g(succ(n)) <= (fib(n + 2), fib(n +1)); Instantiation

<= (fib(n+1) + fib(n), fib(n + 1)); Unfold <= (u + v, u)

where (u, v) = = (fib(n+1), fib(n));

Abstract

<= (u + v, u)

where (u, v) = = g(n) Fold

— fib(succ(succ(n)))

<= u + v

where (u, v) = = (fib(n + 1), fib(n));

Abstract

<= u + v

where (u,v) = = g(n); Fold

Final Program

dec fib:num -> num; dec g:num -> num x num

— fib(0) <= 1;

— fib(1) <= 1;

— fib(succ(succ(n))) <= u + v

where (u,v) = = g(n);

g(o) <= (1, 1);

— g(succ(n)) <= (u + v, u)

where (u, v) = = g(n);

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 207

TRANSFORMATION

Listing 4a: A recursive definition of factorial in Hope.

dec fact:num -> num;

fact(O) <= 1; fact(succ(n)) <=

Listing 4b: A linear definition of factorial in Hope.

dec fact:num -> num; dec factit:num x num -> num;

— fact(n) <= factit(n, 1);

— factit(0, acc) <= acc;

— factit(succ(n), acc) <= factitfn, (n + 1) • acc);

but which cannot be transformed one to the other without stepping outside the strict confines of the system. A simple example of this is contained in the "Correctness and Completeness" text box. However, much work based on the unfold/fold system has demonstrated its practicality and wide range of applicability.

The repertoire of the types of transformational operations that can be expressed by utilizing the unfold/fold system is quite impressive. It includes the following:

Loop Combinations: The essence of the average example is that there are two computationally independent loops that needed to be combined for efficiency. Many transformations are instances of this type of transformation.

Recursion Removal: Using transformation it is possible to convert fully recursive definitions such as listing 4a to linear forms such as listing 4b. The important point about the latter definition is that it can be executed without using a run-time stack and can be simply converted to a program using only a while loop in a language such as Pascal. The early work on transformation viewed the functional program as an initial specification and aimed at a program in an imperative language as the final output. With the development of efficient implementations for functional languages and the imminent arrival of specially designed parallel machines, this aspect of the transformation work has tended to become less important. Abstract Data Types: One of the more impressive applications of the basic transformation methodology has been the work on the systematic derivation of implementations for abstract data types. In order to support abstract data types such as trees or priority queues in an imperative language such as Pascal, one has to write a lot of code providing implementations for the access functions of the abstract type in terms of the primitives of the concrete types provided in the language. This often results in an inefficient final program that is cumbersome and difficult to maintain or move to other implementation bases. Work based on functional languages and transformation has shown how efficient implementations can be automatically synthesized from a specification of the abstract and concrete types and a single mapping function formalizing how the concrete type is to be used to represent the abstract one.

Program Synthesis: As we shall see below, in a functional language we are able to write specifications that define

(n+1) * fact(n);

forms of expression that

a program more by properties it must satisfy rather than by a computational recipe, however inefficient, for its evaluation. Such specifications can also be converted to efficient programs, but we should perhaps talk more of program synthesis rather than program transformation. The crucial point is that both specification and program are still expressed using the same notation. There is no discontinuity between forms of expression that are specifications and are programs.

Transformation for Parallel Evaluation: Early work on transformation concentrated on producing programs that would run efficiently on conventional sequential machines. For a parallel machine, different program forms are needed for efficient execution. Happily, exactly the same transformation methodology enables us to produce these forms as enables us to produce efficient sequential ones.

Among the significant transformational developments studied by transformation workers are sorting algorithms, compilers, parsing algorithms, text formatters, editors, operating systems, and numerical algorithm libraries. Particular academic interest has been shown in analyzing the relationships between different algorithms for a particular task, such as sorting, by systematically synthesizing all the algorithms in the class from a common very high level specification. Studies of algorithms for sorting, parsing, and searching have exposed pleasing symmetries and relationships between algorithms previously considered unrelated.

It would be misleading to give the impression that work has reached the stage whereby any program development, however large or complex, can be easily expressed using transformation, and even more misleading to imply that the whole process is about to be mechanized and programmers are about to become redundant. What we would claim is that transformation offers the possibility that programming can progress from an art to a science and that even this possibility is precluded if one continues with the conventional languages. Furthermore, sufficient progress is being made on extending the practicality of transformation techniques, particularly in the area of partial mechanization, that we can feel optimistic about the prospects of achieving a mechanical realization of program optimization and proof in the future.

{continued)

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TRANSFORMATION

N

EXPRESSIBILITY

The final parameter governing transformation's ultimate usefulness is: How expressive can we be using transformation? There is no point having a wonderfully formal system if any significant transformational development needs pages and pages of intricate mathematics to express. This is not the level at which any programmer, even of the next generation, would feel happy. Furthermore, it is not the level at which professional mathematicians work. The success of mathematics lies in the fact that it is able to combine a rigorous formal base with the development of powerful high-level concepts and methods of discovering and communicating mathematical proofs. We must do the same for transformational programming.

The concept of expressibility and intelligibility is intimately tied up with the prospects for mechanization, which we see as the ultimate payoff for program transformation. Do not be alarmed. We are not predicting the demise of the programmer or promising fully automatic programming systems. Rather, we are intimating that some time in the not-too-distant future the power and accuracy that computers have brought to bear on productivity in other disciplines may be applied to programming itself. We exaggerate slightly. Computers, through the medium of, for example, compilers, editors, debuggers, and program-analysis routines, materially assist the programming process at the present. However, the core intellectual activity of programming, the design of the program or algorithm, is not mechanically assisted at all. Transformation attacks exactly this central activity and, being formal and syntactically expressed, is suitable for mechanization.

Several different approaches to mechanization are being explored. The high road consists of viewing the prob

Correctness and Completeness

of THE

Unfold/Fold System

ontermination can be introduced. Consider the very simple Hope program

dec f:num -> num;

— f(n) <= 3;

If we fold this with itself we get

— f(n) <= f(n);

which is undoubtedly true about f but not a very useful method of computing values for f!

Generally, there is a danger of producing a nonterminating program from one that terminates if the transformation used contains more fold steps than unfold steps. Thus, to be safe we need to keep a count of the different steps used during a transformation. Alternatively, we can check that the final program still terminates. This is not possible to do for the general case, but practically it is often very simple.

Some transformations are not possible. Consider the functions f1 and f2:

dec f1:num -> num'

— fl(O) <= 0;

— f1(succ(n)) <= 1 +f1(n);

dec f2: num -> num;

— f2(n) <= n;

f1 and f2 are obviously equivalent and f2 can be transformed to f1. but f1 cannot be transformed to f2, which is the direction we would like to go. The problem is that f2 has no recursion at ail on the right-hand side and so cannot be produced using a fold step. To derive f2. we would have to guess its definition and then prove equivalence. Happily, realistically sized programs never have this problem.

lem as a problem in artificial intelligence and attempting to construct a fully automatic system that accepts a high-level specification as input and, without further user intervention, produces an efficient program. Many people, myself included, have had much fun constructing such systems. Much has been learned about the problems of search and the power of heuristics, but such systems will only become remotely practicable when solutions are found to many fundamental problems in artificial intelligence.

At the other end of the scale, it is relatively simple to construct transformation checkers. Such systems rely totally on the user to select what transformation to apply next, but they do relieve users of many clerical burdens and ensure that the transformations are correctly applied. The problem is that, for any moderate-size transformational development, the number of steps needed, if all the steps are at the level of the fundamental rules of the system, becomes inordinate and difficult to comprehend.

The most promising medium-term prospect lies in the development of socalled metalanguage systems. These represent the middle way. The intelligence to guide transformational developments is still expected to come from users, but they are given structured high-level ways of conveying their intentions to a system that is responsible for seeing that these are correctly carried out. The basic idea of such systems is that a separate language, the metalanguage, is used to describe transformations that are to be performed on programs written in the object language. Thus, if the metalanguage is a full language possessing functiondefinition capability, transformations can be expressed in a structured way with the lowest-level operators of the

(continued)

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Inquiry 336

TRANSFORMATION

metalanguage corresponding to the guaranteed meaningpreserving operations and the higher-level, more meaningful operations being constructed out of these.

In our work at Imperial College, we have developed a system for transforming Hope programs that also uses Hope as the metalanguage. Thus, the six rules of the unfold/fold system become Hope (metalanguage) functions that operate on Hope (object) programs represented as Hope data structures. Out of these primitive operations, more powerful transformation operators can be built using the normal function-definition capability. The trick is to ensure that these defined operators inherit the correctness-preserving nature of the basic operations. In Hope, this is achieved using the module and typing mechanisms. The Hope data type used to represent Hope object programs, together with the basic operators, are formed into a module from which only the correctness-preserving operators are exported. These operators are the only way programs can be altered. Thus, the system designer or user is free to define any new operation in terms of the ones provided, secure in the knowledge that there is no way he or she can conspire to produce an incorrect program.

A range of meaningful second-level operations can be

identified, corresponding to transformation operations such as combine loops, remove recursion, and implement one data type in another. Each tactic involves a limited search to try to express the requested transformation in terms of the lower-level primitives. Each tactic either succeeds, returning the altered program, or fails, indicating either that the requested transformation is impossible or that the tactic failed to find it. There is no way an incorrect program can be produced.

Thus, a transformation plan emerges as a structured Hope metalanguage program that is understandable, communicable, and machine-checkable. The Hope metalanguage program in a real sense provides a formal and precise notation in which to express the design of a program. This, we feel, has important consequences not only for initial program development, but also for program modification and maintenance.

If, after a program has been successfully developed, the specification from which it was derived is retained along with the metalanguage program, then any subsequent modifications or enhancements can be performed on the specification. Because of the nature of specifications, this

{continued)

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TRANSFORMATION

should result in fewer errors being introduced than is normally the case when complex executable code is modified. The old metalanguage program can then be applied to the new specification. It is to be hoped that, as the metalanguage program encapsulates the higher-level ideas behind the design of the program, it will still be applicable to the modified specification. If it is, then no further work, has to be done. If not, the worst that can happen is that the system fails to produce an acceptably efficient program from the specification. This is an indication that the modifications made are substantial enough to require a rethink on our design ideas, and these can be expressed as modifications to the metalanguage program necessary to achieve a successful transformation.

Specification Techniques

The essence of a specification is to say what is to be computed, not how it is to be computed. The area of specification techniques deserves an article to itself. Here, I will confine myself to giving a few simple examples to illustrate the directions in which the work is leading.

In a functional language, the forms that one can write are restricted to facilitate the construction of efficient interpreters. One route to languages of greater expressive power for use in specification is to remove some of these restrictions. For example, what we can write on the lefthand sides of equations in Hope is severely limited. If we remove some of these restrictions, we can write equations that define functions implicitly rather than explicitly.

For example, given that integer multiplication is defined as the Hope function mult, one could simply define the division function, div, thus:

mult(div(n, m), m) = n

Such a specification can be transformed to a directly executable version using the standard manipulation rules. It is interesting to note that such specifications can also be executed but require more sophisticated, and less efficient, interpretation regimes than are currently used for functional languages.

Another line of development for specification is specialized, often tabular, specification languages for specific domains. One route to such languages is to regard them as syntactic extensions to an underlying functional language and use transformation techniques to convert them to efficiently executable programs.

Other Languages, Other Tools

Transformation is a general technique and has been applied to many styles of language other than the functional ones. Transformation techniques and systems based on conventional procedural languages have been extensively studied. It will come as no surprise to the reader to learn that we have doubts about the ultimate success of these enterprises.

In contrast, transformation techniques have been very

{continued)

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TRANSFORMATION

successfully applied to the other main class of declarative languages, the logic programming ones. The unfold/fold methodology can be directly translated into logic programming terms and all the same derivations performed on logic programs as can be performed on functional ones. Furthermore, one can use the full descriptive capability of unrestricted first-order predicate calculus for a specification language and transform these specifications into efficient Horn clause logic programs.

The mathematical well-foundedness of the declarative languages allows the construction of other useful tools besides transformation systems. For example, one can analyze functional and logic programs to assess their efficiency, check their consistency, and also derive consequences from programs. For example, we may be able to infer that the result of a computation can never be greater than some bound.

Our vision for a programming environment of the future is one founded on machine-assisted transformation as the main program-development activity, but supported by a collection of intelligent programming tools that offer material assistance to the programmer because they understand the developing program at a level much deeper than the textual level at which most present-day program-support tools operate.

Future Prospects

Transformation is a promise for the future, not a presentday practical reality. However, the current problems and costs associated with the development and maintenance of large-scale, complex software systems seems to point to a need for some radical solution that is not accessible via present-day languages and methodologies.

The next few years promise to be fascinating ones for workers in declarative languages. The coming together of parallel machines, mature declarative languages, and transformation-based programming environments means that all the mutually supporting components are in place for a searching appraisal of the ultimate practicality of this approach. Much needs to be done to deliver on all the promises, but we are confident that the well-foundedness of the approach will ultimately prevail. ■

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Clark, K. L., and S. Sickel. "Predicate Logic: A Calculus for Deriving Programs." Proceedings of the 5th \nternational \einl Conference on Artificial intelligence, vol. 1. Cambridge, MA: 1977.

Darlington, ]. "The Structured Description of Algorithm Derivations." Algorithmic languages. J. W. de Bakker and I. van Vliet, eds. New York: Elsevier, 1982.

Darlington. J., and R. M. Burstall. "Some Transformations for Developing Recursive Programs." \ournal of the ACM 24:1. 1977. page 44.

Partsch, H.. and R. Steinbruggen. "A Survey of Program Transformation Systems." ACM Computing Surveys 15:3, September 1983.

Pepper. P., ed. Program Transformation and Programming Environments. Report on a workshop directed by F. L. Bauer and H. Remus. Springer-Verlag, 1984.

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DECLARATIVE LANGUAGES

FUNCTIONAL PROGRAMMING USING FP

by Peter G. Harrison and Hessam Khoshnevisan

How to program without objects

IN 1977, JOHN BACKUS introduced a functional style of programming in which variable-free programs are built from a set of primitive programs by a small set of combining forms (functionals that are also often referred to as program-forming operations or PFOs) and by recursive definitions. This style is embodied in the language FP, which facilitates the manipulation of the functions themselves rather than repeatedly creating new objects from old ones in an auxiliary domain. FP thus relates to a higher level of analysis than do the more common, objectoriented functional languages. In fact, FP has its own functional algebra that prescribes rules for manipulation of functions and so simplifies reasoning about programs. FP systems have the following properties:

• Programs have extremely simple semantics.

• There often exist nonrecursive expressions for many functions that are normally recursively defined (similar to using a loop in Pascal),

• Programs exhibit a clear hierarchical structure.

• The principal combining forms are the operations of the powerful algebra of FP programs. This algebra can be used to solve equations for recursively defined programs and to transform programs into versions that run more efficiently or consume less space.

• Transformation of recursive to nonrecursive functions and to loops can often be achieved automatically in FP.

The main obstacle to the advancement of functional programming languages has been their poor run-time per

formance on conventional computers. This is primarily due to the large number of (mainly stack-based) manipulations required to preserve referential transparency in the languages. Von Neumann computers execute instructions sequentially and so are tailored toward supporting sequential languages with destructive assignment. One way to improve performance is to offer a radically different computer architecture, specifically tailored toward supporting functional languages (see references 1 and 2). But there is also a need to provide efficient implementations of these languages on conventional machines. These are likely to remain widespread for the foreseeable future, in particular in the personal computer market, whatever the impact of any new architectures. A route to improved performance is to transform recursively defined solutions into iterative ones. FP programs lend themselves to this type of transformation very well since they do not refer to the auxiliary domain of objects, which often obscures the process of program transformation. Transformations of this sort may also prove beneficial to parallel implementations by increasing the size of the basic unit of work performed by each processor. This naturally reduces communication overhead, which often limits the performance of parallel machines.

{continued)

Dr. Peter G. Harrison is a lecturer in the Department of Computing, Imperial College. Hessam Khoshnevisan received his bachelor's degree in computing science from Imperial College, where he now works as a research assistant on the ALICE project. They can be reached at imperial College, 180 Queen's Gate, London SW7 2BZ, England.

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 219

PROGRAMMING IN FP

The FP algebra provides a formal basis for program transformation and so facilitates its automation. |Editor's note: The idea of program transformation is discussed in "Program Transformation" by }ohn Darlington on page 201.| Conventional transformation techniques prescribe algorithms for transforming functions when applied to certain arguments. The transformation strategy in FP is based upon theorems that state identities between functional expressions. A transformation is then simply an instance of the application of a theorem.

FP Systems

An FP system consists of the following:

• A set of primitive functions (for example, the arithmetic operators +, -, *, etc.).

• A set of PFOs. These are programming constructs analogous to while loops, conditionals, and so on, found in conventional languages like Pascal, and they may be used to create more complex functions from simpler ones.

• A domain of objects that might be, for example, integers, characters, sequences, etc.

User-defined functions are defined in terms of these FP system components.

PFOs are the programming constructs of FP (like while, if. . .then . . .else, etc., of Pascal) and differ from the programming constructs of other languages (including other functional languages) in that they are predefined operations on functions as opposed to objects. We are all familiar with the conditional statements, such as if P then Q else R in Pascal. The conditional operation of FP (f -» g ; h) is similar except that the predicate and the true and false branches of the conditional are expressions involving only functions, namely f, g, and h. These expressions can be primitive functions, user-defined functions, or expressions built using the PFOs. In short, all PFOs take a number of functions as arguments and return a single FP function. All FP functions take a single object as input and produce a single object as their result; i.e., they are of type Object -> Object. All FP systems are equipped with an operation called application, which, given a function and an object, produces the result of applying the function to the object. The notation f:x is used to represent the application of function f to the object x.

To define an FP system, we must specify the set of primitive functions, the set of PFOs, and the set of objects. Listed in the text box "FP Syntax" on page 228 are some examples of primitives and PFOs that might be present in an FP system. The meaning of each is given by specifying the result of its application to various kinds of objects. If PFOs are applied to any other kind of object, not mentioned in their meaning, the result of the application will be ±. This is read as "bottom" and denotes the undefined object or error. So, for example, an attempt to add the integer 1 to the character a will yield 1 since a is not the correct type for the + primitive.

The set of objects is determined by the set of atoms chosen. For example, if we choose to consider the set of integers, the set of nonempty strings, and the atoms T and F denoting true and false, then T, 66, - 88, 0, c, Hello, F, and GHj are all valid atoms.

Considering now the set of objects that we can write down, we know that

• Every atom is an object.

• All sequences of objects, denoted by <x^ x2, ... x„,> m > 0 (where each x, is an object other than l 1 <; i < m), are objects.

• 1 is an object.

• Thus, «66.7> ALA <GAB FO W» is an object. User-Defined Functions

The set of primitives and PFOs determines the set of functions that can be defined. The user can define functions using the def statement in FP. For example,

def MyFun = AFun -> BFun; CFun

defines a function in terms of an FP PFO—in this case, the conditional. Note that AFun, BFun, and CFun must all be functions (which can themselves be built by the use of PFOs).

Each PFO takes a number of functions as parameters. The number of parameters is determined by the particular PFO. The "conditional" PFO takes three parameters, whereas the "construction" PFO can accept any number of function parameters. Recursive function definitions are allowed, so in the above example any of the expressions AFun, BFun, or CFun can refer to MyFun.

Note that the syntax for function application and composition in basic FP can be rather clumsy; for example, add: <2,3 > as opposed to 2 + 3 or al:<2, <3,4,5 > > as opposed to 2::<3,4,5>. However, it is easy to incorporate infix notation into many variable-free functional expressions. For example (using infixes ::, +), f::g represents al°[f, g] and f + g represents +°[f, g]. But note that if f = [h, g], + of is clearer than (1of) + (2°f) or (1 +2)°f.

Programming in FP

A user-defined function is defined by one and only one definition. The name given to the function must be unique and must not coincide with the names associated with the primitive functions and PFOs. Remember that no part of a definition is a result itself; instead, each part is a function that must be applied to an argument to obtain a result.

Here are four simple examples of recursive user-defined functions:

def last = nullotl -* 1; last»tl

def len = null -> 0 ; +°[1, len°tl]

def cat = nullol -> 2 ; al°[1°1, cato[tl<>l,2] ]

def fact = eqO -> T ; *°[id, fact°sub1]

[continued]

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PROGRAMMING IN FP

The first returns the last element of a sequence, the second returns the length of a sequence, the third catenates two sequences, and the last defines the factorial function.

Observe that the examples of function definitions given above, although written in FP, are written in a recursive style that is familiar from conventional functional languages such as Hope, LISP, and KRC. For instance, the definition of last says that if the tail of the sequence is empty then select the first element of object; otherwise, look for the last element of the tail of the object using a recursive call to last. In the FP style, it is often possible to replace an explicitly recursive definition by an equivalent nonrecursive functional expression.

The function last could, in most systems, be expressed purely in terms of primitives; for example, def last = 1r. Similarly a more natural FP definition for factorial is def f = ( / *)ojota or. alternatively, def f = ( \ *)°iota. This "inserts" a * between each element of the sequence <1,2 n>.

A function to catenate (append in Hope) two sequences is def cat = (/ al)°ar. This nonrecursive definition successively appends an item from the end of the first sequence onto the beginning of the second. Note that / cat will then be a function that catenates any number of sequences.

The function len, for length, would be a primitive in most systems, but if not, the more natural FP definition could be

def len = null -» 0 ; + °(aT)

This definition says that len:x is 0 if x is empty; otherwise, change each element of x into l, and then add up the Is. The items are literally counted!

Observe that the more natural FP solutions are nonrecursive (effectively the recursion has been pushed into the PFOs used). Although these nonrecursive definitions may look strange initially, they express an equally obvious solution. By becoming familiar with the high-level PFOs and their concise syntax, you can give concise, expressive, and flexible definitions that are often nonrecursive, using just a few symbols. (It has been suggested that programmer productivity is inversely proportional to the number of characters required in a program.)

Here, then, are some more complex examples that make use of the PFOs:

Vector Product: We can define the function VectorProduct to be def VP = (/ + )°(a*)°trans. Application of VP to a pair of equal-length vectors first creates the sequence of matched pairs of components (result of trans), then multiplies each pair, and finally sums these results. For nonequal-length vectors, the result of trans is _L and so therefore is the result of VP. We can explain each step in evaluating VectorProduct applied to the pair of vectors < <1,2,3> , <6,5,4> > as shown in table I.

Matrix Multiply: We can define the function MatrixMuItiply to yield the product of any pair <y,z> of conformable matrices, where each matrix is represented as the sequence of its rows:

y - < yi. • • y».>

where y, = <y„ y,„> for i = 1,. . .,m

z = < z,, z„>

where z, = <z„, . . ., ztp > for i = 1,. . . ,n

The function is then defined as

def MM = (aaVP)o(o;clistl)odistro [1, trans<>2]

Binary Tree Insert: Suppose that a binary tree is represented by a sequence of three elements, where the first element is the left binary tree, the second is the data at the node (which we will assume is a number), and the third is the right binary tree. A function InsertlnSortedBinaryTree (IISBT), which inserts a number into a tree in such a way that all elements in the left subtree are less than the smallest number in the whole of the right subtree, might look like this:

def IISBT = nulM -* [ [], 2, [] ]; le°[2°1, 2] — [ 1o1, 2o1, NSBT°[3°1, 2] ]; [ IISBTo[1°1, 2], 2*1, Sol ];

Part Product: A function ParProds, when given a sequence of integers <xb . . . ,xm>, produces a sequence of integers <y„. . . ,ym> such that, for 1 <, i < m.

y, = x, * ... * x,

Thus ParProdsoiota : 5 = < 1,2,6,24,120 >

i.e.. the sequence of factorials of the numbers 1 through 5. We may start from the observation that

Table 1: A step-by

-step explanation

of the operation of VP.

VP : < < 1,2,3 > ,

< 6,5,4 > >

By def of VP

= > (A)0(a*)°trans:<<1,2,3>,<6,5,4>>

Effect of Composition = > A :(«*

:(trans: < < 1,2,3 >, < 6,5,4 > >)

Applying Transpose

= > A (a*

<<1,6>,<2,5>,<3,4>>)

Effect of ApplyToAII

= > /+:<•

:<1,6>,*:<2,5>,-:<3,4>>

Applying *

= > /+:<6,10,12>

Effect of Insert

= > +:<6,

+ :<10,12>>

Applying +

= > +:<6,

22 >

Applying + Again

= > 28

222

BYTE' AUGUST I985

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AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 223

Inquiry 115

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PROGRAMMING IN FP

From a set of axioms that are not self-contradictory, an algebra may be defined.

ParProds : <x,,. . . ,xm>

= PARar : < ParProds: < x,,. . .xm>, y>

where PARar = ar<>[l, *o[lrol, 2]]

Unfortunately, we cannot simply right-insert the PARar function because it requires that the sequence to which it is applied has a sequence for its first element. We first have to make this element into a sequence. The function ParProds therefore becomes

def ParProds = null -» 0;

(\PARar)°al°[ [1], tl] def PARar = ar°[i, *°[ 1r°1,

2]]

We may now use this nonrecursive function in the definition of other useful functions. For example, it is a relatively simple matter to extend these concepts for the evaluation of polynomials.

The FP Algebra of Programs

lust as a set of functions mapping a domain of objects into itself may define an algebra on that domain, so too may a set of functionals define an algebra on a domain of functions. The reader will probably be quite familiar with the concept of the field of real numbers (objects) under the composition rules of addition and multiplication (functions) that possess the necessary properties such as associativity: he or she is surely familiar with the wellknown algebra that follows. In the same way, a set of axioms that are not self-contradictory may be defined on a set of functions under composition rules given by a set of functionals. From these axioms, it may be possible to establish, as theorems, further properties about the sets of functions and functionals: i.e., an algebra may be defined. Through the algebra, relationships between functions may be established as identities, independent of the domain of objects to which they are applied. The two sides of such an identity yield an equation at the object level for every argument to which they are each applied. Thus the functional algebra provides a more general, higher level of reasoning in which quite powerful arguments can be expressed and results deduced. Note that any set of axioms could be chosen provided they are consistent, but in order that the resulting algebra be useful, the axioms should not contradict known properties of conventional functional languages when the functions of each side of an identity are applied to objects. Thus, for example, we would not choose for an axiom the statement

fo[g,h] = [fog, foh]

[continued)

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PROGRAMMING IN FP

Backus's set of axioms

for FP is consistent but has not been shown to be complete.

for all functions f, g, h, since for object x, it is not true in general that

f:<g:x, h:x> = <f:(g:x), f:(h:x)> However, we can and do choose [g,h]of = [gof, hot]

Backus has presented consistent axioms of the FP functional algebra (reference 3), although the set has not been shown to be exhaustive. When applied to an arbitrary object, each is duly seen to yield an equality that is known to hold. As a simple example of the use of the FP algebra in formal reasoning, we first prove the equivalence between the recursive and nonrecursive definitions of factorial considered above. We know that, by definition,

iota = eqO -> null; ar°[iota°sub1,id]

and FP laws state that for all functions f, g, h,

(\f)oaro[g,h] = f°[(\f)°g,h]

(this is easily checked from the definition of \), and for Boolean-valued function p,

f°(p -» g; h) = p -» fog; fon

(easily checked from the definition of -*). Thus,

(\ *)°iota = eqO -> (\ *)onull = eqO -* T ; *°[( \

(\ *)oaro[iotaosub1,id] <)0iota°sub1,id]

and writing ! for (\ *)°iota gives

! = eqO -> T ; *o[!oSUb1,id]

The power of the algebra has been further developed and exploited by Williams (reference 4) and Backus (reference 5), who introduced the linear class of functional forms. A functional form is a functional expression that contains function variables, and a linear form possesses certain properties relating to function expansion, discussed below. A function f is defined to be (functionally linear if it has the "else part" given by a linear form in f, i.e., f = p -» q; Hf for some fixed functions p and q and linear form H. Linear functions such as f satisfy the Linear Expansion Theorem (LET), which states, loosely, that for object x, if f:x is defined, f:x = (H'q):x for some integer i, given by another form Hi (the "predicate transformer") known in terms of H. Specifically, i is the least integer such that (H-i'p):x = T. This solution is clearly iterative at the function level of description—if a function

(continued)

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PROGRAMMING IN FP

FP Syntax

Examples of primitives that might be present in an FP system include the following:

Add, Subtract, Multiply, Equals, etc. ( + , -, *, eq, etc.) When x is of form <y,z> and y,z are numbers, then + :x yields the sum of y and z otherwise + :x = X (The others are defined similarly.)

Greater Than, Less Than, Less Than or Equal, etc. (gt, It, le, etc.)

When x= <y,z> and y,z are numbers then (if y>z then gt:x = T else gt:x = F) (The others are defined similarly.)

And, Or, Not (and,.or, not)

When x = < T, T> then and:x = T

When x=< F, T> or x = < T, F> or x = < F, F>

then and:x = F

(The others are defined similarly.) Null (null)

When x= <> then nulhx = T When x= 1 then null:x = 1 otherwise nulhx = F

Append Left (al)

When x= <y,< > > then al:x = <y>

When x= <y, <z-i,. . . ,z,„> > then al:x = <y,Z! z,„>

Append Right (ar)

When x = < < >,y> then al:x = <y>

When x= < <z-i,. . . ,z„,>,.y> then ar:x = <z-i,. . . ,z,„,y>

Selectors (1, 2, 3, . . .)

When x= <2t,, . . ,z,„> then if m >i then i:x = z; else X

Right Selectors (1r, 2r, 3r, . . .)

As above, selects first, second, etc., from the right

of the sequence.

Identity (id:x) x

Transpose (trans)

When x= <<>,...,<>> then trans:x = < >

When x= <Xi xm> where x, = <X(1,. . .,x:i>

fori <i <m then trans:x = <zu...,zk> where z, = <xy,. . .,xmj> for 1 <j <k otherwise trans:x = x

Distribute Left (distl)

When x=<y,<>> then distl:x =<> When x=<y,

<z^ zm> >

then distl:x = < <y,Zi >,. . ., <y,z„, >>

Distribute Right (distr)

When x = < < >,y> then distr:x = < >

When x=< <z1,...,zm>,y>

then < <Zi,y> <z,„,y> >

lota (iota)

if x = 0 iota:x = < > if x is a positive integer iota:x =

<1,2,, . ,,x> otherwise iota:x = _L

Others

Some other possible primitives are head (hd), tail (tl), right tail (trl), rotate left (rati), rotate right (rotr), subract one (subl). is equal to zero (eqO), and so on. Note that all these are just as easily written in FP using top primitives and the PFOs below. For example,

def eqO = eq°[id, 0] def subl = -o[id, T]

Listed below are some examples of the type of PFOs that could be chosen for an FP system.

Composition

(fog):x = f:( g: x )

Construction

[fi, f2 fm] : x = < f^x, f2:x, . . ., fm:x >

Condition

(p -» f; g) : x = if (p:x) is T then f:x else if (p:x) is F then g:x else l

Insert Left

/f : X = ifx=<y> then y

else if x = <yi, . . ., y,„ > and m > 2 then f:<y-i, / f:<y2,. . . ,y,„> > otherwise 1

Insert Right

\f:x= ifx=<y> then y

else if x = <y, y,„> and m >2

then f:< \f:<yi,. . .,ym„,>,y,> otherwise 1

Apply To All

af : x = if x = < > then < >

if x = <yi, . . ., ym> then <t:y-i, . . . ,f:ym>

Constant

f: x = if x = X then x

otherwise f (Here f is an object parameter.)

To date, FP has been available only to researchers. Interpretive FP systems for relatively large computers have been implemented at such institutions as INRIA; the University of Paris; the University of California at Berkeley; and Westfield College and Imperial College, London. However, we at Imperial College hope to make an FP compiler for VAX and for conventional microcomputers such as the IBM PC available to the general public by the end of this year.

228 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

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PROGRAMMING IN FP

ir functions are

typically translatable

into iterative form.

could be "accumulated" by successively passing round a loop, its result after i cycles could simply be applied to the object x. Translation into a loop at the object level appears possible. The importance of expansion theorems in general is that they give nonrecursive solutions to the recursion equations defining certain functions. Further use of the FP algebra may also derive nonrecursive solutions as pure FP expressions from linear expansions (reference 4).

We have demonstrated that the linear functions constitute a well-behaved class. We will conclude the discussion of linearity by identifying some linear forms and indicating how they may be detected automatically. It can be shown that the primitive forms of composition, condition, and construction are linear and that the linear class is closed under functional composition. The closed property means that if a linear form is applied to a function argument, which is itself the result of applying another linear form to a function variable, the resulting, composite form is linear in the function variable. Thus the compiler can detect in many cases whether a defined function is linear and, if so, determine its predicate transformer, referred to above. For example, any form that is built up from the PFOs composition, construction, and condition and has only one occurrence of its function variable argument must be linear. More important, linear functions are typically translatable into iterative form, and the subject of current research at Imperial College is to automatically generate an iterative implementation (a loop) for a linear function, in particular any defined by a multiple composition of primitive linear forms.

Clearly then, the class of linear forms is an important one, and recent results (reference 6), again relying on the functional algebra, facilitate automatic transformation of a significant class of nonlinear functions into linear form, from which an iterative implementation follows (it is hoped). Mutually recursive definitions also may be similarly transformed under appropriate conditions, further extending the class of optimizable functions. Probably the prime example of these results is the transformation of the Fibonacci function into f = "log where

g = |e1 -> [T, T]; [ + ,1]ogoSub1

By application of the linear expansion theorem for the linear form H given by Hg = [+,1]°g<>sub1. with H-,a = a°sub1 for function a,

g:x = [+,1]-1:<11 1 > = [ + ,1]'"3 :<3,2>= .

= [ + ,ir2 :<2,1>

[continued)

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This reflects the usual way of implementing the Fibonacci iteration using two accumulators. {Editor's note: Compare this with the Hope transformation of the same function in John Darlington's article on page 201.| Further optimization is often possible for a set of mutually recursively defined functions (see reference 6). When such functions are combined with the linearization techniques used in the previous example, some powerful optimization becomes possible. Dijkstra's FUSC function satisfies the appropriate conditions and can be converted into iterative form. Denoting "divide by two" by d, s = subl and p = addl, FUSC is defined by

fuse = Ie1 -* id; even -» fusc°d; + °[fusc°d°p,fusc°d°s]

The theorem gives fuse = 1°g where

g = Ie1 —» [id,s];

Ie2 -> (even -» [L0g,s]; [M0g,s]); even -> [L0g,Mig]; [M0g,Lig]

where L0g = 1°g°d, Ug = 2°g°d°p, M0g = +°g°d°p, Mig = +°g°d

Thus the last branch of the definition for g (>2) becomes

even -> [1, + ]°g°d; [ + ,2]°god°p

This reflects precisely the iteration of Dijkstra, and since the function is readily recognizable as linear in this form, the corresponding loop in an imperative programming language could be generated by the compiler. ■

REFERENCES

1. Darlington, J., and M. Reeve. "ALICE: A Multiprocessor Reduction Machine for the Parallel Evaluation of Applicative Languages." Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Functional languages and Computer Architecture. Boston, MA: 1981.

2. Keller. R, M,, G. Lindstrom. and S. Patil. "An Architecture for a Loosely Coupled Parallel Processor." Technical Report UUCS-78-105, Department of Computer Science, University of Utah, I978.

3. Backus, J. "Can Programming Be Liberated from the von Neumann Style? A Functional Style and Its Algebra of Programs." Communications of the ACM, volume 21, number 8, 1978, page 613.

4. Williams, J. "On the Development of the Algebra of Functional Programs." 1982 ACM "Transactions on Programming languages and Systems, volume 4, October 1982, page 733.

5. Backus, J. "The Algebra of Functional Programs: Fuctional Level Reasoning, Linear Equations, and Extended Definitions." Lecture Notes on Computer Science #107. Formalization of Programming Concepts. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1981.

6. Harrison, P. G. "Optimisation of FP Programs By Linearisation." Imperial College Research Report Number Doc 85/2.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Darlington, [., and R. M. Burstall. "Some Transformations for Developing Recursive Programs." journal of the ACM 24:1, 1977, page 44.

Dijkstra, E. W. "Lecture Notes on Program Development." Praceedings of International Summer School on Program Construction. Marktoberdorf, West Germany: 1978.

232 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 174

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DECLARATIVE LANGUAGES

A HOPE

TUTORIAL

by Roger Bailey

Using one of the new generation of functional languages

Editor's note: In this article we have boldfaced the output of the Hope interpreter to distinguish it from the input. The Hope interpreter is available for downloading from BYTEnef Listingsat (617) 861-9774. This version runs under PC-DOS 2.0; you will need the files HOPE.EXE and SYS.HOP. Related articles are the BYTE U.K. column on page 341 of this issue and BYTE U.K. on page 385 of the May issue.

IN A LANGUAGE LIKE PASCAL, a function is a piece of "canned" program for doing standard operations like finding square roots. When we want the square root of a positive number stored in a variable x, we write sqrt(x) at the point in the program where we want the value, such as writeln(1.0 + sqrt(x)). This is called an application of the function. The value represented by x is called the argument or actual parameter. In this context the function sqrt computes the square root of x. 1.0 is added to it, and the result is then printed.

We can also define our own functions specifying how the result is computed using ordinary Pascal statements. Here's a function that returns the greater of its two argument values:

function max(x,y:INTEGER):INTEGER; begin if x>y

then max : = x else max : = y end;

The identifiers x and y are called formal parameters. They're used inside the definition to name the two values that will be supplied as arguments when the function is

applied. Here's how we might use max to filter out negative values: writeln(max(z,0));.

A more interesting case is when the actual parameter is a function application itself or involves one. We can use max to find the largest of three numbers by writing max(a,max(b,c)).

Combining functions like this is called composition. The expression is evaluated "inside out" because the outer application of max can't be evaluated until the value of its second argument is known. The inner application of max is therefore evaluated first using the values of b and c; the result is used as the actual parameter in the outer application.

Another way to combine functions is to define more powerful ones by using simpler ones as building blocks. If we often need to find the largest of three numbers, we might define

function MaxOf3(x,y,z:INTEGER):INTEGER; begin

MaxOf3 : = max(x,max(y,z)) end;

and apply it by writing MaxOf3(a,b,c).

Programming with Functions

Pascal is called an imperative language because programs written in it are recipes for doing something. If our programs consist only of functions, we can concentrate on the results and ignore how they're computed. Forget that

[continued)

Roger Bailey can be reached at the Department of Computing, Imperial College. 180 Queens Gate, London SW7 2BZ, England.

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 235

I

A HOPE TUTORIAL

sqrt is a piece of code and think of sqrt(x) as a way of writing a value in your program, and you'll get the idea. You can think of Max0f3 in the same way if you ignore the way it works inside. By defining a toolkit of useful functions and combining them, we can build powerful programs that are short and easy to understand.

In Pascal, functions can return only simple data objects such as numbers or characters, but real programs use big data structures and can't easily be written using these functions. In Hope, functions can return any type of value including data structures equivalent to Pascal's arrays, records, and much more. Programming in Hope has the flavor of simply writing down the answer by writing an expression that defines it. This expression will contain one or more function applications to define smaller parts of the answer. These won't usually be built in like sqrt, so we'll have to define them ourselves, but we'll still think of them as definitions of data objects, not as algorithms for computing them.

A Simple Hope Example—Conditionals

Let's see how we can define max in Hope. Like Pascal, Hope is a strongly typed language; we must tell the compiler about the types of objects in our programs so it can check that they're used consistently. The function definition comes in two parts—the declaration followed by one or more recursion equations. First we declare the argument and result types:

dec max : num # num -> num;

dec is a reserved word (must be in lowercase) signaling the start of the declaration of the function max, which takes two numbers as arguments and returns a single number as its result. Read the symbol: as "takes a." Names consist of uppercase, and lowercase letters (which are distinct) and digits and must start with a letter. The current fashion is to use lowercase. You can separate symbols with any number of blanks and new lines for clarity. A space or new line is needed only when adjacent symbols might be confused as one symbol without it.

The next part of the declaration gives the types of the arguments. Integers are of the predefined type num (in lowercase). Read # as "and a"; alternatively, you can use the reserved word X. Read -> as "yields." The semicolon marks the end of the declaration, max needs only one recursion equation to define it.

— max(xy) <= if x>y then x else y;

Read the symbol as "the value of." The expression

max(x.y) is called the left-hand side of the equation. It defines x and y as formal parameters or local names for the values that will be supplied when the function is applied. Parameter names are local to the equation, so x and y won t be confused with any other x or y in the program. The symbol <= is read as "is defined as." The rest of the equation (called the right-hand side)

236 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

defines the result. It's a conditional expression. The symbols if, then, and else are reserved words. If the value of the subexpression x > y is true, the value of the whole conditional expression is the value of x; otherwise, its the value of y. The two alternative values can be defined by any Hope expression.

While Pascal's conditional statement causes one of two actions to be performed, Hope's conditional expression specifies one of two values. Hope doesn't specify the order in which the two expressions are evaluated. On a computer that uses parallel processing, such as the Imperial College ALICE machine, it's even possible to evaluate all three expressions in parallel and throw away one of the results when the value of the condition is known.

Using Functions We ve Defined

A Hope program consists of a single expression containing one or more function applications. When the expression is evaluated, the result and its type are printed on the screen. Here's a simple program that uses max:

max(10,20) + max(1,max(2,3)); 23 : num

The rules for evaluating the expression are the same as those in Pascal. Function arguments are evaluated first, the functions are applied, and finally other operations are performed in the usual order of priority.

We can also use existing functions to define new ones. Here's the Hope version of MaxOf3:

dec MaxOf3 : num # num # num -> num; — Max0f3(x,y,z) <= max(x,max(y,z));

A More Interesting Example

Just as Pascal's conditional statement is replaced by Hope's conditional value, so the repetitive statement is replaced by the repetitive value. Here's a Pascal function that multiplies two numbers using repeated addition:

function mult(x,y:INTEGER):INTEGER; var prod:INTEGER; begin prod : = 0; while y>0 do begin prod : = prod + x; y := y-1 end; mult : = prod end;

It's hard to be sure this function does enough additions (it took me three tries to get it right), and this seems to be a general problem with loops in programs. A common way of checking imperative programs is to simulate their execution. If we do this for input values of 2 and 3, we'll

[continued]

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A HOPE TUTORIAL

find that prod starts with the value 0 and gets values of 2, 4, and 6 on successive loop iterations, which suggests that the definition is correct.

Hope doesn't have any loop structures, so we must write all the additions that the Pascal program performed in a single expression. It's much easier to see that this has the right number of additions:

dec mult : num # num -> num ;

— mult(x,y) <=0 + x + x+ ...

or would be if we knew how many times to write + x. The hand simulation suggests we need to write it y times, which is tricky when we don't know the value of y. What we do know is that for a given value of y, the expressions mult(x.y) and mult(x,y - 1) + x would have the same number of + x terms if written out in full. The second one always has two terms, whatever the value of y, so we'll use it as the definition of mult:

— mult(x.y) <= mult(x,y- 1) + x;

On the face of it we've written something ridiculous, because it means we must apply mult to find the value of mult. Remember, however, that this is really shorthand for 0 followed by y occurrences of + x. When y is zero, the result of mult is also zero because there are no +x terms. In this case, mult isn't defined in terms of itself, so if we add a special test for it, the definition terminates. A usable definition of mult is

— mult(x.y) < = if y = 0 then 0 else mult(x,y- 1) + x;

Functions that are defined using themselves like this are called recursive. Every Pascal program using a loop can be expressed as a recursive function in Hope. All recursive definitions need one case (called the base case) where the function isn't defined in terms of itself, just as Pascal loops need a terminating condition.

Another Way of Using Functions

Hope enables us to use a function with two arguments as an infix operator. We must assign it a priority and use it as an infix operator everywhere, including the equations that define it. The definition of mult used as an infix operator looks like this:

infix mult : 8;

dec mult : num # num -> num;

— x mult y < = if y = 0 then 0 else x mult(y- 1) + x;

A bigger number in the infix declaration means a higher priority. Since a priority of 8 is higher than that of the subtraction operator, mult's second argument, y- 1, in the recursion equation must be in parentheses. Most of Hope's standard functions are supplied as infix operators.

Other Kinds of Data

Hope provides two other primitive data types. A truval is equivalent to Pascal's Boolean data type and has values

{continued)

238 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

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A HOPE TUTORIAL

true or false. We've already seen an example of an expression that defines a truval: x>y. > is a standard function whose type is num # num -> truval. We can use truvals in conditional expressions and combine them with the standard functions and, or, and not.

Single characters are of type char, with values 'a', 'b', and so on. Characters are most useful as components of data structures such as character strings.

Data Structures

Practical programs need data structures, and Hope has two standard kinds already built in. The simplest kind, called a tuple, corresponds to a Pascal record. We can bind a fixed number of objects of any type together into a tuple. For example: (2,3) and ('a',true) are tuples of the type num # num and char # truval, respectively.

We use tuples when we want a function to define more than one value. Here's one that takes the time of day defined in terms of seconds since midnight and converts it to hours, minutes, and seconds:

dec time24 : num -> num # num # num;

— time24(s) <= (s div 3600,

s mod 3600 div 60, s mod 3600 mod 60);

div is the built-in integer division function, and mod gives the remainder after integer division. If we type an application of time24 at the terminal, the resulting tuple and its type will be printed on the screen in the usual way.

time24(45756);

(12,42,36) : (num # num # num)

The second standard data type, called a list, corresponds roughly to a one-dimensional array in Pascal. It can contain any number of objects (including none at all), but they must all be the same type. For example, [1,2,3] is an expression of type list(num).

There are two standard functions for defining lists. The infix operator:: (pronounced "cons") defines a list in terms of a single object and a list containing the same type of object:

10 :: [20,30,40] defines the list [10,20,30,40]

Don't think of :: as adding 10 to the front of [20,30,40]. It really defines a new list, [10,20,30,40], in terms of two other objects without changing their meaning, rather in the same way that 1 + 3 defines a new value of 4 without changing the meaning of 1 or 3.

The other standard list function is nil, which defines a list with no elements in it. We can represent every list by an expression consisting of applications of:: and nil. When we write an expression like

['c7a','t']

Hope considers it to be just a shorthand way of writing

(continued)

240 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 166

Inquiry 23 —►

A HOPE TUTORIAL

'c' :: ('a' :: (Y :: nil))

Another shorthand way of writing lists of characters is to enclose the character string in double quotes: "cat". When the result of a Hope program is a list of numbers, it's printed out in the concise bracketed notation; if it's a list of characters, it's printed in quotes.

Every data type in Hope is defined by a set of primitive functions like :: and nil. They're called constructor functions and aren't defined by recursion equations. When we defined a tuple, we were actually using a standard constructor called , (pronounced "comma"). Later on we'll see how constructors are defined for other types of data.

Functions That Define Lists

If we wanted to write a Pascal program to print the first n natural numbers in descending order, we'd probably write a loop that printed one value out on each iteration. For example,

for i: = n downto 1 do write(i);

In Hope we write 'one expression that defines all the values at once, rather like we did for mult:

dec nats : num -> list(num);

— nats(n) <= if n = 0 then nil else n::nats(n-1);

nil is useful for writing the base case of a recursive function that defines a list. If we try the function at the terminal by typing

nats(10);

[10,9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1] : list(num)

the numbers are in descending order because that's the way we arranged them in the list, not because they were defined in that order. The values in the expression defining the list are treated as though they were all generated at the same time. On the ALICE machine they actually are generated at the same time. To get the results of a Hope program in the right order, we must put them in the right place in the final data structure.

If we want the list of the natural numbers n through l in ascending order, we need to use another built-in operation, <> (pronounced "append"), that concatenates two lists.

— nats(n) <= if n = 0 then nil else nats(n- 1) <> [n];

We put n in brackets to make it into a (single-item) list because <> expects both its arguments to be lists. We could also have written (n::nil) instead of [n].

Data Structures as Parameters

Suppose we have a list of integers and we want to write a function to add up all its elements. The declaration will look like this:

dec sumlist : list(num) - > num;

We need to refer to the individual elements of the actual

parameter in the equations defining sumlist. We do this using an equation whose left-hand side looks like this:

— sumlist(x :: y) ...

This is an expression involving list constructors and corresponds to an actual parameter that is a list, x and y are formal parameters, but they name individual parts of the actual parameter value. In an application of sumlist like

sumlist([1,2,3])

the actual parameter will be "dismantled" so that x names the value 1 and y names the value [2, 3]. The complete equation will be

— sumlist(x :: y) <= x + sumlist(y);

Notice there's no base case test. As we might expect, it's the empty list, but we can't test for it directly in the equation because there's no formal parameter that refers to the whole list. In fact, if we write the application

sumlist(nil)

we'll get an error message because we can't dismantle nil to find the values of x and y. We must cover this case separately using a second recursion equation:

— sumlist(nil) <= 0;

The two equations can be given in either order. When sumlist is applied, the actual parameter is examined to see which constructor function was used to define it. If the actual parameter is a nonempty list, the first equation is used, because nonempty lists are defined using the :: constructor. The first number in the list gets named x and the remaining list y. If the actual parameter is the empty list, the second equation is used because empty lists are defined using the constructor nil.

Pattern Matching

An expression composed of constructors appearing on the left-hand side of a recursion equation is called a pattern. Selecting the right recursion equation and dismantling the actual parameter to name its parts is called pattern matching. When you write a function, you must give a recursion equation for each possible constructor defining the argument type.

Sometimes we don't need to dismantle the actual parameter, and we can use a formal parameter in the pattern that matches the whole object, irrespective of what constructors were used to define it. As an example, let's see how we could define our own version of the append function to concatenate two lists. Let's call it cat.

infix cat : 4;

dec cat : list(num) # list(num) -> list(num);

— (h :: t) cat r <= h :: (t cat r);

— nil cat r <= r;

The first list parameter is matched by the pattern (h::t)

[continued]

242 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

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AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 243

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244 BYTE • AUGUST 1985 Inquiry 80

A HOPE TUTORIAL

so that its first item (the "head") and the remaining list (the "tail") can be referred to separately on the right-hand side. The second recursion equation covers the case when the first list is empty. The second list parameter is matched by the pattern r whether it's empty or not.

In addition to writing enough recursion equations to satisfy all the parameter constructors, we must also be careful not to write sets of equations in which more than one pattern might match the actual parameters, because that would be ambiguous.

We can write patterns to match arguments that are tuples in the same way. When we wrote mult(x,y) you probably thought the parentheses and the comma had something to do with the function application. In fact, we were constructing a tuple, and the parentheses were needed only because the tuple constructor (,) has a low priority. Hope treats all functions as having only one argument. This can be a tuple when you want the effect of several arguments. Without the parentheses

mult x, y

would be interpreted as ( mult ( x ), y )

A recursion equation with the left-hand side mult ( x, y ) <= ...

is just a pattern match on a tuple. The first item in the tuple gets named x and the second one y.

We can even use pattern matching on num parameters. These are defined by two constructors called succ and 0. succ defines a number in terms of the next lower one. 0 has no arguments and defines the value zero. Surely 0 is a value, not a function? Well, we're already used to thinking of function applications as another way of writing values, so it's quite consistent to think of 0 as a function application. Here's a version of mult that uses pattern matching to identify the base case:

infix mult : 8;

dec mult : num # num -> num;

--- x mult 0 <= 0;

— x mult succ(y) <= (x mult y) + x;

We can read succ(y) as "the successor of some number that we'll call y." Instead of naming the actual parameter y as we did in the original version of mult, we're naming its predecessor.

Simplifying Expressions

In Pascal programs we can simplify complex expressions by removing common subexpressions and evaluating them separately. Instead of writeln((x + y)*(x + y));, we would probably write z : = x + y; writeln(z*z);, which is clearer and more efficient. Hope programs consist only of expressions, and it's even more important to simplify them. We do this by using a qualified expression:

{continued)

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let z == x + y in z*z;

This looks like an assignment, but it isn't. == is read as "is defined as," and z is local to the expression following the in. If we write something like

let z == Z+ 1 in z*z;

we're actually introducing a new variable, z, to use in the subexpression z*z. It hides the original one in the subexpression z + 1.

There's a second form of qualified expression for people who like to use variables first and define their meanings later. It looks like this:

z*z where z == x + y;

The result of the qualified expression is the same whether we define it using let or where, x + y is evaluated first, and its value is used in the main expression.

The qualifying expression will often be a function application that defines a data structure. If we want to name part of the structure, we can use a pattern on the left-hand side of the == symbol.

dec time12 : num -> num # num;

— time12(s) < = (if h > 12 then h -12 else h,m) where

(h,m,s) == time24(s);

We'll use this construction most often when we write recursive functions that define tuples. Suppose, for example, that we want to form a string of words from a sentence. For simplicity, a word is taken to be any sequence of characters, and words are separated in the sentence by any number of blanks. The sentence and a single word will be list ( char ) objects and the final sequence of words a list(list(char)).

It's fairly straightforward to obtain the first word. Here's a function that does it:

dec firsttry : list(char) -> list(char);

— firsttry(nil) <= nil;

— firsttry(c :: s) <= if c = "

then nil

else c :: firsttry(s);

One of the nice features of Hope is that we can type in and print out any kind of value, so it's easy to check out the individual functions of our program separately. If we test firsttry we'll see

firsttry ( "You may hunt it with forks and Hope" ) ; "You" : list ( char)

But there's a problem here, because we're going to need the rest of the sentence if we're to find the remaining words. We must arrange for the function to return the remaining list as well as the first word. This is where tuples come in:

dec firstword : list(char) -> list(char) # list(char);

— firstword(nil) <= (nil, nil);

(continued)

246 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

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A HOPE TUTORIAL

— firstword(c :: s) <= if c = "

then (nil.s)

else ((c :: w, r) where (w,r) == firstword(s));

The qualified expression is in parentheses so it only applies to the expression after else; otherwise we would evaluate firstword recursively as long as the sentence is nonempty, even if it starts with a blank. This version of the function produces

firstword("Hope springs eternal . . .");

("Hope","springs eternal ..."): (list(char) # list(char))

We can use this to define a function to split the sentence into a list of its individual words:

dec wordlist : list(char) -> list(list(char));

— wordlist(nil) <= nil; wordlist(c :: s) <= if c = "

then wordlist(s) else (w :: wordlist(r) where (w,r) == firstword (c :: s));

which we can test by typing an application at the terminal:

wordlist(" While there's life there's Hope "); ["While","there's","life","there's","Hope"] : list(list(char))

So far we've concentrated on features of Hope that have something in common with traditional languages such as Pascal, but without many of their limitations, such as fixedsize data structures. We've also been introduced to the functional style of programming in which programs are no longer recipes for action but definitions of data objects.

Now we'll introduce features of Hope that lift it onto a much higher level of expressive power and enable us to write programs that not only are extremely powerful and concise but that can be checked for correctness at compile time and mechanically transformed into more efficient versions.

More Powerful Functions

The Hope compiler can spot many common kinds of errors by checking the types of all objects in expressions. This is harder than checking at run time, but it is more efficient and saves the embarrassment of discovering an error at run time in a rarely executed branch of the air traffic control system we just wrote.

However, strict type checking can be a nuisance if we want to perform some operation that doesn't depend on the type of the data. Try writing a Pascal procedure to reverse an array of either 10 integers or 10 characters, and you'll see what I mean.

Hope avoids this kind of restriction by allowing a function to operate on more than one type of object. We've already used the standard constructors :: and nil to define a list(num), a list(char), and a list(lisf(char)). The standard equality function = compares any two objects of the same

248 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

type. Functions with this property are called polymorphic. Pascal's built-in functions abs and sqr and operators like > and = are polymorphic in a primitive kind of way.

We can define our own polymorphic functions in Hope. The function cat we defined earlier concatenates lists of numbers, but we can use it for lists containing any type of object. We do this by first declaring a kind of "universal type" called a type variable. We use this in the declaration of cat where it stands for any actual type.

typevar alpha; infix cat : 8;

dec cat : list (alpha) # list(alpha) -> list(alpha);

This says cat has two parameters that are lists and defines a list, but it doesn't say what kind of object is in the list. However, alpha always stands for the same type throughout a given declaration, so all the lists must contain the same type of object. The expressions [1,2,3] cat [4,5,6] and "123" cat "456" are valid, while the expression [1, 2, 3] cat "456" is not. The interpretation of a type variable is local to a declaration so it can have different interpretations in other declarations without confusion. {Editor's note: In the version of Hope available on BYTEnet, the type variables alpha and beta are predefined.]

Of course, it only makes sense for a function to be polymorphic as long as the equations defining it don't make any assumptions about types. In the case of cat. it's defined using only :: and nil, which are polymorphic themselves. However, a function like sumlist uses + and can only be used with lists of numbers as parameters.

Defining Your Own Data Types

Tuples and lists are quite powerful, but for more sophisticated applications we'll need to define our own types. User-defined types make programs clearer and help the type checker to help the programmer. We introduce a new data type in a data declaration.

data vague == yes ++ no ++ maybe;

data is a reserved word and vague is the name of the new type. == is pronounced "is defined as" and ++ is pronounced "or." yes, no and maybe are the names for the constructor functions of the new type. We can now write function definitions that use these constructors in pattern matches:

dec evade ; vague -> vague ;

— evade ( yes ) <= maybe ;

— evade ( maybe ) <= no ;

The constructors can be parameterized with any type of object, including the type that's being defined. We can define types like lists, whose objects are of unlimited size using this kind of recursive definition. Here's a user-defined binary tree that can contain numbers as its leaves:

data tree = = empty ++ tip(num) ++ node(tree # tree);

[continued]

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There are three constructors: empty has no parameters and defines a tree with nothing in it, tip defines a tree in terms of a single number, and node defines a tree in terms of two other trees. Figure 1 shows a typical tree.

Here's an example of a function that manipulates trees. It returns the sum of all the numbers in the tree:

dec sumtree : tree -> num;

— sumtree (empty) <= 0;

— sumtree (tip(n)) <= n;

— sumtree (node(l.r)) <= sumtree(l) + sumtree(r);

(continued]

Figure !: A typical binary tree.

Listing la: The polymorphic function flatten can operate on trees of any type object.

dec flatten : tree(alpha) -> list(alpha);

— flatten(empty) <= nil; flatten(tipfx)) <= x :; nil;

— flatten(node(x,y)) <= flatten(x) <> flatten(y);

Listing lb: These examples demonstrate the function flatten on various types of trees.

flatten(node(tip(1),node(tip(2),tip(3)))); [ 1, 2, 3 ] : list

flatten(node(tip("one"),

node(tip("two"),

tip("three")))); ["one","two","three"] : list(list(char))

flatten(node(tip(tip('a')),

node(tip(empty),

tip(node(t|p('c'),

empty)))));

[ tip('a'),empty,node(tipfc'), empty) ] : list(tree(char))

250 BYTE' AUGUST I985

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A HOPE TUTORIAL

Unfortunately, there's no shorthand for writing tree constants like there is for list constants, so we've got to write them out the long way using constructors. If we want to use sumtree to add up all the numbers in the example tree, we must type in the expression

sumtree(node(node(tip(1),

node(tip(2), tip(3))), node(node(empty, tip(4)), tip(5))));

This isn't really a drawback because programs that manipulate complex data structures like trees will generally define them using other functions. However, it's very useful to be able to type any kind of constant data structure at the terminal when we're checking out an individual function like sumtree. If we want to test a Pascal program piecemeal, we'll usually have to write elaborate test harnesses or stubs to generate test data.

Making Data More Abstract

The identifier list isn't really a Hope data type. It's called a type constructor and must be parameterized with an actual type before it represents one. We did this every time we declared a list(num) or a list(char). The parameter can be a user-defined type, as with a list(tree), or even a type variable, as in list(alpha), which defines a polymorphic data type. Constructing new data types like this is a compiletime operation, not to be confused with constructing new data values, which is a run-time operation.

You can define your own polymorphic data types. Here's a version of the binary tree we defined earlier that can have any type of value in its leaves:

data tree(alpha) == empty + +

tip(alpha) + +

node(tree(alpha) # tree(alpha));

Once again, alpha is taken to be the same type throughout one instance of a tree. If it's a number, then all references to tree(alpha) are taken as references to tree(num).

We can define polymorphic functions that operate on trees of any type of object because our tree constructors are now polymorphic. Listing 1 shows a function to "flatten" a binary tree into a list of the same type of object.

Even More Concise Programs

The importance of polymorphic types and functions is that they let us write shorter, clearer programs. It's rather like the way Pascal subroutines let us use the same code to operate on different data values, but much more powerful. We can write one Hope function to reverse a list of numbers or characters, while we'd need to write two identical Pascal subroutines to reverse an array of integers and an array of characters. We can use polymorphic functions whenever we're con

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!

A HOPE TUTORIAL | —

:erned only with the "shape" of a data structure and not With the objects in it. Sometimes, however, we'll also want

0 apply some function to the primitive data items in the itructure. Here's a function that defines a list(num) whose ilements are the squares of another list(num) using a funcion called square:

dec square : num -> num;

— square(n) <= n*n;

jec squarelist : list(num) -> list(num);

— squarelist(nil) <= nil;

I— squarelist(n :: I) <= square(n) :: squarelist(l);

, Every time we write a function to process every element pf a list, we'll write something almost identical to squareist. Here's a function to define a list of factorials:

dec fact : num -> num;

[— fact(O) <- 1;

\— fact(succ(n)) <= succ(n) * fact(n);

ec factlist : list(num) -> list(num); — factlist(nil) <= nil; ,— factlist(n :: I) <= fact(n) :: factlist(l);

actlist has exactly the same "shape" as squarelist; it just applies fact instead of square and then applies itself recursively Values that differ between applications are usually supplied as actual parameters. Hope treats functions as data objects, so we can do this in a perfectly natural way. \ function that can take another function as an actual Darameter is called a higher-order function. When we declare it we must give the type of formal parameter standng for the function in the usual way. The declaration of act tells us it's num -> num. Read this as "a function napping numbers to numbers."

Now let's see how we can use this idea to write factlist ind squarelist as a single higher-order function. The new unction needs two parameters—the original list and the unction that is applied inside it. Its declaration will be

jec alllist : list(num) # (num -> num) -> list(num);

The "shape" of alllist is the same as factlist and squarelist, jut the function we apply to each element of the list will )e the formal parameter.

— alllist(nil, f) < = nil;

— alllist(n :: I, f)<- f(n) :: alllist(l,f);

Ve use alllist like this:

|lllist( [2,4,6], square ); 4,16,36 ] : list ( num )

llllist( [ 2,4,6 ], fact); 2,24,720 ] : list ( num )

1 Notice that there is no argument list after the functions Square or fact in the application of alllist, so this construction will not be confused with functional composition. |act(3) represents a function application, but fact by itself

represents the unevaluated function.

Higher-order functions can also be polymorphic. We can use this idea to write a more powerful version of alllist that will apply an arbitrary function to every element of a list of objects of arbitrary type. This version of the function is usually known as map:

typevar alpha, beta ;

dec map : list(alpha) # (alpha -> beta) -> list(beta);

— map(nil, f) <= nil;

— map(n :: I, f)<= f(n) :: map(l,f);

The definition now uses two type variables, alpha and beta. Each one represents the same actual type throughout one instance of map, but the two types can be different. This means we can use any function that maps alphas to betas to generate a list of betas from any list of alphas.

The actual types aren't restricted to scalars, which makes map rather more powerful than we might realize at first sight. Suppose we've got a suitably polymorphic function that finds the length of a list:

typevar gamma;

dec len : list(gamma) -> num;

— len(nil) <= 0;

— Ien(n :: I) <= 1 + len(l);

len( [2,4,6,8] ) + len("cat"); 7 : num

We can use map to apply len to every element of a list of words defined by wordlist:

map(wordlist("The form remains, the function never

dies"), len); [ 3,4,8,3,8,5,4 ]: list ( num ) ;

In this example alpha is taken to be of type list(char) and beta to be a number, so the type of the function must be (list(char) ->num). len fits the bill if gamma is taken to be of type char.

Common Patterns of Recursion

map is powerful because it sums up a pattern of recursion that turns up frequently in Hope programs. We can see another common pattern in the function len used above. Here's another example of the same pattern:

dec sum : list(num) -> num;

— sum(nil) <- 0;

sum(n :: I) <- n + sum(l);

The underlying pattern consists of processing each element in the list and accumulating a single value that forms the result. In sum, each element contributes its value to the final result. In len, the contribution is always l irrespective of the type or value of the element, but the pattern is identical. Functions that display this pattern are of type (list(alpha) -> beta).

(continued)

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A HOPE TUTORIAL

In the function definition, the equation for a nonempty list parameter specifies an operation whose result is a beta. This is + in the case of len and sum. One argument of the operation will be a list element, and the other will be defined by a recursive call, so the type of the operation needs to be

( alpha # beta -> beta )

This operation differs between applications, so it must be a parameter. Finally, we need a parameter of type beta to specify the base case result. The final version of the function is usually known as reduce, and its definition looks like this:

dec reduce : list(alpha) #

(alpha # beta -> beta) # beta

-> beta;

— reduce(nil,f,b) <= b;

— reduce(n :: l,f,b) <= f(n,reduce(l,f,b));

To use reduce as a replacement for sum we'll need to supply the standard function + as an actual parameter. The word nonop must precede the function + in the parameter list, so the compiler won't try to use it as an infix operator here.

reduce([1,2,3],nonop +, 0); 6 : num

If we use reduce as a replacement for len, we're not interested in the first argument of the reduction operation because we always add 1 whatever the list element is. Here's a function that ignores its first argument:

dec addone : alpha # num -> num;

— addone(_ , n ) <= n + 1;

We use to represent any argument we don't want to

refer to.

reduce("a map they could all understand", addone, 0); 31 : num

Like map, reduce is much more powerful than it first appears because the reduction function needn't define a scalar. Here's a candidate that inserts an object into an ordered list of the same kind of object:

dec insert : alpha # list(alpha) -> list(alpha);

— insert(i.nil) <= i :: nil;

— insert(i, h :: t) <= if i < h

then i :: (h :: t) else h :: insert(i.t);

Actually, this isn't strictly polymorphic, as its declaration suggests, because it uses the built-in function <, which is only defined over numbers and characters, but it shows the kind of thing we can do. If we use it to reduce a list of characters,

256 BYTE* AUGUST 1985

reduce ( "All sorts and conditions of men", insert, nil) ; " Aacddefiillmnnnnoooorssstt" : list ( char)

we'll see that it actually sorts them. The sorting method (insertion sort) isn't very efficient, but the example shows something of the power of higher-order functions and of reduce in particular. It's even possible to use reduce to get the effect of map, but that's left as an exercise for the reader, as they say.

Of course, map and reduce work only on list(alpha), and we'll need to provide different versions for our own structured data types. This is the preferred style of Hope programming because it makes programs largely independent of the "shape" of the data structures they use. Here's an alternative kind of binary tree and a reduce function for it. The tree holds data at its nodes rather than its tips.

data tree(alpha) == empty + +

node(tree(alpha) # alpha # tree(alpha)); dec redtree : tree(alpha) #

(alpha # beta -> beta) # beta -> beta;

— redtree (empty, f, b) <= b;

— redtree (node(l, v, r), f, b)< =

redtree(l, f, f (v, redtree(r,f,b)));

Here's the Hope version of tree-sort using the new kind of tree and the two kinds of reduce to construct and flatten them. First, a suitable tree-insertion function:

dec instree : alpha # tree (alpha) -> tree(alpha);

— instree (i.empty) <= node(empty,i,empty);

— instree (i,node(l,v,r)) < =

if i<v

then node(instree(i,l),v,r) else node(l,v,instree(i,r));

The tree-sort function is now almost trivial to write:

dec sort : list(alpha) -> list(alpha);

— sort(l) <= redtree(reduce(l,instree,empty), nonop ::,nil);

sort("Mad dogs and Englishmen");

" EMaadddegghilmnnnoss" : list ( char)

Anonymous Functions

When we used map and reduce, we had to define extra functions like fact and square to pass in as parameters. This is a nuisance if we don't need them anywhere else in the program and especially if they're trivial, like sum or addone. For on-the-spot use in cases like this, we can use an anonymous function called a lambda-expression. Here's a lambda-expression corresponding to sum:

lambda(x.y) => x + y

The symbol lambda serves to introduce the function and x and y are its formal parameters. The expression x + y

[continued)

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A HOPE TUTORIAL

Hope functions possess "full rights" and can be passed as actual parameters like any data object.

is the function body. The definition is just a recursion equation with => instead of <=. Here's another lambdaexpression used as the actual parameter of reduce:

reduce( [ "toe","tac","tic" ], lambda(a,b) =>

b <> a, nil);

"tictactoe" : list(char)

There can be more than one recursion equation in the function definition. They're separated from each other by the symbol |, and pattern matching is used to select the appropriate one. Here's an example that uses pattern matching in a lambda-expression to avoid division by zero when the function it defines is executed:

map([1,0,2,0,3],lambda(0) => 0 |

(succ(n)) => 100 div succ(n)); [ 100,0,50,0,33 ] : list ( num )

Functions That Create Functions

As we've seen. Hope functions possess "full rights" and can be passed as actual parameters like any data object. It should be no surprise that we're allowed to return a function as the result of another function. The result can be a named function or an anonymous function defined by a lambda-expression. Here's a simple example:

dec makestep : num -> (num -> num);

— makestep(i) <= lambda x => i + x;

makestep ( 3 ) ;

lambda x => 3 + x : num -> num

As we can see from trying makestep, its result is an anonymous function that adds a fixed quantity to its single argument. The size of the increment was specified as an actual parameter to makestep when the new function was created and has become "bound in" to its definition. If we try the new function, we'll see that it really does add 3 to its actual parameter.

makestep (3) (10); 13 : num

There are actually two applications here. First we apply makestep to 3, then the resulting anonymous function is applied to 10. Finally, here's a function that has functions as both actual parameter and result:

dec twice : (alpha -> alpha) -> (alpha -> alpha);

— twice(f) <= lambda x => f(f(x));

Here we're creating a new function that has a single argument and some other function f bound into its definition. The new function has the same type as f. We can see its

258 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

effect using a simple function like square: twice(square);

lambda x => square(square(x)) : num -> num

twice (square) (3); 81 : num

The new function applies the bound-in function to its argument twice. We can even bind in twice itself, generating a new function that behaves like twice except that the function eventually bound in will be applied four times.

twice(twice);

lambda x => twice(twice(x)) :

(alpha -> alpha) -> (alpha -> alpha)

twice(twice) (square) (3); 43046721 : num

Conclusion

You've seen how a Hope program is just a series of functions that are regarded as definitions of parts of a data structure—the "results" of the program—and how the powerful idea of higher-order functions allows us to capture many common program patterns in a single function.

Some of these ideas will already be familiar to users of LISP, but they appear in a purer form in Hope because there are no mechanisms for updating data structures like LISP'S SETQ and RPLACA or for specifying the order of evaluation like GO and PROG. Unlike LISP programs, Hope programs are free from side effects and possess the mathematical property of referential transparency.

You've seen features that are primitive or lacking in LISP and in most imperative languages. The data declaration lets you define complex data types without worrying about how they're represented, and pattern matching lets you decompose them, so you can use abstract data types directly without writing access procedures and without the hassle of inventing lots of new names. The typing mechanism lets the compiler check that you're using data objects in a correct and consistent way, while the idea of polymorphic types stops the checking from being too restrictive and lets you define common data shapes with a single function.

Higher-order functions and polymorphic types let us write very concise programs. Programmers are more productive and their programs are easier to understand and to reason about. Referential transparency further improves our ability to reason about programs and makes it possible to transform them mechanically into programs that are provably correct but more efficient in their use of space or time. You can find out more about this by reading John Darlington's "Program Transformation" on page 201. Finally, referential transparency frees the meaning of Hope programs from any dependence on the order they're evaluated in, making them ideal for parallel evaluation on suitable machines. You'll be seeing more of Hope and languages like it in the future. ■

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1

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Reviewers Notebook OUR REVIEW OF THE TANDY 1000 focuses on a system that is earning a

by Glenn Hartwig 265 good reputation for its combination of features and for its relatively low price.

The Tandy 1000 In fact. Rich Malloy. our senior technical editor in New York, called to revise

by Rich Malloy 266 the pricing, which had dropped since he had written the review. Now the basic

IBM Pascal 2.00 single-floppy system sells for just less than $1000 instead of almost $1200,

by Patrick ]. Finan 275 as originally reported. Prices for systems with either two floppy-disk drives

Review Feedback 283 or the 15-megabyte hard-disk drive were correspondingly reduced. While some

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Mr. Malloy reports he is generally impressed with the Tandy 1000, especially with its keyboard design. Its layout and feel (and the inclusion of indicator lights) are identical, he says, to the Tandy 2000 and carry on a laudable tradition. A fly in the ointment is the location of the function keys, which tend to crowd the regular numeric keys. Other aspects of the machine show generally logical design and an emphasis on making things easier for, and more accessible to, the user.

Patrick J. Finan notes that while IBM's first Pascal compiler conformed closely to the way the language was first specified, users wanted features that simply weren't there. Such things as good documentation, increased memory access, path names on files, and support of a math coprocessor were on the wish list. With version 2.00 a lot of features have been added, but some are still missing. Furthermore, those that have been added are sometimes not immediately apparent if you're used to version 1.00.

One of the obvious improvements is the fact that the documentation is now about twice as big as before. Mr. Finan reports that much of the information in the first of the two new volumes is the same as in the original edition; however, better organization and the inclusion of numerous examples make it far easier to find your way around. Mr. Finan takes a detailed look at each aspect of IBM Pascal 2.00. making this review as good a guide as you're likely to find.

AUGUST 1985 - BYTE 263

Sometimes the best way to get ahead is to go sideways.

: - 7Z °'' ~'; '"2 "i; H as 'iz lis c= as ;S

:s :s :i -s •

The problem with spreadsheets is they get printed the wrong way.

You still have a lot of stapling, gluing, or taping to look forward to before your printout is readable.

To really get ahead, go Sideways'."

Sideways is the clever software program that prints your spreadsheets—you guessed it—sideways. So your spreadsheet columns need never fall off the edge of your printer paper again.

With Sideways on your side, no spreadsheet you invent with Lotus 1-2-3,® Symphony,'" VisiCalc® Multiplanf or SuperCalc™ is too wide! And it's just as powerful an ally when you're creating far-into-the-future schedules and pert charts. So for a presentable printout, get rid of that glue stick and scotch tape—put your best foot forward and go Sideways.

You can go Sideways today with an IBM® PC or an Apple® II, and over a dozen different printers, including Epsonf Okidata, IBM® Applef C. Itoh and Mannesmann Tally. Ask for Sideways at your local ComputerLand® Entre, or other computer store. Or mail a $60 check to Funk Software, P.O. Box 1290, Cambridge, MA 02238. Or call 617-497-6339. MC/Visa accepted.

SIDEWW3

SIDEWWS PRINTS SPREADSHEETS SIDEWAYS.

264 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 126

REVIEWER'S NOTEBOOK

Three new systems we received this month have provoked special interest. Each represents a different road for the user—different from each other and different from what most users are already familiar with.

First to arrive was the Epson QX-16. The Epson gives you the choice of MS-DOS. CP/M-80, or an upgraded Valdocs operating system. It has a user-programmable keyboard; two quad-density, 720K-byte floppy-disk drives (that can also be configured as 380K- or 360K-byte drives); 512K bytes of RAM; and both Z80A and 8088 microprocessors. The QX-16 can take three option cards. A green monochrome, bit-mapped, 640- by 400-pixel monitor is standard, as are both serial and parallel interfaces.

First glances indicate this is a nice machine, especially if you're now bound to one type of operating system and software and would like to get the benefit of other programs without abandoning your present library. Getting a full review through the mill is definitely on the boards.

We've encountered several of the new 80286 machines over the past months, mostly at shows and in the hands of software developers. The Kay pro 286i is one of the first production-run hardware units we've seen, however, that is available to users. Even so, there are lags. Ours, for example, came with a notice that its own DOS 3.0 was still under development and that the user should pop in a copy of IBM's PC-DOS 3.0. In a pinch, and with some tweaking, you can even get MS-DOS 2.0 to run. This, however, seems a little like running a Ferrari on economy unleaded.

Kaypro's 286i is a no-bones-aboutit IBM PC AT look-alike, right down to the little luggage keys that lock the redesigned keyboard (which should, finally, bring some relief to touch

typists). It also costs less than the IBM PC AT and, so far, seems to have few widely reported problems living up to its advanced billing.

The Ericsson Ergo-Screen Portable gave us one pleasant surprise and a number of pleasant nonsurprises in our cursory prereview look. Primarily, the unit we got has the full-blown 512 K bytes of main memory instead of the 2 56K bytes mentioned as standard equipment in the company's advertisements. It partially compensates for the lack of a second disk drive by letting you configure a RAM disk and run your programs from drive C. 1 happen to be relatively comfortable with RAM disks in spite of occasional minor disasters. Most people I know are not. Whether or not you feel this is a computer you can use will depend a lot, I suspect, on how you feel about RAM disks.

The gas-plasma screen is certainly more readable than an LCD screen in most lighting conditions. If you really want the screen to stand out, however, you lower the blinds and turn off the overheads. When you cut down the ambient light, the screen background tends to fade into the general gloaming; it's easy to imagine (and see) the gas-plasma characters as simply floating before your eyes. I don't know how I'd care for this effect on a longterm basis, but it has seemed natural, even enjoyable, for the short time I've looked at it.

As with the Ericsson desktop, the Portable's keyboard seems a little light to me and I tend to bounce it around while typing. Unlike the desktop, which is so quiet as to be almost eerie, the Portable establishes a pretty firm background hum (and still seems to get warm). One thing: I have to keep myself from thinking of it as a laptop in spite of its size and shape. Not only do you plug it in to use it,

but it weighs about 16 pounds. It is a portable desktop system and, seen from that vantage, is an interesting example of what can be done to alter the standard physical profile of functional, yet mobile, computing resources.

Quite a nice utility for the Macintosh is the TurboCharger from Nevins Microsystems Inc. This is a diskcaching program. The company claims it can increase performance by 500 percent simply because reading a sector from RAM is 500 percent faster than reading it from a disk. The simple brochure that serves as documentation states that normal performance increases of around 200 to 300 percent are more typical. This kind of speed increase for the Macintosh is not to be taken lightly. And indications so far seem to be that it does what it claims with no nasty surprises. I use it with a modified Finder and can get in and out of most programs even faster than what Nevins claims for an average time. On top of that, you can increase performance a little more by buffering your writes in RAM as well as caching program sectors, in this case you get full RAM-disk capability and only save to disk when you eject the disk. Nevins warns against this practice, and I'm not sure the company's wrong to do so. I've used the "buffer writes" function a little; while it increases speed somewhat, it's not much of an increase over what caching will do by itself. If you're at all unsure of your software, you'll probably want to maximize the benefits and minimize the risk. Not that caching is completely safe, either. I accidentally kicked the plug out of the wall socket just after I printed this column and lost the whole thing.

—Glenn Hartwig, Technical Editor, Reviews

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 265

SYSTEM REVIEW

The Tandy 1000

A low-cost PC-compatible computer

by Rich Malloy

Rich Maltoy is the Uew York editor for BYTE magazine. He can be reached at BYTE. McGraw-Hill, 43rd floor. 1221 Avenue of the Americas. New York. NY 10020.

When I first heard about the Tandy 1000, I was quite impressed. It seemed to have almost everything I would want in an IBM Personal Computer clone. Plus, it had some of the better features of the PCjr.

For those who haven't seen this machine yet, the Tandy 1000's features include one 360K-byte disk drive (expandable to two, plus one 15-megabyte hard-disk drive), 128K bytes of memory (expandable to 640K bytes), a parallel printer port, interfaces for composite monochrome and RGB (red-green-blue) monitors and a light pen, graphics and sound similar to those of the PCjr, joystick ports, three IBM-compatible expansion slots, a general-purpose collection of software (DeskMate), and a fairly good price ($999). Even a full BYTE configuration (two floppy drives, 256K bytes of memory, monochrome monitor, and serial port) has a reasonable cost ($1746), considering that you get some free software bundled with it.

Description

Since BYTE has published a product description of the Tandy 1000 (see "The Tandy 1000" by G. Michael Vose, December 1984, page 98), I will skip most of the details. Suffice it to say that the system Tandy sent me (two drives, 2 56K bytes of memory. RGB monitor) fits nicely on my desk and has attracted quite a bit of attention (see photo 1). The system's fan is quieter than that in my IBM PC. and I doubt it will be a disturbance in the office or the home. I have left it on for long periods without noticing it.

The disk drives follow the Tandy tradition of putting the primary A drive below the optional B drive. And while the disk drive latches do not have that feel of quality I have noticed on other machines, the disk drives themselves are fairly quiet and seem to work well.

The machine's general design is logical. The on/off switch is on the far end of the right side of the machine (just like IBM), but

many other items are on the front where they are accessible. These include the keyboard and joystick connectors and a red reset button. You access the expansion-board slots through the front as well.

Keyboard

Tandy seems to kno^v how to design keyboards. Apparently recognizing a good thing when they see it, Tandy's designers reissued the Tandy 2000 keyboard with hardly a key label changed. The Tandy 1000 keyboard (see photo 2) has the same layout, the same superior feel, and the same welcome relief from the standard clone keyboards that keep appearing on the market. Some of its better features are a separate inverted-T cursor-key layout, a left Shift key and carriage return in the places where you would expect them, indicator lights for the Caps and Num Lock keys, 12 function keys arranged horizontally, and a Hold key. In short, it is one of the better keyboards on the market.

The only aspect of it I don't like is that the function keys are too close to the numeric keys. For example, I sometimes hit the 5 key when I mean to hit F5. Also, if you are accustomed to IBM's vertical function keys, the horizontal arrangement can be confusing. And since some of the keys have different key codes than those on the IBM PC. you might find that in a small number of programs these keys do not work as they should. For example, the XyWrite II Plus word processor does not recognize the Tandy's cursor keys. It looks to the numeric keypad, as on the IBM PC. Fortunately, XyWrite II Plus lets you reconfigure the keyboard as you wish.

Display

Two displays are available for the Tandy 1000: a green monochrome display ($150) and an RGB display ($550). I didn't get a chance to look at the monochrome display, but the RGB display looks good (see photos 3 and 4). It is IBM PC-compatible and pro

266 BYTE* AUGUST 1985

i

duces a fairly sharp picture with good colors. In fact, it has better resolution and color than the $429 IBM display often bundled with the PCjr.

One problem with this display is that the picture is sometimes a bit jumpy, as if it were hypersensitive to power-line noise. Also, the monochrome text characters are not as sharp as those of the IBM PC monochrome adapter, the Compaq, or the AT&T 6300. However, the monochrome display has the capacity to display graphics, and it can even display colors as shades of gray.

Interfaces

The Tandy 1000 comes with a number of interfaces as standard equipment. These include a parallel printer connector, two joystick connectors, and a light-pen connector. Surprisingly, a serial RS-232C connector is missing; this seems to be another tradition in the TRS-80 Model III/4 family.

I did not try the joystick or light-pen ports, but the printer port seemed to work fairly well. Those readers with a Model III or 4 will be glad to find that the 1000 uses the same 34-pin card-edge connector to Centronics-connector printer cable ($40). 1 tried this port with a Star Micronics Gemini-lOX printer, and it worked fine.

Expansion

When it comes to expansion, the good news is that the 1000 has three expansion slots that Tandy claims are IBM PC-compatible. But they are only about 11 Vi inches long, instead of the usual 13 inches. This is a consequence of the 1000's small footprint. Since all the IBM boards I had were big, multifunction 13-inchers, I had no way of testing how compatible these slots are.

The size of these slots might be a major fault of this system. If your intended use of the Tandy system depends on an unusual expansion board, you should make sure that board will be short enough to fit into the 1000.

Most of the more routine boards are

already available from Tandy (e.g., extra memory, serial port, modem). But note that if you fill up the 1000 with a full complement of memory (640K bytes on two boards) and a serial port, all your slots will be in use.

One of the advantages of the IBM PC is the large number of expansion cards available for it. If only a small number of these cards are short enough for the Tandy 1000, Tandy owners might miss out on one of the main advantages of an IBM PC-type system.

I did get a chance to use two boards produced by Tandy. One was a memory board that boosted the Tandy's memory up to 2 56K bytes. It also included direct memory access (DMA) capability, which speeds up

[continued)

Photo 1: The Tandy 1000 with RGB display and two floppy-disk drives.

AUGUST 1985 'BYTE 267

REVIEW: TANDY 1000

the system and helps explain the high price ($300) of this board.

The other board 1 tested was Tandy's 300-bits-per-second modem board. I admit to a bias against internal modems. An external modem can tell you instantly when you dial a wrong number or the line has been disconnected. That said, I was also disappointed to find that this modem is not Hayes-compatible (it is, of course, Radio Shack-compatible), and none of my software would work with it. The 1000's DeskMate did work but had several problems. My advice is to avoid this board. Get the serial board and a good external modem.

Software

The Tandy 1000 comes standard with MS-DOS version 2.11, Microsoft's GW

BASIC, and DeskMate, a simple, integrated software package. This is a pretty good bundle of software, but I had a minor problem with all three packages.

First, the operating system seems to work pretty well. It has all the basic features and, if you want, you can even run IBM PC-DOS 3.0 on the Tandy. The problem is that the documentation overall is very skimpy, worse even than Microsoft's own manual for its operating system. In fact, there was nothing at all in the way of a separate DOS manual. I hope that better documentation will soon be available.

The version of BASIC 1 received was quite good but incomplete. For example, it enables you to access the Tandy's 16-color graphics, but it would

Table I: A comparison of the word-processor portion of DeskMate with WordStar 3.3 running on the Tandy 1000. Except for scrolling, DeskMate performs fairly well. Tests were done using a standard 4000-word (22K bytes) document.

DeskMate

WordStar

Document load

6.0

5.4

Document save

8.7

27.2

Search for last word

5.1

11.7

Scroll

78

38

Photo 2: The keyboard of the Tandy 2000's keyboard.

1000. Note that it is very similar to the Tandy

not access the modem port too well. Here again, the manual was a bit skimpy. This is unfortunate, since many people might be using BASIC for the first time on this machine. Tandy has informed me that by the time this article appears, a new complete version of BASIC will be available.

DeskMate

DeskMate is a fairly good software package that has several interesting features. It has a word processor, a database manager, a spreadsheet, a calendar/alarm, an auto-dialer, a communications program, and a bulletinboard program. Unfortunately, the quality of the individual parts might leave some serious users a little disappointed. Most of the parts can be described as fairly good, and some are very friendly. But a few, such as the auto-dialer, are downright ornery. I have yet to get that part of the program to work.

Also, it seems to me that a little extra programming work could have turned DeskMate into a much better program. For example, the Text word processor has most of the features you would expect to find in a word processor and. in fact, is very similar to the text processor on the portable Model 100, To top it off, it is pretty fast (see table l). But it does not contain a Move command. You have to copy a block of text and then go back and delete the original block.

I have another example. The spreadsheet documentation gives you a formula for amortization payments. This is a laudable idea, but if you try to calculate your monthly payments for a 30-year mortgage, you are in for a surprise. The spreadsheet cannot raise a number to a power greater than 20, and this means that you cannot calculate the payments for any loan longer than 20 months. There is no logical reason why this limitation should exist.

I like a lot of DeskMate's features. I particularly appreciate the menu system that lets you access any document or spreadsheet very easily. But my feeling is that if you intend to do

[continued]

268 BYTE- AUGUST I985

AT A GLANCE

Name

Tandy 1000

Manufacturer

Tandy/Radio Shack 1500 One Tandy Center Fort Worth, TX 76102 (817) 390-3011

Size

(without display)

16.5 by 13.4 by 5.9 inches

Components

Processor: 16-/8-bit 8088, 4.77 MHz

Memory: 128K to 640K bytes of memory

Mass storage: One or two 360K-byte 5'/4-inch floppy-disk drives, MS-DOS format Monochrome display: Green phosphor, composite video, 80-character by 25-line text, IBM PC-compatible characters; graphics are 640 by 200 pixels with four levels of gray

Color display: IBM PCcompatible RGB; graphics are 640 by 200 pixels with four colors, or 320 by 200 with 16 colors

Keyboard: 90 keys, including four cursor keys, 12 programmable function keys Interfaces: Parallel printer port

Software

MS-DOS 2.11, GW-BASIC, DeskMate integrated software

Options

Monochrome display ($150), RGB display ($550), serial port ($99), 256K bytes of memory total ($300), second disk drive ($300), internal 300-bps modem ($180), 15-megabyte hard disk ($2345)

Documentation

DeskMate tutorial (140 pages), DeskMate reference (82 pages), BASIC reference (74 pages)

Price

With 128K bytes of memory and one drive: $999 With 256K bytes of memory, two drives, and monochrome display: $1746

p in n rn .ixinn^^i^ Bi^i'.'.'.'.'.'^^a

MEMORY SIZE ( K BYTES) 0 200 400 600

DISK STORAGE (K BYTES) BOO 1000 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000

m

21

BUNDLED SOFTWARE PACKAGES 0 2 4 6

PRICE ($1000)

77,

TANDY 1000

APPLE H E

The Memory Size graph shows the standard and optional memory available for the three computers under comparison. The Disk Storage graph shows the highest capacity of one and two floppy-disk drives for each system. The Bundled Software Packages graph shows the number of software packages included with

each system. The Price graph shows the list price of each system with two high-capacity floppy-disk drives, a monochrome monitor, a printer port and a serial port, 256K bytes of memory (64K bytes for 8-bit systems), and the standard operating system and BASIC interpreter for each system.

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 269

v

The rear panel of the Tandy 1000. Note the three expansion slots on the right, one of which is occupied by an internal modem.

Inside the Tandy 1000. Note the short expansion-card slots.

DISK ACCESS IN BASIC (SEC) 250

150

56 56

I

j_ 46 _

36

m

BASIC PERFORMANCE (SEC) 250

150

100

WRITE

READ

CALCULATIONS

SYSTEM UTILITIES (SEC) 50

40

30

12

9 6.

SPREADSHEET (SEC)

25

40K FORMAT/DISKCOPY

40K FILE COPY I TANDY 1000

11 1

RECALCULATE

The graph for Disk Access in BASIC shows how long it takes to write and to read a 64K-byte sequential text file to a blank floppy disk. (For the program listings, see June 1984 BYTE, page 327, and October 1984, page 33.) In the BASIC Performance graph, the Sieve results show how long it takes to run one iteration of the Sieve of Eratosthenes prime-number benchmark. In the same graph, the Calculations column shows how long it takes to do 10,000 multiplication and 10,000 division operations using single-precision numbers.

The System Utilities graph shows how long it takes to format and copy a disk (adjusted for 40K bytes of disk data) and to transfer a 40K-byte file using the system utilities. The Spreadsheet graph shows how long the computers take to load and recalculate a 25- by 25-cell Microsoft Multiplan spreadsheet where each cell equals 1.001 times the cell to its left. The tests for the Tandy 1000 used MS-DOS 2.11 and GW-BASIC. The tests for the Apple He were done with ProDOS. The IBM PC was tested with PC-DOS 2.0 and BASICA.

270 BYTE • AUGUST I985

i

REVIEW: TANDY 1000

serious work, you will probably have to purchase one of the good singlepurpose software packages, such as pfs:Write, Multiplan, PC-Talk, or dBASE II. Use DeskMate for simple applications and experimentation.

Performance

As you might know, the IBM PCjr was not only a bit incompatible with the IBM PC, it was also a bit slower (see "The IBM PCjr" by Rowland Archer |r., August 1984 BYTE, page 2 54). My question was: Would the Tandy be as slow as the PCjr or as slow as the PC? I tested the 2 56K-byte version of the Tandy 1000 with its BASIC interpreter and with Multiplan. I also removed the optional memory board and tried some of the tests again to see if the DMA capability on that board made much of a difference. Finally, I put DeskMate through some standard tests to see how capable it was. The results were interesting.

In the BASIC tests, the Tandy 1000 was as fast as the IBM PC for Disk Write and the Sieve. But it was significantly slower in the Disk Read and Floating-Point Calculations tests, although not as slow as the PCjr. In the System Utilities and Spreadsheet tests, the Tandy was again appreciably slower. However, in one test, the 40K File Copy, the Tandy 1000 was even slower than the PCjr.

When I took out the extra memory board with DMA, 1 expected some difference in disk access times, but the BASIC tests showed practically no difference. The Spreadsheet tests were appreciably slower: The Spreadsheet Load was 38 percent slower, and even the Recalculate was about 9 percent slower. For some reason, the File Copy was a little faster than it was with the DMA.

I tried to do some tests using the spreadsheet in DeskMate, but this program is not designed for speed. It took DeskMate 75 seconds to recalculate BYTE's standard 62 5-cell spreadsheet, about seven times as long as it takes Multiplan. The word processor was a different story. DeskMate performed quite admirably with BYTE's standard 4000-word docu

ment (see table 1). Except for scrolling, DeskMate was as fast or faster than WordStar 3.3 running on the same machine. Overall, the Tandy 1000 fares well

against the IBM PC. Tandy designers have claimed that, in many tests, the 1000 is actually faster than the IBM, but I saw no evidence of this. How

(continued)

GH-BASIC 2.82

(C) Copyright Microsoft 1983,1984

im 1888 GUBASIC 2.82

land!) Uersion 88.85.08

(C) Copyright Microsoft 1983,1984

Licensed to Iandy Corporation

6B875 Bytes free

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Ok

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Photo 3: Text on the Tandy 1000's RGB display.

THE TAMDV 1008: SCREEN MODE 5

Photo 4: An example of color graphics on the Tandy 1000's RGB display. Note that in medium-resolution mode (320 by 200 pixels) the monitor can display a total of 16 colors, four times the number available on the IBM PC.

AUGUST 1985 • BYTE 271

Inquiry 301

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REVIEW: TANDY 1000

ever, the 1000 does match the PC on some tests and is not too far behind on the others.

Manuals

I received three manuals with the system: a DeskMate tutorial that includes information on setting up the computer hardware, a DeskMate reference manual, and a BASIC reference manual. As I mentioned earlier, a DOS manual was nowhere to be seen and sorely missed. Tandy did a nice job with the DeskMate manuals, although some parts of the program are not explained very well. And, of course, a little bit of Radio Shack bias is evident. For example, it would be nice if the writers had included some information about how to set up DeskMate for a non-Radio Shack modem.

The BASIC reference manual has almost everything you really need, but not a sentence more. And some information is missing. For example, it doesn't mention that the IN KEYS command will interpret the cursor keys as 2-byte codes rather than the single-byte codes used for almost every other key

Summary

The Tandy 1000 seems to be a good, reasonably priced IBM PC clone that has most of the best features of the IBM PC and PCjr. It is compatible with all the IBM software that I have tried. Also, it has three IBM PC-compatible expansion slots, but these slots are too short for most IBM expansion boards. The keyboard is good. And this system seems to have the same superior color graphics and sound capabilities as the PCjr. Its only deficiencies are the above-mentioned short expansion slots, the lack of a high-quality monochrome text font, and an incomplete (as yet) BASIC interpreter.

Of course, the attractiveness of the machine depends to a great extent on its competition. At current prices it is a very good alternative to the IBM PC. I would recommend the Tandy 1000 for all applications that do not depend on special expansion boards or a highly compatible BASIC. ■

272 BYTE' AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 302

i

2400 bps modems: Do you Really need another speed?

• Is the shift from 300 to 1200 bps going to repeat itself at 2400 bps? The answer is both yes and no. There certainly are applications for 2400 bps asynch dial-up modems, but we shouldn't expect 1200 bps to die overnight.

• 2400 bps modems can improve throughput, thereby getting tasks done quicker and more economically. However, 1200 bps has become the virtual standard for professional dial-up communications, and most users are satisfied with it. So why consider a 2400 bps modem at all?

• One reason is flexibility. If the modem you select operates at all three speeds (300,1200 & 2400) in accordance with accepted industry standards, it will serve virtually all dial-up applications now and in the foreseeable future.

• The modem you select should be the MultiModem224. It is Bell 212A and 103 compatible at 1200 and 300 bps, and CCITT V.22bis compatible at 2400. It is also 100% compatible with the Hayes command set, meaning that it will work with virtually all communications software packages, at all three speeds. Other features include both synchronous and asynchronous operation, full intelligence and a phone number memory.

• The MultiModem224 is available in both desktop and IBM PC™ internal card versions. (There is also a rackmounted version for central sites.) And as a bonus, we provide free offers from ten of the most popular on-line information services, including CompuServe1" Dow Jones™ and The Source.™

• A 2400/1200/300 bps modem is just a plain good investment. Why not let the MultiModem224 provide your communications for both today and tomorrow?

Inquiry 22]

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We've Put a Local Area Network on a Disk

Corporate Information Sharing. It's been described as the key to increasing a company's productivity. It's also why large networks of PC's are becoming more and more common In the workplace...in spite of the fact that they're costly, difficult to install, and incompatible with much existing software.

Finally, there's a solution to this corporate dilemma. Its name is LANLink™

A Software-Driven LAN That Uses Standard, RS-232 Ports. A major breakthrough in local area networks, LANLink™ uses your computers' existing serial ports and runs under PC-DOS.

Because all of the intelligence the network requires is on the server and satellite diskettes, expensive network interface boards aren't required.

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SOFTWARE REVIEW

IBM Pascal 2.00

This version has many improvements, including

better

documentation and 8087 coprocessor support

by Patrick J. Finan

Patrick I Finan (10519 tyysearver Rd., Cincinnati. OH 45241) is a senior systems analyst with a large manufacturing company in Cincinnati. He has a B.S. in electrical engineering from the University of Dayton and an M.B.A. in finance from Xavier University.

Pascal has always been a popular language for developing large, complex applications. Its highly structured nature and strong data-typing capabilities have made it a successful teaching tool and application-development language. While version 1.00 of the IBM PC Pascal Compiler conformed closely to the original Pascal description, most users wanted improvements—better documentation, access to all memory on a machine, the ability to use path names on files, and support of the 8087 math coprocessor. Version 2.00 of the IBM Pascal Compiler offers several new features that greatly extend the product's capabilities. However, not all the changes will be transparent for those moving from version 1.00 to 2.00.

Documentation

The first change that an IBM Pascal user will notice in version 2.00 is that the amount of documentation has doubled. The two manuals are well organized and easier to understand than the original manual.

The first book consists of 11 chapters and five appendixes that cover fundamentals. It explains how to use the compiler and describes the major parts of a Pascal program—types, constants, variables, expressions and statements, and procedures and functions. A full chapter treats program structure, units, and modules, and a complete discussion explains how to call assembly-language and FORTRAN routines. This book covers most of the same topics as the original manual, although it has been rewritten to include better explanations and many more examples.

The second book is a language reference guide containing detailed explanations and examples of all the available commands, keywords, procedures, functions, and compiler-directive metacommands.

The Compiler

IBM provides a SETUP program that you must run to build your PAS1, PAS2, and

library work disks. In building the library disks, you must choose one of three different math modules and one of two DOS interface modules. Selection of the math module is based on whether or not you have an 8087 math coprocessor chip installed. In addition, each library has a different effect on the speed, precision, and size of your executable (.EXE) files.

To use the first module, 8087ONLY, you must have an 8087 math coprocessor installed in the PC. Of the three math modules, 8087ONLY generates the least code, runs the fastest, and produces the highest-precision results.

The REGMATH module will not use the 8087 math coprocessor, even if one is installed and enabled. It generates results of normal precision and is optimized for speed.

The EMULATOR module uses the 8087 math coprocessor if it is present and emulates the device if it is not. If the 8087 is installed, programs run as fast and with as much precision as the 8087ONLY module. If the 8087 is not installed, the program runs much slower but with the same precision as with 8087ONLY. In either case, the run-time modules created are larger than those produced by 8087ONLY and REGMATH.

Thus, if you have an 8087 installed, create the library disk with the 8087ONLY module. Otherwise, you need to consider the level of precision required by the application. Normal-precision applications would probably use the REGMATH module, while extended-precision applications would use EMULATOR.

The compiler comes with a source program called DEMO.PAS that serves as a practice file for users. The manual lists the speed and file-size comparisons for DEMO.PAS using each library module (see table 1).

The DOS interface library modules determine which version of the operating system

[continued]

_ Inquiry 298

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 275

REVIEW: IBM PASCAL 2.00

AT A GLANCE

Name

IBM PC Pascal Compiler 2.00 Type

Two-pass compiler Manufacturer

IBM National Distribution Division 1000 Westchester Ave. White Plains, NY 10604 (800) 426-2468

Format

Three 5'/4-inch master disks, not copy-protected

Computer

IBM PC with 160K bytes of memory and two floppy-disk drives or one floppy drive and a hard-disk drive; printer recommended

Documentation

Two manuals

Price

$350; upgrade $100 Audience

Systems and application software developers

your programs will run under. The DOS11 library module lets programs run under DOS 1.10, 2.00, and 2.10. Path names, however, are not supported, since paths were not available in versions before DOS 2.00.

If you select the DOS20 module, your programs can use path names in file specifications at run time but will only run under DOS 2.00 or later. This library module is also required if you want to create code overlays using the LOADER function.

Even though you can create applications that run under DOS 1.10, 2.00, or 2.10. version 2.00 of the compiler only runs under DOS 2.00 or 2.10. You cannot compile programs with version 2.00 of the compiler using DOS 1.10.

Reals and Integers

Version 2.00 offers two real-number data types—REAL is set equal to REAL4 or REAL8 by the $REAL = n (where n equals 4 or 8) compiler metacommand. REAL4 is a 32-bit representation (1 sign bit, an 8-bit exponent, and a 23-bit mantissa) ranging from 8.43E-37 to 3.37E+38. REAL8 is a 64-bit representation (1 sign bit, an 11-bit exponent, and a 52-bit mantissa) ranging from 4.19E-307 to 1.67E + 308.

Unfortunately, IBM has changed the internal storage format of real numbers in version 2.00. This means that you have to convert existing binary data files containing real numbers to the new format before they can be used by programs created with the new compiler. The

manual states that you "must convert these data files" before they can be used but does not offer a utility or even an explanation of how to do the conversion.

New arithmetic and transcendental functions are included in the Pascal library to support these higher-precision quantities. Unfortunately, IBM has also renamed many of the version 1.00 transcendental functions, which means you must modify the programs that use them when you upgrade from version 1.00 to 2.00. For example, in version 1.00 the log base 10 function was called LNDRQQ, while in version 2.00 there are two: LDDRQQ for REAL8 numbers and LDSRQQ for REAL4 real numbers.

Version 2.00 has a new data type called INTEGER4, which is a 32-bit integer ranging from -2,147,483,647 to + 2,147,483,647. You can use the operators AND, OR, XOR, and NOT on 1NTEGER4 variables.

Date and Time

Version 2.00 offers four new procedures and function calls that use the system clock. GETDAT and GETTIM return the date and time components as integer values. SETDAT and SETTIM let you set the system date and time from Pascal by specifying the integer components.

When prompted for library names by the linker, you must specify the library IBMPAS.LIB. These routines eliminate the processing required to extract one component of the date or time from the traditional string for

[continued]

Table 1: A comparison of speed and file size for DEMO using each of the library modules: 8087ONLY, REGMATH, and EMULATOR.

Math Module

8087ONLY

REGMATH

EMULATOR (without 8087)

EMULATOR (with 8087)

Execution Time

9.26 seconds 26.25 seconds 36.18 seconds

9.26 seconds

File Size

25,138 bytes 28,918 bytes 31,842 bytes

31,842 bytes

276 BYTE" AUGUST IQ85

4

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Inquiry 179

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AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 277

REVIEW: IBM PASCAL 2.00

mats. The procedures DATE and TIME are still available for situations where the string representations are more useful.

System Interfaces

Several new system-related functions and capabilities should make programming easier and eliminate the need for many assembly-language subroutines. The DOSXQQ function lets you call DOS functions directly from Pascal (via interrupt 21 hexadecimal). This function was available in version 1.00 but was totally undocumented and almost impossible to use. The function parameters pass values to the AX and DX registers. You can use the external variable CRCXQQ to specify the desired value of the CX register. After you invoke the DOSXQQ function, it returns the AL register as its return value and loads the value of the CX and DX registers into the external variables CRCXQQ and CRDXQQ. The declarations of the external variables and the function syntax are as follows:

VAR [EXTERN] CRCXQQ,CRDXQQ: WORD;

FUNCTION DOSXQQ(AX,DX: WORD):BYTE; EXTERN;

The major limitation of the DOSXQQ function is that it only uses the AX, CX, and DX registers, while most DOS function calls use additional registers.

A more general way to access DOS function calls is with the procedure INTRP, which lets you execute any software interrupt directly. The format of the call is

INTRP (intnum, inregs, outregs);

The software interrupt number to be performed is intnum, while inregs and outregs are special variables of the type REGLIST that contain the register and flag values before and after you invoke the interrupt. The data definition for REGLIST is included in a special file called IBMINTRP.1NT that must be included in your source file. Listing 1 shows how to declare and use the INTRP function. Again, you must specify the IBMPAS.LIB library when the linker prompts you for

Listing 1: Program segment showing how to declare and use the INTRP function. This function lets you access DOS function calls.

(*$INCLUDE: 'IBMINTRP.INT'*)

PROGRAM INTRPDEMO (INPUT.OUTPUT); USES IBMINTRP;

VAR

INREGS,OUTREGS:REGLIST; ROW.COLBYTE;

BEGIN {INTRPDEMO}

INREGS.AX := 16#0300; INREGS.BX := 16#0000;

{REQUEST CURSOR POSITION} {DEFAULT PAGE}

INTRP(16#10,INREGS,OUTREGS);

{INVOKE VIDEO INTERRUPT X'10}

ROW := HIBYTE(OUTREGS.DX); COL := LOBYTE(OUTREGS.DX);

{CURSOR ROW NUMBER } {CURSOR COLUMN NUMBER}

END. {INTRPDEMO}

Listing 2: This program is an example of how to use the LOADER function to bring in code overlays.

PROGRAM MAIN(INPUT,OUTPUT); VAR

SELECTION:CHAR; RETVALWORD;

FUNCTION LOADER (CONSTS MODULE NAME:STRING) : WORD; EXTERN;

PROCEDURE ADD; EXTERN; PROCEDURE CHANGE; EXTERN; PROCEDURE DELETE; EXTERN; PROCEDURE LIST; EXTERN;

BEGIN

SELECTION ;= ' ';

WHILE SELECTION <> 'E' DO

BEGIN

WRITELN(OUTPUT,'Enter the desired function - (A)dd'); WRITELN(OUTPUT,' (C)hange'); WRITELN(OUTPUT,' (D)elete'); WRITELN(OUTPUT,' (L)ist'); WRITELN(OUTPUT,' (E)nd'); READLN(INPUTSELECTION); CASE SELECTION OF 'A': BEGIN

RETVAL := LOADER ('MOD1 .OVL');

IF RETVAL = 0 THEN ADD

ELSE ABORT('UNSUCCESSFUL LOAD OF MOD1 \RETVAL0); END; {CASE OF A}

278 BYTE • AUGUST I985

REVIEW: IBM PASCAL 2.00

'C: BEGIN

RETVAL := LOADER ('MOD2.0VL'); IF RETVAL = 0 THEN CHANGE

ELSE ABORT('UNSUCCESSFUL LOAD OF MOD2',RETVAL,0); END; {CASE OF C} 'D': BEGIN

RETVAL := LOADER ('MOD3.0VL'); IF RETVAL = 0

THEN DELETE

ELSE ABORT('UNSUCCESSFUL LOAD OF MOD3',RETVAL,0); END; {CASE OF D} V: BEGIN

RETVAL := LOADER ('MOD4.0VL'); IF RETVAL = 0 THEN LIST

ELSE ABORT('UNSUCCESSFUL LOAD OF MOD4',RETVAL,0); END; {CASE OF L} •E': WRITELN(OUTPUT,'End of Program'); OTHERWISE; END; {CASE OF SELECTION} END; {WHILE} END. {MAIN}

MODULE MOD1;

PROCEDURE ADD; BEGIN

WRITELN(OUTPUT,'This is the ADD function'); END;

END. {MOD1}

MODULE MOD2;

PROCEDURE CHANGE; BEGIN

WRITELN(OUTPUT,'This is the CHANGE function'); END;

■

END. {MOD2}

MODULE MOD3;

PROCEDURE DELETE; BEGIN

WRITELN(OUTPUT,'This is the DELETE function'); END;

END. {MOD3}

MODULE MOD4;

PROCEDURE LIST; BEGIN

WRITELN(OUTPUT,'This is the LIST function'); END;

END. {MOD4}

A useful function, LOADER, lets you break up large programs into a main routine and one or

more code overlays.

library names.

While INTRP appears to be a more universal approach, you should remember that it must load and store all the registers. Time-critical applications should use DOSXQQ if they require only the AX, CX, and DX registers. Otherwise, you might still need an assembly-language routine.

The routines INP and OUTP let you read and write information directly to a specific hardware port address. This might be used to read the game paddles or set the mode on the monitor cards. You must include the file IBMPORT.INT at the top of the program, and a USES 1BMPORT must follow the program declaration. You must also specify the library IBMPAS.LIB to the linker.

A new data attribute called ORIGIN lets you locate a variable at a specific memory address. This makes the job of looking at system data areas easier. They are defined by specifying both the segment base and offset of the variable. For example, you could use the following definition for a word variable that contains the bit mask of the keyboard status:

VAR KEYSTATUS [ORIGIN 16#0040;16#0017] : WORD;

Program Overlays

Another new and useful function, LOADER, lets you break up large programs into a main routine and one or more code overlays. As the main program executes, it can bring in one overlay at a time. You must explicitly load the overlay before any of the

[continued]

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 279

Inquiry 360 for End-Users. Inquiry 361 for DEALERS ONLY.

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280 BYTE • AUGUST I985

REVIEW: IBM PASCAL 2.00

PAS1 MAIN. PAS,,; PAS2

PAS1 M0D1.PAS,,; PAS2

PAS1 M0D2.PAS,,; PAS2

PAS1 M0D3.PAS,,; PAS2

PAS1 MOD4.PAS,,: PAS2

MKOVL M0D1 MKOVL MOD2 MKOVL M0D3 MKOVL M0D4

LINK PLOADER + MAIN + MOD1 + M0D2 + M0D3 + M0D4, MAIN,,;

Figure I: How to compile and link the overlay program of listing 2. MKOVL.COM marks the specified object file as an overlay. PLOADER.OBJ performs the loader function and is included as the first object in the link process.

LIB PASCAL.LIB + NEWPROC; LIB PASCAL.LIB - OLDPROC; LIB PASCAL.LIB * OLDPROC;

{adds NEWPROC.OBJ to library} {erases OLDPROC from library} {removes OLDPROC from the library and } {places it in a file named OLDPROCOBJ}

Figure 2: How the library manager modifies PASCAL.LIB.

procedures and functions defined in that overlay can be called. An overlay routine can call procedures and functions defined in the main routine, but it cannot call routines that are part of another overlay. The main program requests the code overlay by issuing the command

RETVAL : = LOADER ('drive: \ path \ filename.OVL');

If the load is successful, RETVAL is zero and the overlay's procedures and functions are available until the next overlay is performed. Otherwise RETVAL contains the error code. Listing 2 shows an example of a program using overlays. [Editor's note: Listing 2 is available as OVERLAYS.PAS for downloading via BYTEnet Listings. The telephone number is (617) 861-9774.|

Two special files on the PAS1 disk handle overlays. MKOVL.COM marks

the specified object file as an overlay. PLOADER.OBJ performs the loader function and is included in the LINK command as the first object file of the list. Figure 1 shows how you use these two files. After you compile all five source-code files individually using PAS1 and PAS2, you run MKOVL.COM on the four overlay files and link them together. The final result is a file called MAIN.EXE; the four overlay modules have the file extension "OVL".

Dynamic Memory Allocation

One of the most useful features of Pascal is the ability to dynamically allocate variables in an area called the heap. Version 1.00 of the IBM Pascal Compiler used ALLHQQ, NEW, and DISPOSE to manage the heap. This area (64K bytes maximum) is shared between constant, stack, and heap data. Version 2.00 has a new function called FREECT that returns the space

REVIEW: IBM PASCAL 2.00

Listing 3: A program segment that shows how to build a name and address list on the long heap.

PROGRAM HEAPTEST (INPUT.OUTPUT); TYPE

LONG PTR = ADS OF MAIL LIST; MAIL LIST = RECORD

: STRING (20); : STRING (25); : STRING (15); : STRING (2); : STRING (9); : LONG PTR;

NAME ADDRESS : CITY STATE ZIP NEXT END;

VAR

NEWPTR ; LONG PTR; FUNCTION GETMQQ (BLKSIZE:WORD):LONG PTR; EXTERN; PROCEDURE DISMQQ (ADDRESS:LONG PTR); EXTERN; BEGIN {HEAPTEST}

NEWPTR := GETMQQ(SIZEOF(NEWPTR")); {allocates heap variable}

DISMQQ(NEWPTR); {frees heap variable}

END. {HEAPTEST}

remaining in this area (called the short heap in version 2.00).

In addition to the short heap, version 2.00 has another area called the long heap that starts in memory above the short-heap data area and extends up to the total memory on the machine (minus the space used by DOS). The routines GETMQQ and DISMQQ allocate and free memory blocks from the long heap. The only difference between these routines and the short-heap routines is that the pointer variable used is a 32-bit value (segment:offset) rather than a 16-bit value. You define the 32-bit pointer by using the built-in segmented data type. For example, listing 3 shows how to build a name and address list on the long heap.

Library Manager

Another useful improvement over version 1.00 is the addition of a library

manager. The operations you can perform include adding, erasing, and replacing of modules in a library. Figure 2 demonstrates how you might modify PASCAL.LIB.

In addition to changing existing libraries, you can create new ones. To create a new library called MYLIB, you could issue the command

LIB MYLIB + PROC3 +

PROC1 + PROC2 + . . . + PROCn;

Conclusion

The benefits of the new compiler far outweigh its few problems. The list price for version 2.00 of the IBM PC Pascal Compiler is $3 50. Current owners can upgrade to version 2.00 for $100 by sending a copy of the receipt for version 1.00 and an upgrade order form to IBM. Upgrade order forms are available at most stores that carry IBM equipment. ■

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AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 281

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282 BYTE' AUGUST 1985

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REVIEW FEEDBACK

Deskpro Graphics

In general I agree with Jerry Grady's review of the Compaq Deskpro (May. page 260). I have had a Model 2 for many months and find it reliable, compatible, and fast. But I believe you've overlooked a significant area of incompatibility.

The Deskpro has improved video functions and incorporates both monochrome and color graphics ability, but it will not accept common IBM graphics boards like the Hercules graphics card. This is a disappointing limitation if you want to take full advantage of the graphics ability of programs like Microsoft Word or Lotus 1-2-3.

I have called Compaq, Hercules, and AST Research, and none can offer any help or hope. Had 1 realized that 1 would not have access to improved graphic resolution on the Deskpro. 1 might have chosen a more compatible machine.

Bryan Mumford Summerland, CA

Insight

Bruce D'Ambrosio's software review of Level 5 Research's Insight expert-system shell (April, page 345) misses the point on the utility of expert systems as assistants in general and the ability of the Insight shell to serve this purpose in particular.

Artificial-intelligence expert systems might have been born in educational institutions, but they are now being developed by many engineers in government and industry. Engineers are the ones who are putting the theory into practice. Further, we are finding important applications for this type of software that do not require the large efforts, funds, and research typical of the systems coming from the academic community.

Insight is a most useful and reasonably priced tool for small-domain knowledge bases. Almost all the limitations Mr. D'Ambrosio describes have work-arounds that you learn from experience with the software. This is no different from any other commercial software. The fact that Insight (like several other expert-system shells) does not support closed-form mathematics is being adressed in an enhancement now undergoing beta testing. However, expert systems used as assistants for ad

visory or diagnostic purposes in many cases do not require closed-form mathematics.

Phil Chapman La Crescenta, CA

I reviewed Insight, not in comparison to mainframe or LISP machine-based research systems, but according to my estimate of what should be possible on a personal computer. I believe that the ability to include variables in rules and to use simple arithmetic are essential in any general-purpose knowledge-based system shell.

Of course, you can often work around limitations, and they might not even cause problems in any one application. However, the development teams for Tl's Personal Consultant. Teknowledge's M.I, and Artelligence's OPS5 + feel that both variables and arithmetic are important enough to include in their systems. While these packages all cost substantially more than Insight, Topsi, a $75 variant of OPS5+ from Dynamic Master Systems, also provides both facilities.

I am glad to hear that arithmetic computation capability is being incorporated into a future release of Insight. Also, I consider variables somewhat analogous to arrays in a procedural programming language. I imagine that you don't use arrays in every program you write: you may not even use them often. But once you learn about them, would you buy a compiler that didn t support some kind of array construct?

I am glad to hear that you are successfully using Insight. Insight is not a bad system; I just don't think it is representative of all that could be done on a PC.

—Bruce D'Ambrosio

Hardware Benchmarks

You need to rethink your policy regarding comparison charts in hardware reviews. You constantly compare micros to the IBM PC and Apple lie, regardless of how appropriate that is. For example, in the March issue (page 247) you compare the $8990. 10-MHz. 8086 Altos 586 to the $3200. 4.77-MHz. 8088 IBM PC and the

$2100, 1-MHz, 6502 Apple lie. Really shouldn't you compare it to the IBM PC AT and the Stride? Then you have the $1240. 1.79-MHz. 6502C Atari 800XL up against the PC and Me (page 267). Shouldn't that be the Apple lie. not He? And wouldn't the Commodore 64 be more realistic than the IBM? You should be making comparisons to a given machine's real competition.

It looks as if you use charts with the IBM PC and Apple lie because it is convenient to do so. not because any thought goes into selecting the comparisons. So next time, compare apples to apples, oranges to oranges, and Osbornes to Kaypros.

Rick Downer Seattle, WA

The purpose of our benchmarks and "At a Glance' boxes is to offer comparisons between the system under evaluation and other systems with widely known capabilities. By consistently using products with known performance characteristics, we intend to provide benchmarks that most readers can interpret in terms of their own experiences with familiar machines and software.

Comparing a new product only against a look-alike or work-alike product has drawbacks. That type of comparison puts the reader in a technological game of musical chairs: The music stops every time any company upda tes or announces a new product. Relatively few people have resources great enough to permit them experience with a wide selection of expensive equipment.

We are not in the business of predetermining which machines are each other's appropriate competitors.

—Glenn Hartwig Technical Editor, Reviews

The HP 110

In reference to Manly W. Mumford's letter in Review Feedback (March, page 303) regarding Ezra Shapiro's review of the HP 110 (June 1984, page 111), I'd like to say that I have been very pleased with the HP 110's capabilities, apart from the need for good lighting conditions. In fact, a whole

{continued)

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 283

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REVIEW FEEDBACK

range of screen-control functions are built into the computer, irrespective of programming language, and you invoke them with escape sequences. The owner's manual appendix D-6 to D-9 lists these sequences, but note that the "toggle caps" sequence should read

ESC &k{0,1}P

To use these within, say, Microsoft BASIC, simply program a statement to print the relevant escape sequence. I usually create user-defined functions at the start of my programs to simplify often used sequences. For Mr. Mumford's benefit, the sequence for screen clear is ESC [2J. You can program this as PRINT CHR$(27) + "[2J" where CHR$(27) is the ASCII code for the escape key.

One disappointment is the omission of graphics-control sequences. These are available either using GW-BASIC or from the HP 110 programmer's toolkit. The basic graphics sequences (circle, line, etc.) could have been included. After all. the HP 150 has these as standard.

D. Harper

Stockton-on-Tees, Cleveland County,

England

MultiMate

The repagination problem in MultiMate to which C) Puotinen (November 1984, page 287) and several letter writers thereafter alluded has been fixed. It's a pity to see this fine program criticized because of one bug in an early version. I used MultiMate 3.22 for multipaged articles for months without difficulty repaginating. Occasionally I had to remove a misplaced format line. I have never lost text, either. The current version (3.30) is even better, since it lets you keep the format lines attached to either text or pages.

The slight backup inconvenience to which Maureen Fleming referred (April, page 348) is also altered in version 3.30. The user can now back up the document automatically if he or she wishes to do so. This was a fix for a nonexistent problem, since all you had to do was copy the document to another disk. You could do this easily either from DOS or from within MultiMate itself.

Robert Jacobs Ellensburg. WA

MT 160 Printer

I recently read Mark J. Welch's review of the Mannesmann Tally MT 160 printer (February, page 32 5) and felt I must comment. I am a data communications technician for the Washington State Patrol

administered ACCESS (A Central Computerized Enforcement Support System).

All our remote terminals (over 2 50 of them) use MT 160s exclusively, and I would be happy to replace them with something better (and cheaper). After directing about 10 operators throughout the state in reprogramming the printers' parameters after an electrical storm. I would rather have DIP-switched parameter setting. Irregular line voltage and other power-line disturbances play havoc with this otherwise convenient arrangement. Having to run through the complete menu every time this happens is tedious.

On the other hand, the printer is physically well built and prints without much complaint at the workload. The three in our communications center operate without serious problems 24 hours a day. Our State Patrol avoids the problem of hardto-get and expensive ribbons with reinking equipment. I have no data on how long an individual ribbon lasts, but I have not seen a new one come through here for a long time, and we use more ribbons than anyone else in the state.

Michael L. Clark Olympia, WA

ITT XTRA

Having purchased an ITT XTRA last year, I have a few comments to add to John D. Unger's review (April, page 338). I'm not a professional programmer and have had no prior experience with micros, but I've had little difficulty in upgrading our XTRA with IBM-specific hardware. Unlike the PC, the XTRA does not require 256K bytes on the motherboard before you add extra memory.

I popped for IBM PC-DOS 3.0 and abandoned ITT DOS (2.11). I've not found any incompatibilities in the IBM PC versions of software we use. The only software incompatibility discovered so far is ITT BASIC'S local field statement elucidated in Melvin Duke's letter to BYTE (March, page 434).

Prospective owners should purchase ITT's technical reference manual for the diagnostics and in the event that the machine must be repaired by technicians unfamiliar with it. Taking into account the superior keyboard, smaller footprint, larger tilt-swivel monitor, and other engineering features. I wouldn't trade our XTRA for a fully loaded PC XT.

George Bridgforth Dallas, TX {continued)

CPM Special ALSPA ACI1

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AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 285

REVIEW FEEDBACK

I read lohn D. Lingers article on the ITT XTRA with disbelief. In July of 1984 I purchased an ITT. initially for word processing with the intention of using it for other applications later.

My original choice of software was Microsoft Word without the mouse. However, when I used Word, the computer slowed to a snail's pace. The monitor would show only a fraction of the characters input from the keyboard. The salesperson couldn't explain the problem but replaced the package with Satellite Software's WordPerfect.

Initially WordPerfect's performance was satisfactory on short documents. However, when the length of the documents and the amount of formatting increased, the system froze with a "RAM parity check error" displayed. The salesperson spent several days calling ITT and Satellite Software. Both companies assured him that there was no problem with using the IBM version of WordPerfect on the ITT XTRA.

At this point, my $3300 package of equipment would not work. Technicians

checked the processor and found no problems. The salesperson was in the uncomfortable position of having sold a machine that was allegedly IBM-compatible but would not run two popular word-processing packages. In order to keep me happy, the dealer bought back my XTRA at full credit toward a computer of my choice. I selected an AT&T and have had no problems.

Terry L. Brink Pittsburgh. PA

JUKI 6100

The Juki 6100 printer reviewed by G. Michael Vose in BYTE (August 1984, page 305) has a number of problems that severely limit its usefulness. Letter spacing is irregular, the ribbon doesn't advance properly, and with the add-on tractor unit it's impossible to print lines parallel to one another. Juki's service department has not returned my dealer's repeated calls.

The irregular letter-spacing problem seems insoluble—it has to do with the mechanism for shifting the print head across the page.

The Juki 6100 has two ribbon problems. First, a toothed wheel on the take-up side is supposed to engage the ribbon and draw it onto the take-up spool. At the start of a new ribbon, the toothed wheel frequently exerts insufficient pressure, and the ribbon doesn't move. However, if you turn the take-up spool manually for a page or so, the ribbon eventually advances on its own. The second problem is that the ribbon-advance mechanism is incapable of using all the ribbon. It always jams, leaving twenty or thirty feet of ribbon unused.

The last problem is with the add-on tractor unit. I had to wait two months to get it. When it arrived, it was incapable of printing lines horizontally. One line slanted in one direction, and the next line slanted in the opposite direction. After a short time, I managed to identify the problem: The paper-advance mechanism consists of a pair of gear wheels and a ribbed plastic band. Unfortunately, this ribbed band is only Vi inch wide. However carefully it is adjusted, it's incapable of advancing the paper without stretching. The result is that the lines slant.

David Lewiston Kihei, HI

MT Spirit 80

I have to agree with Shel Kagan's comments in Review Feedback (April, page 348) regarding the Mannesmann Tally Spirit 80 review (November 1984. page 33 5). I'd also like to point out that the Spirit 80 takes only ribbon cartridges that you can't reink and that are expensive, are hard to find, and provide good impressions for about three weeks of moderate use.

Mannesmann Tally estimates print head life at 30 million characters—not long compared to most print heads. And this one does not seem to stand up well in graphics mode. I have had two heads fail within 15 months while printing graphics (new heads cost $65 each).

The printer now needs repair at an estimated cost of $150.

Spend another $150 on this printer? Thanks, but I'll get an Epson.

Rick Goulian New York, NY

REVIEW FEEDBACK is a column of readers leiIra. We welcome responses that support or challenge BYTE reviews. Send letters to Review Feedback. BYTE Publications. POB 372. Hancock. NH 03449. Name and address must be on all letters.

286 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 86

Inquiry 372 —►

Voice Management Data Management Networking

WHAT THE MOST POWERFUL, MOST FLEXIBLE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS IN THE WORLD CAN DO FOR YOU.

© 1986 AT&T Information Systems 288 BYTE' AUGUST 1985

System Management

Office Management

Unified Messaging

ONLY AT&T SYSTEM 85 AND AT&T SYSTEM 75 FULLY INTEGRATE SO MANY VITAL MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS.

Decisions, decisions, decisions. It wasn-'t too long ago that if you wanted the most sophisticated office communications equipment in the world, you'd get a telephone.

Now it's a whole new ball game. You've got to have more than a telephone. You've got to have an entire communications and information system. You've got to choose from among a number of vendors and justify a substantial capital investment. You've got only one chance to make the right decision. And you've got to be right.

Relax. The decision is easy. System 85 and System 75 from AT&T Information Systems offer you more power, flexibility and control than any other system in the world. Because they can grow and change as technology advances, you can be sure your investment is protected. And because they're from AT&T, you know they meet the highest standards of manufacturing quality and reliability.

Here are just a few ways they can help your office operate more efficiently and effectively.

Voice Management Our experience in voice communications speaks for

itself. There are over 150 calling features to choose from, so you can custom-tailor a system that meets the particular needs of your business.

Data Management This ties the whole system together. Our Digital Communications Protocol integrates voice and data transmissions, resulting in more productive use of your equipment and easy future expansion.

Networking Different businesses need different networks. Our Distributed Communications System and Electronic Tandem Network let you link all your locations, either across the street or across the country.

System Management Adaptability is the key here. You'll have a handson ability to monitor and change the entire system day by day, to respond to your changing needs.

Office Management This streamlines your everyday office procedures into one easy-to-use system. By integrating Electronic Document Communication, Message Center, and Directory, you can create, store and send information easily and more productively.

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vices, including Message Center Coverage, Leave Word Calling, and AUDIX, our powerful voice mail service.

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There's another aspect of our system which you can look at as something of an insurance policy. It's called Information Systems Architecture. It is this framework that ensures that anything new we develop for your system will fit right in. System 85 and System 75 are designed according to its guidelines, as our future products will be. That's protection.

We've been the undisputed leader in communications for over 100 years, and we plan to keep it that way. Today, more than 4000 systems designers and others formerly at AT&T Bell Laboratories are working exclusively to develop new business products at Information Systems Laboratories. And they're supported by the largest sales and service staff in the industry to help you along every step of the way.

There are two ways you can distinguish yourself in the business world—either get a little gray at the temples worrying about it, or choose AT&T Information Systems.

To find out more about System 85 and System 75, call your AT&T Information Systems Account Executive or 1-800-247-1212.

AT&T

The right choice.

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 289

BITE

Kernel

Computing at Chaos Manor: DUE TO A HEAVY schedule. lerry Pournelle went to this year's West Coast

The West Coast Computer faire Computer Faire only because of a commitment to give a talk. However, he's

by jerry Pournelle 293 happy that he decided to make the trip. He discovered that the magic is still

byte iapan: Comdex in Japan there, met old friends, and saw many new products.

by mlliam m. Raik 331 Bjji Rajke attended the first-ever COMDEX in Japan this spring and found

byte u. K.: Declarative Update several interesting products on display. He describes the "anonymous" Fujitsu

by Dick Pomtain 341 lap-size portable, several laser printers, the latest addition to the NEC PC-9801

accordinc to Webster: computer family, and a Brother portable word processor that he "discovered"

Greetings and Agitations at the show.

by Bruce Webster 355 ]n keeping with this month's declarative languages theme, Dick Pountain

byte West Coast: looks at two books on the subject—one on functional and the other on logic

New Microprocessor chips programming. He also introduces us to two new language systems. One,

by Philhp Rubmson 369 developed at Imperial College, is a new interpreter for the Hope language

Circuit cellar Feedback that runs on the IBM PC The other is MacProlog, which has many improve

conducted by Steve Ciarcia 376 ments on the older micro-PROLOG and is an implementation for the 512K

bytelines byte Macintosh.

conducted by Sol ubes 378 Our new man in the Kernel, Bruce Webster, continues with his inspection

of new computer products. As was the case with his debut column—and will probably be true in the future—this month's column deals largely with Macintosh items. Particular attention is given to three development systems for the Mac.

And. on the West Coast, Phillip Robinson looks at Intel's iAPX 386, the 80C86, and Atron's AT Probe—a "hardware-assisted software debugger" for the 86 family.

AUGUST 1985 • BYTE 291

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ARITY/PROLOG-full, debug, to ASM&C, 16 Meg use, windows, strings. Withcompiler$1950. MSDOS $495

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GC LISP - "COMMON LISP", Help, tutorial, co-routines, compiled functions, thorough. PCDOS Call M Prolog - full, rich, separate work spaces. MSDOS $725

PROLOG-86 - Learn fast. Standard, tutorials, samples of Natural Language. Exp. Sys. MSDOS $125

TLC LISP - "LISP-machine"-like. all RAM, classes, turtle graphics 8087 CPM-86. MSDOS $235

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MicroProlog - improved MSDOS $235

BASIC

ACTIVETRACE, DEBUGGERBASICA, MBASIC, interactive, well liked MSDOS $ 79

CADSAM FILE SYSTEM - full ISAM in MBASIC source. MSDOS $150

BASCOM-86 • Microsoft 8086 279

CB-86 - DRI CPM86, MSDOS 419

Data Manager - full source MSDOS 325

InfoREPORTER - multiple PCDOS 115

Prof. Basic - Interactive, debug PCDOS 89 TRUE BASIC - ANSI PCDOS 125

Ask about ISAM, other addons tor BASIC

EDITORS FOR PROGRAMMING

BRIEF Programmer's Editor - undo, windows, reconfig. PCDOS $195

VEDIT - well liked, macros, buffers, CPM-80-86. MSDOS. PCDOS $119

Free Literature - Compare Products

Evaluate products Compare competitors Learn about new alternatives One Iree call □rings information on just about any programming need Ask for any "Packet'' or AdrJon Packet □ AOA, Modula □ Al □ BASIC D C DC0B0L □ Editors □ FORTH □FORTRAN □ PASCAL □ UNIX/PCbr □Debuggers. Linkers, etc

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PC LINT - full C program checking

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C86, Lattice. MSDOS $ 95

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C-terp Interpreter by Gimpel,

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8087 MSDOS $275

INSTANT C - Interactive development - Edit. Source Debug, run. Edit to Run-3 Sees. MSDOS $445

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Polylibrarian - thorough MSDOS 95

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TEK 4010, full xfer PCDOS 65

DEBUGGERS

Periscope Debugger - load after "bombs", symbolic, "Reset Box", 2 Screen, own 16K. PCDOS $279

PCDOS 149 PCDOS 395 PCDOS 129 MSDOS 169 MSDOS 115

Advanced Trace 86 Symbolic Atron Debugger for Lattice CODESMITH-86 - debug PFIX-86 Debugger TRACE86 debugger ASM

Note All prices subject to change without notice Mention this ad Some prices are specials Ask about COD and POs All lormai s available

292 BYTE* AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 253

• • • •

■

COMPUTING

AT CHAOS MANOR

The West Coast Computer Faire

Union Problems PC-Write Disk Maker I Multiple Choice EM-it Color-400 SR-12

SuperKey

PC-MATLAB

Badges and Flowers

NaturalLink

by Jerry Pournelle

\erry Pournelle holds a doctorate in psychology and is a science-fiction writer who also earns a comfortable living writing about computers present and future

The floors aren't in. there are painters and carpenters everywhere, and we're working off folding banquet tables for fear that they'll drip paint on the furniture. The storeroom is filled with equipment and boxes full of incoming software. Chaos Manor lives up to its reputation. Withal, we're upstairs at last, and it's wonderful.

West Coast Computer Faire

On the last weekend of March, 1 drove up to San Francisco for the Tenth West Coast Computer Faire. My taxes were due, and I was behind in deadlines; if I hadn't agreed to be a speaker. I probably wouldn't have gone this year.

This year the Faire was in the Moscone Center rather than Brooks Hall. Moscone is much larger than Brooks, so everything was on one floor. Even so, there was empty space. Of course, it wasn't as large as the 1983 Faire-the one that had Priority One and MicroPro out in the garbage area, and exhibits in the chair-storage room, otherwise known as the Black Hole of Calcutta— but it was about as big as last year. More important: the magic was still there. The Faire mixes hackers, publishers, vendors, dealers, and end users, and it is the only show where we all get together. I'm glad ! went, and I liked it a lot—but I wonder if the Faire will survive.

The problem wasn't the new Prentice-Hall management. There were more than 100 first-rate speakers and panelists. More important, David Sudkin and his troops worked hard to give the smaller exhibitors— who are the real lifeblood of the Faire—a break. There were 60 minibooths, those postage-stamp-size affairs where many of the miracles we all take for granted now were introduced. When the smaller exhibitors had problems, David Sudkin paid attention. Alas, the problems were beyond his control.

San Francisco is a much unionized city. Moscone Center is a city-owned facility, and

the city politicos have signed contracts giving control of Moscone to the shop stewards, who miss no opportunity to gouge exhibitors no matter what their size or wealth. For example, all exhibit space must be carpeted. They'll rent you carpet at their prices. If you try to save money by bringing your own, you then have to pay for having it spread out for you—even if you lay it down yourself. Exhibitors weren't allowed to assemble booths or carry equipment.

This sort of thing was bad enough at Brooks Hall, but Jim Warren was able to cajole and wheedle. There's a different crowd at Moscone Center, one unwilling to listen to reason. As an example: Barry Workman brought up a copy machine and unloaded it himself. Every few minutes some guy stuck his head into the Workman booth and pointed to the copy machine. "You'll pay for that," he muttered. Other exhibitors who attempted to do any of their own work had similar harassments.

It seems counterproductive to me. The small companies simply can't afford to pay hundreds of dollars for work they can do themselves. They don't make that much from the Faire in the first place. Many larger companies, who don't sell anything at the Faire but used to come to show the flag, have decided they've had enough and won't go to the Faire or indeed to any other show in San Francisco. Surely San Francisco didn't invest all that money in the Moscone Center just to drive conventions to San Jose?

Chocolate Bribery ...

One reason I enjoy the Faire is the chance to meet old friends like Walt Bilofsky. It's a bit odd. Walt's Software Toolworks is actually located no more than a mile from Chaos Manor, but the only time we see each other is at a Faire 400 miles north.

As usual, Walt had a bewildering line of CP/M, Zenith, and IBM PCompatible software: chess players, text editors, C compilers, an operating-system enhancement

{continued)

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 293

CHAOS MANOR

Why I recommend Logitech's Modula-2

Logitech Modula-2™ combines many of the best features of both C and Pascal. My product Time Line™ contains over a million bytes of source code. It is fast and indisputably powerful. I estimate that it would have taken 20 to 50 percent more time to develop in C, and would not be as reliable. I anticipate half the maintenance costs using Logitech Modula-2. Six years ago I was recommending C for serious programming. Today, I recommend Logitech Modula-2.

Andrew Layman, San Francisco, Ca. I Author of Time Line a project management / program.

Further comments: /

Access to the machine: LogitechModula-2 gives you direct access to the hardware. Speed: Logitech Modula-2 compiles to native machine code.

Strong Typing: Catches many programming errors that would slip past a C compiler. Modularity: It is very easy to insulate one part of a program from changes in another. Debugging: Logitech provides you with a runtime and a post-mortem debugger. Both are symbolic, and show source code, call chains, variables, modules, and raw memory. Overlays: Your main program can bring overlays into memory. You do not even have to decide in advance which overlays or their order.

Version Control: The compiler, linker and loader all check that version of modules, programs and overlays are consistent. Good Library: Includes modules for file I/O, string handling, real number math, operating system access, screen and keyboard, and you can substitute your own.

Modula-2 from Logitech is the proven, professionally supported native code compiler and cross compiler for VAX™ and PC systems. For more information, call Christopher Cale at Logitech, 805 Veterans Blvd., Redwood City, CA 94063, (415) 365-9852. InEurope,caU(4l)(2lj774545.

B LOGITECH

Logitech Modula-2-Logitech, toe; Time Une

called C/NIX that's said to give CP/M systems a UNIX-like capability, and too much other stuff to mention. He also sells The Original Chocolate Byte, which is a thick chunk of excellent chocolate shaped like a 5!4-inch floppy; it comes in a reusable plastic disk box and makes a pretty good gift, except that if you're a chocolate addict like me, it won't last long enough to be given away.

The Software Toolworks catalog is full of good stuff at reasonable prices—none of it copy-protected— with a sensible copyright. "Copying this software or document for other than original purchaser's use is prohibited." If you don't have Walt's catalog, do yourself a favor and get one.

More Old Friends

Bob Wallace was at the Faire. Bob pioneered the concept of shareware with his PC-Write text editor. It's a good editor, worth more than the 85 bucks he wants you to pay for it—especially now that he's added mail merge and some other features. Under the shareware concept, you don't have to pay $85. though; you get PC-Write from Quicksoft for 10 bucks, or you get a copy from a friend for free. If you like it, you send $75 to Quicksoft and become a registered user, which entitles you to a printed manual, telephone support, and update information. It also entitles you to a commission if you give a copy to anyone who subsequently sends in the registration fee.

The shareware concept seertis to be working: Bob and his friends aren't getting rich, but they're paying the rent and making enough to keep improving PC-Write. I wish them well.

Another friend I seldom see except at the West Coast Computer Faire is Bruce Tonkin, who writes the most amazing programs in compiled BASIC. His MyWord! is a really neat text editor and word processor with features like list sorting and calculating that you won't find in some of the really expensive programs. He's constantly adding to MyWordl's capabilities, and it will run on quite a few

machines, including just about all the PCompatibles. He does other stuff, too, all at superlow prices.

Bruce shared exhibit space with Barry Workman, who bundles some of Tonkin's best programs into a set called The Software Essentials. In fact, Workman's booth did yeoman service: in addition to their own stuff (including WRITE, the CP/M text editor I'm using to write this), they had demonstrations of Disk Maker I from New Generation Systems, a system that will transform disks from just about any format to any other (we have one and we love it). Mycroft Laboratories, whose MITE communications programs have kept me in touch with the world these past several years, also gave demonstrations. While you're writing for catalogs, get Workman's.

Disk Maker I works so well that I seldom get a chance to review any other product. However, the chaps at Berkeley Software have added another dozen or so formats to what their XenoCopy software can handle, and while I haven't used it myself, people I trust swear by their stuff. If you have data-transformation problems—and who doesn't?—you might want to write for Berkeley's data sheets.

A Quick Run-through

The problem with writing about the Faire is that there's too much to cover. 1 used to do a separate article about the Faire and still felt there wasn't enough room. That leaves me two choices: I can try to cover a few things well, or I can follow my instincts and say fewer words about more stuff. I've opted for the latter. Do understand trie ground rules for show reports: I can describe what I've seen, but I make no guarantees. I think I can usually tell if I'm being fed a line, and I certainly won't favorably mention anything I have some reason to believe is flawed; but my opinions remain tentative about anything that hasn't been put through the wringer here at Chaos Manor. With that warning, we can get on with it. One thing I have no trouble recom

[continued]

294 BYTE* AUGUST 1985

Imagine dBASEIir running up to 20 limes faster.

The time for Clipper has arrived.

Clipper introduces you to tlie time of your life.

Time is your most valuable commodity. Because how you spend your time, is how you live your life.

At Nantucket, we believe you should live life to the fullest.

Clipper, the lirsl true compiler lordBASE is a timely exam pie. Now, dBASE compiled by Clipper runs 2 to 20 times faster than dBASE with its standard interpreter. A dBASE interpreter painstakingly checks and executes your source code one line at

a time, every lime you run a program. With Clipper, once you've debugged your source code, it's compiled into more efficient machine code. Your program runs without the timeconsuming overhead of redundant translation. Clipper compiles all your existing and future dBASE III programs.

Developing a compiler for dBASE III was just a matter of lime. Call your dealer or our loll free 800 number and ask for Clipper.

Then go make the most ol your life lime.

Njuitucket

20456 Pacific; Coast Hwy„ Malihu, Ca. 90216 (800) 5561;

Inquiry 381 for End-Users. Inquiry 3H2 for DEALERS ONLY.

556-123^l ext. 225. In California (IQO) 4*11348 0*1 22!)

riBASI III isa rugistemu iradomarkol Ashlur lain

CHAOS MANOR

mending is Rachel Holmen's Truly Portable (POB 2916, Oakland, CA 94609), which is an excellent 16-page newsletter about lapboard computers. It comes out 10 times a year, and a subscription is $16. Anyone interested in lapboard machines—and especially anyone contemplating buying onewill find Truly Portable worth the invest

ment; it has product information, reviews, programs, letters from users, and lots more.

1 can also recommend Carl Landau's Computer language magazine (131 Townsend St., San Francisco, CA 94107) for anyone interested in what's going on in the language world. This has become an important magazine for

hackers, and anyone seriously thinking about professional work in computer programming—or who wants to know what hackers are reading—will find it valuable. I'm not sure precisely how it happened, but Computer language was partly designed on my kitchen table; my son Alex is a friend of the founders. Neither of us has any special relationship (or financial interest) with the magazine; I just find it interesting to read.

An award for sheer persistence should go to Ken Snapp of Beta Tools Systems. He has been sending me his BASIC Development System for six months; I must have received a dozen copies. This time he handed me one in person.

The BASIC Development System is a set of tools to use when writing programs in BASIC for PCompatibles. (Due to the way IBM implemented BASICA, there are separate versions of the BASIC Development System for PCs and PCompatibles. Note also that you must have your own copy of BASICA or GW-BASIC.)

This looks like something I'll use; the manual seems clear enough, and the features—cross-referencing, trace, dynamic dumps of variable values, selective renumbering, and compression/expansion—certainly ought to make it easier to write BASIC programs. Indeed, 1 have a good bit of BASIC programming to do (I have to work on Mrs. Pournelle's reading program); alas, what with the reconstruction of Chaos Manor, I haven't written a line of BASIC (or any other kind of code) for months, which is why I've done no more with the BASIC Development System than look at the manual. I'd be astonished if it didn't work as claimed, though: why in the world would anyone so persistently work at getting me to try something that wasn't pretty well debugged? Anyway, I'll know soon enough: Mrs. Pournelle is increasingly impatient to have her program finished.

Poor Man s TopView

lason Loveman, who left Digital Research to found a company called

(continued)

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980 Shrewsbury Avenue.

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296 BYTE ■ AUGUST [985

Inquiry 71

10 s=o

20 FOR 1=1 TO 100

30 INPUT X

40 IF X = 0 GOTO 70

50 S=5+X

60 NEXT I

70 PRINT S/a-1)

r

REAL X( 100) } READ*,N,(X(B,]> 1 ,N) S=0

DO 10 1= 1 ,N 10 3-S+XCD PRINT *S/N i END i

BASIC

A program to calculate averages...

FORTRAN

just shrunk from seven lines.

POCKET APL

to one.

INTRODUCING POCKET APC

Pocket APL, a new PLUS*WARE™ product, symbolizes a whole new way to solve problems. Faster than Fortran. Simpler than Basic. And at a cost much less than Cobol and many other programming languages. Its use of symbols makes it concise and efficient— powerful and productive.

WORKING IN SHORTHAND = WORKING FASTER, SMARTER.

Pocket APL allows you to shrink the length of your programs. Because just a few symbols say what takes lines and lines to say in other programming languages. So Pocket APL cuts the drudgery and need for tedious subroutines and long lists of commands.

GET FLEXIBILITY > WITH CANNED SOFTWARE.

Pocket APL is a complete APL implementation with enhancements like online HELP, windowing, report formatting, dual file system, and debugging aids. It's also a powerful online calculator. So you don't have

tan*""**

to switch back and forth between programs or from your hand-held calculator to the computer.

And the symbols? Simple. You'll learn them fast. They'll become as second nature to you as +, -, X, and h-. Once you start using them, you'll be programming four to 10 times faster than with conventional languages. And as your needs grow, you can easily upgrade to STSC's APL*PLUS®/PC System for even more features—like communications and graphics.

POCKET APL COSTS MUCH < YOU'D EXPECT.

Pocket APL makes programming easy. And priced at just $95, it's easy on the budget, too. It works with IBM PC's and compatibles and requires only 128 K. So if problem-solving is taking up too much of your time, the answer is symbol. Pocket APL.

To order, or for more information, call 800-592-0050. In Maryland, call (301) 984-5123.

Or write STSC, Inc., 2115 East Jefferson St., Rockville, MD 20852. All major credit cards accepted.

Problem-solving at the speed of thought.

^■0^1 Pocket APL uses a soft character set for computers with IBM-compatible graphics board or color monitor; keywords for computers with monochrome, Optional ^ J Ij^j character generating ROM can be ordered for IBM PC monochromes or Hercules monochrome boards

a Comei Company PLUS* WARE and Pocket APL are trademarks of STSC, Inc. APL* PLUS is a service mark and trademark of STSC, Inc., registered in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and in other countries.

Inquiry 311

AUGUST 1985 'BYTE 297

With Network Revelation, you're not alone.

Span the void that separates you from other PC's. Be as one with a universe of data. Be a true network with Network Revelation?

Network Revelation is more than a relational database management system. It's a complete applications environment for most microcomputer networks. That's not dreaming about the future. It's low-key raving about a capability of the present.

With Network Revelation, you can send and receive data on local area networks and remote file servers. Rev's data dictionaries let you add or restruc

Cosmos, Inc., 19530 Pacific Highway S.

298 BYTE' AUGUST 1985

ture fields at will, saving ages of programming time. And our menudriven applications generator and procedural language are eons ahead of other databases.

The possibilities are infinite. Distributed processing systems linking worlds. Accounting, inventory and order entry systems connected for instant access to data by a galaxy of users. And your data is secure with complete file or record locking.

REVELATION co-exists with MS-DOS™ So you can transport Lotus 1-2-3™ Multiplan® or other data from

COSMOS

PC to PC—using popular routes like Novell, Ethernet or 3 Com™ You can even evolve files from primitive, single-user databases into a powerful Rev application.

Encounter the future of distributed data processing today. Revelation costs just $950.00* Network Revelation starts at only $1495.00* for a complete four-user system. So call us and we'll arrange for an unforgettable demonstration with a Cosmos rep in your area.

MS™ and Multiplan* of Microsoft Corporation. 1-2-3™ of Lotus Development Corporation. 3 Com™ of 3 Com Corporation.

'Suggested U. S. list price.

Seattle, WA 98188, 206-824-9942

Inquiry 85

CHAOS MANOR

M2SDS

TURBO PASCAL"

Now that there's the Modula-2 Software Development System (M2SDS), Turbo Pascal is all washed up. But you're not. Because Modula-2 is like Pascal. So you can launch into greater programming efficiency head-first. It's an easy-to-learn language. In an easyto-use system. At a price that's easy to swallow. Just $80.88. Join the new wave of programming efficiency. Order today.

1-800-922-9049 On Texas, call 713/523-8422.)

Checks, MasterCard. VISA. American Express accepted. Shipping & handling not included. In 'll'xas add sales lax. Internal 7 orders add $30. Utrbo Pascal is a trademark of Borland International.

INTERFACE TECHNOLOGIES

3336 Richmond At v.. Sidle 200 Houston, Texas 77098

IBM AT THE OFFICE APPLE AT HOME

NO PROBLEM!

A "Wireless file transfer" package for the IBM PC® to Apple II and back. APPLE TURNOVER™ is a firmware board which fits into any slot in the IBM PC and some compatibles. NO modems, NO serial links, NO hassles, NO problems. APPLE TURNOVER™ will format Apple CP/M® and Apple DOS 3.3 disks. Leave your IBM and Apple computers where they are. Simply bring your Apple disk to work and transfer your file to a PC-DOS disk. Allows for modifications to text and data files. It's a simple, inexpensive, high performance alternative to complicated serial links and modems.

"NEW!" APPLE TURNOVER™ version 2.0 will read, write and format PRO-DOS and Apple P-System Too.

Awesome Technology (yeah. I know), brought around a PC-DOS program called Multiple Choice, also billed as Poor Man's TopView. This program makes three computers out of your PC or PCompatible. That is, you run the program. It puts 4K bytes of code up in high memory. Now you enter Control 1, Control 2, or Control 3. and you're in job 1, 2, or 3. It works invisibly, and we've run it with the IBM PC with the Orchid PCturbo 186 board, as well as with the Zenith Z-l 50 and Z-160 PClones. It's compatible with SideKick. I've got it here at Chaos Manor (I'm running it now on the Z-160), and it works fine. For $64 you can have WordStar, DOS, and Lotus 1-2-3 running all at the same time (with SideKick in the background already yet). Who needs Symphony? Recommended.

Yet Another EMACS

Another minibooth featured EM-it, an EMACS imitator. EMACS is the macro editor written at MIT by Richard M. Stallman (otherwise known as RMS). EMACS was one of the very first full-screen editors in existence. I recall several longdistance debates (I have an account on one of MIT's large computers) with RMS over the virtues of EMACS versus Electric Pencil, which was the editor I was using at the time. The debates were futile, of course: Pencil and WRITE (derived from Pencil) were much better editors for creative writing, but EMACS was far and away better for programming, and indeed it became a bit of a legend among hackers.

Stallman. who believes software ought to be available to everyone, put EMACS in the public domain instead of getting rich from it. The chaps at Sayansi have implemented it for PCompatibles and sell their version for $49.95, a reasonable price. Needless to say, it's not copy-protected. It's also not full EMACS. One of the main features of EMACS is its extensibility: you can add nearly any feature you might want from right inside the editor. EM-it can't do that, but it does

[continued)

Innovation in microcomputer products

See your dealer or call for information:

(213) 938-0857

6022 W. Pico Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90035

Inquiry 329 for End-Users. Inquiry 330 for DEALERS ONLY.

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 299

You would think when IBM needs EPROM Programmers they would choose the best and the most expensive.

They don't. They only choose the best. GTEK.

MODEL 7956 (vv/RS-232 option) 51099

MODEL 7956 (stand alone) 5 979

GTEK's outstanding Gang Programmer with intelligent algorithm can copy 8 EPROMS at a time! Use the 7956 in a production environment when you need to program a large number ot chips. Programs all popular chips through the 27512 EPROMS; supports CMOS EPROMS through the 27C256; supports EEPROMS through the X2864A; supports Intel's 2764A & 27128A chips. The 7956 will also program single chip processors.

MODEL 7228 5 599

GTEK's 7228 has all the features of the 7128, plus Intelligent Programming Algorithms!

It supports the newest devices available through 512K bits. The 7228 programs 6 times as fast as standard algorithms. It programs the 2764 in one minute! Supports CMOS EPROMS through the 27C256; supports EEPROMS through the X2864A; supports Intel's 2764A & 27128A chips. Supports Tektronics, Intel, Motorola and other formats.

w

MODEL7324 S1499 MODEL7128 $429

The 7324 has a built-in compiler. It programs The 7128 has the highest performance-toall MMI, National and Tl 20 & 24 pin PALS. It cost-ratio of any unit. It supports the newest has non-volatile memory and operates stand- devices available through 256Kbits. alone or via RS-232.

MODEL 7322 51249

Same as Model 7324 but operates only via RS-232. MODEL 7316 5 749

This PAL PROGRAMMER programs Series 20 PALs. It has a built-in PALASM compiler. MODEL 7283 51199

This BI-POLAR PROM PROGRAMMER programs all popular BI-POLAR PROMS. It operates stand-alone (for production) or RS-232 (for development).

MODEL 705 5 299

68705V3, R3, P3 PROGRAMMER.

EPROM, PROM & PAL

PROGRAMMERS

— These features are standard from GTEK —

Compatible with all RS-232 serial interface ports • Auto select baud rate • With or without hand-shaking • Bidirectional Xon/Xoff ■ CTS/DTR supported • Read pin compatible ROMS • No personality modules • Intel, Motorola, MCS86 Hex formats • Split facility for 16 bit data paths • Read program, formatted list commands • Interrupt driven —program and verify real time while sending data • Program single byte block or whole EPROM • Intelligent diagnostics discern bad and/or unerased EPROM • Verify erasure and compare commands • Busy light • Complete with Textool zero insertion force socket and integral 120 VAC power (240 VAC/SOHz available) •

UTILITY PACKAGES

GTEK's PGX Utility Packages will allow you to specify a range of addresses to send to the programmer, verify erasure and/or set the EPROM type. The PGX Utility Package includes GHEX, a utility used to generate an Intel HEX file.

PALX Utility Package—for use with GTEK's Pal Programmers—allows transfer of PALASM" source file or ASCII HEX object code file.

Both utility packages are available for CPM," MS-DOS," PC-DOS," ISIS" and TRSDOS" operating systems. Call for pricing.

CROSS ASSEMBLERS

These assemblers are available to handle the 8748, 8751, Z8, 6502, 68X and other microprocessors. They are available for CPM and MS-DOS computers. When ordering, please specify processor and computer types.

ACCESSORIES

Erasers DE4 $80; PE14T $129

C25 $349; C50 $599 U/V Eraser DE-4 $ 80.

Model 7128-L1.L2, L2A

(OEM Quantity) $259.

Model 7128-24 $329.

Cross Assemblers CPM-80 $200.

MSDOS; CPM 86 . . . $250.

PGX Utilities Call for pricing

PALX Call for pricing

RS-232 Cables $ 30.

8751 Adapter $174.

8755 Adapter $135.

48 Family Adapter $ 98.

"All you CPM people who wanted to move to IBM, but couldn't... now you can — and

bring your CPM software with you!"

' vi—"—

From GTEK, the leader in devel opment hardware and software comes the CPM user's dream.

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If you are a CPM user who wanted to convert to these operating systems but didn't because you had to abandon or rewrite your CPM programs, now you can make your move without losing or rewriting a single program!

The dream from GTEK is a package that makes your PC-DOS (IBM PC, XT, AT) or MS-DOS (IBM clones like COMPAQ, Leading Edge, Televideo) machines think they're being run by an 8080 or Z80 microprocessor with CPM!

The GTEK package contains a CPEmulator™ and CPM Conversion Utility that allows you to read and write popular CPM disk formats such as Kaypro and Osborne.

How easy is it to use? Two steps. (1) Use the Conversion Utility to copy the CPM program to an MS-DOS or PC-DOS diskette, (2) Use the Bind Utility to attach the CPEmulator to your program. And that's it. It's ready to run.

You won't see any difference when you run the CPM program! Now all the work you did in CPM is still valuable when you change to your PC-DOS or MS-DOS machine.

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Development Hardware/Software P.O. Box 289, Waveland, MS 39576 601/467-8048; telex 315-814 (GTEK UD) , INC.

GTEK, PALASM, CPM, MS-DOS, PC-DOS, ISIS, TRSDOS, & CPEmulator are registered trademarks.

TEK

300 BYTE' AUGUST I985

Inquiry 135

CHAOS MANOR

have some impressive macro capabilities. I saw it run on a PCompatible, and it looked very EMACS-like to me.

FORMIT from Emerald City Software is a text-formatting program that works something like WRITE does. That is: WordStar, and many other text editors, print on a "what you see is what you get" basis. This is fine for letters but not so hot for complex documents—and a decided nuisance for very simple things like manuscripts. WRITE has a number of "dot" commands (the command is given by starting a new line with a period, something you never do in ordinary English) that tell the program what I want done with the line. For example, ,ce3 means center the next three lines, .pw65 means make the lines 65 characters wide (on average if we're doing right justification), etc.

FORMIT works the same way. It has a rich command structure and works with Epson dot-matrix printers. The authors claim they're continually adding other printers it will work with and that they're at work on "full, font-level support for all smart printers."

FORMIT is freeware; that is, you can have a copy free (it's available on bulletin boards, or by sending a formatted disk with return postage to the authors, or from anyone who has a copy), but you're expected to pay $15 if you use it. Fair warning: FORMIT is intended for users willing to pay attention and do a bit of experimenting. The manual (which is on disk—you print it out yourself) is complete enough, but the nature of the program requires you to do a bit of thinking. FORMIT requires an IBM PC or a generic MS-DOS machine with at least 128K bytes. Recommended for those who don't have a text formatter: it's sure easier to use this than to go through a document making changes.

Checks and Balances

My friend and colleague David Gerrold was at the Faire, but I didn't see much of him. He did hand me a copy of a program called Checks and Balances, which was written by a

{continued)

TURBO PASCAL"

Now that there's the Modula-2 Software Development System (M2SDS), Turbo Pascal has been grounded. Because Modula-2 is the language that lets programming efficiency soar to new heights. You know Pascal. So you can take off and use Modula-2 right away. It's an easy-to-learn language. In an easy-to-use system. Priced at a low $80.88. Send your programming efficiency flying. Order today. iMXCDCArC 1-800-922-9049 (In Texas, call 7W523-8422.) -JEjEGtnriCC Clxcks. MasterCard, VISA. American Express accepted Shipping & ban- I LLrllNU LUUJ C J dling not included In Texas add sales tax. Internal 1 orders add $30. 3336 Richmond Are.. Suite 200 Turbo Pascal is a trademark of Borland International. Houston, Texas 77098

Computers For The Blind

Talking computers give blind and visually impaired people access to electronic information. The question is how and how much?

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AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 301

Store this in your memory: buy two packs of Xerox Floppy Diskettes and get one pack free.

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mm

302 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

For more information from Xerox, Circle 344 on the Reader Service card.

CHAOS MANOR

friend of his. As the name implies, it gives checkbook balances; but it does a lot more than that. Indeed, it seems to be a pretty fair accounting program. It has room for 64 categories of income or expense entries: things like "Income from books" or "Utilities." Each of these would then be a ledger page. Alas, I have more than 225 pages in my chart of accounts, so I'm not too likely to have a use for it; but someone with simpler requirements would probably like it. 1 guarantee this program is easier to setup than my accounting program is.

Real Bargains

A few readers have sent letters wondering why ! mention Workman and Associates as often as 1 do. It's simple enough, and it has nothing to do with friendship. They put out real bargains. As an example: Disk One in the new PC version of the Software Anthology Series. This disk is crammed with routines to defeat copy protection, recover lost data, set up special batch files, and generally make life simpler for PC-DOS and MS-DOS users. Some of the software is freeware for which Workman has bought an unlimited-distribution license. Some is public-domain stuff gathered from bulletin boards and users groups. It would take a while to assemble this much software, and if you were doing it yourself, you'd still have to figure out what works and what doesn't. As with Workman's CP/M Software Anthology disks, there are several programs each worth more than he charges for the disk; 1 know, because I use the stuff all the time.

Wonderful World of Color

There was a time when the West Coast Computer Faire was the place to announce new hardware. I recall startling new stuff introduced at the Faire by CompuPro (now Viasyn). Sage (now Stride). Osborne (now recovering from Chapter 11), Fortune 32 (now—oh, well), and others. There wasn't anything like that this year (or if so 1 missed it). There was, however,

(continued)

M2SDS

TURBO PASCAL"

Programming efficiency? The Modula-2 Software Development System (M2SDS) leaves Turbo Pascal in the dust. Even the learning curve won't slow you down. Because the language is like Pascal. Only better. M2SDS has a price that's tough to beat, too. Just $80.88. Pick up your programming speed. Order today. __

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CHAOS MANOR

a lot of stuff that was new to me.

The most impressive was a combination: the Sigma Designs Color400 PC graphics board and the SR-12 color monitor by Princeton Graphics. The SR-12 has 640- by 400-pixel resolution that's steady as a rock; and the Color-400 board drops invisibly into the PC to give monochrome quality to color software. I stood there and stared: text is as crisp and steady as if painted on the screen, good enough to write with hour after hour.

I've arranged to get both the SR-12 and the Color-400. The SR-12 gets hooked up to a video switch so we can compare the Color-400 to our new CompuPro PC Video board that goes in our big CompuPro S-100 80286/Z80 system. Princeton also has the MAX-12, a crisp amber-screen monitor that knows whether it's being fed input from a PC monochrome or PC color board and adjusts accordingly and other impressive monitors 1 hadn't seen before. I'm told by people 1 respect a lot that Princeton Graphics has long had the reputation for being among the very best in its field, and they're astonished I didn't know that; which just goes to show ... or something. I can plead that because I wear bifocals 1 tend to prefer 15-inch monitors, but in fact it's plain that neither I nor anyone else can keep up with this wonderful kaleidoscope we call the micro revolution.

Borland s Superkey

The saga of Philippe Kahn's Borland International is a graphic illustration of the plus side of the history of the micro revolution. Two years ago Borland wasn't at the Faire at all. Last year they hurriedly put together an exhibit. This year they had as large a presence as anyone except IBM and AT&T.

Borland introduced SuperKey, their new keyboard macro package that does just about everything my former favorite, Magic Keyboard, did, plus a bit more. I'll miss Magic Keyboard's toggle to PC graphics characters, but SuperKey is more versatile—and of course it's guaranteed to work with

the indispensable SideKick. I don't run many PC programs that won't work with SideKick.

Borland now has Turbo Pascal 3.0, a distinct improvement on the already impressive version 2.1 particularly like Borland's new licensing agreement: treat the software like a book, which is to say, make all the copies you want but don't have more than one copy in use at any given time. This seems quite fair to me.

The Turbo manual isn't quite good enough to learn Pascal with no other aid, but it's close. There are lots of examples, and the whole thing is written in good English. Turbo Pascal has got to be the best value in languages on the market today—and Borland International, by delivering excellent products at reasonable costs, is leading the software industry where it has to go.

I've said this before. In my judgment, the $500 program is a dinosaur. One reason for this is Borland: Turbo Pascal is more than just a good program at a low cost. It's also a low-cost, well-conceived programming language making it possible for lots of people to produce good programs.

LAPLACE

One example: LaPlace, by P. L. Hagelstein, is a program written in Turbo Pascal. It's hardly a slick item: it took me five minutes of hard work to find the name and address of the publisher! It's nowhere given on the instruction sheets and given in only one place in the program display.

LaPlace is a program for calculating and displaying potential fields. To quote its manual: "LaPlace solves the Laplace, Poisson, and inhomogeneous Poisson equations in 2-D through numerical finite element methods. The matrix equations resulting from the finite element analysis are solved using the fast incomplete Cholesky conjugate gradient technique, which allows problems with 1000 nodes to be solved in less than 10 minutes."

That's specialized stuff. I doubt any commercial software house would develop something like that—but it's the

(continued)

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AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 305

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CHAOS MANOR

kind of thing that if you need it, you need it bad. 1 intend to use LaPlace to play about with gravitational fields made complicated by the presence of small black holes. I expect a more conventional use would be in fluid dynamics or electrostatics.

Obviously I'm not competent to say whether or not LaPlace gives the right answers. The diagrams and displays look right, and there's a very extensive manual: the computer parts are in baby talk. The rest is written for people who understand inhomogeneous Poisson equations.

Matrices

Another specialized program, PCMATLAB from The Math Works, does just about anything you might want done with matrices: addition, multiplication, inversion, eigenvalues, and the like, and by making use of the 8087 coprocessor available in most PCompatibles, does it fast. I'm going to have to come up with a different "benchmark of sorts": the one I devised a couple of years ago is performed by PC-MATLAB so fast that I can't time it.

Matrix operations are important to anyone trying to do multiple regression analysis, stationary time series, factor analysis, operations research, and just about any other kind of statistical prediction. Over the past few years a program called MATLAB has become a sort of standard for doing matrix operations on mainframe computers. Now it's available for a PC (but only one with an 8087 math chip).

POMATLAB comes with a rather complete manual. It's plenty easy to install and use, provided that you understand something about matrix operations to begin with. Matrices are input rather simply. A = [1 2 3: 4.1 5.6 6.7: 7 8 9| enters the 3 by 3 matrix

1 2 3 4.1 5.6 6.7 7 8 9

and, mercifully, the entries are put into a file that can be edited with a normal full-screen text editor, so that if you have a data-entry mistake, you don't have to input the whole matrix again.

I've found matrix math both interesting and useful since my days at the University of Washington, when Paul Horst taught us to apply matrix algebra to such problems as grade prediction. Matrices are very powerful tools: the only problem is the horrendous amount of arithmetical calculations required. One of the nice

things about small computers is that they make it simple. Anyone wanting to understand the world would be better off for mucking about with this program: and of course every math teacher, at any level, ought to have it.

Alas, there are two problems. First. PC-MATLAB is copy-protected. It's not

[continued)

PC/MAINFRAME DATA

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AUGUST I985 -BYTE 307

CHAOS MANOR

an obnoxious form of protection, and 1 suspect that fully half the people who'd be interested in the program know enough about small computers to remove the copy-protection scheme in five minutes. Still, it's there.

More seriously, they want $695 for it. That's a lot of money. PC-MATLAB is probably worth that to the relatively

small number of people who want to use it professionally; but at that price it's not going to put matrix tools in the hands of social scientists and others who need to know about these things.

Software Tools

All—well, nearly all—programmers keep hoping for the magic "software

bus": a set of programs and libraries that lets you patch together a bunch of concepts to get the job done without extensive writing, editing, and debugging. It's one of the main reasons for the popularity of UNIX among hackers.

Back in the early days of micros there weren't many good books on computing, but one stood out so far above the crowd that there almost wasn't a second. That was Brian W. Kernighan and P. ], Plauger's Software Tools (still in print and very much worth reading). This was a book about programming philosophy; but it gave many examples as part of the discussion. These software tools became legendary. Walt Bilofsky named his software house Software Toolworks in their honor. My mad friend MacLean daily lamented that we didn't have them, and all of us wanted them. Alas, they were written for big machines and in a language called RATFOR. RATFOR = RATional FORTRAN; it was a preprocessor that allowed FORTRAN programmers a chance at writing structured code. A public-domain Z80 RATFOR precompiler was obtainable, but FORTRAN for our early 8-bit machines left a lot to be desired.

Then, at a West Coast Faire, I found an outfit called Unicorn Systems that published the software tools for small microcomputers. Eagerly I brought them home, only to find that most of them were already pretty outdated, and they didn't work too well under CP/M anyway; too slow. Unicorn also wanted too much money, although given what you got—15 disks of source code—it's hard to see what they could have done to keep the price much lower. Everything worked just fine, but the availability of the software tools for micros had far less impact than I'd have thought.

Unicorn has since become Carousel Tools. They've put the Legendary Software Tools into MS-DOS 2.0, which is much better suited to their structure than CP/M ever was. The tools use UNIX-like pipes, which is to say that the output of one program can become the input for another; it's

(continued)

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Inquiry 70

Three more firsts from the people who invented the wheel.

From day one, Xerox and Diablo have been known as the two best names in daisywheel printers. And now there are three more in the Xerox line to choose from.

The Xerox Advantage D-25 Diablo printer turns out letter quality documents quickly and quietly. And it does all that for the price of a dot matrix printer.

At 80 c.p.s., the D-801F is the fastest daisywheel printer ever made by Xerox. It has a built-in double bin

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CHAOS MANOR

possible to do an enormous job employing half a dozen different programs applied one after the other with a single command. MS-DOS 2.0 knows how to do that with the tools.

Anyone trying to learn how to hack should become familiar with the Kemighan and Plauger book and would likely benefit from having the

Legendary Software Tools to play with. I haven't used the new set, but knowing the people at Carousel. I'd be astonished if there were significant undocumented bugs.

Beyond Compare

Larry Niven and I write books together. We both use computers to

write. Generally we don't work on the same part of a book at the same time unless we're working together. Sometimes it happens, though, in which case we have two versions of the same text—and neither is "latest."

When that happens we haul out COMPEN, a file comparator that looks at CP/M text files and displays their differences. COMPEN (from Compare Pencil files, showing just how venerable that program is) is available in the Workman CP/M Software Anthology Series.

Beyond Compare from General Transformation Company is a program for the IBM PC that does a great deal more than COMPEN does for CP/M files. If you use a PC or 100 percent PCompatible and have 2 56K bytes or more of RAM, 1 recommend Beyond Compare; it's worth the cost.

For the Record

Epson America had a big display extolling the virtues of Valdocs 2.0, a program announced last fall and available Real Soon Now, for sure. I understand that Rising Star Industries, the outfit that's supposed to produce Valdocs 2.0, recently laid off a number of its programmers. As I heard the rumor, the people laid off were those who had finished their part of the project. This gives interesting incentives to those who haven't.

The last time I mentioned Rising Star's problems getting Valdocs 2.0 completed, Roger Amidon, chief programmer for Rising Star, called me. He wanted to know if I'd do a fair evaluation of Valdocs 2.0 when I got it. I promised I would, but I'm not holding my breath until I have to pay that debt. I've also got a self-promotional newsletter from Rising Star promising Valdraw and Valpaint, which require Valdocs 2.0, "Ready for shipment May 15, 1985." I wonder if I can get odds on that bet?

I'd have lost. We received Valdocs 2.0 in mid-May. It seems to work; more next time.

AT&T Badge Watch

AT&T's people had a big booth at the Faire. They had one at the Winter

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CHAOS MANOR

COMDEX in Anaheim, too. You'll recall a year ago in Las Vegas 1 could tell the rank of the AT&T employee by the badge: plastic or paper for low ranks, then moving up through short silver, wide silver, narrow gold, to the senior officer present who had a wide gold badge. Apparently someone read my column; at Winter COMDEX all of the AT&T people had narrow gold badges. I fear I made a couple of untoward remarks that may have been overheard.

At the Faire they all had identical white plastic badges. However, they also wore carnations: white for PR people, colored for technical personnel. They'd solved The Great Badge Problem!

On the other hand, there was no one there who'd admit ever having heard of me or BYTE, and I didn't care to explain myself, so I didn't see anything. I suspect that if they'd spend

more time having their media specialists learn something about computer publications, and less worrying about the size and color of their badges, they'd sell more computers; but perhaps they know something I don't.

HyperDrive and Corvus

lust before the Faire my Macintosh returned from General Computer with the HyperDrive installed. HyperDrive is an internal hard disk plus conversion to the 512 K-byte Fat Mac. it took General about 12 days (including shipment to and from the east coast) to do mine. I love it. It works splendidly, it seems quite rugged, and it's fast. I'll have a lot more to say about HyperDrive in upcoming issues.

My son Alex works with Barry Workman and managed to wheedle me into lending him the HyperDrive Mac to use at the Faire as the demonstra

tion machine for Workman's Macintosh software. They took it up in a truck; when it returned, it made a slight rattling noise.

1 had visions of warped bearings in the hard disk. The noise was intolerable. With trepidation I got out the #5 Torx driver and opened up the Macsomething I don't recommend that readers do, since there's about 28,000 volts stored in condensers, and the insides of a Mac can be dangerous for months. Anyway, once inside, the problem became obvious. As part of the HyperDrive conversion, General puts in a small fan at the top of the Mac. The fan is put in with double-sided sticky tape, and it had slipped just enough that the fan blade hit the tape. A tiny nudge—which could have been done from outside, had I but known— took care of the problem.

As I said, the HyperDrive seems

{continued)

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AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 311

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Infocom Suspect. Sorcerer or Infidel 25.00"

infocom Zork II or III 23.50*

Layered Front Desk-Mac Only 65.00"

Mirage Concepts Trivia 24.00'

Mark of the Unicorn Mouse Stampede 19.00"

Wholesale

Wholesale

Wholesale

Miles Computing Mac Attack-Mac Only

523.00*

ATI How to use Mullimale

$42.00*

infocom Zork I or Witness

$20.50'

Palatir Mac Type-Mac Only

24.50*

ATI Intro to PC DOS Vol IS. II

23.00"

Infocom Deadline, or Suspended

27.00"

Penguin Graphics Magician

2897*

ATI Intro lo BASIC

23.00'

Microsoft F light Simulator

27.00"

Penguin Pensale or Xyphus

2050"

Bluebush Chess (Your Toughest Opponent)

34.00*

Mouse Systems PC Pamt-Turn your PC

59.95*

Penguin Transylvania-Mac Only

20.97*

Bluechip Millionaire/Oil Baron oi Tycoon

28.25"

into A Color Macintosh'

Professional Software Trivia Fever

22.00'

Broderbund t ode Runnei

19.75*

Scarborough Mastertype

27.00*

Pryority Software Forbidden Quest

22.00*

CBS Goren-Sridge Made Easy

45.00*

Sierra On-Line King s Quest

27 00"

Scarborough M.ister Type

26.50*

CBS Mastering the SAT

81.00*

Sierra On-Line Crosstne

18.00*

Scarborough Run tor the Money

27.00*

CDEX Training tor WordSlar

37.25'

Sublogic Night Mission Pmball

20.00*

Simon & Schuster typing Tutor III

28.25*

Comprehensive Intro to Personal Computing

32.00"

Spinnaker Alphabet Zoo. Kinder Comp.

15.97*

Sir-Tech Wizardry

26.97*

Davidson Math Blaster Word Attack1

26.50"

Story Machine. Face Maker. Hey Diddle Diddle

Sir-Tech Knight ol Diamonds

18.97"

Davidson Speed Reader II

36.50*

rhymes <5 Riddles

Sir-Tech Rescue Raiders

18.97"

Hayden Sargon III

26.97*

Spinnaker Delia Drawing

24.97*

Sublogic Night Mission Pinball

20.00*

Individual Professor DOS

32.50*

Spinnaker Mos( Amazing Thing

20.77"

Spinnaker Alphabet Zoo, Face Maker.

15.97*

Individual The Instructor

24.50"

Virtual Combinatics Micro Cookbook

21.00*

Kinder Comp. Hey Diddle Diddle.

Rhymes & Riddles. Story Machine Spinnaker The Mosl Amazing Thing Spinnaker Delta Drawing T/Maker Click Art-Mac Only Warner Desk Organizer Videx Fun Pack-Mac Only Videx Mac Checkers & Reversal Videx Mac Vegas-Mac Only Videx Mac Gammon & Cnbbage-Mac Only Virtual Combinatics Micio CooftBook

20.77' 24.97" 29.97" 65.00* 19.77" 25.17* 31.00' 25.17* 21.00"

BUSINESS SOFTWARE FOR YOUR APPLE M & MACINTOSH

(Please add $2.50 shipping and handling for each title ordered from beiow.)

Apple Apple Works

$179.97

►Microsoft Word tin Macintosh

$102.25*

Borland International Turbo Pascal

30.00"

►Microsoft File lor Macintosh

102 25"

BPI GL APAR. PR. orlNV

211.50*

►Microsoft Mulliplan tor Macintosh

10225"

Broderbund Bank Street Writer

40.00*

Microsoft Basic tor Macintosh

85.00*

Central Point Copy II Plus or Copy II Mac

20.00"

Microsoft Chart lor Macintosh

66.25*

Funk Software Sideways

35.00"

Monogram Dollar:, & Sense

52.00*

Funsoft Macasm

60.00"

Monogram Dollars & Sense lor Macintosh

89.98"

Haba Habadex

40.00"

Odesta Heh* lor Macintosh Reg s 512K

237.00'

Haba Guarter Jazz Features Available Now

101.95'

Sensible Software Sensible Speller IV

67.50*

Harvard Mac Manager

29.95*

Sottcraft Fancy Fonts

125-00"

► Human (Edge Mind Prober

25.50"

Software Arts TK Solver'lor Mac

134.00"

► Human Edge Safes Edge

110.00'

Software Publishing PES File. Wnle. or Graph 68.00'

Human Edge Communication Edge

98.00"

Stoneware OB Master-Mac Tool

115.00"

►Living Videotext Thmk-Thank-Mac Tool

75.00*

Provue Overvue-Mac Only

135.00*

Main Street Filer-Mac Only

85.00*

Rio Grande Software Sohmaker II

85,00'

MECA Managing your Money

105.50'

Telos Filevision lor Mac

87.50*

HARDWARE FOR YOUR APPLE II & MACINTOSH

(Please add shipping and handling charges found in italics next to price.)

DISK DRIVES

MODEMS

Wholesale

Wholesale

Alps AP- W0A Dual Apple Drives in

Hayes Micromodem lie w/Smarlcom

$125.00* (2 50)

One Case

$309.00* (7 00)

Novation Apple Cat II

174.45* (3 50)

►Alps AP- W0C Slimline Dnve m Case

t59.00* (4001

Prometheus 1200 A

276.00* (6 00j

Apple MAC 400K8 External Dnve

349.95* (7 50!

Low Cost 1200 Baud Internal Modem lor Apple It

Haba MAC 800KB Double sided Dnve

315.00* I7 00I

Prentice Pop Com MAC Pack

322.00* 50)

Twice the Capacity-Reads Standard Disks'

1200 Baud Modem, Cable. Straightalk

Micro Sci A2 143KB Drive

165.00" (5 00)

Just like Apple's Own

ACCESSORIES

Micro Sci Floppy Controller 55.00'

PCNetwork 140K External Drive 115.00* tor Apple He

Rana Elite II63K Drive 225.00*

Rana Elite II326K Drive 320.00'

Rana Elite III 652K Drive 398.99"

Tecmar 5MB Removable Drive tor MAC 1.350.00'

Tecmar 10MB MAC Drive 1,350.00*

Tecmar 5MB MAC Drive Upgrade 1.295.00'

BOARDS AND BUFFERS

(2 50) (2.50)

(5.00) (7 00) (WOO) (29 16) (29 16) (27 97)

ALS Z-Engme

$129.00"

12

50)

AST Mulli it0-2 senallClock

155.00"

(2

50)

Microsoft Premium Sottcard lie

243.67"

12

50J

Microtek Dumpling GX

55.00"

(2

50J

Orange Micro Grappler *

96.90"

12

50)

Orange Micro Serial Grappler

78.00"

12

50)

PC Network ZB0 Card

35.00"

(2

50)

Quadram APICiG Graphics Interlace

62.00

(2

50)

Quadram e RAM-80

88.00*

(2

SO)

Quadram MulUcore— 1 Parallel/1 Serial'

140.00'

(2

50)

Clock/Expandable to 256K

Thunderware Thunderclock

104.00*

C2

50)

Apple Macintosh Carrying Case $74.00"

Apple Macintosh Security Kit 37.00*

Apple Macintosh Numeric Keypad 74.00'

Hayes Macn III Joystick w/Fire Button 31.00" for We

Kensington Disk Case 20.00"

Kcnsington Dust Cover lor MAC 8.25'

or imagewriier

Kensington Starter Pack 54.00"

Kensington Surge Protector 33.47'

Kensington Swivel 21.00'

Kensington System Saver Fan 56.97"

► Koala MacVision 203.00*

Koala Koalapad Touch Tablet 78.00*

M&R Sup-fl-Mod RF Modulation 44.00*

PC Network Cooling Fan with Surge 25.00*

Protector & Dual Outlets

PC Network SSDD Diskettes (Box ot 101 9.00*

PC Network Macintosh Diskettes 24.95*

Includes Free Flip 5 Fife Case These Diskettes arc Guaranteed lor Lite' No Generics

Sony MAC Diskettes (Box ol 10) 24.50*

(I 50) fl 50) 12 501

(I 50) fl 50)

13 00) 12 50) (2 50) 1150) O 00) 11 50) 11 50) (2 50)

(1001

II 50l

GAMES & EDUCATIONAL SOFTWARE FOR YOUR IBM

(Please add $1 shipping and handling for each title ordered from below.)

BUSINESS SOFTWARE FOR YOUR IBM

(Please add $2.50 shipping and handling tor each title ordered from below.)

►Ashton Tate DBasclll $310.00*

►Ashlon-Tate Framework 310.00'

Borland hirbo Pascal 25.75"

Borland Side Kick (Protected) 26.00'

Borland Turbo Pascal 8087 49.75'

Borland Superkey 34.75*

BPI at. A/RorA/l 205.00'

BPUurd 265.00*

BPI Personal Accounting 48.00'

►Central Point Copy UPC 20.00'

Conceptual Instruments Desk Organizer 157.00*

Digital Research CPiM-86 33.00*

Digital Research DR Logo 57.00'

Digital Research Gem Desktop 28.00'

Digital Research Gem Draw 73.00'

Enertronics Erwrgraphics with Plotter Option 235.00*

Funk Software Sideways 34.00'

►Harvard H.irvaro f'rofecf Manager 185.00'

Harvard total Protect Manager 240.00'

► Hayes SmartCOWI It-New VTlOO Emulator 68.00*

► Human Edge The Management Edge 137.50*

► Human Edge The Sales Edov 137.50*

► Human Edge MrndProoer 26.75* Lifotree Volkswriter Delux 135.00'

►Lotus Development Lotus 1-2-3 265.00"

MDBS Knowledgeman 245.00*

Micro Pro WordStar 2000 222.00*

Micro Pro WordSfar 20001

MicroRim Clout ►MicroRim RBase 5000

Midrosoft C Compiler

Microsoft Word-tales' Version 2 0

Microsoft Mulliplan

Microsoft Mouse

Monogram Dollars & Sense ► Multimate MulUmate flares' vt?rs«v»

Norton rVorfon Utilities 3 0

Oasis The Word Pius

Open Systems P'O Sales A-RINV GIL AiP Team Mgr

Power Base Power Base

Real World G/L AlP A R or OE/INV

RosesoH Prokey Version 3

Ryan McFarland RM COBOL tDev Systemi ►Samna Santna ill Word Processor

Samna Word ■ ►Sstetrte Software Word Perfect

Softcraft fancy Fort's

Softstyle StT-FX

Software Arts 7X1 Solver

Software Publishing PFS File. Wnle Graph

Software Publishing PES Heporf

Sorcim Supercalclll

Xanaro Ability

$262.00* 110.00" 325.00" 27500' 205.00" 105.00" 107.00' 102.00' 20000" 46.00* 90.00* 325.00"

22200' 34500'

74.00* 57000' 227 0032000" 19500" 125 00'

35.00* 222.00"

72.00*

64.00" 159 00' 252.00'

HARDWARE FOR YOUR IBM

(Please add shipping and handling charges found in italics next to price.)

DISK DRIVES

Apparat 512K Memory Board with 64K lOmega Bernoulli Bon Dual

10MG Drives MaynardWS-f 10MB Internal Hard Disk Maynard WS-2 same as WS-1 bul with

Wholesale

$132.00" tfS5) 2.275.00" (49 14)

73000" 930.00"

(1577) 120 30)

Sandstaar Floppy Controller (uses l slot! 19

►PCNetwod* tOMB INTERNAL Height AutobOOl Drive New lower price Drives by Shugart or Tandon

PCNetwork tOMBInternal TapeBackup 475.00* ff026' Same unit used in Compaq's DeskPro'

►PC Networtt FfStt Height Drives 77.50* 11 G7)

Wholesnle

S317.00

(2 501

225.00

(2 501

34S.00'

(2501

275.00

(2 50t

) fmporf it

eBran

Name OnVM Directly from the Source

► Tandon 1M 100 ? Full Height DSDD Drives Tallgrass 25M0 External/Hard Disk

with 60MB Tape Backup

► Teac FD 55-B Halt Height DSDD Drives ►Teac I 2MB Hall Height Disk Drive lor AT

MULTIFUNCTION CARDS

90.00" 110.00'

(1 94) (2 40)

Apparat 256K Memory Board with 64K

► AST Six Pack Plus With 64K AST I/O Plus II

AST Advantage lor AT

► Everex Magic Card/64K

Full Six Pack Features-Game Port

Included Extra Software ORCHID Blossom w'64K Quadram Improved Quadboard w'OK Tecmar Captain Multifunction Card w'OK

$81.00" (I 75i

222.00* (2 501

120.00* (2 50)

375.00* (2 50)

200.00* (2 50) 170.00* f2 50) 146.00* (2 50)

MODEMS

Hayes Smartmodem 12008 with New

Smartcom 11/ VTlOO £mu)aior Prometheus Promodem 1200B

Internal Modem AST Reach' Short Slot 1200 Baud

Internal Modem Quadram Ouadmodemll 1200 Baud

Hall Card w'Crosstalk XVI

VIDEO CARDS

Hercules Color Card wiParallel Port $142.00*

Hercules Monochrome Graphics Card 273.00*

Paradise Modu'ar Graphics Card 244.00'

Persyst Bob Card UHra Hires Color 365.00"

Card wifr; Mono Quality Text in Color

STSGraphixPlusll 235.00'

/simultaneous Mono Graphics & Color!

ACCESORIES

Brand Name DSDD Diskettes $14.00'

Guaranteed lor Lite'Not Generic' Curtiss PC Pedestal II 32.50' Koala Speed Key System 101.50" PC Network Replacemenf 130 Wan 90.00' IBM-PC Power Supply-Gives your PC the same Capacity as an XT Good lor addm TapeDrives twithoul need lor a piggyback unitl and large capacity disk drives SMA PC Doucumate-Keyboard Templates 9.99* lor Lofus'D SASf:/Mulrimafe and others (Each)

(320) 12 50) 12 501 (2 50)

(2 50) (2 50) (2 70)

MEMORY CHIPS

(All Memory Chips Guaranteed for Life!)

►64K Memory Upgrade Kits (9 Chips)

Quantity Discounts Available' ►64K Dynamic Ram Chips (Each)

► 256K Dynamic Ram Chips (fJachJ

► 12BK IBM AT Piggyback Chips (Each)

EXTERNAL MODEMS

Anchor Mark XII Hayes Smartmodem 300 Hayes Smartmodem 1200

► Hayes Smartmodem 2400 Prometheus Promodem 1200

External 100% Hayes Compatible

► U.S. Robotics Courier 24Q0BPS Modem

► U.S. Robotics Password

LOWEST PRICE I200BPS Modem'

Wholesale

$7.20' (I 00)

.80* f I 00) 4.35* (/ 00J

$230.00*

(5 00)

125.00"

(5 00)

355.00*

(5 00)

568.00*

(5 00)

279.00'

(6 00)

525.00"

(5 00)

195.00"

(4 00)

MONITORS

Wholesale

Amdek Video 300G Composite Green $110.00' (3 00) Amdek Video 300A Composite Amber 120.00' (3 001 Amdek Video 310A IBM Type Amber 130,00" (3 00)

Amdek Color 300-Composile 215.00* (4 54)

Amdek Color 600-High Res RGB 365,00" (7 88)

Amdek Cotor 700-Ultra High Res 455.00* (9 83)

Amdek Cotor 710- 700 w/Non Glare

Long Phosphor PnncBton HX-12 RGB Monitor Princeton M4X-f2e RGB/Mono Quadram Oiiridt:)ircirne II New' •

640X200 RGB wl 14~ Screen/

Black, Phosphor Mask/IBM Case ►Samsung \T TTL IBM Type AmDer 89.50* (5 OOi

A great looking!performing monochrome from ffie

mrWK'aclt>rer of IBM's own color monitor Zenith ZVM-123 Green High res 76.00* (2 50)

(Consumer Reports Rated Best Buy)

COMPLETE SYSTEMS

Wholesale

475.99* (10 481

CALL CALL

370.00*

Apple Macintosh Base System AT4T 7300 Unix PC

10MB Hard Disk/1 Floppy/512K ► COMPAQ I Unit Disk Potiable

WMB Hard Disk/Floppy/'256K COMPAQ DeskPro/Tape Backup System 3,018.14" (65 20) W/640K/1 Floppy/ 10MB Hard Disk/ 10MB Tape Drive/Monitor

CALL $3,699.00* (79 90)

2,285.00" elf 35J

Wholesale CALL

Columbia Desktop & Portable Systems IBM PC Base System 2DSDD/FDCr256K 1,495.02* (32 55) IBM PC Professional Hard Disk 1.B86.62* 140 75)

IBM PC'AT Alt Contigs CALL Sanyo MBC 550 "Lowes* Cost Compatible ' 620.00* 113 39) SanyoMBC 775 Color Portable IBM Cone 1.775.00* 138 00) 2Drives Cotor Mom-or 256K

18 211

TERMS & CONDITIONS

'PC NETWORK—Members pay just 8% above the wholesale price, plus shipping. All priceB rolled 3 3% cash dlscounl Minimum shipping $2.50 per order Inlernalional orders call for shipping & handling charges. Pursonal checks plcoso allow 10 working days lo clear.

tRENT BEFORE YOU BUY-Members are eligible lo join Ihe NETWORK'S Business and Game software Rental Libraries and evaluate products (or a lull 14 (Regular! or 30 (VIP) days to see if il meels your needs. And The NETWORK'S rental charges are far less than other software renlal services-Just 20% OF THE MEMBER WHOLESALE PRICE. Rental titles available in IBM/Apple/MAC and CP/M Formats. Hardware prices highliled by ► relied recent major price reductions

► Citizen MSP-)0W£W I60CPS'80COL/Fric + Trac

►Citiien MSP-15 NEW

160CPSI132COLIFnc * Trac ►Citizen MSP-20NEW

200CPS/80COHFnc ' Trac ►Citizen MSP-25 NEW

200CPSI l32CPS/Fnc * Trac

C. Itoh E10I40 Starwriter 40 CPS LQ

C. Itoh Prownfer 0510 AP ►Epson LX-B0 I0QCPS 80COL I Q Mode New Model"

► Epson FX-80

► Epson FX-100 Epson LO f500

►NEC 2030 20CPS LO Parallel

► NEC 2050 20CPS L offer OoaMy Printer

► NEC 3530 33CPS L Q Parallel

PRINTERS

►NEC 3550 33CPS (.Offer Quality Printer ►NEC 8850 55CPS Pnnfer 1 ►Okidata ML 182 New 120CPS/LQ

Model FRIC'IBM Graphics • more $399 00" 18 621 ^O^idala Ml 192 New Sleek Design/

WOCPSLQ Mode/FriciIBM Graphics ►Okidata NEW' Coto' 20 80CPS/100 ■

Colors/LQ Mode/IBM Graphics/ • More IRequires Interlace)

$280,00* (605) $399.00* (862)

$520.00* (1123)

$960 00* 120 74) 1.330.00* (28 73) 200 00* (4 34)

325.00' (7 35J

109.00* (2 35)

875.00* (1890)

285.00*

205.00"

(6 16)

(4 43)

(6 37) (8 86)

295.00' 410.00* CALL

605.00" 113 00) 605.00* (1300) 960.00' (20 74)

► Okidata NEW'IBM Interface lot Okimate

65.00*

ft

50)

Color 20

Okidata ML84P200CPS 132COL

599.00"

(12

94)

Okidata ML93P I60CPS Wide Platen

533.00*

(11

50)

Okidata 24 WP Pacemark 350CPS

1,620.00"

(3b

00)

Qume Sprm) 1140 40CPS Letter Quality

1.155.00'

(24

00)

Star Micronics Power type 18CPS

300.00*

(6

■Ml

Letter Quality

ToshibaP-13408COL Version olP-1351

530.00'

(11

45)

Toshiba P351 New' 288CPS/ 132COL

1,110.00*

(23

98)

COMPLETE SYSTEMS

(Local warranty service available in most major metro areas)

IBM PC BASE SYSTEM

IBM PC W/256K

Floppy Drive Controller 2 Double Sided Double Density Disk Drives

$1,495.02*

iniMi!

it

CALL FOR LATEST IBM ANNOUNCEMENTS

IBM PC HARD DISK SYSTEM

IBM PC W/256K Floppy Drive Controller 1 Double Sided Double

Density Disk Drive Half Height 10MB

Disk Subsystem

$1,886.62*

CUSTOM CONFIGURATIONS WELCOME

PORTABLE HARD DISK SYSTEM

W256K/1 Floppy/ 10MB Hard Disk

comma

TM

$2,285.00*

DESKPRO SYSTEM WITH TAPE BACKUP

640K CPU/1 Floppy/10MB Hard Disk 10MB Tape Drive/Monitor

$3,018.14*

APPLE lie m Prices Too Low To Print!!!

MACINTOSH BASE SYSTEM

64K MEMORY EXPANSION KITS

Quantity Discounts Available. Guaranteed for Life!

*****

**'S

Set of 9 Chips

$7.20*

BRAND NAME DISKETTES Guaranteed for Life! (Quantity Discounts Available.)

SS/DDFor APPLE II & III Box of 10 $9.00*

DS/DDBoxol 10 14.00*

MACINTOSH Box of 10 Includes free FlipS File Case 24.95*

1/2 HEIGHT DS/DD DISK DRIVES

$77.50'

$265.00*

INTERNAL PC HARD DISK 10MB

$419.00*

20MB

$555.00*

$310.00*

'Members pay 8% above this wholesale price plus shipping.

orders and

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CHAOS MANOR

rugged enough. It's quiet again, and it sure is faster than a normal Mac.

David Ramsey of Corvus Systems heard that Alex was bringing my machine up and arranged to bring one of the new Corvus hard-disk drives for the Macintosh over to the Workman booth. They plugged it in. Worked fine. Workman now had the

most complete Macintosh in the show: two floppy-disk drives, 512 K bytes of memory, and two hard-disk drives. Needless to say, in that configuration the Macintosh is speedy.

I'm told that my second Macintosh just arrived. It's being converted to a MegaMac (full megabyte of memory), after which it gets the Corvus hard

Yodre inGoodCompany When Y)u Program inBetterBASIC

All of these companies rely on BetterBASIC to write their software programs. They have found that BetterBASIC combines the features they need from BASIC, Pascal, C and Forth in one familiar environment. Some of these features include the following. 640K Now you can use the full memory of your PC to develop large programs. STRUCTURED Create well organized programs using procedures and functions that are easily identified and understood and completely reusable in future programs. MODULAR Use procedures and functions grouped together to form "library modules." INTERACTIVE BetterBASIC acts like an interpreter, responding to the users' commands in an immediate mode. However, each statement is actually compiled as it is entered. EXTENSIBLE Create your own BetterBASIC modules which contain BetterBASIC extensions (ideal for OEMs). COMPILED Each line ft, of the program is compiled as it is entered

into the computer's memory rather than interpreted at runtime. The optional Runtime System generates EXE. files. BetterBASIC Runs on IBM PC, IBM PC/XT and compatibles. CALL 1-800-225-5800 (In Canada: 416-469-5244) Order BetterBASIC now. or write Summit Software Technology, Inc.T", P.O. Box 99, Babson Park, Wellesley, MA 02157. Prices are listed below.

BetterBASIC: $199 Runtime Svstem: S250 8087 Math Module: $99

Order the BetterBASIC sample disk which

includes a demo, a tutorial, compatibility

issues and more. Only $10.

MasterCard. VISA. P.O. Checks. Money Order. COD. accepted.

BetlerBASIC is a registered trademark of Summit Software Technology. Inc.

IBM PC and IBM PC/XT are registered trademarks of International Business Machines Corp. Tandy is a registered trademark of Tandy Corp. Illustrated above are registered I ■ trademarks of the following com

■ ^ panics: Mobil Oil Corp.: A T & T: General Electric Co.: Westinghouse Electric Corp,; TKVt'. Inc.

ALSO AVAILABLE FOR THE TANDY 2000, 1200 AND 1000

disk. I'll then compare MegaMac plus Corvus with the HyperDrive. Report Real Soon Now.

Games and Syntax

One chap who came looking for me at the Workman booth was Bob Woodhead, coauthor of the popular Wizardry I game. He had the latest version for the Macintosh, and it didn't take long to get me playing it. If you have a 512K-byte Mac, the whole game (more or less) fits into and fills memory; this speeds things up considerably. You can play Wizardry I on the 128K-byte Mac, but be prepared to wait for disk accesses.

Wizardry I is complex. At bottom it's supposed to be like the dungeonesque game TSR bombastically threatens to sue you for mentioning, in that you take a party of adventurers into a maze-like dungeon, where you encounter all sorts of monsters. You can fight or run, and if you fight, your magic-using characters can cast spells.

It's all very interesting, and when I got Wizardry I home, 1 spent too much time playing about with it. I'm not sure what the game's fascination is. I hate mapping mazes, and there's more of that than anything else with Wizardry I.

Mostly, though, it got me to thinking about games and programs.

Adventure/exploration games come in a lot of flavors, but tonight I'm interested in two basic classifications: menu-driven, like Wizardry I, and command-driven, like the original Adventure game of Crowther and Woods.

Menu games can be fascinating. Wizardry I has lots of graphics and considerable ingenuity. At bottom, though, what you can do is known in advance to both you and the computer. You give a command, and the machine does it. The program needs no ingenuity, since if you give a command that's not on the menu, neither you nor the machine has a problem. In Wizardry 1 the machine either beeps or responds with "What?" In both cases, you simply enter a new command.

[continued)

314 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 312

SNEAK PREVIEW

of a powerful

NEW SOFTWARE METAPHOR

WANTED: People with Imagination, an IBM PC, and $59.95.

by Paul Heckel

President, QuickView Systems and author, Elements of Friendly Software Design

Rarely does a software product introduce a new conceptual metaphor. VisiCalc introduced the electronic spreadsheet; Thinktank, the electronic outliner; and now Zoomracks, the electronic rack. Let me tell you what electronic racks are, why I think they are important, and how you can get to try them risk-free at a savings now and maybe help shape their final form to your liking.

New Metaphor:

Originally designed to keep track of lists, names and addresses, appointments, notes, and other information on portable computers, electronic racks provide a simple, consistent and rich organizational metaphor for data base, text, and other applications.

Zoomracks starts with something familiar: racks—like those filled with

ZOOMRACKS SPECIFICATIONS:

■ Copy and move fields, cards, and text into different fields, cards and racks.

■ Define and change card templates.

■ ASCII MS/DOS file format for conversion to other data formats.

■ Utilities to convert DBASE 11 files.

■ Macros.

■ Simple Wordstar-like editor.

■ Easy to learn and easy to use for both occasional and frequent users.

■ Display sizes: 6 x 25 to 25 x 80.

■ 8 racks on screen, in memory; 30 fields/card; 80 characters/line; 250 lines/field, 20,000 cards/rack.

■ Runs on 256K IBM PC.

HBHEE^^HH i memory c sm.es points

Km Ct| I ml HUB I 31•HP* J ** Mftl Q ?*t iis» Xm crd rck jlO'Sh bryit Utl 3W8 LoritM ^ch SI3 Dp 2 fcV (Up wrk fr any P«rn. Err Aid f.(M!,, tun Shp Rail I ft? 77 3 Gnr prd ipr any dp '|pih Pts S DAI Htl III Fah W s Crll * Kich Vi:;ul InUrfc

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it

MKjHH1 riwohv &. sales poikts

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time cards next to time clocks in factories. You can see the first line of each card, and take out a card to look at it in detail. You expect the cards in a rack to be in order, several racks to be next to each other; and to be able to move cards from one rack to another.

You might put names and addresses in one, appointments in a second, notes in a third, sales orders in a fourth, memos in a fifth, and archived appointments or notes (moved or copied from the second or third rack) in a sixth rack. To do something with Zoomracks, first ask yourself: "How could I do it with cards in racks?"

Windows illuminate like a flashlight in a dark room

Racks are displayed with Smart Zooms. While windows sacrifice the big picture to let you see the detail, Smart Zooms squeeze out the detail to always show you a recognizable big picture—whether a long shot of several racks, a closeup of one rack, or an extreme closeup of a single card.

One time offer for Byte Readers

If you like to stretch new products and influence their final form, we want your feedback. That is why we are introducing Zoomracks in this issue of Byte. We are making a one time offer of a Sneak Preview Edition of Zoomracks at an affordable price so you can try it and give us your feed

HAHES

GtiUdit. Casper, Esq. HY/-tlH8

0'::(...!uUr:v..f. BrigiH U0B-MH5

Pcrirw. title fill- (.IMS

rhur*by. Floyd

disc, Sid I.H-12W

a. .Modify*, 3. .Goto*, d. .Other*, d..Display F>_

1211 )

Before developing Zoomracks, Paul Heckel studied what made VisiCalc and other software powerful, useful, easy to use, and successful. He crystallized his thoughts in a book. This is what people are saying about this book, The Elements of Friendly Software Design:

It is the first computing book I've ever read nonstop pom cover to cover . . . one of the few books Yve read on any topic that actually delivers what it promises . . .

—Dave Bunnell, PC World Publisher

Entertaining and instructional . . . will affect the way I program from now on. —David Clark, Byte Magazine

Informative, useful and entertaining. Will help improve your communications skills in any medium . . . —Robert Burton, President, Rolodex

The Elements of Friendly Software Design is available at your local bookstore for $8.95 or by calling 800-443-0100 EXT 341. You can also order by writing QUICKVIEW SYSTEMS, 146 Main St., Suite 404, Los Altos, CA 94022. Add an additional $2.50 for postage and handling. Payment must accompany order.

back in time to make a difference before we officially introduce Zoomracks in November.

What you get for $59.95

■ The Sneak Preview edition of Zoomracks;

■ A free upgrade to the first run edition of Zoomracks;

■ An acknowledgement in the user manual if you are the first to suggest an improvement we use;

■ A six-month unconditional moneyback guarantee.

To order the Sneak Preview Edition

$59.95 copy protected $79.95 copy unprotected

CALL 800-443-0100 EXT 341

OR WRITE QUICKVIEW SYSTEMS

146 Main Street, Suite 404 Los Altos, CA 94022

The Wide key (function fl) toggles between displaying the working racks (left two screens) and the current rack full (right two screens). Smart Zooms compress out detail to keep the big picture.

The Yank key (function f2) toggles between displaying the first lines of cards in racks (top two screens), and the current card (bottom two screens). In these pictures Zoomracks is using a 10 by 60 screen.

AUGUST 1985 - BYTE 315

THE CMO ADVANTAGE HOME COMPUTERS PORTABLE COMPUTERS MODEMS

v> THE BEST PRICES!

y> Next day shipping on all in stock items.

s Free easy access order inquiry.

s Orders trom outside

Pennsylvania and Nevada save state sales tax.

s Free technicial support with our factory trained technical staff.

>-« There is no limit and no deposit on C.O.D. orders.

s There's no extra charge for using your credit card. Your card is not charged until we ship.

s No waiting period for cashiers checks.

s We accept purchase orders from qualified corporations. Subject to approval.

^ Educational discounts available to qualified institutions.

^ FREE CATALOG MEMBERSHIP

ORDER LINE

1-800-233-8950

m PA 1-800-242-4215

CUSTOMER SERVICE & TECH SUPPORT

1-717-327-1450

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Dept. A108, 477 E. Third St. Williamsport, PA 17701

WEST

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MEMBER DIRECT MARKETING ASSOCIATION

CREDIT CARDS

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rip. j Inquiry 72

Shipping"™

Add 3%. minimum $5.00 shipping and handling on all orders. Larger shipments may require additional charges.

All items subject to availability and price change.

Returned shipments may be subject to a restocking fee.

1-800-268-4559

Other Provinces

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In Toronto

TELEX: 06-218960

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All prices shown are for U.S.A. orders.

Call The Canadian Office for Canadian prices.

APPLE

APPLE lie CALL

APPLE lie CALL

MaclNTOSH CALL

lie LCD Display CALL

Macintosh Software

Lotus Jazz CALL

Microsoft Excel CALL

Microsoft Business Pak $375.00

Living Videotex!

ThinkTank 512 $159.00

Manhatten Ready, Set. Go $79.99

Crelghton Development

Mac Spell $69.99

Monogram Dollars & Sense....$99.99 Peachtree Back to Basics - GL$109.00 PFS File & Report (New Version)$129.00 Silicon Beach Airborn $25.99

A ATARI

130XE (128K) CALL

S20ST (512K) CALL

800XL 64K CALL

850 Interface $119.00

1010 Recorder $49.99

1020 Color Printer $79.99

1025 Dol Matrix Printer $199.99

1027 Letter Quality Printer $269.99

1030 Direct Connect Modem $59.99

1050 Disk Drive $179.99

Touch Tablet $64.99

7097 Atari Logo $69.99

4018 Pilot (Home) $57.99

5049 VisiCalc $49.99

4011 Star Raiders $12.99

4022 PacMan $16.99

8036 Atari Writer $79.99

BOARDS FOR ATARI

Axlon 32K $39.99

Axlon 48K (400) $69.99

Axlon 128K $269.99

Microbits 64K (600) $109.00

Bit 3 Full View 80 $229.00

£e commodore

C128 Computer SNEW

C1571 (Disk Drive lor C128) SNEW

C19D2 (RGB 13" Monitor lor C128)....SNEW C1670 (Modem lor C128) SNEW

SX-64 Portable CALL

Commodore Plus 4 $199.00

CBM 64 $149.00

C1541 Disk Drive $199.00

C1530 Datasette $39.99

M-801 Dot Matrix Printer $189.00

M-802 Dot Matrix/Serial $219.00

MCS 803 Dot Matrix $179.00

C1802 Color Monitor $199.00

C1660 Auto Modem $59.99

□ PS 1101 Daisy Printer $339.00

Professional Software

Fleet System II w/Spell^ $49.99

Trivia Fever $29.99

Word Pro 4 Plus/5 Plus each...$239.00

Info Pro $179.00

Administrator $399.00

Power $69.99

File (64) $59.99

Report (64) $49.99

Precision Software

Superbase 64 $54.99

BATTERIS^i INCLUDED

PaperClip w/Spell Pack $79.99

The Consultant DBMS $69.99

Bus Card II $139.00

80 Col Display $139.00

What HEWLETT

ML KM PACKARD

41CV $189.99

41CX $249.99

HP 71B $419.99

HP 11C $62.99

HP 12C/15C/16C $89.99

HP 750 $999.99

HPIL Module $98.99

HPIL Cassette or Printer $359.99

Card Reader $143.99

Extended Function Module $63.99

Time Module $63.99

We stock the full line of HP calculator products

NEC

PC-8401 CALL

PC-8201 Portable Computer ...$289.00

PC-8231 Disk Drive $599.00

PC-8221A Thermal Printers $149.00

PC-8281A Data Recorder $99.99

PC-8201-06 8K RAM Chips $105.00

SHARP

PC-1350 $159.99

PC '261 $159.99

PC-1260 $109.99

PC-1500A $165.99

PC-1250A $88.99

CE-125 Printer/Cassette $128.99

CE-150 Color Printer Cassette.$171.99 CE-161 16K RAM $134.99

Anchor

Volksmodem $59.99

Volksmodem XII $189.99

Mark XII (1200 Baud) $259.00

Signalman Express $299.00

Lightning 2400 Baud $399.00

ID Hayes

Smartmodem 300 $145.00

Smartmodem 1200 $389.00

Smartmodem 1200B $359.00

Smartmodem 2400 $699.00

Micromodem Me $249.00

Smart Com II $89.99

Chronograph $199.00

Transet 1000 CALL

AST

Reach 1200 Baud Hall Card....$399.00

nw miCROBITS

MPP-1000E AD/AA (Atari) $79.99

MPP-1064 AD/AA (C-64) $69.99

Novation]^

DRIVES

HARD

ALLOY

PC Stor CALL

IBlLsocimcs

5 meg Removable/Internal $1399.00

10 meg Fixed/Internal $1249.00

15 meg 5 Removable/10 Fixed$2149.00 25 meg 5 Removable/20 Fixed$2499.00

[•MEGA'

10 Meg Bernoulli Box $2099.00

20 meg Bernoulli Box $2599.00

5 meg "MacNoulli" $1599.00

fTALLGRASS TECHNOLOGIES COMMITTED TO MtMO*T

12. 25, 35, 50, 80 meg (PC) from $1499.00

FLOPPY

INDUS

Apple GT $209.00

Atari GT $239.00

C-64 GT $259.00

A1.5 Apple $199.00

A2 Apple $199.00

SD1 C-64 Single $219.00

SD2 C-64 Dual $469.00

l an cl on

320K 514" (PC) $119.00

TEAC

320K 5Vj $119.00

ACCESSORIES

key tronic

KB5150/KB5151/KB5151Jr CALL

KB5152B/KB5153/KB5149Jr CALL

MEMORY CHIPS

4164 RAM Chips (ea.)$1.99

Pronounce Speech Input System $499.00

Microphonics

Smart Cat Plus $319.00

J-Cat $99.99

Novation 2400 CALL

Apple Cat II $229.00

212 Apple Cat II $379.00

Apple Cat 212 Upgrade $229.00

Macmodem $319.00

QUADtMM^

Quadmodem II M-csl/

300/1200 $339.00

300/1200/2400 $499.00

TELE LEARNING

C64 300 Baud (Closeout) $39.00

ZT-1 $339.00

ZT-10 $309.00

ZT-11 $369.00

Z-22 Video Data Terminal $529.00

DISKETTES

maxell.

3*4" SS/DD $39.99

3</2" DS/DD $54.99

5'/4" MD-1 w/Hardcase $17.99

5'/4" MD-2 w/Hardcase S23.99

5'A" MD-2-HD for AT $44.99

Verbalim,

5V<" SS/DD $21.99

5%" DS/DD $29.99

Disk Analyzer $24.99

Elephant 5%" SS/SD $13.99

Elephant 5V4" SS/DD $15.99

Elephant SW DS/DD $16.99

Elephant EMSP 5Vt" $24.99

514" DS/DD $26.99

DISK HOLDERS

INNOVATIVE CONCEPTS

Flip-in-File 10 S3.99

Flip-ln-Flle 50 $17.99

Flip-in-File 50 w/lock $24.99

Flip-in-File (400/800 ROM) $11.99

AMARAY

50 Disk Tub SV<" $9.99

30 Disk Tub 3V2M $8.99

§.\ll I ll(.v|\l I liMt

Wood Disk Holder CALL

GRAPHICS

IBM $89.99

Apple/Franklin $79.99

■Polaroid

Palette $1299.00

PRINTERS

PC COMPATIBLES

300 Green $129.00

300 Amber $139.00

310 Amber IBM-Plug $169.00

Color 300 Composite $239.00

Color 500 Composite/RGB $389.00

Color 600 Hi-Res (640x240) $399.00

Color 700 Hi-Res (720x240) $499.00

Color 710 Long Phosphor $579.00

12" Amber/Green Composite $99.99

12" Amber/Green TTL (ea.) $119.00

NEC

JB 1260 Green $59.99

JB 1201/1205 (ea.) $99.99

JB 1270 Green $139.00

JB 1275 Amber $149.00

JB 1280 G TTL/1285 A TTL $149.00

JC 1460 Color $269.00

JC 1410 RGB $669.00

PRINCETON

MAX-12E Amber $189.00

HX-9 9" RGB $469.00

HX-9E Enhanced $519.00

HX-12 12" RGB $469.00

HX-12E Enhanced $559.00

SR-12 Hi-Res $599.00

SR-12 P Enhanced $649.00

115 12" Green Mono $119.00

116 12" Amber Mono $119.00

121 Green TTL $139.00

122 Amber TTL $149.00

400 Med-Res RGB $299.00

420 Hi-Res RGB (IBM) $429.00

440 Ultra Hi-Res RGB $559.00

8400 Ouadchrome I $479.00

8410 Ouachrome II $429.00

8420 Amberchrome $179.00

8500 Quad Screen $1499.00

ZVM 122/123 $79.99

ZVM 124 IBM Amber $149.00

ZVM 130 Color $269.00

ZVM 131 Color $249.00

ZVM 133 RGB $429.00

ZVM 135 RGB/Color $459.00

ZVM 136 RGB/Color $599.00

1220. 1230, 1240 CALL

Wpractkal

Graphcard.. ~. $79.99

Seriall Card $99.99

Microbutler II + $169.00

Microbuffer 32K $189.00

Microfazer tram $139.00

Elazer (Epson) from $79.99

jjjgOrange micro

Grappler CD (C64) $99.99

Grappler + (Apple) $89.99

Grappler 16K+ (Apple) $159.00

DIGITAL DEVICES

Ape Face (Atari) $49.99

U-Print A (Atari) $54.99

U-A16/Butler (Atari) $74.99

U-Ca!l Interface (Atari) $39.99

U-Print C (C64) $49.99

P-16 Print Buffer $74.99

nwp miCROBITS

MB1150 Parallel (Atari) $79.99

MPP-1150 Parallel (Atari) $69.99

MP-1150XL (Atari 1200XL) $69.99

MicroSlufler 64K Print Buffer...$109.00

AT-100 Atari Interface Printer...$139.00

AT-550 Atari Dual Mode $249.00

GP-100 Parallel Interface $189.00

GP-700 Color Printer $449.00

GP-550 Parallel Printer $239.00

Penman 3-pen $289.00

^CITIZEN

MSP-10 (80 col.) $349.00

MS" '5 (132 col.) $499.00

MSP-20 (80 col.) $489.00

MSP-25 (132 col.) $679.00

C.ITOH

Prowriter 7500 $219.00

Prowriter 8510P $299.00

Prowriter 8510 NLQ $329.00

Prowriter 1550P $469.00

F10-40P Starwriter $869.00

F10-55 Printmaster $1049.00

ComWriterll Letter Quality $399.00

corona

Lazer LP-300 $2799.00

DIABLO

D25 Daisywheel $599.00

630-109 Daisywheel $1749.00

D801F Daisywheel CALL

d*isywriter

2000 $749.00

EPSON

RX-80, FX-80 + , LX-80, JX-80 CALL

FX-100 + , RX-100, LQ1500 CALL

Homewriter 10 CALL

NEW! LX-90, SQ-2000, DX10, DX20, HS-80 CALL

■JUKI

6000 Letter Quality CALL

6100 Letter Quality CALL

6300 Letter Quality CALL

NEC

8027 Transportable $299.00

2000 Series $699.00

3000 Series $1099.00

8000 Series $1499.00

ELF 360 $449.00

OKIDATA

84. 182. 192. 193. 2410 CALL

Okimale 10 (Specify C64/Atari)$199.00 Okirnate 20 (IBM) CALL

OLYMPIA

Needlepoint Dot Matrix $299.00

Compact RO $339.00

Compact 2 $369.00

Panasonic

KX1090 $199.00

KX1091 $279.00

KX1092 $409.00

KX1093 $599.00

Quadjel $399.00

Quadlaser CALL

silYER-REtO

500 Letter Quality $279.00

550 Letter Quality $419.00

770 Letter Quality $759.00

SB/SD/SG/SR Series CALL

Powertype Letter Quality CALL

SG-10C (C64 Interface) $NEW

TOSHIBA

1340 (80 column) $599.00

P351 (132 column) $1299.00

IBM PC SYSTEMS

Configured to your

specification. Call for Best Price!

IBM-PC, IBM-PC II, IBM-XT, IBM-AT III

ITT X-TRA

256K, 2 Drive System CALL

256K.10 meg Hard Drive System CALL

ypATtT

Safari (7300) CALL

6300 CALL

SOFTWARE FOR IBM

Electronic Desk $199.00

ASHTONTATE ■

Framework $399.00

dBase II $299.00

dBase III $389.00

BBORlPflD INK HNAttONAl

Turbo Pascal 3.0 $49.99

Sidekick $39.99

.ELECTRONIC ARTS'"

Get Organized $69.99

Cut -n- Paste $39.99

Music Construction $29.99

One -on- One $29.99

Financial Cookbook $34.99

^6 1 larvard Software Inc.

Harvard Project Manager $209.00

Total Project Manager $269.00

Human Edge™

Communication Edge $99.99

Management Edge $119.00

Negotiation Edge $139.00

Sales Edge $119.00

PC Paintbrush $94.99

• Lotus

Symphony $439.00

1-2-3 $309.00

III MicroPro

WordStar 2000 $249.00

WordStar 2000+ $319.00

MICROSOFT.

Flight Simulator $39.99

MultiPlan $129.00

EESSSajiJj

Crosstalk $89.99

O MICRORIM

R:Base 4000 $249.00

R:Base 5000 $399.00

Clout 20 $129.00

MultiMate

..$249.00

Multi Mate

PeachPack (GL/AP/AR) $199.00

IBM/APPLE

Access (NEW) $79.99

Write/Graph/File/Plan (ea).$79.99

Report $74.99

Proof $59.99

Mac Software CALL

Professional Software

PC Plus/The Boss $249.00

SOFTWARE GROUP

Enable $369.00

Accounting SORCIM/IUS

AP/AR/GL/INV/OE (ea).$295.00

Supercalc III $195.00

EasyWriter II System $195.00

Super Project $195.00

SPI

Open Access $379.00

SSI Software

Word Perfect $239.00

synapse

File Manager (IBM)..." $39.99

THOUGHTWARE

Trigger $289.00

Sell. Sell. Sell

Training $299.00

Application $179.00

PC-151-21 Single Desktop CALL

PC-151-52 Dual Desktop CALL

PC-151-53 10 meg Desktop CALL

PC-161-21 Single Portable CALL

PC-161-52 Dual Portable CALL

Z-200 (AT) CALL

171 (Portable) CALL

138 (Transportable).... ,<£^ CALL

148 (DeskTop) (Jr CALL

corona

PPC400 Dual Portable $1799.00

PPCXT 10 meg Portable $2399.00

PC40022 10 meg Desktop $1999.00

®SANYO

MBC 550-2 Single Drive $699.00

MBC 555-2 Dual Drive $969.00

MBC 775 Portable $1599.00

MBC 511 10 meg CALL

MBC 675 Portable CALL

MBC 880 Desktop CALL

MULTIFUNCTION CARDS

/tsr

Six Pack Plus $239.00

Mega Plus II $269.00

I/O Plus II $139.00

Advantage-AT $399.00

Graph Pak $599.00

Monograph Plus $399.00

Preview Mono $299.00

PC Net Cards $379.00

5251/11 On-line $799.00

5251/12 Remote $579.00

3780 Emulation Card $639.00

BSC Bisync $489.00

IRMA 3270 . $879.00

IRMA Print $999.00

=EEVEREX

Color Card (Graphics Edge) $299.00

Magic Card $199.00

HERCULES

Graphics $299.00

Color $159.00

fills soctatcs IDEAmax - ZPR, 64K. C, S. P.$229.00

IDEAmini - YPR, C, S, P $189.00

IDEAminimax - MPR 128K $229.00

IDEAshare Soltware $219.00

IDEA 5251 $699.00

MYLEX

The Chairman $489.00

PARADISE

Modular Graphics Card $274.00

Multi Display Card $289.00

Five Pack C. S $159.00

PERSYST

Bob Board $389.00

PLANTRONICS

Color Plus $369.00

Captain - 64...' 1 $239.00

Captain Jr. 128K $339.00

Graphics Master $469.00

Quadport-AT $119.00

Quadmeg - AT (128K) $349.00

The Gold Quadboard $449.00

The Silver Quadboard $239.00

Expanded Quadboard $219.00

Quad 512 + $229.00

Liberty $309.00

QuadSprint $499.00

QuadLink $399.00

Quadcolor 1 $199.00

QuadJr. Expansion Chassis $469.00

Expansion Chassis Memory $199.00

Quadmem. Jr $199.00

Chronagraph $79.99

Parallel Interface Board $64.99

GenTech

IBM SYSTEM SPECIALS

256K. 2 Drives SCall

256K.1 Drive & 10 MB Hard SCall

IBM AT All Models SCall

CORONA 400 Series SCall

FUJITSU Micro 16s (8086/Z80A) S1995

"If

KAVPRO All Models SCall

LEADING EDGE PC SCall

MORROW DESIGNS All Models. . . SCall

NCR All Models SCall

NEC APC-III PACKAGES

w/2 Dr, Wordstar Pro Pk, 2050 . . S2299

w/plotter. digitizer & AutoCAD . . . SCall

SEEQUA Chameleon/Plus SCall

WANG

PCW/256K. 2 Dr SCall

Olfice Assistant w/printer SCall

ZENITH

ZF-151 -52vsr/Zenitti Monitor. . . . SCall ZF-T 51-21 w/10 MB Hard Disk. . .SCall ZF-161-52 (Portable, 2 Dr) $1675

BLUE LYNX 3278 SCall

DCA Irma/lrmaline/lrmaKey SCall

IDEAcomm 3278 SCall

ANCHOR Mark XII $239

HAYES

Smartmodem 1200/2400 S385/SCall

120OB w/Smarlcom II $355

NOVATION SmartCat Plus $329

PRENTICE POPCOM

C10O/X10O S249/S265

VEN-TEL 300/1200 Half Card $409

AST RESEARCH INC.

ADVANTAGE! (for AT) SCall

SIX PACK PLUS W/64K SCall

jrCOMBO (exp. to 512K) SCall

HERCULES Graphics Card S299

Color Card (RGB/Comp/Par) . . . $155

INTEL 8087/80287 SCall

ORCHID PCTurbo 186 W/128K $655

PARADISE SYSTEMS Multi-Display S280

Modular Graphics Card $269

Module A/B S75/S179

PROMETHEUS Promodem Ext $315

QUADRAM

EXPANDED OUADBOARD W/64K . $239

QUAD 512+ W/384K S309

SIGMA DESIGNS Color 400

/Mouse $499/3575

STB SYSTEMS Graphix Plus II.... $259

Super Rio W/64K $279

TALL TREE JRAM-2 SCall

TANDON TM-100-2 (DSDD) $129

TEAC FD-55B (Thinline DSDD) $109

TECMAR Graphics Master $465

Captain w/OK $179

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AMPEX 20 MB w/25 MB Tape SCall

CORVUS

11.1 MB Omnidrive Starter Kit $1649

45 MB Omnidrive $4149

Trimline Combo (TLC) SCall

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IOMEGA Bernoulli 20 MB $2499

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TG-5025 (25 MB w/60 MB Tape) $2759

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MONITORS & TERMINALS

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Color 500/710 S319/S539

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EPSON JX-80 Color $489

LQ-1500 $899 LX-80 $229

FX-80+ $345 FX-1O0+ S485

NEC P2/P3 Pinwriters. . . . S525/S735 OKIDATA

192 S359 ML 84P SCall

Okimate 20 . SCall Pacemark . . SCall

PANASONIC KX-P1091 $249

STAR MICRONICS

Gemini 15X....$345 SG-IO $229

SD-10/15 SCall SR-15 $619

TOSHIBA

P1340 $559 P351 SCall

Letter quality

BROTHER/DYNAX

HR-1S XL (20 CPS) $359

HR-25/HR-35 S495/S729

HEWLETT-PACKARD Laser Jet. . . SCall DIABLO 630 ECS/IBM $1779

JUKI 6100/6300 SCall

NEC

ELF 360 . . $415 2050. . . . S669 3550. . . . $1069 8850. . . . 31499 OUME Sprint 1140/1155/1190 .... SCall SILVER REED EXP 500/550... $250/5419 STAR MICRONICS Power Type $415

PLOTTERS & DIGITIZERS

POLAROID PALETTE $1099

ENTER COMPUTER Six Shooter. . S779

HOUSTON INSTRUMENTS

PC-695 $555 DMP-41/42 .. $2369

DMP-29 $1799 DMP-51/52 .. $3559

DT-11 Digitizer $679

ROLAND DXY-800/880 $699/5920

SUMMAGRAPHICS SummaSketch SCall

QUME All Models .... ROLAND

MB-122G . S155 MBCB-141. . . S269 CC

TAXAN

115 $115 116. . . .

420/L .... SCall 440. . . .

TELEVIDEO All Models

WVSE

WY-50 $459 WY-350...

ZENITH

ZVM-123A. . S79 ZVM-124.

ZVM-135. . $439 ZVM-136.

Z-29A .... SCall Z-49 . . .

FOR APPLE ll/lle

SCall

. SCall S559

$125 $559 . SCall

. SCall

. SCall . SCall . SCall

ALS Smarterm II (80 Col. Card) . . S129 AST RESEARCH INC. Multi I/O . SCall DIGITAL RESEARCH CP/M Gold Card $269 FOURTH DIMENSION 16K RAM Card. $55

80 Column Card (lie) $55

HAYES

Micromodem lie w/Smartcom I. . $149

MICROSOFT Sottcard II $339

MICROTEK Dumpling GX $69

NOVATION Apple Cat II $209

212 Apple Cat II (1200) $389

ORANGE MICRO Grappler + .... $79

Buffered Grappler+ $145

PCPI Applicard 6 MHz SCall

MACINTOSH DRIVEI CALL FOR Si

MISCELLANEOUS

RAM CHIPS

64KSET $14 256K SET SCall

call lor quantity pricing DOUBLE-SIDED DISKETTES

3M $27 Dysan .... $30

Maxell.... $25 Wabash ... $19

PRINT BUFFERS

QUADRAM Microfazer

Parallel/Parallel 16K $139

64K .... $185 12BK. . . . $239 Serial/Serial, Ser/Par. Par/Ser

8K $139 64K .... $159

INTER.STRUCT. ShuffleBuffer 32K S269

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EPD/CURTIS All models SCall

NETWORX Wire Tree/Plus $39/$55

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EMERGENCY POWER SYSTEMS

SOLA Mini UPS SCall

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CABLECO 3 Way Serial/Parallel. . . SCall COMPUTER ACCESSORIES Data Directors (All Models) . . . SCall

I

401-781-0020

ORDERS ONLY

800-843-4302

150 Broadway, Suile 2212, NY, NY 10036

HOURS 9-8 EST, MONDAY-SATURDAY Personal Ck (2 Weeks To Clear). Cashier's Ck,

Money Order Accepted.

APO Orders Arid 6% (minimum S7). Add 3% For Net Teems. All Returned Non-Defective Mei chandise Are Subject To A 20% Restocking Charge. GenTech Reserves ihe Right to Change Advertised Prices.

CHAOS MANOR

Command-driven adventure games are much different. You don't know what you'll be allowed to do. The machine knows what you're permitted, but it doesn't know precisely how you'll give the command. Sophisticated games, like the excellent Infocom series, have highly complex program structures, including a command parser that looks at what you ordered and tries to make sense of it. Often it succeeds.

In command-driven games you must experiment. Sometimes you have to do a lot. Badly designed games of this sort are terribly frustrating: you sit there and try what look like perfectly reasonable actions, only to be given some stupid generic message like, "I don't understand that." In the ideal case, though, the game designer will have thought of everything you might want to try and has built in some kind of response appropriate to what you tried. "Dig." "I see no shovel here."

Even the well-designed games can be frustrating, since you're trying to solve a puzzle, and you can't be sure that the designer even considered the ingenious idea you've just come up with for getting past the forest of skeletons or whatever blocks your path. Moreover, because you have to figure out what you're allowed to do, it takes longer to learn how to play command-driven games.

By contrast, you can play menu games almost instantly. All you have to do is read through the rule book or examine the help file or whatever. Thus I find that menu-driven games catch my attention quicker than the command type.

However, I also find that I tire of them sooner. In Wizardry I, for example, once l learned the menu of commands, it was easy to move about in the dungeon. (Not too easy: l managed to lose no fewer than 11 first-rate characters before 1 caught on to what 1 was doing wrong and tried a new approach.) At first that was fun. Then, as 1 learned the shape of the maze and the nature of the puzzles, I longed for the ability to do multiple moves. In

[continued)

318 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 130

COfTlPUTCR WAREHOUSE

FREE1-800-528-1054

CALL TOLL

PRINTERS

Anadex

All Models Call

Brother

HRIOw/Tractors S239

HR-I5XL S339

HR-25 S599

HR-35 S809

Twinwritar5 S819

Canon

LBP-8A1 Call

C-ltoh

A-10-30 S469

F-10 Parallel or Serial S869

55 CPS Serial or Parallel S1035

8510 Parallel (Prowriter) S295

8510 SP S385

8510 SCP S465

8510BPI S31S

Citizen

MSP-10 S279

MSP-15 S414

MSP-20 S414

MSP-25 SS39

Comrex

CR-2E S364

CR-4 Call

420 S1529

DaisyLaser

PR 101 Call

Datasouth

DS180 S1079

DS220 S1299

DS-PPS1 S449

DS-PPM S629

Diablo

D-25 SS49

630 API SI 484

630 ECS SI 659

630 ECS/IBM S1659

Other Printer Models Call

EpSOn All Printer Models Call

Inforunner

Ritemanw/Tractor $244

Rileman15 S499

Rileman Blue w/Tractor S299

Juki

5500 Call

6000 S199

6100 S385

6300 S699

NEC

2010.2015.2030.2050 S629

3510.3515.3530.3550 S1009

8810. 8815.8830.8850 S1399

P2. P3 Call

Okidata ' I printer Models . . . Call

Panasonic

1091 S239

1092 S349

1093 S429

KXP3151 S459

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PT/88 InkJet Call

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Star Micronics

All Printer Models Call

Silver Reed

EXP400 Parallel S229

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EXP770 Parallel or Serial S699

Texas Instruments

850 S 860 Series Call

Toshiba P1340 Parallel or Serial.. S544 P351 Parallel or Serial S1155

MONITORS

Amdek -. Monitors Call

Princeton Graphic Hx-12 S445 Sanyo crt-36 S149 Taxan

121 Green S125

122 Amber SI 34

420 RGB S399

425 RGB/Green S410

440 S549

Zenith

ZVM-122 Amber S95

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ZVM-130 Call

ZVM-133 Color/RGB S410

ZVM-135 Color/RGB W/Audio S459

ZVM-136 S575

it

Air Express Shipping

See Details Below

SOFTWARE ibm pc

and 100% Compatibles

Crosstalk 16 $95

DBase III $359

Enable $329

Framework $339

Multimate 3.3 $225

Smart System $459

Super Calc 3 (ver. 2)... $159

Word Perfect 4.0 $209

Wordstar 2000 $239

Wordstar Professional.. $239 Many other titles available.

We do not guarantee computer compatability.

Canon

CffPETO

PERSONAL COPIERS

Canon PC-10

Com pact. Convenient. .-" Personal. With the exclusive Canon cartridge copying system for easy maintenance.

$509

Canon PC-25

Reduction and enlargement comes to Personal Cartridge copying. Make copies up to legal size from originals as big as 10"x14"!

$939

Canon PC-20

Compact, yet efficient for any business. With the exclusive Canon cartridge copying system. Plus automatic paper feeding. Make 8 copies a minute.

$719

MODEMS

Anchor Automation

Anchor Express S269

MarkXIl S239

HayeS Smartmodem 300 Baud.. S129 Smartmodem 1200 Baud S379

Smartmodem 1200B (IBM) S319

Smartmodem 2400 Baud S609 Micromodem HE (Apole) S129 Novation Smart Cat Plus S279

Prometheus aii Models can Racal-Vadic ah Models can US Robotics S195

BOARDS

ASTsix Pack Plus S249

HerCUleSColorCard S145

Graphic Card S295

Paradise Modular Graphic 06-1 S259

FivePak S1S9

QuadramQuadboardEXOk S219

E-RamSO S89

Quadlink S325

Tec Mar

Graphics Master S449

126K Dynamic Memory S225

256K Dynamic Memory S299

Captain 128K S289

Captain 256K S389

COMPUTERS

NEC

PC-6201 Computer S315

PC-8401A Call

8201 S 8401 Accessories Call

SanyO MBC-775 Portable S18S9

Televideo pm4t sso89

PM 16T Call

Wyse

Wyse pc Dual Call

Wyse pc 10 Meg Call

Zenith

Z-150 Single Drive Save 25%

Z-150 Dual Drive Save 25%

Z-150 W/10 Megabyte Save 25%

2-160 Single Drive Save 25%

2-160 Dual Drive Save 25%

VIDEO TERMINALS

AltOS Smart II S769

Qume

OVT Green 101 S289

OVT Amber 101 S314

Televideo

921 S445

922 S599

955 S459

Wyse so S429

75 S565

Wyse 85 Call

Zenith 2-22 S469

Z-29 S599

Z-49 Call

DISKETTES

Maxell MD-1 (Qly 100) S149

MD-2 (Qty 100) S189

Nashua

S/S D/D (Qty 100) S125

D/S D/D (Qty 100) S135

KEYBOARDS

Keytronicssisi $179

5151 Jr. S179

PLOTTERS

EnterSweet-P600 S780

Epsonm-80 Call

nicif RRIVP^k

Alpha Omega Turbo 10 $599

Turbo 20 S889

Turbo 30 S11 69

Haba Habadisk for Macintosh S289

Iomega Bernoulli Box for IBM

10 Megabyte Call

20 Megabyte Call

20 Megabyte Plus Call

5 Megabyte for Macintosh Call

RanaEhtei S175

Elite II S339

Elite III S405

Elite 10H/Apple S1080

Controller (W/Drive Only) S69

COmPUTER

WAREHOUSE

Order Processing & Order Line: 1-800-528-1054 Other Information: 602-954-6109

2222 E. Indian School Rd. Phoenix, Arizona 85016

Inquiry 77 for MS DOS Products. Inquiry 78 for all others.

Store Hours: Mon-Fri 10-5:30 Saturday 9-1 ■sas Order Line Hours: Mon-Fri 8:30-5:30 Saturday 9-1

Prices reflect 3% to 5% cash discount. Product shipped in factory cartons with manufacturers warranty. Please add S9.00 per order for UPS ground shipping. Orders 10 lbs. and under you pay for ground service, receive air service at no extra charge. Available on orders 11-20 lbs. $15 for air service. Orders 21-30 lbs. $20 for air service. Prices & availability subject to change without notice. Send cashiers check or money order.. .all other checks will delay shipping two weeks.

Inquiry 46 for End-Users. Inquiry 47 for DEALERS ONLY.

IBM PC/XT COMPATIBLE XT-16 SELF-ASSEMBLY KIT

Build Your Own IBM PC/XT Fully Compatible Computer At Super Low Cost

• Including: 256K XT-16 CPU Mother Board, Color Graphic Card, Floppy Controller, One DS/DD Slim Drive, Flip-Top Case. 135W Power Supply, Keyboard, 10-minute Step-by-Step Assembly Instruction, and User's System Manual. Only S799.00

• Optional 2nd Drive.

For Monitor, 10MB •, Wi

Hard Disk Drive.

and Assembled System... Please Call

RIP-TOP CASE

• Open from Top for Easy and Quick Access to Inside

• For IBM PC/XT Mother Board and Compatibles

• Slide-out IBM Style Case Also Available

• Mounting ParLs Included

S85.00

135 W POWER SUPPLY

Upgrade Your IBM PC to XT

• 4 Drives Power Plugs

• Side Switch model has same dimensions & power plug ;ls IBM power supply.

• Back switch model can

S115.00

KEYBOARD

• LED for Cap Lock & Numb. Lock.

• Big Return Key.

• IBM PC/XT Compatible Kevboard. S89.00

XT-16 CPU MOTHER BOARD

• IBM PC/XT Fully Compatible

• 8088 Micro-Processor w/8087 Optional

• 8 I/O Slots

• Up to 256K Memory on Board

• Sane Dimension As IBM PC/XT Mother Board

Assembled & Tested Board (OK) S285.00

PCP-128 EPROM PROGRAMMER

' Read and Program 2716.

2732, 2732A,2764,

2764A, 27/28, and 2816 P> 1 Super Fast Speed. 1 K/secl

S179.00

• Disk I/O Card $169.00

handle 2 Dr., Parallel, Serial (2nd Serial optional). Clock. Game Port

• Color Graphic Card $119.00

• Disk Controller w/Cable (handle 4 Drives)$75.00

• IBM At Compatible Keyboard, Power Supply, Case & Add-on Card Please Call

CJ. COMPUTERS CORP.

(Manufacturer & Distributor) 2424 W. Ball Road, STE B Anaheim, CA 92804

Mail Order Hoi Line: (714)821-8922, (714) 821-8923

• ATTN: DEALERS

CALL FOR OI R SPECIAL DEALER'S PRICE "OEM Dealer Welcome"

(IBM is a iradcmark of International Business Machines Corporation)

CHAOS MANOR

NaturalLink converts a command-driven program into a menu-driven program.

focom's designers have built in the capability for inputting whole strings of commands: Go east. Take sword. Kill troll with sword. Attack. Run away. Go south. The whole command string is considered one move at a time; if, for example, you killed the troll with the first stroke, the program would ignore the other commands to attack and ask for new instructions.

I wish I could do that in Wizardry I. For that matter, 1 wish I could use the Adventure trick of dropping objects to mark various passages and rooms: most of the Wizardry I dungeon is a maze of twisty little passages, all alike, and mapping them is tedious at best.

The conclusion from this is obvious: when you're first starting, it's best to have a menu: but after you've been at it for a while, you'll prefer commands.

Games may be thought frivolous, but the fact is that a good game command parser, like Infocom's, is a fairly hefty achievement, with profound implications for the whole field of artificial intelligence. After all, what we're really seeking is a way to let us control computers without having to use special commands. In the ideal case, we'd simply tell the machine what we wanted and watch it do it. Some of the Infocom games get pretty close to that ideal—but of course they're working in a restricted universe.

A computer program is a restricted universe.

TI's Natural Language

Something of the above seems to be the philosophy of Texas Instruments' new natural-language front ends. You can get a natural-language shell for DOS, Lotus 1-2-3, WordStar, Word

Plus, the excellent BPS Business Graphics, EasyWriter, PeachText 5000, Knowledgeman, SuperCalc, MultiMate, and probably more that I didn't hear about. In addition, there's a sort of generic NaturalLink toolkit that can be used to generate NaturalLink shells for other command-driven programs.

NaturalLink in essence converts a command-driven program into a menu-driven program. With NaturalLink you begin to build "sentences" whose grammar and syntax are set by the application program the shell is built around. As you add words to the sentence, your choices become more restricted. Using WordStar as an example, begin with "I want to"; this is appropriate to any legal command in the program. Now add "edit," and the legal choices become only two: a document and a data (or nondocument) file.

As soon as your choices are narrowed down to one and only one, the NaturalLink program fills it in for you. It still doesn't execute the command. You get a chance to change things first.

The NaturalLink programs were delivered to me by Tom Siep of TI's corporate Human Factors facility (and I sure wish some of the other hardware outfits would start a humanfactors center). TI's human-factors people classify users as beginners, experts, and occasional. The NaturalLink programs are designed for the first and last of those categories. Experts don't need them.

The NaturalLink shells have quick ways to get outside them and into the regular program the shell surrounds: into regular WordStar, or SuperCalc, or whatever. When you do that, the NaturalLink shell vanishes. It can be brought back easily.

Tom Siep was accompanied by Peggy Hart of TI's Austin research facility. They were visiting in Southern California ostensibly for the Winter COMDEX in Anaheim; that show was so small that I drove down for only one day and saw little to keep me there any longer. After COMDEX,

(continued)

"Without question [NFL Challenge] is the finest computer game I've ever seen—but then I like football." John C. Dvorak San Francisco Examiner

Put the NFL at your fingertips.

Hands-on pro football excitement is as close as your keyboard with NFL Challenge from Xor. This is the officially licensed NFL action computer game with offensive plays and defensive sets based on the ones in NFL playbooks, plus complete updatable rosters for all 28 NFL teams.

Every game can be the Super Bowl when you take the field with Xor NFL Challenge software. Feel the pressure as you choose starting lineups, drive downfield against the clock, and go head-to

head, down-by-down against the league's most innovative offenses and formidable defenses. It's the most intense computer simulation of the pro football experience ever devised.

Xor's NFL Challenge requires IBM® PC or PC/XT with DOS 2.0, 256K bytes of memory, monochrome monitor with IBM® monochrome card or RGB color monitor with IBM® color graphics adapter. Also runs on the IBM® PC/AT.

With NFL Challenge from Xor, you have 50-yard line seats for every game!

IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines NFL Challenge is a trademark ol Xor Corporation and NFL Proper ties, Inc. G 1985. All rights reserved.

Ordering Information

NFL Challenge will be in short supply. To kick off your NFL season, contact us for the name of the dealer nearest you:

1-800-328-8322 ext. 538

(in MN call (612) 938-0005)

NFL Challenge will be reserved for you. Product will be available in limited quantities beginning in August, 1985.

XOR

CORPORATION 5421 Opportunity Court Minnetonka, Minnesota 55343 (612) 938-0005

Inquiry 345

Officially Licensed Product

CHAOS MANOR

they came up to Chaos Manor.

It's always interesting to see people here for the first time. I think no one really believes that my descriptions are accurate until they get here. Anyway. Tom and Peggy brought a box full of software, including the NaturalLink shells, and a TI Portable.

The Portable is a luggable version of the TI Professional. Big Tex, our TI Professional, is full of boards, including speech synthesis. The Portable is comfortably less filled up, although, give it time . . .

The Portable has color. The TI Professional is one of the few machines

with color good enough to do word processing on; the Portable lives up to that reputation. It also has a jack on the back so that you can pipe out the video display and put it on a large monitor.

Peggy Hart is involved in the design of the NaturalLink software. She isn't

Items Discussed

BASIC Development System. .$125

Beta Tools Systems

8972 East Hampden Ave.. Suite 179

Denver. CO 80231

(303) 793-0145

Beyond Compare $30

General Transformation Company POB 10083 Berkeley, CA 94709 (415) 644-0702

Checks and Balances $74.95

CDE Software 2463 McCready Ave. Los Angeles, CA 90039 (213) 661-2031

Color-400 PC Graphics

Board $795

Sigma Designs 2023 OToole Ave. San lose. CA 95131 (408) 943-9480

Disk Maker I $1995

New Generation Systems Inc. 1800 Michael Faraday Dr., Suite 206 Reston. VA 22090 (800) 368-33 59

EM-IT $49.95

Sayansi

2605 Sierra Village Court San Jose. CA 95132 (408) 729-3619

FORMIT

you supply disk $15

company supplies disk $20

Emerald City Software

POB 1001

Ben Lomond. CA 95005 (408) 336-3354

Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

for Atari and

Commodore 64 $34.95

for all other machines $39.95

Infocom

12 5 Cambridge Park Dr. Cambridge, MA 02140 (617) 492-6000

HyperDrive

for 5I2K-byte Macintosh... $2195 for 128K-byte Macintosh... $2795 (includes $600 upgrade to 512K-byte Mac) General Computer Company 215 First St. Cambridge, MA 02142 (800) 422-0101

LaPlace Price unavailable

P. L. Hagelstein and Associates POB 2723

Livermore, CA 94 550

THE Legendary Software Tools

MS-DOS versions 2.0, 2.1. and

3.0 $90

CP/M-80 version 2.2 $90

Carousel Tools Strong Consulting 5706 Van Fleet Ave. Richmond, CA 94804

MaxThink

copy-protected $59.95

not copy-protected $120

MaxThink Inc.

230 Crocker Ave.

Piedmont. CA 94610

(415) 428-0104

MAX-12 Amber Monitor $249

SR-12 Color Monitor $799

Princeton Graphics 601 Ewing St.. Bldg. A9 Princeton, NI 08540 (609) 683-1660

MegaMac $1395

Micrographic Images 21040 Victory Blvd., Suite 210 Woodland Hills, CA 91367 (818) 368-3482

MITE Communications. .$150-S220 Mycroft Laboratories 2615 North Monroe St. Tallahassee, FL 32303 (904) 385-1141

Multiple Choice $64

Awesome Technology 177 Webster St., Suite A-416 Monterey, CA 93940 (800) 548-22 55 ext. 803

(outside California) (800) 624-2644 ext. 803

(inside California)

MyWord! $35

TNT Software 34069 Hainesville Rd. Round Lake, IL 60073 (312) 223-0832

NaturalLink. .. .Contact company

Texas Instruments

POB 809063

Dallas, TX 75380-9063

(800) 527-3500

OmniDrive for Macintosh

5.5 megabytes $1495

11 megabytes $1995

21 megabytes $2995

322 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 199

CHAOS MANOR

a computer-science type—which helps. Her husband is a professor of rhetoric at the University of Texas at Austin, which probably helps too.

Tl is hoping that the NaturalLink systems will be a key factor in selling the notion that people, especially businesses, ought to use Tl PClones. They

just may succeed. I find the NaturalLink shells just the thing for programs 1 use only every now and then.

There's only one problem, which I brought up with Tl executives during my trip to Austin. Tl intended to license use of the NaturalLink tools to

(continued)

Corvus Systems Inc. 2100 Corvus Dr. San lose. CA 95124 (408) 5 59-7000

THE Original Chocolate

Byte $9.95

Software Toolworks 15233 Ventura Blvd., Suite 1118 Sherman Oaks. CA 91403 (818) 986-4885

PC-MATLAB $695

The Math Works 124 Fox wood Rd. Portola Valley, CA 94025 (415) 851-7217

PC-Write $10 for disk and

$7 5 to register

Quicksoft

219 First North, #224 Seattle. WA 98109 (206) 282-04 52

Savvy $295

Excalibur Technologies Corporation 800 Rio Grande Blvd. NW Albuquerque. NM 87104 (505) 242-3333

SideKick

copy-protected $54.95

not copy-protected $84.95

SuperKey $69.95

Turbo Pascal 3.0 $69.95

Borland International

4 585 Scotts Valley Dr.

Scotts Valley, CA 95066

(408) 438-8400

Software Anthology Series

for CP/M (seven disks

available) $32.50/disk

for MS-DOS (one disk

available) $32.50

.$49.95

Workman and Associates 112 Marion Ave. Pasadena. CA 91106 (818) 796-4401

Star Fleet I

Cygnus POB 5782 5 Webster. TX 77 598 (800) 622-4070

(credit card orders) (713) 486-4163

(check or COD orders)

Valdocs 2.0

for QX-10 (OEM product). .$49.95 Epson America Inc. 2780 Lomita Blvd. Torrance. CA 90505 (213) 539-9140

Valdraw and Valpaint

Package $495

Rising Star Industries

2 5500 Hawthorne Blvd., Suite 2000

Torrance. CA 90505

(213) 373-9112

Wizardry I: Proving Grounds of

the Mad Overlord

for Apple II $49.95

for Macintosh $59.95

for IBM PC, PCjr, and

monochrome $59.95

SirTech 6 Main St.

Ogdensburg. NY 13669 (315) 393-6633

XenoCopy Price unavailable

Berkeley Software 2124 Kittredge St. Berkeley, CA 94704 (415) 524-8578

WHY WAIT FOR ANSWERS FROM YOUR IBM PC/AT/XT NOW THERE'S

MEGA-MATH®

//it

Engineers, scientists and statisticians are discovering the time saving capability of New "Mega Math" II. A library of over 46 assembly language subroutines for fast numeric calculations, up to 11 times faster than your present compiler.

The pretested routines use the 8087 or 80287 coprocessor for optimum performance. The routines reduce development time, code size and testing time.

"Mega Math" II Includes: MATRIX OPERATIONS VECTOR OPERATIONS VECTOR SCALAR OPERATIONS STATISTICAL OPERATIONS FAST FOURIER TRANSFORM CONVOLUTION SOLUTION OF LINEAR EQUATIONS

The library is callable from Microsoft Fortran, Basic, "C" and Pascal compilers. Also IBM Professional Fortran and Macro Assembler.

Get "Mega Math" II Performance for only

$299.00 (U.S.)

Also available is the "Mega Math" AT. 'Booster". A single PC board, designed to reduce execution time in numeric processing applications.

If your IBM AT is equipped with the 80287 coprocessor, the "Booster" will enhance its performance by up to 50%.

price $349.00 (U.S.)

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AUGUST I985 -BYTE 323

CHAOS MANOR

Savvy seems to be the most interesting of the database systems that I've looked at so far.

software houses. They'd charge stiff up-front fees and even stiffer royalties.

"Who can afford to use them?" I asked.

They stammered a bit.

"Didn't you learn from the TI-99 disaster?" I asked. "Freezing out small developers is a sure way to doom."

"We know that. We're encouraging small developers."

"By charging anyone who wants to experiment with NaturalLink $1500 just to try it?"

"Well—that was expensive stuff to develop. How can we recover our costs? Because if we can't, then we've not got a lot of incentive to continue. Corporate will shut down the research effort."

I thought about that for a while and came up with what I think is an ingenious idea. "Look, you don't want 20 companies to pay you $5000 for NaturalLink. That hundred grand would be nice, but it's not a patch on what it cost to develop the program."

No one wanted to touch that one.

"What you really want is five bucks

each from half a million copies." "Sure—"

"But since no one can pick which software developer will come up with something that sells a million copies, what you need is to get the NaturalLink toolkit into the hands of as many developers as possible," I continued. "So. Give it away. If you have to charge anything at all, set the charge at your production cost. Don't charge royalties on products developed, either. Not at first. What you have them do is sign an agreement that they'll pay royalties on all the copies they sell after the first hundred are sold. That way you'll collect from the successful, and you won't discourage start-ups from using NaturalLink."

The TI people thought about that one. Last I heard they were going to try to get the corporation to adopt the policy.

I hope they do. NaturalLink is a, er, natural for occasional users like me. 1 can start work using the NaturalLink shell and switch over to command structure when I've refreshed my memory about the program.

More on NaturalLink and the Tl Portable (well, Luggable) another time. I'm impressed with both.

Winding Down

I'm running out of space, and there's still more to cover. There's a new version of Savvy, the odd database language that not only uses natural-language concepts but lets you spell the commands wrong. I find Savvy about

the easiest-to-use PC database of them all. However, I have a letter from a reader who doesn't like the fact that Savvy isn't just a database but a whole database programming language that you have to learn to get its real benefits. It's all true: to me, having a database language is a feature, not a bug.

Savvy bills itself as "The Artificial Intelligence Database" and pretty well lives up to the reputation. It's not copy-protected. The license agreement is silly but not as stupid as most. There's a nice tutorial, and the manual has examples. Before he left us to go back to graduate school, Peter Flynn (who cannot spell) studied a number of the databases here at Chaos Manor and decided that Savvy was the one he wanted to implement on PCs and compatibles. I've a bit less experience with Savvy's rivals, but I'm coming to the same conclusion: Savvy seems complete enough, is easy to get started with, and seems the most interesting of the database systems I've looked at so far.

There's also MaxThink. This is an "idea processor" that purports to solve most problems writers face. There's even a section on overcoming writer's block. The authors of MaxThink claim it's much more useful than ThinkTank, which was the first of the idea-processor programs (or at least the first I was ever aware of). I find ThinkTank indispensable. 1 think I'm going to like MaxThink. Alas, it has

[continued]

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324 BYTE- AUGUST I985

Inquiry 236

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Inquiry 142

AUGUST 1985 'BYTE 325

CHAOS MANOR

many features, and the documents are formidably thick (and come in an awkward—for me—three-panel looseleaf notebook). When 1 read random passages, I find intriguing thoughts and concepts, but I've so far been unable to get involved in the tutorial. It's probably a combination of sloth and the fact that I'm used to Think

Tank. Unlike ThinkTank, MaxThink is not copy-protected. It seems to have advanced text-entry/editing features. There's much to like about it. Real Soon Now . . .

The game of the month has to be Wizardry I for the Macintosh: I've sure invested enough time in it. The boys have divided their time between In

focom's Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy and Cygnus's Star Fleet I. I guarantee you won't enjoy Hitchhiker if you haven't read the book. For that matter, I wouldn't buy the game without the clues; even if you've memorized the book, those puzzles are hard.

There are three books of the month. Modula-2. A Software Development Approach by Gary Ford and Richard Wiener (Wiley, 1985) is an excellent discussion of why you want to write programs in Modula-2 and a good intermediate text on the language. Beginners will find it tough slogging but well worth the effort it takes. Surely You're \oking, Mr. Feynman by Richard Feynman (Norton, 1985) is a series of autobiographical anecdotes by the Caltech Nobel laureate who also is known as a wonderful teacher, and it has to be the most interesting book I've read in at least a year, just as The Pentagon and the Art of War by Edward Luttwak (Simon and Schuster, 1984) is the most important book I've read in some time.

Meanwhile, Tony Pietsch has Concurrent DOS and my CompuPro PC Video board ready to install in our big CompuPro S-100 80286/Z80 system. We've held off until we can get the machine upstairs; I've found that computers don't like to be moved, and 1 want to see it working "as was" in its new location before opening it up. We also have a pile of machines that have come in during construction and thus haven't even been uncrated. There's an HP with a ton of software: an Eagle Turbo PC; AT&T's 3B2 UNIX V box; the Stride 400; and the thoroughly updated Lilith. My new quarters have been designed to let me set up a mess of machines and work on them, and I'm already running out of bench space. It's a great life if you don't weaken . . . ■

lerry Pournelle welcomes readers' comments and opinions. Send a self-addressed, stamped envelope to jerry Pournelle, do BYTE Publications. POB 372, Hancock. NH 03449. Please put your address on the letter as well as on the envelope. Due to the high volume of letters, jerry cannot guarantee a personal reply.

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326 BYTE • AUGUST I985

Inquiry 37

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inquiry 143

Transet 1000: The print buffer, communications buffer, port expander, printer sharer and I/O switcher. All in one.

Anyone with a personal computer and one or more peripherals has faced the all-too-familiar dilemma. You need your computer to do an important job. But you're forced to wait for the system to finish one job (printing, communicating, whatever) before you can go on to the next one. Or you need to stop what you're doing to switch cables when you want to use another peripheral.

Wait no more. Now Hayes introduces an innovative new device that lets you perform many jobs—at the same time—independent of your computer. Transet 1000. It works with a wide range of systems and configurations. And it allows you to continually expand your system as your needs grow.

Transet 1000 frees your computer from waiting on your printer or modem—so you and your computer can go on to another task. It even lets you print out documents in pre-set formats without having to go back into your computer. At the same time, Transet 1000 can operate unattended mailbox communications—24 hours a day—even if your computer is turned off.

Two computers can share one printer with Transet 1000. Or, you can use Transet 1000 to let two computers communicate with each other.

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In addition, Transet 1000 is a port expander and software-controlled I/O switcher. Now files can be easily directed and redirected to different peripherals, without physically changing cable connections.

Transet 1000 contains a standalone microprocessor, and comes with 128K of memory. It operates with any RS-232 interface computer, and has optional accessory kits available for the IBM" PC and PC XT, Macintosh'"and Apple'lie. Kits contain the necessary host cable, a user guide and menudriven software that lets you graphically set up or customize port

parameters and printing formats. Cables available for IBM PC AT other computers and peripherals.

Like all Hayes products.Transet 1000 combines sophisticated capabilities with easy operation. lust as Hayes set the standard in personal computer communications, now Hayes is taking the lead in computer task management.

Contact your authorized Hayes dealer to see how Transet 1000 can help you get a lot more productivity

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Inquiry 138

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330 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 250

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BYTE IAPAN

Fujitsu lap-size

portable

New laser printers NEC PC-9801M3 APC III versus PC-9801M2/3

Brother WP-600 and FB-100

by William M. Raike

William M. Raike. who has a Ph.D. in applied mathematics from Northwestern University, has taught operations research and computer science in Austin. Texas, and Monterey. California. He holds a patent on a voice scrambler and was formerly an officer of Cryptext Corporation in the United Stales. \n 1980. he went to \apan looking for 64K-£>il RAMs. He has been there ever since as a technical translator and a software developer. He can be contacted do BYTE. POB 372. Hancock. NH 03449.

COMDEX in }apan

As I'm writing this it's cherry blossom time in Tokyo; spring has finally sprung, and just about everyone is trying to arrange a little free time for o-hcmami (flower viewing), walking or picnicking under the canopies of blossoms often found near local temples or shrines, as well as in the major parks. My favorite spot is Todoroki Fudoson, on the southwest outskirts of Tokyo; I was able to enjoy it for an afternoon just after the close of the first-ever COMDEX in )apan.

The COMDEX show was held at a strange time of year, only two months before the annual Microcomputer Show. It was also heavily oriented toward products for export, rather than for the Japanese market. The show attracted only about 40.000 people (including lots of non-Japanese) over three days, in a city of about 12 million. I think many companies were waiting for the Microcomputer Show to introduce their new goodies.

However, there were some interesting products on display. The long-rumored Fujitsu lap-size portable made its appearance, along with the NEC Starlet, the PC-8401A, which 1 previewed in January in this column. Ampere Corporation's APLbased lap-size machine (see What's New, October 1984 BYTE, page 42), now christened the WS-1, was finally on display, despite being some months behind schedule. Brother Industries showed its new portable word processor/typewriter and the companion floppy-disk unit. And laser printers were there in force, some of them downright cheap.

Badge News

Usually, the procedure for registering and entering a computer show here is simple and brief: You fill out a card, pay your money, get a badge, and go in. Not so for this show. After filling out a full-page questionnaire (with no desks on which to write) and standing in line for 30 minutes. I handed in my form to someone who

entered the information into a computer terminal while I waited. Then an on-line badge-making machine coughed up my plastic badge (with my name misspelled).

The theory was that if you wanted an exhibitor to mail you additional information, the exhibitor would run the plastic badge through a credit-card imprinter, and that information would later be sent to the address already stored in the computer. At other computer shows, the usual procedure is simply to drop one of your business cards in a box at the exhibitor's booth; the exhibitor can mail off the additional information later and doesn't have to do anything about it in the midst of a crowded booth. In this case the badges were too flimsy, so the imprinters chewed them up; naturally, the exhibitors hated the whole process because it was such a hassle. Some sensible people just ignored the badges altogether and collected business cards. This is a perfect example of an ill-thought-out computer application that never should have seen the light of day. And 1 still haven't received any of the literature I requested.

Anonymous Fujitsu Lap-Size Portable

I may end up being the last one on my block to buy a lap-size portable computer. So far, I just haven't seen anything irresistible. Even so, I've been looking forward for months to the long-rumored Fujitsu portable, and I finally got a look at one at COMDEX. It's still so new that it doesn't have a model name or number: it was scheduled to be available in lapan in July of this year, with a target price equivalent to about $1350.

The Fujitsu portable is based on the MBL8086L microprocessor, a CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) version of the 8086. Standard RAM (random-access read/write memory) is 128K bytes. You can expand the memory up to 448K bytes, and you can configure part of

[continued]

AUGUST 1985 "BYTE 331

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332 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 186

BYTE JAPAN

RAM as a RAM disk. It acts like an extremely fast floppy-disk drive for fast file operations. You get 512K bytes of standard ROM (read-only memory): 2 56K bytes include the kanji ROM and a 19.000-word lapanese-language dictionary; the other 2 56K bytes are in a ROM cartridge that includes the operating system (Japanese-language CP/M-86) and languages or other software. At this point, Fujitsu offers cartridges that support lapanese-language extensions of BASIC and COBOL Level II (yes, COBOL); the company won't say what applications software will be available, but at the show I played with both WordStar and a Japanese word-processing program.

The computer includes an RS-232C serial interface, so some kind of telecommunications software support is certain to be present. Unfortunately, unlike some other lap-size machines, it has no built-in modem (Fujitsu does supply a separate acoustic coupler). This will be a serious disadvantage if Fujitsu decides to market the machine in the U.S., but it is not a problem here in Japan, which lags far behind the U.S. in the area of computer communications. People still use acoustic couplers over here, although the recent breakup of the Japanese telephone company, paralleling that of AT&T will probably mean that affordable direct-connect modems will start appearing on the market here soon.

For external data storage, the Fujitsu includes a microcassette recorder, although an external 3!/2-inch microfloppy-disk drive will be available as an option. The disk interface is standard, along with the RS-232C interface, a bar-code-reader interface, and a standard parallel printer interface.

The Fujitsu has a very clear, easily readable liquid-crystal display (LCD); I had no trouble reading it even in the bright fluorescent glare of the exhibit hall. The 640- by 200-dot screen offers four display modes: an 80-character by 2 5-line mode for normal alphanumeric use; an 80-character by 20-line mode that allows on-screen underlining and better line separation; an 80- character by 11-line mode that gives double-height characters;

and a 40- character by 11-line kanji display mode that displays kanji characters in a clear 16- by 15-dot font. The display adjusts to any convenient viewing angle and folds down to cover the keyboard when it's not in use.

Internal nickel-cadmium batteries supply the power, and an additional memory backup battery protects main memory for at least one month. An AC adapter is available, and Fujitsu says it will run off a car battery (called a kaabatteri by Fujitsu).

Laser Printers

Laser printers have yet to make their impact in lapan, if you'll forgive a bad pun. Mostly, they're still expensive, bulky, desk-size contraptions. But the quality they offer is startling: You get magazine-quality printing at speeds of around 10 pages per minute. TEC (Tokyo Electric Company), whose

Laser printers have yet to make their impact in ]apan, if you'll forgive a bad pun.

daisy-wheel printers are marketed in the U.S. under the C. Itoh name, showed a tabletop laser printer at the show. The new BP-10 laser printer isn't available to consumers yet, but OEM (original equipment manufacturer) samples are going for only about $1200 apiece. The BP-10 is quiet, weighs only about 60 pounds, and comes with both 8-bit parallel and RS-232C interfaces. It prints 10 lettersize pages per minute at a dot den

(amtinued)

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AUGUST I985 -BYTE 333

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334 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 243

BYTE JAPAN

sity of 300 dots per inch. I want one.

Another printer that impressed me was Fujitsu's latest dot-matrix printer, the DPL 24. It's a 24-pin printer with the best letter-quality printing I've seen from a dot-matrix printer. It is reasonably fast at 80 characters per second (cps), and it also has a 160cps correspondence-quality mode and a 240-cps draft-quality mode. The DPL 24 has other nice features too, like selectable fonts using optional cartridges and the ability to download special fonts. It comes in two models: The Model D is Diablo 630 API-compatible, while the Model I was designed for use with the IBM Personal Computer (PC). Unfortunately, Fujitsu informed me that the DPL 24 was an export model and that there was no way I could buy one in Japan.

New from NEC

A recent addition to NEC's PC-9801 computer family is the PC-9801M3. The PC-9801 machines hold the dominant position in the microcomputer market in Japan, analogous to the IBM PC in the U.S. market. The latest model, the M3, is similar in most respects to its predecessor, the F3. The machine is based on the 8086-2 processor running at 8 MHz and comes with 2 56K bytes of standard RAM, expandable to 640K bytes. It has extensive Japanese-language capabilities, supported at the operating-system level by either CP/M-86 or MS-DOS or PC-UX, NEC's version of UNIX System III. (PC-UX is a $1200 option, though.) The machine is similar in most respects to the APC III sold in the U.S., but the main unit of the PC-9801 M3 includes both a 1-megabyte 514-inch floppy-disk drive and a 20-megabyte hard-disk drive. (The PC-9801 M2 I wrote about in the May BYTE Japan, page 3 5 5, has two 1-megabyte floppy disks.)

The price for all this is not unreasonable; the M3 costs about $3285, but the usual 20 percent discounts available in the Akihabara electronics district in Tokyo would bring that down to only about $2630.

Incidentally. NEC finally managed to put together a comparison sheet

listing the differences between the U.S.'s APC III and Japan's PC-9801M2 and M3 computers. The major differences are that the lapanese computers have standard kanji-support ROM and a standard 1-megabyte floppy-disk interface, along with 2 56K bytes of RAM—versus 128K bytes in the APC III. The M3 also comes with a standard 20-megabyte hard disk. (The PC-9801 M3 also contains an interface for 5K-inch, 320K-byte floppydisk drives, which can be connected externally.)

The basic character sets of the two countries' machines also differ slightly. The APC III is IBM-compatible but the PC-9801 M2 and M3 use the IIS (Japan Industrial Standard) character set. The graphics video RAM configuration is also somewhat different. And there is an extra 8K bytes of text video RAM for kanji support in the lapanese machines. Finally, with the

A recent addition

to NEC's PC-9801 computer family is the PC-9801 M3.

lapanese machines you can select the processor speed: It can be either 8 or 5 MHz, while the APC III runs at a fixed 8-MHz rate.

Other than that, the differences involve the availability of optional boards and peripherals. For the lapanese machines, you can buy a cassette-tape interface, a music board, a 68000 central processor board and its companion RAM board, and a GPIB (general-purpose interface bus)

[continued)

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AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 335

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board. Eight types of display units are available, along with a variety of kanji printers. Strangely, the printer interface is a conventional Centronicscompatible 8-bit parallel interface in both U.S. and Japanese machines, but the connector is different: The APC III uses a 36-pin connector, while the Japanese machines use a 14-pin connector on the back of the computer. The connectors on the printers themselves are standard 36-pin connectors. NEC is the only lapanese manufacturer I know that uses a different type of connector.

Brother Does It Again

Back in the October 1984 BYTE Japan I wrote about my Brother EP-44 portable electronic typewriter with its built-in RS-2 3 2C interface. Now Brother has come out with its new WP-600 portable word processor, and it's even better. The printing element is the same as in the EP-44; it's a 24-pin head that produces crisp nearletter-quality printing either on thermal paper or on ordinary paper using the built-in ribbon cartridge. 1 think the keyboard is much better, though— the key tops are sculptured, and the key travel and light touch make it easy to type quickly and accurately.

A 24-character LCD shows what you type; as you type, new characters appear on the right and the displayed characters are all shifted to the left, so that as a character is shifted off the left end, it is printed on the page. You can overwrite or correct any characters in the display. Alternatively, you can type directly into the memory and print out your document later. Common word-processing functions like underlining, insertion and deletion, centering, flush-right margins, global search and replace, and decimal tabbing are done with a control key, called a code key, which is just to the left of the space bar. Keys that perform the different control functions are clearly marked in blue on the key tops. The WP-600 also has a second shift key that allows each of the keys to be used for additional characters like European language symbols, the Greek alphabet, and special symbols.

The WP-600 has I4.3K bytes of user memory, organized into nine file areas. You can refer to files by name or number, and a file can be of any size up to the limits of available memory. Files can be combined, copied, or printed.

The built-in RS-232C interface can operate at rates from 75 to 1200 bits per second; you set the desired rate, parity, etc., using the display. When the front-panel switch is set to Terminal, the WP-600 becomes a fullduplex terminal or a serial printer, accessible through the RS-232C connector on the side of the unit. With less memory, my EP-44 works the same way; 1 use it as a second printer.

An outstanding feature of the WP-600 is that there's a portable battery-powered 3 '/2-inch floppy-disk unit available for it. You can transfer files between memory and the disk by simple keyboard commands. The

FB-100 disk unit is a little over 2 inches high, 5 inches wide, 6Vi inches deep and weighs less than 2 pounds. Each 3/2-inch floppy disk holds 100K bytes.

Here in Japan, the list price of the WP-600 is equivalent to only about $385, and the FB-100 floppy-disk drive sells for a surprisingly cheap $195 or so; they're likely to be available soon at discounted prices here in Tokyo. Brother assures me that both the WP-600 and the FB-100 will be available in the U.S. by the time you read this; I don't know the U.S. price for the WP-600, but the disk drive should have a U.S. list price of about $2 50.

Next Month

The September BYTE will be the 10th anniversary issue of the magazine. In my column I'll be telling you the history of lapanese microcomputers. ■

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340 BYTE • AUGUST I985

Inquiry 73

BYTE U.K.

Two new language systems and two new books

by Dick Pountain

Declarative Update

Dick Pountain is a technical author and software consultant living in London. England. He can be contacted do BYTE, POB 372, Hancock. NH 03449.

Since the theme this month is declarative programming languages, I'm devoting my column to a miscellany of items that help personal computer users get in on the declarative act. To be more specific, I'll take a brief look at two new books on logic and functional programming and at two new language systems for the IBM Personal Computer (PC) and the Macintosh.

A Glimmer of Hope

1 have recently begun to learn the Hope language (see "A Hope Tutorial" by Roger Bailey, page 23 5) using an interpreter that runs on the IBM PC. This interpreter, developed at Imperial College, is available for downloading from BYTEnet Listings, (617) 861-9774.

The original Hope system runs at Edinburgh University as a compiler on a DEC-10 mainframe computer. A group at Imperial College subsequently produced an interpreter for a large subset of Hope for the VAX under VMS.

The computer department at Imperial College has been quicker off the mark than most in embracing the personal computer age. Research assistant Victor Wu has written a version of the Imperial College interpreter in Pascal for the IBM PC. Although Hope is still very much an experimental language, this interpreter is robust enough and easy enough to use that it can serve as an excellent learning tool; a degree in computer science is not required to get it running.

This new version of Hope runs under PCDOS 2.0 and comes as two 8088 segments (i.e., 128K bytes), which leaves very little workspace to play with; an enhanced version will be able to use bigger memories.

The interpreter is booted by simply typing HOPE from the PC-DOS prompt, and it takes about 30 seconds to come up (mostly in-memory pointer juggling time rather than disk-access time). You are then presented with the Hope prompt >: and

are ready to enter programs.

Using the Hope interpreter will be a familiar experience to anyone who has used a LISP interpreter on a personal computer; it works in a similar way.

Those readers who have only used BASIC interpreters will find it less familiar. Since Hope is a functional language, the activity of programming consists of declaring functions, whose definitions are then stored in memory; there can thus be a number of different "programs" in memory at the same time, whereas BASIC normally permits only one.

This raises a rather delicate point of semantics. In Hope, strictly speaking, a "program" is the application of a function to its actual arguments. As in LISP or FORTH, a series of definitions is entered, culminating in the definition of the function that does the job. To run a program, you type the name of this last-defined function with appropriate arguments. Nevertheless, to keep us on familiar territory, I shall talk about the definitions themselves as "programs" as they more or less correspond to the source code of a conventional program.

The Hope interpreter provides some facilities for inspecting and editing function definitions that have already been entered, though they could not be described as adding up to a full editor. I found that these are sufficient for entering small programs and learning your way around the system. For larger programs a separate editor makes sense.

I was pleased to find that the Notepad in Borland's SideKick program works extremely well in this role and gives you an editor that is available at a keypress from inside the interpreter (more on this later).

A Hope program consists of a declaration containing the name and type of a function, followed by a series of recursion equations that describe the value of the function for all possible patterns of its arguments. The required pattern matcher is built into the

(continued)

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interpreter. For example, a program to count the number of elements in a list looks like this:

typevar : alpha ;

dec listcount : list(alpha) - > num ;

— listcount(nil) < = 0 ;

— listcount(x :: y) < = 1 + listcount(y) ;

This program counts lists of objects of type alpha, where alpha can be any type that Hope supports. The Imperial College implementation supports types num (which are positive integers only), char (characters), and truval (Boolean truth values), together with lists and sets of those types. So we could run the program either as

>: listcount([3,4,5,6]) ; >: 4 : num

or

>: listcountfzeitgeist") ; >: 9 : char

or even

>: listcount([true,false,true,true,

false]) ; >: 5 : truval

Note that the terminating semicolon is essential for all inputs to Hope, that list arguments need their square brackets, and that a literal string like "Zeitgeist" is treated by Hope as an alternative way of writing a list of char. The declaration of typevar alpha is actually redundant because alpha and beta are predeclared in the system and ready for use.

If you enter listcount ; alone without arguments, Hope returns its type, list(alpha) - > num. It's generally true that all defined objects will return either their type or status (in the case of switches like trace and time) if they are entered without arguments.

The program can be entered merely by typing each line at the prompt, followed by a carriage return. Hope allows you to format the code with spaces and tabs for indentation and it "remembers" such formatting.

There is no block structure (as is found in Pascal or C) and no marker for the end of a program. New recursion equations can be entered at any

time (like adding lines to a BASIC program), and they are appended to the end of the program, the equations being stored in the order in which they were typed.

Type and syntax checking are performed immediately upon program entry. A recursion equation that contains either a type or syntax error will not be accepted and must be retyped correctly.

The error messages are in plain English; for example:

>: — listcount(x) < = 0 ;

%HOPE Types incompatible

list(alpha)

num

The two offending types are printed out below the message (%HOPE indicates a message from the Hope interpreter).

The philosophy of Hope is that as many errors as possible can be caught upon entry; run-time error reporting is much less powerful, although it can tell you that no matching equation was found for a particular argument, thus inviting you to add a suitable one.

Some run-time errors, especially those involving memory management, may trigger more cryptic error reports from the underlying Pascal run-time system.

A program can be inspected by typing the command display ;, which lists the source for all the user-defined functions on the screen, or by display listcount;, for instance, which just lists listcount.

The listing might not be in the order in which you entered the program, as operators, typevars, and data declarations are listed first before all function declarations. It's also possible that in the listed version, Hope may have altered the parentheses, adding some extra levels on occasion.

The modify command allows a limited editing of programs. If modify listcount ; is typed, Hope offers the declaration line first, thus permitting its type specification to be altered (you can't actually delete the declara

[continued]

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342 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

Announcing

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The National Historical Society Civil War Chess Set is a dramatic and fascinating tribute to the heroes of both North and South. For the playing pieces include richly-detailed 3-dimensional portrait sculptures of the great Generals on both sides, as well as enlisted men.

Each figure will be captured for the ages in solid pewter, then set atop a solid brass pedestal base encircled by a richly colored enamel band—blue for the Union, gray for the Confederacy. And every nuance of facial expression, uniform and weaponry —right down to buttons, braiding, sabers and carbines—will be depicted with uncompromising accuracy.

The result is a work that will bring lasting pleasure to chess enthusiasts, history

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Crafted for the Society by The Franklin Mint, each figure is scaled to suit the role assigned to it in the game of chess. The chessmen will be issued at the attractive price of $17.50 each. The handsome pewter-finished playing board, the fitted protective case, a Certificate of Authenticity and specially written reference materials will be provided at no added cost.

As a subscriber, you will receive two sculptured pieces every other month. You will, however, be billed for only one chessman at a time—a total of just $17.50 per month. In addition, you will be given the option to complete your set even earlier— but will be under no obligation to do so.

No advance payment is required. But please note that the accompanying application is dated and should be mailed no later than August 31, 1985.

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Inquiry 170

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tion, so once declared, a function is there to stay). We could, for instance, change listcount to list(num) - > num.

Then the equations are presented one after another, and a menu offers the choice of deleting or replacing each equation, or inserting a new one before or after it.

It is not possible to edit the text of an individual equation, which must be retyped in full if necessary—hence the value of a separate editor.

Hope programs can be traced or timed by commands called, oddly enough, trace and time. Tracing can be applied to a list of named functions (e.g., trace listcount;) or it can be applied to everything (trace all ;). It must be switched on with trace on ;. Timing is switched on in the same way and returns the execution time in 10-millisecond units, rather too coarse grained to time very simple evaluations, which always return 0.

The save command saves the contents of the workspace to disk under a filename, which is given the default extension of .HOP automatically. Such files can be read back in using the load command. The files contain plain ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) and are accessible to any standard software tools.

One feature of these commands that may cause surprise at first is that in a file written by save, function declarations are separated from their equations and saved at the beginning of the file. This is to ensure that when a file is read back in, all functions will have been legally declared before they are used in other function bodies. Unlike LISP, Hope does not tolerate the use of a function's name before it has been declared.

Input/output (I/O) is often rudimentary in functional languages, but Hope supplies an interface to PC-DOS on two levels. Character I/O is provided by the built-in functions putch and getch, while file I/O can be performed by treating named PC-DOS devices as "lazy lists" (that is, lists whose elements are only produced on demand).

I've found SideKick to work well as an editor for Hope, apart from the annoying fact that when an edited file is loaded, the new equations don't overwrite the previous versions but are appended at the end of the program.

The definition of Hope forbids "overlapping left-hand sides," that is, more than one equation with the same left-hand side. The interpreter used at Imperial College currently ignores them (a limitation that is clearly documented) and executes the first version, which in my case is the unedited version.

This makes deletion of the old versions necessary before or after loading the new versions, although in practice I find it easier to restart Hope from DOS and then load (I'm using a RAM disk, which makes this a fast operation).

A more satisfactory behavior in an interactive interpreter, short of an integral full-screen editor, would be for new equations to overwrite "overlapped" old ones just as is done by BASIC lines with the same line number. Alternatively, if this is unacceptable, a global delete command to remove whole definitions is needed. Using one of these solutions, the system could provide interaction as fast and convenient as the best of BASIC or FORTH systems.

The full solution is the implementation of modules, which Victor Wu is incorporating into the next version. Sealed program modules will be able to be saved, loaded, and killed, thus tidying up the ergonomics at the same time as providing a powerful mechanism for hiding private program and data definitions.

Don't expect miracles on the performance front. Functional languages are generally slow and memory-consuming on conventional hardware, and Hope is no exception. 1 tried running the Sieve of Eratosthenes benchmark and discovered that, even using "lazy evaluation" for the number list (Icons rather than ::), only primes up to 174 could be computed in the available workspace. If you use an "eager" list.

(continued)

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144 BYTE' AUGUST 1985

It'll be a warm day in Prague before most Americans learn to spell correctly. And no wonder. "I before E unless it's preceded by C, or sounds like A" . . . It's enough to drive anyone to defect.

But now, in a burst of American ingenuity, CYMA/McGraw-Hill introduces Final Draft, the word processor that makes spelling as easy as ABC.

Well, actually, spelling correctly is as easy as S. You see, after you've completed your document, you need only press S, and Final Draft will check your spelling with its 80,000word dictionary. Typos need never

again become an international incident.

But although the spelling check is certainly worth its weight in korunas, Final Draft also offers features like automatic red-lining and strike-out, table of contents and index, floating footnotes, thesaurus and merge-print, features you won't find in comparably-priced systems. Nor in systems twice our price.

Now you're probably wondering if power is synonymous with difficulty. Check your thesaurus and relax. Final Draft has only 35 commands. Not 305, like most of our complicated competitors. And our

commands are alphabeticallyassigned so that you can learn them quickly and remember then easily. You can learn Final Draft the first day and master it the second. Now that's American ingenuity.

So whether you're a champion speller, or just a college graduate, Final Draft will cover you. From aardvark to zymurgy. And everywhere in between. Like Czechoslovakia.

Inquiry 355 for End-Users. Inquiry 356 for DEALERS ONLY

The word processor Iqtoitjw from CYMA/McGraw-Hill. Call 800-292-CYMA.

SPELLING CZECH

STRIDE

/ c r a

One Board... One Family

At the heart of every Stride 400 Series microcomputer, from the floppy-based 420 to the 448M byte 460, is an identical CPU board. This guarantees compatibility throughout the entire product family And it means, our CPU board was designed with standard features that are either options or simply unavailable on other microcomputers:

□ 68000 microprocessor (10 MHz with no wait states)

□ VMEbus

□ 256K bytes RAM

□ 5'A" 640K byte floppy

□ Battery-backed real time clock

□ 4K CMOS RAM

□ Four RS-232C serial ports (Stride multiuser BIOS)

□ Centronics bi-directional parallel port

□ Omninet Local Area Network (Liaison LAN software)

CBASIC

l still the best price/ irmance ratios in the industry: from $2900 to over $60,000. But it begins with the powerful Stride CPU board, a standard feature of every 400 series system. It's what we call "Performance By Design:'

With this basic design, Stride is able to explore the full range of 68000applicationsfroman advanced multiuser, multi tasking BIOS to built-in local area networking. No other microcomputer offers the flexibility to run over a dozen different operating systems and more than 30 languages/compilers.

The basic design is backed by a rich option list

□ 12 MHz 68000 processor

□ VMEbus (Eurocard) cage

□ Low cost, high speed graphics

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□ 12M bytes of RAM

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□ 22 serial ports

□ Floating point processor (NS16081)

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□ Memory Management Unit

Formerly Sage Computer

For more information on Stride or the location of the nearest Stride Dealer call or write us today. We'll also send you a free copy of our 32 page product catalog.

Corporate Offices: 4905 Energy Way Reno. NV 89502 (702)322-6868 Regional Offices: Boston; (617) 229-6868 Dallas: (214) 392-7070

BYTE U.K.

only 76 can be handled.

The point of including this information is to dissuade anyone who might think they're going to use this free Hope to write a real-time airline booking system. Instead, regard it as a sampler with which to investigate the very real advantages of the functional programming style; then you'll be ready for the next generation of parallel hardware that will make such languages a practical proposition.

In summary, this system is pleasant to use and remarkably complete, given that this is a "laboratory" language hitherto confined to mainframes and superminicomputers. The only features omitted, apart from modules, are "overloaded" operators (e.g., using the same operator + for adding numbers and concatenating strings), prefix and "distfix" operators, and certain of the more advanced set and mapping functions.

Victor Wu told me that these will be included in the next version, which will be able to use more than 128K bytes of memory. A Macintosh version (Fat Mac only) with a full windowing editor is in preparation and due to be released sometime this year.

Declarative Books

Until very recently there has been a noticeable dearth of readable books on the subject of declarative programming. A few years ago the only such book available to the nonacademic reader was LISP by Patrick Henry Winston and Berthold K. Horn (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1981). The reason is simply that most of the work on such languages occurs in universities, which tend to disseminate information through papers rather than books.

Two books published recently in London, one on functional and the other on logic programming, are very welcome additions to the understocked library. Both books are pitched at undergraduate computer science level but are written clearly enough to be accessible to any experienced programmer. A proviso is that both books contain a formal mathe

(contmued)

Inquiry 308

When designing and building the Stride 400 microcomputers, why did you select the MC68000 Motorola processor over the newer Intel iAPX 286?

IT/i/s is one of a series of design philosophy discussions with Rod Coleman. President of Stride Micro llonnerlu Sage Computer).]

RC: With the introduction of the IBM AT. many people have been spending a lot of time comparing the 286 with the 68000. We also

"... the 68000 is at least one generation ahead of the 286 in terms of microprocessor design!'

surveyed the marketplace closely when we decided to build a second generation of our successful Sage computer, but came to a quick conclusion: the 68000 is at least one generation ahead of the 286 in terms of microprocessor design. Admittedly, the Intel microprocessor was a newer chip, and it had an impressive pedigree from the popularity of the 8088. But. in my view, the 286 was so steeped in it's own history that the architecture suffered critically. In reality, today's 286 is little more than an 8086 with a memory management unit tacked on.

Q: What's wrong with that?

RC: Well, it certainly maintains compatibility with the Intel chip family, but it's not the way to design a state-of-the-art microprocessor. I like to use the example of a remodeled house. As your needs grow, you can build a new front porch, attach a garage, remodel the kitchen, and add a few bedrooms. But the end result never ends up as efficient as a larger house built from scratch. The halls are often too narrow and full of annoying twists and turns.The folks at Motorola apparently felt the same way. because they started with a clean sheet of paper when they designed their 32-bit architecture with no concessions to an 8-bit past

Q: Can you give us an example?

RC: lust look at the registers and addressing modes.They are much larger and far more flexible in the 68000 than in the 286. The 8086 design was based on the 8080. which was an extension of the world's first 8-bit processor, the 8008. Strange as it may seem, the brand-new 286 has. as a subset, the registers from a processor designed back in 1972. Intel's motive was compatibility with current software: Motorola simply wanted to build the best possible chip. By creating a totally new design with the 68000. they were also able to apply several new concepts undeveloped in 72. The 68000 was designed from the ground up to execute high-level languages, as opposed to the 8008 s roots as a simple industrial controller. Motorola provides 16 general purpose 32-bit registers to give greater flexibility and a clean orthogonal design. Thus, it efficiently and directly

addresses 16 megabytes with no preferred boundaries.The 286. by contrast, has only special purpose registers which can address just 64 kilobytes. It must use a segment register to exceed those boundaries, just as the earlier did.

Sooner or later, even IBM will be forced to build a PC using a processor with a large regular addressing architecture;'

Q: Are there other critical differences?

RC: Yes.There's also the question of access. For a given generation of silicon design and feature size, any two contemporary processors should be able to do about the same number of instructions per second. Unfortunately, the 286 has a bottleneck where it forces single pins into double duty. It shares the use of its address and data bus which means that, for a given bus

bandwidth, its transfer rate will always by less than a nonmultiplexed processor. The 68000 escapes the problem by dedicating a single pin for each function.

Q: What does it really mean to those on the software application level?

RC: As micros move into the late 80's. software will have to lead the way by becoming more functional and less complicated to use. Ironically, software that's easier to use actually has to be larger and more complex internally. It simply cannot be written when stifled by artificial hardware constraints like 64K byte boundaries. It's like building a new car with a one quart gas tank. Sooner or later, even IBM will be forced to build a PC using a processor with a large regular addressing architecture. But don't hold your breath: we got tired of waiting back in 1981. Apparently so did several thousand others: they have been buying our machines for four years.

I C R O

Formerly Sage Computer

For more information on Stride or

the location of the nearest Stride

Dealer call or write us today. We'll

also send you a free copy of our

32 page product catalog.

Corporate Offices:

4905 Energy Way

Reno. NV 89502

(702)322-6868

Regional Offices:

Boston: (6171 229-6868

Dallas: 1214) 392-7070

Inquiry 309

AUGUST 1985 - BYTE 347

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documentation and PROMAL system diskette including sample programs) for just $49.95. There's a 15-day, no-risk moneyback guarantee. And the entire $49.95 may be credited against later purchase of the "Developer's Version" The "Developer's Version"-all the components of the "End User" syst em plus the "run time" object module generation capability, additional documentation and an unlimited right to sell or distribute PROMAL applications-is only $99.95.

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PROMAL-a language especially for small systems.

Unlike languages developed for larger systems and squeezed into small systems environments, PROMAL was conceived and developed specifically for the small system. With PROMAL there's finally a language created for the environment in which you work.

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North Carolina Residents add 4-1/2% sales tax. l-'oreign orders add $15.00 additional shipping and handling.

348 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

PROMAL 1.1 Features

COMPILED LANGUAGE

• Structured language with indentation as

syntax element

• Fast, 1-pass recursive compiler

• Simplified syntax requirements

• No line numbers, no terminators

• Long variable names (31 characters)

• Global, Local & Argument variables

• Byte, Word, Integer & Real data types

• Decimal or Hexadecimal number types

• Functions with passed arguments

• Predefined DATA of any type

• Procedures with passed arguments

• Built-in I/O library

• Arrays, strings, pointers

• Control Statements: IF, IF-ELSE, WHILE,

FOR, CHOOSE, REPEAT-UNTIL, BREAK, NEXT, INCLUDE, ESCAPE, REFUGE

• Bit-operators, shifts, casts

• Compiler I/O from/to disk or memory

• Variables at defined location

• Simple Machine Language interface

• Recursion fully supported

• Compilation errors trapped for Editor

EXECUTIVE

• Command oriented, with line editing

• Memory resident at all times

• Allows multiple user programs in

memory at once

• Function key definitions

• Program abort and pause

• 22 Resident system commands, 8 user

defined resident commands, no limit on disk commands

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disk or keyboard

• File system management commands

• Memory map, set and display commands

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EDITOR

• Full-screen, cursor driven

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from file

• Auto indent, undent support

• Edit-after-error facility

LIBRARY

• 45 Machine-language commands,

memory resident at all times

• Call by name with arguments

• String handling (9 routines)

• Re-directable standard input and output

files (STDIN, STDOUT)

• Formatted I/O (including Reals)

• Decimal & Hexadecimal I/O ■ Block fill, Block move

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• Cursor control & line editing

• Data type conversion

• Random number function

• Real function support (in PROMAL): ABS,

ATAN, COS, EXP, LOG, LOG10, POWER, SIN, SQRT, TAN

Inquiry 370

BYTE U.K.

matical chapter, but this could be skipped over without too much loss of sense.

Principles of Functional Programming by Hugh Glaser, Chris Hankin, and David Till is published by Prentice-Hall International (1984). The authors are lecturers at London University.

The book starts on a commendably down-to-earth note, by looking at examples of top-down program design in plain English. In the subsequent chapter, the authors show how a simple and elegant functional language called SUGAR emerges quite naturally from these program specifications. The remainder of the first part of the book then discusses the syntax of SUGAR, profusely illustrated with example programs and exercises for the reader. One of the examples concerns functional turtle graphics, which is a welcome departure from the mathematically biased problems that authors in this field have a tendency to rely on.

The second part of the book begins with a chapter on Alonzo Church's lambda-calculus, which is the mathematical underpinning of functional languages. Nonmathematical readers may prefer to skip this, but I found it quite fascinating, if only to find out where that cryptic word LAMBDA in LISP came from. More important, it clarifies the reasons why functional programs are susceptible to mathematical analysis and transformation, while procedural programs are not, in general.

A subsequent chapter explains the development of an interpreter for SUGAR written in SUGAR, and this leads into a discussion of three different models for machines (virtual or real) that have been devised to execute functional languages. These architectures (SECD. SK Reduction, and Data Flow) are described by algorithms written in a mixture of pseudoPascal and plain English (far more approachable for "outsiders"), which are sufficiently detailed to serve as a guide for serious readers who wish to experiment with real programs. The section ends with a chapter on formal semantics, which will make little sense

to computer novices.

The third part of the book consists of a survey of some existing functional languages. The largest chapter is devoted to FL1SP, which is a functional subset of LISP, and smaller sections to KRC, Hope, and John Backus's FP systems. Useful appendixes include rules for translating SUGAR programs into FLISP and the listing for an FP system written in FLISP.

While the book is not a tutorial in any particular functional language, it provides an informed overview and a rationale that could be of use not only to potential implementors but to anyone who plans to learn functional programming. The functional style of programming is very different from the procedural style most of us have grown up with; for myself at least, understanding the reasons behind it makes the transition a lot easier.

The second book, introduction to Logic Programming by Christopher Hogger (Academic Press. 1984). is more theoretical and, to the nonacademic reader, more difficult than the first, although it covers analogous ground. It is not specifically about Prolog, though it concedes that Prolog is the one widely used logic-programming language.

Like Principles of Functional Programming, it starts from first principles, with an explanation of logical predicates, interpretations, and implications. Some of this treatment is quite formal, but the author suggests parts that may be skipped on first reading. The discussion of inference leads to discussions of resolution and unification, the techniques that permit computers to solve logic problems.

Attention is then directed to logic programs on computers, with a discussion of the standard strategy of a logic interpreter, the structure of logic programs, and data structures. I learned a lot from this section, particularly about control flow in logic programs, which is almost a taboo subject in Prolog tutorials; it came as something of a surprise to read about sequencing, branching, and iteration, as well as recursion. The difficult sub

[cont'mued)

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 349

BYTE U.K.

jects of nondeterminism and negation are covered in some depth.

Two chapters cover the verification of correctness of logic programs and the synthesis of programs from specifications—the area in which the strongest claims are made for the superiority of logic programming over the conventional kind.

A chapter on implementation is well illustrated with structure diagrams and algorithms in pseudo-Pascal. Special attention is paid to the pursuit of efficiency and to techniques for conserving memory or processor time (almost always a trade-off).

The book ends with a chapter called "Broader Contribution to Computing," which discusses the influence of logic programming on computing theory, and the various implementations of Prolog worldwide, including the Japanese Fifth Generation Project.

My conclusions about the first book

hold true for this one, too; knowing the background can only help in learning the languages. I found Introduction to logic Programming a more difficult book, but that's because I find logic harder than programming. The specialist will appreciate that this is the first book that covers all aspects of the field, and apparently it is currently the only book that covers the implementation of Prolog.

I highly recommend both books to anyone who wants to find out what is happening in the evolution of programming and who isn't afraid of some rigorous thought.

MacProlog

In the December 1984 BYTE U.K. ("Prolog on Microcomputers," page 3 55) I described micro-PROLOG for CP/M-80 machines. Frank McCabe, one of its authors, recently loaned me a beta-test copy of MacProlog, his implementa

tion for the 512K-byte Macintosh.

MacProlog has many improvements over the older micro-PROLOG, not the least of which is that it compiles rather than interprets; this, combined with the Mac's 68000, makes it very fast indeed for an artificial-intelligence language. McCabe has taken the trouble to fully integrate Prolog with the Macintosh user interface, which makes it much easier and nicer to use, too.

It's based on sigma-PROLOG, a UNIX version of micro-PROLOG, and one of the great improvements in sigma-Prolog is that you can use long variable names instead of x, y, and z. What's more, the system remembers variable names so that they are not all changed when you list a program as they were in micro-PROLOG. The naming convention is that all variables must begin with an underscore.

[continued)

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350 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 146

FIVE REASONS TO BUY AT&T PERSONAL COMPUTER

1985:

There are lots of reasons to buy the AT&T PC for your business this year. It offers more computer for the money. It's faster than the IBM PC, and has superior graphics. The AT&T PC is a hardworking, highperformance computer designed to meet all your immediate needs.

And it has something more. A commitment to your future.

That commitment can be seen in our new enhancements. They include the Communications Manager with simultaneous voice and data transmission, the 8087 co-processor which speeds mathematics computing up to 100 times, and a display enhancement board for even better color graphics.

That's just the beginning for the AT&T PC, and the starting place for a fully integrated office.

THE COMPUTERS WITH THE FUTURE BUILT IN

Because AT&T PCs can be linked together in small groups through the STARLAN local area network or networked into an entire system with the AT&T Information Systems Network.

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It's what makes the AT&T PC the right choice this year, next year, and in the years to come.

For more information, call your AT&T Information Systems Account Executive, visit an authorized AT&T dealer, or call 1-800-247-1212.

AT&T

The right choice.

© 1985 AT&T Information Systems. IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corp.

BYTE U.K.

Compared to micro-PROLOG, MacProlog syntaxes are better controlled

and less potentially confusing thanks to the Mac interface.

This enhancement is apparently the product of much blood, sweat, and tears at Logic Programming Associates. I hadn't realized until I read Hogger's book (discussed previously) that the capricious treatment of variable names stems from the nature of the logical inference process itself and was no mere whim of the implementors; the cure was not trivial.

On booting up the Mac and opening the sigma-PROLOG icon, the top menu bar offers the choices File, Edit, Search, Program, Windows, and Queries. The only window open on the screen is called Default Output Window.

Programs are written using a new window for each separate relation defined. To write a program you pull down the Program menu and select New, which opens a new window. The relation definition is typed into this

window, and it is then named by selecting Relation Info from the menu.

Of course, the full editing power of the Mac interface, including Cut and Paste, is available during this input, which is a huge improvement over the line-oriented editor of micro-PROLOG. The standard Mac Edit menu has an added option that checks for unbalanced parentheses in a selected text.

When finished, the new code can be syntax-checked and compiled by selecting Check Program from the Program menu. Compilation also occurs automatically when a query is made to a relation that has been edited; it's very quick.

When a relation window is named, MacProlog puts this name onto the Windows menu. The current window can then be hidden to avoid the screen becoming too full of windows, and it can be reopened by selecting from the Windows menu.

In practice, you will more likely want to use Search to find a particular relation name, whereupon its window is automatically opened and made current. Search can also do global search and replace on any name.

There is no command line input to MacProlog at all; all interaction is performed through menus and templates. To actually run programs, you pull down the Queries menu, and choose either Which or Command.

Choosing Which produces a template box for you to enter a query into, and this query becomes the default until altered so you can

evaluate it repeatedly with a single button press. Trace and All Answers options can be set by buttons in the template box. Command produces a similar box for entering system commands.

All the answers to a query appear in the Default Output Window, followed by the time taken for the evaluation.

Errors are reported in a Macintosh dialog box, which offers the options to Continue, Fail, or Succeed the query, and presents a Prolog description of the problem.

MacProlog, like micro-PROLOG. comes with a choice of different syntaxes. Although there are actually more of them (no less than seven), they are much better controlled and less potentially confusing thanks to the Mac interface. Instead of loading modules (and forgetting which one is loaded), a Syntax option is selected from the Program menu.

This presents a control panel, similar to those used for printing and selecting type fonts. You can see at a glance which syntax is selected, and you can change it by clicking on a button.

The syntaxes available are Micro (for compatibility with micro-PROLOG), Edinburgh, MITSI (a new simplified English-like form for novice programmers), Prefix, Core, and Lambda, which was not implemented in the beta-test version.

Core syntax is what the compiler

(continued)

BYSO™ LISP with VISUAL SYNTAX™

i—>rrj—»|f ib|—»

2—»[<]—>|7F

ib |—*[+]—»'

71—1

Levien Instrument Co. has done it. We've created VISUAL SYNTAX, a program as easy to use as MacPaint, but as powerful as a whole programming language. It allows you to program with pictures. As you can see from the picture of the

Fibonacci function above, it offers a clear picture into your programs.

You have all the power of a full LISP interpreter in a package as fun to use as MacPaint. You can do a lot more with it than MacPaint, though.

The power under Visual Syntax is BYSO LISP It comes with a full screen editor, so you can write in conventional LISP notation if you like.

BYSO LISP has one of the most complete library of functions of any LISP. There are list manipulation functions for LISP 1.5. MACLISP, and COMMON LISP. It has library management and very advanced datatypes (multidimensional arrays and DEFSTRUCTs| BYSO LISPalso has lexical binding.

Included in the 119 page manual are application notes that describe graphics, sound. BIOS functions, MSDOS functions, and interface to assembly language programs.

BYSO is very fast and reliable. It has been out since Aug. 1984 and there are no known bugsl It will run circles around a VAX.

BYSO LISP was written completely in assembly language and has a very efficient memory allocation. It leaves ample room for your programs, with no disk swapping.

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352 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 177

DECLARE YOUR

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Inquiry 158

BYTE U.K.

uses (only needed by serious hackers) while Prefix is the preferred syntax for experienced users; it looks like this:

can buy( person thing)

if in stock( thing)

& LESS(price(_thing) funds( person))

A final option in the Syntax panel is Interpret; this enables interpretation instead of compilation, which permits greater flexibility in tracing and

debugging at the expense of speed.

The built-in predicates of MacProlog have been expanded to include a whole set for controlling Mac menus and dialogue boxes. It's possible for the user to create pull-down menus and attach Prolog programs to them to create Macintosh-style applications.

The test version of MacProlog has 24-bit integer arithmetic only, but later versions may have floating-point and

transcendental functions as UNIX sigma-PROLOG does. Modules are not implemented in the test version.

In summary, MacProlog looks like a nicely integrated product that goes a long way toward the sort of friendly programming environment available on $30,000 LISP machines. The U.S. distributor is Programming Logic Systems, 31 Crescent Dr., Milford, CT 06460, (203) 877-7988, but I have no date for its release. ■

A PROTOTYPE FOR YOUR PROTOTYPES

METHODS BY DIGITALK. A SMALLTALK PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT FOR THE IBM PC. AN OBJECT-ORIENTED SPEED DEMON. AN EXCITING WAY TO PROGRAM.

.Suslm Transcript

Helcone to Hsttods Version 1.8 Copyright 1984 Dijitalk, Inc.

tail talk umisedHewrti 385756 .

Class litpuck] trtetr

! t» ! t'js n := l, String alllnstances Jo: [-.si tat t t * s silt. n !: n » 11. M//n 8 n IV 8 1187

instantf

Think about your problem. Browse the Methods Smalltalk source code. Select some building blocks like pop-up menus, windows, text-editors and dictionaries. Put them together. Try it. Oops, Methods tells you something is missing. No problem. Continue thinking, changing and trying. Now you're prototyping! Try out new ideas. Redefine your problem. And you don't have to throw this prototype away. Refine it until you like the finished product.

Methods by Digitalk. A new way to develop software for the PC. Use it for windowing, simulation and artificial intelligence applications. Use it by prototyping.

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Smalltalk-80" is a trademark of Xerox Corporation. IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corporation. MS is a trademark of Microsoft Corporate

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354 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 99

Methods

Turbo Pascal 3.0

Copy II Mac

MacTools

MacASM

MacModula-2

Megamax C

QC-20

by Bruce Webster

Bruce Webster is a consulting editor jor BYTE and a charter member of the PMS Commandos. He can be contacted do BYTE. 42 5 Battery St., San Francisco. CA 94111.

ACCORDING TO WEBSTER

Greetings and Agitations

Like last month, this month's column will talk mostly about Macintosh stuff, although it does start out with a few non-Mac products. These columns will probably continue to contain about 60 to 70 percent Mac-related items since most of the hardware and software that comes in is for the Mac. Also, there is substantial coverage of CP/M, MS-DOS, and IBM stuff elsewhere in BYTE.

Methods

In the May issue of BYTE, Tom Yonkman and I wrote a product preview of Methods, a version of Smalltalk for the IBM PC from Digitalk Inc. ("Methods: A Preliminary Look," page 152). Methods is now being shipped. It comes with two manuals: Smalltalk language Guide (51 pages) and Environment Guide (67 pages). The first manual is unfinished (four chapters are simply "to be completed" pages), and the documentation itself is terse and jargon-laden.

If you're already familiar with Smalltalk, you probably won't have much of a problem with Methods. If you're not familiar with Smalltalk, then be warned: This package is not an easy one to sit down and use on your own. You should buy it only if you are very interested in Smalltalk and are willing to put in a lot of time unlearning conventional software development and switching over to the Methods/Smalltalk environment.

Turbo Pascal 3.0

About two years ago, Philippe Kahn of Borland International started something of a software revolution by releasing Turbo Pascal for $49.95. Very few people believed the claims in the ads: I sure didn't. The product seemed too good to be true, especially in light of the JRT Pascal fiasco. I was writing a Pascal column for Softalk for the IBM PC at the time, so I asked for a review copy, fully intending to rip it to shreds. Instead. I wrote such a glowing review that excerpts were later quoted in Turbo Pascal ads. Turbo Pascal became a software hit, selling some

2 50,000 copies in two years, an amazing figure for a computer language.

Borland has continued to improve the product over that time, releasing version 2.0 last year. Now version 3.0 has come out, with a number of fixes, a large list of improvements, and a 376-page manual (about 100 pages longer than the 2.0 manual). It also comes with a slightly higher price tag of $69.95. Turbo Pascal is best known for its small size, incredible compile speeds, and fast execution times. Version 3.0 is still small (less than 40K bytes for the compiler and editor) and is actually faster in compile and execution times. On top of that, the MSDOS version has a large assembly-language graphics library (including, but not limited to, a turtle graphics implementation). The MS-DOS version also provides better support for DOS (disk operating system) 2.0 and 3.0 file I/O (input/output) and directory calls. A BCD (binary-coded decimal) version is available, designed primarily for financial applications where you need large precision (18 digits) and minimal round-off error. And, of course, an 8087 version of 3.0 is out as well.

Turbo Pascal is not a perfect implementation. Program code is limited to 64K bytes resident at any one time. You can use overlays and chaining to get around that, but it can still make for awkward development. Libraries are not as convenient to use as in UCSD Pascal: ditto for assembly-language routines. But it is fast, small, and cheap: it has a tremendous number of built-in routines to do low-level system work: and it's fun to play around with. The language and the documentation have improved with age. Even at the increased price, it's probably still the best software deal on the market.

A Brief Aside

In the interests of integrity, I would like to point out that I have had one financial dealing with Borland International. Last October, just as I was quitting my job, Philippe Kahn

{continued)

AUGUST 1985 'BYTE 355

ACCORDING TO WEBSTER

called me with a problem. Borland had contracted with an author to write a book on Turbo Pascal. For various reasons, that author couldn't complete it; Philippe, familiar with my Pascal column in Softalk for the IBM PC, asked if I could help finish the book.

I accepted the job (for a flat fee) and in two weeks wrote parts II and III of Turbo Tutor, basing it largely on my Softalk columns. Since I receive no royalties from sales of Turbo Tutor, my wallet doesn't really care if you buy it or not (though my ego has some concern). And, of course, the same applies to Turbo Pascal itself.

COPY II MAC/MACTOOLS

Since most of the Macintosh application software is copy-protected, it was inevitable that a Mac bit-copying program would soon appear. It did— Copy II Mac from Central Point Software—and it's good. I tried it out on almost every piece of copy-protected software I had, and all the copies seemed to work just fine. What's more, the package includes MacTooIs, a file-manipulation and file-editing routine that lets you set attribute bits (invisible, locked, protected) for files, as well as view and edit them in hexadecimal/ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) format. And, yes, you can copy the Copy

II Mac master disk using itself. While I am strongly against software

piracy—I don't give out software, nor do I receive it—I do feel the need to back up my master disks, especially

for application packages. Copy protection on games doesn't bother me at all, but it can be a real pain on business or productivity software. The firm I used to work for had two business-type software packages on the market; neither was copy-protected, and both had instructions asking the user to immediately make backup copies and then store the masters somewhere safe (and leave them there).

If you're using copy-protected software on the Mac, you should have Copy II Mac to back up and preserve your masters. But please don't use it to steal.

Mac Development Software

Here's a quick look at three more development systems for the Mac and some benchmarks for the different languages. The three packages we're looking at are MacASM (from Mainstay), MacModula-2 (from Modula Corporation), and Megamax C (from Megamax Inc.). The benchmarks include these languages as well as several others we've talked about.

MacASM is a Mac assembly-language development system with a decidedly non-Mac interface. In fact, the user interface resembles nothing so much as your typical BASIC environment. Your statements have line numbers; you use commands like LIST, RENUMBER, DELETE, LOAD, SAVE, DIR, ASM, and RUN; and you edit by listing part of the program to the screen, then moving the cursor up

and changing it. Despite that (or maybe even because of it), MacASM is fast and easy to use. You can edit programs using MacWrite or, better yet. Bill Duvall's program editor (found in several other development packages), but it means that you have to pop out of the MacASM environment each time you want to go back to the editor. Your best bet is to do the bulk of your program entry using a regular editor, then use the MacASM environment to debug your code.

The MacASM documentation is an 80-page manual explaining the system commands and assembly-language directives. You will need one or two books on 68000 assembly language, as well as Inside Macintosh, to do any serious development.

Because of the quick, familiar nature of its user interface, MacASM is a great tool for learning 68000 assembly language. What's more, you can create stand-alone applications (complete with resource files). According to Mainstay, more than 1000 developers are using MacASM to do just that. And, nicest of all. there are no licensing fees. If you do get MacASM, though, be sure to save your source code out often; whenever you start messing with assembly language, especially on the Mac, you stand a good chance of repeatedly crashing the system.

MacModula-2 is, of course, a Modula-2 compiler from the same people who build the Lilith (a

(continued)

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ACCORDING TO WEBSTER

Modula-2-specific computer). MacModula-2 compiles down to m-code. a p-code that then runs on an interpreter. It runs under a standard Mac environment, with Bill Duvall's editor, a linker, a resource maker, and a large number of library modules. Most of these tools have a transfer menu that lets you go from one to another without having to go back into (and then out of) the Finder. Ironically, the one transfer that is missing is the one that would be most useful: from the editor to the compiler.

The compiler goes through four passes and is slow. Since you must link as well, the time from the start of compilation to able-to-execute can drag on quite a bit. For the Sieve of Eratosthenes program (which is not very big), the total elapsed time from the start of compilation to the end of linking was nearly 90 seconds. Large programs would be even worse, so your best bet is to really use the benefits of Modula-2 and break your programs up into small chunks, which you can compile, debug, and then leave alone.

The MacModula-2 documentation is an excellent, large (8/2 by II inches) 5 50-page softbound manual, but it does not include a Modula-2 reference guide. If you're familiar with Pascal, you may be able to get by with just- Niklaus Wirth's thin text. Programming in Modula-2 (2nd ed., New York: Springer-Verlag, 1983): if you're not, you'll probably need to find a more extensive book. And, of course, you'll need Inside Macintosh.

Like MacASM and 68000 assembly language, MacModula-2 is probably an ideal environment for learning Modula-2 (short of owning a Lilith). Unlike MacASM, I'm not sure yet how well MacModula-2 works as a development system. Modula-2 itself is great for software development, but the long compilation and link times could lead to frustrated programmers wasting time staring at Mac screens. Since MacModula-2 uses an m-code interpreter, you can't produce true stand-alone applications: instead, you would have to distribute the m-code interpreter along with the object-code

file. One piece of good news, though, is that Modula Corporation has dropped all licensing fees for MacModula-2.

Megamax C is one of several C compilers out for the Mac. It has basically the same editor and resource maker as MacModula-2, MacAdvantage, and a few other development packages. It also has a linker, a librarian, a code improver, a batch processor, a disassembler, and several libraries.

The compiler is fast. The first time I compiled the Sieve program, it was done so quickly that I thought I had done something wrong. And since you can transfer over to the linker or to any other program, you can avoid having to drop back into the Finder in between steps. You can also transfer out of the linker to your finished code or to anything else. Megamax C produces fast stand-alone code: its features include floating-point support, in-line assembly language, and a low price ($295).

I can't really compare Megamax to the other C compilers until I see them. What I heard of Megamax, though, was enough to convince me to go out and buy a copy, rather than wait for a review copy to show up. The manual, about 200 pages in a threering binder, is adequate: if you don't know C, you'll need an introductory text (C Primer Plus by Mitchell Waite, Steven Prata, and Donald Martin |lndianapolis, IN: Howard W. Sams, 1984] seems to be a good one) and (all together now) Inside Macintosh.

Some Benchmarks

Mark Twain once said that there are three kinds of lies: lies, damned lies, and statistics. Benchmarks can fit into that list without much difficulty. Nevertheless, having all this development software, I decided to run the Sieve of Eratosthenes benchmark, just to get some rough comparisons. Table 1 shows the results.

All these benchmarks were run on a 512K-byte Mac with a Bernoulli Box. with one exception: The p-System benchmarks were done on a 128K

358 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

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byte Mac with two disk drives. In addition, I made the C, Modula-2, FORTH, and MacAdvantage:UCSD Pascal programs time themselves using the TickCount routine in the Toolbox. This didn't affect the execution times, but it did increase the compile and link times. Incidentally, the last column in table 1 is the execution speed in the previous column divided by the fastest time (2.9 seconds for MacASM, using a long-word fill). The result shows how many times slower that version was than the fastest one.

Comments? Megamax C is comfortably close to MacASM, especially since you can use the disassembler and in-line assembly language to speed up key sections. 1 suspect that the other C compilers are in the same ballpark. MacFORTH isn't that far behind, either. The p-code systems (MacModula-2, Mac p-System, MacAdvantage) are in the same ballpark,

roughly 10 to 2 5 times slower than the C compiler. The exception is the native-code-generated version under the p-System, which competes well with the C compilers. MacPascal and MS-BASIC, which are here just for completeness, are 400 to 500 times slower than MacASM code.

For some non-Mac comparison, table 2 shows execution times (both regular and normalized for table 1) of the same program running under Turbo Pascal on a 2 56K-byte Compaq with two floppies. The compile times (which were in the standard Turbo RAM-to-RAM mode) were all about 0.8 second. (No, that's not a typo: It was four-fifths of a second.) Incidentally, the Turbo defaults are no user interrupt and no range checking, so the 14.5-second time is what you would normally get. You would have to deliberately set the {$U + } and {$R + } options to get the slowest

speed; looking at the table, you can see why.

For Mac Developers

I have found (along with a lot of other people) what is probably the best magazine for Macintosh software developers. It's a homebrew journal called MacTutor (formerly MacTech). It's not fancy or slick, but each issue (monthly, about 44 to 48 pages) is full of explanations of the Mac's intricacies. The format is a series of columns dealing with the different languages: FORTH, C, Pascal, Modula-2, BASIC, 68000 assembly language, and more. Worth its weight in 3'/2-inch floppies. Back issues are available.

Update: SofTech Microsystems

Warren Williamson, who does the copy editing on my column, must be

(continued)

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Inquiry 305

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SYSTEM/CONTROLLER

The Z8 FORTH System/Controller is only 4" by 4Vi" and includes a custom masked Z8 version of the FORTH

language with a full screen editor, cassette I/O driver primitives, EPROM programmer primitives, and other utility words. It also contains up to 4K bytes of RAM or EPROM, an RS-232 serial port with selectable baud rates, and two parallel ports. Additional Z8 peripheral boards include memory expansion, a smart terminal board, serial and parallel I/O, real time clock an A/D converter, and an EPROM programmer. It's perfect for data reduction and high speed control applications.

BCC21 w/utilities . . . $225.00

$3'. "Let me have an entire development system on one board."

Solution:

THE BCC52

SYSTEM/CONTROLLER

The BCC52 is a new stand alone single board microcomputer which is bus compatible with the Micromint BCC11 /BCC21 Z8 System/Controllers and expansion boards. The BCC52 features the Intel 8052AH-BASIC microprocessor which includes a ROM resident 8K byte floating point BASIC inter

preter with extensions for process control work. It contains sockets for up to 48K bytes of RAM/EPROM, an "intelligent" 2764/128 EPROM programmer, 3 parallel ports, a serial terminal port, and a serial printer port.

BCC52 . . . $239.00

if A'. "Give me lots of economical computing power."

Solution:

THE BCC11 BASIC SYSTEM/CONTROLLER

The Z8 BASIC System/Controller is nearly identical to the FORTH System/Controller but contains a tiny BASIC interpreter, up to 6K bytes of RAM and EPROM, an RS-232 serial port with switch selectable baud rates, and two parallel ports. Add a power supply and terminal to start programming in BASIC or machine language. Programs can be transferred to 2732 EPROMS with the optional EPROM programmer for auto-start applications. It can also use any of the expansion boards mentioned under the Z8 FORTH System/Controller.

BCC11 . . . $149.00

Additional information on peripheral boards and OEM pricing is available.

Order Toll Free

18006353355

In Connecticut call: 1-871-6170

For a System Controller suited to your needs, give us a call.

MICROMINT, INC. 25 Terrace Drive Vernon, CT 06066

ACCORDING TO WEBSTER

getting upset with me. You see, this is the second month in a row where I've had to make major changes to the author's proof due to developments in the real world.

Last month, I had to change a couple of paragraphs where 1 took SofTech to task over licensing fees for MacAdvantage:UCSD Pascal. You see. SofTech had dropped all licensing fees and (according to what they told me) had cut the price as well, from $295 to $119. This was all to go into effect July 1, which is when my first column was going to show up.

A few weeks after having made that change, word came that SofTech Inc. was going to sell off SofTech Microsystems. I talked with officials at SofTech Microsystems, who assured me that all the product changes they had told me about were going to go into effect anyway. . .except for the drop in price for MacAdvantage. In short, I don't know what SofTech is going to charge for MacAdvantage. So my first piece of news is that you'll have to contact SofTech yourself to find out exactly what the status is for MacAdvantage, as well as the products I'm going to mention in the next few paragraphs.

Second, SofTech is reorganizing the IBM PC p-System into three separate packages: the basic MS-DOS-hosted p-System, with editor, UCSD Pascal compiler, and filer; an assembler/ native-code-generator package: and utilities package (disassembler, debugger, etc.). Furthermore, each package will sell for only $49.95 (shades of Borland!). Since this is the MS-DOS-hosted version of the p-System, your files are on DOS-formatted disks, and your programs can read and write DOS files. Since the p-System offers more sophisticated memory management and library facilities than Turbo Pascal, and since p-code is very compact, this might be an attractive alternative for those of you writing large Pascal programs on the IBM PC Again, there has been a change in licensing policy: Any program that is released as publicdomain software or shareware ("Send me $xx if you like it") requires no

licensing fee. Any commercial product—something that is sold through mail order or dealers and that has a suggested list price—still has to pay the standard fee.

And Now for Something Completely Different

This same SofTech, a company known mostly for a runner-up development system, is releasing a product that may have reverberations throughout the industry much on the same order as Turbo Pascal and SideKick. A few years ago, two programmers developed and shipped an integrated software package for the Apple called The Incredible Jack. Their success got them some venture capital, and they wrote an improved version for the IBM PC, called Jack2. Then the rumblings about Ovation, Symphony, and Framework started, and the venture

Turbo Pascal (3.0) user interrupts turned off {$U-} and range checking turned off {$R-} and using FillChar

capitalists got cold feet. SofTech now owns the product; its people have improved it even more and plan to start shipping it on the 1st of July under the name TeamMate. That would be hohum news at best, except for one important change: A package that used to cost $500 will go out on the market for $69.95. Yes, you saw that right. Sales of Symphony and Framework have been sluggish; what will happen when TeamMate hits the shelves?

Update: Mac Mass Storage

1 talked last month about the Quark QC-10 hard disk for the Apple II, Apple III, and Macintosh. Since then. Quark has announced the QC-20, which is a 20-megabyte version of the QC-10. Quark has also released the Apple Pascal (version 1.2) support software, but since I no longer have

[continued)

Execution Normalized

173.8 59.9 25.9 8.9

14.5 5.0

11.6 4.0

Table l: Macintosh Sieve benchmarks.

Language Compilation

MacASM

1.1

long-word fill

1.1

Megamax C

3.2

and improver

+ 6.8

register vars

3.1

and improver

+ 6.4

MacFORTH (1.1)

1.3

using FILL

1.3

MacModula-2

46.4

range check off

44.6

Mac p-System

16.9

no rcheck, FillChar

18.8

native code gen

18.6

MacAdvantage

22.6

range check off

22.4

and FillChar

22.7

MacPascal (Beta)

MS-BASIC (2.0)

Linking Execution Normalized

3.1

1.1

2.9

1.0

27.8

6.5

2.2

6.2

2.1

26.8

4.4

1.5

4.2

1.4

25.3

8.7

20.0

6.9

22.8

84.8

29.2

22.5

71.6

24.7

92.6

31.9

59.6

20.6

19.3

6.5

2.2

104.1

35.9

88.6

30.6

69.1

23.8

1235.0

425.9

1294.0

446.2

Table 2: Sieve execution benchmarks on the IBM PC-compatible Compaq. The program is identical to the one used to generate the benchmarks in table 1.

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 363

ACCORDING TO WEBSTER

Items Discussed

Copy II Mac/MacTools $39.95

Central Point Software Inc. 9700 Southwest Capitol Hwy., #100 Portland, OR 97219 (503) 244-5782

Mac Bernoulli Box $1895

Mac Bernoulli Slave Drive . . .$1195 Iomega Corporation 1821 West 4000 South Roy. UT 84067 (801) 776-7730

MacAdvantage:UCSD Pascal . . . $??? UCSD p-System for IBM PC . . $49.95

TeamMate $69.95

SofTech Microsystems 16875 West Bernardo Dr. San Diego, CA 92127 (619) 451-1230

MacASM

Mainstay

28611-B Canwood St. Agoura Hills, CA 91301 (818) 991-6540

$125

MacModula-2

Modula Corporation 1673 West 820 North Provo, UT 84601 (801) 375-7400

Megamax C

Megamax Inc. POB 851521 Richardson, TX 75085(214) 987-4931

$150

$295

521

Methods $2 50

Digitalk Inc.

5200 West Century Blvd. Los Angeles, CA 90045 (213) 645-1082

QC-10 $1995

QC-20 $2595

Quark Inc.

2525 West Evans, Suite 220 Denver. CO 80219 (800) 543-7711

Turbo Pascal 3.0

Borland International 4113 Scotts Valley Dr. Scotts Valley, CA 95066 (408) 438-8400

$69.95

a QC-10 to test it on, 1 can't tell you how well it works.

I also talked about the Iomega Bernoulli Box (which, thankfully, I still have). I have used the partitioning software, which let me divide each 5-megabyte disk into five 1-megabyte "disks." A simple mount program then lets me decide which "disks" are

mounted or dismounted. It isn't as flexible or convenient as the Quark Volume Manager, but it's a lot better than having to work with a single 5-megabyte disk. Iomega also announced a slave drive for the Mac Bernoulli Box. It costs $1195, plugs into the back of the Box, and gives you another 5-megabyte drive. Great

for backups; if 1 can get one on review, I'll let you know how it is.

Coming Events

Next month, 1 hope to take a good look at SofTech's integrated package, more Mac C compilers, and other odds and ends. Until then, hang loose, and I'll see you on the bit stream. ■

Quality PC Products from MULTITECH

• CPU board with 256K memory and up to 640K on board, serial, parallel ports, socket for 8087, 6 slots. Run MS DOS CPM/86. Complete

documentation $350

Power supply $125

Case for the CPU board $70

Floppy controller $60

Keyboard $80

• Fully assembled IBM compatible PC with 256K, 1 serial, 1 parallel, color card, keyboard & 2(1/2)

HT drives $1150

OEM and dealer discount available.

CALL TOLL FREE TO ORDER (800) 538-1542

In California call (408) 730-1795 Technical Support Service (408) 773-8400

UC CC Q\# CY 195 West El Camino Real ■ O. OCn V CA. Sunnyvale, California 94087

Multifunction board (64K-384K) . .$160 1 parallel, 2 serial, clock/calendar, ramdisk, print spooler, & memory

expansion (0-384K) $80

Serial card (2 ports) $60

Color/graphic card $120

Mono display adaptor with 1

printer port $120

Mono/graphic card with 1 printer port (Hercules compatible,

flicker free) $170

8087 math coprocessor $95

Color monitor

(640x500 interlaced) $375

Microscience Hard disk

20 MB with controller $750

* One-year warranty for all add-on cards!

364 BYTE' AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 222

MODEM CARD

FOR IBM®1200 BPS

HAYES* COMPATIBLE MODEM

INCOMPATIBLE PRICE!

FEATURES

HAYES

INFO

SMART

MATE

MODEM

1200 TPC

1200B

PRICE

$489

$198

HAYES "AT" COMMAND

YES

YES

COMPATIBLE

Communications software

YES

YES

included

1200/300/110 bits per second

YES

YES

Bell 212A and 103 compatible

YES

YES

Auto-dial, Auto-answer

YES

YES

Auto-speed, Auto-parity

YES

YES

Built-in speaker

YES

YES

Volume control

YES

YES

MA/WE

4DD/ifss

ship ra

D^ "HONE

EXP.

Date

MINIMUM COMPUTER REQUIREMENTS

• IBM/PC/XT/AT or compatible

• PC DOS or MS DOS (2.0 or higher)

• 128K RAM

• 1 2-sided disk drive

• 80-column screen display (monochrome or color)

IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corp. Hayes is a registered trademark ot Hayes Microcomputer Products. Inc

Ca"formQresj

ICAUF

l Mil be

■'Modern c

aaaeo /

LIMITED QUANTITIES AVAILABLE.

Concerning

the nature speed and its rightful place within the Macintosh.

The Macintosh™ gave the world the notion of "radical ease of use?7 But in order to do so; it had to do a great deal of extra work. A process that also consumes a great deal of time.

Then along came the external hard disk drive. Which made the Macintosh work faster, but still not fast enough for most business people.

So we thought of our own solution. HyperDrivel"

HyperDrive. It's the £astest; because it;s where it belongs.

HyperDrive is the only hard disk made to go inside the Macintosh.

Which obviously means one more port free for other tilings, like Apple Talk™ But more important, HyperDrive works up to 15 times faster than a floppy. And 50 to 100% faster than external drives. Because it hooks right onto the Macintosh circuit board.

HyperDrive. It;s engineered to give the Macintosh a place in the business world.

Unlike other hard disks; HyperDrive will run any software that a regular Macintosh runs. Including Apple's® own Finder™ What;s more; HyperDrive^ own software will

If it runs on a Macintosh,

it'll run on a HyperDrive Macintosh.

rMApple Talk, Apple, Finder and LaserWriter arc registered trademarks or Apple Computer, inc. ™Lotus and Jazz are registered trademarks of the Lotus Development Corporation. TVT4yperDrive is a registered trademark or the General Computer Company. ™Macintosh is a trademark licensed to Apple Computer, Inc.

HyperDrive is precisely where every disk drive should be.

allow you to back up and restore whatever^ on the hard disk to and from floppies. At a rate of one floppy in under 50 seconds.

And for really going to work with items like Apple;s LaserWriter™ or Lotus™ Jazz™ you'll find you need HyperDrive. Because HyperDrive will actually make them work to their maximum, something no other disk drive can do.

HyperDrive. It will actually keep you busy.

With HyperDrive, a Lake Tahoe resort manager doubled his business in four months. Simply by

being able to produce twice as many reports and mailings.

Unfortunately you can;t please everyone.

One software developer used to watch the Phil Donahue show while waiting for his Macintosh to compile. But once he started using HyperDrive, he didn't have that free time. And as he said, "I don;t know what's going on in the world anymore

Find out how to keep yourself busy. Call us at 1-800422-0101 In Massachusetts (617) 492-5500.

Will Donahue slip in the ratings now that there's HyperDrive?

HyperDrive

General Computer Company 215 First St., Cambridge, MA 02142

Inquiry 128

AUGUST 1985 'BYTE 367

New from McGraw-Hill.

R-VIEW86

Lets you observe the internal operations of DOS application ^ software. JM

Application Pro(jfom

I

4

Maybe you've never put it into words. But you know the feeling.

It's the frustration that gets you every time you analyze, debug, test, port, or convert DOS application software.

To do the job right, you need something no one has invented.

You've got to see what's going on inside the software, how it's acting and reacting.

You need something that gives you x-ray vision.

Now you've got it

X-VIEW 86™, new from McGraw-Hill, lets you observe the internal operations of DOS application software.

Developed, tested, and refined in the highly respected technical labs of Future Computing, it helps you generate a thorough, reliable technical analysis. Far better than what you could produce on your own.

This powerful new tool — we call it a software analyzer — is an affordable $59.95.

Future Computing Incorporated 13 a unit of McGraw-Hill Information Systems Company.

-t—

X-VIEW 86

-1

I

Dynamic Execution Information

X-VIEW 86™ runs on any member of the IBM PC family — or any operationally compatible machine — with any memory configuration. You use it with PC-DOS Debug 2.0 or 2.1.

Single-stroke commands allow you to interrupt the application program:

□ on any processor I/O access

□ on any processor interrupt instruction

□ when its execution reaches a specified address

□ when it uses a specified memory location

In addition, you can:

□ automatically collect and analyze technical information on an application program

□ start program execution at a specified address

□ display the results of the analysis on screen

X-VIEW 86™. A new kind of software. For developers and engineers with vision.

Inquiry 127

IBM Is a registered trademark and PC-DOS Is a trademark of International Business Machines Corporation.

r"

L

To order X-VIEW 86 "

by credit card, call toll tree

1-800-221-VIEW.

In Texas call:

1-800-233-VIEW

or send the coupon today.

Customer Service McGraw-Hill Inc. 8111 LBJ Freeway Dallas, Texas 75251

X-VIEW 86™ is $59.95. All orders are subject to acceptance by McGraw-Hiil Inc. Prices are subject to change without notice.

□ Check enclosed (Make check payable to McGraw-Hill Inc. Orders paid by check are subject to delay.)

□ A.E. □ M.C. □ VISA □ D.C.

Please send me X-VIEW 86™.

Company . Address _

City

Phone_L

_Zip_

Qty

Signature.

Price $59.95

Credit card no. . Expiration date _

J

BYTE WEST COAST

The iAPX 386, the 80C86, and the AT Probe

by Phillip Robinson

BYTE West Coast is prepared monthly by BYTE's editors and staff in San Francisco and Palo Alto. Correspondence should be addressed to BYTE West Coast, BYTE Magazine. 42 5 Battery St., San Francisco. CA 94111.

New Microprocessor Chips

T

ML i

(his month I'll look at an excellent example of the activity in the chip trade: the iAPX 86 family from Intel. First, there's the 80386. This 32-bit microprocessor has two important ancestors: the 8088, which is in the IBM Personal Computer (PC) and PC XT, and the 80286, which is in the IBM PC AT (see the review of the IBM PC AT by Alan Finger, May BYTE, page 270).

Then there is the 80C86. The CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) process used to make the 80C86 uses far less power than the process used to make the standard 8086: the CMOS technology improves both the portability and reliability of systems.

I'll also look at Atron's AT Probe, a "hardware-assisted software debugger" for the 86 family. This device lets software engineers be software engineers, rather than candidates for burnout, by helping to trace, isolate, and record software bugs.

THE IAPX 386

The 80386-the first 32-bit member of the iAPX 86 family—is almost here, after years of speculation. Although most of the big semiconductor makers are interested in the 32-bit microprocessors, the recent battle has been largely fought between Intel's 8086 family and Motorola's 68000 family.

Intel's first run in the 32-bit arena was the 432, a chip that just recently was given the ax. Intel refers to this experimental chip as a learning experience: the 432 didn't turn up on the shelf in any computer store. It was optimized to run Ada, and Intel trumpeted it as a chip of the future. Today it's just a philosophical conversation piece.

But now there is a real 32-bit microprocessor. Many people assume that the 80386 is the front runner for a 32-bit IBM PC for the following reasons: IBM was first to carpet the world with 8088 boxes, it is now selling as many 286 machines as it can make, and it has acquired a big chunk of Intel.

If IBM doesn't get to the 386 first, you can bet that plenty of other companies will. Those designers who have been pitting 8086 and 80186 boards against IBM's 8088 are ready to grab the first working 80386 to gain an advantage in the marketplace.

Here are some details I garnered from the advance information sheet on the 80386 (dated October 1984; order number 231247-001).

The iAPX 386 (the official name for the 80386) is made using CHMOS III technology. CHMOS is Intel's latest version of the CMOS process. The 386 is pipelined, has a high-bandwidth 32-bit bus, and supports full 32-bit addressing (4 gigabytes of physical space, 4 gigabytes per segment, and 64 terabytes of virtual address space per task).

The 386 also has memory management and protection (compatible with the 286), virtual-memory support, caches, and paging (optional) all on chip. It can handle 8-, 16- and 32-bit data, has a multiple-coprocessor interface, and supports integrated multitasking.

The 386 is object-code software-compatible with the 86, 88, 186, 188, and 286. The 386 instruction set is a superset of the 286 set. All instructions are extended to support the 32-bit addresses and operands. As is typical in new-generation microprocessors, new instructions have also been added. That means 8088 programs (such as those for the IBM PC) should run without recompilation on an 80386 box.

The 16-bit general-purpose registers found on the 286 are extended to 32 bits on the 386. In addition, Intel has added two segment registers for simultaneous manipulation of multiple data structures.

Address generation is the same as on the other 86 family chips: An optional base is added to an optional index and an optional displacement.

The on-chip memory management of the 386 will save designers from having to use a

[continued]

AUGUST 1985 • BYTE 369

BYTE WEST COAST

is also

showing off its new versions of the &088, 8086,

and peripherals.

memory-management chip. The hardware protection of memory areas, with its four privilege levels, is the same as on the 286. Separate program tasks can be isolated from one another.

The 386 is available with either a 12or 16-MHz clock; Intel figures that the 386 offers two to three times the performance of the 286. Also, Intel is promising an 80387 numeric copro

cessor that will be compatible with the 8087 and 80287 but will operate at four times the 287's speed.

So, when can you get one? Sample chips should be available in the fourth quarter of 1985. Production is scheduled for mid-1986. If you're interested, get the literature; there should be more available by the time you read this. Unfortunately, unless you're a prized Intel customer, paper is all you'll probably be able to get for a while yet.

Low Power and Long Life: The 80C86

Intel is also showing off its new CMOS versions of the 8088, 8086, and peripherals. The 80C88 and the 80C86 (with speeds up to 8 MHz) are accompanied by an 82C84A clock, 82C88 bus controller, 82C59A interrupt controller, 82C54 timer/counter, 82C55A peripheral interface, 82C08 dynamic

RAM (random-access read/write memory) controller, the 2 7C64 EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory), and CMOS memories.

Harris has been offering the 80C88 for a while and is now also offering an 80C86. Harris also has a family of chips including the 82C52 serialcontroller interface, 82C54 programmable interval timer, 82C5 5A programmable peripheral interface, 82C59A priority-interrupt controller, and 82C37A DMA (direct memory access) controller. To add to the stew, Harris has CMOS gate arrays, bussupport circuits, RAMs, and PROMs.

Why is everyone so excited about CMOS? As a September 1983 BYTE article ("Inside CMOS Technology" by Martin B. Pawloski, Tony Moroyan, and Joe Altnether, page 94) pointed out, the enormous drop in power re

{continuedl

Howa software engineer

got to captain the lunar landing module.

The Computer Museum is everything you'd expect, and a lot of things you wouldn't.

Of course, the museum contains a cotlection of the most significant accomplishments in the history of information processing. But it's not just a great place t© see things, it's also a great place to do things.

There are over twenty interactive exhibits at The Computer Museum. You can design a car, create your own fractal landscape, or even captain the lunar landing

module on the Apollo flight simulator.

So, the next time you're in Boston, stop by The Computer Museum. You'll discover it's more than a lot of machines, it's also a lot of fun.

For more information, or to become a Museum Member, write The Computer Museum, or call (617) 423-6758.

The Computer Museum

There's something in it for everyone.

300 Congress Street, Boston, MA 02210

370 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

MICROWAY'S 8087 RUNS 1-2-3"!

MicroWay is the world's leading retailer of 8087s and high performance PC upgrades. We stock a complete selection of 8087sthat run at 5 and 8mhz. All of our coprocessors are shipped with a diagnostic disk and the best warranty in the business - 180 days! We also offer daughterboards for socketless computers such as the NEC PC and PCjr, and a board which increases the clock speed of the 80287 in the PC AT. Our new NUMBER SMASHER™ includes 512K ram. ItwillrunthelBMPC at clock speeds up to 9.5mhz and achieves a throughput of .1 megaflops

87FFT Written in assembly language, performs Forward and Inverse FFTs on real and complex arrays which occupy up to 512K bytes of RAM. Also does convolutions, auto correlations, hamming, complex vector multiplication, and complex to radial conversions. Callable from C, MS Fortran, 87MACRO, TURBO PASCAL and 87BASIC/INLINE $200

87FFT-2 performs two-dimensional FFTs Ideal for image processing Requires 87FFT...$75

MATRIXPAK™ manages a MEGABYTE! Written in assembly language, our runtime package accurately manipulates large matrices at very fast speeds Includes matrix inversion and the solution of simultaneous linear equations Callable from MS Fortran 3.2, 87MACRO, and 87BASIC/INLINE each $150

GRAPHICS PACKAGES

Grafmatic for MS Fortran or Pascal $125

Plotmatic for Grafmatic $125

MultiHalolpne language) $189

DFixer"

A disk utility which thoroughly checks PC or AT hard disks for bad sectors and updates the MS DOS file allocation table accordingly $149

87DEBUG" - a professional debugger with 8087 support, a sophisticated screen-oriented macro command processor, and trace features which include the ability to skip tracing through branches to calls and software and nardware interrupts Breakpoints can be set in code or on guarded addresses in RAM $150

HARDSCOPE™ includes a version of 87 DEBUG which interfaces a Breaker Box which makes it possible to reset your PC and break program execution independent of DOS $249

AST Advantage™ $439

JRAM-2™ (0K) $169

J RAM ™ AT (0K) $229

with87BASIC/INLINE, Intel Fortran,or Microsoft Fortran. Software reviewers consistently cite MicroWay software as the best in the industry! Our customers frequently write to thank us for recommending the correct software and hardware to meet their specific needs. They also thank us for our same day shipping! In addition to our own products which support the 8087 and 80287, we stock the largest supply of specialized software available anywhere. For information call us at

617-746-7341

FASTBREAK™

Midway's daughterboard turns on your 8087 during 1-2-3™ execution and extends DOS functionality. Recalculations run up to 36 times faster. Includes an 8087 chip. When used with the NUMBER SMASHER™ it can provide a total increase in 1-2-3™ execution speed of up to 79 to 1. CONFIGURATIONS:

FASTBREAK™ 5mhz $339

FASTBREAK™ 8mhz $479

FASTBREAK™ without 8087 $249

FASTBREAK™ 80287 Turbo 6mhz... $524

Micro Way

8087Support

For the IBM PC, PC XT, PC AT and Compatibles.

87BASIC/I NLINE™ converts the output of the IBM Basic Compiler into optimized 8087 inline code which executes up to seven times faster than 87BASIC. Supports separately compiled inline subroutines which are located in their own segments and can contain up to 64K bytes of code. This allows programs greater than 128K! Requires the IBM Basic Compiler and Macro Assembler. Includes 87BASIC $200

87BASIC™ includes patches to the IBM Basic Compiler and both runtime libraries for USER TRANSPARENT 8087 support Provides super fast performance for all numeric operations including trigonometries, transcendentals, addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division $150

87MACRO™ - our complete 8087 software development package. It contains a"Pre-processor," source code for a set of 8087 macros, and an object library of numeric functions including transcendentals, trigonometries, hyperbolics, encoding, decoding and conversions For the IBM Macro Assembler, Version 1.0 or 2.0 $150

OBJ-*ASM™ - a multipass object module translator and disassembler. Produces assembly language listings which include public symbols, external symbols, and labels commented with cross references Ideal for understanding and patching object modules and libraries for which source is not available $200

RTOS - REALTIME OPERATING SYSTEM

RTOS is a multi-user, multi-tasking real time operating system. It includes a configured version of InteFs iRMX-86, LINK-86, LOC-86, LIB-86, OH-86, and MicroWay's87DEBUG. Runs on the IBM-PC, XT, PC-AT and COMPAQ $400

INTEL COMPILERS1

FORTRAN-86 $750

PASCAL-86 $750

PL/M-86 $500

87C (LATTICE/MICROWAY) $750

ASM-86 $200

'Requires RTOS or iRMX-86. All Intel compiler names and iRMX-86 TM Intel Corp.

The World Leader in8087Support!

8087 5mhz $109

Including DIAGNOSTICS and one-year warranty For IBM PC and compatibles

8087-6 4mhz $99

Obsolete sub spec; overheats, not recommended.

8087-2 8mhz $175

For Wang, AT&T, DeskPro, NEC, Leading Edge

80187-2 8mhz $299

For the Tandy 2000

80287-3 5mhz $199

For the IBM PC AT

80287 Turbo™ $375

Increases 80287 clock speed to 6 mhz

64K RAM Set $8 256K RAM Set$49 256KCMOS RAM Set $49 128K RAM Set pc at $150 NUMBER SMASHER™ 1590

9.54mhz 8087 coprocessor board with 512K FORTRAN, C and BASIC

Microsoft Fortran Version 3.3 $229

IBM Professional Fortran 545

Ryan-McFarland Fortran 399

FORLIB+ or STRINGS and THINGS 65

Lattice C 299

Microsoft C Version 3.0 299

C86 299

FLOAT87 150

IBM Basic Compiler 270

87BASIC/INLINE 200

Summit BetterBASIC" 175

Summit 8087 Module 87

MACRO ASSEMBLERS

IBM Assembler with Librarian 155

Microsoft Assembler Version 3.0 125

PASCAL and APL

Microsoft Pascal Version 3.2 199

Borland Turbo with 8087 Support 85

STSC APL* PLUS/PC 450

Pocket APL 85

COSMOS Revelation 750

SPSS/PC 595

FASTBREAK and NUMBER SMASHER are trademarks of MicroWay, Inc Lotus and 1 -2-3 are trademarks of Lotus Development Corp.

Micro Way

P.O. Box 79 Kingston, Mass 02364 USA (617) 746-7341

Inquiry 2I6

AUGUST l°85 "BYTE 371

BYTE WEST COAST

quirements from old-fashioned NMOS (negative-channel metal-oxide semiconductor) to CMOS has many advantages. Not only do you have to supply only one-tenth as much power to CMOS as to NMOS chips, but the chips run much cooler. That temperature change means a much higher reliability, longer chip life, and no

need for fans and other cooling apparatus (in many situations). CMOS even yields greater noise protection.

The Intel and the Harris chips have the same power ratings. The 80C86's power use is rated at 10 milliamps per megahertz (mA/MHz). In fact, the CMOS 80C86 can run right down to zero speed. In that standby state,

without losing any data, the 80C86 uses less than 500 microamps. An NMOS circuit uses the same amount of power whether it is running slowly or quickly; an NMOS 8088/8086 typically uses 300 mA of supply current.

Intel and Harris hope the advantages of CMOS will move them beyond the portable-system environment into desktop machines and telecommunications.

Intel's 80C88 was actually designed by Harris. Development kits are available now, and Intel promises quantity shipments in the fourth quarter of 1985. Harris's 80C88 has been used in the field, and its 80C86 is available now. Harris uses a 2-micron process; Intel works with a 1.5-micron process.

Intel representatives see CMOS rising from 10 or 15 percent of the market today to 50 percent by 1988. In 10 years, they think HMOS (the Intel version of NMOS) will be gone.

Iron Helps Make the 80286 Work: The AT Probe

Debugging software frequently takes more time than writing it. And there's good reason to believe that the new generation of chips, including the 80286, will make debugging tougher than ever before. Atron, a small firm in Saratoga, California, is making a good living battling that debugging problem.

Founded in 1983 by former Intel employees, Atron makes a variety of software and hardware debugging aids. It has become very successful because of its PC Probe, a debugger that consists of both an add-on card for the IBM PC and some software. A ribbon cable from the card plugs into the 8088 socket; the hardware multiplies the power of the software debugger.

Now Atron is peddling the AT Probe. Like the PC Probe, it consists of both an add-on card and software. However, Atron couldn't just plug a cable from the card into the 80286 socket of the PC AT. The 80286 in the PC AT uses a nonstandard package (a pin-grid array), and a corner of it is

{continued)

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372 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 366

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AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 373

Inquiry 367

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BYTE WEST COAST

tucked underneath one of the system's disk drives. However, because the PC AT's socket for the 80287 is accessible and is connected in parallel to the 80286, Atron decided to use it for the interface.

The $2 500 Atron system competes with debugging and development systems costing between $30,000 and $50,000 from companies such as Intel and Hewlett-Packard. Intel's system depends on a special bond-out version of the 286 chip that brings internal signals to the outside for analysis. Atron handles the signal analysis in a different way. The AT Probe saves all the signals from the last 2048 instructions in its bank-switched 1-megabyte on-board memory. When the 286 hits a trap, the system returns to the user and—on the way—analyzes the signals.

The AT Probe can reverse-match its recorded real-time signal trace data to high-level-language source code (C, for example). This lets you use the AT Probe menus to step through a highlevel-language program and yet watch the machine-level effects. This single stepping shows upcoming code, emulates instructions, lists variables and contents, and even describes jump decisions. The AT Probe will

T/te AT Probe

can reverse-match

its recorded

real-time signal

trace data to

high-level-language

source code.

also give complete 287 floating-point support.

The AT Probe intercepts processor signals and can trap or trace anything that happens with those signals. It even has performance- and timinganalysis software with which you can create histograms showing where a program spends its time.

Atron feels that many aspects of today's popular programs—dynamic memory allocation, complex interrupts, operating-system-protected modes—require hardware to seize and manipulate data that could evade yesterday's software debuggers. ■

Companies Mentioned

80C86 and 80C88 chips:

Harris Semiconductor

Digital Products Division POB 883 MS 53-03 5 Melbourne, FL 32902-0883 (305) 724-7000

Intel Corporation

2625 Walsh Ave. Santa Clara, CA 95051 (408) 496-4580

iAPX 386 chip:

Intel Corporation

3065 Bowers Ave. Santa Clara. CA 95051 (408) 987-8080

PC Probe and AT Probe:

Atron

20665 Fourth St. Saratoga, CA 95070 (408) 741-5900

374 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

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Inquiry 69

75

CIRCUIT CELLAR FEEDBACK

Conducted by Steve Garcia

Voice-Storage Package

Dear Steve.

In any of your Circuit Cellar articles, have you used a voice-storage package operating from an analog microphone? I am interested in such a package capable of storing and playing back up to 15 seconds of speech. Playback will be repeated until the power is interrupted to load a new message.

Charles R. Banks Alexandria, VA

Two of my Circuit Cellar projects will do what you want. "Talk to Mel: Add a Voice to Your Computer for $35" (June 1978, page 142) described a pulse-code-modulation technique. This technique is the simplest but the least memory-efficient. It can be used with many digital-toanalog converters.

"Use AD PCM for Highly Intelligible Speech Synthesis" (June 1983, page 35) describes an adaptive differential pulsecode-modulation method. This method, which is more complicated, uses a special chip from Oki Semiconductor for the ADPCM synthesis but uses less memory to store the speech. It takes advantage of the fact that speech contains portions of silence and few rapid changes in signal amplitude.

With PCM, you can get reasonable speech by sampling at 4000 8-bit samples per second, with storage at the rate of 4000 bytes per second. With ADPCM, sampling at the same rate of 4000 bytes per second yields 3 bits per sample, so it uses storage at the rate of 1500 bytes per second. If you needed 15 seconds of speech, these techniques would require 60,000 and 22,500 bytes of memory, respectively.

The sampling rate of either method can be changed to decrease storage requirements but at the expense of fidelity. —Steve

Clock Interface

Dear Steve.

I am writing in regard to your response to Lance Walley about the interface of the MM58174A clock chip with the Apple II (lanuary, page 413).

There is an additional subtle problem

regarding repeat-interrupt generation using the MM58174A (in an Apple or elsewhere). In order for a series of interrupts to occur, the interrupt must first be properly initialized by reading the interrupt/ status register three times (1 can count only two reads being necessary from the explanations of what's supposed to be happening, but the data sheet says three). Then the interrupt handler must read the interrupt register of the clock chip, address 15 base 10 or 1111 base 2. three times after each interrupt has occurred. The interrupt output is active low; it stays low until the interrupt register is read.

Thus, in order for a chain of interrupts to occur, CS (pin 1, active low) must be low; DB3 must be high, plus DB2, DB1, or DBO must be high; pin 2 (READ, active low) must be high; the interrupt-register address must be selected (all four address lines = 1); and pin 3 (WRITE, active low) must be strobed low. With WRITE high. READ must then be strobed low three times to clear and initialize the interrupts.

After each interrupt occurs, the interrupt-register address must be read three times in order to clear it and restart the internal interrupt timer. If the interrupt handler fails to clear the interrupt, the result would be the same as described by Mr. Walley; a single pulse. A single read of the register would fail to restart the internal counter, and no subsequent interrupts would occur. Similarly, a single initial pulse would also occur if the interrupts were enabled without being cleared.

This all gets somewhat confusing fast. Anyone attempting to interface this chip with anything should get the full National Semiconductor data sheets and study them carefully; they aren't paragons of clarity. They can be found in National Semiconductor's 1984 CMOS Data Book.

That book also contains information on the MM58274 chip, which has a larger number of interrupt intervals available but is otherwise similar to the MM58174A.

Frank Kuechmann Vancouver, WA

Building or Buying

Dear Steve.

Your column has helped inspire me; I'm now pretty sure that I want to build my

own computer. I got some basic skills as an electronics technician in the military, but I have been dealing with the software end of things lately.

Would a project of building a computer around the Motorola 68000 be too steep a hill to climb right off the bat? I haven't worked out a complete cost analysis, but I am assuming that building your own computer is cheaper than buying one. Am I right?

Mark Johnson Seattle, WA

1 would not suggest building your own computer unless you are interested in using the experience for learning. While it is usually cheaper to build your own, it is hard to beat the likes of a V1C-20 or IBM PC for convenience. All the hardware and software needed is in one small package, and many software programs are available. The cost savings is not large, especially when you consider your time, and it would be hard to build a VIC-20 for less than $80. Troubleshooting the finished computer often requires some expensive test equipment, which should be included in the bottom-line price comparison.

If you want to build one for the experience, use a design based on one of the earlier 8-bit chips (Z80, 6502, or 6800). The newer 16-bit chips certainly have more power, partly due to the many highlevel support chips designed to work with them. A design to incorporate these chips and the software necessary to utilize them are best left to professionals. —Steve ■

Over the years 1 have presented many different projects in BYTE. 1 know many of you have built them and are making use of them in many ways.

1 am interested in hearing from any of you telling me what you've done with these projects or how you may have been influenced by the basic ideas. Write me at Circuit Cellar Feedback. POB 582. Glastonbury. CT 06033. and fill me in on your applications. All letters and photographs become the property of Steve Ciarcia and cannot be returned.

376 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

COPYRIGHT © 1985 STEVEN A. CIARCIA. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

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The following are registered trademarks of these companies: TAS. Accounting Solution. Business Tools Inc. RBase5000, Microrim Inc; DBase III, AshtonTate Inc: CP/M and MP/M Digital Research Inc, IBM PC/XT/AT, International Business Machines Corp. Compao Compaq Computer Corp: AT&T 6300. AT&T Information Systems Inc: Tandy 1000,1200,2000. TandyCorp, MS-DOS Microsoft Corp: TheSensibleSolulion trademark nghtsareclaimed by O'Hanlon Computer Systems Inc

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Inquiry 44

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 377

BYTELINES

Conducted by Sol Libes

Mitsubishi lapan has disclosed that it is in the very early stages of developing manufacturing technology needed for production of 4-megabyte IC memory devices. Production is expected in about three to four years. . . . Lotus is reportedly introducing a word processor with an integrated desktop manager that will marry packages recently obtained from an outside source and an acquisition.... There are rumors that Microsoft will soon release a BASIC compiler for the Macintosh .... NEC is expected to introduce an aggressively priced laser printer to take up the slack in sales of its once popular Spinwriter printer. And they are not alone, as Canon, Epson, and Ricoh are also expected to enter the market with their own products. . . . Look for several companies, including AT&T, to introduce concurrent PC compatibility to their UNIX-based systems at the upcoming November COMDEX show, . . . Now that we have print and file servers on our networking systems, expect the next server to be a modem server. . . . and MicroPro should soon announce a UNIX version of the long-time favorite WordStar word processor. . . . Quantity prices for 64K-bit RAM chips are reportedly 70 cents each and retail street prices are under 80 cents each.

IBM Watching

In my July column (page 393) 1 predicted that IBM would release the PC II this month. It now appears that IBM has pushed back its introduction to the fourth quarter with deliveries to begin in early 1986 so as not to impact current PC sales. Usually, IBM introduces a new product line every three years and makes the previous line obsolete. In the case of the PC, IBM has supported the design for over four years.

The delayed introduction will no doubt give competitors, such as Apple and IBM clone makers, some much-needed breathing room to fill out and establish their product lines. When introduced, the PC II is expected to sell at a price somewhere between the current XT and AT.

IBM has also been showing prototype versions of a laptop computer to selected dealers to get their reactions. These units

use 25-line liquid-crystal displays. IBM is rumored to have ceased production of its Portable PC in May. The product never really was a success because most buyers (an estimated 9 to 1) turned to the Compaq when they needed a transportable. Estimates indicate that IBM sold only 50,000 units.

It is interesting to note that several IBM PC-compatibles already have a list price under $1000 (e.g., Tandy. Apricot, and Sanyo). No doubt IBM considered this change in the marketplace when it decided to cease manufacturing the PCjr. There is strong speculation that IBM will soon have another go at the consumer marketplace. However, it must first clear out its huge PCjr inventory. A recent list-price cut from $999 to $72 5 for the PCjr and a cut from $429 to $399 for the color monitor is expected to stimulate sales. However, this is still a long way from the $900 package price offered last Christmas, which moved a lot of PCjrs and severely cut into sales of the Apple. Commodore, and Atari systems. It is estimated that IBM has sold 240,000 PCjrs (Apple sold over 1.1 million units last year alone).

IBM appears to have caught up with its production backlog of AT systems, just as AT clone makers are beginning to ship their first units. This will no doubt cause some street price cutting. And IBM is rumored to be working on an AT redesign to reduce manufacturing labor cost by as much as 50 percent; this new version is expected to be out in mid-1986.

Apple

Apple cut more than 1600 employees from its payroll this year, with more cuts expected. At the beginning of the year it had about 6000 employees. Apple also disclosed substantial cuts in advertising, marketing, and new-product development expenditures. For example, Apple withdrew from this year's National Computer Conference after having huge exhibits for several years in a row.

Sales of the Apple II (Apple's traditional bread-and-butter product) are reportedly "sluggish," as are sales of other consumer systems (Commodore recently suffered its first loss ever). In the meantime, sales of the Macintosh are reportedly picking up

as more application software becomes available. Sales of the LaserWriter and AppleTalk network are also giving Apple its much-needed penetration in the office marketplace. When coupled with some of the newly introduced page makeup and font-generating software, the Mac is proving quite a success to publishers, newsletter producers, advertising agencies, and commercial art services.

Apple is expected to enhance the Mac with a new keyboard that includes a numeric keypad and trackball cursor control. It has also announced a 20-megabyte hard disk that should start shipping next month. A 40- to 80-megabyte file server for the AppleTalk network is expected toward year's end with speculation that it might contain a parallel port or slots for plug-in boards. Also likely is a new Mac ROM with file-handling software better suited to supporting a hard disk.

Sales of the Macintosh are estimated at 30,000 to 3 5.000 per month, far below the 80.000 per month capacity of Apple's highly automated production facilities. The Mac is now Apple's chief revenue producer, having passed the Apple II in dollar volume.

There are reports that Apple has already built prototype Macs with 640- by 480pixel color and 1000- by 800-pixel blackand-white displays. And rumor has it that Apple is experimenting with compact disk and voice input.

In the meantime, Apple lie owners who have given up on Apple introducing the 16-bit 65816 processor option should check out Micro Magic (Millersville, MD). It is reported to be nearly ready to ship a 65816 add-on board with proprietary operating system capable of addressing up to 16 megabytes of RAM. ■

BYTELINES. news and speculation about personal computing, is conducted by Sol Libes, the author of numerous books and articles on computers. He is the founder of the Amateur Computer Croup of New }ersey and a coorganizer of the Trenton Computer Festival. He edits and publishes Micro/ Systems Journal, a bimonthly publication for system programmers and integrators. He can be contacted do BYTE, POB 372, Hancock. NH 03449.

378 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

NASA has only one shot at Jupiter with Project Galileo, so there's no room for error. The purpose of the project is nothing less than to find out the origin of the solar system and seek the answer to the nature and origin of life itself.

Galileo's success is all in the timing, and that's where dBASE III™ from AshtonTate™ takes control. dBASE III tracks the details of the sequence of launch events.

dBASE III was easy to bring on board. It's powerful (one billion records) and has a built

in programming language that has been taught to speak "Galileo." dBASE III deals with the complex test details for Galileo as easily as it will deal with the complex details of your business for you.

When you've only got one shot at getting something right, you need the most powerful and popular data management system on Earth ... or Jupiter.

For a dealer near you, call (800) 437-4329, ext. 232. In Colorado call (303) 799-4900, ext. 232.

Karen Boyle,

Data Programming Coordinator, Project Galileo

(BASE ffl. The data management standard s o

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w

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Inquiry 24

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 379

WHAT'S NEW

The Amstrad CPC6128 PC

Amstrad's CPC6128 is a 128K-byte microcomputer based on Zilog's 4-MHz Z80A microprocessor. It has 48K bytes of read-only memory for BASIC and the operating system. An AY-3-8912 sound-generator chip provides threevoice, eight-octave capability.

The system's standard equipment includes the CP/M and AMSDOS operating systems, the BASIC and Logo languages, a built-in 3-inch disk drive, a color or monochrome monitor, and software. Its 76-key QWERTY-style keyboard has a separate numeric keypad and enlarged enter, shift, caps lock, tab, delete, clear, control, and escape keys. Built-in ports let you add peripherals such as a printer, speech synthesizer, modem, second disk drive, stereo amplifier, joystick, and tape saver. The system comes with three blank 3-inch floppy disks.

The CPC6128 comes in two configurations. The first has a 640- by 200-pixel RGB monitor, one 3-inch floppydisk drive, and a word processor; it has a suggested retail price of $799. The other model has the same single disk drive, a green monochrome monitor, and WordStar: it costs $699. The manufacturer offers more than 100 applications packages available in the 3-inchdisk format. Contact Amstrad Computers (USA), Indescomp International Inc., Merchandise Mart, Chicago, 1L 60654, (312) 295-7100. Inquiry 615.

Amstrad's CPC6I28 personal computer.

MicroVAX II

Digital Equipment Corporation's MicroVAX II system is based on the "VAX-on-a-chip" 32-bit MicroVAX 78032. According to the manufacturer, this custom ZMOS VLSI processor has benchmarked performance averaging 90 percent of the VAX-11/780 CPU, depending on application. In most environments, the MicroVAX 78132, which is a matching floating-point chip, provides 85 percent of the VAX-ll/780's floatingpoint performance with a floating-point accelerator.

The MicroVAX II is available in two systems, each of which comes in two configurations. All packaged systems have the console interface and floating-point coprocessor as standard features.

The first MicroVAX II configuration is a single-user, entry-level Ethernet node. It has 2 megabytes of main memory, a 31-megabyte RD52 Winchester hard-disk subsystem, a 400K-byte RX50 dual floppy-disk subsystem, and a DEQNA Ethernet adapter housed in

the BA23 pedestal enclosure. The second configuration is a four-user, entrylevel, stand-alone system. It also features 2 megabytes of main memory plus a 71megabyte RD53 hard-disk drive, a 95-megabyte TK50 streaming-tape cartridge drive, a DZQ11 four-line asynchronous multiplexer, and the BA23 pedestal enclosure.

The eight-user department system features 3 megabytes of main memory, the RD53 disk, the RX50 dual floppydisk drive, the TK50 tape drive, a DHVII eight-line asynchronous multiplexer, and a BA123 expansion cabinet.

The 16-user. high-end system has 5 megabytes of main memory, three RD53 drives, a TK50 tape drive, two DHV11 eight-line asynchronous multiplexers, and the BA123 expansion cabinet.

Also, a field upgrade kit is available for the MicroVAX I. For $9700, the kit includes a MicroVAX II CPU with 1 megabyte of on-board memory, software, a cabling kit, a

disk controller, diagnostics, documentation, installation, and warranty.

DEC offers a choice of software environments for MicroVAX II. You can select MicroVMS. a generalpurpose operating system; ULTRIX-32m UNIX software; or VAXELN for dedicated real-time applications. DEC plans to also offer ALL-IN-1, its integrated office and information system for large organizations, and A-to-Z. its integrated business system software for smaller organizations, on the MicroVAX II.

Prices for the MicroVAX II systems range from $18,840 to $43,780. depending on configuration. Contact Digital Equipment Corp., Maynard, MA 01754-2198. Inquiry 616.

Leading Edge Model D PC

The Model D PC from Leading Edge is an IBM PC-compatible system based on the 8088 processor. Its standard configuration has 2 56K bytes of memory expandable to 640K bytes on the motherboard, dual 5!4-inch double-sided double-density disk drives, four IBM-compatible I/O slots, parallel and serial ports, a battery-backed clock/calendar. Hercules graphics emulation, and monochrome and RGB monitor output.

The Model D's 83-key keyboard has a numeric keypad and 10 function keys. The 12-inch monochrome monitor comes in green or amber and has an 80-column by 25-line display. An 8087 numeric coprocessor is available as an option.

Leading Edge provides GW-BASIC and MS-DOS with the system. Documentation includes a technical refer

380 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

WHAT'S NEW

The TeleVideo AT workstation.

ence manual and an operators guide.

The price for the Model D's basic configuration is S1495. Optional configurations can feature a 14-inch RGB monitor and a combination of a single 5!4-inch floppy-disk drive and a 10-megabyte fixed-disk drive. Contact Leading Edge Products Inc., Systems and Software Division, 22 5 Turnpike St.. Canton, MA 02021, (800) 343-6833; in Massachusetts, (617) 828-8150. Inquiry 617.

TeleVideo's AT

The TeleVideo AT is an IBM PC AT-compatible that uses Intel's 8-MHz 80286 microprocessor. It comes in two configurations. The entry-level Model I unit includes the system module with 256K bytes of RAM, a keyboard, a 1.2-megabyte floppy-disk drive, an RS-232C serial port, a parallel printer port, a clock/calendar with battery backup, and eight I/O expansion slots. The Model 11 has

the same features as the Model I, but it has 512K bytes of RAM and a formatted 20-megabyte Winchester disk drive. The 14-inch monitor has a

nonglare screen. A single graphics controller supports alphanumeric text and graphics. Text resolution consists of a 7- by 9-dot character formed in an 8- by

16-dot cell. The TeleVideo AT supports standard ATcompatible graphics applications written for 640- by 200-pixel resolution as well as those written for enhanced 640- by 400-pixel bit-mapped graphics. The keyboard features a numeric keypad, function keys, and LED-type indicators.

The TeleVideo AT's disk controller has double buffering that eliminates sector interlacing to speed up large disk-file transfers. Transferring a track of data takes only one disk revolution.

MS-DOS 3.1. GW-BASIC 3.1. and the VDISK virtualdisk utility program are available for the TeleVideo AT. Other options are a 20megabyte tape device, a 360K-byte floppy-disk drive, an 80287 coprocessor, and TeleVideo's Personal Mini network interface boards.

List price for the TeleVideo AT is S3395 for the Model 1 and $4795 for the Model II. Contact TeleVideo Systems Inc., 550 East Brokaw Rd.. POB 6602, San Jose, CA 95150-6602. (408) 971-02 55. Inquiry 618.

Chip Interfaces 80286 Processor with 8088 System

dsun Labs has developed a CMOS chip

that helps interface an 80286 processor to an 8088 system or an IBM Personal Computer bus. Called the EL286-88 Processor Converter, it is a custom VLSI chip that converts 80286 signals and sequences into equivalent signals for the 8088. The company says

that to the 80286, the EL286-88 appears as a 16-bit memory or peripheral device operating at the 80286 clock rate; to the 8-bit circuitry, the EL286-88 chip appears as an 8-bit 8088 operating at its own clock rate. The two clocks can operate simultaneously.

When the 80286 requests a 16-bit data transfer from an 8-bit peripheral, the EL286-88 hardware transparently converts the request into multiple 8-bit transfers. The gate array uses about 4000 gates and combines 2- and 3-micron features. The 68-pin

leadless-chip-carrier package Edsun uses is the same as that of the 80286. Edsun claims this chip will replace about $60 worth of TTL (transistor-transistor logic) bus-interface chips that would normally occupy 6 square inches of an IBM PC board.

The EL286-88 will reportedly cost from $61 (1 to 99 pieces) to $39 (5000 to 9000). Contact Edsun Labs, 7 Sears Rd., Wayland, MA 01778. (617) 358-5667. Inquiry 619.

RAM Extension for Macintosh

The DASCH (Disk Acceleration/Storage Control Hardware) memory system stores information electronically on a RAM array rather than mechanically on tape or disk. The manufacturer, Western Automation Laboratories, says this method accelerates the rate of data access, with files like MacPaint being accessed instantaneously

DASCH plugs into either of the Macintosh's serial

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AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 381

WHAT'S NEW

ports. The device can share the printer port with an Imagewriter printer, with DASCH intercepting memory commands while enabling printer commands to pass through. DASC.H can also attach to the modem port of the Macintosh, allowing device capability for systems networked by AppleTalk and systems with a nonstandard printer. As many as eight DASCH units can be daisychained.

Three memory sizes are available: 500K bytes for $495, 1000K bytes for $975, and 2000K bytes for $1785. All units can be factory upgraded to the maximum. Contact Western Automation Laboratories Inc., 1700 North 55th St., Boulder, CO 80302, (800) 227-4637; in Colorado, (303) 449-6400. Inquiry 620.

Hard-Disk/Tape Subsystem for IBM PCs

Alloy Computer Products offers the microSTOR memory subsystem, which integrates a hard disk and tape backup for the IBM PC, PC AT, PC XT, and compatibles. The 5!4-inch Winchester disk drive has a formatted capacity of 20 megabytes, while the fileoriented, streaming-tape unit has a formatted capacity of 23 megabytes per microcartridge.

The microSTOR is an external unit measuring 16 by 8 by 5 inches, and it requires just one controller card for use of both hard disk and tape drive. Packaged with the subsystem, the microTIP software permits complete file-oriented backup and restoration of data. The hard disk uses II-bit error-correcting code.

The microSTOR retails for $2995. Contact Alloy Computer Products Inc., 100 Pennsylvania Ave., Framingham, MA 01701, (617) 875-6100. Inquiry 621.

700-cps Serial Printer

Output Technology's OT700 printer produces 700 characters per second in single-pass and 350 cps in dual-pass printing. The device incorporates three print heads to achieve these rates. The OT-700 offers both serial and parallel ports coupled with a 4000-character data buffer.

Dot-addressable graphics printing is available in two operating modes: 50 by 69 dots per inch for high-speed output and 100 by 69 dpi for higher resolution. Menudriven commands let you configure the machine.

For software compatibility, the OT-700 responds to a modified set of Epson command codes. The printer costs $1795. Contact Output Technology Corp., East 9922 Montgomery, Bay #33, Spokane, WA 99206, (509) 926-3855. Inquiry 622.

Compact Laser Printer

Konica's LP-3010 laser printer produces 10 pages per minute with a resolution of 300 by 300 dots per inch. Among its features are a rotation function, character elongation and condensation, superscript and subscript, reverse characters, and underline.

Interfaces include video, optional print controller (equipped with a form character), and RS-232C and Centronics parallel ports.

The compact printer weighs 30 kilograms and measures 415 by 530 by 220 millimeters. Without the print controller, the LP-3010 costs $2 500. Contact Konica/TMC Co., POB 423, Wayne, PA 19087. (215) 964-8862, Inquiry 623.

Low-Cost Seven-Port Multiplexer

Complexx Systems' TX7 point-to-point statistical multiplexer compresses data from up to seven devices onto one phone line, replacing multiple phone lines and modems. All seven devices may communicate simultaneously at speeds up to 9600 bps.

The TX7 automatically corrects any errors caused by noise in the transmission line. Using its 32K bytes of internal buffer, the multiplexer also allows devices operating at different speeds and setup parameters to communicate. RAM-stored menus enable each user port to be individually programmed.

The TX7 costs $1495. Contact Complexx Systems Inc., 4930 Research Dr., Huntsville. AL 3 5805, (205) 830-4310. Inquiry 624.

Graphics Display for DEC, Hazeltine Terminals

Series 1 500 Graphics Display Terminals provide a Tektronix 4010/4014 graphics display for such terminals as the DEC VT-102 and the Hazeltine 1500.

The series offers a 1024by 800-pixel display (with a 1024 by 1024 physical memory area). The 14-inch screen features amber or green display with 24 rows by 80 or 132 columns. You may select four scrolling speeds. Other features include data-transmission rate of 38,400 bits per second. 32 programmable function keys, built-in printer port, and tilt-and-swivel motion.

The Model 1 575 lists for $2395 and is compatible with the VT-102: the Model 1550 lists for $2295 and is compatible with ADM, TVI, ADDS, and Hazeltine terminals. Contact Cleveland Codonics Inc., 18001 Englewood Dr., Cleveland, OH 44130, (216) 243-1198. Inquiry 625.

Monochrome Monitors for IBM PCs

NEC's two monochrome monitors, the green IB-1280DA and the amber IB-1285DA, are TTL plugcompatible with the IBM PC and PC work-alikes. Both monitors are priced at $199.

The 12-inch screens feature an active display area of 210 millimeters wide by 150 millimeters high. Video bandwidth is 20 MHz, providing a resolution of 720 dots horizontal by 350 lines vertical.

Both monitors require the PC to have a monochrome display/printer adapter card. The connecting cable is built into the monitors. Contact NEC Home Electronics Inc., Suite 10, 700 Nicholas Blvd.. Elk Grove Village. IL 60007. (312) 228-5900. Inquiry 626.

382 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

WHAT'S NEW

Kache Board for the Apple

Ohio Kache Systems' Kache Board is an SCSI hard-disk interface with a cache host adapter. It can reside in slots 4 through 7 of the Apple 11+ or lie and holds up to one-quarter megabyte of hard-disk data. This buffer memory reduces the apparent hard-disk access time.

The Kache Board has a Z80 microprocessor that manages the cache buffers' operation without drawing on the Apple's 6502 main processor. The data most frequently accessed is maintained in these buffers, while the contents of infrequently accessed buffers are rotated to hold new data. The manufacturer uses SMD (surface-mounted devices) technology to combine the necessary circuitry on a single board.

The Kache Board sells for S695. Contact Ohio Kache Systems Corp., 75 Tahlequah Trail. Springboro, OH 45066, (800) 338-0050; in Ohio, (513) 746-9160. Inquiry 627.

MAS 2122 Two-Chip Modem

The MAS 2122 modem from Micronas is an integrated two-chip product that operates in two modes. In basic mode, it functions as a stand-alone modem with the standard CCITT interface circuits. In extended mode, its two chips operate under the control of a microprocessor. The circuitry allows for serial or parallel I/O interface.

This product provides CCITT V.22 A. B, and V.21 and Bell 212A. 103, and 113 modem capability. It also gives you dual-tone multifre

Ohio Kache Systems' Kache Board.

quency generation, callprogress tone detection, internal UART and timing sequences for automatic handshaking. With these features, the MAS 2122 can dial, monitor calls, create asynchronous data, and provide worldwide modem capability.

The MAS 2122 s design consists of two ICs: the MAS 7246 and the MAS 7247. The MAS 7246 includes all the circuitry required for a microprocessor or RS-232C interface, a UART. 300- and 1200-bps modulators and demodulators, a scrambler and descrambler, and complete timing and logic for generating and answering the modem handshake. It also has six internal control and status registers that provide access to signals on both ICs in the microprocessor configuration.

The MAS 7247 contains the filters, line equalizers, transmitter amplifier, DTMF pilot tone generator, callprogress tone detector, digital AGC. carrier detector, and system clock. If you

need a different equalization network, the MAS 7247 allows for adding an alternative network.

The two-chip, 1000-piece price for the MAS 2122 is $65 to $75 depending on the interface. Contact Micronas Inc., P.O. Box 42, SF-00441 Helsinki, Finland; tel: 562 3300; Telex: 8100691. Inquiry 628.

UN1X/MMU for Stride 400 Series

Stride Micro offers UNIX System V and a memory-management unit (MMU) for its 400 Series of microcomputers. UNIX System V for the Stride runs with no wait states at 10 MHz on the 68000 while using active memory management. It applies up to 2 megabytes of RAM on the main CPU board. An optional 10 megabytes of RAM adds a single wait state. The MMU option plugs into the 68000 microprocessor socket.

UNIX is shipped on a 4 5-megabyte ^-inch streaming-tape cartridge. The UNIX package includes four compilers (C. FORTRAN 77,

SNO, and BS) and all the standard development tools. An EMACS editor is available separately. The system supports all the Stride hardware options, such as backup, floating point arithmetic, and local-area networking.

Suggested retail price for UNIX is $1175; you can also order it on disk for an additional charge. The MMU hardware option is $500. Contact Stride Micro, 4905 Energy Way, Reno, NV 89502, (702) 322-6868. Inquiry 629.

Micro Speech Lab

Software Research's Micro Speech Lab consists of a printed circuit board, software, a microphone, a headphone set and a users manual. To use this speech- and signalanalysis system, you need an IBM PC or compatible with a minimum of 192K bytes of RAM, PC-DOS, and an IBM color/graphics card.

The package has five major modules: signal input, waveform display, audio output, analysis, and file management. You use function keys to manipulate the program.

Micro Speech Lab's suggested retail price is $1350 ($1800 Canadian). Contact Software Research Corp., 3939 Quadra St., Victoria, British Columbia V8X 1J5, Canada, (604) 727-3744. Inquiry 630.

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AUGUST 1985 • BYTE 383

WHAT'S NEW

BASIC-to-Pascal Translator

Woodchuck Industries has developed a language translator that converts Applesoft BASIC programs to Apple Pascal. P-tral reads the BASIC source program from disk and generates the equivalent Pascal source code. The disk-based package is capable of translating commercial applications and has no restrictions on the size of programs it will convert.

P-tral breaks the BASIC program into its parts and analyzes actions, formulas, and instruction sequences before translation rules build up Pascal code. Syntax errors are pinpointed during conversion; you can either continue or abort. You can make corrections to the BASIC program using a Pascal editor and don't have to return to the BASIC system.

Requirements are an Apple lie, or lie with at least 64K bytes of memory, two drives, an 80-column card. Apple DOS 3.3. and Apple Pascal 1.1 or 1.2. P-tral sells for S125: an upgrade is slated for the fall and will reportedly sell for $2 50 (or for $2 5 to owners of version 1). Contact Woodchuck Industries Inc., 340 West 17th St. #2B, New York, NY 10011, (212) 924-0576. Inquiry 631.

Circuit-Design Package Runs on the Mac

You can design and test computer circuitry on the Macintosh with a program called LogiMac. The interactive software presents a "live" circuit on the

screen; the circuit responds immediately to connection, input, and device-parameter changes. You have complete control over device delay, clock speed, timing display resolution, and other parameters.

LogiMac lets you catch design errors before they are wired into the real hardware by simulating circuit operation. Circuit output can be displayed on simulated devices or in the form of a timing diagram that graphs signal changes over time. The diagram is updated continuously to reflect design and input alterations. The program uses five signal states to correctly simulate circuits with design errors such as unconnected inputs or conflicting outputs.

Maximum drawing size is 38 by 38 feet; it is limited only by available memory. Circuit or timing diagrams may be passed to MacPaint in one-page segments for printing, enhancement, or incorporation in other documents.

LogiMac is priced at $59.95 for single use; an institutional license allows up

to 20 copies and costs $200. For more information, contact Capilano Computing Systems Ltd.. POB 86971, North Vancouver, British Columbia V7L 4P6. Canada. (604) 669-6343. Inquiry 632.

Bulletin Board for Apple lis

The Universal Bulletin Board runs on Apple Ms and features up to 10 message bases, uploading and downloading, on-line games, variable system access, electronic mail, a text editor, and report capabilities. The package is designed to operate as a remote-access message system suitable for business and personal use. A password function allows either public or private access at the discretion of the sysop.

The bulletin-board software sells for $149.95. Developed by Universal Computers (Highland Park, Illinois), the program is distributed by the Association of Independent Microdealers, 3010 North Sterling Ave., Peoria, IL 61604, (309) 685-4843. Inquiry 633.

Map the Stars with Mac

An astronomy program for the Macintosh, MacStronomy maps the stars, moon, and planets in their proper locations for any given date and time. You can select the region of the sky you want mapped by setting the location on the earth from which the "observation" is to be made, the date and time, the direction of the observation, and the field of view diameter.

You can set the direction in one of two ways: azimuth and elevation relative to the point from which you're observing or right ascension and declination relative to the stars. Thus you can use MacStronomy to determine in what direction to look for objects in the sky at a specific time or location or to determine what objects will be visible. MacStronomy can also display the location of Halley's comet for any time you choose; an alternate map shows the comet's orientation around the sun.

Using the mouse, you can point to any celestial object on the sky map. The program will display the coordinates of the star or planet, its name, and a brief description. The astronomical information provided with the program is also supplied in text form: MacStronomy has a translator to convert the text into an internal form used by the program, which lets you edit the database to add stars, planets, and galaxies.

MacStronomy lists for $90. Contact Alphabyte Software, POB 649, Lafayette, CO 80026. (303) 665-3444. Inquiry 634.

384 BYTE' AUGUST 1985

WHAT'S NEW

TopView Tools

Lattice has released a set of tools for developers who write applications that employ IBM's TopView window environment. The TopView Toolbasket is a library of more than 70 C functions you can use to control window, cursor, and pointer operations. Other functions handle debugging and cutand-paste operations. The Toolbasket also contains sample source programs you can use as models.

Developed for Lattice by Strawberry Software. TopView Toolbasket runs on the IBM PC, PC XT PC AT, and compatibles with at least 256K bytes of RAM (512K bytes is recommended). The price is S2 50; source code costs $2 50 more. For additional information, contact Lattice Inc.. POB 3072, Glen Ellyn, 1L 60138. (312) 858-7950. Inquiry 635.

Mapping Package

GMX-3300 is a mapping package designed to assist geologists and engineers in exploration, resource analysis, mine planning, and civil-engineering applications. Based on Magnum's GeoMetriX for mainframes, the program features grid value interpolation and manipulation, area and volume calculation, boundary definition, and line and point data input.

You can use the program to generate trend surfaces (polynomial and trigonometric) for analysis of data tendencies. Contour, resource, and slope maps (with boundary clipping) can be produced on the graphics screen or with a pen plotter. Interfaces are

available for Summagraphics digitizers as well as Amdek and Houston Instrument plotters; other interfaces are available upon request.

GMX-3300 runs on the IBM PC and compatibles using MS-DOS, PC-DOS. or UNIX. It also requires a high-resolution graphics board. 512K-byte memory, and 10-megabyte hard disk. Software alone costs $3300, or you can buy it bundled with a NEC APC III. digitizer tablet, and six-pen plotter for $9990. Contact Magnum Computer Systems Inc.. POB 620038. Littleton, CO 80162. (303) 973-4407. Inquiry 636.

Signal Processing on the PC

¥ LS-PC 2 is an integrated 1. program for data display and manipulation, digital filtering, and advanced signal processing on the PC, PC XT, and PC AT. You can use the package for computing and storing fast Fourier transforms and Hilbert transforms, estimating spectral densities and transfer functions, performing auto- or crosscorrelation on time-series data, and convolving time series and filter impulse responses.

1LS-PC 1. which you need to run the signal-processing package, is a set of analysis programs for data acquisition and manipulation, waveform display and editing, spectral display, statistical computation, and digital filtering.

Both ILS programs require 2 56K bytes of memory and a graphics board on a PC running DOS 2.1. In order to get the programs running at

minicomputer speeds, the vendor states that you'll need a math coprocessor. The license fee for ILS-PC 1 is $995; for ILS-PC 2. it's $1495. Contact Signal Technology Inc.. 5951 Encina Rd., Goleta, CA 93117, (805) 683-3771. Inquiry 637.

A Bridge

to Macintosh Office

Tangent Technologies' IBMacBridge enables IBM PCs and compatibles to tap into the Apple Macintosh Office. The IBMacBridge card slips into a PC expansion slot and lets you directly access Apple products, including the LaserWriter, through the AppleTalk network. The package includes software that converts text created with PC word processors (WordStar, for example) into PostScript files.

In addition to printing text and graphics on the LaserWriter, you can use a PC to transfer files with Macs, act as a file server for the Macintosh Office, access other servers on AppleTalk, and serve as a gateway to other networks.

IBMacBridge has a suggested retail price of $595. For more information, contact Tangent Technologies. Suite 100, 5720 Peachtree Parkway, Norcross, GA 30092, (404) 662-0366. Inquiry 638.

Pascal for 8086 Family

Professional Pascal is a resident and cross compiler that runs under MSDOS on all the processors in Intel's 8086 family. It can

generate code for any of the processors, including the instructions special to the 80186 and 80286. A VAX resident compiler is also available.

The Professional Pascal compiler produces the optimized code. Among the optimizations are common subexpression elimination, retention and reuse of register contents, shortcircuit evaluation of Boolean expressions, and constant folding. The compiler supports five memory models: small, compact, medium big, large, and ROMable. Using the Microtec Linker or other Intel-compatible linker, you can specify areas of RAM or ROM for any code section.

Microtec's package supports more than 200 distinct error and warning diagnostics. Run-time library routines and utilities include string and heap operations, a portable I/O library, access to the command line and environment variable, and system interfaces. Extensions provide machine-dependent operators, varying-length strings (up to 64K bytes), three precisions of integer and floating arithmetic, and IEEE floating-point math.

A single license with oneyear warranty costs $895. Professional Pascal requires 225K bytes of main memory for operation and at least 1.2 megabytes of hard-disk memory for installation. For more information, contact Microtec Research Inc.. POB 60337, Sunnyvale, CA 94088, (408) 733-2919. Inquiry 639.

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AUGUST 1985 •BYTE 385

WHAT'S NEW

Programming Environment with AI Module

Superforth 64 + AI, an integrated package for the Commodore 64, is a programming environment that includes an artificialintelligence module and advanced math capabilities. The package is designed to help you develop expert systems.

At Superforth's core is a programming language that lets you define your own English-like "word" functions. These words are stacked to create rules; an interpreter then applies the rules to make decisions. Antecedent and consequent reasoning are possible.

The program incorporates the utilities needed to write applications, including full control of color graphics; sound, music, and sprite editors; trace and decompiler facilities; and virtual memory. Superforth 64 + AI sells for $99. For more information, contact Parsec Research, Drawer 1766, Fremont, CA 94538, (415) 651-3160. Inquiry 640.

Four for Color Computer

Computerware has released four programs for the TRS-80 Color Computer.

The OS-9 Macro Conditional Assembler, or Mac, produces OS-9 modules and supports standard 6809 assembler mnemonics and directives. It can handle conditional assembly, repeat sequences, and inclusion of source library files. All Mac source files are compatible

with those produced by the Microware assembler. Mac requires OS-9 and 64K bytes of memory. It costs $49.95.

The OS-9 Text Formatter interfaces with any editor that produces standard ASCI! text files. It's also NROFF-compatible. Among its features are centering, page numbering, and dynamic dates. The formatter requires 64K bytes of RAM and OS-9 and costs $34.95.

For development under OS-9, Computerware offers CBUG, a screen-oriented debugger with a disassembler, single-step capabilities, memory window, and access to the OS-9 shell. It also has a built-in hexadecimal calculator. CBUG, which sells for $39.95, requires 64K bytes of RAM and OS-9.

Color Connection III is a communications package that works with Hayes and Radio Shack modems. It incorporates CompuServe's Protocol B, XMODEM protocols that download directly to and from disk, and an automatic XON/XOFF protocol that downloads directly to disk. The price is $49.95. At least 32K bytes of RAM is necessary.

When you order any of these packages, add $2 to the cost for shipping. Contact Computerware, POB 668, Encinitas, CA 92024, (619) 436-3512. Inquiry 641.

ER COMPUTERS

Atari EEPROM/ EPROM Programmer

Designed to convert an Atari into a development tool, the Probumer can be used to program EPROM types 2716 through 27128 (plus the 2532) and a variety of 2K-byte through 8K-byte EEPROMS. The cartridge plugs into the slot of the Atari 400/800 and XL/XE series.

Among the functions the Proburner provides are copy, erase check, verify, and burn in. Binary files can be stored or loaded to disk or cassette. You can call a monitor for memory display and changes, block moves, and printer dumps. The unit can also run chips from its socket. Because Proburner offers electronic configuration for each EPROM type, you don't need adapters or switches.

Proburner costs $149. Contact Thompson Electronics Ltd.. Suite 502, 7 lackes Ave.. Toronto, Ontario M4T 1E3. Canada, (416) 960-1089. Inquiry 642.

Widen Your Screen

You can enlarge the 40-column LCD screens of the Tandy Model 100 and the NEC PC-8201 with T-View 80. The software transforms a 40-column screen into a movable 60-column window on an 80-column display.

T-View 80 can use the machines' text-processor and telecommunications programs. You can adjust word wrapping to any width up to 80 columns. The package has a suggested retail price of $39.95 and comes with a utility that keeps track of file sizes and manages memory. It's available at Radio Shack stores or from Traveling Software Inc., 11050 Fifth Ave. NE, Seattle, WA 9812 5. (206) 367-8090. Inquiry 643.

Improvising Commodore

Cantus. a music program for the Commodore 64, improvises its own tunes based on your input. Instead of typing notes, you enter choices for tempo, harmony, rhythm, counterpoint, voice range, and tone color. Cantus uses these selections to create, in real time, its threevoice improvisations.

Each set of choices becomes a patch. The software comes with more than 65 patches representing a variety of musical styles. You can modify and store any patch while Cantus is performing. A graphic display shows the notes as they play.

Cantus was created by Michael Riesman. a composer and performer who has worked as musical director of the Philip Glass Ensemble.

No musical knowledge is required to operate the program, but you do need a Commodore and $54 (plus $2 shipping). Contact AlgoRhythm Software, 176 Mineola Blvd., Mineola, NY 11501, (800) 645-4441; in New York, (516) 294-7590. Inquiry 644.

WHERE DO NEW PRODUCT ITEMS COME FROM? The new products listed in this section of BYTE are chosen from the thousands of press releases, letters, and telephone calls we receive each month from manufacturers, distributors, designers, and readers. The basic criteria for selection for publication are: [a) does a product match our readers interests? and (b) is it new or is it simply a reintroduclion of an old item! because of the volume of submissions we must sort through every month, the items we publish are based on vendors' statements and are not individually verified. \f you want your product to be considered for publication {at no charge), send full information about it. including its price and an address and telephone number where a reader can get further information, to Hew Products Editor. BYTE, 425 Battery St., San Francisco. CA 94111.

386 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

What the world really needs is a 99 cent Double Sided, Double Density Diskette

Introducing Super Star Diskettes: the high quality diskette with the lowest price and the best LIFETIME WARRANTY!

In the course of selling more than a million diskettes every month, we've learned something: higher prices don't necessarily mean higher quality.

In lact, we've found that a good diskette manufacturer simply manufactures a good diskette...no matter what they charge for it. (By way of example, consider that none of the brands that we carry has a return rate of greater than 1/1.000th of 1 percent!)

In other words, when people buy a more expensive diskette, they aren't necessarily buying higher quality.

The extra money might be going toward flashier advertising, snazzier packaging or simply higher profits.

But the extra money in a higher price isn't buying better quality.

All of the good manufacturers put out a good diskette. Period.

How to cut diskette prices .. .without cutting quality.

Now this discovery posed a dilemma: how to cut the price of diskettes without lowering the quality.

There are about 85 companies claiming to be "diskette" manufacturers.

Trouble is, most of them aren't manufacturers.

Rather they are fabricators or marketers, taking other company's components, possibly doing one or more steps of the processing themselves and pasting their labels on the finished product.

The new Eastman Kodak diskettes, for example, are one of these. So are IBM 5V4" diskettes. Same for DYSAN, Polaroid and many, many other familiar diskette brand names. Each of these diskettes is manufactured in whole or in part by another company!

So, we decided to act just like the big guys. That's how we would cut diskette prices...without lowering the quality.

We would go out and find smaller companies to manufacture a diskette to our specifications...specifications which are higher than most...and simply create our own "name brand" diskette.

Name brand diskettes that offered high quality at low prices.

DISKETTE STORAGE CASES

SSDD DSDD .91 ea. | .99 ea.

Qty. 50 I Qty. 50

Super Star diskettes are sold in multiples of 50 only. Diskettes are shipped with white Tyvec sleeves, reinlorced hubs, user ID labels and write-protect tabs.

Boy, did we get lucky. Our Super Star Diskettes are the same ones you've been using for years.. .without knowing it.

In our search for the low priced, high quality diskette of our dreams, we found something even more interesting.

We found that there are several manufacturers who don't give a hoot about the consumer market for their diskettes. They don't spend millions of dollars in advertising trying to get you, the computer user, to use their diskettes.

Instead, they concentrate their efforts on turning out the highest quality diskettes they can...because they sell them to the software publishers, computer manufacturers and other folks who (in turn) put their name on them...and sell them for much higher prices to you!

After all, when a software publisher or computer manufacturer or diskette marketer puts their name on a diskette, they want it to work time after time, everytime. (Especially software publishers who have the nasty habit of copyprotecting their originals!)

Super Star Diskettes. You already know how good they are. Now you can buy them...cheap.

Well, that's the story.

Super Star diskettes don't roll off the boat from PagoPago or emerge from a basement plant just east of Nowhere.

Super Star diskettes have been around for years...and you've used them for years as copy-protected software originals, unprotected originals. Sometimes, depending on which computer you own, the system master may have been on a Super Star diskette. And maybe more than once, you've bought a box or two or more of Super Star diskettes without knowing it. They just had some "big" company's name on them.

Super Star Diskettes are good. So good that a lot of major software publishers, computer manufacturers and other diskette marketers buy them in the tens or hundreds of thousands.

We buy them in the millions.

And than we sell them to you.

Cheap.

When every little bit counts, it's Super Star Diskettes.

You've used them a hundred times...under different names.

Now. you can buy the real McCoy, the same diskette that major software publishers, computer manufacturers and diskette marketers buy...and call their own.

Wf

Super Special!

DISK CADDIES

The original flip-up holder for 10 5'/4" diskettes. Beige or Grey only.

$1.65 ea.+ .20 Shpng.

DISKETTE 70 STORAGE

Dust-free storage for 70 514" diskettes. Six dividers included. An excellent value. 511.95 ea. +$3.00 Shpng.

Order 50 Super Star Diskettes and-we'll be happy to sell you an Amaray Media-Mate 50 for only $8.75, shipping included...a lot less than the suggested retail price of $15.95.

HOURS:

Human: 8AM-6PM Central Time, Monday through Friday Answering Machine: 6PM-8AM, All Times MCI MAIL: 24 hours a day.

ORDERS ONLY:

1-800-621-6827 (In Illinois: 1-312-256-7140) INQUIRIES:

1-312-256-7140 FOR FASTEST SERVICE. USE NO-COST MCI MAIL: Our address is DISKWORLD. It's a FREE MCI MAIL letter. No charge to you. (Situation permitting, we'll ship these orders in 24 hours or less.)

SHIPPING: 5M" & 3Vi" DISKETTES—Add $3.00 per each 100 or (ewer diskettes. OTHER ITEMS: Add shipping charges as shown in addition to other shipping charges. PAYMENT: VISA, MASTERCARD and Prepaid orders accepted. COD ORDERS: Add additional S3 00 special handling charge. APO, FPO, AK, HI & PR ORDERS: Include shipping charges as shown and additional 5% of total order amount to cover PAL and insurance. We ship only to United States addresses, except for those listed above TAXES: Illinois residents, add 8% sales tax.

miniw.u, li'iii : $35.00 or 20 diskettes. J

Regular DISK WORLD! price: $9.69 ea. + $2.00 Shpng.

The Super Star LIFETIME WARRANTY!

J

Super Star Diskettes are unconditionally warranted against defects in original material and workmanship so long as owned by the original purchaser. Returns are simple: just send the defective diskettes with proof of purchase, postage-paid by you with a short explanation of the problem, and we'll send you the replacements. (Incidentally, coffee stained diskettes and diskettes with staples driven through them don't qualify as "defective" )

WE WILL MEET OR BEAT ANY NATIONALLY

ADVERTISED PRICE ON THE SAME PRODUCTS AND QUANTITIES SUBJECT TO THE SAME TERMS AND CONDITIONS.

Inquiry 103

AUGUST I985 -BYTE 387

Inquiry 87

jm^mbh « (Vt/CVTEHH The latest CCT implementation of the new

^^■^■■^^T Jfl oYoltlYI generation Intel 16-Bit Processor technology.

■ ; I m I ^ ■ This means extreme speed, unequaled power,

■ jh CCpiCC and the ultimate in reliability, and of course, the ^0 ^0 ■ ■ OCnlLv innovators at CCT behind it.

This series in the CCT line exploits the speed and power of the Intel 80286 and Zilog Z-80H (8MHz), on the 286Z CPU board. This combination, along with CompuPro DMA controllers and I/O boards, yields a dramatic improvement in system throughput speeds, from basic CP/M operation, up to large powerful multi-user/multi-tasking machines. The CCT-4 represents the most advanced hardware presently available in a microcomputer to run the thousands of CP/M type software programs on the market, and with CONCURRENT DOS 8-16 and the CompuPro PC Graphics board (when available), all software written for the IBM PC machines. This series is for the serious business/scientific user.

CCT-4A State-of-the-art power in it's basic form. Consists of CCT-286Z CPU board and CCT-M256 (256K), along with CompuPro: Enclosure 2 Desk (21 slot MF), Disk 1A, System Support 1, Interfacer 4, the CCT-2.4 floppy drive system, and CP/M 80 and CP/M 86, and with SF-200 surge suppressor system $5,495.00

CCT-4B Single-user/hard disk power. As the 4A, except priced without the CCT-2.4, to add in your choice of CCT hard/floppy

combination drive subsystem, at the published pricing $4,375.00

(Example: CCT-4B Mainframe with CCT-10/1 = $6,548.00) Plus cost of selected drive subsvs,em

CCT-4C Multi-user/hard disk power. As the 4B, with the CCT-M512 (512K static RAM board) instead of M256; Interfacer 3 instead of Interfacer 4; SF-400 instead of SF-200, plus Concur. DOS 8-16 O.S. (6 user system) $6,075.00

(Example: CCT-4C Mainframe with CCT-40/1 = $9,248.00) Plus cost of selec,ed drive subsystem

\^<K> Limited Time Offer - FREE Supercalc 86 with any CCT-4

The above systems include all necessary cabling, assembly, testing, minimum 20 hour burn-in, ^ * and the CCT unconditional 12 month direct warranty.

CCT-M512 CCT introduces it's 512K static RAM board. IEEE Standard 12MHz. 512K in one slot! Introductory Price: $1,799 CCT-M256 256K version of M512 upgradeable to full 512K. Perfect 256K RAM board for any CompuPro system $949

CUSTOM COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY / BOX 4160 / SED0NA, ARIZONA 86340

TOLL FREE ORDERING: 800-222-8686 / For technical support / service: 602-282-6299

BOTE

"back issues for sale

1981

1982

1983

I 984

1985

Jan.

$3.25

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Feb.

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March

$3.70

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$3.70

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$3.70

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$3.25

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Special BYTE Guide to IBM PC's — $4.75

Circle and send requests with payments to: BYTE Back Issues P.O. Box 328 Hancock, NH 03449

Prices include postage in the US. Please add $ .50 per copy for Canada and Mexico; and $2.00 per copy to foreign countries (surface delivery).

□ Check enclosed

Payments from foreign countries must be made in US funds payable at a US bank.

□ VISA

Card # _ Exp.

□ MasterCard

Signature

Please allow 4 weeks for domestic delivery and 12 weeks for foreign delivery.

NAME

ADDRESS CITY

STATE

ZIP

388 BYTE • AUGUST I985

TOLL-FREE ORDERING: 800-222-8686

FOR TECHNICAL SUPPORT/ SERVICE / IN ARIZONA: 602-282-6299

CCT

CUSTOM COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY

1 CCT PLAZA — P.O. BOX 4160 — SEDONA, ARIZONA 86340

Purchase your Hardware and Software directly from an OEM / Systems Integrator. Take advantage of our buying power! We stock a full line of Board Level Components, Software and Peripherals. Call for your needs. We'll give you the Lowest Prices, and the Technical Support and Know-How we are quickly becoming well-known for. Satisfied Customers Nationwide. The Nation's Custom Systems House for Business, Education and Science. Call for a system quote. CCT implements tomorrow's technology today!

FOREMOST QUALITY • ADVANCED SUPPORT • REASONABLE COST •

CCT

©

CompuPro

80286 NOW!

□ CCT-286Z is our model designation for the MI-286 dual processor board fromMacrotech. It features thesuper high speed combination of Z-80H and 80286, with provision for the 80287 math chip. Directly replaces 8085/88 and 8086 CPUs running CP/M, MP/M Concurrent DOS, and MS-DOS, at throughput increases of 3X to 5X! SPECIAL PRICE-S895 80287 Option - Installed - $250

SEE THE CCT-4 SERIES USING THIS BOARD DETAILED ON THE FACING PAGE

NEW-TRUE IBM PC INTERFACE ULTRA HI-RES GRAPHICS!

CCT S-100/PC is a break-through for the Science/Business user Mini-enclosure accepts PC & compatable boards and directly connects to your S-100 system, running PC-DOS or Concurrent DOS. Hercules™ Graphics System—Coming this May! !! THE BEST OF BOTH WORLDS!!

LIBERTY TERMINALS

• Superior Reliability • 110-14" GREEN-80/132 Column .... $499

110-14" AMBER $519

200-14" GREEN-80/132 Super Deluxe $569 200-14" AMBER $589

OKIDATA PRINTERS-Top Quality 82 - 80 Col.. CALL 83 -132 Col.. CALL 92 - 80 Col.. CALL 93-132 Col.. CALL 84 -132 Col/200cps-Top of the line.. CALL For Serial Interfaces—Add CALL

TOSHIBA P351 - 288 CPS/24 PIN - $1499

DIABLO — Letter Quality Series Model 620 $969 Model 630 . $1799

WE HAVE ALL SOFTWARE—CALL

$ ACROSS THE BOARD PRICE REDUCTIONS $

INDUSTRIAL GRADE SUPERIOR QUALITY

CCT DISK DRIVE SYSTEMS

S-100 HARD DISK SUBSYSTEMS

ROLLS ROYCESOF THE INDUSTRY

Professionally engineered ST-506 type systems for the business market S-100 Computer user. Includes industry top quality drives, CompuPro Disk 3 DMA controller, all cabling, A&T, formatted, burned-in.Provisionsfor up to two hard disks ineach system. We include operating system update. CP/M 80, CP/M 86, CP/M 8-16, MP/M 8-16, CP/M 68K. (/1 Systems are CCT innovated hard/floppy combinations, with Mitsubishi DSDD 8" drive.) 12 month warranty.

CCT-10(11 + MEG) $1499

CCT-20(22+ MEG) $2019

CCT-40 (36 + MEG) $2499

CCT-60 (58 + MEG) (New) $3699

CCT-90 (87 + MEG) (New) $4909

CCT-125(123 + MEG) (New) $6099

NEW

CCT-10/1 $2049

CCT-20/1 $2569

CCT-40/1 $3049

CCT-60/1 $4249

CCT-90/1 $5459

CCT-125/1 $6649

10 MEG REMOVABLE CARTRIDGE DRIVE SYSTEM

for hard disk back-up — DMA using Disk 3 controller. Super fast/Ultra reliable — Available April

CCT-2.4«Dual8"DSDD FL0PPY SYSTEMS CCT-5 • 51/4" DSDD

Mitusbishi 2.4 Megabyte in Extra Heavy horizontal enclosure, IBM Compatible Tandon 320K. Extra Heavy Cabinet removeable filter air system, all cabling, A&T, Burned in. The accommodates two drives, hard or floppy. All cabling, A&T,

fastest system available: $1229 Bumed-in. Perfect for our PC-DOS Package

CCT-8/5 • FULL IBM COMPATABILITY One Mitsubishi 8" DSDD (1.2 Meg)/One 5-Vt" DSDD (360K) IBM Drive Both 3ms step rate —For Concurrent DOS and PC DOS $1029

★ SUPER PRICES * COMPUPRO COMPONENTS * IN STOCK *

CPU-Z-S229 • Disk 1A-$399 • Disk 1A w/CP/M - $499 • CPU 8086/10 - $359 • SPU-Z-?

CPU 8085/88-$229 • CPU 286-$849 • CPU 68K - 10Mhz - $359 PC Graphics-$399 • Disk 3-$459 • RAM 22 (256K) - $1179 • RAM23/64K-$279/128K-$469 NEW -» M-Drive/H - 512K - $469 / 2 Meg - $1989 Enclosure 2 Desk-$699/Rack-$749 • Interfacer 3 - $409 • Interfaced-$289 • System Support 1 - $299 Concurrent DOS 8-16 (CCTCMX)-$309 • CP/M 80 (CCTHMX) - $125 • CP/M 86 (CCTTMX) - $175 CP/M 8-16 (CCTTMX) - $199 • CP/M 68K (CCTCX) - $279 • Operating System Updates/Remakes - $30

16 Bit Upgrade Kit: CP/M 86, RAM 23, System Support 1, Cable $729 □ CP/M 8-16 - Kit - $753

CCT-1 - ENTRY LEVEL S-100 BUSINESS SYSTEM

• Enclosure 2-Desk-21 Slot Mainframe • ' CPU 8085/88 - 6Mhz 8085/8Mhz 8088 •

• Disk 1A - DMA Floppy Disk Controller •

• RAM 23 - 64K Static RAM - 12Mhz •

• Interfacer 4 - 3 Serial/2 Parallel I/O •

• CCT-2.4-Dual 8" Mitsubishi DSDD Drive System - 2.4 Megabytes •

• CP/M 80 - 2.2 HMX - CCT Modified •

• All Cabling, Complete CCT Assembly, Testing, and Minimum 20 Hour Bum-in •

SPECIAL PRICE

$3,375

RUNS ALL STANDARD 8" CP/M SOFTWARE - INCLUDES OUR EXCLUSIVE 12 MONTH DIRECT WARRANTY

Prices & availability subject to change. All products new, and carry full manufacturer's warranties. Call for catalog. Free technical help to anyone. All products we sell are CCT individually tested and set up for your system - Plug-In & Go! Arizona residents add sales tax. CCT® Trademark - Custom Computer Technology; MS-DOS® Trademark - Microsoft; IBM® Trademark International Business Machines; CompuPro® Trademark - W.J. Godbout; CP/M® MP/M® Trademarks - Digital Research; HERCULES™ Trademark - Hercules ComputerTechnology

Inquiry 88

AUGUST I985 -BYTE 389

Inquiry 313

11= SUNTRONICS CO..INC.

12603 Crenshaw Blvd., Hawthorne, CA 90250

1 -800-421 -5775 (Order Only) (213) 644-1140 (CA Order & Into )

STORE HOURS Mon -Fn 9 a.m to 6 p m

Sal 10 am to 5 p m

TERMS: VISA MASTERCARD COD (dsn or Cen Check Requ.recJ) Chech (Allow 2-3 Weeks tor Deai Shipping & H C S3 00 lor 3 LPs plus 50c loi eacn add ' Caht residents add Calit SaiesTax StO 00 Minimum Ord. IBM and Apple are registered trade marks oi IBM A Apple

SUN-XT COMPUTER SYSTEM J

SUN-XT II

SUN-XT CPU BOARD

I 8088 MPU I 8 EXPANSION SLOTS I FULLY IBM COMPATIBLE I DIMENSION SAME AS IBM PC/XT I NO RAM

135 WATT POWER SUPPLY $ 97.00

150 WATT POWER SUPPLY S119.00

FULL-FUNCTION KEYBOARD S 79.00

MULTI I/O CARD(fdc,clockcalendar.serialparallel)... S1B9.00 HARD DISK CONTROLLER W/CABLE

(10MB & 20MB) $219.00

PARALLEL PRINTER PORT $ 39.00

. ASYNC RS 232 CARD $ 59.00

IBM-XT COMPATIBLE $995.00 | a APPARAT EPROM BLASTER (28 pin 24 m *129 00

TEAC 55B DISK DRIVE (360K) S 99.00

IBM UP GRADE KIT(4164 15ONS) S9.50/Kit

IBM UP GRADE KIT(41256 150NS) $49.00/Kit

MICROLOG ZB0B CO-PROCESSOR (MULTI-FUNCTION) NO RAM $450.00

2 DSDD DISK DRIVES 256 K RAM

MONOCHROME GRAPHICS CARD 135 W POWER SUPPLY MONOCHROME MONITOR (TIL) PARALLEL PRINTER PORT

$195.00

MONOCHROME GRAPHICS CARD

■ HIGH-RES MONOCHROME CHARACTER

■ 720(H) k 34S(V)

■ 80 i 25 TEXT MODE

■ RUN LOTUS 1-2-3 ETC.

■ WITH PARALLEL PRINTER PORT

$149.00

FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER

STANDARD DOUBLE BIDE/ DOUBLE DENSITY RUN 2 INTERNAL fi 2 EXTERNAL WITH CABLE

$59.00

MULTI-FUNCTION BOARD

EXPANDABLE TO 384K SERIAL/PARALLEL PORT CLOCK CALENDAR w/BATTERY BACK UP GAME PORT SPOOL S RAM DISK NO RAM

$159.00.

DEALER fi OEM INQUIRIES INVITED!

450.00 ■

mm

COLOR GRAPHICS CARD

■ ROB fi COMPOSITE VIDEO

■ B40 « 200 HI-RE8

■ 320 x 200 LO-RE8

■ BO a 25 TEXT MODE

■ WITH LIGHT PEN INTERFACE

IBM STYLE CABINET

8 BLOT BACK PANEL COMES WITH MOUNTING BRACKET fi HARDWARE FITS IBM POWER SUPPLY

$105.00 j

i i i

$59.00 |

APPLE COMPATIBLE & GENERAL PRODUCTS

I SUN ZBO CARD (W/O SOFTWARE APPLE II & II+ONLY) $ 39.00

I SUN 80 COLUMN CARD (apple ii &n+only) $ 99.00

■ POWER SUPPLY 5 MP $ 52.00

I COOLING FAN $ 39.00

I FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER $ 33.00

I 16K RAM CARD $ 39.00

I PARALLEL PRINTER CARD W/CABLE $ 39.00

I APPLE COMPATIBLE DISK DRIVE $139.00

I APPARAT EPROM BLASTER $119.00

■ SAM SUNG TTL MONITOR (amber or green)

FOR IBM $105.00

■ 12" SAM WOO MONITOR (high res composite) $ 95.00

■ 14" SUPER COLOR MONITOR (RGB 654 < 4%) $395.00

To Explore, Enjoy, and Protect

You and I share a great love of this earth.

The ocean's pounding surf, Spring covering the earth with that season's newness, a bird's song reaching out...and we are moved.

We enjoy the earth's beauty, its grandeur. The endless sweep of colors, and sounds, and everywhere, the excitement of life.

And we of the Sierra Club join together to protect the earth.

We invite you to join with us. To explore, to enjoy. To protect this wondrous earth. For all of us. .. forever.

For membership information, write Sierra Club, 530 Bush Street, San Francisco, CA 94108, (415) 981-8634.

Bruce Bambaum

Sierra Club

390 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

PRINTERS

C. ITOH

8510 294

1550 435

A10-30 466

All Other Models CALL

EPSON

All Models CALL

JUKI

6100 385

All Other Models CALL

NEC

3550 1067

8850 1505

All Other Models CALL

OKIDATA

All Models CALL

PANASONIC

1090 186

1091 262

1092 348

All Other Models CALL

SILVER-REED

EXP 400 234

EXP 500 278

All Other Models CALL

STAR MICR0NICS

All Models CALL

TOSHIBA

P1340 548

P351 1172

All Other Models CALL

TRACTORS, SHEET FEEDERS,

AND PRINTER SUPPLIES AVAILABLE FOR MOST ALL PRINTERS

MODEMS

ANCHOR

Volsmodem/External 48

Volksmodem 12/External.... 184

NOVATION

Novation Cat/External 142

Apple Cat ll/External 192

Smartcat/External 384

Smartcat +/Macintosh 307

Smartcat +/PC Internal 309

Smartcat +/ PC External 318

All Other Models CALL

QUBIE

PC212AS/I8M Internal 252

212A/IBM External 272

0ompu$ave

Call Toll Free: 1 -800-624

ARIZONA RESIDENTS CALL (602) 967-3532

PURCHASE ORDERS & BID REQUESTS WELCOME

Inquiry 63

SUPER SPECIAL

HAYES SMARTMODEM 1200

• Auto Dial

• 1200 Baud

• Auto Answer

• External

HAYES SMARTMODEM 120OB/IBM-INTERNAL $334 For All Other Models And Modem Software...Call

BOARDS

AST

Six Pac Plus 255

Mega Plus II 255

All Other Types CALL

HERCULES

Color Card 144

All Other Types CALL

MICROTEK

All Types CALL

ORANGE MICRO

Grappler + 71

Buttered Grappler + 137

All Other Types CALL

PARADISE

Multi Display Card 285

Modular Graphics Card 258

All Other Types CALL

QUADRAM

Quadboard W/64K 260

Quad 512+ W/64K 225

All Other Types CALL

STB

All Types CALL

CESSORIES

TERMINALS

ADDS

All Models CALL

ALTOS

Al II 768

Al III 594

AMPEX

21OG 373

230G 461

HAZELTINE

All Models CALL

QUME

QVT 101G 305

QVT 102G 428

All Other Models CALL

TELEVIDEO

All Models CALL

VISUAL

Viewpoint 60 439

All Other Models CALL

WYSE

WY 50 458

WY 75 561

All Other Models CALL

CHIPS

4164 Ram Chips 64K

17

8087 Coprocessor Chip

139

DISKETTES

Maxell MD1 (Qty 50)

74

Maxell MD2 (Qty 50)

94

Verbatim SS/DD (Qty 50)

80

Verbatim OS/DO (Qty 50)

109

Bulk, IBM-AT, Macintosh.

CALL

CALL

External Printer Buffers

• Power Surge Protectors

• Houston And Other Plotters

• Kurta And Other Digitizers

• 2 And 4 Position Switch Boxes

• Key Tronic And Other Keyboards

• All Types of Standard Cables

• Disk Drive Cleaning Kits

1 Printer And Other Stands

ORDER LINE HOURS: MONDAY- FRIDAY 8AM-6PM/SATURDAY 9AM-2PM

nd Orders & Payments to: CompuSave. 3010 S. 48th St., Suite 8, Phoenix, AZ 850 For Customer Service & Other Information Call Mon-Fri: (602) 967-3533

Prices reflect a cash discount of 3% to 5% Prices and availability are subject to change without ce. Merchandise is shipped in factory cartons with manufacturer's warranty. Minimum shippin is S4.00. Pay by wire, cashier s check, money order, or charge. Business or personal chec delay shipment 2 weeks. CompuSave is a Division ol Adlanko Corporation. (85-7)

m

COMPUTER

ALTOS

586-20 Multiuser 5332

All Other Models CALL

APPLE

lie W/64K/1 Drive 858

lie Prolessional 1430

lie And Macintosh CALL

IBM

PC W/256K/2 Drives 1772

XT And AT CALL

ZENITH

All Models CALL

DISK DRIVES

FLOPPY AND HARD DRIVES FOR ALL APPLE, IBM AND COMPATIBLES

Alpha Omega Apple Cogita Gamma Hitachi ' IBM Mitsubishi

• IOMEGA

• Micro Sci

• Rodine

• Seagate

• Tandon

• Teac

• Matsushita

LOW PRICES CALL

MONITORS

AMDEK

31 OA-Amber 142

Color 300 208

Color 500 303

All Other Models CALL

PRINCETON

MAX 12-Amber 169

HX 12 Color 469

All Other Models CALL

QUADRAM

Amberchrome-Amber 158

All Other Models CALL

TAXAN

420 Co or 395

440-Color 545

All Other Models CALL

ZENITH

ZVM 122-Amber 85

ZVM 123-Green 85

All Other Models CALL

WE ACCEPT MAJOR CHARGE CARDS

"KING OF THE ELECTRONICS JUNGLE"

LEO ELECTRONICS, INC.

P O Box 11307

Torrance. CA 90510-1307

Tel 213.'212-6133 800M21 9565

TLX 291 985 LEO UH

FAX: 213/212 6106

MEMORY EXPANSION CHIPS

RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY

PRICE EACH SET OF 8 SET OF 9

64K

4164.150ns i 4164 200ns > 4128 150ns (IBM/ATI 41256 l50ns!256K HM6116P-3

1 10

1 20 6 75 4 65

2 50

S 8 80 S 9 60

S37 Z0 S20 00

S 9 90 S1080 S60 75 S41 85

EPROMS

2716

2732

2764

27128

27256

PRICE S 2.B0 S 3.50 $ 3 30 $ 4 50 S 9 75

WE NOW CARRY:

Disk drives, Power supplies. 384K Multifunction boards. Col orographic boards, and

CALL FOR BROCHURE

W« itccepl chucks Visa, MiiylurC.ntl Purchase Ocelots liom dwiiiiliifd linns and institutions u s funds only Call for CO I) Call lot iiin residents ndd C % rax Shipping is UPS Add S? 00 lor ground iind S!i (X) for nn AH ma|oi manulacluruts All pans HKPb giirtranteed Pricing Sllh|ec1 to change without noticu

RS-422

Communications Board

For IBM-PC/AT/XT and

compatibles Dual RS-422 serial interface Programmable to 56k baud Differential drivers to 4000 ft.

$345.00 QUA TECH, INC.

478 E. Exchange St. Akron OH 44304 (216) 434-3154 TLX: 5101012726

AMBER CRTs

□ Eliminates strobe, flicker, and eye fatigue

□ Made with Lead/Strontium impregnated glass that stops X-ray emission

□ Available in slow decay green or medium decay "European Amber" (the standard in Europe)

□ High-contrast double dark face glass that also cuts U.V. radiation

□ Tube lace is etched to stop glare

Now, you can easily upgrade your monitor to exceed European standards lor persistence and color with the installation ol a Langley-St. Clair Solt-View'" CRT! Available lor the TRSBO.'-TeleVideo,'" Kaypro.'" Heath,"* DEC,1" Zenith.'" IBM PC.*" Apple lir and a wide variety of other monitors.

□ Ideal for word processing and programming, yet fast enough for games and graphics

□ Warranted for one lull year against manufacturing defects or tube failure

□ Comes with a 30-day money back guarantee

□ Easily installed (comes with premounted hardware)

Cilt now lo order your SoilView"' CRT from Langley-St. Clair — S99.95

Plus $7 for packing and UPS Shipping (S17 for Overseas. Parcel Post or UPS Blue Label). Add sales tax where applicable. Visa/MasterCard orders welcomed.

TO ORDER: CALL 800 221-7070

» Langley-St. Clair

InstrumBntilion Systems Inc.

132 W. 24lh St.

New York. NY 10011

In New York call 212 989 6876

Inquiry 175

Inquiry 255

An RS-232 Break-Out-Box at a Fraction of the Cost.

RS-232 Multi-Adapter Board: 9 LED's for signal monitoring. 24 switches to open any line (except line 1). 20 jumper wires allow re-wiring to any configuration. 1 male and 1 female connector. Order direct! Only $59.95. All cash orders postpaid. (IL res. add 6% sales tax). We Accept MC, Visa. Free illustrated catalog of RS-232 interface and testing equipment. Phone: 815-434-0846. Make checks payable to:

B&H electronics mmt MANUFACTURING COMPANY

P.O. Box 1008B, OTTAWA, IL 61350

Crescent Com, Inc.

CONTACT US TODAY! Remarkably LOW PricesVery Competitive

IBM PC, XT, AT and peripherals ALL APPLES including "Fat" MAC and peripherals COMPAQ Computers Most Popular Software

Call TOLL-FREE 1-800-325-1287 California Only 1-800-492-3003 Telex 855771

Crescent Com, Inc.

3517 Ryder Street Santa Clara, CA 95051 408-738-2480

KEYBOARD PROTECTOR

Remains in place during keyboard use. Prevents damage from liquid spills, dust, ashes, etc. Fits like a second skin, excellent feel. Available for: IBM-PC, AT. Apple (all). Compaq, Model 100. NEC 8201, C64, Zenith 150, DEC, Kaypro and many others. Send S29.95. check. M.O., Visa & MC include exp. date. Specify computer type. Dealer inquiries invited. Free brochure avail.

Merritt Computer Products, Inc. 2925 LBJ Fwy. "180 / Dallas, Texas 75234 (214) 942-1142

Inquiry 30

Inquiry 197

384K RAM/CLOCK

FOR IBM PC & XT

With Lifetime Warranty*

Increases your system memory and provides a clock/calendar function.

The 384K RAM/CLOCK can increase your memory by 64K, 128K. 192K, 256K, 320K or 384K depending on the number of banks of RAM chips installed on the card • RAM expansion is user upgradable • Parity checking standard on RAM • Electronic Disk • Spooler • Battery backup Clock/Calendar • Software driver for Clock/ Calendar Function • Switch Selectable starting address • Expands memory to 640K DOS limit.

With 64K RAM $169

Apparat.lnc.

MX) ON AND ON AMD ON AND ON AND ON

4401 So. Tamarac Parkway / Denver. CO 802.57 / 30.V74H778 ORDERING AND DEALER INFORMATION 800/525-7674

-|—wabash >—i—i

DataTech

DISKETTES

Value Priced Diskettes!

Lifetime Warranty' Hub Rings' t00"i- Error-Free' 57," Diskettes—Boxed 10/Box

SS SD S .97 Each

SS DD S1.07 Each

DS DD St.17 Each

HD for PC/AT S2.40 Each

37," Diskettes

SS S2.25 Each

DS S2.95 Each

SUPER-SAVINGS ON POLY-PACK DISKETTES With Envelopes. WP Tabs User ID Labels

SS SD S.69 Each

SS DD $.79 Each

DS DD $.89 Each

Minimum order — 50 Diskettes Quantity Discounts Available Ml Residents, add 4% Sales Tax Shipping & Handling S't 00 100 Diskettes COD. add S3 00 Cert Check Money Order TO ORDER: Call or Write...

JII Precision Data Products P.O. Box 8367 Grand Rapids, Ml 49508 I 16161452 3457

Michigan 1 800 632-2468 Outside Mich. 1 800 258-0028

64K&256K DRAMS

PIGGY BACKS 80287-3 8087-3 8087-2

8 I T T N 6 R

aecTRONics

899 SOUTH COAST HIGHWAY

SUITE THREE LAGUNA BEACH, CA 92651

(714) 497-6200

Inquiry 36

IBM PC SPECIALS!

IBM PC, 256K, One Half Height 320K Disk Drive DS/DD, Persyst Color Card With Printer Port, Taxan Green Monitor, DOS 2.1, PLUS a 10MB Hard Disk Sub System All For:

$2599.

til

IBM PC, 256K, Two Half Height Drives DS/DD, Persyst Color Card With Printer Port, Taxan Green Monitor, DOS 2.1,130 Watt Power Supply, 20MB Hard Disk Sub System All For:

$3299.

IBM PC, 256K, Two Half Height Drives DS/DD, Persyst Color Card With Printer Port, Taxan Green Monitor, DOS 2.1,130 Watt Power Supply, 10MB Hard Disk Sub System, PLUS 10MB Tape Back Up System All For:

$3499.

MONITORS

AMDEK 300 Green

AMDEK 300 Amber

AMDEK 310 Amber W/TTL Plug_

PGS HX-12

PGS MAX-12

PGSSR-12

TAXAN #115 Green Composit

TAXAN #116 Amber Composit

TAXAN #121 Green W/TTL Plug_ TAXAN #122 Amber W/TTL Plug . TAXAN #425 COLOR MONITOR . TAXAN #440 COLOR MONITOR . IBM MONOCHROME DISPLAY _ IBM COLOR DISPLAY

. $135.00 . $149.00 . $165.00 . $465.00 . $185.00 . $625.00 . $125.00 . $135.00 . $149.00 . $159.00 . $449.00 . $569.00 . $260.00 . $590.00

PRINTERS

OKIDATA 182

OKIDATA 192

OKIDATA 193

OKIDATA 83A

OKIDATA 92P

OKIDATA 93P

OKIDATA 84P

OKIDATA 2350P_ OKIDATA 2410P_ NEC 3550

NEC PINWRITER 80 Col. _ NEC PINWRITER 130 Col..

EPSON LX 80

EPSON FX 80

EPSON FX 100

EPSON RX 100

EPSON JX 80

EPSON LQ 1500

COMREX CR 420

TOSHIBA 351

STAR MICRONICS SG 10 _ STAR MICRONICS SG 15 _ CITIZEN PRINTER MSP-10. CITIZEN PRINTER MSP-15 _ CITIZEN PRINTER MSP-20 . CITIZEN PRINTER MSP-25.

JUKI LQ 6100

JUKI LQ 6300

BROTHER HR-25

BROTHER HR-35

DYNAX DX 15X1

_ $235.00 _ $385.00 _ $599.00 _ $555.00 _ $385.00 ^ $599.00 _ $725.00 .$1925.00 .$1899.00 .$1550.00 _ $699.00 _ $899.00 _ $249.00 _ $399.00 _ $525.00 _ $399.00 _ $525.00 _ $925.00 .$1895.00 .$1275.00 _ $259.00 _ $395.00 _ $375.00 _ $585.00 _ $545.00 _ $740.00 _ $425.00 _ $745.00 _ $665.00 _ $895.00 _ $389.00

IBM PC, 256K, Two Half Height Drives DS/DD, Persyst Color Card With Printer Port, Taxan Green Monitor, DOS 2.1,130 Watt Power Supply PLUS a 10MB Hard Disk Sub System All For:

MODEMS

HAYES SMART MODEM 1200_ HAYES SMART MODEM 300_ HAYES 1200B PLUG IN CARD .

HAYES 2400 BAUD MODEM

POP COM 1200 EXTERNAI

AST REACH MODEM

QIC MODEM INTERNAI

. $459.00 . $209.00 . $399.00 . $714.00 . $375.00 . $389.00 . $275.00

IBM PC, 256K, Two Half Height Drives DS/DD, Persyst Color Card With Printer Port, Taxan Green Monitor, DOS 2.1,130 Watt Power Supply, 20MB Hard Disk Sub System, PLUS 10MB Tape Back Up System All For:

$3899.

MULTIFUNCTION BOARDS

AST I/O MINI CARD, 1-SER $150.00

AST SIX PACK 64K, 1-SER., 1-PAR. _ $265.00

AST PREVIEW $309.00

AST ADVANTAGE CARD

128K FOR AT

ALR CHALLENGER CARD 128K FOR AT

DRIVES

TANDON TM-100-2 DS/DD _ TOSHIBA SLIMLINE DS/DD . TEAC SLIMLINE DS/DD

. $155.00 . $139.00 . $139.00

HARD DISKS

10MB SUB SYSTEM INTERNAL.

EXTERNAL. 20MB SUB SYSTEM INTERNAL.

EXTERNAL _ 40MB SUB SYSTEM INTERNAL

EXTERNAL _

. $750.00 _ $925.00 _ $975.00 . $1150.00 .$1295 00 .$1475.00

PERSYST COLOR

PRINTER ADAPTER

PERSYST MONOCHROME

PRINTER ADAPTER

PERSYST BOB CARD

HERCULES COLOR

PRINTER ADAPTER

HERCULES GRAPHIC

PRINTER ADAPTER

HARD DISKS & TAPE BACK-UP UNITS (EXTERNAL)

STB GRAPHIC PLUS II

IBM COLOR GRAPHIC ADAPTER

IBM MONO PRINTER ADAPTER

GENOA SPECTRUM GRAPHIC CARD

ORCHID TURBO-186, 128K

ORCHID DAUGHTER

TURBO-186, 128K

. $495.00

. $395.00

. $179.00

. $199.00 . $395.00

.$179.00

. $325.00 . $325.00 . $225.00 . $230.00 $349.00 $975.00

$219.00

10MB HARD DISK

W/10MB TAPE BACK UP. 20MB HARD DISK

W/10MB TAPE BACK UP. 40MB HARD DISK

W/10MB TAPE BACK UP.

GENERAL

.$1250.00

MAXELL DISKETTES MD2_ $1475.00 MAXELL MD2-HDM FOR AT_

.$1795.00

.$35.00/box _$65.00/box CONTROL DATA DISKETTES _ $30.00/box KEYTRONIC KEYBOARD KB 5151 $189.00

Many other products available, Please call for Low, Low Prices!

(714) 838-7530

2640 Walnut Avenue, Unit K, Tustin, California 92680

Prices & availability subject to change without notice - IBM is a registered trademark of IBM Corporation

Inquiry 377 for End-Users. Inquiry 378 for DEALERS ONLY.

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 393

VT100 $150

* plus your PC, jr, XT, AT or compatible

ZSTEMpc-VT100 Smart Terminal Emulator

132-col. by windowing - no addit. hardware

Double High Double Wide Characters Full VT100 line graphics. Smooth scrolling 2-way file transfers incl. XMODEM and KERMIT Full keyboard softkeys/MACROS Speeds to 38.4KB. High Throughput Color/graphics, monochrome & EGA support International Font Support Single Key DOS Access ZSTEMpc-VT100 $150. ZSTEMpc-D200 $125. 30 day money back guarantee. MC/VISA.

KEA SYSTEMS LTD.

#412 ■ 2150 W. Broadway Vancouver, B.C. CANADA V6K 4L9 Support (604) 732-7411 TELEX 04-352848 VCR '

Orders Toll Free (800) 663-8702 by Kjjfl

Inquiry 347

Hayes Compatible

USR Courier 300/1200/2400 $469

USR Password 300/1200 $229

USR IBM 300/1200 IBM int $299

Anchor Express 300/1200 $279

Anchor Volksmodem 12300/1200 ... $179

Anchor Mark XII 300/1200 $220

Anchor Mark X 300 $ 99

Hayes 1200 The standard $399

Hayes 1200B IBM int $379

Multltech MT 212AH2 300/1200 $349

Multltech MT 224AH 300/1200/2400 .. $559 Cermetek Security w/callback security $599 Cermetek 1200PC IBM int $349

DATA BROKERS THE MODEM EXPERTS

3535 Roundbottom Rd. Cinti., OH 45244

Inquiry 93

INTRODUCING MULTIPLE CHOICE, THE ONE KEYSTROKE SOLUTION TO SWITCHING APPLICATION PROGRAMS

on your IBM PC XT AT or compatible.

SPECIAL INTRODUCTORY OFFER

$64

AWESOME

TECHNOLOGY IMC

177 Webster Street, Suite A-416 Monterey, CA 93940, For info, call (408) 646-1384

Order TOLL FREE (V1SA/MQ Outside CA (800) 548-2255 Ext. 803 In CA (800) 624-2644 Ext. 803

'Giu'd umil September >. W85

s

nee lq? nimett

VIVITAR TRANSTAR 120 RETAILS FOR $599.°°

CRM PORTABLE

'3

TELEVIDEOTPC-1

FEATURES:

• 64K Ram (Expandable to 128K)

• Dual 5V Floppy Disk Drive (368.6K per drive)

• 9" Amber Graphic Monitor

• Low Profile Keyboard with 10 function keys

•TeleWrite, TeleCalc, TeleChart CP/M

List:$1,995.°° SALE t8S0."*

• INCLUDES FREE LOP PRINTER

V/5PLc, 800-624-200) —716-325-5530

OFFICE EQUIPMENT BROKERS

215 ALEXANDER STREET ROCHESTER. NEW YORK 14607

Inquiry 117

Is programming the latest game of Trivial Pursuits?

TSF's Source Locator helps you stay productive by identifying your listings and comprehensively Indexing your programs.

Source code listings: file identification • your headings & footings •

• page/line formatting •

Cross-reference listings: your comments • usage • scope •

• Asm. Basic. C, Pascal •

System cross-reference combining any number of files and languages.

The Source Locator

Introductory Price $29.95

For the IBM PC, XT. AT. and (XxTpanbles COS 20Price includes shipping. Not copy protected.

TSF Dept. A-2 649 Mission St., San Francisco, CA 94105 (415) 957-0111

Visa and MasterCard phone orders accepted. California residents add sales tax. Dealer and Site License inquiries invited.

Inquiry 323

..merican Semiconductor^

Computers, Components, Hardware and Software

4164 Xt ^790 128K ™«at (

41256 if (3.50

CDC DSDD DRIVES 89.

80287 for AT 175.

8087 Math Coprocessor .... 99.

AT TURBO KITS CALL

10 mb 1/2Winchoster ... 399.

AT-20 mb Hi Spaed 475.

EPSON fx-100 499.

COLOR CARDS 149.

HAYES 1 200B 395. AT 360K 1/2 Height 109.

800-237-5758

SALES EXT. 502

Vendor Line ■ i Afc.

B13-84S-3183 Add 3H LJSfi 9SH

9-TRACK MAG. TAPE SUBSYSTEM FOR THE IBM PC/XT/AT

*4757

For intorma.ion interchange, backup and archival slorage. IBEX offers a 9-track, IBM format-compatible W magnetic tape subsystem for the IBM PC. featuring:

■ 42 M Bytes on a single reel.

■ IBM format 1600 cpi.

■ Software lor PC-DOS. MS-DOS.

IBEX COMPUTER CORR

?0741 Manila St ChalsworttvCA 91311 |B1B| 709-8100 TVJX 91CM93-5071

Inquiry 148

Finally!

"No-Stretch" Viewing ANGLED PRINTER STAND

Deluxe Model

Standard & Deluxe Models available Deluxe fits over Disk Drive 80/132 column available Priced from $21.95 COMPUTER MEDIA MARKETING Dept. B-8 P.O. Box 614 Katy, Texas 77492

713/392-2385 Dealer Inquiries Welcome

Inquiry 74

Software for Engineers

Electronic Circuit Analysis

• Nonlinear transient, DC, AC analysis

• Worst Case, Monte-Carlo

• Frequency, time dependent parts $450.

Logic Simulation System

• Full delay analysis

(min, max, typical, load dependent)

• Ability to save simulation results $395.

Both have:

• Built in editor, fully interactive

• Macros (unlimited)

• Large circuits

For MS-DOS, 192k minimum

Tatum Labs 33 Main Street Newtown, CT 06470 (203) 426-2184

Inquiry 19

Inquiry 316

SPECIAL SALE

PRINTERS

OKIDATA

ML182P120cps $ 225

ML182 IBM Graphics Comp 225

ML182S10"Carriage 265

ML192P,160cps 359

ML192IBMGraphicsComp 359

ML192S,160cps 435

ML193P,160cps 525

ML193IBMGraphicsComp 525

ML193S,160cps 599

ML84P,200cps 669

ML84IBM 669

ML84S,200cps 769

Okimate20 135

STAR MICRONICS

SG-10,120cps,2Kbuller $ 229

SG-15,120cps,2Kbuffer 389

SD-10,160 cps, 10" carriage 355

SD-15,160cps,Corr.Qual 479

SB-10 Draft & NLQ 24 wire printhead 799 EPSON

LX80,100cps, 10"carriage Call

FX80 + , 160cps, 10"carriage Us

RX100,100cps, 15"carriage First

FX100 + ,160cps,15"carriage For

LQ1500Draft NLQ Lowest

SQ2000,AIINew Prices

•We Are An Authorized Dealer COPAL

SC-1200,120cpsFT&Graphics $ 215

SC-1200L, 120cpsw/NLQ 245

SC-1500,180 cps FT & Graphics. . . . 295 SC-1500UI, 180 cps NLQ w/IBM Char.

Set 335

SC-5500L/l,15"NLQIBMChar.Set . 475

Very Quiet — 1 Yr. Warranty DYNAX

DX15XL,20cps By Brother $ 369

JUKI

6100. LQ. 18 cps w/proportional spc.$ 379 6300 LQ. 40 cps 689

TOSHIBA

P1340P $ 575

P1340S 575

P351P, Faster than 1351 1229

P351 P/S, Faster and More Versati le 1275 PANASONIC

1091 w/Tractor, 120cps, 1yr.war. ..$ 255

1092,10" carriage, 180 cps 439

1093,15"carriage,160cps 669

HARD DISK DRIVES

RODIME

10Megw/Cont., lyr.warr $ 595

SEAGATE

10Megw/Cont., lyr.warr $ 650

ALPHA OMEGA

10Megw/ControllerCard $ 665

20Megw/ControllerCard 1099

30Megw/ControllerCard 1395

DISK DRIVES

TANDON

TM100-2forlBMPC $ 99

QUME

V4Ht.ds/dd360K,100%IBMComp...$ 85 TEAC

55B Double Sided 360K $ 99

Quad Density 159

□rives For Apple & Franklin MICRO-SCI

$ 169

A.5Cforllcw/cabie 179

A.5 Vi height for HE 189

Controller Add 55

PRINTER ACCESSORIES

ORANGE MICRO

Grappler + $ 85

Buffered Grappler +, 16K exp. 64K . 155 TOSHIBA

BI-DirectionalTrac. 1351/351.. .$ 149/155 Font Disk for Down loading P1351 .. 50 MICROTEK

DumplingGX(sameasGrappler+) $ 69

Dumpling GXw/16K buffer 135

Dumpling GX w/32K buffer 147

Additional Buffering 16K 12

FOURTH DIMENSION

Par. Card & Cable for Apple $ 47

OKIDATA

PlugandPiayforlBM $ 49

Tractorfor82A&92 49

JUKI

Bi-Direc.Tractorfor6100/6300 .$ 125/135

Serial Interface 65

CABLES

IBMPCtoParallelPrinter $ 18

Serial Cable 18

Centronics M/M or M/F 18

DISPLAY MONITORS

QUADRAM

Amberchrome IBM compatible .. . .$ 165 AMDEK

V300G $ 125

V300A 135

V310AforlBMPC 159

Color500ColorComposite 339

Color600 RGB Hi-Res 429

Color710SuperHi-Res 545

TAXAN

IBMGreenMonochrome#121 $ 129

IBM Amber Monochrome #122 139

RGB IBM w/Gr Comp Text Mode f/425 429

RGB Super Hi-Res. #415 393

RGB Super Hi-Res. #440 Besf Buy .. 499

RGB/Comp. Med. Res. #210 259

PRINCETON GRAPHICS

HX-12forusewithlBMPC $ 445

Max12EAmberforlBM 179

SR12SuperHi-Res 565

ScanDoubler 185

QUIMAX

PX-IV, RGB Hi-Res w/Gr. Text Mode .$415 DM-14 Monochrome Amber 155

BACK TO SCHOOL SPECIALS!!

COMPAQ DESK TOP

• One Drive • 256K of Memory w/Par. Port • 10 Meg Hard Disk • Taxan Green or Amber

S2450

AST 6 PAK +

IBM PC XT

• 256K of Memory

• One IBM Floppy • 10 Meg. Hard Disk

• Color Card • Taxan #425 RGB Hi-Res & Comp. Gr.

S3190

Ma

I

64

ANCHOR AUTOMATION

Mark Xll/Volksmodem XII

S215/S17S 64K OF MEMORY S9.95

TANDON

• TM 100-2

S99

'THE COMPANY THAT DELIVERS"

IBM PC ACCESSORIES

IBM

IBMDOS3.1 $ 69

Tech Ref. for Dos 2.1 or3.0 69

PARADISE

ModularGraphlcsCard $ 269

Module A 79

ModuieB 120

5-Pak 165

B4K MEMORY UPGRADE

64K (9 chips) 200ns & 150ns $9.95

PERSYST BOARD

Bob Hi-Res Display Adaptor $ 369

QUADRAM

Quad Color 1 Board $ 175

Exp. Quadboardw/64K& Game Port 239 Quadlink3000RunApplesftonlBM 329

VUTEK (2 yr. war.) Vutek ■ CPS Board, RGB & Composite

w/Par.&Ser.Ports,2Yr.War $ 239

Color Card (Here, comp.) w/Para. ... 159 Monographic Card (Here, comp.).. . 269 AST RESEARCH

SixPak + W/64K $ 239

Game Port 49

KEYTRONICS

KB5151 $ 179

MICROTEK

Monochrome Text Par. &Ser $ 185

ColorGraphicsCard 165

TECHMAR

PCMate64Kexp.to256KMem.exp.$ 99 PC Mate Mem. Brd. W/256K Installed 175

APPLE & FRANKLIN ACCESSORIES

ACCESSORIES

Kensington System Saver .. Fan for Apple 11 & IIE w/surge MICROTEK

Serial Interface

MICROMAX

Viewmax 128K extended 80 col. card

for Apple IIEW/64K $ 124

80 col, card for Apple II & II + 139

.$ 75

ADVANCED LOGIC SYSTEMS

ZEngine2.2 $ 119

APPLE

Super Serial Card $ 135

ASTAR

RF Modulator $ 17

MICRO-SCI

64K.80Col.Card $ 85

<8rS

PERSONAL SYSTEMS"

APPLE

Professional Sys. incl: Apple HE W/128K & 80 col., tilt moa, duo disk w/con't kit . $1345

Apple lie Lightweight Portable Call

IBM

IBM PC Barew/cont. & keyboard .. .$1345

IBM PC64K.1 Drive 1475

IBMPC,2Drivesw/256K 1599

IBM XT, 10 Meg., 360K Dr. w/256 .... 2795 IBMXTBarew/256K&IBMFIoppy. . 2095 Call About All "AT" Systems

SANYO

MBC550-2w/1320KDrive&sftwr. . .$ 750 MBC 555-2 w/2 320K Drives &

more software 990

Portable Call

Serial Port for Sanyo 79

COMPAQ

256K, w/2-320K Drives $1985

DeskTop Model 1 1725

Desk Top Model 2 2150

Desk Top Model 3 3795

DeskTop Model4 4495

WYSE

1100-1 incl. 256K w/two 360K Drives, 1 par

&2ser.ports $1399

1100-2 incl. 10 meg, 1 floppy, 256K, 1 par. &

2ser. ports 2599

•Wyse Monitors & Exp. Chasis Available

SOFTWARE

LOTUS DEVELOPMENT CORP.

Lotus 1-2-3 $ 295

Symphony 437

ASHTON TATE

DBaseII $ 329

DBase III 419

PRINTER SWITCH BOX

EXPONENT

Centronics Two Switch . Centronics FourSwitch .

Serial Two Switch

Sena I FourSwitch

110 75

MODEMS

ANCHOR

MarkXIl $ 215

VolksmodemXIl 179

Anchor Express Call

HAYES MICRO

300 Baud Smart Modem $ 189

1200 Baud Smart Modem 389

1200BforlBMPCw/SMII 379

2400 Baud Modem 645

MicroModemllE 259

Chronograph 189

300ForApplellcw/Sftwr Call

DISKETTES

PC DISKETTES

SgUDbl.(BoxollO) $ 16

Dbl./Dbl.(Boxof10) 18

COMPUTER CONNECTION

Dbl./Dbl.(Boxof10) $ 16

Sgl./Dbl.w/DiskContainer(10) 20

Dbl./Dbl. w/DiskContainer 20

Bulk 50 & Up — Dbl./Dbl 1.35 ea.

We Stock What We Sell!!

IF YOU SEE IT ADVERTISED FOR LESS, CALL COMPUTER CONNECTION FIRST FOR LOWEST QUOTE!

We accBpt VISA, MasterCard, COD far/deposit], Certified Checks " wire Tranaf

MAIL ORDER:

17191 S. Central Avenue, UnitL Carson, California 90746

NO SURCHARGE FOR CREDIT CARDS

ranafera. Minimum Shipping Charge 84.00. Some items subject to back order. California Res. add 6Vm% Salaa Tax. All returns are subject toa 15% restocking charge and must be authorized by store manager within 10 daya. Prices subject to change without notice. This Ad supersedes all others.

ORDER LINE (800) 732-0304

(Outside California]

[213] 63S-SBOS

[Inside California]

Mon.-Fri. 7 a.m. to 6 p.m. Saturday 11 a.m. to 3 p.m.

CUSTOMER SERVICE: [213] 635-5065

Mon.-Fri. 9 a.m. to 3 p.m.

Inquiry 67

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 395

DISK WORLD! is proud to introduce the lowest-priced, LIFETIME-WARRANTY

diskettes ever! And they're BRAND NAME PRODUCT to boot!

5.25" SSDD-4.79 ea. 5.25" DSDD-K89 ea. 5.25" DSDD-HD*$2.35 ea. 3.50" SSDD^$2.25 ea. 3.50" DSDD-r$2.65 ea.

Introducing Wabash Pinnacle Series Diskettes.

Two years ago, if you'd told me I'd be writing this ad, I would have laughed.

At that time, Wabash diskettes were synonymous with

"s—t".

Just saying that quality control was poor would be charitable.

So much was wrong that DISK WORLD wouldn't sell them. That was yesterday.

Kearney-National Inc., a $202-million division of a much larger company, came into Wabash.

Out went the old management, the old methods, the old production techniques.. .and in went a lot of new people, ideas, production lines and some really imaginative thinking.

The end result.

Today. I'm proud to offer you the Wabash Pinnacle Series of diskettes at the prices shown. This isn't evolution in diskette manufacturing: it's revolution.

Here's what you get.

Wabash Pinnacle diskettes are ...certified 100% Error Free ...are coverd by a LIFETIME WARRANTY ...meet or exceed all industry specifications (by quite some distance)

...and are simply the best value in diskettes available today.

The torture test.

Considering Wabash's earlier dubious reputation, I wasn't exactly a true believer when their Director of Marketing came into my office with samples.

So I took a box at random, selected a disk, bent the thing every which way and slipped it into my IBM-PC.

It formatted. It booted. It stored and retrieved data. That wasn't enough.

I gave samples of the diskettes to Curt Rostenbach and, in turn, to Tom Streit, both hackers of long experience and members of the Waukegan (Illinois) Apple Users Group.

Tom really went at it.

He took a quartz-halogen lamp, aimed it at the diskette until it started to smoke (and melt)...and then formatted, booted the diskette and stored and retrieved data!

The same terribly (and intentionally) mutilated diskette ran on an ITT, Corona and IBM.

Curt was nicer.

He simply bent the diskette every which way...and it still formatted, booted and ran on his Apple.

The best buy I've ever seen.

DISK WORLD!, Inc. sells more flexible magnetic media by mail-order than anyone else in the world.

I, as President of the corporation, won't tolerate a product with a failure rate of more than 1 /1000th of 1 percent.

I also don't like companies who try to milk a "quality" or "premium" image for a higher price like Dysan and Verbatim did...until they failed.

As President of DISK WORLD!, Inc., my motto is simple: "the best diskette for the least amount of money."

Wabash is it.

Right now, there is no better value than the Wabash Pinnacle Series of diskettes.

Granted, you have to buy a hundred at a time, but so what? Split the order with friends, relatives, co-workers or even your worst enemies.

The key thing is to get the most diskette for the money.

And this is it.

(Incidentally, as a corporation, we put our money where our

Based on multiples of 100 each. Boxed in 10's with heavy-duty cardboard sleeves, user ID labels, reinforced hubs (where appropriate) and write-protect tabs.

mouth is. Our first order for Wabash Pinnacle Diskettes was 1.5-million units.)

That's an awful lot of faith and confidence.

But, then again, I have the diskette that Tom Streit literally melted...and kept on running.

The truth about $1.00 or less diskettes.

More and more ads are popping up ottering diskettes lor $1.00 or less.

By the same token, more and more people who were selling used cars a few months ago are now selling diskettes by mail.

We did a little survey of current ads for diskettes advertised for a dollar or less and did some analysis ol the market and here's what we found as it applies to 5.25" DSDD diskettes "supposedly" selling for a dollar or less.

ACTUAL

ADVERTISED LOW PRICE:

.89 ea.

VENDOR:

Unitech Dalatech Computer Club

Communications & Electronics Precision Data Diskette Connec. Comp SoftServ.

.95 ea. .99 ea.

PRICE ACTUAL PER 100: MFGR.:

.92 ea. Unspecified. .99 ea. Unspecified. .98 ea. Unspecified. 1.02 ea. Unspecified.

.49 ea. .80 ea. Unspecified. .89 ea. .93 ea. Unspecified. .93 ea. .93 ea. Unspecified. .77 ea. .77 ea. Unspecified. + shpg.

Computer/Computer .99 ea. .99 ea. Unspecified. DISK WORLD .89 ea. .92 ea. Wabash

Datatech

The real truth about $1.00 or less diskettes.

It costs all diskette manufacturers about the same to produce a diskette. Some may charge more because they want to project a "premium quality" image, ala the late, lamented Dysan who bought their basic media from 3M.

Some charge less because they sell a sub-standard product. . .and we're not foolish enough lo name names here.

But here's the truth about [he $1.00 or less diskette market.

It falls into four categories:

1. The DISK WORLD'S of the universe who simply are so big that they can buy first quality product in massive quantities and choose to pass on the savings to you. (Precision Data and Diskette Connection on BRAND NAME products also fall into this category.)

2. The people who buy "cosmos"...stull from major manufacturers that usually hits quality control standards, bul is cosmetically blemished and thus can't be packaged and sold under the manufacturer's own name.

3. "Duplicator Quality ". Uncertified media, usually below manufacturer's own standards and frequently below ANSI and IBM standards. Sold on an "as-is" basis with the understanding that the manufacturer's name will never be divulged. Usually aboul a 20% reject rate...as compared to DISK WORLD'S standard of less than 1 /1000th ol 1 % reject/return rate. Next lo garbage, this is the source of most diskettes advertised at a dollar or less.

They may work...and then again they may not. (Frankly, the odds at the Blackjack table in Las Vegas are more in your favor)

4. Garbage. Stulf that shouldn't be sold at all. But some manufacturers are hurting for cash, so they sell it anyway (After all, they want to meet their payroll. Look what happens when you don't: you become a Dysan or Verbatim. Lots of history, but no money.) More and more garbage is being dumped into the market as manufacturers become pressed for cash and are motivated into selling anything and everything they can manufacture. (Read the article in FORBES aboul Verbatim and its "Bonus" brand.)

Finally, the Taiwanese counterfeiters are moving inlo Ihe acl. Perfect duplicates of the packaging ol major manufacturers with one exception: the quality isn't there.

The Critical Factor.

Only DISK WORLD!, Inc. offers fully brand-identified. LIFETIME-WARRANTY product lor less than a dollar

Every one else ottering 5.25" product lor less than a buck doesn't tell you who makes it.

We do.

And that ought to tell you a lot right there.

Ordering & Shipping Instructions

SHIPPING: Wabash Pinnacle Diskettes are sold in multiples of 100 only. Shipping charges are $3.00 per 100, regardless of type or size.

PAYMENT: VISA. MASTERCARD and PREPAID orders accepted. Corporations rated 3A2 or better and government and quasi-government open accounts are accepted on a NET 15 basis.

C.O.D. orders are subject to a $5.00 special handling charge. (Sorry lor the increase, but too many people have been refusing C.O.D. orders or using bad checks. It's a classic example of a few "bad eggs" making lile more expensive lor everyone else.)

APO, FPO, AK, HI & PR ORDERS: Include shipping as shown and an additional 5% of the total amounl ol the order to cover PAL and insurance.

No other non-continental U.S. orders are accepted

TAXES: Illinois residents only, add 7%.

All orders subject to acceptance. Not responsible for typographical errors. ORDERS ONLY: 1-800-621-6827 (In Illinois: 1-312-256-7140) INQUIRIES & INFORMATION 1-312-256-7140 FOR FASTEST SERVICE, USE MCI MAIL: Just address "DISKWORLD" (24-hour shipping on any item in stock if you order via MCI MAIL.) j

DISK WORLD!, Inc.

mette, iinnoi

396 BYTE • AUGUST I985

Inquiry 363

PRIORITY i

i

'ELECTRONICS

8" Double Sided/Double Density

BRAND NEW! 90 DAY WARRANTY!

$199 each $189 $179 BTQMETRAK842 Each 2 - 5 Each 6 or More

(Shipping weight 18 lbs.) 6TQM£TRAXM2M Manual, not included with drive SIS

20Mbyte Add-On Hard Disk For Your I DM PC™ and Compatibles

Comes Complete With Half High Disk Drive, Controller, and Cobles

INTERNAL EXTERNAL

$799 $999

BTPRIPCSUB20I BTPRIPCSUB20X Include $5.00 (Internal), $9.00 (External) lor Shipping

Disk Drive Cabinets

Part Number

Description

Price

BTJMRtCS 5%" Sgl Floppy 5lbs. $ SB

BTJMR2C5 5V«" Dbl Floppy 9lbs. $ 88

BTJMR2G5C JMR2C5 with data cable $ 88,

BTJMR2SV6 Dual 5Vt" VaHi Flpy 7lbs. $ 85.

BTJMR2C8 Dual 8" Floppy 35lbs. $228.

BTJMRDTC8 Dual 8" VzHi Floppy 12lbs $178.

BTJMRHDC51 Sgl 5%" Hard Disk 16lbs. $189.

BTJMRHDC51HH Sgl 5%" 'A Hi Hard 16lbs. $188.

BTJMRHDCS2 Dual 5%" Hrd Dsk 20lbs. $288.

SURGE SUPPRESSORS

Don't let power spikes pull you down! Protect your equipment from All angles

AC Power line With 6 outlets BTWBRDS115S

Sh.wt.2ibs. «JK

job ' j^y

Mr. Chips

256K Multifunction PC Add-On Cord

• Chips supplied to populate to 256K

BT0RMMC256

' 1 parallel. 1 serial

Interface 1 Clock calendar 1 Dual game port Real world interface BSR AC line controller RAM disk & print spooler software

$169

Each

(Sh. wt. 2 lbs. each)

Intellicom In-Line Print

Buffer &

Interface

Adaptors ummmn

Adaptor Included!

Serial to Parallel to Parallel to Parallel Parallel Serial

64K 256K 64K

$229 $229 $229

BTINTBSP64 BTINTBPP25B BTINTBPS64

(Shipping weight 1 lb. each)

150VAO 000VA Line Conditioners

Better Than A Surge Suppressor! Provides both surge and noise supresslon along with brownout protection as wail!

150VA OOOVA

Great for Your PC! Great for Your XT!

$79 $99

BTSHP150 BTSHP300

Sh.Wt.15lbs. Sh.Wt.301bs.

: '.

Memory Expansion

:5B0.;ser.Chip Sefe 64K 256K

Set of 9 = 64K Set of 9 = 256K

$9.95 $59.

BTSPDBIBMMEM9 BTPDB256MEM9 Set at 36 = 256K Set ol 36 = 1 Meg

$35. $219.

BTSPBBIBHIMEM36 BTPDB256MEM36

CALL FOR QUANTITY PRICING

5-YEAR WARRANTY!

5'A" Double Sided Double Density Diskettes

990 900 800

Each In Packs

of 50 990 x 50 = $49.50/pack

BT5DSS0 2 lbs.

Each In Boxes

ol 250 90C x 250 = $225.00/box

BT5DS250 8 lbs

Each In Cartons

of 1000 80C X 1000 = $800.on/carton

BT5OSIO00 30 lbs

POWERPLAY

Dual 5'A"

Vrhlgh disk

enclosure &

power supply ffjWpj for hard disks1

or floppy drives

with surge supressor

$299

and 8 switched AC outlets

FTJMR1 (10 lbs.)

Inquiry 25!

■B8L

PRIORITY

ELECTRONICS

9161 Deering Ave., Chatsworth. CA 9131V5S87

ORDER TOLL FREE C800") 420-5922, Local: COlO) 709-5111

MINIMUM PREPAID ORDER $25.00. Terms U.S. VISA MC. BAC. Check. Money Order, U.S. Funds ONLY. CA resldentsadd 6%. 6'h%. or 7% Sales Tax depending on your local rates Include MINIMUM SHIPPING & HANDLING of $3.00 lor the first 3 lbs., plus 40C for each additional pound (20C II within Calif) Plus 25« per $100.00 value of your order lor Insurance. Orders over 70 lbs. sentfrelght collect. Just in case. Indued your phone number Prices subject to change without notice. We will do our best to maintain prices through

ORDER TOLL

T

DON'T CALL PROGRAMMER

let Your Secretary Do It! EASY TO USE

Allows you to maintain complete control of building and styling your own database without complicated programming.

CDCC nCMfl niCI/ cirde Reacief Service Number l-ntt UtIVIU UI5K or Call us at (8181986-3233.

I IIUIITCn DAPIfAPC Try °ut limited Package lor LinflllCU rHbl\HUC S15.00lappliedtopurchase).

DATAMASTER introductory special

When you order, ask about Through Sept 85. » < T TOO our money back guaranteel Regular price $495.' * O

Use your Master Card or VISA and call today!

IN CALIF OUTSIDE CALIF

800-423-0320 800 482 DATA

C.D.A. INTERNATIONAL SOFTWARE CORP.®

(818) 986-3233 Telex: 215666

ml mflRYmflc INDUSTRIES INC.

800-231-3680

Radio Shack TRS-80's Epson Printers

People you Trust to give you the very best!

• Lowest Discount Prices

• Reliable Service

• Quality Products

"World's largest independent authorized Tandy dealer."

22511 Katy Fwy., Katy (Houston) Texas 77450 (713) 392-0747 Telex 774132

PROMPT DELIVERY!!!

S SAME DAY SHIPPING (USUALLY)

8087-3 MATH $105.00 8087-2 COPROCESSORS 140.00 DYNAMIC RAM

256K 256Kxi 120 ns 256K 256Kxi 150 ns 64 K 64Kxi 150 ns

EPROM 27C256 32Kx8 250 ns $15.99 9.10 3.47 7.85 2.50 2.75

STATIC RAM

6264LP-158Kx8 150 ns $4.99 6116LP-3 2Kx8 150 ns 1.95

OPEN 6v> DAYS: WE CAN SHIP VIA FED-EX ON !

MasterCard/VISA or UPS CASH COD n

Factory New, Prime Parts juPoo

NO EXTRA COST ON F-EX SAT

DELIVERY

MICROPROCESSORS UNLIMITED BSftSn^CHS) 267-4961

Prices shown above are for July 2,1985

FTeaso cal tor mnart picas Paces sJt*xi to oMaioB Hease eipoel higher or Iomx pnous oh some pare due to sutWy A *>nw*J and cur marang costs Sejpng & nsurarce aura Cash drscoii'1 r"Cos sluw- OltKi isobmjc* Dv 6 I'M Cb1 c*> usuu*, De Otrw*! La yu. by (he neil -qanaaaSanaapj*!! -.. 00 o. Priority One... »lMt*

Inquiry 52

Inquity I9I

Inquiry 2I0

Multiple Regression * Survey Research

Stepwise * Nonparametrics

Ridge * X-Y Plots

All Subsets * ANOVA

Backward Elimination * Random Samples

Time Series Analysis * Data Base

Descriptive Statistics " Search & sort

Transformations " Hypothesis tests

Please call TOLL FREE

1-800-334-0854 (Ext. 814)

a

for more information or write: Quant Systems Box 628 Charleston, SC 29402 VISA-M/C Accepted

Inquiry 260

| I/O Bus for Data Acquisition & Control

allable for IBM PC & Apple II series computers

In photo ara 'LAB 40-PC' generator & ' LAB 40-1' si gun I acquisition modulo.

• Modular approach to data acquisition and control.

A 40 conductor ribbon cable bus is generated by a card in the host computer. Up to 8 low cost modules can be located anywhere on a cable up to 100 It. long. Our LAB 40 generator cards tor the IBM PC or Apple II are pricedat $175.

• Signal Acqiiisitioriand Control Module, model'LAB40-1'. Features: 8 bit resolution. 4 channels, differential Inputs, sampling rate up to 650KHz, software programmable gains and offset, digital output port, low price of $175. Twelve bit module available soon.

• Full featured 'digital oscilloscope' software. Documented and user modify-able. PC version $175. Apple II version $100. Complete data acquisition packages (hardware and software) start at $450.

• Development tool. UniquetoLAB40isitsabi.itytointertacedirectly to microprocessor compatible integrated circuits and hybrids. We encourage users to develop projects and products. LAB40 Is also an Ideal educational tool

Demonstration Disk . . . only $4. Please call or write tor free brochure.

Computer Continuum

75 Soulhgate Ave., Suite 6 ■ Daly City, CA 94015 (415) 755-1978

1

3M Diskette Lifetime Warranty

TIRED OF WAITING FOR SERVICE AND PRICE?

9 out of 10 SURVEYED DISK BUYERS PREFERRED

NORTH HILLS #1 IN SERVICE AND PRICE 1-800-328-3472

Formatted and hard sectored disks in stock-Dealer inquiries invited.

COD, VISA, MASTERCARD All orders shipped within 24 hrs.

NORTH HILLS CORP. INTERNATIONAL

3564 Rolling View Dr. White Bear Lake, MN. 55110 MN. call collect—612-770-0485

Sure iVs insured?

SAFEWARE® Insurance provides full replacement of hardware, media and

purchased software. As little as $39/vr. covers: • Fire • Theft • Power Surges

• Earthquake • Water Damage • Auto Accident

For information or immediate coverage call:

1-800-848-3469

In Ohio call 1-614-262-0559

SAFEWARE, The Insurance Agmcf Inc.

SAVE TIME AND MONEY WITH LOW COST PI-SWITCH BOXES.

fcktitk

Starting at $59.95

fc.£»sb ti

•Quickly shares your computer among multiple terminals, printers, moderns, etc. with just a flick of the wrist.

• Compact black & beige aluminum enclosure features a high quality rotary switch with rear mounted connectors.

•Serial RS-232 Models have tern. 25-Pin Conn. (Lines 1-7 & 20)

PI-02-S switches 2 to 1 J59.95

PI-03-S switches 3 to 1 79.95

PI-05-S switches S to 1 109.95

•Parallel models have tern. 36-Pin cent. conn.

PI-02-P switches 2 to 1 94.95

PI-04-P switches 4 to 1 154.95

•Dealers, schools & custom inquiries welcome.

•One Year Warrantee. COD. VISA, M/C.

•Shipping UPS $2.00/ea. AIR $4,00/ea.

[fib /~~\ 7301 NW 41 S1, MIAMI, FL 33166 (305) 592 6092

Inquiry 283

NOWC

CROSS SO for the NS32000

Also Available for IBM PC INCLUDES:

* Cross Assembler * * Cross Linker *

* Debugger *

* N.S. ISE Support *

* Librarian *

* Pascal Cross Compiler *

* C Cross Compiler *

1

SOLUTIONWARE

12S3 ML View-Alviso Rd.

Suite B Sunnyvale, Calif. 94089 408/745-7818 • TLX 4994284

Inquiry 284

Inquiry 303

icro "products International

cj.714/898-0840

»« ^ J i v^5 r ST *»V'clu' volume purchase ol these excellent Selectric type keyboards will bring the ■Jp j<T ^. J? ^^Heatures you have been wanting down to a price you can't resist. So many features

SUMMER SPECIALS

xpC Wew Hayes SmartModem Compatible! :=:pC

Finally a price breakthrough on a Hayes compatible, external 300/1200 • Runs the popular baud modem. This low price is without ^^^MMh Hayes communications software driver software, but if you need it add 125.00 J|fJii|^^^^__ . ,:j • FCCapprvd direct RJ-11 connection' Call for a 26 page catalog of our special deals. /^^M W\ J • Phone Cable S pov/er supply Look in this spot every month for Hot. New items vHl^H ^^^^ one low price. sure to catch your inlerest MOD-81C0-00 $1 99.00

fV/:^ ^ IBM PC-XT SELECT

<$\ ^ <5>° f^/r-y°u'llloveil!! • Single Key reset & ^,0\<? !§ym-\051 -00 Selectric $129.00

Separate numeric keypad • Separate "Arrow" keypad

LI.J.I. \r iu u

Dimple marked "5", F. & J keys riftU': |: * il '1T

electric $129.00 ^ '

89.00

c= TUBED MOTHERBOARD

Micro Products announces a powerful new IBM XT type motherboard.4 layers for superior reliability & speed. Turbo mode allows 75% higher thru-put by increasing system clock to 7 MHz under software control. Designed to use new 256K RAM chips or 64K chips. 640K memory expansion does not require use of valuable card slots. Many outstanding features combined with our new 7 PAK Multifunction board make previously expensive options standard features at a LOW LOW Cost. BOA-6078-00 Supplied with OK $349.00

ADD-ON POWER SUPPLIES V% %

Two new, thoroughly \ O ®

i:

thoroughly tested IBM PC/XT power supplies for your system upgrade. Best price in Byte with ONE YEAR warranty!!

POW-1040-00 135 watt . .

% 99.00X *r\

.. $115.00 X 4^

SUPER 12 PAK MULTI FUNCTION

This one is really loaded! Features: One Parallel Port, One RS232-C Serial Port, One Game Port, Real-Time Clock/Calendar with Battery Back-up, Expandable to 384Kof Parity-checked Memory, Supplied OK Memory, all cables, PrintSpooler and RAM Disk Software.

BOA-6335-00 $129.95

Additional (9) 64K Memory Chips KIT-8000-00 $ 10.00

Do it Yourself!

s1395°° WOW!

Complete ==——

System! -~-=rW TURBO

NEW 17,000 in Service! "f" Features!

Add-On H.D. & Tape

hree ways to begin - an Empty cabinet • a "Basic" a Full system ■ all thai you assemble yourself! CABINET ONLY

Slot CAB-3068-00 $75.00

"BASIC" abinet, Keyboard, Power Supply, Motherbrd w/OK IYS-8000-00 $525.00

This is OUR Junior!

ise this "D/wetess" workstation for low-cosi Networking. Matures: • 4-slol IBM™ compatible Motherboard ! 128K Standard Memory • 8088,8087 Math Co-pro;essor • Optional Floppy Drive with Controllers.

YS-8100-00 $475.00

ull System w/Keyboard, Mono Monitor, Video Display ard, 256K1 RAM Drive SYS-87PM0 $895.00

a RAM Disk HGame Port M640K cpcty WPrintSpooler WTurbo mode! 4.77MHz

to 7MHz! MSer,Par aciock

1995

00

20 Meg Color

Complete System!

$255000

40 Meg w/Tape

Complete System!

$303500

Software

• XWORD

• XBASIC XBASE XCALC XCOM

10 Meg $1095 20 Meg $1295 26 Meg $1395

10 or 20 Megabyte on the

top, your choice of Hard Disk on the botlom. Super appearance! Requires one slot In your PC for SASI Interface and an extension connector on the floppy card. Everything else is supplied by us. 40 Meg $1695 105 Meg $4195 140 Meg $4695

Add-On Hard Disk

Two ways to go. The Infernal system is cheaper because it does not need a P/S1 Chassis. The same P/S & Chassis can be used for a 10 Meg Tape Back-up on your XTI

10 Migebyt*

•525lnl/'695ext 20 Megabyte

»650lnu"795ext 26 Megabyte

'795lnw"895exl

40 Megabyte

■1195lnt/'1295ext 105 Megabyte

•3795lnt/,3995ext 140 Megabyte

'4395int/'4695ext

Check These Standard Features:

Full-Size, Feather-Touch, Capacitance Keyboard, 10 Function Keys, Calculator-Type Numeric Keypad • • Parallel & Serial I/O • Real Time Clock • Game Port • 2-Slimline 5</<' DS/DD 48 TPI360K Drives • •8 IBM expansion slots • RAM Disk -PrintSpooler • 4 DMA S3 Timer channels • • Full 640K capacity orvboard • 8088 16-bil CPU ■ Monochrome Video Card • • Up to 32K ol EPROM (full 8K supplied) • Supports PC-DOS ■ MS-DOS ■ CP/M-86 • •Power Supply Hard-Disk-Ready, no need to add-on additional power* • High resolution 12* Monitor, Green Screen, 22 MHz bandwidth •

Add'On 20 Meg Tape

If your IBM-AT needs alittie help in the Back-up category, you won't be able to beat this price! Cables, software and everything!

SUB-8300-00 $595.00

here - Call for Catalog

PROM LASER

This is the One! Our PROM Burner allows reading, storing-to-disk, recalling, and burning. Hi-speed alogrithmes burns 2 764 in 45 seconds! Also handles 2716,2732, 27128, 27256. Features: Zero insertion force sockets; Onboard Voltage Generator; ., No Interference with normal computer HL' operations.

' BOA-8640-00 $199.00

MISCELLANEOUS SSS SAVERS

7 PAK Multifunction Floppy, RTC, 2 Serial, 1 Parallel, Game, RAM Disk

BOA-6250-00 $189.00

64K Memory Chips |9) NEC for IBM KIT-8000-00 $ 10.00

256K DRAM Memory Chips (9) = 256K KIT-9000-00 $ 45.00

AdcWn Memory, (up to 512K) supplied OK BOA-6350-00 $ 99.00

Floppy Controller, Controls up to lour drives, 5'/< * 48/96 TPI

BOA-6100-00 $ 95.00

Monochrome Graphics Card. (Hercules type] (1-2-3 compatible) 720h x 348v

BOA-6150-00 $175.00

Color Graphics Card, 320 x 200 Res. Color, 640 x 200 Monochrome

BOA-6200-00 $145.00

Clock Calendar Board, fits in "short slot" w/battery Back-up

BOA-6375-00 $ 55.00

Hard Disk Controller, standard ST-506 interface lor DOS 2.1 & 3.1

BOA-8060-00 $155.00

300 f 1200 Baud Modem Internal w/PC Talk III Communications Software

BOA-8725-00 $210.00

Monochrome Monitor, 22MHz bandwidth, composite input or TTL MON-1725-OOGreen/Comp 99.00 MON-1700-00 Amber/Comp 104.00 MON-1775-OOGreen/TTL.. 104.00 MON-1750-00AmberfTTL ..109.00

We want your DRIVE business!

I I I I I

Shugart 360K TEAC 360K NEC 10meg Tulin26meg Memtekm,g

'85°° '95°° '345™ '695°° '495°°

INTERNATIONAL ORDERS

Micro Products is ready to serve your needs in several countries. Each Office has Sales Literature, Local Pricing, Inventory andTechnical Service available to support your needs. There are no problems with U.S. Export Forms.

USA OFFICE

15392 Assembly Lane, Unit A Huntington Beach, CA 92649 Tel: 714/898-0840 Tlx: 887841 XORDATA HTBH AMSTERDAM OFFICE Building 70,4th Floor 1117 2H Schiphol-East Amsterdam, The Netherlands Tel: (020) 45 26 50-Tlx: 18306 AUSTRALIAN OFFICE 8 Irwin Street, Bellevue W.Australia 6056 Tel: 274-3701

MARACAIBO OFFICE

Av. 3F Esq. Calle 81 Centro Com. Maelga - Local H5 Maracaibo, Venezuela 4001-A Tel: 061-913328 - Tlx: 62344 PEMIN BOMBAY OFFICE 311 Sindhl Lane Nanubhai Desai Rd. Bombay 400-004 India Tel; 357172 - Tlx: 011-2868 CANADA OFFICE 264 Principale, St. Blaise, Quebec, Canada JOJ1W0 Tel: 541/291-3118

Now XFC-XT in a Kit! Completely XT Compatible

$1095°°

Why didn't anybody think of it before? if

you have a phillips screwdriver and 1 - 2 hours available, SAVE yourself a bundle of MONEY! Nowhere will you beat this deal on a complete 8 slot ready-to-assemble and run XT compatible.

• Cabinet • 2-360K Shugart Drives

• 135 watt Power Supply • Floppy Controller 8.

• Keyboard Cable

• 8 Slot Motherboard • Mono Video Card

• 256K RAM • TTL Amber Monitor

Inquiry 203

Micro Products

• 15392 Assembly Lane

Huntington Beach, CA 92649 • 71418

OK- WRITER™

::s: ibm pc/vhoo

EM100 for IBM PC, XT, AT, JR.

• VT102 emulation

• file Transfer

• 132 Column mattes - Color Support

■ EM 100-4010

• Tektronix 4010 emulation

• VTI02 emulation

• Picture files

• High resolution hardcopy

• Supports IBM, IBM Enhanced,

• Hercules and Tccmar graphics cards.

Multicopy discounts

Diversified Computer Systems, Inc.

100 Arapahoe, Boulder. CO 80302 (303) 447-9251

trademarks 17300 - Digital Equipment: IBM PC XT IHM Carp. Hercules — Hercules Computer Technology

NEW LOCKIT II

Password Protected Subdirectories Hides files-makes files Read-Only Runs on any PC or compatible with Hard Disk under DOS 2.0 or Higher—

Easy to use - only $79.95

LOCKIT I

Password Enabled Boot-up For IBM PC or PC/XT Optional Hard-Disk-Only Boot. Invulnerable! $129.95

PC RESET/QUICKON

• Reset without turning off power

• Eliminate turn-on & Reboot wait

• Saves time, frustration & damage to PC & PC/XT $89.95

Specify PC or XT, MC/VISA Security i 6 Hagg Place

Microsystems suite 102B

Consultants s.i.,nyio304

(718) 667-1019

• Easy to i

• Plug-in module

• Letter Quslity: 30cps

• Draft Quality: 120cps

• 10, 12, 17 cpi

• Full dot addressable graphics

• Front panel access to all features

• Proportional spacing, bold, double width, underlining, self-test, etc.

• Serial and parallel interfaces retained

• HELP mode; Diagnostic HEX dump

• And many other features

o

RAINBOW tECHNOtOGIES, INC

17971-E Skypark Circle, Irvine, CA 92714

(714) 261-0228 Telex 386078 U K Distributor: X-DATA (0753) 72331

Inquiry 373

Inquiry 286

Inquiry 273

Serial 4 111 ► Parallel

Convert What You Have To What You Want!

* RS232 Serial * Centronics Parallel

* B Baud Rates ' Handshake Signals

* Latched Outputs * Compact 3V, x -'.\ X \%

No longer will your peripheral choices be limited by the type ot port you have available! Our new High Performance 700 Series Converters provide the missing link. Based on the latest in CMOS technology, these units feature full baud rate selection to 19.2K, with handshake signals to maximize transfer efficiency. Detailed documentation allows simplified Installation. Order the Model 770 (Ser/Par) or Model 775 (Par/Ser) Today!

«iiy«89.B5

ConnDctor Opllon S1D.00 CA Hoatoonis 6% ta« UPS Shlpplno W.00

i'mErfraniLB

2734-C Johnson Dr. Post Office Box 3717 Vontura. California 92006

CALL (805) 658-7466 or 658-7467 a? For FAST Delivery ,

Inquiry 112

1st PLACE

COMPUTER SYSTEMS 13422 N. CAVECREEK RD.

PHOENIX, AZ. 85022

CALL FREE 1-800-841 2748

Hi — I'm Joan,

We are still doing business as usual, same low prices, fast and courteous service. We've gone small for the summer to keep our prices low. Call me for current pricing. I'll be waiting for your call.

Thanks again and God Bless -Joan

The world's fastest, most powerful 8080 relocating macro assembler

SLRMAC~4N9*

".. In two words, I'd say speed & flexibility",

Edward Joyce, Nov. 84. Microcomputing

This is what they said about Z80ASM, our Z80 assembler. Now the same features and performance are available in our Intel Mnemonic product. SLRMAC is compatible with M80 in .8080 mode with many extensions. Too many features to list. To order or find out more about our complete family of development tools, call or write:

S~ L R—Systems

1622 N Main St.. Butler. PA 16001 (800) 833-3061 • (412) 282-0864 Telex 559215 SLR SYS

Inquiry 29I

JUKI

maxell disks

LIFETIME WARRANTY

TIRED OF WAITING FOR SERVICE AND PRICE?

9 out of 10 SURVEYED DISK BUYERS PREFERRED

NORTH HILLS #1 IN SERVICE AND PRICE 1-800-328-3472

Formatted and hard sectored disks in stock-Dealer inquiries invited.

COD, VISA, MASTERCARD All orders shipped within 24 hrs.

m

NORTH HILLS CORP. INTERNATIONAL

3564 Rolling View Dr. White Bear Lake, MN. 55110

RAM

Memory Expansion Kit

4264/4164 Compatible Fits Major PC Brands

FACTORY DIRECT HIGHEST QUALITY!

MICRON DRAMs

LIST

OUR PRICE!

9 64K DRAMs 9 128K DRAMs 9 256K DRAMs

S 25. S359. S369.

$ 20. S125. S149.

150 ns Access Time

MICRON Marketing Department ItKHNOLO^INC. 2805 E- Columbia Rd.

Boise, Idaho 83706

(208)386-3900 TWX 901-970-5973 IMMEDIATE SHIPPING!

VISA, MasterCard, Certified Check, COD & Money Orders

Inquiry 207

^Verbatim

Data Life Diskettes

Lifetime Warranty

Catalog # Box of 10 5'/4" SSDD 18158 S15.50 5%" DSDD 18188 S19.95 5V." DSQD 18239 $28.50

minimum quantity 100

Disk Drives

5'A" Vp heights TEAC 55B S119 Panasonic/Shugart S109 3'/2" SS Shugart SA 300 $110

limited quantity

KT-7® Terminal

Compatible to Televideo" 925 S545 Also carry complete line ol computer products

MICROSCRIBE. INC.

3350 Scot! Blvd.. Bldg 15 Santa Clara. CA 95054 Call M-F 8:00 - 5:00 (408I 748-1333

Inquiry 349

Inquiry 211

FORTRON CORPORATION

3797 YALE WAY, FREMONT, CA 94538

FOR YOUR IBM PC. XT. AT OR COMPATIBLES -Dealer & OEM Are Invited

INFORMATION & CALIF. RES. [415] 490-8171

ORDER TOLL FREE: [800] 821-9771

POWER SUPPLIES

For PC/AT

00

219.

#FC 5192, 200 WATTS [max.]

' +SV/19.8A, +12V/7.3A

-SV/1A, -12V/1A • 110/230 VAC Switchable 1 Come with 4 Drives Connector M) Pending

ONE YEAR WARRANTY Fully Tested in U.S.A.

#FC-130 40

130 Watt power supply for

13900

• Fully Tested in U.S.A.

• Good for Faraday, DTC Megaboard, and other PC/XT compatibles

• Back side on-off switch

• Use cabinet FC 630

• 110/230 VAC convertible

• (OT) Pending

140 W.(MAX) POWER SWITCHER

#FC 135-40 Ful'y Tested

in U.S.A.

KEYBOARD

#FC 527

15900

Direct replacement to IBM PC power supply High air flow, low noise fan ffi Pending Outstanding quality, 1 yr. warranty

#FC 630 A-T

COMPUTER CHASSIS

IBM® PC/AT identical dimension Heavy duty metal frame & front plastic panel

Completed hardware and accessories Use our power supply FC-5192 and keyboard FC 527

#FC-630 A-2

99.00

IBM® PC/XT identical dimension Righthand side on-off switch position

Hardwares included 7 & 8 slot rear panels. Good for 0.75" or 1" apart slot connectors Use FC 135 40 power supply

IBM PC, XT ADD-ON CARDS

IBM® PC AT key layout Enlarge return & shift key Capacitance low profile key switch

PC/AT 169.°°

#FC 427

• IBM® PC/XT compatible

• Light on num. & caps lock keys

PCXT 109.0°

#FC-630

gg.oo

Rear side on-off switch position Good for Faraday, DTC megaboard and other compatibles 6 or 8 slot on rear panel Use FC-130-40 power supply

FC 230 Floppy Disk Controller

• Drives 4x5lA"

• IBM fully compatible

• w/cable

FDD

DTC 5150 BX Hard Disk

Controller

• Up to 2 Hard Disk Drives

• Fully Buffered I/O Bus

• Built-in ECC

219.oo

Monochrome/Graphic with Printer Port, CT-6040

• 80 X 25 Text mode

• 720x348 Graphic mode

• Can run Lotus 1-2-3

• 64K Graphic Display memory

• Monitor & printer interface

179.0°

MONITOR

Monochrome

109.00

12", TTL Level 1000/800 Lines 2000 (Characters)

FC 530 Monochrome Controller Mi/Printer port

•8x25 Screen

• 9 x 14 Character Box •7x9 Character

• TTL level of output

129.oo

FC 940 RS232C/ REAL TIME CLOCK

• To 9600 Baud

• Battery Back-up

89.oo 69.oo

Clock Only

MORE.

384K Multifunction Card 149.00

RS232/Printer Card 89.00

Color Graphic Card with

Printer Port 159.00

512K Memory Exp. Card 119.00

Get a Full Function PRINTER at 99.°°

(Listed 199.00)

Comes • 25-36 pin cable adapter with: • 4 Batteries • 1 roll paper

• ll'/4"X4!/2"Xl3/4"

• 2.2 pounds weight

• Dot Matrix Thermal Printer

• 80 Standard Character/Line

• 40 cps (DC 6V) 50 cps (AC)

• Battery Back-up

• 55 db noise

• Centronic Type Parallel Interface

Limited Stock On Hand!

CABLES

Hard Disc Drive Cable (34 pin-34 pin) 19.95

Floppy Drive Cable 11.95

9 Pin D Type to 25 Pin D Type for PCAT 29.0D

Printer Cable 25 Pin D Type to Centronics 19.00

RS232 to RS232 Cable 19.00

AC Input/Output Power Cord 3.00

DRIVES

5%" FLOPPY

Teac/Panasonic

DS/DD 0

irive Only)

10 MEG

Teac. Vz Height 519.00

(w/Cable Controller)

20 MEG

Teac. Vz Height 669.00

(w/Cable Controller)

64K RAM (150 ns) 800/9 pes.

Piggy back 128K RAM

for PC/AT S3M/9 pes.

256K RAM (150 ns) .... 44°°/9 pes.

8237A-5 3M/ea.

8284A l»/ea.

2764 3"/ea.

TERMS:

Minimum handling & shipping $6.00

1. Please call for actual charges.

2. CA Res. add 6.5% tax

3. A RMA NO. is required for return merchandise, unauthorized return goods will be refused.

4. Restocking charge 15%

5. Prices subject to change without notice

6. Not responsible for typos

Inquiry 122 for End-Users. Inquiry 123 for DEALERS ONLY.

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 401

$91.00

Single Board Computer

*l Mf:U5 [thownf i

6600 MPU, serial I/O, parallel I/O, RAM, ' EPROM, 44-pin 4.5" * 6.5" PCB EXPANSION MODULES: RAM, EPROM, CMOS RAM/battery, analog I/O, serial I/O, parallel I/O, counter/timer, IEEE-488, EPROM programmer, floppy disks, cassette, breadboard, keyboard/display.

I WlntekCorp.

«^^B in i v v1? ir 1801 Sou,h s,,ee<

■^^fl " "» * Lalayetle, IN 4 7904

■i I 317-742-8428

Inquiry 340

f/.ROSE DATA SWITCHES

'ELECTRONICS o,_,Ar>e

bHARE computers, printers,

any parallel or serial device

ELIMINATE cable swapping

INEXPENSIVE way to network

COMPATIBLE with

all computers.

Businesses, Schools. Homes WE ALSO OFFER: Data Buffers, Line Drivers, Modems, Protocol Converters, Parallel - Serial Converters. Cables, Computers, Printers. Disk Drives, and more. AUTOMATIC - CARETAKER is ideal for a business or school tosharea printeror modem among many computers. Operation is fully automatic with no software required. Parallel or Serial 4 channels - $295 8 channels - $395 MANUAL - HARDSWITCH is operated with the flip of a switch. 2:2 and 2:4 models allow simullaneous communication.

Serial 1:2 - $59 1:4 - $ 99 2:2 - $109 2:4 - $169 Parallel 1:2-$99 1:4-$159 2:2 -$189 2:4 - $279 LED and spike protection on serial models add $20. CODE ACTIVATED - PORTER connects one computer to multiple peripherals. A software code selects the peripheral. Parallel or Serial 4 channels - $295 8 channels - $395 Buffer option 64K - $100 256K - $250 REMOTE - TELEPATH connects multiple computers to multiple peripherals. A selector at each computer or terminal chooses up to 4 peripherals and displays busy status, 4:4-$495 4:8-$795 selector - $39. ■ <* ^<w« Co ptwt computet

ROSE ELECTRONICS (713) 240-7673 P.O. BOX 742571 MC & VISA Accepted

HOUSTON, TX 77274 Doa|er Inquiries Invited

CALL US FOR ALL YOUR INTERFACE NEEDS

FORTH ON THE STD-BUS

as Low

as s179

The ForthCard provides the ability to develop Forth code using a single board, including on-card E/EEPROM programming. Operating as d stand alone computer or as an STD bus

CPU. this card is perfect (or projects thai require a simple dedicated SBC, while cliowing for memory and I/O expansion Forth programs can be enlered directly via CRT or download ed from your PC's serial port, blown into optional non-volalile RAM or EEPROM, dnd auto-execuled on power-up.

The evaluation unit is available for as little as $299. OtM Versions of the card may be purchased lor $179 each [Qty. 10)

The ForthBox is a complele STD bus oriented system including the ForthCdrd. Disk Controller. Disk Drive{s). STD cord cage. Cabinet dnd Power Supply.

CALL TODAY FOR COMPLETE INFORMATION

Miffesfc] f^^iu)oip)[iiii]®Di^ @©ff®mw$$l©m

9560 Black Mountain Road. San Diego. CA 92126 FOR IMMEDIATE ACTION CALL

619-566-1892

Inquiry 280

Inquiry 144

DATA ACQUISITION TO GO

INTERFACE FOR ANY COMPUTER

Connects via RS-232. Built-in BASIC. Stand alone capability. Expandable. Battery Option. Basic system: 16 ch. 12 bit AID, 2 ch. D/A, 32 bit Digital I/O. Expansion boards available. Direct Bus units for many computers.

SPECIALISTS IN PORTABLE APPLICATIONS

(201) 299-1615

P.O. Box 246, Morris Plains, NJ 07950

LOW COST UNIVKRSAL E(E)F»ROM I'HOG RAMMK It

« SUPPORTS: (BPROMS) THHU 64, 2716 THRU 512,

27C16 THRU 128, 6H7^2 THRU 66 (KKl'HOMS) 52B13 THRU 33, 2816A THRU 64A (MICROS) H711 THRU 49H

* NO PERSONALITY MODULES, ONBOARD IfJWER SUPPLY

* RS232C INTERFACE, XON-XOIT, HTS, CTS, DTR

* ACCKI'TS KEYBOARD ENTRY WITH LINE EDITING

* ACCEPTS ASCII, INTEL, AND MOTOROLA FORMATS

* USER FRIENDLY MONITOR FOB 1/0 DEBUGGING

* EAST PROGRAMMING SUPPORTED: 2764 UNDER 3 MIN.

* LOW/HIGH BYTE PROGRAMMING EOH 16 BIT DATA PATH

* BYTE, BLOCK, OR CHIP ERASE (EEPROMS ONLY)

* LIST IN INTEL OH MOTOROLA HEX FORMAT

* VERIFY PROGRAM AND VERIFY BLANK COMMANDS

* 1409-01: 4K FIRMWARE, PCH, XFORMEH, HOC $90.00

* 1409-02; 1409-01 4 FULL SET OF PARTS $200.00

* 1409-03: ASSEMBLED AND TESTED UNIT $300.00

* 1409-11: 8K FIRMWAHE, PCB. XFORMER, DOC $125.00

* 1409-12: 1409-11 + FULL SET OF PARTS $250.00

* 1409-13: ASSEMBLED AND TESTED UNIT $350.00

* COMMUNICATION DRIVERS FOR MOST PC'S $35.00

HftC MICROSYSTEMS

6322 MOJAVE DR, SAN JOSE, CA 95120 Tel.(408)997-76B5, TWX 4995363

NEC PRINTERS

2050 $ 625

3550 $ 990

8850 $1400

2010/15/30 $ 625

3510/15/30 $ 990

8810/15/30 $1400

Elf 360 $ 399

Pinwriter P-2 $ 490

(w/lnterface & Tractor)

Pinwriter P-3 $ 690

(w/lnterface & Tractor) Terms: PREPAID - FREE FREIGHT!!

QUALITY PRINTERS 8415 Cement City Rd. Brooklyn, Michigan 49230 Phone: 517-592-3749

inquiry

Inquiry 259

Get the Proportional Printing Program which Really Works!

Get type-set quality true proportional spaced printing from unmodified WordStar and NewWord document files. PropStar prints on most daisy-wheel printers with ps type-wheels including Diablo, Qume, NEC, Brother, Juki, S-R, C.Itoh and many others.

PropStar is a stand-alone program, not a patch to your w.p. program, it maintains correct letter spacing, never crowds capitals (even on short lines), gives higher quality print than modified WordStar. PropStar supports most of the common WordStar and NewWord print enhancements. No installation patching required. For CP/M-80 systems on 8" and 5-1/4" media, also for MS-DOS systems on 5-1/4" PC media. Only $ 49.95, Visa & M/C o.k. Specify computer and printer. Dealers wanted.

CIVIL

COMPUTING CORPORATION

J~ PC/XT USERS!

I COGTREE Utilities by

Cogitate SI 29.95

M LYNC by Norton-Lamber. . . . S 199.95 I DATAFLEX by Data Access. . . Varies M RM/COBOL by Ryan/

McFarland Varies

M Universe by Omnitrend . . . . S 98.50

* Blue Mac! by Cogitate S 599.00

# CadPower+ by Trilex S995.00

M Softext Teaching Aids S 95.00

M PrintSet by Cogitate S 79.95

JT CogiTAPE by Cogitate CALLII

Jf Anti-Static Products Varies

Uninterruptible Power

Backups Varies

J~ TeleVideo Software CALLII

Elite

"A Higher Form of Software" 24000 Telegraph Road Southfleld, Ml 48034 (313) 352-2345/Telex 386S8I

VISA/MASTERCARD ACCEPTED Dealer Inquiries Welcomed

Queio™ 580J005BV|elopment

68000/68010 Assembler Package

Assembler, linker, object librarian and extensive indexed typeset manuals.

Conforms to Motorola structured assembler, publication M68KMASM[4]. Macros, cross reference and superb load map, 31 character symbols.

Optimized for CP/M-80, -86, -6BK, MS-DOS, PC-DOS . . $595 Portable Source written in "C" $1495

Complete 68000 Development Package for MS-DOS

Lattice 68000 "C" Compiler and

Quelo 68000 Assembler Package $1095

68200 Assembler Package

Assembler and linker for Mostek MK68200.

Optimized for CP/M-80, MS-DOS, PC-DOS $ 595

For more information contact Quelo Inc.

2464 33rd W. Suite #173 Patrick Adams Seattle, WA 98199

Phone (206) 285-2528 COD, Visa. MasterCard telex II (TWX) 9103338171

CP/M, TM DRI. MS-DOS TM Microsoft. PC-DOS TM IBM.

Inquiry t4

Inquiry 57

Inquiry 271

COMPUTER PRODUCTS, Inc.

ORDER TOLL FREE

(800) 538-8800

(CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS)

(800) 848-8008

STATIC RAMS

01

250 I 4

450n

1.00

02

IKi 1

45011

.78

0ZL-4

IKll

450u

.00

02L-2

IKi 1

25011

1.20

11

250 i 4

450ns

2.20

It

250 I 4

450H

2.20

14

IK I 4

400u

.00

14-ZS

IK I 4

250n

110

I4L-4

IK I 4

450ll

1.20

14L-3

IK i 4

300m

1.30

I4L-2

IK 14

200H

1.40

47

4K i 1

55ll

3.05

01

250 l 4

450m

CMOS

3.00

84044-4

4Kll

450m

2.05

S4044-3

4Kil

300ii

3.45

84044-2

4Ki 1

200m

3.0S

4111

ik i a

250lt

0.05

H2OI0-2O

2Kl(

200m

2.40

N20I0-15

2Kl0

150m

2.90

M20I0-I0

2Kl0

100m

4.40

6116-4

2Kl0

20011

CMOS

2.40

0110-3

2KlO

I50ll

CMOS

2.00

0110-2

2Ki0

120m

CMOS

5.40

01I0LP-4

2Ki0

200m

CMOS

2.00

01I0LT-3

2Ki0

150m

CMOS

3.49

OIIOLP-2

2Ki0

120m

CMOS

0.40

132

4KlO

300ii

20.95

0204MS

OKll

150m

CMOS

7.05

02041P-15

IK It

150m

CMOS

0.05

(204LF-12

■Kil

120m

CMOS

10.95

DYNAMIC

RAMS

•402?

Ittll

250m

1 45

Mil

Mil

300m

1.05

IS200

4Kll

300h

1.05

4100

IKll

200h

.49

10200

IKi 1

250m

.49

10-20

lOKll

200m

.79

IB-IS

1BK I 1

160m

.99

10-12

16K i 1

120m

1.40

II

IIKil

150m

Si

3.95

04-20

04Kll

250m

ll

1.50

14-20

04Kl 1

200m

5.

1.75

14-15

04Kll

150m

5.

2.00

256-20

250 i 1

200n

7.05

250-10

258 I 1

150m

0.9S

EPROMS

12

250 i 0

1 u

3.95

M

IKll

450l>

2.49

50

(K<l

450m

5.90

11

2K i a

400u

it

2.05

10-1

2Ki8

350m

jf"

3.05

82010

2Kl0

450h

ll

3.05

12710

2KiO

450m

8.05

82032

4KlO

450m

h

3.05

32

4KiO

450m

Si

395

12 «-4

4 k i a

450m

2ll

3.95

12 A-3S

4Ki0

350m

2ll

3.05

12 A

4K i 8

250m

21 v

5.95

12 4-2

4Ki0

200ll

21.

1.05

14

BKiO

450m

5.

4.25

14-25

IK I 8

250m

5l

4.05

14-20

IKi 1

200ll

il

7.05

12504

IKll

450m

5l

0.95

MI704

IKll

450m

Si

17.95

I0I7II

■Kil

350.1

h

10.95

120-40

18K i 0

250.1

5i

0.9S

121-30

UK I 8

300m

5.

9.95

121-20

IIKil

250m

Si

10.0S

150-25

32Kl8

250n

14)

24.05

74LS00

74LS00

.23

74L8125

.48

7418260

.58

74LS01

.24

7418126

.48

74L1266

.54

74LS02

.24

74L8I32

.68

74L8273

1.45

74LS03

.24

74L8I33

.56

7418275

3.30

74LS04

.23

74L8138

.38

7418279

.46

74LS0S

.24

74L8137

.16

74L82B0

1.05

74LS08

.27

74LSI38

.54

74L82B3

.66

74LS09

.28

74L8138

.54

7418290

.88

74LII0

.14

74L8145

1.16

74L8203

88

74L8I1

.34

74L8147

2.45

7418215

.98

74LSI2

.34

74L8I48

1.30

74L821B

.88

74L8I3

.44

74L8I51

.54

74L821I

1.70

74LS14

.58

74LS163

.54

74LS323

3.45

T4LS15

.34

7418154

1.86

7418324

1.70

74L820

.24

74L8I55

.68

7418352

1.25

74L82I

.28

74L8I56

.68

74LS353

1 25

74LS72

.24

7418157

.64

74LS363

1.30

741S26

.28

74L8I58

.58

74L8164

1.90

741827

.28

74L8I60

.86

7418365

.48

741828

.34

74L8161

.64

74U366

.48

741830

.24

74U182

.68

74L8367

.44

74L832

.28

74L8I63

.64

7418368

.44

74L833

.54

74LS1B4

.68

74L8373

1.35

74LS37

.34

74L8I65

.04

7418374

1.35

74L838

.34

74L8166

1.00

74L8377

1.35

74LS40

.24

74L8I68

1.70

74L8376

1.13

74L842

.48

74L816I

1.70

74L837I

1.30

74LS47

.74

7418170

1.45

74L8365

1.65

74LS48

.74

7418173

.66

74LS386

.44

74LS48

.74

74L8174

.54

74L83I0

1.15

74L851

.24

74L8175

.54

7418393

1.15

74LSS4

.28

74L8I61

2.10

74U305

1.15

741855

.28

74LSI89

1.00

74L830I

1.45

74LS63

1.20

74L8I90

.88

74L8424

2.00

74LS73

.38

74L8I9I

.88

74LS447

.36

74L874

.34

74L8I92

.78

7418480

1.00

74LS75

.38

7418193

.78

7418624

3.05

74L876

.38

74L8I94

.68

7418040

2.15

74L878

.48

7418195

.68

74U645

2.15

74LS83

.58

74L8196

.78

7418666

1.65

74L8B5

.68

74L8I97

.78

7418660

1.85

74L886

.38

74LS22I

.88

74L8670

1.46

74LS90

.54

74L8240

.94

74LS674

9.60

74L89I

.88

74L824I

.98

74L8682

3.15

74LS92

.54

74U242

.98

74U683

3.16

74LS93

.54

74LS243

.18

7418884

3.15

74LS15

.74

74LS244

Ii5

74L8685

3.15

74L896

.88

74U245

1.45

74U688

2.35

7418107

.38

7418247

.74

7418689

3.15

741SI09

.38

74L8246

.11

7418763

23.95

74LS112

.38

74L8249

.18

8IL815

1.45

74LS113

.36

74LX2G1

.58

8IL896

1.45

74L8114

.36

7418253

.58

8U897

1.45

74L8122

.44

74L8257

.58

8IL898

1.45

74L8123

.78

74L8258

.68

25LS252I

2.75

7418124 2.86

7418259

2.70

25L82569

4.20

We will try to BEAT

All Competitor's Prices

CALL for Quote!

DISC CONTROLLERS

1601 1771 1701 1703 1705 1707 2143 2701

. 6.00 14.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.10 6.00 38.00

2703 38.00 0PD765

2705

... 38.00

2717

... 38.00

6843

.. 33.00

1272

.., 10.00

1108870

22.00

M68677

... 22.00

MC3470

... 4.00

0PD765

.. 10.00

CRT CONTROLLERS

6845 ... 6S47 ...

68047 23.00

08645 18.00

7220 38.00

8275

6500

6500

6500 A

6502 6504 6505 6507 6520 6522 6532 6545 6551

4.00 6.00 1.10 0.00 4.3

6502A. 65208. 6522*. 6532*. 6545*.

4.90 6551* 0.90

5.00 5.00 0.00 10.00 12.00 10.00

0.00

1

11.00 CRT5027 18.00

10.00 CRT5037 28.00

DP8360 38.00

HD46505 11.90

MC137Z 0.00

28.00 TMS0018* .... 38.00

UV ERASERS

QUV-T8/1 $49.95

ECONOMY Model

1 MHz

6802 .

0803 .

0808 . 6809E

6609 .

68I0 .

6820 .

6821 . 6828 . 6840 .

6843 .

6844 .

6846 .

6847 . 6850 . 6862 . 6860 . 6662 . 6875 . 6810 . 6883 .

8031

8035

8031

INS-8060

1148-8073

8080*

8086

S085A-Z

8086

8087-3 IS MKz).. 8067-2 (SNHij ..

6500 B

Hi 65020 7.00

6800

68 BOO 2 MHz

08800 0.00

08602 11.00

8 00 68BOS 11.00

8.00 68B00E 11.00

.. 5.10

2.00 7.00 17.10 12.00

ZOO 66810 4.30 68B2i

2.00 13.10 11.00

68840 68645

5.00 18.00 10.00

33.00 88160 5.00

ftSg 68000

10.00 08000-0 34.00

.. 23.00

210 68047 510 6e488

7.00 10.00 6.00

68652 ...

66661 ...

l'io 08764 17.05

21.00 08700 11.15

18.80 14.10 1.10

8000

14.10 6153 6.00

6.00 6.0

8100

8253-5 7.0

8255 4.46

16.00 8255-6 4.00

20.00 6267 7.00

3.00 8267-5 8.00

4.00 8250 5.00

11.00 8260-5 6.10

24.00 8271 60.10

124.05 8272 11.10

100.05 8274 28.00

10.00 8276 28.00

8270 6.00

8270-5 7.00

60.00

8131 ..

8155 .. 8165-2 .

8156 .. 6185 .. 8185-2 .

8200

8282 6.45

8283 6.45

2.00 8214 4.00

6.00 8286 6.46

7.10 8217 6.45

6.10 8268 12.80

... 44.00

... 12.10

28.10 8260. 38.00 8202.

8202 8203 8205 0212 6214 8216 8224 8226 8226 8237

23.90 38.00 2.00 1.75 3.76 1.76 2.20 1.76 3.45 12.10

1237-5 14.1

Z-80

Z80-CPU

280-CTC

Z80-D8RT

Z80-DM*

Z80-PIO

280-810/0

zao-sio/i

Z80-8IO/2

ZBO-SIO/0

8300

8303 2.00

8304 1.00

8307 2.00

0308 2.00

0310 3.00

8311 3.00

8700

8741 28.00

8748 10.00

8740 28.80

8755 23.00

80000

80166-6 00.00

80188 80.00

1.15 ZS0*-DMA 8.05

1.85 ZIOt-PIO Z.45

6.15 Z80A-SIO/0 0.05

7.15 Z80A-SI0/I 0.06

1.15 Z10*-8l0/2 0.15

1.16 Z80A-SI0/9 0.05

g.95 Z-80 B

8.15 Z806-CPU 7.05

Z80B-CTC 8.06

Z80B-FI0 8.06

2 40 Z80B-DART 18.05

2 40 Z600 810/0 .... 20.05

7.06 Z60 810/2 26.05

MEMORY EXPANSION KIT

Erases 15 EPROMS In 20 minutes Plastic Enclosure

4164 200ns 9 for $15.75

APPLE ACCESSORIES

Parallel Printer Card 49.95

80-Col. card for Apple II+... 149.95 80-Col. cant for Appla Ma... 129.95

Dokiy 80-Column for III 69.95

Serial Card (communication! ■ ■ ■ 69.95

Clock Calendar card 79.95

Cooling Fan 38.95

Power Supply 69.95

Joystick 29.95

Joystick Adapter Apple lie... 14.95

RF Modulator 13.95

Disk Drive Full Height 169.95

Disk Orlne'/i Height 169.95

Controller Card 49.95

Apple Peddles 5.95

16K Card 39.95

16K Bare Board 13.95

Extend-A-Slot 34.95

Peddle Adipple 29.95

Koala Touch Pad 99.00

Magic Touch Pad w/Joystlck... 79.95

Keytronlc Keyboard 219.00

Apple Keyboard (Taiwan). . 149.95

INNOVATORS IN MICRO-COMPUTER TECHNOLOCV

VIEWMAX-80 149.95

The right 80-column card for your Apple II +

• Soft video switch

• Built-in inverse video

• Shift key support

• 2 year parts & labor warranty

TERMS: Minimum order $10.00 For shipping and handling include $2.50 for UPS ground or $3.50 for UPS Blue (air). For each additional air pound, add $1.00. California residents must include 6% sales tax; LA, S.F., S. Cruz & S. Mateo counties include 6.5% sales tax and Santa Clara include 7% sales tax. All items subject to availability and prices are subject to change. Typographical errors are not our responsibility.

No additional charge for Mastercard or Visa. We reserve the right to substitute manufacturers and to limit quantities.

CALL for VOLUME Quotes

NEW HOURS: M - F 7:30 am - 5:00 pm VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE

2100 De La Cruz Blvd. Santa Clara, CA 95050 (408) 988-0697

ALL MERCHANDISE IS 100% GUARANTEED

Inquiry 106

SPECIAL DISKETTE OFFER

verbatim Datalife Disks have 6 datashielding improvements for greater disk durability and longer data life. PLUS! if you call, write, or utilize reader service in response to this ad—we'll send you our full-range catalog of computer supplies with Special Offers good for further savings on verbatim diskettes and many other quality products.

Call or writs for our discount catalog.

LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS

1250-E Rankin Dr., Troy, Ml 48083 Phone: (313) 589-3440

DATALIFE • THE NAME IS THE PROMISE THE WARRANTY IS THE PROOF

Inquiry 185

Save on top quality 3M Diskettes

5Va" ~

— - , DOUBLE SIDE

51/4 =

$-| 77

$039

SOLD IN BOXES OF TEN ONLV

3V?" 3M diskettes are also available

tremendous selection of software books, accessories and supplies

UP TO 50% OFF!

Software far IBM PC

dBase III 349 Mullimale 269

Framework 349 Symphony 429

Home Acct. Plus 65 Wordstar 2000 .299 w/Ullrafile . 169 Wordstar Pro Pac .259

hipping ind hmclinp, %:

ABC data products

P. O. BOX 16720, SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA 92116

619-283-5488 Q 000-854-1555

8051/52 DEVELOPMENT BOARD

8051-Based Single-Board Computer with Monitor/Debugger

■4 28-pin byte-wide sockets; monitor will program EEPROMS. ■Perfect for System Development and Educational Applications

□I

Binary Technology

MERIDEN. NH 03770 • 603/469-3232

Inquiry 7

Inquiry 35

IBM Enhancements

Monochrome/Graphic/Printer Card $169.00

(runs Lotus 1-2-3, 64K, 720x348)

384K Multifunction Card $139.00

(Parallel/Serial/Game/Clock/Calendar/384K)

Floppy Disk Controller Card (w/cable)$69.00

384K RAM Card (W/64KJ $99.00

Switching Power Supplies

192.5 w for IBM AT.

Cdinp«f.,,

130 w for PC/XT. . . . ^

$109.00\-^ ".

Internal replacement, ^V,-" .- iSi

4 drive connectors, (n' />[ ETRI, fan g |

12V/4.5A 5V/15A 110V/220V Case for AT. . . .Call

Case for PC/XT (Fliptop or Slide) $64.00

Game Card (2 Joystick Ports) $39.00

5151 Compatible Keyboard $139.00

Distributors/Dealers/OEM Inquiries Invited Call 408-249-4512 Telex 172412

Supreme Company

1101 S. Winchester Blvd., F166 San Jose, CA 95128

liT

__ FOR THE BEST OF US.

THE CYPHER

A COMPLETE 68000 & Z80A SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER SYSTEM WITH ULTRA-HIGH-RES GRAPHICS!!

ML1

MOTEL COMPUTERS I 174 BETTY ANN DRIVE. WILLQWDALE. TORONTO. ONTARIO, CANADA M2N 1 XO (416) J29-472T

Z-Shell

Unix-like commands Amazing ease of use!

Ever forget what you are doing? Z-Shell edits and re-runs previous DOS commands. Z-Shell's aliases make:

asm p1; link p1; erase pl.sym

Just "assemble" —no clumsy batch files. Run many commands on one line! Will run with SideKick; works on clones. Detailed 40-page manual. Only $79.50!

Workman & Associates

11 2 Marion Avenue, Pasadena. CA 911 06 (818) 796-4401 Please request our new catalog.

Inquiry 314

Inquiry 2I9

Inquiry 341

DOS UTILITIES

Attrib" - set/reset file attributes Crypt - file encryption DSort - sort directory files Find' - find strings in files Log - log computer usage (or IRS Move- - rename across directories Tree - disk/file usage statistics * supports DOS wildcards

SEE - Full screen editor:

supports optional microsoft mouse; block pick, put, cut, paste; search 1000 wps; single & global replace; multiple windows & files; center, justify; spell check, correct 300 wps from supplied + user dictionary; 32000 lines/file, 32000 chars/line; Instruction course included.

$49 for all 8 programs

$79 unprotected Visa/MC - CA add 6% sales tax

California Scientific Software

25642 Hazelnut, El Toro, CA 92630 (714) 581-7654

PC EXPANSIONS

AST SixPakPlus (64k) $259

SixPakPlus(384k) $309

MegaPlus(64k) $269

Advantage (128k) $419

Advantage (1.5M) $679

I/O Plus $129

PCnet - starter kit $809

Quadboard (64 k) $245

Quadboard (384k) $319

Quadmeg-AT(1 28k) $319

Quadmeg-AT(2M) $669

Ouadport-AT. $105

HERCULES graphics board $319

Color Card with PP $159

HAYES Modems: 2400 Scall

Smartmodem 1 200 $409

Smartmodem 1 200B $379

Set of 9 chips (64k) $10

256k chips (each) $5

8087 chip $119

Maynard Disk Controller $100

Sandstar Series Scall

Internal Hard Disks from $679

MaynStreamtape backupfrom... $979

Qume 142A $129

Teac FD55B $129

Tandon TM100-2 $129

CDC 9409 $129

Verbatim Datalile disks(10) $25

VLM Computer Electronics

10 Park Place • Mornslown, NJ 07960 (2011 267-3268 Visa, MC. Check or COD.

PRINTER BUFFER

A 64K PRINTER BUFFER AND IBM PRINTER PORT ALL ON ONE CARD

• FULLY COMPATIBLE IBM PRINTER PORT

• FITS THE LONG OR SHORT SLOT IN A PC OR XT

• LPT2 OR LPT3 SELECTABLE

• 1 YEAR LIMITED WARRANTY

ONLY *229.°° EACH

SS DTtron

fjf CORPORATION

4026 W. ST JOHN GLEN DALE. AZ 85308 (602) 938-3165

COD, MASTERCARD AND VISA ACCEPTED

IBM PC. XT a Trademark ol IBM Corp

Inquiry 49

Inquiry 374

100% GUARANTEED ICs - MONEY BACK!

1-800-245-2235

SPECIALS

SPECIAL 64K DRAM .45

FULLY FUNCTIONAL WITH SLIGHTLY SHORTER LEADS 200ns or FASTER

MICROPROCESSORS

2901

3.00 8039

2.00

2903

5.00 8080A

.75

68000-8

18.00 8085

2.00

68008-8

18.00 8086

4.00

Z8001

7.50 8086-2

5.00

80186-3

15.00 8088

7.50

8031

5.00 8X300

6.00

8035

2.00 8741A

10.00

ADC/DAC

ADC08XX DAC08XX 0AC80

3.50 1.50 8.00

CONTROLLERS/UARTS

1691

5.25 2661

4.00

1771

6.50 5027

3.00

1791

10.00 5037

5.00

1793

5.00 7201

4.50

1795

10.00 765

4.00

1797

10.00 COM8116

5.00

2651

4.00 3250

4.00

SOUND CHIPS

76477

AY3-8910

AY3-8912

2.00 2.00 2.00

82XX PERIPHERALS

1202

14.00

8259

2.00

8212.

1.00

•272

4.00

8216

1.00

8273

10.00

8224

3.00

8274

9.00

8228

3.00

8275

9.00

8237

3.00

8276

15.00

8238

2.50

8279

3.50

8243

1.50

8281

7.50

8251

2.00

1283

5.50

8253

2.00

1214

2.00

8254

4.00

8288

4.00

8255

2.00

8291

20.00

8257

2.00

8292

21.00

TMS 9900 SERIES

9901 1.50 9918 20.00 9927 5.00 9980 10.00 ALL OTHER 99XX SERIES 3.00

That's rlghtl . . . 100% money-back guaranteed ICs at prices never before posslblel Krueger Technology's unique patented IC removal process is the key to our ability to sell so low. The fact Is, It costs less to retrieve and refurbish an IC from an obsolete PC board than manufacture a new one. Since we maintain an Inventory In excess of six million ICs and process over 100,000 ICs per day |over thirty million In the past ten years) we can supply you with most. If not all of your IC needs.

Until this year our vast Inventory of ICs was available to only manufacturers and distributors. The phenomenal growth of the catalog market has allowed us to open our Inventory to you. You can now buy direct and cut out all middlemen.

Call today and discover what seven of the ten largest computer manufacturers already know . . . The Krueger Alternative". Don't forget, you get an additional 30% discount on orders over S500I

DYNAMIC RAMS

1 STATIC RAMS

4164-120ns

1.75

6264 150ns

6.00

4164-150ns

.95

6116150ns

1.25

4164200ns

.85

6116-200ns

.90

4164-250ns

.65

6116-250ns

.65

4416-150ns

1.50

1420-55ns

2.00

4116-150ns

.75

2147,2148,2149

2.00

4116-200ns

.35

2114-300ns

.50

4116-250ns

.25

2114-FASTER

.80

1-800-245-2235

EPROMS

27128-250ns 5.00

27128-350ns 4.00

27128450ns 3.00 2764, 2732, 2716

250ns 3.50

300ns 3.00

350ns 2.75

450ns 2.25

650ns 1.75

1702 1.50

2708 2.00

68766 6.00

68708 4.00

CMOS version at double the above prices

25 Series EPROMS are the same price as 27 Series EPROMS

Z80 SERIES

2.5 MHZ CPU, CTC, PIO DMA, DART, SIO

4.0 MHZ (A) CPU, CTC. PIO DMA. DART, SIO

6.0 MHZ (B) CPU, CTC. PIO DMA, DART, SIO

1.00 3.00

2.00 4.50

3.00 9.00

ANY 10K ANY ECL RAM ANY 100K LOGIC

MISCELLANEOUS

0026

1.50

1488

.50

1489

.50

3232

1.00

3242

4.00

3470

1.50

3486

1.00

3487

1.50

CA3XXX

1.00

MC4024

2.00

MC4044

2.00

555

35

75XXX

8131

8136

ioo

8303

3.00

8304

1.75

88XX

.50

8TXX

.50

9602

.75

96LS02

1.50

2114-300ns .50

FDC1793 5.00

74LS322 .50

6116-120ns 1.75

8080A .75

Z80ASI0/0 3.75

74 SERIES

74XX .25

74SXX

.35

741XX .35

74S1XX

.45

742XX SO

74S2XX

.60

743XX .50

74S3XX

.60

74LSXX .25

74ALSXX

.35

74LS1XX .35

74ALS1XX

.45

74LS2XX .50

74ALS2XX

.60

741S3XX .50

74ALS3XX

.60

74FXX

.35

74F1XX

.45

74F2XX

.60

74F3XX

.60

CMOS

ANY 4000 SERIES ANY 4500 SERIES

.25 .50

6500/6800 SERIES

ANY 65XX ANY 65XXA ANY 65XXB ANY 68XX ANY 68AXX ANY 68BXX 6810

2.00 2.50 3.00 2.00

3.00 .75

OUR POLICY

Delivery: Orders normally shipped within 2 business days. Add 13 for UPS grounds* & under. Add J4 for UPS Woe (all). 2# & under; for each additional air pound add SI. ArUona residents add 6% sales tax Payment Visa. MC. cashiers check, certified check, money order, personal creek accepted. (Allow 10 days for personal checks to clear.| No surcharge on credit card orders. COCn welcome with cash, certified check, cashiers check or money order. Add S3 COD handling charge.

Pricing; Prices suoject to change without notice. All Items muted to stock on hand. We reserve the rtoht to nmrt quansdes.

KRUEGER Technology, Inc.

2219 South 48th Street • Tempe, AZ 85282 *^«^

LJ IWlMI 8fl0-94ll-99'}1? HOURS: 7a.m.-5:30p.m.

MjLZZM raSSfl OUU ^*+^ (MOUNTAIN TIME)

tS&S In Arizona 002 438 1570 Monday Thru Friday

Inquiry 375 for End-Users. Inquiry 376 for DEALERS ONLY.

AUGUST 1985 - BYTt 405

pmk Now, the lowest

\M prices ever on

M 3M Scotch4

V^? DISKETTES

' ' LIFETIME WARRANTY!

mill:

P31

Nashua, Diskettes

97e'

W ■ Qty. 50

LIFETIME WARRANTY!

0 5% SSDD $107

ea.

S'/4"DSDD ■ Qty.50

These are poly-bagged diskettes packaged with Tyvek sleeves, reinforced hubs, user identitication labels and write-protect tabs

NASHUA Corporation is a hall-billion dollar corporation and a recognized leader in magnetic media.

SOFT SECTOR ONLY! Sold in multiples ol 50 only!

for orders only: information & 1-800-621-6827 inquiries: (In Illinois: 1-312-256-7140) 1-312-256-7140 HOURS: 8AM-5PM Central Time. Monday-Friday WE WILL BEAT ANY NATIONALLY ADVERTISED PRICE ON THE SAME PRODUCTS AND QUANTITIES!

DISK WORLD!, Inc.

629 Green Bay Road • Wilmette, Illinois 60091

NASHUA MAGNETIC MEDIA

The great unknown!

Q70- ssDD $-|01

%J I Q'* 50 5*" DSDD- I Q,V 50

You've used these diskettes hundreds of times...as copy-protected originals on some of the most popular software packages. They're packed in poly-bags of 25 with Tyvek sleeves, reinforced hubs, user identification labels and write-protect tabs.

LIFETIME WARRANTY!

SOFT SECTOR ONLY! Sold in multiples of 50 only.

FOR ORDERS ONLY: INFORMATION*

1-800-621-6827 inquiries:

(In Illinois: 1-312-256-7140) 1-312-256-7140 HOURS: 8AM-5PM Central Time. Monday-Friday WE WILL BEAT ANY NATIONALLY ADVERTISED PRICE ON THE SAME PRODUCTS AND QUANTITIES! DISK WORLD!, Inc. 629 Green Bay Road • Wilmette. Illinois 60091

DISK WORLD!

ATHANA

MAGNETIC

MEDIA

DISKETTE STORAGE CASES

AMARAY MEDIA-MATE 50: A REVOLUTION ^| IN DISKETTE STORAGE

Every once in a while, someone lakes Ihe V4Pt#«. simple and makes it elegant! This unit holds 50 5(4" diskettes, has grooves lor easy f slacking, inside nipples to keep diskettes Irom slipping and severa1 other features. We

like it! CO RQ * $2 00

*P3.UJ ea Shpng

DISKETTE 70 STORAGE: STILL A GREAT BUY.

S^m^Af Oust-free storage for 70 5%" diskettes. Six dividers included An excellent value * vp|SKrAnniF«!$11-68 ShP"a° ^^di!

VDISK CADDIES'

r | The original flip-up holder for 10 5%" ''diskettes. Beige or grey only.^^

• 20« Shpng

for orders only: information & 1-800-621-6827 inquiries:

(In Illinois: 1-312-256-7140) 1-312-256-7 140 HOURS: 8AM-5PM Central Time, Monday-Friday WE WILL BEAT ANY NATIONALLY ADVERTISED PRICE ON THE SAME PRODUCTS AND QUANTITIES! DISK WORLD!, Inc. 629 Green Bay Road • Wilmette, Illinois 60091

FANTASTIC LOW PRICES ON

n BASF «

fef QUALIMETRIC ftt DISKETTES!

LIFETIME WARRANTY!

$114- , $131

| Qty 20 dsdo I Qty. 20

5VSSDD-96TPI —$146ea. 5V DSDD-96TPI — $1.75 ea. PACKED IN CARDBOARD CASES!

BASF QUALIMETRIC DISKETTES have a LIFETIME WARRANTY with Tyvek sleeves, reinforced hubs, user identification labels and write-protect tabs.

SOFT SECTOR ONLY! MINIMUM ORDER: 20 DISKETTES BASF 3.5" MICRO-FLOPPIES BASF 5VHIGH DENSITY

5SSDD-135TPI_S2.34ea FOR ORDERS ONLY:

1-800-621-6827

(In Illinois: 1-312-256-7140)

FOR IBM PC-AT DSDD-HO -. S3.14 ea. INFORMATION & INQUIRIES:

1-312-256-7140

HOURS: 8AM-5PM Central Time, Monday-Friday WE WILL BEAT ANY NATIONALLY ADVERTISED PRICE ON THE SAME PRODUCTS AND QUANTITIES!

IIIC If Authorized Reseller

Information Processing ~ RA*~iF

WORLD!""'

DISK WORLD!

Ordering & Shipping Instructions

Shipping: 5'/." & 3.5" DISKETTES—Add $3 00 per each 100 or fewer diskettes. Other Items: Add shipping charges as shown in addition to other shipping charges. Payment: VISA and MASTERCARD accepted. COD Orders: Add additional $3.00 Special Handling charge. APO. FPO, AK, HI & PR Orders: Include shipping charges as shown and additional 5% of total order amount to cover PAL and insurance. Taxes: Illinois residents only, add 7% sales tax.

Prices subject to change without notice.

This ad supercedes all other ads Not responsible for typographical errors. MINIMUM TOTAL ORDER: $35.00

FOR ORDERS ONLY:

1-800-621-6827

(In Illinois: 1-312-256-7140)

INFORMATION & INQUIRIES:

1-312-256-7140

HOURS: 8AM-5PM Central Time Monday-Friday WE WILL BEAT ANY NATIONALLY ADVERTISED PRICE ON THE SAME PRODUCTS AND QUANTITIES!

DISK WORLD!. Inc.

629 Green Bay Road « Wilmette. Illinois 60091

DISK WORLD!

PRINTER RIBBONS:

at

extraordinary prices!

Brand new ribbons, manufactured lo Original Equipment Manufacturer's specifications, in housings. (Not re-inked or spools only)

LIFETIME WARR ANTYI

Epson MX-70/80 .. $3.58 ea. + 25c Shpng.

Epson MX-100 $4.95 ea. + 25<t Shpng.

Okidata Micro83.. $1.48 ea. + 25c Shpng. Okidata Micro84.. S3.66 ea. + 25c Shpng. for orders only: information & 1-800-621-6827 inquiries: (In Illinois: 1-312-256-7140) 1-312-256-7140 HOURS: 8AM-5PM Central Time. Monday-Friday WE WILL BEAT ANY NATIONALLY ADVERTISED PRICE ON THE SAME PRODUCTS AND QUANTITIES! DISK WORLD!, Inc. 629 Green Bay Road • Wilmette. Illinois 60091

The value leader In I DISK

WORLD!

The best deal on 3M diskettes you've ever seen!

i

i ■

FLIP N' FILE 15 with every order for 5.25 "SSDD and DSDD.

$1.42 ea. - 5.25" SSDD with FREE Flip n" File 15 5.25" DSDD with FREE Flip n' File 15 —$1.74 ea.

100% LIFETIME WARRANTY

This is a Super Special promotion. It was supposed to end around the end of May.

But we decided to buy more than 1,000,000 3M diskettes packed in the FREE Flip n' File 15's...and give you the benefits of this terrific value.

One word of warning: this offer is limited only to supplies on hand. Once these supplies are used up, the prices stay the same...but there's no free Flip n' File.

The last time we ran an offer like this, everything was sold out in about six weeks.

So don't wait. Order now.

Other 3M diskettes:

(Flip n' File offer does not apply.)

5.25" SSDD-96TPI $2.06 ea.

5.25"DSDD-96TPI $2.57 ea.

5.25" DSDD-HD for

IBM PC/AT $3.93 ea.

3.50" SSDD-135TPI for

Apple Mac $2.86 ea.

DATA CARTRIDGES

100% certified 3M data cartridges.

DC-1000 $13.90 ea.

DC-300XLP $19.83 ea.

DC-600A $22.13 ea.

Sold in cases of 10 only. Add $5.00 shipping per 10.

DISK Authorized Distributor

WORL

406 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 104

S-100 DIV./696 CORP. 14455 NORTH 79th ST. SCOTTSDALE, AZ 85260

Inquiry 379 for End-Users.

SALES 800-528-3131

CUST. SERVICE/TECH. 602-991TELEX 9103806778 SONEHUN(

Computer Systems

PC-Slave Boards

Software

Please call w/ your System Requirements so that we may quote the configuration that best fits your needs. CROMEMCO 10MHz 68000 UNIX-5 Systems CS-100H50X20E 2Mb ECC RAM 50Mb H.D. $13,849 INTERCONTINENTAL MICRO SYSTEMS 12 User HiSpeed 16 Bit System. Includes 1Mb Automatic Cache Buffer, Dual 8" Floppies, 25Mb Fixed and 25Mb Removable Hard Disk (Complete Back-Up in 5-Min.) 256K Ram Per User, Turbodos 1.41, NewWord Word Processor, wl Spell Check & Merge Print S750/Mo. MORROW MD3. MDT70 & HR15-XL Printer $1,595 MORROW MD11, MDT70 & HR15-XL Printer $2,295 MORROW PIVOT I & //11.5 Lb Portable w/4 HR Battery IBM Compatability. Expansion Capability, S/W & More Call For Our Dual Drive Lumicon Screen Special! MOTOROLA 16 User MEGAFRAME with Parallel Processing, UNIX System 5 & VAX 750 Power CALL ST-100 PC/XT COMPAT. w/Dual 5%" DRVS.. PARA. & SERIAL PORTS. 6 SLOTS, MONO, or RGB Video CTRL, 256K RAM MS-DOS 2.1 $1,095 w/ 10Mb H.D. $1,595 VIASYN 8T6/286 w/ 40Mb & Tape $8,095 VIASYN 816/C-H40 w/ 5>/<" X 8" FLPY'S $6,795 VIASYN 816/10-H40 w/ Two 5%" FLPY'S $5,395 CALL FOR OTHER SYSTEM CONFIGURATIONS ZENITH TS0-PC COMPATIBLE SEE PAGE 50

S-100 Bus Boards

// you purchased belore calling us. you probably paid too much! We stock ACKERMAN DIGITAL, ADVANCED DIGITAL, CCS, VIASYN, CROMEMCO, HUDSON, ELECTROLOGICS, INTERCONT. MICRO, KONAN, MULLEN, PICKLES & TROUT, SYNTECH DATA, TAR BELL, TECMAR, TRANSEND, VECTOR ELEC. A few Of This Month's SPECIALS Are: COMPUPRO/VIASYN RAM 22, 256K STATIC $779 COMPUPRO/VIASYN RAM 23, 128K STATIC DUAL NEW BOARD SPECIALS MACROTECH 256-ST/512-ST STATIC S695/$1,29S MACROTECH ADIT-4 Intelligent I/O $699 MACROTECH MI-286 80286/Z80H DUAL PROC. $679 MACROTECH MSR-II 1Mb DYNAMIC RAM $989 SYNTECH DATA SYS — 40% OFF PRESENT STOCK VECTOR RAM 17 64K Static $319 VECTOR INTERFACER I Dual Serial $209 VECTOR INTERFACER II3 Para, 1 Serial $229

Inframe &

Enclosures

i and 2 X 8" Drives $475 JMR 1H5 5'/.~ H.D. Cabinet $189 MPS 5500 5V." H.D. & FLPY OR TAPE $209 MICROWARE 57 7007 Dual Hor. 14 Ht. 5%" FLPY $75 PARA DYNAMICS 3820S PRONTO $1,150

Floppy Disk Drives

MITSUBISHI 2894 STD./2896 'A HT. 8" $395/$369 MITSUBISHI 4853 HALF HT. 5%" 96TPI DSDD $139 TANDON 100-2A IBM-PC Compatible $109 TEAC FD55B & MITSUBISHI 4851 5%" V4HT. $95

Hard Disk Subsystems

PC-INSIDER/PC-OUTSIDER H.D. SERIES FOR IBM 10 to 116Mb Formatted w/ Controller & All Cables, Hardware & P/S or PC Style Cabinet from $559

WANTEK 60Mb V, HT. Streaming Tape tor PC $1,200 CALL For DLR &/or QTY. PRICES on HARD DISKS:

MITSUBISHI M^OT RQDIME MICROPOLIS OUAfirUm Amcodyne

S-100 BUS SUBSYSTEMS Supporting Turbodos, Concur. Dos, CP/M 80 & 816 Operating SystemsCALL TAPE BACK-UP 10Mb 5V." 'A HT $539

PC-Multifunction Boards

We Have a Good Selection of Multifunction and Memory Boards for PC. XT, AT. JR. AT & T, and PC Portables STB BIG BYTE 384K $210 STB GRANDE BYTE/PC-A T 2.5Mb $789 STB RIO GRANDE I PC-A T 1.5Mb. 2 S, P. & G $659 STB RIO PLUS ll/PC & XT 384K $299 TECMAR CAPTAIN 3B4K w/Treasure Chest $220 TECMAR JR. CAPTAIN 128K w/Treasure Chest $289 TECMAR EXPANSION CHASSIS With 8 Slots $675 TECMAR MAESTRO 2.5Mb $695 TECMAR WAVE 256K Fits XT Short Slot $209

ADVANCED DIGITAL PC-SLAVE W/256K. 8 MHz 8088 CPU. 2 S Ports, RTNX S/W-For Multi-User PC $595 ALLOY PC-SLAVE/16 256K to 768K RAM CALL

PC-Video/Graphics Boards

STB GRAPHICS PLUS II with Paral. PRT Port STB MONO PLUS II with Paral. PRT. Port STB CHAUFFER No Drivers Needed TECMAR GRAPHICS MASTER 16 Color Hi-Res

We have Access to all Well Known Brands - ORDER CORRECTLY - SOFTWARE IS NOT RETURNABLE!

Accounting

$240 $155 $255 $439

TECMAR GRAPHICS TENDER RGB/PRT. PORT $189

Graphics And CAD

PFS Graph CALL VECTRIX Graphics Systems Utilize 9 Bit Planes and have 384K RAM to Operate Independentlyof Host Video Controller and RAM Memory

VECTRIX VX384A Stand Alone RS232 Co-proc. CALL VECTRIX VX7307 13" RGB Analog Monitor CALL VECTRIX VX1901 19" RGB Analog Monitor CALL VECTRIX VX/PCB 512 Col /Pall, of 16,800.000 CALL VECTRIX VXTB 11"X11" Graphics Tablet CALL

PC-Scientific/Industrial Boards

CORE SOFTWARE'S FASTRAK: A DATA FLEX Application for all Your Accounting Needs Supporting All Networks & Operating Systems CALL

Spreadsheets & Integrated Pkgs.

ASHTON-TATE Framework CALL LOTUS 1-2-3/SYMPHONY $299/$429 MDBS Knowledgeman $319 PFS Plan CALL SORCIM Supercalc-3 Better Than 1-2-3!!!! $209

Operating Systems & Utilities

BORLAND SideKick Windows & Calculator CALL COMPUPRO/VIASYN CPM at Affordable Prices

CROMEMCO COMPLETE LINE GOOD ECONOMIES DIGITAL RESEARCH Complete line up to 35% Off

Language And Tools

TECMAR BASE BOARD 96 Digital I/O Lines $219

TECMAR DADIO D to A Up to 24 Devices $249

TECMAR IEEE-t88 Board $249

TECMAR LABMASTER w/ TM40 PGL Option $865

Monitors & Terminals

TATUNG CM-1322 640X200 RGB-SATISFACTION GUARANTEED. It Puts Competition to Shame! $395 TATUNG CM,1360 Like 1322 with Green & Amber Switch PLEASE ASK ABOUT OUR "HOT SPARES" LOANER POLICY $419 TATUNG CM-1370 720X480 RGB w/GRN Switch Long " irsist Phos. Works w/ STB'a SUPER RES 400 $499 TATUNG MM-7222G/A Hi-Res 12"TTL(IBM) $119/125 TAXAN MONITORS Call tor Low Prices

TECMAR 640X480 RGB, GRN Switch Long Phos $519 ZENITH ZVM123A (Green) 722A (Amber) $85/$89 ZENITH ZVM135 HI-RES RGB w/ Green Switch $449 WOl LIBERTY TERMINALS w/Variable Scrolling. Green, Amber 14", DEC Compatibility, Extra Pages of Memory, and Graphics Options at Unbeatable Prices. LINK 725 WYSE50 Compat 14 GRN or AMB $449 LINK 125IPC w/ PC Emulating Video & Keybd CALL WYSE 50/75 TERMINALS In Stock $439/$599

Printers & Plotters Diskettes

BD SOFTWARE "C" Compiler 8" SS SD 8 BIT $95 COMPUTER INNOVATIONS C-86 "C" Compiler $299 COMPUVIEW VEDIT/VEDIT-PLUS $115/$169 DIGITAL RESEARCH Most Products in Stock CALL LATTICE "C" Compiler (Ask About Options) $299 MICROSOFT Complete Line CALL

Data Base Managers

ASHTON-TATE dBASE II & III BEST PRICE

DATAFLEX FILE/RECORD Locking Multi-User CALL PFS FILE/REPORT CALL

Communications

mCRO^fACROSs\ALKx1llTE ^ *" PFS Access CALL

lore

MICROPRO WORDSTAR, Etc. CALL NEWSTAR NEWWORD w/ Money Back Guar. $129 OASIS THE WORD PLUS Spell Check, CP/M86 $89 PFS WRITE/PROOF CALL/CALL

BROTHER HR-10 12CPS Daisy w/ TRAC., S&P $265

BROTHER HR-15-XL 17CPS Daisywheel S or P $359

BROTHER HR-35 36 CPS Daisywheel S or P $699

BROTHER M7009 50 CPS Dot Matrix 6.6 Lbs. $189 CITIZEN MSP-25 200/50 CPS 15" ULTRA QUIET $599

EPSON LX80. RX10V*. FX80*. FX100*. LQ1500 CALL

HOUSTON INST. PLOTTERS & DIGITIZERS CALL

OKIDATA New 782 Quiet 120 CPS & 60 CPS CALL

Networking & Switch Boxes

GILTRONIX MANUAL AND AUTOMATIC SWITCHING UNITS to Fit all of Your SHARED Printer, Terminal, Modem, and Other Peripheral Needs. From $79

INTERCONT. MICRO LAN-PC/LANS-100 $469/$359

3M TAPE CARTRIDGES 300XL & 600A in St0Ck$29.95 DYSAN DISKETTES Low Price* From $19.50

DYSAN Hard Disk Cartridges 5'/<" S 8" $99/$150 FUJI FILM FLOPPY DISKS Low Prices From $16.50

Power Solutions

Printer Buffers

JOHNATHON FREEMAN UPB 64K FORMERLY TTX in and/or Out Serial and/or Parallel $169 PRACTICAL PERIPH. MICROBUFFER 64K CALL

Modems

FORTRON PC/XT Replacement P/S 140 Watt $149 SAFT SPS10O0VA/SINE WAVE 1 mSEC Switch CALL SOLA MINI UPS 750 Watt Sine Wave HIGH INRUSH (4500 Watt) 100% Batt. Op. w/o Switch-Over CALL TRIPPLITE BC-425-FC 425 Watts 15-20 Minutes $439 TRIPPLITE ISOBAR Line Suppressor-Filters from $40 TRIPPLITE SB-1000 Watt w/80 Amp/Hr. Battery $695

Testing Devices & Software

DATACOM TRI-STATE RS232 V.24 Breakout $175 DYSAN Floppy Analyzers CALL FLUKE 77 DVM w/ Holster $119 RID-DYMEK FLPY DRV DIAGNOSTIC DISKETTE $25

HAYES SMART MODEM 1200. RS-232 $449 HAYES SMART MODEM 2400 Universal $669 PRENTICE POPCOM w/ PFS Access C150/X150 $315 PROMETHEUS PROMODEM 1200 Hayes Compatible w/ Built-in PWR Supply-RS232 Stand Alone Unit $289 OPTIONS FOR PROMODEM 1200 ARE: OPTION: PROCESSOR/64K MEMORY $75/$35 OPTION: ALPHANUMERIC DISPLAY $79 PROMETHEUS 1200A Apple II, II+, He Card $295 PROMETHEUS 7200 B/PC wl PROCOM S/W $265 PROMETHEUS 7200M MAC-PAC w/ Software $329 U.S. ROBOTICS COURIER 2400 Baud $499 U.S. ROBOTICS S-700 BOARD 300/1200 $295 U.S. ROBOTICS PC MODEM w/Telpac Software $249 U.S. ROBOTICS PC-MODEM With Clock-Cal/Battery, Printer Port, 256K 8, Telpac $459

Chips

We Have Some ol the LOWEST PRICES in the Nation!! 64K, 256K, 8087 & 80287 CALL

Hobby Corner

APPLE PASCAL $95 CCS 2870 280 CPU w/ Serial Port $209 DIGIAC 64K Dram w/o Ram. Works for N.S. Horiz $89 ITHACA SDS 64K, 6 SIO w/ I, XPU, Pascal from $100 MICROSOFT SOFTCARD APPLE II or II+ CP/M $95 MORROW A87 7 8" SSDD Add-On Drive $495 NORTHSTAR ADVANTAGE 8/16 UPGD. W/64K $229 NORTHSTAR ADVANTAGE G/MSDOS w/ CP/M $195 S-100 EPROM BOARD 16K $89 SYNTECH DATA PROM 100 KIT $89 TRANSEND VB3A (24) Kit Video Board $295

DEALER SUPPORT MSIT OUR SHOWROOM 5:00 PM M-F

AW merchandise nn. Advertised prices «r» cadi prepaid only. MC, VHa ft P.O » tram qualified firms - add 3%. Wlraa, COD'e ($5 mln. tee) with Caahlen Chack/MO.» APO'a accepted. Shipping: minimum $4 tint 3 lt». Ta»: AZ RES ONLY add 8% tain tax. All ratuma »ub(oet to 20% rwtocklng fa*. Ratal! prices slightly higher.

mm

MANUFACTURERS, UNI1 EARCH LABS ETC.

a

The MegaKit™

BUILD YOUR OWN PC-XT

No Soldering Required - You Only need To Assemble Parts Learn As You Build - Fully Illustrated Instructions All Parts Compatable

SYSTEM KIT INCLUDES: MotherBoard

• Fully Assembled and Tested Mega-Board

• Mega-Bios Rom

• 256k RAM Enclosure

• Mega-Case Power Supply

• 130 Watt/ Switching Keyboard

• Keytronics Data Storage

• One DD/DS Floppy Disk Drive

• Disk Drive Controller Card

ALL ITEMS SOLD SEPARATELY

ALL PARTS TESTED TO BE COMPAT I BLE WITH MEGA-BOARD

• 12" Color Monitor with RGB

• Color Graphic Card

• Floppy Disk Drive

• 10 MBYTE Disk Drive And Controller

• 20 MBYTE Disk Drive And Controller

• Addition Memory Kits 64k - (64k RAMS) 256k-(256k RAMS)

Good Quality

/call $129.00 $125.00 $499.00 $700.00

/call /call

High Quality $499.00 $250.00 $145.00

/call

/call

/call /call

'DISPLAY

TELECOMMUNICATIONS .CORPORATION

214-607-1382

TERMS: We accept cash, checks, money orders, or purchase orders from qualified firms and institutions. Prices and availability subject to change without notice. Shipping and handling charges extra.

*IBM and IBM PC are trademarks of International Business Machines

408 BYTE' AUGUST 1985

©1984 Display Telecommunications Corporation

Inquiry I05

r#1

CHOICE OF MAJOR OEM MANUFACTURERS, UNIVERSITIES, ^ RESEARCH LABS ETC A THOROUGHLY FIELD PROVEN DESIGN. 1

& HIGH VOLUME PRODUCTION ENGINEERED.

• FULL IBM PC-XT* COMPATIBILITY!

• FULL MEGA-BYTE RAM CAPACITY ON MOTHERBOARD!

THOUSANDS

SOLD WORLD WIDE!

DEALERS AND OEM MANUFACTURERS QUANTITY DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE

Standard Keyboard Interface

(Full PC compatible)

Eight Compatible I/O Interface Connectors

(Full PC compatible) (compatible with all IBM-PC* plug-in cards)

Special J1 Interface

(Allows horizontal mounting of compatible expansion cards for easy bus expansion and custom configuring) (Board has 62 pin gold plated compatible connector)

Hardware Reset

(Overcomes reset flaw in PC)

Power Connector

(Full IBM* pinout compatible)

8088 Processor

(Same as PC)

8087 Numeric Processor

(Same as PC)

Peripheral Support Circuits

(Same as PC)

Extended ROM Capability

(Runs all compatible PC ROMS) (Jumper programmable to accommodate all popular 8K, 16K, 32K and 64K ROM chips and NEW EE ROMS! VPP power pin available for EP ROM burning!) (External VPP voltage required)

Configuration Switches

(Same as PC)

Speaker/Audio Port

(Same as PC)

Wire Wrap Area

To facilitate special custom applications!

Triple-tested, fully socketed and assembled with IC's.

Full Mega-Byte Ram Capacity! On board!

(With parity)

□ 256K Bytes using 64K chips

□ 1 Mega Bytes using 256K chips

Includes highest quality PC board with gold plating, silk screen, solder mask

Board Size 10.5 inch x 13.5 inch

MegaBoard Products On Display at the following locations:

Hawaiian Industrial Instruments

11 54 Fort Street Mall, Suite 200

Honolulu, Hawaii 96813

808 533-4132

Electronics Projects Inc.

30 Airport Blvd

Mobile, Alabama 36608

FREE! Displaytel™

Exclusive.

Our Commitment to

Microcomputer

Education!

FREE Intel 8088 Data Book with each Mega-Board™Order!

ORDER NOW!!! Fast, friendly service

WALL: 214-607-WTC\

<8B

VISA

J

EURO I CARD

Immediate shipment! Most instock items shipped same or next day!

10 Day money back guarantee if not completely satisfied!

DISPLAY

TELECOMMUNICATIONS CORPORATION

'IBM and IBM PC are trademarks of International Business Machines Inquiry I05

InterFirst Place 8445 Freeport Parkway, Suite 445 P.O. Box 27 Irving, Texas 75062 (214) 607-1382 Telex 510600176 DTC UD

© 1984 Display Telecommunications Corporation

AUGUST I985 -BYTE 409

490 Diskettes

Name Brand Quality Toil-Free Ordering Fast Delivery

Call Communications Electronics

Super Disk

Super Disk diskettes t'i $0.49 each

CE quant

Svair Disk 100 prici

Part # pir disk IS)

Diskette order desk

800-USA-DISK

In Canada 800-CA1-DISK

Choose your brand Choose your price

Product Description

8" SSSD IBM Compatible 128B/S, 26 Sector 8" SSSD Shugart Compatible, 32 Hard Sector 8" SSDD IBM Compatible^ 28 B/S, 26 Sectors) 8" DSDD Soft Sector (Unformated) 8" DSDD Soft Sector (256 B/S, 26 Sectors) 8" DSDD Soft Sector (512 B/S, 15 Sectors) 8" DSDD Soft Sector (1024 B/S, 8 Sectors) 5W SSSD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring 5'A" SSSD Same as above but bulk product 5%" SSSD 10 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring 5'A" SSDD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring 5'U" SSDD Same as above, but bulk product 5W SSDD 10 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring 5'A" DSDD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring 5'A" DSDD Same as above, but bulk product 5'/4" DSDD 10 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring 5'A" DSDD 16 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring 5'A" DSDD Soft Sector 96 Tracks per inch 5'A" DSHigh Density Soft Sectorfor IBM PC AT 3Vi" SSDD Soft Sector micro-floppy

For more information m^Z^mtM about this brand call: "M*™

Wabash diskettes &*. $0.72 each

BASF diskettes

Memorex diskettes t

$1.12 each $1.12 each

CE quilt

100 price BASF Pirt # pir disk (SI Pirt #

CE quant. 100 price pir disk |S|

CE quit 100 price Pirt # pir disk (SI

6431-Z 6437-Z

6481-Z 6487-Z

6401-Z 6497-Z

6501-Z

0.74 0.54

0.84 0.64

0.94 0.74

1.49

F1I1-Z F3U-Z FI31-Z FI4A-Z FI44-Z F145-Z F147-Z M1IA-Z

M1IA0-Z M41A-Z MI3A-Z

M13AB-Z M43A-Z M14A-Z

MI4AB-Z M44A-Z MS4A-Z M16A-Z MIIA-Z C13A-Z

1.59 1.79 1.89 2.09 2.09 2.09 2.09 0.89 0.79 0.89 0.99 0.89 0.99 1.09 0.99 1.09 1.09 2.49 3.99 2.74

54974-Z

54980-Z

1.24

1.44

54112-Z

2.99

3062-Z 3015-Z 3090-Z 3102-Z

3104-Z

3481-Z

3491-Z

3501-Z 5500-Z 6100-Z

1.84 1.94 2.19 2.59

2.59

1.24

2.49 3.99 2.49

In Mlckllll 313-973-11 11

Fir fflin lilf ii Wikuk call

800-323-9868

In Illinois 312-S93-6363

Fir Mil III! ■■ IASF call

800-343-4600

li Miuickiaillt 617-271-4000

410 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

Fir nil III! ■■ Mmini call

800-448-1422

Monday-Friday 9im-4pm ET

Inquiry 60

Now...name brand quality atCE prices

Now, you can buy all of your diskettes from CE at prices less than "unbranded" generic diskettes. Your data is valuable, so why take chances using a diskette that could be so unreliable that the manufacturer refuses to put their name on it. Compare our prices on our world famous name brand diskettes to what you are currently buying. To save you even more, CE also offers bulk product where 100 diskettes are packed in the same box without envelopes or labels. Since we save packaging costs, these savings are passed on to you. Diskette envelopes are also available from CE. These super strong and tear resistant Tyvek® envelopes are only $15.00 per 100 pack. Use order* TE-5 for a 100 pack of 51A" diskette envelopes.

Quantity Discounts Available

Our diskettes are packed 10 disks to a carton and 5 or 10 cartons to a case. The economy bulk pack is packaged 100 disks to a case without envelopes or labels. Please order only in increments of 100 units for quantity 100 pricing. With the exception of bulk pack, we are also willing to accommodate your smaller orders. Quantities less than 100 units are available in increments of 10 units at a 20% surcharge above our 100 unit price. Quantity discounts are also available. Order 200 or more disks at the same time and deduct 1%; 300 or more saves you 2%; 400 or more saves 3%; 500 or more saves 4%; 1,000 or more saves 5%; 2,000 or more saves 6%; 3,000 or more saves 7%, 5,000 or more saves 8%, 7,500 or more saves 9% and 10,000 or more disks earns you a 10% discount off our super low quantity 100 price. Almost all our diskettes are immediately available from CE. Our efficient warehouse facilities are equipped to help us get you the quality product you need, when you need it. If you need further assistance to find the flexible diskette that's right for you, call the appropriate manufacturers compatibility hotline telephone number listed at the bottom of this ad.

VALIUM

Verbatim diskettes \vi

Fuji diskettes &%

TDK diskettes &%

Buy your diskettes from CE with confidence

To get the fastest delivery of your diskettes, phone your order directly to our order desk and charge it to your credit card. Written purchase orders are accepted from approved government agencies and most well rated firms at a 10% surcharge for net 10 billing. For maximum savings, your order should be prepaid. All sales are subject to availability, acceptance and verification. All sales are final. All prices are in U.S. dollars. Prices, terms and specifications are subject to change without notice. Out of stock items will be be placed on backorder or substituted for equivalent product at no extra cost to you unless CE is instructed differently. AS5.00 additional handling fee will be charged for all orders with a merchandise total under $50.00. All shipments are F.O.B. CE warehouse in Ann Arbor, Michigan. COD terms are available, in U.S. UPS areas for $5.00 extra, and are payable with cash or certified check.

For shipping charges add $8.00 per 100 diskettes and/or any fraction of 100 8-inch diskettes, or $6.00 per100 diskettes and/or any fraction of 100 51A-inch or31/2-inch diskettes for U.P.S. ground shipping and handling in the continental U.S. UPS 2nd day air rates are three times continental U.S. rates. For Canada, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, Alaska, or APO/FPO delivery, shipping is three times the continental U.S. rate.

Mail orders to: Communications Electronics, Box 1045, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 U.S.A. If you have a Visa or Master Card, you may call and place a credit card order. Ordertoll-free in the U.S. Dial 800-USA-DISK. In Canada, ordertoll-free by calling 800-CA1-DISK. If you are outside the U.S. or in Michigan dial 313-973-8888. WUI telexanytime671-0155. Ordertoday.

Copyright© 1985 Communications Electronics Inc. Ad#061585-Z

icommunications Ielectronics inc.

Computer Products Division

Box 1045 □ Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106-1045 U.S.A. Call toll-free 800-USA-DISK or outside U.S.A. 313-973-8888

3M diskettes %%

Kodak diskettes fir,

diskettes Ltt

$1.17 each

$1.17 each

$1.17 each

$1.21 each

$1.30 each

$1.53 each

CE quint

Verbatim 100 price Pin # par disk IS)

FlfJ Pirt#

CE quint 100 price per disk (SI

TDK Pirt #

CE quint 100 price per disk IS)

3M Pirt #

CE quint 100 price per disk (SI

Kodak Pirt #

CE quint 100 price per disk |$)

Dysan Pirl#

CE quint 100 price per disk (SI

FDIS-128N-Z

1.94

Fl-S-Z

2.34

8SSSD-Z

1.89

108-4284-Z

2.39

800501-Z

2.39

8SS0D-Z

2.39

134-7376-Z

2.69

800605-Z

2.69

F020-Z

2.89

F2D-S-Z

2.89

BDSDD-Z

2.74

1Z5-3763-Z

3.14

800803-Z

3.14

F02D-1024-Z

2.89

F20-S1024-Z

B0SDD-1024-Z

2.74

126-3789-Z

3.14

800839-Z

3.14

28820-Z

28821-Z

1.29

MD1D-Z

MD2D-Z

1.29

HIO-S-Z

M2D-S-Z

1.29

1.69

5SSDD-RH-Z

5DSDD-BH-Z

1.34

1.89

111-1806-Z

177-368B-Z

1.44

1.74

801187-Z

B02060-Z

2.49

MD2D-96TPI-Z

Uletlme warranty Fir Hi lite ii Yirtitla nil

800-538-8589

l» California 408-245-4400

Inquiry 60

2.79

Uletlme warranty Fir mrl III! ■■ Fiji call

800-223-6535

In New Yerk 212-736-3335

M2DX-S-Z M2HD-S-Z

1.99 4.99

Utetlme warranty Fir Mrt iltl ■■ TDK cill

800-645-6571

li New yerk 516-625-0100

5DS0D-96BH-Z 5DSHB-96-Z 3SSMD-Z

2.79 4.99 2.99

Lifetime warranty Fir more Into on 3M call

800-328-9438

In Minnesota 612-736-9524

130-4344-Z 1BB-4B06-Z I27-33B2-Z

3.69 5.89 3.24

Ulillme warranty Fir man Iltl ll Kodak call

313-967-1600

Monday-Friday lOanMpm ET

B02067-Z B029I4-Z B07B2I-Z

^36 4.99 3.24

Lifetime i Fir mora lid ii Dysia Mil

800-552-2211

ll California 408-970-6096

AUGUST 1985 - BYTE 411

DISK DRIVES

FREE Disk Tub with Every order Over $20 — Holds 60 5%" Disks

Hard Disk

lOMegw/cont.Spwrsupply S 995

514" Disk Drives Teac

FD55A.160K S 99

FD55B, 360K 95

FD55F, Quad Density 129

All Teac's are Half Heights

Tandon

TM100-2,360K S 99

TM101-4, Quad Density 269

Mitsubishi

4851,360KVj Height S 129

4853, Quad Den. V4 Height 139

Hard Disk

lOMegw/lBMController $ 499

8" Disk Drives

Siemens

FDD-ior>8Sgiside s 129

FDD-200-8DblSide 189

Hard Disk

★ 10 Meg Hard Disk

★ w/lBM controller

$475

Apple Compatible Drives

Micro sci

A-2orA-20FullHT S 159

controller 60

ecu

FD525A Slimline for HE $ 129

FD525CforllC 139

FD555A Fully Compatible Full Ht .....$ 139

Sanyo

y2 Height 360K $ 89

Tandon

848-1 E.Sgl Side, 1/2Ht S 279

848-2E,DblSide,1/2Ht 379

Mitsubishi

M2894-63,Dbl./Dbl S 399

M2896-63,Dbl./Dbl.1/2Ht 399

51/4" & 8" Power Supply & Cabinets

JMR 51/4"

singlecabinetw/pwr S 79

DualThinlineCabw/pwr 89

Dual cabinets Power 89

All have 6 month Warranty JMR 8"

Sgl.Cabinetw/pwr&fan S 229

Dualw/pwrfor2thinlines 239

Dualw/pwr&fan 279

PRINTERS

Brother HR-15XL

★ 18CPS

★ Letter Quality

$349

LX-80

RX-80(120CPS) RX-80FT RX-100 + FX-80 + FX-100 + LQ1500

Epson

We Will Beat all Pricing

JX-80

We are an Authorized Dealer

229 669 749 359

Brother Dist by Dynax

HR15XL, 12CPS S 349

HR25.25CPS 625

HR35,36 CPS 835

Okidata

OK1182 o0tf*

0KI84P ,„p\aS*

0KI84S ttp\^,\;v\0^S

OK1192 rfeefcV\N'<*

OK1193 . 585

OKIMATE20ColorPrinter 239

A B SWITCHBOX

Par.orSer S 69

PRINTER INTERFACES

Fourth Dimension

Card& Cable (For Apple) S 45

Microtek

DumplingcX(Crapplercompatible) S 75

Dumpling CXexpto64K 145

DumplingCXl6Kw/16Kexpto64K. 160

Okidata Options

Tractor for 82 & 92 S 59

serial interface 85

Orange Micro

Crappler + S 84

crappler + W/16K 149

Epson Accessories

Epson Serial interface S 99

LetterWriterNCQKit 59

LX-80 or FX-80 Tractor 39

Taxan 425

★ Hi-Res Color ★ Switchable to Green

$389

Amdek

300C, Hi-Res Green S 125

300A, Hi-Res Amber 134

310A, Monochrome Amber 158

300Hi-ResColorComp 275

500 RGB Composite 399

DVM Board for Apple RGB 119

Taxan

425 Color RGB S 389

440Ultra Hi-Res 519

Stand

Tilts Turn Stand S 15

Pnncton Graphics

MAX12, Monochrome Amber S 169

HX12, RGB Color 449

SR-l2w/DoublerBoard 775

IBM

Monochrome Green S 239

Color Hi-Res 559

Zenith

ZVM122 $ 95

ZVM123 95

BMC

12AUW Hi-Res Green S 79

Computer Components e a Unlimited

Customer service & Technical

Inquiry 61

(213)618-0487

sales Desk

(800) 847-1718

no surcharge for credit cards Outside California

All Prices Reflect a cash,

Pre Paid Discount (213)618-0477

A California Corporation mis Ad supersedes aii others inside California

SYSTEMS "

IBM XT

★ One 360K Drive ★ One 10 Meg Hard Disk

$2595

Apple

HE CPU S 790

Macintosh 1895

lie Portable 899

Compaq

Portable (PC Compatible) 2, 360K Drives

256K of Memory $1899

Compaq + w/lOMeg 3300

Deskprol 1995

Deskpro2 2250

Deskpro3 3900

Deskpro4 Call

IBM

PC 256k, 2 Drives $1499

XTW/10Meg,256k 2595

Additional Memory 64K 9

ATStandardConfig Call

ATw/20meg Call

Add $50 for Configurations & Testing

US Robotics

★ 2400 Baud ★ Hayes Compatible

Hayes

Micro Modem he $ 169

300 Baud 169

1200B IBM internal 349

1200 379

2400 Baud 599

Anchor Automation

Mark xil, 1200 Baud $ 219

Mark X, 300 Baud Stand alone 149

Express 1200 Baud 269

Prometheus

Promodem $ 289

Proi200AApplelntw/sw 329

PrO1200BIBMIntW/SW 299

ProMacw/cable&sw 379

No.CCable 12

Alpha Disp. 89

Options Proc 89

U.S. Robotics

Password $ 219

Courier 2400 Baud 569

[IBM & APPLE ACCY'S

64K upgrades

★ Nine 4164,200ns

★ 1 Year warranty ★ Nine to a Set

$6.95

APPLE EXTRAS ALS

ZEngine S 119

CPM 3.0 card 240

ecu

RF Modulator $ 9

Fanw/Surge 34

16K Mem. Card 1 yr war S 45

Micro Max

Viewmax80,80col.card $ 135

viewmax80E(FforilE)64K 120

Micro soft

Premium soft card HE $ 369

SoftCard(Z80)w/64k 279

Micro Tek

Serial interface $ 89

IBM EXTRAS Ast Research

Six Pack + W/384K $ 299

Hercules

colorcard $ 149

Graphics card 304

Helix Technology

Memory Board 0-K to 512k ... .(CMOS 119

IBM

Monochrome Adapter $ 219

Color Card 225

Paradise Systems

Multi-display card $ 329

NewModularcard 260

5 Pack Multifunction 160

Ouadram

Quadlink $ 349

64K upgrade AT upgrade

64K Of Mem... $6.95 200ns...$89

Ports

Parallel $ 79

Serial 79

ecu

Color Graphics card $ 119

Everex

Graphics Edge $ 329

CCU Multifunction Card

Par. & Ser. Ports W/64K exp 384K

Clock,Calendar,SftwrSManuals . .$ 155

w/384k 209

8087'S

8087-2 $ 149

8087-3 109

8087-6 99

5%" DISKETTES

CCU

Sgl/Dbl reinforced hub. .$11 lOOforlOO Dbl/Dbl reinforced hub . 13 lOOforHO Not Bulk Packed

Dysan

Sgl/Dbl $33 100for300

Dbl/Dbl 39 100for370

verbatim

Sgl/Dbl $26 I00for240

Dbl/Dbl 36 100for340

8" Diskettes Available — call

DISK ACCESSORIES

Verbatim

8" or 5Va" Head Cleaning Kit S 9

Flip Tub

sVc" Holds 60 disks, plexiglass $ 9

Inquiry 61

RETAIL STORES:

11976 Aviation Blvd. inglewood, CA 90304

16129 Hawthorne Blvd., Suite E Lawndale, CA 90260

MAIL ORDER:

P.O. Box 1936 Hawthorne, CA 90250

Retail Hours: 10 a.m. - 6 p.m. Mon.-Fri. 10 a.m. - 3 p.m. Sat.

ah merchandise new we accept mc visa Wire Transfer COD Call certified Check PO s from qualified firms APO accepted Snipping Minimum Sa 50 first 5 pounds Tax California Res Only add 6' ;"i> sales tax All returns suDiect to 15 < restocking charge Advertised prices for Mail Order onlv Retail prices slightly higher

Prices SuDiect to Change

Customer Service Hours: 10 a.m. - 4 p.m. Mon.-Fri.

John Aurentz

(213)618-0487

Mail Order Hours: 8 a.m. - 6 p.m. Mon.-Fri. 10 a.m. - 3 p.m. Sat.

(800)847-1718 (213)618-0477

(OutsideCalifornia) (insideCalifornia)

California Digital

17700Figueroa Street m Carson, California90248

XEROX

SUNRISE COMPUTER

80 Column LCD Display

10 Function Keys

Micro Cassette

. • . . \ I * ' v* \

Speaker

Microphone for Speaker ■ Telephone and Recorder

. r r . . . ,

o o « o c

Internal 1200 Baud Modem

7 I T \ T

Centronics Optional Disk c„:„, D„rt Television Monitor Printer Port Drive Port serial Kort output Output

The Xerox Sunrise 1810 is by far the best value we have ever seen in a micro computer. This is a self contained battery and AC operated portable. The Sunrise was originally prices at $2995. Xerox has since elected to drop the computer from their product list. California Digital has purchased all the remaining inventory and is making the unit available al a fraction of its original cost.

This portable features a buill in 80 column liquid crystal display, along with both RF monitor and television outputs. The internal 300/1200 baud modem includes an auto dial telephone assembly. The units has both Centronics parallel and a serial port programmable to 19,200 baud. The self contained micro cassette is capable of capturing data from the keyboard as well as doubling as an recorder for dictating messages.

An optional dual floppy disk drive module, pictured above, is available for only $219. (when purchased with the Sunrise 1810). Also available, for $59 is an 80 column printer that mounts in the drive module. The Sunrise features a CP/M operating system which allows the operator to use any CP/M program in Xerox 5V disk format and over 5000 CP/M programs available in public domain.

PRINTERS

MATRIX PRINTERS

Star Gemmi-iOX I20chansec

SlarGemrni-15X. lOOchai/sec 15 paper

Star Gemini Delia 10.160 Char/sec

ToshibaPi35i. 192 char/sec tetterquality

OkKjata B2A serial S parallel 9' .■" paper

Okid.tla 92A parallel interlace. 160 char.sec

Okidata 83A & parallel 15 paper

Okidata 34A & parallel 15' paper

Epson t.X-80 10 120 Char/sec.

Epson FX80FT, K) !60dtar./8ec wiiligraphirax EpM>nFxi0OFT 15 I60chai /sec withgrapti&w Epson LQ1500.15 corospondence quality Epson JX80 Color primer Prowrir<:r85iOparallel9'' paper Prowrilor II. parallel 15 paper, graphics Da I a prod tic Is 0-600-3. oant) printer 600 LPM Prirmonix P30Q high :;pcr_Yl printer 300 lines per minute Pnnironi* P600 ultra hiqh speed <>00 lines per mmuie.

STR-GlOX STR-G15X STH-D10 TOS-1351 OKI-82A OKI-92A OKJ-83A OKI-84A EPS-LXB0 EPS-FX80 EPS-FX100 EPS-LQ1500 EPS-JX80 PRO-8510P PRO-2P DPS-B600 PTX-P300 PTX-P600

24900 365 00 359 00 1495.00 299.00 37900 549 00 929 O0 239.00 399.00 599 00 1079 00 579.00 329.00 599.0C 6985.01 399501 5795.01

WORD PROCESSING PRINTERS

Starwriter FtOparatlel. 40 char/sec pro-fiop

NEcaeio 55char/second.serialinterlace NEC-8S10

NF.C8B30 55 ch.ir/sec. par I interlace. NEC-8830

NLC3550 popular punier designed lor the IBM/PC NEC-3550

N! <'.?()',<> dcLjiijM.-riior IDM.'Pt'..-'fidiar/sec par i NEC-2050

Siiv.tr Ri.-ed EXP500. 14 char/sec par I interlace SRD-EXP500

S.lver Reed EXP550 17 Cliar/soc par I interlace. SRD-EXP550

Diablo 630 40 char, sec serial DBL-630 Diablo620.proporlionalspac»ia hot* & von lab 20cps DBL-620

Juki6100. Iflctiar 'sec JUK6I00

Juki 6300 40 char/sec JUK-6300

CornriM CH2. <>k IjuII. i. itrotHiiiiori.il spacing. par I CRX-CR2P

499.00 1659 00 1659 00 1599 00 689 00 319.00 429.00 1569 00 76900 399 00 699.00 395.0C

TERMINALS

Freedom 100. spin screen, deiatchable keyboard UB-FiOO 495 OC

Oumo 102 green phosphor lermmal QUM-102 539.00

Ampo* Dialogue 125 green screen. APX-D125G 675.00

Ampe* Dralouge 175 amber screen. Iwopage. lunc keys APX-0175A 719.00

Wyso 50. 14" green phosphor WYS-50 595.00

Wyso 300, Eight color display. SpM screen WYS-300 1159.00

Zenith 29 lermmal. VT52 compatible detatch.ble keyboard ZTH-Z29 765.00

Televideo9lOPlus.blockrnode TVI910P 575 00

Tote video 925. detachable keyboard. 22 (unclion keys TVI-925 759.00

Tolevideo 950, graphic char.spli! screon. 22 lunc. TVI-950 950.00

1200 BAUD

UNIVERSAL DATA

119

w

The UDS-212LP is a compact desktop modem designed to obtain all its operaling power enlirely from the telephone line thus eliminating the needtoconnect toanexternal AC power source. NOT Hayes compatible but the ideal 1200 baud modem to connect lo any CRT terminal or computer when accessing dial up data bases.

The Universal Data Division of Motorla original suggested list price on the 212/LP was S 495. but California Digital is offering at only S119.

The Team 212A offers all the features of the Hayes Smart Modem 1200 for a fraclion of Ihe price. Now is your opportunity to purchase a 1200 baud modem at the price of a 300 baud modem.

Hayes Srnarimodem 2400 baud modom Fujitsu 2400/1200 baud auto everything Team 1200 Hayes Compaltilo Wolldata same as OUBIE 1200 baud IBM internal CTS212AH 1200baud, auiodial

Terminal software lor CTS 212AH Prometheus 1200 super loaiures Prometheus 1200B internal PC Signalman Mark 12. 1200 baud. Hayes com pal iblu Signalman Mark Vf. 300 baud internal PC Hayes Sman Modem 1200 baud, auto answer, auto dial Hayes 1200B lor use wilh Ihe IBM/PC. 1200 baud Hayes Srnarimodem. 300 baud only, auto answer , auto di Hayes Micromodem II. 103 Apple direct conned Hayes Chronograph, time & dale Penril 300/1200 industrial quality

HYS-2400

FUJ-1935D

TEM-SM1200

WLF-PC212A

CTS-212AH

CTS-212SFT

PRM-P1200

PHM-P1200B

SGL-MK12

SGL-MK6

HYS-212AD

HYS-1200B

HYS-103AD

HYS-MM2

HYSCHR232

PEN-12AD

UDS-I03LP

UDS-212LP

UDS-212A

495 oo 229 00 159.00 259 00

35 00 319 00 279 00 239 00

69 00 ■129 00 399 00 229 00 279 00 199 00 49500

49 00 119.00

PLOTTER

The Comrex Comscriber I is the ideal solulion to make short work of translating financial anc numeric data into a graphic presentation.Many ready to run programs such as Lotus 1-2-3 Visi-on and Apple business graphics already support this plotter.

The Comscriber I features programmable paper sizes up lo 8'.? by 120 inches, 6 inch pe second plot speed and 0.004" step size.Easy lo implement Centronics interface allows lh. Comscriber I immediate use wilh the printer port of most personal computers The Comscriber I is manufactured for Comrex by Ihe Enter Computer Corporation. Th plotter is markeled by Heath Kil and also sold under Enters own "Sweet P" Label. This i your opportunity to purchase a plotter which was originally priced al S795 for only S219. Also available is a support package which includes demonstralion software, interface cable a mulficolor pen assortment and a variety of paper and transparency material.

NEC RGB COLOR MONITOR

'259

The NEC JC-1401D is a 13" medium/high resolution RGB monitor suitable for use with lt» Sanyo MBC-550/555 or the IBM/PC. The monitor features a resolution of 400 dots by 24( lines. Colors available are Red, Green, Blue, Yellow. Cyan. Magenta. Black and While. The NEC monitor carries Ihe Lilton-Monroe label and was originally scheduled for use ir their "Office of the Future" equipment. A change in Monroe's markelmg strategy has madi these units excess inventory which were sold to California Digital We are offering thest "new" RGB monitors at a fraction of their original cost Sanyo compatible NEC-1401/S

TOLL FREE ORDER LINE

421-504

TECHNICAL & CALIFORNIA

California Digital

17700Figueroa Street m Carson, California90248

F10 DAISY WHEEL PRINTER

LETTER QUALITY

■M

3

The TEC F-10 Daisy Wheel printer is the perfect answer to a reasonably priced 40 character word processing printer. While this printer is " extremely" similar to C.ltoh's F-10/40 Starwriter printer. Legal counsel for the C.ltoh Company have advised us that we should refrain from referring to the TEC printer as a Starwriter. This 40 character per second printer auto installs with Wordstar and Perfect Writer. Features extensive built-in word processing functions that allow easy adaptability and reduced software complexity. Industry standard Centronics interface provides instant compatibil

ity with all computers equiped with a parallel printer port. The TEC F-10 accepts paper up to 15 inches in width.

These printers were originally priced to sell at over S1400. Through a special arrangment California Digital has purchase these units from a major computer manufacturer and is offering these printers at a fraction of their original cost.

Options available include tractor feed, buffered memory and an assortment of printer cables for a variety of computers.

ROULETTE

FREE

California Digital is offering ihis S19.95 value Roulette game with clock calendar absolutely FREE with any purchase over $50. To receive your FREE Roulette game your order must be placed by mail belore the end of this monlh. payment must accompany your order and the FREE Roulelli? game must be requested.

DUAL SHUGART

SUBSYSTEM

'239

The dual Shugan subsystem features two SA465 (96 tpi) SVa" double sided disk drives. Also supplied within the subsystem is 50 watt power supply and a shielded signal cable.

MEMORY

4164 MZWlSOns

Quantity 100 •

99

DYNAMIC MEMORY

416-1 150ns HK 128 relrcsh

41256 150ns. 256K

-1116 150ns. 16K

4116200ns 16K

•1128 lor IBM/AT

DPH409 dynamic controller

ICM-4164150 ICM-.II2561S0 ICM-1116150 1CM-4116200 1CM-4128150 ICT-B409

STATIC MEMORY

21L02 200ns. IK sialic 2iL02450ns. IK sialic 2112 450ns. 2K sialic 2114 300ns. IK i 4 4044TMS 450ns. 4K i 1 6257 300ns. 4K x 1 6116 P4 200ns. 2K.8 6116 P3 150ns. 2K * 8

2708 450ns. IK x 8 2716450ns.2K x 8 2716TMS 450ns. Tn-voltage

2IL02200 21L02450 2112450 2114300 4044450 5257300 .116200 116150

ICE-2708 ICE-2716 ICE-2716TMS ICE-2732

3.49 2.50 3.95 4.55

4.95 4.50 7.95 4.50

1.65 6.75 35.00

3.25 2.25 3.8S

2.99 1.99 3.70 4.15

4.55 3.97 7.25 3.55

Shugart

These~6.7 Megabyte drives are new units recently released by the Shugart division of Xerox. The Shugart 604 is fully 506 industry compatible. Each drive is tested before shipment and is supplied with a 90 day warranty. SHU-604

Five Inch Winchester Hard Disk Drives

FUJITSU M2235AS 27 Meg. 899 859

RODIME RO-208 53 Meg. 1589 1493

MAXTOR XT10140 140 Meg. 3895 3785

SHUGART 712 1 3 Meg. Vi Ht 495 465

SHUGART 604 6.7 Meg. 99 89

TANDON 502 10 Meg. 419 395

TANDON 503 19 Meg. 695 675

SEAGATE 225 25 Meg. 695 625

TEAC

48 TPI

One Two Ten

Five Inch Double Sided Drives

TEAC FD55B half height 99 95 89

TEAC FD55F 96 TPI, half ht. 119 115 109

CONTROL DATA 9409 PC 169 159 155

SHUGART SA455 Half Height 99 95 89

SHUGART SA465 Vi Ht. 96TPI 99 95 89

TANDON 100-2 full height 129 125 119

TANDON 101-4 96TPI full ht. 199 189 179

MITSUBISHI 4851 half height 139 135 129

MITSUBISHI 4853 96,'TPI'i Ht. 1 55 149 139

MITSUBISHI 4854 8" elec. 295 285 275

QUME 142 half height 119 105 99

Eight Inch Single Sided Drives SHUGART 801R

SIEMENS FDD 100-8 119 115 109

TANDON 848E-1 Half Height 369 359 349

Eight Inch Double Sided Drives SHUGART SA851R 495 485 475

QUME 842 "QUME TRACK 8" 319 319 313 TANDON 848E-2 Half Height 459 447 435 REM EX RFD-4000 219 219 209

MITSUBISHI M2896-63 ' Ht. 459 449 409

I I

Shipping: First five pounds $3.00, each additional pound $.50. Foreign orders: 10% shipping, excess will be refunded. California residents add 6'/2% sales tax. • COD's discouraged. Open accounts extended to state supported educational institutions and companies with a strong "Dun & Bradstreet" rating.

AUGUST I985 -BYTE 4I5

omp

brand LIQUIDATION

Retail Value $5000 Save up to 60%

ACP PRICE

NOW ONLY!

$209500

Color 14" RGB Included 10 Mb Hard Disk

ACP is proud to make this one-time special offer for a complete IBM PC™ Compatible Computer System. This is by far the most significant bargain that we at ACP have offered in our 10 year history. This system was successfully designed and manufactured to exceed IBM's PC™ in terms of quality, expansion modularity and capability, aesthetic appearance, and performance. The system design utilizes the latest in state-of-the-art technology including:

• VLSI - Large Scale Integration Circuit Design • High Quality 100 Watt Switching Supply

• Ergonomic CRT Design with Tilt Screen • Complete Integrated System

• Professional Molded Packaging and Design • Microsoft Compatible Mouse Function The system is not a Taiwan or Korean knock-off. Each component is specifically designed and specified

to meet the highest performance and reliability standards in the industry. It represents the best that Japanese craftsmen have to offer and you will be equally proud to own one of your own. ACP has a limited quantity of these systems in several different configurations. IBM PC-DOS™ v1.1/2.1, MS-DOS™ v2.11 and Concurrent v3.1 compatible. We have found no known incompatibility with any IBM PC application. Our technical staff has 8.5 Megabytes of various MS-DOS software packages installed including Lotus 1-2-3 and Flight Simulator. Each system comes complete with a 90 day warranty.

ACP Base System Consists of:

• (1) 360K DD/DS Floppy Disk Drive

• Mouse with Software

• 256K Memory Expandable to 640K on the Motherboard

• Deluxe Keyboard with LEDs

• Serial Port and Parallel Port

• Color or Monochrome Controller

• 4.77MHz, 8088 CPU

• 100 Watt Switching Supply w/Fan

• Three Expansion Slots

• Optional 6 Slot Expansion Chassis with Power Supply (add $399)

Base System A (as above) $995.00 •

ioMb $449.00

HARD DISK

w/Controller for IBM PC and Compatibles. At This Price, Supply

SYSTEM CONFIGURATION

Est IBM List* Your Price

SYSTEM A

Base System (see left) PC with 360K Floppy, Keyboard & Mouse.

$2100.00 $995.00

SYSTEM B

Base System (see left) plus Add'l 360K Floppy Drive

$2295 00 $1099.00

SYSTEM C

Base System plus 12" Green Monitor with Detachable Tilt/Swival Base.

$2575 oo$i3gg.oo

SYSTEM D

Base System plus 12" Color Monitor with Detachable Tilt/Swival Base.

$2995.00 $1699.00

SYSTEM E

Base System plus Clr Monitor, 10Mb Hard Disk and Boot Diagnostics.

$5000 oo $2095.00

SYSTEM F

Base System plus 80 Col. x 25 Line LCD Screen

n'a $1299.00

"Assumes required add-in boards to provide same capacity IBM PC is a trademark ot IBM Corp.

LQP PRINTER

Major Manufacturer Daisy Wheel Model 620 Letter Quality Printer with Serial Interface.

Perfect for IBM PC and Compatibles. Prints 25cps and comes with 90 day warranty. List $1495

$

495

OO

PC UPGRADE SPECIAL

$1000

SET OF (9) 64KRAMS

$-dfi00

*»W SETOF(9)256KRAMS $5.95 128K PIGGYBACKS

IBM Brand ASYNCH

INTERFACE CARD

List $100 ACP $49.95

5 Mb EXTERNAL

Sharp IBM Look-a-like w/contr. for IBM PC. Sub-Sys Price:$429.00 External Enclosure Add $195.00

Internal w/controller Sub-System Price: $299.00

DELUXE JOYSTICK $11.95

Compatible w/Atari 2600, 400, 800, VIC-20/ 64 and Apple. Apple requires optional cable adapter. Add $2.95

APPLE DISK DRIVE $115.00

; i High quality V2 high I drive for Apple II, II+ , He or lie. Apple lie requires optional cable adapter. Add $10.00

anced

lllllllillllll

m

UPS POWER SUPPLY

Back Up Powor for your IBM, Apple or Compatibia

UPS-PC 200 Watts S277.00 UPS-TT 425 Wans 455.00 UPS-AT 1000 Watts 975 00

A-D PRINTER SWITCH

An AB Switch allows uso ol hvo printers with your comnuior system. Wo slock over 15 dil

S59.00 59.00

COLOR VIDEO CARDS

Planlmnics Color Plus 5375.00

IBM Color Card 227 00

IBM Mono Caid w/paraJlel 219 00

5TB Graphics Plus 389 00

Paradso MLliwisplay Card 345.00

Evero. Graphs Edge 345.00

DRIVE CABINETS

IBM Style Hard disk wilh power

supply and Ian S195 00

Dual Hard Disk w/power sup & Ian 295-00

Dual SV," Full Hoighl vertical mouni 65 00

Dual 5V.- Full HoigMl horironlal mouni 99 00

Dual 5V." Thinlinn w/powar sup & Ian 60,00 Single SV, " Full Haigni w/powor sup & Ian 56.00

Single 5»" Thinhno Wpowor EUp A (an 6000

PERSYST CARDS

Persysl Mono Combo - NEW! S335 00

Persysl Color Combo - NEWI 335.00

Persysl Bob Board 445.00

Persysl Shortport Color Call

Persysl Mini Mono Call

Persysl * I Time Spectrum w/64K 179.95

Persysl I92K Rainbow DEC Card 149.95

SPECIAL BUY

SA 4004 14" 2*ltb Hard Crtik

$499.00

MODEM SPECIAL

Hay** lmirtmo4*m Compatible 1200 Baud. External Sold for 3M.00 $219.00

INTERSIL STD-BUS BOARDS

TRANSISTORS/DIODES

ISB31D0 ISB3101 ISB3110 ISB32IG ISB32IB ISB32J0 ISB33M ISB3331 1SB3340 ISB3400 ISB3410 ISB3500

Z60 CPU ZBO Umv CPU 6065 CPU 16K CMOS RAM 16K Sialic RAM I6K CMOS RAM ZBO PVO (0 mating) Universal PIO Opto Para Input Floppy Controller SASI (DMA) WINI Inlf

OptoIso Input SPST Relay DPDT Relay

79.95 9995 39 95

79.95 99.95 99.95

ISS36I0 EPROM Programer 260 79.95

ISB3700 Sync/Aaync 245 69.95

ISB37II Unrv Sync/Async 245 69.95

ISB3720 REM0ACS 315 149.95

IS83830 12 Bit A/D 720 269 95

CAPACITORS

OluF DISC BYPASS CAPACITOR 100/S5.50

.1 uF DISC BYPASS CAPACITOR 100(6.50

.OluF MONOLITHIC CAPACITOR 100/11 25

1 uF MONOLITHIC CAPACITOR 100/14 25

CORCOM EMI FILTER

STO CORCOM 3 Conductor Filter S4.50

Line Cora lor above - 6 low 1.49

Une Cord 2 Conduclor - 6 loot .35

Lino Cord 3 Conduclor - 6 loot .95

MUFFIN FANS

Over 10,000 In stock

TonnS'TASOOFan NEWt S9.95

Torm 4 66" Muttin Fan NEWI 12.95

!2VDCFan NEWI 19.95

Finger Guards added 1.49

Powor Cords Added 1.49

SOLDERTAIL 1-99

6 Pin ST/LP $ 13 I

14 Pin ST/LP .15

16 Pin ST/LP ,17

18 Pin ST/LP .20

20 Pin ST/LP 28

22 Pin ST/LP .29

24 Pin ST/LP 29

28 Pin ST/LP 39

36 Pin ST/LP 45

40 Pin ST/LP .48

64 P.n ST/LP 3.95

WIREWRAP (GOLD) 1-99

6 Pin WW/3L $ 49 I

14 Pin WW/3L .62

16 Ptn WW/3L 65

18 Pin WW/31 86

20 P.n WW/3L 99

22PinWW73L 1.19

24 Pin WW/3L 1.25

2BPmWW/3L 1.49

40 Pin WW/3L 1.69 TEXTOOL/ZIF ZERO INSERTION

16 Pin 16 75 24 Pin (7.85 28 Pin $1

(We Stock All Typ« ol Socket*)

PN2369A

PN918

2N22IBA

2N2219A

211290b

2N2907

2N30S5

2H356S

2H3638

2M3772

TIP30A TIP31A T1P32A 1N4148 1N7S1 IN4002

I1/S1 00 11/1 00 2/1 00 2/1 00 2/1.25 2/1 25 25/1 00 5/1.00

OPTO ISOLATORS

MCT-2

MCT-6

MCT-66

MCA-255

4N26

4N27

4N2B

4N33 4N3S 4N37 4N38 TIL117

69 4N2S

LED LAMPS

Jumbo Yollow Mini Sue Red Mini Sue Green

Mini Sue Yellow

SPECIAL VALUES!

DB-25S Female 2732A-2 27t6OC-450mS 2764-*50mS

(995 10/19.95 10/1750 10/1995 10729 95 10/24 50 10/29 95

CALL ACP FOR ALL YOUR VOLUME IC REQUIREMENTS

S-100 ST S-100 WW 44 Pin ST

(3.95 (3 25

D-SUBMINIATURE

1-24

DB25S (Female S3 10

OB25P (Male) 2 40

Hood SI .25 Mtg H/W S 99

DE37S (Female)

DE37P (Male)

Hood (1.75 Mig

Mig H

6.00

(5 75 5 10

SB 65

(OTHER STYLES IN CATALOG) CENTRONICS

IDC 36 Pin Mala IDC 36 Pin Female Sower 36 Pin Male Solder 36 Pin Female

(CALL TOLL FREE FOR IDC's)

IDC CONNECTORS

IDC TYPE

ACP NO

NUMBER OF CONTACTS 10 20 26 34 40 50

Solder Header

IDHxxS

.79

1.20

1.65

2.10

2.40

300

R1 Anglo Soldor Header

IDHxxSR

.79

1.20

1.65

2.10

2.40

3.00

Ribbon Header Socket

IDSxx

.75

.95

1.35

1.50

1.65

2.10

Ribbon Hoader

IDMxx

bSS

5.95

6.75

7.25

8.25

Ribbon Edgecard

IDExx

1.70

2.15

2.50

2.60

3.70

3.95

Wirewrap Header

IDHxxW

1.80

2.90

3.75

4 25

4.95

6.50

Rl Anglo W7W Header

IDHxxWR

1.99

3.10

4.10

4.20

4.60

7.15

NOTE: To order insen number ol contacts in place ol xx in ACP port number. ORDER QUANTITY OF 50r>C» (rlll>»d) AND TAKE AN ADDITTIONAL 10H OFF,

OKIDATA PRINTERS

Okimaia 20 Color Pnnlei Plug-N-Print tor Okidala 20 Oktfata 182 (I20cps. Graphical Okidata I92(160cps. Graphics) Okidata 193 (IBOcps. 15" Paper) Okidata 92 (t&Ocps. Graphics) Okidala 93(i60cps. 15" Paper)

Si 39.00

69 00 Okidala 64 [200cps. Parallo 259 00 Okidala 84 (2O0cps. Serial) Trader lor Okidata 192

349 00 549 00 349 00 599 00

S799 00 949 00 44.00 54.00

2K Serial Board lor Okidala 192/193 69.00 2K Serial Board lor Okidala 92/93 99.00

6B00

68000

S19 95

6610

S 2.85

68000L10 39.95

682C

3.75

6852

1 5 65

290

6821

290

7.75

6826

14 50

1895

6840

12.75

9.50

6845

11.95

DO

6502

S4 50

6504

S6 75

6522

S5 25

6S02A

690

6507

97$

6532

950

6502B

950

6520

4 25

6551

11 50

8000

6035

S 5 75

6214

I 3 75

8039

5 75

B216

1 85

B080A

295

8224

220

8275

26 95

80BSA

4 90

B226

1 96

8279

8 75

80C85A

9 95

8226

340

B282

625

B0S6

24 50

8237

13 75

8283

6.25

8087-2

129 95

8237-5

15.95

8284

5.50

8088

17 50

8238

4 25

8286

6.45

8089

88.95

395

6.45

8155

8 76

8250

11.95

8156

6 75

8251

4 25

E289

44 95

8185

26 95

B25IA

595

1295

8202

23 95

8253

8741

27 95

8203

37 95

8255

4 25

6748

24 50

8205

3.2S

8255A

5.95

8749

24.50

8212

106

8257

5.75

8755A

34.95

-A-4 0MH* "0" 6 OMHi

ZS^CTC

Z80-DART

ZBO-DMft

7.B0-PIO

ZB0-SIO/0

zao-sio/1

Z80-SI0/9

8 50 850 850

8.50

17.95 17 95 950 2295

S34 95 I 34 95 I

DISK CONTROLLERS

22 75 21 50 21 50

6843 6272 1691 2143 9216

CRT CONTROLLERS

6845 68B45 6847

6275 S28 50 7220 34.95 5027 17 95 5037 21 95 NEC7220 Graphic

TMS9918 8350 6545 6002

UARTS/USARTS

S3 95 I 3.95 6.75 I

1702 (imS) 2708 (4S0nS) 2758 (5V) 2716 (450nS) 2716 (3S0nS) 2516 (5U) TUS2716

2732 (450nS)

2732A-4 (450nS| 2732A (250nS) 2732A-2 (2C0nS) 2764 (450nS) 2764 (250nS) 2764 (2O0nS) TMS2564 (450nS) MCM687&4 (450nS) MCM68766 (350nS) . 27128-3 (300nS) 27126(250nS)

STATIC

RAMS

2101 (450nSl

SI 89

MK4116 S4.95

21L02 (450nS)

.99

TMM2016-2 (JOOnS)

3.10

210Z-1 (450nS)

.79

TMM2016-15 (ISOn)

3.85

21L02-2 (250nS)

1 39

TMM2016-1 (lOOnS)

3.00

2111 (450nS)

275

HM61I6P-4 [200nS]

4,75

2112(450r.S)

2.7S

HM611EP-3(l50nS)

3.25

2114 (4S0nS)

1 45 8/9.50

HM6116P-2(t20nS!

S.75

2114L-4 (450n)

1 69 6/12.50

HM6116LP-4 (LP)

3.60

2114L-3 |300n)

1 79 8/13.30

HM8118LP-3 (LP)

2114L-2 (200n)

1 89 8/13.90

HM6116LP-2|LP)

3.95

2147 (55nS)

4.50

Z6132(3O0nS) 32.95

4044^1 (450nS)

3.25

HM6264P-15 (ISO)

4.05

4044-3 (3O0nS)

3.75

HM5264LP-15 (LP)

8-95

4044-2 <200nS)

4 35

74S189 (35nS)

1.85

UPD410 [lOOnS

3.75

93415 (50nS)

395

5101 (CMOS)

3.50

93425 (50nS)

3,95

4027 (250nS)

81.29

TMS4406 (200nS)

16 95

1103 (300nS)

.78

TMS4416 (150nS)

S7 75

4H6N-2(150nS)

1.29 8/ 9 95

41256-150 (I50n)

8.95

4116N-3 (ZOOnS)

1 19 61 8.25

41256-200 (20On)

7 95

4116N-4 (250nS)

69 8/ 5.99

TMS4050 |3O0nS)

1.85

4!64N-150(150n)

1.59 9/11.95

TMS4060 1300nS)

1.85

4164N-200 (200n|

1 49 9/10 00

MM5260 (300nS)

1.85

4l64fJ-120(120nS) 6.25

UPD411 (300nS)

1 65

TMS4164 (I50nS)

5.95

MM5298 (250nS)

1 85

DISK SPECIAL (ibm pc dsod)

| EACH J PACKAGE Tyvac Cover OP 25

5V«" DISKETTIS

VERBATIM 525 01 SS/DD VERBATIM 550-01 0S/0D (IBM) MAXELL MD-I SS/DO (All) MAXELL MD-2 DSAOD (IBM) MAXELL DISKS lor AT (96lpi) 0VSAN 104/10 SS/OD (All) DVSAN 104/2D OS/DO (IBM) ACP SS/DD (All) ACP DS/DD (IBM) 3W DISKETTES VERBATIM 3Vi" MF350(MAC) MAXELL 2W MICRODISK (MAC) 8" DISKETTES VERBATIM 8" SS/DD VERBATIM 8" DS/OD DYSAN 8" SS/DO DYSAN 8" DS/DO

5V." DISK TUB

$8.95

4012 .24

4022 4023 4024 4025

74C00 J.

74C02

74C04

74008

74C10

4028 $ .65

4029 .75

4030 .39

4031 3.25

4032 2.15

4034 1.91

4035 .79 1.95

75

1047

.89

4049 4050

4051 .75

4052 .75

4053 .75

4055 395

4056 2.95

'.070 4071 4072 4073 407S 4078 4077 4078

4082 4085 4088 4093 4094 4098

2-95

4505 4506 4507 4508 4510 4S11 4612 4514 4515 4516 4518 4520 4555 4556 4566 80C9S

MC14408 MC14409 MC14410 MC14411 MCI 4412 MC14419 FOR 74HC

74C74 S.65 I 74C161 SI .15 174C373 S2.35 74CB5 1.89 74C175 1.15 74C374 2.35 74C90 1.15 74C240 1.89 74C901 .59 74C93 1.15 I 74C244 1.89 I74C922 4 45 MORE 74C IM STOCK — ALSO IN CATALOG

Inquiry 10

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

TOLL FREE

800-854-8230

Calif. Residents

714-558-8813

OUR POLICY

•NO surcharge for VISA or Mastercard. •NO sales tax. *AII shipments Insured. •Your card is Not charged until we ship. •Same day FEDEX shipment is available. •Volume purchasing agreements available. •Government agencies, corporate and

Institutional PO's accepted. •Orders subject to availability. •All items have manufacturer warranty.

Some warranties up to 5 years. •Pricing subject to change w/o notice. •Returns or cancellations may be subject

to restocking fee. •ACP Retail Store pricing may vary.

LMIOBAH S3 95

LM300H .99

LM30IN .35

LM304H 1,99

LM305H .95

LM306H 4.75 LM307N 40

LM308CN .65

LM310CN 165

LM311CN .62

LM312K 1.75

LM31BK LM3I9N LM320 (! LM324N

LM340 (SOB VRs) LM348N .95 LM35BCN 65 LM359 1 75 LM360N LM370N LM373N LM376N LM377N LM380CN LM380N

]Pro ducts

3 f

a. -2

Ol D) O) _ >

Inquiry 159

in

cc -q ^ « =a S £

ro o -t- _ o OC

H

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CD

O

CO

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1

DISK DRIVES

Half Height IBM Compatible

ONE YEAR WARRANTY

40 tr. DS/DD $89.00

80 tr. DS/DD $99.00

1.2 meg. floppy .... CALL

Enclosures and mounting kits Special bracketed pair pricing

STOCK

SHIP

IP ALLIED MICRO DEVICES

2809 Boardwalk, Ann Arbor, Ml 48104 (313) 996-1282:TX 2907707 AMEL 'Manufactured by SANYO

DOUBLE

THE OPTION CAPACITY

OF YOUR IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER

PC-XTRA

• DIRECT EXTENSION OF IBM PC BUS

• NO SOFTWARE CHANGES . NO HARDWARE MODIFICATION

• STYLING CONSISTENT WITH IBI Addslllhou IHUI opliona that you've beoni wanting without worrying aboul tilling your plug-in and back panel apace

DEALER INQLWIW INVllbD.

*549°° F.O.B. SANTA ANA

IE NTS ADD 6\ SALES TAX

Monitor Mover Gives Back the Desk

• Models to fit most CRT's

• Rotates 360° on base

• Adjustable height

• Support tray swivels and tilts

• Holds up to 50 lbs

• Clamp, screw and wall mountings

Lirlfekiiiiiiii

P.O. Box 8056 Grand Rapids, Ml 49508 (616) 241-4040

Inquiry 14

Inquiry 238

Inquiry 178

Maxell Floppy Disks

The Mini-Disks with maximum quality.

■ \

maxell

/|\D2

i:'\j

la

ii \§

Dealer inquiries invited. C.O.D's accepted. Call FREE (800) 235-4137.

PACIFIC EXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd.. San Luis San Luis Obispo. CA 93401. InCal. call (800) 592-5935 or (805)543-1037

Inquiry 240

I.B.M. Compatible

Case S 65.00 Motherboard (256K RAM space,

RAM not included) 280.00

Color Graphic Adapter 150.00

Floppy Disk Driver Controller Card 75.00

Plotter (4 colors) 495.00 Computer (2 DD Dniws, Color Graphic Adapter,

256K RAM Case, Keyboard and 135IV Power Supply) 1,000.00

Keyboard 100.00

APPLE Compatible

I SO Carl 40.00

SO Column Card 50.00

I.C Tester 90.00

Pal Writer Card 299.00

Graphic Pad Cord (includes graphic program) 220.00 Prom 8200 Programmer (fast Universal Type

Eprom a Prom Programmer) For Eprom: 2716-27512; 2516-25512; (No Adapter Needed) For Prom: 63a, Mix, USxx, ISSxx, 24Sxx, 28Sxx,

82Sxx S7Sxx

Include RS232 Interface IC's Awl*

CALL NOW (312) 280-7610 Telex 280208 HFFMN INT CGO DIST. mNTED

HOFFMAN INT'L

600 N McClurg CI. Ste. 3C9A Chicago, Illinois 60611

SV4' FLOPPY MOTORS

Now BuehlerOEM replacement spindle motors for all major 51/4-inch, full-height floppy disk drives are available for fast delivery. Built to exact OEM size, performance and quality standards. Pulleys included.

For details and prices, contact:

Buehler Services, Inc. P.O. Box A, Hwy 70-E Kinston, NC 28501 Phone; 919/522-4300

Macintosh"

Call for prices on other Macintosh products.

PC'S LIMITED

TtiMTUAJ, MDIliONLY, UU 1.80O-436-5150. 7MI H. Lamar, f E-500, ku

™«<S?J>45I-(mi.

Cill ItchnJcil >

Ad number 407 A

(Hayes Compatible) MODEM $179

COMPLETE KIT $120

(including case, components, I.C.)

• 10 DAYS MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

(Allow 3 Weeks Delivery)

IBM-xt or APPLE lie $210 ea.

(98% compatible, new or replacement)

MOTHERBOARD

(64K. no Rom. Tested. 30 days guarantee)

FOR IBM: -Control Card .... $70

'Printer or Game Card .. $30

'Color Graphic Card .. $105

BEST PRICES FOR APPLE/IBM CARDS

Write for Price List — Dealer Welcome

CONCORD Technology Inc. Ph.: (604) 879-3555 47 W. Broadway, Van., B.C. Canada V5Y 1P1

Inquiry 81

Osborne

As available only! Very limited quantity.

Important:

To fix

yourself,

Guarante

Bd for 30

Always call to

or for

parts.

days. May be new

check availa

Compl

ste, but

or refurb

, depen

bility before

known not

ding on

ivail.

ordering.

working.

Exch/

Outright

Repair

Main Board OS-1

S49

S79

5159

Main Board Exec.

S159

$139

5299

Battery Pack, 40 Watt

549

iDouble Density Kit "

579

I"" Includes board, cable, docume

ntation & disk

5" CRT IGrn/White)

$9.95

$19

529

7" CRT (Amber)

S19

$49

S99

15" CRT, no case

585

Drive Analog Card

$9.95

$29

559

Drive Mechanism

$26

$59

Power Supply

54.95

$24

529

Keyboard (No enclos.)

$19

599

Shipping chaiged on all orders

Computer Parts Mart 415-493-5930 3200 Park Blvd * Palo Alto * CA 94306

Inquiry 145

Inquiry 244

Inquiry 75

IBM PC

256k, 2 floppies (360k)

IBM PC 20 MB

256k, 1 or 2 floppies (360k) 20 MB Hard Disk (auto boot)

IBM PC 10 + 10

256k, 1 or 2 floppies (360k) 10 MB HD& 10 MB Tape Backup

IBM PC 10 MB

256k, 1 or 2 floppies (360k) 10 MB Hard Disk (auto boot)

IBM PC 30 MB

256k, 1 or 2 floppies (360k) 30 MB Hard Disk (auto boot)

IBM PC 20 + 20

256k, 1 or 2 floppies (360k) 20 MB HD& 20 MB Tape Backup

ill

BM PC

IBM XT

256k, 2 floppies (360k)

IBM XT 20 MB

256k, 1 or 2 floppies (360k) 20 MB Hard Disk

IBM XT 10 + 10

256k, 1 or 2 floppies (360k) 10 MB HD& 10 MB Tape Backup

IBM XT 10 MB

256k, 1 or 2 floppies (360k) 10 MB Hard Disk

IBM PC 30 MB

256k, 1 or 2 floppies (360k) 30 MB Hard Disk

IBM XT 20 + 20

256k, 1 or 2 floppies (360k) 20 MB HD&20 MB Tape Backup

IBM AT 20 MB

512k, 1 or 2 floppies (360K/1.2 MB), 20 MB HD

IBM AT 40 MB

512k, 1 or 2 floppies (360k/1.2 MB), 40 MB HD

Call for the latest prices for your custom configuration. All systems are configured and tested at no extra cost and come only with Compumail's 90 day warranty.

IBM AT 80 MB

512k, 1 or 2 floppies (360k/1.2 MB), 80 MB HD

IBM AT 140 MB

512k, 1 or 2 floppies (360k/1.2 MB), 140 I

HD

★ PRICE WAR ★ UUus LAST

WITH YOUR BEST QUOTES

PRINTERS

EPSON FX-80+ . $339 FX-100 + ...$459

LX-80/HI-80/JX-80 $219/$359/$469

Tractor LX-80/FX-80/HI-80 ... $50/$60/$70 LQ 1500 Parallel/Serial ... $899/$969 L0 Tract/Sing/Dual Sht Fdr .. $70/$450/$750

LX-90 w/Par Interface & Tractor $279

SQ-2000 CALL

OKIDATA TOO LOW TO QUOTE

OKiMATE 20 w/IBM Plug & Print

182-P/182-IBM 192-P/192-IBM

193-P/193-IBM 84-P/84-IBM

192 Tractor $70 84 Sht Fdr... $390

TOSHIBA 1340P/351P S519/S1099

351 Tractor/Sht Fdr $190/5790

JUKI 6100/6300 $349/$679

6100/6300 Tractor/Sht Fdr $150/S25O

5510P (160cps) $369 5510 Color Kit. $150

BROTHER HR-10/HR-15XL $299/$349

HR-15 Trac/Kybrd/Sht Fdr. . $110/$160/$19O

HR-25P/HR-35P $449/$649

HR-25/35 Tractor/Sht Fdr $120/$200

2024L L0/Graphics-24 pin, 160/80 cps. $899 2024L Sht Fdr-Narrow/Wide ... .$220/$29O

TWINRITER 5 World's First Dot Matrix &

Daisy Wheel combined in ONE $999

TWINRITER 5 Trac/Sht Fdr $250/$350

C. ITOH ProWriter Jr w/NLQ $229

8510BPI $309 8510SEP + NLQ.$399

8510SCEP+NLQ.S469 1550-EP $429

1550SEP+NLO $539 1550SCEP+NLQ.$639

24LQP $999 A10-30SP $439

Y10-20P $399 A10 Tractor $160

F10-40P $899 F10-55P $1099

F10Tracior/Shl Fdr $190/5290

CX-4800P 4 Pen Plotter $449

QUME LetterPro 20P (20 cps) $399

20P Trac/Sht Fdr $150/5390

SPRINT 1140 + /1155+ $1299/51399

SPRINT Interlace Module $80

SPRINT Trac/Sht Fdr $210/5690

PANASONIC KX-P3151 LO (22cps) $469

KX-P1090/91/92/93. . . $179/$249/$349/$449 STAR MICRONIX Power Type/SB-10. $329/CALL

SG-10/SG-15 (120cps) $239/$389

SD-10/SD-15 (160cps) $349/$459

SR-10/SR-15(200cps) $499/$599

NEC PINWRITER P-2/P-3 $499/1699

Shl Fdr for P-2/P-3 $350/5420

2050/3550/8850 $649/$999/$1399

SPINWRITER Trac/Sht Fdr $190/5790

ELF360 Par(16cps) 5419

DIABLO Advantage D-25 $529

630API. , $1599 630ECS-IBM. $1799 Trac/Mech Single Bin Shl Fdr .. .5230/$470 CITIZEN: 18 months manufacturer warranty

MSP-10/15 (160/40cps) $319/$479

MSP-20/25 (200/50cps) $469/5639

LEGEND CP-Vh $949 1200 $279

880/1380/1385 $229/$299/$359

ANADEX 9620B/9625B-PLUS.. $1199/51299

9725B COLOR 51399

WP6000/DP6500 $2299/$2569

Anadex Tractor/Sht Fdr $150/5950

SILVER REED Letter Quality Printers 400/500/550/770 . $249/$329/$399/$739

.OPPY/HARD DISKS DISPLAY CARDS

'REDUCED' 'REDUCED' .'REDUCED' 'REDUCED' REDUCED' REDUCED ■REDUCED'

. .-$499. 773699

^799

.-$4049. .7*1249

CDC/PANASONIC/TANDON/TEAC

Halt Ht DSDD 'REDUCED' -$9?

(Warranteed lor IBM PCs only) 10+ rjfft

CDC/TANDON Full Ht DSDD 599

HARD DISKS for IBM PC/XT 10 MB Int w/Controller... 'REDUCED lOMBExtw/Controller. 20 MB Int w/Controller. 20MBExtw/Controller. 33 MB Int w/Controller. 33 MB Ext w/Controller. 44 MB Inl w/Controller 44 MB Ext w/Controller .

70 MB Int or Ext w/Controller CALL

140 MB Int or Exl w/Controller CALL

HARD DISKS FOR IBM PC AT CALL

COREATplus 20,30,40.56.72 & 144 MB.. CALL BACKUP for IBM PC/XT 10 MB Int/Ext ..'REDUCED' -$499773669 20 MB Int/Ext. . . 'REDUCED'. . *599/$f49

40/60 MB Int/Ext CALL

TALL GRASS NEW PC/T FORMAT

25/35 MB w/60 MB Backup.. .52599/53399

50/80 MB w/60 MB Backup 54299/55499

60 M B Tape Backup only CALL

Controller . 5140 Cartridge (60 MB)... 540 EVEREX 10/20 MB Inl w/Cont 5579/5699 EXCEL 4500 45MB B/U- Int/Ext 5949/5999 APEX MEG-1000 100MB Tape B/U-EXT 51399 EXTERNAL EXPANSION SYSTEMS.... CALL INTERDYNE TAPE BACKUP 10 MB Int/Ext . . 'REDUCED'. t*499/«66920 MB Int/Ext REDUCED' . -$599/$f49 IRWIN MAGNETICS TAPE BACKUP REDUCED

IOMEGA Bernoulli Box 10 + 10 CALL

AMPEX PC Megastore CALL

EMULEX JAVELIN HD & BACKUP CALL

PWR SUPPLY 130/150 Watts. -$89/$+29.

MULTI-FUNCTION CARDS

AST SIXPAK O K $239 384K.. . 5279

AST Advantage 0-K 5399

5169 384K

ORCHID Blossom 0-K ORCHID Eccell (up to 4 MB) TECMAR Captain 0-K.. 5179 MAESTRO AT w/Treasure Chest INTEL Above Board (up lo 4 MB) PARADISE 5-PackO-K.. .5159

BT6 Plus w/64k $179

IDS B-512 0-K $179

P/S/G Ports, Clock/Cal & sockets tor 512k

QUADBOARD 0-K $189 384K. . $229

Silver Quadboard: 0-K to 640k CALL

Gold Quadboard: Multifunction & Color... .CALL

Quadmeg-AT (up to 4 MB) CALL

Ouadport-AT/Expansion Kit CALL

INSTALL RAM & test brd for PC/AT . $20/$40

5209 CALL 384K.. .5219 .. Best Price

CALL

384K.. 5199 384k. ..5209 384k...5219

HERCULES MonoGraphics.. 5279 Color.. $149

EVEREX The Edge Best Price Ever

Graphics Edge Even Better Price

AST Monograph Plus $339/5369

Preview for Mono Graphics 5279

Graphpackw/64k 5549

PERSYST Short Color/Mini Mono 5159/CALL Color Combo: Multifunction & Color.. from $299 Mono Combo: Multifunction & Mono .tram 5299 PERSYST BoB Board. 5339 w/TAXAN 440. .5799

QUADRAM Quadcolorl 5179

Gold Quadboard: Multifunction & Color.. CALL

STB Chaulfer CALL

PARADISE Modular Brd from $269

IDS B-450 Mono. Color & Par Port 5239

TECMAR Graphics Master 5429

G Master w/TECMAR Color Monitor 5939

G Master w/AMDEK 710 Color Monitor. . 5899

GENOA Spectrum Best Price

MYLEX Chairman 5399

SIGMA COLOR 400 (specify Monitor) .... $479

COLOR 400w/PGS SR-12 $999

COLOR 400 w/TAXAN 440 $939

3 Button PC Mouse w/PC Paint . ... Add $100

MONITORS

PGS MAX-12E/HX-12/HX-12E. $169/5419/5499

HX-9/HX-9E/SR-12 5419/5499/5549

SR-12w/ScanDoubler 5699

SR-12 w/Sigma 400 5999

TAXAN COMPOSIT 115 Green/116 Amber 5129

MONO 121 Gr/122Amb $139/5149

COLOR 410/411/420 5289/5299/5359

COLOR 420L/425/440 $369/$369/$489

COLOR 440 w/TAXAN 555 RGB Card $749

COLOR 440 w/Persyst BoB Brd 5799

COLOR 440 w/Sigma 400 5939

AMDEK 300G/300A/310A(M).. $139/5149/5159 COLOR 300/500/600 ....$239/$349/$419 710 $489 w/Tecmar Graphics Master.. $899

QUADRAM AMBERCHROME $149

ROLAND MB-142 14" Mono B/W $289

TECMAR Color $529 w/Graphics Master, .5939 TILT/SWIVEL Monitor Pedestal $30

SPECIAL ITEMS

IRMA, IRMAIetle, IRMAIine, IRMAprint

Emulates 3278, 3279 CXI: PCOX Emulates 3274, 3278, 3279 FORTE: PJ Card Emulates 3278, 3279, 3287

3270PC, 278RJE, 3780RJE (Specify) AST 3780, 5251/11, 5251/12, BSC, SNA, PCOX

ORCHID PCnel Plus Complete Line CALL

OBERON OMNI READER Optical Character Reader

w/IBM Interface Software CALL

POLAROID Palette $1249

COMPANY POUCY: Min. outer $100. Prices & availabffly subject to change We ship UPS only. Shipping/handing charges vary. Pnces reflect cash dscount on prepakt orders. Add 1 % lor COD orders, 3% tor MC/VISA & 5% for AMEX. COD requires cashes check. All merchandise sdd is new and all sales are Anal. Refused shipments subject lo 20% charge (Mm $50). Products shipped in factory cartons come wrth manufacturer warranty. For others, including IBM systems, call tech support for return auth. # for warranty nepairs NorKtefectiw items relumed as defectfw subject to 10% service charge (Min $50) Not responsible lor hardware or software 03Tipatirjlty of any product. No open acct PO"s or foreign orders. No showroom, cfemonstrations or walk-in sales. Personal or company checks take 3 weeks lo dear. FOR ADVANCE PAYMENTS or PICKUP: PLEASE CALL FIRST FOR WORKORDER t

EasyDafa 12B 300/1200 Bd Int w/PCTalk III.. $199

HAYES 1200 B w/SmartCom II $329

HAYES 1200 Ext. w/o Software $349

Smartcomll .$99 NEW 2400 Bd Ext.. $589

POPCOM C-100/X-100W/D sfl $269/5289 POPCOM Action Pack Int w/PFS.Access $289 POPCOM Action Pack Ext w/PFS:Access . $299

AST Reach! 1200 Bd short card w/Crosslalk 5379 PROMETHEUS PROMODEM 1200 Ext. $279 Options Processor . 589 w/Modem $75

Alphanum Display 589 w/Modem $75

PROMODEM 1200 Ext + Both Options. $419

Comm Buffer for 1200 Ext CALL

PROMODEM 1200 B Inl w/MITE software $249

QUADMODEM II shortcard w/Crosstalk XVI CALL 2400 Bd Upgrade Kif for Quadmodem II CALL

Ven-Tel Half Card w/Crosslalk XVI $379 1200 Plus Exl w/o software $349

BIZCOMP IntelliModem EXT $319

ST/XL/XT $289/$319/$359

WATSON Integrated Voice Data Modem CALL

MISC. ADD ONS

64K RAM Set 57 10+Sets . 56 50+ . . . 55 25GKRAM Set 535 10+ Sets 533 50 + 530 8087 5mhz for IBM PC REDUCED' -$9980287-3 5mhz lor IBM AT REDUCED' -52390RCHIDPCturbow/128k.-$579-^640k. .-$769QUADRAMQUADsprint. .'REDUCED' . -$499MICROWAY'S Fastt)reak/# Smasher CALL CABLE Parallel. 6ft. 520 Serial. 6 ft . $25

Keyboard Extension. 6 ft $10

MAXELL MD-2 DSDD 10+Boxes $18

FLOPPY Drive Controller $109

FLOPPY Controller w/P.S.G & Clock/Cal.. $199

HAYES Transet 1000 CALL

MOUSE SYSTEMS PC Mouse w/PC Paint. $129 MICROSOFT MOUSE w/PC Paintbrush

Bus/Serial. $129/5139

KEYTRONIC KB 5151 5165 AT Upgrade Kit 515

KB5153Tw/TduchPad CALL

ABC Switch Box: Allows 3 Computers to share

1 printer/peripheral & vice versa CALL

COMPUTER ACCESSORIES Pl-2-3 $299 POWER DIRECTOR P2(5). . 589 P12(6) $129 KENSINGTON Master Piece (5 outlets). .$89 KENSINGTON Universal Printer Stand $20

PC Keyboard Storage Drawer $89

STANDBY PWR SUPPLY w/surge protection 200 Watts . $269 300 Watts . CALL

800 Watts (Sine Wave) $679

TILT/SWIVEL Monitor Pedestal $30

PWR SUPPLY 130/150 Wafts. ^ .580/5120

CALL FOR OUR WEEKLY UNADVERTISED SPECIALS

AMERICAN EXPRESS

COMPU

406-C CONSTITUTION AVE., CAMARILLO, CA 93010

805-987-7015

WHEN ORDERING PLEASE REFER TO AD #B802 |

422 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

'BAR CODE READER'

Lotus™ User?

Free Mail Order Catalog for Lotus Software users, includes:

■ Lotus Programs

■ Lotus Enhancement Software

■ Books and Training Aids

■ Hardware and Utilities

We are a unique mail order company specializing in Lotus related products.

4-5-6 WORLD

Dept. A-108

PO. Box 22657

Santa Barbara, CA 93121

(800) 524-5678 Toll Free

(805) 564-2424 In California

Your definitive Lotus enhancement source

68701 /705 PROGRAMMER

28 and 40 PIN Packages

•Single Switch Operation

•LED Status Displays

•Copies from 2732

•Self Contained

Many features are included to insure trouble free operation. Can be used with Logical Devices PP8 or Prompro-XP to eliminate the need for the intermediate EPROM.

SEE OUR AD ON PAGE 24.

LOGICAL DEVICES, INC

Order Toll Free 1-800-EE1-PROM

• IBM PC/XT COMPATIBLE (AND MOST CLONES)

• CONNECTS BETWEEN KEYBOARD AND THE PC

• NO CARD SLOT REQUIRED/SIMPLE INTERCONNECT

• NO CUSTOM SOFTWARE DRIVERS REQUIRED

• HIGH FIRST READ RATE

• READS DOT MATRIX & PRINTED BAR CODE LABELS

• CODE 3 OF 9. INTERLEAVED 2 OF 5. UPC

• AUTOMATIC BAR CODE SELECTION •AUDIO AND VISUAL INDICATORS

• READS HIGH, MED. AND LOW DENSITY LABELS

• SWITCH SELECTABLE OPTIONS^^QC

ST DIAGNOSTICS W*TJjO ea.

PC/MS DOS BAR CODE PRINTING SOFTWARE S79 ea.

AMERICAN MICROSYSTEMS

P.O. BOX 830551. RICHARDSON. TX. 75060 (817| 834-9659 MASTERCARD AND VISA ACCEPTED

Inquiry 2

Inquiry 181

• Multi-user Database!

• Powerful!

• Multiple Operating System Compatibility!

• Attractive Dealer Pricing!

• Full Dealer Support!

Datallex is .1 trademark of Data Access

Dealer Inquiries Invited

24000 Telegraph Rodd Southfield. Michigan 48034 USA PI3| 352-2345

Inquiry 58

EPROM

PROGRAMMER

n I

APROTEK 1000

ONLY

IE- *265°°

COMPLETE WITH PERSONALITY MODULE 11 7 AC POWER-RS232 •6 BAUD RATES ■ HANDSHAKE TO HOST ALLOWS READ, WRITE, VERIFY 8. COPY

Comes complete with CPM, IBM and Apple BASIC Driver Program Listings. Driver Programs on Disk only $20.00.

Programs the following 5 Volt 24 or 28 pin devices: 2716 series through 27256. 25xx series. 68764 plus others. Please Specify Personality Module desired with order. Additional Personality Modules only $ 15.00 ea. Full 1 year warranty.

TO ORDER: CALL 1-800/962-5800 OR WRITE

APROTEK

1071 A AVENIDA ACASO ' Add

CAMARILLO. CA 93010 $4.00 Shipping-USA

Info: 18051987 2454 VISA or MC Add 3%

INTERACTIVE VIDEO TAPE CONTROLLER

Interface card that allows your IBM PC to control Panasonic video tape players. Works with the McGraw-Hill Interactive Authoring System. For only $995 you can be producing interactive video programs.

For more information call

David Ayala

McGraw-Hill Training Systems 1-800-421-0833

In California call 1-800-662-6222

H'ijfl McGRAW-HILL

I ■mi TraitliiigS\stems

SUPERCOPY FOR IBM PC

Powerful utility copier, it allows making of backups of any diskette for IBM PC and compatibles.

Very compact, it replaces the Diskcopy without virtually losing any space. Its menu offers easy access to functions such as protection against copies from a diskette; analysis diagnosis; parameter modification and erasing of the target diskette.

Available in English, French and Spanish with instructions included in the diskette.

Frequently updated, its price is $30 each or $15 for orders of ten or more. This product is provided for the purpose of enabling you to make archival copies only.

N.Y. residents add sales tax. Send check or money order to:

Yetiware

P.O. Box 1368 New York, NY 10025 212-222-6682

IBM PC is a trademark of IBM Corporation.

WE WANT DEALERS.

F*i.

Apple II + Paper Tape I/O Is This Easy

101010110100010101.;.:,:.::.::.:.:.::.:.: 01010101010010100.:.:.:.:.::.:..:.::.:.: One minute you're without, the next you're up and running! Just plug into your APPLE II PLUS. A neat and complete package.

• Model 600-1 Punch — 50cps, rugged

• Model 605 Reader — 150cps

• Parallel Interface Board/Cable

• Data Handling Program

Code conversion available. TRS-80 package soon. ADDMASTER CORP. 416 Junipero Serra Dr., San Gabriel, CA 91776 * 213/285-1121.

Inquiry 8

FREE SOFTWARE

FROM THE PUBLIC DOMAIN

User Group Software isn't copyrighted, so no fees to pay! 1000's of CP/M and IBM software programs in .COM and source code to copy yourself! Games, business, utilities! All FREE!

Rent

Buy

IBMPC-SIG 1-370 Dlsksldes

400.

800.

IBMPC-BLUE 1-116 Dlsksldes

145.

375.

SIG/M UG 1-222 Dlsksldes

130.

625.

CP/M UG 1-92 Dlsksldes

45.

250.

PICO NET 1-34 Dlsksldes

25.

100.

KAYPRO UG 1-39 Dlsksldes

45.

90.

EPSON UG 1-39 Dlsksldes

45.

90.

Commodore CBM 1-28 Disksides..

25.

65.

Public Domain User Group Catalog

Disk $5

PP

(payment in advance, please) Rental is for 7 days after receipt, 3 days grace to

return. Use a credit card, no disk deposit. Shipping, handling & insurance $9.50 per library. (619) 941-0925 Orders & Technical (9 to 5) (619) 727-1015 24 Hr. 3 Min. Info Recording Have your credit card readyl

National Public Domain Software

1533 Avohill Dr. Vista, CA 92083 ffi

BBB

AM EX.

Inquiry 22

Inquiry 346

Inquiry 226

3.95

STATIC RAMS

2101

5101

2102-1

2102L-4

2102L-2

2125

2111

2111L

2112

2114

2114-25

2114L-4

2114L-3

2114L-2

21141-15

TC5514

2141

2147

2148

TMS4044-4

TMS4044-3

TMS4044-2

TMS40L44-2

UPD410

MK4118

TMM2016-200

TMM2016-150

TMM2016-100

HM6116-4

HM6116-3

HM6116-2

HM6116LP-4

HM6116LP-3

HM6116LP-2

TC5516

TMS4016

Z-6132

HM6264P-15

HM6264LP-15

HM6264LP-12

256x4 256«4 1024x4 1024x1 1024x1 1024x1 256x4 256x4 256x4 1024x4 1024x4 1024x4 1024x4 1024x4 1024x4 1024x4 4096x1 4096x1 1024x4 4096x1 4096x1 4096x1 4096x1 4096x1 1024x8 2048x8 2048x8 2048x8 2048x8 2048x8 2048x8 2048x8 2048x8 2048x8 2048x8 2048x8 4096x8 8192x8 8192x8 8192x8

(450ns) |450ns)(cmos) (450ns) (450.1SHLP) (250ns)|LP) (45ns) (450ns) |450ns)(LP) |450ns) [450ns) |250ns) |450ns)|LP) |300ns)(LP) |200ns)(LP) |150ns)(LP) (650ns)(cmos) (200ns) (55ns) (70ns) (450ns) (300ns) (200ns) |200ns)[LPI (100ns) (250ns|

(200m!

(150ns) (100ns) (200ns)(cmos) (150ns)(cmos) (120ns)(cmos) (200ns)|cmos)(LP) 3 |150ns)(cmos)(LP) 4 |120ns)|cmos)(LP| 6 (250ns)(cmos) 9 (200ns) 6 (300ns)|Qstat) 34 (150ns)(cmosl 7 (150ns||cmos)|LP| 7 (120ns)lcmos)(LP) 9 Qstat Quasi St;i<ic

1.45 2.95 2.49 2.95 2.99 8/9.95 8/10.95 8/12.95 8/13.45 8/13.95 8/19.95 4.95 2.95 4.95 4.95 3.49 3.99 4.49 4.95 3.95 9.95 3.25 3.75 4.75 3.69 3.95

EPROMS

1702

256x8

(1us)

4.50

2708

1024x8

(450ns)

3.95

2758

1024x8

|450ns)(5V)

5.95

2716-6

2048x8

(650ns)

2.95

2716

2048x8

(450ns)(5V)

3.50

2716-1

2048x8

(350ns)(5V)

4.95

TMS2516

2048x8

|450ns)(5U)

4.95

TMS2716

2048x8

(450ns)

7.95

TMS2532

4096x8

|450ns||5V)

4.95

2732

4096x8

|450ns||5V)

3.95

2732A-4

4096x8

(450ns||5V)|21V PGM)

4.95

2732A-35

4096x8

|350ns||5V)|21V PGM)

4.95

2732A

4096x8

|250ns)(5V)(21V PGM)

6.95

2732A-2

4096x8

|200ns)|5V)|21V PGM)

10.95

2764

8192x8

|450ns)(5V|

3.75

2764-250

8192x8

|256ns)(5V)

3.95

2764-200

8192x8

(200ns)(5V|

6.95

TMS2564

8192x8

(450ns)|5V)

10.95

MCM68764

8192x8

(450ns)(5V)|24 pin)

24.95

MCM68766

8192x8

(350nsl(5V)|24 pin)

42.95

27128-30

16384x8

(300ns)|5V)

5.95

27128

16384x8

|250ns)|5V)

5.95

27256

32768x8

|250ns||5V|

12.95

5V=Singk> 5 Volt Supply 21V PGM= Program at 21 Volts

TMS4027 2107

I P Low power

DYNAMIC RAMS

4096x1 (250ns)

TMS4050 UPD411 TMS4060 MK4108 MM5298 4116-300 4116-250 4116-200 4116-150 4116-120 2118 MK4332 4164-200 4164-150 4164-120 MCM6665 TMS4164-20 TMS4164-15 4164-REFRESH 65536x1 TMS4416-20 16384x4 TMS4416-15 16384x4 41128-150 131072x1 41256-200 262144x1 41256-150 262144x1 5v=Singl« 5 Volt Supply

4096x1 4096x1 4096x1 4096x1 4096x1 8192x1 8192x1 16384x1 16384x1 16384x1 16384x1 16384x1 16384x1 32768x1 65536x1 65536x1 65536x1 65536x1 65536x1 65536x1

(200ns) (300ns) 1300ns) (300,is) (300ns) (200ns) (250ns) (300ns) (250,18) (200ns) (150ns) 1120ns) (150ns)(5v) (200ns) |200ns)(5v) |150rts|(5v) (120ns|(5v) |200nsl|5v) |200ns|(5V) |150ns)|5v)

CRYSTALS

.49 .49 8/6.95 8/6.95 8/8.95 8/10.95 8/12.95 4.95 9.95 9/9.95 9/9.95 3.95 4.95 4.25 4.95

(150ns)|5V)(REFRESH) 8.95 |200ns)(5V| 8.95 (150ns)(Sv) 9.95 (150ns)(5v) 13.95 |200ns)(5v) 3.95 (150ns)(5v) 3.95 REFRESH=Pin 1 Refresh

★ ★★★HIGHTECH****

27256 $12.95

★ 32K x 8 EPROM

★ SINGLE 5 VOLT SUPPLY

★ SINGLE LOCATION & HIGH SPEED PROGRAMMING

★ 250ns ACCESS TIME

★ ★★★SPOTLIGHT****

ORDER TOLL FREE

800-538-5000 800-662-6279

(CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS)

Z-80

2.5 MHz

200 CPU

2.49

Z80-CTC

2.95

280- DART

7.95

Z80-DMA

8.9S

Z80-PIO

2.95

Z80-SIO/0

9.95

Z80-SIO/1

9.95

Z80-SIO/2

9.95

Z80-SIO/9

9.95

4.0 MHz

Z80A-CPU

2.95

Z80A-CTC

3.95

Z80A-DART

8.95

Z80A-DMA

9.95

Z80A-PIO

3.95

Z80A-SIO/0

10.95

Z80A-SIO/1

10.95

Z80A-SIO/2

10.95

Z80A-SIO/9

10.95

6.0 MHz

Z80B-CPU

8.95

Z80B-CTC

9.95

Z80B-PIO

9.95

Z80B-DART

19.95

Z80B-SIO/0

29.95

Z80B-SIO/2

29.95

ZILOG

Z6132

34.95

kZ8671

39.95

6500 1.0 MHz

6502 4.95 65C02ICMOS) 12.95

6504 6.95

6505 8.95 i 6507 9.95

6520 2.95

6522 5.49

6532 9.95

6545 9.95

6551 9.95

2.0 MHz

I 6502A 5.95

6520A 5.95

6522A 9.95

6532A 11.95

6545A 12.95

6551A 11.95

3.0 MHz

l 6502B 8.9!

UARTS

I AY5-1013 | AV3-1015

PT1472 | TR1602

2350

2651

IM6402

IM6403

UPD7201 LINS8250

6800

8000

8200

6883 22.95 68047 24.95 | 68488 19.95

6800^1 MHz

3.95 9.95 8.95 7.95 8.95 19.95 10.95 .

68B00 68B02

68B10 68B21 68B40 68B45 68B50

10.95 11.95 11.95 11.95 5.95 5.95 19.95 19.95 5.95

8031

29.95

8035

5.95

8039

5.95

INS 8060

17.95

INS-8073

49.95

8080

3.95

8085

4.95

8085A-2

11.95

8086

24.95

8087-2

139.95

8087-3

129.00

8088

19.95

8088-2

21.95

8089

69.95

8155

6.95

8155-2

7.95

8156

6.95

8185

29.95

8185-2

39.95

8741

29.95

8748

24.95

8749

39.95

8755

24.95

^mIsc^^

TMS99531

9.95

TMS99532

29.95

ULN2003

1.29

3242

7.95

3341

4.95

MC3470

4.95

MC3480

9.00

MC3487

2.95

11C90

13.95

95H90

7.95

68B00=2 MHz

2513-001 up 9.95 I 2513-002 low 9.95 ,

8202 8203 8205 8212 8214 8216 8224 8226 8228 8237 8237-5 8238 8243 8250 8251 8251A 8253 8253-5 8255 8255-5 8257 8257-5 8259 8259-5 8271 8272 8274 8275 8279 8279-5 8282 8283 8284 8286 8287 8288 8289 L 8292

32.768 KHz

1.95

1.0 MHz

3.95

1.8432

3.95

J*

3.2768

3.579545

*/■«

•i OR

en

"■J*

OQR

c '5 on

9 OR

O QR

•SOR

en

9fM

•» OR

6.5536

OOE

8.0

2 95

10.0

2.95

10.73863G

2.95

14.31818

2.95

15.0

2.95

16.0

2.95

17.430

2.95

18.0

2.95

18.432

2.95

20.0

2.95

22.1184

2.95

24.0

2.95

32.0

2.95

CRYSTAL OSCILLATORS

[GENERATORS I BIT RATE

MC14411

BR1941

4702

C0M5016

COM8116

MM5307

11.95 11.95 12.95 16.95 10.95 10.95

FUNCTION

I MC4024 3.9

LM566 1.4

XR2206 3.7

I 8038 3.9

CRT

CONTROLLERS

6845

12.95

68B45

19.95

6847

11.95

68047

24.95

HD46505SP

15.95

MC1372

6.95

8275

29.95

7220

39.95

CRT5027

19.95

CRT5037

34.95

TMS9918A

39.95

DP8350

49.95

DISK

CONTROLLERS

1771

15.95

1791

23.95

1793

23.95

1795

23.95

1797

23.95

2791

39.95

2793

39.95

2795

39.95

2797

39.95

6843

34.95

8272

19.95

UP0765

19.95

MB8876

29.95

MB8877

34.95

1691

7.95

2143

7.95

KEYBOARD CHIPS

I AYS-2376 11.95 AY5-3600 STD 11.95 I AY5-3600 PRO 11.95 l

CLOCK CIRCUITS

MM5314

4.95

MM5369

1.95

MM5369-EST

1.95

MM5375

4.95

MM58167

8.95

MM58174

11.95

MSM5832

3.95

1.0MHz

7.95

8.0

7.95

1.8432

7.95

10.0

7.95

2.0

7.95

12.0

7.95

2.4576

7.95

15.0

7.95

2.5

7.95

16.0

7.95

4.0

7.95

18.432

7.95

5.0688

7.95

20.0

7.95

6.0

7.95

24.0

7.95

6.144

7.95

.89

.69 .69 .79

.99

.89

74LS00

.24 74LS190

.25 74LS191

.25 74LS192

.25 74LS193

.24 74LS194

.25 74LS195

.28 74LS196

.29 74LS197

.25 74LS221

.35 74LS240

.35 74LS241

.45 74LS242

.59 74LS243

.35 74LS244 1.29

.25 74LS245 1.49

.29 74LS247 .75

.25 74LS248 .99

.29 74LS249 .99

.29 74LS251 .59

.35 74LS253 .59

.25 74LS257 .59

.29 74LS258 .59

.55 74LS259 2.75

.35 74LS260 .59

.35 74LS261 2.25

.25 74LS266 .55

.49 74LS273 1.49

.75 74LS275 3.35

.75 74LS279 .49

.75 74LS280 1.98

.25 74LS283

.29 74LS290

.29 74LS293

1.25 74LS295 .99

.39 74LS298 .89

.35 74LS299 1.75

.39 74LS322 5.95

.39 74LS323 3.50

.49 74LS324 1.75

.60 74LS348 2.50

.69 74LS352 1.29

.39 74LS35 3 1.29

.55 74LS363 1.35

.89 74LS364 1.95

.55 74LS365 .49

.55 74LS366

.75 74LS367

.89 74LS368

7 .39 74LS373

3 .39 74LS374

2 .39 74LS375

3 .39 74LS377 1.39 I » .39 74LS378 1.18

2 .45 74LS379 1.35

3 .79 74LS385 3.90 » 2.90 74LS386 .45

1 .49 74LS390 1.19 3 .49 74LS393 1.19

2 .59 74LS395 1.19

3 .59 74LS396 1.89 3 .39 74LS399 1.49 ' .99 74LS424 3.95 3 .55 74LS447 .95 3 .55 74LS490 1.95 5 1.20 74LS540 1.95 1 2.49 74LS541 1.95 3 1.35 74LS624 3.99 I .55 74LS640 2.20 3 .55 74LS645 2.20 1 1.90 74LS668 1.69 5 .69 74LS669 1.89 5 .69 74LS670 1.49 7 .65 74LS67414.95 3 .59 74LS682 3.20

0 .69 74LS683 3.20

1 .65 74LS684 3.20

2 .69 74LS685 3.20

3 .65 74LS688 2.40

> .69 74LS689 3.20 5 .95 81LS95 S 1.95 81LS96 3 1.75 81LS97 3 1.75 81LS98 5 1.49 25LS25184.13 3 .69 25LS2521 2.80

> .55 25LS2538 3.74 1 .55 25LS2569 2.80 I 2.15 26LS31 2.19

3 8.95 26LS32 2.19 J

.49

1.39 1.39

1.49 1.49 1.49

JDR Microdevices

224 S. Bascom Avenue, San Jose, CA 95128 >38-5000 • 800-662-6279 (CA) • (408) 995-5430 FAX (408) 275-8415 • Telex 171-110

Copyright 1985 JDR Mlcrodovlc

RETAIL STORE- 1256 S. HOURS: M-W-F, 9-5 TU

PLEASE USE YOUR CUSTOMER N TERMS: Minimum order S10.00. For shipping and handling include S2.50 lor UPS Ground and S3.50 lor UPS Air. Orders over 1 lb. and foreign orders may require additional shipping charges - please contact our sales department tor the amount. CA. residents must include 6% sales tax. Bay Area and LA residents Include 6W/0. All merchandise is warranted lor 90 days unless otherwise stated. Prices are subject to change without notice. We are not responsible lor typographical errors. We reserve the right to limit quantities and to substitute manufacturer. All merchandise subject to prior sale.

424 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

Inquiry I62

;-%m«7.75 SSI263sAn 39.95

74S00

74S00

.32

74S135

.89

74S251

.95

74S02

.35

74S138

.85

74S253

.95

74S03

.35

74S139

.85

74S257

.95

74S04

.35

74S140

.55

74S258

.95

74S05

.35

74S151

.95

74S260

.79

74S08

.35

74S153

.95

74S273

2.45

74S09

.40

74S157

.95

74S274

19.95

74S10

.35

74S158

.95

74S275

19.95

74S11

.35

74S161

1.95

74S280

1.95

74S15

.35

74S162

1.95

74S283

3.29

74S20

.35

74S163

1.95

74S287

1.90

74S22

.35

74S168

3.95

74S2S8

1.90

74S30

.35

74S169

3.95

74S289

6.98

74S32

.40

74S174

.95

74S299

7.35

74S37

.88

74S175

.95

74S301

6.95

74S38

.85

74S180

11.95

74S373

2.45

74S40

.35

74S181

3.95

74S374

2.45

74S51

.35

74S182

2.95

74S381

7.95

74S64

.40

74S188

1.95

74S387

1.95

74S65

.40

74S189

6.95

74S399

2.95

74S74

.50

74S194

1.49

74S412

2.98

74S85

1.99

74S195

1.49

74S470

6.95

74S86

.50

74S196

1.49

74S471

4.95

74S112

.50

74S197

1.49

74S472

4.95

74S113

.50

74S201

6.95

74S474

4.95

74S114

.55

74S225

7.95

74S570

2.95

74S124

2.75

74S226

3.99

74S571

2.95

74S132

1.24

74S240

2.20

74S573

9.95

74S133

.45

74S241

2.20

87S181

16.25

74S134

.50

74S244

2.20

7400

7400

.19

7483

.50

74172

5.95

7401

.19

7485

.59

74173

.75

7402

.19

7486

.35

74174

.89

7404

/I9

7490

.35

74176

'.B3

7405

.25

7491

.40

74177

.75

7406

.29

7492

.50

74178

1.15

7407

.29

7493

.35

74179

1.75

7408

.24

7494

.65

74180

.75

7409

.19

7495

.55

74181

2.25

7410

.19

7496

.70

74182

.75

7411

.25

7497

2.75

74184

2.00

7412

.30

74100

1.75

74185

2.00

7413

.35

74105

1.14

74189

2.99

7414

.49

74107

.30

74190

1.15

7416

.25

74109

.45

74191

1.15

7417

.25

74110

.45

74192

.79

7420

.19

74111

.55

74193

.79

7421

.35

74116

1.55

74194

.85

7422

.35

74120

1.20

74195

.85

7423

.29

74121

.29

74196

.79

7425

.29

74122

.45

74197

.75

7426

.29

74123

.49

74198

1.35

7427

.29

74125

.45

74199

1.35

7428

.45

74126

.45

74221

1.35

7430

.19

74128

.55

74246

1.35

7432

.29

74132

.45

74247

1.25

7433

.45

74136

.50

74248

1.85

7437

.29

74141

.65

74249

1.95

7438

.29

74142

2.95

74251

.75

7439

.79

74143

4.95

74259

2.25

7440

.19

74144

2.95

74265

1.35

7442

.49

74145

.60

74273

1.95

7443

.65

74147

1.75

74276

1.25

7444

.69

74148

1.20

74278

3.11

7445

.69

74150

1.35

74279

.75

7446

.69

74151

.55

74283

2.00

7447

.69

74152

.65

74284

3.75

7448

.69

74153

.55

74285

3.75

7450

.19

74154

1.25

74290

.95

7451

.23

74155

.75

74293

.75

7453

23

74156

.65

74298

.85

7454

.23

74157

.55

74351

2.25

7460

.23

74159

1.65

74365

.65

7470

.35

74160

.85

74366

.65

7472

.29

74161

.69

74367

.65

7473

.34

74162

.85

74368

.65

7474

.33

74163

.69

74376

2.20

7475

.45

74164

.85

74390

1.75

7476

.35

74165

.85

74393

1.35

7480

.59

74166

1.00

74425

3.15

7481

1.10

74167

2.96

74426

.85

7482

.95

74170

1.65

74490

2.55

CMOS

H 4000

.29

4531

.95

■ 4001

.25

4532

1.95

■ 4002

.25

4538

1.95

■ 4006

.89

4539

1.95

■ 4007

.29

4541

2.64

■ 4008

.95

4543

1.19

■ 4009

.39

4553

5.79

■ 4010

.45

4555

.95

H 4011

.25

4556

.95

■ 4012

.25

4558

2.45

■ 4013

.38

4560

4.25

■ 4014

.79

4569

3.49

■ 4015

.39

4581

1.95

■ 4016

.39

4582

1.95

■ 4017

.69

4584

.75

H 4018

.79

4585

.75

H 4019

.39

45151

12.95

H 4020

.75

4702

12.95

■ 4021

.79

4724

1.50

1 4022

.79

74 COO

.35

■ 4023

.29

74C02

.35

■ 4024

.65

74C04

.35

■ 4025

.29

74C08

.35

■ 4026

1.65

74C10

.35

■ 4027

.45

74C14

.59

■ 4028

.69

74C20

.35

■ 4029

.79

74C30

.35

■ 4030

.39

74C32

.39

■ 4034

1.95

74C42

1.29

■ 4035

.85

74C48

1.99

■ 4040

.75

74C73

.65

■ 4041

.75

74C74

.65

■ 4042

.69

74C76

.80

1 4043

.85

74C83

1.95

4044

.79

74C85

1.95

4046

.85

74C86

.39

4047

.95

74C89

4.50

4048

.69

74C90

1.19

4049

.35

74C93

1.75

4050

.35

74C95

.99

4051

.79

74C150

5.75

4052

1.99

74C151

2.25

4053

.79

74C154

3.25

4060

.89

74C157

1.75

4066

.39

74C160

1.19

4068

.39

74C161

1.19

4069

.29

74C162

1.19

4070

.35

74C163

1.19

4071

.29

74C164

1.39

4072

.29

74C165

2.00

4073

.29

74C173

.79

4075

.29

74C174

1.19

4076

.79

74C175

1.19

4077

.59

74C192

1.49

4078

.29

74C193

1.49

4081

.29

74C195

1.39

4082

.29

74C200

5.75

4085

.95

74C221

1.75

4086

.95

74C244

2.25

4093

.49

74C373

2.45

4094

2.99

74C374

2.45

4098

2.49

74C901

.39

4099

1.95

74C902

.85

14409

12.95

74C903

.85

14410

12.95

74C905 10.95

14411

11.95

74C906

.95

14412

12.95

74C907

1.00

14419

7.95

74C908

2.00

14433

14.95

74C909

2.75

14490

4.95

74C910

9.95

4502

.95

74C911

8.95

4503

.65

74C912

8.95

4507

1.25

74C914

1.95

4508

1.95

74C915

1.19

4510

.85

74C918

2.75

4511

.85

74C920 17.95

4512

.85

74C921 15.95

4514

1.25

74C922

4.49

4515

1.79

74C923

4.95

4516

1.55

74C925

5.95

4518

.89

74C926

7.95

4519

.39

74C927

7.95

4520

.79

74C928

7.95

4521

4.99

74C929 19.95

4522

1.25

80C95

.85

4526

1.25

80C96

.95

4527

1.95

80C97

.95

4528

1.19

80C98

1.20

4529

2-95

9 ideal

HIGH SPEED CMOS

V now family of high speed CMOS logic featuring I the speed of low power Schottky (8ns typical gate propagation delay), combined with the advantages of CMOS: very low power consumption, superior noise immunity, | and improved output drive.

74HC00

74HC: Operate at CMOS logic levels and are ii for new. all-CMOS design: 74HCO0 74HC02 74HC04 74HC08 74HC10 74HC11 74HC14 74HC20 74HC27 74HC30 74HC32 74HC51 74HC74 74HC75 74HC85 74HC86 74HC93 74HC125 74HC132 74HC138 74HC139 74HC151 74HC153 74HC154 74HC157 74HC161 74HC164 74HC166 | 74HC174

74HCT00

74HCT: Direct, drop-in replacements for LST

7*tHC175

CO

74HC193

1.25

74HC194

CO

74HC195

Ka

74HC238

59

74HC240

1 89

.79

74HC241

1.89

.59

74HC242

1.89

.59

74HC243

1.89

.59

74HC244

1.89

.69

74HC245

1.89

.59

74HC251

.89

.75

74HC257

.85

.85

74HC259

1.39

1.35

74HC273

1.89

.69

74HC299

4.99

1.19

74HC367

.99

1.19

74HC373

2.29

1.19

74HC374

2.29

.99

74HC393

1.39

.99

74HC4017

1.99

.89

74HC4020

1.39

.89

74HC4024

1.59

2.49

74HC4040

1.39

.89

74HC4049

.89

1.15

74HC4050

.89

1.25

74HC4060

1.29

2.95

74HC4511

2.39

.99

74HC4538

2.29

can be intermixed with 74LS

n the same circuit.

74HCT00

.69

74HCT175

1.09

74HCT02

.69

74HCT193

1.39

74HCT04

.69

74HCT194

1.19

74HCT08

.69

74HCT195

1.29

74HCT10

.69

74HCT238

1.49

74HCT11

.69

74HCT240

2.19

74HCT14

.89

74HCT241

2.19

74HCT20

.69

74HCT242

2.19

74HCT27

.69

74HCT243

2.19

74HCT30

.69

74HCT244

2.19

74HCT32

.79

74HCT245

2.19

74HCT51

.69

74HCT251

1.09

74HCT74

.85

74HCT257

.99

74HCT75

.95

74HCT259

1.59

74HCT85

1.49

74HCT273

2.09

74HCT86

.79

74HCT299

5.25

74HCT93

1.29

74HCT367

1.09

74HCT125

1.29

74HCT373

2.49

74HCT132

1.29

74HCT374

2.49

74HCT138

1.15

74HCT393

1.59

74HCT139

1.15

74HCT4017

2.19

74HCT151

1.05

74HCT4020

1.59

74HCT153

1.05

74HCT4024

1.79

74HCT154

2.99

74HCT4040

1.59

74HCT157

.99

74HCT4049

.99

74HCT161

1.29

74HCT4050

.99

74HCT164

1.39

74HCT4060

1.49

74HCT166

3.05

74HCT4511

2.69

74HCT174

1.09

74HCT4538

2.59

QSPECTRONICS CORPORATION

EPROM ERASERS

Capacity Intensity Timer Chip

PE-14 PE-14T PE-24T PL-265T PR-125T . PR-320T

9 12 30

I..W 'Cm'| 8.000 8.000 9,600 9.600 17,000 17.000

S83.00 S119.00 S175.00 S255.00 S349.00 S595.00 .

TRANSISTORS

2N918 MPS918 2N2102 2N2218 2N2218A .50 2N2219 .50 2IM2219A .50 2N2222 PN2222 MPS2369 .25 2N2484 2N2905 2N2907 PN2907 2N3055 3055T 2N3393 2IM3414 2N3S63 2N3565 PN3565 i MPS3638 .25 MPS3640 .25 PN3643 .25 PN3644 .25 MPS3704 .15 MPS3706 .15

.50 .25 .75 .50

.25 .10

.50 .25

.69 .30 .25 .40 .40 .25

2N3772 1.85 2N3903 .25 2 N 3904 2N3906 2N4122 2N4123 2IU4249 2N4304 2N4401 2N4402 2N4403 2N4857 1.00 PN4916 .25 2N5086 PN5129 PN5139 2N5209 .25 2N6028 .35 2N6043 1.75 2 N 6045 1.75 MPS-A05 .25 MPS-A06 .25 MPS-A13 .40 MPS-A55 .25 MPU131 .99 TIP29 .65

10 .10 .25 .25 .25 .75 .25 .25 .25

.25 -25 .25

IC

SOCKETS

1-99

100

8

PIN

ST

.13

.11

14

PIN

ST

.15

.12

16

PIN

ST

.17

.13

18

PIN

ST

.20

.18

20

PIN

ST

.29

.27

22

PIN

ST

.30

.27

24

PIN

ST

.30

.27

28

PIN

ST

.40

.32

40

PIN

ST

.49

.39

64 PIN ST

4-25CALL

ST.SOLDEBTAIL

8 PIN WW .59 .49 14 PIN WW .69 .52 16 PIN WW .69 .58 18 PIN WW .99 .90 20 PIN WW 1.09 .98 22 PIN WW 1.39 1.28 24 PIN WW 1.49 1.35 28 PIN WW 1.69 1.49 40 PIN WW 1.99 1.80

Interface^

"data acq"1

r 9000

r SOUND

8T26

1.59

ADC0800

15.55

9304

.96

CHIPS

8T28

1.98

AOC0804

3.49

9316

1.00

8T95

.89

ADC0809

4.49

9328

1.49

76477 3.95

8T96

.89

ADC0816

14.95

9334

2.50

76488 5.95

8T97

.89

ADC0817

9.95

9368

3.95

76489 8.95

8T98

.89

AOC0831

8.95

9401

9.95

SSI 263 39.95

DMB131

2.95

DAC0800

4.49

9601

.75

AV3-8910 12.95

OP8304

2.29

DAC0806

1.95

9602

1.50

AY3-8912 12.95

DS8833

2.25

DAC0808

2.95

9637

2.95

MC3340 1.49

DS8835 DS8836

1.99

DAC1020 DAC1021

8.25 7.95

,96S02

1.95 .

SP1000 39.00

.99

1.65

OAC1022 MC1408L6

DS8837 DS8838

1.30

5.95 1.95

OPTO-ISOLATORS

INTERSIL

MC1408LS 2.95

EXAR

4N26 4N27

1.00 1.10

MCA-7 4.25 MCA 255 1.75

ICL7106

9.95

4N28

.69

IL-1 1.25

ICL7107

12.95

XB2206

3.75

4N33

1.75

IU> 30 1.25

ICL7660

2.95

XR2207

3.75

4N35

1.25

ILQ-74 2.75

ICL8038

3.95

XR2208

3.75

4N37

1.25

H11C5 1.25

ICM7207A

5.59

XR2211

5.25

MCT-2

1

00

TIL-111 1.00

ICM7208

15.95

XR2240

3.25

MCT-6

1

50

TIL-113 1.75

Dear Sir,

Just wanted to say thank you for ship ping my order on time . I will oor do business with you because of fessional courtesy you have sh

VOLTAGE REGULATORS

TO-220 CASE PACKAGE 7805T .75 7905T .85 7808T .75 7908T .85

7812T .75 7912T .85

7815T .75 7915T .85

7824T .75 7924T .85

TO-3 CASE PACKAGE

7805K 1.39 7905K 1.49

7812K 1.39 7912K 1.49

7815K 1.39 7915K. 1.49

7824 K 1.39 7924K 1.49

TO-92 CASE PACKAGE 78L05 .69 79L05 .79

78L12 .69 79L12 .79

78L15 .69 79L15 .79

OTHER VOLTAGE REGS 78M05C 5volt Vramp TO-220 .35 LM323K Svolt 3amp TO-3 4.95 LM338K Adj. 5amp TO-3 3.95 78H05K 5voK Samp TO-3 9.95 78H12K 12vortSamp TO-3 9.95 78P05K 5volt 10ampTO-3 14.95 i UA78S40 FAIRCHILO DIP 1.95

LINEAR

LM301

.34

NE570

3.95

LM301H

.79

NE571

2.95

LM307

.45

NE590

2.50

UVI308

.69

NE592

.98

LM308H

1.15

UW709

.59

LM309H

1.95

LM710

.75

LM309K

1.25

LM711

.79

LM310

1.75

LM723

.49

LM311

.64

LM723H

.55

LM311H

.89

LM733

.98

LM312H

1.75

LM741

.35

LM317K

3.95

LM741N-14 .35

LNI317T

1.19

LM741H

.40

LM318

1.49

UM747

.69

LM318H

1.59

LM748

.59

LNI319H

1.90

LM1014

1.19

LM319

1-25

LM1303

1.95

LNI320 soo7900

UVI1310

1.49

LM322

1.65

MC1330

1.69

LM323K

4.95

MC1349

1.89

LM324

.59

MC1350

1.19

UVI329

.65

MC1358

1.69

LM331

3.95

MC1372

6.95

LM334

1.19

UVJ1414

1.59

LM335

1.40

LM1458

.59

LM336

1.75

UYI1488

.69

UVI337T

1.95

LM1489

.69

LM337K

3.95

LM1496

.85

LM338K

3.95

LM1558H

3.10

LM339

.99

LM1800

2.37

UVI340 SOC7800

LM1812

8.25

LM348

.99

LM1830

3.50

UYI350K

4.95

LM1871

5.49

LM350T

4.60

UVI1872

5.49

LM358

.69

UVI1877

3.52

LM359

1.79

LM1889

1.95

LM376

3.75

LM1896

1.75

LM377

1.95

ULN2003

1.29

LM378

2.50

XR2206

3.75

UVI379

4.50

LNI2877

2.05

LM380

.89

LM2878

2-25

LM380N.

B 1.10

LM2900

.85

LM381

1.60

UVI2901

1.00

LM382

1.60

MPQ2907

1.95

LM383

1.95

LM2917

2.95

LM384

1.95

MC3487

2.95

LM386

.89

LM3900

.59

LM387

1.40

LM3905

1.25

LM389

1.35

LM3909

.98

IJVI390

1.95

LM3911

2.25

IM392

.69

LM3914

3.95

LM393

1.29

LM3915

3.95

LM394H

4.60

LM3916

3.95

UVI399H

5.00

MC4024

3.95

NE531

2.95

MC4044

4.50

NE555

.34

RC4136

1.25

NE556

.65

RC4151

3.95

NE558

1.50

LM4250

1.75

NE564

2.95

LM4500

3.25

UVI565

.99

RC4558

.69

LM566

1.49

LM13600

1.49

LM567

.89

UVI13700

1.45

H=TO-5 CAN, K=TO-3, T=TO-220

RCA

CA3023

2.75

CA3083

1.55

CA3039

1.29

CA3086

.80

CA3046

1.25

CA3089

2.99

CA3059

2.90

CA3096

3.49

CA3060

2.90

CA3130

1.30

CA3065

1.75

CA3140

1.15

CA3080

1.10

CA3146

1.85

CA3081

1.65

CA3160

1.19

CA3082

1.65

CA3183

.99

Tl

TL494

4.20

75365

1.96

TL496

1.65

75450

.59

TL497

3.25

75451

.39

75107

1.49

75452

.39

75108

1.49

75453

.39

75110

1.95

75454

.39

75150

1.95

75477

1.29

75154

1.95

75491

.79

75160

4.95

75492

.79

75188

12S

75493

.89

75189

1.25

75494

.89

Bl

FET

TL066

.99

LF347

2.19

TL071

.79

LF351

.60

TL072

1.00

LF353

1.00

TL074

2.19

LF355

1.10

TL081

.79

LF356

1.10

TL082

1.19

LF357

1.40

TL083

1.19

LF411

1.29

TL084

2.19

LF412

1.99

^Copyright 19B5 JDR Mlcrode

Inquiry 162

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 425

DB25S FEMALE SOLDER CUP 2.25

BARGAIN HUNTERS CORNER IM0DS^T 12VDC CAR CLOCK I'ASTECU™10821

DB25P MALE SOLDER CUP

$4.95

QUANTITIES LIMITED

• PRESET TO CHANNEL3

• USE TO BUILD TVCOMPUTER INTERFACE

• t5 VOLT OPERATION

$6.95

* EASY TO READ V*" FLUORESCENT DISPLAY

* DESIGNED FOR USE IN AUTOS

* HOURS/MIN. SET SWITCHES MOUNTED ON BOARD

SPECIAL ENDS 8/31/85

HARD TO FIND "SIMAPABLE" HEADERS

J Can easily be snapped apart to make any size header, all with .1" centers

1x40 STRAIGHT LEAD .99

1K40 RIGHT ANGLE 1.49

2x40 STRAIGHT LEAD 2.49

| 2x40 RIGHT ANGLE 2.99

SHORTING BLOCKS

SPACED AT .1" CENTERS IDEAL FOR DISK DRIVES OR ANY .1" HEADER

5/1.00 ,

DIP

SWITCH

ES

4 POSITION

.85

5 POSITION

.90

6 POSITION

.90

7 POSITION

.95

8 POSITION

.95

10 POSITION

1.29

VIDEO RF OUT

EDGECARD CONNECTORS

S-100 ST

S-100

3.95

S-100 WW

S-100

4.95

72 PIN ST

6.95

72 PIN WW

7.95

62 PIN ST

IBM PC

4.95

50 PIN ST

APPLE

4.95

44 PIN ST

2.95

44 PIN WW

4.95

36 PIN CENTRONICS

IDCEN36 RIBBON CABLE MALE IDCEN36/F RIBBON CABLE FEMALE . CEN36 SOLDER CUP MALE

8.95 8.95 7.95

DIP CONNECTORS

DESCRIPTION

ORDER BY

CONTACTS

8

14

16

18

20

22

24

28

40

HIGH RELIABILITY TOOLED ST IC SOCKETS

AUGATxxST

.99

.99

.99

1.69

1.89

1.89

1.99

2.49

2.99

HIGH RELIABILITY TOOLED WW IC SOCKETS

AUGATxxWW

1.30

1.80

2.10

2.40

2.50

2.90

3.15

3.70

5.40

COMPONENT CARRIES (DIP HEADERS)

ICCxx

.49

.59

.69

.99

.99

.99

.99

1.09

1.49

RIBBON CABLE DIP PLUGS (IDC)

IDPxx

.95

.95

1.75

2.95

FOR ORDERING INSTRUCTIONS SEE IDC CONNECTORS BELOW

D-SUBMINIATURE

DESCRIPTION

ORDER BY

CONTACTS

9

15

25

37

50

SOLDER CUP

MALE

DBxxP

1.19

1.59

1.90

2.85

4.25

FEMALE

DBxxS

1.50

1.85

2.25

3.90

5.25

RIGHT ANGLE PC SOLDER

MALE

DBxxPR

1.65

2.20

3.00

4.83

FEMALE

DBxxSR

2.18

3.03

3.00

6.19

WIRE WRAP

MALE

DBxxPww

1.69

2.56

3.89

5.60

FEMALE

DBxxSWW

2.76

4.27

6.84

9.95

IDC RIBBON CABLE

MALE

IDBxxP

2.95

3.96

4.75

6.95

FEMALE

IDBxxS

3.25

4.29

5.25

7.95

HOODS

BLACK

HOOD B

.99

GREY

HOODxx

.89

.99

.99

1.09

1.19

MOUNTING HARDWARE-$1.00

FOR ORDERING INSTRUCTIONS SEE IDC CONNECTORS BELOW

EMI FILTER

. MAJOR MANUFACTURER

• LOW COST

• FITS LC-HP BELOW

$4.95 LINE CORDS

LC-2 2 CONDUCTOR 6 ft .39

LC-3 3 CONDUCTOR 6 It .99 LC-HP 3 CONDUCTOR WITH STANDARD

FEMALE SOCKET 6 ft 1.49 LC-CIR CIGARETTE LIGHTER

PLUG WITH 6 FOOT CORD 2.95

MUFFIN FANS

4.68" SQUARE 14.95

3" SQUARE 14.95

RESISTORS

•A WATT 5% CARBON FILM ALL STANDARD VALUES FROM 1 OHM TO 10 MEG OHM

50 PIECES SAME VALUE .025 100 PIECES SAME VALUE 1000 PIECES SAME VALUE .015

BYPASS CAPS

.01 ill DISC 100/S6.00

.01 fjt MONOLITHIC 100, S12.00

.1 lA DISC 100/58.00

.1 iA MONOLITHIC 100/S15.00 t

DIODES

1N751

5.1 VOLT ZENER

.25

1N759

12 0 VOLT ZENER

.25

1N4148

(1N914ISWITCHING

25/1.00

1N4001

50PIV 1A

12/1.00

1N4004

400PIV RECTIFIER

10/1.00

1N5402

200PIV 3A

.25

KBP02

200PIV 1.5A BRIDGE

.45

KBP04

400PIV 1.5A BRIDGE

.55

MDA980-1

50PIV 12A BRIDGE

1.95

MDA980-2

100PIV 12A BRIDGE

2.25

MDA990 2

100PIV 27A BRIDGE

2.49

VM48

DIP BRIDGE

.35

TO-220 TO-220 TO-3 TO-220 TO 3

HEAT SINKS

SCREW ON CLIP ON SCREW ON INSULATOR INSULATOR

10/1.00 10/1.00

SWITCHES

SPDT MINI-TOGGLE ON-ON DPDT MINI-TOGGLE ON-ON DPDT MINI-TOGGLE ON-OFF-ON SPST MINI-PUSHBUTTON N.O. SPST MINI.PUSHBUTTON N.C. BCD OUT 10 POSITION 6 PIN DIP

1.25 1.50 1.75

CAPACITORS

TANTALUM

1.0/jI 6.8

15V

.40

-47/if

35V

.50

15V

.70

1.0

35V

.45

10

15V

.80

2.2

35V

.65

22

15V

1.35

4.7

35 V

.85

.22

35V

.40

10

35V 1.00

DISC

10pf

50V

.05

560

50V

.05

22

50V

.05

680

50V

.05

25

50V

.05

820

50V

.05

27

50V

.05

.001/jl

50V

.05

33

50V

.05

.0015

50V

.05

47

50V

.05

.0022

50V

.05

56

50V

.05

.005

50V

.05

68

50V

.05

.01

50V

.07

82

50V

.05

.02

50V

.07

100

50V

.05

.05

50V

.07

220

50V

.05

.1

12V

.10

MONOLITHIC

.01(if

50V

.14

■ 1nf

50V

.18

.047//I

50V

.15

.47/if

50V

.25

ELECTROLYTIC

RADIAL

AXIAL

m

25V

14

l«l

50V

.14

2.2

35V

15

4.7

16V

.14

4.7

50V

15

10

16V

.14

10

50V

15

10

50V

.16

47

35V

18

22

16V

.14

100

16V

18

47

50V

.20

220

35V

20

100

15V

.20

470

25V

30

100

35V

.25

2200

16V

60

220 330

25V 16V

.30 .40

COMPUTER

500

16V

.42

GRADE

1000 2200

16V 16V

.60 .70

44,000//f 30V 3.95

6000

16V

.85

LED DISPLAYS

HP5082-7760

CC

.43"

1.29

MAN-72

CA

.3"

.99

MAN-74

CC

.3"

.99

FND-357(359|

CC

.375'

1.25

FND 500(503)

CC

.5"

1.49

FND-5071510]

CA

.5"

1.49

TIL-311 4x7 HEX W/LOGIC .270'

9.95

DIFFUSED LEDS

1-99

100-up

JUMBO RED

TP/.

.10

.09

JUMBO GREEN

T1V.

.18

.15

JUMBO YELLOW

TP/4

.18

.15

MOUNTING HDW T1V.

.10

.09

MINI RED

T1

.10

.09

MINI GREEN

T1

.18

.15

MINI YELLOW

T1

.18

.15

RECT RED

2x5mm

.25

.22

RECT GREEN

2x5mm

.30

.27

RECT YELLOW

2x5mm

.30

.27

TEXTOOLZERO INSERTION FORCE SOCKETS AND RECEPTACLES

SCREWDRIVER CLAMP ECONO ZIF

LEVER CLAMP ZIF SOCKET

WW RECEPTACLES ZIF RECEPTACLE

TYPE

CONTACTS

14

16

24

28

40

ECONO ZIF

4.95

6.75

7.75

9.95

ZIF SOCKET

4.95

4.95

5.95

6.95

9.95

ZIF RECEPTACLE

8.25

8.75

9.?5

10.50

12.75

IDC CONNECTORS

DESCRIPTION

ORDER BY

CONTACTS

10

20

26

34

40

50

SOLDER HEADER

IDHxxS

.82

1.29

1.66

2.20

2.58

3.24

RIGHT ANGLE SOLDER HEADER

IDHxxSR

.85

1.35

1.76

2.31

2.7Z

3.39

WW HEADER

IDHxxW

1.86

2.98

3.84

4.50

5.28

6.63

RIGHT ANGLE WW HEADER

IDHxxWR

2.05

3.28

4.22

4.45

4.80

7.36

RIBBON HEADER SOCKET

IDSxx

.79

.99

1.39

1.59

1.99

2.55

RIBBON HEADER

IDMxx

5.50

6.25

?.0o

7.50

8.56

RIBBON EDGE CARD

IDExx

1.75

2.25

2.65

1H

3.80

3.95

ORDERING INSTUCTIONS: INSERT THE NUMBER OF CONTACTS IN THE POSITION MARKED "xx" OF THE . "ORDER BY" PART NUMBER LISTED. EXAMPLE: A 10 PIN RIGHT ANGLE HOLDER STYLE WOULD BE IDH10SR

RIBBON CABLE

CONTACTS

SINGLE COLOR

COLOR CODED

1'

10'

1'

10'

10

.18

1.60

.83

7.30

16

.28

2.50

1.00

8.80

20

.36

3.20

1.25

11.00

25

45

4.00

1.32

11.60

26

.46

4.10

1.32

11.60

34

.61

5.40

1.65

14.50

40

.72

6.40

1.92

16.80

50

.89

7.50

2.50

22.00

PRJDR Microdevices

■ ■ 1224 S. Bascom Avenue, San Jose, CA 95128 800-538-5000 • 800-662-6279 (CA) • (408) 995-5430 FAX (408) 275-8415 • Telex 171-110

RETAIL STORE - 1256 S. BASCOM AVENUE HOURS: M-W-F, 9-5 TU-TH, 9-9 SAT, 10-3

PLEASE USE YOUR CUSTOMER NUMBER WHEN ORDERING

TERMS: Minimum order S10.00. For shipping and handling include S2.50 for UPS Ground and S3.50 (or UPS Air. Orders over 1 lb. and foreign orders may require additional shipping charges - please contact our sales department for the amount. CA. residents must include 6°/o sales tax. Bay Area and LA residents include 6W0. All merchandise is warranted for 90 days unless otherwise staled. Prices are subjecl to change without notice. We are not responsible for typographical errors. We reserve the right to limit quantities and to substitute manufacturer. All merchandise subject to prior sale.

C Copyright 1985 JDR Mlcrodevicot

426 BYTE ■ AUGUST 1985

Inquiry I63

IBM PC PROTOTYPE CARD WITH DECODING LAYOUT $20.95

WIRE WRAP PROTOTYPE CARDS

FR-4 EPOXY GLASS LAMINATE WITH GOLD-PLATED EDGE-CARD FINGERS

BOTH CARDS HAVE SILK SCREENED LEGENDS AND INCLUDES MOUNTING BRACKET R1 WITH »5V AND GROUND PLANE . . . . S R2 AS ABOVE WITH DECODING LAYOUT S

BARE-NO FOIL PADS S15.15

HORIZONTAL BUS S21.80

VERTICAL BUS S21.80

SINGLE FOIL PADS PER HOLE S22.75

DISK DRIVES

TANDON

TM 100-1 5V (FOR IBMISS/DD S119.95 TNI 100-2 5V." (FOR IBM| DS/DD $99.95

MPI

MPI-B52 5V." (FOR IBM) OS/DD

TEAC

FD-55B '/j HEIGHT DS/DD FD-55F V, HEIGHT DS/OUAD

SHUGART

SA 400L 5'/." (40 TRACK) SS/DD SA 460 5V." I80 TRACK) DS/QUAD

8" DISK DRIVES

FD100-8 BY SIEMENS. SHUGART 801 EQUIV.

SS/DD $129.00 FD200-8 BY SIEMENS. SHUGART 861 EQUIV.

DS/DD $180.00

JFORMAT-2 $49.95

SUPPORT FOR QUAD DENSITY DRIVES FROM TALL TREE SYSTEMS

Cm)

$89.95

S89.95 $99.95

$199.95 S199.95

TEAC FD-55B

TANDON TM100-2

DISK DRIVE CABINETS

CABINET #1 $29.95

• Fits one full height SW'disk drive » Color matches Apple

CABINET #2 $79.00

« Fits one full height 5'/."disk drive

• Complete with power supply, switch, line cord, fuse and standard power connector

• Please specify Grey or Tan

CABINET #3 $89.95

• Fits two half height 5Wd.sk drives

• Complete with power supply, switch, line cord, fuse and standard power connectors

8" DISK DRIVE CABINETS ALSO AVAILABLE-PLEASE CALL

PLEASE INCLUDE SUFFICENT AMOUNT FOR SHIPPING ON ABOVE ITEMS

PLEA AMOUNT Ft

;e include ;

BARE - NO FOIL PADS

HORIZONTAL BUS

SINGLE FOIL PADS PER HOLE FOR APPLE lie AUX SLOT ...

P441

1

P441

3

P441

4

P442

1

P442

3

P442-4

P721

1

P721

3

P721

4

P722

1

P722

3

GENERAL PURPOSE

22144 PIN EDGE-CARD (. 156" SPACING) BARE - NO FOIL PADS 4.5" x 6.0"

VERTICAL BUS 4.5" X 6.0"

SINGLE FOIL PADS 4.5" x 6.0"

BARE - NO FOIL PADS 4.5" X 9.0"

VERTICAL BUS 4.5" X 9.0"

SINGLE FOIL PADS 4.5" x 9.0"

36/72 PIN EDGE-CARD (. I" SPACING) BARE - NO FOIL PADS 4.5" X 6.0" . .

VERTICAL BUS 4.5" x 6.0"

SINGLE FOIL PADS 4.5" x 6.0" BARE - NO FOIL PADS 4.5" x 9.0" . .

VERTICAL BUS 4.5" x 9.0"

SINGLE FOIL PADS 4.5" x 9.0" . . . .

SWITCHING POWER SUPPLIES

PS-IBM $99.95

• FOR IBM PC-XT COMPATIBLE

• 130 WATTS

• «5V (5115A. *12V (SI4.2A -5V@.5A.-12V@.5A

• ONE YEAR WARRANTY

PS-A $49.95

• USE TO POWER APPLE TYPE SYSTEMS

. *5V@4A, *12V@2.5A -5V@>.5A. -12V@.5A

• APPLE POWER CONNECTOR

$39.95

BARE GLASS BOARDS

NO EDGE-CARD FINGERS OR FOIL

EXTENDER CARDS

IBM 545.00 APPLE S45.00 MULTIBUS S86.00

WIRE WRAP WIRE

PRECUT AND STRIPPED

Note: 1 inch of insulation is stripped on ich end. A 3.5" wire has only 1.5" of insulation.

NGTH QUANTITY

NCHES)

100

500

1000

2.5

1.60

4.70

8.20

3

1.60

4.70

8.20

3.5

1.65

5.00

8.90

4

1.75

5.40

9.60

4.5

1.80

5.75

10.30

5

1.85

6.10

11.00

5.5

1.90

6.50

11.75

6

2.00

6.85

12.50

6.5

2.30

7.80

14.30

7

2.40

8.20

15.05

7.S

2.50

8.55

15.85

8

2.60

8.95

16.60

8.5

2.65

9.30

17.40

9

2.70

9.80

18.15

9.5

2.80

10.00

18.95

10

2.90

10.50

19.70

TRANSFORMERS FRAME STYLE

PLUG CASE STYLE

DC ADAPTER

6. 9. 12V DC SELECTABLE WITH L UNIVERAL ADAPTER 8.95

AS USED IN APPLE III >5V@4A. *12V@2.5A -5V @ .25A. -12V IS 30A.

• 15.5"x4.5"x2". .884 LBS.

PS-ASTEC $19.95

• CAN POWER TWO 5'/." FDDS

• *5V@2.5A, +12V@ 2A -12V @ ,1A

. »5V(5>5AIF H2V IS NOT USED

• 6.3" X 4.0" X 1.9"

MICROCOMPUTER HARDWARE HANDBOOK FROM ELCOMP $14.95

Over 800 pages of manufacturer's data sheets on the most commonly used IC's

. TTL - 74, 74LS 8. 74F

• CMOS

• Voltage regulators

■ Memory- RAM. ROM. EPROM

• CPU'S - 6800. 6500. Z80. 8080. 8085 & 8086/8

• MPU Support 8i Interface, 6800, 6500, Z80, 8200, etc.

PRECUT ASSORTMENT

IN ASSORTED COLORS S27.50

100ea: 5.5", 6", 6.5", 7" 250oa: 2.5", 4.5". 5" 500ea: .3", 3.5", 4"

SPOOLS

100 feet S4.30 250 feet S7.25 500leet S13.25 1000 feet S21.95 Please specify color: Blue, Black, Yellow or Red

GE NICKEL-CADMIUM

RECH ARGABLE BATTERIES

NI-CAD CHARGER PACKAGE

I PRICE INCLUDES CHARGER (WALL PLUG), BATTERIES.«. MODULAR BATTERY HOLDER

BATTERIES ONLY

I AAA CELLS PKG. 2 S6.07 pr.

ORDER TOLL FREE

800-538-5000 800-662-6278

CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS)

20 MHz DUAL TRACE OSCILLOSCOPE

UNSURPASSED QUALITY AT AN UNBEATABLE PRICE

• BAND WIDTH- DC: DC TO 20MHz |-3db|

AC: 1 OHz TO 20M Hz (-3ill))

■ SWEEP TIME- .2 /.SEC TO .5 SEC/DIV ON 20 RANGES

. VERT./HORZ. DEFLECTION: 5mV TO 20V/DIV ON 20 RANGES

• COMPLETE MANUAL AND HIGH QUALITY

HOOK-ON PROBES INCLUDED ^OOOQC > INPUT IMPEDANCE: 1 MEG OHM

. TV VIDEO SYNC FILTER ......

• X, Y AND Z AXIS OPERATION WITH PROBES . 110/220 VOLT 50/60HI OPERATION

• COMPONENT TESTER ...... „ „

■ LP CONSUMPTION —19 WATTS FULL ONE YEAR

• BUILT IN CAUBRATOR WARRANTY

• AUTOMATIC OR TRIGGERED TIMEBASE

OK INDUSTRIES

EX-1 IC EXTRACTION TOOL

. ONE PIECE METAL CONSTRUCTION

• EASILY EXTRACTS 8-24 PIN DEVICES

• LOW COST S2.19

EX-2 IC EXTRACTION TOOL

■ EXTRACTS 24-40 PIN DEVICES

• HEAVY DUTY METAL CONSTRUCTION

• GROUND LUGS FOR MOS EXTRACTIONS . EASY ONE HAND OPERATION S12.74

IC INSERTION TOOLS

INS-1416 for 14-16 pin IC's S5.15

MOS-1416 for 14-16 pin IC's S10.92

MOS.2428 for 24-28 pin IC's SI0.92

MOS-40 for 40 pin IC'S S12.43

MOS series insertion tools have metal constuction and include grounding lug lor CMOS applications.

BW-630 WIRE WRAP GUN

• BATTERY POWERED USES 2 NI-CAD C CELLSINOT INCLUDED)

. POSITIVE INDEXING

. ANTI-OVERWRAP DEVICE $41.55

WSU-30 WIRE WRAP TOOLS

• WRAPS, STRIPS, AND UNWRAPS

• WSU-30M WRAPS AN EXTRA TURN OF INSULATION

WSU-30 $8.84/WSU-30M $10.14 WIRE WRAP TERMINALS

WWT-1 SLOTTED 25/57.06

WWT-2 SINGLE SIDED 25/S4.25

WWT-3 IC SOCKET 25/S7.06

WWT-4 DOUBLE SIDED 25/2.80

INS 1 INSERTION TOOL S3.64

WIRE DISPENSER

• WITH 50' ROLL OF WIRE

• BUILT IN PLUNGER CUTS WIRE . BUILT IN STRIPPER STRIPES 1"

• REFILLABLE

WD-30 $6.50 WD-30TRI $9.50

Specify Blue, white. With 50' of each: Yellow or Red Red, Blue and White

SOCKET-WRAP I.D.™

• SUPS OVER WIRE WRAP PINS

. IDENTIFIES PIN NUMBERS ON WRAP SIDE OF BOARD

• CAN WRITE ON PLASTIC; SUCH AS IC *

INS-1416 INS-2428

INS

PARTI)

PCK. OF

PRICE

8

IDWRAP 08

10

1.95

14

IDWRAP 14

10

1.95

16

IDWRAP 16

10

1.95

18

IDWRAP 18

5

1.95

20

IDWRAP 20

5

1.95

22

IDWRAP 22

5

1.95

24

IDWRAP 24

5

1.95

28

IDWRAP 28

5

1.95

40

IDWRAP 40

5

1.95

PLEASE ORDER BY NUMBER OF

MULTIMETER PEN

AUTO RANGING, POLARITY & DECIMAL!

• LARGE 3V> DIGIT DISPLAY

• DATA HOLD SWITCH FREEZES READING . FAST, AUDIBLE CONTINUITY TEST

. LOW BATTERY INDICATOR nsilV ■ OVERLOAD PROTECTION vl l\l U T

. ONLY W x 6'/." X W

• DC VOLTS .1mV-500V $49 95

• AC VOLTS 1mV-500V

• .1 OHM-20MEG OHMS

• WEIGHS ONLY 2.3 OUNCES

. LOW PARTS COUNT-CUSTOM 80 PIN LSI INSURES RELIABILITY ' INCLUDES MANUAL. BATTERIES, SOFT CASE. 2 PROBE TIPS, AND ALLIGATOR CLIP

hi 1985 JDR Mlcrodevlces

Inquiry 163

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 427

TEAC FD-55B DS/DD HALF HEIGHT FOR IBM PC $89.95

EPROM PROGRAMMER

FOR APPLE COMPUTERS

--33*31 RP525 $79.95

. DUPLICATE OR BURN ANY STANDARD

27xx SERIES EPROM • EASY TO USE MENU-DRIVEN SOFTWARE

INCLUDED

MENU SELECTION FOR 2716, 2732, 2732A,

2764 & 27128 . HIGH SPEED WRITE ALGORITHM . LED INDICATORS FOR ACTIVITY i NO EXTERNAL POWER SUPPLY REQUIRED

DISK DRIVES

FOR APPLE COMPUTERS

BAL-525 $119.95

* Vi HEIGHT-ALPS MECHANISM

* 100% APPLE COMPATIBLE

* FULL 1 YEAR WARRANTY

BAL-500 $139.95

* TEAC MECHANISM- DIRECT DRIVE

* 100% APPLE COMPATIBLE

* FULL 1 YEAR WARRANTY

Bn^m! SSSSK

JDR AM 35 $129.95

* FULL HT. SHUGART MECHANISM

* DIRECT REPLACEMENT FOR APPLE DISK II

* SIX MONTH WARRANTY

DISK DRIVE ACCESSORIES

DISK CONTROLLER CARD APPLE lie ADAPTOR CABLE

$49.95 $19.95

NEW FOR APPLE lie

MITAG AD-3C $139.95

100% APPLE lie COMPATIBLE, READY TO PLUG IN W/ SHIELDED CABLE & MOLDED 19 PIN CONNECTOR FAST, RELIABLE SLIMLINE DIRECT DRIVE * SIX MONTH WARRANTY

MM 00 MULTIFUNCTION CARD

FOR IBM PC/XT

DISKETTE FILE

ALL THE FEATURES OF AST'S 6-PACK+ AT HALF THE PRICE!

* 0-384K RAM

* SERIAL PORT

* PARALLEL PORT

* GAME PORT SOFTWARE INCLUDED

ONE YEAR WARRANTY

$129.95

TAXAN MODEL 415

RGB VISION III MONITOR

ORIGINALLY MADE FOR ACORN COMPUTER

* 18 Mhz BANDWIDTH

* 640 x 262 PIXEL RESOLUTION

* 16 COLORS WITH INTENSITY CONTROL

* 12 INCH BLACK MATRIX

* IBM AND LOTUS COMPATIBLE

OHLY

$299.95

RGB MONITOR CABLE FOR IBM $15.95 COLOR DISPLAY ADAPTOR $129.95 • SAME AS IBM COLOR CARD SUPPORTS COMPOSITE OR RGB MONITOR

MODEM

FOR APPLE OR IBM

1; y' \

INCLUDES ASCII PRO-EZ MENU DRIVEN SOFTWARE (AT LEAST A $100.00 VALUE IN ITSELF!|

* FCC APPROVED

* BELL SYSTEM 103 COMPATIBLE

* 300 BUAD

* AUTO-DIAL/AUTO-ANSWER

* DIRECT CONNECT

* INCLUDES AC ADAPTOR

OHLY $69.95

PLEASE SPECIFY APPLE OR IBM WHEN ORDERING

16K RAM CARD $39.95 FOR APPLE 11+

* 2 YEAR WARRANTY

* EXPAND YOUR 48K APPLE TO 64K

* USE IN PLACE OF APPLE LANGUAGE CARD

, BARE PC CARD AND INSTRUCTIONS S9.95

$8.95

IF PURCHASED WITH 50 DISKETTES OR MORE

$9.95 IF PURCHASED ALONE HOLDS 70 5W DISKETTES, WITH ROOM TO SPARE

NASHUA DISKETTES

5W BULK PACKAGED DS/DD WITH HUB RINGS

$.89ea. $.95ea. $.99ea.

QTY 250

OTY 100

VER8ATIM DATALIFE DISKETTES

SS/DD SOFT SECTOR $29.95 SS/DD 10 SECTOR HARD $29.95 DS/DD SOFT SECTOR $34.95

MONITOR STAND

MODEL DS-12

TILTS AND SWIVELS TO PROVIDE OPTIMUM VIEWING ANGLE, REDUCES OPERATOR FATIGUE

IDM COMPATIBLE POWER SUPPLIES

SI

130 WATT

$99.95

XT COMPATIBLE

» +5V @> 15A. +12 @4.2A

-5 (ffi .5A, -12 @> .5A « UPGRADE YOUR PC, POWERS HARD DISK

* POWER CABLES FOR 4 FDDs

* ONE YEAR WARRANTY

* SWITCH ON SIDE (FITS IBM CASE)

100 WATT

$89.95

* SWITCH ON REAR

* FOR USE IN OTHER IBM TYPE MACHINES

* AVAILABLE IN 1O0W OR 130W VERSIONS

* 90 DAY WARRANTY

130 WATT MODEL

$99.95

JDR Microdevices

■ ■ 1224 S. Bascom Avenue, San Jose, CA 95128 800-538-5000 • 800-662-6279 (CA) • (408) 995-5430 FAX (408) 275-8415 • Telex 171-110

RETAIL STORE - 1256 S. BASCOM AVENUE HOURS: M-W-F, 9-5 TU-TH, 9-9 SAT, 10-3

PLEASE USE YOUR CUSTOMER NUMBER WHEN ORDERING

TERMS: Minimum order $10.00. For shipping and handling include $2.50 for UPS Ground and $3.50 lor UPS Air. Orders over 1 lb. and foreign orders may require additional shipping charges - please contact our sales department for the amount. CA. residents must include 6% sales tax. Bay Area and LA residents include 6Vi%. All merchandise is warranted for 90 days unless otherwise stated. Prices are subjeel to change without notice. We are not responsible for typographical errors. We reserve the right to limit quantities and to substitute manufacturer. All merchandise subject to prior sale.

* Microdevices

428 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 164

UNCLASSIFIED ADS

WANTED: Operation California, an international organization active in African famine relief, needs donation of full system for supply acquisition, monitoring use of donations, and donor lists. Operation California Inc., 7615^ Melrose Ave., Los Angeles. CA 90046. 1213) 658-8876.

WANTED: Nonprofit organization for cultural support to foreign-born adopted children and moral support to parents seeks donation of computer equipment and peripherals for national office. Parents and Friends of the Nest, POB 235, West Nyack, NY 10994. (914) 358-6452.

NEEDED: Tax-deductible computers, peripherals, and public-domain software sought by nonprofit university sponsoring a volunteer group of graduating MBAs to help improve managerial skills and economic conditions in developing nations. Ron Robbins. 806 North Fourth St., Fairfield. IA 525 56. (515) 472-9464

WANTED: Nonprofit training program for developmentally disabled adults seeks tax-deductible donation of IBM PC with printer for educational and administrative purposes. Will pay shipping, lohn Schiermeister. Tri-City Care Inc.. 15 1st St. SE. POB 423. Stanley. ND 58784, (701) 628-2990.

NEEDED: Missionary, responsible for introduction of computer system in Christian publishing organization, needs books, magazines, or information about UNIX. C. office automation, computer-assisted translation, and typesetting. Ingo Haake, POB 1688. 90000 Porto Alegre RS, Brazil.

WANTED: Nonprofit charitable organization that uses TRS-80 equipment in every aspect seeks contributions of additional equipment. Robert Epstein. Cambridge Center for Behavioral Studies. 11 Ware St.. Cambridge, MA 02138, (617) 495-9020 (collect).

WANTED: Housebound child with juvenile arthritis seeks computer, lohanna Avella. 112 Denton Ave.. Lynbrook. NY 11563, (516) 599-7425.

WANTED: Student in research and experimentation in computer science seeks correspondence about Macintosh or Apple lie. Henry E. lara Melgarejo, Las Liias 0483. Pob. Imperial, Temuco Ixa. Region, Chile.

WANTED: Low-income older student needs Atari 800 or 800XL with disk drive and color monitor. Can pay up to S300. Conciere Taylor. Apt. 6B. 67-08 Parsons Blvd. Flushing. NY 11365.

WANTED: Graduate student seeks correspondence in microcomputer field to discuss hardware/software trends with reference to engineering/scientific applications. Also need help in obtaining magazines and public-domain software. Can provide some remuneration, Malcolm Silberman. 15 Villa Savoy, Savoy Estates. 2090. lohannesburg. South Africa.

WANTED: Public-domain dictionary (i.e., word list) good for use in word games. Also, public-domain information or software for playing crossword games from PC to PC. Will pay expense or send disk. Steven Alexander, Apt. 300, 905 Union St.. Brooklyn. NY 11215.

WANTED: BYTE. December 1984 Richard Boehmer. 134 Beechwood Rd„ Braintree, MA 02184.

WANTED: Tractor-feed adapter and cut-sheet feeder for Comrex CR-I ComRiter wide-carriage daisy-wheel printer. Bob Hall, 24621 Highway 29, Middletown. CA 95461.

FOR SALE: Franklin Ace 1200. 64K RAM. two drives. Z80 CPU with added 64K RAM. 80-column card, serial and parallel ports. Amdek Color 1 monitor. Kraft joystick, speech synthesizer, magazines, manuals, and more. Excellent condition. I will pay shipping: S2400 or best offer. Brian Gimelson. The Peddie School. Hightstown. NJ 08520.

FOR SALE: Two Siemens FDD 100-8 8-inch SS/DD floppy-disk drives. Includes power supply and enclosure. System has 9 months light usage. S200. Darrow Kirkpatrick, POB 1049. Carpinteria. CA 93013. (805) 684-8307. days.

FOR SALE: HP 41CV calculator (needs repair). 82104A card reader, XFUNCTIONS/XMEM module, XMEM module. Circuit Analysis Pac ROM, 82059B recharger. 120 magnetic cards. High level Math solutions book, keyboard-overlay kit: everything as is: SI 50. Dwight W. Hughes. 413 East St. Andrew Ave. Forrest City. AR 72335, (501) 633-8415.

FOR SALE: Tektronix 4052A graphics computer sys

tem, 64 K, communications backpack (Option 1), tapes, and manuals. Excellent condition. Well below S5950 list price. David F. Rogers. 817 Holly Drive E, Route 10. Annapolis. MD 21401. (301) 757-5724.

FOR SALE: Three Okidata 82/92 tractors unused: S20 each. NEC modems. 2400/4800 bps, good condition. Hector Saviotti, 29 Cheryl lane Dr., Waterbury, CT 06705, (203) 753-1058, evenings or weekends.

FOR SALE: Memory upgrade board that brings 8K PET 2001 to 64K: S35. Also. Texas Instruments Silent 700 RIO thermal printer (friction feed, RS-2 32C. 80-column): originally S895, asking S300 or best offer. Call F.G, Volpicelli. (914) 738-1071,

NEEDED: An Insight Enterprises EQ-4 single-board computer user to solve a problem. Can pay for the help. Write to Pablo Gaggino, Arturo Bas 146, Cordoba 5000, Argentina.

FOR SALE: Tektronix dual floppy-disk unit Model 4922 with two 8-inch Memorex SS/SD drives, controller cards, and power supply in one cabinet. All manuals. Best offer or trade. lohn Strupat, 77 Elmwood Ave., London, Ontario N6C 1)4, Canada.

WANTED: Teacher needs nonworking Commodore printers and disk drives (1520, 1525, 1526, and 1540-1541). If donated, will pay shipping. If selling, please state lowest price. Send SASE for reply. Carl Bogardus. Chaparral Elementary School. 1220 Birch Dr., Las Cruces. NM 88001.

TRADE: TI-99/4A software written by me for your Tl user-written software. Also homebrew attachments for Tl. designs, ideas for software projects, etc. Craig Lewis. 2940 Callendar Rd., Rome. OH 44085.

NEEDED: Incarcerated computer science students studying toward AA degree seek typewriters and anything that may aid in rehabilitation. Robert W. Mallette 111 and Gerald D. Fuller, Maryland Penitentiary. 954 Forrest St., Baltimore, MD 21202.

FOR SALE: Xerox 820: SI25. TVT-III: S75. 18-slot Godbout motherboard: S30. Thinker Toys ATE tape: S5. Wamco CPU-I (8080): S50. Wamco EPM-1 ROM board (no ROM1: S2 5. Five Wamco MEM-1 RAM boards (no RAMs): S2 5 each. More assorted equipment available. Warren E. Greenberg. 14 5 Cottage Rd.. West Roxbury, MA 02132.

FOR SALE: Sharp PC-I500A pocket computer with 8K RAM. Commodore VIC-20 with 16K RAM plus Datasette. Must sell: mint condition: best offer. Peter Sutter. 4125 North Monticello. Chicago. IL 60618.

FOR SALE: Back issues of BYTE: July. August, and December 1978: February through December 1979: and lanuary through March, and lune 1980. S4 an issue. Vlad Kievsky. 5904-9 Stevens Forest Rd.. Columbia. MD 21045.

FOR SALE: Digital Letterprinter Model 100-PC, highspeed, heavy-duty dot-matrix printer with tractor feed: 6 months old and hardly used: original crating, instructions, etc.: $750. Michael Bach, 2115 Frederick Ave.. Kalamazoo. Ml 49008, (616) 385-7074, days, or 344-8289. evenings

WANTED: Sets of the magazines Tl 99er, Home Computer, and Personal Computer. Will trade or sell early issues of Kilobaud and Interface. Merle Vogt, POB 14 5. Von Ormy. TX 78073.

FOR SALE: NEC APC-H12 color-graphics board with 128K RAM expansion memory for the NEC APC H03 color computer. New. unused, and in original box. S575 including UPS in the continental U.S. Howard D. Roney. 4840 Andrea Dr NW. Salem. OR 97304. (503) 378-1826. after 6 p.m.

UNCLASSIFIED ADS MUST be noncommercial, from readers who have computer equipment to buy, sell, or trade on a onetime basis. All requests for donated computer equipment must be from nonprofit organizations. Programs to be exchanged must be written by the individual or be in the public domain. Ads must be typed double-spaced, contain 50 words or less, and include full name and address. This is a free service; ads are printed as space permits BYTE reserves the right to reject any unclassified ad that does not meet these criteria. When you submit your ad (BYTE, Unclassified Ads. POB 372, Hancock. NH 03449), allow at least four months for it to appear.

FOR SALE: BYTE. May 1977 through October 1983 and a few issues before May 1977. Buyer pays shipping. Dave Lamb. 3 501 Kingston Circle. Ft. Collins. CO 80525. (3031 223-7131.

FOR SALE: TI-99/4A. disk controller and drive, peripheral expansion box. extended memory card, and more. Never used. Paid S750: asking S500 or best offer. Bruce Ransom. 13278 Paramount Dr., Saratoga. CA 95070, (408) 741-1492. evenings.

FOR SALE: Micromint MPX-16 single-board computer system, MPX-17 IBM keyboard interface, and more. S900. Lee W. Sorensen. 6555 Lawndale Lane. Maple Grove. MN 55369, (612) 420-2425.

FOR SALE: ICs including eight 4116s, 68000. two 4802s, TTL and CMOS. Also over 500 miscellaneous components including transistors, ceramic resistors, metal film and carbon resistors, diodes, and capacitors. Most new, all marked. $1000 value: asking S300 firm. T. Atiyeh. 6 Munnisunk Dr.. Simsbury. CT 06070. (203) 651-0819.

FOR SALE: DEC Rainbow 100 unit with keyboard, black-and-white monitor, owner's manual, new: S1200, lames Guilford, POB 15060, Cleveland. OH 44115. (216) 961-0462.

FOR SALE: TI-99/4A computer with expansion box. 32K card. RS-232C. disk drive, speech synthesizer, and more: $1000 plus shipping. Bill Stefek, 36 Sedgwick, Oswego, IL 60543, (312) 554-8256.

WANTED: PC Magazine, volume 1, numbers 1. 2. and 6. W, A. Winshall. 3 Ferndale Rd.. Weston. MA 02193. (617) 235-5360.

FOR SALE: Breadboard interface for TRS-80 Model l/lll: plugs into expansion slot and has on-board logic probe, 8-trace scope multiplexer, cables, and manuals: $2 50. Also, HUH TRS-80 to S-100 bus adapter: $3 5. U.S. postal money order only. I will pay shipping. Steve Griffith. POB B39708, Butte Ave., Florence, AZ 85232.

WANTED: Users of Timex Sinclair 1000 for correspondence and practical information sharing. Wish to form club. A.M. Bailey, c/o POB 161815. Sacramento. CA 95816-1815.

FOR SALE: North Star Horizon S-100 bus mainframe (12 slots) with Z80. two serial and two parallel ports. MSSC DMB6400 64K DRAM, SDS Versafloppy-ll disk controller, cabinet and power supply with two Seimens FDD 100-8 8-inch floppy drives, Heathkit H-19 terminal, and Epson MX-80 printer: S2 500. Send SASE. Richard Palmer, 72 Alda Dr„ Poughkeepsie, NY 12603,

WANTED: Software driver (8080 codel for Heuristics SpeechLab Model 20S (S-100 model). The manufacturer's out of business, and the board's ROM is not working. Will pay postage, cost of disk or photocopying, etc. Bud Stolker. 101 South Whiting St. #1506. Alexandria, VA 22304, (703) 370-2242.

FOR SALE: LA34 DECwriter IV printer/terminal, mounted on matching stand (on casters) with output/input trays, complete with optional tractor, manual, cable, and ribbons, perfect condition: $450, Paul Morgenstern, 59 Vernon St., Waltham. MA 02154. (617) 894-9120.

FOR SALE: DEC Rainbow I00A with 2 56K. two 400K drives, monitor, keyboard, one communication port, one parallel port, all cables, and manuals. Asking S2350 or best offer, lirayu TVeraprasert, 385 North Rockvale #8, Azusa, CA 91702, (818) 334-1185.

WANTED: Atari 800XL owner would like to correspond with other Atari users to explore its capabilities and potential by exchanging information, ideas, advice, and public-domain or user-written programs. Ferit Saracoglue, MD, Gazi Mustafa Kemal Bulvari, No: 120/19, Maltepe, Ankara, Uirkey.

FOR SALE: Two 1MSA1 VDP 80s with 64K RAM, two 8-inch disk drives. Excellent condition. Best offer. A. M. Agapos, POB 3 52, Dauphin Island. AL 36528, (205) 460-7171 or 861-7326.

FOR SALE: Complete set of BYTE, first issue through present. Excellent condition. Best offer. Marlene ladavaia, Suite 410, 5725 Paradise Dr„ Corte Madera, CA 94925: (415) 924-0840.

FOR SALE: Sage II computer with Qume QVT-211 GX amber graphics terminal, 500K 150-ns RAM. two low-profile 640K floppies. RS-232C port. IEE-488 port, Centronics parallel port, modem port, all manuals, and more. Originally S5700: asking S4 500. Wayne Britton, 3800 McKinley. Piano, TX 75023. ■

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 429

BOMB

BYTE's Ongoing Monitor Box

ARTICLE* PAGE ARTICLE AUTHOR(S}

1 9 Microbytes staff

2 39 What's New staff

3 49 Book Reviews Bharath. Sklar

Welch. Kirwan

4 70 Ask BYTE Ciarcia

5 83 The Amiga Personal Computer. . . Williams,

Edwards, Robinson

6 104 Ciarcias Circuit Cellar: Build the

BASIC-52 Computer/Controller Ciarcia

7 120 The DSI-32 Coprocessor Board.

Part I: The Hardware Marshall.

Scolaro. Rand. King. Williams

8 138 Programming Project:

Context-Free Parsing

of Arithmetic Expressions Amsterdam

9 151 Prolog Goes to Work Cuadrado.

Cuadrado

ARTICLE* PAGE ARTICLE AUTHOR(S)

10 161 Logic Programming Kowalski

11 181 Declarative Languages:

An Overview Eisenbach,

Sadler

12 201 Program Transformation Darlington

13 219 Functional Programming Using FP . . Harrison,

Khoshnevisan

14 23 5 A Hope Tutorial Bailey

15 266 The Tandy 1000 Malloy

16 275 IBM Pascal 2.00 Finan

17 293 Computing at Chaos Manor:

The West Coast Computer Faire. . . Pournelle

18 331 BYTE |apan: COMDEX in ]apan. .. Raike

19 341 BYTE U.K.: Declarative Update.... Pountain

20 355 According to Webster:

Greetings and Agitations Webster

21 369 BYTE West Coast:

New Microprocessor Chips Robinson

22 378 BYTELINES Libes

BOMB Results

PERFECT PRODUCT PREDOMINATES

in the May BYTE lerry Pournelle took Computing at Chaos Manor "In Search of the Perfect Product." The readers gave it the blue ribbon. In second place is Gregg Williams's product description of "The AT&T UNIX PC." The continuation of Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar project on how to "Build the Home Run Control System, Part 2: The Hardware" came in third. In fourth place is "Multiprocessing: An Overview" written by Rich

Krajewski. And winner of the S100 prize is Alan Finger, author of the fifth-placed review of the "IBM PC AT." Next in line is Computers and Law coauthored by Robert G. Sterne and Perry Saidman. Their study of "The Sale of Computer Products" placed sixth. Ask BYTE, conducted by Steve Ciarcia, won seventh place. In eighth place, and the winner of the S50 bonus, is lerry Grady's review of "The Compaq Deskpro."

BYTE ADVERTISING SALES STAFF:

J. Peter Huestis, Advertising Sales Manager, 70 Main Street, Peterborough, NH 03458, tel. (603) 924-9281

NEW ENGLAND

ME. NH. VT. MA. Rl.

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EAST

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NC. SC. GA. FL. AL TN Maggie M Dorvee 14041 252-0626 McGraw-Hill Publications 4 170 Ashford-Dunwoody RoadSuite 420

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McGraw-Hill Publications

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International Advertising Sales Representatives:

Mr Hans Csokor Publlmedia Reisnerstrasse 61 A-1037 Vienna. Austria 222 75 76 84

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Mrs Maria Sarmiento Pedro Teixeira 8, Olf 320 Iberia Mart 1 Madrid 4 Spain I 45 52 891

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Andrew Karnig & Associates

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McGraw-Hill Publishing Co

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SOUTHERN CA. AZ. NM. LAS VEGAS lack Anderson I7I4I 557-6292 McGraw-Hill Publications 3001 Red Hill Ave Building 11 -Suite 222 Costa Mesa. CA 92626

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NORTH PACIFIC

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NV (except LAS VEGAS). W CANADA

David lern 14 I 51 362-4600

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Bill McAfee (4 151 964-0624 McGraw-Hill Publications 1000 Elwell Court-Suite 225 Palo Alto. CA 94303

Mr. Arthur Scheffer McGraw-Hiil Publishing Co. 34 Dover Sr. London WiX 3RA England 01 493 1451

Mr Savio Pesavento McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Via Fiavio Baracchini 1 20123 Milan. Italy 02 86 90 617

Seavex Ltd.

400 Orchard Road. #10-01 Singapore 0923 Republic of Singapore Tel: 734-9790 Telex. RS35539 SEAVEX

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UT, CO. WY. OK. TX. AR MS. LA Dennis Riley (2141 458-2400 McGraw-Hill Publications Prestonwood Tower-Suite 907 5151 Beltline Dallas TX 75240

WEST COAST SURPLUS AND RETAIL ACCOUNTS

Tom Harvey 18051 964-8577 3463 State Street-Suite 256 Santa Barbara. CA 93105

The Buyer's Mart

Karen Burgess (6031 924-9281 BYTE Publications 70 Main Street Peterborough. NH 03458

Post Card Mailings National

Bradley Browne 16031 924-6166 BYTE Publications 70 Main Street Peterborough NH 03458

Seavex Ltd.

503 Wilson House

19-27 Wyndham St.

Central. Hong Kong

Tel: 5-260149

Telex: 60904 SEVEX HX

Hiro Morita

McGraw-Hill Publishing Co Overseas Corp. Room 1528 Kasumigaseki Bldg. 3-2-5 Kasumigaseki. Chiyoda-Ku Tokyo 100. lapan 3 581 9811

430 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

i

READER SERVICE

Inquiry No.

Page No.

349 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 360 361 13 14

17 18 19 20 21

22 23 24

25 26 27 28

30

31 33 34

35 36 37 38 39

40 41 42 43

45

52 46 47

49 50 368 53 54

56 57 58

60 61 62

63 64 65 67

1ST PLACE SYSTEMS 400

4-5-6 WORLD 423

A.ST RESEARCH 19

AST RESEARCH 19

AB COMPUTERS 284

AB COMPUTERS 285

ABC DATA PRODUCTS 404

ADDMASTER CORP. 423

ADTEK 200

ADVANCED COMP PROD .416. 417

ALDEC 280

ALDEC 280

ALF PRODUCTS. INC 58

ALLIED MICRO DEVICES 421

AMBER SYSTEMS 28. 29

AMERICAN MICRO SYSTEMS . . 423

AMERICAN RESEARCH 205

AMERICAN RESEARCH 205

AMERICAN SEMICONDUCTOR . 394

AMPRO COMPUTERS INC 166

APPARAT INC 392

APPLE COMPUTER INC CM. I

APROTEK 155

APROTEK 423

ARK ELECTRONICS PRODUCTS.241

ASHTONTATE 379

AT&T COMMUNICATIONS . 176. 177 AT&T INFORMATION SYS.. 288. 289

AT&T INFORMATION SYS 351

ATKINS ASSOCIATES 305

AUTOMATION FACILITIES CORP.. 26 AUTOMATION FACILITIES CORP.. 26

AVOCET 99

AWESOME TECHNOLOGY, INC. 394

B&B ELECTRONICS 392

B&C MICROSYSTEMS 402

BASF SYSTEMS 157

BAY TECHNICAL ASSOC 23

BDS CORPORATION 249

BEST WESTERN INTL 303

BINARY TECHNOLOGY 404

BITTNER ELECTRONICS 392

BLAISE COMPUTING INC 326

BORLAND INTL 41

BORLAND INT L 41

BORLAND INT L 43

BORLAND INT L 43

BORLAND INTL 45

BORLAND INT L 45

BUEHLER SERVICES 421

BUSINESS TOOLS INC 377

BYTE BACK ISSUES 388

BYTE MARKETING 361

BYTE SUBSCRIBER SERVICE ... 136

BYTEK COMP. SYS CORP. 127

C WARE/DESMET C 144

CD.A INT L SOFTWARE 398

CI COMPUTERS 320

C.I. COMPUTERS 320

CALIE DIGITAL 414. 415

CALIF. SCIENTIFIC SFTW. 404

CAPITAL EOUIPMENT CORP. . . 114

CAPITAL MICRO 171

CHORUS DATA SYSTEMS 306

CIVIL COMPUTING CORP. 402

CODEX CORPORATION 251

COEFFICIENT SYS. CORP 159

COGITATE 402

COGITATE 423

COMMODORE BUSN MACHINES 137 COMMUNICATIONS ELECTR.4I0, 411 COMP. COMPNTS. UNLTD..412. 413

COMPETITIVE EDGE 238

COMPUMAIL 422

COMPUSAVE 391

COMPUSERVE 227

COMPUTER AFFAIRS INC 358

COMPUTER CONNECTION INC. 395 COMPUTER CONTINUUM 398

Inquiry No.

Page No.

68 COMPUTER FRIENDS 190

69 COMPUTER HUT OF N.E. ... 375

70 COMPUTER INNOVATIONS 308

71 COMPUTER INNOVATIONS ... 296

72 COMPUTER MAIL ORDER 316. 317

73 COMPUTER MART 340

74 COMPUTER MEDIA MARKETING394

75 COMPUTER PARTS MART 421

77 COMPUTER WAREHOUSE 319

78 COMPUTER WAREHOUSE 319

79 COMPUTERBANC 66

80 COMPUTRADE 244

81 CONCORD TECHNOLOGY INC 421

82 CONROY-LAPOINTE 146,147

83 CONROY-LAPOINTE 146,147

84 CONROY-LAPOINTE 146.147

85 COSMOS 298

• CRESCENT COM. INC 392

86 CUESTA SYSTEMS 286

87 CUSTOM COMP. TECH 388

88 CUSTOM COMP. TECH 389

355 CYMA CORPORATION 345

356 CYMA CORPORATION 345

89 DAC SOFTWARE INC 25

383 DATA SPEC 216

384 DATA SPEC 216

385 DATA SPEC 244

386 DATA SPEC 244

92 DATA TRANSLATION INC 52

93 DATABROKERS 394

94 DATASOUTH COMP. CORP ... 247

95 DAYNA COMM 46, 47

96 DELUXE COMP FORMS 230

97 DIGI DATA CORP. 307

98 DIGITAL RESEARCH COMPUTERS214

99 DIGITALK 354

348 DISK MERCHANT 50

101 DISKETTE CONNECTION 253

103 DISKWORLDI. INC 387

363 DISKWORLDI. INC 396

104 DISKWORLDI. INC 406

105 DISPLAY TELECOMMNTNS 408. 409

374 DITRON CORP. 404

373 DIVERSIFIED COMPUTER SYS. . 400

106 DOKAY COMP PROD INC 403

107 DOW IONES NEWS RETRIEVAL . 67

108 EASTMAN KODAK CO. 135

109 ECOSOFT 158

110 ELECTRONIC PROTECTION DEV 304

111 ELEXOR INC 402

• ELLIS COMPUTING INC 76

• EPSON AMERICA 78. 79

113 EVEREX SYSTEMS 48

114 EXPRESS BUSINESS SOFTWARE. 117

115 EXPRESS COMPUTER INC. . . . 224

116 EXPRESS SYSTEMS INC 12. 13

117 EXSEL INC 394

119 FIRST CLASS PERIPHERALS ... 165

120 FLAGSTAFF ENGINEERING .... 234

121 FLAGSTAFF ENGINEERING . 234

122 FORTRON. INC 401

123 FORTRON. INC 401

124 FOX AND GELLER INC 342

125 FOX SOFTWARE INC . . 281

• FRANKLIN MINT 343

126 FUNK SOFTWARE 264

128 GENERAL COMPUTER . . . 366, 367

130 GENERAL TECHNOLOGY 318

131 GENESIS MICROSYSTEMS 233

132 GENICOM 167

Inquiry No.

Page No.

133 134 351 135 136 366 137 138 369 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148

150 152 365 153 154 156 157

158 372 159 161 162 163 164 165 166 347 167 168 375 376 170 171

172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 332 389 182

184

185 186 187 188 189 190 191

GIF FORD COMP SYS 5

GOLD HILL COMPUTERS ... 150

GOLDEN BOW SYSTEMS 250

GTEK INC 300

H&E COMPUTRONICS 229

HAMMER COMP. SYS 372

HARMONY VIDEO & COMP. . . 216 HAYES MICROCOMP PROD.328. 329

HAYES MICROCOMP PROD 359

HERCULES COMPUTER TECH. . 129 HERCULES COMPUTER TECH. . 131

HEWLETT-PACKARD 257

HEWLETT-PACKARD 325

HEWLETT-PACKARD 327

HI TECH EQUIP. CORP. 402

HOFFMAN INT L 421

HOLMES & COMPANY 350

HOUSTON 1NSTR/BAUSCH&LOMB 97

IBEX COMP CORP 394

IBM CORP. INSERT 32 A-D

IBM CORP. 102. 103

IBM/SMALL SYS. DIV. 259. 260. 261

IC EXPRESS 54

INFOCOM 36, 37

INTEGRAND 226

INTERFACE INC 31

INTERFACE INC 31

INTERFACE TECH CORP. 299

INTERFACE TECH CORP. 301

INTERFACE TECH CORP 303

IOMEGA 353

|C INFORMATION SYSTEMS . . . 287 IADE COMP PROD. . . 418, 419. 420

IAMECO ELECTRONICS 68, 69

IDR MICRODEVICES INC. . 424. 425 IDR MICRODEVICES INC. . 426. 427

IDR MICRODEVICES INC 428

IOHN WILEY & SONS 75

KADAK PRODUCTS 240

KEA SYSTEMS LTD 394

KEITH LEY DAC 22

KIMTRON CORP. 223

KRUEGER TECHNOLOGY INC. . 405 KRUEGER TECHNOLOGY INC. . 405

L-COM INC 344

LABORATORY M1CROSYS 62

LANCLEY-ST. CLAIR 392

LARK SOFTWARE 172

LATTICE. INC 184

LEARNING TECHNOLOGY INST 232

LEO ELECTRONICS 392

LEVEL 5 RESEARCH 188

LEVIEN INSTRUMENT CO. 352

LINTEK INC 421

LOCKHEED-GETEX 277

LOGICAL DEVICES 24

LOGICAL DEVICES 423

LOGIC PROGRAMMING ASSOC. . 54

LOGIC SOFT INSERT 112 A-B

LOGICWARE 53

LOGITECH INC 294

LOMAS DATA PRODUCTS 357

LOTUS DEVELOPMENT . . . 198. 199

I.YBEN COMP. SYS 404

LYCO COMPUTER 332

MACMILLAN SOFTWARE 217

MACROrECH INTL 246

MANX SOFTWARE SYS 55

MARK WILLIAMS CO. 51

MARYMAC INDUSTRIES INC . . 398

TO GET FURTHER information on the products advertised in BYTE, either pick up your touch-tone telephone and use TIPS (if you are a subscriber), or fill out the reader service card. Either way full instructions are provided following this reader service index which is provided as an additional service by the publisher, who assumes no liability for errors or omissions. 'Correspond directly with company.

Inquiry No.

Page No.

192 MASTER BYTE COMP. OF N.Y . 356

193 MATHWORKS. THE 168

194 MAXELL DATA PRODUCTS 7

195 MAYNARD ELECTRONICS .. 15 127 MCGRAW-HILL/

FUTURE COMPUTING 368

• MCGRAW-HILL TRAINING SYS 423

196 MEGATEL COMPUTER TECH . 58

• MERCEDFIS-BENZ OF NA 311

197 MERRITT COMP. PRODUCTS .392

198 MFI ENTERPRISES INC 60

199 MICRAY ELECTRONICS 323

200 MICRO DATA BASE SYS 224

201 MICRO DESIGN INTL 252

202 MICRO MART. INC 56, 57

203 MICRO PRODUCTS. INC 399

387 MICROCOMPUTER ACCESSORIES . 209

388 MICROCOMPUTER ACCESSORIES . 209

206 MICROGRAFX 35

• MICROMINT INC 362

207 MICRON TECH NOLOGY 400

208 MICROPRO INT L 59

209 MICROPRO INTL 61

210 MICROPROCESSORS UNLTD.... 398

211 MICROSCRIBE 400

377 MICROSHOP 393

378 MICROSHOP 393

• MICROSOFT CORP. 91

• MICROSOFT CORP. 93

• MICROSOFT CORP 95

• MICROSOFT PRESS 38

213 MICROSTUF INC 245

214 MICROWAY 240

215 MICROWAY 101

216 MICROWAY 371

217 MIDWESr MICRO-PERIPHERALS ... 34

• MIX SOFTWARE 173

219 MOTEL COMPUTERS LTD 404

220 MTI SYSTEMS CORP. 212

221 MULTI-TECH SYSTEMS 273

222 MULTITECH ELECTRONICS . 364

225 N.B.S. INC 232

381 NANTUCKET 295

382 NANTUCKET 295

226 NATL PUBLIC DOMAIN SFTW ... 423

227 NATIONAL INSTRUMENTS . ... 98

228 NEC HOME ELECTR. USA 160

229 NEC INFORMATION SYS Clll

230 NEWSNET INC 16

231 NICOLET PARATRONICS 30

• NORTH HILLS CORP. 398

• NORTH HILLS CORP. 400

232 OKI DATA 338. 339

234 OLDEN 72

76 OPUS COMP PROD 18

235 ORCHID TECHNOLOGY 225

236 ORION INSTRUMENTS 324

357 ORYX SYSTEMS 189

358 ORYX SYSTEMS 189

359 ORYX SYSTEMS 189

238 PC. HORIZONS. INC 421

240 PACIFIC EXCHANGES 421

241 PANASONIC SENIOR PARTNER 63

• PASCOM 218

242 PC NETWORK 312.313

243 PC S LIMITED 334

244 PCS LIMITED 421

352 PEGASUS DATA 250

245 PERMA POWER ELECTRONICS. 158

246 PERSOFT INC 8

247 PINNACLE SYSTEMS. INC 231

248 PRECISION DATA 392

249 PRINCETON GRAPHIC SYS 203

250 PRINCETON GRAPHIC SYS 330

251 PRIORITY ONE ... 397

252 PRO CODE INTERNATIONAL 170

253 PROGRAMMER'S SHOP 292

254 QIC RESEARCH 255

255 QUA TECH INC 392

AUGUST 1985 'BYTE 431

READER SERVICE

Inquiry No.

Page No. Inquiry No.

Page No.

Inquiry No.

Page No. Inquiry No.

Page No.

256 QUADRAM CORP. 169

259 QUALITY PRINTERS 402

260 QUANT SYSTEMS 398

261 QUANTEK CORP. 183

262 QUANTEK CORP. 183

263 QUBIB 194

264 QUBIB 194

265 QUBIP 195

266 QUBIP 195

267 QUBIB 196

268 QUBIB 196

269 QUBIB 197

270 QUBIB 197

271 QUELO 402

• OUICKVIEW SYSTEMS 315"

272 RADIO SHACK CIV

273 RAINBOW TECHNOLOGIES. .. .400

274 RAMADA INNS 187

275 RATIONAL SYSTEMS 142

276 RELATIONAL DATABASE SYS. ... 74

277 RING KING VISIBLES. INC 32

279 ROLAND CORP. 243

280 ROSE ELECTRONICS 402

281 S-100 DIV. 696 CORP. 50

379 S-100 DIV. 696 CORP. 407

380 S-100 DIV. 696 CORP. 407

283 SAB-LINK, INC 398

284 SAFEWARE 398

285 SATELLITE SOFTWARE 82

• SCCTTSDALE SYSTEMS 71

286 SECURITY MICROSYS. CONSULT400

287 SEMIDISK SYSTEMS 239

288 SHAPE MAGNETRONICS 310

289 SILICON SPECIALTIES 175

290 SILICON SPECIALTIES 175

' SILVER FOX 4

291 SLR SYSTEMS 400

• SOFTLINE CORP. 65

295 SOFTSTYLE INC. , 30

296 SOFTWARE GALORE : . 162

297 SOFTWARE GALORE 162

298 SOFTWARE LINK, THE 274

299 SOFTWARE MASTERS 238

300 SOFTWARE SOLUTIONS INC.. . .215

301 SOLUTION SYSTEMS 272

302 SOLUTION SYSTEMS 272

303 SOLUTIONWARE CORP. 398

304 SONY CORP. OF AMERICA 118. 119

• SOURCE TELECOMPUTING CORP. OF AMERICA 373

305 SOUTHERN PACIFIC USA INC. . 360

306 SPECTRUM SOFTWARE 163

307 SPRUCE TECHNOLOGY CORP . , 180

308 STRIDE MICRO 346

309 STRIDE MICRO 347

310 STSC INC 191

311 STSC INC 297

312 SUMMIT SOFTWARE TECHN. INC 314

• SUNNYVALE COMMUNICATIONS365

313 SUNTRONICS CO. INC 390

314 SUPREME COMPANY 404

370 SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT. 348, 349

315 TALLGRASS TECH 20,21

316 TATUM LABS 394

317 TATUNG 156

318 TATUNG 156

319 TAXAN CORP, 221

320 TAXAN CORP 221

321 TEAM TECH INC 185

• TEKTRONIX INC 237

• TELEVIDEO SYSTEMS 282

• TEXAS INSTRUMENTS II

112 TIGERTRON1CS 400

• TINNEY, ROBERT GRAPHICS, . .336

322 TRANSEC SYSTEMS. INC 253

323 TSF 394

367 TURBOPOWER SOFTWARE .... 374

324 US ROBOTICS 333

325 US. ROBOTICS 335

326 US. ROBOTICS 337

327 UN1SOURCE 17

328 VEN-TEL INC 27

329 VERTEX SYSTEMS 299

330 VERTEX SYSTEMS 299

331 VIASYN 213

• VLM COMPUTER ELECTR 404

334 VOTRAX. INC 174

335 WAREHOUSE DATA PRODUCTS . 77

336 WATCOM PRODUCTS INC 211

337 WESTERN COMPUTER 64

338 WESTERN COMPUTER 64

339 WINTEK CORP. 73

340 WINTEK CORP. 402

341 WORKMAN & ASSOCIATES 404

342 XEROX CORP 178. 179

343 XEROX CORP. 309

344 XEROX CORP 302

345 XOR CORP. 321

346 YETIWARE 423

* Correspond directly with company

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505 ADVANCED INTERNATIONAL MARKETING I60D

501 AMERICAN BUYING & EXPORT 160B • BYTE 160A. I60F

502 CASIO I60H

504 GREY MATTER I60D

503 LP TECHNOLOGIES 160G

506 MULTITECH INDUSTRIAL CORP I60C

507 MULTITECH INDUSTRIAL CORP160E

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If you are not a subscriber fill out the subscription card found in this issue or, call BYTE Circulation 800-258-5485. ♦Domestic and Canadian Subscribers Only! 432 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

NEC PRINTERS. THEY ONIY STOP WHEN YOU WANTTHEM TO.

Color Pinwriter CP2 dot matrix printer.

Pinwriter P3

dot matrix printer.

NEC printers are incredibly reliable.

In fact, with normal use, an NEC printer can run an average of 5 years before it needs a repair. And chances are, that repair will take only about 15 minutes.

To become that reliable, an NEC printer has to go through some of the most demanding tests in the industry.

First, we test every single part before it goes into the printer. Then we test the printer itself. Nothing is forgotten. Nothing is left to chance.

But reliability is only part of the story. There's much more. Our printers work with every popular PC. With more leading software programs. And with more forms handlers to make paperwork a snap.

So no matter what your printing needs—and no matter what size your budget—NEC has a printer for you. Our full line of Spinwriter® printers, for low to high speed letter quality printing. And our versatile Pinwriter™ and Color Pinwriter printers, for high resolution dot matrix printing.

To find out more about NEC printers, call 1-800-343-4418 (in Mass. 617-264-8635). Or write: NEC Information Systems, Department 1610, 1414 Massachusetts Ave., Boxborough, MA 01719.

NEC PRINTERS.THEY ONLY STOP WHEN YOU WANT THEM TO. CsC

Computers and Communications

Spinwriter is a registered trademark of NEC Corporation. Pinwriter is a trademark of NEC Corporation- Inquiry 229

NEC

NEC Information Systems, Inc.

TANDY..

Clearly Superior ™

We edged out the competition with the Tandy® 2000, giving you the performance of IBM's PC AT for only $1599.

Like the IBM® PC AT, the Tandy 2000 offers two to three times the speed and two times the disk storage of IBM's PC. The Tandy 2000 also offers twice the graphics resolution, with twice the colors of the IBM PC, for color charts and graphs that are nothing short of spectacular.

You'll see the difference using popular programs like Lotus 1-2-3® and SuperCalc3® The Tandy 2000 races through spreadsheets and graphs the results with razorsharp precision.

At $3999, a PC AT is $2400 more than a 2-disk, 256K Tandy 2000. In fact, you can get a complete Tandy 2000 system with color monitor and graphics for $2622.90— still over $1000 less than an AT without a monitor!

If you're thinking an AT costs more because of the support IBM is famous for, think again.

We offer a free customer support "hotline" IBM's telephone support will cost you $40. Per call. We also offer onsite customer support and

training in major markets. Something IBM doesn't offer at all to it's PC AT owners.

So come in and find out how your business can lease a Tandy 2000 system for only $90 per month *. And get the edge on your competition.

Available at over1200 Radio Shack Computer Centers and at participating Radio Shack stores and dealers.

Radio /hack

COMPUTER CENTERS

A DIVISION OF TANDY CORPORATION

•Commercial lease for a Tandy 2000 with color monitor and graphics, plus applicable use/sales tax. Tandy 2000 prices apply at Radio Shack Computer Centers and r^dpahng stores and dealers. Lotus 1-2-3 is a registered trademark of Lotus Development Corp. SuperCalc3 is a registered trademark of Sorcim/IUS. IBM and the IBM logo are registered trademarks of International Business Machines Corp. Pricing and service availability asoT5/1/85.

Inquiry 272

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